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GENERAL GAZETTEER, 
 
 OR, COMPENDIOUS 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF 
 
 EVERY COUNTRY IN THE KNOWN WORLD: 
 
 Will! TBBIR 
 
 TOWNS, PEO.'LE. NATURAL PRODUCTIONS, 
 nut 
 
 AND «,. ..„,0US KKM.BK.BI. BVKNXS BT WaiCH XHKT H.VK .^y^^^^^S^^ 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY MAPS 
 
 ORIOINALLY COHPILED 
 
 ■ *■ ,• I- im ■-! 
 
 ri^^ 
 
 ^^^ ^^ R-, BROOKES, M.D,y 
 
 % 
 
 -y' 
 
 THE WHOLE RETISED; 
 
 STATISTICS, KTC, ADDED PROM TUB LATEST AIITHOBITIKS, AND CORRECTED TO 
 THE PRESENT PERIOD, 
 
 BY A. G. FINDLAY. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: '^'^ 
 
 PRINTED FOR THOMAS TEGG, 73, CHEAPSIDE. 
 
 AND R. GRIFFIN AND CO., GLASGOW. 
 1846. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 to which in ueua ly ZLd ^ aZlt j ^ r""" "1 '' ''""'"* ^^^'''^ "P°" "" '>-^'-. 
 
 ners. commerce, aLptllroJ^vr V . Tu"' '""'"^' •''""'•='"' government, man- 
 
 so closely connected SittroLJl^ ^"^ "^^"'^^ ^ »>— • - many respect, 
 
 ter a. wi as the forler. ^' ^"^" *° «^'° " S*'"^"^ °"*""° "^ ">e lat- 
 
 TUB UNITEIUE. 
 
 contemplat Jl "^fn h! format 1 J ' "' ''' '''" ^'"*"'"* '' '''' ''"'"- '"-'^ ''^ ^^ 
 
 l^,ie./tUumyZ7^Zl.ti^ V^^ *''"'°'' accurate and extensive our know- 
 rse, tne more derated w,U be our conceptions of the Supreme Being. 
 
 THE SOLAR STSTKM. 
 
 l^JtZTiV'ZXlZ "' f rr "''"''' ''"•"P'^''^"^' '^^ -' P^-ts. sate,. 
 
 revolve around LjLcrLt^o'brTh'" ''T^"''' *'"^ "" ^'^^^" planets' wh.ch 
 
 . the Sun, are MeTcury vln^ T'v ^t' T'" "/ *'''''' '"°'''"« *° ''''" '"«'«"- *<"» 
 
 Saturn, and thfZ^ JTdl%rfi ' T"' "'' '^"""'* ''"'"'* ■'""°'* '^^P"-' 
 denominated inferior p Jets thl nfl t'^"' ""vang within the orbit of the Earth, are 
 
 nated superior Xt'xt ta^^^^^^^^^^^^ "^'T'c^' - *^-^- denLi- 
 
 seconda^ planets, called sa.^Ues, or' Irrwhre'vot tuf 3"' elt t J ^^ 
 
 "40.000 miles. JupL four sll 'j T .'*°°"' '''"'""« "* *^° •^«'«"'=« "^ 
 
 is moons, is encircled' by two 0^7' t '■ ^" '''°'«'""' **"'^- ^*"™' »'«>. ^^^^'des 
 
 .^,.jsat.ites::l^:;:r:::;2::,---^^ - - -. 
 
 tion rLtrLeSaT^eZt"/ frt--"-™""' ^'^ "^ -'•'' ''^ ^^^ o^-- 
 isnatu.l,fr„mar;y!:rthret;tr;if^^^^^^^^ 
 
 discovered by M. Harding, In 1804 ; and Fata by Dr Olbers In 1807 "^ ""^ "^ 
 
 a2 
 
" INTnODUCTION. 
 
 The following Table ihows the distoni.g of the planets from the «un j with their mognitudet 
 and periods, according to the latest observations. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Sun . . . , 
 Mercury . . . 
 Venus . . . . 
 The Farth . . 
 Moon .... 
 Mars . . . , 
 Ceres .... 
 Pallas .... 
 Vesta .... 
 Juno .... 
 •Tupiter . . . 
 Saturn .... 
 Georgian Planet 
 
 Moan diatancea 
 {rum (be 8uu. 
 
 Milu. 
 
 37,000,000 
 
 68,000,000 
 
 96,000,000 
 
 95,000,000 
 
 144,000,000 
 
 200,000,000 
 
 265,000,000 
 
 2»2,000,000 
 
 290,000,000 
 
 490,000,000 
 
 900,000,000 
 
 1000,000,000 
 
 Periodio Rovolu- 
 tloiiB round tliu Sun 
 
 d. h. m. 
 
 87*23 15 
 
 224 16 49 
 
 365 6 9 
 
 865 6 9 
 
 686 23 30 
 
 1.681 U 
 
 1.682 
 1,848 
 2,007 12 
 4,332 8 51 
 
 10,759 14 36 
 30,686 18 
 
 TlmoB of rotation 
 on tholr axis. 
 
 d. h. m. 
 25 15 16 
 unknown. 
 23 22 
 
 23 56 
 29 12 44 
 
 24 39 
 unknown, 
 unknown, 
 uncertain, 
 uncertain. 
 
 9 56 
 10 16 
 unknown. 
 
 Diameton In 
 £iigUDh nillea. 
 
 803,217 
 
 3,222 
 
 7,687 
 
 7,964 
 
 2,160 
 
 4,189 
 
 160 
 
 110 
 
 unknown. 
 
 unknown. 
 
 87,000 
 
 79,042 
 
 85,109 
 
 The fited stars are distinguished from the planets by being more luminous, and by exhibit- 
 ing that appearance termed the twinkling of the stars. Tney shine by their own native light, 
 and are therefore, by analogy, and with the highest probability, supposed to be so many suns' 
 each illuminating a considerable number of pla/ietn or worlds, which circulate round it. In- 
 deed, it is unreasonable to think that these vast bodies of light and fire should be placed at 
 such immense distances in the infinity of space, for no other purpose than to give a feeble 
 light to the earth and the other planets in our tolar system. Their distance from our 
 earth is so inconceivably great, that, were the nearest of them to be removed out of its present 
 situation 200 millions of miles in any direction, its change of place would not be in the 
 smallest degree perceived by any observer on the earth, although aided by the best instru- 
 ments; hence it appears that a luminous spherical body, 200 millions of miles in diameter, if 
 viewed at the distance of the nearest fixed star, would appear as a mere lucid point, without 
 any sensible diameter. 
 
 Besides the p'anets, there are other bodies belonging to our solar system, called cornels, 
 which also revolve round the sun as a centre, but the orbits of which do not approach so near 
 to circles as those of tho planets ; for they are very long ellipses, having the sun in one of 
 their foci. Hence it happens, that, during one part of its revolution, a comet goes off to an 
 immense distance from the sun, and therefore cannot be seen from our earth ; and during an- 
 other part it comes much nearer to him, and may then become visible for a short time. The 
 comets differ also considerably in other respects from the planets ; for the paths of the latter 
 in the heavens are all found within the zodiac, which is a tract extending to a small distance 
 on each side of the ecliptic, or the path which the sun appears to describe roimd the heavens : 
 whereas the path of the former is found sometimes in one quarter of the heavens, and some- 
 times in another. The planets likewise move all in one direction about the sun, viz. from 
 west to east, but the comets appear to move in all directions. They are also much more 
 numerous than the planets, calculations having been made upon the orbits of upwards of eighty 
 of them, by astronomers. 
 
 FIQCBE ilNO MAGNITUDE OF IHE EABTH. 
 
 The earth which we inhabit seems comparatively a small point in the tiniveree, tho sun 
 being above two millions of times larger than the earth ; and there is reason to suppose that 
 •imilar is the feet with respect to all the stars. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Ihnl if form i, that of , ,„|„„ ,11.1,,, "« ,, , . ^ '" '"'""" <»"»"i"i. » I" prov«l 
 
 he ..a,„.. ;.„,,A 0/ a degree, increases'^ ZS 2 t e fo ow „" Ub." '"'T' 
 from the actual measurements, made with every refinement which «? * ' "*""'"« 
 
 commissioner, of various nations, men of the fim emlonr ^U show "" """""'' '^ 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Russia '.,.,.' 
 England ....... 
 
 France .... 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Rome [ ' 
 
 North America, United States 
 Cape of Good Hope . . . 
 India .... 
 Witto ... • • • • 
 Peru . . 
 
 Lat. 
 
 of the middle 
 
 of tlio Arc. 
 
 d,i;. 
 
 Ml. 
 
 t. 
 
 M 
 
 . 20 
 
 . 10 
 
 58 
 
 . 17 
 
 37 
 
 5J 
 
 . 35 
 
 45 
 
 4(> 
 
 . 52 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 . 51 . 
 
 2 
 
 42 
 
 . 59 . 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 . 12 . 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 .. Itt . 
 
 30 
 
 ]6 
 
 . 8 . 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 . 32 . 
 
 21 
 
 I 
 
 31 . 
 
 
 
 
 Length of a 
 dogroo in foet. 
 
 3i;5,782 
 
 365,368 
 
 364,971 
 
 364,872 
 
 364,535 
 
 364,262 
 
 363,786 
 
 363,713 
 
 363,044 
 
 363,013 
 
 362,008 
 
 Ditto In British 
 
 statute miles. 
 
 m. 
 
 /■ 
 
 !)U. 
 
 69 
 
 •2 
 
 47 
 
 69 . 
 
 I . 
 
 129 
 
 69 
 
 69 
 
 69 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 68 , 
 
 68 , 
 
 
 
 217 
 
 
 
 184 
 
 . 
 
 75 
 
 7 . 
 
 200 
 
 7 . 
 
 42 
 
 7 . 
 
 17 
 
 6 . 
 
 14 
 
 6 . 
 
 4 
 
 5 . 
 
 156 
 
 .::zr trier:: ii::r:rrdt,l--r J .^ 
 rz.^Vt'SorrJr^r'di^^^^^ 
 
 on a fe bbe of 16 inches in diameter, by an elevation of MOOth pa t'o anTn ' ''TT'' 
 ..ess of common drawing-paper ; b.it us the general elevation of Z land is "'m t '^f * 
 tins, or even one-fourth of it. it must be rithin the thickness of thl .k- ^ "'^ *^''"' 
 
 The ocean, supposing its depth to bo equal to the heigh of I Ln , u^' -""-g-Paper. 
 
 on a Similar globe than the wash of coir left by a Sh in tttLg 1' irw'g"' '''''' ""^^ 
 
 The greater or equatorial diameter is ... 4lft4740fir » 
 
 The lesser, or polar diameter . . *;W26 feet, or 7925-648 miles. 
 
 Difference ofdiameters, or polar compression . '139,806 " Itlll " 
 
 Equatorial circumference " ° ^'^ •> 
 
 • 24,899000 „ 
 
 MOTIONU OF THE EARTH. 
 
 up:::::t;x:^;:-^r: ;2:r^;s;T'"r "f- ^- ^- '» -« 
 
 rnoHon. It is likewise carried in the Jme Zfion Z 1 T. " '^""^ ^^ ''•«^'"'' 
 
 and completes its revolutions in a ver thtt ",w J '""' '" "" "''''' "^^'^ <=^«'^. 
 divisions of our globe of areltil 7 ' '^ """""^ '"'"''"*' ^s some of the 
 
 now consider tber^ep^Scrr'^"" '" '"'"''^' ''''"'' "^" '^'^ -"-• - ^^ 
 
n 
 
 INTnoOUCTION. 
 
 By the diurnal motion of the earth, all places on iu surface are ca-ried uniformly round its 
 axis flrom west to east, in the course of the natural day. This real motion causes the smi and 
 the other heavenly bodies to hove an apparent motion in the contrary direction, from cast to 
 west. Hence it is that wo have the continual succession of day and night; for as the sun can 
 only illumiuate by his rays one half of a spherical body, one half of our earth must be in dark- 
 ness while the other enjoys the lightj it is therefore day at any place when, by tho diurnal 
 rotation, that place is turned towards the sun, and night at the jtiirw place when turned away 
 from the sun. 
 
 The two points on the surface of the earth, which are the extremities of its axis, are called 
 the north and »outh poles. A circle described upon the surface of the earth, equally distant 
 from its two poles, is called the equator i this circle divides the surface of the earth into two 
 equal parts, called the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 
 
 As by a real motion of the earth about its axis there is produced an apparent motion of all 
 the heavenly bodies, so, in liko manner, by the real annual motion of the earth round the sun, 
 there is produced an apparent annual motion of the sun round tho earth; and thus tho sun 
 appears to make a complete revolution round the heavens once in a year. The circle which the 
 sun appears to describe, in the course of the year, through tho heavens, is called the Kcliptic. 
 Astronomers have conceived this circle to be divided into twelve equal parts, called siffru,, and 
 have given them the following names ; Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, 
 Scorpio, Sagitlarixts, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces. Tho ecliptic passes through the laiddlo 
 of the zodiac, and hence these signs are also called the signs of the zodiac. 
 
 INEQUAUTY OF THE DAYS AND NI0HT8, AND CHANOBa OP THE SEASONS. 
 
 Were the «u.i and the earth perfectly at rest with respect to each other, it is evident that one 
 half of the earth would be continually in light, and the other in darkness, as the sun can only 
 lUummate one half of its surface at a time. Suppose the earth to revolve about ito axi., yet the 
 position of the axis, with respect to tho sun, will very much affect the distribution of light and 
 darkness to the various places on its surface. For example, were the earth's axis to point 
 directly towards the sun. or to coincide with a line joining tho centres of the earth and the sun 
 still one of our hemispheres would be continually in the light, and the other in darkness. 
 Again, suppose the earth to revolve uniformly about an axis perpendicular to u line joining the 
 centres of the earth and sun, then all places upon the surface would be in light and darkness 
 alternately, and an equal interval of time in each, or the days and nights would be each twelve 
 hours long throughout the globe. 
 
 If either half of the earth's axis, for example the northern, were to make an acute angle with 
 a line joining the centres of the earth and sun, and of consequence the southern half an obtuse 
 angle, it would fbllow that the north pole, and a certain tract roujid it, would remain always in 
 the light, or would have continual day, notwithstanding the earth's rotation. Even such places 
 in the northern hemisphere, as were turned by the diurnal rotation away from the sun would 
 pass sooner through the dark hemisphere of the earth than that exposed to the light, and would 
 thus have their nights shorter than their days; at the equator the days and nights would be 
 equal; but, in the southern hemisphere, the phenomena would be the very reverse of those 
 which took ,->lace in the northern hemisphere, and the south pole and its neighbourhood would 
 be in darkness. It is evident, also, that in this case the sun would be on the north side of the 
 equator, and vertical to a certain circle parallel to it, which would be nearer to, or farther from 
 it, according as the acute angle formed by the northern half of the earth's axis, and a line join- 
 ing the centres of sun and earth, was greater or less. Now, the two last suppositions respect- 
 uig the situation of the axis are such as really take place in nature; for, while the earth moves 
 m its orbit round the sun, its axis remains continually parallel to iteelf, or points always in tho 
 same direction, making an angle with a perpendicular to its orbit of 23^ degrees; and as, by 
 the earth's motion, the line joining its centre with that of the sun is continially changing its 
 direction, it is evident that the angle contained by that Une and the axis must be continually 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 , are culled 
 
 ▼II 
 
 «rymg in mag.,ltude, and of oou«e the position of the pole of the earth with re.pect to th« 
 
 About the 20th of March, when the .un. oa seen from the earth, enten. the con.teWation 
 
 t^^ll^' T"* ! """k- " P*'P«"'''*'"'" »« 'he earth', „xi,; therefore, both pole, are 
 «tuatod ahke with respect to the .un, which i, now over the equator, and the day, and night, are 
 equal throughout the world. At thi, time of the year, which i. called the r«. J.^Z .JZ 
 
 commence, to tho-nhabitant, of thenorthern hemisphere, and autumn to tho«,of?hertC 
 During the time that the sun i, pacing through Arie,. Taurus. Gemini, and till he enter. Can- 
 
 n't" n r"' Tu f '%'? •" ■"""'• *"' " '''' ''""' °' *»<' •«""»- ">h^' »"• angle 
 contamed by the north half of the earth', axi, and the line which join, the centre, of the ,un 
 
 and earth ., always dimmishing, by reason of that line changing it, position while the axi. 
 
 movcpamlleltoitsclf. Hence it happen, that the north pole i, turning more and ^.oro 
 
 towards the sun, and the phenomena take place which we have already de«,ribed a. peculiar to 
 
 th., «tuat.on of the ax.. About the 20th of June the angle i. at the least, and pre«,ntly 
 
 cr^r Vr'Tv" ' 1 ''' P"'" *° '"™ """"^ "''^ '^« •-• -'-•> "o- passe, through 
 Cancer, Leo and V.rgo and enter. Libra on the 20th of September, when the L ha, a po^- 
 
 t.on s.m.lar to that wluch it had on the 20th of March, and the day, and night, are ^n 
 
 equa; tlu. « called the autumnal equinox. The sun now appear, to cro« the equTr 
 
 and the wuth pole, which during the last ux month, wa. in the dark, begin. To turn 
 
 toward, the ,un, when precisely the «imo phenomena are exhibited to the wuthera hemi,phe.« 
 
 that we have already described in the case of the northern. The «.mtor «,&/«,. i, about the 
 
 20th of December, when the sun enter. Capricorn. Thu^ by a combination of the annual 
 
 and diurn|U motion, of the earth, with the p.u:allelism of it. axis, and it. obliquity to the plane 
 
 of the earth . orbu, the various «=asons are produced, and the <»>me quantity of light and dark 
 
 new. upon the whole, is distributed in the counw of the year to all the region, of the globe. 
 
 TUB CIECLES DESCRIBED ON THB SCBFACH OP THK EARTH. 
 
 The pole, of the earth are two point, on it. surface diametrically oppo«te to each other 
 They are the extremU.es of the axi. of the earths diurnal revolution. The one i. caUed the 
 north and the other the south pole. 
 
 The equator i. an imaginary circle on the surface of the earth, equally distant from both 
 
 LtL^W ''"'^" '"'" '"° "'"*• P"'*'' ^"^'^ ihrnorLrnaniZTn 
 
 The meridian of any place on the earth is an imaginary circle pawing through that nlno« 
 
 and the two poles. This circle with respect to that place'divide, the earth , "^ll 1' ^^ 
 
 equal portion., called the eastern and western hemUpheres. 
 
 All place,, directly noiih and «,uth to each other. have ihe »me meridian; but those place, 
 wh,ch he in any other direction from each other have diiferent meridian,. The meridian, of aU 
 place, on the globe are perpendicular to the equato'. 
 
 The laHlude of a place i. its dirtance from the equator, reckoned in degree, and minute., on 
 an axe of it, mend.an, and ,, north or south according a. that place lie, in the northern or 
 .outhem hemisphere, for example, the laUtude of Edinburgh i, 65 degree. 68 minute. N.; that 
 
 than 90 S^ees ^^' " '''°"* ^^ ^"^^ ^' ^*'' ^° ^^'^ "^ ^"'^ " 8^*" ^^^'^^ 
 
 Parallels of latitude are circle, on the earth', surfece parallel to the equator. AU place. 
 
 directly east and west from each other are equally distant from the equator, and ai« wid to 
 
 lie in the same parallel of latitude. Such places as lie in any other direction from each other 
 
 are m different parallels of latitude. 
 The longitude of a place is the degree, and minutes in an arc of the equator, intercepted 
 
 between Its meridian and the meridian of some other given place, from which the longitude i. 
 
 w^tZ^'f ^''tf °«'*^P'!^" of different countries generally reckon the longitude eastward and 
 
 westward from the meridians paa«ng through the capital, of the« ccuntrie,. Thus, in Britain 
 

 via 
 
 JJBJi-l'*l 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 JvuT K r^ T"^"^ '^^ ""^'^"^ '^"™ *•"• ""***''"» 0' London : th« longitu4t 
 of Edinburgh for example u three degree, wet, that of Peter.burgh about thirty degreed eort. 
 No pUce can have .U longitude greater than 180 degree.. The degiee. of lang.tude are noi 
 .ke tho« , latitude, but diminish in proportion «. the meridian, incline, or their di.tance co^ 
 UacU in approaching the pole. Hence, in fiO degree, of latitude, a degree of longitude i. but 
 half the quantity of a degree on the equator j and m> of the re.t 
 
 The ftari^on of a place i. that apparent circle which bound, the view of a .pcctator at that 
 place. When the celctial bodio. come above the ea.tom part of the horizon they ore uid to 
 Hh, and when they deKend below the we.tern part, they are uid to *el. 
 
 DITIIION OV TBI BABTH INTO ZONES. 
 
 A mtu i. a broad .pac« upon the earth, included between two pamllel. of latitude. There 
 are five zone., which take their name, ftom the degree, of heat and cold to which they are 
 expo«!d, by the pole, of the earth being turned altemotely to ond from the sun. 
 
 The torrid Mono is that porUon of the earth over which the .un is perpendicular at one time 
 or other in the courw of the year. Thi. «one i. about 47 degree, in breadth, extending to 
 obout 23J degree, on each udo of the equotor. The parallel of latitude by which it i. limited 
 m the northern hemisphere is called the tropio cf cancer, tecnuse the sun is directly over this 
 parallel when he enter, the sign of that name j and, for a umilar reason, the limiting parallel 
 in the southerr. hemisphere is called the trojno of Capricorn. 
 
 The friffid zone* are those regions about the poles where the sun does not rise for some doyi 
 at one time of the year, and does not set for Mme day. at another time of the year. The zone, 
 extend round the pole, to the distance of about 234 degrees That in the northern hemi- 
 sphere i. called the north frijfid zone, and is bounded by a parallel of latitude called the arctio 
 polar oirohs the other, in the southern hemisphere, i. called the *outh frigid Mone, and the 
 parallel of latitude wliich bounds it the antarctic polar circle. 
 
 The two temperate zonet are the space, between the tottid and frigid .one.. 
 
 The tuperfkies of the wveral cone, are as follow : — 
 
 square milet. 
 
 The torrid zone 16.600,375 
 
 The two temperate zone. 103,114,775 
 
 The two frigid zone. 79,328,600 
 
 198,943,750 
 
 MAIUIUI. DIVISIONS OP TBB EARTH. 
 
 The nirface of the earth i. naturally divided into land and water. 
 
 Land is divided into continents, islands, peninsulas, isthmuses, mountains, capes, hills, and 
 cliils. 
 
 Water i. divided into oceans, uas, channels, gulfs, rtraits, lakes, rivers, and rivulets 
 
 A continent is a large tract of land comprehending many contiguous kingdoms, states, &c, 
 without any entire separation of its parts by water. The world is usually divided into two 
 great continents, the Old and the New. The old continent comprehends Europe, Asia, and 
 Africa ; and the new, North and South America. 
 
 An island is a tract of land entirely surrrounded by water, a. Britain, Ireland, Sicily, &c. 
 
 A peninsula is a tract of land joined to a continent only by a narrow neck, being every- 
 where else encompassed by water, as the Morea in Greece, Jutland, the Crimea, &c. 
 
 An isthmus is the neck which joins a peninsula to the adjacent land, and form, the passage 
 between them, as the Isthmus of Suez, the Isthmus of Darien, &c. 
 
 A mountain is a part of the land greatly elevated above the adjacent country. 
 
INTRODUCTION. |y 
 
 ♦K.V"'^ «; ^'•'""'"•"'ry U . portion of lun.l «McbJng out into the Ka, u the North Cape, 
 tne Cape of Qood Hope, &o. 
 
 A el{gr it a ituep ihoro, hill, or mountnin. 
 
 The o«a» i. that vuit collection of «xlt water, which cover, the greater part of the globe. 
 It 1. div,de.l by googmpher, into throe part.. 1. The Atlaniic or Europe<^n Ocean, lyim? b*. 
 
 the Ea.t Ind.„n h.an .. „„U N«w Holland. 3. The Pacific Ocean, or GrJsou^H Sea. whi^ 
 
 cL .T ?'''"'' I-lnnd.. China. Japan, and New Holland on tho W., and the 
 
 Zm , r'"" ""., n • 7'*'" "'"'" """" ""'" ''''''■•'""' ""'"'"' '^'«" 'he countries upon 
 which It border., at tho British Ocean, tlio German Ocean, Ac 
 
 ^^tllnVr ""rr'' V^" "'■■'*" """'"'« '•''''"''" •°""' P"'*""" '^"^ <=»"tinent, or «,parating 
 W Uland from the conUnent, a. tho Me<literrttne«„ Sea. the Euxino Sea, the Baltic Soa, &c 
 
 AcAa««Ww anarrow.ea confined bctwren an i.land and a continent, or between two 
 liland., a. tho English Channel, and St. George". Channel. 
 
 A guJ/ or 6a„i> a part of the ocean or .ea contained between two .horo.. and surrounded 
 by land every where, except at it. entrance, where it communicate, with the ocean Z or 
 other bay., as the Gulf of Venice, the Gulf of Mexico, &c ' ' 
 
 A,/rai/i.a narrow parage by which there i. „ communication between a uulf and it. 
 
 A river ia a current of fresh water, formed by the conflue. of wverai rivnl«u -nH a ■ 
 Ji a channel from it. source to the sea. "**'*• *"** ""'""« 
 
 A rivulet or brook is a .mall stream arising from a .Drinir ami i. fh« ^^ 
 riyg,^ * " "pnng, anu i. the commencement of a 
 
 I 
 
 THE TI0K8. 
 
 It is found by experience to be a general law of nature, that all the particle, of m«f .«, -i,- u 
 compose the univer«>, however remote they may be from one another ha e a «-^>» 
 dency to approach each other. This tendency is called univerTal^^Zn and Ht 
 or weaker according as the particle, are .ituated nearer to, or far hrjom each !th -T' 
 tensity being alway. inversely proportional to the square of the ulIZ' Thet"'. "" 
 retained in their orbits, and move round the sun as a centr*. in n ''"°*'- ^^^ P'""*** »re 
 
 line touching their orbits. The same principle of universal erav tati„„ viZ ^ 
 
 earth and moon, and causes the moon to revolve in an or^ oHtr he ^tT i:?"^ /'^ 
 w.nle.on the other hand, the moon, by the force of attraction w" nrexeruprtH' 
 earth, produce, those alternate elevations and depressions of the water, of the oceTn eaL" 1 
 It 1. m con.equence of the law of univer^l gravitation that all the particirof mM k u' 
 compose the earth are heavy, or gravitate towards it. centre ; but a. t^ev Zf T "" 
 
 towards the moon, it i. evident that the waters of the ocean directlv ll^ T *™"*"'" 
 nearer to her than the central parts of the earth, will IZZ a t^d Toward, L^r' "T^ 
 part., and therefore will have their gravity towards the cenfr,. ..„ u ! T "" """"^ 
 
 Uie central parts being nearer the mL tL thl t^^:: :~rsi IT^t th^^'"' 
 be more attracted by her than the waters, by which means thewareri A^ ' '""'* 
 
 opposite side of the earth will also have th gravity toZds tie cent k T" °" '^° 
 
 As for those parts of the o.ean which are.'o d:^e:Zm he p^ a^trul^^^^^^^ 
 since they are nearly at the «,me distance from her as the central Dart« If I 1 I "' 
 be attracted with nearly the «.me force; but becauselhey are aU nT , T' '^"^ "''" 
 moon's centre, the effect produced upo; the whTe ^a sL inctl fli'"" ""'"^ *" ''^ 
 
* INTHOL' CnON. 
 
 diiturbod, it is e»iacnt, from tho imturo of fluids, that t!io ocoiin will nrr.ingc itself so as to rcstoro 
 the equilibrium, ami will assume ii spherical or cgg-liko form, Imvii.g its longoHt diameter directed 
 towurds tho moopi. Henoo, as tho earth turns round its axis, from tho moon to tho n oon again, 
 in 24 hours 4(1 minutet;, tho elevated parts of tho ocean, which always keep nearly under hor 
 nnd oppoaito to her, will shift and move round the earth m the same time ; and as it is hi^jh 
 water, or flood, nt any plrteo whwi tho elevated parts of tlio watery spheroid pma that jiiace, so 
 it will !.o low water, or ebb, when tho depressed parts of tho spheroid pass thit place ; thus 
 there will bo two tides of floud, and two of ebb, succnoding each other w.thin that time, or at 
 intervals of hours and 1 2 mimite». 
 
 We liavo hitherto considered only tho action of tho moon in producing the tides, but it is 
 evident that, for tho same reasons, the inwiuality of »,ho siui's action on difl^'erent parts of the 
 c.irth must produce a similar effect; so that tlioio are in reality two tides every natural day, 
 fVom tho action of tho sun, as there arc in the lunar day, from that of the moon; however, by 
 reason of tho sun's immense distance from tho earth, its eir-ct in producing the tides is consi- 
 derably less tlian that of the moon. 
 
 At tho time of tho now moon, or when the moon is in conjunction witli the sun, and at tho 
 time of full moon, or when the moon is in direct opposition to tlio sun, it is evident that their 
 etrects in raiting tlie w.iters will be conjoined; lience, twice in tlio course of every month tho 
 tides are greater than usual ; these are wiled spitni/ titles. 
 
 When the moon is entering her second and last quarter, shn is then 90 degrees distant from 
 the sun, and, when they are in this position, their effects in raising the tides are opposed to one 
 another, by which means th:- one raises the water where tho other depn. .>8 it, and thus tho 
 tides nro twice every month lower than i.siud : these arc called twnp tides. 
 
 The time of high water is not precisely when the moon comes to the meridinn, but generally 
 an hour or two after ; for, by the motion of the -urth on its axis, the most elevated part of the 
 water is carried beyond the point directly under tin moon, in tho direction of the diurnal 
 rotation, s.) that the water continues to rise after it has passed directly under the moon, though 
 lier action begins there to decrease. Tho greatest spring tides also do not liajjiien till tho 
 second or third day after tl^o new or full moon; and a similar dliservation is to be made with 
 respect to the neap tides. To these o1)servations may bo added the following :— 1. Tho eleva- 
 tion of the waters towards tho moon a little exceeds the opposite one. 2. Tho action of tho 
 sun and moon is greater the nearer those bodies arc to the earth, 3. The greatest tides liappen 
 a little before tlie vernal and a little after tlie autumnal equinox. 4. All these phenomena 
 obtain in tlie open sea, where the ocean is cxtensivo cnougti to bo subject to these motions; 
 but the particular situation of jilaccs, as to ihor-js, capes, stwits, &c., disturb the motion of the 
 waters, and occasion a deviation in some meanure from ihe general rules. 
 
 Small inland seas, luch as the IJaltic and the IMediterrnnean, are but little subject to the 
 tides, because tho action of the sun and moon Is nearly the Simie over the whole extent of such 
 seas. In vtry high latitudes, also, the tides are very inconsiderable , for the sun and moon, 
 acting in the neighbourhood of tho equutor and ;il\vays raising the water towards the middle 
 of the torrid zone, (he regions adjoining to tho polea must consequently be deprived of these 
 waters, and tiie sea must, within the frigid /ones, bo low relatively to other parts. 
 
 TlIE WINDS. 
 
 The currents of the atmosphere, which con'ititute winds, ire produced by various parts, but 
 of these tho heat of the sun seems to l)e the mwt general and powerful ; and an east wind, 
 wliich L,'ows continually round the globe, is produ-ed by the rnrefactiou of tho air by moans of 
 tlic solar heat withn. the tropical regions, and even to a considerable distance beyond them. 
 
 The following observations on this subject have been made by skilful seamen, and by tho 
 celebrated Pr. Ilalley : — 
 
 Within tlie limits of 60 degrees, viz. from 30 degrees of N. latitude to 30 degrees of 3. 
 latitude, there is a constimt east wind throughout tlio year, blowing on the Atlantic and Pucifi'; 
 Oceans. This is calleil the truck wind. 
 
 i 
 
INI flODU(;TION. 
 
 XI 
 
 I 
 
 The trade winds new the northern limitH blow between the north and ewt- and „«., #1, • 
 •outhem limit* thoy blow between the south and east ^' """' 
 
 These general motions of the wind are distributed on the eontine..t and near the eoa.ts 
 I.I some parU of tho Indian Ocean there are neriodical winds whi^h J«T„i. . 
 
 In the Atlantic Ocean, near the coast of Africa, at about 1 00 leagues from the shore bptw«.n 
 
 Those bound to the Caribbce Islands, across the Atlantic Ocean, find, a. they approach the 
 An,encan s.de, that the said N. E. wind becomes easterly, or seldom bi;ws more than a poini 
 
 they extend on the Aft.can s.de. To the southward of the equator, the tnfde winds extend 
 three or four degrees tart, or towards the coa.t of lirazil. on the American side, than U.ey do 
 near the Cape of Good Hope, on the African side. ^ 
 
 Between the latitude of 4 degrees N. and 4 .IcRrees S., the wind always blows between tho 
 south and east ; on the African side the winds are nearest the soutli. and on the American side 
 ncarcNt tho east. 
 
 The winds are somewhat clmnped by the seasons of the year, for, when the sun is far north- 
 ward, the IJra/il S. K. gets to the soutli, and tho N. E. wind to the east; and, when the sun is 
 lu. .:Guth, the S. E. become e.u.t. and the N. E. winds on tliia side tho equator teer more to the 
 north. 
 
 Along tho coast of Guinea, from Sierra Leone to the island of St. Thomas (under the 
 equator,) which is about 60 leagues, the southerly and S. W. winds blow perpetually ; for the 
 b h trade wmd havnig passed the ciuator, and approachi.ig the Guinea coast within 110 or 
 100 leagues, mchnc« towards the shore, and becomes 3 , then S. E.,and by degrees, as it comes 
 nearer the Ian . .t veers about to S.. S. S. W., and, in with th„ land, it is S. W., and some.im 
 W S W. rhu. tract .8 troubled w.th frequent calms and violent and «.dJen gusts of winds 
 called iornmhes, blowmg from all points of the horizon. 
 
 Uetwcen the fourth and tenth degrees of N. latitude, and between the longitudes of Cape 
 Verd and the tartheet e,ut of the Cape Verd Lies, there is a tract of sea which seems to be 
 condemned to perpetual cahns. attended with terrible thunder and lightnings, and such frequent 
 rams that it m called tf/e rains, 
 
 Between the ,out1.crn latitude-, of 10 degrees and 30 degrees in the Indian Ocean, the 
 genera nu„ wind, about the S. E. by S.. is found to blow all the year in the ..me mann r as 
 m the hkc latitudes m the Ethiopic Ocean ; and, during th, six months from May to Decern 
 ...r. these winds reach to within tw. degrees of the equator, but during the other six months 
 rom November to June, a N. W. wind blows in the tract lying between 3 degrees an o' 
 degrees of S latitude, m the meridian of the north end of Madagascar, and between ' 
 degrees an.l 1 -J degrees .' S. latitude near the longitude of Sumatra and Java 
 
 In the tract between Sumatra and the African coast, and from 3 degrees S. latitude .mito 
 northward to the Asiatic coasts, including the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Bengal the mon 
 soons blow from September to April on the N. E. , and from March to October on the S W 
 In the former half year the w" ds are more steady and gentle, and the weather clearer than in 
 tlicjatter, and the wind is more strong and steady in the Arabian Sea than in the Bay of 
 
 Between the island of Madngiiscar and tho coast of Africa, and thence northward as far as 
 the equator, there is a tract wherci.,, from April to October, there is a constant fresh S S W 
 vj-md, which to the northward chnnges into a W. S. W. wind, blowing at that time in" the' 
 
 To the eastward of Sumatra and Malacca, on the north of the equator, and along the coasU 
 of Cambodia and China, quite through the Philippines, as far as Japan, the monsoons blow 
 northerly and southerl v ; the northern setting in about October or November and tho 
 southern about May. These winds arc not quite so certain as those in tlie Arabiim seas. 
 
XII 
 
 INTHODUCTION. 
 
 Between Sumatra and Java to the west, and New Guinea to the east, the same nortlicrly 
 and southerly winds are observed, but the first half year monsoon inclines to the N. W., and 
 the latter to the S. E. These winds begin a month or six weeks after those in the Chinese 
 sens set in, and are quite as variable. 
 
 These contrary winds do not shift from one point to its opposite all at once; in some places 
 the time of the change is attended with calms, in others by variable winds; and it often hap- 
 pens on the coasts of Coromandel and China, towurds the end of the monsoons, that there are 
 most violent storms, greatly resembling the hurricanes in the West Indies, wherein the wind 
 is 80 very strong that hardly any thing can resist its force. 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 REPRESENTATIONS OP THE EARTH 's SURFACE. 
 
 The earth, as before described, is divided by the equator into two equal hemispheres, of 
 which the north and south poles are the respective centres. As in all circles, the equator is 
 divided into 360 degrees of CO minutes geographic miles, which, on the equator, are about 
 equal to 68 2.3rds British miles. Through these divisions the meridians of longitude are 
 imagmed to pass and cross the poles, and are, of course, at right angles to the equator. 
 These meridians are also divided into 360 degrees, or by the equator and the poles into four 
 quadrants of 90 degrees each, and these are called d^rees of latitude, counting from degree 
 on the equator to 90 degrees at the poles. These consist of 60 geographic miles, but, from 
 the ellipticity of the earth, they are not of equal length, but increase toward the poles (see 
 Table on page v.). This variation is generally disregarded in maps and representations of 
 the earth. The parallels of latitude intersect the meridians at right angles, and are parallel 
 to the equator. As they approach the pole, it will be evident that they approach each other, 
 and consequently that the degrees of longitude decrease in length in proportion, till, at 60 
 degrees of latitude, it is but one half th ■ length of the equatorial degree, and at the po'le it is 
 nothing. 
 
 The only correct representation of the earth's surface can be made on a body of a similar 
 form, or a globe, but as they are very inconvenient, or inapplicable to most purposes, maps 
 are constructed on a flat surface, which are far more useful and preferable to a globe, but they 
 distort, in a greater or less degree, the true figures of the countries they represent. They may 
 be divided into three classes : maps, or representations of the land, showing its rivers, moun- 
 tains, towns, &c. ; charts, or representations of the sea, for nautical purposes, showing the 
 depths of water, sandbanks, rocks, &c.; and plans, which represent minutelff a small portion 
 of a country, as a town or district, showing its roads, buildings, &c. A map illustrates gso- 
 graph;/, a chart belongs to hydrography, and a plan shows the topography of a place. 
 
 The projection of a map is a representation of the meridians and parallels on a plane sur- 
 face, and may be generally considered as being constructed on two methods— globular projec- 
 tion and Mercator's projection. Maps are on globular, and charts always on Mercator's 
 projection, while in plans, from the small portion represented, it is usually disregarded. 
 Globular projection may be thus described. A circle of the intended diameter of the hemi-' 
 sphere is divided by a horizontal line passing through its centre, and representing the equator; 
 through the centre, and at right angles to the equator, is drawn another line, which will 
 represent a meridian; where this line cuts the circle, at the top and bottom, will be the north 
 and south poles, and the circle, which will represent one naif the globe, is thus divided into 
 four equal quadrants. The equator is divided into 180 parts or degrees, and the centre meri- 
 dian into 180 degrees also; which will represent the degrees of latitude, reckoning from the 
 equator N. and S. The circumference is divided into 360 degrees, or 90 degrees in each 
 quadrant, corresponding with the centre meridian. Curved lines are now drawn through each 
 of the subdivisions of the c ntral meridian to those in the circumference on each side of it, and 
 through those on the equator to the north and south poles. The whole hemisphere, or circle, 
 will now be covered with a network of lines, each supposed to be a degree, or 60 geographic 
 miles apart, and on these Unes the configurations of the earth's surface is represented, and the 
 
I W I II II I III 
 
 • lEpivaeniea, and the 
 
 > 
 
f 
 
 3 
 35 
 
 
 
ffl^' 
 
 S*^: 
 
 E 
 
I 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 liil 
 
 distance nnJ ,rea «w to bo calculated by them; but they are unequal j the degree, of latl 
 tude that ... he parallel., diverge fr„.n the centre, which i. .uppL to be IBO^Z^ , "„"' 
 to the arcun^terence, which i, „l.o supposed to bo of two portion, of 180 degrTeTh and 
 consequently „ degree of the circumference i. much longer than on the centre/a^ T1' ToJ 
 boar the «.me proporfon to the degree of longitude, w that in all large portion, of thTearth 
 mu.t be represented more or le«. distorted on a flat surface. A map of'a cou ry a. sTat ' 
 I «Iy. England. .. repre«.nted on a portion of such a projection, and "the degreen' f Si^ 
 and long.tude are.numbcr.d on the margin, the top being usually considered!, f , northld 
 the right hand the cast, unless otherwise expressed. 
 
 hfrT'" ''■"•'''";'"' ""^ '"'""'"^ "^ ^•"'""■•^ **"«•'«'' « Flemish geographer in 1566. 
 but the true principles on which it is constructed were first explained bv Sa^ Wri,» t „„' 
 Englishman, in 1599 It is used for charts, and possesses seLal advLagltve^if olhe^ 
 projecUons, though it differ« essentially from the <JL «„,.,« ^t n, ""*""'"»™ "''«' «" "t"*' 
 
 «j .«|..c», ^,^ p,..„ „., ^ '2z::z 'z s ^i s; " " •" '^""'' 
 
 In this projection tho figure of the earth is supposed to be .lflv«inn«^ .• j . 
 
 of a sphere. Mercator conceived a transparent c^lint^lntuXth V^S'l^^L 
 globe of the same diameter is placed, and on which the meridians and paraHet ar« i 
 By expanding this globe it will flU the cylinder, and it is evident that wWe he 7": 
 
 egree, rem.^he .me. by being confined by the cyHnd.r. the l^lTl yTp" oTch 
 
 th^^f 10 ; H "«/""-f ^^'c"/ - the same proportion or ratio a. the expansion „f 
 
 hose of longitude, and therefore the great difl'erence between this and other projection, is 
 
 that the degrees of longitude are invariable, and represented by parallel straight lines and the' 
 
 degree, of latitude are made to bear the same proportion to the longitude rLreasng 
 
 tlon "a^dlf L""" °" "" '"'**'''' '"^""° ^"^ ^ "^''-*'"*^ ^y "*«'«'" «"«■ °n th» Projec. 
 
 wnLlf r r"'*""?^''^'*""''''*"""*'* *^« '«•»'-« "•- -''^' countries repre. 
 wnted « iicreased in proportion to the latitude, so that the polar regions wUl be on a much 
 
 ^r ^e than those on the equator, though not otherwise dSorted. There are "her 
 mXniStS"'"""''""" '''"'' earth on a plane surface, but the .bore are th. 
 
air 
 
 POPULATION OF THE WORLD 
 
 ACOOROINO TO VARintra f .,» 
 
 VARIOUa LATH AirTIIORITMl 
 
 STATES OF EUlloi'K. 
 
 Ariiiomi . 
 
 "I'lKlum • . '. . 
 
 Crneow . • , * 
 
 Dviimark . , ', ' 
 
 KiTlmliutlcal SUtei' 
 I'ranoo . , . ' 
 'Austria 
 
 I'riuala 
 
 iiiirarla 
 
 N/ixon/ 
 
 llaiiovor , 
 
 Wlrtuiiiboi^g 
 
 llikcluii 
 
 Hi'HHO Ciisdol . ,' 
 
 Hesse Ournmlaiit 
 
 HoUtolii anil Lunonljora 
 Sttxe Wulinar . 
 Saxo Ootlia . ] 
 Sajto Mcliilngon 
 •Nttxo HlldburgliauBon 
 ^axe C'oburg 
 Mockleiiburg Sohworl'n 
 Mocklonburg StroUti 
 Uninswlck 
 Na»Bau 
 
 Anlialt Dcnaau . 
 Aiihult Uornburg 
 Aiihalt Kothon 
 Scliwarjburg 
 Holatoln Oldenburg 
 Holionzollern Hechlngon 
 
 Ho |,e.i2„ll„rii signiurlnKon 
 I'lclitonHlolu . 
 VValUeok . 
 
 J, Reusa 
 w Mppo Dctmold . 
 Llppo Schauunburg 
 Hesse Honiburg 
 
 Krankfort-ou-tbe-Maliio 
 Lubeck 
 
 llrcnicn , , 
 .Hamburg . 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland* 
 
 Greece 
 
 Holland (with Luxembourul 
 
 Ionian Islands . 
 
 I I.ucca . . , ■ 
 
 Modena and Mussa .' 
 
 Monaco . . . ' 
 
 I'anna . , | ' 
 
 Portugal . . I ' 
 
 KusKla . 
 
 San Marino 
 
 *irJliil8 . . _ ■ 
 31cilios, Two . .' 
 Spain . . ■ 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 Switzerland . . 
 I'urkey . , . ] 
 Tuscany , , ' " 
 
 IS 
 la 
 
 Mmltod Hop 
 Kingdom 
 Hepublio 
 Kingdom 
 Il'ortuloni 
 Kingdom 
 Kinpiro 
 'Kingdom 
 Kingdom 
 |Kingi|om 
 KlngibiHi 
 Kingdom 
 <lrand Ducby 
 Kloctorate 
 Urand Duchy 
 Ducby 
 
 <<rand Ducliy 
 Duchy 
 Duchy 
 Duchy 
 Duchy 
 
 Urand Duchy 
 Orand Ducby 
 Duchy 
 |l>uoby 
 iDucby 
 Duchy 
 iDuchy 
 Principal Ity 
 Orand Duchy 
 Prlnci|iality 
 I'rinclpality 
 I'rinclpallly 
 I'rlnoipiillty 
 Principalities 
 J'linclpallty 
 Piiucipality 
 Landnniviato 
 Free City 
 Free City 
 l-'reo City 
 Kreo City 
 Kingdom 
 Klngdjni 
 Kingdom 
 Republic 
 Duchy 
 Duchy 
 Principality 
 Ducby 
 Kingdom 
 Knipire 
 Republic 
 Kingdom 
 Kingdom 
 Kingdom 
 Kingdom 
 Republic 
 Kmpire 
 Grand Duchy 
 
 ?..'!''.".* '-'"""ell Calhollo 
 l.iniited Monarchy Caib.illo 
 Senate .t Cbainber CHthollo 
 AbHoluto Monarchy Lutheran 
 
 Ilnll.T'M'''""-'; ''""loll" 
 Uniied Monarchy Ciitlinlln 
 
 Abxo uto Monarchy Cath.dio 
 lAI.Hi.luto Monarcln Hvangel 
 limited Monarchy- CallLrilo' 
 lllllll"'} J •"""•"''^ Protestarit 
 I'm 1 """'"•'■')' Protestant 
 [Umited Monarcliy |l,u(homn 
 
 Loopuld I. 
 
 Uni t. Sovereignty Kv.uigel. 
 
 Lim . Sovereignty H,.f„r„,ed 
 
 In' ?''':'"■"'.•!"'/ Lutheran 
 
 r n i M>"'Hr<hy Lutheran 
 
 nn i "'"«"■'■ '.V Lutheran 
 
 ' " "^ »'"""•'■'>' '.'"I.eran 
 
 r n " *^""""''''y I.othenii, 
 
 ' ^ "' "'"'"•'■''y l.ulhenu, 
 
 Lim tod Monarcliy Lullieran 
 
 Urn ted Monarchy Lulli.Tim 
 
 L in . Sovereignty Lutheran 
 
 Limit. Sovereignty Kvangol. 
 
 Abso. Sovereignty livangel. 
 Abso. Sovereignty iKvangei. 
 
 nm?;,.1"M'''-"'»"i^ iHeforn.od 
 
 Limited Monarchy Lutheran 
 
 Abso Sovereignty Lutheran 
 
 Lim . Sovereignty r,UUAk: 
 
 I "' . ^''Ve'''''«'">' <''tthollc 
 
 Urn ed Monarchy Catholic 
 
 Limit. Sovereignty Kvangel. 
 
 Limit. Sovereignty Lutheran 
 
 L in . Sovereignty Heformed 
 
 Lmit. Sovereignty Heformed 
 
 Abso Sovereignty Reformed 
 
 Rcpub Lutheran 
 
 Rcpub Lutheran 
 
 Hopub io Culvinlst 
 
 n„*;i',^'J"'w V '"■""■'■an 
 Lim ted Monarchy Protestant 
 i.imited Monarchy Oreek Ch 
 Limited Monarchy Reformed' 
 Under British Pro. Greek Ch 
 Limit. Sovereignty Cuthollo ' 
 Abso. Sovereignty Catholic 
 Abso. Sovereignty Catholic 
 Abso. Sovereignty Catliollc 
 Limited Monarchy Catholic 
 Absolute Monarchy Oreok Ch 
 Senate and Council CatboHo 
 |AI)8oluto Monarchy Calhollo 
 Limited Monarchy Catholic 
 L mUod W-narchy Calhollo 
 Limited Mon," ehy Luthemn 
 Confederation "ariuus 
 
 Absoluts Mon.'ciiyl.Vl hem 
 Abso. Soverelgia. j ,i "vg 
 
 Chrlitlan VIII 
 
 <lregorv XVI. 
 
 Louis Phlllppo 
 
 Ferdinand 
 
 Fri'd. W. IV. 
 
 Louii 
 
 Frederic 
 
 Kniest August. 
 
 William 
 
 Oh. Leopold Fr 
 
 William II. 
 
 Louis II. 
 
 t'hrlHtian 
 
 Ch. Frederick 
 
 Frnest 
 
 I fleniard | 
 
 Krnest 
 
 Paul Frederick 
 
 tieorgo V 
 
 William 
 
 William 
 
 Loopiild 
 
 Alexis 
 
 Henry 
 
 Ountlier II. 
 
 Augustus 
 
 Fred. William 
 Charles 
 .lohn Joseph 
 George 
 Henry LXIL 
 Leopold 
 Geo. Wllllnm 
 Phil. Augustus 
 
 Victoria 
 Otho 
 William II. 
 
 Charles Louis 
 Francis IV. 
 
 Maria Louisa 
 Maria II. 
 Nicholas I. 
 
 Charles Albert 
 Ferdinand 11. 
 I.^ubellall. 
 Charles XIV. 
 
 IIMI 
 
 I2,Atll) 
 
 411(1 
 
 fffl,7(IL'i 
 
 17.()4N 
 
 202,12.'! 
 
 10«,302 
 
 2H,.t;),'l 
 
 «,"().•> 
 
 ]4,tlOl) 
 
 7,i>im 
 
 fl,'.12 
 
 4,;),s« 
 
 3,1IIH 
 
 3,flH.1 
 
 1,40.) 
 
 fiS2 
 
 720 
 
 22.1 
 
 out) 
 
 4.701 
 1,094 
 L.W.'i 
 1,7JU 
 3.1 
 330 
 310 
 7fl« 
 2,470 
 13U 
 383 
 S2 
 4S5 
 088 
 432 
 205 
 154 
 01 
 142 
 07 
 14!) 
 118,700| 
 10,200 
 13,800 
 1)1)8 
 410 
 2,07,i 
 ,10 
 2.1K4 
 34,.'i(IO 
 2,041, SOU 
 
 Abdul Met^jid 
 Leopold II. 
 
 Total ares, 3,704,710 square miles. . 
 
 L'l 
 
 28,830 
 
 41„')2] 
 
 170.480 
 
 284,.i;)0 
 
 17,208 
 
 183,140 
 
 8,302 
 
 15„TO0 
 4,230,1100 
 124.300 
 2,007,400 
 2,.1W),II()0 
 3.1,(100,000 
 34,100,000 
 1.1,800,(10(1 
 4,300,000 
 1,(180,000 
 1,(170,000 
 1,«10,000 
 1,240,000 
 
 ouii.ooo 
 
 70.1,000 
 31)4,000 
 243,000 
 83,000 
 40,000 
 
 71,300 
 
 130,440 
 
 472,000 
 
 83,300 
 
 230,000 
 
 372,700 
 
 S7,«00 
 
 45,500 
 
 30,400 
 
 118,500 
 
 200,000 
 
 21,000 
 
 42,800 
 
 5,800 
 
 50,000 
 
 83,400 
 
 70,000 
 
 20.000 
 
 24,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 40,300 
 
 57,800 
 
 153,000 
 
 27,000,000 
 
 810,000 
 
 2,820,000 
 
 242,000 
 
 143,00(1 
 
 300,01.(1 
 
 0,700 
 
 440,000 
 
 3,400,1)00 
 
 51, 100,01 ic I 
 
 4,500,0l/t 
 
 7,0.) 0,000 
 11,0(13,000 
 
 4,l.i0.000 
 
 2,110,000 
 12,000,000 
 
 1,330,000 
 
 )U 
 
 «" ; :..itl,)i , 2j;,2C5,140. 
 
 I 
 
 /-■ 
 
 •0' 
 
 Bol 
 Chi 
 Ver 
 Ecu 
 Pan 
 Pan 
 Uru 
 Brai 
 
»> In 
 
 MlluK 
 
 I2,A«II) 
 
 411(1 
 
 'B,7(IL'i 
 
 7.(I4N 
 
 >2,12,'I 
 
 '.'..'.'L'lll 
 
 (I.. 'Ill 
 
 N.l.t.l 
 
 «,7().'. 
 
 4,(1011 
 
 7,(1(IN 
 
 5,',12 
 
 l,.'),S«j 
 
 1,1 UK 
 
 r.flH.'s 
 
 ,40.') 
 
 fisa 
 
 720 
 
 22.) 
 
 0«|l 
 ,701 
 ,0!)1 
 ,,12,'! 
 ,7J« 
 3.17 
 33(! 
 310 
 
 7sa 
 
 470 
 130 
 383 
 S2 
 
 588 
 132 
 !05 
 
 [5i 
 01 
 42 
 07 
 4!) 
 00 
 0« 
 UO 
 1)8 
 10 
 
 I'opilift. 
 tlon. 
 
 1.1,300 
 4,230,000 
 124.,'loo 
 2.0«7,400 
 2,.11IO,000 
 3.1,(100,000 
 .'14,100,0(10 
 l.'),^0ll,00(l 
 4,300,000 
 1,(180,000 
 l,B7tf,000 
 1,(110,000 
 1,240,000 
 (W 11.000 
 70.1,000 
 304,000 
 243,000 
 83,000 
 40,000 
 7l,Joo 
 130,440 
 472,000 
 8,'!, 300 
 250,000 
 372,700 
 87,000 
 4.5,500 
 3(1,400 
 ]18,fi00 
 200,000 
 21,000 
 42,800 
 fl,800 
 50,000 
 83,400 
 70,000 
 20,0'JO 
 24,000 
 £0,000 
 40,500 
 C7,800 
 153,000 
 27,000,000 
 810,000 
 2,820,000 
 242,000 
 145,000 
 3UO,Oi.O 
 6,700 
 440.0O0 
 3,400,000 
 51, 100,01 1(. I 
 7,ji"' 
 4,500,01/(1 1 
 
 7,0.) 0,000 
 
 11,U(13,OJO 
 
 4,l.iO,000 
 
 2,116,000 
 12,000,000 
 
 1,330,000 
 
 AFM .bout ]7,gM,148 ,quMO mil... 
 
 INTRUUtU'TION. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 «V 
 
 •^""^rnZr- •'•'*• "'W-UlUon^^SO 
 
 •UtM, Ac. 
 
 Aiiitm 
 
 AfKhKnliUn . 
 
 AruliiA . , 
 
 Iliilowhiatan 
 
 nirinab . 
 
 t'hliio 
 
 i.p.n 
 
 Uliore, or Boiki 
 
 Malaoo* , 
 
 Nupsul . 
 
 P»nlh . 
 
 Uuiaia , 
 
 HIani 
 
 Slnilla . ; 
 
 TiirkMtan 
 
 I'urkoy . 
 
 nulUoUi^ aii4 
 
 TItl.. 
 
 Kmplro , 
 
 Kingdom 
 
 Kingdom 
 ■ Kinplre . 
 Kiiipiro , 
 Kiiiplro . 
 I'rovlnco 
 
 Kingdom 
 Kniplru 
 Kiiipirn 
 Knipiro 
 Kiiiplro . 
 Induj). T 
 Empli I 
 
 rtary 
 
 Hill) 
 
 {'•bill 
 
 Uuooa 
 
 Kulat 
 
 Ara 
 
 I'li-king . 
 
 J.do 
 
 t<aliore 
 
 Katmandu 
 Toll mil 
 I'li'oMbunih 
 H kok . 
 H/d.rabad 
 
 Con.tantinopl. 
 
 Huildhlam 
 
 Maliiim 
 
 Mahom, . 
 
 Mahoin. , 
 
 lluddhlim 
 C'unfuoUn. 
 RItito . , 
 Balk . . 
 
 Jlraniln, . 
 Mahoni. , 
 Oreok Cli, 
 HiiddhUm 
 Muliuiii. 
 
 Inland*— ludoponiUi 
 
 e I Mahom. 
 
 Ming -'.iig 
 
 M.hrab (k. 1839) '. 
 Hera-wa 
 Taokwang , 
 Tbo KiilKi , 
 Hli.re Hlngh 
 
 B«<|»hlndra BlknuiiMh 
 Nlohuluii I, 
 
 Kroin,..nion-lihU 
 i>«ankodil rao 
 
 Abdul Metyid 
 
 ill popniatlon, 20,824.000 llrlil.l. n 
 
 Population. 
 
 S,104,000 
 10,000,000 
 
 7,300,000 
 8,700,000 
 
 3,a(w,ooo 
 
 8.12,8(10,000 
 
 30,000,000 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 2,300,000 
 
 11,240,000 
 
 1-,407,1»0 
 
 ff,ooo,oiio 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 0,078,000 
 
 11,004,000 
 
 Of otltor Eurupsan 
 
 Am about U.«47,428 aquwe mllM. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 AbTimlnla 
 Ashante. 
 Barca 
 Boumou . 
 Dar Pur . 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Guinea . 
 Morocco . 
 
 W^lZn^itl.'iLr"'"'"""-" ''O-nnilon, oa million. 
 
 4,500,000 
 3,000,000 
 
 300,000 
 2,000,000 
 
 200,000 
 8,000,000 
 7,000,000 
 8.000,000 
 
 Nubia 
 
 S»<iiogambl» 
 
 •Soiiiiaar . 
 
 N<'iubui, tho ftiha™ Aj_ 
 
 Jollatuli tribc'd 
 
 Tripoli . 
 
 Tuul. 
 
 Inturlor and Eaatirn Africa 
 
 Po.»M.lon. of European Power, l Bifl nvi «■ . , ~~ ~ 
 
 P M rower.. ].23C,074. Total population, 101,408,411. 
 
 1,W0,000 
 10,000,000 
 
 1,100,000 
 20,000,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 l,floo,ooo 
 
 3,000,000 
 2U,000,000 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 Are, about .eren million .quaro mile. Population 
 
 -> ow Orunada 
 
 Bolivia . 
 
 Chill , 
 
 Venezuela . 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Panama 
 
 Paraguay 
 I Uruguay 
 I Brazil . 
 
 . Republic 
 
 Republic 
 
 Republic 
 
 Ropublio 
 
 Republic 
 
 ' Republic 
 
 Repu; He 
 
 , RepuDlio 
 
 I Republic 
 
 ' Republic 
 
 Empire 
 
 Buonog Ayre. 
 
 liima 
 
 Bogota 
 
 Chuquisaca 
 
 Santiago 
 
 Carnoca. 
 
 Quito . 
 
 Panama . 
 
 Assumption 
 
 Monte Video 
 
 Hip Janeiro 
 
 OCKANICA, or OCEANIA. 
 
 about fourte en mllllong. 
 
 Pwwid entg, Ac. 
 
 DonJ.M.deR^ 
 Oeneral Oamarra 
 JoHo. J. de Marqucj 
 Oenoral Santa Cruj 
 Joaqulm Prieto . 
 General Pae» 
 V. Rocafuerto ," 
 Thomas Heirara 
 
 Fruotuoso Hiiroiii 
 
 Pj^o n. jEmperor.) ' 
 
 I Population. 
 
 2,000,000 
 1,700,000 
 3,687,000 
 1,500,000 
 1,500,000 
 800,000 
 000,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 _ff,130,418 
 
 Aro.. belwoen i^^^ ^n,ro^r.mo:Z:n:JJ.T.^''^ 
 m.reni «"th2r.";°t?^'ro7«';Twen{y°"„ril,ror"^ '""^'"^' ««""'•'»'' by 
 
xvx 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 POPULATION AND EXTENT OP THE GLOBE. 
 
 Europe . 
 
 Asia 
 ^frica 
 America . 
 Occauica . 
 
 Total ... 
 
 According to Bulbi. 
 
 Weimar Almanac, 1840. J 
 
 I'opiilatlon. 
 
 Eng. Sq, MlB. 
 
 Pop.toSq.Milo. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Eng. Sq. Mia. 
 
 Pop. to Sq. Mile. 
 
 227,700,000 
 
 390,000,000 
 
 00,000,000 
 
 39.000,000 
 
 20,300,000 
 
 3,700,000 
 10,045,000 
 11,254,000 
 14,730,000 
 
 4,105,000 
 
 015 
 24-3 
 
 «■ 
 
 2-3 
 
 4'9o 
 
 233,240,043 
 
 608,510,019 
 
 101,498,411 
 
 48,07;',I50 
 
 1,838,194 
 
 3,807,195 
 17,805,140 
 11,647,428 
 13,542,400 
 
 3,347,840 
 
 612 
 
 34 2 
 
 8-8 
 
 3-5 
 
 0-4 
 
 737,0(10,000 
 
 49,834,000 
 
 14-8 
 
 9.03,108,.137 
 
 50,150,009 
 
 19-8 
 
 POPULATION OF ENGLAND. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Hodford . 
 
 llcrlis 
 
 lluckingliam 
 
 Cambridge 
 Clicster . 
 Cornwall 
 Cumberland 
 
 Derby 
 Devon 
 Dorset 
 Durham . 
 
 Essex 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 Hereford 
 Hertford 
 Huntingdon 
 
 Kent 
 
 Lancaster 
 Leicester 
 Lincoln . 
 
 *':ddlesex 
 Alonmoutb 
 
 Norfolk . 
 Northampton 
 Northumberland 
 Nottingham 
 
 Oxford . 
 
 Rutland . 
 
 Salop 
 
 Somerset 
 
 Southampton (Hants) 
 
 Stall'ord . 
 
 Suftolk . 
 
 Surrey 
 
 Sussex 
 
 Warwick 
 Westmoreland 
 Wilts 
 Worcester 
 
 York (East Biding) 
 
 City of York and } 
 Ainstey . f 
 
 /ork (North Ridlni?) 
 York (West HidinK) 
 
 ENGLAND . 
 
 1801. 
 
 0.1,393 
 109,215 
 107,444 
 
 89,346 
 191,751 
 188,209 
 117,230 
 
 161,142 
 343,001 
 115,319 
 100,301 
 
 226,437 
 
 250,809 
 
 89,191 
 97,577 
 37.668 
 
 307,624 
 
 672,731 
 130,081 
 208,557 
 
 818,129 
 45,582 
 
 273,371 
 131,757 
 157,101 
 140,350 
 
 109,620 
 
 16,356 
 
 167,639 
 273,760 
 219,656 
 239,153 
 210,431 
 209,043 
 159,311 
 
 208,190 
 
 41,617 
 
 185,107 
 
 139,333 
 
 110,992 
 
 24,393 
 
 158,225 
 50.'),282 
 
 11 
 S 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 15 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 14 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 16 
 14 
 
 17 
 36 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 21 
 11 
 20 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 16 
 
 8,331,434 14-5 
 
 1811. 
 
 70,213 
 118,277 
 117,650 
 
 101,109 
 227,031 
 216,607 
 333,744 
 
 185,487 
 383,308 
 124,693 
 177,625 
 
 252,473 
 
 285,514 
 
 94,073 
 
 111,664 
 42,208 
 
 373,095 
 
 828,309 
 150,419 
 237,891 
 
 953,276 
 62,127 
 
 291,9.09 
 141,353 
 172,iei 
 102,900 
 
 119,191 
 
 16,380 
 
 194,298 
 303,180 
 245,080 
 295,1,53 
 234,211 
 323,851 
 190,083 
 
 228,735 
 
 45,922 
 
 193,828 
 
 160,546 
 
 134,437 
 
 27,304 
 
 169,391 
 655,042 
 
 9,538,827 
 
 
 19 
 11 
 14 
 
 20 
 19 
 19 
 17 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 16 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 16 
 19 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 18 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 17 
 
 15'5 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 12 
 15 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 175 
 
 1821. 
 
 83,716 
 131,977 
 134,008 
 
 121,909 
 
 270,098 
 257,447 
 156,124 
 
 213,333 
 439,040 
 144,499 
 207,673 
 
 289,421 
 
 335,843 
 
 103,243 
 
 12.9,714 
 
 48,771 
 
 426,016 
 
 1,052,859 
 174,571 
 283,058 
 
 1,144,531 
 71,833 
 
 344,308 
 162,483 
 198,905 
 186,873 
 
 136,971 
 
 18,487 
 
 206,1.53 
 355,314 
 
 28:J,298 
 345,895 
 270,542 
 398,058 
 2C-i,019 
 
 274,392 
 
 51,359 
 
 222,157 
 
 184,424 
 
 154,010 
 
 30,451 
 
 187,4,52 
 801,274 
 
 11,261,437 
 
 14 
 10 
 
 18 
 24 
 17 
 10 
 
 11 
 13 
 10 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 / 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 13 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 10 
 12 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 B 
 
 8 
 13 
 11 
 19 
 
 9 
 22 
 17 
 
 23 
 7 
 
 S 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 22 
 
 1831. 
 
 10 
 
 05,483 
 145,389 
 140,529 
 
 143,955 
 334,3.01 
 300,938 
 169,681 
 
 237,170 
 494,478 
 159,2,52 
 253,910 
 
 317,507 
 
 387,019 
 
 111,211 
 
 143,341 
 
 63,162 
 
 479,155 
 
 1,336,8,M 
 197,003 
 317,405 
 
 1,358,330 
 08,130 
 
 390,0.54 
 179.336 
 222,912 
 225,327 
 
 152,156 
 
 19,385 
 
 222,938 
 404,200 
 314,280 
 410,512 
 2Uli,317 
 486,.S34 
 272,340 
 
 336,610 
 
 65,011 
 
 240,150 
 
 211,365 
 
 108,891 
 
 35,302 
 
 190,756 
 976,350 
 
 13,091,005 
 
 13- 
 
 10 2 
 
 4 
 
 142 
 185 
 13-4 
 
 4-8 
 
 14-7 
 7-8 
 9-7 
 
 27-7 
 
 8-6 
 
 114 
 
 2-9 
 
 90 
 
 10-3 
 
 14-4 
 
 24-7 
 
 0-5 
 
 14-2 
 
 1841. 
 
 107,937 
 100,226 
 155,989 
 
 104,509 
 395,300 
 341,209 
 177,912 
 
 272,202 
 533,731 
 174,743 
 324,277 
 
 344,995 
 
 431,307 
 
 114,438 
 
 157,237 
 
 68,099 
 
 548,161 
 
 1,667,064 
 215,855 
 302,717 
 
 16- 
 36-9 
 
 1,576,016 
 134,349 
 
 6-7 
 10-9 
 12 2 
 108 
 
 412,621 
 199,001 
 250,208 
 249,773 
 
 61 
 
 101,573 
 
 10' 
 
 21,340 
 
 7-2 
 7-8 
 
 12-P 
 
 24 2 
 6-3 
 
 19-7 
 
 10- 
 
 239,014 
 430,002 
 354,940 
 610,200 
 315,129 
 682,613 
 299,770 
 
 19-4 
 2-5 
 8-2 
 
 10 4 
 
 402,121 
 
 50,409 
 
 200,007 
 
 233,484 
 
 146 
 
 103,676 
 
 8-3 
 
 38,322 
 
 7-2 
 182 
 
 204,662 
 1,154,924 
 
 14-5 
 
 14,99.5,508 
 
272,202 
 C.i3,731 
 174,743 
 324,277 
 
 344,995 
 
 431,307 
 
 114,438 
 
 157,237 
 
 C8,(i91) 
 
 548,101 
 
 1,067,064 
 215,a55 
 302,717 
 
 1,570,616 
 134,349 
 
 412,621 
 19!»,0(il 
 250,208 
 249,773 
 
 161,573 
 
 21,340 
 
 239,014 
 43'J,002 
 354,940 
 510,200 
 315,129 
 582,013 
 299,770 
 
 402,121 
 
 56,469 
 
 260,007 
 
 233,484 
 
 103,676 
 
 38,322 
 
 204,662 
 1,154,924 
 
 ac, 1840. 
 
 Pop. to Sq. 
 
 Mile. 
 
 612 
 
 342 
 
 86 
 
 35 
 
 0-4 
 
 19-8 
 
 _.. 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 A 
 
 1841. 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 3- 
 
 107,937 
 
 02 
 
 160,226 
 
 6 4 
 
 155,989 
 
 42 
 
 164,509 
 
 85 
 
 395,300 
 
 3-4 
 
 341,269 
 
 4-8 
 
 177,912 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 POPULATION OF WALES. 
 
 XTU 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Anglesna . 
 
 Brecon 
 
 Cardigan . 
 
 Carmartlien 
 
 Carnarvon 
 
 Denbigh . 
 
 Flint 
 
 Glamorgan 
 
 Merionetli 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Pembroke 
 
 Radnor . 
 
 WALES 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Aberdeen 
 Argj-U . 
 Ayr 
 
 Uaiiflf . 
 Berwick 
 Bute . 
 Caithnesa 
 
 I Clackmannan 
 Dumbarton 
 
 Dnmfrics 
 
 Edinburgh 
 
 Elgin (iMoray) 
 
 Fife 
 
 Forfar . 
 
 Haddington 
 
 Inverness 
 
 Kincardine 
 
 Kinross 
 
 Kirkcudbrigli 
 
 Lanark . 
 
 Linlithgow 
 
 Nairn 
 
 Orkney and Sbetlan 
 
 Peebioa 
 
 Perth . 
 
 Renfrew 
 
 Ross and Cromarty 
 
 Roxburgh 
 
 Selkirk . 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Sutherland 
 
 Wigtown 
 
 Barracks 
 
 tit 
 
 SCOTLAND 
 
 1801. 
 
 33,800 
 31,633 
 42,950 
 67,317 
 41,521 
 60,352 
 39,622 
 71,525 
 27,600 
 47,978 
 66,280 
 19,050 
 
 1811. 
 
 37,045 
 
 37,735 
 
 50,260 
 
 77,217 
 
 49,336 ' 
 
 64,240 
 
 46,518 
 
 85,007 
 
 30,924 
 
 51,931 
 
 60,615 
 
 20,900 
 
 1821. 
 
 45,(163 
 43,603 
 67,784 
 80,239 
 67,958 
 76,511 
 63,784 
 101,737 
 34,382 
 59,899 
 74,009 
 22,459 
 
 1831. 
 
 48,325 
 47,703 
 64,780 
 100,740 
 66,448 
 83,629 
 60,012 
 126,612 
 35,315 
 66,482 
 81,425 
 24,651 
 
 1841. 
 
 53 
 
 11-5 
 
 5-5 
 
 e. 
 
 22- 
 
 6-7 
 10-8 
 37- 
 111 
 
 4-1 
 
 7-0 
 
 21 
 
 60,890 
 63,295 
 68,380 
 
 106,482 
 81,068 
 89,291 
 00,547 
 
 173,462 
 39,238 
 09,220 
 88,202 
 25,186 
 
 rorULATION OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 1801. 
 
 123,082 
 71,859 
 I 84,306 
 i 3,5,807 
 30,621 
 11,791 
 22,609 
 10,858 
 20,710 
 54,597 
 122,954 
 26,705 
 93,74.) 
 89,127 
 29,980 
 74,292 
 26,.349 
 0,725 
 29,211 
 146,099 
 17,844 
 8,257 
 46,824 
 8,735 
 126,360 
 78,056 
 55,343 
 33,682 
 6,070 
 60,825 
 23,117 
 22,918 
 
 3,588,068 
 
 1811. 
 
 13.5,075 
 85,585 
 103,954 
 30,068 
 30,779 
 12,033 
 23,419 
 12,010 
 24,189 
 62,960 
 148,607 
 28,108 
 101,272 
 107,264 
 31,164 
 78,336 
 27,439 
 7,245 
 33,684 
 191,752 
 18,451 
 8,251 
 40,153 
 9,935 
 135,093 
 92,590 
 60,8,53 
 37,230 
 5,889 
 68,174 
 23,029 
 20,891 
 
 1821. 
 
 23 
 
 155,387 
 97,310 
 127,299 
 43,561 
 33,385 
 13,797 
 30,238 
 13,203 
 27,317 
 70,878 
 
 191,514 
 31,162 
 
 114,5,56 
 
 113,430 
 35,127 
 90,157 
 
 29,118 
 7,762 
 
 38,803 
 244,387 
 
 22,685 
 9,000 
 
 63,124 
 
 10,046 
 139,(150 
 112,175 
 
 68,828 
 
 40,802 
 
 6,037 
 
 6,5,37(i 
 
 23,840 
 
 33,240 
 
 14 
 
 i.S05,08S ji 16 2,093,456 
 
 13 
 
 1831. 
 
 177,657 
 100,973 
 145,055 
 48,604 
 34,048 
 14,151 
 34,629 
 14,720 
 33,211 
 73,770 
 219,345 
 34,231 
 128,839 
 139,606 
 .t6,145 
 84,797 
 31,431 
 9,072 
 40,590 
 316,818 
 23,291 
 0,354 
 68,238 
 10,578 I 
 142.804 
 133,443 
 74,820 
 43,003 
 6,8.33 
 72,621 
 2,1,518 
 36,258 
 
 8-2 
 
 20-7 
 33-3 
 
 1841, 
 
 3i) 
 
 22' 
 
 1-3 
 
 2,365,114 
 
 21-5 
 
 111 
 
 3-5 
 
 3 1 
 
 34 
 
 192,*83 
 .'»7,140 
 1C4,.522 
 50,070 
 31,427 
 ]5,(i95 
 30,107 
 1 9,110 
 44,295 
 72,825 
 225,023 
 34,994 
 140,310 
 170,380 
 35,781 
 07,015 
 33,052 
 8,763 
 41,099 
 427,113 
 26,848 
 9,823 
 00,007 
 10,520 
 138,151 
 51.7.55 
 78,058 
 46,062 
 7,989 
 82,179 
 24,666 
 44,008 
 4,425 
 
 2,028,967 
 
xnu 
 
 INTnODUCTION. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS. 
 
 ISLANDS. 
 
 1821. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 1831. 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 1841, 
 
 Jersey . 
 
 Guernsey, Aldemey, 
 Sark, Herm, and 
 Jetliou 
 
 Man 
 
 Total . 
 
 28,600 
 
 20,827 
 40,081 
 
 27.9 
 
 25.4 
 2.2 
 
 36,682 
 
 26,128 
 41,000 
 
 30 
 
 0-2 
 17 
 
 47,556 
 
 £.i,538 
 47,985 
 
 89,508 
 
 15.8 
 
 103,710 
 
 19-6 
 
 124,079 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS. 
 
 I i 
 
 - 
 
 
 § 
 
 
 1 ■>^ 
 
 a 
 
 <3 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ENGLAND . 
 
 1801. 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 US 
 
 1811. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1821. 
 
 
 1831. 
 
 
 1841. 
 
 8,331,434 
 
 9,538,827 
 
 17-6 
 
 11,261,437 
 
 16 
 
 13,091,005 
 
 14-5 
 
 14,995,6,08 
 
 WALES . . 
 
 541,546 
 
 13 
 
 611,788 
 
 17 
 
 717,438 
 
 12 
 
 806,182 
 
 13 
 
 911,321 
 
 Persons ascertained 
 to have been tra- 
 velling by Ball- 
 ways and Canals 
 during the night 
 of June 0,1841 . 
 
 England and Wales 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 4,896 
 15,911,725 
 
 8,872,980 
 
 14 
 
 10,150,815 
 
 17 
 
 11.978,875 
 
 16 
 
 13,897,187 
 
 145 
 
 SCOTLAND . 
 
 1,599,068 
 
 14 
 
 1,813,688 
 
 16 
 
 2,093,456 
 
 13 
 
 2,365,114 
 
 111 
 
 2,628,957 
 
 Islands In the British 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Seas . 
 GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 • 
 
 ... 
 
 • ■ 
 
 89,508 
 
 15'8 
 
 103,710 
 
 196 
 
 124J)79 
 18,664,761 
 
 18,472,048 
 
 14-2 11,964,303 
 
 17-6 
 
 14,101,839 
 
 155 
 
 10,366,011 
 
 14 
 
 I' / 
 
^ 
 
 ' 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1841. 
 
 1 
 
 
 4-5 
 
 14,995,6p8 
 
 13 
 
 811,321 
 
 
 4,890 
 
 
 
 
 4'5 
 
 15,911,725 
 
 11 
 
 2,628,957 
 
 96 
 
 124J)79 
 
 4 Il8,664,761 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 MAINE , 
 
 Portland (City) . 
 Bangor (City) . 
 Thomaston . 
 Bath . 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 Concord . 
 Portsmouth 
 Dover 
 VERMONT . 
 Montpolicr 
 Bennington . 
 Woods'.ook 
 Mlddlebury 
 Burlington 
 MASSACHUSETS . 
 Boston 
 liOWeU 
 Salem . 
 New Bedford .* 
 Charlestown 
 Springfield 
 Nantucket 
 Cambridge 
 Taunton . 
 Worcester 
 Newbury Port , 
 Plymouth . 
 RHODE ISLAND . 
 Providence 
 Newport . 
 Smithfleld . 
 Warwick . 
 Cumberland 
 Now Providenco 
 Scituate 
 CONNECTICUT * 
 Hartford (City) '. 
 New Haven (City) 
 Norwich (City) . 
 Middletown (City) 
 New Lendon (City) 
 Bridgeport (City) 
 Wethersfleld . 
 Fairfield . 
 NEW YORK . 
 Northern District '. 
 Southern District . 
 Albany (City) . 
 New York (City) 
 Brooklyn (City) . 
 Rochester (City) 
 Troy (City) 
 I Buffalo (City) 
 Utica (City) 
 Salina . 
 FishkiU . 
 Watervliet 
 Poughkeepsie '. 
 Lock port , 
 Newburg . 
 Mount Pleasant '. 
 Seneca 
 Schenectady 
 Hudson (City) , 
 Onondaga . 
 Canand.-iigua 
 
 new7eW'"«! : 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Newark 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Pntarson . 
 
 Elizabeth Town '. 
 
 1800, 
 
 1810, 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830. 
 
 244,101 
 '235,764 
 
 823,287 
 
 399,402 
 
 260,533 
 280,079 
 
 '610,014 
 
 83,059 
 
 1840. 
 
 275,248 
 
 1,372,812 
 944,262 
 428,550 
 
 245,, 
 
 502 
 
 277,675 
 
 97,212 
 18,832 
 8,010 
 
 297,711 
 0.789 
 10,678 
 4,179 
 6,892 
 4,356 
 
 4,226 
 ,093,508 
 366,467 
 637,041 
 
 320,779 
 
 3,925 
 
 10,953 
 
 7,?31 
 
 7,331 
 
 601,703 
 15,218 
 8,627 
 6,227 
 6,141 
 284,574 
 4,897 
 7,887 
 6,458 
 291,948 
 3,725 
 3,429 
 3,315 
 3,162 
 4,271 
 737,699 
 93,383 
 20,796 
 15,082 
 12,087 
 11,484 
 10,985 
 9,012 
 8,409 
 7,645 
 7,497 
 7,161 
 6,281 
 108,830 
 23.171 
 8,333 
 9,534 
 6,726 
 6,225 
 4,207 
 4,090 
 301,015 
 12,793 
 14,390 
 7,239 
 7,210 
 5,528 
 4,670 
 3,824 
 3,654 
 2,428,921 
 1.683,068 
 745,853 
 33,721 
 312,710 
 30,233 
 20,191 
 10,334 
 18,213 
 12,782 
 11,013 
 10,437 
 10,141 
 10,008 
 0,125 
 8,933 
 7,307 
 7.073 
 6,784 
 6,672 
 6,658 
 6,652 
 3,384 
 373,306 
 4,035 
 17,290 
 U,6[)3 
 7,596 
 4,184 
 
 XIX 
 
 StAVE!?. 
 
 1840, 
 
 674 
 
xx 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.-Co«/i«wrf 
 
 s t 
 
 PKNNSVLVaNIA . . 
 Bastern District . 
 
 1800. 
 
 1810. 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830, 
 
 1840. 
 
 SLAVES. 
 1840. 
 
 " 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 1,04 n l.')8 
 
 727, jTT 
 
 2,990 
 
 119,325 
 
 6,663 
 
 4,352 
 
 2,370 
 
 3,545 
 
 2,908 
 
 321,481 
 
 7,248 
 
 1,307.672 
 
 1,724,033 
 
 . 
 
 — 
 
 Harrlshurg 
 PliiladolphU . 
 Lancaster 
 Reading . 
 Easton 
 
 York .... 
 Carlisle 
 I Western District . 
 
 1,472 
 70,287 
 4,202 
 .2,385 
 1,045 
 2,503 
 2,032 
 
 2,289 
 96.287 
 5,404 
 3,463 
 1,657 
 2,847 
 2,481 
 
 775,577 
 4,311 
 
 107.325 
 7,704 
 6,859 
 3,d29 
 4,216 
 3,708 
 
 908,744 
 5,980 
 
 228,691 
 8,417 
 8,410 
 
 • 4,865 
 4,770 
 4,351 
 
 
 
 Pittsburg . 
 Alleghany . 
 
 1,565 
 
 4,768 
 
 692,095 
 12,542 
 
 815,289 
 21,115 
 
 
 
 Erie . . . . 
 
 81 
 
 394 
 72,684 
 
 • 
 
 2,081 
 
 10,089 
 
 
 
 DELAWABB . 
 Dover 
 
 
 635 
 72,749 
 
 1,329 
 76,739 
 
 3.412 
 
 78,085 
 
 2,605 
 
 
 Wilmington . 
 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 3,790 
 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 * 
 
 
 • 
 
 . . 
 
 8,367 
 
 
 MARYLAND . 
 
 
 • ' 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 2,737 
 
 
 
 Annapolis . 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 ■ 
 
 446,913 
 
 469,232 
 
 " 80,495 
 
 
 Baltimore . , 
 Frederick . 
 
 " 23.791 
 
 ' 46,556 
 
 2,260 
 62,738 
 
 2,623 
 80,625 
 
 2,792 
 102,313 
 
 
 
 Hagerstown 
 
 * * 
 
 • 
 
 3,03/ 
 
 4.42? 
 
 5,182 
 
 
 
 VIRGINIA . 
 
 ■ 
 
 • ' 
 
 2,690 
 
 3,371 
 
 7,197 
 
 
 
 Eastern District . 
 
 
 ' 
 
 • 
 
 1,211,271 
 
 1,239,797 
 
 448,987 
 
 
 Western District . 
 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 832,979 
 
 806,942 
 
 
 
 Riclimond . 
 Petersburg 
 Norfolk , 
 Wlieoling 
 
 «,737 
 2,521 
 6,820 
 
 9,785 
 5,663 
 9,193 
 
 ' 12,067 
 6,690 
 8,478 
 
 378,293 
 
 16,960 
 
 8,322 
 
 9,816 
 
 432,855 
 20,153 
 11,138 
 10,920 
 
 
 
 Lynchburg 
 
 
 * • 
 
 • • 
 
 2,200 
 
 7,885 
 
 
 
 Fredericksbnigh 
 Winchester 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 2,870 
 
 4,626 
 3,307 
 
 6,395 
 3,874 
 
 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA . 
 
 
 * • 
 
 3,400 
 
 3,454 
 
 
 
 Raleigh . 
 
 660 
 
 ] 
 
 2,674 
 2,633 
 3,532 
 3,663 
 
 738,470 
 
 753,419 
 
 245,817 
 
 
 Wilmington 
 FayetteriUe 
 Newbern . 
 SOUTH CAROLINA . 
 
 1,689 
 1,658 
 2,467 
 
 • 
 
 ; • 
 
 2,244 
 4,744 
 4.285 
 3,690 
 
 
 
 Charleston 
 Columbia 
 
 ' 18,712 
 
 ■ zi,m 
 
 '24,780 
 
 681,185 
 30,289 
 
 694.398 
 29,261 
 
 327,038 
 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 • 
 
 * ' 
 
 • 
 
 3,310 
 
 4.340 
 
 
 
 Savannah . 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 616,823 
 
 691,932 
 
 280,944 
 
 
 Augusta . 
 
 ' 
 
 * * 
 
 
 7,776 
 
 11,214 
 
 
 
 Macon 
 
 ' 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 4,000 
 
 6.403 
 
 
 
 Columbus . 
 
 " 
 
 * * 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 3,927 
 
 
 
 ALABAMA . 
 
 * 
 
 * * 
 
 • 
 
 1,152 
 
 3,114 
 
 
 
 Northern District , 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 309,5:?7 
 
 690,756 
 
 253,532 
 
 
 Southern District 
 
 * 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 120,215 
 
 185,776 
 
 
 
 MISSISSIPPI 
 
 * 
 
 ' 
 
 
 189,312 
 
 404,980 
 
 
 
 Northern District 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 375,651 
 
 195,211 
 
 
 Southern District . ; 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 146,820 
 
 
 
 Natchei . . . i 
 
 • 
 
 ' 
 
 2.184 
 
 . 
 
 228,831 
 
 , 
 
 Vicksburgh 
 
 • t 
 
 ' 
 
 • 
 
 4,800 
 
 
 
 LOUISIANA . . ' 
 
 ' 
 
 * 
 
 
 . 
 
 3,104 
 
 
 
 Eastern District . 
 
 • t 
 
 ' * 
 
 • 
 
 215,739 
 
 352,411 
 
 168,462 
 
 
 Western District 
 
 * • 
 
 " * 
 
 
 155,399 
 
 249,641 
 
 
 
 New Orleans . 
 
 I ' ■ i 
 
 ' * 
 
 • 
 
 60,340 
 
 102,770 
 
 
 
 ARKANSAS . 
 
 ' . ' . '. 
 
 • 
 
 40,310 
 
 102,193 
 
 
 
 TENNESSEE . 
 
 
 • 
 
 30,388 
 
 97,574 
 
 ' 19,935 
 
 
 Eastern District 
 
 '1 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 681.904 
 
 829,210 
 
 183,059 
 
 
 Middle District . 
 
 
 • • 
 
 198,301 
 
 224,259 
 
 
 
 Western District . ■ 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 • 
 
 374,749 
 
 411,710 
 
 
 
 Nashville 
 
 
 • . 
 
 110,854 
 
 193,241 
 
 
 
 OHIO 
 
 > • 
 
 • . 
 
 6,565 
 
 6,929 
 
 
 
 Columbus 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 037,679 
 
 1,519,467 
 
 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 1 * 
 
 • 
 
 2,437 
 
 0,048 
 
 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 • 1 ' 
 
 • 
 
 24,831 
 
 46,338 
 
 
 
 Dayton 
 
 • • 1 ' 
 
 • 
 
 1,076 
 
 6,071 
 
 
 
 Stoubonvllla 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 2,903 
 
 6,067 
 
 
 
 Zanesvillo 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 2,937 
 
 5,203 
 
 
 
 Chlllicothe 
 
 * • 
 
 
 • • 
 
 3,094 
 
 4,760 
 
 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 • ' 
 
 
 • 
 
 2,840 
 
 3,977 
 
 
 
 Canton 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . 
 
 1,530 
 
 3.272 
 
 
 
 Newark . 
 
 * • 
 
 
 • 
 
 1,257 
 
 3,299 
 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 — „.-^_ 
 
 - - . - - 
 
 ■ 
 
 899 
 
 2,705 
 
 
 
INTRODI/L'TION. 
 
 XXt 
 
 SLAVES. 
 
 1840. 
 
 ,605 
 
 ids 
 
 448,1 
 
 245,817 
 
 327,038 
 
 260,944 
 
 253,532 
 
 195,211 
 
 168,452 
 
 19,935 
 183,059 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.-Cb„«„,„i 
 
 r 
 
 IttOO. 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 Frankfort 
 LonlsTiUe 
 Lexington 
 Maynvllle 
 MICHIGAN 
 Detroit 
 YpBiiantl 
 Pontiao 
 Harsball 
 Monroe 
 INDIANA 
 
 Indionopolis 
 Madison , 
 New Albany 
 Richmond 
 ILLINOIS 
 Springfield 
 Chic-iifo 
 Alton 
 Quincy 
 Oalina 
 Peoria 
 MISSOURI 
 FLORIDA TBRBlfoRY 
 Tallahassee 
 St. Augui'.ine 
 Key West 
 WISCONSIN TERRITORY 
 
 Milwaukio 
 IOWA TERRITORY . 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 
 Washington 
 Alexandria 
 Georgetown 
 
 1810. 
 
 1,099 
 
 3.3.17 
 
 226 
 
 335 
 
 i528 
 
 3,210 
 4,196 
 
 1820. 
 
 1,678 
 4,012 
 5,279 
 1,130 
 9,048 
 
 1830. 
 
 1,680 
 
 10,352 
 
 6,104 
 
 2,040 
 
 32,538 
 
 1840. 
 
 8,208 
 7,227 
 4,948 
 
 33,039 
 
 13.247 
 
 8,218 
 
 7.360 
 
 140,455 
 
 39,859 
 
 18,827 
 
 8.263 
 
 8,441 
 
 779,828 
 1,917 
 21,210 
 6,997 
 2.741 
 212,276 
 9,102 
 2,419 
 1,904 
 1,763 
 1,703 
 685,886 
 2,692 
 3,798 
 4,226 
 2,670 
 476,183 
 2,679 
 4,470 
 2,340 
 3,319 
 1,843 
 1,467 
 383,702 
 54,477 
 1,616 
 2,459 
 688 
 30,945 
 1,712 
 43,111 
 30,657 
 23,364 
 8,459 
 7,312 
 
 Total population of the United States 
 
 17,068,869 
 
 POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1790. 1000. 1810. 
 
 New York 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 Boston 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 BrookljTi 
 
 Albany 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Washington 
 
 Providence 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Pittsburg 
 
 LowelJ 
 
 Rochester 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Troy 
 
 Bulliilo 
 
 Newark . 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Portland 
 
 Salem 
 
 33,131 
 42,520 
 l.S,503 
 
 18,038 
 
 3,498 
 16,359 
 
 60,489 
 70,287 
 20,014 
 
 24,927 
 750 
 3,298 
 5,349 
 18,712 
 3,210 
 7,614 
 
 1,565 
 
 96,373 
 96,664 
 46,555 
 17,242 
 32,250 
 2,540 
 4,402 
 9,356 
 24,711 
 8,208 
 10,071 
 1,357 
 4,768 
 
 1820. 
 
 123,706 
 
 108,116 
 
 62,738 
 
 27,176 
 
 43,298 
 
 9,6.1 
 
 7,17i 
 
 12,630 
 
 24,480 
 
 13,247 
 
 11,707 
 
 4,012 
 
 7,248 
 
 1830. 
 
 2o:,oo7 
 
 167,118 
 80,625 
 46,310 
 61,392 
 24,831 
 12,042 
 24,238 
 30,289 
 18,8?7 
 16,832 
 10,352 
 12,542 
 6,474 
 9,269 
 16,060 
 11,401 
 8,653 
 10,953 
 
 !601 
 ,886 
 
 SLAVES. 
 
 1840. 
 
 182,258 
 
 58,240 
 25,717 
 
 4,694 
 
 1840. 
 
 312,710 
 228,891 
 102,313 
 102,193 
 93,383 
 46,338 
 36,233 
 33,721 
 29,261 
 23,364 
 23,171 
 21,210 
 21,115 
 20,796 
 20.191 
 20,1.'>3 
 19,334 
 18,213 
 17,290 
 UAm 
 15,218 
 15,082 
 
zxu 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE COLONY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 ACCOBDINO TO THB CENSUS OV MARCH 2, 1841. 
 
 Free Males 61 324 
 
 Free Females 40*425 
 
 „ Total J'ree -1 101,749 
 
 riona Males 23 844 
 
 Bond Females 3*133 
 
 Total Bond . . . . ' ' 26 977 
 
 Employed in Colonial Vessels . '^2' 130 
 
 Total population 130,856 
 
 H 
 
 Bom in the Colony, 14,189 
 
 Born in the Colony, 14,630 
 
 MALES. 
 Arrived Free, 30,745 
 
 FEMALES. 
 Arrived Free, 22,158 
 
 Other Free persons, 15,760 
 
 Other Free persons, 3,637 
 
 BOND MALES. 
 
 Tickets of leave 5 343 
 
 Government employ " g'gss 
 
 ^oaitSaed ; ii;343 
 
 BOND FEMALES. 
 
 Tickets of leave 3jg 
 
 Government service 979 
 
 Assigned ^. . J ggg 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 Church of England ... 73 707 
 
 Church of Scotland . , . . ' ' 13153 
 
 Wesleyan Methodists ....'. s'gse 
 
 Other Protestant Dissentera . . .' 1857 
 
 Roman Catholics 35 ggQ 
 
 Jews ' ggg 
 
 Mahomedans and Pagans . *. *. i 207 
 
 NUMBER OF HOUSES. 
 Stone, or brick, 6,375 Wood, 10,401 Total, 16,776 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 t'W^^' 3,397 
 
 ^".'•{""t 2.465 
 
 Bligh ' 4g 
 
 ^"«^"e 1.560 
 
 ^^^^^^ 6,286 
 
 }f°\ ; ' 2,892 
 
 mSr : : ; : : %» , «•'>'. • • • •' •' •' ■' • • u» 
 
 &ir.v • : : ; ; • :' ; [ IjSp^Z : : : : : : : : : 'S 
 
 ".""*«' 999 
 
 £"« •. 698 
 
 Murray gin 
 
 Northumberland g'gyK 
 
 l^^'P •- '. ■- '453 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 COMMISSIONERS' DISTRICTS BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES. 
 
 Peel's River 
 
 Wellington 935 
 
 f't, 672 
 
 Lachlan j 245 
 
 Monaroo .*.'!.' 1*833 
 
 Murrumbidgee .....*.*,'! 1539 
 
 1.S9I 
 
 New England ... ' • • • '.a^i 
 
 Clarence River 
 
 416 
 
 M'Leay River ; ; ; |^^ 
 
 MORETON BAY (Penal Settlement) 
 
 200 
 
ILES, 
 
 INTKOUUCflON. 
 
 xxm 
 FOPUL.TION OP THE COLONY OP NEW SOUTH WALE3.-aonHnuc,. 
 NORFOLK ISLAND, (Penal Settlement.) 
 
 Free Males 
 Free Females 
 
 254 
 102 
 
 Total 
 
 Bond Males 
 Bond Females 
 
 1,647 
 
 1,288 
 3 
 
 1,291 
 
 B, 15,760 
 
 8, 3,637 
 
 5. 
 
 . . 316 
 
 • . 979 
 
 ,. . 1,838 
 
 . 35,690 
 856 
 207 
 
 999 
 
 598 
 2,409 
 2,111 
 9,975 
 
 453 
 1,520 
 1,762 
 
 £10 
 
 1,591 
 
 1,115 
 
 416 
 
 584 
 
 Free Males 
 Free Females 
 
 PORT PHILIP DISTRICT. 
 
 , 7,756 
 . 3,458 
 
 11,214 
 
 Total of Port Philip 
 
 Bond Males 
 Bond Females 
 
 11,738 
 
 518 
 6 
 
 524 
 
 POPULATION OF TASMANIA. OR VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.-Sept. 27 1841 
 Free Males .... j^^ggs 
 
 Free Females . 
 
 Total Free 
 Bond Males 
 Bond Females . 
 
 Total Bond 
 Employed in Government Vessels 
 
 Total PopulaUon . 
 
 13,617 
 
 15,115 
 
 2,275 
 
 64 
 50,269 
 
 32,815 
 
 17,390 
 
 FREE MALES. 
 Bom in the Colony 
 Arrived Free . . [ 
 
 Other Free persons 
 
 BOND MALES. 
 Holding Tickets of leave . 
 In Government employ 
 In private assignmert . 
 
 Church of England . 
 Church of Scotland . 
 Wesleyan Methodists . 
 Other Protestant Dissenters 
 
 . „„. I ^^^^ FEMALES. 
 
 5,836 Bom in the Colony 
 6,676 Arrived Free 
 6,786 I Other Free persons' 
 
 BOND FEMALES. 
 Holding Tickets of leave 
 In Government employ 
 In private assignment . 
 
 3,140 
 7,133 
 4,142 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 32,656 
 3,619 
 1,944 
 1,650 
 
 Roman Catholics 
 
 Jews .... * 
 
 Mahommedans and Pagans * 
 
 NUMBER OP HOUSES. 
 Stone, or brick, 3,459 Wood, 3.489 
 
 Hobart ■ . 
 Launceston . 
 New Norfolk 
 Norfolk Plains 
 Richmond . 
 Bothwell . 
 
 14,602 
 7,332 
 1,759 
 2,627 
 4,158 
 958 
 
 POLICE DISTRICTS. 
 
 Total, 6,948 
 
 Oatlands 
 Brigliton 
 Campbell Town 
 Morven 
 George Town 
 Southpnrt 
 
 Convicts employed on PubUc Works, 5,030. 
 
 5,915 
 5,922 
 1,680 
 
 379 
 
 765 
 
 1,131 
 
 3,931 
 
 259 
 
 60 
 
 l,393|Westbury . 
 2,129 Waterloo Point 
 1,832 Spring Bay . 
 1,924 A voca 
 
 544 j Hamilton 
 
 252 ' Ciicular Head 
 Convicta at Port Arthur, 1,099. 
 
 1,218 
 B17 
 *:-2 
 677 
 
 1.029 
 330 
 
THE 
 
 LONDON GAZETTEER; 
 
 OR, 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONAKY. 
 
 AA 
 
 of t^atPwTriv^?"^'^ ""r"*]^ '" *» «'o"e«t'«'» 
 w waters, derived from the Latin aaua ami 
 
 iiti 1 the name of several European S- S 
 
 following are the principal, vi/.-,^ Rugcfa 
 
 bri^a*"' ""r"'' '' Courland"intoTe 
 toy ot Kiga; in Saxony, falling into Lake 
 Blanken; ,n Switzerland, falli„| i„to EaK 
 irri^er'^^in'' W Yl'^'!^^'--^ 'and 7nto the 
 
 rS gST^" thetchTaflwSiy's'; 
 
 stance! "•"'"' ^^''"^ ^^ ™"^ N. of Con 
 tJ,™™' ^''^ ''.'''ef town of a small district of 
 
 STtLTi^ii^^Lcrtr °''^"^'^'' 
 
 Westphalia. ^' '" '*'*' Province of 
 
 Aalboro, Oi,e of the four bishoprics of the 
 
 peninsular province of Jutland, beingVhe most 
 
 northerly part, and about 120 square mlirS 
 
 Sthienown o/tl?'''"* '''''' ^"'«"'^"t" 
 iiie cniei town of the same name is situate on 
 
 he south co^t of the Gulf of Lymfiord.t n" 
 lat. 5b. 50. E. long. 9. 40, Next in r-^^ot, 
 
 ^IZl "t.'I^ '"""' consideSle^owTrn 
 Denmark. It has an exchange for merchants" 
 the episcopal palace, two churches, two pS 
 houses an hospital, convent, and ca"he5ra 
 8choo.J,ou8e,are all respectable edifices; and 
 It has a considerable trade in corn herrinm 
 
 Jv?h'T 'f'^^^'' 8'»^*'«' &<=• It w^STakfn 
 by the bwedes, m l(i43 and 1668 
 
 Inn'^^'^'i^t*".' °'' ^^' ^ ^^'■ge river in Switzer- 
 
 S' n"iT j,t ^"^ f- Mount S^:!. 
 "erg, III ine t>. of the Canton of Bern and 
 n^nning N W. through the whole it of 
 the lake of Brienz and Thun tn Rom t.kc-f 
 ™toua coui^e to Soleure; whence it Ls 
 B. to ArbuiK, and N. E. to Brugg, bebw 
 
 AAS 
 
 wnich being joined by the Reuss and Limma t 
 1 falls into the Rhine- opposite WalSu'f' 
 also the name of two other rivers, one is ng n 
 • . ^™'^")uchy of the Lower Rhine fam,^ 
 into the Rhine; the other risinrr Nai^^ 
 falling into the Lahn. ^""ssaii, 
 
 Aarau, chief town of Aargau canton Swit 
 zer and. seated on the Aar; has TS trade 
 and manufactures of linen and cutlery and i^ 
 the place of general assembly for theKstailt 
 
 i«^'^*K°*^ "i ^"00^". a canton of Switzer- 
 l^d bounded on the N. by the Rhine. It 4s 
 made an independent canton in 1798 and fn 
 1803 received further accessions of te^itorv 
 
 t^eliZt'Zt' *^' A^"""'^' »'^^'""« ""« of 
 Pov l^atT u-u^"-'"''^^^ *iuare miles, 
 tur™ „ i • ; , K^'^ considerable manufac- 
 tures, and IS tolerably fruitful """""ut 
 
 «f I m"T'.'^^ ^'■'""'^ of the four bishoprics 
 E si-dSih^r ^^'•V™*^■" district oTth"^ 
 fift ^M , P^n'nsuia. extending for about 
 60 miles along the shore of thi Cattecat 
 
 iWril T '^' W- ^y '^^ bishoprTc of vf& 
 
 iS-r ?f ^ "''^ "''""^ 15 '""«8 in the 
 
 Aaron's Island. See St. Malo. 
 in vtTT'"^' Xr""^ of Northumberiand co 
 Sunburr^''""''' "" ^'""''=*'' '""^^ ^''0- 
 
 Aaszv, a river of Syria, the anoi^n* Ornnt^'s 
 WiwT r ^Y?"i" ^''banon, and, pass ngTnte 
 SouJa^^a."''^' '"^''""' '''^ M^d'iterr^^e^n"'^; 
 
 B 
 
r ii 
 
 U I 
 
 A U A ; 
 
 AuABDE, n trilic of licilouiii Arafw, in Nuliiii, 
 oil tlio lU'd Si'ii. 
 
 AuAcii, or Wm.Ti'.NuirnG, a ninrkct town in 
 LoH-tT Hnvftrin, Bcatctl on the Diuiuho, 7 miles 
 from lUitisIion. It i» jltfenilcd by ii litiidel, 
 ntiil is remiirkable for Uonmn nnti(|uitii'H, us 
 well ns for its mincriil waters, wliicli are eele- 
 brated for curing various disuusus. Long. 1 1 . 
 .")(;. E. lat. 4«. 53. N. 
 
 AuADEii, or SiiuiK AuADK, A viilago of 
 Egypt, on the left Imnk of the Nile, BO miles 
 H. of Cairo. Inimcnso arclntnctural ruins 
 testify its Imving been tho site of n great and 
 populous eity. 
 
 AiunKii, a considerable town nt tho mouth 
 of the Tigris, province of Fars, Persia. 
 
 AuAKANSK, a town situate on a brancli of tlie 
 river Yeiicsoi, in tho provinoo of Kolhyvane, 
 government of Tobolsk, Asiatic Russia. It 
 was foundotl in 1707, and rebuilt in 17'2.5, and 
 since fortified : some ancient tombs, witli fine 
 inscriptions, bespeak it to have boon a jilacc of 
 imjiortance prior to the conquest «f Siberio by 
 Russia. N. lat. 54. E. long. 91. 14. 
 
 Abalak, a town in. the vicinity of Siberia, 
 celebrated for an image of tho Virgin, whicli is 
 visited by many jiilgrims, and carried in pro- 
 cession annually to Tobolsk. 
 
 AuA.NCAV, a province of Peru, S, Ameriea ; 
 the chief town thereof, of tho same name, is 
 situate about GO miles N. W. of Cusco. There 
 is also a river of the same name, flowing through 
 the province, and another town in Cucnca, pro- 
 vince of Quito. 
 
 Adano, a considerable town of Italy, in the 
 vicinity of Padua, distinguished for its" hot sul- 
 phureous baths. 
 
 Abascia, or Aboaii, a country of Asiatic 
 Russia, lying between the Caspian and Black 
 Seas. The inhabitants are estimated nt about 
 150,000, subsisting chiefly by hunting and 
 plunder, and speaking n language peculiar to 
 themselves. 
 
 Aba-Ujvar, a palatinate of Upper Hungary, 
 about 700 square miles in extent, divided into 
 102 parishes. Pop. about 120,000. 
 Abb, a town in Yamen, Arabia. 
 Abbekduiiv, or ALBEnBuny, a large parish 
 divided into 5 townships, in Shropshire, and 4 
 others in Montgomeryshire. The village of 
 Allx;rbury is 7 miles W. of Shrewsbury. It 
 was foi-merly the site of an alien priory and 
 castle. 
 
 Abbeville, a considerable town of France, 
 in the department of Somme, and late province 
 of Picardy, seated in a i)leasant valley, where 
 the river Sommo divides into several branches, 
 and separates the town into two jiaits. It is 
 pretty well peopled; has a woollen manufactory, 
 besides manufactories uf sjiil-cloth. It lies l"5 
 miles E. from tho British Channel, 20 N. W. 
 from Amiens, CO S. of Calais, and HO N. W. of 
 Paris. Long. 1. 5. E. lat. 50. 7. N. 
 
 AnBEvii.Li-', a county of S. Carolina, about 
 700 squiicj miles in extent. The lands arc 
 agree.-ibly diversified with hill ar,d ualo, well 
 watered, and productive. Pop. 2:5,1 (i7. The 
 chief town, ot the same name, is situate on 
 
 I A 15 V. 
 
 Savannah river. 111) miles \V. by N. of Co- 
 lunibia, 
 
 Ahiii:v Bovi.i;, n town in Ireland, on tho 
 river Boyle, 107 miles from Dublin; nc ir tho 
 town are the jjieturesque ruins of the abbey. 
 
 AiiiiiivriiAi.E, a |)iiri«h in Connello, Upper 
 Barony, county of Limerick, Ireland. It had 
 formerly a monastery, and in tho vicinity are 
 tho ruins of I'lirt Castle. 
 
 Abukv-Uiieen, a village in tlw parish of 
 Lesmahagow, county of Lanark; (J miles S. W. 
 of tho town of Lanark. It had formerly an 
 abbey, and also a priory. 
 
 AiiBEv-IIoLME, a ([uarter of tho parish of 
 Holm Cultram, co. of Cumberlnnd, pleasantly 
 situate on the river Wavei-, 27 miles N. of I'l ■' 
 rith. 
 
 Abbeyleix, » parish in Cullinagh Barony, 
 Queen's CO., Ireland. Tho town is somctimog 
 culled Clonkyne; (i2 miles S. NV. of Dulilin. 
 
 Abbky-Mauon, a parish in Ireland, county 
 of Cork; 74 miles S. of Bandon Bridge. 
 
 AnBEr-SiDE, ft parish in Ireland, county of 
 Waterford, ' 
 
 Abbots-Ann, Abbots-Lekiii, or AnnEnLKy, 
 Abbots-mohton, Abbots-woo:), CO. of Worces- 
 ter; Abbots, or Pauet's Buomlev, Ahiiots, 
 or Apewood-casti.e, Stailord ; Abbotsiuikv, 
 Abbots-Stoke, Dorset; Abbots, or Abbas- 
 Combe, Abbots-Isle, Abbot.s-Leioh. Somerset; 
 Adbots-IIam, Abbots-Keuswell, Devon; An- 
 BOTSiDE, High and Low, N. R. of York; 
 Abbots-Lanoley, Herts; Abbots- LeioiiI 
 Huntingdon; Ajihotston, Gloucester; Aii- 
 BOTSTON, Wilts; Abbots- Ann, ABnoTswoiiTit, 
 Hant«. 
 
 Towns and villages, in the several counties 
 affixed in England. The prefix, Abbet/, 
 denotes their having formerly been mo- 
 nastic abodes, but none of them now de- 
 serve any particular notice, except Ab- 
 botsbury, in Dorset, for the former mag- 
 nificence of its abbey; and Abbots-Langley, 
 as having given birth to Nicholas Brake- 
 spcnre, who attained to pontifical dignity, 
 as Pope Adrian IV. 
 Abb's Head, St., a promontory, forming (lie 
 southern extremity of the Frith of Forth, lying 
 in the i)arish of Coldingham. and the county of 
 Berwick, Scotland, about 10 miles j\'. of jjcr- 
 wick, and the same distance S, from Dunbtir. 
 W. long. 2. !i. lat. 55. 55. N. 
 
 AnDA, a small but fertile prov. of Morocco. 
 Abu.nkadi;, or Api-mudk, a town of Den- 
 mark, in Sleawiek, now very flourisliing, being 
 double the extent it was formerly, and built in 
 a better taste. It is seated on a' .s|)iieiou8 open 
 bay in the Little Belt, surrouiuled on three 
 sides by high mountains, which reiuler the 
 harbour sale. Pop. 2«00. Long. J). 20'. E. lat. 
 
 Abensi'ero, or AnENSBEno, a town in tho 
 circle of Regen, Bavaria, seated on the Abeii.s, 
 near the Danube, 15 miles S. W. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Abeii, a villa^e in Caernarvonshiie, N. Wales. 
 miles E. from liatiKor, on the direct road ,— 
 
 from London to iinlyhoad, Thi,- word Aver S 
 
 signifies the fall of a lesser water into a grodter, 
 
V. by N. of Co- 
 
 A n H 
 
 Ai.i;uAvoN, tn GlamorKB,,, Wales, 1)| „,iie, 
 
 N. W. from CoH-bndgu. In the neiKhb.,urh„od 
 
 re cxtonrnvu iron copper, „„.I tin workn. T 
 
 member to parliament. 
 
 AuKui.uoTiiocK, or AnunoATii, an ancient 
 oy«l burgb and «ea-port, nituate at the c" uary 
 of the r. Hrothock, partly in a par. of the same 
 nume and partly in that of St. Vigeans i. the 
 CO of Forfar, Scotland, M miles N. N. K of 
 Ji-dmburgh ,„ 56. :U. N. lat. and 2. 3>,. W 
 3i y .""" }■• ^"^"""'-■J tl'o Lion, king of 
 Arbr"""'*"'?',"^?,'^ " mngnifiuent abbt/ a 
 Arbro.„h, m 11 7f), and conferred upon it very 
 ex enmve immunities. Some vestiges of tlo 
 brnklingstdlremmn to aUc«t iU former gran- 
 deur. A harbour wiis formed in 1 194, to tho 
 e,«tjvard of the preset one; the importaneeS 
 the town dechned with the devastation of the 
 Hbboy, during the ruthless jicriod of the re- 
 formatJon. The commerce <,f tlio town revived 
 about the year 1738, when tho linen manXe- 
 ture was introduced, whi-h progressively ex- 
 ended up to th,. commencement of tho war in 
 iiJJ, w-hcn it was vastly promoted by tho 
 increased demand for sail-cloth. 4()0() to 5000 
 tons of shipping belong to the town, part of 
 which IS einployed in the importation of flax 
 deals, &c. from the Baltic. A new town-lmU 
 has been more recently erecte.1. and the town 
 
 m J.f^^T^.''*,"'V^"«°"'' considerable improve- 
 ment. The harbour, at spring tides, wil only 
 Hdmit vessels o about 200 tons bnrthen, K 
 being exceedingly well sheltered mid comml 
 dious and easily made, it affords securitv to 
 vessels of easy draught of water. Arbroilrh is! 
 Ao ttever.amanufacturingratherihan acommer- 
 cial town. The Dell-rock lighthouse, one ofihe 
 principal buildings of this kind in Britain, is off 
 
 Jail.. 3rd Wed. of June, and 18th oif July 
 
 nar Wnl!^'^''';^ ^°'"^*^' " «ea-port tii.and 
 par., AV ales, co Caernarvon, at the mouth of 
 the Conway r. 14 miles N. by W. of Bango? 
 It IS surrounded by walls strengthened by 
 
 beSn^f' ','■"■' "''" '■" «°'^'' Preservatio,^ 
 being one of the most complete ancient fortifi- 
 
 castle, bmlt m the reign of Edward I., l->84 
 stand on a rocky promontory, and consist of fl 
 lound towers, outworks, &c. The town itself 
 18 ijoor and inconsiderable. The new line of 
 road passes through this town, and crosses the 
 snaT^-Vi^ ^ suspension bridge of 300 feet 
 A ! ■ /'"'„''.'"■''""' » obstructed by shoals, 
 ftlarket on Friday. 
 
 AUKUCORN a vil. and par. in the co. of Lin- 
 lithgow Scotland, on the S. bank of the Frith 
 of 1- oith, 12 miles W. by N. of Edinburgh. \ 
 anonastory existed here in tho 7th century; a. d 
 the ciistle of Abercorn was a place of great 
 Btreiigth in the fan.ilv of the l)o„„!a„e3 jt 
 was dismantled in 1445, and no tra?c of either 
 monastery or castle now remains. Abercorn 
 
 .^ 
 
 AUE 
 
 ^t,il givrs „. 1 „i,»i, title of MarqniH, and tho 
 hcottish title of Karl, to a branch of the famny 
 of llnmilton. The Roman wall is said to S 
 btgun ill this parish. " 
 
 rj mir'N V '";i" "^ ^?'«''"' N- America. 
 1.J miles N. W. of .Savannah. 
 
 AiiKauAiiK, town, CJlamorgnn, Wales, 4 miles 
 
 W fr>,m Mcrthyr Tydvil. included in the ("ir! 
 
 «liff dist. for sending 1 member to parlinmeiW 
 
 on the N W. by Banffshire, and tho r. Deveroii ■ 
 cm the N. and N. E. by the German Ocean, m." 
 1. »K ^J' '•'«' '-o- Kincardine, Foriiir, mid 
 I erth; and oj. tho W. by Elgin and Inverness- 
 sluro. It IS divided into « districts; theS. pari 
 is Wild, rugged, and mountainous, some of tho 
 hills rising to the height of 4000 ft. above tho 
 level of tho sen, covered, in some parts, with 
 cxtensivo natural forests; the N. part is bleak 
 and barren; but the midland parts of the co 
 are more fertile, and, since the period of 17ftr;' 
 nave iiiidergono improvements equal to any 
 part of Scotland. Its rivers are the Dee. Doii 
 Ythan, Bogie. Ui_io, Ugic. Cruden, and Uid 
 Deveron; all of which abound, more or le.s 
 with salmon, and on tho Ythan some valuable 
 pearls have been found. Its mineral produc- 
 tions are various, but none of much note* 
 except the gmnite.the exportation of which con- 
 stantly employs several hundred tons of ship- 
 pmg. It sends I member to parliament 
 
 Aberdeen, the principal city in the north of 
 Scotland, situated on the coast of the German 
 Ocean, at the efflux of the rivers Dee and Don. 
 127 miles N. E. from Edinburgh. It has an 
 observatory; in long. 2. 29. W. lat. 57. 9. N 
 Under the denomination of Aberdeen are rem-* 
 prehended two towns, distinguished by the Old 
 nndNew, which, however, are almost united 
 l>y their respective suburbs. 
 
 AiiEiiDEEN, Old, formerly Aberdon, in the 
 parish of Old Machar, or St. Mnchar, is plea 
 santly Bituated on an eminence near the mouth 
 of the river Don, about a mile north of the New 
 lown. It IS of great antiquity, and was of 
 some importance so long ago as 893, when 
 according to tradition, king Gregory the Grea 
 conferred on it some peculiar privileges; but no 
 authentic records are extant prior to 1 154. By 
 charter, the free burgesses of the town are 
 vested with the power of choosing their own 
 magistracy, who are a provost, 3 bailies, a 
 treasurer, and council, with the deacons of 6 
 incorporated trades. The town consists chiefly 
 of one long street. There is a neat town-house 
 —a new building— and a trades hospital for 
 decayed fieemen and their widows, and an 
 hospital for 12 poor men. founded by Bishop 
 William Dunbar, in 1532. But the chief 
 ornament of Old Aberdeen is the large and 
 stately fabric of King's College, founded by 
 Bishop Elphinstonj, in 1494, situated on the 
 b. Side of the town It is built round a square 
 with cloisters on the south side. The struc- 
 ture contains a . hapel. library, museum, ooip- 
 mon hull, and lecture-rooms, with a long ranire 
 of modern hoises, for the accommodation of 
 the professors .md students. The library and 
 
 B2 • 
 
ABE 
 
 miueum ore well furniilicd. The oM town, 
 being formerly the mat of n bishop, hud a most 
 inngniHcent aithctlml, first foumlfd in II. '.4, 
 but the present edifiie win begun bv llishop' 
 Kmnimonth, in l.'t.')7, iind was (10"yenrg in 
 bml<ling; it was dedicated to St. Miicbar, but, 
 iiko nmiiy others, it fell a siicrificc to the reli- 
 gious frenzy of the reformers. Two very 
 anti(|uo spires, nnd one nisle, which is used »« 
 a church, ia alt that is now left. In this 
 cathedral there was a fine library, which was 
 also destroyed. Over the Don, ut Old Aber- 
 deen, there is a noble Gothic bridge, built by 
 Bishop Cheyne, in 1201, of one arch, C7 feet 
 •pan, and 344 '''«h from the surface of the 
 nver. On both sides it rests on a solid lediro 
 of rock. * 
 
 AnERDEKN, New, is the capital of the shiro 
 of Aberdeen. For e^ mt, trade, and In-auty, 
 « tar exceeds any town in the north of Scot- 
 land. It is built on a gentle eminence, rising 
 from a small bay, formed by the river Deo, 
 over which there is an elegnnt bridge of 7 
 
 ABE 
 
 arches, rebuilt in 17'-'4, the first liaving been 
 built by Bishop Dunbtir, in 1532. The streets 
 are numerous, spacious, and well paved ; the 
 houses ni:e built of granite (from adjoining 
 quarnes), generally four stories high, remark- 
 ably neat and elegant, having, almost univcr- 
 ■ally, gardens in their rear. The whole town 
 la about two miles in c' cumference. The 
 municipal government is vested in a provost, 4 
 bailies, a dean of guild, treasurer, a town-clerk, 
 a town council, and 7 deacons of incorporated 
 trades. The town is a royal burgh, and, 
 uniting with Aberbrothock, Brechin, Inver- 
 bervie, and Montrose, sends a member to 
 parliament. New Aberdeen is graced with an 
 elegant college, founded by George Keith, the 
 Earl Marischal of Scotland, in 1 593. Its other 
 public buildings are the town-hall, market- 
 house, the house of the Aberdeen Banking 
 Company, a cross, an octagon building of 
 curious workmanship, a dispensary, infirmary, 
 and lunatic asylum, a poor-house, bridewell, 
 gaol, and extensive barracks. An elegant 
 street from the S. is continued over an arch of 
 cut granite, 132 fl. span, 29 in height, and 40 
 wide between the parapets. Aberdeen had 
 formerly several religious houses; besides the 
 university, there is a respectable grammar- 
 school and several almshouses, and upwards ot 
 20 pkces for religious worship. The harbour 
 was formerly dangerous, but has been rendered 
 Bale and commodious, by a pier of 1200 ft, in 
 length, and the construction of wet docks. 
 Aberdeen was formerly celebrated for the ma- 
 nu&cture of knit stockings, and woollen fabrics 
 generally. The linen and cotton manufactures 
 are now carried on to a great extent. There is 
 a valuable salmon fishery in the Dee; a con- 
 siderable number of vessels are built at Aber- 
 deen, and about 40,000 tons belong to 'it. It 
 has several public breweries, rope works, iron 
 founderies, &c., and three fairs annually, on 
 the 3l8t Jan., 3rd Wed. in June, and 13th of 
 July : a canal 19 miles in length to Inverary, 
 contributes not a little to the adv.int.ngc of both 
 
 places. The wliule nnd other fi«ljeriei employ 
 much shipping, so that upon the whole between 
 300 mid 400 vessels, collectively of the burden 
 of 40,000 tons, belong to this jiort. 
 
 AnKBDOUK, a parish in the N. of Aberdeen- 
 shire, on the S. eoa*t of Murray Frith. Also 
 anotlicr parish ami villugo 2 miles W. of Burnt 
 Inland, in the county of Fife, t<cotlnnd. 
 
 Adkhiphaw, n village pleasantly situoto 
 near the eoiuit of Caernarvon Imy, on the isle 
 of Anglesea, 9 miles S. by W. of Llangefni, on 
 the direct rojid from Bangor to Ilolvhead; it 
 hud formerly a palace, at which 1 1 I'rinces of 
 Wales are said to have resided. It has 4 fairi 
 annually, 7th March, Wed. after Trinity, 23rd 
 Oct., nnd 11th Dec. 
 
 AuEROAVENNif, a town of Monmouthshire, 
 situate at the confluence of the river Gavenny 
 with the Usk; over the latter is a fine bridge of 
 16 arches, 12 miles W. of Monmouth; there 
 are some considerable iron works in the vicinity, 
 and it also participates in the flannel munufao 
 ture. It has a considerable market on Tues., 
 and 3 fairs annually, on May Ist, Tues. after 
 Trinity, and Sep. 25th. 
 
 AnFttoELEY, tn., Denbighshire, Wales, plea- 
 santly situate on the coast of the Irish Seu, on 
 the direct road from Chester to Holyhead, 7 
 miles W. of St. Asaph, and 218 from London; 
 it is much frequented in the summer season for 
 bathing, has a market on Saturday, and 3 fairs 
 annually. 
 
 Aderowillt, a village near Caormarthen, S, 
 Wales, situate at the confluence of the river 
 Guilly with the Towy. It contains the only 
 episconnl palace belonging to the see of St. 
 David 8. 
 
 Adehnethy, a town in Perthshire, Scotland, 
 seated near the junction of the Erne with the 
 Tay, 7 miles from Perth. It k said to have 
 been the seat of the Pictish kings, as well as 
 the see of an archbishop. In the town church- 
 yard is a round tower 74 feet high and 4« in 
 circumference, the only one besides that of 
 Brechin in Scotland. It participates in the 
 manufactures ot Perth, and has 3 fairs annually. 
 Also the name of another parish, from ISO to 
 180 square miles in extent, partly in Elgin 
 and partly in Inverness-shire, abounding with 
 natural forests of fir, which form an extensive 
 traffic. 
 
 ADEaYSTwiTH, a town of S. Wales, in Car- 
 diganshire, seated on the Ystwith near its 
 confluence with the Rhydol, where they fall 
 into the hay of Cardigan; over the Rliydol is a 
 handsome stone bridge. It lies 207 miles 
 W. N. W. from London, and 39 N. E. from 
 Cardigan. It was formerly fortified with a 
 castle, and defended with walls; but both are 
 now in ruins. It is, however, a flourishing 
 town, having a great trade in lead, a consider- 
 able fishery of herrings, cod, and whitings, and 
 a good weekly market on Monday; about 8000 
 tons of shipping belong to this town. In the, 
 bathing season, it is much frequented as a fashion- 
 able watering-place. Long. 3. 58. W., lat. 62. 
 25. N. It 18 contributory, in the Cardigan dist. 
 m sending 1 member to parliument. 
 
A UE 
 
 which bound. It on the ewti on tho wet it ii 
 
 b^"^Wnt"'„n^*''"'■t ""*• Nubia, on tKirth 
 
 Ajnn n«o chief town, are Arkeko, or Ercoco 
 
 Uie SoT*""' "*■'''' ''"' " »'•« capital "ui 
 Uo «,at of a governor. It i» .ubjtit to tho 
 
 lestituto of water. The lieat is oxcewi^c. nmf 
 the «.r unhealthy to European.. In the m.mn 
 
 with wihl f'^'V" "^r '^'""y '''^' "bounding 
 
 Mahon"!;:;. """"'"• ^'"'^ '""»'^''«"'« - 
 ' ^'"*''' ^*"'» EL, or White river Africa 
 
 the N^le^ It. .ourco u .till unknown, but it flows 
 n a N. E. d,rect.on from tho interioi of the con 
 tuient, and join, tho other princii,al branch, the 
 nahrel Azrek, or Blue rivor, at llalfniah, fo^! 
 mg tho peninsula of Sennaar ; the combined 
 Bireams are then known by tho name of tho 
 
 Adinqdon, a mkt. and borough tn. in Berk- 
 .hire Lnglnnd, and, with the exception of Read- 
 ing the chief tn.m the co. It i. .itunto on the 
 
 L^^^VL' ^r")" ^^''^^> G miles S. of Ox- 
 ford and 66 W. from London. It i. a place of 
 
 * ABY 
 
 AuoMsr, a populou. town, the capital of tha 
 kingdom of Dahomey, on the Gold Co^t of 
 
 •pnciou. hall,Bupported by lofty pillar., in which 
 the summer nssues for tho co. are held, the 
 space beneath serving for a market-place. The 
 market for grain and malt on Mon. and Fri i. 
 very great, and it Ims a considerable manufiic- 
 uro of coarse linen, sacking, &c. It i. divided 
 
 lend. 7°J'"'!f'"'!' '""'?• ''"'"'8 * church, and 
 Bends 1 member to parliament. 
 
 Adinoton, a post town, and capital of Wash- 
 ington county, Virginia, situateil near the east 
 Bide of the north branch of II.,l«tein riv^r 
 Here is a jail, and a court-house, where the dis- 
 trict and county-courts are held. It is 322 miles 
 nhfn aT • °';K«=''n'0"J. «n<l 5»7 from Philadel- 
 
 nf Mnlr* . "T" °l^ t°'^"8hip. in the state 
 of Maryland, and another in Mnssachusets N 
 America; and of a village, 12 miles N. of PI ik- 
 delphm. 
 
 Abo a sea-port, and chief town of what was 
 formerly Swedish Finland, but which was wrested 
 trom that power by Russia, in 1 808. The nort 
 
 tremity of the Promontory of Finland, on the E 
 shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, whero i foiros hi 
 junction with the Gulf of Fi;.land. UndTr the 
 .^S S^f ["""f "' Aho was the see of a bishop, 
 Buftragan of Upsal.and had a university, foundJd 
 by Queen Christina, in 1040, endowed with the 
 same privilege^ as that of Upsal ; and also a 
 school, founded by Gustavus Adolphus, for 300 
 scholars. It was the seat of the conference 
 where the treaty of peace was concluded between 
 te""'' Sweden, in 1743. The town has 
 i!oi!r..!,ed cunsmcraDiy, (unce its transfer to 
 Ilussia; its chief trade is in timber, dS ai d 
 grain. Pop. about 12,000. . "«-»"3, ana 
 
 about 2.5,000 
 
 F I^n^qn"!;,? T" "^^KyPt- '■" N.lat. 31. 18. 
 A n ?• f • "' "*^'l' " '•*"»"'* E.of Alexandria 
 Sir I,^ ITk^ °' '-^"^ •"•'"• commanded by 
 hir Ilalph AborcromWe. landed here in 1801. 
 rho bay. formed on the W. by « neck of land 
 on which the town i. situate, and on the E by 
 another nock of land which bound, the Roiwtta 
 
 .'inl""! "'* ^'l"? 'V"y 'P*"^'""". »"J '^ill for 
 ever bo memomble m history, a. the scene of 
 one of the most .plendi.l and deci«ivo naval 
 battle, on record, in which !» French -,hipsof the 
 hne were taken, and 2 other, destroyed, by Lord 
 Nelson, on tho 1st August, 1798 
 
 AnovNE, par. Aberdeen, Scotland, 5 miles 
 ". or Kincardine. 
 
 Adbantes. a town of Portngn'., in I^trema- 
 dura, Mated on tho Tagus, 45 mil^ E. bv N of 
 l^isbon and belonging to a marqui. of thit title. 
 It IS situated on high ground, surrounded with 
 
 v'nnn'- t"^."''^''-''''^' »"'' """"inB about 
 3o 000 inhabitants, and has i convent., an he 
 pitnl, and an alins-houMj. 
 
 Aduouios, dangerous Phoals on the coast of 
 Brazil. S. Int. 17. 68. V/. long. 38. og 
 
 Nn^r""L^°' ','"? °^ l'"'/""'" «^^ Provi'nces of 
 Naples, bounded on the E. by the Gulf of Venice 
 on the N. and W. by Anconn, Umbria. and the 
 cnmpagnn di Roma, and on the S. by the Terra 
 di Lavora and Molisc. It is divided into two 
 parts by the nver Pescara. called Ulteriore and 
 Utoriore. Plie former has Aquila, and the latter 
 bulraona for its capital. It is fertile in com. rice, 
 trmts, salTron, vines, and olives. Pop. 590,000 
 
 Abs. a town in France, in tho department of 
 Ardeche, formerly tho chief town of Vivares 
 and a bishop's see. now in n very ruinous slate! 
 
 AnuTiGE. a town in Upper Egypt, on the site 
 ot the ancient Abotis, near tho Nile, where 
 great quantities of poppies grow, of which the 
 natives make the best opium in the Levant. 
 Long. 33. 0. E. lat. 26. 30. N 
 
 in ^hTv ^7^?.'°"« oftlio Philippine islands, 
 m tho East Indies, between Mindanao and 
 Luzon. Long. 122. 15. E. lat. 10. 0. N 
 
 Abvssima, a kingdom on the E. side of 
 Africa, extending in length from about the 9th 
 to the 17th dcg. of N. lat. and its southern 
 base, from about tho 35th to tho 43rd dec. of E 
 long, and at the N. from about the 35th to the 
 diUli of do. forming an area of about 140 000 
 sq. miles, bounded on the N. by Sennaar. on tho 
 E. by the Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea. and on the 
 b. and W. by very undefined limits, and coun- 
 tries very little known. A range of rugged 
 mountains of considerable altitude, exten^ne 
 along the whole line of coast of th^ Red S 
 snut in Abyssinia, and nearly exclude it from' 
 all advantages of maritime intercourse. Some 
 2t nfi^T^"^^ P'"^"* P"^'"^^ the souther^ 
 twt^nf ak'" °-^' •''"' '•"' prevailing charao- 
 
 and Its inhabitants are as rude and ferocious as 
 their country is wild and rugged. Its climate 
 .3 various, but on tho wholefine, it S exS! 
 
11 
 
 ACA 6 
 
 ACQ 
 
 ' ? 
 
 ingly rich in vegetable proJuctioiis, both of 
 utility and beauty. Tho elephant, rhinoceros, 
 buffaloes, leopards of various species, zebra, and 
 especially the hya;na, abound ; the latter is par- 
 ticularly ferocious and destructive ; there arc 
 no tigers, and the lion is not common ; there 
 are various other wild animals, as well as the 
 domestic ones common to Europe ; the horses 
 are strong and handsome, and there is a species 
 ' of oxen with horns 4 ft. in length, and 20 inches 
 in circumference at the root ; the hippopotami 
 and crocodile are common to the swamps and 
 rivers which flow into the Nile. Amongst the 
 numerous feathered tribes common to the 
 country is the golden and black eagle, and some 
 owls of extraordinfiry size and beauty j bees 
 abound to such a degree, tliat lioney, in tho 
 southern parts of the country, forms the staple 
 article of production, and standard of value in 
 exchange for all other commodities, and consti- 
 tutes the principal article of food ; locusts com- 
 •Tiit great devastation, and there is a species of 
 fly extremely annoying, and even destructive to 
 the cattle in the rainy season. The whole of tho 
 external traffic of Abyssinia is carried on at Mas- 
 sowah, a small island on the coast of the Red 
 Sea, in N. lat. 15. 34. E. long. 39. 37, where 
 elephants' teeth, rliinoceros' bonis, gold-dust, 
 honey, wax, and slaves are exchanged for spices, 
 iron, led, copper, tin, and manufactured goods 
 generally. The country is formed into three 
 great divisions. Ist. Tigrc, N. of which the towm." 
 aie Adowa, Antalo, Dixun, and Axum; 2nd. 
 Amhara, W. of the Tacazze river, of which Gon- 
 dar and Empras are the chief towns, and the 
 former the capital of the whole kingdom ; 3rd. 
 Shoa Efat, S. of which Ankoberand Tegulet are 
 the chief towns. The Abyssinians profess to be 
 Christians, and some of their churches are 
 spacious edifices, but their religious ceremonies 
 are made up of the crude fomialities of tho 
 Jewish worship, and of the Greek Christians. 
 Their language is a dialect of the Arabic, and 
 is called the Amharic. It contains a popula- 
 tion of about 7,600,000. 
 
 AcADiE, CO. Canada, dist. of Montreal. There 
 are manufactures of cloth, flannel, and linen. 
 Top. 11,470. 
 
 AcAruLco, a town of Mexico, on the shores 
 of the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 16. 55. N. and 100. 
 54. W. long. During the domination of Spanish 
 rule in South America, Acap'ilco was the prin- 
 cipal trading town of all New Spain ; one, and 
 sometimes two ships, annually, of several 100 
 tons burthen, use<l to arrive from the Philippine 
 Islands, laden with all the choicest productions 
 of Asia, to be exchanged for the gold and silver 
 of Mexico; but this intercourse ceased with the 
 wars wliich followed the French revolution in 
 1792, since which period to the present time, the 
 commerce of all S. America has been exposed 
 to numerous vicissitudes, and Acapulco has 
 sunk into the utmost insigtiificancc. Its har- 
 bour is one >■<: the finest in the world, being 
 formed into a ijasiu by the small island of Ro- 
 queta, and defended by a fort on the N. W. 
 The town contains only about 4000 inhabitants, 
 and is exceedingly unhealthy, tho temperature 
 
 prevailing as high as 96, and hardly ever below 
 86, of Fahrenheit, 
 
 AcASABASTLAiV, a rivor of Mexico, in the pro- 
 vince of Vera Paz, which runs into the Gulf of 
 Dulce. There is also a village of the same 
 name, in the province of Chiapa. 
 
 AcAYucAN, an Indian settlement on the co» 
 of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Accomack, a co. of Virginia, U, S. of Ame- 
 rica, forming the N. part of a promontory, 
 bounded on the W. by Chesapeake Bay, and on 
 the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, extending from 
 the S. E. corner of the state of Maryland. Pop. 
 17,096, Accomack Town, 207. E. by N. of 
 Drummond, is the chief town. 
 
 AcciiixoTON, New, township, Lancashire,. 
 England. Here are extensive cotton thread 
 manufactories, and a colliery. 
 
 AcHEEN, a kingdom, forming the N. W, part 
 of the island of Sumatra, the head of Point 
 Pedro, the most northerly part being in 5. 42, 
 N. lat. and 95. 35. E. long, and extending about 
 50 miles E. by S. During the early period of 
 the intercourse of Europe with A~in, by the Cape 
 of Good Hope, Acheen was a powerful state, and 
 cjiTTi'prl on an extensive trade with the Malay 
 and Coromandel coasts, and other parts of Asia; 
 and on the Portuguese successively attempting 
 to form a settlement upon the island of Sumatra, 
 in the early part of the 16th century, they were 
 completely expelled by the Acheenese; and, al- 
 though considerably declined in power and im- 
 portance, the Acheenese are still an active, and,, 
 when compared with other Asiatics, an efficient 
 and industrious people. The chief town of the 
 same name is situate on a river about 2 mile* 
 from the bay formed by King's Pohit, in N. lat. 
 5. 33. and 95. 17. E. long, and Point Pedro 
 above mentioned. 
 
 AcHiLL, an island, forming part of the county 
 of Mayo, on the western coast of Ireland, in 54. 
 7. N. lat. 10. 31. W. long. 
 
 AcHMiM, or Ek ..«im, a town of Egypt, the 
 rv.sidence of an emir, or prince of the country. 
 It has manufactures of coarse cottons, and 
 stands on a small eminence, on the right bank 
 of the Nile, 200 miles S. of Cairo. Of its ancient 
 splendour but little now remains, but ', .j still 
 one of the handsomest towns in Upper Egypt. 
 Long. 31. 56. E. lat. 26. 40. N. 
 
 AcHoNUY, a populous parish in Leney barony, 
 CO. of Sligo, Ireland. 
 
 AcHEN, a town of Lower Saxonv, in the 
 duchy of Magdeburg, with a citadc'l, on the 
 Elbe, 5 miles N. W. of Dessiiu. 
 
 Aci Reale, a town in Sicily, at the foot of 
 Mount Etna. It is clean and henlthv, and is 
 principally built of lava. Pop. about 14,000. 
 ^ AcKwoRTii, township, Yorkshire, 3^ miles 
 S. S. W. of Pontefract. Here is a btiievolent 
 school of the Quakers, founded in 1777. 
 
 AcKi.AM.a village 12 miles from York, where 
 the body of the Emperor Severus, who died at 
 York, was l)unit to ashes, n^eeably to the cus- 
 tom of the Romans. 
 
 AcoMA, or .St. Estkvan de Acoma, a town 
 of New Mexico, sc.-ited on a hill, with a good 
 c-istlc. The town is ascended by a flight of sitcjis 
 
irdly ever below 
 
 ACO 
 
 out out of the rock. It was formerly the cap-'tal 
 of that province. Long. 104. 15. W. lat. 35 N 
 Aconcagua, one of the provinces of Cliili "in- 
 tersected by the 3-2nd degree of S. lat. and r'oth 
 of W. long. It 19 inconsiderable both in extent 
 and population There is a town of the same 
 name, and also a river ninning through the nro- 
 vince and that of Quillot-i, into the sea. 
 
 AcjuA, a town in Tuscany, noted for its warm 
 baths, 1j miles E. of Leghorn. 
 
 AcQUi, a town of Italy, in the Duchv of Alont- 
 ft'rrat on the river Bormia; it has considerable 
 manufactures of sdk. Pop. about 7000 
 
 hll.P f 'T'' '"I'T '°"^° European states 
 have forts, and each fort its village. Lat. 5. 25. 
 x>. V, lu. W. long. 
 
 Ache, or St. Jean d'Acre, a seaport of 
 bvria, in Palestine, and a bishop's see. It was 
 originally named Accho, and afterwards Ptole- 
 niais It was called by its present name by the 
 knights of St. John of Jerusalem. It is small 
 and well fortified, and appears handsome on 
 approaching it, but the streets are narrow The 
 houses are built of stone, and have terrace 
 roofs. The town is unhealthy, in consequence 
 ot the neighbouring marshes, and stands on a 
 plain at the N. point of a bay, which extends in 
 a semicircle of nine miles, to the point of Mount 
 Carmel, near the mouth of the Kardanah, or 
 ancient Belus. In the time of the crusiides it 
 underwent several sieges; and nothing is now to 
 be seen of this ancient city, but the remains of 
 monuments erected by the Christians, and some 
 ruins of a church dedicated to St. Andrew. The 
 pa ace of the grand master of the order of St 
 John of Jerusalem, is the residence of the chief 
 ot Acre. Here are three mosques, four churches 
 and a synagogue. The chief articles of com- 
 merce are com and cotton. In 1759, -Teat 
 damage was done by an earthquake ; and" the 
 year following, 5000 persons, near one third of 
 the inhabitants^ died by the plague. In 1799, 
 aided by the British, under Sir Si.lney Smith, 
 It withstood a severe siege by the French under 
 Buonaparte, who retreated after failing in the 
 twelfth assault. It was again taken in 1810 br 
 the British, for the Ottoman Porte. It is "7 
 miles S. of Tyre, and 80 miles N. N. W of 
 Jerusalem. N. lat. 30. 0.£. long. 35. 10. Pod 
 about 10,000. ^ P* 
 
 AcRox, a district of the Fantee territory, on 
 the Oold Coast of Africa, about 50 miles E.N.E 
 of Cape Coast Castle. 
 
 AcTO.N, the name of six villages, and a prefix 
 to ten others, in different parts of England, sig- 
 nitymg j)Iaces originally situate among oaks ■ 
 ac being the Saxon word for oak. ' 
 
 ACTOPAN, the capital of a district of the same 
 name in the Intendcncia de Mexico, about 70 
 miles N. N. E. of the city of Mexico. 
 
 Adalia, or Satalia, a sea-port town in Asia 
 Minor, at the head of the gulf of that name, and 
 the .argest city on thU coast. It is beautifully 
 seated round a small harbour, and is built on 
 the declivity of a hill, rising like the seats of an 
 amphitheatre. Pop. about 8000. It was the 
 ancient Attalti. '° 
 
 ADO 
 
 stafer„fV''A"'""' °^''""^'' '=•'""''«« '" "^'flfe'^nt 
 presiuen. of the federal union. Ist. In Penn- 
 
 "ir^'J"^- ^^'"^' ' •^hief town, Getysbu g. 
 2nd. In >Iis8issippi ; pop. 19,434 chief town 
 Natchez. 3rd. In Ohio; pop. 13.183'; chief town,' 
 west Union; also tnename of several townships 
 m various parts of United States. ^ 
 
 Adam's Bridge a ledge of sa'nd.banks, con- 
 necting Ceylon with the Coromandel coast. 
 
 Adam's Peak, a remarkable mountain, the 
 highest m Ceylon ; 38 miles E. by S. from 
 tolombo— an object of great veneration. 
 
 Adana, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Kara- 
 mania, and a bishop's see, with a strong castle. 
 It has a trade in com, wine, and fruits ; and is 
 seated on a river of the ssime name, 12 miles 
 from the Mediterranean, in N. lat. 36 48 E 
 long. 85. 8. Pop. 5000. 
 
 Iretr/^'H *'"'" 'I\ '•'^ ■'=°""'y °f Limerick, 
 Ireland, Here are the mins of two friaries 
 
 Adda, a river of Switzerland, which rises in 
 the Grisons, passes through the lake Como, the 
 Valteline and the N. part of the Milanese, and 
 falls into the Po 5 miles above Cremona. 
 
 Adderbury, a parish in Oxfordsh. England 
 
 Fn^r^'^S''''' ? P.""'*" '" ''''> W- R- Yorkshire; 
 England. Population chiefly employed in cotton 
 and worsted manufactures. 
 
 Addison, a county in the state of Vermont, 
 rx. America, bounded on the W., for about 25 
 
 oilV ^^■''f' ^y ^"^^ Champlain. Pop. 
 23,58J. Chief town, Middlebury ^ 
 
 Fn^i""';"'.? P'?fi3hjn the W. R. Yorkshire, 
 England, 54 miles N. of Leeds. 
 
 A DEL, a kingdom of Africa, called also Zeila 
 from a nch trading town of that name, situated 
 near its coast by the Red Sea. It seldom rains 
 fiere; but the country is well watered bv rivers 
 and abounds with wheat, millet, frankincense' 
 and pepper. The inhabitants are Mahometans.' 
 It was formerly a part of Abyssinia. 
 
 Adk: jde, a city of S. Australia, the capital 
 ot the colony, on the E. side of the Gulf of St 
 Vincent, about 7 miles from the port It is 
 seated in a pleasant plain, but the site is ro- 
 mai'kably ill-chosen; and, though it at present 
 contains a population of 7 or 8000, it is proba- 
 ble tliat It will not arrive at any stability or 
 eminence. Lat. 35. 57. S. long. 38. 43 E 
 
 Abelfors, a town of Sweden, in Smalknd 
 noted for its gold mines, about 70 miles N. w' 
 of Calmar. 
 
 Aden, a sea-port of Arabia, and capital of a 
 small state of the same name, once the most 
 opulent city of Arabia. 
 
 ♦.,n^T''Vn?'*'°'" "*" Lombardy, which rises S. of 
 the lake of Glace, and, passing by Tyrol Brixen 
 T-jent, and Verona, fall^ into th/cutf of We' 
 a liitle N. of the mouth of the Po ' 
 
 »hi^«"p'"^r7.^''*'''°^' " '=^"«*'^^'" "<■ islands in 
 the S. Pacihc Ocean, to the N. W. of New Ire- 
 land. Thoy were discovered in 1767, and arc 
 between twenty and thirty in number some of 
 thcni appear of considemble extent; and the 
 i ';"'l «f,"'e principal island is in 2. 6. S. lat. 
 and 14(). 57. E. long. 
 
 AmvR, a river of France, wliich rises in the 
 
ADO 
 
 department of Upper Pyrenees, nowa by Tarbea 
 and Dax, and enters the Bay of Biscay below 
 Bayonne. The Duke of Wellington effected a 
 passage across this river, with the alUed English 
 and Spanish army, in the middle of Febninry, 
 1814, after considerable difficulty, in the pre- 
 »ence of the French army, commanded by 
 Marshal Soult. ' 
 
 Adowa, the capital and residence of the 
 sovereign of Abyssinia, and the place through 
 which the commerce of the inland parts of 
 Abyssinia is maintained with Massowah, in the 
 Red Sea, 
 
 Adpab, a town in Cardigan, Wales; in the 
 Cardigan district for returning one member to 
 parliament. 
 
 o 4"^^" seaport of Spain, in Granada, 47 miles 
 b. £.. of Granada. Long. 3. 7. W. lat. 36. 45. N. 
 Adjumiti, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 Natolia, on the E. coast of a gulf, of its name, 
 70 miles N. by W. of Smyrna. Lone. 27. 
 E. lat. 39. 35. N. e « • ■ 
 
 Adkia, a town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovigo. 
 which gives name to the Adriatic Sea, and was 
 formerly of great note, but has been much re- 
 duced by frequent inundations. It is seated on 
 the Tartaro, 25 miles S. S. W. of Venice. 
 
 Adbunople, or Edreneh, a city of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, in Romania, the see of a Greek 
 archbishop, and formerly the European seat of 
 the Turkish dominion. It is 8 miles in circum- 
 ference, situate in a plain, on the river Marissa, 
 which here receives two tributary streams, 
 beveral of the mosques are very splendid, and 
 many of the houses neat, but the streets are 
 narrow and devious. The seraglio is separated 
 from the city by the river Arda.and commands 
 an extensive view of the country, which is fertil-;, 
 and famous for excellent vines. The commerce 
 of the city, by the river, is considerable, and 
 celebrated for its beautiful red dye. The Turks 
 took this city from the Greeks, in 13(>2. It is 
 135 miles N. W. of Constantinople. Long. 
 22. 30. E. lat. 41. N. *^ 
 
 Adriatic Sea. See Venice, Gulf of. 
 Adventure Bat, at the S. E. end of Van 
 Diemen's land, so called from the shii> in which 
 Captain Furneaux sailed. Long. I47. 30 E 
 lat. 43. 23. S. ^ 
 
 ^TNA, or Etna, » «»lebrated burning moun- 
 tain of Sicily, now called by the naUves Monle 
 Gxbello. It IS situated in the eastern part of the 
 island, in long. 15. 0. E. kt. 38. 0. N. Pindar 
 who lived 435 years before Christ, calls it the 
 Ptllar of Heaven, on account of its great height, 
 which is 10,874 feet, and its circumference at 
 the base 70 miles. It affords an epitome of all the 
 differences of climote. The summit is a league 
 m circumference, and within, formed like a vast 
 amphitheatre, from whence flames, ashes, and 
 smoke issue in divers places. Eruptions of this 
 mountain are mentioned by Diodorus Siculus 
 as happening 1693 years before Christ ; and' 
 Thucydidcs speaks of three eruptions, which 
 happened in 734, 477, and 425, b.c. From this 
 period till 1447, tucre were about 18 different 
 eruptions, the most destructive of which were 
 m 1169 and 1329; there have been other erup- 
 
 AFR 
 
 tions since, which have done immense damage, 
 particularly those in 1669, 1755, 1780, and 
 , .^' • In 1 'J^'S. eruptions took place in twelve 
 dilterent parts of the mountain, and covered the 
 adjacent lands with lava to the depth of 40 
 feet ; and another eruption occurred in 1822. 
 Affane, a parish in the county of Waterford, 
 Ireland. Sir Walter Raleigh first introduced 
 cherries from the Canary Islands to this place. 
 Afghanistan, a country of Asia, stretching 
 from the mountains of Taitary to the Arabian 
 sea, and from the Indus to the confines of Persia. 
 Ihe inhabitants of this wide domain have no 
 written character, and speak a language peculiar 
 to themselves. They are a robust, hardy race of 
 men, and, being generally addicted to a state of 
 predatory warfare, their manners partake oi a 
 barbarous insolence. They avow a fixed con- 
 tempt for the occupations of civil life, and are 
 esteemed the most negligent of religious obser- 
 vances of all the Mahometans. They are of the 
 sect of the Soonees, whilst their neighbours the 
 Persians are Sheeahs-two sects of the Maho- 
 metan religion fiercely opposed to each other. 
 Iheir common dress consiste of a shirt, which 
 tails over the upper part of long and narrow 
 trousers ; a woollen vest, fitted closely to the 
 body, and reaching to the mid-leg ; and a high 
 tunied-up c«p of broad cloth or cotton, usuaUy 
 ot one colour, and of a conic form, with two 
 small parallel slits in the upper edge of its 
 toeing The principal cities of Afghanistan are 
 Umdahar and Cabul, the former of which was 
 the capital; but the late and present sultans 
 have kept their court at Cabul. About the year 
 1 / 20, an army of Afghans invaded Persia, took 
 Ispahan, and made the sultan Husseyn prisoner. 
 i-hey kept possession of Ispahan and the south- 
 ern provinces for ten years, when they were 
 tieteated m several battles, and driven out of 
 the country by Nadir Kuli, commonly known 
 m Europe by the name of Kouli Khan. After 
 Wadirhad deposed his sovereign, Shah Thamas. 
 he laid siege to and took Candahar ; but after- 
 ward received a considerable body of Afghans 
 into his army, who became his favourite foreign 
 troops. On liis assassination, in 1747, the 
 general of the Afghan troops, though furiously 
 attacked by the whole Persian army, effected a 
 safe retreat into his own country, where he 
 caused himself to be acknowledged sovereign 
 ?i. ,1 ■'^^S'"*" kingdom, over which he ruled 
 till 1773. In 1761 he defeated the Mahrattaa 
 at Paniput, in one of the most sanguinary 
 b.ittles known in India. He was succeeded by 
 his son, who reigned till 1792. On his death 
 It was divided between his two sons, and a civil 
 war broke out; and, after various depositions, 
 bhah-Soojah, one of the brothers, attained the 
 throne ; who was again deposed by Dost Ma- 
 hommed Khan. In 1797 the kingdom was 
 threatened by Runjeet Singh, sovereign of the 
 Punjab, but was prevented by ;Le British, who 
 subsequently deposed Dost Mohammed, in 
 favour of the rightful heir, Shah-Soojah ; but 
 the country is far from being in a settled state. 
 Africa, one of the four great divisions of the 
 world, formmg a peninsula to Asia, to which it 
 
immense damage, 
 17S5, 1780, and 
 >k place in twelve 
 ],and covered the 
 
 the depth of 40 
 ccurred in 1822. 
 nty of Waterford, 
 I first introduced 
 nds to this place. 
 r Asia, stretching 
 •y to the Arabian 
 confines of Persia. 
 
 domain have no 
 language peculiar 
 ust, hardy race of 
 cted to a state of 
 >ers partake of a 
 i'ow a fixed con- 
 :ivil life, and are 
 F religious obser- 
 
 They are of the 
 I neighbours the 
 ts of the Maho- 
 1 to each other. 
 >f a shirt, which 
 Jng and narrow 
 I closely to the 
 leg ; and a high 
 • cotton, usually 
 form, with two 
 ler edge of its 
 Afghanistan are 
 r of which was 
 present sultans 
 About the year 
 ied Persia, took 
 usseyn prisoner. 
 
 and the south- 
 hen they were 
 1 driven out of 
 nmonly known 
 i Khan. After 
 , Shah Thamag, 
 lar ; but after- 
 idy of Afghans 
 ivourite foreign 
 
 in 1747, the 
 lough furiously 
 rmy, effected a 
 itry, where he 
 Iged sovereign 
 hich he ruled 
 the Mahrattaa 
 )st sanguinary 
 3 succeeded by 
 
 On liis death 
 ms, and a civil 
 IS depositions, 
 ), attained the 
 
 by Dost Ma- 
 kingdoin was 
 I'ereign of the 
 British, who 
 ohanimed, in 
 i-Soojah ; but 
 
 settled state, 
 livisions of the 
 ia, to wliich it 
 
 1)08 
 
 --uug 01 tiie rcaiiuctivo division*. 
 
'■4 
 
^ 
 
 «M Ak\fw MUM Aw^a^ Micav imw uvtm 
 
 wner enip- world, torming a peninsula to Asia, to wliich it 
 
AFR 
 
 ircmurif' ^/" ""'•'* "f '""'1 "' the N. E. ex- 
 mZfeu.,"". ? '""^^ ""««•• '^«"«" the iHth- 
 Capo Ne"g::- i' tri'^-f '-«'h itextendsfVom 
 lat 34 2^ S K • ■ ■ 2'- N. to False Cape, in 
 
 abouUlOO .i,es. The?v,fol;^.-e^fifeS 
 variousri'*'^"'*? T''f • ^'''^ population is v^^ 
 160 O^m^^nn 'S''*''^-'^'^''''^" 70,000,000 and 
 
 head N Tf • ""^ '"I".* '=°"'''""^« on this 
 "Pa<i. N. Africa is subc vided into a oront 
 
 ZU ''r'''"8<''""«.Btatc3,and te ritorL-X 
 "■ost prominent of which ore Galla Al minir^ 
 
 Ss".:: "p'' ^"''''' ?" ''«' E.bo;derh.S 
 Ked Sea; Egypt, at the N. E. extremity- Libya 
 Fczzan, and Barbary (comprising Tdpdi S' 
 Algiers, and Fez) o.i the N. borderC'on "l^ 
 Mediterranean, and Morocco at the N W ex 
 
 xtenSf S S '7 ^'^ ^"'""''= «--• A laS 
 and S of r ■• *** ^°'°"°' '* «*"«• Azanago, 
 ana b of the riyer Senegal, in lut. 16. N to 
 Sierra Leone, in lat. 0. 30, the coast s occu^^ied 
 by seyeral negro tribes, the limits of whoseS 
 ntories are very imperfectly defined. llnT 
 b. of the Great Desert are the kingdoms of Tim- 
 b«c too, Iloussa, Cassina, and Wangam; and E 
 of the desert are Ashber, Bornout BcghemS" 
 (e?ru' ^7^'!^' **=• ^^*"' '^' exceptiof ofTho 
 S iVnf Af" '"•"^'' .r'X'ntainous districts! 
 this part of Africa is well watered, and exceed 
 i..Sly fertile. The most celel,rated r?yer Ts tht 
 N !i ;'''"^ ';,"«'"g f''""! various sources on ho 
 N. side ot the great chain of mountains and 
 
 sevPr'^,1 ^ '?'°. *•'*' ^It-Ji'errancan Sea. by 
 31 50 Io'""Th'''-''''l''" the lat.of 30. IG.'and 
 ti-\ ,, ^he river N igc- has long furnished a 
 subject of considerable interest to the lea ned 
 It IS now ascertained that it takes itsrise in the 
 mountmns of Kong, on the western side of the 
 continent, whence p.oceeding in an easterly 
 direction to Timbuctoo, and thence soutl erly 
 the Bight of Benin. Numerous streams and 
 lakes intersect all the interior part of he 
 coun p situate between the desert of Sahara 
 and the chain of mountains which divide the 
 continent into two parts. Several rivers foU 
 into the Atlantic Ocean S. of the Great De- 
 sert; the first of these is the Senegal, the cn^ 
 U-ance of which from tlie sea is in lat. 15.53. N 
 
 Sierra Leone, m lat, «. 30. N 
 
 Independently of the great chain of moun- 
 tains which divides Africa into two parts, aridgo 
 
 ' Stat., nf R ! '■""■"' "l^ "'"^ ^'"^ Sea; and the 
 states of Barbary are bounded on the S. by an- 
 other chmn called the Atlas, which at the 
 greatest elevation rises to the height of l1 000 
 <eet above the level of the sea. "''•''""I' 
 
 ditlnn^'J*!!"^''''''"!'' ''?''"'' '"aimers, and con- 
 dition of the people of Africa will be explained 
 and Illustrated when treating of its resptcth'e 
 divisions. The physical condition ot' Eur pSns 
 bas hitherto proved exceedingly ill adap ed o 
 
 AFR 
 
 the clinnate of Africa, consequently our know- 
 ■e.lgo of the details of boundaries,^pruSk,n 
 production, and intercourse aro neie'^rUy m' 
 perfect; but,, « far as our knowledgrd"es ex- 
 tend nature appears in Africa to hav^L displayed 
 a bold and lavish hand, alike in the anima the 
 eathered.and the vegetable creation ; mot of 
 the domestic animals and feathered tribes com 
 mon to Europe are found in various parts of N. 
 Africa; in addition to which, in all the fertile 
 P ains the buffelo abounds; and the forests and 
 mountains aro occupied by the rhinoceros 
 hyiena, leopard, panther, tiger, and lion S 
 ho maje3 10 and sagacious elephants rouni in 
 
 uxCii'?^'' '^''"""K "" ">« odoriferous and 
 iT.rn 1 ""8*-'*"tion,. which periodical rains and 
 soi t^ n/f '^""^t^-'tly occasion an exhaustless 
 soil to produce. There is also another animal 
 
 nonce. In all the N. parts of N. Africa this 
 gentle, unwearying, hea'yy-burthe. mS^rila. 
 tion-sustaming animal abounds, and serv^Ls to 
 enable the inhabitants of all the states borderi^ 
 on the Atlantic Ocean and Akditermnean Sef 
 o mam ta n an intercoume across tTe Seserls 
 
 i^^sTl&n^^'r T'^""'^ with the cS! 
 tr es S. thereof. At the head of the feathered 
 nbe IS the ostrich, the feathers of which con- 
 stitute a valuable branch of the external cor^ 
 
 !Jirs°'Bf '"• "^'"'^^ insectatetiir: 
 (lino us. Bees are so numerous that honey con- 
 stitutes one of the chief articles of food in all the 
 sta es an.l territories previously enumerated 
 and wax an extensive article of export. K of 
 locusts at times darken the atmosphere for^ly 
 
 810 ully commit great ravages on the vegetation 
 
 tl e rfver 'fl'"''^ ^^"^ Alligatoi. abouE aU 
 
 he rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean; and 
 
 m the matshes and streams in the inter^r and 
 
 Pota mi t f"' ''^^f' *"'^ '""^ t'>« Nile, hippo- 
 po a ni and crocodiles are numerous, as are also 
 reptiles and serpents of every descr/ption In 
 
 SveX't 'T«*^°"'' tl'o'^baobabflhe man" 
 firs It^. TK lotus-tree, and palm claim the 
 Jirst notice. The kingdom of Flora has been but 
 
 ^^S '"' N«'"^-«PPe- to'havTbct 
 m^h m bestowing upon Africa a profuse share 
 
 • l*''^'"''*-"^^.'^' ^■•■'"«ty, and beaity, of every 
 c as.i of creation, whilst, on the other' handIZ 
 
 P oTeTt the^'^''-'^'^^ '"^^•^' ''^''"^^»° i"te?posed t"o 
 fionof P n • '"^"T/!'*'""'' the human por- 
 tion of creation m Africa are of the rudest and 
 
 S.T°"-' '^'"^ ''f ""y "» the known world 
 raftickmg m each other ^slavery) appears to 
 
 i\SA?""r^'f '"^^ trKKm- 
 munities of Africa, from the earliest period of its 
 hemg populated; but its ansocializing and dl 
 
 "urmg tiie last two centuries, by tl«> mean 
 
 pcan states who have estabUshed and main- 
 tained an intercourse with them. The reSa 
 
 tire of Paganism. Judaism, ChrisUanity, ami 
 
 parts, winch wil bo more particularly exemnli. 
 hed when treating of the respective^SoM; 
 
AG A 
 
 The const of Guinea, on which several of tlio 
 iiuroijeiin states Imvo forts and settlements, is 
 occupied by scvemi powcHid tribes of negroes, 
 with wliom the Europeans carry on a very cxten- 
 ^'^s'l^affic. witli the manufactured productions 
 of Europe in KenernI, in exchange for gold dust 
 ivory, skins, bees' wax, palm oil, bnrwood, &c.' 
 is. ot the coaat of Guinea, for about 15 degrees 
 01 lat., the const is also occupied with several 
 Negro tribes, who live in conatiuit collision with 
 ?niA°""'''' ""'^ '"'■"'" "imongst whom about 
 iO(),000 annually at tho ])eriod of 1(!2()— 1820, 
 were transported as slaves by the ships of 
 I'mnce, Portugal, and Spain, for working the 
 plantations of those states in S. America and 
 tlie W. Indies. Tho remaining portion of tho 
 VV. coast, as well as all the interior, and the E 
 const of this part of Africa, is very little known j 
 but, as far as knowledge has been obtained, the 
 iiiliab. appear more rude and unsocial than even 
 those of N. Africa. In addition to all the wild 
 minials common to the N. part, the beautifiil 
 and stately, though somewhat disproportioned 
 quadruped the camelcopard, as well as the zebra 
 IS common towards the S. extremity of this part 
 of Africa; the feathered and vegetable part of 
 nature are much the siime as in N. Africa. The 
 princijial river of the S. is the Congo, which falls 
 into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. fi. 30. S. It is 
 supposed by some that the Congo is the channel 
 by which the waters in the interior of N. Africa 
 discharge themselves into the sea; if so, there 
 must be a break in the mountains somewhere 
 between the 18th to the 2'2d deg. of E. long 
 Capt. Tuckey, by order of the British govern- 
 ment, m the year 1817, attempted to explore tho 
 country bordering on the Congo, but, after sail- 
 ing about 2(10 miles up the river, felt obliged to 
 desist from the undertaking. Several other 
 rivers of inferior note fall into tho Atlantic 
 Ocean, as well as into the Indian Ocean. A very 
 rude and unsocial people, the Hottentots, oc- 
 cupy tho more S. extremity of the continent ex- 
 tending to the Cape of Good Hope; who will be 
 more particularly adverted; to when treating of 
 that settlement. Numerous islands flank the 
 several coasts of both N. and S. Africa, tho 
 chief of which are the Azores, in lat. 39. 40. to 
 .■)7. N.; the Madeiras, in lat. 32. 38. N.- the 
 Canaries, in 29. 2.^ to 27. 48. N.; Cape v'crds, 
 in 17. to 14. 48. N.; a cluster at the entrance to 
 the Rio Grande, in lat. about 11. N.; Isles de 
 Lo.s, in lat. about 9. 22. N.; Fernando, Princes, 
 and bt. Thomas's, in 3. 28. to 0. 27. N.- and 
 Annabona, in 1. 33. S. The iskinds of Ascen- • 
 sioii and St. Helena, though situated 309 
 leagues from the coast, are also considered as a 
 part of Africa; and on the E. side, in the In- 
 dian Ocean, is the large island of Madagascar 
 extending from 25. 40. to 12. 2. S. lat., and 
 the Comoro group, lying between the N. end of 
 Madagaacar and the mainland, Socotra, to the 
 h. of Cape Guardafui, completing the list, un- 
 less the Isles of France and Bourbon, situate 
 about 10 deg. to the E. of Madagascar, bo in- 
 eluded. 
 
 Aqadekr, a seaport of Morocco, on tiio At- 
 L-uUic, 152 miles S. W from Morocco. 
 
 10 
 
 AG N 
 
 Aa.iHi.v, a province in the centre of N. 
 Afncn. The chief town, of tho same name, i» 
 situate in about 20. N. lat. and 13. E. long. 
 
 Agallf-la or Gallki.a, an island of Africa, 
 
 near Mndngnscnr. Long. 24. 8. E. lat. 10. 12. N. 
 
 Agame.\tigus, a mountain of the district o# 
 
 Maine, about H miles from York Harbour. 
 
 Long. 70. 30. W. lat. 43. 16. N. 
 
 AoDK, a town of France, in the department of 
 Herault, on the river Hernult, not far from its 
 mouth m tho Gulf of Lyon, where there is a fort 
 to defend the entrance. It is 17 miles N. E 
 of Narbonno. Long. 3. 28. E. Int. 43. 19. N. 
 AoEN, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Lot and Garonne, and a bishop's see. 
 Prunes form hero a considerable object of com- 
 merce ; and it has manufactures of camlets, 
 seizes, and canvas. It is seated in a fertile 
 country, on the banks of tho Garonne, 80 miles 
 E. S. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 36. E. lat. 44. 
 12. N. 
 
 Agoa, Aggona, or Aconah, a town and 
 district on the coast of Guinea, in which is a 
 very high hill, called the Devil's Mount. 'I'he 
 English have a fort here. Long. 0. S E lat 
 C. 0. N. 
 
 Aggeuuus, a fortress of Norway, in the go- 
 vernment of the same name, which is fiill of 
 mountains. See Christiania. 
 
 Agha. There are several townships or 
 parishes m Ireland, the names of which com- 
 mence with Agha; as, Asuaboe, par. Queen's 
 CO., an ancient place, and was once a bishop's 
 see; AoiiADoo, par. co. Monaghan; Aghackue. 
 par. CO. Cork, &c. 
 AoHOGHiLL, towTv, county of Antrim. 
 Agiiramullin, a parish in the co. Monaghan 
 Ireland. ^ ' 
 
 Agiirim, properly Aughrim. See Avail. 
 Agimerk, or Ajmeer, a town of Hindostan 
 capital of a province of the same name. It 
 stands at the foot of a high mountain, on the 
 top of which is a fortress of great strength. It 
 was at Ajmeer that Sir Wm. Rowe, as English 
 wnbaMador, was introduced to the Great Mocul 
 
 t" ^^l^= i' '' ^-"^^ ™'es W. by S. of Agra 
 Long. 75. 20. E. lat. 26. 35. N. ^ 
 
 Agincourt. a village of France, in the de- 
 partment of Pm de Calais, famous in history 
 for the oattle fought here in 1405, wherein 
 llenry v. ot England, with an army of 10 000 
 men, defeated the French army of 60 000 
 leaving nearly 10,000 dead on the field It is 
 7 miles N. of Hcsdin. 
 • AoLiSH, the name of several parishes in Ire- 
 land, viz., Ill the CO, of Kilkenny ; in Kerry • 
 ill Cork ; m VVaterford ; which do not require' 
 specific notice. 
 
 Achat, a town of Morocco, on the river of 
 the same name, and on the W. side of one of 
 the mountains of Atlas, 16 miles S. of Mo- 
 rocco. 
 
 Agmondesham. See Amehsham. 
 
 Ag.nano, a circular lake in the kingdom of 
 iNaples, 7 miles from Puzzoli. It is about half 
 a mile in diameter, surrounded by mountains. 
 On Its margin is the famous Grotto del Cane, 
 wluro many dogs have been tortured and suftb- 
 
the county ""* "*'''"''" ""'"^* '" 
 
 "Pon it. Lat. 42. 54. k. Ho: W. £ ""*• 
 in the°G,^rof'lT„M "?''''''"? ''''^''-^ •'f stdon, 
 
 sr.'eo N ^ ''• ^°"s- '^- '»• i^- 'at. 
 
 Agiu, n city of Ilindostan Proper, canital 
 
 of a provmcc of the same name, with'a s"S 
 
 fi>rt. It was once the most splendid of all f 
 
 mlmn c.t,es, and now exhibifs the most "m'i" 
 
 "■heent run.s. About the year 15G6 the cm 
 
 n 1^ rn" "" "'^'■y numerous; and herwere 
 
 rattas in 1 n •* ^" *''° ™' ^"'^ the Mah- 
 ""Zds J^tt^riS S-of^the j'^"''^''- 
 branch of the GangS iS'. /a iy'r o'f 
 Delhi. Lonir. 78. 30. E. lat. 27 10 N 
 
 tia cSi Vr"'^"' "^ «*'""« *«-» °f Croa- 
 im, capital of the county of Zacrab nii.l n 
 
 40 N '""^'- ^°"8' '"• !»• E- '«t 45^ 
 
 2000 Hn'n""^"' '^' «""'''*°" «°"«i»^'^d only of 
 ^000 Hungarians, assisted by the women who 
 
 L'^ro^:r'i"^ «" tins occasior 'it : 
 
 Agrigan, or Island op Xvy'iEr one of H,„ 
 
 tho O^e of Good Hope: Loni'^aS.^'l^f 
 
 Axtm ^"e d,;?r' °'? ""^ ""''^ Coa«t. Africa, 
 N Tt' rr/.'" 'f. *«^^". 's on the coast, in -l. .57 
 "•'• ^' "■"• ^^' '»"«• Di.vcoio and Secon.lee 
 
 11 
 
 A I R 
 
 AiiMEDAiua &•« Amedabad. 
 
 AiiMEDNAoiTR. See Amednaour. 
 
 AiiMKDPonE, a town in the province of Ori«. 
 », H.ndo8tan,34 miles S. from Cu"tack. " 
 
 AnoQiiiLL, a populous parish in the county 
 Ittme.'"'"""- '^^- » » town of th^ 
 
 Aicii, or AiCHACii, a town of Bavaria with 
 
 kX% "'"'"^ "" '''' **"• ^« -"™'S of 
 
 Inlh'e'f.htrj." '"'"^ of F'-nnconia in Bavaria. 
 
 sl?in Li *^ "." P"''=° "f ^""""« 'vorkman. 
 
 TjhS J." ■^"?.''^ '^-^ ""'-^ Sacrament, 
 
 .carl ruIW.^ ^1*''" K- '""'-■'^'=^' '^''h diamonds 
 pearls, rubies, and other precious stones It ■« 
 
 seated on the Altmuhl, 40 miles Sb^ E of 
 
 Nuremberg Long, ll! l,j. r. lat io M T? 
 
 AiGEN, R town of Austria, on the confines of 
 Bohemia. 24 miles N. W. of Steyre 
 
 of Bimd ' "i?lTi "*■ ^^''^'^'•"n'l. in ihe canton 
 ae b • f ,• '° houses, even the meanest, 
 bourhoo . Tf- '"*' .'"f''''^' ^"""'J '" the neigh- 
 atttS^--^--^£^-^^ 
 
 oftermHeVi.^-:?'iiUir^-i--^^^ 
 
 Dartmrf^'f^T"-" '•'"i" °f France," in the do- 
 ^Tmrs'a'b^yToTiro^ °" '^^ "^^'^ ^"-' 
 of ifn'^-ni'V" pT °f Arabia retren, at the head 
 
 o4Se:rrirs"rK''?&^^^^ 
 p|r^o»s«rs:fs 
 
 AiMTAa 6(?e Antae 
 
 Am, a department c 
 Its name from the rive 
 and S. by the dejiar 
 
 ■Ulanc, and Isere, and 
 
 the Rhone and the L 
 
 Bourg is the capital. 
 AiRDRiE, a town in 
 
 land, CO. of Lanark. L, 
 I'alkirkdist. whicli sen< 
 ment. It has an iron fou« 
 able trade in the distillatioi? 
 IS ten miles E. of Glasgi 
 to Edinburgh. 
 Aire a town of France, in the department 
 
 i] 
 
I 
 
 AIR 12 
 
 Aiii", II town nf Frniicc, in the ilepnrtment 
 of I'uu do Culuis. It coinmunicntes with St. 
 Omer, by n ciinnl, '."J niilon S. of Dunkirk. 
 Long. '2. '24. K. iat. 30. 42. N. 
 
 A I HE, a river in Yorkshire, which issuon from 
 B liiko on Miilhim Moor, near Settle, flows by 
 Skipton, Keighiey, Leeds, and Snuith, and en- 
 ters the Oiise, below llowden. 
 
 AisNE, a department of France, including 
 the territories of Soissonnois and Vermandois. 
 It takt'E its name from n river whicii runs by 
 Soisaons, and enters tlio Oisp, above CompeiRno. 
 It was overrun by tho nlliid armies in 1014, 
 and was tho scene of sevcnil sanguinary and 
 bloody battles fought between the allies and 
 French, in tho months of February and March, 
 of tho same year. Laon is the capital. 
 
 Aix, an ancient city of France, capital of the 
 department of the Mouths of the llhone, and 
 un archbishop's see. It was founded by C. S. 
 Calvinus, a Roman General, I'-'O b. c, and was 
 formerly the capital of Provence, when it had 
 a parliament. Jt is seated in a plain, where 
 there are hot baths near the river Arc, acciden- 
 tally discovered in 1704; but several medals 
 and other antiques, dug up at that time, con- 
 firm the baths being known to tho Romans. It 
 is 75 miles E. of Montpelier. Lone. 5. 27 E. 
 kt. 43. 32. N. 
 
 Aix, a town of Savoy, on the lake Bourget. 
 Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It 
 is 12 miles N. by E. of Clmmberry. 
 
 Aix, a small island of France,'betwecn the 
 islo of Oleron and the Continent. It ia 12 
 miles N. W. of Rochfort. Long. 1. 10. W 
 Iat. 46. 5. N. 
 
 Aix-LA-CiiAPEi,LE, a city of Franco, capital 
 of tho department of Rocr, and a bishop's see ; 
 ktely an imperial city of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Juliers. Charlemagne was so delighted with 
 the beauty of the place, that he chose it for his 
 residence; he is interred in the church of Notre 
 Dame, where they keep his sword and belt. Its 
 famous mineral waters draw a great number of 
 persons every year ; and near it are mines of 
 iron, calamine, sulphur, and coal. In Kitjit and 
 174B, it was distinguished by two celebrated 
 treaties of iieacc. It was taken by the French 
 in 1792, retaken by the Austrians in 1793, and 
 again taken by the French in 1794 ; the allies 
 entered it in 1814, and it was subsequently the 
 Bsat of a congress of the sovereigns of the great 
 powers of Europe, to adjust the indemnities to 
 be paid by France, for the aggressions of the 
 emperor Napoleon. It is seated in a bottom, 
 surrounded by mountains, 22 miles N E. of 
 Liege. Long. 5. 58. E. Iat. 50. 48. N. 
 
 AizENAY, a town of France, 29 miles S. of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Ajaccio, n seaport of Corsica, capital of the 
 department of Liamone, and a bishop's see. 
 This 13 the birth-place of Niipolcon I3uona- 
 parte. It stands on the west side of the island, 
 on a point of land that juts into the gulf, KiO 
 miles S. E. of Toulon, i.ong. 8. 43. E. Iat. 
 41. 56. N. 
 
 Ajan, or Ajkn, a country on the eastern 
 coa*t of Africa, extending from Magadoxa to 
 
 ALA 
 
 Cape Guaidafui, 1500 leagues. It is divided 
 into several states or kingdoms ; the printipal 
 of which are Adel and Magadoxa. The south 
 C((a«t of Ajan is sandy and l)arreM, but to the 
 N. it i.i more fertile. Tiio kings of Ajan aro 
 frequently at war with the emperor of Abys- 
 sinia, and sell the prisoners which they take. 
 Ivory,gold,and horses of excellent breed, are the 
 articles of trad- it is tho Azania of I'tolcmy. 
 Ajazzo, Ai. ,, or Ajasso, a seaport of Asiatic 
 lurkey, in Syria, seated on tho Mediterranean, 
 on tho site of tho ancient Issuh, where Alex- 
 ander fought his second bHttle with Darius. It 
 18 30 miles S. of Antioch, mid 40 VV. of Aioppo 
 Long. 30. 10. E. Iat. 3{). 0. N. 
 Akkhman. 6'ee IliKLconoa 
 Aii-iiissAn, ft town of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 Natolia, tho ancient Thyatira, built in a fine 
 plain, above 17 miles over, which produces corn 
 and cotton. It is seated on the river Ilermus, 
 45 miles S. E. of I'ergamo. Long. 28. 30 E 
 Iat. 38. 48. N. 
 
 Aksiif.iir, a town in Karamania, on tho con- 
 fines of Natolia, in Asia Minor, about 250 miles 
 E. of Smyrna, to which jilace it sends consider- 
 able supplies of wool, fine carpets, wax, gum 
 tragacanth, and galls. 
 
 Alaiiama, i)art of tho Mississippi territory, 
 admitted as a state into tho confederacy of the 
 United States of America on tho I4th Dec. 
 1819. It is bounded on the N. by Tennessee, 
 W. by Mississippi, S. by tho Gulf of Mexico 
 and W. Florida, and E. by Georgia. It is 
 about 275 miles in mean length, and 185 in 
 mean breadth, giving a suDcrficics of 32,560,000 
 English statute acres. • It is divided into 33 
 counties ; Caiiawba, 915 miles S. W. of Wash- 
 ington, is the scat of government. Tho total 
 population of tho state is 590,75G, of whom 
 25.3,532 aro slaves. The culture of cotton, 
 which is progressively extending, is their chief 
 occupation. Tho river Tombecbeo runs paral- 
 lel with tho boundary line on tho western or 
 Mississippi bide of the state, and, near to its 
 entrance into the sea, is jomed by the Alabama, 
 which flows from the east The towns of Mo- 
 bile on the western, and Blakeley on the eastern 
 banks of these rivers, at the^r confiuence by 
 several channels with the sea, are the ports for 
 the exportation of all tho surjilus produce of 
 the state. Two tribes of Indians, the Creekg 
 and Cherokccs, occupy tho N. E. part of the 
 state, bordering upon Tennessee and Georgia. 
 
 Alauulia, a maritime province of Asiatic 
 Turkey, bounded on the S. by the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of the Levant Sea. The chief town is 
 Adana. 
 
 Ala IS, a town of Franco, in tho department 
 of Gard. It has a citadel, and is seated near 
 the river Gard, at the foot of the Cevennes, 
 28 miles N. \V. of Nisones. Long. 2. 54. E. 
 Iat. 44. 0. N. 
 
 Alaman, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Bern, 9 miles N. E. of Nion. 
 
 Aland, a cluster of islands in the Baltic, at 
 the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia. The 
 principal island, from which the rest take their 
 names, is 40 miles long, and near 16 broad; 
 
ALA 
 
 •nd in or, miles N. E of «.„ 1.1 ■ 
 
 13 
 
 in tlie can- 
 
 They w^ro Ll. r*- r"'" -"• ''^^ '"'• ''<>■ 10. N 
 
 C!iencii. ^"^ ^"««'. fiO miles S. of 
 
 jl^^lfl^l^^'cJ^oS-:^^'" United S.„.., 
 
 Al.ATV«, a town ofT ^'"""""•. *" l^AH.KN. 
 
 40 mile. E.„Xm/ -""'"' "" ^''" "^^'^ S-'. 
 from TmnsvlTni i n "'"' "^'l""''''" MoI,|„viu 
 
 very ancient tTdZan1^^^\T'''"'-'^''^ ""^ 
 constructed town " ^' '* " miserably 
 
 toe Tanaro""20SrR xl^ilf ""'^'^ ^ 
 TiirC •>.'o!^;?'"1'^'"' I"'°^'"'^« of European 
 
 SZSa^?,'-!""'-^- ''^ ^^Sa^d'«; 
 
 forme"yTc"^p1t57f A,?"""^'^"" Turkey. 
 
 Bhiitrd"tin5ahe"ltZV°'^" 'i" ""'f-*'- 
 histoo'. It wj once bo m^^'"'^^ °^ ^"Slish 
 and, on the k^sLn ?f H '■°^''''' "'^ ^"'•'^n. 
 
 Romans, became one „f»l.° """""^ ^^ ""^ 
 stations the? gave it fhl" «"<>«' important 
 and, by theZSJ. r^ ""?^ °^ Verulam, 
 tachW^he^: ;J^11^°^^^^^^^^^ if. «o at: 
 
 as ■« excite the ve~c« of "'•^'L^nterest, 
 who massacred 70 000 of f». '^"-'" ^"'"'''^ea 
 wa- complete y defeated bv%' ''"^'.^''''^h «l'o 
 BUS. the then R^!! ^ Suetomus Pauli- 
 
 tlil the ^ocletLp^eLS^S, ^^^^^^^ 
 raencement of the fn.VrtK !' ''°°"' *''® com- 
 
 came distin^he/Zrthrl"'?;' ":!'"" '* ''^ 
 saint, whose namPf^r. martyrdom of its 
 
 After' this perfod St AlT" '*', ^f^^^"' '"'»"• 
 tho ninth cEy', Sffa & of't "' a't "i' '" 
 m expiation for hk VmnV F , "'" ^lercians, 
 
 A LD 
 
 S";^'^^'":^^^'"'"'"^''"'"- After 
 "Itcrat'lon, of't!.,; J" , "f ---! vnriou. 
 
 oi Us m..nn8tory. in the ml- of I '''«?'""on 
 struciion by the ,,,1,^'", ""r«"-'ing de- 
 
 of the Huc4di:.;tiT; • ifrtrv' 
 
 iy J-y «"bscn- .t'loul, Vc" em rof'-ttf "''^T 
 and many vcstices nf .♦. <• the county, 
 
 remain , it 7s So/ l'/;'™«' *{mndeur stil 
 edifices in Eurono Th ''""" '-'<"^l«i,«tical 
 clmrchea. in one^f wld'hTst^MUrn"^''^'' 
 monument to the nu>mo v of »t, ' -.1''^ !" " 
 i'Vanc s Bacon St a k " ""^ iHiintr oug 
 
 mayor. tweUenido^,"'. " S"'*"""-"'' by « 
 b- to parlt^lS^r;;- ma £r r.'' "r^ 
 18 considerable in Krain &e „n 1 '^'""•<'ay», 
 straw plait Tl „ t^ ' • •' ""'' especially for 
 
 of the^ml; rhi V "on Tw1\T *''" ^«"k» 
 
 mills for throwing S. "Vis o/t'*; "^'^^ 
 London, ^ " '* "* miles N. of 
 
 »ho Mohawk rivfr;^"wT S?'' ^' ''>' 
 county, W. by Schohan-e couL amrs"f^ 
 <jreenecountv Itis<1iv,M«,i • » •"' """ *• by 
 rnxl its pop M 503 '?.'^t'^'"'?"'"^'°*"''''ips. 
 
 tbechie[pracfo?tlLl±"a itvTf?H'""' ' 
 name, situate on the Tt mk oMh« h "i'"'" 
 nver, I60 miles N nf iv ^ . "^ H"<^8on 
 BostOT, and 230 S of m' ^°'^' ^^^ W. of 
 seat of the Tesislaiive i^v"""""- ^' " t''^ 
 York, and, next to h^ government of New 
 the most importanf nf "'^ "^ ^^^ York, is 
 
 in W„hi.g,„„ e™°, '''"'"■»' Wbilrtall, 
 mouth. Long. 8^ W.^t'^T/ T^ «' ''» 
 
 abtro;'^^2"i;roaSb'V-"^°"--'j 
 
 It is seated on the rh Lh 1 •''^" '" Arragon. 
 of Madrid. G^adalaviar, IQO mile^E. 
 
 manXcS VTn at'sS' '" ^T^' -»" 
 tile country on tho 1 fJ' *™'ed in a for- 
 
 40^eag.)\o^ ttgS. r J- ,»Jf i'^. (dis. 
 . Albeck, a town and rastio nfV f: 
 "ver Alb, 5 nules N by E'offrf ""'"''' °" '^« 
 
 in teSenTorLf %^ A «f Prance. 
 
 of Dieppe, a^ aii^: T^f"^:^: s-^. 
 
 ilii^^i^^!^'^^'*'*** 
 
A L » 
 
 U 
 
 A L C 
 
 (t 
 
 Ai.Ri':.MAUi,u. It vvntml county of tlic tiUto of 
 Virginiii, N. Anicricii. rop, '2'2,'.r2i Clmr- 
 lutti'tvillc in tlie chief town. 
 
 Ai.iiii.MAiti.K Soi'M), an iiilc't of t)ic Atliintic 
 Ocfiin, in N. Cnrolinii, fJO niik's long, aiitt fronj 
 )l to I'J lirouil. It ia ',M niili'§ N. of I'unitico 
 Sound ; nnd in uliitod with C'huBn|)cuko liay at 
 Norfoili, ))y a canal cut through tho Dismal 
 Swiunp. 
 
 Aliiknoa, n Htrong BcitiHirt on tho const 
 of Ucnoii, Hurroundcd by oiivo-trces, ■'17 inilwt 
 S. W. of Genou. Long. 0. 7. K. lat. 41. 
 C.N. 
 
 Ai.nioN, n nnmo sonictimcs applied to Bri- 
 tain, und |>robably given to it by Juliun Ciettnr, 
 from tho wJiito cJitfs on tho S. E. Bhore. (l^iit. 
 albus.) Scutlund has been called .i4/Au/tj/; but 
 that ig more probably derived from tho Celtic 
 nib, alp, high, from its mountiiinous character ; 
 tho Uiicls calling thcniselvcs Albnnnich. 
 
 Ai.uioN, New, a namo given by Sir Francis 
 Drake, who exi>lored tho coast in 15711, to a 
 country on tho .W. const of N. America, ex- 
 tending from 35 to 48 of N. lat. ; but the 
 northern part is now comprehended in tho 
 Missouri territory, and tho southern in New 
 Califoriu'a. 
 
 Ai.noNA, a town of Italy, in Istrin, near tho 
 
 Gulf of Caniero, 1(1 miles K. by S. of Rovigno. 
 
 Ai.noi:n.NH, a town in Wiltshire, England ; 
 
 7 miles N. E. from Marlborough. Market on 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Alduet, a town of France in the department 
 of Gironde, 37 miles S. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Aldufeiba, a town on the S. coast of Al- 
 garves, Portugal ; pop. about '2000. Also a 
 town of Valencia, on the sea-const, Spain. 
 
 Ai.duqi)EU(}(;h, a town of Spain, in Estrema- 
 duni, with a strong castle. It has a consider- 
 able tmdo in wool and cloth, and is in miles 
 N. N. W. of Badajoz. Also a town on the 
 Rio del Norte, a few miles S. of Santa Fc, 
 Mexico. There is also a village of tho same 
 name in the province of Puebla, Mexico. 
 
 Aldy, or Albi, an ancient city of France, in 
 the department of Tarn, seated on the river of 
 thot name. It is the chief city of the A Ibigcois, 
 and was formerly the see of on archbishop. 
 The cathedral was dedicated to St. Cecilia, and 
 before the revolution was ornamented with n 
 valuable silver shrine, of exquisite workman- 
 manship, of the Mosaic kind, and contained 
 the relics of St. Clair, the first bishop of this 
 city. The chapel of this saint is a magnificent 
 building, adorned with paintings. Alby has 
 manufactures of both linens and woollens, and 
 four gates, which open into beautiful and fruit- 
 fiil plains. 
 
 Alcala de Henarez, a beautiful and exten- 
 sive city of Spain, in New Castile, seated upon 
 the river Henarez. The university, which had 
 gone to decay, was re-established in 1404, by 
 Cardinal Francis Ximenes ; at whose charge, 
 and under whose direction, the first polyglot 
 Bible was printed in this town. Without the 
 •walls is a spring, tho water of which is so imro 
 land well tasted, that it is enclosed for tho king 
 •of Spain's own use, from whence it is carried to 
 
 Madrid, it is 11 miks .S, \V. of (iundulavarn, 
 nnd !.'> N. K. of Madrid. 
 
 Ar.cAi.A i.A Ueai., a city of Spain, with a fine 
 abbey, situate on tho siunmit of the Sierra de 
 Grmiade, on the high roud from .Madrid to 
 Cranadv, from which it is distant It) miles, inid 
 l!)U from Madrid. 
 
 Au'ALA lu; (ii'ADAVRA, a town of S|)ain, 
 distant (i miles from Seville, on tho road to 
 Madrid. 
 
 Ai.cAMA, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazuro, 
 '.'.5 miles S. W. of Talcrmo. 
 
 Ai.cANi/., n town of Arragon, in Spain. It 
 was formerly tho capital of tlie king<lom of tho 
 Moors. It has a rcnutrkul)le fountain, which 
 throws up water through forty-two pipes. It in 
 seated on the river Bergiuites, 12 miles from 
 Ciwpe. 
 
 Alcantara, a fortified town of Spain, in 
 E.strcmudura, and the chief place of the knights 
 of that name. It has a celebrated stone bridgu 
 over the Tajo, or Tagus, built in the time of 
 Trajan. It was taken by tho Earl of Galway, 
 in 1700", but retaken tho ».inio year, It is situate 
 on the high post road from Badajoz to Ciudad 
 Rodrigo, 
 
 Alcantara, or Alcantarilla, n town of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, near the river (iuadal- 
 .piiver. Hero is a bridge, built by tho Rouiuns, 
 to pass tlie marshes formed by the river. It is 
 14 miles S. of Seville. 
 
 Alcantara, a town of Portugal, near Lisbon, 
 having a royal palace. There is also a town 
 of the same name in Brazil, in tho province of 
 Maranham. 
 
 Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 with a strong castle, nnd n remarkable ancient 
 ntjucduct. It is situate near the source of tho 
 Guadalquivcr, ttO miles E. by S. of Calatrava. 
 Long. 2. 20. W. lat. 38. 28. N. 
 
 Alcakaz, or AtcAHaAZ, n town of Arragon, 
 Spain, 2 k>aguea from Lcridu, on tho rond to 
 Madrid, 
 
 Alcazar de Sal, a town of Portugal, in 
 Estremadura. Fine white salt is made here. 
 It is seated on tho Cadoan, I.') miles from the 
 sea, and 35. S. E. of Lisbon. Long. 9. 5. W. 
 lat. 38. 18. N. 
 
 Alcazar Quiber, a town of the kingdom of 
 Fez, near which Sebastian, king of Portugal, 
 lost his life in n battle with the Moors, in 
 1578. It is seated on the Lucos, 36 miles S. of 
 Tangier. 
 
 Alcazar Sequer, a town of the kingdom of 
 Fez, on the Strait of Gibraltar. It was taken 
 by Alphonso, king of Portugal, in 14C8, but 
 soon after abandoned. It is 14 miles E. of 
 Tangier. 
 
 Alcester, or Aj.nce.ster, tn., Warwickshire. 
 Many Roman coins, bricks, &.C., have been 
 found near it, nnd the Icknield street posses 
 through the town. It is situate at the con- 
 fluence of tho AIne with the Arrow, 14 miles 
 W. S. W. of Warwick. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 ALLM.\.En, or Alkmaer, a city of North 
 Holland. It is a handsome city, and one ot the 
 cleanest in Holland. The streets and houses 
 are extremely neat and regular, and the public 
 
 I 
 
of (iundulavMrn, 
 
 piiin, withn fino 
 r>f till' Siorm (la 
 'nmi Miiilrid tn 
 nt 10 niilc'H, inul 
 
 town of S|)iiin, 
 jn tliu roiid to 
 
 Val di Miixnru, 
 
 I, in Spain, It 
 i(inK<l»in of tlto 
 fuuiitnin, which 
 :wo pipt'g. It in 
 , 1 2 inileB frum 
 
 1 of Spnin, in 
 oof the knightH 
 od Htonu hridgo 
 in the time of 
 Inrl of Giilwny, 
 'ar. It if) Hitiiale 
 lajoz to Ciudad 
 
 LA, n town of 
 
 river (iuadal- 
 
 >y tlio Rouiuiia, 
 
 Jhe river. It is 
 
 al, near Lisbon, 
 is also a town 
 the province of 
 
 n New Castile, 
 irkable ancient 
 
 source of the 
 ). of Calatrava. 
 
 vn of Arragon, 
 )n the road to 
 
 f Portugal, in 
 
 is made here. 
 
 miles from the 
 
 Long. 9. 5. W. 
 
 ;he kingdom of 
 g of I'ortugal, 
 the Moors, in 
 , 36 miles S. of 
 
 ;he kingdom of 
 
 It was taken 
 
 , in 14C8, but 
 
 [4 miles E. ot 
 
 Warwickshire, 
 c., have been 
 
 1 street passes 
 :c at the con- 
 rrow, 14 miles 
 it on Tuesday, 
 city of North 
 and one ot the 
 'ts and houses 
 and the public 
 
 A LO 
 
 tmndingi very bpniitifu I Tl„. «. , , 
 
 II 
 
 ALE 
 
 '""I '"ken liaa Ic n • 'IT "' "^^'-•' "'<'V 
 
 troops in i-f r £; M «"*''' '". ""• ""'-"I- 
 
 of Holland (.y tl H Jnv" -^ '" '^^""'"t'"" 
 
 '••""^'"ded. It i, Lr 1^ T ""'"•'W.I, 
 tl'iH citv, that n th« v ' ?■ '"' ■"'■«'■«''•' "f 
 with the W-^t.r^^oiVrT.M,S'|, '-" *""■<«•. 
 in i'nrticulnr, that ono nf Vh ""» ' '"»'. 
 pceroff.soM k,r 42,..? iui".L '''r^;;/'^''^'' ""^ 
 Just |)ut a stop ,„ , i« ' ^'"' '^*"t<^" nt 
 
 ""« passion for ,0*'"' *-7, ,'"\"K'"'t «",! ruh.- 
 
 tlm best in I^ iCn '' u?' V'"^''' ''' "«t'-''n.ed 
 tl'e sua, 15 Cm Ilanl "''"",' "* ""'l^'" from 
 AmHtordam "«°f'"™, and 20 N. from 
 
 i^-"^"rc:iirrsv'';^^- "''-;»''-• 
 
 of sepulture of tl.rsovSnl !/,'"?'' ';''"-'" 
 
 Alcoutin, a town af vT, , V"'^"K"I- 
 with a strong en tie ied n,"*^"''-",' ^ '«""«'«. 
 G»adiann,oppoTto to W "".'"'""*' '" ""-' 
 tI.o entrance of ho G... ?! '•"■' ' '' ""'^''' '''•"" 
 
 N.E"eo:^retlr„ two ^■"'7' """''' - ""« 
 8. 0. E. laiTToi^" ''"•«" I'arbours, Long. 
 
 •o.^ah;ts?s^tt;::f"'"^^ 
 
 Markets o„ WedSa^;tS;:^^;^> *"''^'^- 
 
 ^. tKKeS^ ^^^'^'''»'-' =» -^'es 
 
 « manufacture of Stf„^.'""«"'"''il"'->'- ^^ ''«« 
 200 houses werfdS^'red ^^ " "'" '" '"7, 
 
 Gulf of Bothnr ith„° '^'m"''"' •" tl'o 
 
 in planks and deals itVT'^'^.'^'V ^'"'''' 
 Stockholm. " " ^'^ ™i'es N. of 
 
 jweby:^;,TSxKs^^^^^ 
 
 the tir. l?er«:r. P-«^. - .occo^ ^'^ 
 
 milk.' ThK „ town "of «r "' ^'^^^ ^'■'^'' 
 Long. 2. 12. W. lat. 49. 45 N ' """'" """'^'• 
 .AtDsioNE. 6fee Alston-Moor. 
 
 S--E.^f-=sria- 
 
 Kvorui.the.api";;'' ""^ ''"I"^'''"" ;.,t,vino. 
 
 tw:^i;:;i„S';:;^;f %''". «nd, next to 
 
 »"ll«. in the middle ot"?fnnt(\ u!"-' ""/:'«'" 
 nil oval fim.re Thl '" ' ." J''"i". and i^ „f 
 
 '-ill. in thT^'trol °tir t'! :"/!r •"«"-' 
 
 are hotter than in other pL'irrurl^' '""T 
 "liml in the LW, thov co IT, f^ '^' "^^ 
 
 wuh a dead wall to f ,. S an' '"'■«7'""'-». 
 «">« round it, paved w h „[?^, ', "" T"'" "'"- 
 fountain in fh ' mi UlTe t 'o r'""' " """'''" 
 row, but well pa" .1 wfU. """"'''" '"« "'"- 
 and ke,,t very c ea «" '""""° '"""^■''. 
 
 ni08.p,esand cnm^Z,., 7 "^".'"any stalely 
 voirs'of wX ami "„"„"'''/"''"'«"'» ""'1 rf.ser- 
 water in tho well ' LSr'",""/' «""'"'«• ^Lo 
 i« brought from om.rH^'*'''/"'' ^"'"^ ^«t-r 
 
 cn.i-ress' He en,', T, " ' ' V° l""" '""" ''^ "'J 
 houses and clu Jhes „ t -n """"? '"'"" "'^''' 
 "" a consider, lo 1 ,V'° ".',""■■'«' '""> •'"rry 
 leather, i.ur.4 Lv „« f ^ -"Iks, camlets, and 
 lJnK.lad a, ^1J,„' Z ["''l'"-'.""^ ""-ivo from 
 
 Jiations have factories hoe a,,,I V ^"'"'V'"'"' ■ 
 live n greater 8.>l,.n,, ' ■ "'" '"i^rcliaiits 
 
 are' not .sVrf', ^^"P "^'^'«'' «'mpi,e. Cn,,U,. 
 on horseback, with ',."1^';/* '"'""'^ ''^'^ 
 them, nccord.'ng to t 2^01 aT"""' ''^'''"^'^ 
 suburbs are 7 miles M/r^ ^'''»'l'" '"'<' i'" 
 nn<l n b,«nd <i;fV.h .'^"mpass ; an old w,ill 
 
 intogaS ui nT,;" "'"">' '''■•''^«^» tun Id 
 muted by DrCsS t '"^.' ^^'^' ^'^^ ''^^• 
 habitant^; of wh„ ^ nnn '""'"'" ^^O.OOO in- 
 5000 Je^s but at n'r T'**' Christi,.n8, and 
 Eton, it .loes not L^* "i^"'' '"=<=°'<"ng to Mr, 
 which depopulatSn. n "'" ""7" 'han^^O.OOO 
 plague, harSr„%rcrSl» V"« 
 streets being uninhabiterf .n?.,^^"' ^''°'« 
 ;Ioned. AllTheinhab£nL7L^"'^ "'"^"■ 
 tobacco to great exces^j even 1^0'',^^'' '"^°^'' 
 have almost constantiv „ !?„ ■ V^^ servants 
 Eighteen miles SK^f Iff '"« ''">''' ""'""'«• 
 bounded by low rock v hn^^ u 1 ''^8« P'"in, 
 of Salt: this is over/oi'd '.•n'"'-'/^'^ ^""'"'i' 
 April, the water hduaZ^t """'"' ""^ i" 
 sun. leaves a cake of ir?n^L"^°""?^ ^^^' "'« 
 "n inch thicl:, which is nfi- Tf ^^'^^''^ ''alf 
 this part of the counv */,'"* '° ""^'P'^ «i' 
 n "vulet, 70 miles SE of A r'T'*-''' "» 
 Scanderoon, and 150 Nnfn "'""'''■'•'""' «' 
 37. 16-. E. fat. 35I 40. n'^* S«"«: Long. 
 
 town eo,>tains a clZ^r'S^VT'; '''" 
 convents, and numerous an'dslm«b" •?'•'-''' ^^ 
 
 Alkssano, a town nf ,V i "® buildings, 
 mity of the Promo„ o°y of &"'"' 1^' ^'''^'^- 
 15 miles S. W. of Otran^o'^''^ """'>'' ^'«""o. 
 
 Urino, near it^ Itt '^^ *-^' seated op tl.a 
 ' '** ^"''^"'«=<' mto the AdriaUc Se«; 
 
 I 
 
\ 
 
 t 
 
 ALE 
 
 20 miles S. of Scutari. Long. 19. 30. E. Int. 
 41. 63. N. 
 
 Alet, a town of Franco, in the department 
 of Aude, lutcly an episcopal sea. It is noted 
 for its batlis, and stands near the Pyrenees, 
 on the river Aude, 15 miles S. by W . of Car- 
 cassone. 
 
 Aleutian Islands. See Arciiii'elago, 
 Northern. 
 
 Alexander, a county of the state of Illinois, 
 at its southern extremity, bounded on the E. 
 by the Ohio river to the point where it unites 
 with the Mississippi, which bounds the county 
 on the W. Pop. 3313, Unity is the chief town. 
 
 Alexandretta, or Scanderoon, a town of 
 Syria, on the Mediterranean Sea, and the port 
 of Aleppo. It is now a poor pl.ice, the tombs 
 being more numerous than the houses. It is 
 60 miles N. W. of Aleppo. Long. 30. 15. E. 
 lat. 3b". 35. N. 
 
 Alexandria, a celebrated city of Egypt, now 
 much decayed, though there are still some re- 
 mains of its ancient splendour, particularly an 
 obelisk full of hieroglyphics, called Cleopatra's 
 Needle; and Pompey's Pillar, which is one 
 entire piece of granite, 70 ft. high, and 25 in 
 circumference. The ancient Pharos, so famous 
 in antiquity, that it was numbered among the 
 seven wonders of the world, is now a castle 
 called Pharillon, and still used to direct vessels 
 into the harbour. From the harbour is a canal 
 to the west brancli of the Nile, at Rhamanie. 
 This city was built by Alexander the Great, 
 and now consists chiefly of one long street, 
 facing the harbour, the rest being a heap of 
 ruins ; part of the walls are standing, with 
 great square towers, 200 paces distant ; and 
 the gates are of Thebaic and granite marble. 
 It was formerly a place of great trade, all the 
 treasures of the East Indies being deposited 
 there, before the discovery of the route by the 
 Cape of Good Hope. It is subject to the grand 
 scignor, who, however, has but a limited au- 
 thority. • Alexandria was taken by the French, 
 under Buonap.orte, in 1798, and taken from 
 them by the English in 1801. It surrendered 
 to the English in 1807, but was soon after 
 evacuated. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 
 125 miles N. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 16. E. 
 lat. 31. 11. N. 
 
 Alexandria, a co. of the district of Colum- 
 bia, U. S. of America. Pop 9965, including 
 1374 slaves. 
 
 Alexandria, a city and port of entry in the 
 foregoing county, situate on the W. bank of the 
 Potomac, 7 miles S. of the city of Washington. 
 Very considerable quantities of flour are ship- 
 ped from Alexandria to the northern ports of 
 the United States, and, occasionally, to Eurojic 
 <ind other parts of the world. In other respects 
 its commerce is inconsiderable. Pop. 8459. 
 There are several townships named Alexandria 
 in the United States of America, but none 
 that deserve any particular notice. 
 
 Alfayates, a town of Portugal, in Beira, de- 
 fended by a wall and castle. It is 150 miles 
 N. E. of Lisbon. Long. 5. 48. W. lat. 40. 9. N. 
 
 ALrEi2ERA0,a town of Portugal, on the sca- 
 
 IG ALG 
 
 side, 75 miles N. N. E. of Lisbon. Lonir. 9. 
 15. W. lilt. 39. 30. N. 
 
 Alfeld, a town of Lower Saxony, 16 miles 
 S. S. W. of Ilildesheim. 
 
 Alforp, tn. Lincolnshire, with a market on 
 Tuesday; 6 miles from the sea, 25 N. of Boston. 
 
 Alford, a parish of Scotland, in Aberdeen- 
 shire. This parish is rendered memorable by 
 a battle fought in it, wherein the marquis of 
 Montrose defeated General Baillie and a party 
 of the Covenanters, on the 2nd July, 1645 ; 
 and there was lately discovered in one of the 
 mosses a man in armour on horseback, sup- 
 posed to have been drowned in attempting to 
 escape. 
 
 Alfreton, a town in Derbyshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Monday and Friday. Here are manu- 
 factures of stockings and brown earthenware, 
 and two iron-works. It is seated on a hill, 
 13 miles N. of Derby, and 142 N. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Algaiola, a small fortified seaport, on the 
 N. W. coast of Corsica, at the mouth of the 
 Arengo, 28 miles W. by S. of Bastia. 
 
 Algarva, or Aloarves, a province of Por- 
 tugal. Its superficies is 232 sq. leagues, and 
 contained 127,000 inhabitants. It forms the S. 
 extremity of Portugal. Lagos, Faro, and Tavira, 
 all on the S. coast, are the chief towns. It ia 
 fertile in figs, oranges, almonds, dates, olives, 
 and excellent wine. 
 
 Algesiras, a fortified town of Andalusia, 
 Spain, situate on the coast W. of the Bay of 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 Algeziras, or DiARnEK,a province of Asi.i- 
 tic Turkey, between the Tigris and Euphrates. 
 It is mountainous, but fertile. Chief towns, 
 Jezireh, Diarbekir, and Karkissia. 
 
 Algieria, a country of Barbary, comprising 
 tlie ancient Numidia, and part of Mauritania. 
 It is 600 miles from E. to W., and 170 in 
 breadth ; bounded on the E. by Tunis, N. by 
 the Mediterranean, S. by Mount Atlas, and W. 
 by Moi xo. Mineral springs and waters are 
 met with in many places, and several of the 
 chains of mountains contain lead and copper. 
 In the interior of the country commence the 
 dreary deserts. Tl.e principal rivers are the 
 Shellif, Mazafran, Malva, and Zaine. The 
 land toward the N. is fertile in com, and the 
 valleys are full of fruit. The melons have an 
 exquisite taste, some of which are ripe in sum- 
 mer, and others in winter. The stems of the 
 vines are very large, and the bunches of grapes 
 are a foot and a half long. This country is di- 
 vided into the provinces of Mascari, Tittri, and 
 Constantina, and the territory of the city of 
 Algier, Previously to tlie late success- is of the 
 French, the whole was in the hands of the 
 Turks, and was governed by a sovereign called 
 the dey, who, however, could do nothing of 
 consequence without the council of the Janis- 
 saries. The Arabs, who live in tents, are a 
 distinct people, governed by their own laws 
 and magistrates. The beys or viceroys of the 
 provinces had each an army under his com- 
 mand ; and the late dey of Algiers had several 
 thousand Moors, both horse and foot, in his 
 
 J 
 
bon. Long. 9. 
 
 xoiiy, 16 mites 
 
 ;h a market on 
 5 N. of Boston. 
 I, in Aberdeen- 
 memorable by 
 the marquis of 
 Hie and a party 
 d July, 1645; 
 in one of the 
 lorseback, sup- 
 attempting to 
 
 ire, with a mar- 
 iere are manu- 
 n earthenware, 
 ited on a hill, 
 2 N. N. W. of 
 
 leaport, on the 
 mouth of the 
 iastia. 
 
 ovince of Por- 
 q. leagues, and 
 It forms the S. 
 ;iro, and Tavira, 
 F towns. It is 
 3, dates, olives, 
 
 ire npe m sum- 
 le stems of the 
 nches of grapes 
 is country is di- 
 icari, Tittri, and 
 
 of the city of 
 success !S of the 
 i hands of the 
 sovereign called 
 
 do nothing of 
 :il of the Janis- 
 in tents, are a 
 their own laws 
 viceroys of the 
 under his com- 
 ;iers had several 
 nd foot, in his 
 
 ALG 
 
 hi^^J- '^''%'^'is*/"' «f the Algerines is Ma- 
 homed«m and their language a dialect of the 
 Ambic. They have likewise a jargon, composed 
 of Italian, French, and Spanish, called Ling^ 
 Franca, which is understood by the commm 
 people and merchants. »-"""non 
 
 coi^rl^^i A !*'"'"« t"'^' "'P''«' °f the whole 
 country of A Igier It is buit on the side of a 
 
 mountam. m the form of an amphitheatre! next 
 
 the harbour; and the houses appearing one above 
 
 another, of aresplendent whiteness, make a fine 
 
 appearance from the sea. The tops o{ the hou^s 
 
 k^D off f J» * ^"l"^ """•"^' «"<> serve to 
 keep off the extreme heat of the sun. There are 
 five gates, but no public places or sau^a of 
 considerable extent" The lai^Tr m<S,^are 
 
 tt'ySimS' Jh^r '^^° be"b°^lt abo" 
 ijie year 1790, which w beautiful, there is no- 
 thing remarkable in their architecture ;a„d th^ 
 
 lensive. iJie harbour is small shnllnw o„j 
 insecure, and its entrance is^n om3^J 
 numerous rocks. The mole of the hS^ iJ 
 500 paces m length, extending from thV con 
 tment to a small island, where therms a c,^«e 
 and a large battery of guns. The country St 
 tlf J\^i°^^^ '^'"' gardens and finJwK 
 
 Spaniards attacked it by sea and nn^ \! , ' 
 «„?..,■" "l* """" »f •utataiii and rT 
 
 17 
 
 ALL 
 
 said to have exclaimed — " God is <m«f i n-j 
 mpTra nf A i~v. .» ""' . ■»"» external com- 
 
 the supply of the town and gartson. ' ' 
 
 Alqoa Bay, South Africa. It was selected «. 
 ?ut "^^'Z^"^ for en-igmnts to this quarte" 
 from 5h« I"""'"u" " e«»«derable distance 
 from the shore; about 500 miles from Cape 
 
 J.t»lta%SS lfSv.Jit7t"ht 
 
 Thi ' ^ ^"''''' ""'' ''«^n». have consuU here ' 
 The castle, on a high rock,' was fon^erly S' 
 
 mi /Ob. It was hkewise taken by the French 
 
 wnen part of the rock was blown ud itu 
 seated on the Mediterranean, on^ Z of he 
 ^me name^64 French leagues's. E of MadVria 
 ^» S. of Valencia, and 21 N of r^wt. ' 
 Long. 0. 29. W. lat. 38. 20. N ^^'"««""- 
 n,i^"J^^' ° ^-Port of Sicily, in Val di Mazara 
 
 . AucuDi, the most western of the linari 
 "lands in the Mediterranean 10 milL w'^^f 
 Fehcuca. Long. 14. 32. E. kt! 38 S N 
 Alifi, a town of Naples, at the foot ofth« 
 
 Er '' ""^^o.N.Vof Benevento '^" 
 ALLAHABAD, an interior province nf Hin 
 
 the province, flows from E. to W. near its sTdf 
 
 .wh2d"r-"-«^''^-w':Tjg::S 
 
 »>,/''K*'''*°*'''.""'y°f Hindostan. capital of 
 
 It was founded in 1583 by the emperor ApW 
 who intended it as a place for a^sfbu fts S' 
 tifiwitions will hardlf resist the l^tterinXf « 
 field-piece. It is seated at the conflueSf th« 
 
 otLalcutta. Lone. 82 V. Ut or At It I: 
 
 t?thf E""^rr/''^^^"" -!^ 'he t^S 
 to the English East India Company, in ]8oT ' 
 
 Phn i ,"i^"'='."*' "'■ C'" o^ God, the ancient 
 
 Alleoanv, or Apalacuian, Mountaiv^ « 
 ong range of mountains in North Ame^fcL be 
 „Tr *'^^^*'?"«i'^- the Mississipp" and't^; 
 000 V-,^'"-"'^"^ parallel with the sea-coast 
 900 miles m length, and from 60 to 200 ;„ 
 breadth. The different ridge, wSFch^coie 
 
 C 
 
ALL 
 
 iWi tmmMRo rungo hnvc diffVrcnl nnmci In th« 
 dmeront «tntc-s. A.lvnnoii.K from tho S. the 
 first rulKP. wmmpncing in (Joorgin. nn.l Pxtoiul- 
 >nR thr..„«l, North ("nrolim,, VirKiniu. nnd 
 I onnjjyivnnm wtho niuo ridKo. or South Moun- 
 tain, «Vom 130 to 'JOO milcd tVom tho boh. nnd 
 •b,,ut 4000 ft hiKhfW,m ita ham>. lJctw«.n thw 
 and the North MounUin «prend. n Inrgo tortile 
 TOO. Next hcs tho Al/,._v„u^, which m tho 
 pr neipn rulKO. mi.l hiu l)oon doscrintivoly 
 Mile*! tho fH,ck--f^,u of tho Unitoil Stiito*. 
 Woyond thw ii tho h.tiR ridKo, enllo<l tho Lniircl 
 Mountniiia, ui n spur of which, in hit. .Ifi, ia n 
 sprniK of wator. M) ft. ,lo<.p, very ool.l, and na 
 bliio M indiK... |.'roni th«.o acvonii ridgoa nr... 
 coed imiumonihio nnmcloss hmnchea or apura 
 Tho KitUitiny,or Hliie Mountnina. ninthnHiBh 
 the northom pnrta<.f Now Joracv nnd Ponnavl- 
 TOnm. Thcso monntBina nro aomctimca cnlM 
 me Apalachtan, from n rivor, wlioao orittinnl 
 ■ouroo procotHia fW)ni thia ridge, cnlie<l tho 
 Apa nchicoln. They tiro not eonftiaetily acnttorod 
 and broken but atrctch along in uniform ridttes. 
 •carcoly hnlf n milo high. I„ aoveral placea 
 thev di.crgo, nnd aomo of them terminate in 
 high perpendicular bluffs; othera, townnla tho 
 south, gradually subside into n level country 
 giving rise to tho rivers which run southerly into 
 tho tiulf of Mexico. ' 
 
 Am,kuiianv, a river of tho United States, 
 which rises in the 8. W. corner of the aUito of 
 New ^ork, in lat. 42. It is navigable, for kwl- 
 Donta of 10 tona burthen, to llnmilton, 260 
 miles ultovo Pittsburg, where it joi.iathe Monon- 
 gnliela, nnd then assumes tho name of Ohio 
 Se« Ohio. 
 
 Allkoiiany, the name of three counties in 
 tho United Stntea of North America ; vi«. 1st. 
 
 o"7o w ?"'■'' '"•''• *^'^''^' "' ''^'"^ Angelica, 
 ^/- W by S. of Allwnj.is tho capital; 2nd, in 
 Fennsylvanw. pop. 1)1,2,(5, of which rittsburg, 
 200 miles U . of Harrsburg, ia the capital; and 
 Srd in Maryland, pop. 1A.«!»0, of which Cum- 
 berland 17;» miles W. N. W. of Annapolis, is 
 the chief town; also the naino of several town- 
 ships in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Allkn, a county of Kcntuckv, U. S. of North 
 AmeriM, pop. 7,T2!». Scotsville,' 1 60 milea S. W. 
 by ^s. of Frankfort, is tho chief town ; niso tho 
 name of a newly formed county in the state of 
 Ohio. 
 
 Allknbitro, a town of Prussia, on tho riv«r 
 Alle, 25 miles E. S. E. of Konigsbeig. 
 
 Allendale, a parish and mining district at 
 the foot of Fuller Hill in tho county of North- 
 umberland. 
 
 Allkndoiif, a town of Germany, ftimous for 
 Its salt-water, and three bridges over the Werra. 
 It IS 15 miles E. of Cassel; also the name of 
 several other small towns in Germany. 
 
 Allen, Lough, a lake of Ireland, co. Lei- 
 trim, in which the Shannon has its chief source. 
 A railway has been made to Lough Gill, about 
 1 1 miles distant. 
 
 Allerton, the name of a village in Lanca- 
 shire, England; another in Somerset; and of 6 
 others in Yorkshire. 
 
 Allehton, North. See North Allerton. 
 
 18 
 
 ALN 
 
 cal ed fl-om a river, which flows by Moulina 
 254.m"i1!'" ^"'"'' '*''"" ^'""'" * ""• 
 
 Ai.LoA, a sen-port, Olnckmnnnanahiro, .Scot- 
 land, nojir the mouth of tho rivor into tho Firth 
 of I. orth. jlere la a custom-house, nnd an cx- 
 collon dry dock, and its hnrlMiur i; tho resort 
 of all thj coal-vessels in tho n-5i';(hhourhoo<l. It 
 has a glass-houso, two distilleri.s. nnd two brow- 
 
 nL7; .r I""'"'? "^ *''"■'• " '" Kroat repute. 
 •H ''n *.".*:; '• " '"«'«'' "f »'• ft- in height 
 
 nearly opposite LialKin. * ' 
 
 Almadrn i)r La«<k)ob, n town of Spain, in 
 
 Mnncha, flimoua for iu rich mines of mercury 
 
 and vormilion. 45 miles S. W. of Ciudad llenl. 
 Almai)kn db la Plata, a town of Spain, in 
 
 Amlalusift, on the rivor Colar, 84 miles N. by E. 
 
 of Seville. ' 
 
 m.^i'ir*/' I\.**"T" »f Spain, in Murein, ro- 
 markablo for the victory gained '■" tho French 
 Hnd himniards oyer the allies, i.. 1707, whon 
 most of the English were killed or taken, hav- 
 .ng been abandoned by tho Portuguese horse at 
 the first charge. It is situate in a fertile plain, 
 oil the frontiew of Valencia, 85 miles S. W of 
 
 lai, .10, 4U. N. 
 
 Almeida, a fortifiwl town of Portugal, in 
 Ucira. It was taken by tho French, after a short 
 siege, in 1010, who afterwards demolished tho 
 fortifications. It is aitiiato on tho river Uoa 
 and near the borders of Spain, IB miles N e' 
 ot Guarda. 
 
 Almeria, a seaport of Spain, in Granada, 
 and a bishop's see, 8eiite<l at the mouth of the 
 Almeria,62 miles S.E. of Granada. Long. 2. 31 
 W. lat. 36. 51. N. 
 
 Almissa, a town of Dalmatia, famous for its 
 wmes. It stands at tho foot of a high rock 
 and at tho mouth of tho Cotina, 12 miles E. of 
 bpniatro. 
 
 Almodovar, (I town of Portugal, province of 
 Alentejo. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 Almodovar del Campo, a town of Spain 
 Wew Castile, a handsome town, at tho foot of 
 the Sierra Morena, 18 miles S. S. W. of Ciudad 
 Real. 
 
 Almondburt, a village W. R. Yorkshire, 
 seated on the Cnlder, 2 miles S. S. E. of Ilud- 
 dersfield. It was the Campodonum of tho Ro- 
 mans, afterward a seat of the Saxon kings, nnd 
 had once a castle and a cathedral. 
 
 Almunetau. a town of Spain, in Granada, 
 seated on the Mediterranean, with a good har- 
 bour, defended by a strong castle, 30 miles 
 S. S. E. of Alhama. Long. 3. 45. W. lat. 
 36. 40. N. 
 
 Alnwick, a considerable town in Northum- 
 Mrland. on the road to Scotland; a place pecii- 
 liarly fetal to Some of the ancient Scottish 
 monarcha. Here Malcolm III., making an in- 
 road m Northumberland, was killed, with Ed- 
 ward his son and his army defeated, by Robert 
 
 ;l 
 
ia. LonR. 1. 10. W. 
 
 orttigal, province of 
 
 ALP 
 
 Mowbmy. carl of tl.l. ««.,„tv. in 1 098, and l.oro 
 too n» great Kraiulwii, Willi,,,,, I. iny^i° 
 Lnglmul with nil army of 110.000 mmi, wna on- 
 countoriMl In. ,,r,ny route?, and himaclf rnndo 
 pri.oner, ,„ 174. Tho town appear, to h« " 
 Un onneryfortifl.,,!, from the vc«ti«t-. of a 
 wall .t>l to b« «.on in ^jvoral n„rt., and t 00 
 gate. w„„ . remain almost entire. Alnwick iS 
 
 . r ' IT ', '?*" ' "'"' '» onmmented by a 
 .^.tely old ( ot luc ««tle, tho wat of the Duke 
 of Northuni .eriand. It i. wuted on the AInoi 
 .110 m. u. N. I,y W. from London, 33 N."/ 
 Newc«»tlo, and 2(i S. of Berwick. "'''•"• 
 Ai.PNACii, a town of Switzerland, in Under- 
 walden seated on an arm of the lake of tlio 
 tour Cantons, C miles S. of Lucern 
 
 tt? Gulf „";n""""": "' "^"I"!'". whichVns a? 
 Switzerland, crones that country and Tyrol 
 separates Ocrnmny from Italy, and fermi.mtes' 
 « the N. part of tho Quif of Venice. This grand 
 Cham „ somotnnes divided into two or moi« 
 rulgcs ranging ono by another, with only nar- 
 row valley. iHJtweon, and tho different portions 
 have distinct appellation,, a. the Mnritimo, 
 1 onmno, Lcpontine, Holvoi=nn,Rhotian, Julian 
 At. Ihey ire composed m stupendous rocky 
 maMcs, two. four, and oven «ix being piled upon 
 
 of 4 miles. There are few passes over them, 
 and those of difficult access. Switzerland has 
 the contra! part of these i.iountains, and tho 
 valleys between them. Tho famous llnnnibal 
 nttcinptcd to cross the Alps on tho side of I'ied- 
 moMt, in tho winter season, when ho invaded 
 J aly, and loBt most of his elephants among 
 
 tJiiMn.rhey were passed successfully by a num(v 
 rous 1. reach army under tho command of 
 Napoleon Huonnparte, in 1000. 
 Alps, Uppku, a department of Franco, in- 
 
 It IS so called from its vicinity to tho moun- 
 tains of that name. The capital is Embrun 
 
 ALPS, Lowicn, a department of France, in- 
 cluding part of the late province of Provence. 
 The capital is Digno. 
 
 . Alps. MAiiiTiMB,a late department of France 
 md^uding the county of Nice. The cap3 S 
 
 Alpuxarks, high mountains in Spain, in 
 Granada^ near the Mediterranean. They are 
 inhabited by the Moriscos, who carefully cuN 
 
 wimLnT.*^?""''' "■'"'"'' P'"''""^** "^e'lont 
 "ines and fruits. 
 
 Ai-HESFoun, a town in Hampshire, with a 
 
 ?n M^'rw""/- ?"■* •* ""'"uf-'cture of linseys. 
 To the S. W. of the town is a piece of water 
 covering about 200 acres, which forms a head to 
 the river Itchin. It is 1)1 miles N. E. of South- 
 nmpton, and 67 W. S. W. of London. 
 
 Alsace, a late province of France, now di- 
 vided into the Upper and Lower Rhine, which Ke. 
 T;.m n'u" .'""'^'''' "'""'• "f Denmark, in the 
 
 mi IL W ;^^**T ^^"""'"'^ ""'* F""«". '00 
 milM w. of CopcnhagcM. Pop. 1 C 000. Tho 
 
 chief town is Sonderborg. 
 
 19 
 
 ALT 
 
 nc^s;-^a-^-KiS» 
 
 A14..KHA, a town of Nnplon. in the Mo"il „ n' 
 the river T.serno. 33 mili. N. K. of MolW 
 
 s.iT7Cb":;^'^''''-«"-^»-»e. 
 
 Alhtabt, a town of Upper Saxony in Th,. 
 Amtadt, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 
 N.TV.Tf tier "^"" ^-- ^"^ 
 
 b.fir:r^i:;:r^turS"^^S; 
 
 an iron-foundry, and „ shot-manu adu" and 
 in lU vicinity are numerous lead-minos 1?^. 
 
 trTynV2rmr'l'''L'' "" ""' «""•"«»> "' 
 
 inte^r^^^ng^'rraS Tr^T'^'^P" 
 W. of the*lndus, in ^.^4 at ToTn"! df 
 
 S'KtKnJf iT™' '^^- "-^' 
 Altaiiura. n town of Naples, at the foot of 
 
 ALTKrfAN. n town of Lower Snxonv in th» 
 territory of Drunswick, 8 mile. S. of Q^sTar 
 Altknbero, a town of Upper Saxony i„ 
 
 Ai.TKNiiuBo, a town of Upper Saxony in 
 Thuringia, with « castle on a rock, U ir^ated 
 on the Pleisso, 20 miles S. of Leipsic. 
 
 Aliknduro, r town of Lower Ifunearv on 
 
 l>«nube. Here are two churches and a college 
 and Its ancient castle is now principally S 
 
 PrX;? '"'"^^"''' ^' " ' 7 ^''«« s"sf E. of 
 ALTE.-«,KmcnKN,a town of Germany, in tho 
 Westerwaldj chief of the county of Sayn with 
 a castle. 15 miles N. N. E. of CoblenTz!^ * 
 
 rive™ nTn"' "',*="" "^ Piedmont, between the 
 nvers Doiro and Stura, 3 miles N. of Turin. 
 
 m^nr,"/ n"' " \.u? "' ^"»"««'> '" the depart- 
 ment of Upper Rhine, on an eminence, near 
 the source of the river III, 2.5 miles S. of cJlmi^. 
 
 on ^^^^i" "7. u "'"nP'hire. '^ith a market 
 on Saturday. It has manufacture, of worsted 
 
 W« "t"» ■'"''""'' '^® ^"'^ "« plantations of 
 FN V J% "^P^ °" *''« Wey. 28 mile. 
 Lo d °' ^"''•""Pton.and 47 W. S. W. of 
 
 Altona, a city and wa-port of Lower 
 
 t1^^.'!r/"H^"'f*^'"i.»«"*'"J ""'he Elbe con! 
 t«uous to Hamburgh-. The Danes built it in 
 this situation, that it might rival HambuWh n 
 
 W ^^'"t,'' T"" '•""'' ^y the Swedes hfm 
 but has been beautifully rebuilt, and is estt 
 
 A LTORP, a town of Franconin, in the territory 
 olNurn£r'''^"™-"y''«-'-S^ 
 
 C 2 
 
,.4KmmSittmimSm 
 
 V I 
 
 :i- 
 
 
 A L T 2ft 
 
 Altorf, or At.tdorf, a town of Switzerland, 
 capital of the canton of Uri. Here are two 
 Btone pillars, 130 paces from each other, at 
 which distiince Tell is said to have shot the 
 apple from his son's head. This deliverer of 
 liis country lived at Burgli.near this place, and 
 his cottage is changed into a chapel, where mass 
 18 solemnly said, Altorf stands on the lake of 
 Lucern, near the influx of the river Russ, 20 
 miles S. E. of Lucern. 
 
 Althingham, tn., Cheshire, market on Tues- 
 day. Here are several manufactures of worsted 
 and cotton ; and much fruit and vegetables are 
 sent hence to Manchester. It is seated near 
 the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, 30 miles N.E, 
 of Chester, and 180 N. W. of London. 
 
 Altunkupbi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, the 
 capital of Kurdistan, and the residence of a 
 pacha. It is situate on the river Altun, which 
 flows into the Tigris, 60 miles S. E. of Mosul. 
 Long. 44. 30. E. lat. 35. 45. N. 
 
 Alva de Tormes, h town of Spain, in Leon, 
 with a castle, once the residence of the cele- 
 brated Duke of Alva, seated on the Tormes, 16 
 hiiles S. E. of Salamanca. 
 
 Alvarado, a river of Mexico, in the province 
 of Vera Cruz, which rise* 40 miles above the 
 town of Cordova, and flows N. E. till it enters 
 the Gulf of Mexico, at a town of the same name, 
 40 miles S. E. of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Alvaston, a village in Gloucestershire, 8 
 miles N. by E. of Bristol. On the top of a hill, 
 near the Severn, is a round oamp, called Old- 
 bury, where several antiquities have been dug 
 up. 
 
 AiziUA.or AtciKA.a populous town of Si)ain, 
 which has a great trade in silk. It is surrounded 
 by the Zucar, 17 miles S. of Valencia. 
 
 Amadan, or Hamadan', a town of Persia, in 
 Irac Ajemi. Here are many Jews, who allege 
 that the tomhs of Mordecai and Esther are in 
 the place which serves them for a 'synagogue. 
 Amadan is a very ancient city ; on .ts site, or 
 near it, the ancient Ecijatana is supposed to 
 have stood. It is said to have been destroyed 
 by Nebuchadnezzar, and rebuilt by Darius, who 
 brought hither all his riches. It is situate to the 
 N. of the upper road from Bagdad to Ispahan, 
 about 16 miles from Kenghey. It has consider- 
 able manufactures of leather, and contains about 
 40,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Ahadia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Kur- 
 distan, governed by a bey, seated on a high 
 mountain, 40 miles S. E. of Gezira, Lone. 
 41. 35. E. lat. 37. 20. N. 
 
 Ahak, or Amager, an island of Denmark, 
 on which part of Copenhagen, called Christians- 
 hafen, is built. It is eight miles long and fojr 
 broad, and separated fronj Zealand by a narrow 
 channel, over which are two bridges that com- 
 municate with Copenhagen. It is laid out in 
 gardens and paatures, and s\ip)ilies Copenhagen 
 with milk, butter, and vegetables. 
 
 Amal, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, with 
 a good harbour on the lake Wenner. It has a 
 great trade in timber, deals, and tar j and is 175 
 miles S. W.of Upsjil. 
 
 Amalft, a sca-j ort of Naples, in Principato 
 
 AM B 
 
 Citeriore, and an archbishop's see. Flavio 
 Gioia, who is said to have invented the mari- 
 ner's compass, was a native of this town. It is 
 seated on the N. W. side of the Gulf of Salerno, 
 13 miles S. W. of Salerno. Lonj;. 14. 45. E. 
 lat. 40. 28. N. 
 
 Amand, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cher, near the river Cher, 21 miles S. 
 of Bourges. 
 
 Amand, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, with an abbey ; seated on the 
 Scarp, 7 miles N. of Valenciennes. 
 
 Amantea, a sea-port of Naples, near the bay 
 of Eufemia, 20 miles S. W. of Cosenza. 
 
 Amapalla, a sea-port of ".uatimala.in Nica- 
 ragua, seated on an island on the W. side of the 
 entrance of the Gulf of Fonseca. Long. 8". 30. 
 W. lat. 13. 10. N. 
 
 Amarapura. See Ummerapoora. 
 Ahasia, or Amasieii, a town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Natolia, the birth-place of Strabo, 
 ihe geographer. It is the capital of a province 
 which produces excellent wines and fruits. It 
 was devastated by an earthquake, in 1794. It is 
 seated on the Casalmack, which falls into the 
 Black Sea, 30 miles N. of Tocat. Long. 36. 
 E. lat. 40. 31. N. b • 
 
 Amazon, or Mar anon, a river of South 
 America, and the greatest in the world. Its 
 source is in Peru, not far fVom the Pacific Ocean, 
 an '. running E., it enters the Atlantic Ocean, 
 directly under the equinoctial line. Its course 
 is 3300 miles, its mouth is 150 milss broad, and, 
 i 500 miles from its mouth, it is 30 fethoms deep. 
 It receives, in its progress, near 200 rivers, many 
 of which have a course of 1500 miles, and some 
 of tliem not inferior to the Danube or the Nile 
 In the rainy season it overflows its banks, and 
 fertilizes the adjacent country. 
 
 Amba-Geshen, a rock in Abyssinia, of a most 
 prodigious steepness, in the form of a castle 
 built of freestone, and almost impregnable. The 
 Ethiopic princes were formerly banished hither 
 by their fethers, the emperors, that they might 
 not attempt any thing against the state ; and 
 that their residence might be as noted for its 
 height as their birth. 
 
 Ambero, a fortified town of Bavaria, with a 
 strong cost.''?. The magnificent church of St. 
 Martin contains many beautiful paintings and 
 curiosities; and the mint is esteemed one of the 
 finest buildings of the kind in Germany. In 
 1743, it was taken by the Austrians, and in 
 1796, by the French. It is seated on the river 
 Ills, or Wills, on the confines of the princi- 
 pality of Sultzoach, 40 miles E. of Nurembere. 
 Long. 11. 48. E. lat. 49. 27. N. 
 
 Ambert, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Puy de Dome. There are numerous 
 paper makers in its vicinity, and it has a trade 
 in coarse laces, camlets, ferrets, &c. It is 
 seated in a beautiful valley, on the river Dore, 
 21 miles E. of Issoire. 
 
 Ambli»ide, town of Westmoreland, standing 
 on the site of a Roman city, called Dictus, 
 with a market on Wednesday. Here is a 
 manufacture of woollen cloth. It is seated on 
 the Rothn, near the head of Windermere- 
 
A MB 
 
 m" v""' »r 'J't*^ ^- ^- "f Kendal, and 276 
 N. N. W. of London, 
 
 Lon' 14 4? f' ■ J AMni.ETF.usE a seaport of France, in the 
 
 J.on^.. 14. 45. E. ■ department of Pas de Calais, defended by a 
 
 battery. At this port Cic..-ir embarked "his 
 cavalry when he passed over into England; 
 and here Jarnes II. landed on his departure 
 from England, in 1688. It is seated on the 
 English channel 8 miles N. of Boulogne. 
 Long. 1. 36. E. lat. .50. 43. N. 
 
 Amdoise a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Indre and Loire. The town is 
 mean and ill-built ; but has been rendered 
 tamous in history, by the conspiracy of the 
 Hngiienots, m 1560, which opened the fatal 
 religious wars in France. Here Louis XI 
 instituted the order of St. Michael; it wa^ 
 also the birth-place of the poet Jesuit Com- 
 mine, and where Charles VIII. died It is 
 seated at the confluence. of the MasJee with 
 the Lon-o, 12 miles E. by N. of Tours, and 118 
 o. by VV. of Pans. 
 
 Amdotna, an island of the Moluccas, in the 
 l-ulian Ocean It is 56 miles In length from 
 W. to S. and divided on the W. side by a large 
 bay. into two j,arts ; the laigest of which is 
 called Hitou, and the other Leytimor. The 
 taee of tins island is beautiful; woody moun- 
 
 ^h'." ,1"'''""'. P'"'"" *'^'"g interspersed 
 uith hamlets and enriched by cultivation. 
 I he chiet products are cloves, nutmegs, sugar, 
 coffee, and many delicious fruits, but more 
 especial y cloves. The principal animals are 
 deer and wild hogs. The English and Dutch 
 Dad fiittories here at the beginning of the 17th 
 century; but the Dutch expelled the English 
 ni.d tortured and put to death many of them.' 
 J he natives wear large whiskers, 'and their 
 dress 18 only a slight piece of stuff wrapped 
 round their middle. The men buy their wives 
 of their parents, and, if they prove barren, the 
 marriage m void. They are generally Ma- 
 hometans; but there are some Chnstiuns 
 among them. This island was taken by the 
 English in 1796, and restored by the treaty of 
 Amiena in 1802; recaptured in 1810 Ld 
 again restored to the Dutch by the tre;ty at 
 tans in J. i 14, and confirmed in 1824 The 
 chief town is of the same name, neatly built 
 and stands near the S. W. extrmity.^ Fort 
 Victoria IS m long. 128. IS. E. lat. 3. 40 S 
 
 Ambrose St an island on the ciist of 
 Chill, 15 miles W. from St. Felix Island. The 
 crew of Captain Roberts, in 1792, killed and 
 
 iiOng, 80. 5.). \V. lat. 26. 13 S 
 
 PaHfi^'A"'" ""fn"^.,"'" ^'^^' Hebrides, in the 
 Tfi« , o^ r*;"?' ^^ ""''^^ '" circumference! Long. 
 Its. 12. L. lat. 16. 10. N. 
 
 rfn.^*"^°^!!*"' "^ Ahmedabad. a city of Hin- 
 dostan; the «.pital of Guzerat. The walls 
 fwelvp ^'\ 'k .^'■•''"'"'■erence. and contain 
 twelve g, es ; but now not a quarter of the 
 area IS inhabited. The mosque'and ton,!, of 
 
 t,i , ;r.t'\,^"^'y ^'^'""'' '^'-'^ •'"ilt "*■ ''tone 
 and inarbk., the last of exquisite workmanship 
 
 It wa.s taKen by General Goddard, in 178 ( 
 
 from the Poonal, Mahrattas. to whom it wa.s 
 
 21 
 
 AME 
 
 restored in 1783. It i, seated in a level 
 GuTf '^f r" " ""^'fble river that enters the 
 Gulf of Cambay, 320 miles N. of Bombay 
 Long. 72. 27. E. lat. 23. 18. N. "<""'^-^- 
 
 A.MEDNAOUR, a city and fort of Hindoostan 
 once the caj.ital of the soubah of Tt^^ n^Se* 
 
 latabad. fhis city was the residence of the 
 en,,,eror Aurungzebe, during his conquest of 
 the Ueccan and the Carnatic. In 1803 it was 
 
 Wnll" ^ l^^ ^i'''^ ""^y^ ""J« General 
 Wellesley, now Duke of Wellington.) It is 
 
 lat. 7tA^- "' ''"''""''• "^'"S- 75- 0. e! 
 Ameenabad, a town of Hindostan, in La- 
 here, 35 miles N. by W. of Lahore. 
 
 r;,l„ 'fQ**' "" 'f'''"'^ "" '^'^ '■"="'' of K'-wt Flo- 
 about 2 J^^^'""«.u"'^ 2 ^'"^'^ •• extending 
 rivers It M«r ""li m" ^on^oent, between the 
 r ers St. Mary and Naasau. It is very fertile 
 
 a Its n^oU'^H %"'''' o"" ^■^^■^"'^^"t harb" ': 
 at Its north end. Long. 82. 0. W. lat. 30 45 N 
 
 tain between the Tiber and Nira, 20 miles S 
 W of Spoleto, and 45 N. of Rom; ^ ' ''• 
 
 ,o1oo^"*C '"'"'"^ f ""*y "^ ^'"-g^ya- Pop. 
 10,320. Ihe court-house of the county i, 
 58 miles W. S. W. of Richmond ^ 
 
 America in its most comprehensive sense 
 and present acceptation, may be considered al 
 
 m?h^'' f '\' '^."^''"^l globe, "th^ 
 whole of the western hemisphere. It hks been 
 usual to speak of America L constituting one 
 of the four quarters, or four grand divisions of 
 
 ZSZl' 'T^^'!:^^^ 'f'e western hemi- 
 sphere should so long have remained subject to 
 a misnomer so obvious, and a designat on so 
 nappropna teand indefinite. Recent researches 
 faefZf 'f "'^'" have brought to light the 
 tact that America was visited long before its 
 
 the i o^p^" ^'T discovered this continent in 
 the year 986, and visited it for more than two 
 
 by Erik Rmde, an Icelander, about the com- 
 mencement of the 10th century; and one^f 
 Uiese colonists, Leif visited the continen o 
 
 Hen.in^'" m""', ,""1 "^""^ the districts o 
 Helluland, Markland. and Vinland, the last 
 bemg the present territory of the United StaS 
 rnany other particul..r« and descriptions are 
 still preserved. During the ignorance of the 
 
 Set aT' 'I""" -^r ^^"^« ^-"^ "«" '' V for- 
 gotten, and not revived till the present ceiiturv 
 by the antiquaries of Copenhagen. The S 
 era hemisphere again became kl;„ to EuTope 
 in he year 1433 „f the Christian era when 
 Christopher Columbus, a native of Gen^a who 
 from a long and close application to the 'study' 
 of geography and navigation, had obtai, e a 
 
 superior to the general notions of the a-'e in 
 
 g oho might l,e properly balanced, a.ai the 
 . .. s and seas proportioned to each other, was 
 f^d to conce.vo that another continent existed. 
 Having fully satisfied himself of the truth of 
 
I f 
 
 
 r 
 
 J: 
 fi 
 
 A M B a 
 
 thh •yrtem, he become impatient" to reduce it 
 to practice, and accordingly laid hia scheme 
 Defore the senate of Genoa, making his native 
 country the first offer of his services. Thev 
 however, rejected his proposal as the dream of 
 a chimerical projector. It met with the same 
 fete at the courts of Portugal, Spain, and 
 Jingland, and some of the other European 
 powers of less note; but, still undiscouraged, 
 he applied again to the court of Spain, who 
 were at length induced to fit out a squadron 
 of three small vessels, of which Columbus was 
 made admiral; and with these he set out on his 
 voyage of discovery, in 1492, in which voyage 
 he discovered several of the Bahama islands, 
 with those of Cuba and Hispaniola, and re- 
 turned to Spain in the following year. In a 
 WMond voyage he discovered many more of the 
 West India islands ; and in a third he attained 
 the great object of his ambition, by discovering 
 the southern division of the continent, near the 
 mouth of the Oroonoko. Amongst the crowd 
 of new adventurers who now followed ttom all 
 parts of Europe, was one Americus Vespucius, 
 a Florentine, who, with much art, and some 
 degree of elegance, drew up an amusing history 
 of his voyage, in which he insinuated that he 
 first discovered what is commonly called the 
 continent of the New World. This being pub- 
 lished, and read with admiration, the countrv 
 at large was, from him, cniled America, though 
 It 18 now well understood that Columbus was 
 the first discoverer. The celebrity of Colum- 
 bus and Americus Vespucius soon resounded 
 throughout all Europe, inspiring numbers of 
 adventurers to witness the fruits of their dis- 
 coveries. Among the rest, Giovanni Gabota 
 (anghcised Cabot) a Venetian, and his three 
 Mns, under the auspices of Henry VII. of 
 England, sailed from Bristol, in 1497, and 
 *™«ed the |Dast of Labrador as far as the 57th 
 aeg. of N.lat. On a second voyage, in the 
 following year, in a ship furnished by the kinjt 
 accompanied by four small barques provisioii^* 
 by the merchants of Bristol, under the direc 
 tion of Giovanni's second son, Sebastian, (who 
 had been bom in Bristol, hence the claim of 
 the northern division of the western hemisphere 
 having been discovered by an Englishman.) 
 they discovered the island of Newfoundland in 
 N. lat. about 47, and coasted southward as far 
 as Florida. Cabot made a third voyage to 
 Newfoundland in 1502, In 1519, a body of 
 Spaniards, under the command of Cortez 
 landed at Vera Cruz, and discovered the 
 populous district of Mexico. In 1524 the 
 French sent an expedition, which traversed the 
 coast from the lat. of 28. to 50. N. France, 
 Spain, and England each sent successive ex- 
 peditions to North America, and made attempts 
 to establish settlements; but so unsuccessfullv 
 that it 18 believed, that at the commencement 
 of the 17th century, not a single European 
 remained north of Mexico. In 1608, renewed 
 efforts were made by England; since when, 
 the extent, features, population, and produc- 
 tions of the whole of the western hemisphere 
 have progressively been developed to Europe 
 
 AME 
 
 •P 
 
 America, or the western hemisphere. Is tub 
 divided by nature into two grand divisions, 
 north and totith; very distinct in character 
 and feature, connected with each other by a 
 straggling extent of territory, stretching from 
 about the 8th to the 15th deg. of N, lat" 
 
 The northern division extends from the polar 
 regions to the 15th dcg. of N. lat., the more 
 northern part, as far as lat. 50., extending from 
 about the 56th to Ihfl 120th deg. of W. long 
 and at lat. 65. us far W. as 168 of Iouk! 
 From the 50th to the 30th deg. of lat. tira 
 country assumes a very compact form, extend- 
 ing at the N. from about the 62nd to the 124 th 
 deg. of long., gradually converging southerly, 
 and at lat. 30 extending only from about the 
 81st to the 115th deg. of long, at about the 
 30th deg. of N. lat. The great Gulf of Mexico 
 bounds the land from about the 80th to the 
 97th deg. of long., the land converging into a 
 promontory of about 10 deg. at the N., ex- 
 tending S. to the chain which unites the north- 
 em with the grand southern division, gradually 
 converging in long, to about 1 deg. only, in N. 
 
 ^^•J'liu"? '" ^- '°"8- ^^- The population 
 01 worth Amenca is estimated at 50,000,000 
 but It IS somewhat uncertain. The area is 
 about 8,000,000 sq. miles. The extreme length 
 of the grand northern division, in a straight, 
 unbroken line, from the mouth of the Copper- 
 mine River, which runs S. to N. into the Icy 
 Sea, in lat 70, to Acapulco, in lat. 17, is 
 about 3200 miles, and the extreme breadth, 
 from the mouth of the Penobscot river, which 
 fells into the Atlantic Ocean in N. lat. 44. 24. 
 W. long. 68. 45, to the mouth of Columbia 
 nver, which falls into the North Pacific Ocean 
 in N. lat. 46. W. long. 124, the distance is 
 about 2500. The northern part of this grand 
 division of the western hemisphere is indented 
 by Hudson's Bay, which extends from the Une 
 of the Arctic circle, to the 51st deg. of N. lat., 
 and, in its extreme breadth, fi-om tho 78th to 
 the 95th deg. of W. long. It is also intersected 
 by a chain of fteah water lakes of vast extent. 
 Athapescow, and the Slave Lake, (the latter of 
 great extent,) discharge their waters into the 
 Icy Sea; Winnipeg, and several of lesser ex- 
 tent and note, discharge their waters into 
 Hudson's Bay; whilst Superior, Michigan, 
 Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Champlain. between 
 the latitudes of 42 and 48. N. discharge their 
 waters by the great river St. Lawrence into the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the lat. of 50. N. and 
 W. long, about 65, the western extremity of 
 Lake Superior being in long, about 92. In- 
 numerable streams of water intersect the 
 country in all directions, which, by unions, 
 form themselves into noble rivers, several of 
 which run into Hudson's Bay, whilst those S. of 
 the great chain of lakes and the St. Lawrence, 
 nin a course from N. to S.orS. E.fallingintothe 
 Atlantic Ocean. Taking them in order from N. 
 to S. the most prominent are, St. John's, the Pe- 
 nobscot, Keiiebeck, Androscoggin, Piscalaqua, 
 Memmac, Connecticut, the Hudson or North Ri- 
 ver, Delaware, Susquehannah, Potomac, Rappa- 
 hanock, James river, Roanoke, Santee, and Sa- 
 
hemisphere, Is lub 
 two grand divitions, 
 listinct in character 
 ith each other by a 
 ory, stretching from 
 deg. of N, lat. 
 ctends from the polar 
 of N. lat., the more 
 . 50., extending from 
 Ith deg. of W. long., 
 fcV. as 168 of long. 
 0th deg. of lat. th« 
 mpact form, extend- 
 )e 62nd to the 124 th 
 onverging southerly, 
 jnly from about the 
 ' long, at about the 
 jreat Gulf of Mexico 
 Jut the 80th to the 
 id converging into a 
 leg. at the N., ex- 
 ch unites the north- 
 ti division, gradually 
 it 1 deg. only, in N. 
 5. The population 
 ated at 50,000,000, 
 tain. The area is 
 The extreme length 
 ision, in a straight, 
 suth of the Copper- 
 to N. into the Icy 
 ulco, in lat. 17, is 
 B extreme breadth, 
 lobscot river, which 
 n in N. lat. 44. 24. 
 nouth of Columbia 
 forth Pacific Ocean 
 S4, the distance is 
 part of this grand 
 lisphere is indented 
 tends from the line 
 1st deg. of N. lat., 
 1, from tho 78th to 
 t is also intersected 
 kes of vast extent. 
 Lake, (the latter of 
 jir waters into the 
 veral of lesser ex- 
 their waters into 
 iperior, Michigan, 
 hamplain, between 
 N. discharge their 
 Lawrence into the 
 lat. of PO. N. and 
 3tem extremity of 
 ig. about 92. In- 
 ter intersect the 
 ifhich, by unions, 
 rivers, several of 
 r, whilst those S. of 
 the St. Lawrence, 
 i. E.fallingintothe 
 Hi in order from N. 
 St. John's, the Pe- 
 Dggin, Piscataqua, 
 idson or North Ri- 
 , Potomac, Rappa- 
 e, Santee, and Sa- 
 
 S;'-;«^5^--ts;^s. s^fezt:;^^^^;' 
 
 of Mexico S. 
 to about th« 
 
 i 
 

a 
 
 
u ■ 
 
 ei^vni 
 
 the extent, features, population, and produc- 
 tions of the whole of the western hemisphere 
 have progressively been developed to Europe 
 
 Mernmac, Connecticut, tnenuason or i,u,i„iw. 
 ver, Delaware. Susquehannah, Potomac, Rippa- 1 
 hanock, James river, Roanoke, Santee, ondSa- 
 
 ir 
 !i: 
 
 6t 
 
 ill 
 
I80I1 or i.iuitiiAu- 
 
 ^tomac.Rippa- 1 
 Santee, and Sa- 
 
 A ME 
 
 TBniiBh. All theMrivors liave their sou rco E.ofa 
 chain of mountttinB, called the AiiegiH.y, running 
 parallel with the Atlantic ooatt, from about 
 onn Z '^«.'*-*'<J dog. of N. Int., and 2 to 
 
 300 mile* from the ocean. South of the 34th 
 dcg of lat. the Appalochicola, Alabama. Tom- 
 bechhee, and some other rivers of less note 
 run a course duo S. falling into the Gulf of 
 Mexico., West of the Allegany mountains, 
 innumerable other (reams have their source 
 forming another collection of noble rivers the 
 most imporUnt of which aro the Ohio 'and 
 lennessee, running from E. to W., the Mis- 
 souri, Kanzas, and Arkansas, and the lied 
 River, running from W. to E., all of which full 
 mto one grand channel, called the Mississippi 
 which has its source about the 47th deg of n' 
 lat., running a course nearly due S.. "fallinB 
 into the Ciulf of Mexico in lat. 29 6. N nml 
 89. 8. W. long. The Rio del Norte or' Rio 
 Bravo, another noble river, has its source west- 
 ward of the Arkansas and Red Rivers, in N 
 lat. about 42, and fells into the Gulf of Mexico 
 in N. lat. 26. W. long. 97. 25. On the west- 
 em coast, the Columbia and Colorado are the 
 only nvers of importance, and thev are not 
 considerable; the first falls into the Pacific 
 Ocean in N. lat about 45, and the other into 
 the Gulf of California in N. lat. about 32. A 
 ridge of mountoins runs parallel with the west- 
 em coast, the wliole extent of the N. division 
 from the point of tho promontory S. in lat l"' 
 to the lat. of 70. N., bearing W. from the kih 
 to the 122nd or 123rd of long., and about 10 
 deg from the western coast or shore of the 
 i-aahc Ocean ; this ridge, which seems to be a 
 continuation of the Andes of the southern 
 division, from the I;.th to about the 40th dea 
 of N. lat.. is called the Cordilleras, and, more 
 northerly, the Rocky Mountaimi; the greatest 
 altitude IS in N. iat. about 19. where the Popo- 
 catepest issues forth volcanic emptioiis at a 
 height of 17,720 ft. above the level of the scl 
 Another range of mountains runs parallel with 
 
 q^tw™.^;^*,'"""'', '='""*' <^'"n about the 
 3Sth to t;ie 46th d|.g. of N. lat., diverging into 
 Severn disUnct and parallel ridges, disipiated 
 
 ami Sri^"*?'""^; ";i'' ^"^S^"^' mountains, 
 and the Laurel and Chesnut ridges; and col- 
 lectively they are called the ;. lemny the 
 greatest altitude does not exceeu 4000 ft above 
 the level of the sea. 
 
 On the discovery of this vast territory, at the 
 periods previously stated, it was found, to the 
 N of the 30th deg. of lat., to be thinl^ popu- 
 lated with inhabitants, and, except the Esqui- 
 maux at the more northem part, possessingone 
 common character, and speoking one common 
 Janguage, though somewhat varied in dialect 
 In person, tall and well-proportioned ; com^ 
 plexion coppery, with long, straight, and some 
 what coarse, bkck hair; localized into various 
 tribes or communities, none of whom were 
 found to have made any, or very little, progress 
 ui the arts which contribute to the comfort of 
 Ute; spears and arrows being their only in- 
 Btruments of attack and subsistence, whilst 
 Mins, mats, and the coarsest cloth of reeds 
 
 IS 
 
 A ME 
 
 grtiM, or hemp, constituted th«ir chief olothin. 
 and protection from the .nclemency of th! 
 weather. They were, nevertheless, found po^ 
 •esBing many manly qualities and social virtues 
 until corrupted and debas«l by the vicioui 
 refinemenU of their invaders, before, whom 
 they have progressively receded as from a 
 pestilence; and from the effects of whisky and 
 rum, exchanged for tho fiirs which they col- 
 lected for the traders; and still more, by the 
 dreadful do«tru«tion from the small-pox. also 
 introduced by Europeans, whole tribes are 
 becoming extinct, and the names alone of 
 many powerful and numerous naUons. exist 
 now as historical remembrances. Of their 
 origin no trace or vestige, either traditional or 
 Historical, has as yet been discovered; but from 
 many similarities in manners, customs, religious 
 ceremoiuos. and peculiarities of language, of the 
 ancient Peruvans and Mexicans. Ind s^me of 
 
 ^fiJ?"'-fr.,'"'^',**'''='* """y be' almost iden 
 tified with those of the Malays. Indo-Chinaw 
 and Mongohans.and which are found certainly 
 in'ifn P i' ""•' ''■'.''^' t'^oughout the whole 
 ^L^ »^ fe^'"" "'."'"'•• "n'J«" *•>« hypothesis 
 good, tlm the population has been derived in 
 an ^,«ter/y direction from the older countries 
 and people of Asiatic origin. 
 
 Northerly from the 30th deg. of lat. this 
 division of the westem hemisphere contiS^, .lo 
 very remarkable natural fe!.ture«, eiZr of 
 
 «& h' ^^^^ ^^^ ""«" '^^ mountains 
 already described, except the falls of Niagara 
 
 and the natural bridge in Virginia, whichTwill 
 be found detailetl under those heads, and a few 
 onimols, especially the beaver, peculiar to tha 
 latitude, of 45 to 48. in this hemisphere In 
 the plains between the Allegany and Rockv 
 Mountains, fossil bones of aXals have S 
 lound, far exceeding in dimensions those of 
 any known animal at present existing, or that 
 have ever been found in any part of the 
 eastern hemisphere; neither the elephant, lion 
 tiger leopard, panther, nor hy«na. have been 
 found mthe northem division, but in the moi« 
 northern part, bears, wolves, foxes, and a 
 variety of smaller animals abound; the fea- 
 thered and vegetable kingdoms are various and 
 abundant, but exhibit nothing remarkable. In 
 
 ^nJZ"i ^- "^ "^" ^^'^ '^'«- of N. lat. the 
 ♦^ ^n?K i" 'T^""- T''*' promontory S. of 
 the 30th deg. of N. lat. exhibits more sublimity 
 
 \^n ^"T^y ""'* "'=''"«» °f production, 
 which will be found more particularly elucidaU^' 
 under the head of Mexico. eiuciUateU 
 
 The northem division of the westem hemis- 
 phere IS at present divided into three great 
 pa s; VIZ. 1st N., under the dominion of Gr^t 
 Britain which part extends N. from the Icy 
 Sea and polar regions, to about the 48th deg. 
 of N. lat., subdivided into seven provinces or 
 territories: viz. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick 
 Canada Lower and Upper, Labrador, New 
 Sojith Wales, and theN. W. territory. 2nd the 
 cen ml part, from the boundary of the British 
 temtories on the N. to the Gulf of MexiS S. 
 and W. from the Atlantic Ocean to about th« 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 AMB 
 
 lOOth (teg. of W. long., Mid from the 42n(l to 
 tho 49th deg. of N. Ittt. extending W. to the 
 I nciflc Ocean, under the rule of tho federal 
 Kovernmcnt of the U. S. qf Amtrica ; nnd, 
 an, the part extending t>om tho Unite<l Statct 
 •••mtofy N., to the isthmui which unitca the 
 northern with the grand wuthom division, 
 i nm part for three centuries continued under 
 the dominion of Spain; but, from the period of 
 IB JO or 1021, it may bo considered as forming 
 u separate and independent territory, which 
 will be found more fully exemplified under th« 
 head of Mexico| whilst the 1st and 2nd parta 
 will be found more fully treated under tho 
 heads of HriUsh and U. S. of America. 
 ^mM Division.—The southern division of 
 the western hemisphere is subtended from tho 
 chain which connects it with the northern 
 division, and extends through C8 deg. of lat 
 from Cape la Vela in 12. 12. N. to Cape Horn 
 m M. 58. S., being about 4100 miles, and. 
 under the lat. of 5. S., extends through 45 deg 
 ot long., from Cape St. Roque in 35. 40, to 
 Cnpe Blanco in 81. 10. W. It contains an 
 area of about 7,000,000 sq. miles, and a popu- 
 lation of 13,000,000. This division of the 
 western hemisphere, as previously stated, was 
 first discovered b^ Columbus (on his third 
 voyage from Spain,) on tho Ist of August, 
 mm; but it was not till the year 1531 that 
 any inroad was made, or knowledge obtained, 
 of Its extent and productions; in which year 
 three low and unprincipled adventurers, Pizarro 
 Alinagro, and the priest Lucques, landed on 
 the chain of the Isthmus of Panama, and pro- 
 ceediiig S, they discovered the rich and then 
 populous districts of Quito and Peru. In tho 
 year 1500, the Portuguese admiral, Alvarez do 
 Cnbral, commanding a squadron of 13 sail, 
 with 1200 men on board, destmed for the East 
 Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, having been 
 carried by westerly winds beyond the intended 
 longitude, accidentally discovered, on the 24th 
 of April, tho southern division of the western 
 hemisphere, about 4 deg. S. of the equator, 
 and, oil the following day, landed and took 
 possession of the country, since called the 
 frazils, in the name of the then potentate of 
 Portugaij and, although near half a century 
 elapsed before any effectual efforts were made 
 by the Portuguese to form a permanent settle- 
 ment, the whole of the southern division of tho 
 western hemisphere (with the exception of a 
 comparatively trifling extent of territory be- 
 tween tho 3rd and 7th deg. of N. lat., settled 
 by the Dutch, and the southern extremity, 
 continuing in possession of the natives,) fell 
 under the dominion of Spain and Portugal, the 
 apanish portion being divided into five depart- 
 ments: viz. New Granada, Venezuela. Pern, 
 Huenos Ayres, and Chili, each subdivided into 
 several provinces : the whole of the Portuguese 
 portion continuing under one general govern- 
 ment, the Brazils subdivided into several cap- 
 taincies, which will be found detailed under the 
 head Brazils. Since the period of 1025, the 
 domination and rule of both Spain and Por- 
 tugal has entirely ceased over every part of the 
 
 AM E 
 
 groat southern division of tho western hemt- 
 •phcTB, new and distinct goven.menu having 
 Mtablished themselves, giving riso to new 
 Doundanes and subdivisions of territory; which 
 willlw found detailed under tho several heads 
 of Columbia, Peru, Unitctl Provinces of La 
 I lata or South America, Chili, and the Brazils, 
 and the remaining porti.m under tho heads of 
 '!?.?**'""'• *^""»"». and Patagonia. 
 I ho natural features of this division of the 
 western hemisphero are in the highest degreo 
 grand and imposing; extensive fertile plains, 
 yielding variety and abundance of every thing 
 calculated for tho comfort of man, whilst the 
 mountains display the majesty of creation, 
 yielding abundance of malleable and indestnio- 
 tible metals, nnd innumerable streams, forming 
 tliemselves into noble rivers, yielding their 
 proporUon of supply, and affording facility of 
 conveyance, eminently contributing to promote 
 the sociality, enjoyment, and happiness of 
 •ociety. Tho range of mountains called tho 
 Andes, adverted to in the elucidation of tho 
 northern division, as extending from tho chain 
 to the Icy Sea, extends from the utmost ex- 
 tremity of this division south, to the chain 
 which unites it with tho north, running parallel 
 with the shores of the Pacific Ocean, at tho 
 distance of 100 to 200 milei from tho sea, and 
 occasionally diverging into parallel ridges, the 
 main ndgo maintaining an average altitude of 
 12,000 to 15,000 ft. above the level of the sea 
 ?DAo^ '''e whole extent of the continent. In 
 1802, the Prussian travellers, Messn. Hum- 
 boldt and Bonpland, ascended the peak of tho 
 Andes called Chimlwrazo, in the province of 
 Quito to the height of 19,400 ft., its extreme 
 a titude being 21,440. The peak of Cotopaxi. 
 40 miles S. E. of the ancient city of Quito is 
 volcanic, and frequently emits, with terrific 
 violence, from its summit, 18,898 ft. above tho 
 level of the sea. Various mountain ridges 
 mtersect the mr-v eastern parts of the conti- 
 pent, all running from south to north, similar 
 m diversity and altitude to the Allegany of the 
 northern division. The rivers run in every 
 toection; taking them from north to south, 
 the first demanding notice is the Magdalena • 
 2nd, Oroonoko ; 3rd, the Japura, Tunguragua, 
 Uaiyale, Madeira, and Tapajos, branches 
 which form tho Amazons; 4th, the Amguay ; 
 5th, the Pamaiba, or Marahnam ; Cth, the 
 Francisco; and, 7th, the Uruguay, Parana, 
 Paraguay, Pilcomayo, Vermejo, and Salado 
 branches, which form the Rio do la Plata, all 
 of which will bo found detailed under their 
 respective heads. The inhabitanU of this 
 division of thp western hemisjjhere, on the first 
 inroads of tht Spaniards, at the commencement 
 of the 16th century, appeared to be of tho 
 same stock, and poHsessing the same common 
 character of feature and colour, as those of tho 
 north, but, on the western side, much further 
 advanced in the arts of social life and enerva- 
 tion; but of their origin no credible account, 
 either of history or tradition, could be obtained. 
 Instead of an Adam, formed of the dust of the 
 earth, nnd an Eve, formed of Adam's rib, tho 
 
 '^! 
 
wcitem hernt 
 iimenta having 
 
 tim to ni'ir 
 rritoryj which 
 I MvemI hendt 
 ^vincM of Lb 
 nJ the Unizili^ 
 ' the hvmia of 
 a. 
 
 liviainn of the 
 HKhcRt degree 
 fertile piniua, 
 )f every thing 
 nn, whilRt the 
 
 of creation, 
 ind indestnio- 
 ;ami, forming 
 ieliling their 
 ing facility of 
 g to promote 
 happiness of 
 IS called the 
 iation of the 
 m the chain 
 ) utmost ex- 
 
 the chain 
 ning parallel 
 ceun, at the 
 the sen, and 
 
 1 ridges, the 
 i altitude of 
 (1 of the sea, 
 itinent. In 
 wra. Hum- 
 peak of the 
 province of 
 its extreme 
 f Cotopaxi, 
 of Quito, is 
 'ith terrific 
 
 :. above the 
 tain ridges 
 ' the conti- 
 rth, similur 
 [any of the 
 I in every 
 
 to south, 
 
 lagdalena ; 
 
 unguragua, 
 
 branches 
 
 Aniguay ; 
 i b'th, the 
 ', Parana, 
 id Salado 
 
 Plata, nil 
 ider their 
 9 of this 
 n the first 
 lencement 
 be of the 
 
 common 
 jse of the 
 ^h further 
 d enerva- 
 
 account, 
 obtained, 
 list of the 
 8 rib, tho 
 
 il 
 
Y 
 
It 
 
 1 j 1 
 
 ' 'I 
 
 II .1 
 
 i ; 
 
 tugal has entirely ceased over every part ot tne 
 
 eann, ana an r^ve, wniieu «, auuiu » nu. »,„ i 
 
 f 
 
I 
 
 AME 
 
 P^niTians had a Manca-Capac, who came 
 from an island on a great lake south, to in- 
 nruct their men in agriculture and other useflU 
 employmenta, and a Mama-Oello, to instruct 
 Wie women in spinning, and weaving. Of the 
 precise era, however, of their appearance, their 
 chronology was too imperfect to define; they 
 enumerated 14 reigns of incas or sovereigns 
 Mnce their time, which would carry the epoch 
 
 ^1 1 o^""**^ ^°*^ °^'''« 12th. or beginliing 
 of the 13th century. In the face of^idend 
 BO imperfect, it would bo absurd to hazard 
 even a conjecture, much more an assertion, 
 upon the subject of the first peopling of the 
 t?!^::v. ^"■l' .''"''ever, be feirly inferred 
 tnat the north division, subsequent to the last 
 great periodical immersion of tho northern 
 hemisphere, was f3«t peopled by emigrants 
 from the south, rather than from any pirt of 
 the eastern hemisphere. This seems probable, 
 «^7f T *h«i™iJ«rity of general feature 
 and character, as from the regular gradation of 
 the athletic power and energy which seemed to 
 prevail amongst them from south to north. 
 The most healthy and robust of the race would 
 doubtless be most likely to advance onward. 
 
 90 powerful as m the eastern hemisphere. The 
 
 ol Sfh "■ T^''-^'^ ^°'^^' ^''^«' '" the north 
 or south. The jaguar and cougar species of 
 the tiger, and the puma, a species of the lion 
 are common over every part of the southern 
 division of the western hemisphere, as well^ 
 the panther, leopard, and ounce; the lama and 
 ^cumi are peculiar to this part of the world; the 
 toma 18 not very dissimilar to the camel, but 
 [hi »„ r "''''.'y- *"<I tha vicuna still mor; so; 
 « LTi *""i^''' ^'"'^^^'■' P'o^J^es to become 
 a useful article for manufacturing purposes 
 
 tS ' ^ ^°'™ 8^^* "'''''«' °f 
 
 f^-fi^^^^i^^/^T'""^ '" species, and numerous. 
 tr^«^^!"f.i^'' ^"f^^ " considered superior 
 
 m the plains is another lawe bird of a sneciea 
 between the ostrich and iury o? New'^H^ 
 land; tliere are eagles of various kinds, and an 
 end ess vanety of smaller birds of exquisitelj 
 
 ttn K*"' • '"'*^- ^* " considered, however^ 
 that m physiognomy and tone, the bids of the 
 
 Sern" Th7'''''J'? ?!!^""'" *« *'«"'^ of the 
 ^tern. The wmged tribe and insects are va- 
 rious and infinite, some surpassing in beaulj, 
 and others m noxiousness; but. next to the vol- 
 «nie eruptions and natural convulsions of the 
 ^h, the greatest terror of the southern divi- 
 mon of the western hemisphere is the reptiles, 
 which exceed m variety, number, and vo^city 
 those of any other part of the worid. Of the 
 inhabitants of the waters, the electric e^l and 
 mk-fish are pecuhar to the eastern coast of the 
 
 Xrll'^ ^ "'"'^^' ">« "Pe^ie" common to 
 stiof ih^ '^f r'^". ^^ "'^^ abundant. Inde- 
 f,^7ht ■ ?."*"•« /"'» gem* are more abundant 
 n this division of the western hemisphere than 
 m any other part of the world; a^dfi ?„fa" 
 
 29 
 
 AMU 
 
 toi^?:nr.'"« ?»«*«'''' gold and sflver, seem 
 
 ^J^he mama, and even predilection for th^ 
 poaswaion. Copper, m several part*, is also 
 a^ndant The vegetable productions also^ 
 ceed in vanety beauty, and utility, those of 
 Asia or any other part of the globe whether 
 considered m reference to sustenank or to 
 hixury taste and adornment in art. The cU- 
 mate, though noxious in certain confined and 
 TZ situations, js on the whole delightful; in 
 short nothing 18 wanting but judicious and weU- 
 directed means, on the part of man, to render 
 
 mlT.- »r"l^T ^^"^•'" ""^ the western he- 
 mBphere the abode of enjoyment and happiness. 
 There are several islands on different parts of 
 the coast of the western hemisphere : taking 
 them n order. be^ai„g ^iOi the eastern coast . 
 fcJu""f'!l'''^y*"*"<l ^ follows: viz 
 ?,f/^l/^' f.^^ ^""^-''^ of Hudson's Bay 
 Anticosh at the mouth, and St John's or 
 
 l^Z ^f T'^'"' '" Newfoundland, and Cape 
 Sri k n^ ^"^"""'^ "^ 'he Gulf of St. Law- 
 
 S Z ^ n ^"f*^ oomprising Cuba, Hispa- 
 o v4 T^^-f r'T' '''*'"*1«». and numerous 
 P,.l?' ^""'^,' "' ^^^ """th of the Oroonoko; 
 f^"'^'^'^ m lat 62. S.; South Geoigia! in 
 
 Tt™*^*?V"- ^' '°"8' St«ten IslandTand 
 Terra del Fuego, at the extreme south point 
 of the continent; Chiloe. Juan Fernandez, the 
 Galapagos Queen Charlotte's, and the Fox 
 Islands, off the western coast, aU of which, » 
 well as Guatmiala, the provinces of Yucatan, 
 Honduras, Nicaragua, Mosquitia, Veragua 
 Panama, and Terra Firmrwhkh com^ 
 the Cham which unites the two grand divisions. 
 Sds ^ "°''^' ^^^" respective 
 
 of Mtrn^^'" '' N«^"'' '» -«« W. 
 
 Amerkote, a fort of Hindostan, in the ex- 
 
 Pud!L'r'""T?h^'^T'* '?*"'f " *''*' Indusand the 
 Puddar. This place is celebrated as the retreat 
 
 «nH h«!!™P*'"l""T'^"' during his troubles; 
 and here was born his son, the illustrious Ak- 
 bar. It 18 160 miles E. N. E. of Tatta 
 of m^^rY' * '"T* of HoUand, in the state 
 pt Utrecht. A considerable quantity of tobacco 
 isgrownintheneighbourhok It has a S 
 in beer, and goods from Germany are shipped 
 here for Amsterdam. It is seated in a fertile 
 
 of utK "^^^ ^°"'' ^" """" ^ ^- ^^ 
 
 AMEHSHAif, or Agmondbsham, a town in 
 ilucKinghamshire; market on Tuesday. It has 
 f„^"1! ir".t'"u""^"*"'« of black iace. The 
 
 .i.d"**'^'?^' •"■ AMBRESBUBY,a town in Wilt- 
 fi'A"^*'*.*'.^^"'^^' It is seated on the 
 Wer Avon, at the place where a number of 
 Bntons were treacherously murdered, and near 
 that famous monument of antiquity, Stone- 
 aS* ^u-^ r *•*« ™'"'' of a v;nerabb 
 iTIi, A J!!? P'"*1 save birth to the celebrated 
 fnT^7w'trLo.S:.«-"-N. of Salisbury. 
 
\l I 
 
 f 
 
 AMH 35 
 
 AmiiaA B district of Abywinla, between the 
 Uendor and Tacazze branches of the Nile. 
 
 Amherst, a small inland county of Vireinia 
 on the north bank of James's River. The court-' 
 house of the county is 130 miles W. of Rich- 
 mand. Pop. 12.576. Also the name of the 
 cmet town of Hilsborough county, New Hamp- 
 BHire, and of another town in Massachusete, 
 and another in Cumberland county. Nova 
 
 OCOtlH. 
 
 Amherst, a settlement belonging to the 
 British on the W. coast of Siam, at the en- 
 trance of Martaban Bay. 
 
 Amher&t 1UR0, a town and fort of Upper 
 Canada, on the east side of the river Detroit 
 at Its entrance into Lake Erie. Long. 82. 56 
 W. lat. 42. 36. N. 
 
 Amiens, a large and populous town of France, 
 in the department of Somme. It is a place of 
 great antiquity; being mentioned by Cosar fby 
 whom It is called Samaro-Briva) as a town that 
 /(aa made a vigorous resistance against the Ro- 
 mans, and where he convened a general assem- 
 bly of the Gauls. The town is encompassed 
 with ' wall and other fortifications; and the 
 ramparts are planted with trees, which form a 
 dehghtful walk. The city has five gates. At 
 tbe^te of Noyon there is a suburb, remarkable 
 for the abbey of St. Achen, The cathedral is 
 one of the largest and most magnificent churches 
 in a ranee. Three branches of the river Somme 
 pass through this city, and afterwards unite. 
 Amiens was taken by the Spaniards in 1597, but 
 retaken by Henry IV., who built a citadel in it. 
 07 "i^n^ V P***^^"' <»"cluded here, March 
 i7, 1802, between Spain, Holland, France, and 
 lingland. It has manufectures of linen and 
 woollen cloth, which employ, in the city and 
 adjacent country, 30,000 people. It is 20 
 mUes S. E. of Abbeville, and 75 N. of Paris. 
 
 Amlwch, a town of Wales, on the N. coast 
 of Anglesey, with a harbour for small vessels. 
 ii «r^-,"J''*" ^- ^- "^ Beaumaris, and 266 
 IS. W. of London. In 1768, when the Parys 
 copper mine was opened, it did not cont^n 
 above six houses. This mine yields a pro- 
 digious quantity of ore, the purest of which is 
 exported to Swansea to be smelted. 
 
 Amman, a town of Syria, anciently the capital 
 of the Ammonites, called Rabbah Ammon.and 
 by the Greeks Philadelphia, and now the prin- 
 cipal place of a district. It is 30 miles S. W. 
 of Bosra, and 52 N. of Jerusalem. 
 
 Amol, a town of Usbeck Tartary, in T «. 
 charia, and a place of considerable trade, 't 
 18 seated on the Amu, which falls into the sea 
 of Aral, 60 miles W. of Bucharia. Lone. 60 
 40. E. lat. 39. 20. N. 
 
 Amol, a town of Persia, in Mazanderan, with 
 the remains of an ancient fortress and palace. 
 It has manufactures of cotton, and in the neigh- 
 bourhood are iron-mines and cannon-foundries. 
 It stands in a plain at the foot of Mount Tau- 
 rus, and on the borders of t>-e Caspian Sea, 
 30 miles N. W. of Ferabad. Long. 52. 38 E 
 lat. 37. 30. A. a ■ ^. 
 
 Amoroo, an island of the Archipelago, fer- 
 tile in wme, oil, and com. The bfwt cultivated 
 
 AMS 
 
 parts belong to a monastery. It is 30 miles b 
 
 Se^Sxan "' "^*'"*' * "^'* °' Chinese Tartary. 
 AMOY.an isUnd on the S. E. coast of China. 
 
 15 miles m circumference. The English had a 
 toctory here, but abandoned it on account of the 
 ^positions of the inhabitants. Its port, on the 
 
 rfnl nn "J.**^"^'** ***■ 'e««"ng 1000 ships, 
 liong. 1 18. 45. E. lat. 24. 20 N 
 
 n,^^''fuu"' * '".'? "*' *'™"ce,'in the depart- 
 ?^ ■?^ ^H""*' ««lebrated for its wines. It is 
 
 16 miles W. of Villefranche, and 26 N. W. of 
 Lyons. 
 
 Ampthill, a town in Bedfordshire. Market 
 on Thureday. It was the residence of Catherine, 
 queen of Henry VIII., during the time that he^ 
 unjust divorce was in agitation. It is situate 
 
 ^. M *w**? r^^'^J ^ ™"«' S. of Bedford, and 
 45 N. W. of London. 
 
 Ampurias, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 at the mouth of the Fluvia, 70 miles N. E. of 
 Barcelona. Long. 3. 0. E. lat. 42. 9. N. 
 
 Amras, a castle or palace of Germany, in 
 Tyrol, at the foot of a mountain, 2 miles S. E 
 of Inspruck. 
 
 Amsterdam, the principal city of Holland 
 Proper, situate on the south bank of an inlet of 
 Uie Zuyder Zee. It was formerly an insignificant 
 fishing town ; became a place of some import- 
 ance towards the close of the 14th century in 
 1482 it was first fortified; and towards the close 
 of the 16th, and commencement of the 17th 
 centuries, increased greatly in population and 
 consequence, and after the decline of Venice 
 and Genoa as emporiums of commerce, when 
 the intercourse with Asia by the Cape of Good 
 Hope had become established, Amsterdam be- 
 came one of the most considerable commercial 
 cities m Europe. Although its external inter- 
 course was greatly impeded during the French 
 revolutionary war, subsequent to 1795, and 
 greatly rivalled by Rotterdam and Antwerp since 
 the peace of 1814, and somewhat decreased in 
 popul&tion, Amsterdam still ranks amongst the 
 largest and most respectable commercial cities 
 in Europe. Few places have their public build- 
 ings so fine, numerous, and well kept. Here aw 
 many handsome churches, coUeges, and hospitals 
 for all religions and countries. The exchange 
 is one of the principal ornaments of the city, and 
 the harbour is one of the finest in Fjurope. The 
 foundation of this town is laid upon piles, driven 
 into a morass, and under the stadthouse alone 
 are 13,659. The streets are. broad and well 
 paved, and most of them have canals, with rows 
 of trees on each side; but there are no spacious 
 public places, or squares. It surrendered to the 
 king of Prussia, in Oct. 1787, when that prince 
 invaded Holland, in favour of the stadtholder ; 
 and it received the French troops in Jan. 1795 
 without any resistance. The French, however 
 were expelled in November, 1813, by the in- 
 habitants, and the ancient government restored. 
 The river Amstell divides the town into two 
 parts, the Old, or Eastern, and the New, or 
 Western. It is 70 miles N. W, of Cleves, and 
 
AMS 
 
 52. ?A.^ "' ^"*''"''- ^°°K- *• *2. E. lat. 
 
 .hA^T"";^" '^^ St. Paul, two islands in 
 the Indmn Ocean, lying i„ the same kZtude 
 at 40 miles distance. Their names are merS 
 
 The foLo " \-",?/''? •°"'''«™ Amsterdam. 
 rll ^^o " ■'?'«'' '""<^' "^d upward of 4 milw 
 long, and 2 miles broad. It has evident m^kl 
 
 «L '*!:'"„ ^""P""" '■" e^^T part. Md is 
 a most wholly covered with a deep fertile soi^ 
 
 ^^tc^^^^'^f'T: OntheUsideS 
 great crater, into which the sea has made « 
 
 a"rT?o"oZV-'""'"' ^"^"«=«' KeTvingld^ 
 «n^ • /f * "■ perpendicular height, in which 
 
 ^ i^vem! hoT""-^ '"'tl "^'"^ th?^.' 
 r^Ser^'^;!?^ Tnira "d l^Z^Z^ 
 
 4\-'ria??'inrs'"^«-^^- '-^' '?• 
 
 peifdent TX;v^*"• °L®u^"«' " "^«' «f I"de. 
 W.rSrr^u^rt and ptiVan?S^i^S 
 
 miles, part of which is through a1^ °" 
 
 Amwfxl. a village in HertfordsW^,a mile 
 
 ti^ Ware, famous for originaUy giC^ 
 
 Anacopu, the capital of the nation of the Ah 
 A»!l ^' ¥c"«- *"• 3»- E. lat. 43.20. N 
 
 AnaDOLI. &eNATOLIA. 
 
 in f "^''•f '"'^n of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck 
 
 240 S. S. E. of DiarbeLS: ""L^^ftW 
 
 m mto^J^T'E'Trffi''™^"' •" Mysore, 
 of Bani?-^'"^*^'"'"«^'°«8.'«>d 120 N.' 
 
 Anapa, a town in Circassia, on the Black Sea. 
 *t 18 now much reduced. ^ 
 
 Anaquito, a district in the province of Onif « 
 and kingdom of Peru, where AtaaL aid 
 Pizarro (jo nt discoverers of PoJ^\^^ ^ 
 each other in battle. In" ^^™^ •'"«^^ 
 
 .-A'VBAR.atownof AaaticTurkev in T«« *_, 
 
 b.,^tedontheEuphmtes 60m.'^.'"fXdaT 
 Ancarani, a town of Italy, 6 mileTN of 
 
 Ascoli, and 82 N. E. of Romil ' °^ 
 
 Ancasteb, a village in Lincolnshire, 15 miles 
 
 27 
 
 AN D 
 
 Ancenis, a town of France fn ♦>,- j .^ 
 ment of Lower Loire seated^nti, ? '^^P"'*- 
 miles E. of NanuT^' ^''^ ^''''- 2® 
 
 AwLAM, a fortified town of Hither Pn™^ 
 
 . Ancona, Mabquisatb op, a maritime nm. 
 vince of the states of thechJrch ItdvT.PnT 
 bj the a' ^' '^ '^-A'^^CA' tt" W 
 
 Ancona, a city and seaport of Italy in tli« 
 oS"a"h?r"Tr"t^"^''«'^'-^»^- 
 
 ??/• •»"'»« mole, to render theha^'bou ^e 
 
 ^bv&a"n*^'^'"L"' ''•^ ancSt Se 
 rawed by Trajan, and is above 2000 ft in lazZh 
 
 Wr^^o^r^T^ ^'*™^"' XII. er^ctX 
 laMretto, which advances a little wav intn V{.« 
 
 oWw;'^!r,!^^Pf"'««-- GrLTnumlS: 
 oi Jews are settled in this city whpr« fho« »,o 
 
 a synagogue; and they havSe pSjaTst 
 
 of ite commerce. Ancona was taken in 1796 bv 
 
 20,000. ' ^°P' about 
 
 Anoovb, a district of Madacascar in ♦>.« 
 
 centre of the island Pop. abouf^^O it 
 
 ^rri^o^bnt' r** ,''"* ""'« agriculture iS 
 carrieaonj but the slave trade \^ tho ««•« 
 
 opal employment. Aucovror T^nil- '^i "" 
 
 Andahdilas, the chief town of a district of 
 
 stJri M ' ^"^ova, Jacn, and the colony of 
 Sierra Morenaj bounded on the N. by Eat^ZZ 
 durc and La Mancha, E. by Murc^ S hvTl^ 
 Mediterranean, and W. by the A^lnn.-^ ^1 
 
 the hn»fiA ""'evacuated it m consequence of 
 L Sevil" "^ Salamanca, in 1812. The capital 
 Andalusia, New. See Paria. 
 
 E.irrthXVBeC'^'^s: r '"« 
 
 called Great Andama^ -fTIn mil 1 '"'■«^'*' 
 16 •'-d.indenterbTde^p^S.'^'ti^'^;^ 
 
 I I 
 
 m 
 
AND 
 
 28 
 
 
 hwiwuM, an., intersected by vwt creeks, one of 
 Which passes quite through the island, and at 
 nigh water is navigable for small vessels. The 
 forests afford some precious trees, as ebonv 
 and the nicobar bread-fruit ; and the edible 
 bird 8 nests abound here. The only quadru- 
 peds seem to be wild hogs, monkeys, and mts. 
 Ihe inhabitants are in a state of barbarism, and 
 live chiefly on fish, fruits, and herbs ; they per. 
 fectly resemble negroes, and their canoes are 
 of the rudest kind. In 1793, the English made 
 a settlement on the N. end of Great Andaman, 
 the lai^est island, which is called Port Com- 
 wallis, and has a commodious harbour, to 
 shelter ships during the N. E. monsoon. Long 
 93. 0. E. lat. 13. 30. N. 
 
 Andatb, a fortified town of Fiance, in the 
 department of Lower Pyrenees, famous for its 
 brandy. It is situate near the mouth of the 
 Bidassoa, almost opposite Fontarabin, in Spain. 
 18 miles S. W. of Bayonne. ^ ' 
 
 Andelpinoen, a town in Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Zurich, on the Thur river, over which ia 
 a covered bndge. 
 
 Andely, a town of Prance, in the department 
 
 ? -.7."'^; ^^"'^^^ ^y * P*^^ '°'^ '"to Great and 
 JUittle Andely, a mile from each other. Great 
 Andely is on the rivulet Gamons. and Little 
 Andely on the Seine. The cloths manufactured 
 here are m high esteem. It is 17 miles N. E. 
 of Evreux, and 20 S. E. of Rouen. 
 
 Anderab a town of Turkestan, in Usbek 
 lartary, or Himalaya. In its vicinity are rich 
 ^fT'!^u*^'*P" lazuli. It is seated on a branch 
 ot tfte Uihon Amu, and near a pass through the 
 mountains of Hindoo-koosh, into the kingdom 
 
 fi« ^"o"''^'',^^® ""^ ^- S- E. of Balk. Long. 
 68. 58. E. lat. 36. 10. N. " 
 
 Andero, St. See Santandeb. 
 Andernach, a town in the grand duchy of 
 the Lower Rhine, now forming part of the 
 Prussian territory. Great quantities of timber 
 are collected here, which are formed into vast 
 rafts, and floated hence to Dordrecht, in Hol- 
 land. It is seated on the Rhine, 20 miles N. 
 *V . of Coblentz. 
 
 AmES, a chain of mountains running through 
 the whole extent of both the S.and N. divisions 
 ot the western hemisphere, from the utmost 
 extremity of the southern division, in S. lat. 54. 
 to about the lat. of 18. S.; they continue, in an 
 H" » ®!i ^"^' '° "■"" parallel with the shore of 
 the Pacific Ocean, at a distance of 100 to 200 
 miles, with here and there parallel ridges further 
 east, and at an altitude of 12,000 to 15,000 feet 
 above the level of the sea; from about the 18th 
 to the 1 5th degree of S. lat. the chain is some- 
 what broken, but further N. they assume a more 
 grand and imposing form, diverging into parallel 
 ridges and rising near the equator to an altitude 
 ot J 1,404 feet, and in several places issue forth 
 volcanic eruptions with terrific violence. N of 
 the equator they diverge into four parallel and 
 distiiict ridges, running to the shores of the 
 Caribbean Sea, and the outermost ridge skirtine 
 the coast of that sea to the Atlantic. Through 
 the chain which unites the two grand divisions 
 ot Amenca, or the western hemisphere, the 
 
 AND 
 
 mountains are considerably broken ; but at 
 about the 15th degree of N. lat.. through the 
 tf .Titory of Mexico, they again assume their 
 wonted grandeur, rising to a height of 17J20 
 feet, and again pouring forth volcanic matter, 
 and proceed in an unbroken line at a somewhat 
 greater distance from the sea than through the 
 t). division, by the name of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, to the Icy Sea. in the 70th deg. N. lat. 
 From the 40th deg. of lat. S. to the 30th N. 
 the Andes abound with gold, silver, copper, and 
 other metallic substances. For moi-e minute 
 details see America, and the several countries 
 through which the Andes run. 
 
 Anderson, a co. of the state of Tennessee, 
 pop. 5658. Clinton is the chief town. 150 
 miles E. by N. of Murfreesborough. 
 
 Andlau, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Rhine, with a castle, situate on 
 a mountain, 18 miles S. S. W. of Strasburg. 
 
 Andoveb, borough, Hampshire, returning 
 two members to parliament; market on Satur- 
 day; a manufacture of shalloons, and a consi- 
 derable trade in malt. It is situate near the 
 river Ar>;iie, 14 miles W. by N. of Winchester 
 and 63 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Andoveb, a town of Massachusets, in Essex 
 »T?'^/ .**^'® '^ *" excellent academv called 
 i'hilip 8 Acad.;my, also manufactures o'f paper 
 and gunpowde, . it is situate on the Shawsheen. 
 30 miles W.S. W. of Newbury Port, and 22 
 li. N. W. of Boston. Also the name of several 
 other towns in the U. S. of America. 
 
 Andraoiry, or Indraqiri, the capital of a 
 kingdom on the E. coast of the island of Su- 
 matra. The chief produce is pepper. It is 
 seated on a river commodious for trade, 200 
 miles N. by W. of Bencoolen. Long. 102. 0. 
 Xj. lat. 0. 58. S. 
 
 Andrarum, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, 
 with the greatest alum- work in the kingdom. 
 It 18 ten miles S. of Christianatadt. 
 Andreasberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 
 ?« S^v*^l™5'';!:''K' ^'«' good silver mines. 
 28 miles N. E. of Gottingen. 
 
 And^w, St., a town of Germany, in Carin- 
 thia,and a bishop's see; seated on the river 
 Lavant, 20 miles E. N. E. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Andrew, St., a seaport town of New Bruns- 
 wick, at the entrance of Passamaquoddy River. 
 Andrew, St., a city of Scotland, in Fifeshire. 
 once the metropolis of the Pictish kingdom, 
 and the see of an archbishop, and still the seat 
 ot the oldest Scotch university. The university 
 was founded by Bishop Wardlaw, in 1411, and 
 consists of two colleges. The cathedral, the 
 chapel of St. Regulus, the church of St. Sal- 
 vador, and the priory, have been noble struc- 
 tur'es. The castle was the scene of the cruelty 
 and punishment of Cardinal Beton : the win- 
 dow 18 Btill shown from which he beheld the 
 martyrdom of George Wishart, who was burnt 
 on the spot beneath; and in this castle he him- 
 self was assjissinated in 1546. It is a place of 
 little trade, and the harbour is in bad condition 
 It IS seated at the bot'.,.m of a bay, on the level 
 top of a small hill, 30 miles N. N. E. of Edin- 
 burgh. Long. 2. 50. W. lat. 66. 10. N 
 
 K <iil 
 
AND 
 
 Cycladcs* It has fertile ni- """ "u't*' ""'='*'"' 
 watered ; and i? wan 1 i^? ' '''"".^"« *''" 
 The inhabitants arTofthJ^.* f"^ *'"»'«'"• 
 ha.e a biahop and °, "f ^'"^'^ ^^j.'-'^h, and 
 principal richw of th7,Tf ?°""«t?"e»- The 
 
 runs into New HnJZh- , '® "^ Maine, 
 
 above Us confluence with the sS^ "''^'' 
 
 Anduse, a town of France don ro,j 
 factures, hats sto.-l/in™ j ^ ,f^' '"a""" 
 Pop. 5000 ''°''""8«' «"*! 'woollen febrics. 
 
 AniTush:";i°i;l''S^«. «Jown of Spain. i„ 
 
 churches and convent Th^^ '""'^ ''T''^"' 
 in wheat, wine o^I L„ ^ ^""VT" ^'^"nd 
 
 seated on\rGuatlq'uiveTrd'o;t- '* " 
 post road from Madrid, distant ?u I ^ «^f* 
 way of Cordova to Sevillfa" Sl'"^"'*' "^ 
 ANEQADA, the most northern of thn Pn„r u 
 y-rgm Islands. Long. 64. 7. W kt 1« Z* m** 
 h >s low, and excelling ; 'dan— to ^;-^- 
 coming from the E. """gerous to ships 
 
 ext^Jemiir^f^CaiT""''' ^^''^' '''« '""'hern 
 
 »u<^r-cane, are lultivafed "'' ^'"'' ''"^ ^^e 
 
 .tatTNe';;tork ?«'"• 1 ^^^^^^ ^-^^ 
 Pop. in 1820, fsTS' '' ""''^ ^- °^ A'bany': 
 
 of uSo.' ^'•''' ""^^ °^ ^""J^- '4 miles S. W. 
 N. w"of°cS;:," ""^ "^ ^"P'^' « '""^ N. 
 
 tos^rcr^"^°^M---*^p-B.ABK 
 
 fves .rm^'^ro^S S. Vtf Lnt?' '' 
 ^^ong .>2. 15. E. lat. 54. 8 N ^""'8*^^'8- 
 
 of Swede^Tn Vor.1'"!fT~''^~'''" P^°vince 
 from •'? toflOK 1'''iu''' ^^^ »""«« Jong, and 
 theE:o„'''i»^™f./he wide^^ part be!;g "J 
 
 tainousand woSl ^n/'"^""'- '' '« "'°""- 
 
 --work"s^ ^Tt^cCf^:.^■^rIrnr„r^ 
 
 29 
 
 ANG 
 
 N. N. E. of Ber"in ^'*"''''' ^» '»"«' 
 
 Part^ [";; iSa^ 1y L^"*'^' '■" '"« «^- 
 the confluence of the &rteth"''r"-""'"^ "«" • 
 Maine, which dividc-i th?. , •'/''^ Loire, and the 
 
 «e< Kng of Sr«d^',S''St,''8'"" " 
 of Pii™!...j "' oiLjiy, ana (^ueen of Henrv VI 
 
 butt"SecLT^v:K^:;r t^ i^^^ 
 
 handkerchieft ^■rntr^^Xr"'^'-? "f 
 of the slate quamrat^h^'*^ "' • P'"'^"*^* 
 suburb of BrSf V„Li t. ''^-^'"''^ "^ ""e 
 tant article of^S^Tfi^'T "•".''"P"'- 
 king John of EnXd ^^7^^"'^' ""•'' ''^'^^ 
 remain nearly en/^^ surrounded it in 1214, 
 
 circumferene? ?? fj ^o'' T °^ ^^^^ «'««» 
 Nantes, anSlVs S W „? T^?" ^- N- E. of 
 W. lat. 47. 28 N ""'• ^°"8- «• 33. 
 
 from nTwL ihe?7^ ' °^'""^' "'^ '"^«d^« 
 
 hedges, waterpjl h,r « ' witnout trees or 
 
 gras^aidcorn and^aZ"'T"'-""'' ^«^'« '"n 
 island prorces?! „ ♦'^1"«''*^''"1«- This 
 sulphurS " Te I^Ttrtt "PP" "^-^ 
 green marble intermi?;! witKbest'os""'!? "^ 
 
 anrH°j;;hrdt:'t£ sr- "eaul^ 
 
 wei^rTclfofl^i^S^"' •'^^^-'•''y "" '^- 
 tor to theTsth 'or^i4lfc'Ts"Z' ''' '^''"" 
 heading Lo^ngo. Congoll^t ftpTroTd 
 
' ■ i 
 
 i 
 
 ANG 
 
 Benguela,i8 commonly called Angola; but An- 
 gola Proper, or the kingdom of Angola, lies S, 
 of the Congo, between the lat. of 7. to 9. S. 
 All this part of the coast of S. AfKca is well 
 watered, and exceedingly capable of yielding 
 abundance, not only of subsisting, but of luxu- 
 riant productions ; but it is divided into nume- 
 rous petty states &nC sovereignties, the chiefs of 
 which lire in constani, collision with each other; 
 since the restriction of the traffic in slaves to 
 the S. of the equator, rapine and cruelty have 
 reigned with uncontrolled sway over the whole 
 of this fine and extensive district ; and since 
 the period of 1815, 1816, more than 100,0U0 
 of the natives have been annually transported 
 as slaves, by the French, Spaniards, and Por- 
 tuguese, to Martinique, Guadaloupe, Cuba, and 
 the Brazils. St. Paulo de Loango, in lat. about 
 8. 30. S., is the principal place on the coast of 
 Angola Proper, at which the Brazilians more 
 particularly carry on their operations of slsve- 
 traflSc, Abstracted from the unsociulizing and 
 debasing influence which the slave-traffic is so 
 strongly calculated to excite and promote, the 
 inhabitants of this part of S. Africa are much 
 addicted to habits of idleness, idolatiy, and 
 polygamy. 
 
 Angora, or Anooubi, the ancient Ancyra, a 
 city of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a Greek 
 archbishop's see, remarkable for its remains of 
 antiquity ; such as inscriptions, pillars, ruins of 
 temples, &c. The castle has a triple enclosure, 
 and the walls are of white marble and stone, 
 resembling porphyry. The inhabitants are es- 
 timated at 100,000. Here are bred the finest 
 goats in the world ; the hair, being almost like 
 silk, is worked into fine stuffs. It stands in a 
 'ofty situation, 212 miles S. E. of Constantino- 
 ple. Long. 32. 60. E. lat. 40. 4. N. 
 
 Angora, or Angaba, a river of Siberia, issu- 
 ing from Lake Baikal. It joins the Tungouska, 
 after passing Irkutsk. 
 
 Anooulehk, a town of France, capital of 
 the department of Charente, and the see of a 
 bishop. It is seated on a mountain surrounded 
 by rocks. The river Charente runs at the foot 
 of it ; and there are some paper manufactures 
 in its environs. It is SO miles W. S. W. of 
 Limoges. Long. 0. 9. E. lat. 46. 39. N. 
 
 Anooumais, a late prov. of France, bounded 
 on the N. by Poitou, E. by Limosin and Marche, 
 S. by Perricord, and W. by Saintonge. It is 
 now distributed among the departments of 
 Charente, Dordogne, and Deux Sevres. 
 
 Angra, the capital of Terceira, one of the 
 Azores. It is a bishop's see, and the residence 
 of the governor of the Azores. The town is 
 well built, and populous ; and here are royal 
 magazines for all sorts of naval stores, a cathe- 
 dral, five churches, and "flveral monastic houses. 
 It stands on a bay, between two mountains, on 
 the S. side of the island. Long 27. 12. W. 
 lat. 38. 39. N. 
 
 Angroona, a commune of Piedmont, on a 
 river of the same name, 7 miles W. of Pignerol, 
 Anouilla, or Snake Island, the most nor- 
 therly of the English Leeward islands in the 
 West Indies. It is 30 miles long and 3 broad, 
 
 W 
 
 ANN 
 
 wmding somewhat in the manner of a inaka, 
 and is 60 miles N. W. of St. Christopher. 
 Long. 62. 36. W. lat. Itt. 16. N. One of the 
 Bahama islands is also called Anguilla. 
 
 Anousshire, or Forfarshire, a maritime 
 county on the N. E. coast of Scotland;. bounded 
 on the S. by the Frith of Tay, W. by the county 
 of Perth, and N. by Kincardineshire. The 
 chief towns are Dundee, Arbroath, Forfar, 
 Montrose, and Brechin. It is prettily diversi- 
 fied with hill, dale, and water. In the vicinity 
 of For&r are several lakes, or lochs, as they 
 nre here termed. It sends one member to 
 parliament. 
 
 Anhalt, a principality of Germany, in Upper 
 Saxony, 42 miles long and 10 brood ; bounded 
 on the S. by Mansfield, W. by Halberstadt, E. 
 by the duchy of Saxony, and N. by Magdeburg. 
 It abounds in com, and is watered by the Salde 
 and Mulda. Its ancient castle is gone to decay. 
 Zerbst is the capital. 
 
 Anholt, an island of Denmark, in the Cate- 
 gat, surrounded by sand-banks so dangerous to 
 seamen, that on it is a light-house. The English 
 took possession of it in 1810, and made it a 
 place of rendezvous for ♦he North Sea squad- 
 ron. Long. 11. 35. E. lat 66. 38. N. 
 
 Aniane, a town of France, in the department 
 of Herault, 13 miles W. N. W. of Mcntpelier. 
 It has an extensive manufacture of mineral 
 alkali. 
 
 Anjenoa, a town of Hindostan, in Travan- 
 core, which has a trade in pepper and calicoes. 
 It stands at the mouth of a river, 46 miles 
 W. N. W. of Travancore. Long. 76. 40. F<. 
 lat. 8. 40. N, 
 
 Animalv, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Coimbetore, with a fort. It has a trade 
 in c-nigs, honey, and wax, collected in the hills 
 to the south, and is seated on the Alima, 21 
 miles S. of Coimbetore. 
 
 Aniwa, Bat and Cape, at the S. extremity 
 of the peninsula of Saghalien, on the E. coast 
 of Asia. The Japanese have a settlement here. 
 La* 46. 41. N. long. 142. 32. E. 
 
 Anjou, a late province of France, bounded 
 on the N. by Maine, W. by Bretagne, S, by 
 Poitou, and E. by Touraine, It formerly be- 
 longed to the sovereigns of England. It now 
 forms the department of Mayenne, Loire, &c. 
 Ankober, a tn. of Abyssinia, capital of Shoa 
 and Efat provinces, 300 miles S. E. of Gondar. 
 Ann, St., a town of New Brunswick, situate 
 on the river St. John, nearly o/.: Ate to 
 Frederic-town, and 80 miles alove the city of 
 St. John. Also the name of the chief town of 
 the province of Parana, in Paraguay, and of a 
 lake in Upper Canada, to the N. of Lake Su- 
 perior. 
 
 Ann-Arunde?,, a county of Maryland, on 
 the western shore of Chesapeake Bay. Pop. 
 29,532. Annapolis, 40 miles E. by N. of Wash- 
 ington, is the chief town, and seat of the legis- 
 lative government of the state of Maryland. 
 
 Ann, Cape, .a point of land which forms the 
 
 N. side of Massachusets Bay. A lighthouse on 
 
 tlie point is in N. lat. 42, 40. W. long. 70. 38. 
 
 Ann, Fort, a town in Washington county, 
 
nanner of a make, 
 r St. Christopher. 
 ;. N. One of the 
 I Anguilla. 
 iiiiRB, a maritime 
 Scotland ; . bounded 
 , W. by the county 
 nrdinesliire. The 
 Arbroath, Forfar, 
 
 ia prettily diverai- 
 r. In the vicinity 
 
 or lochs, as they 
 ) one member to 
 
 Jermany, in Upper 
 9 broad ; bounded 
 •y Halbcrstadt, E. 
 N. by Magdeburg, 
 tered by the Salde 
 ) is gone to decay. 
 
 nark, in the Cate- 
 :s so dangerous to 
 )use. The English 
 
 0, and made it a 
 North Sea squad- 
 S. 38. N. 
 
 in the department 
 V. of Mcntpelier. 
 icture of mineral 
 
 ostan, in Travan- 
 )per and calicoes. 
 . river, 46 miles 
 [iong. 76. 40. K. 
 
 istan, in the pro- 
 rt. It has a trade 
 lected in the hills 
 in the Alima, 21 
 
 the S. extremity 
 
 1, on the E. coast 
 I settlement here. 
 
 E. 
 
 France, bounded 
 Bretagne, S. by 
 It formerly be- 
 !ngland. It now 
 enne, Loire, &c. 
 a, capital of Shoa 
 S. E.ofGondar. 
 trunswick, situate 
 irly 0/. jte to 
 ilove the city of 
 the chief town of 
 raguay, and of a 
 N. of Lake Su- 
 
 )f Maryland, on 
 «ke Bay. Pop. 
 i. by N. of Wash- 
 seat of the legis- 
 of Maryland, 
 which forms the 
 A lighthouse on 
 iV. long. 70. 38. 
 ihington county, 
 
 ANN 
 
 the Euphrates: the vicinity is fi.rt i» ,■„ • 
 IWK been .bout .1000 P«pul.l»ii 
 
 2nd. m Cavan, pop. 10 408- SrH'^?.f*M ' 
 pop. 5749 '",400, 3rd. m Mayo, 
 
 with Wash^nS ColWe at Ch^r"'^*'' ''^''^' 
 
 ChesapikeTvVt'.^"'*' T the^E sl^Tf 
 40 S E b^N of wTr^l"^ '^' Severn, 
 Of BalUmore.\^;g"^^4triar3? 'o' n'" 
 
 Annecv, a town of Savoy, seated on a lake 
 
 SI 
 
 ANT 
 
 ANNONAY, a town of France in ih« a ^ 
 ment of Ardeche, with maSciu^e of verv"^!^ 
 Poperj seated at the confluence of ?Lr^ """ 
 and Deumes, 12 mile. S? W o? vVnt *^ 
 
 borough, 142 miles S. W. bv W nf p >^'t" 
 . u the chief town. "• "J^ W. of Raleigh, 
 
 LafTS'^S^'"*"' f!"' '" *''« P««fi<= Ocean 
 
 buildinS • ?nd th« n • ''" ,"'"'y handsome 
 lace Tt'.-« „ I . P"TP"^ manufacture is 
 W. S. w of NuSm"^:! "" T^*^'' 24 miles 
 lat. 49.78. N ^"'"'"^'K- ^-ong. 10. 28. E. 
 
 Of ted?^ fhTs^l^sij^T^rr' 
 
 w&Su^rtt^'eitti'-"'^^^^^^^ 
 fif n« village, 9 ^ife^K St'lS""* 
 
 Jarlfam^r "*^ ^" "«"''^"« - -^rTo 
 Antab, or AiNTAB, a town at the N P «, 
 
 a'^trgl"^^e%"n'?r^ktnThtr'^^^^^ 
 lat. 36. ?i.l^- °^^'"PP»- !'«>"«• 37. 36. E.' 
 
 tt la7T7f ?o1 '" ^;i''' '',^^" "^'^^h^ 
 WM r.I^„ J J u "• *•' """^ his further pro(tre«i 
 was impeded by vast mountain, and fieZTf 
 
 1 
 
I, .s 
 
 ANT sa 
 
 lee, 1/ut without anjr discovery uf Imul, hikI tlio 
 belief of tliis continent wim then abandoned. 
 In Feb. 11(31, land was discovered by Captain 
 BiBcoo, in lat. 6«. 0. and long. 45. 0. E., which 
 he named Enderby'a Land; and afterwards, in 
 Feb. 18.32, ho discovered Adelaide Inland, in 
 lat. (57. 1. S. and long, 71. 4U. W. lying off 
 Graham's, or Gherriti Lar.d, to the southward 
 of the South Shetland group : in 10.38, land 
 adjoining to Graham's Land wait discovered by 
 Captain D'Urrille, and named Land of Louis 
 PhiUppo. In 1839, Sabrina Land was dis- 
 covered, in lat. 65, 0. S. long. 117. 0. E,, ind 
 the Balleny Islands, in C6. 0. S. lat. and 164. 
 0. E. long.; they are volcanic. In 1840 (Jan. 
 18), Captain D'Urvillo discovered the Land of 
 Adelie, between lat. ()6. and 07. S. long. 140. 
 0. E. In 1841, Captains Ross and Crosier 
 discovered the Land of Victoria, in long. 168, 
 E., along which they sailed as high as lat. 784., 
 the nearest approach to the S. pole which has 
 yet been made. In kt. 77. 50. is Mount 
 Erebus, an active volcano 12,000 ft. high ; and 
 to the S. of which a chain of lofty mountiiins 
 extend, .Their progress to •he eastward was 
 impeded by vast fields and cliffs of iio. Theco 
 explorations render it j)robablo that there is a 
 continued line of coast for a groat distance in 
 the Antarctic Ocean; but whitli s very difificult 
 of access, from the vast accnmulatioii of ice. 
 
 Antequeba, a town of Spain, in Granada, 
 divided into the Upper and the Lower. Tho 
 Upper is seated on a hill, and has a castle : the 
 Lower stands in a fertile plain, and is wat .'ud 
 by many brooks. Here are large quantities of 
 natural salt quarries, of excellent stone, and a 
 spring famous for the cure of the gravel. It is 
 26 miles N. N. W. of Malaga. Long. 4. 30. 
 W. lat. 37. l.N. 
 Antkquera, a tn. of Mexico. See Guaxaca. 
 Anthonv, St., Falls op, on the Mississippi 
 River, in N. lat. 45. W. long. 93., being more 
 than 2000 miles above the entrance of the 
 river into the Gulf of Mexico. There is a fort 
 in the Missouri territory, on the point of land 
 formed by the St. lYter's Iliver, which river 
 falls into the Mississippi just below the falls of 
 St. Anthony. 
 
 Antibes, a tn. of France, in the department 
 of Var, with a strong castle, and harbour for 
 small vessels. Its territory produces excellent 
 fhiit; and it is seated on the Mediterranean, 1 1 
 miles S. S. W. of Nice. Long. 7. 7. E. lat. 43. 
 35. N. 
 
 Anticostj, an island at the mouth of the 
 river St. Lawrence, 90 miles long and 20 broad. 
 It is full of rocks, covered with wood, and has 
 no harbour ; but excellent cod is found on the 
 shores. 
 
 Antigua, one of the English Leeward Islands, 
 m the West Indies, about 20 miles in length 
 and breadth, and 60 E. by S. of St. Christo- 
 pher. It is destitute of water, and the inhabi- 
 tants arc obliged to save the rain-water in cis- 
 terns. The chief produce is sugar, of which it 
 annually produces about 10,000 hogsheads. It 
 was taken by the French in 1782, but restored 
 in 1783. The capital is St. .John. 
 
 ANT 
 
 Antilles, the name which the French give 
 to the Caribbee, or West India jlands, which 
 see. 
 
 Antioch, or Antahia, town of Syriii, of 
 which it was formerly tlie •capital. This ancient 
 ciiy, in which the disciples of Christ were first 
 called Christians, and yet the see of a Greek 
 patriarch, is now almost come to nothing; but 
 the magnifice' * • t :J!1 remiiin. It is 
 seated on the fi. \ -ontfs, ow culled Annzi, 
 1.^ miles :■ -n thw Me^iu n-anean, and 50 N.VV. 
 of Aleppi fjOiig. M, 40. E. lat. 36. 10. N. 
 
 Antiochbtta, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 Caremania, and a bishop's sec, seated on the 
 shoro of the Levant, opposite Cyprus, 88 miks 
 S. of Konieh. Long. 32. 26. E. lal. 36. 30. N. 
 Antiooo, St., an island on the S. W. coast 
 of Sardinia, 14 miles long and 3 broRd '• 
 1793 it was taken by the B'rench ' it tu. .ai^u 
 Boon after. 
 
 Antioquia, or St, Fe de Antioquia, a town 
 in the now department of Cauca, Columbia. It 
 is seated on the banks of the river Cauca, about 
 200 miles N. N. W. of St. Fe de Bogota. 
 
 Antiparos (the ancient OLKAitOH),an island 
 of the Archipelago, 2 miles W. of I'liros. It ia 
 only a rock, 16 miles in circuit ; yet in some 
 parts is well cultivated, and produces as much 
 barley as serves a small village. It has a re- 
 markable grotto, about 80 yards high and 1 00 
 broad, which contains a vast \ uriety of figures, 
 of a white transparent crystalline substance, 
 resembling vegetables, marble pillars, and a 
 superb marble pyramid. Long. 25. 44. E. lat. 
 37. 8. N. 
 
 Anti-P.\xo, one of the Ionian Islands on tho 
 W. const of Greece, south of Paxo. 
 
 Antisana, a peak of the Andes, in the de- 
 partment of Quito, which is volcimic, 19,150 fl. 
 above the level of the sea. There ia a village- of 
 the same name, a few leagucB E. of tho city of 
 Quito, at a height of 1 3,500 ft., being the highest 
 inhabited place on the globe. 
 
 Anti-Taurus, a considerable chain of moun- 
 tains in Asia Minor. It joins the Taurus Moun- 
 tains in Karamania. 
 
 Antivari, a town in European Turkey, 24 
 ni iles W. of Scutari. Here is a castle, built on 
 a steep rock. 
 
 Antoink, St., a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Isere, 5 miles N.E. of St. Marcellaiu 
 Antonio, St., the most northern of the Cape 
 Verde islands, 15 miles from St. Vincent. It is 
 full of high mountains, whence proceed streams 
 of excellent water, which render the land fruit- 
 ful. The principal town is seatetl among the 
 mountains. Long. 25. 0. W. lat. 17. 0. ">'. 
 
 Antonio de Capo, St., a town of Brazil, in 
 tho province of Pemambuco, situate near Cape 
 St. Augustine, 30 miles S. S. W. of Olinda. 
 There are near 1 00 other towns and streams in 
 different parts of South America and Mex 
 ico, dedicated to the tutelar saint of the 
 Portuguese and Spaniards, Anthony, or 
 Sari Antonio, who does not appear to have 
 done much for them, as they are mostly 
 insignificant. 
 Antrim, a maritime county on the N.E. co !Kt 
 
 \ 'i 
 
f Franch give 
 ilands, which 
 
 of Syria, of 
 Thin ancient 
 riftt were first 
 > of a, Greek 
 nothing; but 
 ;iniii!i. It is 
 culled Anit/i, 
 Qnd/iON.VV. 
 .HG. 10. N. 
 ic Turkey, in 
 Dated on the 
 rug, 1)8 milt'8 
 il. aii. 30. N. 
 S. W. coiiat 
 I broad. In 
 k ( tvuciutcd 
 
 QUIA, B town 
 'Columbia. It 
 L'auca, about 
 Ui)gota. 
 >h), nn island 
 Tiiros. It is 
 yet in some 
 ces as much 
 U has a rc- 
 igb and 100 
 y of figures, 
 i substance, 
 lars, and a 
 . 44. £. lat. 
 
 ands on the 
 
 , in the do- 
 c, 19,150 ft. 
 ) a village' of 
 ' the city of 
 ; the highest 
 
 n of moun- 
 irus Moun- 
 
 Turkey, 24 
 tie, built on 
 
 in the de- 
 Marcellan. 
 )f the Cape 
 cent. It is 
 led streams 
 land fruit- 
 am ong the 
 '. 0. N'. 
 ' Brazil, in 
 near Cape 
 Ulinda. 
 streams in 
 I and Mex 
 lint of the 
 rithony, or 
 sar to have 
 ire mostly 
 
 >J.E. CO !8t 
 
 ANT 
 
 petrifying , JalityraTd ut St", r'"'^ °' ' 
 consisting of loftv i.ill«r. If . ' t^Huwtray, 
 
 «ular Ae,,ToWr L- ir r it°' "'. 
 extending three mile., along rheLrtf^h*"'^ 
 The hnen mantifecturo i« rSi . ^^ *'""*'• 
 •ively in this 0000*1!,^^""*.°" "''^y "tfin- 
 
 cotton mnufectureh^tf'"'"'"^*"' '"'-^^ 'he 
 
 distance on the N E ^ ' * ^'"'"^ 
 
 TheeraofitsirrentPiif ;,«.; _i *' *'• '""K- 
 
 commencemenWt .eTrth"!!''.''"' "''""' "«• 
 
 population amouldoabttCoW'T,;'' 
 ilevastatitig policy of A..«rri= ,*,•"?*''.•'"' 'do 
 
 it in the bLt^ Id n"r. "^ ^P«^^ 
 
 that Periodiffie? t.7h"' «" :ri,^?''^- »' 
 
 mercial tr;insactioi>« wL„k -f ' "^the co.h- 
 
 to make theTent 't gSj ri l, '^ '^'"•^^' 
 actun.. of R«tterdimSi^ , hm ' 'r"^ 
 ■uch excited the crovplUrM. ;"?*''''»•», and as 
 
 landers, the navigltirn" f ?he S h'?,; ■ '"^^ "'''- 
 fore obstructed irl647hAu^'''''^"'' there- 
 phalia bet«.een sL-n i /^ \'j' *f«'^ «f West- 
 
 fn .conseque'rp^SSy Sl"1 ^"^''^'P 
 Jation and importZTT.nt [ f h^ '^ '!> P^P"' 
 French revoluion Whlnl t-P*"."'' "^ the 
 this part of Europe in 17Q4,V' ^'^""'^ "^"-^n 
 free 'navigation^ the s/hn^ P^^'^imed the 
 renewal o'f the war 5' ^^i^';""'' «"«' the 
 nither the respite of A, .1" ^}^^ P^a<=<'' '>'• 
 claimed the C'-Slotirof '^^-.A"'--.' 
 constructed a te^n tn hnU Z ''"''"'eon, who 
 line, and a noSquav J,„nl^".' ''^" "^^ "^ the 
 the river, and madS!. • '^•^''f ^^ ^^^ of 
 for the northern pt^^ofhf/'"'''^' "*i«' ^"«1 
 however, till subSent to T^"^' V ^'"' ""*• 
 Europe in 1814^h!n !k '''';8«"eral peace of 
 «eded to Ho Umd iS a f ^ertherlands wer« 
 port for the <,aC of mr^ ''!?•"'•' "fr^^ 
 began to re8umeKirw« .fl'^"*! *''"* '' 
 iniportance. Since St^.ri^"» "'"^'^y «"<! 
 va«t extent of count J t Sd^P'.T'V.".'' "^ 
 draw their supplies of L«^!...^ ^^^ ^^ine, 
 "-erp, which i.,?*^' produce from Ant- 
 
 thouKSy V ■"Sl^^^^^^ 
 
 terest. It hw bo.!f ^." P?P"'"tion and in- 
 
 port. eithl wi" Sf ' ^J r*-'- of ex. 
 
 principal architectnJi °* '™""t- The 
 
 th'cafhe<^?ES ;~chif/"'''^'P » 
 "t a height of 400 ft wifh.* """""""ted. 
 
 iPH 
 
 r»t«J.' Thl'*Jry::;roth1r\"h rc^^el^d"'" 
 
 -^Kr^iStic^£r^ 
 
 arch tectural edifice ■» i- P^L ' ""' ** «" 
 The fortifiTations^n'the Cl''i\ "' ""'"* 
 
 for the kingVlioI and bv Oe^^K'""/'^^'■"^ 
 "opamtion of Be^; um £„ h:,?T^/ °" ""» 
 fc.ken by the fXh nf? """»"'*• but wa« 
 
 Pop. abo'ut'oSf'.ri 'iT o"? f/"!r • 
 and 65 S. of Amsterdam '^ Brusseis, 
 
 prov^'roTiwyln whe^TK^™""^"' ^" "" 
 
 gold. It is Z?e.I J »! ' ■""' "■■« •"'"« of 
 
 miles NNESopTvan T' ^7?'?' '^» 
 lut. 4. 58. N opayan. Long. 75. 2.i. W. 
 
 ci"'' '^ XT ^'JS'lo'n of Guinea, lying E of 
 
 ?ht'kinf is\; ^T%fr' " 4 * "^- 
 ^9"' ^Z fst-itrarKo^Sn't ^::; 
 
 the «'^uJ,'^>oSt?"Gil°' *''^^'"'' ""^'^ «« 
 between WMtan^ p *^^^.' *"«* thence flow. 
 
 . Apanormu. a town of the islandTf siT* 
 
 APENRADE. 5ire AbeNKADE. 
 
 Asfat'^TuC h'Na;nn'^:''r*'^« t"''" of 
 rock, on Sf^ n?^whiS'S''''Vr"'^ ** '"«'' 
 
 and ihL \ '^"'^'^ 'nanufecture is carueta • 
 
 Mindra. 150 niiles I of 4' ' *'*",'''' "" ^^« 
 10. E. iat. 38. 35 N.'- ^'■""' ^""«- ^'- 
 
i 
 
 APO 
 
 ■4roLDA, • tn. of Upper Saxony in Thuringia, 
 Jiilct N. of Jena, ami 40 H. W. of Lcip«ic. 
 
 AppicNNiNies,ttchaiii of mouiit«in«,in Kiirope, 
 which begin* noar Onogliu, on tho Oulf <>f 
 Gunou, poises round thiit gulf nt no greiit ili*- 
 timco from tho »ca, thou procet'dn E. to tlio 
 centre of Italy, und afterward divides that 
 country in a modiiite S. E. direction to tho ex- 
 tremities of tho kingdom of NapU.-H. Ilenco 
 proceed all the rivers which water Italy. The 
 A|>pennincs aro at first a branch of tho Alj)», 
 but, in general, they may nither be rcgarde<l as 
 hills than as mountains. 
 
 Ahi'knzkl, a canton in the N. E. part of 
 Switzerland, bordering on Tyrol. It is divided 
 into twelve communities; six, called the interior, 
 aro ilomau Catholics, about 16,000 in number, 
 subsisting chiefly by agriculture ; and six, ex- 
 terior, bordering on tho canton of St. Gallon, 
 are Protestants, about 40,000 in number, a great 
 portion of whicli are employed by the manufac- 
 turers of the city of St. Gallen. 
 
 Ai'PKNZEL, the chief town of tho a))ovo canton, 
 
 is situate on the bank of the river Sitter on tho 
 
 inferior side, and containing about 3000 inhnb. 
 
 Appin, a town in Scotland, Argylcshire. The 
 
 parish is of great extent. 
 
 ArpLEBv, tho county-town of Westmoreland. 
 Market on Saturday. It was a Roman station, 
 and has been twice destroyed by the Scots, and 
 it now consists of only one broad street of mean 
 houses. At tho upper end, or S. part, is the 
 castle, and at the lower end is tho church. The 
 town is almost encircled by the Eden. It is 20 
 miles N. N. E. of Kendal, and 270 N. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 AppLEcnosa, « parish extending for about 
 20 miles along the western coast of Ross-shire, 
 Scotland. The population subsists mainly by 
 the herring fishery. There is a town of the same 
 name, in which the population aro principally 
 concentrated. 
 
 AppLEOoiUJ:,a vill. in the parish of Northam, 
 Devonshire, situate at tho mouth of the Tow- 
 ridge, in Barnstaple Bay, 3 miles N. by E. of 
 Bideford. Here tho Danes landed, under Hubba, 
 in the time of Alfred. It is now resorted to for 
 bathing. 
 
 AppoLLONiA, a district extending about 100 
 miles on the S. W. coast of North Africa. Cape 
 Appollonia is in 6 N. lat. and 3. 57. W. long. 
 
 AppoLOBAMBA, a town in La Paz, ono of tlie 
 united provinces of Paraguay, on tho border of 
 Peru. 
 
 Apsheron, or ABsnAROX, a cape in the 
 Caspian Sea, into which it projects from Baku, 
 and contains a prodigious quantity of naphtha. 
 AiT, n town in France, in the department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone. It has a trade in prunes, 
 coarse serges, and wax chandlery ; and contains 
 many fine Roman antiquities. It is seated on 
 the Calaron, 20 miles N. of Aix. 
 
 Apure, a river of Columbia, rising from 
 various sources on the E. side of the eastern 
 range of the Andes, falling into the Oroonoko. 
 Apubimac, a river of Peru, which rises 10 
 miles N. of Arequipa, and flows N. about 430 
 miles J receiving the Paucartambo, and Vilco- 
 
 k ARA 
 
 mayo fVom tho E^ and tho Jaiija or .Mantaru 
 from the W. It then take^ tho name of Uiayalo, 
 and, continuing its course 470 miles further, 
 enters the river Amaion, in long. 7*2. 4(>. W. 
 
 Aqui, a town of Piedmont, U\ the duchy of 
 Montferrat, with a titadcl, nnd Imths of mineral 
 water; seated on the ndtth bank of the Bormida, 
 lA miles S. of Alexandria. 
 
 AiiUiLA, a fine largo city of thu kingdom of 
 Naples, anciently cullinl Aviu, and Avella, the 
 capital of Abruzzo, seated on a hill, E. of thu 
 Appennines, on the banks of tho river Alttrno, 
 or Pescara, near its source. It has an ancient 
 castle, and is a liishop's seo. An earthquake 
 was so violent here, in February, 1703, that 
 24,000 people perished, and great numbers were 
 wounded. It i« situate 35 miles W. from tho 
 Adriatic, nnd O'i E. of Rome. Long. 14. 20. E. 
 lat. 42. 50. N. 
 
 AquiLKiA, an ancient and large city of the 
 Cami, or Veneti, in Italy, seated near the eiiast 
 at tho head of the Gulf of Venice. A Roman 
 colony was settled in it, between the first and 
 second Macedonian wars, to bo a bulwark 
 against the Huns and Goths. In 425, it waa 
 beseiged by Attila,with an innumerable host of 
 barbarians. Three months were consumed with- 
 out effect in the siege ; till the want of jiro- 
 visions, and the clamour of his army, compelled 
 Attik to issue his orders, that the troops should 
 strike then: tents the next morning, and begin 
 their retreat. But as he rode round the wall, 
 pensive, angry, and disappointed, he observed a 
 stork preparing to leave her nest in one of the 
 towers, and to fly.with her infant family, towards 
 tho country ; this he interpreted as an omen 
 that those towera were devoted to impending 
 ruin nnd solitude. The siege was renewed and 
 prosecuted with fresh vigour; a large breach 
 was made in the part of the wall from whence 
 tho stork had taken her flight ; the Huns 
 mounted to the assault with irresistible fury; 
 and the succeeding generation could scarcely 
 discover the ruins of Aquileia. 
 
 AtjuiNo, a tn. of Naples, in Terra di L::voro, 
 ruined by the emperor Conrnde. It is the 
 birthplace of Juvenal, and seated near the 
 Carigliano, on the great high road from Rome 
 to Naples, 20 miles S. by E. of Sorn. 
 
 Ahabat, a town and fort of the Crimea, and 
 province of Taurida, on the borders of the Sen 
 of Asoph, 20 miles N. by E. of Caffa. 
 
 Arabia, a country of Asia, extending from 
 the 12th to thb 32nd deg. of N. lat. and from 
 the 33rd to the 58th of W. long., being about 
 1480 miles in length, nnd 1200 in breadth- 
 bounded on tho W. by the Red Sea, and the 
 Isthmus of Suez, N. E. by the Euphrates, 
 which divides it from Diarbekar; E. by the 
 Gulfs of Persia and Ormuz ; and S. by the 
 Indian Ocean. It is divided into three parU 
 —Arabia Petrea, Deserta, and Felix, so named 
 by Europeans, from their supposed qualities of 
 soil and climate. Arabia Petrea, much the 
 smallest of the throe, lies to the S. of Syria 
 along the E. coast of the Red Sea. The north 
 part is mountainous, and in genernl stony, 
 sandy, and barren; but some parts yield sufii- 
 
 If 
 
 lis 
 
Fuiijit ur MHntiiru 
 name of Uinyiilo, 
 70 inile* further, 
 )ng. 7a. 4(>. W. 
 I, ill tlio duchy of 
 il liaths of miiKTiil 
 k of thuliorniidu, 
 
 f tho kingdom of 
 , nnil Avviln, the 
 I u hill, E. of thu 
 tho fiver Aitcrno, 
 It has nn ancient 
 An curthqunku 
 runry, 1703, that 
 eat numbers were 
 lilea W. from tho 
 Long. 14. 20. E. 
 
 large city of the 
 :cd near the cniut 
 nice. A Uuinan 
 ■eon the first and 
 9 bo a bulwark 
 In 425, it was 
 lumerablc host of 
 a consumed with- 
 he want of jiro- 
 army, compelled 
 tho troops should 
 rning, and begin 
 9 round the wall, 
 ed, he observed n 
 est in one of the 
 it family, towards 
 ited as an omen 
 cd to impending 
 was renewed and 
 ; a large breach 
 i^all from whence 
 ght ; the Huns 
 irresistible fury; 
 1 could scarcely 
 
 Terra di L::voro, 
 nde. It is the 
 eated near the 
 ■oad from Rome 
 f Sora. 
 
 the Crimea, and 
 rders of the Sea 
 ■Catfa. 
 
 extending from 
 ^. lat. and from 
 )g., being about 
 !00 in breadth; 
 id Sea, and the 
 the Euphrates, 
 :ar; E. by the 
 
 and S. by the 
 nto three parts 
 Felix, so named 
 jsed qualities of 
 trea, much the 
 the S. of Syria 
 iea. The north 
 
 genernl stony, 
 larts yield sufH- 
 
 ARa 
 
 ba^cn mSinr« r"" ^^ '"t«"«^ted by 
 nothing bu great C''u""",V'^ V'" ''''""• •"» 
 »re some Xn. !^,i "n'^''*^"'»'»i ^'"' «''"« 
 flock, of .hSp and r'"'^' ">"' '■"*"' «^^"" 
 number, of Zkhea^Id '« fi '". ""'."'"** «^""' 
 in Mveral pS ;„dth.""J'""^ "'•*""■''' 
 nobIe.tofthe.u^iM A ^ "V"?* """ *h« 
 
 there mn manr^rK ^ """^ ^"T deserts, 
 
 ...unon, cwsia. manna, .SnanrV^nW*' '^'"■ 
 n»yrrh, and coffee, of which ?«»!', 1'""""*' 
 'tie. a,e exported fr;:iXt The TT 
 ore of a ^idj,^ stature, ai.d brown comni^™'"* 
 and have alwav* n m-n^T j *" complexion, 
 
 ncknowledge no r«?«' ™u*° ^^^'^- Th'-v 
 their tribes who ^rl u^"' •"" '^«' «•"'" of 
 to whom they pay obe5.>n ""'"'^i I'^"""«' •»"<! 
 •chciks. or cL'S^of aJ . • ^5*^ ''»^«' »'•«> 
 they often coSit «mi ,""""'' "«°' »hom 
 follow. The d«« oA„ ^^''T "•'^'™ 'hey 
 while robe, I. un"rof,nS „^!:"'"u'^°"'''''"' «f » 
 girdle, fastened by "aetnmfl" '17'' ''""'" 
 clasp. Their drawa™ Tn^ ""='''^' <" l«'«fe 
 de«:end to tho Twer Zf""';'.^"' ""«"• ""'i 
 wear a kind of red en! oTJh« . "", '^-^ ^'"'^ 
 Umes they wear ,lfZ™ „ft !?^' ""'' ""»«>■ 
 theTurks but am L^*^ '„""•'"."'•' ""anner of 
 they ma? be II ♦"i!"^ T ^"'^ ''«'«"'. »hat 
 Winter and m.m^«^h« *"' °" horseback. 
 »tripe<l black and *hi»«^"'^"'' ^ '"'«'' doak. 
 goaC or some othi"!: '^''^f "' 'he hair of 
 ^Iress in iZLml' """"«'• Their emirs 
 cloaks are for tTe „"'"""^ V'^'P' »*"" their 
 AmbsinthedeleLTvi '""? "" '''««"'• The 
 from place to Se;art,'?"''r'' '^"""^^ 
 P-Bture. and p^X' t^^^^J^ £' 'he sake of 
 caravans. The femm.. J 1 " '""' ^°' 'he 
 of this countr^. and\;, f"',"'""' """^ '^ ""ti^^ 
 his death, co^nuered " t^T"' '*«"' after 
 Africa, and £^1.1,^^?' ^"^ "' Asia, 
 wherem they eXe* Thn "l"*- *''^''" '«"S>°n 
 territory i, y^Ljt '"'*'"f °f this vast 
 
 nearlylstitut?ofw :, rb^t'v""'/ '^^""' 
 are found around its i"/^*^ "^•'"' 
 m cs. Medinn Vfo ^^ '*"' ne'if 2.500 
 
 Abacan, Reojan, or ArLc!^' „ v 
 and fert le countrv of L- , ' * maritime 
 
 the Bay of BenLl tV, ^^^ ^- «=««' of 
 Birmah.^ The rfiW r'"'"'' °" ^''^ E. by 
 
 35 
 
 A RA 
 
 ""'inals Th„ .1 ■ - ""^^ made by thime 
 bv a tin„ . V • '""cpcndent nation, govemwJ 
 
 ii'iiirti; US " '•''•" *°" "»" kj Ik. 
 
 rrr/rt^ air ■4".. ""..!; 
 
 streets by means of Li^i^' *""' ""t"" t*" 
 which it u^Sl K.Tu* "' e"""'"' into 
 mans fn 1783 It il J?? taken by the Bir- 
 
 I.lan,.bad:a„d 230 W S W 'i^A^v' ^^ r'^' "' 
 aa. 10. E. lat. 20. 38. N ^'"- ^»"8- 
 
 popuTair itufiKr' t """^^y- 
 
 town, of thewime name th„ nuuT- '*« 
 capital of the county oA Je N 'Jh \"i^ 'V''' 
 town on tho S .ide„f .h" m '*' a".** the New 
 
 about it "'aiiaoees, were awembled 
 
 h. p«™,,h,eh ^-'aJj^-f, »^s-««^. 
 
 ™ length, md m .„™ pliie, So in ktSi? 
 
 D 2 
 
i-^ 
 
 4 
 
 Hi] 
 
 ARA 36 
 
 Xnrairia, and a canal. This palace justly 
 ranks among the finest anu most agreeable 
 residences in Europe; it was in it, the supreme 
 junta of government of the kingdom, on the 
 declaration in favour of Ferdinand VII., were 
 installed, and held their first meeting, Septem- 
 ber 25th, ]n08. Aranjuez is seated on the 
 Tajo, 20 mi.s S. of Madrid. 
 
 Araeat, a mountain of Armenia, situated 
 noar the chain of Taurus, in lat. 39. 42. N. and 
 long. 44. 30. E. It is an insulated mountain 
 whose summit forms two distinct cones, the 
 highest of which is 17,260 feet above the level 
 of the sea, the other about 4000 feet lower. 
 The principal summit is a circular plain about 
 200 feet in diameter, and encrusted witli per- 
 petual ice. The ascent is so difficult that it 
 was not accomplished till 1829, after the third 
 attempt, by Dr. Parrot. Tradition asserts that 
 the ark rested on the summit after the flood ; 
 and the Armenians believe that the remains 
 exist to this day. 
 
 Arassi, a maritime town of the territory of 
 Genoa, 5 miles S, W. of Alberga. 
 
 Aeau, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 department of Lower Argo, cunton of Berne, 
 with raanufectures of cotton, printed linen, 
 and cutlerj'. A treaty between the Protestant 
 and Catholic cantons was concluded here in 
 1712. It is seated ou the river Aar, 27 miles 
 W. of Zurich. 
 
 Arauca, a district extending from the 4i^a 
 to the 37th deg. of S. lat., on the shore of the 
 Pacific Ocean; bounded on the E. by the 
 Andes, and is considered as belonging to' Chili, 
 but it is inhabited almost exclusively by natives, 
 who have not only successfully resisted every 
 attempt of the Spaniards to become masters of 
 the country, but frequently made incursions 
 into their territory. The district contains both 
 gold and silver, is watered by several streams, 
 is very fertile, and the climate is delightful. 
 The Spaniarda constructed a fort about 40 
 miles S. of Concepcion, (named after the dis- 
 trict,) as a defence against the incursions of the 
 Araucans. 
 
 Araxes, or Aras, a river of Asa, which 
 rises in Geoi^;,' , flows S. E. across Armenia, 
 and joins the Kur, near its entrance into the 
 Ca!ipi,in Sea. It is a very rapid river, and 
 is supposed to be the Gihon mentioned by 
 Moses. 
 
 Arbe, an island 30 miles in circumference, 
 on the coaet of Dalnatia, from which it is 5 
 miles distant. The soil is rich, but the in- 
 habitants are indolent. It has a town of the 
 same name. Long. 1 4. S.l. E. lat. 4.5. 5. N. 
 
 Arberg, :\ town of Switzeriand, in the can- 
 ton of Benie, on an island formed by two 
 branches of the Aar. It is 10 miles W. bv N. 
 of Berne. 
 
 Arbel, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Cur- 
 distan, ancient Erbila, near which Alexander 
 defeated Darius. Here are the remains of an 
 ancient castle; and in the vicinity are naphtha 
 pits. It is seated in an extensive plain, 36 
 miles N. of Altunkupri, and 60 E. of Mosul. 
 Abbois, a town of France, in the department 
 
 ARC 
 
 of Jura, fhnious for its white wines. It U 22 
 miles S. W. of Besanyon. 
 
 Arboga a town of Sweden, Westmanland, 
 seated on the Ulvison, by which river, and a 
 canal, it has a communication with the lakes 
 Hielmar and Maeler. It is 25 miles E N. E 
 of Orebro. 
 
 Arbon, a town of Switzerland, situate on a 
 point of land jetting into the lake of Constance. 
 1 2 miles S. E. of Constance. 
 
 Arbroath. See Aberbrothock. 
 
 Arbvrq, a town of Switzeriand, in the can- 
 ton of Berne, with a citadel on a rock, seated 
 on the Aar, opposite Olien, 12 miles E. of 
 Soleure. 
 
 Arcadia, a town of European Turkey, on 
 the W. coast of the Morea, near the gulf of its 
 name, 22 miles N. of Navarin. Long. 21. /<? 
 E. lat. 37. 24. N. s * -. 
 
 Archanoei,, a large province of Russir. 
 bounded on the N. by the Arctic Ocean. It 
 IS divided into eight circles, viz.: Archangel. 
 Chencourisk, Cholmegar, Kern, Kola, Meson 
 Onega, and Senega. It is a very dreary dis- 
 trict, especially the eastern part; it supp'ios 
 some fir timber and deals, and contains many 
 wild animals, which are slaughtered for their 
 fat; and tallow and bristles form great articles 
 of export. 
 
 Archangel, or St. Michael, the chief town 
 ot the above province, is situate on the E. bank 
 ot the Dwina River, a short; distance above its 
 entrance into a bay of the White Sea, in N 
 lat. 64 34. E. long. 38. 59. It was for many 
 years the principal seaport of Russia, and was 
 first resorted to by the English in 1553; and, 
 although greatly declined in importance since 
 the building of St. Petersburg, it still exports 
 considerable quantities of tallow, deals, and 
 some bristles; but as it is only attained by the 
 dreary coast of Norway, and the North Cape, 
 m lat. 71. 10., it is accessible only a tew 
 months in the year, say July, August, and 
 September, during which short; period it is 
 resorted to i)y 60 or 70 sail of vessels annu- 
 ally, principally English. It was nearly de- 
 stroyed by fire in 1793, but has since been 
 rebuilt with neatness, principally of wood, the 
 severity of the winter being counteracted by 
 stoves. Pop. about 7000, who have about a 
 dozen churches, one Lutheran, one Calvinist 
 and the others Greek. Archangel is about 40o' 
 miles N. E. of St. Petersburg. 
 
 Archipelago, is a term applied to a cluster 
 or group of islands; henr^ the Grecian, East- 
 ern, Northern, &c. &c.; out the most celebrated 
 group is the Grecian at the head of the Me- 
 diterranean Sea, having Romania on the N. 
 Natolia on the E., the island of Candia on the 
 S^^, Macedonia, Livadia, and the Morea on the 
 W. It is partly in Europe, and partly in 
 Asia, containing the islands of Rhodes, Negro- 
 pont, Lemnos, Tenedos, Scyros, Mitylene, Scio, 
 Samos, Patmos, Paros, Antiparos, Cerigo, 
 Santorini, Andros, Tina, Naxia, Milo, Delos, 
 Argenticra, and many others. 
 
 Archipelago, Northern, a part' of tho 
 Pacific Ocean, having the peninsula of Kam- 
 
 
 ii ' 
 
lues. It it 23 
 
 Westmanland, 
 ih river, «nd a 
 with the lakes 
 miles E. N. E. 
 
 I, situate on a 
 a of Constanco, 
 
 3CK. 
 
 id, in the can- 
 a rock, seated 
 i miles E. of 
 
 in Turkey, on 
 the gulf of its 
 Long. 21. ■f'i., 
 
 e of Russir, 
 c Ocean. It 
 . : Archangel, 
 Kola, Meson, 
 •y dreary dis- 
 
 t; it supp'iog 
 >ntains many 
 ired for their 
 great articles 
 
 ^e chief town 
 1 the E. bank 
 ice above its 
 e Sea, in N. 
 fas for many 
 ssia, and was 
 1 1553; and, 
 •rtance since 
 still exports 
 , deals, and 
 lined by the 
 North Cape, 
 only a few 
 August, and 
 period it is 
 essels annu- 
 I nearly de- 
 since been 
 )f wood, the 
 iteracted by 
 jve about a 
 le Calvinist, 
 is about 400 
 
 to a cluster 
 ecian, Enst- 
 it celebrated 
 of the Me- 
 on the N., 
 ndia on the 
 orea on the 
 i partly in 
 des, Negro- 
 ;ylene, Scio, 
 33, Cerigo, 
 lilo, Delos, 
 
 art of tho 
 a of Kam- 
 
 ARC 
 
 SflilTp" 'n ^- """l the coast of America 
 among which are 'f "''''' "• "•""''" ''^^^Z 
 
 SusEf^9f-^>s^- 
 
 trova. or the Fox ifL"';!: V^' ^'^''^ ^^ 
 They all belonf f^ i " '^ '" number, 
 chiefly LtRkn,^'!' ■ •• r*^ "^ ^'«l"«ble 
 Paj/ula'?^ t st"o\t:;. 'T.toSLt'^' 
 
 IS miles N. of Troyes ^ "^^' '^"''^• 
 
 Tyfrtak^nX" td^tfin^^ToT' ^S 
 abandoned soon after. It stands on th A ""'^ 
 
 onl'c^gytcroft''^ ^"'r?'"''"' ^^'^ 
 miles N!Efof L^" the "ver Guadaleto, 28 
 
 vicmity are seven,! celebrated temZ visiS 
 by numerous p Igrims Atom hl^ ' , 
 ture of coarse%E cloth itT^ff '"'■ 
 the S bank of the 1^£ ,66 mil^ wt s" 
 of Madras, and 180 E bv N nf c ^ ^ ** 
 
 Long. 79.24. E. lat. 12 5] N """^apatan,. 
 
 the^rS,";'e:nri!urral ^iSV '''''^^' 
 particularly of She k S flf. / "!?"^ "".'"S"' 
 Persian sprt i f • ' "'^ '"""•^er of the 
 
 at the south extrcmitv of flm .""'"'"'"e. 
 
 ar 
 
 ARE 
 
 AnDENNEs, a department of France p„„ 
 teimng part of the late province of Ch^mL 
 
 of the county, but is now a poor plLTiH, 
 
 Dotn^th*/';" ■*?"'* *°^" °^ Ireland, county 
 of MnA *''^, "rarest part of Ireland to the Is a 
 of Man, and may be considered the best watPr 
 mg place ni the north of Ireland 
 
 Ardnaree, a town of Ireland' countv <??;„„ 
 on the nyer Moy. There are vaCwe^sJi 
 iisheries m the neighbourhood ^" 
 
 of WaSr^^olTrpllSt'v'rt^ ™""'^ 
 10 miles S. S. W. orS^ngarvon^ "' '*' """'^• 
 Ardra, a small kingdom of Guinea on th« 
 Slave coast, at the bottom of the Gu?f of S 
 
 mett^^rPas^drcria^' ''Sn'an " ''' .^^P"^' 
 
 t^-en.thepSGuisn^s";.rtre"cat'^ 
 
 "ryTllTTfT^'r? '• "" ^~. S 
 
 Ardvert, a seaport town of France denirf 
 mcnt of Lower Charente. Pop. 3000 Ch w 
 trade m fresh and cured fish. ^ ' ^'"^' 
 
 milcs^f V" fn^ "' the Gulf of Persia, three 
 
 Areke.4, a seaport of Abyssinia. 
 Coto^^r^'' ' '"'''^y «^ Germany, near 
 
 Arensdoro, the capital of a countv of the 
 same name, in the duchy of WestXal p u- 
 sea^d on a hill, by th^ riveTtot ' ^ r^^ 
 b. t>. E. of Ham, and 63 N E nf Pni^nl 
 Long. 8. 10. E. lat. 51. 23. N. ' ^'^• 
 
 Arensburq, a seaport of IliKwin i„ tu 
 
 a""rbiih"' ?'^^' -V"' of tr isi o ''^f- 
 
 ?5. N ^P ' ''^' ^°"«- 25. 40. E. lat 58. 
 
 duct'''oT*sr.«' -f '''''' '> ^'"""'^k, in the 
 part of the Z"^' "«""•'"'"« the Neatest 
 r^V,; • .t .""O"* "-ampart built bv kinu. 
 Gotnc, m the beginning of the 9th cenU.rv as 
 a defence against the irruptions of the S™ 
 U e^xtends across the cou.!try. about 9 SluZu 
 
 AREauiPA, nn episcopal town of Por„ 
 founded by Pizarro, in 1539. Near it is"' 
 volcano It has been four times laTdi^^ns 
 by earthquakes. It stands in a fertile count J 
 
r\ 
 
 ARE 38 
 
 a few miles S, of a smnll lake, wliiuh is the 
 source of the Apiirimac branch of th • Amazon 
 River; 240 miles S. of Cusco, and 460 S. E. of 
 Lima. Long. 72. 30. W. Int. ">. 40. S. 
 
 Ahezzo, u town of Tuscany, in the Floren- 
 tino. Guy Aretin, a Benedictine monic, in- 
 ventor of the musical notes, ut, re, &c. was 
 born here; also the celebrated Francis Petrarch, 
 and Mecffinns. It stands on a hill, at the con- 
 flux of the Chianno and Amo, IS miles W. of 
 Citta di Castello. 
 
 Aroau. See Aaroau. 
 Argences, a town of Franco, in the depart- 
 ment of Calvados, on the river Menace, 10 
 miles E. of Caen. 
 
 Argentan, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Ome, which has a considerable 
 trade in laco. It is seated on an eminence, in 
 the middle of a fertile plain, on the banks of 
 the Ome, 12 miles N. W. of Seez, and 110 W, 
 of Paris. 
 
 Argenteuil, a town of France, on the river 
 Seine, 5 miles N. W. of Paris. It has a fine 
 vineyard, and in the environs are quarries of the 
 plaster of Paris. 
 
 ARGENTiERA.a barren island of the Archipe- 
 lago, so called from the silver mines in it. 
 There is but one Ullage, and it has no water 
 but what is kept in cisterns. Long. 23. 10. E. 
 lat. 30'. 50. N. 
 
 Argentiere, a town of France, department 
 Ardeche. Pop. 10,000. Some exhausted lead 
 mines are here, but silk is now the principal 
 manufacture. 
 
 Auoenton, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Indre, divided into two parts Dy the 
 river Crcuse. It is 37 miles S. W. of Bourges. 
 AuGos, a. seaport of European Turkey, in 
 the .Morea, 25 miles S. of Corinth. Long. 23. 
 5. E. Int. 37. 30. N. 
 
 Aroostoli, a town of the island of Cefalonia, 
 with a fortress, and the best harbour in the 
 island. It is 8 miles W. S. W. of Cefalonia. 
 
 Argueil, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Seine, 1 8 miles N. E. of Rouen. 
 Arguin, an island and fort on the coast of 
 Zaliara, 30 miles S. E. of Cape Blanco. It was 
 taken by the Dutch from the Portuguese, in 
 1637; afterwards the French took it from the 
 Dutch. Long. 17. 5. W. lat. 20. 30. N. 
 Argun, a river of Asia. See Saghalien. 
 Argunskoi, a town of Siberia, on the fron- 
 tiers of Chinese Tartary. There are mines of 
 silver and lead near it, and a pearl fishery in 
 tho river Argim, on the W. bank of wliich the 
 town is situate. It is 70 miles S. E. of Nert- 
 chinsk. Long. 118, E. lat. 62. 30. N. 
 
 ARGYi,EsinRE,a county of Scotland, bounded 
 on the N. by Inverness-shire, E. by the coun- 
 ties of Perth and Dumbarton, and S. and W. 
 by the Atlantic Ocean, by which it is broken 
 into islands and peninsulas. It is 110 miles 
 long from the Mull of Cantyre to its N. E. 
 extremity; its breadth is very unequal — about 
 40 miles wiierc greatest. To theN. W. is a 
 peninsula, nearly detached from the rest of the 
 county ; it contains the districts of Ardna- 
 murchan, Morvcn, Sunort, and Ardgowar. 
 
 ARK 
 
 i 
 
 The peninsulas of Cantyre and Cowal arc 
 likewise very largo. The chief islands attached 
 to this county are Mull, Islav, Jura, Tirey, 
 and Col. The soil of Argyleshire, in the high 
 grounds, though little fitted for cultivation, 
 affords excellent pasture. Some parts are 
 covered with heath, and others exhibit rugged 
 and bare rocks. The i ies of the hills and 
 lakes are interspersed with woods; and there 
 are rich mines of copper, iron, and lead, whi'-h 
 have become peculiarly valuable since tho 
 opening of the Crinan canal. The chief town 
 is Inverary. 
 
 Ariano, a town of Naples. Pop. 10,000. 
 Arica, a seaport at the S. extremity of 
 Peru. It is but badly fortified, and has been 
 much injured by earthquakes. Here the trea- 
 sure brought from Potosi is shipped ; and 
 there are many fiirms employed in tho cultiva- 
 tion of Guinea pepper, in which it has a great 
 trade. It is 650 miles S. E. of Lima. Lone. 
 70. 25. W. lat. 13. 27. S. 
 
 Arienzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di La- 
 voro, 14 miles N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Arindal, a town of Norway, in the govern- 
 ment of Bergen, noted for the productive iron 
 mines in its vicinity. It is seated near the sea, 
 10 miles N. N. E. of Chribtiansand. 
 
 Arisch, or El Aeisch, a town and fort ot 
 Egypt, on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to 
 which it gives name. The French became 
 masters of it in 1798; but it was retaken by 
 the Turks and English at the end of the year. 
 In 1800, the Turks and French signed a con- 
 vention here, by which the troops of the latter 
 were to evacuate Egypt; but the English 
 admiral refused to ratify the capitulation. 
 Arisch stands on the confines of Arabia and 
 Palestine, 36 miles S. W. of Gaza, and 120 N. 
 E. of Suez, in N. lat. 31. 8. E. long. 34. 3. 
 
 Arispe, the chief town of the extensive dis- 
 trict of Soiiora, Mexico. Arispe is situate at the 
 foot of the Cordilleras, near the source of the 
 Hia, or Yaqui River, in the lat. of about 31. 
 N. and 109. W. long. 
 
 Arkansas, a territory of tho U. S. of North 
 America, formed in March 1809, by the S. 
 extremity of the Missouri territory. The 
 Arkansas lies between the latitudes of 33. and 
 36. 60. N. and 90. to 100. of W. long., being 
 being about 500 m. in mean length from E. to 
 W., and 242 in mean breadth from N. to S. — 
 equal to about 121,000 square m.,or77,440,boo 
 statute acres. It is bounded on the S. by the 
 Red River, and on the W. conventionally by 
 the line of the 1 00th deg. of W. long, which 
 separates it on those two sides from the un- 
 settled parts of Mexico; on the N. by the Mis- 
 souri territory and state; and on the east by the 
 Mississippi River. It was originally divided 
 into seven counties, and in 1820 contained a 
 population of only 14,273, of whom 1617 were 
 slaves. The present population is 97,574, in- 
 cluding 19,935 slaves. The Arkansas River, 
 which has its source in about the 40th deg. of 
 N. lat., near that of the Rio del Norte, enters 
 tho It-riitory bitween the long, of 97. and 98., 
 and niter being joined by the four forks of ()„. 
 
 H i 
 
,nd Cowal are 
 slands attached 
 S Jura, Tirey, 
 ire, in the high 
 'or cultivation, 
 <mo parts are 
 exhibit rui^ged 
 f the hills and 
 ods; and there 
 ,nd lead, whi'"h 
 ble since the 
 rhe chief town 
 
 ?op. 10,000. 
 extremity of 
 and has been 
 Here the trea- 
 shipped ; and 
 in the cultiva- 
 I it has a great 
 Lima. Long. 
 
 1 Terra di La- 
 in the govem- 
 roductive iron 
 1 near the sea, 
 nd. 
 
 n and fort ot 
 iterranean, to 
 'ench became 
 M retaken by 
 I of the year, 
 signed a con- 
 I of the latter 
 the English 
 capitulation. 
 >f Arabia and 
 a, and 120 N. 
 ng. 34. 3. 
 extensive dis- 
 situate at the 
 source of the 
 . of about 31. 
 
 J. S. of North 
 9, by the S. 
 ritory. The 
 en of 33. and 
 \ long., being 
 ;th from E. to 
 <m N. to S.— 
 or 77,440,000 
 the S. by the 
 entionally by 
 ^ long, which 
 from the un- 
 \. by the Mis- 
 le east by the 
 lally divided 
 I contained a 
 m 1617 were 
 is 97,574, in- 
 (ansas River, 
 : 40th deg. of 
 Norte, enters 
 .07. and 98., 
 P forks of tl|,, 
 
 
 ARK 
 
 Canadian, abou\ the centre of the territory, falls 
 
 Lnd nL ir't'''?,'; "" '"'• ^*- N- i the White 
 Zt l^ "'"''' ?*'^'"'' composed of about a 
 Uozen branches, rising in the state of Mi^Houri, 
 
 ?bo.n H. "a","'" "^ Mississippi abont '20 miles 
 Fbo^e the Arkansas. auffuloes, deer, elks 
 bean,, wolves, panthers. &c., are yory numerous 
 n this territory, and S. of he Arkansas liver 
 
 and T U ■""' ""'^ ''°"^«' which arThin^d 
 and caught m a way similar to those of Para- 
 guay. About 10,000 of the Osiigc, Pawnee 
 
 aifFerent parts of the territory. South of the 
 Arkansas River, and about 100 mile« W from 
 1*8 mouth, and near the source of the W'iHhif» 
 which alls into the Red River.ls attV ,i g' 
 
 ami, although m the bosom of a wiluemess it 
 has frequently 200 or 300 visitors aTa 'me 
 
 ever'niff '^ '° "'"""^ ^^ '^'^ Indians, that wha^ 
 ever differences may exist among them, thev 
 subside when here, and the spot is conse ra ej 
 to peace. The banks of the numerous rivers 
 are composed of a rich alluvial soil, which at no 
 
 fi r of !^r''f •^"'li'"^^ '^^'^''"^'^ to become 
 
 fields of achvity and abundance. There is a 
 
 town c.dle.1 Arkansas on the N. bank of the 
 
 mer, about o,5 miles above its mouth; bu the 
 
 capital and seat of government of the territory 
 
 sArkopohe situate on the S. bank of the river^ 
 
 180 miles above Arkansas. ' 
 
 Arkkisko a town of Abyssinia, situated on 
 
 the shore of the Red Sea- it is built of clay 
 
 and grass, with a few houses of stone. 
 
 AuKLow, a barony containing 13 parishes 
 and the towns of Arklow, .nnd part of Wick-' 
 ow, i„ the county of Wicklow, Ireland. The 
 town of Arklow is situate on the shore of St 
 George's Channel, about 13 m. S. of Wicklow 
 ARLEs, an oncient city of France, in the 
 department of Mouths of the Rhone, lately .S 
 
 cS'SW '■'• }'"'' thechief city of an" 
 c ent Gaul duwng the reign of Constantine, 
 and Boson made it the capital of the kingdom 
 of Burgundy. The country around product 
 
 There''r'''''""r' '"'»"»"• »"• '^"^ &"''« 
 whiVh t\n ■■' ^'ul ""'"''" °f »ntiquiti-8, of 
 which the amphitheatre and obelisk arc the 
 
 lat. «. 40 N ■ "'• ^°"»- ^- ^^- ^• 
 
 of lieHn^^o" 'm *",'"' ''"""'y '" t'"^ N. E. part 
 on thS'lw ll""' ^"K'"'"l 19 broad; bounded 
 
 fehan, N. by Lough Neagh, and S. by Louth. It 
 contains 20 parishes, and sends three members 
 
 the uty of Armagh, The soil is reckoned the 
 richest m Ireland; but a tract called the Fewes 
 
 lidSlo'l' '"""i-"'"' there are also somecr 
 s derable bogs. Some good marble is found in 
 
 n nii7^" r^' "".'^ "'*"''""=" '"anufacture flourishes 
 "1 all Its bnuidies. It has no river of conse- 
 quence but the Blackwater, which separat Jit 
 
 S'L^iTciay"^'*^ ''''''' '"'''^" "'•'" '^"^'-■S'' 
 Armagh, a populous parish and city of Irc- 
 
 30 
 
 ARN 
 
 nd the capital of the county of its name, and 
 tl e see of an archbishop, who is primate of all 
 Irehind. I has one of the best linen markets i" 
 U ster, and many bleaching grounds in its vici- 
 nitv. It 18 seated on the river Kalin. 45 miles 
 ». li. ot Londonderry, and 62 N. by W. of 
 Lubhn. Long. 7. 6. W. lat. 54. 20. N 
 
 Armagnac, a late province of France, in 
 Ouienne, 5a miles long and 40 broad. It is fer- 
 tile in corn and wine, and has a trade in brandy 
 and wool. This province, with Gascony, now 
 forms the department of Gers. 
 
 Armenia, a country of Asiatic Turkey, bor- 
 dermg on the S. E. extremity of the Black Sea. 
 and extending eastward into Persia ; it Ues be- 
 tween the 30tJ, and 45th deg. of Elong., and 
 under the 39th and 40th of N. lat. The Eu- 
 phfates, which has its source at the S. E. ex- 
 tremity ot the country, runs parallel with its S. 
 boundary; it is watered by several other rivers 
 fiilhng mto the Black Sea, and the Karsi, which 
 rises 11, the centre of the country, runs eastward, 
 falls into the Caspian. It is a mountainous 
 country (Ararat rising to the height of 17.260 
 tt.) and abounds in minerals, whilst the valleys 
 yield abundance of com and fruit. The i. hab 
 are much addicted to commerce, and have a 
 high reputation for probity; tJiey are the chief 
 merchants for the eastern commerce of Turkey 
 as the Greeks are for the western. The Anne-' 
 mans form a distinct sect of Christians, under a 
 patriarch and un archbishop. Erzeram, or Arz 
 Roum, m N lat. 40. and 40. 50, E. long is the 
 capital. Of the civil, judicial, or mihtary in- 
 stitutions, or extent of population of Armenia 
 but very little is known to Europeans ; the 
 1 ersians claim authority over the eastern parts, 
 and the Kurds interfere from the south. 
 
 Akmentiers, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Nord, seated on the Lis, 8 miles 
 w. rn. W. ot Lisle. 
 
 Armiers, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, seated on the Sambre, 20 miles 
 ». of Mens 
 
 Armyro, a town of European Turkey, in 
 fhessaly, on the Gulf of Velo, 30 miles S. E. 
 of Larissa. Long. 23. 22. E. lat. 39. 30. N 
 Armstrong, an interior and remote county 
 
 on ^rt "'t'.f™ P**^ °^ Pennsylvania. Pop 
 28.365. Kittaning, 214 miles W. by N. of 
 Harrisburg, is the chief town. The Alleghany 
 river enters the county at the N. W. extremity 
 
 H at the S. W. extremity. Kit.aning is situate 
 on the east bank, near the centre of the 
 county. 
 
 Armuyden, a town of Holland, in the island 
 01 VValcheren, now inconsiderable, the sea 
 having stopped up the harbour. The salt-works 
 are Its chief resource. It is 3 miles E. of Mid- 
 uleburg. 
 
 Arnay le Due, a town of France, in the de- 
 Ijartnient of Cote d'Or, seated in a valley near 
 the river Arroux, 25 miles N. W. of Baune 
 
 ARNEmmo, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Old Mark, with a ruined castle, on a hill on the 
 river Elbe, 3 miles from Werben. 
 
 Arnbdo, a seaport of Peru, with a good ha* 
 
ARN 
 
 40 
 
 ( 
 
 
 H 
 
 <v, 
 
 h- 
 
 .u^^'*^^'^'. * """""K '"""i of Holland, in Gel- 
 
 Eof P»M . ^T"l^ ^''^ residence of the 
 8 mZw if 'i'?"''' ""'^ '"^''te^ «n the Rhine, 
 52 2 N ^™^«"«n- Long. 5. 54. E. iat. 
 
 greitTjrofXTt^: ''• ""■ '''' "^ "'^ 
 riJiTVh *=^i^*"«"^'J "^« of Tuscany, which 
 rises in the Appennmes, and, passing bv Flo- 
 ™ ""'I Fi^. enters the oSlf o/aencm a 
 little below thu latter town. «= •"» a 
 
 Arnsheim, the name of two towns in the 
 palatmate of the Lower Rhine, one nea? 
 
 NerBltbelJ^ "''''' ^"^^^ '' ^^^ -» "^ 
 
 ,),f w^ Wurtzburg, with a castle, seat^ on 
 
 a^ .S'"' ^ "* v"' ^- W- "f Schweinfurt, and 
 about the same distance E. from Carlstadt^ 
 
 tomt^nf H " ^^'^^ °^ Germany, in the elec 
 torate of Hesse, countv of Waldech near tL 
 nver Aar, 29 miles S. S^ E. of Padefbor^' " 
 a n.uZ''' *.r" °^l*^^^'' '" ^^^ Milanese, with 
 
 N. T'ofT^r " ''' ^'^ ''"^•°"' ^« -"«' 
 
 Arpito, a town of Naples, in Terr? di La- 
 voro, 8 miles N. of Aquino. 
 
 mafSV* *?K ° °^ {-"^'y' ^'^ t''^ Papuan. «>- 
 St'o/palV""''^''^''''"^^- ''^'' 
 
 ^ HQUATA, a town of the territory of Genoa 
 •eatcl on the Scrivia, 25 miles N. of Genoa 
 
 Aa;iUE3 a town of France, in the department 
 of Lorer Seine, with an ancient castle. Here 
 nT^ fV""^ " complete victory over the 
 TV«o T^ *^*yfnne, general of the league, in 
 
 Kof'C^e."""'"""'''^""'"^'^'""- 
 A ^"'""'"^' a Pifovince of the lungdom of Spain. 
 Arragon was formerly an independent kingdom 
 ajid comprehended Arragon Proper, Catalonia,' 
 Valencia, and the Balearic Isles of Majorca 
 Minorca, Ivica, Cabrera, and Formentera. The 
 Wdom of Arr^on Proper is an interior dis! 
 tnct extending b. from New Castile, in the Iat. 
 of 40. N. m a N. E. direction to the Pyrenees 
 bounded on the N W. by Old Castile andX' 
 vaire; and on the E. by the N. end of Valencia, 
 and Catalonia; its superfici^ is about 1230 so 
 660 mm ^^u^'' ""'lu''^ population aboui 
 
 nfl? ^n « ^' ^^^ '"."* """"«'' the middle 
 ot it in a S. E. direction. Saratrossa seated 
 on the tanks of the Ebrc. is the chle^Ad oty 
 place of imj)ortance in the whole territory, 
 nor 18 It remarkable for any natural produc- 
 .rnft '^v i'*' the domination of the priest- 
 barrier to all social enteipr'seand improvement. 
 mifefrby^TflUif "^'"''•" ^'^'^ '' 
 
 ART 
 
 rii^i! . :rc*'''2l°*^®«'*'''""''i" »»>« Frith of 
 ni^f f' *on ^-f'^'^ ^"'^ °f B"te. It is of an 
 stk-fln*^*^ "".'"* '""8"'"* '-Abroad, and con- 
 stitutes the greatest part of the county of Bute. 
 
 .^iT ^Z^^^i """""tains extend across the 
 island, and Goatfell is near 3000 ft. in height. 
 
 «ounT ^? 'T' P""^'^"' ^"^ ^-xl cultivated 
 
 resort hither to drmk the whey of goat's milk. 
 
 rn^k! °J his greatest distresa Among the 
 rocks are found iron-ore, spar, and a treat 
 variety of beautiful pebblk %'„the coJtl^ 
 
 ^S.?^^'^"',"'*'^'"'' ^•''^h often afford 
 shelter to smugglera. It is divided into two 
 
 parishes Kilbrde ana Kilmorey. Total pop! 
 0541. The pnncipal place is Lamlash. 
 
 fj,» f """l " ^"'^'^^'^ "*y °f France, capital of 
 the department of Pas de Calais, and an epis- 
 topal see and one of the most ancient towns of 
 
 tiT^'^i n "^^^ "'^ '*''" "'■ the Atrebates in tho 
 time of Csesar. It is divided into two towns • 
 one named the city, which is the most ancient- 
 and the other .he town, which is modern. The 
 great square is full of fine buildings, surrounded 
 with piazziis. It was the birth-place of llobes- 
 Pierre. and ,s seated on the Scarpe, 22 miles 
 
 50 1^' N "p ^"""^^y. Long. 2. 46. E. Iat. 
 •50. I , . N. Pop. about 19,000. 
 
 Arriege, a department of France, containinjr 
 the late provinces of Couserans and Foix It 
 IS so named from a river, which rises in the 
 
 JtTVu' ^"•^' P*"'"8 ^y ^°''^ «nd Pamiers, 
 enters the Garonne near Toulouse. Gold dust 
 18 tound among ito sands. Foix is the capital. 
 Pop. about 225,000. ^ 
 
 ARROis, or Aaroe, and yEr.OB, two islands of 
 iJenmark, the first about the middle of the Little 
 iie t, and the othei at its entrance into the 
 ^a tic. There are a cluster of Islands also 
 
 to Moctr'' •'"'' ""*'"" '^^ ^^ ^^' °PP°"'« 
 
 AaiwucHES, a iown of Portugal, province of 
 Alentejo, 95 miles E. from Lisbon. 
 
 fh» « '*°°5 u? "i"?,*^' "' '•'^ ^"'''«n Ocean, to 
 ^ qo ^?^ ^-n^ ^"^^ *^""'^''' ^''tending from 
 0. dO. to 7. 0. ;. lut. with narrow channels 
 between them. The chief product is sago! 
 JJuring the dry or western monsoon, numerous 
 flocks of the birds of jaradise, from NewGuinea 
 resale m these islands, where great numbers 
 are killed, dried, and exported to Banda. Tho 
 D^t°h ^'^ considered as belonging to the 
 
 AasAMAs, a town of Russia, situate near 
 the source of the Techa, a branch of the Oka 
 nver, m the province of Nishnei, or Lower 
 JNovogorod. It is about 100 miles E. of Mos- 
 Tut^Joo" " '""'^ "' manufactures. Pop. 
 Arsoup, a town of the coast of Syria, in 
 Palestine, with a fortress, 10 miles N. of Jaffa 
 Arta, a sea-port of European Turkey, in 
 Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It 
 lias a considerable trade in tobacco and 
 v'"iv ?v '/,«««ted on the Arta. 70 mile. 
 39 28 N ^"P""'**- ^""K- '^^- 30- E iat. 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
, in the Frith of 
 ite. Itisotun 
 aroad, and coii- 
 ouiity of Bute, 
 lend acrosti tlie 
 
 ft. in heiglit. 
 and cultivated 
 I, and invalids 
 of goat's milk. 
 
 island, dnring 
 
 Among tlie 
 
 and a great 
 
 1 the coast are 
 I often afford 
 ided into two 
 
 Total pop. 
 mlash. 
 
 ice, capital of 
 and an epis- 
 cient towns of 
 rebates in tho 
 J two towns ; 
 nost ancient; 
 nodern. The 
 9, surrounded 
 ice of RobbB- 
 pe, 22 mile* 
 i. 46, E. lat. 
 
 e, containing 
 d Foix. It 
 rises in the 
 id Pamiers, 
 Gold dust 
 the capital. 
 
 vo islands of 
 of the Little 
 ce into the 
 Islands also 
 ea, opposite 
 
 province of 
 
 n Ocean, to 
 inding from 
 w channels 
 ct is sago. 
 , numerous 
 ew Guinea, 
 It numbers 
 nda. Tho 
 ing to the 
 
 uate near 
 f the Oka 
 or Lower 
 'j. of Mos- 
 es. Pop. 
 
 Syria, iti 
 . of Jaffa. 
 'urkey, in 
 see. It 
 »cco and 
 70 milea 
 9. E. iat. 
 
 ART 
 
 41 
 
 Arta, Gulp of, on the W. coast' of Greece- 
 and which IS the boundary of the kingdom, as 
 the Gulf of Volo is on the E. coast. 
 
 Artaki, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Notolia 
 2" IV ■J'T^ "*" ""' S^ °f Marmora, 7ti mile^ 
 St. 3!) gj *J"*'*'"''"°P'e- Long. 27, 40. E. 
 
 Artakui, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Romania, 48 miles N. W. of Gallipoli 
 
 Artern, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 county of Mansfield, circle of Thuringia, on the 
 river Unstrutt, 29 miles N. N. E. of Erfurt 
 
 Aptcs, .1 late province of France, bounded 
 on tlK _^. and E. by Flanders, and S. and W 
 by Hainault, Cambresis, and Picardy. It is 
 now included in the department of Pas de 
 Calais. 
 
 • J^'^^f,*' ^" '*'°"'* ^^ ""''^8 '" circumference 
 m the West Indies; one of the Leeward Islands' 
 and belonging to Holland. Long. 70- 5 W 
 lat. 12. 10. N. 6 '" -J. "-. 
 
 Arundel, a borough in Sussex, retumine 
 one member. Market on Wed. and Sat. It ii 
 seated on the side of a hill, on the river Arun 
 about 5 miles from the sea, and has a venerable 
 (.othic church, formerly collegiate. Its castle 
 the ancient seat of the dukes of Norfolk, stands 
 on the hill, and is of great extent; a vast sum 
 was expended upon it by Cliarles, the 12th 
 fluke. Ihe possession of this castle confers 
 an earldom on the proprietor. The river is 
 navigable for barges, and great quantities of 
 timber are sent hence for the dock-yards It 
 is 11 miles E. of Chichester, and 56 S. S. W 
 of London. 
 
 Arva a county at the northern extremity of 
 Lower Hungary, intersected by the Carpathian 
 mountains; it contains a pop. of about 75,000 
 subsisting chiefly by agriculture, more particu- 
 larly flax tor domestic Tianufaciure, and some 
 tor trade. There is a town which gives name 
 to the county, situate on a stream which falls 
 into the Wag river. 
 
 Arve, a rapid river of Savoy, which rises in 
 iaucigny and, watering Salen^.e, Cluse, and 
 Bonneville, joins the Rhone below Geneva. 
 
 Arwangen, a town and castle of Switzerland 
 in the canton of Berne, on the river Aar, 12 
 miles E. of Soleure. ' 
 
 AnzEw, a sea-port town of Algier, about 15 
 
 mnes W. ot Oran. It appears to be tho ancient 
 
 Arsenaria, there being many relics of antiquity 
 
 lu the neighbourhood. '' 
 
 Arzignano, a town of Italy, in the kingdom 
 
 VoiTm^' " ""'" '^^ ®- ^- "*' ^''-*'"'">- 
 
 Arzilla, a sea-port in the kingdom of Fez 
 
 S «'\v" ri^''' S- °f Cape Spartel, and SO 
 b. fe. W. of Tangier. It was formeriy a Roman 
 colony, and a p'ice of consicierable importi.nce 
 but at present uoes not contain more than lOOo' 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Arzinoan, a town of Armenia, on the W 
 bank of a branch of the Euphrates, 45 miles 
 ». W, of Arz Roum. 
 
 AsAB, or AssAi!, a town of Ahvssinia, in 
 Dancali, on a bay m the Straits of Uabelmande;, 
 3o miles S. E. of Bail.ir. ' 
 
 ASH 
 
 AsANOARO, n town and district of Peru, W 
 of tlie Andes, N. of the lake Chuiento. It is 
 very thinly peopled. 
 
 Asaph St a city of Wales, and a bishop-., 
 see, in Flintehirc, on the river Elway, where it 
 unites with the Clwyd. It is a poor j.lace. of 
 no e only for its cathedral, but has a r.i irket on 
 
 Ior^n"^ ^* i* ^f "'""" ^- ^'^ Chester, and 
 208 N. W. of London, on the lino of road to 
 Holyhead. 
 
 AsnEN, an interior country of North Africa, 
 of which Agadas is the capital • it is bounded 
 on the E. by Bomou, and N. and W. by the 
 deserts of Zaara and Tuarick. 
 
 AscALON, or AsKELON, a town on the coast 
 ot Palestine, oistinguished in Jewish history as 
 one of the chief cities of the PMiistines. It is 
 now an insignificant place ; about 30 miles S. 
 W. of Jerusalem, and 10 N. of Gaza. 
 ^ Ascension, a barren island, in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, 600 miles N. W. of St. Helena It 
 has a saie harbour, at which the East india 
 Ships often touch, to procure turtles, which are 
 here plentiful and large. Long. 13. 50 W 
 iat. /, 57. S. 
 
 . AscH, or AuscH, a town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Leutmeritz, situate on the banks of a 
 snaall river which falls into the Elbe, about 20 
 miles above the town of Leutmeritz. 
 
 AscHACH. a considerable town of Upper 
 Austria m the quarter of Hausruck, on the S. 
 bank of the Danube. 
 
 _ AscHAFFENBURo, a tcwn of Germany, lately 
 m the territory of Mentz, but now the <ipital of 
 a principality of the same name, in the circle of 
 the Lower Rhine, insulated in that of Franconia, 
 Here is a place in which George II. of England 
 took up his quarters the night before the battle 
 of Dettmgen, in 1748. It was takon by the 
 French m 1796 and 1800. Itissitm., near the 
 conflux of the Aschaff with the Maine, on the 
 ^. side of the latter river, 20 miles E, S, E of 
 Irankfort and 40 W. N. W. of Wurtzburgh. 
 Long. 9. 5. E. Iat. 50. 0. N. ^ 
 
 AscHERSLEBEN, a Considerable town on the 
 W. baak of the Saal, in the principality of An- 
 liault, circle of Upper Saxony. Pop. 8730 
 
 AscoLi, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of 
 Ancoim, with two citadels ; seated on a moun- 
 tain, by the River Tronto, 80 miles N. E of 
 Rome. Long. 13. 29. E. lat. 42. 44. N 
 -„'!;if *""! °' Satbiano, a town of Naples, in 
 ^apitanata, seated on a mountain, 70 niiles E. 
 of Naples. Long. 15. 50. E. lat. 41. 8. N 
 
 AscoRCA, a town in the island of Majorca 
 with a church containing a celebrated image of 
 the^ Virgin, much resorted to by pilgrims. 
 
 Asii^N :-. on interior territory of North 
 Ainci, xit .>-ig froni the meridional line to 
 the £rn or !;.i degree of W. long.; bounded by 
 theG^id r :.,t. The Ashantees have for a long 
 period ^ .the most powerful of all the negro 
 tribes of Western Africa, not only in their 
 contests with their neighbours, but they have 
 frequently defied the scientific and destruriive 
 means of European warfare. During the period 
 of the uncontrolled swav of the tlave trade 
 previous to the commoncomcr.t of the present 
 
 ^j 
 
ASH 
 
 I1?^!!'k "'* A''»'»"tee9. thou3l, little known 
 upon the coast, were the main instruments in 
 
 luJi;^''"'"'*.''^ ''^''''' """' '^''^'^"S traffic w,w 
 earned on. being constantly at war with their 
 ne ghhours for the obtaining of prisoners to 
 Mna t. the const ns slaves ; and it was the 
 A^ntees who gave rise to the famous, or rather 
 'titemous, Assiente contract of the Spaniards, 
 binco the restriction of the slave trade to the S 
 ol thp equator, the Ashantees, though still full 
 ot thirst for war, have directed more of their 
 attention to commerce. If was in 1806 that :hev 
 Jirst appeared formidable on the coast against 
 t.'.e Annamboesj and in 1823 they completely 
 defeated the whole British force of the ..oast 
 which took the field against them; the governor! 
 
 conflict, ard the wreck of the arrav compelled 
 to take refuge m the forts. 
 
 A3HB0RNE, a town of Derbyshire. Market 
 on Saturday. It is famous for cheese, and 
 
 Tif^l M T ^ir/"'^"" ^"^^ ""d Compton. 
 10 miles N. E. of Uttoxeter, and 139 N. N.W 
 ot London. ^ ■ " . 
 
 ASHBURTON. a borough in Devonshire, with 
 n market on Tuesday lor wool and vam.and on 
 ^5aturday for provisions. It is one of the four 
 stannary towns, and has a considerable manu- 
 focture of serges. It is seated among hills 
 (renriarkable for tin and copper) near the river 
 K' ^ r^J ^ ^- "f Exetei, and 192 W. 
 iLuamott ' '' '''""'^""^ °'^'"''^' *° 
 
 sh re. Market on Saturday. It had a castle 
 with a very high tower, some ruins of which 
 .7„\':'«"'J"'g- Here are manufactures of 
 stockings hats, an.l ribbons, and a consider- 
 able trade m malt. Ashbyis 13 miles S, of 
 Derby and 115 N. N. W. of London. A 
 ^em of coal, of a very superior quaUty. was 
 opened in the vicinity about the year 1816. 
 and a mineral water in the same neighbour- 
 hood since about the same period, has been 
 much resorted to. 
 AsiiDOD, See Azotus. 
 AsHEKEFF, tir EsHREVF, a town of Persia, 
 situate on a small rivulet which falls into the 
 Caspian Sea at its south (-nd. 
 
 AsHFORD, a town in Kent, governed by a 
 mayor. Market on Tuesday. The church is 
 large, and was formerly collegiate. It is seated 
 on the Ash, near it? co/,/luence with the Stour. 
 Itn'dor of Canterbury, and 55 S. E. of 
 
 AsHMUNEi.v.atwn uf /igypt, built on the 
 nuns of a city, supposccf to be the ancient 
 llermopolia, on the left bank of the Nile, 140 
 
 ?8 To N ■ '^- ''^ ^'"'"'- ^""«' ^^- ^- ^- ^^^ 
 AsHNAora, a town of Hindo«(an, in the 
 
 province of Cabul, seated on the Kameh, 80 
 
 railes N. of Attock, and 110 S. E. of Cabul. 
 AsffovEK, a parish of Derbyshire, England, 
 
 C fciles fe. of Chesterfield, and 157 from 
 
 London. 
 
 A6ifTj.r.ut*, a county at the N.E. extremity 
 of the «ate of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie. 
 
 4'2 
 
 ASI 
 
 Pop. 23,7:M. Jefron,on, 234 miles N. R of 
 Columbus, is the chief town 
 
 lu^^T^ V ^*«^'"'»-'-". « township of 
 
 AsHToN-UNDER-LvNE, a borough and popu- 
 
 i'a 'hi^^ "^, ^'T-T'''"" ■' *'•'' '"-" « ^^^ 
 
 m I ^P 'T^^'"f'' '^'^ from the river Tame, 
 
 'mile. h. of Manchester. The parish is divided 
 
 mnJZ' TV' ^"'T"« '"K^'her one of the 
 co?,fi n^''"''""' '%''^'f ^^'^ '■••'"•'" manufacture, 
 containing upwards of sixty large establishments 
 for spinning and machine-weaving, four iron 
 uid brass foundries, as many machine manufec- 
 tories and about thirty establishments for the 
 manufacture of hat,.. It has also extens ve 
 collieries ,n its viei.Hv, and it is intersected by 
 Uie Manchester, ami the Hudderefield and 
 
 to^jLfarnV''"'''^'''"'^'^'"- »---''" 
 
 ceedmgly irregular as to render it diflicult to 
 convey an accurate id..,, of its position, limits 
 and extent, except by a map; it lies, Wever 
 
 7hcXTY^^' ^-l""'"^ Point'RomaIn:: 
 tht .,.,,st southerly point of the Malaya promon- 
 
 N^h'v fr^l" I"'- b ^^- ^'^- N-. bounded on the 
 ?y"fhe7n^- r" Ocean, or, as a medial line, 
 by theZO... deg. ofN, lat.; from west to east it 
 ex ends in its e.i.eme limits from the Darda- 
 nelles m 26 to U.hr^g's Straits in 190. E. ; but. 
 exclusive of the promontories of Natolia, 'H,n- 
 
 under the equator, Asia may be considered as 
 lyi';g between the 15th and 70th deg. of N at 
 and the 40th and 1 30th of E. long., and coniain: 
 n.g an area of 20.432,205 square miles, and the 
 populatiori is estimated at 400,000,000 A ia is 
 separated from Europe on the W. by the Jural 
 
 tL Atifr"'-"','*"-"' t'^'^^'ling from the line of 
 the Arctic circle in the bug. of 63 E bearin<» 
 west to the long, of 54. in the lat of 63.. S 
 which point they again boar to the east to th" 
 
 Self -o" 'l' ■"' '''.'■' ^^'"" -Wch point! 
 while the Oural mountains run in a parallel 
 line with the 59th of long, the Asiatic boundaiy 
 becomes partly conventional, bearing west^ 
 
 tSe si!.°f m''P'' ' *''"°'" ^'"■'■'^' "'« HIack Sea! 
 tJf ^'"^°^> the Dardanelles, and Le- 
 vant, form the western boundary to the Isthmus 
 of Suez which separates it from Africa ; the 
 Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea, then forms the re- 
 mainderof itswesteni boundary.and the Arabian 
 Sea, Indian Ocean, and China Sea, bound it on 
 «.e south and the North Pacific Ocean on the 
 E., and the Arctic Ocean, as previously stated 
 forms Its northern boundary; this vast extent of 
 territory is divided into eleven great parts- viz 
 
 S.beria,ChineseTartary,China,^'hibeTw;«ten 
 or Independent Tartary, the Birman empire! 
 Hmdostan, Peisin, Arabia, Asiatic Turkey 
 and Japan the latter being exclusively insulm-! 
 Several noble rivers flow in various directions ; 
 
 t^^fnT?\ '-^ ^""^^ °' Saghalien, into the 
 Sea of Ochotek, m the North Pacific; the Yellow 
 and Oreat Rivers intersect China from west to 
 
N. R of 
 
 
N ITIIMSUn) HY r TKCC. CIIKxrsil) 
 
 Vri.m. X- ;;i;:- irpd 'n- ,Ut s'Tmaliv. 
 
AshtadUl*, n couiiiy at tiie i, ^ „^,. 
 
»" ^ • 1 
 
 Uo 
 
 ASI 
 
 «wf, falling into the B.,y of Nnnki,,, „„.! tl,„ 
 
 north to wuth; hut it in won,,v ol Ark [ .?^ 
 neither ,„ A.ia or Euro,,., ori. h^ of £ 
 twogruad d,v«i„ns of th'- ,.e«..,>r„ h..mi5"o 
 are thcro any river* of „r.,nco ThTftow 
 from enut to west wdii a. • .. ^ 
 
 Although the rivers of Asi,. lo not vie in mm, 
 ■'.ficonco with tho8o of the ,, -rn emilnrre' 
 Asm far exceeds it i„ the mngnificrce of iu 
 
 r^i A K :u ••J'^^y "'■'' empluiticaliy denomi 
 nnted by the Ruwians. the back, and bvTho 
 
 intersects the entire territory in n N E dirpn. 
 ^on from the Arabian Sea to the East Ca Hi 
 Bohring s Strn.ts. and in the Int. of 49 N^ris^ 
 
 laurug Ararat, &c. &c. spread over the western 
 part o Asia. ri«ng to the height of 8 to 1 o!o?o ft 
 The Caspian, Baikal, and sla of Aral are the 
 only inland waters that merit notice in this place 
 
 Sn of ^hr'"'':"'*' ,«'"'.''"'»« °f the nortt 
 yision of the western hemisphere, thev are verv 
 insignificant. The islands of the ea^fem oS 
 are s„ nnmerous, and so diffusely scattered ^^o 
 render it difficult to decide which proJerlV be^ 
 long to Asm, and which do not; thoL, howeve^ 
 
 Slitr-"'^"" '''■''''?*« ">".v be enu^eraTed rS 
 follow, beginning at the north; viz. Sn^'halien 
 
 fe *'"'„'^"P'«"^'^. f'o^osa, Hainnn 1,0 Phi-' 
 Iippnes, Borneo, the Celebes, Juvn umnt«. 
 Co> !on, the Mnldive, and LaJcmlTve^ ■ thel^' 
 drone. New Cnrolinas, Pellow New r^f- 
 Solomon's, New Hebrides New r i ? ^"' 
 Sand^i,h, Society, Frienit'New ZeS faTd 
 
 bZ hi""'" ' ^""'^ «''" '"°«t Probabl/here 
 after become more particularly dentificnlwkh 
 Australasia; they will, however, all be treat '5 
 of under their respective heads ^ 
 
 of n.osiTff,'"' ''""" «f nations, and the scene 
 ot most of those remarkable transactions wh;,"h 
 are recorded in sacred historv Aftpr fh^i i ^ 
 Noah is said to have se!ue7net^1e trdefe 
 the Euphrates, and to have peopled the whohf 
 continent; the posterity of Shem occu nyine the 
 central regions, Japhet the northern, fdfi 
 the sou hern. Javanandhis descendant. Ash 
 
 anrRilwh"™' '^•^^^^^''' Elisluih. Tct rmat 
 and Riphath, arc supposed to haie hT. „ .kL' 
 ancient inhabitants of Asia Minor tLp " 
 
 ZrJ?y^'^ ^'"■*"- Modern writers haS 
 ferred the present natives of Asia to those d^f^ 
 foent stocks of Hebrews, Indians? and Tartlf 
 tlu propriety of which will appear from tS 
 make, features, and languaees Thprn n,T I 
 ever some large tribes wS'cannor e fe 
 to any of these classes. Mr, Pinkerton observes 
 that the population of Asia is allowed bv all 
 authors to be wlidly primitive, with The cxccp 
 
 43 
 
 ASI 
 
 tion of tho 'Muiktshh,{whom the Russian Mm 
 
 .wr!:?"r* '"• ""Tjr^ frorthnnp': 
 
 r^LTi^ America,) the colonies that fiive 
 migr,.ted firom Russia to the northern part, I! 
 far .w the sea of Kamtschatka, the welfknown 
 European Hct.i monts, and a few othei Tia 
 certunly co„( s an nm^ing original nmm 
 
 PettvT , K^' "'-^Pl'Hl by numerous 
 
 extincf A,^ '*•• *t'*'H ""^ "^t* "fo now 
 ext met. At a somewhat later period, the Bal.v- 
 lonmn oninire extended over the greater part of 
 West, rn Asia j th. Pcnuan. next reignKm 
 nount on that side. 32U y.ars before U^eChr7*^ 
 "n era .Alexander of Nlaccnlon extended Ik 
 
 The ascendancy of the Por«ii.n« ;., :* . 
 y^lded to the stilf great a^end^n "inJuS 
 and power of the Tariurs from thrnnrth wh 
 a 80 in the 12,1 .,,,„ BuMued Chi, a i,'. ^S 
 
 ir^t!.'*^ ""^ l-H^ nearirthrwho eTf 
 therr'd"omSor'""""^'''^"'''P«''"«'""'"'« 
 The Mogul empire succeedeu the Tartar 
 whilst the greater part ,f Eastern artarv^' 
 came umted to China, which f6r s^-S^ce^ 
 uries has remained comparatively unSrb^" 
 but at the present time, a . finrot S ' 
 tm-Iors, under the denominaf.u oT'^The U„S 
 
 tt'XtMd^''""*""-^ '' lingland trading 
 Cendant L^"'','""^ ^ "^"''^d as theV 
 
 strument of burthen and in^', ?^^ "'^ '"' 
 
 ranks highest rt;'orn;Th;Z?ffiS 
 of Asia are the noblest of their sSesXs 
 tlistinguished for the beautv of th«i, ../ . 
 
 as for their agility. stre„;S anVwS'^Th^ 
 "ifenor classes of the animal crS?;ill £e 
 more particu arly adverted to under the hTads of 
 the several divisions of Asia. AIfhn,w,h « 
 
 th^aboiind. a subdufn^ 'I'p'ectTpo"^?';;;' 
 
 dScSSdeElS^S^'-'i^AS 
 
 and lead from Europe? "' '°PP''' ^'"' 
 
 Rice for food, and cotton for clothing are tho 
 
 pnru offrrd'ct- ""^ "i' "^" "" ''^ "-"• 
 
 ■ V . J .• . '""' nnd in the latter coun- 
 
 t'.v, a decoction of the well known tca-sh"ub 
 
^ 
 
 ^^.^. 
 
 0>.'5^>^^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 '^f^^^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1^128 
 
 111 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 110 
 
 2.0 
 
 IL25 III 1.4 
 
 IE 
 
 1.6 
 
 f % 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 W^'W 
 
 V 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STRICT 
 
 WEBSTIR.N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)S71-4S03 
 
 V 
 
 3>^ 
 
 ^^ 4s 
 
 

 ? 
 
AS I 
 
 constitutes the principal drink of that populous 
 empire, whilst the vegetable tallow-tree sup- 
 plies many of 'heir domestic wants. 
 
 Mahomedism is established in the central 
 and western parts, while Paganism, and the most 
 degrading and cruel superstitions, prevail in 
 all the other regions of Asia. Christianity is 
 scarcely known throughout this part of the 
 globe, except in Siberia and in Greece, where 
 the profession of it has been perpetuated amidst 
 cruelty and oppression ; nor have any adequate 
 exertions beeii made by Europeans for its intro- 
 duction, thb small tract of India brought under 
 cultivation by our missionaries being only as a 
 lingle oasis in a vast and dreary desert. 
 
 The governments of Asia appear in all ages 
 to have been arbitrary and despotic in the ex- 
 treme; much addicted to parade and pageantry, 
 and that to a degree of which Europe has ex- 
 hibited no parallel. The government of China, 
 although in name and form a complete despo- 
 tieii, appears however to be administered not 
 only with temperance, but with a paternal soli- 
 citude for the welfere of the great body of the 
 people, who may yet at the same time be ranked 
 amongst the most abject of the human race. 
 The ascendancy of the English at the close of 
 the 1 8th and commencement of the 1 9th century, 
 is unquestionably the most important era in the 
 history of Asia; and, although much that is ob- 
 jectionable and reprehensible prevails, in some 
 respects it indicates brighter and better prospects 
 to Asia than it has ever before experienced. 
 
 Asu MiNOK comprehends that part of western 
 Asia under the dominion of the Turks, border- 
 ing N. on the Black Sea, and S. on the Levant, 
 including the provinces of Natoua, Caeamanu, 
 aad RouM, which see. 
 
 AsiAoo, a considerable town of Italy, in 
 Vicentino, 20 miles north of Vicenza. 
 
 AsiNAEA, an island in the Mediterranean, on 
 thu N. W. coast of Sardinia, 17 miles N. by W. 
 of Sassari It is 28 miles in compass, and is 
 fertile and populous. 
 
 AsKEAToN, a town and parish of Ireland, in 
 the county of Limerick, noted for its castle, and 
 for one of tha most perfect abbeys in the coun- 
 try, built by one of the earis of Desmond. It is 
 seated on the Deel, near ito confluence with the 
 Shannon, 20 miles W. S. W. of Limerick. 
 
 AsKRiG, a town in N. R. Yorkshire; market 
 on Thursday ; seated near the Ure, 18 miles 
 W. S. W. of Richmond, and 246 N. of London. 
 
 AsNA. See Esnb. 
 
 A8NiEEAS,atown of France, in the department 
 of Upper Vienne, 10 miles N. W. of Bellac. 
 
 AsoLA, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20 miles 
 S. E. of Brescia. 
 
 AsoLo, t town of Italy, in Trevisano, with a 
 spacious citadel on a hill. It is surrounded by 
 walU, and situated near the Musone, 17 miles 
 N. W. of Treviso. 
 
 ASOPH, or Azop, a sea, anciently the Palus 
 Maeotis, lying N. of the Black Sea, with which 
 It communicates by the Strait of Caffa, the an- 
 o.ent Cimmerian Bosphorus. The sea, which 
 M sometimes called the Sea of Zabak, extends 
 940 miles fioia S. W. to N. E., between the 
 
 44 
 
 ASS 
 
 latitude of 43. to 47. N. and 34. to 39 of W. 
 long. 
 
 AsoPH, a district of the Russian empire, in 
 the province of Catharineslaf, including a lanje 
 tract of territory to the E. and W. of the town 
 of Asoph. It was ceded by the Turks in 1774, 
 and after that period, several new towns were 
 built by Catherine II.; one of which, Cathar 
 nneslaf, is now the captital. 
 
 AsoPH, a town of Russia, lately the capital 
 of a district of the same name, seated on the 
 east bank of the Don, near it entrance into the 
 sea of Asoph. It has been several times taken 
 by the Turks and Russians. It is not of the 
 importance it was in the reign of Peter the 
 Gr^t; the river being now so choke<' with 
 wnd as c^rcely to admit the smallest vessel. 
 Long. 38. 32. E. lat. 46. 68. N. 
 
 AsPBEEN, a town of Holland, famous for 
 a long siege which it held out against tha 
 Geldnans, in 1517. It is seated on the 
 Lmghe, 13 miles S. of Utrecht, and 22 E, of 
 Rotterdam. 
 
 AsPERif, a town of Austria, on the north 
 bank of the eastern branch of the Danube, a 
 httle below Vienna, distinguished &r a great 
 battle fought between the French and Aus- 
 trians m 1 809, during which the town was totally 
 destroyed, but has been since rebuilt. 
 
 Assam, an interior country of Asia, bounded 
 on the W. by Bengal and Bootan, N. by Thibet, 
 and S. E. and S. by Meckley. It is divided into 
 two provmces. Upper and Lower. Among the 
 products are many kinds of valuable fruits, with 
 silk, musk, pepper, cocoa-nuts, sugar, and gin- 
 ger. The open parts are marked with popula- 
 tion and tillage; the woods abound with ele- 
 phants. The mountains are inhabited by a 
 savage tribe called Nancs, who go naked, and 
 eat dogs, cats, mice, locusts, and any thing they 
 can find. The other inhabitants of Assam are 
 base and unprincipled, have no fixed religion, 
 nor any rule but their inclination. They eat all 
 flesh except human, and even animals that die 
 a natural death, and are dreadfully addicted to 
 the use of opium. They ara enterprising, savage, 
 vindictive, and fond of war. They have neither 
 horses, asses, nor camels ; but they are some- 
 times brought there ftom other countries. 
 Asses they are fond of, but are so much afiBid 
 of a horse, that one trooper would put a hundred 
 of them to flight. The invention of gunpowder 
 is ascribed to the Assamese. It was known in 
 China and Hindostan in very remote antiquity; 
 and in the code of Gentoo laws there is a pro- 
 hibition of the use of fire-arms; but what 
 these fire-arms were is not distinctlv known. 
 The tea-plant has lately been discovered grow- 
 ing wild in this country, and, in the present 
 state of the commerce with China, may prove 
 of much importance. Mr. Bruce has found it 
 growing in extensive tracts all along the river, 
 from Jaipore, the capital of Lower Assam, to 
 above Jorehaut, the capital of the Upper Pro- 
 vince. It is found in the natural jungle, which 
 covers a large portion of the country, and under 
 the shade of which the tea-tree flourishes spon- 
 taneously, and as th-'.k os they can grow 
 
ASS 
 
 4ft 
 
 They hare probably been Introduced by the 
 wnigrants, from the neighbouring province of 
 
 • ,^^^^^^''^' O"" HA8ANKALA, R town of Turk- 
 ish Armenia, which hna hot baths much fre- 
 quented. It is seated on the Ares, 22 miles E 
 of Erzerom. 
 
 AssAHPooa, a town of ilindostan, in the 
 country of Cutch, at the most eastern mouth of 
 the Indus, 38 miles W. of Boogebooge. 
 
 AssEEROUR, a strong hill fort of Hindostan, 
 
 " ,„«„.• '" ^^^ ^^ '"t^ the Mahrattas. 
 in > 803, It surrendered to the British. It is 20 
 miles N. E. of Burhanpour. 
 
 AssEN, a town of Holland in Overyssel 12 
 miles S. of Groningen, and 61 N. N. w' of 
 Cosvordon. 
 
 p-,!^?^?"' * Vo''" 9^ Belgium, a province of 
 East Flanders; 13 miles N. N. E. of Ghent 
 
 Amenheim, a town of Germany, in the cir- 
 cle of Upper Rhme, at the conflux of the Wet- 
 ter with the Nidda, 1 1 miles N. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 AssENs, a seaport of Denmark, in the island 
 ot *unen. It is the common passage from the 
 fllfi^e w^T"^.*** Copenhagen, and is 17 
 55 17 N ^^^^' ^O"?- 10. 2. E. lat. 
 
 AssiNiBoiNs, or AssENEBOYNE, a rivcr of 
 North Amenca, falling into the S. W. end of 
 Lake Winnipeg; the North West Fur Tradina 
 
 ^Tr^"^ I'l? *'.^""'* "" '^^ S- bank of the 
 nver, about 15 miles above ite entrance into the 
 
 Assisr, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spo- 
 leto, with a magmficent church, 22 miles N. W. 
 oJ opoleto. 
 
 AssoMPTiON, a township and village of Lower 
 t«nada, srtuate on the bank of a river of the 
 «ame name, which &lls into the St. Lawrence a 
 iJttle below Montreal. 
 
 AssoB, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Na- 
 S p "" * '«y°'*« Archipelago, 12 miles 
 J2 N "^ ^^' ^^' ^^' ^ ^*- 39. 
 
 Assumption, an episcopal city, capital of a 
 province of Paraguay, it standi i.i a fertile 
 
 a httle above the confluence of the Pilcomayo 
 
 »L A a.^1.^'^"'"* "'*"^'^ '" N. lat. 19. 45. 
 and 45. 35. E. long, and of a parish in the state 
 of Louisiana, on the W. bank of the Mississippi 
 inte«,.,tedby thelineof 30. N. lat. Pop.about 
 <J576, of whom 1149 were slaves. 
 
 AssTE. a small town in Hindostan, province 
 of Berar, 38 miles N. E. of Aurungabid. A r^ 
 markable victory was gained here by General 
 Weliesley, on September 23, 1803. 
 
 AsTABAT, a town of Persian Armenia, 3 miles 
 from the nver Aias, and 32 S. E. of Naksivan 
 
 ASTARA, a town of Persia, in Ghilan, on 'a 
 th?* w ?"?« "«!"«• near its entrance into 
 £.£.^8.^30 N ^^"'" ®^* ^''"^' ^"- '**'• 
 AsTERABAD, or EsTERABAD, a town of Persia, 
 capital of a province of its name, at the S. E 
 part of the Caspian Sea. It stands at the mouth 
 ot a nver, which forms a bay convenient for 
 
 AST 
 
 Kit. 37! S N.^' "^ *"""'*"''• ^""8- "• "• 
 n«rtm!;f fr^ °' Piedmont, capital of the de- 
 
 cathedral, it contains upwards of thirty other 
 churches. It is seated on the Tanaro, 24 miles 
 E. of Turin. Pop. 21,225. 
 
 AsTORGA, an episcopal town of Spain, in 
 Leon well fortified by art and naturef It is 
 wated in a plain, on the river Tueria, 25 miles 
 
 J ; ^"' ""** ^^^^ midway on the high 
 road from Corunna to Madrid. 
 
 Astoria, a commercial establishment on the 
 Colombia River, on the W. coast of North 
 Ainenra. It was founded in 1811, for the fur 
 iraae. by J. J. Astor, a private citizen of the 
 
 NoTnVe1t1^;.i"An7 "^^' '"^ *'^ '^"«"''' 
 Astrabad, a tongue of land on the N E 
 coast of the Crimea, extending into the Sea of 
 Asopn. 
 
 Astrabad, aipital of a province of the same 
 name, on the S. E. of the Caspian Sea. It has 
 a considerable commerce with Russia, &c 
 
 ASTRACAN, a city of the Caucasus, and the 
 pnncipal city 0: Asiatic Russia, capital of a pro- 
 vmceof the same name, and an archbishop's 
 see. It is situate on an iRlund formed by two 
 Jn?"?K^^^ '*•? X-^'ea I«ver, near its entrance 
 X^ ^\^""^ "^ ^^^ ^'^P^ Sea, in the lat. 
 ot 46., and has a good harbour. It is surrounded 
 by walls, and on the W. has a triangular fortress. 
 Here are 25 Russian churches, and two con- 
 vents ;thp .Lrmenians, Lutherans, an« Papists, 
 have their places of worship; and the Hindoo^ 
 of Moultan have been permitted to erect a tem- 
 fu • . !J® "*""^ "^ '" general of wood; and 
 the inhabitants are estimated at 45,9; It sel- 
 dom nuns here, but the river Volga c, , (lows. 
 Jike the Nile, and when the water is run oflF 
 vegetation is very rapid. Here are several lai»e 
 vineyards, from which some wine is made for 
 home consumption ; also manufiwtures of imn- 
 powder and nitre, and on the side of the Cas- 
 plan bea are long marshes which produce a 
 great quantity of salt. The Volga, either of 
 hJp 7^^ '.^ numerous branches, interaecls 
 ftau of the interior provinces of European 
 Rusffla, and affords to Astracan a feciUtj of com- 
 munication by water, of inestimable advantaite 
 It communicates with Moscow by the Kashia 
 branch, and with St. Petersburg wom Twer 
 partly by canal, and partly by intermediate 
 waters. The mouths of the river abound wi»h 
 beluffa, a species of stui^geon, from the soun'd 
 of which IS made the finest isinglass, which 
 forms a very extensive branch of the commerce 
 ot Astracan, which is alsothe centre of all the 
 commerce of Russia with Persia and the East, in 
 which Russians Persians, Armenians, Greeks, 
 Tartars, Jews, Hmdoos, French, and English, al 
 participate. It was taken from the Mongol 
 rartars about the middle of the 15th century, 
 
 tnsn Q^^'JJ "," '"''^^ S- E- «>f Moscow, and 
 1050 S. S. E. of St. Petersburg. 
 
 AsTDRiAS, a maritime province of the N. W 
 
 ot bpain, extending for about 120 miles alona 
 
 the shore of the Bay of Biscay. It ia divide! 
 
ATA 
 
 46 
 
 ATH 
 
 I 
 
 into two parts, Asturias d'Oviedo and Asturias 
 de Santillana, so named from the chief towns. 
 This province is full of mountains and forests; 
 its wine and horses are excellent, and it has 
 mines of gold, lapis lazuli, and Vorrailion. The 
 eldest son of the Kins of Spain is styled prince 
 of the Asturias. It .vs formerly a principality 
 of the kingdoun of Leon, and is bounded on the 
 S. by the province of Leonj on the W. by Gal- 
 licia; and on the E. by Biscay and Old Castile: 
 it extends inland from the Bay of Biscay about 
 45 miles, and contains a superficies of 308 square 
 leagues, and a population of 364,238. St.An- 
 dero, at the eastern extremity of the province, 
 in lat. 43. 28. N. and 3. 40. W. long., and dis- 
 tant by way of S^ovia 87, and by Aranda 714 
 leagues N. from Madrid, is the principal town 
 on the coast, and Oviedo, 7SJ leagues N. W. 
 fiom Madrid, is the chief town inland. 
 
 Atacaha, a seaport and province of Peru. 
 The provinse has a great desert of the same 
 name, which separates Peru from Chili. The 
 town is remarkable for the fish called tollo, with 
 which it carries on a great trade with the inland 
 provinces. It is 210 miles S. by E. of Arica. 
 Long. 6!». 30. W. lat. 21. 20. S. 
 
 Atchiksk, a considerable town in the govern- 
 ment of Tobolsk, on the frontiers of Colyvan. 
 It is situate on a branch of the Obe River, in 
 tb« lat. of 56. 20. N. and 89. 30. E. long. 
 
 .ilTENA, a to^vn of Naples, in Principato Cite- 
 riore, near the river Negro, 22 miles N. of 
 PoUcastro. 
 
 Ath, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 Hainault. It has been often taken, and is seated 
 on the Dender, 12 miles N. W. of Mon8,on the 
 road from Brussels to Tournay. Pop. 7800. 
 
 Athabasca, Lake, British territories of North 
 America, 200 miles long, 15 broad. Lat. 59. 0. 
 N. long. 108, 0, W. Its chief outlet joins the 
 Slave River. 
 
 Atbaboli, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Romania, on the coast of the Black Sea, 70 
 miles N. £. of Adrianople. 
 
 Athbot, a parish and town in the county of 
 Meath, Ireland. The town is 30 miles N. of 
 Dublin, and has three annual fairs. 
 
 Athelney, an island in Somersetshire, at 
 the confluence of the Thone and Parret, a few 
 miles below Taunton, memorable for having 
 aflbrded shelter to King Alfred. Here he col- 
 lected some of his retainers, on which account he 
 called it iEthelingay, or the Isle of Nob'es, and 
 hence he made frequent sallies upon the Danes. 
 Atheneet, a populous parish and town in 
 the county of Galway, Ireland. 
 
 Athens, a once celebrated city, situate on a 
 promontory at the southern extremity of eastern 
 Europe; supposed to have been founded by Ce- 
 crops, 1556 years antecedent to the Christian 
 era, or about the period of the height of Egyp- 
 tian glory in the age of Moses j it became the 
 seat of kingly authority under Codrus, about the 
 period of the reign of David in Palestine; and, in 
 about 1000 years subsequent to its foundation, it 
 had attained the summit of its glory, when it 
 became the chief city of the Grecian republic, 
 vhich successfully contended against the power- 
 
 ful arms of the Persian monarchy, and excelled 
 in all the art. of poetry, painting, sculpture, and 
 oTchitecture •, the two last the Athenians may 
 be said to have perfected, for all that succeeding 
 ages have done has been to copy, mix, and 
 transform. Eighty-six years antecedent to the 
 Christian era, when refinement among the 
 Athenians had sunk into licentiousness, and 
 patriotism into selfish ambition and individual 
 aggrandisement, Athens fell a prey to the furious 
 arm of Sylla, who sacked it of some of its 
 choicest treasures ; from this period it may be 
 considered as having passed the meridian of its 
 glory. In the 50th year of the Christian era, it 
 was visited by the apostle Paul, whose speech 
 to the multitude from the celebrated temple on 
 Mars' Hill, as recorded in the 18th chap, of the 
 Acts of the Apostles, verse 22nd, will best tes- 
 tify the social and moral condition of its inhabi- 
 tants at that period. It subsequently became a 
 prey to internal commotions, as well as to ex- 
 ternal enemies, and, after experiencing various 
 alterations of fortune, it became tributary to the 
 Turks, on theL- establishing their dominion in 
 Europe. It ha? since become, once more, tho 
 capital of Attica and of Greece, and the pro- 
 jected improvements in its vicinity will render 
 it a handsome town. It contains p.bout 12,000 
 inhabitants, the greater portion of whom are 
 Greeks; who, having the advantage of a delight- 
 fbl climate. live in comparative ease. Numerous 
 vestiges of architectural grandeur still remain to 
 attest the supremacy of the Athenians in that 
 noble and useful art. In 1808 Lord Elgin, then 
 ambassador from England at Constantinople, 
 ransacked the Parthenon of the choicest vestiges 
 of its friezes, &c., which now adorn the national 
 Museum in London. Athens stands in a spa- 
 cious plain : the hill of 7ilar8, on the summit of 
 which stood the temple dedicated to the idol 
 of that name, was, during the zenith of its great- 
 ness, in the centre of the city, but now at some 
 distance from the present town, which is 
 bounded on one side by Mount Hymettus, de- 
 servedly celebrated for the honey which it pro- 
 duces. On the sea side it has three ports ; the 
 Fhalcreus, Munyc i, and Pireus, now Port 
 Leon^, about 5 miltv distant firom the town, and 
 through which it carries on some little external 
 traffic in hon'jy, wax, oil, olives, silk, &c. in 
 exchange for the manuiactures of western 
 Europe gene rally ; it is in lat. 37. 58. N. and 
 23. 46. W. long. 
 
 Athens is also the name of a county in the 
 S. E. end of the state of Ohio, a nook bordering 
 on the Ohio river. Pop. 6338. The chief town 
 of the same name is finely located in the centre 
 of the country, on a tongue of land formed by 
 the detour of the river Hockhocking, which in- 
 tersects the county from the N. W. to the S. E, 
 comer, where it falls into the Ohio. The town 
 is 71 miles S. E. of Columbus. 
 
 Athens is the name of another town in 
 Greene county, state of New York, on the W. 
 bank of the Hudson River, nearly opposite the 
 city of Hudson. Pop. 9109. There are several 
 other townships named Athens, in different 
 parts of the United States. 
 

 A T H 47 
 
 Atherston, a tn. in Warwickshire ; market 
 on Tuesday. Manufectures of hats, ribbons, 
 and shalloons. It is seated near the Anker, 
 on the high road from London to Holyhead 
 by Chester, 13 miles N. of Coventry, and 108 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Athlkte, of Castel Pelegrino, a town in 
 Palestine, on a small peninsula jutting into the 
 Mediterranean, surrounded with extensive ruins. 
 Athlone, a borough of Ireland, partly in the 
 county of West iVleath, and partly in Roscom- 
 mon. It stands on both sides of the Shannon 
 over which is a long bridge, that is the grand 
 pasB between the provinces of Leinster and 
 Connaught. It is 60 miles V/. of DubUn. This 
 town was unsuccessfully besieged by William 
 P"?f?n°^ Orange, after the battle of the Boyne' 
 m 1690; but was taken by storm the following 
 ywir, after the battle of Aughrim, by General 
 trmkle, one of the Orange foUowere, who was 
 created Baron of Aughrim and Earl of Athlone 
 for the exploit It is nov one of the most 
 extensive military stations i all Ireland : and 
 eends one member to parliauient 
 
 Athos, or Monte Santo, a high mountain 
 of Greece in Macedonia, on a peninsula at the 
 entrance of the Gulf of Contessa. It has been 
 celebrated m all ages for its singular locality, 
 and the majesty of its appearance, and became 
 an object of such great attraction to the Greeks, 
 M to draw devotees from all parts of jastenj 
 Europe, who have interspereed it with numerous 
 churches, monasteries, and hermitages : hence 
 It has acquired the name of Monte Santo, or 
 the Holy Mountain. The monks amount to 
 about 6000, who subsist chiefly by preying on 
 the numerous devotees whom their aflfected 
 sanctity and craft continuaUy draw around 
 ttiem; they, however, cultivate the olive and 
 the vine to some extent, and there are four 
 Mtabhshmente of education for Greek eccle- 
 siastics ; there is a fortified town called Kareis, 
 ^ut half way up the mountain, at which a 
 
 , o , ."«* '^"^'*' ^* w about 70 miles E 
 of Salomca, and in ]at. 40. 7. N. and 24. IS. 
 i '. long. 
 
 Athy, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 KiWare, at which the assizes are held alter- 
 Mtely with Naas. It is seated on the river 
 Barrow, 12 miles S. of Kildare, and communi- 
 cates with Dublin daily by passage-boats, by 
 the line of the Grand Canafrhe remains 
 Of an old castle now serve for a county jaiL 
 and there are ruins of two monasteries m the 
 vicmity. 
 
 Atlantic, or Atlantic Ocean, takes its 
 name from Mount Atlas in Africa, and lies be- 
 tween the west continents of Africa and Europe 
 and the east continent of America. Its lewt 
 breadth from Guinea in Africa, to Brazil in 
 South America, is 2300 miles. On one side of 
 the equator, it is called the North Atlantic 
 Ocean, and on the other the South Atlantic 
 ocean. It is remarkable for its currents the 
 principal oi which, the Gulf Stream, is occa- 
 woned by the constant trade winds, which drive 
 the waters, m a westerly direction, through the 
 passages of the West India islands into the Gulf 
 
 ATT 
 
 of Mexico; whenoe it flows, with great valocitT 
 by the coast of Florida. m'akingT^uSS 
 
 Atlas, a chain of high mountains in Africa, 
 separating Barbary from Biledulgerid, and ex- 
 tending E. from the coast of the Atlantic to 
 the border of Egypt, upwards of 2000 miles • 
 their greatest altitude is about 13,000 ft. above' 
 the level of the sea. Silver, copper, iron, lead, 
 and anfimony, are found in different parts of 
 these liiountains. Another chain, called the 
 J Jttle Atlas, extends from the Strait of Gibral- 
 tar to Bona in the state of Algiera. These 
 mountains have different names, according to 
 the various countries they pass through, and 
 the plains and vallejrs by which they arl inter- 
 sected. They are i^ihabited almost in evS 
 place, except where the extreme cold will ncrt 
 
 Atlisco, a tu. of Mexico, in Tlascala, seated 
 
 w'^S w'^nfp KfV^, '^. "^^^ 20 miles 
 W. S. W. of Puebla de los Angeloa 
 
 fho M u-^ tT^ °^ ^^ »^P»™'e group of 
 the Maldive Islands, in the Indian Ocean. 
 
 • .u°°'ii "' ?*«^' °°^ °^ ^^ Sandwich islands, 
 in the North Pacific Ocean. It is 30 milM 
 long, and contains a great portion of gently 
 rwing land. On the S. W. is a gr > oad and 
 anchoring place, called Wymoa. ;.onir 159 
 40 W. lat. 21. 67. N. Pop. ab<;ut fi^O. 
 
 Atoyaque, a town of Mexico, S. of the river 
 Zacatula, and a few miles inland from the 
 Pacific Ocean, in lat. 18. N. 
 
 Atbato, a river of Columbia, which rises be- 
 tween the first and second ridge of the Andes 
 and runs from S. to N. about 250 miles, into 
 the Gulf of Darien, in lat. 8. N. and W. long. 
 
 Atri, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore. 
 on a craggy mountain. It was the birth-place 
 of the emperor Adrian. It is about four miles 
 from the shore of the Adriatic, and 10 S. E. of 
 leramo. Long. 14. 2. E. lat. 42. 40. N. 
 •.Attica, an ancient state oi Greece, of which 
 Athens was the chief city. It is now called 
 LiVADiA, which seo. 
 
 Attlkbobough, a town in Norfolk; market 
 on Tu^day ; i4 miles N. E. of Thetford. It was 
 formerly a city and chief town of the county. 
 
 AnocK, or ArrocK Benabes, a city and for- 
 tress of Hmdostan, m the province of Lahore. 
 It stands on the E. bank of the Indus, near 
 the confluence of the Cabul, and on the site of 
 the laxila of Alexander, where he crossed that 
 river, and advanced onwards to the Ganges, in 
 the year 328 antecedent to the Christian era. 
 
 <• ♦"». t"'^''*"^* ^"^ "•'«• «bo^« the entrance 
 of the Indus mto the Arabian Sea, and about 
 midway between Cabul and Lahore, or 180 to 
 JOO miles from each, in lat. 33. 6. N. and 71. 
 16. E. long. The present fortress was built by 
 the Emperor Acbar, in 1681. 
 
 Attoor, a strong town of Hindostan, in the 
 ^matic^eo miles N. of Tritchinopoly, and 80 
 w. &, w. of Pondicherry 
 
inmm 
 
 wim 
 
 \ li 
 
 11^ 
 
 :ii 
 
 AUB 48 
 
 AuB, a town of German j, in the pnndpniity 
 of Wurtzburg, on tlie river GiUoch, 10 miles 
 S. E. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 AuBAGNE, a town of France, department of 
 Bouches du Rhone. Pop. 6620. 
 
 AuBK, an interior department in the N. E. of 
 Franca^ containing part of the late province of 
 Champagne. It takes its name ftom a river, 
 which, passing by Bar>sur-Aube and Arcis, 
 joins the Seine, above Nugent. Troves is the 
 capital. Pop. about 240,000. 
 
 AuBENAS, a town of France, in t'le depart- 
 ment of Ardeche, with manufikcturec- of woolen 
 cloths, red cotton, and silk ; seated on the 
 Ardeche, at the foot of the Cevennes, Ifi miles 
 S. of Viviers. 
 
 AuBENTON, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Somme, situated on the Aine, 10 miles 
 S. of Virvins, 
 
 Adbexerre, a town of Franco, on the fron- 
 tiers of Charente and Dordogne, seated on the 
 Drome, 22 miles S. of Angouleme. Long. 0. 
 12. E. lat. 46. 17. N. 
 
 Aubteres, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Puy de Dome, S miles S. E. of Cler- 
 mont. I 
 
 Aubione, or AuBioNY, a small town of 
 France, in the department of Cher, seated in a 
 fine plain, 24 miles N. of Bourges, suiroimded 
 with strong walls, wide ditches, and high coun- 
 terscarps. The castle is within the town, and 
 is very handsome. 
 
 AuBiN, St., a town of the island of Jersey 
 with a fort standing on a bay of the same name, 
 opening to the south. See St. Helier. 
 
 AiTBONNE, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays 
 de Vaud, on a river of its name, which &lls into 
 tl e Lake of Greneva, 10 miles W. of Lausanne. 
 Auburn, the chief town of the county of 
 Cayuga, the N end of which borden on Lake 
 Ontario, state of New York. Auburn is a 
 thriving town ; it was incorporated out of the 
 township of Aurelius. Pop. £626. It is 9 
 miles £. of the town of Cayuga, and 170 W. 
 by N. of Albany. 
 
 AuBusscN, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Creuse, with a manufiicture of tapestry ; 
 seated on the river Creuse, 37 miles N. E. of 
 Limoges. 
 
 AucAOUBAL, the capital of the kingdom of 
 Adel, seated on an eminence near the river 
 HawBsb. Long. 44. 25. E. lat. 8. 56. N. 
 
 AucH, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Gers; lately an archiepiscopal see, 
 and the capita! of Gascony. The cathedral is 
 one of the finest in France. Here are manu- 
 factures of velvet, sei^ges, crapes, hats, and 
 leather., It is seated by the summit and side 
 of a hiU, on the river Gen, 37 miles W. of 
 Toulouse. Long. 0. 37. E. lat. 43, 39. N. 
 
 Auckland, Bishops, a town of Durham, at 
 which the bishop has a palace. Market on 
 Thursday. It has a beautiful castle, and a 
 chapel, whose architecture is very curious. 
 Here are manufactures of cotton and muslin. 
 I* is seated by the side of a hill, on the river 
 Wear, 8 miles S. by W. of Durham, and 249 
 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 AUG 
 
 Auckland, tne hitended capital of New 
 Zealand ; it is seated on the Wuitemata har- 
 bour, in lat. 36. 41. S. long. 174. 45. £. 
 
 Auckland Isles, Pacific Ocean, S. of New 
 Zealand; discovered by Capt. Bristow in 1806. 
 Lat. 50. 384. S. long. 165. 52. £. 
 
 Aude, a maritime department of France, at 
 the S. E. extremity, containing part of the lata 
 province of Lnnguedoc. It receives its name 
 from a river which rises in the Pyrenees, and, 
 flowing by Quillan, Limeux, and Carcassone, 
 enters the Mediterranean near Narbonne, and 
 which, by the Royal Canal and Garonne, is 
 united with the Atlantic Ocean. Carcassone is 
 the capital 
 
 AuoiERNE, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Finisf erre, seated in the Bay of Biscay, 
 18 miles W. of Quimper. 
 
 Audleh, a town of Cheshire, England, 6 
 miles S. from Nantwich, 162 from London. 
 
 AuEBBACH, a town on the E. side of the 
 Vogtland, in the S. W. comer of the circle of 
 Upper Saxony. 
 
 AuEBSTADT, a village of Thuringia, circle of 
 Upper Saxony, W. of the Saal River, celebrated 
 for a battle between Napoleon and the Prno- 
 sians, on the 1 4th October, 1806. 
 
 AuoouB, tn. Hindostan, province Malwa, on 
 an elevated plain, 40 miles from Onjein. 
 
 AuGiLA, a territory of North Africa, lying to 
 the S. of Barca, between Fezzan and Egypt. It 
 abounds in dates; and many of the inhabitants 
 engage in the caravan trade. The capital is of 
 the same name, 220 miles W. of Siwah, and 
 510 E. by N. of Mourzouk. Long. 23. 40. E. 
 lat. 29. 33. N. 
 
 Augsburg, a city of Suabia, lately imperial, 
 and a bishop's see, but now the «»pital of a 
 principality subject to Bavaria. It is a large 
 fortified place, has a variety of manufactures, 
 and is one of the p-incipal trading towns, and 
 for the negotiation of bills of exchange, in the 
 interior of Germany. The cathedral, town- 
 house, and other public buildings, are magni- 
 ficent. In the bishop's palace, the Lutherans 
 presented their confession of feith to the em- 
 peror Charles V., in 1560, hence called the • 
 Confession of Augsburg. It was taken by the 
 French in 1703, and again in 1796. It is 
 seated between the Werdach and Lech, 30 
 miles N. W. of Munich. Long. 10. 65. E. 
 lat. 48. 17. N. 
 
 Augusta, a county in the centre of the state 
 of Virginia, lying between two puedlel ridges of 
 the Allegany Mountains. Pop. 1 9,628. Staun- 
 ton, in the centre of the county, 126 miles 
 N. W. by W. firom Richmond, is the chief 
 town. Also the name of a township in Oneida 
 courty, state of New Yoik, 112 miles W. by 
 N. of Albany. Pop. 2175. 
 
 Augusta, a town of the state of Georgia, in 
 Richmond county, lately the capital of the 
 state. It has the advantage of a central situa- 
 tion between the upper and lower countries ; 
 and seated in a fine plain, on the S. W. bank 
 of the Savanna River, 52 miles N. N. E, of 
 Louisville, and 127 N. N. W. of Savanna. 
 Pop. 6403. Long. 81. 45. W. lat. 33. 20. N. 
 
AUG 
 
 celebrated honeyZSSfro^^J^}'^''^ "'^ 
 profit is derived. ^ ' "" ''*"'='' """ch 
 
 AuousTi.v, St., the chief tn, of East Vi.rS^ 
 ■itimte at the foot of a hill on 7^1^^ 
 
 nver ii„,| bay, at iho S W ..j A?™*. "' ' 
 of MaJacasci; ■ «S ^V ""'', ""^ "» '•'•"'I 
 
 AUGUSTBURG. ^^e SCHELLENBERO 
 
 AuMALE. &e Albemarle. 
 
 the foot*?f * ^"'^'fi^'.town of SuabKeated at 
 IstiKr^SS' -'•'-- Oder, 
 
 entrance into the nJfZ »i "'. "a™©, near its 
 
 of Btay, S'mfl'J'^i'StSr''" '*""^' 
 AoRUiius. SnAmvm. 
 
 meiit of Cantal o...i,..v Tl ° "^ depart- 
 
 ». i!-. of Axis, and 12 N N F ««• »; mT ^ 
 16»- 10. E. lat 15 8 S 4 J .?""' '■°"«- 
 
 49 
 
 AUS 
 
 Cayuga Lake, state of Mo» \' i .». 
 
 VV. of AlbanvIjTnd of an„Th > ^*? •"''•» 
 county, near ^he E endTirkeTe^ ^ 
 same state, containii.g 2909 inh^K-* l'° "•• 
 miles W. of Albany. "'habitants; 298 
 
 AuauNOABAD, a considerable cii„ „f u- 
 dostan, capital of DowJabad U^ ^'u"" 
 greatest part of its magnificence to th?' '^' 
 
 K. s. E. Of suL^- u-trrfe.-,! ^^ 
 
 the^Twnce'rffi '^"V"^ "''«'<«"«". « 
 
 £S.o7r .?IS &rn«S'^^^^^^^^ 
 stantine the Great fiJh^n' *^^ *°" *»^ Con- 
 was slain. ' ^^^^"^ "W"™" Conrtarj, 
 
 of trr''" '"? °^^°~^^ 20 mile. S.S.E. 
 
 Elbt?rmnes°N"N ^tft-r-^ ^ «- 
 Ai'sTPrr «^ : " I'eutmeritz. 
 
 centrof'aA SiensivTj:j' ^"'*''"' '" '»•« 
 on Friday In fh. ""*« *'"""«*• Market 
 
 clay. S is'sen* ^o'Cr^oi'l "^ f,' «"« 
 Staffordshire, for the potlerfr ' I^™*"'' ""'^ 
 
 N»^"sr;K'/-£v»"■Mo».<. 
 
 on the 2nd Decembpr innT ?.\"^ Russians, 
 treaty of Presbur^ li L ?•?' "fl'^V^ '» the 
 and 30 S. S W of oZ\ °"l^ ^- "^ ^run, 
 
 ?.rs^ if sSr^''-«- 
 .o ^nssrstS™ Tzr f ' "^'^ 
 
 several groups of <hwJ.- ^"!*«'ia. and the 
 
 ^nd, S.?f X 4uat 'in the pi-^'?;^^«- 
 •Se* New Holland ' ^ ^**^''''= ^ccan. 
 
 of the contrent ^i,rffir 'Jf, ^- P'"*'"" 
 on the E. coast of wh^hi^A '^."'ements ere 
 
 rsee WaleTnew Wte: f '^P''*'. 
 Port Philin Melhnin^» • '^1? '"® ®- "oast, at 
 Vincent & of wWcTa^ -^ "-P""'' •■■■ St. 
 on the W coast J «^1 ^^}^^^ " the capital; 
 
 MHe pL5ftot.?randt'';];e^1fcfr^^ 
 
 It is probable that this great territory was 
 
 E 
 
AUS 
 
 60 
 
 AUS 
 
 I 
 
 fint discovered l>y the Portu^deee, In the early 
 part of the 16th century; they saw the N. coast 
 after exploring the shores of New Guinea. The 
 first exploration of its shores was on the W. 
 coast, by a Dutch navigator, Dirk Harto, in 
 1616. It was agr.in visited by the Dutch in 
 1619 and 162U, \<'hen the coast about Swan 
 River was discovered. The S. coast was dis- 
 covered also by the Dutch in 1627, and the 
 N. shores by them in 1623 and 1644; this part 
 was ordered by the States General, in 1666, to 
 be called New Holland — a name now changed 
 for Australia, the South Land. The whole of 
 the E. coast was discovered in 1770, by Capt. 
 Cook, and called by him New South Wales, 
 and was first colonized in 1788. 
 
 Of the interior nothing is known, or can 
 scarcely be conjectured ; the S. £. angle has 
 been peopled by the British, but the part known 
 does not comprehend more than one-eighth of 
 the whole. What is known in that quarter 
 consists of a tolerably fertile district, near the 
 coasts, for 1000 or 1600 miles inland, but be- 
 yond that the country is of low elevation and 
 a dead level, without a hill to break the N. W. 
 horizon; the rivers flow through this arid tract, 
 but have no tributaries, and are nearly dried up 
 in summer. 
 
 It was formerly thought that the great out- 
 let of the waters was on the N. W. coast, but 
 recent researches prove the contrary. No river 
 of magnitude has been discovered in that quar- 
 ter, except the Victoria, in long. 130., which 
 has been traced for about 120 miles in a S. £. 
 direction ; and in this country of anomalies, 
 every theory which has been advanced has 
 wanted confirmation, or has been subvoted by 
 the fiusts discovered. 
 AuBTHAUA, North. See Essinqton, Port. 
 AcSTRAUA, South, a new province erected 
 into a free colony, on Aug. 15, 1834, having 
 the meridians of 132. 0. and 141. 0. £. for its 
 E. aiid W. boundaries, and the parallel of 26. 
 0. S. on the N.; and the Gul& of St. Vincent 
 and Spencer on the S., and contains nearly 
 200,000,000 acres. The northern part of the 
 province is unfit for the occupation of man. It 
 was penetrated by Mr. Eyre, who left Adelaide 
 on June 18th, 1840, who found, that the whole 
 of the country to the N. and E. of the head of 
 Spencer's Gulf was of low elevation, with the 
 exception of some ridges running in a N. and 
 £. direction ; and beyond which, and forming 
 a crescent, Ues Lake Torrens, a collection )f 
 salt water, which he in vain endeavoured to 
 reach. This salt lake is, perhaps, a collection 
 of surface water, which may extend over a vast 
 extent of the low and desert country, which 
 apparently forms the interior of the continent ; 
 and from the failure of his expedition, in dis- 
 covering any useiul river, or inland sea, as had 
 been expected, much of the ardour for pene- 
 trating the interior has dissipated. 
 
 The southern part is a level country, and 
 from the total deficiency of mountains, with 
 the exception of the Mount Lofty range of 
 1000 or 1500, and the peak, which is 3000 
 feet high, there is no river of consequence. 
 
 The Murray, which falls into Lake Alexandrina, 
 passes through a country totally unfit for colo- 
 nization, and does not receive a single tributary 
 within the colony. The soil is moderately fer- 
 tile, and well adapted for sheep grazing ; but 
 the country labours under the effects of drought, 
 so peculiar to Australia in general. The cli- 
 mate is delicious, and exceedingly salubrious ; 
 during the summer, in Jan., Feb., and March, 
 the thermometer is as high sometimes as 96. or 
 100.; but during the other parts of the year it 
 is temperate. Adelaide is the capital. 
 
 Australia, Western, a British settlement 
 formed in 1829, in consequence of the official 
 announcement of the French to colonize it, 
 which led to its formation by England. The 
 territory of Western Australia is divided from 
 the rest of the continent by the meridian of 
 129. 0. E. The colony is at the S. W. angle 
 of the continent, and is divided into 26 coun- 
 ties. The country consists, generally, of a 
 coast belt of sandy inferior land, with richer 
 tracts near the rivers, bounded on the coast by 
 a range of primitive mountains, between 3 and 
 4000 feet high, extending more than 500 miles 
 in a N. and S. direction. Beyond these the 
 country is geneially level, and the soil superior 
 to the coast, but not in a very high degree pro- 
 ductive, and affords excellent sheep pasture. 
 It is not heavily timbered, and is tolerably well 
 watered. The principal rivers are the Swan, 
 flowing from the N. E.; the Canning, which 
 unites with it, and forms a large basin in lat. 
 32., at the head of which is the town of Perth, 
 and at the mouth is Freemantle. The other 
 towns are Albany, in King George's Sound, on 
 the S. coast; and Augusta, in Flinder's Bay. 
 North of the present colony, is the district of 
 Victoria, in which coal has been discovered, 
 and several large rivers, among which are the 
 Hutt, Greenough, and Arrowsmith. At the 
 mouth of the Hutt, in lat. 28. 54. S., is the 
 settlement of Australind. 
 
 Austria, Empire, Circle, and Archduchy 
 OF, in Europe. The Austrian empire compre- 
 hends the ancient kingdoms of Bohemia, Mo- 
 ravia, and Hungary, the Italian States of the 
 Tyrol, and the ancient republic of Venice, 
 Dalmatia, the duchies of Mantua and Milanese, 
 parts of the circle of Bavaria, of Switzerland, 
 and of Poland, (the particulars of which, with 
 their several subdivisions, will be found under 
 their respective heads,) and the circle which 
 includes the archduchy. This fine empire lies 
 between the 45th and the 51st deg. of N. lat. 
 and the 9tb and 27th of E. long., and contains 
 a superficies of about 300,000 square miles, 
 and 28,000,000 of inhabitants. In an aggre- 
 gate sense, the Austrian empire may be con- 
 sidered an interior and agricultural, rather than 
 a maritime and commercial country ; the only 
 part that borders upon the sea being the Italian 
 States on the S., which may be considered tri- 
 butary rather than integral parts of the empire, 
 and as such are held by too precarious a tenure, 
 and under circumstances too prescribed to 
 excite a spirit of commercial enterprise. That 
 noble river, the Danube, runs from W. to E. 
 
e Alexandrins, 
 unfit for colo- 
 ingle tributary 
 nc^erately fer- 
 > grazing ; but 
 «ts of drought, 
 araL The cli- 
 ;ly salubrious ; 
 it., and March, 
 times as 9G. or 
 of the year it 
 ipital. 
 
 lish settlement 
 of the official 
 to colonize it, 
 i^ngland. The 
 I divided from 
 le meridian of 
 le S, W. angle 
 1 into 26 coun- 
 ;enerally, of a 
 id, with richer 
 m the coast by 
 between 3 and 
 than 500 miles 
 rond these the 
 lie soil superior 
 igh degree pro- 
 sheep pasture. 
 I tolerably well 
 are the Swan, 
 inning, which 
 e basin in lat. 
 town of Perth, 
 tie. The other 
 rge's Sound, on 
 Flinder's Bay. 
 the district of 
 sen discovered, 
 which are the 
 smith. At the 
 i. 54. S., is the 
 
 nd Archducbt 
 empire compre- 
 Bohemia, Mo- 
 il States of the 
 )lic of Venice, 
 la and Milanese, 
 of Switzerland, 
 9 of which, with 
 be found under 
 he circle which 
 fine empire lies 
 1 deg. of N. lat. 
 ig., and contains 
 square miles, 
 . In an aggre- 
 re may be con- 
 ural, rather than 
 iintry ; the only 
 being the Italian 
 ) considered tri- 
 ts of the empire, 
 scarious a tenure, 
 « prescribed to 
 nterprise. That 
 9 from W. to E. 
 
 AUS 
 
 fl 
 
 through the heart of the empire, and by iu 
 aumerou, branches, interwcta^ almost IJit 
 part, affording great internal faiiUty of com- 
 munication and advantages; but the peculiar 
 ^lity of Its communication with the Black 
 fc«a wuhrn the Dardanelle^ precludes it from 
 The FlL""^ very great external advantag^ 
 The Elbenses m Bohera-a; but its coura^ i, 
 
 Imn^"""""*"!"' """^ '°° •""'='» "»''>e to political 
 impediments, to afford any advantLes to 
 Austna, to be relied on; aU the^sefS 
 Lranches of manufacture, however in ^ol 
 flw. « Ik, pnd leather, and most of 'the S 
 
 Darto7.h "^'^'r"^ '^"'^ °" over every 
 Ss n»n ^* ''"?"^' ''■°" «nateiial8 drawn ;rom 
 
 amncts supply abundance of every species of 
 metalUc and semi-ipetallic suhstanceT- the 
 foresta suDply abundance of timher.Tnd the 
 plaiM suci; abundance of cattle Zi sSp, a! 
 to afford several milUon lbs. weight of wob to 
 be annually exported, after sujiplving thdr 
 own internal demands. The Ite'-an State« 
 furnish silks, olives, and oil ; and Hiry^h^ 
 cW wines: and indeed, the Austrkn^m! 
 ?ti^%^i?*K «»»"''«'-ed as containing within 
 Ind of i ^T"'/ «'bst«ntial subsistence 
 
 Ithough Austria is not destitute otge^, 
 enterprise, and efficiency in the higher denarU 
 T1- ?f "l'.»bigoted%nd idolaK;S 
 of religious feith, and self-sufficiency of S- 
 ftl^f^^^y' te"d to subdue lither than 
 excuse the mental faculties, and preclude^l 
 gr-at exertion of social enterprise. The eo- 
 vernment IS absolute in form, and the for£u- 
 S *^« ?'»"■«'' of Rome are the established 
 rehgion of the empire; the first is. however, 7t 
 present, adminktered, if not with ;nildi^e8a, not 
 sanguinary, and the religion is rendered toler- 
 ant, ihe ruling passion of the government is 
 a/^J P"?^e.to'naintain which a revenue 
 EniS ™''"'°' °^ ''?"'"'' °' 12 millions of 
 tW^™?"^^',"® abst;.;cted annually from 
 
 7-? "^""^^ classes of tho empire. 
 F h„ « '^ °f-^'*»t^<* " bounded on the 
 E. by Hungary, N. by Moravia and Bohemia! 
 
 S bv^lS*I"f'- ^"*''i*' ""'^ Switzerland, and 
 Gutf 5 V "?'"*'* ^"-^ 1**""° States, and the 
 about L^n"n"^' ""* ""■?*"'"» " »»P«'ficie8 of 
 about 50,000 square miles, and 4,500.000 in- 
 habitants. It is divided into the VomlbeS. 
 and the counties of Bregen and Tyrol the 
 bishopnc of Trent, the duchies of & c^. 
 rinthia, and Camiola. each subdivided^ i^o 
 
 2^1 V Salabui^g and Passau insulated in the 
 tT« T *^'"";'*'.\"'l two smaU territories of 
 of %.S!-^"'°, ^'"8''t»».'n»«lated in the circle 
 Of Suabia and Franconia, all cf which will be 
 
 S^ti^hLr^'^ '''"*'*'' ""''«' ^''^^ 
 
 the^N hv^^r*^ of Austria is bounded on 
 tne W by Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hun- 
 fry. S. by Upper Austria, and W. b; BaSS. 
 
 divided into West, Upper. East, and Lower 
 
 AUV 
 
 Upper AuUria is again subdivided into the Inn 
 ^u.mer, Mihel oXUr, Quaker orilau.ruck. 
 and Black and Traun Quarters; and Lowm 
 Austna N. of the Danube i. subdivided'nto 
 
 harteberg and S, of tho Danube, into the 
 
 VuZ "i^?^*""l •*«'?* "»« for««t of Vienna, 
 '^'^ .^n""."^ contains about 5100 square 
 "''f i J-?** ""^ ""•• to'"**. numerous vilLes 
 It fS^'OOO/nhabitants; ind Lower IS 
 about 78,000 square miles, 280 cities and 
 towiw. numerous v .lages, and 1,100,000 in- 
 habitant. The archduchy of A^strii consti- 
 tutes what conventionally is considered the 
 hereditary dominions of the house of Haps- 
 
 city of Vienna situate on the S. bank of the 
 Wanube, m the circle below the forest of 
 Vienna, in Lower Austria, is the seat of 
 government of the whole 'Austrtan e^Jire 
 Except Vienna, which will be more fully eluJ: 
 
 £ oft' '" P^Pf ^"^^^ '•'«'« »'« "» other 
 T^Z^?"^' '" ^'l^ ,«obduchy of Austria, 
 that merit any particular notice; it may be 
 SS'1? ,'^,"«'-«uItural, and a somewhat 
 .^™. .**'?"*i'' *"«1 '^ peasantry are con- 
 ^t^ ^ ^ ^^^ happiest and best conditioned 
 1^^ 'a *^"I°P®- ^" '■''™. ''"''ever, a just 
 view, and to draw a just conclusion of their 
 condition, and indeed of the condition of any 
 people, it u necessary to weigh well the cir- 
 curastances under which they are bom, and by 
 which they are surrounded. The peasants of 
 Austria have been bom under the influence of 
 the star of pasnve obedience, which for yeaw 
 past has been preached to them with mildness ' 
 and persuasion, rather than violence, and. as 
 such has made them a quiet and contented 
 people; and, as &r as contentment constitutes 
 happiness, the p«uantry of the archduchy of 
 Austna may, perhaps, justly be considered as 
 the happiest and best conditioned in Europe- 
 but after all, ,n the legitimate sense of the tem 
 happmess, it is a condition alike repugnant to 
 
 Xr"T^'"*K""^''''T*°'^ to the character 
 t^l« n^^^^- '=.'?*ra«ter of the govemmmt, coui^ 
 
 £tC «?r''T^.*'^ «"'*« archduchy of 
 h^^ ^*'?°"«'' i*^*""* somewhat to self- 
 ^rS!: " ^°" ""' "'''°'« courteous, affable, 
 and condescending: and whilst the p^santry 
 
 ln!Zf'"ff^''^^ """y ^ considered tTemort 
 
 ^„.l w^^*''^ ?"** "*y ^ considered the 
 least bcentious of any in Europe. 
 
 J'Ti^' 5 *'"I°^ ^'""<^' «nd an episcopal 
 see. in the department of Saone and Loue It 
 contains many vestiges of Roman magnifi- 
 cence parUcularly the temples of JanuT^nd 
 !r« . "^'f "^ manufactures of tapestry 
 c^petacoveriets. and delft ware. The^cathl* 
 dral of St. Lazams, the college, and the 
 semmary, are worthy of notice: Autun i. 
 seated on the Arroux, at the foot of three 
 
 "^^.."Cf^- "*••"'-"."" 
 
 Adverone, a late province of France, 100 
 miles long, and 75 broad; bounded on the N. 
 by the Bourbonnois, E, by Forex and Velay, S. 
 by Rouergue and the Cevennea and W by 
 
 E 2 / 
 
AUV It 
 
 Llmodn, Qucrcl, and Ln Marche. It now 
 rormi the two depnrtment* of Cantal and Puy 
 de Dome. 
 
 AuviLLARD, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lot and Garonne, situate on the river 
 Gnrohae, 13 mileo S. E. of Agen. 
 
 AuxERRB, a city of France, capital of the 
 department of Yonne, and lately an episcopal 
 see. It contains many fountains' and squares, 
 and the episcopal palace is deemed one of the 
 most beautiAil in France. It is seated on the 
 side of a hill, on the river Yonne, 75 miles 
 W. N. W. of Dijon, and 90 S. S. E. of Paris. 
 Pop. 12,044. 
 
 AuxoN, a town of Prance, in the department 
 of Aube, 13 miles S. of Troyes. 
 
 AuxoNNE, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cote d'Or, with n castle, an arsenal, 
 a foundry for cannon, and a school for the 
 artillery. It is seated on the Saone, 1 7 miles 
 E. of Dijon. Pop. about 5300. 
 
 AvzEN, or TioRE, a town of Abyssinia, 
 capital of the province of Tigre, and a place 
 of considerable commerce. It is seated on a 
 river that flows into the Tacazze, 170 miles 
 N. E. of Gondar. Long. 39. 33. E. lat. 14. 
 4. N. 
 
 AvA, a country of Asia, now generally called 
 BiBMAB, which see. 
 
 Ata, a large citj^, formerly the metropolis of 
 the Binnan empire. It is divided into an 
 uppt,.- and lower city, both of which are forti- 
 fied; the lower is the most extensive, about 
 four miles in circumference, protected by a 
 lofty wall, now mouldering into decay. The 
 materials of the houses, consisting chiefly of 
 wood, were removed about the year 1783, to 
 the new city; and itj numerous temples, on 
 which the Birmans never lay sacrilegious 
 hands, are dilapidated by time. Clumps of 
 bamboos, a few plantaih trees, and tall thorns, 
 occupy most of the area of this lately flourith- 
 ing capital. It is situate on the S. side of the 
 Erabatty, 4 miles S. W. of Ummerapoora, 
 the present capital, in N. lat. 22. E. lonu. 
 96. 5. * 
 
 AvALON, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Yonne, which has a great trade in 
 grain, wine, and cattle, and a manufacture of 
 cloth. It is seated on the Cousin, 24 miles 
 S. S. E. of Auxerre. Pop. about 4300. 
 
 Atallon, a town of France, on the E. side 
 of the department of Yonne, about 20 miles 
 S. by E. of Auxerre. 
 
 Atatscha, or Awatsha, a large bay, form- 
 in'' a very commodious harbour for ships of the 
 largest burthen, near the S. £. extremity of 
 the coast of Kamtschatka. The town of St. 
 Peter and St, Paul, on the N. side of the bay, 
 is in lat. 63. 1. N. and 15. 8. E. long. Sara- 
 tounka is another town on the S. side. 
 
 AvEiRO, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with 
 a good harbour for vessels of a moderate size. 
 The chief trade is in salt, of which great quan- 
 tities are made in its vicinity. It stands on a 
 small gulf, at the mouth of the Vouga, 33 
 miles S. of Oporto. Long. 8. 40. W. lat. 40. 
 40. N. 
 
 AVE 
 
 AvBiRON, an interior department of the 9. 
 of France, including the late province of Rou- 
 ergue. It is named from a river, which rises 
 near Severac le Chateau, and, flowing by Rodez 
 and Villefranche, joins the Garonne below 
 Montaubaii. The Lot inters-^cts the northern, 
 and the 'IVirn the southern part of the depart- 
 ment; it is divided into five arrondissements, 
 Villefranche, Milhau, St. AfVinue, Espalion, 
 and Rhodez; the lant is the capital of the de- 
 partment, which coiitiiins a population of about 
 320,000. 
 
 AvELLA, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro, celebrated for its honey and an -less 
 15 miles N. E. of Naples. 
 
 AvELLiNO, a town of Naples, in Principato 
 Ulteriore. ,' It was almost ruin >d by an earth- 
 quake in 1694,«nd again in 1805. Near it ia 
 the celebrated convent of Monte Virgine, on a 
 wild mountain, which formerly had a sump- 
 tuous temple of Cybele. Avellino is ftmoua 
 for the dye of cloth, also for nuts and maca- 
 roni. It is 26 miles E. of Naples. Pop. about 
 9000. 
 
 AvENAY, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mame, on the river Mame, 15 milet 
 W. N. W. of Chalons-sur-Mame. 
 
 AvENCHE, a town of Switzerinnd, in the can- 
 ton of Berne, formerly the capital of Helvetia, 
 but now greatly decnyed, grain and tobacco 
 being grown on the site of part of the ancient 
 city. It stands at the S. end of the lake Merat. 
 16 miles W. of Berne. 
 
 Aterbaoh, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Vogtiand, near which is a rock famous for pale 
 topazes. It is 14 miles S. of Zwickau. 
 
 AvERNo, a lake of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro, 600 yards in diameter, near Puzzoli. 
 Viigil and others have said the water was so 
 bad, that birds dropped dead when flying over it, 
 and hence they cpU it the Lake of Hell; but 
 it now has no such poisonous quality, for birds 
 swim upon it. A Uttle to the W. of the lake 
 is a cave, where some pretend they went 
 formerly to consult the Cumsean sybil. There 
 are also some old walls, which some suppose 
 to be the ruins of a temple of Apollo, and 
 others of Pluto. 
 
 Atebsa, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro. In 1806 it suffered greatly by an 
 earthquake. It is seated in a fine plain 10 
 miles N. E. of Naples. 
 
 AvERTSBOROUOH, a town of North Carolina, 
 situate on Cape Fear river, 26 milea N. of Fay- 
 etteville, and 30 S. W. of Raleigh. 
 
 Ates, or The Islands op Birds, so called 
 fh)m the great numbers of birds that frequent 
 them, though they have not a tree. They 
 are 70 miles E. of Curacoa, and 100 N. of the 
 coast of Colombia, in N. lat. IS. 50. W. long. 
 63. 43. * 
 
 AvESNES, a frontier town of France, in the 
 S. of the department of Nord, seated on the 
 high road from Mom. to Paris. 
 
 AvESTADT, a town of Sweden, in West- 
 mania, noted for its copper-works, and a mint 
 for copper money, 35 miles N. N. W. of 
 Wesleros. 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 r 
 a 
 8 
 
 n 
 T 
 ii 
 n 
 11 
 
 C( 
 
 L 
 
 w 
 sk 
 in 
 
 th 
 is 
 th 
 fi)i 
 Ei 
 po 
 Be 
 im 
 
 "iMCMAS 
 
 BBMgaM«M 
 
inent of the 9. 
 rovince of Kou- 
 ver, which rises 
 owing by Rodez 
 Saronne below 
 It the northern, 
 of the depart- 
 irrondissements, 
 ic^ue, E«pnhon, 
 pitiil of the de^ 
 ilatioii of about 
 
 a, in Terra di 
 ey and ap -lei; 
 
 I, in Principato 
 A by an earth- 
 05. Near it ia 
 e Virgine, on a 
 ' had a sump- 
 liino is fimnoua 
 luts dnd niaca- 
 9. Pop. about 
 
 in the deptrt- 
 [ame, 15 miiet 
 ). 
 
 nd, in the can- 
 )1 of Helvetia, 
 and tobacco 
 of the ancient 
 :he lake Mervt, 
 
 >r Sajcony, in 
 inrious for pale 
 rickau. 
 
 in Terra di 
 near Puzzoli. 
 
 water was so 
 » flying over it, 
 
 of Hell; but 
 ility, for birds 
 7. of the lake 
 d they went 
 sybil. There 
 some suppose 
 ' Apollo, and 
 
 in Terra di 
 really by an 
 line plain 10 
 
 >rth Carolina, 
 es N. of Fay- 
 1. 
 
 .Ds, so called 
 that frequent 
 tree. They 
 00 N. of the 
 50. W. long. 
 
 rnnce, in the 
 sated on the 
 
 a, in West- 
 t, and a mint 
 . N. W. of 
 
 AVE 53 
 
 ilvrzsANo, a town of Naples, in Abruiio UI- 
 leriore, I» miles S. of Aquilu. 
 
 Avi'.jto, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 13 miles 
 W. of Udinn. 
 
 AvioLUNo, a fortified town of Piedmont, on 
 a hill, near the Cottian Alps, 10 miles W. of 
 Turin. 
 
 AvioNON, a city of the S. of Frtiiice, capital 
 of the department of Vaucluse, and a bishop's 
 see. It was formerly dependent on the pope, 
 and an archbishop's see, but became annexed 
 to France in 1791. It hasa university, neveral 
 handsome churches, and a synagogue, and nu- 
 merous manufacturing establishments. It is 
 seated in the heart of a very fruitful district, 
 ( n which the olive, vine, and fruits of all 
 kinds are very abundant,) on the E. bank of 
 the Rhone, near the confluence of the Durance, 
 about 20 miles N. E. of Nismes. Pop. about 
 23,500. 
 
 AviLA, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, and 
 a bishop's see, with a university, and a raanu- 
 fitcture of fine cloth. It is seated on the 
 Adaga, in a large plain, surrounded by moun- 
 tains covered with fruit-trees and vineyards; 
 56 miles N, W. of Madrid. It was formerly 
 one of the most considerable cities of Spain, 
 but does not now contain more than 4000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Aviins, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near 
 the Bay of Biscay, 16 miles N. of Oviedo. 
 
 Avis, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, seated 
 on an eminence, with a castle, near the river 
 Avis, Hence the military order of the knights 
 of Avis have their name. It is 25 miles N. W. 
 of Estremos. 
 
 Aviso, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavorc, 
 6 miles E. of Sora. 
 AvLONA. See Valona. 
 Avon, a river of England, celebrated for its 
 association with the name of Shakspere. It 
 rises from several springs in Naseby Field, 
 Northamptonshire. It runs W. and joins the 
 Severn at Tewk«»sbury, whilst the Nez, which 
 . rises within a quarter of a mile of it, flows E. 
 and falls into the German Ocean. It is navi- 
 gable from Stratford, the birth-place of Shak- 
 spere, 40 miles fVom Tewkesbury, and has 
 numerous com and paper mills on its banks. 
 There is also another river of the same name 
 in England, which rises in the N. of Wiltshire, 
 runs past Malmesbury and Chippenham to 
 Bath, falling into the Bristol Channel; this, in 
 contradistinction to the other, is called the 
 Lower A von. 
 
 Avon, another river which rises near Bed- 
 win, in Wiltshire, running past Salisbury, and 
 skirting the edge of the New Forest, falling 
 into Christchurch Bay, in the English Channel. 
 
 AvRANCHEa, a town of France, in the S. of 
 the maritime department of La Manche. It 
 is situate on an eminence, about 2 miles from 
 the sea, in a fine agricultural district. It was 
 formeriy a bishop's see, to which Henry II. of 
 England went to obtain absolution from tho 
 pope's nuncio, for the murder of Thomas h 
 Becket in 1172. Although much declined in 
 importance, tho cathedral, episcopal palace, 
 
 A Y I 
 
 and castle, give it some consequence; and It 
 contains about 0000 inhabitanU; 10 miles E 
 of St. Malo. 
 
 Aw, Loch, a lake of Scotlaii.l, in Argyle- 
 shire, 30 miles long, and in some parts above 
 2 broad. It contains four little islands, tufted 
 with trees, on one of which are the ruins of an 
 ancient castle; and, on a peninsula of the lake 
 are the noble ruins of Kilchum Castle. At ^:,^, 
 N. extremity rises the mountain of Cruar.'.ian, 
 elevated 3a90 feet above the surfcce of the 
 lake; and near its top is the spring whijh forms 
 this beautiful expanse of water. The iver Aw, 
 the outlet of this lake, runs into Loth Etive, 
 at the village of Bonaw. 
 
 AwATSKA. See Avatscha. 
 
 AwRRi, or OvERo, a kinjjdom of Africa, de- 
 pendent on Benin, with a town of the same 
 name, on the river Formosa. Lona. 6. 10 E 
 lat. 6. 10. N. s . . 
 
 AwEN, a town of Suabia, on the river Cochin. 
 20 miles W. S. W. of Oeting. 
 
 A:£BUiDOB, a town in Somersetshire; market 
 on Thursday ; seated on the river Ax, under 
 the Mendip hills; 10 miles N. W. of Wells, 
 and 130 W. of London. 
 
 AxBL, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- 
 ders, seated in a morass; 10 mil«s N. of 
 Ghent. 
 
 AxiM, a territory of Guinea, on the Gold 
 Coast, wilh a river of the same name flowing 
 through it, and a town on the E. side, at its 
 entrance into the ocean. The Dutch have a 
 fort and a factory here, called St. A.ithony. 
 Long. 1. 3. W, lat. 4. 42. N. 
 
 AxMiNSTER, a town in Devonshire, on tho 
 river Ax ; market on Saturday. King Athol- 
 Stan established n minster here to the memory 
 of the princes slain in his army, when he de- 
 feated the Danes in this neighbourhood. Hero 
 is a manufacture of leather gloves, &c., and a 
 famous one of car|)ets. It is 27 niles E. by N. 
 of Exeter, and 147 W. of London, 
 
 AxuM, a town, anciently the capital of 
 Ab/MJnia. Its ruins are very extensive, among 
 which are many obelisks of granite, with sculp- 
 turM, but no hieroglyphics. It is 70 miles 
 N. W. of Auzen. Long. 38. 45. E. lat. 14, 
 10. N, 
 
 Ayamonte, a seaport of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 with a castle on a rock, at the mouth of the 
 nver Guadiana, opposite Castro-Marino, 80 
 miles N, W. of Cadiz, Long, 7. 15. W. lat, 
 
 Aylesburv, a borough in Buckinghamshire, 
 market on Saturday, and returns two members 
 to parliament. The spring assizes are held 
 here. It is the centre of the business of the 
 fertile vale of Aylesbury. Many people here 
 derive their support from a peculiar manner of 
 rearing early ducks for the London market; 
 and the making of lace is carried on to a gr«at 
 extent. It is 17 miles S, E. of Buckingham, 
 and 38 N. W. of London. ' 
 
 Aylesham, n town in Norfolk ; market on 
 Thursday; 12 miles N. of Norwich, and 118 
 N. h. of London. There is a spa about a, milo 
 from tho tov7n, very eflficacious in chronic dis- 
 
I > 
 
 AYR 
 
 ndtn. h k awi^ on th« S. bank of th« rlrtr 
 Bur^ which i. narignMe to Yarmouth 
 
 of S^!i/„H°""T{' ''"'"''• '">''" '""«''' •"<* river 
 m.!«. along tha S. W. co««t, and i, .bout 20 in 
 m«i„ braaath. It U one of the mo.t produc- 
 tive countiea in Scotland, and export, condder- 
 able quantitiea of grain to Liverpool, and the 
 «. part of the count/ p«rticip«tee Iwgelv in 
 the cotton a>nnufecture. It al«, abound, in 
 coal and iron, and has aome vein, of copper 
 •nd antimony, and M>ma kelp I. made on the 
 coMt, from wa weod, which i. alM extenuvelv 
 " .. I*, ra*"""*- it i« watered by MvcnU 
 •mall lake, and .tream.; the Gamock riN« in 
 
 irvme , the Irvme and Ayr ruo on the W 
 
 [nT<f' ^ ^•.'•"l*f«J« Ayr, and the Girvan 
 and Stinchnr r.«, S. of Ayr, and run paralle" 
 
 end of he county. It ha. been propowd to 
 interact the N. part of the county wii raM„a^ 
 from Adro«„ to the Clyde at Glai«ow, buL 
 after having been completed for about 13 milea 
 from the Clyde, the wirk ha. been .u.pende.t 
 Agate., porphyry, jasper, and calcareou. potri- 
 
 .hiTw*" *'"■"? "' """■««» P«^ of thocointy, 
 whilat Umeand freestone abound, and on the 
 river Ayr la obtained the whetrtone, w uwful 
 in diarpening of agricultural cutlery. For 
 djviMon., extent of .uperficies, r«nt. and popu- 
 lation, we Appendix. The principal towna 
 be«de Avr, are KUmamock, Kilwinning, and 
 Irvme, l^.i St Quivox. Mauchline, Mui*kirk. 
 in the centre, Maybole, Kirkmichael. Dailey 
 Girran, and Ballantrae, S. ^ 
 
 Tht Royal Burgh tf Ayr ia u'tuate in the 
 P«iM>, *- at the mouth of the river of the 
 ■ame na^^o, on the wa coaat, the liBht-houie 
 being in lat «4. 35. N. and 4. 2(.. W. lon«: it 
 1. a place of cowiderable antiquity, havina 
 been a royal burgh aa fiir back aa 1202 : iu 
 commercial importance declined with the rise 
 ol Glasgow, but has revived somewhat since 
 the commencement of the present century. 
 It. export of coal is very great About 6000 
 ton. of shipping belong to the place, a portion 
 of which 1. employed in the timber bide to 
 Bntish America. lU building, do not merit 
 any particular noUce. The Ayr river, as well 
 ulmon '^ * "'""'^^"'We supply of 
 
 AzAHOB, a town of Morocco, on the river 
 Morbey., near the wa, 80 miles N. of Mo- 
 rocco. 
 
 f« 
 
 BAD 
 
 Sniri^n*!'^; ' '^1!*'* "^ ^«^'. >" th. Bay of 
 
 ffw. s."?d.7i: a '•" '"' "^- ^-«- *•• 
 
 W angle of the kingdom. Pop. a.000,000. 
 The Guebrea, or Fire-worshippe'r,. \\^^S*^ 
 
 Aaov. St« AsopH, 
 
 Azoao, or Western I.i.4mos. a eroup of 
 Wand, in the Atlantic, between 2.5 and^S W 
 
 I ortuga . They are nine in number, vi. St 
 
 ^^v'- ^*t"'' ?>''*'"• St. 0«, ge, «f.: 
 wl™'fi f^J*' *'«».*'<"«». and Corvo. They 
 
 p«g, a merchant of Urugea. who wum .irivo^ 
 
 fe'^'*'^ "' we«the^%rhi. ^Jrivdat 
 Luton he boarted of hi. discovery , on whi'h 
 
 tiL '^K^r*.'""' •""' ""•! ^^ poUcsdon of 
 ThTv'h'""'^,'''*'^ ''*^« 'etained%ver si"c^. 
 They have nil n clear sky and salubrious ai7 
 
 ttuiu and breed great number, of cattle. It 
 
 L7f K ^!{ "" ''""•' '^ "*■ venomou. ani- 
 mals, but they are subject to earthquake, and 
 volcanic eruptions. They are seen st TgrJ^t 
 di.t«nco one ot them having a very high mouT 
 torn called the Pico, or Peak of the A™Z" 
 The governor-general resides nt Angra, ^ IV^ 
 
 Keyl'/aifrJ'"'' " '»- '"^-t'Jnd. 
 ilTl w K^ • 'A^^ "P»rte<l to Great Bri- 
 Wn «l,/06 boxes of orange., and in 1824-5 a 
 oUll greater quantity. »«»*• o a 
 
 AzoTirs, AsHDOD. or Shdood, one of the 
 
 seaport of the Mediterranean. The town i. 
 now called by the Arabs Ha*aneZn^^U Z 
 but thinly inhabited, though thTStion I 
 very p ea«nt. The town i. about a mi e^„d 
 a half in drcumference, and ha. -^A^Z^lt 
 a public bath, a market-place, and two^nl' 
 Here is an old rtnictur^.^th finl m«ble 
 pillars, which the inhabitanU sav wa« th! 
 houw that Sam«.n pulled downr^d "o tS 
 S. E. just out of the town, i. the wnt2r whew 
 Phihp bapUxed the Ethiopian eunuch There 
 are several ancient buildiilg.. with capital, and 
 pilars standing. It i. situated about 14 or 15 
 
 the principal tnbutarica of the Nile. It risM 
 in the Lake Dembea in Abyssinia, and ioS^ 
 the White River at Halfaiah. ,^ Sur 
 which together form the Nile. ^"naar, 
 
 I 
 
 B. 
 
 BAALBKa AtfBAtBKC. 
 
 .I«ii "^■•'"TLS^ '''"**y '" Ana, prov. An- 
 ^oh. Pop. 4000. Also a town of South 
 America, repub. Colombia, in the Gulf of 
 uuayaquil. 
 
 T..?i,*"^'"r.^,*"*P*"' ■ *o*n of European 
 Turkey, m Bulgaria, celebrated for its knives 
 
 and sword blades. It stands on a gulf of it. 
 name, m the Black Sea, 90 mil^TE 5 
 Silutna. Long 28. 38. E. lat. 44.1o N 
 
 Babelmandel, or Bab-el-Mandeb. a 'strait 
 between the coast of Abyssinia and A^iw. 
 uniting the Red Sea with'X InSn oTean' 
 In It IS a small island and a moun£ of 
 
 
BAB j 
 
 th« Mm* nam*. Long. 43. 38. K. tat. 13. 
 85. N. 
 
 DAUMUAvtm, a town of Suabia, In Qw 
 many, A milM N. of TiiLinnon. 
 
 Babic, or Uababbo, n town of P8r«a,on th* 
 conflnea of the lieoeti of Kerman, litunte at 
 about an wjual distanca from tlie citiea of Ker- 
 man, Shwai, ami Zod. 
 
 Babutanib, a clutter of ux or Mven imall 
 Itlanda in the North i'aoiflc Ocean, 10 loairue* 
 N. of the Iile of Luoonia. The chief produce 
 la wax, ebony, bananas, cocoaa, and plantains. 
 Uabtlon, the capitol of tho ancient kinir- 
 dom of liabyloniii or Chaldea. Semiramii k 
 Mid by wme, and lielus by others, to have 
 founded this city. But by whomsoever it wai 
 tounded. Nebuchadnezzar embellished it, and 
 made it one of the wonders of the world. The 
 most femous works in and about it wore the 
 walls of the city, the temple of Belus, Nebu- 
 chndnezzar's palace, the hanging gardeiu, the 
 T "'^it* """'■• *''" artificial lake, and the 
 canala. The walls were 87 feet thick, 8S0 
 feet high, and 60 miles in circumference, form- 
 ing an exact sijuare, having 100 gates of »».-..a 
 bra*), 25 on each side, with a street running 
 ftom Bkc' in a straight line to the opposite 
 gate; so timt there were in all 60 great streoU 
 each 15 miles long. The site ia near the pre- 
 •ent town of Helleh or Hillah, which aee. 
 B Caaa' °' ^^'^"'^ ^^ here April 21, 
 
 IS W. h. of Guadix. Pop. about 16,000. 
 
 Bach, or Batha, a town of Hungary, for- 
 merly the see of a bishop, seated near the 
 
 . o^'o'",?"'* ^- N. E. of Funfkifchen. 
 and 86. S of Budn. ' 
 
 Bacrabach, a town of Germany, in the 
 palatinate of the Rhine. It is famous for it« 
 wine, and stands at the foot of a mountain, 
 near the Rhine, 24 miles .S. by E. of Coblentx. 
 ihe Counts paUtine had formerly a caatle 
 here, and levied toll on the produce and mer- 
 chandise passing up and down the Rhine, 
 which, from the extent of the exaction, was 
 denominated the golden toll. It at present 
 torms part of the Prussian territory. 
 
 Bachmerai, a town of Ruasia, in the pro- 
 vince of Taunda. It was lately the residence 
 of the Tartar clana of tlie Crimea, and the 
 palace is a curious species of painted Chinese 
 structure. Near thia place, on a high rock, is 
 an old fort called the Jews' Citadel, so named 
 aa having been from time imnwmorial inhabited 
 by about 200 families of Jews, Bacheserai is 
 seated in a deep valley, on the rivulet Katza. 
 18 miles S. S. W. of Simferopol. 
 
 Bachian, an island, the largest and most 
 southern of the proper Moluccas. It is 70 
 miles in circumference. The Dutch first 
 fomned a settlement here iii 1610. Zabonim 
 w the chief town. Long. 127. 0, E. lat. 0. 
 ^o. a. 
 
 Bachu, or Baku, a city of Shirvan, in 
 rermi, situate on the shore of a fine haven on 
 the W. side of the Caspian Sea. It was taken 
 posaession of by Russia at the commtnce- 
 
 B AD 
 
 mont of the Irrt century; coded back to Persia 
 
 The cou... , «,u„d .bounds in petroleum and 
 In plaoe^const«,tly emiU flame, but wihoui 
 producing any ,„y ,en«:.:o decree of hZ 
 It was probably this district that ffivo ri*. t^ 
 the •.ct of the Par«^ Ouobros. orFire Won 
 
 •wrted 0. Baku is now an inconsiderable 
 |Uac«; It is in 40. 6. N. lat. and 40. l^li 
 
 • ***"!? J*'lf"' *" TnLaBWKTCHODBZKTH. « 
 
 river of North America, discovered by Captain 
 
 ll »f Ti "'''^•, " "•«• •■" »"»wx take, 
 near the Great Slave Lake, and flows to the 
 •ea, S. of the land of Boothia Felix. 
 
 Badajoi, a town in Spain, capiUl of Eatrn. 
 madura,and a bishop'. !«..' It U famouS 
 a bridge buUt by the Romans over the Qui 
 tT'^-^^u" *^» ''"'^ *••« i'ort»gu«w we^ 
 defeated by Don John of A^turiaS. T I66l! 
 Badajo, was taken by the French in 1809 
 
 wil^^„r K^ '.'"' '"'•^ ^""J'' ""dor Lo^' 
 Wellington by storm, on tho 6th of April, 
 1813. It u a frontier town towards Portuaal 
 and well lortified. It is 14 mile, e' of E1v« 
 
 ut a/VJ I ^' "' ^''"^ ^°"«' «• *«• w: 
 
 Bao»^jhan, or Buoakshan. a city of Usbeo 
 J^'^f °.jf ""*' ^°'"""'' «>P''*» "f the pr^ 
 ZZ ^ i^''""- ■ ^"'''' "'*«'• ""'I rubies ore 
 found in Its vicinity J and caravans pass by this 
 «ty to Cabul and China. It is seated on the 
 main branch of the Gihon, about 100 miles 
 from 'ta souro, at the foot of the Belur moun- 
 S."37. 10.™!" E- of Balk. Long. 68. 60. N. 
 
 ^t^T'^u' w f"" °^ SP""' •«» Catalonia, 
 B^^lona ***^'*"''"«*"' 10 n>'lM N. E.cf 
 . Baden, or Baadbn, formerly a margraviate 
 in the circle of Suabia, stretching alon| the B.' 
 
 V^tf 'h" t^*"'"*- '* '"" ««"*«d into 
 Upper and Lower, or Baden-Baden and 
 Baden-Durlach, from the names of the chief 
 towns of the two divisions. Under Napoleon 
 Buonapartes formation of the Rhenish con- 
 federacy m 1806, Baden was constituted a 
 grand duchy m 1809; it was divided into the 
 ten following circles, viz. the Lake, Danube. 
 
 EnTlU' 3^'"^!?' ^'""«> M"--*. Pf"i^ and 
 Enz Neckar, Odenwald, and Main and Tau- 
 l>er, being names of so many rivers intorsectina 
 «f . ■'k'!!?'^'^""** ""> •«** «f government: 
 
 ?finn . ^^^r*'"'*' ^"^^'y contains about 
 
 SJ OOrZ!"/.'"' '!!? * P''P"l««''n of about 
 »^6,000, from the productive portion of whom 
 
 L?«!iT^ °^,?'""'' 600,000/. annually is col- 
 T^J^ fo' ""litary and state purposes. That 
 
 Pnch^nf /k *■ 'T^^'y '^''^^""8 on the Rhine, 
 mc ud ng the old margraviate, is exceedingi; 
 fruitful, and contains about 180,000 inhabitanti 
 
 bi^rdfif """"''"'=« "^ -"^'^-^ fo' 
 
 Baden, the capital of Upper Baden, with a 
 
 castle on the top of a hill, where the' prince 
 
 often resides. It is remarkable for ito hot 
 
BAD 
 
 hnths, and is Sfated lietween the Murg and 
 the Rhine, 40 miles W. of Stuttgard, and 20 
 a. of Carlsruhe. Long. 8. 22. E. lat. 48. 48. N. 
 
 Baden, a town in Switzerland, in Argau, 
 capital of the county of the same .lame. Near 
 >t are some warm baths, mentioned by the 
 ancients under the names of Aquae and 
 Therma Helveticae. In 1714, a treaty was 
 concluded here between Germany and Spain. 
 it 18 seated on the Limniat, 10 miles N. W. of 
 Zurich. Long. 8. 24. E. Int. 47. 26. N. 
 
 Baden, a town of Austria, fenious for its 
 numerous hot baths ; seated on the Suechat, 
 15 miles S. S. W. of Vienna. Also of a vil- 
 lage in the Valais, Switzerland, with a hot bath 
 of a sufficient degree of heat to boil an egg 
 
 50 
 
 BAH 
 
 Wadenweiler, a town of the grand duchy 
 of Baden, in the circle of Weisen, much fre- 
 quented for its hot baths, seated near the Rhine. 
 5 miles S. S. W. of Sulzburg. 
 
 Badrinath, a town in Kumaoon, North 
 Hindostan, elevated 10,000 feet, and celebrated 
 tor Its temple, visited by 60,000 pilgrims 
 annually. '^ " 
 
 Baeza, or Baja, a town in Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, sea;«d near the a.jurce of the Guadal- 
 qui ver. It was once the residence of a Moorish 
 king, and was since a bishop's see, and seat of 
 a university, but is now deemed of little im- 
 portance, although its population is still con- 
 siderable. It lies four leagues E. of the great 
 post road from Madrid to Cadiz by Cordo- 
 and about 10 N. of Jaen. 
 
 Baffo, a seaport town at the W. end of the 
 Isle of Cyprus, with a fort, near the ancient 
 i jphos, of which considerable ruins remain, 
 particularly some broken columns, which prob- 
 ably belonged to the temple of Veuus. Long. 
 82. 30. E. Jat. 34. 50. N. 
 
 Baffin's Bay, dividing Greenland from the 
 eastern shores of North America— the laigest 
 gulf that has yet been explored ; it was dis- 
 covered by William Baffin, in 161'j, but his 
 testimony was disbelieved, till ISIS, when 
 Captain Parry circumnavigated it, and esta- 
 Mished his veracity. In 181C, Pany entered 
 Lancaster Pund, and discovered the range of 
 islands now known by his name; and several 
 expeditions have followed in this direction, to 
 ascertain the N. W. passage to the Pacific, but 
 which has not hitherto been ac. implished. 
 The N. extremity of the Bay, or Ross Bay, is 
 m let. 77. 45. N, The centre of it is occupied 
 by irapenetrable ice, leaving in the summer a 
 Jhannel round the shores, which abounded 
 with whales and sea calves, but which have 
 now in a great measure deserted them. 
 
 Bafra, a town of Turkey, in Asia, on the 
 Kizil Ermak, 3 nules from tho Black Sea. 
 
 Bagdad, a celebrated city of Asiatic lirkey, 
 the capital of a pachalic of the same nnmo, or, 
 as it is now inore commonly called, Irak Arahi; 
 which see. Bagdad is finely seated on the E. 
 bank of the noble river Tigris, and, previous to 
 the ,oute to India by the Cape of Good hops, 
 it was the centre of a very extensive commerce. 
 It was the capiial of the Saracen empire til! 
 taken by the Turks in the 13th century; sinco 
 
 which It has oilen been an object of contention 
 between the Turks and Persians, until it was 
 taken the last time by '-e Turks in 1631. It 
 sUll continues to be a place of considerable re- 
 sort, for all the coTimodities of Natolia, Syria 
 Persia, and India; but has lost much of its an' 
 cjent splendour, aiid is not so opulent as 
 when m the possessi^m of the Persians. The 
 tomb of the Jewish prophet Ezekiel is still 
 shown here. It has several manufactories of 
 silk, cotton, wool, and leather, and has a can- 
 non foundry. The city is surrounded by a 
 wall about five miles in circumference, and 
 contams some commodious houses, but 'ts 
 general character is mean and dirty. Its 
 markets are abundantly supplied with all 
 kinds of provisions; but the great heat of its 
 cUmate renders it uncomfortable in the summer 
 season. It is -ibout 50 miles N. of the site of 
 the ancient Babylon, 250 N. of Bassora, and 8 
 deg. due E. of Damascus. Lat. 33. 20. N. 
 and 44. 46. E. long. Pop. estimated at from 
 60,000 to .00,000, three-fourths of whom are 
 Turks ; the remainder are Jews, Persians, and 
 of \:arious nations. 
 
 Baglana, a country of the Deccan of Hin- 
 dostan, bound. •! on the N. by Guzerat E by 
 Candeish ant Dowlatabad, S. by Visiapour 
 and W. by the ocean. It is exceedingly moun- 
 tainous, but fertile in many places. 
 
 Bagnaluca, or Banjaluka, a town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, in the N. W. corner of Bosnia 
 on the border of Croatia, 55 miles N. W. of 
 Serai. 
 
 Baonara, a seaport of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ultenore. Here are several high waterfalls- 
 and among the rockc are the ruins of the former 
 town, in which 3017 persons perished by an 
 earthquake in 1783. It is situate near the 
 strait of Messina, IS miles N. N. E. of Receio 
 8000. '^" ^'^•^- ^«- '^- N- Pop. atout 
 
 Bagnarea. a town of Italy, in the patrimony 
 of St. Peter, 5 miles S. of Grvieto. 
 
 Bagneres, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Pyrenees, famous for its baths 
 and mineral waters; seated on the river Adour. 
 10 miles S. of Tarbes. 
 
 BAGNOLF.S, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gard, near the river Cese, 8 miles S 
 of Pont St. Erprit. It has manufactures of 
 silk. 
 
 Bagshot, a village in Surrey, 12 miKs N. 
 by E. of Farnham. It is surrounded by an 
 extensive heath, bordered on the W. by Wind- 
 sor park. Since 1800 a considerable portion 
 has been enclosed and brought under cultiva- 
 tio'i. 
 
 Bahamas, or Lucayos Islands, a group of 
 islands, formJnp part of the British West In- 
 dies, extending from the long, of 79. W. in the 
 lat. of 28. in n S. E. direciion, to the long, of 
 70. in the lat. of 21. N. The northern part 
 lies contiguous to the coast of Florida, and the 
 southern contiguous to the N. end of St. Do- 
 mingo. The greater portion are mere rocks 
 in'.u v.iiinhabited; ihc following, with iheir lat. 
 and long., are the principal islands : - 
 
BAH 67 BAI 
 
 Bahama o^l\ 7^°% 2"u^ fiJe at Us mouth. Next to Rio Janeiro, 
 
 X^r Ififo ?? n »?'"''« he most important towa of the Bra- 
 
 And^aa '.'''' ttlc 11 m S'»' *"«» m pomt of commeroe is the greatest. 
 
 M " in". -=5 ^» '8 10 The houses are m general well built mostiv 
 
 Eleutt '' • • • ^f ,? II H °f '^'»»«' ""d it hasf;veral churchTa'nrS 
 
 feSS ■• ■• • • i'^ ^-2 nea^rrroS^T^e^YaTS 
 M^Sna"": : : : iJ? li\l f-^«^ver.about2oJ.es's.W.ofHohei! 
 
 InZl • • • • oM^ n ^ BahrEuAzrek. &^A*REK. 
 
 SfliwreHaniltp'rph.-^/ * on .2 7n .? Bahraitch, a town of Hindostan, in tht 
 
 Of tZe S T,HnH fi„: /" ^^ '?. *^ r?'"'^^ °^ O"'^^- 62 miles N. N. W. of Fyza- 
 
 bebe hrf.™t ii^r fS ' ^T'^'l ""• ''^' ^ ^^•'Z ""'* 6^ N- E- of Lucknow. Long. 81. 56. 
 Demg ine tirst land of the western hen isphere E, lat. 27 30 N 6 • 
 
 U9lZthom^?tZ« -n^ir l-2th of October. Bahrenburo, 'a town of Westphalia, in the 
 
 i»»^, oy wJiom It was called Guanahani. New county of Hoya. on the river Siihlinaon 9ft 
 
 Providence is the best cultivai3d. producing a miles W. oSbZ! &"hUngen, 20 
 
 little sugar, coffee, and cotton, and exporting Bahrein, a town of Arabia situate on «n 
 
 aZT''''^'^ °^ P'""? t^^^ ^'^^ States of island 30 miles long" in the^utf o" Sa It 
 
 ^„rt!S^^n n^f.^" """f ^* ^'^"^ ^"^"^ «''- ^^^ "<"«« not o^Y to the Wand on wWch i 
 
 ?K^i * ?•" ^T.^^.T ?"""*"J^' ''"t the is built, but also to a cluster of them cel^ 
 
 fiK -S^"""" °^ ^^^ mhabitants is the turtle brated for the pearl fishery; a^d likS?o a 
 
 fishery. The passage between the northernmost province extending along the W coLt^f the 
 
 Shlrc1.1V"^ifS°"^"'=^j!f *^ «^'- The town\ foS, anHelong^' 
 
 T^„ J J? r'f*A*"?t''<^f passage between once to the Portuguese, but now belones to 
 
 Long and Crooked islands is called the wind- Busheer. It stands on the W sid^ of the 
 
 Zf/^'l and forms the route of the ships island, 70 miles N E. of llhsa Long. 496 
 
 bound from Jamaica to Europe; the Jamaica E. lat. 26. 20 N. '^ 
 
 C? T£l.li ^?f'^ Island homeward Ba.a, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro. 
 
 uahar, an interior province of Hindostan, seated on the Bay of Naples. 12 miles W of 
 W. of Bengal; bounded on the N. by Nepaul, Naples. ' ^ ' * 
 
 W by Oude and Allahabad, and S. by Bezar Baja, a town of Lower Hunearv on the E 
 
 from wTo- e"wS f '"'•'''"' "^ ^';« V^^- '«"'' »^»'"' DanuberrmiSs T ^."of ^g! 
 Bom W. to E., which receives several tributary Baias, or Patas, a town of Syria at the N 
 
 isnonsidS^bn/'wTb '"^ 'T'r'' *''' ?• r '^' •'f '"« G\rif o7 AkxaKo. s^"!: 
 
 S the N S fh/ Z^::^/'^' /J'^^oo^y' kenderoon. supposed to have been the ancient 
 «? 4eeJi;' f"f.if.« H?^ ■ r""^/''^-®- • \^ Issus celebrated for the victory of Alexander 
 an exceedingly fertile district ; its rice is the over Darius. 
 
 Ston"Lf Jln.f?!**"' '"*^*;' Bilk, indigo, Baibourdi, an inland town of Armenia, 
 cotton, and saltpetre are produced in great 40 miles N of Arz Roum 
 
 Grger"ihe^S£f\:!i X^ ''^"'V?.V'>« . Baika., a Me^of^ir^ in the province of 
 
 fomlrlV thfi r^nff. • u The townof Bahar, Irkutsk, 350 miles in length, but its greatest 
 
 Sa ^ The whole nroS • ' ""i^'.^- ^-."^ ^^T"^"'' "ot above 40, between the latf of 52! 
 
 EnSh ^"^ ^''o'« P'0""«« « subject to the and 55. N. and 104. to 109. E. long. The 
 
 Bahi'a one nf th^ ♦«,»!„» •. • ^ '^?l^' " ^^^' ""d the Russians speak of it 
 
 Bi^il Ivi .bS of PprnUr ^P''*""",. of '^'th reverence, calling it the Holy Sea. There 
 
 from thf 1 1 «rio „Lr rtT^rfi'^Mf !}i'''f'«''r? T ""/"^ '^"^ •" •* "^ « ^-'ackish colour, and 
 
 and W Von" the A t «nt Jf A •^" ?u ^; '"'• *^"''a"«=o of fish ; also several islands ; and 
 
 of 40 to a riJee of r unt^fn?" 'M^^ V°"t *'^** "^ ^'*=''°"' "^e largest, has sulphureous 
 
 bound it on heV Bah?™/" ^^^ '^^.'''^ 'P^^^' ""'^ '"'P^'tha Bometimes floats on its 
 
 orS4 649 sqlre mile« i ?r^"'' * "V^"'^ '"'f"?^- ^* '"^'^^^ the Selinga from the S., 
 
 te^ivkJ^ll^iS^^^a^ g^S^ l£ Z Se? ''' ^"««"" ^'''^' '^ ^• 
 
 ^St'atnZleS'^h^ Tu "" ?'^''"^*^ '" ^^''''^'''" " town of France, in the depart- 
 uX exSn^' Th« ..r '" V ^?^'^''- "'^"' "^ ^^rd, 9 miles S. W. of Ypres. It is 
 raripfv^f I^«l^*' ., T'"^ ^^""""^ in a a manufacturing town. Pop. about 9000 
 
 mStmbr 'PonTeo^? '"'''" -"'^ '^''^' »''^^' town^s of the Ze 
 
 iinpenetraDie. j-op. 560,000. The c'^ef town name, in d fferent parts of Frniice 
 
 S .tlTadoVrsrat^t ir ^'fT ^AI' ^"^'l' « ^^^P'^ ^^ ^^^' -^ ^^ief 
 o,, WW-' '.* situate in lat 13^ 0. S. and 38. town in the country of Duncali. Tt «.and. on 
 
 ied "the BA^i' J°An*^"': '"'u- r'^'*' '""y' " ^P""ou8 bay of 'the Red Sea, 3"40"mile^ K 
 
 frowst Kufi^o's^bS r.tT 5fN^-^ «''"^"- ^-«- ^^- ^«- ^- '"^ ^5 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 i I 
 
 BAI 
 
 of ?ti''«n1i v'.""^ France, iu the department 
 of Ille and Vilaine, 16 miles S. of Rennes. 
 
 BAiapsTowN, the chief tn. of Nelson comity, 
 Kentucky, 47 miles aw. of Frankfort. ^ 
 
 Baibout. or Bbt»dt, anciently Berytus, a 
 
 ^''/.Sy^ in Palestine, and Z chief 
 
 v^ f •V''® ^"^^^ The port is nearly 
 
 ^n^^ J"* ""•* *"'' '^"•! »«t "»"y cottons 
 and silks are exported hence for Cairo. It 
 
 ^Wi''"w*'^-S?' °^ * •'"»<' promontory, 
 50 miles W. N. W. of Damascus. Long. 36 
 10. E. lat. 33. 45. N. Pop. about 7500. 
 
 Baibbuth, a to^vn of Bavana, seated in a 
 pleasant valley.andr^ularly built. Pop.14,000. 
 Aee Baybeuth. 
 
 .„ ^^''o^^'' an e^'tonsive parish and town, 
 m the Peak of Derbyshire, with a market on 
 
 * noay . Here is a large cotton-miU ; and near 
 
 tCJ^t "'^^^ »f A8hfo«l, are marble works, 
 where the black and grey marbles found in the 
 vicinity are sawn and polished. It is seated on 
 ^£L'J """ ""• ""• W- «^fi«%.and 153 
 
 • ?»'',^^'.**' Bakou, a tn. of European Turkey, 
 c ^"'^l'^' °»^ the river Bistritza, 60 miles 
 o. W, of Jassy. 
 
 1 J ®^?f 'U*=»ebai, a town of Russia, 60 miles 
 W. of Cafe in the Crimea. It is an irregularly 
 built place. Pop. 6000. 
 
 Baku, or Bachc, a town of Persia, in the 
 province of Schirvan. the most commodious 
 haven of the Caspian Sea, on the W. coast of 
 which It is situate. The vicinity produces 
 much rock salt, sulphur, and naphtha, and it 
 IS famous for saffron. Baku is a fortress, sur- 
 rounded by high brick walls, 300 miles S. of 
 Asbjacan. Long. 49. 16. E. lat 40. 2. N 
 Bala, a corporate tn. of Wales, in Merioneth- 
 • Mure, with a market on Saturday. It is seated 
 on the Lake of Bala, or Pemblemere, which is 
 3 miles long and 1 broad, and abounds with a 
 hsh called gurnard, resembling a salmon in 
 shape, and tasting like a trout. The river Dee 
 issues from this lake. It has the remainp yf 
 three Roman camps, which seem to have been 
 used as exploratory stations, before the Or- 
 dovices were totaUy subdued. The inhabitants 
 <any on a considerable trade in knit wooUen 
 '*'^H'?«^ It is 40 miles S. E. of Caernarvon 
 and 196 N. W. of London. ^^^^on. 
 
 Balachbo. a tn, of European Russia, situate 
 on a branch of the Don, 90 miles W. of 
 Saratov. 
 
 ♦T,®^.^,*'""'^;.* '**'"» °^ ^"ssia. situate near 
 NovolS: '' "'" ^- ^- ^- •'^ Niznei 
 Balagubb. a fortified town of Spain, in 
 Catalonia, on the river Segra, at the foot of a 
 craggy rock, 75 miles W. N. W. of Barcelona, 
 Long. 0. 40, E, lat, 41. 43, N. 
 
 T,!?*^*,*'^^?'"? * *'"'" i" the province of 
 Irkoutsk, Siberia, about 30 miles N. of the 
 city of Irkoutsk. 
 
 Balaghaut, a district in central India, pre- 
 sidency of Madras, ceded to the British in 
 IBOO. Capital, Ahmednagur, 
 
 Balaklawa, a seaport at the S. W. end of 
 inc Lnmea. It is much frequented. 
 
 68 
 
 BAL 
 
 ■ ,B*""BAi'OAN, a small but very fruitfol 
 island, off the N, end of Borneo in Tat 7 1 b 
 N, and 116, 58, W. long. ' ^ ^- '^• 
 
 Balaubuan. See Palambuan. 
 Baiapcba, Chica, a town of Hindostan in 
 Mysore, noted for the manufacture of S^- 
 bSJ u*i^ ^ '"'^'' ^^ '°^«' N. E. of ^ 
 Balapuba, Doda, a town of Hindostan. in 
 Mysore, surrounded by a mud-wall and hedge 
 and has a strong mud fort, with apdace. Ilfre 
 are mwufactures of cloth and su|arlt ^22 
 Se'S ^ °^ Bangalore, and 57 S. E. of 
 
 Balabuc, a town of France, in the depart- 
 mentof Herault,femousforits baths. I?^12 
 Jmles from Montpelier. 
 
 »„?'""?**"' " '^Po.rt of Hindostan, in Orissa. 
 Md a place of considerable trade; situateTn 
 
 iL^Tn^' f "i'^ ^"^ ''« '"outh in the 
 Bay of Bengal, and 124 S. W. of Calcutta 
 Long. 86. 46. E. lat 21. 26. N. ^««="tta- 
 
 Balaton, a lake in the S. part of Lower 
 Hungary, 40 miles in length, and 1 to 4 broad. 
 Ihe N. end is about 6 miles from Stuht- 
 Weisenbuig, and 36 more fix)m the Danube 
 Balbastbo. an episcopal town in Spain, in 
 •^S"'^"?" *^ "^«' V«'o. near its conflux 
 Pop 'ooS""*' '' ""^ ^- N- ^- °f Samgo3^' 
 Balbec. or Baalbec, the ancient Heliopolis 
 a town of Syria, at the foot of Mount Litenus' 
 near the N. E. extremity of the fertile valley of 
 Bocat On the E. side are magnificent ruins, 
 particularly those of the temple dedicated to 
 the sun. The town was nearly destroyed by an 
 T^T^^ in 1759, and is now a poor K 
 37 miles N, N. W. of Damascus. ' 
 
 Balbbjgoan. a town in Ireland, county of 
 Dubbn. It has a small harbour, and the inhabi- 
 
 ITo^XSSt.lLr^'^''^'^'''^ — 
 
 Baldock, a town in Hertfordshire, with a 
 
 miles W. S. W. of Royston, and 37 N. N. W 
 pt London. It was originally built bv the 
 
 &o?thi"fe^ " *^^'''^- ^«"'"y. «" tt 
 
 Ttreet " ''*^' ^ ^^ ^^^ Ikeneild- 
 
 Baleabic Isles, five islands in the Mediter- 
 ranean, forming part of the province of Arragon • 
 they are named Majorca, Minorca, Ivica. For- 
 mentera, and Cabrera, which see. 
 
 o„?h„''^«?T' " *AT" ?.^ ^^'^^' •" Mazanderan. 
 on the S. shore of the Caspian Sea, 12 miles W. 
 or .^erabad. 
 
 H„ff*9?' ^ ^o\,?^ ?'"*'"• on the Frisch 
 Haff, 24 miles S. W. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Bali, or Bally an island, 75 miles long, and 
 
 45 broad, at the E. end of the isle of Java, from 
 
 Str^tof n i^^n?^"*^ ^^ " «''»"°«1 "'llil the 
 fn^^l. "^''.i l^ ^.POP'^O"*' abound, in rice 
 and fruits and furnishes slaves, cotton yarn 
 and pickled pork. Long. 1 1. SO. E. lat o" 30 s' 
 of Yntif ' * l^f' ^^'"^ ^"''^^ the provinces 
 of hS" -"- .^-"",'^4^' *'-"'"8 into^he Bay 
 TW • /" '**'• ^'- "**• "• ^1- 15. W. long. 
 There is a town of the same name near tlfi 
 
 =^*^'»t-,.,^_ 
 
BAL 
 
 mouth of the river, wlach forma the principal 
 wttlemen of the English for supplying mX 
 
 S?v C"^',!? i^*'o*«''^"* "f 20.000 ton, 
 HnnuaiJ/. fop. about 18,000. 
 
 toing in European Turkey, forming the N 
 boundary of Roumelia and Bulgaria! and ^i 
 minates at the Black Sea. ' 
 
 T«n^™ ^iLf J""*®™ province of Independent 
 
 u situate on the Dewash. a branch of the Oxus 
 or Amu nver, and is a place of great antiquity 
 
 il^'. A ^**'"* Pl"«=e Of considerable import 
 tance and intercourse between the inhabitants 
 of the countries Wdering on the eastern shore. 
 Ti Jk ^"^P*"" ^^ ^d *!>« sea of Aral and 
 S£'*^rv^" ?"J«''V"^.''* Hindostan on the 
 other. The khan's castle is a magnificent stnic- 
 ure,bu.It of marble, dug out ofTe neighbour- 
 ing mountains. It is about 220 mUes S. E. of 
 Bokhara, and 260 N. W. of Attock Bemireson 
 the Indus, in 36. 28. N. lat. and 65. 20. W 
 long. Pop. about 7000. 
 
 Ballantrae. a town of Scotland, in Ayr- 
 shire, near the mouth of the Stinchar 24 miles 
 o. a. w. of Ayre. 
 
 Ballenstadt, a town of Germany in the 
 
 Po?2ooo^"'""- " " «i«««ySw! 
 
 „f M*''"l*^' M'*'™ °^ ^'^""J. "» the county 
 of Monaghan, 76 miles from Dublin. ^ 
 
 aALLiEBOROuoH, a parish and town in the 
 county of Cavan, Ireland. 
 
 BAumoNEr a town of Ireland, county of 
 aleSwe"'"'™'"^"''""- ^-"""-^eS; 
 
 Ballina, a town in the county of Mavo Ire- 
 land^ 7 miles S. of KiUala, and 120 w! by N. 
 of Dubhn. It was occupied by the French m 
 
 Ballinakill, a town of Ireland, Queen's 
 county, 66 miles from Dublin. 
 
 K.w*.''^"'*^^*"'' ^ *•""' «h'e% «n the parish of 
 fh^mZ'^Z^ f Galway. but extends S:to 
 mnn^ T?V "{^'^^f "» the county of Roscom- 
 mon, Ireland. It is disUnguished for its meat 
 annual sheep fair the firet week in Oct C 
 
 cS i?« f "['fP """^ '0.000 h^adotho^lS 
 cattle are brought to market. It is 12 miles W^ 
 of Athlone and 72 W. of Dublin. It i. „me- 
 times called Dunloe, 
 
 Ballinoaehy. a parish and tow- in the 
 county of Limerick, Ireland. 
 
 Balunrobe, a town of Ireland, county of 
 
 RodX"' Po^Tsoo.' ''"""• ' ""^^ ^«"" 
 
 Ballston, a town of Saratoga county state 
 
 of New York. 2^ miles N.' W. of Albany!' ^p. 
 
 , Ballston Spa, a mineral spring in the ad- 
 jommg township of Milton, 3 mill, N. of the 
 town of Ballston. It is a celeim^tJr^JTt 
 i-aietudinamnsandof tashion in North Americ^! 
 Ballt, in Irish, signifies town ; there are up- 
 
 S9 
 
 BA 
 
 > and villages fai 
 
 land, county An- 
 There is coal in 
 
 wards of 150 parishes, 
 Ireland beginning with 
 Ballycastle, a town 
 tnm, 180 miles fhomDu 
 the vicinity. 
 
 BALLYjAMttDtFP. a town of Ireland, countr 
 Uvan, 57 mUes from Dublin. ^ 
 
 l«?^''t!"«?*"''.."i°''" "f I"»J'»'«J. county 
 ^Iflnny """ ^"* ^'•""' '^*«'* °» *»>• 
 ♦r,^^*^''J?""'^' * town of Ireland, county An- 
 ^n^ }f r'^ *""' ^"hlin. ;ith a good 
 maAet for butter and linens. *^ 
 
 Ballyraooet. a town of Ireland, county 
 
 Kilkenny, 76 miles from Dublin. ^ 
 
 Ballyshannon, a town of Ireland, county 
 
 E™X'7°",*^t"'^V " »»'". on the river 
 iiine, 127 miles from Dublin. 
 
 which" hrff^-J*"*" "f Scotland, in Fifeshire. 
 wijich has a trade in com and salmon Th« 
 rums of its once magnificent abbe^lund Jl' 
 S„^V'**'^Tt^- It is ^ted ortho 
 of St. AndLT""*' ''"•'^' ^" ""«« N. W. 
 Baltic, an inland sea, in the N. W. <rf Eu- 
 
 ffiaid'T" ^''V°^'« °f Sweden, RuSl 
 Courland^ Pmssm, Germany, and Denmark^ 
 tending fron, the S4th to the 60th degrJe of N 
 
 if 66 »t??'- "^^^^ inning "P toVhe lat.' 
 0^6 and lying between the 16th and 22nd del 
 
 f^^; Jong-.theGulf of Livonia extending 
 L qf^^"^"* ^•' '^^ '^«t of Finland as fef 
 as 30. Its surface h esUmated at 120.000 square 
 
 ^rin^«„iT*S'"! " S^^* """"her of islandS, the 
 C ffl^J^n'^'r^^'^'^'Oc^l.Goth- 
 iana, oeland. Bomholm. Rngen. and Laland • 
 
 It fiom the Cattegal, by which it communS 
 en nni? ■ °.T' «^,''^'« •« three navigable 
 C^^ ""v i*"^ ^"''''' ^™ *« sea called the 
 
 m^tfk" • T^''^ " the most northerly and 
 most frequented, is called the Sound, between 
 Uie coast of Sweden N. and the ^t of ?he 
 Isleof Zealand S. Thispos^igeisaCMmJle^ 
 across, and is navigated by 8000 to 9000 sail of 
 vessels annually, which p^y a trifling Z to ho 
 fc„«"'*™'".f *' ** *« niainte^ice of the 
 
 nf ♦»,« T I ""'.^•echannel, between the S. side 
 JJi }*^% °-^ ^'«* '^^ the Isles of Fun«a 
 and Laland, is caUed the Great Belt- andth- 
 
 LaTa„r'f ^/k*^*^" *^ wi^FunTn .L'd 
 B^ r k' Ti ^^^ ':*^"* °' Jutland, the Little 
 Be tj but the navigaUon of both 4 circuitous 
 and mtncate compared with the Sound Md 
 they are only availed of under verTScS 
 
 theTltt''''-. There's little or nTtiKttS 
 «he Baltic, and, as such, the channels and har- 
 ^T,J"-^ generally frozen up three to four 
 SoV?..^r"'^'- ^-'-'"^o-donZ 
 
 iu„j*^'??"^^„* *'°""ty of the state of Mary- 
 land. Pop. 134,379. The chief town ^ the 
 same „«„«. is finely located, at the hTSd of an 
 u,,„ ^aiica rciapsco Kiver, on the W. nde of 
 Che^peake Bay. i„ lat. 39. 22. N. and U^. 
 '6. 55. W. A stream called Jones's Fii^s 
 
BAL do 
 
 divides the city into two parts, the town and 
 *eu 8 Point, connected by bridges. Baltmore 
 w the centre of an extensive commerce, and 
 Has nsen into importance more rapidly than any 
 other place in the Union. In 1765 the spot 
 was a dreary swamp, and in 1820 contained a 
 population of 62,629, about 12,000 of whom 
 were blacks, possessing 68,674 tons of shippinir. 
 Present pop. 102,313. The houses are in ge- 
 neral well built, principally of brick ; it has 
 upwards of 30 religious edifices, but none that 
 merit any particular notice. The harbour is 
 entered by a narrow strait, exceedingly well de- 
 fended by a fort. During the war of 1813-14, 
 the English made an unsuccessful attempt to 
 possess Baltimore. 
 
 Baltinglass, a town and parish of Ireland 
 m the county of Wicklow. It has some manu- 
 tectures of linen and woollen, and is seated on 
 the Slaney, 29 miles S. W. of Dublin. 
 Baloochistan. See Beloochistan. 
 Bamba, a town of the kingdom of Congo, in 
 a rich province of the same name. It carries on 
 a traffic in slaves, and is seated on the Loze, 
 160 miles S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13 45 
 E. lat. 7. 2. S, 
 
 Bambara, a kingdom of Negroland, which 
 lies to the S. W. of that of Tombuctoo. The 
 cultivation of com is here carried on to a great 
 extent ; and the inhabitants are hospitable to 
 Grangers. Sego is the capital. It is intersected 
 troin W. to E. by a river, the supposed Niger 
 navigable for canoes the whole extent of the 
 country. 
 
 Bambero, the territory of, formerly an im- 
 perial bishopric, but made over to Bavaria in 
 lono """P"''^" territorial arrangements in 
 1803, and is now called the circle of the Maine 
 It 18 intersected by the lines of 50. N. lat. and 
 the 11th of E. long, containing a surfece of about 
 14d0 square miles, several towns and villages 
 and a population of 210,000. The chief town, of 
 the same name, is situate in the centre of the 
 territory, on the E. bank of the Rednitz river a 
 iittle above its conflux with the Maine. It is the 
 sent of a university, and the cathedral and epis- 
 copal palace are stately edifices. 
 
 Bambeko, a town of Bohemia, at the foot of 
 a mountain, 30 miles S. of Glatz. 
 
 Bambohouqh, a village in Northumberland, 
 on the sea coast, 14 miles N. of Alnwick It 
 was once a borough, and gave name to a 'tract 
 called Bamboroughshire. It has a castle, on 
 a rock, inaccessible on all sides, except the 
 south, said to have been built by Kine Ida 
 about 560. ^ ^ ' 
 
 Bambouk, a kingdom of Africa, between the 
 rivers Faieme and Senegal. It is said to be 
 very populous, and on the borders of the rivers 
 fertile, but in other parts sandy and barren 
 The most remarkable animals are a species of 
 wlrite apesi which they will not allow to be sent 
 out of the country, white foxes, and the giraffe, 
 or cameleopard, an animal of extraordinary 
 swiftness. Theie are mines of gold, silver, tin. 
 lead, and »ron The capital is of the same name. 
 Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 13. 30. N. 
 
 Bamian, a city of Cabut, iu ABghanistan. 
 
 BAN 
 
 Here are a great number of apartments and 
 recesses cut out of a mountain, some of whfc h. 
 ^Zn.^'" oraamental work and extraordinary 
 ?t7« «Lf^''"*^'"PP-"''^ '» ''»^« »'«en temples. 
 
 mi«l ? r7n r "^:5^? '^'^^ name, 170 
 miles b. S. E. of Balk, and 100 W. of Cabul 
 Long. 66. 10. E. lat. 34. 30. N. 
 N.?/""!""®' ^ '°'^" of Central Africa, on the 
 Niger. Long. 3. 48. W. lat. 12. 47. N. 
 horHp^*;*?' Bhanmo, a town on the north 
 ^f^ of the kingdom of Birmah, with a fort, 
 Ke?a"piS;!"^""''''^'^^«'»"-N-N.E.of 
 
 Bampton, a town in Oxfordshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday. The rern^^s of its 
 ancient castle yet exist; and it has a trade t 
 leather gloves, jackets, and breeches. It ^s 
 a7dlV^:?;KfTi^r'-W-^ oxford. 
 
 Bampton a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, a chalybeate spring, and 
 a manufacture of serges. It is seated^'in a 
 bottom, surrounded by hills, 20 miles N. N E 
 of Exeter, and 163 W. by S. of London 
 
 Banaoher, a borough of Ireland, in King's 
 AtlToJe'^"* on the Shannon, 15 ^iles S. of 
 
 Banawara. a town of Hindostan. in Mysore 
 with a hue mud fort, and the ruins ^ f arexTen: 
 sive palace. Much tobacco is cultivated in the 
 vicmity. - IS 68 miles N. W. of Seringapatam 
 
 Banbridge, a town in Ireland, county Down 
 76 miles from Dublin ; manufactures linen. ' 
 v.^tT^''''' * ''"'""S'' '" Oxfordshire, go- 
 dav T^- " "^TP ^'* « market on Thurs- 
 day It IS noted for its cakes and ale. and is 
 seated on t^ie Charwell, 71 miles N. n! W of 
 London, and on the line of the Oxford Canal. 
 
 oL memw"r^"'T "^^""^ P'^^^' ""^ returns 
 one member to pariiament. 
 
 tJ^tTt: "r i"!?"**. °" ^^^ S- E- coast of Suma- 
 tra, celebrated for its productive tin mines. It 
 has a town and strait of the same name I was 
 
 fsTn h^^. *^'?Ju"«'^'' •^""■"8 the war o? 
 1812-13, but ceded back to the Dutch in 1814 
 
 con^t^^nf «' " T^°^ •? «" "J«nd off the E. 
 XIL%T^^ "• ""^ ^^"^^^ «f Malacca 
 miles I of M«^ ''"'^ a settlement. It i. 130 
 15. N ^"''"'''*- ^«"g- 101. 7. E. lat. 1. 
 
 Ma^Z*"!?'''.!^'^ '^'^'J *°^» "f the island of 
 populous. " ' ''''^''''' "^'^^ ^^t^' """l 
 
 lat. U. 58. N., belonging to the Mahrattas. 
 
 Tg tnS 4 ^f ^^."^«' the mouth of the Meinan 
 13.^4. N '■ '^- ^"^- '*^- ^- '''t- 
 
 Bancout or Fort Victoria, a town and 
 fortress of Hindostan, on the coa^t of thL Can- 
 can with a good harbour, and a trade in salt. 
 
 miles S of" n^ '^ ^"f^ '" '^^^' ««d » C« 
 18 5 N ^"'"•^y- ^°"S- 72. 48. E. lat. 
 
 of Atr^^l %*""'" "^ ^"'th Hindostan, province 
 ot Al nhaJmd. a piyincrons town, the scat of .in 
 excellent cotton nmiuifacture. 
 
>artinents and 
 ome of which, 
 extraordinary 
 been temples, 
 me name, 170 
 W. of Cabul. 
 
 Africa, on tho 
 
 47. N. 
 
 on the north 
 li, with a fort, 
 es N. N. E. of 
 
 ihire, with a 
 imains of its 
 M a trade in 
 Bches. It is 
 iV. of Oxford, 
 
 hire, with a 
 B spring, and 
 seated in a 
 lies N. N. E. 
 ondon. 
 id, in King's 
 > miles S. of 
 
 1, in Mysore, 
 of an exten- 
 ivated in the 
 Jringapatam. 
 )unty Down, 
 •es linen, 
 rJshire, go- 
 3t on Thurs- 
 t ale, and is 
 V. N. W. of 
 xford Canal, 
 and returns 
 
 wtofSuma- 
 i mines. It 
 «me. It was 
 the war of 
 tchin 1814. 
 I off the E. 
 if Malacca; 
 It is 130 
 '. E. lat. I. 
 
 le island of 
 Bultan, and 
 
 klysore, in 
 rattas. 
 1 of Siam, 
 le Meinan, 
 18. £. lat. 
 
 town and 
 f the Can- 
 .de in salt. 
 
 and is C6 
 8. E. lat. 
 
 , province 
 scat of .in 
 
 BAN fli 
 
 Banda, the chief of the Danda, or Nutmei? 
 Islands m the Indian Ocean. Tlie group com- 
 Bnses this isle, called also Lantor, and six or 
 ■even others. The nutmeg, covered with mace, 
 pws prmcipally on those islands ; and they 
 have been subject to the Dutch ever since 1609 
 when they expelled both the English and natives.' 
 They are all very small, the largest being only 
 20 miles in circumference, and are subject to 
 earthquakes. Banda was taken by the English 
 in 1 796, and restored in 1802, retaken in 1810 
 and restored again at the peace in 1 8 1 4. Lat. 4 ' 
 40. S. long. 129. 30. E. 
 
 Banda-Oriemtal. See Uruguay. 
 Bandon, or Bandon-bridoe, a borough of 
 Ireland, m the county of Cork. It is commonly 
 a military station, and has manufactures of cot- 
 ton, camlets, ticking, &c. It is situate on a 
 river of th<} same name, 13 miles S. W. of Cork 
 It returns one member to parliament. 
 
 Bandora, a town of Kindostan, on tne S. 
 Bide of the island of Salsette, which is separated 
 from that of Bombay by a narrow channel It 
 18 6 miles N. of Bombay. 
 Bancas, a tn. of Syria, 20 miles S. of Latakia 
 Banff, a county of Scotland, bounded on the 
 N. by the ocean, S. E, by Aberdeenshire, and 
 w. by Muii.iyshire. Its greatest length is 50 
 miles, and its extent along the coast 22, but the 
 main breadth is not more than 16. The S. part 
 18 very mountainous, but the northern district is 
 level and fertile. The principal rivers are the 
 Deveron and Spey, which form a part of its E. 
 and W. boundaries, and yield abundance of fine 
 salmon. The Avon rises from a small lake at 
 tlie S. extremity of the county, falling into the 
 bj^ey, where that river divides the county from 
 Murrayshire. The principal towns are Gamry 
 tiillen. Fochabers, Keith, Aberdour, and Kirk- 
 nuchnel. Some minerals are found in the county 
 and great quantities of hones and whetstones! 
 It returns one member to parliament. 
 
 Banff, the chief town of the preceding 
 county, is situate at its N. W. extremity, on the 
 K bank of the Deveron, over which is a hand 
 some bridge of seven arches. It has some 
 manufactures of Unen and cotton, but it is more 
 a place of fashionable resort than either a manu- 
 facturing or commercial town. The town hall 
 was built in 1798, and is a handsome edifice It 
 IS a royal burgh, governed by a provost, four 
 bailhes, and 12 counciHors; 45 miles N.of Aber- 
 deen, and 167 of Edinburgh, and retuvns one 
 member to parliament. 
 
 Bangalork, a city of Hindostan, in Mysore 
 It had a strong fort, built by Hyder, deemed the 
 bulwark of Mysore, tow^^rd Arcot : it was taktn 
 by the English in 1791, and restored the next 
 year to Fippoo, who destroyed it; but since re- 
 verted to the English. Tho palace is ccni posed 
 of mud, yet not without some degree of magni- 
 ficence ; and there are two extensive gardens 
 made by the two sultans. The chief manufnc- 
 tures are silk and cotton cloths, muslins, leather 
 and oil. It is 74 miles N. E. of Seringapatam.' 
 Long. 77. 37. E, !«t. 13. 0. N. 
 
 Banu-kok, or Bankok, a town of Aiia, in 
 biam, on the river Menam-kong. The houses 
 
 BAN 
 
 are mostly of wood, and on piles. An abundance 
 of teak timber for ship-building is found in the 
 neighbourhood. Pop. 40,000, 
 
 Bangor, a city of Wales, in Caernarvonshire 
 with a market on Wednesday. It is situate on 
 the E. shore of the Menai Strait, on the high 
 road from London to Holyhead. It was once 
 so considemble, that it was called "^angor the 
 Great, and defended by a castle. The principal 
 buildings are the cathedral and the bishop's 
 palace. The see is of very great antiquity. The 
 church was dedicated to St. Daniel, who was 
 bishop about the year 516. It is 36 miles W. 
 of St. Asaph, and 251 N. W. of London. It 
 contributes in sending one member to parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 Bangor, a town and populous parish in Ire- 
 land, in the county of Down, seated on the S 
 shore of the Bay of Carrickfergus, opposite the 
 town of that name; 90 miles N. by E. of Dublin 
 and about 10 E. of Belfast. ' 
 
 Bangor, a town in the United States, state 
 of Maine, with considerable trade, and a theolo- 
 gical seminary. Pop, 8,627. 
 
 Banjaluka, See Baonaluka, 
 
 Banjer, or Bender, a considerable river in 
 the island of Borneo, which flows almost due S, 
 from the centre of the country to the harbour 
 of Banjermassing ; and at its mouth the Dutch 
 nave their principal factory, 
 
 Banjermassing, or Bendermassing, a king- 
 dom in the S. part of the island of Borneo, the 
 capital of which i- Metapura, The country 
 produces great quantities of pepper; also gold, 
 iron, diamonds, canes, birds'-nests, wax, and 
 dragon's-blood. It has a town of the same name 
 with a good harbour, at the mouth of the river 
 Banjer, Long. 114, 30, E, lat. 3. 15. S. 
 
 Banks Peninsula, on the E. side of New 
 Zealand, in the Pacific Ocean ; about 100 
 miles in circumference. Long. 184. 0. E. lat 
 34. 30. S. 
 
 Banks Island, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, near the W. coast of North America, 
 about 60 miles long and 5 broad. Long. 1 30 
 W. lat. 53. 30. N. 
 
 .1. ^iJ"'' * "^" "^ Ireland, which issues from 
 the Mourne mountains, in the county of Down 
 flows N. W. into Armagh, through Lough 
 Neagh, and thence forms the boundary between 
 Londonderry and Antrim, entering the sea four 
 miles below Coleraine. 
 
 Bannalec, a town in the S. E. part of the 
 department of Finisterre, France, 15 miles E. 
 of Quimper. 
 
 Banndridge, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Down, on the river Bann, 14 miles 
 N. by E. of Newry, on the road to Belfast. 
 
 Bannockburn, a village of Scotland, in the 
 parish of St. Ninians.or. the river Bannock, fwo 
 miles S. of Stiriing. it is noted for a battle be- 
 tween Edward I(. f n' Ribert Bruce, in 1314, 
 in which the former m. defeated. Here also 
 James III., in 1487, whs defeated by his sub- 
 jects, wounded, and soon after murdered by a 
 priest, tiiking his confcbsion. 
 
 Bantam, a town on the N. W. coast of Java, 
 capital of a kingdom of the same name, with 
 
BAN 
 
 62 
 
 BAR 
 
 two forts. It Is divided into two parts by a river. 
 The English and Danes had factories here till 
 1682, when they were expelled by the Dutch. 
 The chief produce of the country is pepper, of 
 which vast quantities were formerly exported by 
 the Dutch, who deposed the Hings of the an- 
 cient race, and monopolized the entire traffic of 
 the country. Bantam, once populous and 
 flourishing, is now a poor place, its harbour 
 being 3o choked up that it is inaccessible, to 
 vessels of burden; its commerce is transferred 
 to Batavia. Long. 105. 26. E. lat. 6. 20. S. 
 Pop. of the province, 230,000. 
 
 HxifRT, a capacious bay, at the S. W. extre- 
 mity of Ireland, on the coast of Cork, capable 
 of containing all the shipping of Europe ; but 
 somewhat exposed to the swells of the Atlantic 
 Ocean. A French fleet endeavoured to land 
 succours of arms in this bay to the adherents of 
 James II. in 1689, and they made another un- 
 successful attempt to effect a landing with a 
 formidable force in 1796. It is 26 miles long, 
 3 broad, and 40 fathoms deep in the middle. 
 There is a town named Bantry, at the head of 
 the bay on the £. side, the spacious harbour of 
 which is defended from the swells of the ocean 
 by the island of Whiddv. It is 46 miles W. 
 by S. of Cork, and 163 trom Dublin. 
 
 Bantuwanot, a town in Java, East Indies; 
 a Dutch military station for suppressing piracies. 
 Here is the volcano Goonong Marapi. Fop. of 
 the territory, 8800. 
 
 Bapauhe, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Pas de Calais, 12 miles S. E. of Arras. 
 Pop. 3150. There is a river of the same name, 
 &lling into the Seine, which drives about 20 
 paper-mills. 
 
 Bar, a town of PodoUa, in Russian Poland, 
 on a river that flows E.into the Bug. In 1768, 
 a catholic confederation was held here, to pro- 
 tect the religion of the country from the en- 
 croachment of dissenters. It is 48 miles E.N.E. 
 of Kaminieck, and 55 N. W. of Braclaw. 
 Long. 27. 40. E. lat. 49. 14. N. 
 
 Bab, a town of Hindostan, in Bahar, near 
 the Ganges, 34 miles E. S. E. of Patna. 
 
 Bab, or Barrois, a late duchy of France, 
 lying on both sides of the Meuse, between 
 Lorraine and Champagne, It now forms the 
 department of Meuse. 
 
 Baracoa, a town on the N.E. coast of Cuba, 
 with a good harbour for small vessels, 90 miles 
 E. N. E. of St. Jago de Cuba. Long. 74. 42. 
 W. lat. 20. 30. N. 
 
 Baranco de Malambo, or Raranguilla, a 
 town of Colombia, in the province of Magda- 
 Icna, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, 
 at the mouth of the Magdalena, 70 miles N.E. 
 of Carthagena. Long. 74. 50. W. lat. 1 1 . 20. N. 
 Barant, or Baranwabb, a town of Lower 
 Hungary, capital of the county of Bamny, 
 taken from the Turks in 1684. It is seated 
 in an island, formed by the river Crasso, 14 
 miles N. of E8seg,and 120 S. of Buda. Long. 
 19. 16. E. lat. 45. 42. N. 
 
 Barbacoa, a town of Colombia, in Cauca, 
 on the river Tolembi. 110 miles S. W. of 
 Popayan. 
 
 Barbacoa, a town of Colombia, in Vene- 
 zuela, on the E. side of the lake Maracaybo, 
 130 miles S. by W. of Venezuela. 
 
 Barbadoes, the most easterly of the Wind- 
 ward Islands, in the West Indies, 25 miles 
 long and 15 broad; subject to Great Britain. 
 The soil is beautifully undulated, and yields 
 most of the productions common to the climate; 
 but the chief object of culture is the sugar-cano, 
 the produce of which is about 15,000 tons of 
 sugar annually, which, with some ginger and 
 arrow-root, form its main exports. The island 
 eifFered greatly by a storm, on the 10th of 
 October, 1780, when upwards of 4000 persons 
 perished by its violence; and, at the commence- 
 ment of the 19th century, was conciderably on 
 the decline, the soil indicating symptoms of ' 
 exhaustion, until the year 1813, when a very 
 singular phenomenon occurred, which contri- 
 buted essentially to its resuscitation : a vast 
 dense cloud of matter from the eastward, com- 
 posed of volcanic eruption, fell, and covered 
 nearly the whole surface of the island, which 
 tended greatly to its fertility. Barbadoes was 
 constituted an ecclesiastical see over the whole 
 of the Caribbee Islands in 1824. It is also the 
 chief seat of the commissariat for the same, 
 which occatiions the internal commerce of the 
 island to be considerable. It was first settled 
 by the English in 1624 : after the restoration 
 of Chofles II., a duty of 4^ per cent, was 
 exacted upon all produce exportel, under the 
 prevsxt of maintaining and keeping in repair 
 the forts of the island, and for other protection. 
 The duty has continued 150 years, and in 1820 
 amounted to 18,637/., but wholly converted 
 into pensions, and the expenses of the island 
 defrayed out of the taxes levied in England. It 
 is divided into five districts and eleven parishes. 
 Bridgetown, the chief town, is in lat. 1 3. 5. N. 
 and 59. 43. W. long. Charles's, James's, and 
 Speight's towns, are the other towns of the 
 island. Pop. 81,939. 
 
 Barbantanb, a town of France, department 
 Bouches du Rhone, 6 miles from Avignon. 
 Pop. 2300. Fxcellent wine is made here. 
 
 Barbara, St., a town on the W. coast of 
 North America, capital of a jurisdiction of its 
 name. It stands in a rugged, barren country, 
 but has a good roadstead. Long. 119. 17. W. 
 lat. 34. 54. N. 
 
 Barbareen, a village of Ceylon, on the W. 
 coast, 35 miles S. of Colombo. It has a har- 
 bour for ship-boats, and a considerable manu- 
 facture of cordage and cables from the cocoa- 
 tree. 
 
 Barbabt, or the Barbary States, comprise 
 the whole northern coast of North Africa, 
 bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, from the 
 Atlantic Ocean to Egypt ; bounded, or rather 
 intersected on the S. by the Atlas chain of 
 mountains, and bounded by the deserts of Sa- 
 hara, Tuarick, and Libya, "extending in length 
 from the long of 10. W. to 25. E., and varying 
 in breadth from 300 to 600 or 700 miles, be- 
 tween the lat. of 29. aau 37. N., divided into 
 the six following sovereignties, or states ; viz. 
 first, beginning with the west ; Morocco, bor 
 
 
ia, in Vene- 
 Maracaybo, 
 
 if the Wind- 
 es, 25 miles 
 'eat i3ritain. 
 , and yields 
 I the climate; 
 B sugar-cane, 
 ,000 tons of 
 ! ginger and 
 The island 
 the 10th of 
 iOOO persons 
 ! commence- 
 ctderably on 
 ymptonis of • 
 fhen a very 
 hich contri- 
 ion : a vast 
 itward, com- 
 »nd covered 
 iland, which 
 irbadoes was 
 Br the whole 
 :t is also the 
 r the same, 
 aerce of the 
 first settled 
 I restoration 
 r cent, was 
 I, under the 
 ig in repair 
 r protection, 
 and in 1820 
 y converted 
 f the island 
 England. It 
 en parishes. 
 It. 13. 5. N. 
 ames's, and 
 wns of the 
 
 department 
 n Avignon, 
 le here. 
 y, coast of 
 iction of its 
 en country, 
 119. 17. W. 
 
 , on the W. 
 > has a har- 
 able mnnu- 
 I the cocoa- 
 
 ts, comprise 
 rth Africa, 
 i&, from the 
 i, or rather 
 IS chain of 
 serts of Sa- 
 ig in length 
 ind varying 
 ) miles, be- 
 livided into 
 states; viz. 
 jrocco, bor 
 
 BAR 
 
 dering wholly on the Atlantic Ocean, Fei, 
 forming the north-west comer of the African 
 continent, and Algier, Tunis, Tripoli, and 
 Barca, all bordering on the Mediterranean. 
 This extensive territory was known to the an- 
 cients by tiie names of Mauritania, Numidia, 
 Africa Proper, and Libya, and at one period 
 contended with Rome for the empire of the 
 world ; and although at the present day its in- 
 habitants are amongst the most unsocial and 
 illiterate of the communities of civilization, 
 they were at one period as distinguished for 
 their attainments in art, as in arms. The whole 
 country abounds in local beauties, and possesses 
 all the advantages of soil and climate which 
 man need desire ; the soil yields great crops of 
 maize and com, and all the choice fruits, such 
 as lemons, oranges, the vine, olives, figs, al- 
 monds, and dates, are in great profusion; the 
 mountains are rich in mineral substances, and 
 all the domestic animals common to Europe 
 abound over the whole country, and the horses 
 are much esteemed for their fieetneas and 
 beauty. The lion, panther, and hyeena, and 
 other ferocious animals, are numcous in the 
 mountains, and frequently make inroads into 
 the plains. Reptiles are also very numerous, 
 and the boa ccnstrictor, the head, and most 
 ferocious of that species of animated nature, 
 is common on the borders of the deserts. The 
 external commerce of the country is limited, 
 but Will be more particularly adverted to when 
 treating of the respective divisions. Mahome- 
 tanism, in its utmost degree of personal indul- 
 gence and wantonness of power, prevails alike 
 in all the states, and restrains all rational and 
 social advancement. 
 
 Barberino, a town of Tuscany, at the foot 
 of the Appennines, on the river Sieva, 12 miles 
 N. of Florence. 
 
 Barbezieux, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Charent«, with a mineral spring, 
 and a manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 
 miles N. E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2750. 
 
 Barbuda, one of the Leeward Islands, in 
 the West Indies, 20 miles long and 10 broad. 
 It has a good road for shipping, but the in- 
 habitants (about 1 500) are chiefly employed in 
 raising corn and breeding cattle, for the use of 
 the neighbouring islands. It is 35 miles N. 
 of Antigua. Long. 61. 50. W. lat. 17. 50. N. 
 
 Barby, a town in the Prassian principality 
 of Anhalt, circle of Upper Saxony, capital of 
 a county of its name, with an ancient castle, 
 and an academical college, founded by the 
 United Brethren in 1754. It is seated on the 
 Elbe, 15 miles S. E. of Magdeburg. Lone. 12. 
 4. E. lat. 52. 2. N. 
 
 Barca, one of the six Barbary states, the 
 ancient Cyrenaica, on the south coast of the 
 Mediterranean, between Tripoli and Egypt. 
 The south part is a barren desert, inhabited by 
 wandering Arabs. The north part along the 
 coast is fertile and well peopled. It belonged 
 to the Turks, .^nd is govemcd by a sangiac, de- 
 gendent on the hashaw, who resides at Tripoli, 
 uema is the cai>ital. 
 
 Barcbllos, a town of Portugal, province of 
 
 03 
 
 BAR 
 
 Entre Douro e Miiiho, famous for its fluu. 
 Pop. 3900. 
 
 Barcelona, a city of Spain, capital of Cata- 
 lonia, and a bishop s see, with a good harbour 
 on the Mediterranean. It is of an oblong 
 form, defended by a strong fort, called Mont- 
 juich, which stands on a rocky mountain, a 
 mile west of the town. It has double walls on 
 the north and east, and the sea on the south, 
 with a mole for the security of ships. It is 
 divided into the New and Old town, by a wall 
 and a ditch ; and the sea having retired con- 
 siderably from the portgates, a whole quiirter 
 of the town now stands on the sands that were 
 once the bottom of the harbour. It has a fine 
 university, an inquisition, a cathedral with two 
 lofiy towers, a palace for the viceroy, a large 
 exchange, an extensive cannon foundry, an 
 arsenal containing arms for several thousand 
 men, and docks for the building of galleys. It 
 has various manufactures, but is more particu- 
 larly distinguished for those of fire-arms of all 
 kinds, swords, cutlery, and soap; and there are 
 several very extensive distilleries of brandy: 
 its commerce is general. In 1705 it was taken 
 by the Earl of Peterborough, after a siege of 
 three weeks. In 1706, Philip V, invested it 
 with a numerous army, but was obUged to raise 
 the siege. In 1714 it was taken by the French 
 and Spaniards, and a citadel built to keep it in 
 awe. The French took this city by treachery 
 in 1808. In 1823, it held out to the last in 
 &vour of the constitutionalists, and did not 
 yield until all hope or expectation of successfril 
 resistance was obviously useless. It is 250 
 miles E. by N, of Madrid. Long. 2. 12. E. 
 lat. 41. 23. N. Pop. of the city about 100,000, 
 and the new town or suburb of Barcelonetta 
 10,000 to 12,000 more, 
 
 Barcelona is also the name of a populous 
 seaport town, situate at the mouth of the little 
 river Neveri in the new province of Oronoko, 
 Columbia, about 50 miles W. of Cumana. It 
 is a mean dirty place ; the inhabitants about 
 14,000, under the proscribed system of Old 
 Spain, where the chief medium of the smug- 
 gling is carried on between Trinidad and the 
 interior parts of the country. 
 
 Barcelonettb, a town of France, situate 
 among the Alpine mountains, in the depart- 
 ment of the Lower Alps, about 10 miles S. of 
 Embran. 
 
 Barcelore, or Barcura, a town of Hin- 
 dostan, on the coast of Can<ira, which gives 
 name to a district, but has been long in ruins. 
 It is 40 miles N. N. W. of Mangalore. 
 
 Barcelos, a very ancient town of Portugal, 
 in Entre Douro e Minho.near the river Cavado, 
 10 miles W. S. W. of Braga, supposed to have 
 been founded by Hamilcar, 250 b. c. 
 
 Bard, and Bardin, two towns in the prov. 
 of Kerman, Persia. Bardin is on the route 
 from Crmus to Lake Gezel, and Bard about 10 
 miles E. of Bardin. 
 
 Bardewick, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Lunenburg, on the river Ilmenau, 17 
 miles S. E. of Hamburg. 
 
 Bardi, a town of Italy, in the Parmesan, 
 
BAR 64 
 
 with n mognificenc caatle, 30 miles S W. of 
 Parma. 
 
 Bardt, or Darth, a town of Swedish Po- 
 merania, with n castle and harbour, nciir tho 
 Baltic, 1,5 miles W. by N. of Stralsund. Long 
 12. .50. E. lot. 54. 25. N. 
 
 Baredero, ft town of Sweden, capital of 
 Skiiruborg, on Lnke Wener. 
 
 Bareges, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Pyrenees, much frequented on 
 account of its mineral baths. It is seated in 
 a valley of the same name, 24 miles S. of 
 Tarbes. 
 
 Bareily, a town of Ilindostnn, district of 
 tho same name, provincb of Delhi. It is 
 tolerably built, and has several fine mosques ; 
 a I'ort also has been erected S. of the town. 
 The manufactures are swords, &c. Pop. 65,790, 
 one-third of which are Mohammedans, the re- 
 mainder Hindoos. The district is level, fertile, 
 and well watered j thd Gauges flows on its W. 
 boundary. 
 
 Barenton, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Manche, 20 miles E. S. E. of 
 Avranches. 
 
 Barfleur, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Manche. It was from this port that 
 William the Norman embarked on his expedi- 
 tion to England in the II th century. Barfleur 
 was destroyed by the English in 1346, and the 
 harbour filled up. The cape of that name is 12 
 miles E. of Cherburg, and near it part of the 
 navy of France was destroyed by the English in 
 1692. It is 175 miles N. W. of Paris. Lone. 
 1. 10. W. lat. 49. 40. N. 
 
 Baroa, a considerable town of Italy, about 
 10 miles N. of Lucca. Pop. about 9000. 
 
 Baroe, or Barges, a town of Piedmont, 7 
 miles S. of Pinerola. 
 
 Barguzinsk, or Babohouzin, a town of 
 Siberia, in the government of Irkutsk, on the 
 E. side of the lake Baikal, at the influx of the 
 Barguzin, 170 miles N. N. E. of Selenginsk. 
 Long. 109. 30. E. lat. 53. 20. N. 
 
 Bari, or Terra di Bari, a maritime pro- 
 vince of Naples, on the shore of the Adriatic, 
 bounded on the S. E. bv Otranto, S. W. by 
 Biwiiicata, and N. W. by Cai)itanata. The soil 
 IS fertile, but there are many serpents and 
 tarantulas. See Trani. 
 
 Bari, a seaport of Naples, capital of Terra 
 di Bari, and an archbishop's see. It is seated 
 on the shore of the Adriatic, has a good har- 
 bour, and is well fortified. The trade princi- 
 pally consists in olives and almonds. It is 26 
 miles E. by S. of Trani. Long. E. 17. 0. lat. 
 41. 15. N. Pop. 18,9.37. 
 
 Barjols, a town of France, in the department 
 of Var, 19 miles S. S. W. of Riez, 
 
 Barking, a town in Essex, with a market on 
 Saturday. It was celebrated for a magnificent 
 nunnery, of which a gateway and part of the 
 walls are still visible. It is chiefly inhabited 
 by fishermen, and seated on tho river Roding, 
 near the Thames ; 7 miles E. of London. 
 
 Barletta, a sc.apoit of Naples, in Bari. It 
 has a large atone pier, and a trade in com, 
 almonds, aisd salt. It is SL-aled on the shore of 
 
 OAR 
 
 the Adriatic, 25 miles W. S.W. ot Bari. Lon«. 
 16. .32. E. lat. 41. 19. N, " 
 
 Baumoutii, a small seaport of Wales, in the 
 parish of Corwen, Merionethshire, with a maN 
 ket on Tuesday and Friday, for fish and poul- 
 try. It has a good trade in flannels and hose, 
 and is much frequented in the bathing season. 
 It stands on a bay of tho same name, 12 miles 
 S. of Harlech, and 222 N. W. of London. 
 L(mg. 3. 58. W. lat. 52. 44. N. 
 
 Babnaoul, a considerable town in the pro- 
 vince of Kolyvan, Asiatic Russia, situate at the 
 mouth of a river of the same name, falling into 
 the Obc, abiiut 200 miles S. of the city of 
 Kolyvan. It is the sent of tht supreme court 
 of all tho mines in the Altaian mountains. 
 Pop. about 5000. 
 Barnard Castle. See Bernard Castlk. 
 Barnet, a town in Hertfordshire, with a 
 market on Monday. Near this place was 
 fought, in 1471, the decisive battle between 
 the houses of York and Lancaster ; and at the 
 meeting of the St. Albans and Hatfield roads is 
 a column with an inscription to commemorate 
 this event. Bamet is 11 miles N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Barnevklt's Islands, two small islands a 
 little north of Cape Horn, and to the south of 
 Terra del Fuego. Long. 66. 68. W. lat. 55. 
 49. S. 
 
 Barneveldt, or Barnweld, an interior 
 town of Guelderland, Holland, situate about an 
 equal distance from Arnheim and Amersfort. 
 Pop. about 5000. 
 
 Barnsley, a town of West Yorkshire, with 
 a market on Wednesday. Here are consider- 
 able manufactures of coarse linen, and in the 
 vicinity are many bleaching-grourids, a glass 
 manufiicture, and several coal mines. It has 
 a canal to the Calder, and another to the Don, 
 and is seated near the Dearne, 19 miles S. of 
 Leeds, and 172 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Barnstable, a county formed of a promon- 
 tory to the state of Massachusets, North 
 America, divided in'o 14 townships, and con- 
 taining a populatiua of 32,548. The chief 
 town of the same name is situate on the N. 
 side of the county, on the shore of a spacious 
 bay, formed by a curve of the land extending 
 to Cape Cod. It is 62 miles S. E. of Boston. 
 Pop. 4301. 
 
 Barnstaple, a seaport and borough in De- 
 vonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market 
 on Friday. It had formeriy a castle, but none 
 of the works remain except the mount. Here 
 are manufactures of tammies, shalloons, baize, 
 &c.; and a variety of articles are exported. 
 It is seated on the river Taw, 12 miles E. of 
 Barnstaple Bay, in the Bristol Channel, 35 
 miles N. N. W. of Exeter, and 192 W. by S. 
 of London. Long. 4. 5. W. lat. 51. 8. N.' It 
 sends two members to parliament. 
 
 Barnwell, a county or district on the S. 
 side of the state of South Carolina, bounded on 
 the S. by the Savannah, and N. by the Edisto 
 River. Pop. 21,471, of whom 10,503 are 
 slaves, who are chiefly occupied in the culture 
 and cleaning of cotton. The chief town, of th- 
 
 * 
 
 ■"*flEH!**5>'-- 
 
BA R 
 
 WBM name, is situate in the centre of the dia- 
 trict, 1 16 miles S. by W. of Columbia 
 
 Baboach, a town and fortress of Hindostan. 
 uujerat, with considerable manufectures of cot- 
 ton , seated on the N. bank of the Nerbudda. 
 near its entrance into the Gulf of Cambay. 40 
 
 nf'l,^;}^ I' "' Surat. Long. 72. 65. llat. 
 21. 45. N. Pop. 32,700. 
 
 ^ Baboda, a town of Hindostan, province of 
 uiyerat; a laijge and wealthy place, and capital 
 of a distnct of the same name. 
 
 Baimjuisimeto, an ancient inland town of 
 the province of Venezuela, Columbia. It is 
 situate in a fertile plain, about 20 miles from 
 the E. rfiore of the Bay of Ma.-acaybo, and 120 
 w. by S. of the city of Caraccas. 
 
 fi3i^^^'?' ?*»»*^. one of the Hebrides of 
 Scotlajid. to the S. of South Uist, It i. 12 
 miles long and 4 broad, and has a mountainous 
 appearance but the soil in many part, is for 
 tile. Great quantities of cod and Ung are 
 caught on the coast , and shell-fish, especially 
 cocUe., are found in great abundance. On th^ 
 lat. 67 2 N " *°^ ^^^^r- I-ong. 7. 27. W. 
 
 ♦..o®^f**',V**T° «' Naples, in the vicinity of 
 the city of Naples. Pop. about 5000. 
 ♦K^*",!* ^*^l^ ""^ populous district, N. of 
 Atlanrfc''"^'^ ^'"«^ •««'«'-« - *»•« 
 
 ♦i,.^w '^ ^i""?**' " Baerandino, situate on 
 ine \v. bank of a small river which Ms into 
 the Gambia, near its conflux with the Atlantic 
 Uc^nj It M the capital town of the territory 
 01 Barra, and is a place of considerable traffic 
 There u another town of the same name, about 
 100 miles up the nvejs on the N. bank, between 
 the rivers Kolar and Bandiboo. 
 
 BABaACONDA, a considerable town in the in- 
 tenor of North Africa, about 400 miles up the 
 uwnbia, where there are some falls which im- 
 pede the navigation of tHat river. 
 
 Babrackpoob, a military cantonment, Hin- 
 dortaa, presidency of Bengal, exceedingly 
 Jeal% and agreeable. The governor-general 
 
 SlcJtta * "* '^'^ • ^^ ""^ *°°» 
 
 Baeeaoon, a smaU town about 12 miles 
 below Buenos Ayres, situate on the shore of a 
 bay to which it pves name. 
 
 Barrady, a river of Syria, pachalic of Da- 
 mascus, and on which the city stands ; it fella 
 into the Bahr-el-Many. ' 
 
 Barraux, a fortress of France, in the Alpine 
 department of Isere, at the entrance of thf 
 valley of Gresivauden, and on the riwr lawe- 
 6 mUes S. of ChambeJiy. ""^^^aere, 
 
 Barre, a town of Massaciusets, in Worces. 
 ter county, noted for its butter and cheese • 24 
 miles N. W. of Worcester. ' 
 
 BAEBmr, aa inland county in the S. central 
 part of the state of Kentucky. Pop. 17 288 
 S TFT;.^tr^''^t°*"' V* 134 miles S.W. hy 
 U^lj^A^t^u ^T° liire". ene caUed the 
 Little, and the other the Big Barren, have their 
 source within the county, running in dlfiS 
 dire^ons, but both felUig into the 6reen£ 
 aARaow, a nver of Ireland, which rises in 
 
 (35 
 
 BAR 
 
 Sun ' ^'^ '*°^ '"*" Waterford 
 
 in ^t^^-^"",',' *" •"'«* "' Baffin'* Bay. 
 L?. ^„"'!k**°»"^ Lancaster Sound, and which 
 1^ P*-" ^"^ ^•'f"'^'' **>• discovered in 
 stSift". ** ^^ '"^^ ''•'*'' '""> *•>» 
 
 Bar lb Doc, er BABrsnarORNAiN, a town of 
 France, capital of the department of Meuse, 
 
 ^ " ""i'^- u '" "'"'' " " delicate as cham- 
 papie, and it has several manufactories. It is 
 seated or. the side of a hill, by the rivulet 
 Omain; 30 miles W. of Toul, and 133 E. of 
 Pans. Pop. 12,520. 
 
 na^*"^?";^/"."' ? *'"^" *>^ France, in the de- 
 partment of Aube,femous for iU wines; seated 
 at the foot of a mountain ; 18 miles S. W. of 
 JoinviUe. Pop. 3600. 
 
 BAR-suErSBiNE, a tow.i of France, in the 
 department of Aube, on the river Sein^, at he 
 footof a mountain; 20 miles S.W. of Bar-sur- 
 Aube. Pop, 2300. 
 
 TnStfV" ''*'®"°' *^""*y '" *e N. part of 
 Lower Hungary 5 a town of the same name 
 formerly fortified, was once the capital. kT' 
 
 Thrchirf tr '' °' " """"« •^»^^'*' " '*»- 
 
 Barsac, a town of France, on the W. bank 
 of the Garonne, about 20 miles S. E. of Bor- 
 uewuf. It gives name to a fevourite wine. 
 
 K ^!!i"fS'' ■ *?r" '" *•»« <'°"nty of Saroi. 
 W. part of Upper Hungary, situate among the 
 
 £ th«^R?^"T*""'\"J"^ * printing press 
 n the 16th century. It has manufectur^ of 
 linen, and contains about 4000 inhabitants. 
 ♦n,^t"/?,! ?"'' Bartetotein, two interior 
 towns of the kingdom of Pnissia Proper, 80 to 
 40 miles E. of Konigsberg. 
 
 of ?S''t^*' " *°^" °^ ^™"««' department 
 
 of Hauts Pyrenees, on the river Nwtes ; 12 
 
 miles from Tarbes. Pop. 3834. "^^ • ^^^ 
 
 Bartholomew, a river of North America, 
 
 iTmo^.^^u'**' "* ^^^ •'ato of Louisiana, a 
 little below the town of Washington. 
 
 Bartholomew, a smaU island, in the Pacific 
 
 «i^srf^:;tSc24ii£\^^^ 
 
 ^''t' "2''J-^ N- "f St. Christopher The 
 French ceded it to the Swedes in 1785 ; and it 
 
 tTs^L'" ^^- *^° British in 1801. but ;estore3 
 
 ^rnSr^fr'" ^^^^ ^« ^''ief exports Jre 
 drugs and lignum vitas ; and it has a ^ har- 
 howr. Long. 63. 40. W. lat. 17. 46. K 
 
 lr»f ^'S?' "a^"^ i? Lincolnshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Monday. It has two lar^ chur^ 
 
 ^und'T/""""'^^ " considerable place?^^ 
 rounded by a rampart and fosse, the remaina 
 
 are the noble ruins of Thornton Abbey. Barton 
 18 seated on the Humber, over whichta Iw 
 into Yorkshire; 34 miles N. of Linmln .^ 
 
 iS/ of Ijondon. ' 
 
 Barton is also the name of a populous 
 township m the parish of Eccles. situate on 3S 
 
 F 
 
r* 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 \t-\ \ 
 
 BA R 
 
 banlu of the Irwell, 7 milw E. of Manchester. 
 There tkK aUo 30 other towns or villages called 
 Barton in different parti of England. 
 
 liABuru, « town of Lusatia, on the frontiers 
 
 of Brandenburg; 26 miles S. bv E. of Potsdam. 
 
 Barvas, a town and parish on the N. W. 
 
 coast of the islo of Lewis. The town is situate 
 
 on the shore of a fine bay. 
 
 Ba8, a small island off the N. coast of the 
 department of Finisterse, France, in N. lat. 48. 
 46. W. long. 4. 2. 
 
 Basardcuik, a town of European Turkey, 
 in B^mania. It has a great trade, and is seated 
 on the river Merita, Long. 24. 40. E. lat. 42. 
 19. N. 
 
 Baschkibs, a tribe of Russia. They amount 
 to about 1,000,000, and lead a pastoral life, 
 their principal riches consisting in their horses 
 and cattle. They differ but little fl-om the Tar- 
 tars, but their origin is not known. Formerly 
 they led a nomadic life, but have now settled 
 along the Ural and Volga. 
 
 Basel, Basle, or Bale, a canton of Switzer- 
 land, 24 miles long and 21 broad ; bounded on 
 the N. by Brisgau, E. by the Forest tovras, S. 
 by the canton of Soleure, and W. by the 
 bishopric of Basel and France. It contains 
 about 38,000 inhabitants, and is of the rc- 
 fivmed religion. 
 
 Basel, a bishopric in the N. W. part of 
 Switzerland; bounded on the E. by the canton 
 of Basel, S. by that of Soleure, and W. and 
 N. by France. The bishop was a prince of the 
 German empire. In 1798 the French seized on 
 this territory, annexed it to France, and made 
 it a new department, called Mont Terrible. 
 
 Basel, the capital of the canton of the same 
 name, and the largest town in Switzerland, is 
 situate at the N. extremity of the canton, on 
 the frontiers of France on the W., and the 
 duchy of Baden on the E. It is surrounded 
 by thick walls, flanked by towers and bastions, 
 and is divided into two parts by the Rhine, 
 which communicate by a handsome bridge. 
 The largest part is on the side of Switzerland, 
 and the least on that of Germany. The larger 
 has five gates, six suburbs, numerous streets 
 and fountains, and is partly seated on a hill ; 
 the other stands on a plain, and has but two 
 gates, with several streets and fountains. The 
 principal church is an elegant Gothic building, 
 but disfigured by rose-coloured paint spread 
 over the whole edifice. Under a marble tomb 
 in it is interred the great Erasmus, who died 
 here in 1536. The town-house, and fine paint- 
 ings in fresco, are much admired. The univer- 
 sity, founded in 1459, has a fine library, and a 
 rich cabinet of medals. The clocks here are 
 always an hour too fast, because the town-clock 
 went so on a day appointed to murder the 
 magistrates, by which the conspiracy was dis- 
 concerted. Basel has several manufactures, 
 particularly of papers, ribbons, and cottons; 
 and it carries on an extensive trade. Three trea- 
 ties of peace were concluded here in one year 
 il795) with the French republic; namely, by 
 'russia, Spain, and Hesse CasseL The allies 
 passed through this city, when they invaded 
 
 <36 
 
 B.\S 
 
 France, in December, 1813. Basel ft capable 
 of containing 100,000 inhabitants ; but tho 
 number is scarcely more than 14,000. It is 
 174 miles N. bv B. of Geneva, and 250 G. by 
 S. of Paris. Long. 7. 30. E. lat. 47. 85. N. 
 
 Bashbe, an island in the China Sea, tlie 
 most eastern of a cluster called, from this the 
 Bashee Islands, lying to the S. of Formoiia. 
 The productions are plantains, bananas, pine- 
 apples, sugar-canes, potatoes, yams, and cotton. 
 Tho quadrupeds arc goats and hogs. Bnahee is 
 of a circular form, six miles in diameter, and 
 has a town of the same name. Long. 121. 5(K 
 E. lot. 20. 30. N. 
 
 Basilicata, a maritime province, in the S. of 
 Naples, bounded on the N. by Cupitanata anil 
 Bari, E.by theGulf of Taranta, S. by Calabria 
 Citeriore, and W. by Principato Citcrioro and 
 Ulteriore. It has some mountains continually 
 covered with snow, but is fertile in com, wine, 
 oil, cotton, honey, and saifron. Acerenza is 
 the capital. 
 
 BASiLiroTAHO, a river of European Turkey., 
 in the Morea, which flows into the Gulf of Co- 
 locythia. It was called Eurotas by the ancients. 
 Basinostoke, a corporate town in Hamp- 
 shire, with a market on Wednesday. It has u 
 great trade in com and malt, a manufacture of 
 druggets and shalloons, and a navigable canal 
 to the river Wey, near its entrance into ths 
 ThameB ; and, being situate at the junction cf 
 several great roads, from all parts of the W. of 
 England, it is a place of considerable bustlo. 
 It is 18 miles N. N. E. of Winchester, and 4.'5 • 
 W. by S. of London 
 
 The village of Old Baring, which is a town- 
 ship in the parish of Basingstoke, situate about 
 two miles to the E., is distinguished for the 
 determined stand which it maide against the 
 forces of Cromwell, by whom it was ultimately 
 taken, when he put nearly the whole garrison 
 to the sword, and rased the fortress, which was 
 the residence of the Marquis of Winchester, to 
 the ground. 
 
 Basques, a late territory of France, which 
 included Lower Navarre, Labourd, and Soule, 
 and now forms, with Beam, the department of 
 Lower Pyrenees. The inhabitants still retain 
 the ancient Iberian dialect. 
 
 Bass, an insulated rock near the coast of 
 Scotland, at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, 
 between the towns of North Berwick and Dun- 
 bar. On the S. side it is almost conic, on the 
 other it overhangs the sea in a tremendous 
 manner. It is inaccessible on all sides, except 
 the S. W:, and there it is with difficulty a man 
 can climb up by the help of a rope or ladder. 
 In May and June it is quite covered with the 
 nests, eggs, and young birds of the gannets and 
 solan geese. The rock is one mile in circum- 
 ference, and has a rabbit warren, and pasture 
 for a few sheep. A minous castle, once the 
 state prison of Scotland, stands at the edge of 
 the precipice. The garrison, in 1694, surren- 
 dered to King William, and the fortifications 
 were demolished. 
 
 Bass's Strait, n channel about 40 league 
 wide, which sejiaratea Van Diemen's Land from 
 
lol li capablo 
 ta ; but the 
 i.UOO. lb is 
 id 260 G. by 
 47. 85. N'. 
 ina Sea, the 
 rrom this the 
 of Fornioiia. 
 ananas, pine- 
 J, mid cotton. 
 ;», iJashee is 
 linmeter, and 
 )ng. 121. fiO. 
 
 », in the S. of 
 pitanata and 
 . by Calabria 
 /itcrioro and 
 ) continually 
 I com, wine, 
 Acerenza it 
 
 ean Turkey, 
 Gulf of C». 
 the ancients, 
 a in Hamp- 
 y. It has u 
 tnufacture of 
 igable canal 
 ice into the 
 e junction nf 
 3f the W. ft 
 rable bustlo. 
 »ter, and 45 ' 
 
 h is a town- 
 lituate about 
 ihed for the 
 against the 
 18 ultimately 
 lole garrison 
 I, which was 
 inchester, to 
 
 ance, which 
 
 , and Soule, 
 
 apartment of 
 
 still retain 
 
 :he coast of 
 th of Forth, 
 ;k and Dun- 
 )nic, on the 
 tremendous 
 ides, except 
 culty a man 
 9 or ladder, 
 ed with the 
 gannets and 
 I in circum- 
 and pasture 
 9, once the 
 the edge of 
 694, surren- 
 foTtifications 
 
 40 ](>a^.ios 
 I Land from 
 
 HAS 
 
 ay 
 
 BAT 
 
 the S. extremity of New Holland. It cuutuiiu 
 n chain of small islands that run N. and S. 
 This strait was discovered, in 1798, by Surgeon 
 Bast, in an open whale boat, and passed through 
 by iiim and Lieutenant Flinders, in the Nor- 
 folk, in 1799. 
 
 Babbano, a town in the N. of Italy, in Vin- 
 centiiio, on the E. bank of the river Brenta, in a 
 country productire of excellent wine and oil. 
 The French defeated the Austrians at this place 
 m 1796, It is 18 miles N, of Vicenza. 
 
 Bassbe, or La Basse, a town of France, in 
 the departmont of Nord, formerly of great 
 strength, but dismantled by Louis XIV. It is 
 seated m the Deule, 18 miles S. W. of Tiaje. 
 Babsben, a tn. of Hindostan, in the country 
 «f Baglana, It was taken by the English in 
 1780, but restored to the Mahrattas in 1783. 
 It stands on the aca-coaat, opposite the N. W. 
 point of the island of Salsette, 20 miles N. of 
 Bombay. Long. 72. 40. E. lat. 19. 20. N. 
 
 Bassenthwaitb- water, a lake in Cumber- 
 land, 3 miles N. W. of Keswick. It is 4 
 miles long, bounded on one side by high hills, 
 wooded in many places to their bases ; on the 
 other, by the fields and the skirts of Skiddaw. 
 The river Derwent flows through its whole 
 length. There is a village named Basson- 
 thwmte on the E. bank of the lake, containina 
 549 inhabitants. 
 
 Bassetbbrb, the capital of St, Christopher; 
 built by the French, when thispait of the island 
 was m their possession, before it was ceded to 
 tlie EngUsh.in 1718. It is situate on the S. 
 E, end of the island, and is defended by three 
 foita. Long. 68. 13. W. lat. 17. 10. N, 
 
 Bassetbeee, the capital of Guadaloupe, on 
 the S. W. part of the island, defended by a 
 citadel and other fortifications. Long. 61. 59. 
 W. lat. 15.59. N. * 
 
 Bassien, or Pebsaim, a city of Pegu, capital 
 of the provmce of Baasien. It is a trading 
 ptace, utuBte on a river of the same name! 
 which IS the W, branch of the Irrawaddy. 110 
 
 ?6 I2 V' *^ ^'*"' -^"^ ^*- *^- ^ '"'• 
 Bassobah, or Basra, a city and sea-port of 
 Asiatic furkey, in Irac Arahi. It stands on the 
 W. bank of the Euphrates, or Shat-ul Arab: 
 navigable for ships of 500 tons burthen up to the 
 town, about 66 miles above the entrance of the 
 nver into the Gulf of Persia. Bassorah appears 
 to have been founded about the middle of the 
 seventh century, and progressively advanced 
 into importance untQ it became the most con- 
 siderable trading town of aU western Asia: and. 
 previous to the route to India by the Cape of 
 Good Hope, it was the medium through which a 
 ^eat portion of the commerct of Asia passed to 
 Venice and Genoa.and from thence over western 
 ijurope. It was taken possession of by the 
 lurks, in 1688, since which period it has con- 
 tinued to decUne, having been alternately ex- 
 posed to the irruptions of the Persians, Arabs, 
 ana lurks ; and, since the commencement of 
 the mneteenth century, wh^n th« tid" of "^^ 
 inerce began to set from the W. to the^^K 
 Smjma has become what Bassoiah was for so 
 
 man^ contur.es -the emporium of the greater 
 portion of the commerce of that part of the 
 world. Bhssorah. however, ttiU continues to 
 l>e a pla«e of considerable traflic, wWch is par- 
 ticipated m, more or lew, by most of the trad- 
 mg nations both of Europe and Asia. The citr 
 is -urroMuded by a wall of clay, s.ud to be 6 
 miles m circuraferonco, mounted with a groat 
 number of cannon ; the streeta are Iwd and 
 narrow, and the houiei^ jonstnicted of bricks 
 have a mean aspect. It is nominally under 
 the dominion of Turkey, but governed by an 
 Arab chieftain, with little deferonce to the Ot- 
 toman authority. The great desert of Arabia 
 runs up nearly to the town; the immediate 
 vicimtv, however, is very fertile. A wall of 
 several miles in extent liaa been constructed «n 
 the side of the desert, as a check on the pre- 
 datory incumons of the Arabs, who frcqaenUy 
 commit depredations under the very walls of 
 ^Z t°Jn AAA ^^^ population is estimated at 
 
 n^"L^*^**i'*T' •"""!:» "'">'» •'«* considerable 
 number of Jews, Armenians, and Arabs, and 
 natives of the more eostem parts of Asia. It 
 
 30. 30, N. and 47. 45, E, long, 
 
 Bastia, a sea-port of European Turkey, in 
 Albania, opposite the island of Corfu, at Uie 
 
 sA N ^'^'""- ^°"«- '^'^- 2**' ^- ^^' 
 1 j*^'.."^ " ''*y "^ ^^ N, E. coast of the i»- 
 
 iZn ^?""=*A*'"' * H"^ ^"'^^ and a 
 s^ong cas le. It was taken by the English in 
 
 J ' n^L'" 5 ""Ifi" S. S. W. of L^horn. 
 
 Lonj^ 9. 20. E. lat. 42. 38. N. Pop!*about 
 
 11,500, It was considered the capital of the 
 island, but Ajaccio is now usually called so, 
 Bastoonb, a city of the Netheriands, in 
 
 Luxemburg, near the forest of Ardennes. It 
 was fortified by the French, in 1688, and com- 
 monly known among them by the name of Paris 
 in Ardennes. It is 23 miles N. N, W of 
 Luxemburg. 
 
 Baswapatanna, a town of Hindostan, in 
 Mysore, ^th a fort and a celebrated mosqie j 
 60 miles E. by N. of Nagura. 
 
 Batabano, a town on the S. coast of Cuba • 
 situate on the N, side of a large bay, opposite 
 
 f Z I'^^f'^^^'^^Z^- S- W. of Havwrh. 
 Long. 82, 0, W, lat, 22, 20, N. 
 
 Batacole, tn, of Hindostan, on the coast of 
 Uuiara. The country produces a great quantity 
 Of pepper. It is 10 mUes N. of Barcelore. 
 
 Batacolo, a small fortress on the E. side of 
 Ceylon, built by the Dutch. It is of great im- 
 portance, on account of the extreme fertility of 
 the adjacent country, which, during a war, or 
 times of scarcity m the district of Trincomalee 
 can supply the garrisons there with all kinds of 
 n7'°."»: .It surrendered to the English in 
 \l A ^^^ 51'"'*'^ °^ ^■^^ ^'ead of a deep bay. 
 54 miles S. S. E. of Trincomalee. ' 
 
 Bataiha. a tn. of Portugal, in E8tremr.dura. 
 
 fqpr™i!**^/°u "? "'!* monastery, founded, in 
 idBC, by John I., who la interred here, with 
 1.13 queen Phiiippa. It is 8 miles S. 8. W, of 
 Leinda. 
 
 Batavia, the ancient name of an island ia 
 
 F 2 
 
I ■, 
 
 ! i 
 
 fUfi 
 
 B AT 
 
 caliDd UaUvuni. 
 
 1IAT4VU, a dty „nd wa-port on the N. R. part 
 of the island of Java, capital of al' th« D-itch 
 •t-ttiemonta in the Eoot Indie., finely situate on 
 the bo*)m of usiwdom bay. 'J'he fort ia built of 
 ooml rock, brought from Mine of the odjoining 
 iilands. and ho* a fortification of brick. A part 
 of the town wall is built of dense lavn, from the 
 mountaint in the centre of Java. No .tone, of 
 any kind, It to be found for many mile* beyond 
 thJ. city ; but mnrblo nnd granite are brGught 
 here from China. The harbour it eiccellent. 
 •nd there are canals in the principal atrectt 
 planted on each side with tree., after the manner 
 of the town, in Holland. The inhnbiuinfs are 
 compoeed of native. fWim nearly all the countries 
 •nd islands of Asia and the Indian Ocean, as 
 
 kl. Trfu"** ■^n?«na». amongst whom the num- 
 nu ^'""*« " considerable. 
 Ihe city was first founded in 1619, and 
 l^.I!?.u ^ ^"'^ importance, and during the 
 ^ghteenth century it was deemed the finest 
 European settlement in all Asia; and although 
 considered unhealthy, from the influence of the 
 neat of the clmiate on the mud and stagnant 
 waters of the canals nnd stref^ms by which it is 
 intersected. It was vainly denominated by the 
 Dutch, he " Queen of the East." The houses 
 Of two streets, forming the European part of the 
 vTu' "a "a"d»cmo and commodious, and lie. 
 11 they do not excel in capaciousness and con- 
 venience, those of the best towns in Holland 5 
 
 -ni '•'t'"^ "*'''"'''"' ^y '*'*' Javanese, Chinese 
 and other natives of the East, like most of the 
 Asiatic towns, are crowded, mean, and dirtj. 
 
 ^q1"* Tilfy *^'"y "'f'^ted by the war of 
 i/»3, and became almost deserted, until ita 
 capture with the whole of the island of Jav" 
 by th« Engl«h, in I8II. when it became again 
 the wntre of an extensive commerce. It was 
 ceded back to the Dutch on the peace of 1814 
 who, havii« relaxed somewhat from their formed 
 system of proscription and monopoly in their 
 commercial relations, Batavia continues a 
 flourishing and important place. The stadt- 
 house IS the principal edifice deserving of notice. 
 The natives of the several naUonsand countries 
 TkI!! f^o S^ 1'"' population, which amounts to 
 about 50.000, haveeach their churches, mosques, 
 and temples, but there are none that merit anv 
 particular notice. The nature of its commerce 
 T •^J?«>« /"lly elucidated under the head of 
 t2E. Ion "^""'*"y IB in lat. 6. 9. S. and 1 06. 
 
 . Batavia, the chief town of Genesee county 
 in Uie state of New York, 258 miles W. of 
 Albany, on the direct road to Buffelo, at the 
 1!.. end of Lake Erie. Pop. 4219. There 
 ron'LJaS!' '"'^' " ^'^ township, ^lled 
 Bath, a city of England, in the E. corner of 
 rtJ^^' 'i Somerset, on the confin;« v.' 
 Gloucester and Wilts; it is bounded on the > 
 by a range of hills, up the declivity of v'v : 
 buildings have been constructed in var,. < 
 ornamental and tastefiil stvlo. «f o,«i,it.--»-- 
 
 08 
 
 BAT 
 
 terraces, crescents, Ac. „f « beauti/Ul white 
 stone dug on the spot. The origin of this dty. 
 which derive.1 ita celebrity from iU hot sprin«. 
 IS involved in uncertainty and fable. The ancient 
 IJritons, by whom it w.. called Fr mnainl- 
 Iwymin, doted the discovery of the waters m fkr 
 back as the time of Bladud, 870 years antecedent 
 to the Christian era ; be this as it may, their 
 properties nnd virtues imme«liately attracted the 
 enlightened attention of the llomans, on their 
 arnvo^ in that part of the country, 44 years, ».c . 
 ^ whom they were denominated Aqua SolU. 
 Waters of the Hun, and Fonle, Ca'ida, the 
 Pountiuns of Heat, and who manifested their 
 appreciation of the waters by the erection of 
 extensive baths, constructed with all possible 
 repird to taste, luxury, and utility, and a temple 
 dedicated to Minerva i and at the period of their 
 tinall V withdrawing from the country, about the 
 middle of the fifth century, the dty extended 
 upwards of two miles in length, surrounded by a 
 wall, regularly fortified. The waters were equally 
 appreciated by the Saxons, by whom the city 
 was called Caer Badon; but it obtained no 
 additional distinction, unUl the commencement 
 of the eighteenth century, about which period 
 i became the resort aUke of all the afflicted, 
 the Idle, the gay, and the dissipated, whose 
 means enabled them to reach it. The general 
 influx of visitors exdted a spirit of exertion and 
 enterprue among the inhabitanta, to afford ac- 
 commodations suitable to the rank and taste of 
 the most affluent classes j and, for more than 
 
 ,•„' 1? .w'"'^' popularity and improvement 
 in all that contributed to the adornment, as 
 wen as the comfort and convenience of the 
 city, to thme who visited it. for the benefit of 
 health or for mdulgence in gaiety, pleasure, or 
 dissipation, kept pace with each other, until it 
 became justly celebrated as the most beautifiil 
 and agreeable abode in ti.e British dominions. 
 
 hiJTf '"^i?"''"'' •*.""• '^'* » magnificent 
 hospital for the reception of those wSo come 
 to partake of the waters, who would otherwise 
 be excluded the benefit by the inadequacy of 
 their means. * ' 
 
 _ Bath, in conjunction with Wells, is an eccle- 
 siastical see, and the cathedral, or abbey churoh. 
 was first founded by king Osric, in 676. The 
 present building, begun in 1465 and finished in 
 1606, IS a beautiful spedmen of Gothic archi- 
 tecture. There are eight other churches of the 
 establishment, and several dissenting places of 
 worship : a guildhall and theatre are among the 
 other public buildings whid, ..dom the city. 
 Ihe city IS governed by a mayor, ten aldermen, 
 and twenty-four common coundlmeii, from 
 amongst whom are appointed a chamberiain. 
 two baililfe, and two constables annually. It 
 returns two members to parliament, formerly 
 elected by the corporation. 
 
 The waters of Bath are peculiarly efficadou* 
 m cases of gout, paralytic, and bilious affections. 
 i 'anoua other diseas**, for whidh they are 
 VH.W1 intej ally, as wdl as availed of in vapour, 
 ". ' ir« lid immersion, varying in heat from 93 
 " IV uegtees of Falirenhdt ; and, until some 
 -rcvu;uuon of nature shall dry up thdr source^ 
 
 
BAT 
 
 80 
 
 or diraet their •ubtcminoun ™rroi.t to other 
 openmp, Ikth will aoubt!e« retain a du„ .l.'Iro 
 
 BAU 
 
 of npprecmtion i although. notwith»t;,nding the 
 arUficial a traction.. m> volatile, tn.telcTand 
 
 rill?"f '^'i''"l"'"^ Bri«ht«n. Cheltenham. 
 Loam.nKton and other places, are dividing, and 
 each contending for the |>alni of popularity lU 
 markeu are abundantly .upplied with corn, fleth, 
 «.h. vegetable., fruiu, Ac. on We,lne«la;. and 
 
 Ii;«^- •i"'^!^*'"'' '^'^ '"<' W. of London. 
 
 Bath m alio the name of levernl town, and 
 JlHge. m North America, which, like the 
 Baden* of continental Europe, derive their name 
 from hot or medicinal water.. 
 
 Bath an int'Tior county of the state of Vir- 
 ginia. intofMcted t*o ridge, (runninir Da- 
 
 tan., between whi-h, and 33 „,ik^ W.N.W. of 
 Richmond, are the hot .pring. which give name 
 to the conn , There U another .pnng a few 
 milea non.i, .., lud the Warm Spring j the north 
 and south fork, of the Jack«,n River mnthrugl. 
 the plain between the two ridges of mountain. 
 riA 'i.^T ??'^I^.'^''«'"' ''"' of the eastern 
 
 s^l/"*^ ?f the county. There i. another hot 
 ■pnng m Berkeley county. Virginia, between 
 A ., '^^ "Ji''" '"'!'^°' theC«cn,5,n ridge of the 
 Allegany Mountain, and the Potomac River • 
 
 Bath, a town on the east bank of Hudwjn 
 R.ver,^tete of New York, immedia J/ op^Se 
 
 »/S*''V''l*'^K'*"" of Steuben county, state 
 of NewYork.wtuate on the east bank of the 
 
 Ta JfTtny.*'* '^'^ ^•^" ' ''' -■'«• W. 
 
 -.S"^ M''-*"'''xT'*?"l'«'P****hletown in the 
 •tate of Maine, North America, situate on the 
 west bank of the Kennebec Ri;er (which sun! 
 
 . Utde below the junction of the Androscoggin' 
 
 Jnv burthir' H Tt"? .'?"'^"' <■«' -hips of 
 any burthen, and rfiip-building constitute, the 
 chief occupation of the inhabitants ; the sh „s 
 being pnncipally employed on freight. betw«n 
 the southern states and Europe. Pop S Ul 
 It IS 39 miles N. E. of Portland. ^ ' 
 Batha. See Bach. 
 
 Bathoat ; a uwn of Scotland, in Linlitheow 
 ahire, 19 mue. W. by S. of Edinburgh on th« 
 high rood to Glai^oi. Population SfpaUy 
 employed m weaving. ^•fuuy 
 
 Bathor. an interior town of Upper Hungary 
 Bathumt. an English settlement on the W 
 . Batiiurst, a settlement in N. S. WaJe« ^„n 
 
 and commissariat atnroa t* i. ... 
 
 laid out rbra touni'Tu milM fC;'^"^.^ '^'-■" 
 BAT.«t.A,tI.cc.ueftowioTilS£& 
 
 the lame name, oi» the N W «»nfiiiM ^t n_u.i 
 bor-lering on the de«rt of M^S '' ^"•'• 
 "AWA, a small island in the Indian 0«.« 
 near the west side of Humatm, on Se ' ^?^' 
 tial line, In long. 98. 0. E. ".umo©. 
 
 „. n*!Sm''**' * '^"""'''"'nble town of the AndM 
 DuSS '" ""''"''" ""• '"'«"«'™"y^' 
 Batoumi. a town at the mouth of a river of 
 
 forming the N. E. lM.undnry of Armenia!^ 
 Uathoun, a town on the coast of Srria 
 
 Mnronite coun ry. It exf ort. rflk, wttoo. and 
 potash ; 1 1 mile. S. of Trij oli. ' 
 
 n. r**! ''V '"*"• *»" the west bank of the 
 
 ofTaS:* ti^r /;I""«T "*"•"'«* •»"- S 
 
 klrchen!' ' * *'" •""«" ^^ »' *•«»<■- 
 
 n,i£E*bI^4''„"f I'T "^ "'!!•'«'•♦«". "bout 60 
 Zme ^ L«h0'e.in the p/ovinceof that 
 
 TL^fY*!'-." f""''^ '" the Island of Sumatra. 
 T inhabitanta are ruled by « number of rajah?: 
 but they obey, or rather have a blind adoption' 
 for the kmg of Menongkaboo. They ar^ mZ 
 
 iATTENBUBO, a town of Holland, in Guelder^ 
 
 M ''• '""?«" T"'' «" 'he north bLk o the 
 Meuse ; 10 mile. S. W. of NimegueT 
 
 !„ tV*"'=^"R«". « town and castle of Germany 
 of ibuSr^'""'"^ °" '^« ^- ^ '* "" -N." 
 Batteiisea, a village in Surrey on the north 
 bank of the Thames?4 mile. W^S. W of K 
 don Here was the seat of the S . Joh^s whew 
 
 dfe^T'th^-f B?'^hroke wa. Z^Z 
 Ciea. On the site of it now stands a disti lerr 
 
 u a timber bridge over the river to ChelseT 
 
 applying the London marketa with yeg,^ 
 
 Th?^''^' "xr'*'^ !" ^"•"'f' *'"th a market on 
 nS •;• l^t" 'i'" Pl««. William, dute of 
 1^ TSee ^J' ■'"'^ "'^'''' king of England! 
 f^.n^^u""'^ '" memory of thi. victonr he 
 founded here an abbey, which, from ite «! 
 mains appear, to have been ma^iificent Thk 
 
 I^. o!*""-?" '■"' « "-anufectur^f ^Joi 
 It 18 24 mi e. E. of Lewe. fi N 3 uZ 
 
 and 56 S. E. of London ' ' "^ ""'"^ 
 
 n^P'll!"^''™**"*'''"" »'«"<J ofthePacificOcean 
 and the largest of the Pelew group. It ^24 
 miles long, and is well timbered, and produeel 
 yam*, cocoa-nuta, and the usual mpScTlTS 
 La^ of E. end, 7. 41. N. long. 134. 55 E. 
 
 on tt^W^r^u- % ^""'■"' ^°«»ted village, 
 on the W. bank of the river St T^»«„7l 
 about 10 mile. W. of MonS. *' ^*''"~ ' 
 
 £n^"°C?«n"n^*'?^l^,lT''-''tofMo. 
 
 bihan. Pon. 4finn . i s ™ji~. >. ,, . . r 
 
 wa^rnd^ '^'' ^ Hind-os;;:^.-W^^-,V 
 wa, Ptandihg in a i)leaMi.t valley on the «»H 
 between Malwa and Gujemt. n'nd "ontS^ 
 
% 
 
 I 'i 
 
 ■1 f^ 
 
 B AU 
 
 70 BAV 
 
 nbont 2000 uihabitants. Iron ore is found in 
 the vicimty, and is smelted in the town. 
 
 Bauob, a town of France, department of 
 Maine et Loire, on the river Coesnon, over 
 which is a fine new bridge ; 27 miles from An- 
 gers. Pop. 3134. 
 
 BAuleah, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal, 
 on the left bank of the Ganges. It is one of the 
 principal stations for collecting of silk > 22 miles 
 N. E, oi Moorshedabttd. 
 
 Bauman's Islands, three islands in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, discovered by Bauman, a Dutchman, 
 whoaccompapiedRoggewein, in 1722. They are 
 covered with fruit trees, and divers sorts of ve- 
 getables. The inhabitants are numerous, and 
 armed witii bows and arrow?, ; but of p gentle 
 and humane disposition, and friendly to stran- 
 gers. The largest island is about 22 miles in 
 curcumference. Long, 170. 0. W. lat. 14. 0. S. 
 
 Bauhe i,es Nones, or Baume les Dames, a 
 town of France, in the department of Doubs. 
 It has a nunnery, fiwm which it received its ap- 
 pellation, and is seated on the DUubs ; 15 miles 
 N. E. of Besancon. 
 
 B^USK, or Bautka, a town of Courland, on 
 the frontiers of Poland, with a castle on a rock. 
 It is seated on the Musza j 15 miles S.E. of 
 Mittau. 
 
 Bautzen, or Budissen, the capital of Upper 
 liusatia, with a citadel on a rock, called Orten- 
 buig. The trade, arising from various manufac- 
 tures, is considerable. It is femous for a great 
 battle having been fought here on May 20, 1813. 
 bet\'een the allied army under the emperor of 
 Russiu and the king of Prussia, and the French 
 army commanded by Napoleon Buonaparte, in 
 which the former were defeated. It stands on 
 the river Spree; 30 miles E. by N. of Dresden. 
 Long. 14. 30. E. lat. 51. 10. N. 
 
 Baix, a town of France, in the department 
 of Mouths of the Rhone, seated on a rock, at 
 the top of which is a castle; 10 miles E. by N. 
 of Aries. 
 
 Bavaria, Palatinate, Ducht, Electorate, 
 Circle, and Kingdom op. The former circle of 
 Bavaria lies between the 47th and 50th deg. of 
 N. lat. and the 11th and 14th of E. long.; is 
 bounded on the N.E, by Bohemia, S.E. and S. 
 by Austria and the Tyrol, S.W. by Suabia, and 
 N.W. by Franconia; and comprises the pa- 
 latinate and principalities of Sulzbach and Neu- 
 beig, in the N.; the duchy, which constituted 
 the greater portion of the circle, divided into 
 Lower and Upper, the county of Werdenfels in 
 the S.W. ; the bishopric of Passau on the E. ; 
 the provostship of Berchtolsgaden, insulated in 
 the archbishopric of Saltzburg, which formed 
 the S. E. part of the circle, forming together 
 an area of about 16,500 square miles, and con- 
 taining a population of 1,300,000. 
 
 The Duchy of Bavaria, which formed about 
 two-thirds of the circle, was part of the ancient 
 Noricum, peopled from ancient Gaul, from which 
 they were driven about 690 years B.C. It was 
 constituted a duchy in the early part of the 1 0th 
 century of the Christian era, iiiider which title 
 it continued uninterrupted until the reign of 
 the enjperor Ferdinand of Germany, who raised 
 
 Bavaria into an electorate of the Gennanic eon* 
 federacy; but Maximilian Emanuel, grandmn 
 of the fint elector, forfeited his posscissionB, by 
 rloiating his allegiance, in entering into alliance 
 with France against the emperor. He was, how- 
 ever, reinstated in his possessions in 1714, and 
 the succeeding elector, Charles, introduced nu'- 
 merous salut«y regulations into the social in- 
 stitutions of the state, under which it rose in 
 prosperity and reputation, and continued to 
 make advances m social improvement, and to 
 retain its influence in the Gennanic diet, until 
 Napoleon Buonaparte interposed his power and 
 influence, at the commencement of the 19th 
 century, when the dector vms again induced to 
 withdraw from the Germanic confederacy, under 
 the pledge of being vested with regal authority, 
 and guaranteed in an accession of territory at 
 the expense of Austria ; hence the 
 
 Kingdom of Bavaria, which was acknow- 
 ledged by the emperor of Austria at the peace 
 of Presburg in 1805 : the accessions of territory 
 obtained with the regal title lay on the side of 
 Franconia, Suabia, and the Tyrol. The disas- 
 ter experienced by Napoleon at Moscow, in the 
 winter of 1812, I'SIS, induced the new king to 
 conclude a secret treaty with the confederate 
 powers against his former patron, on condition 
 of being guaranteed in the integrity of hi» 
 nearly-acquired dominions; and at the congress 
 of Vienna, in 1818, the boundaries of the Ba- 
 varian kingdom were finally adjusted, when the 
 territt _, was divided into the eight following 
 circles, with the chief towns of each annexed a» 
 follows, viz. — 
 
 Spires 
 Wurzbuigb 
 Bayreuth 
 Anspach 
 Augsbui^g 
 Munich 
 Passau 
 8. Regen N.E. ... Ratisbon 
 
 Of these divisions the first lies on both sides 
 of the Rhine, at the northern extremity of the 
 territory of the Grand Duke of Baden, and is 
 detached from the other seven. Nos. 2, 3, and 
 4, formed part of the circle of Franconia, and 
 No. 5 of Suabia ; the last three previously 
 forming the grand duchy and the palatinate, 
 the archbishopric of Saltzburg having been 
 ceded to Austria. The whole of this territory 
 comprises about 32,000 square miles, and a 
 population of about 3,600.000. The frontier 
 parts of the kingdom of Bavaria are in general 
 rugged and mountainous, but the inland parts 
 are fertile in com and pasture ; all the various 
 branches of manufiicture of flax, wool, some 
 silk, leather, and working of metals, are fol- 
 lowed more or ixon as domestic occupations 
 over most parts of the country. Having but 
 little surplus produce of any kind for external 
 traffic, Bavaria may be regarded as possessing 
 within itself nil the. means of domestic and 
 social comfort. It is exceedingly well watered; 
 the Danube, which rises on the border of the 
 Black Forest in Suabin, runs from W. to E, 
 
 I. 
 
 The Rhine 
 
 . w. 
 
 2. 
 
 Lower Maine 
 
 . N. 
 
 3, 
 
 Upper ditto 
 
 . N. 
 
 4. 
 
 Rezat ... . 
 
 . N.W. 
 
 5. 
 
 Upper Danube . 
 
 . S.W. 
 
 6. 
 
 Iser ... . 
 
 . s. 
 
 7. 
 
 Lower Danube . 
 
 . E. 
 
 
BAV 71 
 
 through the heart of the country, pasues Dilli- 
 gen, Donawerth, Neuberg, Ingolstadt, and 
 Ratisbon, to Passau, where it enters the arch- 
 duchy of Austria. The Inn, Iser, Lech, and 
 Iller, run from S. to N. into the Danube, and 
 the Maine, runs from E. to W., past Schwein- 
 furth and Wurtzburg into the Rhine. Fou^ 
 fifths of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, 
 and the remainder Protestants : the latter, 
 however, not only enjoy the unrestrained exer- 
 cise of their woi-ship, but are ehgible to civil 
 offices and military appointments. Like all 
 the other Germanic states, military pretension 
 and parade is the ruling passion of the govern- 
 ment, and from 40,000 to 50,000 men are held 
 under military discipUne ; to sustain which, 
 and other expenses of the state, taxes, equal to 
 about 2,500,000/. English money are levied 
 annually on the produce of the labour of the 
 people. Munich is the capital of the whole 
 kingdom, and the seat of government, which is 
 unlimited, and vested in the king, thi title to 
 which is hereditary. The power has, lotyever, 
 been exercised with discretion, prudence, and 
 mildness, although not with all the wisdom and 
 efficiency to be desired. Education has of late 
 years been widely diffused through the Bava- 
 rian states; academies, lyceums, and univer- 
 Mtits have been multiplied; productions of 
 foreign literature have been imported ; and the 
 effects are already apparent in the improved 
 condition of society and the gradual advance of 
 moral and physical renovation. Bavaria may 
 now be considered as holding the first rank 
 among the secondary class of European states. 
 Bavay, a town of France, in the department 
 
 "^Ao ■'' ^** *^^^ ^y *'^° Austrians in 
 
 1792, but recovered the same year. It is 6 
 miles N. E. of Quesnoy, and 12 S.W. of Mons. 
 Bawtry, a town in West Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, It has a tiade in lead, 
 inillstones, and grindstones, and is seated on 
 the nver Idle; 9 miles S. by E. of Doncaster 
 and 153 N. of London. ' 
 
 Bai A. See Baja. 
 
 Baya, a seaport of Guinea, on the Gold 
 Coast ; 60 miles E. S. E. of Acra. Long. 1. 
 59. E. lat. 5. 45. N. 
 
 D*Y OP Islands, in the N. Island of New 
 Zealand, and contains the missionary settle- 
 ment at Paheha. 
 
 Bayaouana, an inland town of the Island of 
 St. Domingo, about 35 miles N. E. of the city 
 of St. Domingo. 
 
 Bayamo, a town in the E. part of Cuba, on 
 the river Estero, which forms a bay on the 
 coast, 20 miles below the town; 80 miles 
 W. S, W of St. Jago. Long. 77. 20. W. lat. 
 ^0. 45. N. 
 
 Bayazia, or Baiazia, a largo town of Asiatic 
 lurkey, in the S. E. corner of Armenia, near 
 the source of the Euphrates, on the confines of 
 Persia. It is surrounded by a v all, and con- 
 tains two mosques, and t .veial other edifices of 
 great architectural be,-«U.y, and about 30,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 BAYKRsnoBF, a town of the Bavarian circle 
 nt the Upper Maine, with a seat of Uistice and 
 
 BAY 
 
 a large synagogue; seated on the RedniU j i 
 TOiles N. of Erlang. 
 
 Bayeux, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Calvados, and a bishop's see. The 
 eithedral is very i.oble,and conteinMm exhibi- 
 tion, on tapestry, of the Conquest o« England 
 by William the Norman ; and tiliere are 17 
 other churches. The chief trade is- in leather. 
 It is seated on the river Aure ; 4 miles from 
 the English Channel, and 140 W, by N. of 
 Paris. Long. 0. 42. W. lat. 49. 17. N. Pop. 
 about 10,500. *^ 
 
 Bayon, a town of France, in the department 
 of Meurthe, on the river Moselle; 12 miles S. 
 of Nancy. 
 
 Bayona a town of Spain, in Gallicia, on a 
 small gulf of the Atlantic, with a convenient 
 harbour; 12 miles W. by N. of Tuy. 
 
 Bayon:«e, a city and seaport of Fiance, in 
 the department of Lower Pyrenees, and a 
 bishop's see. The Nive and Adour unite their 
 streams in the middle of the city, and proceed 
 to the sea, at the distance of a mile. The first, 
 which is deeper and more rapid than the 
 Adour, divides the town into two unequal 
 parts, the smallest of which is called the Bouig- 
 neuf, or New Town : they have a communica- 
 tion by three timber bridges. A bank of sand, 
 at the mouth of the Adour, renders the en- 
 trance of the harbour difficult. The citadel is 
 the strongest in France, and the cathedral is 
 remarkable for the height of the nave and the 
 delicacy of the pillars which support it. The 
 niilitary weapon, the bayonet, bears the name 
 of this city, in which it was invented. The 
 chocolate of Bayonne is famous ; and it also 
 exports wines, woollen cloths, silks, cottons, 
 &c. The chief trade arises out of its relation 
 with Spain ; and it is a kind of emporium for 
 the merchandise of that country. The court of 
 France was held here for some time in 1808, 
 when the king of Spain and bin son, the prince 
 of the Asturias, were invited here to settle 
 their differences before Buonaparte ; the result 
 of which was, that they were made to sign a 
 treaty, resigning the crown of Spain into his 
 hands. Bayonne was besieged by the English 
 in 1814, during which the French made a sally, 
 and attacked the English with success, but were 
 at length driven back. The loss of the British 
 in this aflair was considerable, and their com- 
 mander wounded and taken prisoner. It is 25 
 miles S. W. of Dax, and 618 S. by W. of 
 Paris. Long. 1. 29. W. lat. 43. 29. N. 
 
 Baypour, a town of Hindostan, in the prov. 
 of Malabar, on a river capable of receiving 
 vessels of 400 tons. It is 15 miles S. by E. of 
 Calicut. 
 
 Bayreuth, a city of Franconia, capital of a 
 principality of the same name, with a palace, 
 ft fine castle, and a fiimous collie. Near it, 
 forming a kind of suburb, is the town of 
 Georgen, ^vhich has a large castle, a manufac- 
 ture of excellent brown and white porcelMn, 
 and a house of correction, in which the marble 
 of the country is polished by means of a ma- 
 chine. In 1783 the archives of the principality 
 were brought to Bayreutti from Plassenburg ; 
 
i ' 
 
 r'n^ 
 
 BAZ jrs 
 
 r*«^CuLMBACH;) and in 1791, the margravate 
 of Bayreuth wuh that nf Anspach, was ab- 
 djcated by the reigning prince, in fevour of the 
 fang of Prussia ; but both were annexed and 
 guaranteed by Buonaparte, and afterwards con- 
 Hnned by the congress at Vienna, to the king- 
 dom of Bavana, (which see;) and Bayreuth u 
 now the capital of the circle of Upper Maine. 
 
 E-fat 4ri5. N."' ^"'"'^'«- ''""«• "• ''' 
 Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated 
 on tho Guadalantin, 21 miles E. N. E of 
 Guadix. 
 
 Bazas, a town of France, in the department 
 of Gironde, and lately an episcopal see. It is 
 seated on a rock, 6 miles from the river Ga- 
 ronne, and 42 S. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 2. 
 
 " ■ Ial> 44» ««t Pi, 
 
 Beachy Head, the highest promontory on 
 the Muth coast of England, between Hasting 
 and Seaford. Long. 0. 15. E. lat. 60. 44. N. 
 
 Beaconspield, a town in Buckinghamshire 
 with a market on Thureday. The poet Waller 
 iived here, and is interretl in the churchyard. 
 It IS seated on a hill ; 23 miles W. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Beaminsteb, a town in Dorsetshire, with a 
 market on Thursday, and manufactures of can- 
 vas, iron, and copper. This place suffered 
 greatly by fire in 1781. It is 16 miles W. N.W 
 of Dorchester, and 132 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Bear Island, an island in Bantry Bay, on 
 'vhich are fortifications which constitute a 
 strong defence to the head of the bay. The 
 island is about 12 miles from the town of 
 Bantry. 
 
 Beab Lake, Great, an extensive lake In 
 North America, on the Arctic Circle, which 
 empties itself into the Mackenzie River, The 
 Indians who inhabit its shores are hospitable 
 and inoffensive. It has formed the starting- 
 pomt of several Arctic land expeditions. 
 IrankUn, in 1820, proceeded to the Copper 
 mme River; and in 1837-1840, Messre. Dease 
 and Siinpson have ventured here in their expe- 
 ditions W. and E. on the northern coast of the 
 continent 
 
 Beahn, a late province of France, 40 miles 
 tong and 30 broad ; bounded on the E. by 
 Bigorre, S. by Spanish Navarre, W. by Soule 
 and a part of Lower Navarre, and N. by Gas- 
 cony and Armagnac. The plains are fertile, 
 especially in pastures, and the hills are loaded 
 with vines. It now forms, n-ith Basques, the 
 department of the Lower Pyrenees. 
 
 Beat, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Garonne ; the houses are built 
 of marble, there being no other stone in the 
 neighbourhood. It is seated on the Garonne; 
 12 miles S. S, E. of St. Bertrand. 
 
 Beaucaire, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Gard, on the Rhone, about 20 
 miles from the sea, where the river forms a 
 spacious harbour, and has a communication by 
 a bridge of boats with Tarnscon on the opposite 
 
 Flank r\t ihn non. n«..-,i- A. 1 • '.'^, 
 
 III.. .,,,. iTiuCi: irauc IS camca on 
 
 BEA 
 
 Bere, and an annual tail held for six days, in 
 tao month of July, was formerly the most 
 
 famous in Europe, but is now of little imnort. 
 once. It is 11 miles E, of Nismes. 
 
 Beaucb, a late province of France, between 
 the Isle of France, Blasols, and Orleanois. It is 
 80 fertile m wheat that it b called the granary 
 ot l-ans. It now formi^ the department of Eure 
 and Loire. 
 
 Beaufort, a maritime district, forming the 
 south-east cor ^er of the state of South CaroUna; 
 Bivl .?"• *''«,»»"th-west by the Savannah 
 wiver, t IS a low swampy district, but very 
 productiv 3 m rice and cotton. Pop. 35 794 
 of whom 29,682 are slaves, and 462 tree blocks! 
 In addition to the Savannah on the south, it is 
 bounded on the north by the Bigslake-hatchie 
 Kiver, and the Toosawhatchie intersects tho 
 distnct from norttiwest to south-east, dividim? 
 into two branches about the centre of the d1^ 
 trict, and forming an island, called Port Royal 
 Island, on which is a town named Beaufort 
 formerly the capital of the district, but the 
 courts are now held at the town of Coosaw- 
 hatchie; about 20 miles N. W. of Beaufort 
 and 193 S. of Columbia, the capital of the 
 state, 
 
 Beaufort, a town of South Africa. Graff 
 Reynet district, c.i the Great Leeuwin River. 
 Lat. 32. 36, S, long. 23. 1. E. 
 
 Beaufort is also the name of a county in 
 North Carolina, divided into two parts by the 
 Piimtico River, at its entrance into Pamtico 
 bound; It IS a swampy and dreniy district, with 
 a population of 12,225, of whom 4472 are 
 slaves, Washington, 130 miles E. by S of 
 Raleigh, is the chief town. 
 
 Beaufort a seaport of North Carolina, 
 chief town of Carteret county. It is situate 
 e"e I. ^'A; "u^ "' •^"'^ ''^''"'"^. 55 miles 
 34 38 N • ■^''"«- '^^- ^^- W. lat. 
 
 Beaufort, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mayenne and Loire, with a castle • IS 
 miles E. of Angers. Pop. 6000. ' 
 
 Beaufort, a town of Savoy, on the river 
 Oron, a branch of the Ysere, 12 miles N E of 
 Moutier. Pop, about 3000. 
 
 Bbauoency, a town of France, in «ie depart- 
 ment of Loire, fam.>us for its wines ; seated on 
 the nver Loire; 6 miles W. of Orieans, 
 
 Beaujku, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Rhone, with an ancient castle, seated 
 on the Ardiere, at the foot of a mountain- 13 
 miles N. N. W. of Villefranche. Pop. 1600. 
 
 Beaujolois, a late province of France 30 
 miles long and 24 broad. It lies north of 'the 
 Lyonois, and both of them now form the de- 
 partment of Rhone. 
 
 Beaulev, a river of Scotland, in Invemess- 
 shire, formed by the union of the rivulets 
 Farrah, Cannrch, and Glass, on the borders ot 
 Ross-shire. It takes a north-east course, and. 
 after forming the falls of Kilmorack. and other 
 cascades, flows to the town of Beaulc}' where 
 It enters the head of Murray Frith. It pro- 
 duces a considerable supply of salmon for thn 
 LunUuii market. 
 
 Beaulev, a town of Scotland, in the parish 
 of Kilmorack, in Invi-rneas-sliiro, at the mouth. 
 
 1 
 f 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 f 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 
 ti 
 
B E A 73 
 
 of the river Beauley; 12 miles W. of Inver- 
 ueas. 
 
 Bbauliku, a vUlage in Hampshire, on a 
 nver of its name ; six miles S. S. W. of South- 
 ampton. It has a manufiicture of coarse sack- 
 ing; and on the opposite side of the river are 
 the remains of its fitroous abbey, founded by 
 King John. 
 
 Beaumab^es, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Gers; 13 miles W. of Mirande. 
 
 Bbaububis, a borough of Wales, capital of 
 Anglesea; a market on Wednesday and Satur- 
 day; governed by a mayor, a recorder, 24 bur- 
 gesses, and other officers, who return one mem- 
 ber to parliament. It stands on the Strait of 
 Menai, was fortified with a castle by Edward 
 I., and has a good harbour. It is 69 miles W. 
 by N. of Chester, and 251 N. W. of London. 
 Long. 4. 16. W. lat. 53. 15. N. 
 
 Beaumont, a town of Belgium, on the fron- 
 tiers of the department du Nord, France, about 
 eight miles E. of Maubeuge. There are eight 
 other towns in different parts of France called 
 Beaumont, but none that merit any particular 
 notice, unless one in the department of Vau- 
 cluse, the residence of Mirabeau. 
 
 Beaune, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cote d'Or, remarkable for its excellent 
 wine. It is 25 miles S. S. W. of Dijon. 
 
 Beaurivage, a river of Lower Canada, S. of 
 the St. Lawrence; it falls into the Cliaudiere, 
 about four miles above the entrance of that 
 river into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Beauvais, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Oise, and lately an episcopal 
 see. The cathedral is admired for its fine 
 architecture; and the church of St. Stephen is 
 remarkable for its curious windows. It was 
 besieged in 1463, by the Duke of Burgundy, at 
 the head of 80,000 men, when the women, 
 under the conduct of Jean de Hachette, 
 obliged the duke to raise the siege. The in- 
 habitants carry on a good trade in beautiful 
 tapestry. It is seated on the Thesin, 42 miles 
 N. of Paris. Pop. about 30,000. 
 
 Beaver, a county at the W. extremity of the 
 state of Pennsylvania, bordering on Ohio; it is 
 mtersected by the Ohio River, and contains a 
 population of 29,368. 
 
 Beavee, or Beaverton, the chief town of 
 the county, is situate at the junction of the 
 Beaver River with the Ohio, near the centre 
 of the county; 240 miles W. by N. of Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 Beaver Islands, a cluster of islands at the 
 N. extremity of Lake Michigan. 
 
 Beaver Creek, in the township of Brook- 
 field, Madison county, state of New York. 
 
 Beaver Dam, in Southampton township, 
 Long Island, and in Roxbury township, Dela- 
 ware county, and in Bern township, Albany 
 county, and Beaver-kill, in Hurly township, 
 Ulster county, all in the State of New York. 
 Beauvoib, a town of France, in the depart- 
 
 S"xT iJ""r"' "" '^'^ "^y "f B««^. 32 miles 
 N. N. W. of Sables d'Olonne. 
 
 Beban el Malook, a village of Egypt, on 
 
 the W. bank of the Nile, remarkr.ble for its 
 
 BED 
 
 numberless tombs, containing mumrnioi m> 
 cavated in the banks of the river. 
 
 Beblingkn, a town of the kingdom of Wur- 
 temburg, with a castle on a hill; 10 miles N. W 
 of Stuttgard. 
 
 Bkc, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Seine, with a noble Benedictine abbev • 
 18 miles S. W. of Rouen. ' ' 
 
 Bbcancour, a river of Lower Canada, which 
 falls into the St. Lawrence, from the south, 
 opposite the town of Three Rivers. 
 
 Beccles, a corporate town in Suffolk, with a 
 market on Saturiay. It has a noble church, 
 with a lofty steeple, and a grammar school, en- 
 dowed with 10 scholarships for Emanuel Col- 
 lege, Cambridge. It is seated on the Waveney ; 
 12 miles S. W. of Yarmouth, and 109 N. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Bbchin, a town of Bohemia, capital of a 
 circle of the same name, in which are several 
 medicinal springs and minea of salt. It has an 
 ancient fortified castlfe, and stands on the river 
 Lausnitz; 67 mi'<» S. by W. of Prague. Long. 
 14. 28. E. lat 49. 18. N. * '^ 
 
 Beckum, a town of Westphalia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Munster, at the source of the Verse: 
 20 miles S. E. of Munster. 
 
 Bedale, a town in North Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday; the surrounding district is 
 distinguished for its breed of horsee, and of 
 other cattle. 10 miles S. E. of Richmond, and 
 222 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Bedarieux, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Herault, with a manufacture of 
 druggets and other woollen stuffs; seated on the 
 Orbre; 16 miles N. of Bezieres. Population 
 3350. 
 
 Beddinqton, a village in Surrey, two miles 
 W. of Croydon. Here is Beddington-park, 
 one of the many said to have been the resi- 
 dence of Queen Elizabeth. The church is a 
 Gothic pile, with stalls in the aisles, like a 
 cathedral. 
 
 Beder, a town of France, in the department 
 of Hie and Vilaine; 10 miles W. N. W. of 
 Rennes. 
 
 Beder, a fortified town of Hindostan, in 
 Dowlatabad, situate on the S. bank of the 
 Manzorah River; once the capital of a consi- 
 derable kingdom, and still celebrated for the 
 number and magnificence of its pagodas. It is 
 80 miles N. W. of Hydrabad. Long. 78. 2. E. 
 lat. 17. 48. N. 6 1'.^. 
 
 Bedfoud, an inland county of England. At 
 the time Britain was invaded by the Romans, 
 Cassibelaunus, the chief of the inhabitants of 
 this part of the country, was appointed to the 
 command of all the forces of Britain, against 
 CjBsar; and, under the heptarchy of the Saxons, 
 It formed part of the kingdom of Mercia ; and 
 the county town is supposed to have been the 
 burial-place of King Offe. It was afterwards 
 the scene of man) contests between the Britons, 
 Saxons, and Danes, and at later neriodu h«- 
 cume involved in the collisions betWn King 
 John and the barons; and, in 1642, it took 
 the side of the people against the kingly 
 authority of Charles T. The river Ouso inter- 
 
Il I 
 
 I '( 
 
 BED 7^ 
 
 ■ects it by a very winding course from W to 
 E.; and the Ivel, with several tributary streams, 
 waters the S. part. The face of the country is 
 varied with small hills and valleys; and on the 
 S. is a range of chalky hills, which, rising to a 
 considerable elevation, and projecting irregu- 
 larly over the valleys, give the landscape a 
 bold and remarkable appearance. From the 
 S. E. comer to the middle of the county runs a 
 line of good meadow-land; and the N. and E. 
 portions have a deep soil, which is well culti- 
 vated, and produces large crops of corn. The 
 mineral productions are limestone, coarse mar- 
 ble, and imperfect coal; and fuller's earth is 
 obtained in considerable quantities. Mineral 
 eprings are found in different parts of the 
 county, but they have not acquired much 
 celebrity. The manufectures are chiefly con- 
 fined to the making of lace, and preparing 
 straw-plait for bonnets, baskets, toys, &c. The 
 remains of both Saxon and Gothic architecture 
 are to be seen in several of the churches, as 
 also a few specimens of stained glass in their 
 windows. Roman antiquities have also been 
 frequently discovered in the county and it is 
 intersected by three Roman roads. It sends 
 two members to parliament. 
 
 Bedford, the chief town of the preceding 
 
 BEK 
 
 county, is situate about the centre of the 
 county, on a spacious plain, N. of the Chiltern 
 hills, which run across the S. part. The river 
 Ouse, over which there is a beautiful stone 
 bridge of five arches, divides the town into two 
 parts. It has five churches, a county hospital 
 and lunatic asylum, a well endowed public 
 school, and about 60 alms-houses, liberally 
 endowed by a Sir William Harpur, knight, a 
 former inhabitant of the town. It is a borough 
 town, governed by a mayor, recorder, alder- 
 men, two chamberlains, and 13 common coun- 
 cil, and returns two members to pariiament, 
 formerly sent by the suffrage of the male 
 inhabitants at large. It is the seat of assise, 
 and of election for the county; holds markets 
 on Tuesdays and Saturdays. 27 miles E. by 
 N. of Buckingham, and 50 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Bedford Level, a tract of fenny land, 
 about 300,000 acres, in the counties of Norfolk, 
 Suffolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, 
 and Lincoln. After various attempts to drain 
 these fens, in the reign of Henry VI. and 
 Charies I., William, earl of Bedford, in 1649, 
 undertook and completed it; and, in the reign 
 of Charles II., a corporation was established 
 for the government of this great level. In these 
 fens are several decoys, in which innumerable 
 quantities of wild fowl are taken during the 
 season. 
 
 Bedford, an interior county in the S. of 
 Virginia, bounded on the W. by the Blue 
 ridge of the Allegany Mountains, on the N. by 
 James River, and on the S. by Staunton, a 
 branch of the Roanoke. Pop. 20,203. Liberty, 
 the chief town, in the centre of the county, is 
 Ifi- tniles Vr . by S. of Richmond. 
 
 Bedford is also the name of a county in the 
 state of Tennessee. Pop. 20,646, and of which 
 
 Shellbyville, 35 miles S of Murfroesborougb. is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Bedford, another county in the S. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on Maryland, lying 
 between the Tuscarora and the main ridge of 
 the Allegany Mountains. Pop. 29,335. The 
 chief town, of the same name, in the centre of 
 i he county, is 106 mUes W. of Harrisbuig. 
 
 Bedford, a town on the frontier of Connec- 
 ticut, in Westchester county, E. of Hudson 
 River, in the state of New York; 126 miles S. 
 by E. of Albany, and about 35 N. by E. of 
 New York, Pop. 2822. 
 
 Bfdford is also the name of a village in the 
 township of Brooklyn, in Long Island, opposite 
 New York Harbour; and of a seaport town in 
 Bristol county, state of MassachupsU; it owns 
 «)nsiderable shipping employed in the South 
 Sea whale fisheries. It is about 60 miles due 
 S. of Boston. 
 
 Bednore, a district of Hindostan, forming 
 the N. W. comer of the Mysore, intersected 
 by the Ghaut Mountains. The chief town of 
 the district, and which was formerly the capital 
 of Canara, is situate E. of the mountains, and 
 is supposed once to have been a magnificent 
 and important place; but, having been re- 
 peatedly subjected to the assaults of the Mah- 
 rattas, the British, and Tippoo Saib, it is much 
 reduced. It is seated on a branch of the 
 Toombudra River; 185 miles N. W. of Se- 
 ringapatam. 
 
 Bedouins, tribes of wandering Arabs, who 
 live in tents, and are dispersed all over Arabia, 
 Egypt, and the N. of Africa, governed by their 
 own chiefs, in the same manner as the patri- 
 archs lived and governed anciently ; the prin- 
 cipal employment of both, the grazing of cattle. 
 They profess the Mohammedan faith. 
 
 Bedwin, Great, a village in Wiltshire, five 
 miles S. W. of Hungerford, and 70 W. of 
 London. 
 
 Bedworth, a town in the county of War- 
 wick, England, seated on the great coal strata, 
 which is here extensively worked. A number 
 of persons are also employed in the ribbon 
 manufacture; 5 miles N. of Coventry. 
 
 Beemau, a river of Hindostan, which ris» 
 in the mountains to the N. of Poonah, and fluws 
 S. E upwards of 300 miles, till it joins the 
 Kistna, near Edghir. 
 
 Beeralston, a town in Cornwall, England : 
 3 miles N. of Saltash, and 212 from Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Beerino's Bay, a bay formerly called Ad- 
 miralty Bay, in N. lat. 69. 18. on the W. coast 
 of North America. 
 
 Bekrino's Island, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, about 90 miles long and 30 wide, 30 
 leagues E. of the coast of Kamtschatka, Lone. 
 166. .SO. E. lat. 55. 30. N. 
 
 Beerino's Strait, the narrow sea between 
 the W, coast of North America and the E. 
 coast of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide in the 
 narrowest part, between the Capes Prince o' 
 WhIl'8 and Tciiukotskoi, in lat. 66.45. N. 168. 
 17. W, long. 
 Beekoo, a country of Negroland, between 
 
BEE 75 
 
 iM-am on the N. and Bambara on the S. 
 Walet u the capital. 
 
 Bbks, St., a village in Cumberland, near the 
 seai 6 miles S. of Whitehaven. Here is a 
 noted free-school; also the remains of a priory, 
 the nave of its church being now used as the 
 parish church. Two miles to the N, W. is a 
 lofty promontory, caUed St. Bees' Head, on 
 which IS a lighthouse. 
 
 Bbbsko, a town in Brandenburg, in Middle- 
 mark, with a cloth manufacture: seated on the 
 Spree; 40 miles S. E. of Berlin, 
 
 Bkport, or Belfobt, a fortified i of 
 
 France, m the department of Upper ithine, 
 with manufectures of excellent iron. It stands 
 at the foot of a mountain; 34 miles S. W. of 
 Colmar. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 Beobmdkr, a province of Abyssinia, 200 
 miles long, and 50 broad. It is the central 
 and most important province of Abyssinia, and 
 from which are derived the principal suppUes 
 m time of war. •^ r rr 
 
 Beoherme, an interior country, in the centre 
 of North Africa, S. of Bornou. The capital, of 
 the same name, is situate in the lat. of 17 N 
 and 22. 60. E. long. A salt lake, in the centre 
 of the territory, supplies a great extent of 
 country with that indispensable article. 
 
 Behaban, a town of Persia, province of Pars; 
 
 1 60 miles S. by W. of Ispahan. Pop, 1 1 ,000. 
 
 Behabur, a town of Hindostan, in Lahore; 
 
 75 miles W, by N, of Lahore, on the road to 
 
 Cashmere. 
 
 Behker, or Bhakob, a town of Hindostan. 
 capital of a country of tho same name. It 
 stands on an island formed by the Indus- 160 
 miles S. by W. of Moultan. Long. 70. 2. E. 
 lAt* 27* 30. vf, 
 Behrinos. See Beerings. 
 Beilstein, the name of several towns in 
 different parts of Germany : Ist, in the Duchy 
 of Wurtemberg, at which is a mineral bath, 
 about 20 pules N. by E. of Stuttgard; 2nd, in 
 the Prussian states of the Grand Duchy of the 
 Lower Rhine, on the E. bank of the Moselle, 
 about 5 miles N, of Zell and 23 S. W. of 
 Coblentz; 3rd, a little to the W. of Leon, on 
 the Maine. 
 
 Bkinheih, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Rhine, seated on the Sur, near 
 '^ *=o:"j?"ence with tho Rhine; 22 miles N. N. 
 tj. of Strasburg. 
 
 Beira, a province of Portugal, bordering on 
 the Atlantic Ocean, extending from the mouth 
 of the Mondego River, S. in lat. 40. to the 
 Uouro, which forms its northern boundary in 
 lat. 41. 1 1 , N. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 bpanish province of Salamanca, and S. by the 
 1 ortuguese province of Est-emadura, and con- 
 tains nn area of 823 square leagues, and a 
 population of 922,600. The province is in- 
 terspersed with mountains, from which rise 
 several streams, some falling into the Tagus. 
 and others mto the Douro, in addition tothe 
 .-Wnni.eg.-., ""ich intersects nearly the whole 
 province from E. to W., and is, on the whole, 
 a fine and fruitful district. The capital is 
 Coiuibrn, and the other chief towns are Lame- 
 
 B BL 
 
 go, Viseu, Pinhel, Almeida, Guarda, ami Caaral 
 xiranco. 
 
 Beirout. See Bairout. 
 
 Beit el Faki, a town of Arabia, in Yemen. 
 tamous as being a great mart for coffee. It is 
 24 miles E. S. E. of Hodeida, and about 70 N 
 by E. of Mocha. 
 
 Bmth, a parish and town of Scotland; tlie 
 
 ^- 'm?"'*'^ '" ^y' *"'' P^^y '" Kenft«w- 
 ■hire. The town, in which the greater portion 
 of the population is concentrated, and em- 
 ployed in the cotton manufacture, is in Ayr- 
 shire, about 10 miles S. by W. of Paisley. 
 
 Beja, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, sup- 
 posed to have been the Pax Julia of the 
 Romans; seated on an eminence in an exten- 
 sive plain, near a lake of its name; 72 miles 
 ^ E. of Lisbon. Long. 7. 40. W. lat. 37. 68. 
 N. Pop. about 6000. 
 Bejapour, See Visiapour. 
 Bekesh, a tn. in a county of the same name, 
 in Upper Hunganr, situate in a fork of the 
 Korasch River, a few miles E. of Tur. 
 
 Bkla, a large town of Upper Hungary, situate 
 among the Carpathian Mountains, on the fron- 
 tiers of Poland. 
 
 Bel-Alcasar, or Balcazah, a town of Cor- 
 dovia, Spain, situate on the E. bank of the Gooa 
 River, 35 miles N. N. W. of Cordovia. 
 
 Belabre, or Balabre, a town of France, in 
 the department of Indre; 25 miles S. W. of 
 Chateauroux. 
 
 Belaspoor, a town of Hindostan, on tho 
 nver Sutlej, It is a well built town, and prin- 
 pally of stone. Pop. 3500. 
 
 Belbeis, a considerable town of Egypt ; 35 
 mites N. E. of Cairo, and 45 N. W. of Suez. 
 
 Belcastro, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ultenore, seated on a mountain, 8 miles from 
 the Gulf of Squillace, and 12 S. W. of St. 
 Severmo. 
 
 BKUOTira, a town of Spain, in Armgon, on 
 the nver Almonazir; 20 miles S. of Saragossn. 
 Belcz, or BELa,a town of Gallicia; about 25 
 miles N. by E. of Lembeig. 
 
 Belem, a vUlage of Portugal, in Estrema- 
 dura, on the N. side of the Tajo, 4 miles below 
 ijisbon. Here is a royal monastery, where the 
 kings and queens of Portugal are interred ; a 
 strong fort, which defends the entrance to the 
 city ; and to the N. a noble modem aqueduct. 
 Belesta' a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Auue; 27 miles S. W. of Carcassone. 
 BEtFAST, a town in the county of Antrim, 
 Ireland, situate at the head of a spacious bay. 
 about 15 miles in length, which forms a safe 
 and commodious harbour. Vessels drawing 
 more than 8 or 9 ffeet of water, load and un- 
 load by lighters about 7 miles below the town, 
 Belfest IS a r^ular, well-built town; the prin- 
 cipal street runs in a straight line from tho 
 head of the bay, and is very handsome, II is 
 the entrepot for a great portion of the linens 
 manufactured in the N. of Ireland for th- 
 storing of which there is "a sj^do'us 'edifice 
 called the Linen Hall, on the plan of the cloth 
 halls in Leeds. It has a theatre and an ex- 
 change, over which is an assembly-room, two 
 
 H 
 
I! H 
 
 h 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 ^■' ^lY 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^m % 
 
 
 ^^^J 
 
 
 BEL 70 
 
 handsome churches, and several meeting- 
 honnes; and, in 1808, a public school on an 
 extensive scale wa» founded; there are also 
 Yory extensive barracks on the N. side of the 
 town ; the river Lagan, over which there is a 
 bridge of twenty-one arches, fells into the hay 
 on the S. £. side, and communicates with 
 Lough Neagh by a canal. The markets are 
 exceedingly well supplied with all kinds of 
 pro\i8ions; and lai:ge quantities of linens, in 
 small parcels, are brought in for sale by the 
 country people, for whose accommodation 
 there is a separate market. In addition to 
 large quantities of linens, butter, salt provi- 
 w'ons, and grain, shipped to Great Britain, 
 partly in exchange for manu&ctures, Belfast 
 carries on a direct trade to the West Indies, 
 Spain, America, and the Baltic; builds and 
 owns a considerable extent of shipping, and 
 has several manufectures of leather, chemicals, 
 glass, cotton, &c. The Bel&st canal connects 
 the town with Lough Neagh, and passes 
 several marble quarries. It is 102 miles N. of 
 Dublin. It returns two members to parliament. 
 Belfast, a town beautifully located on the 
 riiorj of a fine bay, on the S. side of the Pe- 
 nobscot river, in the state of Maine, North 
 America; it owns some shipping, and carries 
 on a trade in timber. Pop. about 1400; about 
 251 miles N. E. of Boston. 
 
 Belford, a town of Northumberland, on 
 the line of the high road from London to 
 Edinburgh; 49 miles N. by W. of Newcastle, 
 and IS S. by E. of Berwick. It has a market 
 on Thursdays. 
 
 Belqabd, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 immediately contignons to Corbin, and about 
 15 miles S. by E, of Colbei^. 
 
 Beloavm, a town of Hindostan, province of 
 Bejapoor. Pop. 5000. It is strongly fortified, 
 and has an abundant supply of water. It has 
 boen adopted as a cantonment for troops; 115 
 miles from Bejapoor. 
 
 Belqern, a town of Saxony proper, with a 
 good trade in beer; seated on the Elbe; 8 miles 
 S. E. of Toigau. 
 
 Belgium, a kingdom of Europe, bounded on 
 the N. by Holland, W. by the Norih Sea, S, 
 by Frjice, E. by the Duchy of Luxembourg 
 and of the Rhine, containing an area of 14,459 
 square miles, and pop. 4,000,000. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Scheldt, (I'Escaut,) Meuse, 
 (Maas,) and the Our, but it abounds m minor 
 streams, and is entirely without lakes, in which 
 it varies much from Holland. The southern 
 part rises into hills of moderate elevation, but 
 the N. W. is a part of the level of the Nether- 
 lands. It is a country of exceeding fertility 
 and beauty. The plains in the N. are com- 
 posed of luxuriant meadows, or polders, covered 
 with cattle, while the more undulating S. is 
 clothed with wood, and affords a pattern of 
 agricultural skill. There are coal-pits near 
 Namur and Monj, and Liege is fomous for its 
 hardware and its iron-works. Here is one of 
 the Lirs;est engineering establisliracnts in the 
 world. There is now established a system of 
 railroads, which traverse all parts of the king- 
 
 BEL 
 
 dom, ana which all centre at Mechlin as a 
 startmg-point. They commence at Ostend, 
 and are connected with the Rhine, and will 
 probably, ere long, be united to the Parisian 
 lines. 
 
 The capital is Brussels, (Bruxelle,) but the 
 prmcipal commercial town is Antwerp, (An- 
 vers.) It is divided into nine provinces, vis. 
 Antwerp, Brabant, E. and W. Flanders, Liege, 
 Limburg, Namur, ui r 1 Luxembouig. The lan- 
 guage of the better classes is French, which is 
 also spoken in the southern province; but 
 m the N. W. the Flemish is principally 
 spoken, "^ ' 
 
 The history of Belgium is identical with that 
 of the Netherlands, till 1830, when the Bel- 
 gians revolted, and, in 1831, chose Prince 
 Leopold, of Saxe Coburg, for their sovereign, 
 under the name of Leopold I. He is assisted 
 in the executive by a chamber of representa- 
 tives and a senate. 
 
 Beloraok, a celebrated town and fortress of 
 European Turkey, capital of Servia, and a 
 Greek bishop's see, seated at the confluence of 
 the Saave with the Danube, immediately con- 
 tiguous to the Sclavonian fortress of Semlin. 
 It was first possessed by the Turks in 1522, 
 retaken by the confederated German powen 
 m 1688, but again taken by the Turks in 1690. 
 It was taken by Prince Eugene in 1717, and 
 kept till 1739, when it was ceded to the Turks. 
 It was again taken in 1789, and restored at the 
 peace of Reichenbach in 1790; and in 1806 it 
 surrendered to an insurgent force of Servians, 
 in opposition to the wanton authority of the 
 janissaries. In addition to its eminence as a 
 fortress, it is one of the most considerable 
 tradmg towns in Western Turkey. It is 
 about 440 miles N. W. of Constantinople, 
 and 160 S. S. E. of Pest 
 
 Belgrade, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Romania, on the strait of Constantinople, 20 
 miles N. of that city. It was the residence of 
 Lady M. W. Montague; and is now compa- 
 ratively deserted. 
 
 Belorado, a town of Italy, in Friuli, seated 
 near the Tojamenta ; 81 miles S. by W. of 
 Udina. 
 
 Belida, or Blkeda, a town of Algiers, in the 
 province of Titeria, at the foot of a ridge of 
 mountains; 15 miles S. E. of Algiers. 
 
 Belitz, a tn. of Brandenbuig, in the Middle 
 Mark, with a manufecture of cloth; seated on a 
 nver of the same name; 27 miles S.W. of 
 Berlin. 
 
 Bellac, a town of France, in the departmeat 
 of Upper Vienne, seated on the Vincon ; 20 miles 
 N. of Limoges. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 Bellairb, a town of Maryland, capital of 
 Harford county ; 22 miles N. E. of Baltimore, 
 and 86 W. S.W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Bellegarde, a fortress of France, in the 
 department of Eastern Pyrenees, and an im- 
 portant place, on account of its being a passage 
 to the Pyrenees. It was taken by the Spaniards 
 in 1793, but retaken the next "year, 'it is 15 
 miles S. of Perpignan, 
 
 Bblleoahde, a tn. of France, in the depart 
 
BEL 
 
 thrpHti i ^:.^*«P\f- . It » 10 miles long and 
 
 JalWoP^ ;„r7:-r ^^^ "»«8y mountains. 
 MlNworks and fertile plains. The princioal 
 
 It wa8 taken by the English in 1761 and 
 
 partment of Morbihan, and contains a popula^ 
 tion^of about 6800. Long. 3. 5. W. Lr47: 
 
 Belleisle, an island at the N.E. end of a 
 
 s 20 ^ "^ •*''^ -^'"V* "^ B^l'^'l^- The island 
 
 S1.58!n! ' ^""«' *^- ^^'^' ^*- 
 
 menf of olt^ " T" °^ ^.""'*'^' '" t^^^ depart- 
 
 K S. E. of Alencon, and 80 S. W. of Paris. 
 
 Belley a town of France, in the department 
 of Ajn and lately a bishop's see; seated „^ 
 the Rhone j 40 miles S. E. of Bouig. LonJ.T 
 44. E. lat. 45. 47. N. Pop. about 3800. 
 
 ♦!,» n{;?^'*?' ? *r" ^ *^® Bavarian circle of 
 the Rhme lying between Laudan and Phillips, 
 bu^. on the W. side of the river. ^"""P*- 
 
 n m.frw''"^!*'' ^*"• '" Northumberland, with 
 a market on Tuesday, seated on the N. branch 
 
 of «^';"'?''^'?i°''" °^ Switzeriand, capital 
 Te£o T^*? ''^J"^^- " " '^"ted' on the 
 lesino, 5 miles above its entrance into the lake 
 
 »rir4f8^N'-^-°^"''^~^-«- 
 
 tween the Friths of Forth and Tay, Zr^etiv 
 vepr dangerous in foggy weather, and bJS 
 
 t'onTaltt''''''' "•■"'^V^^^' ^y th«^««- 
 tion of a bght-house upon the most prominent 
 pomt, m lat. 56. 26. N. and long. 2. 23 W 
 
 PrSw'' r T • ' "^ ^i?'"'=* "^^ It^ly- 'y'"g between 
 Fnuh, Cadormo, Feltrino, and Tyrol! It has 
 ^TgB woods, and iron mines; and is fertile in 
 of notT'"^' ' ^®""°° " ^^^ °"Jy place 
 
 l.m^'''"'^' * u-^v* "f ^'^^y- *»P'**1 of the Bel- 
 AinT' .u ^.^'^W» 8«e. seated among the 
 Alps on the nver Piave; 15 miles N. E. of Fel- 
 tr..^ Ung. 12. 9. E. lat. 43. 13. N. Pop. about 
 
 Belmont, a county on the E. side of the 
 state of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio River 
 which separates it from Virginia. The popula- 
 tion m 1810 was 11,097, and in 1840. f&i 
 
 cilSb^ ' '^ '""""' " ^''^^ """«• E of 
 
 fnwn?-'"^' *® """P^ °f two inconsiderable 
 towns in France, one in the department of I o5r<> 
 and the other in Aveiron. ^^"^"^ °' *^""^^. 
 Bkloveb, a town in the N. E. part of Croatia 
 near the frontiers of Sclwonia. ' 
 
 BEL 
 
 BEtoocHiSTAN, a Country of Asia. lyinir be- 
 tween Persia and the Indus, the boundarifsTf 
 which are very imperfectly defined. Ihe in- 
 
 extemr^hl°?'"^r« '''j""^ "^ P*"^™' tribes, 
 
 extend their temtory wherever pasture and fer- 
 
 lity invite, and the power of their arms prove 
 
 f„ &T* * ^'^r^ *''^'» "gainst interrupUon^ 
 an feet, instead of Beloochistan being desimated 
 
 It as the eastern part of Pereia, inhabited by nu- 
 merous predatory and lawless tribes, poss^ing 
 
 LT '^^f''T"l" *^"^'«' ftom which thf 
 name of Belooches has been derived, nnd which 
 will be more folly elucidated under the head of 
 Persia. Kelat is the capital. 
 
 Belldza, a town of Hindostan. in Mysore 
 with a citadel, both of them strongly fortified 
 
 ut \ « "^ ''?" "'"' " ^^^- In the vicinity 
 M much fine nee ground, and a great number 
 
 ^nS^lLT'"^- ""3»milesN.ofSe- 
 
 nr.^^^^"^^ '" Derbyshire, with a market 
 on Saturday. Here are several large cotton- 
 mill^ a bleach ng-mill, and an iroo^oistand 
 about a dozen large establishments for Se m^ 
 nufecture of nails. It is seated on theDerwent 
 
 Loldon °^ ^^''*^' """^ '^* N.n!w of 
 
 Belpre, a town of the state of Ohio, on the 
 
 tKiS"*"/ l^" Ohio opposite the m'outh of 
 the Little Kanhaway; 14 miles S.W. ofM« 
 netta, and 46 N.E. of GalliopoUs 
 
 Belpuio, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with 
 a famous convent; 18 miles E.N.E. of Lerida. 
 
 Uelt, Great, a strait of Denmark, between 
 the islands of Zealand and Funen, which foras 
 a communication between the Cattegat and the 
 Ba tic. Owing to its more circuitous course it 
 w not so much frequented as the «3und. (See 
 Baltic.) In 1658 the whole strait was frozen 
 so hnrd^that Charies Gustevus, king of Sw^en 
 ma^ed over it with a desi^ to take Co^t' 
 
 Belt. Little, a strait, W. of the Great Belt 
 between Funen and North Jutland. Tis one 
 of the passage, from the Cattegat to the BaWc 
 th^ugh^ not three miles in br^dth. and vei;' 
 
 Belturbet. a tn. in the N. part of the county 
 of Cavan, Ireland, it is in the parish of Anna^h 
 Previous to the union it returned a member to 
 the Irish parliament. Nine miles N. N W of 
 Cavan, and 61 of Dublin. * 
 
 Belvedere, a town of European Turkey 
 
 X M * f^'^'lP^^'"''^ »f '^' same nS; 
 m the Morea. The raisins called Belveder^ 
 come from this place. It is 17 miles NlTf 
 Chirenza. Long. 21. 45. E. lat. 38, 0. N 
 
 Uelvedere is the name of several small 
 towns in different parts of Italy. 
 
 Belvez, a town of France, in the department 
 
 Belum, a town of Hanover, i.ear the mouth 
 VI the Oste; •<J4 miles N. W. of Stede. ' Consi 
 d^ble quanUties of flax are grown i„ S'^t 
 
 Belub, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a 
 
■ .^Hl'»"— -..'.t' 
 
 BEL 
 
 78 
 
 r 
 
 i. my 
 
 V ' 
 
 m 
 
 province of the tame name, which is a hilly 
 country, bounded on the N. and E. by the Belur 
 Tbgler, or Dark Mountains, anciently the Imaug. 
 The capital is 200 miles E. of Dudakshan. Long. 
 74. 10. E. lat. 36. 36. N. 
 
 Belzio, a '.own of Saxony Proper, with n 
 castle, seated on the Walse; '25 miles N. N.W. 
 of Wittenburg. 
 
 Bemba, a province of Congo, Africa. The in- 
 habitants are idolatrous, and clothe in the un- 
 prepared skins of animals. 
 
 Ben, a name prefixed to most of the moun- 
 tains in Scotland ; the following are among the 
 most considerable, with the counties in wliich 
 situate, and their altitude above the level of the 
 
 sea: — 
 
 Ben Ardlanich 
 Beauchonzie 
 Beinglo 
 Abourd 
 Avon 
 Choachan 
 Cloch 
 Ivas 
 Nevis 
 Lomond 
 
 Perth 
 
 Aberdeen 
 
 Feet. 
 3600 
 2922 
 3725 
 3940 
 2920 
 3000 
 
 Roes 
 
 Clackmannan 2420 
 Perth 4000 
 
 Inverness 4370 
 Stirling 3240 
 
 Bena, or Bene, a fortified town of Piedmont, 
 in the N. W. part of the province of Mondovi ; 
 28 miles S. by £. of Turin. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 Benares, an exceedingly fertile district of 
 Hindostan, in the N.E. part of the province of 
 Allahabad, between those of Bahar and Oude. 
 It contains the circars of Benares, Jionpour, 
 Chunar, and Gazypour ; and was ceded to the 
 English in 1775. It is very productive in rice, 
 sugar, silk, cotton, and indigo. 
 
 Benares, the chief town of the district, is one 
 of the finest and most populous towns of all 
 Hindostan. It is beautifully located on the N. 
 bank of the Ganges, and celebrated as the an. 
 cient seat of Brahminical learning. Several 
 Hindoo temples embellish the high banks of 
 the river ; and many other public and private 
 buildings are magnificent. The streets are 
 narrow, the houses high, and some of them five 
 storied each, inhabited by different families, but 
 the more wealthy Gentoos live in detached 
 houses, with an open court, surrounded by 
 a wall. Nearly in the centre of the city is 
 a considerable Mahometan mosque, built by 
 the emperor Aurungzebe, who destroyed a mag- 
 nificent Hindoo temple to make room for it. 
 There is also a very superb temple, built by the 
 rajah Cheytsing, who was driven fi'om Benares 
 for exciting an insurrection against the British 
 in 1781, and who was finally deposed in 1783. 
 There are ruins of several Hindoo temples in 
 the vicinity, destroyed by the intolerance of 
 Mahometans. In addition to the consequence 
 derived from the vast congregation of persons, 
 occasioned by tk j priestcraft of Benares, it is the 
 centre of a very extensive traffic for all the pro- 
 ductions and manufactures of the east, and 
 is distinguished for its trade in diamonds, and 
 works in gold and jewellery. It is the seat of 
 a British jurisdiction, and is about 130 miles 
 W. by S. of Patna, and 460 W. by N. of Cal- 
 cutta. Pop. about 600,000. 
 
 BEN 
 
 Benatek, a town in the circle of Bunslau, 
 Bohemia, situate on the west bank of the I«er 
 River ; about 30 miles N. E. of Prague. Tycho 
 Brnh^ died here in IGOl. 
 
 Benavari, a town of Spain, in Arragon ; 17 
 miles N. of Lerida. 
 
 Benavbnte, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the 
 river Esla ; 35 miles S. S. W. of Leon. 
 
 Benavente, a town of Portugal in Alentejo, 
 on the river Soro, near its confluence with the 
 Tajo; 30 miles E. N. E. of Lisbon. 
 
 Benbecula, an island of Scotland, one of the 
 Hebrides, between North and South Uist, from 
 the last of which it is separated by a narrow 
 channel, nearly dry at low water. It in of 
 a circular form, including the inlets of the sea 
 9 miles in diameter. The soil is sandy and 
 unproductive, but much kelp is made from the 
 sea-weed thrown on the coast. 
 
 Bencoolen, a settlement of the English East 
 India Company, on the south-west side of the 
 island of Sumatra. The settlement was first 
 formed in 1690, after the valiant Dutch drove 
 all the English from Batavia. The unhealthiness 
 of the spot first chosen destroyed,in 1692, nearly 
 the whole of the European population : a new 
 site was chosen, and the fort called Fort Marl- 
 borough has proved more congenial to the 
 physical constitutions of Europeans; but it is 
 still considered the most disagreeable place in 
 all the British dominions of the east. The town 
 is inhabited by natives from all parts of Asia. 
 The chief occupation of the people of the 
 country is the culture of the pepper plant, the 
 extent of the produce of which is very great, 
 and constitutes its exclusive means of external 
 commerce. Fort Marlborough is in lat. 3. 48. 
 S. and 102. 28. £. long. 
 
 Bencoonat, a town at the south-west ex- 
 tremity of the island of Sumatra; about 120 
 miles S. £. of Bencoolen. 
 
 Bencowse, a town of Algier, in the province 
 of Constantine, 25 miles S. S. £. of Seteef. 
 
 Bendala, a town of Bomou, North Africa ; 
 about 200 miles E. of the capital. 
 
 Bender, or Tbken, a fortified town of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, capital of Bessarabia. Here 
 Charles XII. of Sweden resided, after his de- 
 feat at Pultowa in 1709. Previous to 1770, 
 when the Russians took Bender by storm, and 
 totally destroyed th3 town, and afterwards 
 abandoned it, it contained about 30,000 in- 
 habitants. In 1789, it was taken again by the 
 Russians almost without a struggle, but restored 
 to the Turks in the following year; again taken 
 by the Russians, to whom, with the whole of 
 Bessarabia and all that part of Moldavia east 
 of the Pruth, it was confirmed by treaty in 
 1812. It is seated on the west bank of the 
 Dniester, about 100 miles E. by S. of Jassy, and 
 410 N. of Constantinople. Present pop. about 
 10,000. 
 
 Bender Major, Beou, and Risuer, three 
 towns on the north-east shore of the Persian 
 gulf. 
 
 Bendorf, a town on the ciist bank of the 
 Rhine; about 6 miles N. of Cobleiitz. 
 
 Beneadi, a large town of Upper Egypt, 
 
e of Bunilau, 
 k of the I«er 
 'rague. Tycho 
 
 Arragon ; 17 
 
 1 Leon, on the 
 
 Leon. 
 
 il in Alentejo, 
 
 ence with the 
 
 ,nd, one of the 
 ith Uist, from 
 [1 by a narrow- 
 er. It ill of 
 its of the sea 
 is sandy and 
 nade from the 
 
 B English East 
 3Bt side of the 
 lent was first 
 t Dutch drove 
 unhealthiness 
 n 1692, nearly 
 lation : a new 
 }d Fort Marl- 
 genial to the 
 ans; but it is 
 eable place in 
 ist. The town 
 parts of Asia, 
 leople of the 
 per plant, the 
 is very great, 
 18 of external 
 I in lat. 3. 48. 
 
 outh-west ex- 
 a; about 120 
 
 I the province 
 
 of Seteef. 
 North Africa ; 
 1. 
 
 town of Eu- 
 arabia. Here 
 
 after his de- 
 ious to 1770, 
 by storm, and 
 \d afterwards 
 it 30,000 in- 
 1 again by the 
 e, but restored 
 ■; again taken 
 
 the whole of 
 Moldavia east 
 
 by treaty in 
 
 bank of the 
 , of Jassy, and 
 )nt pop. about 
 
 lisuER, three 
 )f the Persian 
 
 t bank of the 
 
 leiitz. 
 
 Jpper Egypt, 
 
 BEN 
 
 on the west side of the Nile, In lat. about 27. 
 
 Bene. See Bena. 
 
 Benedetto, St., a town of Italy, in the 
 Mnntuan, near the river Po ; IS miles S, S. E. 
 of Mantua; distinguished, before the revolution 
 for one of the richest and finest convents in all 
 Italy. There is also another town of the same 
 name in Piedmont, 12 miles E. of Bena. 
 
 Benedict, a town of Maryland, in Charles 
 county, situate on the Prtuxent ; 16 miles W 
 of Port Tobacco. 
 
 Benedict, St., a market town of Huncarv 
 on the west bank of the Granj about 6 milM 
 VV. of Pukanz. 
 
 BENEscHAu.a town in the south-west part of 
 hilesia, on the frontier of the principality of 
 rroppau. Also the name of four small towns 
 in Bohemia. 
 
 Benevente, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Creuse; 10 miles N. N. W. of Boraa- 
 neuf. * 
 
 Benevento, a city of Naples, and an arch- 
 bishop 8 see ; capital of Pnncipato Ulteriore 
 and of a small duchy of Its name, lately be-' 
 longing to the pope. Benevento has suffered 
 K^eatly by earthquakes, particularly in 1688, 
 when the archbishop was dug out of tiie ruins 
 ahve. Except Rome, no city of Italy can 
 boast of so many ruins of ancient sculpture as 
 are to be found in this place. It is seated near 
 the confluence of the Sabato and Caloro; 35 
 mdeB N. E. of Naples. Long. 14. 47. E. lat. 
 41.8. N, Pop. 20,350. 
 
 Benfklden, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Lower Rhine, on the river 111- 12 
 miles S. S. W. of Strasbuig. ' 
 
 Bengal, a maritime province, forming the 
 N. E. extremity of the great promontory of 
 Hindostan, lying between the lat. of 22. and 
 26. 30. N. and the 86th and 92nd degree of E. 
 long. It is bounded on the N. E. and N. by 
 Meckley, Assam, and Bootan, countries at 
 present but little known; N. W. by Bahar- S. 
 by Onssa; and S. E. by the ocean, or Bay of 
 rn« ^° A ^^^ contains an area of upwards of 
 100,000 square miles. The river Ganges inter- 
 sects the province from N.W. to S.E., dividing 
 into numerous channels before it falls into the 
 sea, between the 88th and gist degree of long. 
 The Burrampooter enters the province from' 
 Assam, at the N. E. extremity, and mites with 
 the most northern, which is the ma, branch of 
 the Ganges, at its confluence with the sea, whilst 
 the Dummooda waters the S. side of the pro- 
 vince, falling into the Hoogly, or southern 
 branch of the Ganges, below Calcutta: theje 
 nvers, with their numerous tributary Btreams 
 afford a facility of communication by water to' 
 almost every town in the province, and by 
 their periodical overflowings add fertility to the 
 luxuriant and exhaustkss soil. Bengal is al- 
 together a level country, formed of a continuity 
 of vast plains, bounded only by the horizon, 
 yieldmg, with but little aid of culture, all the 
 plants and ihiits peculiar to a tropical climate 
 Kice, cotton, sUk, and saltpetre, are its indige- 
 nous and staple productions, and sugar and 
 
 7V 
 
 BEN 
 
 indiKo have been recently cultivated «7ith neat 
 success, and to a vast extent. Tobacco, hemp, 
 and flax.nrc also produced for internal consump- 
 tion ; but, being inferior in quality to the like pro- 
 ductions of America and Europe, they are not ex- 
 ported. Gums and medicinal plants are various 
 and abundant. Of animals, the elephant and 
 tiger hold the first rank; the former are highly 
 appreciated for their docility, and utility for 
 burthen, pageantry, and war ; and command a 
 value exceeding the value of the horse in 
 Europe, according to their age and condition, 
 m proporti'-n as they exceed the horse in 
 strength and power. Buffaloes and homed 
 cattle are numerous, and horses of various 
 kinds are common. Birds and domestic poul- 
 try of all kinds are very abundant. Previous 
 to the commencement of the 13th century, 
 Bengal was inhabited by an unmixed and fee- 
 ble race of Hindoos, who at that period yielded 
 their authority to a horde of Mahometan ma- 
 rauders {torn the eonfines of Persia and Tar- 
 tery, who established their seat of empire at 
 Delhi, and to whom Bengal continued tributary 
 for about 140 years, when it regained, and re- 
 tamed Its independence for nearly two centu- 
 nes, when it was invaded by Shere Shah, and 
 aflerwanls by the emperor Akbar, who again 
 rendered it tributary to Delhi, to which it con- 
 tinued subject until the year 1756, when the 
 whole province became subject to the authority 
 of the English East India Company, who for 
 half a century previously had established set- 
 tlements on the banks of the Ganges, and pro- 
 gressively extended their influence. They have 
 since divided it into three districts for civil and 
 judicial purposes: via. Calcutta, Dacca, and 
 Moorshedabad, and formed six great military 
 stations; of which Calcutta is the chief, as well 
 as the seat of government of the whole British 
 
 V^^'^nkl ^^ ''■''* *°*»> population ia about 
 iJ,ooo,000, of whom about nine-tenths are na- 
 
 **/ « '"*'°'^' """^ *''® remainder a mixed race 
 of Mahometans, descendants of the early con- 
 querors by intermarriages with the natives, 
 and a fdw Europeans. Manufectures of cottoiiL 
 OT silk, are carried on in almost every town of 
 the povince, and in the principal cities the 
 works 11. gold and jewellery are very extensive 
 Ihe nature and present extent of the com- 
 merce of Bengal will be more fully elucidated 
 under the head of Calcutta, and the nature 
 and ejrtent of revenual exactions under the 
 nead of Hindostan, which see. 
 
 Benoazi a town of North Africa, on the 
 Shore of the Mediterranean, and has a good 
 harbour m the state of Barca, in the beylSi of 
 Tnpoh. Pop. 60,000. 
 
 Benqhela, a maritime district on the W 
 coast of South Africa, lying S. of the Congo 
 nver, between the lat. 10. 30. and 16. S. There 
 are two towns or settlements of the Portuguese 
 on the coast, called Benguela, Old and New. 
 the former m the lat. of 10. SO., and the othe^ 
 m about 12. 30. S., frt,m whence the Pc^rtugucse 
 and Brazihan ships obtain a considerable por- 
 tion of their slaves. See Angola. 
 Beni, a large river of South America, rfeiiig 
 
BEN 
 
 80 
 
 RER 
 
 ' i 
 
 neor the S. extremity of La Pnz, running N. 
 parollel with, and within the most eaatorlv 
 ridge of the Andes, nnd forming tho K. hmnch 
 of the Ucayale, which falls into the Amazon 
 after running from S. to N. through the whole 
 interior of Pern. Tho Jesuits founded some 
 settlements on the banks of tho Beni, of which 
 St. Francisco, Trinidad, and Reyez, in tho lat. 
 of 12. to 14. S.,are the chief. 
 
 Bbnicarlo, a town of Valencia, Spain, a few 
 miles N, of Peniscola. It is celebrated for 
 its wines, of which considerable quantities are 
 exported. 
 
 Bkniono, St., b populous village of Pied- 
 mont, situate on the high road to the Alps, 
 about 10 miles N. of Turin. Pop. about 4.^00. 
 
 Bbnihassen, a maritimo province of Fez, 
 bordering on the Atlantic, of which New Saleo 
 or Rabat in lat 34. 5. N. is the principal out- 
 port. 
 
 Benin, a countiy of North Africa, towards 
 the E. extremity of Upper Guinea, lying prin- 
 cipally N. and W. of the river Formosa, the 
 entrance to which is in lat 5. 33. N. and 4. 
 35. E. long. It is bounded on the W. by 
 Dahomey ; on the E. by Waree ; and N. by 
 undefined boundaries and countries but little 
 known. Benin exhibits many beautiful land- 
 scapes; but the air is noxious near the coast, on 
 account of the gross vapours from the marshes. 
 Oranges and lemons grow on the sides of the 
 roads, and the cotton and pepper plants are 
 indigenous to the soil, but boui are very im- 
 perfectly cultivated. Among the animals are 
 elephants in great number, tigers, leopards, 
 stags, wild boars, civet and mountain cats, 
 horses> hares, and hairy sheep ; a vast number 
 of serpents and other reptiles; and the prin- 
 cipal birds are paroquets, pigeons, partridges, 
 storks, and ostriches. The dress of the native j 
 is neat. The rich wear white calico or cotton 
 petticoats, but the upper part of ihe body is 
 commonly naked. The women use great art in 
 dressing their hair, which they reduce into a 
 variety of forms. The people are skilful in 
 making various sorts of dyes ; and they manu- 
 ticture some cotton into cloths. Polygamy is 
 allowed, and the number of wives is limited bv 
 the state of their circumstances only. Though 
 jealous of each other, they offer their wives to 
 Europeans. Their religion is paganism, the 
 king himself being fetiche, and, as such, the 
 chief object of adoration in his dominions. The 
 chief town, called also Benin, is one of the 
 most populous of all Western Africa, contain- 
 ing about 15,000 inhabitants. It is situate 
 inland about 40 miles from Gatto, a town 
 situate at the head of a large inlet of the For- 
 mosa river. The road from Gatto to Benin is 
 over a level country, in some places swampy 
 and thickly wooded, and the country around the 
 town of Benin is also thickly wooded. Like all 
 other African towns, Benin is very unequally 
 laid out. The houses are all built of clay, and 
 covered with reeds, straw, o> leaves. The 
 royal palace is of vast extent, but neither ele- 
 gant scr commodious. Al! male slaves here are 
 fintagners ; for the inhabitants cannot be sold 
 
 for slaves, only they bear the name of tho 
 king's slaves. Since the restriction of the 
 slavo-twdo to tho 8, of the equator, Benin, in 
 common with the whole extent of the western 
 coast of Africa, from the river Gambia, in lat. 
 13. N. to Malemba, in lat 5. S., has shown 
 itself capable of affording all the means requi- 
 site for the formation pf an intercourse, as 
 social and reciprocal as the slave-traffic wns 
 debasing, partial, and vicious. Tho commerce 
 of Great Britain with this part of Africa is in- 
 considerable. 
 
 Benin- Dazy, St., a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nievre, having several iron-mines in 
 its vicinity. Pop. 1600. 
 
 Benisuef, or Benisouef, a town ol >,7pt, 
 with manufactures of carpets, and woollen and 
 linen stuffs, seated on the Nile, 60 miles S. of 
 Cairo. The town has a splendid appearance, 
 from the numerous mosques. 
 
 Benkenstein, or Benneckenstein, a town 
 of the Prussian states, in the duchy of Saxony, 
 1 1 miles S. W. of Halberstadt. 
 
 Bbnninoen, a village of Wirtembutg, on the 
 Neckar, where the remains of a Roman town 
 were discovered in 1697. 
 
 Benninqton, a county forming the S. W. 
 part of the state of Vermont, bordering on the 
 state of Bew York. Pop. 16,872. 
 
 Benninqton, the chief town of the preceding 
 county. Though the largest and oldest town 
 in the state, the judicial courts are commonly 
 held at Rutland and Windsor alternately. In 
 or near this town. Colonel Stark gained two 
 battles, on Aug. 16th, 1777, which contributed 
 to the subsequent surrender of General Bur- 
 goyne's army. Bennington is situate at the 
 foot of the Green Mountains, near the S. W. 
 comer of the state; 30 miles E. by N. of 
 Albany, and 129 S. S. W. of Montpelier. 
 Pop. 3429. 
 
 Bensbebq, a town of the duchy of Berg, 
 Westphalia ; 7 miles E. of Mulheim, on the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Benshuih, a town of Germany, 25 miles 
 N. N. W. of Heidelbei^, and 10 N. E. of 
 Worms. Pop. about 3100. 
 
 Bensinoton, commonly called Benson, a 
 town in Oxfordshire, on the high road from 
 London to Oxfo i. It was formerly the abode 
 of royalty, and has an hospital called God's 
 House. 
 
 Bentheih, formerly a county of the circle of 
 Westphalia, but now formuig part of the king- 
 dom of Hanover. It is about 18 miles in 
 breadth and 45 in length, bordering on the 
 United Provinces of Holland, intersected from 
 S. to N. by the Vecht. Pop, about 25,000, 
 There is a town of the same name, inconsider- 
 able. The chief towns are Neinhus, Northern, 
 and Schuttorf. 
 
 Bentivoglio, a town of Italy, in Bolognese, 
 10 miles N. E, of Bologna. 
 
 Benzhausen, a populous village, with seve- 
 ral iron-forges, in the mining district of Smal- 
 calden, county of Henneberg, circle of Fran- 
 conis. 
 
 Bebab, an interior province of the Deccan of 
 
 MM 
 
 r 
 
BER 
 
 Hindoitan, hoxM on the N. by M„ltta un.i 
 Allahabjwl. h hy On„a. S. by (ioIc«n.l«. u„d 
 W. by Dowlntabad and Cnndeish. Tho prin- 
 cipal part of It m nominally subject to « rajah 
 under the .urvcijlance of the English Tast 
 
 mSm E tnT*" r""''y "'""'''' "0 
 from N ^ «• T. •• *•"''? '." •«'"P place*. 200 
 from N. to S. Its capital is Nagpour. Little 
 
 N^"r.r rn-,"« *^" interior, but that abou? 
 Nngpmir u fertile and well culUvated. The 
 general appearance of tho country, particularly 
 between Nagpour and Orissa. is tW of a forest 
 thinly set with villages and towns. ' 
 
 Eo«rJ!!*I'.°' ^'^"t"'^" 3BL0HADB, the ancient 
 
 B^i!„„P ''^^"'''"'•- Pop- about 12,000. 
 hpmf. . ^"^"k'"""' *" ^"'erior circle of Bo- 
 
 lat., and 13 45. and 14. 30. of E. long It ii 
 intersected from S. to N. by tho Moldau riLi 
 which falls into the Elbe. aCt 20 mi?^ N '^ 
 
 S. bank of a nver of the same name, which 
 
 iT.rir'.'lf ^'■°"*'«"' °f Bavaria, and falls 
 into the Moldau a few miles S. of Prague. It 
 
 trst!rro5'p~"^ ^•^--• 
 
 niandel to Cape Guardafui. At a town of the 
 
 n 4S TV?"" ^^% '•""'• •" 'at. 10. 25, N. 
 »f »^ 1. ;u*^- '°"8* a large annual fair is held 
 Sai iSr'^"^«'=*"«'» P'«>d"etionsof pS: 
 cenL n^vih "t,«''e'l«"Ked &' gum. frankin- 
 Thr'8^m7 f'/l!'' "^?"'' "*''" commodities, 
 fto^ ^ ° ''^ * P°'"* °f the African coast 
 froni whence a more advantageous intercourse 
 might be established with the interior tha„ any 
 
 n^'nn" " ""•'•'^ ""^^^"^ «' eastern coasts ^ 
 Berdicb, a nver of South America tiren 
 trance to which is in lat. 6. 29. N a^d 67. U. 
 «; A^- ^^"tations formed by the D^tch 
 ^i ™ Ir ^'^^ "''^ "^ '^^ "ver for atouVS 
 Z^ "'""^.t^e. coa«t- The colony surrendered 
 
 S AmiSf '^''i ^^^^ ' 8^^^" "P at the pelS 
 ot Amiens; retaken on the renewal of the war 
 
 StenkT "" ""'^ largely cultivated on 
 
 Berchtolsoaden, provostship of, encircled 
 by the archbishopric of Saltzburg foSy 
 
 pcS^ShrraA-di^ 
 
 ^ge quandties of which are exported to E^' 
 tend, the district produces great quantities of 
 
 61 
 
 BER 
 
 Dkhik)a, See Uvtuw. 
 
 linHK IlEois, a town in Dorsetshire, wfth ■ 
 market on Wednesday. On W.^dbun^hiH 
 half a mile to the N. E., is a circular ^man 
 camp, enclosed within three trenches. The 
 
 IT ihf P^.P" 'I'S "*""■ "«" 'ts confluence 
 with the Piddle; 12 miles E. by N. of Dor- 
 Chester, and 112 S. W. of London. 
 
 Bbreoh, a fl-ontier county of Upper Hun- 
 gary, bounded on the S. by" tho river Thoiss 
 and W. by the Carpathian mountains. Pon. 
 about 4fi,000. ' 
 
 Berroh, and Berrohszaz, two of the prin- 
 cipal towns, are situate in the S. W. part of tho 
 preceding county, 
 
 Bereillv, a city of Hindostan. capital of 
 Kohilla, which was conquered by the nabob of 
 Oude, m 1774 It is 120 miles N. N. W. of 
 Lucknow. Long, 79. 40. E. lat. 28. 30. N. 
 
 Bbrei.08, a lake of Egypt, between Dnmietta 
 and Roaetta, of an oval form. 32 miles long, 
 and 10 broad m the middle. 
 
 Berenice, an ancient port of Said, or Upper 
 iigypt, the ruins of which still remain. The 
 harbour is safe and commodious. 
 
 Beretsk, a town at the S. E. frontier of 
 Imnsylvania, near the pass of Oitosch. 
 Berezina, a river of Lithuania, which hai 
 
 !!*f T/*'^.n'"'(T* ^'^^^ "^ the same name, in 
 lat. 54. 60. N.. and, after receiving several 
 tributary streams, and running S. through the 
 palatinate of Minsk, parallel with the Dnieper, 
 through nearly three degrees of lat., falls into 
 that nver a little above Rzeczyca. It is 
 memorable for the disasters which its passage 
 occasioned to the French army on its rrtr^ 
 trom Moscow in 1 8 1 2. There is a small river 
 ot the same name falling into the Vistula, a 
 few miles S. E. of Thorn. 
 
 Berezinskoi, a town of Siberia, on the 
 
 Irtisch river; about 40 miles S.E. of Tobolsk. 
 
 iJEREzov, a considerable town of Siberia. 
 
 "vwu" «J I''® confluence of the Soswa river, 
 
 with the W. branch of the Obe; in lat. 64. 
 
 BEIU3, a duchy of Westphalia, lying along 
 the nver Rhme, to the S, of the duchy of' 
 Cleve, about 60 miles in length, and from 10 
 to 22 m breadth. It is full of woods and 
 mountains, but fertile upon the banks of the 
 Khine,and m the valleys; and has mines of 
 lead, iron, and coal. Dusseldorf- is the capital. 
 It now fonns a part of the Prussian provinces 
 ot the Lower Rhine. Pop. about 295,000. 
 
 ±JERo 18 also the name of several towns in 
 aitterent parts of Germany 
 
 on?h„T'.^*T ?lSpain,"in Catalonia, seated 
 on the Lobrogat; 18 miles E. N. E. of Solsona. 
 Beroa is also the name of two towns in 
 Noway. °"^ "* Switzerland, and another in 
 Beroamasco, a province of Italy, bounded 
 TowarHh' *^^yalteline, and the'^Milane^ 
 nn,riyfa ^ ^' '*, ^' mountainous and rocky, 
 and has mines of iron; some of thb valleys 
 produce much wme and oil: and in fh«« vJcini*- 
 01 the capital, Bergamo, it' is ver^ fertife Tt 
 
 B^^.Tf.'^'' '^'"««^'"" of Italy unde 
 Buonaparte, but was transferred to Austria at 
 
 G 
 
r 
 
 i * I 
 
 BBR 
 
 th« OoniNH of Vienna, auhMquently to the 
 p«ace o^ 1815. Pop. about 36.5,000. 
 
 BEaoAHo, an ancient city of Italy, and n 
 biihop'i •««, capital of Hergnmasco, with a 
 citadel. It it famous for iti Bcwinff-silk; nnd 
 its fkir, on St. iiartholoniow's day, is ruHortiMt 
 to by merchants from distant parts. It stands 
 on B hill, bvtween tho riverH liremba and Sotio; 
 80 miles N. K. of Milan ; it contains several 
 fine edifices, and is distinguished as a birth- 
 place of several eminent artists and literati. 
 Pop. about H0,000. 
 
 Bbhuaho, a city of Natolia. See Peroami. 
 Bbroedork, a town on the N. bank of the 
 Elbe; about 10 miles £. of Hamburg. 
 
 Bbroen, a city and seaport of Norway, 
 capital of n government of the same name, 
 and a bishi>|, n see, with a castle. It forms a 
 semicircle round a small gulf of the sea, and 
 ii the most populous town in Norway, contain- 
 ing 20,«44 inhabitants. On tho land side it is 
 defended by mountains, and on the other by 
 •everal fortifications. All the churches, and 
 many of the houses, are of stone, but most of 
 the latter are constructed of wood. The castle 
 and cathedral are remarkable edifices. It car- 
 ries on a great trade in skins, fir- wood, deals, 
 tar, and dried fish; it is 170 miles W. by N. of 
 Christiann. Long. 6. 20. E. lat. 60. 24. N. 
 
 Beroen, a t^wn of North Holland, noted 
 for two bloody battles in 1799, between the 
 English and Russian forces opposed by the 
 Dutch and Fiench, which terminated in favour 
 of the former. It is situate among woods ; 4 
 miles N. N. E. of Alcmaar. 
 
 Beroen, the chief town of the island of 
 RuGEN, which see. 
 
 Beroen, a considerable town of New Jersey. 
 The inhabitants are mostly descendants from 
 tho Dutch settlers. It is surrounded by water, 
 except on the north, and separated by the river 
 Hudson from the city of New York, 3 miles 
 distant. The county contains a population of 
 13,223. The courts ore held at Hackensack, 
 74 miles N. E. of Trenton. 
 
 Beroen-op-Zoom, a town of Dutch Brabant, 
 capital of a morquisate of the same name. It 
 is a handsome place, and its fortress is one of 
 the strongest in the Netherlands, seated partly 
 on a hill, and partly on the river Zoom, which 
 communicates with the Scheldt by a canal. It 
 has several times been besieged to no purpose ; 
 but was taken by the French, in 1747, and in 
 1794. In 1814, the English attempted to carry 
 this place by storm; but, after forcing a passage 
 into tho town, their retreat was cut off, when 
 they were nearly all killed or made prisoneiB. 
 It is 16 miles N. of Antwerp, and 22 S. W. of 
 Breda. Long. 4. 22. E. lat. 51. 30. N. 
 
 Berograc, a tovm of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, seated on the north bank of 
 *he river Dordogne; 24 miies S. by W. of Per- 
 riguoux, and 48 E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 8600. 
 Berooo, an interior district of North Africa, 
 lying to the east of Bergherme; Wara is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Bero-Reichenstein, »nd Berostadt, two 
 towns in tho circle of Piachin Bohemia, situate 
 
 Ifl 
 
 BCR 
 
 in a mining district, on the frontiers of Bavaria. 
 
 Hkiuium, a fortified town of France, in the 
 department of Nord, on the river Colmo, at th« 
 foot of n mountain; 5 miles S. of Dunkirk. 
 
 Hkrozaokrn, u town of llavaria, circle of 
 the Rhine, seated on the Kribach ; miles 
 S. S. W. of Landau, and 34 S. E. of Deux 
 Ponta 
 
 UiiRKiiAMPSTEAr., a town in Hertfordshire, 
 with a market on Saturday. Roman coins have 
 I 'en often duj up here ; and on tho north side 
 are tho remams of a cnstio, the residence of 
 the kings of Mercin. In 697 a parliament was 
 held here, and Ina's laws published. Hero 
 William the Conqueror swore to his nobility, 
 to maintjiin tho laws made by his predecessors. 
 Henry II. kept his court in this town, and 
 granted to it many privileges; and James I., 
 whose children were nursed here, made it a 
 corporation ; but this government was dropped 
 in the civil wars. The church is n hondsomo 
 Gothic structure. It is seated on the west 
 branch of the river Gmie, on tho G,-and Junc- 
 tion Canol, and near the Birmingham railway ; 
 26 miles N. W. of London. 
 
 Behkkley, a town in Gloucestershire, go- 
 verned by a mayor, with a market on Wednes- 
 day. It has a trade in timber, coals, malt, and 
 cheese, which is benefited by meons of a canal 
 fVom Gloucestershire. Here is an ancient castle 
 on a rising ground, in which Edward II. was 
 murdered. Berkeley has the honour of giving 
 birth to the justly celebrated Dr. Edward Jen- 
 ner, the discoverer of vaccine inoculation. It 
 10 seated on the Little Avon, near its confluence 
 with the Severn; 15 miles S.W. of Gloucester, 
 and 114 W. of London. 
 
 Berkeley, a frontier county of Virginia, 
 bounded on the north by the Potomac River, 
 which separates it from Pennsylvania. Pop. 
 in 1820, 11,211, being about 350 less than m 
 1810, and in 1840, 10,972. Martinsburg, 192 
 miles N. by W. of Richmond, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Berks, or Berkshire, an inland and very 
 irregular shoped county of England : its length 
 is 48 miles, its breadth 29, nnd its circumference 
 nearly 208 miles. The river Thames, by a very 
 circuitous course, divides it on tho north and 
 east from the counties of Oxford and Bucks, and 
 it is bounded on the west by Wiltshire, nnd 
 south by Hampshire. Reading, 39 miles west 
 of London, is the chief town ; but the assizes for 
 the county are held alternately at Abingdon. At 
 the east end of the county, on the south bank 
 of the Thames, is the castle and extensive do- 
 main of Windsor, a residence of the kings of 
 England, and one of the most stately and mag- 
 nificent abodes in Europe, or the world. The 
 other principal towns are Maidenhead, New- 
 bury, and Hungerford. The county has but 
 few manufactures; some sacking is made in the 
 vicinity of Abingdon, and some ribbons and silk 
 plush in the vicinity of Rending; but its supply 
 of colonial, foreign, and manufactured produc 
 tions is obtained by means of a surplus of grain, 
 flour, mnU, wool, some cattle and sheep, mid u 
 considerable quantity of oak timber. In this 
 
BRR 
 
 county are alio Frogmore, Cumberland LoJ^e, 
 Cranbouf 11 Ludgo, and other residences of the 
 royal fhmily, with numerous seats Iwlonging to 
 the nobility and gentry. It roturni throe mem- 
 bers to (wirliament. 
 
 liERKS, an interior county of Pennsylvania, 
 bounded on the north-west by the Blue Ilidgo 
 of the Allegany Mountains, and intersected from 
 
 ■I 
 
 BBK 
 
 the north-west to south-cast by tho Schulkyl 
 River. Pop. G4,,5<i9. Rending, 52 miles L 
 by N. of Ilarrisburg, is tho chief town. 
 
 BeiiKRiiiRR, a county forming the whole 
 western boundary of tho state of Massachusets 
 bordering on the state of New York. Pop! 
 41,745. Lenox, the chief town, in the centre 
 of the county, is 129 miles duo west of Boston, 
 Berlamont, r town of France, in tho depart- 
 ment of Nord; 6 miles E. S. E. of Quesnov. 
 
 BKaLKBURo, a town of Germany, in the lilec- 
 torate of Hesso, with a castle, seated on the 
 Berlelwch, near its confluence with the Eder- 
 20 miles N. W. of Marburg, and 70 S. E. of 
 Cassel. 
 
 Berlin, a city of Germany, capital of the 
 Electomto of Brandenburg, and of the whole 
 Priissian dominions ; one of the largest, best 
 built, and best governed of any in Germany It 
 is defended partly by walls, partly by palisades, 
 and has sixteen gates. Tho streets are straight, 
 wide, and long ; and its large squares, magnifi- 
 cent palaces, churches, and other buildings are 
 scarcely to be equalled. The magnificent avenue 
 of lime trees, " Unter dem linden," is 2082 feet 
 long, and 1 70 broad. It is 1 2 miles in circum- 
 ference; but within this inclosure are nume- 
 rous gardens; and many beautiful houses are let 
 oq/flT' *» '»«=*'«;^cs. The populaUon is 
 -4jJb,UdO. The royal palace contains a fine 
 library, a rich cabinet of curiosities and medals, 
 and the supreme colleges of government. Near 
 the palace stands the magnificent cathedral 
 Here are also several academies and hospitals! 
 an astronomical observatory, a superb arsenal 
 and a royal cloth manufacture, Berlin has a 
 flounshing trade, occasioned by its numerous 
 manufactures of silk, wool, cotton, camel's hair, 
 linen, Prussian blue, cutlery, and porcelain: and 
 by Its enamelled, inlaid, and embroidered works 
 It 18 seated on the river Spree, from which there 
 IS a canal to tho Oder on the east, and another 
 to the Elbe on the west; but it has a communi- 
 cation by water, both with the Baltic Sea and 
 
 i^^.nf'""" ^"""- '^^'^ "ty «''« taken, in 
 1760, by an army of Russians, Austriaiis, and 
 oaxons, who were obliged to evacuate it in a 
 few days. In 1 006, ten days after the battle of 
 Jena, the French entered this city, and Buona- 
 parte held a court in the palace. It is 1 00 miles 
 N. of Dresden, and 185 N, W. of Breslau. 
 Long. 13. 22. E. lat 52. 31. N. 
 
 Berlin, a town in Renssalaer county, state of 
 New \ork, on the E. bank of the Hudson 
 Itiver; 15 miles E. of Albany. Pop. 1794. It 
 18 also the name of several other towns in dif- 
 ferent parts of the United States. 
 
 Bermeo, or BoRMKO, a town of Soain. in Bis- 
 cay, ou the Bay of Biscay, near the iCape of 
 Machicaco; 16 miles E. of Bilboa. 
 
 Bkrmuda Hu.-«Da«D, or Citi Poi.tr n port 
 of Virginia, in Clicstorfiold county. The ox- 
 ports from this place are collected at Richmond. 
 ^0 miles alwve it, and to which it is the out- port 
 City Point, tVom which it is namc<l, is on the 8. 
 bank of James Hirer, four miles S. S. W. of the 
 town. Long. 77. 31. W. lat. 37, 16. N, 
 
 Bermudas, or SoHRRa Islands, four islands 
 in the Atlantic Ocean; 500 miles E, of Carolina, 
 and Burroundwl by rocks. They were discovered 
 by Juan Bermudas, a Spaniard, in 1 527 ; but not 
 inhabited till 160a, wlieii Sir George Somors 
 was cast awajr upon them ; mid they have be- 
 longed to Britain ever since. They abound in 
 cedar wood, with which a number of small ves- 
 sels are built. Some sugar and coffee is culti- 
 vated for exportation. They are much subject 
 to hurncanes and tornadoes. Pop. 11,000. The 
 principal island is called St. George, and the 
 
 J-T?.'™** ,i!"'.*""° "*™®' » '" 'at- 3-- 22. N. and 
 64. 33, W. long. 
 
 Bern, or Berne, the largest of the cantons 
 ot bwitierland, being 160 miles long and 75 
 broad. It is the most fertile country in Swit- 
 zerland, and divided into two principal parts 
 called the German and Roman ; but the last is 
 most commonly called the Pays de Vaud. It is 
 intersected from S. to N. by the river Aar- on 
 the S. E. part are the lakes of Thun and Bri'enz, 
 and on the N. W. it extends to Lake Neufchatel, 
 and to that of Geneva. Tho religion is Calvin- 
 ism. Pop. about 338,000. 
 
 Berne, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 canton of Berne. Hero is a celebrated academy 
 and a rich library. It i« a strong place, in a 
 penmsula formed by the river Aar; it is esti- 
 mated to contain 18,000 inhabitants. The houses 
 are built of freestone, and pretty uniform, par- 
 ticularly in the principal street, and there are 
 piazzas on each side, with a walk raised four feet 
 above the level of the street, very commodious 
 in wet weather. The streets are traversed by a 
 canal, and the public buildings are magnificent. 
 In the arsenal are preserved tho figure and 
 armour of the celebrated William Tell, in the 
 act of taking aim at the apple on his son's head. 
 Berne was taken in 1798 by the French. It is 
 70 miles N. E. of Geneva. Long. 7. 29. E. lat. 
 46. 57. N. 
 
 Bernard, Grand St., a mountain on the 
 Pennine Alps, on the fh)ntiers of Piedmont- 15 
 miles N. N. W. of Aosta. On the summit, at a 
 height of 11,000 feet, is a large convent, where 
 the monks entertain all travellers gratis, for 
 thTM days. It was by this passage Buonaparte 
 conducted his army into Italy in 1800, Littlo 
 St. Bernard, to the S. W„ is 7194 ft, in height. 
 Bernard Castle, or Barnard Castlb, a 
 towTi in the county of Durham, with a market 
 on Wednesday, and manufactures of stockings 
 and camlets. It takes its name from a castlo 
 built by Bernard Baliol, king of Scotland, who 
 founded an hospital here. It is seated on tho 
 
 v''^ w ' 'i\ '""^' ^- ^' "^ ^"'•'am, and 246 
 iS. N. W. of London. 
 
 iu ~f.""j t.^'." 'ortifted cowt; of Brandenburg, in 
 the Middle Mark. The principal commerce ia 
 in beer, of which large quantities are brewed- 
 
 G 2 
 
k* 
 
 u. 
 
 I '\ 
 
 r. M 
 
 ,JIK> 
 
 i> 
 
 V ■ '■ 
 
 BER 
 
 It is seated on the Pancho ; 15 miles N. N. E. 
 of Berlin. 
 
 Bbrnay, a town of France, in the department 
 of Eure, seated on the Carantonne j 20 miles 
 S. W. of Rouen. Pop. G500. 
 
 Bkhnbuho, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 principality of Anhalt, seated on the Saale; 
 22 miles S. W. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 
 2500. 
 
 Berncastle, a town of Germany, remarkable 
 for good wine; seated on the Moselle; 18 miles 
 N. E. of Treves. 
 
 Beknories, or Beilnories, a town of Fran- 
 conia, in the principality of Aichstadt, on the 
 Altirohl ; 17 miles N. E. of Aichstadt, and 28 
 W. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Bernstadt, a town of Silesia, in the princi- 
 pality of Oels, witii a castle, seated on the 
 Weida ; 20 miles E. of Breslau. Pop. 2350. 
 
 Berre, a town of France, in the department 
 of Mouths of the Rhone, formerly one of the 
 strongest towns ot Provence. 18 miles from Aix. 
 Berrima, an assize town of N. S. Wales, 
 with a court-house and gaol on the Wingeecar- 
 ribee river. 83 miles from Sydney. 
 
 Berry, a late province of France, bounded 
 on the N. by the Orleanoie and Blaisois, E. by 
 the Nivemois and Bourbonnois, S. by the Bour- 
 bonnois and Marche, and W. by-Touraine and 
 Poitou. It produces com, fruit, hemp, and 
 flax ; and excellent wine in some places. It now 
 forms the two departments of Cher and 1 iidre. 
 Bersello, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, 
 with a castle, seated on the Po, at the influx of 
 the Linza; 10 miles N. N. E. of Parma. 
 
 Bertie, a county of North Carolina, bounded 
 on the S. by the Roanoke River, and E. by 
 Albemarle Sound. Pop. 12,175, of whom 6728 
 are slaves. Windsor, the chief town, is 194 miles 
 E. by N. of Raleigh. 
 
 Bebtinero, a town of Italy, in Romagna, 
 with a citadel, seated on a hill ; 15 miles S. of 
 Ravenna. 
 
 Bertrand, St., a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Garonne. It was lately an 
 episcopal see : it is 45 miles S. of Auch. Long. 
 0. 48. E. lat. 42. 56. N. 
 
 Bervie, or Inverbervie, a borough of 
 Scotland, in Kincardineshire, nt the mouth of 
 the Bervie, which forms a harbour for small 
 vessels ; 12 miles N. E. of Montrose. 
 
 BERWiCK-upoN-TwEED, a borough on the 
 borders of England and Scotland, with a market 
 on Saturday. It is a county of itself, governed 
 by a mayor ; and was once a strong fortress of 
 great importance, when England and Scotland 
 were hostile nations, to each of which it alter- 
 r.ately belonged, or was considered tvs a district 
 separate from both countries. It now belongs 
 to the bishopric of Durham, and the English 
 judges hold the assizes here. It is still fortified, 
 and has good barracks for the garrison, but its 
 castle is now in ruins. It supplies the London 
 mat'.cts with considerable quantities of salmon, 
 pickled pork, and grain, and has some manu- 
 fiictureSi It returns two members to •Parlia- 
 ment : it is seated on the N. side of the Tweed, 
 Iiefir the sea; 54 miles S. E. of Edinburgh, and 
 
 84 
 
 BET 
 
 337 N. by W. of London. Long. 2. 0. W. lut. 
 55. 46. N. 
 
 Berwickshiru, a maritime, and the S. E. 
 border county of Scotland, Coldstream, Green- 
 law, Dunse, and Lauder, are the principal towns. 
 It is an agiicultural county, and has but few 
 manufactures. It is of considerable notoriety in 
 the history of the border wars. 
 
 Berwick, North, a borough of Scotland, in 
 Haddingtonshire, on the Frith of Forth ; 9 
 miles N. of Haddington, and 22 E. N. E. of 
 Edinbui;gh. 
 
 Berwick, a town of the state of Maine, in 
 York county; 7 miles N. W. of York, and 86 
 N. of Boston. 
 
 Berwick, a town of Pennsylvania, in York, 
 county, at the head of Cone wago Creek; 13 miles 
 W. by S. of York, and 45 E. S. E. of Shippens- 
 burg; also the name of a town in Columbia 
 county, and of another in Northumberland 
 county, both in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Besalu, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated 
 near the Fluvia ; 44 miles N. N. W. of Gerona. 
 BESANfON, a fortifi d city of France, and an 
 archiepiscopal see; capital of the department of 
 Doubs. It has a citadel, on a high rock, the 
 base of which touches two sides of the Doubs, 
 which here forms a peninsula ; also a univer- 
 sity, an academy of sciences, a literary military 
 society, and a public library in the abbey of St. 
 Vincent. The triumphal arch of Aurelian, and 
 other Roman antiquities, are still to be seen. 
 It is 52 miles E. of Dijon, and 228 S. E. of Paris. 
 It has several manufactures. Pop. 28,795. 
 
 Beswheim, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom 
 of Wirtemburg, with two old castles, at the con- 
 fluence of the Neckar and Ens; 25 miles N. by 
 W. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 Bessarabia, or Bcdzac, a territory of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, on the N. W. coast of the Black 
 Sea, between the mouths of the Danube and 
 the Dniester. On the banks of the last river 
 the Tartu: innabitants rove from place to place. 
 Their common food is the flesh of oxen and 
 horses, cheese, and mares' milk. Bender is the 
 capital. Pop. 315,000. 
 
 Bessay, a town of France, in the department 
 of Allier; 8 miles S. of MouLn* 
 
 Besse, a town of France, in the department 
 of Puy de Dome; 18 miles S. of Clermont. 
 
 Bessenay, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Rhone; 12 miles W. of Lyons. 
 
 Bestricia, a town of Transylvania, with gold 
 mines in its neighbourhood. It is 85 miles 
 N. W. of Hermanstadt. Long. 28. 45. E. lat. 
 47. 30. N. 
 
 Betanzos, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, seated 
 on the Mandeo, at its entrance into a bay of the 
 Atlantic ; 20 miles S. of Ferrol. Long. 8. 6. 
 W. lat. 43. 20. N, 
 
 Betelpaugi, or Beit-el-fakih, a town of 
 Arabia Felix, famous for the vast quantity of 
 cofl'ee bought and sold in it. It is 25 miles E. 
 of the Red Sea. Long. 57. 20. E. lat. 16. 40. N. 
 Bethabra, a town of North Carolina, in 
 Stoke's CoiTT-.ty, note-! for Iwing the first settle- 
 ment of the Moravians in those parts, begtm in 
 1 753. It is 6 miles N. of Salein. 
 
)ng. 2. 0. W. lut. 
 
 the department 
 
 BET 
 
 ^ Betmania, or Betuanv, a villi^je at the foot 
 o» Mount Olivet, on tho E. mde; about 4 miles 
 to the E. of Jerusalem. A grotto ia shown as 
 the sepulchre of Lazarus, and a cell where 
 Alary Magdalen did penance. 
 
 Bei lehem, or Beit-Leiiem, a town of 
 Syria, m Palestine, famous for tho birth of 
 Christ. It was once a flourishing town, but now 
 an inconsiderable place. Here is a church 
 erected by the famous Helena, in the fona of a 
 CToss; also a chapel, called the Chapel of the 
 JNativity, where they pretend to show the manger 
 m which Christ was laid ; another called the 
 Chapel of Joseph ; and a third of the Holy 
 Innocents. Bethlehem is much visited by pii- 
 grims: it is seated on a ridge of hills, 6 miles 
 ». ti. of Jerusalem. 
 
 Bethlehem, a town of Pennsylvania, in 
 Northampton xounty, situate on the Lehigh, a 
 branch of the Delaware. The town being partly 
 on an emmence, and partly on tho lower banks 
 of the Manakes (a fine creek), has a pleasant 
 and healthy situation. It is the principal settle- 
 ment m America of the Moravians, who were 
 hxed here by Count Zinzendorf, in 1741. The 
 German language is more in use than the En- 
 glish. It IS 53 miles N. N. W. of Philadelphia. 
 Long. 75. 8. W. lat. 40. 37. N.j also the name 
 ot a township in Albany county, state of New 
 York; pop. 5114 j and of another town in 
 Orange county, and of several others in different 
 parts of the United States. 
 *i. ^^''HNAif Green, one of the out-parishes on 
 the N. E. side of London, in which there were 
 about 10,000 looms employed iji the broad silk 
 manufacture, 
 
 Bethune, a fortified town of France, in the 
 department of Pas de Calais, with a castle. It 
 was taken by the allies, in 1710, and restored 
 by the treaty of Utrecht. It is seated on a 
 rock by the nver Brette ; 120 miles N. of 
 Pans. 
 
 Betley, a town in Staffordshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday; 18 miles N. N. W. of 
 Stafford, and 157 of London. 
 
 Bethis, a town of European Turkey, formeriy 
 the capital of Kurdistan. It is now the resi- 
 dence of a bey, who is neither subject to the 
 1 urks nor Persians, and has a numerous army 
 of horsennen and infantry. It stands on the 
 Khabur between two mountains; ISO miles 
 
 St. 37. 20" N ^"""''"P"' ^°"S- ^3- 20- *^- 
 Bettenhausbn, a populous village of the 
 county of Henneberg, Saxony ; 6 miles W. of 
 Meinungen. It has considerable manufectures 
 of hnen. 
 
 •?^Yt"x^' ^.J"*" "^ Hindostan, in Bahar; 85 
 miles N. N. W. of Patna. 
 
 BETZKO,a considerable town of Lower Hun- 
 gary, situate on the E. bank of the Waajt River 
 a few miles S. of Trentschin. ' 
 
 BETOVE,an island of Holland, in Guelderland, 
 40 miles long and 1 broad, formed by the bifur- 
 cation of the Rhine nhove Nime"iicn nn;' !■•-- th- 
 union of its streams, under drfferent appeHa- 
 tions.near Worcum. It was the ancient Batavia 
 and formerly gave the name of Bataveeren, or 
 
 85 
 
 BEY 
 
 Np^hl:! '. " i""' '!'''abitante of the Dutch 
 Netherlands. In this island the ancestors of 
 
 J^!JJT I^^ ""' '^"'^''' ^''e" 'hey emi- 
 
 Cegur "^- '''' P""*''^"' P^« « 
 
 Mhil^^f'*?^"* " '"'*'" "' ^''«*'«' «^«Pit«l Ota. lord- 
 ^♦•Th n J^ same name. It stands near a branch 
 
 P N^^lT.-^u *^""H"" ''^ ^"'""d; 45 miles 
 t-^. N. E, of Ratifibon. Long. 1 8. S3. E. lat. 50. 
 
 Beuthen, a town of Silesia, in the princi- 
 
 Brarnrio'nTile^S^Vlot^ain^^'^^^^^^^ ^ 
 
 of H^r''??' ^ORTH and South, two islands 
 of Holland m Zealand, between the E. and W. 
 
 by the Engbsh at the period of their disastrous 
 expedition to Walcheren, in 1809 
 
 Beveroern, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 prmcipaliw of Munster, on the river Ems I 
 miles N. W. of Tecklenburg. 
 
 Beveren, a populous town of the Nether- 
 lands; 5 miles N. N. E. of Oudenarde. 
 
 v.rn^Jf^^''' * ^'""^^ '" ^««* Yorkshire, go- 
 Z ni 2 t mayor; with a market on Wedn^ 
 
 thi^^n ^^^"''Y- ," "«' ''"° '^'^"'ohes. besides 
 ShTt '\v"f " '«^«e™"ket-place, adorned 
 with a beau iful cross. The chief tride is in 
 malt oatmeal, and tanned leather. It is famous 
 lor being the retirement of John de Beverley 
 archbishop of York, who lived here four vS 
 
 of wh*„r"*"T'.^"*^ ^'"^ '" ^211; in honou; 
 whll ^l^"^^ •""8^' particularly Athelstan, 
 nlnl •'Jt- *"■" S""''^'^" ««'"'. endowed the 
 place with many privileges and immunities. It 
 w seated near the nver Hull; 28 miles E. by S 
 of York, and 1 83 N. of London. It returMLo 
 members to parliament. ";i.""ia iwo 
 
 Beverley, a seaport of Massachusets. in 
 foZTr'^' "tP*™'^ ^-^ Salem by a hand 
 «M i^^'fft- ^ t'^*'""" manufacture has been 
 
 PoTatft 45oV* " '' ""^^ ^- ^- "^«-^- 
 
 Bevfrunoen, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 
 pnncipahty of Paderborn, at the confluence of 
 
 the^Bever and Weser; 24 miles S. E. of S- 
 
 ♦h J* w^''7'^''' * ^"^ "^ North Holland, on 
 the Wyckermeer, which communicates wi?h 
 
 Bewdley, r, borough in Worcestershire with 
 
 mT> ''.r ^"'Y'^'^y- '* ^^ « good trade J 
 malt, leather, salt, and iron ware; and a fr-^ 
 school founded by James I. It is seated on tim 
 N W ^f Lon"",'^"' "*,- "^ Worcester, and S 
 
 Bewzeville, a town of France, department 
 
 p'o^t^AuSr*^^- ^'''■''''- ^^'^'-"- 
 
 ^ Bex, a town of Switzerland, in th« P«nt«„ of 
 
 ulml """^"^ '"' '^ "*" "'=''"• ^^ •nil'es's; W. of 
 
 Beviiar, a town of Hindostan, presidency 
 
 of Bengal, c-ap.tal of the Cooch Beylmr S 
 
 ll 
 
BEZ 
 
 80 
 
 BIE 
 
 f 
 
 V; 
 
 \i 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
 i! 
 
 t= 
 
 ii 
 
 trict; 30 miles N. of Runghpoor. The temples 
 were destroyed in 1661 by the Mohammedans. 
 Beziebs, a city of France, in the department 
 of Herault ; lately an episcopal see. The re- 
 mains of a circus, and some inscriptions, be- 
 speak its ancient gnndeui. It is seated near 
 the Royal Canal, on a hill, at the foot of which 
 flows the Orbre, a few miles from the sea; 85 
 miles E. by S. of Toulouse, and 30 S. W. of 
 Montpelier. Long. 3. 12, £. lat. 43. 20. N. 
 Pop. 12,600. 
 BuANMO. See Bamoa. 
 Bhatoonq, a considerable town of Nepaul, 
 about 8 miles £. by S. of the capital, Catman- 
 doo ; it is the principal residence of the chief 
 Brahmin of Nepaul. Pop. about 7000. 
 
 Bhooj, a town of Hindostan, province of 
 Cutch.^ It has a handsome appearance, from 
 its white buildings and temples. It is badly 
 fortified. Po;. 20,000. 
 
 Buopaui., a district and town of Hindostan, 
 in the province of Malwa, on the Nurbuddah 
 river. The valleys are fertile. The town is 
 surrounded by a walL 
 
 Bhoreohaut, " the great pass," through the 
 W. mountains of Hindostan, opening a car- 
 riage communication with the Deccan. 
 
 BauaxpoRE, a town and fortress of Hindo- 
 stan, in the province of Agra. The British took 
 it by storm, in 1805. It is 38 miles W. of Agra. 
 BiAF&A, a country of Guinea, to the S. E. of 
 Benin, of which little is known; but it is said to 
 have a capital of the same name, on the River 
 Camerones, which enters the Atlantic in long. 
 11. 30. E. lat. 3.28. N. 
 
 BiALA, a town of Gallicia, on the frontiers of 
 Silesia, opposite to Bilitz; it participates in the 
 linen manu&cture of the district. Pop. about 
 2300. It is the name of three other small 
 towns in different parts of Germany. 
 
 BiALYSiocK, a considerable town of Russian 
 Poland; seated on the Biala, a branch of the 
 Vistula River; 15 miles E. of Wilna. 
 
 BiANA, a town of Hindostan, province of 
 Agra; a decayed town, though rtill of impor- 
 tance ; 60 miles S. W. from Agra. 
 
 BiAR, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Its pr'n- 
 cipal riches consist in honey. It is 6 miles 
 from Villena. 
 
 Bibb, a county of the newly-formed state of 
 Alabama, North America. Pop. 3676; Centre- 
 ville, 112 miles N. by E. of Cahwaroba, is the 
 seat of judicature for the county. 
 
 BiBERACR, -1 town of Suabia, wivl. a manu- 
 facture of flistians, seated in- a fertile valley, on 
 the Reuss ; 20 miles S. S. W. of Ulm. Pop. 
 about 4500. It belongs to Wurtembuig. 
 
 BiBSA, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- 
 gia, much frequented on account of its mineral 
 spring. It is 9 miles S. of Querfurt, 
 
 Bicester, a town in Oxfordshire, with a 
 market on Friday ; 1 1 miles N. N. E. of Ox- 
 ford, and 54 W. by N. of London, on the mail 
 coach "xtad to Leamington and Warwick. 
 BicKANEEB, a town of Hindostan, capital of 
 
 u. — «... ... ..[.t. ^.-if^fttfj .,-r ngiiiirir. ii 13 t- 
 
 miles W. of Nagore. Long. 74. 0. E. lat. 27. 
 12. N. 
 
 BiDACBB, a town of France, In the depart- 
 ment of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle, seated 
 on the Bidouse ; 12 miles E. of Bayonne. Pop. 
 about 2000. 
 
 BiDASSOA, a river of Spain, which rises in the 
 Pyrenees, and enters the Bay of Biscay, at Font- 
 arabia. This river was a long time a subject of 
 dispute between France and Spain, but it is now 
 common between the two nations ; the duties 
 paid by those who pass from Spain to France 
 belonging to the latter, and by those who pass 
 the contrary way to the former. 
 
 BiDBUBO, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 duchy of Luxemburg; 30 miles N. N. E. of 
 Luxemburg. 
 
 BiDBFOBD, a seaport of England, in Devon- 
 shire, governed by a mayor, with a market on 
 Tuesday. It has a trade in coal, culm, timber, 
 and oak bark, also in the herring and New- 
 foundland fisheries. It is seated on both sides 
 of the Toiridge, over which is an ancient Gothic 
 bridge of 24 arches; 16 miles S. by W. of I lira- 
 comb, and 201 W. of London. 
 
 BioDEFORD, a seaport of the district ot 
 Maine, in York county. The county courts 
 are sometimes held here. It is situate on the 
 sea coast, at the mouth of the Saco ; 14 miles 
 S. S. W. of Portland. Long. 70. 35. W. lat. 
 43. 26, N. 
 BiDDENORE. See Naoara. 
 BiDZiQUR, or BiDJEEGHUR, a town of Hin- 
 dostan, in Allahabad, with a fort on a steep 
 and lofty rock; 50 miles S. of Benares. 
 
 BiEDENKOPF, a town of the grand duchy of 
 Hesse, situate on the N. bank of the Lahn. 
 near its source ; 15 miles N. W. of Marburg. 
 BiEEZ, a town of Poland, in Cracovia, re- 
 markable for its mines of vitriol; seated on the 
 Weseloke; 60 miles S. £. of Cracow. 
 
 BiBi, or BiENNE, a town of Switzerland, 
 capital of a small territory, lately subject to 
 the bishop of Basil. It stands near a lake of 
 the same name, on the river Suss; 17 miles N. 
 W. of Bern. 
 
 BiELA, a town of Piedmont, and capital of a 
 province of the same name, bounded on the 
 W. by Aoust. The town is situate near the 
 river Cerva ; 24 miles W. of Vercelli. Pop. 
 about 8300. 
 
 BiELA, a town of European Russia, in the 
 government of Novogorod; a place of com- 
 merce in corn, cattle, and candles. Pod, 
 3000, ^ 
 
 BiELAw, a populous town of Silesia, with 
 considerable manu&ctures of linen and cotton; 
 16 miles E, of Buntzlaw. Pop. about 7000. 
 
 BiELFELD, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 county of Ravensberg. The Unen made and 
 bleached here is much esteemed. It is 18 
 miles N. of Lipstadt. Pop. about 5500. 
 
 BiELOOROD, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Kursk, tt;.J an archbishop's see ; 80 
 miles S. S. W. of Kursk. Pop, about 10,000. 
 BiELOOROD, or Akerman, a strong town of 
 European Turkey, in Bessarabia, on the coast 
 of the Liack Sea, at the mouth of the Dniester- 
 70 miles S. S. E. of Bender. Long. 31. IS. E. 
 lat. 46. 8. N. 
 
BIE 
 
 87 
 
 BIN 
 
 BiELOi, a town of xtussia, in the government 
 of Smolensk; 60 miles N. E. of Smolensk. 
 
 BiELozERSK, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Novogorod, on the S. side of the lake 
 Bielo; 210 miles N. E. of Novogorod, and 
 about the same distance E. of St. Petersburg. 
 Pop. about 3000. 
 
 BiELSK, a town of Prussian Poland, capital 
 of Podiakia, seated on the Biala, one of the 
 sources of the Vistula; 130 miles E. N. E. of 
 Warsaw. Long. 23. 39. E. lat. 52, 40. N. 
 
 BiERVtiET, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Flanders, situate on the West Scheldt, and on 
 a small island of its name ; 20 miles N. N. W. 
 of Ghent. 
 
 BiooAR, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, 
 with the ruins of a collegiate church; 10 miles 
 S. E. of Carnwarth. 
 
 BiQQLEswADE, a town in Bedfordshire, with 
 a market on Wednesday ; seated on the Ivel ; 
 10 miles E. S. E. of Bedford, and 45 N. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 BiGORRE, a late province of France, bounded 
 on the N. by Armagnac, E. by Comminges, W. 
 by Beam, and S. by the Pyrenees. See Pyre- 
 nees, Upper. 
 
 BioHORN, a river of the Missouri territory, 
 North America, rising from the Rocky Moun- 
 tains in the lat. of about 41. N.; runs N. into 
 the Yellow Stone, which falls into the Missouri, 
 in the lat. of 48, N. It is represented as flow- 
 ing through a fertile, but at present an unin- 
 habited country. 
 
 Bio Sandy, a river which divides the state 
 of Viiginia from that of Kentucky, falling into 
 the Ohio, opposite Burlington, in Lawrence 
 county, state of Ohio. 
 
 BiouBA, a kingdom on the W, coast of Africa 
 watered by the Rio Grande, The capital is of 
 the same name, seated on the N. bank of the 
 river, about 100 miles from its mouth, Lonir 
 13, 50. W, lat. 11. 12, N. * 
 
 Bihar, a county of Upper Hungary, bor- 
 dering on Transylvania. It is intersected by 
 the Korosh river. Groswarden is the capital. 
 The E. part is mountainous, and inhabited by 
 Wallachians. Pop. about 223,000, chiefly 
 Hungarians. 
 
 BiHATz, a town of Croatia, on the frontiers 
 of Bosnia, seated on an isle formed by the river 
 Unna; 65 miles S. E. of Carlstadt. Long. 16. 
 32. E. lat. 44. 51. N. 
 
 BiLBOA, a city and seaport of Spain, capital 
 of Biscay. The upper part is built mostly of 
 wood, and has narrow streets, which terminate 
 in a great square ; the lower part is of free- 
 stone and brick, with fine broad streets. The 
 houses are rather high, and fully inhabited. 
 The principal exports are wool, oil, chesnuts, 
 sword-blades, and other manu&ctures in iron 
 and steel. It is seated in a fertile country, on 
 the banks of the Durango river, which forms a 
 good harbour near the Bay of Biscay ; 50 
 miles W. of St. Sebastian, and 72^ leagues N. 
 of Madrid, bjr way of Aranda, and 88 by way 
 «t Tulhidoiia and Segovia. Looa. 2. 44. W 
 lat. 43, 14. N. 
 
 Bii.DESTON, a town in Suffolk, seated on the 
 
 xr^'^i.^'/'?" ' '2 "•'«» S. E, of Bury and C3 
 
 Pop 836 ^* '"" ^'^^ ^" *°"'»"y- 
 
 BiLEDULOERiD, ( Beled-el-t^erid, the coun- 
 
 .?' w u ^^^ * ?''"""y "*" B^ba^y. bounded on 
 the N, by Tunis and Algier, E. by Tripoli, S. 
 by Guergula, and W, by Tuggurt. The air is 
 hot and unhealthy. The country is moun- 
 tainous and sandy, producing little sustenance, 
 except dates, which are exchanged with the 
 neighbouring countries for wheat. The inha- 
 bitants are deemed lewd, treacherous, thievish, 
 and cruel. They are a mixture of ancient 
 Africans and wild Arabs; the former living in 
 towns, and the latter in tents. 
 
 BiLiTz, a town of Silesia, with a castle, and 
 considerable manufacture of cloth; situate on 
 
 i?®xr'2.'*'i"i,*''^ "^^ of Poland; 18 milei 
 Ji. N. ii. of Teschen. Pop. about 3400. 
 
 BiLLERiCAT, a town in Essex, with a market 
 on Tuesday; seated on a hill; 9 miles S. W. of 
 Chelmsford, and 23 E. of London. 
 
 BiLLiTON, an island in the East Indies, on 
 the N. of the sea of Java, abounding in iron 
 ore. It was ceded to the British in 1812. 
 Long. 108. 0. E. lat. 3. 0. S. 
 
 BiLLOM, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Puy de Dome, seated on an eminence; 
 '5 milea E. S. E. of Clermont. PopulaUon 
 
 BiLMAB, a vast burning desert of Africa, be- 
 tween Fezzan and Boumou; which caravans 
 are ten days passing. The town, of the sama 
 name, is near the salt-lakes of Domboo. 
 
 BiLSAH, a town of Hindostan, in Malwa, 
 capital of a circar, noted for producing excel- 
 lent tobacco. It is situate near the source of 
 the Betwa river; 120 miles E. of Ougein. 
 
 Bilsen, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 temtoiy of Liege. Near it is Munster Bilser., 
 a celebrated temporal foundation and abbw 
 for noble ladies. It is situate on the Demer • 
 15^miles N. N. W. of Liege. Pop. about 
 
 BiLSTKiN, a town of Germany, in the duchr 
 ot Westphalia, situate on a mountain- 24 milei 
 S. S, E. of Arensbuig. 
 
 BiLSTON, a large village of Staflbrdshire, two 
 miles S, E. of Wolverhampton. It has a 
 navigable canal, communicating with the Staf- 
 fordshire and Worcestershire canals, and several 
 great rivers. Near it are large mines of coal, 
 iron-stone, &c, ; also furnaces, foiwes, and 
 shtUng-mills; and manufactures of japanned 
 and enamelled goods. 
 
 BiMiM, one of the Bahama islands, near th* 
 channel of Bahama; 8 milee long, and nearly 
 as broad. It has a good harbour. Long. 79. 30. 
 W. lat, 25, 0, N, 
 
 BiMLEPATAM, a town of HindostMi, on the 
 coast of the Circars; 12 miles N. of VizaBa- 
 patam. ^^ 
 
 BiNARos, or ViNARos, a town of Spain, in 
 Valencia, seated near the Mediterranean, at th« 
 mouth of a river, which fc^ns s. smal! hsrb---!---' 
 7 miles N, by E. of Peniwoiarmd 23 s"of 
 Tortosa, 
 
 BiNCH, a fortified town of the Nelh«rlands, 
 
BIN 
 
 in Hainault, in the river Have; 9 miles E. of 
 Mons. Pop. 4500. 
 
 BiNOEN, a town of Geimany, seated at the 
 confluence of the Nahe with the Rhine: 15 
 miles W. by S. of Mentz. Pop. 2700. 
 
 BiNOENiiEiH, a town of Germany, in the 
 circle of Upper Rhine; 16 milea N. N. E, of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Bingham, a town of Nottinghamshire, in the 
 vile of Bel voir, with a market on Thursday; 9 
 miles E. of Nottingham, and 124 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 BiNGLEY, a town in West Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday j seated on the Aire ; 14 
 miles S. E. of Skipton, and 202 N. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 BioBio, the largest river of Chili, which rises 
 in the Andes, runs through veins of gold, and 
 fields of sarsaparilla, and, passing the city of 
 Concepcion, enters the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 
 36. 56. S. It is the boundary between ChiU 
 and the country of the Araucan Indians. 
 
 BiORNEBURO, a town of Russinn Finland, 
 near the mouth of the Kune, in the Gulf of 
 Bothnia; 75 miles N. of Abo. Lone. 22. 5. E 
 lat. 61. 42. N. 
 
 Bib, El-Bik, Beer, or Biredoik, a town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck, with a castle, It 
 stands on the E. bank of the Euphrates, near 
 a high mountain, in a fruitful country; 60 
 miles N. E. of Aleppo. This is the point 
 which is proposed for the steam navigation of 
 the Euphrates to commence, the merchandise 
 being conveyed overland from the Gulf of 
 Iskenderoon, to which tills is the nearest part 
 of the river. 
 
 BiBBOOH, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal- 
 ee miles W. S. W, of Moorshedabad. and 115 
 N. N.W. of Calcutta. 
 
 Bird Islands, in the Caribbean Sea, E. of 
 Curacoa. 
 
 BiRKENPtELD, a towH ot Germany, in the 
 county of Sponheim, in the circle of Upper 
 liliine ; seated near the source of the river 
 Nahe; 25 miles E, S. E. of Treves. It is 
 distinguished for its cattle fairs, 
 
 BiRHAB, an extensive empire in Asia, to the 
 E. of the Bay of Bengal; containing the king- 
 doms of Birmah, Cassay, Arracan, and Pegu, 
 and all the W. coast of Siam, to the promon- 
 tory of Malay, extending from the 10th to the 
 24th deg. of N. lat. The kitiffdom of Birmah, 
 frequently called Ava, from the name of its 
 ancient capital, has Pegu on the S., and occu- 
 pies both sides of the river Irrawaddy, or 
 Errabatty, to the frontiers of Assam on the N.; 
 on the W. it has Arracan and Cassay, and on 
 the E. China and Upper Siam. This kingdom 
 was conquered in 1752, by the king of Pegu, 
 who carried the Birman monarch prisoner to 
 Pegu, and caused him to be murdered there in 
 1754; but Alompra, a Birman of low distinc- 
 tion, who was continued by the conqueror as 
 chief at Monchaban, a small place to the N. of 
 Ava, revolted against the Peguese, got pos- 
 session of Ava in 1755, and, after continued 
 
 8S 
 
 BIR 
 
 battles, wifli vBriuus >Hiuo<»s 
 queror of Pegu, in 1757. 
 
 ths 
 This deliverer of his 
 
 country continued in a state of warfore to bis 
 death, in 1760; and his successors have since 
 added the other countries, which now form the 
 Birman Empire. The climate of Birmali is 
 very salubrious; the seasons being regular, and 
 the extremes of heat and cold seldom ex- 
 perienced. The soil is remarkably fertile, pro- 
 ducing rice, sugar-nanes, tobacco, indigo, cotton, 
 and all the tropical fruits, in perfection ; and 
 on the banks of the Irrawaddy, v. hich runs S. 
 through the whole country, is produced puio 
 amber, and the finest teak timber in the world. 
 The kingdom of Birmali abounds in minerals; 
 It has mines of gold, silver, rubies, and sap- 
 phires; and affords amethysts, garnets, chryso- 
 lites, jasper, loadstone, and marble. The 
 general disposition of the Birmans is strikingly 
 contrasted with that of the natives of Hindo- 
 stan, though separated only by a narrow ridge 
 of mountains, in several places admitting of an 
 easy intercourse. The Birmans are a lively, 
 mquisitive race, active, irascible, and im- 
 patient; but the character of their Bengal 
 neighbours is known to be the reverse. The 
 passion of jealousy, which prompts most east- 
 em nations to immure their women, and sur- 
 round them with guards, seems to have little 
 influence on the minds of the Birmans; for 
 their wives and daughters have as free iater- 
 course with the other sex as the rules of 
 European society admit. The Birnjuns are 
 extremely fond oth of poetry and music. 
 Their religion is, m feet, that of the Hindoos, 
 though they are not votaries of Brama, but 
 sectaries of Boodh. Their system of jurispru- 
 dence is distinguished above any other Hindoo 
 commentary, for perspicuity and good sense. 
 The emperor of Birmah is a despotic monarch, 
 and, like the sovereigns of China, acknowledges 
 no equaL The prevailing characteristic of the 
 Birman court is pride. There are no hered- 
 itary dignities or employments in the govern- 
 ment, for all honours and offices, on the 
 demise of the possessor, revert to the crown. 
 A white elephant is here paid almost divine 
 honours, and has a palace, and allowed rank 
 next to the king, and above the queen. The 
 capital of the kingdom, and metropolis of the 
 empire, is Ummerapoora, in lat. 22. N. and 96. 
 E. long., and the principal seaport is Rangoon. 
 Hostilities commenced between the Birmese 
 and Anglo-Indians, in 1824, and at the close 
 of 1825 continued with equivocal results to 
 both parties. Rangoon, the maritime capital, 
 surrendered to the English on the 1st of Feb.l 825. 
 Birmingham, a large, mland, populous, and 
 important town of England, in Warwickshire, 
 bordering on the counties of Worcester and 
 Stafford. It is a place of great antiquity, and 
 has long been celebrat'd for its works in every 
 kind of metal, and the manufacture of hard- 
 ware, fire-arms, cutlery, japanned wares, and 
 tnnkcts. The era of its pre-eminence, how- 
 ever, IS comparatively recent : its commence- 
 ment may be dated subsequent to the war of 
 177J5— 1783; since when it has more than 
 .-!-:>iib!ed iti e.\tL-nt and population. The Staf- 
 fordshire border abounds in iron and cool of 
 
BIR 
 
 the finest quality, which contributes essentially 
 to the exi;!ellence and facility of most of its 
 manufiictures. The town is considered pecu- 
 Larly healthy, the chief part being built along 
 the ridge of a hill, having a dry, sandy soil. 
 The streets are regular, and the buildings 
 spacious. The church of St. Philip, built in 
 1711, is a stately and fine edifice, and since 
 1800 two other churches have been built, both 
 equally handsome. It has several sectarian 
 meeting-houses, a well-endowed public school, 
 a handsome theatre, and an extensive suite of 
 baths. The perspective of the town, especially 
 on the E. side, is very imposing; and, inde- 
 pendent of its innate importance, being nearly 
 m the centre of the kingdom, it ia a place of 
 vast intercourse. It has a canal basin at its 
 highest level, from whence cuts diverge in 
 every direction, and by .which the manufec- 
 tures of the district are conveyed to all the 
 ports of the kingdom, for distribution over 
 every part of the habitable globe. Its prin- 
 cipal improvement is the magnificent railway 
 between *his town and London, one of the 
 greatest and most important works ever ex- 
 ecuted, and which communicates, by means of 
 the Grand Junction Railway, with Liverpool 
 Derby, Yo^rk, Sheffield, &c., the North Mid- 
 land, and the Midland Counties Railways, 
 forming a chain of communication with all 
 parte of England; which may be considered as 
 a national pride. The surrounding country is 
 very fertile, and its market on Thursdays is in 
 consequence exceedingly well supplied with all 
 the essentials of subsistence. Birmingham 
 notwithstanding its size and importance, had 
 no representatives in parliament, until the 
 passing of the Reform BiU: it now returns 
 two members. It is governed by two bailiffs 
 and two constables; and there are several 
 resident magistrates, who are chosen annually 
 from the most respectable part of the com- 
 munity. In 1643, Birmingham was besji«ed 
 and taken by Prince Rupert, and ordered to 
 ba burnt to the ground, but, owing to some 
 propitious circumstances, the conflagration did 
 very httJe damage. In 1665, or 1666, the 
 town suffered severely from the plague. It 
 began shortly after this p*riod to be consider- 
 ab y enlai;ged, though in 1700 it consisted of 
 only 30 streets; whereas there are now up- 
 wards of 300. Within 2 mUes of the town aie 
 the Soho Works, celebrated en, the engineerinff 
 establishment of Boulton and Watt. It is 109 
 miles N N. W. of London, by way of Coven- 
 try or Warwick, from each of which it is dis- 
 tant 18 miles; and 116 byway of Oxford, from 
 which It IS distant 58 miles. 
 
 BiBNAM, a hill of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 celebrated by Shakspere. in his Macbeth, 1580 
 feet above the level of the sea. It was an- 
 ciently a forest and part of the royal domain 
 of Scotland. 
 
 Bibb, a parish and town of Ireland, in King's 
 Uiunty, near the borders of Tipperary. The 
 
 town \a anma^iww*^^ „„II,-J T* •* »« ' 
 
 89 
 
 BIS 
 
 l[ ts 
 
 town is SOmptimoa nnllo/1 Pn 
 
 M miles N. E. of Limerick, and 34 N. N. W 
 of Kilkenny. 
 
 1 a^'M^'^^'i'i"*" "^ SP*'"» »•» OW Castile 5 
 13 mileaN. of Burgos. , 
 
 .?"^*'J' ***'"* •'^ Poland, ill Samogitia: 42 
 miles S. E. of Mittau. » "», '^ 
 
 BiBAcciA a town of Naplei^ in Principato 
 Ultenore; 16 miles N. E. of Conza. 
 
 BiscABA.a town of Algier,in the province 
 of Constantina, and the chief place of the dis- 
 trict of Zaab. It is an ancient town ; 1 20 miles 
 b. o. W. of Constantina. Long. 5. 12. W. lat. 
 33. 35. N. 
 
 Biscay, a maritime province on the N. coast 
 of Spam, extending from the Bidassoa, which 
 .i.^ « Spain from France, in the long of 1. 
 40, W. to Santona, in 3. 18. W. lying on the 
 shore of the Bay of Biscay, nearly in a straight 
 line, in the lat. of 43. 20. N. extending inland, 
 !?.j"?^'?, * Pyra'n'dal form, to Logrono, in 
 Old Castile ; ite area being 248 square leagues, 
 and a pop. of 31 1.000. ft is bounded oif the 
 w. by Astunas and Old Castile, and E. bv 
 
 ^J'''^^ "^^^ "^'^ ^^™' wl»cl' "ins S. into 
 the Mediterranean, rises nearly in the centre 
 ot the province, and afterwards forms part of 
 Its western boundary. It is divided into three 
 parts, vu. Alava, S., chief town, Vittoria.; 
 Guipuscoa, E., chief town, St. Sebastian, the 
 most populous part; Biscay Proper, on the 
 W., chief town, Bilboa. The country is in 
 some parts mountainous, but well covered with 
 wood, and yielding abundance of iron and 
 lead. The plains and valleys are weU eulU- 
 vated, yielding ample supplies of all that is 
 essential to the comfort of the inhabitants, 
 liie Biscayans are a brave, clioleric people, 
 possessing a character and speaking a lanmiaKe 
 distinct from that of every other part of Spam; 
 and through all the mutations to which Spain 
 Has been exposed, during a period of 2000 
 years, by the irruptions of Romans, Cartha- 
 gmians. Moors, &c., Biscay has retained ite 
 ancient Cantabrian laws and independence, 
 and at the present time forms an independent 
 pubhc under the protection of Spain, rather 
 than EJi integral part of the kingdom. It 
 admits a corregidor and commissary appointed 
 by Uie crown, but permite no taxes to be 
 levied without the sanction of the province 
 and yields none to the crown but as gratuitous 
 donations, and sanctions no title of the king 
 but that of lord. The language is a dialect of 
 tne Celtic. 
 
 Biscay, Bay op, a large bay of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, washing the N. coast of Spain, from 
 Qipe Orteg^l, and the W. coaat of France. 
 Uunng a prevalence of westerly winus. the 
 swell of the Atlantic Ocean sets into this bay. 
 and renders the reach of the British Channel 
 to vessels from the S. and S. W., exceedingi; 
 difficult, and, if the gales are powerful, q^te 
 unatta.nable until they subside ; there being, 
 however, plenty of sea-room, it is a position of 
 tediousness and labour, rather than of danger 
 
 Biscay, New, a name given by the Spanwrds 
 to a part of the W. coast of Mexico: now ip. 
 corpoi'ttleU with the intendancy of Son'oba. Du- 
 banoo, and Guadalaxaba, (all of which see.) 
 
 BiscuoFSTEiN, a town of Prussia Proper 
 
BIS 
 
 90 
 
 BL A 
 
 I 
 
 iSbf * ""** ^' °' ^*'"'8''''«^> """J * S. E. of 
 
 BiscHOPsuKiM, a town of the duchy of 
 Wurtzburg, seated on the Tnuber; 20 miles 
 8). h. W. of Wurtzbui;g. Another, seated on 
 the Rhom ; 44 miles N. by E. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 BisCHOFSLACK, a town of Upper Camiola, 
 with a good trade in linen and wonted: 17 
 miles W. by N. of Laybach. 
 
 BiscHOFswERDA, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 >n Misnia, seated on the Weiseritz: 18 miles E. 
 of Dresden. 
 
 BiBCBOFSWERDKR, a town of Prussia, in the 
 province of Oberland, on the river Oss- 28 
 milesN. E. ofCuIm. 
 
 BiscHOFZELL, a town of Switzerland, in 
 IJiurgau, with a castle; seated at the con- 
 fluence of the Sitter and Thur; 12 miles S. of 
 Constance. 
 
 BiscHWRLLEH, a town of France, province of 
 Alsace. Pop. 4400 ; who manufacture leather, 
 cloth, &c,; 10 miles from Strasburg. 
 
 BiSEOLiA, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Ban on a hill, near the shore of the Adriatic: 
 6 miles E. of Trani. Pop. 10,600. 
 
 BisKRTA, BiZKETA, or BiNZERT, a Seaport of 
 the kingdom of Tunis, in a country abounding 
 with corn, fruit, oil, cotton, and other valuable 
 productions. It stands on a canal, which com- 
 municates with a gulf of the Mediterranean; 
 
 o1. 20. N. 
 
 BisENTz, a town of Moravia, near the frontier 
 
 of Hungary; 16 miles S. W. of Hradisch. Pop 
 
 about 2600. ^' 
 
 Bishops-Auckland, Stortford, Waltham. 
 
 and Wearmouth. &c Auckland, &c. 
 
 Bishops-Castlk, a town in Shropshire, with 
 
 a market on Friday, much frequented bv the 
 
 Welsh. It 18 seated near the river Cliin; 8 
 
 niiles S. E, of Montgomery, and 169 W. N. W. 
 
 of London. 
 
 There are about thirty-six other towns and 
 
 villages with Bishop, or Bishops prefixed 
 
 to their names, in different parts of England. 
 
 BisiGNANo, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 
 Citcnore, with a castle; seated on a hill, near 
 
 the nver Boccono; 16 miles N. of Cosenza. 
 
 BisLFT, a town in Gloucestershire; 3 miles 
 S. E. of Stroud. It has a large church, stand- 
 mg on an eminence. Population much em- 
 ployed in the woollen manufocture. 
 
 BisNAOUB, or BijNAOUR, tn, of Hindostan, 
 m the country of 'Sanore. It was the capital 
 of th(> ancient kingdom of Narsln^ and for- 
 merly a large city. It is seated on the S. bank 
 of the Toombudra; 28 miles S. S, E. of Sanore, 
 and 1 05 N. by W. of Chitteldroog. Lone. 76. 
 0. E. lat. 15. 20. N. 
 
 BisNEE, a town of Bootan, capital of a dis- 
 trict on the borders of Bengal and Assam. It 
 w 50 miles E. N. E. of Rangamutty, and 130 
 
 „; XT®' Tassasudon. Long. 90. 45. E. lat. 26. 
 
 27. N. 
 
 BissAdos, or Bejuoas, a cluster of islands 
 and shoals on the W. coast of Africa. The 
 |a^t;rat, called Uibbao, h 80 miles in circuit, 
 mhabitcd by Portuguese and Negroes, and well 
 
 cultivatod. ItsN.end is opposite the mouth 
 of the Hio Orande. Long. 16. 10. W. lat. 10. 
 
 Oa. IN. 
 
 BissuNPouR, a town of Hindostan, capital 
 of a circar in Bengal ; 74 miles N. W. of Cal- 
 cutta. 
 
 BisTRicz, a populous town in the N. E 
 ??V M Tmnsylvania, on the river Bistricz ; 
 142 miles N. E. of Coloswar. Also the name 
 ot another town in the circle of Prerau, Moravia 
 
 BiTCHE, a fortified town of France, in the 
 department of Moselle, with a castle on a rock. 
 It u seated at the foot of a mountain, near the 
 mer Schwelb; 30 miles N. by W. of Strasburjr. 
 Pop. 2300. ' 
 
 1 , ^' M™S' ^ '^^ °^ Nap wP k- ', r' i di Ban ; 
 11 miles S. S. W. of Ban. 
 
 1 ft® '?""«', "o "j;? "^ N"»''^^ '™ ^» Ban ; 
 10 miles W. S. W. of Bari. rop. 14,000. 
 
 BiTTERFELD, a tn. of the kingdom of Saxony, 
 seated on the Mulda ; 14 miles S. of Dessau, 
 
 Blackburn, an extensive parish and borough 
 in the centre of the county of Lancaster, Eng- 
 land, intersected by the Leeds and Liverpool 
 canal. Parts of the parish are bleak and 
 dreary, but it is partly situate on the great 
 coal strata, which supplies abundance of fuel. 
 The town of Blackburn is seated in a valley, 
 on both sides of a stream called the Derwent 
 Over which there are four* bridges, and it is' • 
 skirted by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. 
 Next to Manchester, it is one of the principal 
 focuses of the cotton manufacture, there being 
 about a dozen large establishments for spinning, 
 forty considerable employers in the manufac- 
 ture of cabcoes, twenty large establishments 
 for pnnting ditto, with all the attendant occu- 
 pations of bleaching, dyeing, iron-founding, and 
 machine and reed-making. It has three public 
 brewenes. Markets on Wednesdays and Sa- 
 turdays. It has a free grammar-school, with 
 an endowment of about 150/. per annum, and 
 also a female charity school, with nearly a 
 similar endowment; four churches, two of 
 them handsome, and several meeting-houses- 
 12 miles E. by S. of Preston, a J3 N. W 
 of Manchester. It sends two members to 
 parliament. 
 
 Black Forest, tt mountainous and woody 
 district of Germany, part of the ancient Hyr- 
 ciniMi Forest, extending N. from the frontiers 
 of Switzerland, for about 100 miles parallel 
 with the N. course of the Rhine. It is in some 
 places rich in iron and other metals ; and ita 
 wood is very valuable, as well for fuel, as fbr 
 building, both of houses and vessels for navieat- 
 ing the Rhine. 
 
 Blackhkath, an elevated and spacious plain 
 the ascent to which is 6 miles E. of London 
 Bndge. It is partly in the parish of Greenwich, 
 and the upper part of the park of the hospital of 
 Greenwich is part of the plain. It is inteisected 
 by the great high road from London to Dover 
 and is celebrated in several periods of English 
 history. The Danes encamped upon it in 1012. 
 In 1 390, the celebrated Wat Tvler .^ssf;r^.bled 
 100,000 men against the government, to avenge 
 an insult offered to bis daughter by a petty 
 
BLA 
 
 lax-gatliorer at Dartford. In 1460, Jack Cado 
 iisaeiiibled his forces on the same spot ; and in 
 1 497 it was the scene of a contest between 
 Henry VII. and Lord Audley. It is surround- 
 ed by deteched, and ranges of handsome build- 
 ings, residences of some of the more opulent 
 classes connected with the transactions of 
 London. It commands some fine prospects, 
 and in the summer season, especially, is a 
 beautifiil and interesting spot. In the side of 
 the ascent from London is a cavern consisting 
 of seven large roomi>, which communicate by 
 arched avenues ; the sides and roofi of rocks 
 of chalk; and it has a well of clear water, 27 
 feet deep. 
 
 Bi.aci:nb3s-Ca8ti,e, a fort of Scotland, in 
 Linlithgowshire, built on a kind of peninsula 
 on the Frith of Forth ; 9 miles N. E. of Lin- 
 lithgow. It consists of four bastions, and is one 
 of the forts which, by the Articles of Union, 
 are to be kept in repair. 
 
 Blackpool, a village in Lancashire, 3 miles 
 W. of Poulton J much resorted to for sea- 
 bathing. 
 
 Black River, the name of several rivers in 
 different parts of the world. 1st. In the county 
 of Mayo, Ireland, falling into Lake Mask. 2nd. 
 In the S. W. part of the island of Jamaica, fall- 
 ing into the Caribbean Sea. 3rd. In Upper Ca- 
 nada, felling into Black Bay, Lake Superior. 
 4th. In Orleans county, Vermont, falling into 
 Lake Memphramagog. 6th. In Windsor county, 
 ditto, falling into the Connecticut. 6th. In Vir- 
 ginia, felling into the Nottoway, on the frontiers 
 of North Carolina. 7th. Intersecting Darling- 
 ton district. South Carolina, falling into the 
 great Pedee. 8th. Falling into Lake Michigan, 
 towards the S. E. end ; and several others, but 
 all inconsiderable. 
 
 BLACK-RocK,a town of the United States of 
 North America, state of New York; a harbour 
 on Lake Erie. 
 Black Ska. See Ehxinb. 
 BLACKWALL.an appendage of the metropolis 
 of the British fcmpire, situate in a nook at the 
 S. E. extremity of the county of Middlesex. It 
 M bounded on the E. by the river Lea, which 
 divides it from the county of Essex, at its juno- 
 tion with the Thpmes, which from Blackwall to- 
 wards London Bridge makes a very considerable 
 detour, the distance by the course of the river 
 being about 10 miles ; which led to the con- 
 struction of a tide canal, nearly a mile in length 
 across the isthmus, but which is now disused | 
 and also to the construction of basins or docks 
 for the reception of all the ships arriving from 
 the West and East Indies. The West India 
 dock establishment is the most magnificent and 
 complete work of the kind in the world; it con- 
 sists of two outer basins from the river at Black- 
 wall, which lead to the grand receiving basin 
 an oblong square, 1200 yards in length. It was 
 first opened in 1802. Between the West India 
 docks and the river Lea are two spacious basins 
 for the reception of all the shins from ChinA an'' 
 tiiu East Indies, with store-houses for the ships' 
 stores, saltpetre, and some of the more bulky 
 productions ; but aU the more valuable articles 
 
 »1 
 
 BLA 
 
 est stored m warehouses in dlflferent parts of tho 
 E. side of London. There is also the largest 
 private ship-building yard in the worid, where 
 eight or ten ships, averaging 1000 tons each, are 
 occasionally on the stocks, or repairing, at one 
 time. Blackwall commands a very extensive 
 view down the river, which draws a constant 
 succession of visitors to witness the unrivalled 
 passing scene of vessels from and to all parte of 
 the world, which almost every flood and ebb of 
 the tide presents. It is connected with the 
 heart of London by means of a railway, with 
 stationary engines. 
 
 BLACKWATER,a rivcT of Ireland, which flows 
 through the counties of Cork and Watorford 
 into Youghal Bay. 
 
 Blackwater, a river in Essex, which flows 
 into Blackwater Bay, near the mouth of the 
 Thames. It is also the name of four or five 
 nvers in the United States of America, but all 
 inconsiderable. 
 
 Bladen, a county in the S. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on the maritime county of 
 Brunswick. It is intersected by Cape Fear 
 River. Pop. 8022, of whom 3413 arTpeople 
 of colour. Ebzabeth Town, 98 miles S. of 
 Raleigh, is the chief town. 
 
 Bladenoch, a river of Scotland, which rises 
 in the hills m the N. part of Wigtonshire, and. 
 alter a winding course of 24 miles, enters Wig- 
 ton Bny. Several islands are formed in its bed, 
 which are famous for the resort of eagles. 
 
 Bladensburo, a town of Maryland, in Greoise 
 county, on the E. side of the Potomac, 9 miles 
 from its mouth, at Washington, and 38 S. W. 
 of Baltimore. The American army sustained 
 a defeat by the British at this place, on the 
 24th of August, 1814, in attempting to arrest 
 the progress of the British towards Washington, 
 which they afterwards entered, and burnt most 
 of the public buildings. 
 
 Blain, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Loire; 22 miles N. N. W. of Nantes. 
 Blair Athol, a town of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire, with a castle, the seat of the Duke of 
 Athol ; 36 miles N. N. W. of Perth. 
 
 Blair Gowrib, a town of Scotland, in 
 I'erthshire, with a manor-house, built in the 
 form of a castle ; 22 miles N. N. E. of Perth. 
 Population partly employed in the cotton 
 manufacture. 
 
 Blasois, a late province of France, bounded 
 on the N. by Beauce, E. by Orleanois, S. by 
 Berry, and W, by Touraine. It now forms the 
 department of Loire and Cher. 
 
 Blaison, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mayenne and Loire ; 8 miles S. E. of 
 Angers. 
 
 Blamont, b town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, seated on the Vezouze ; 12 
 miles E. of Luneville. 
 
 Blanc. See Mont Blanc. 
 
 B1.AN0-BN-BERRY. a town of France, in th» 
 department of Indre, with a castle, seated on the 
 ..reisse; «« mi.es E. of Poitiers. Pop. 3850. 
 
 Blanco, a cape of Patagonia; 130 miles N. 
 
 47. 20 S ^""^ *^" *®" ^' '■*• 
 
BLA 
 
 Of Giuaquil. Long. 81. 10. W. lat. 4, 24 S 
 ,„"'•*.'[«>.'» cape on the W. coast of Africa • 
 
 oth«r ^1 • ^^' N. It w the name of many 
 the 3!"°' P""°°"torie8 in different part* of 
 
 wU^^'o*""^?*"' ° ^'"■P"«t« town in Dorsetshire, 
 the t„J^'""''^'K" ^^^^"^''y- ^» '731, almost a^ 
 bu!l» 7"" ''™* ''"*" ' •»"' " ^'^ "oon re- 
 built and a neat towa-hall of Portland stont 
 on columns, in which is a pump, was erected 
 
 >Mwn against the like. It has a consider^We 
 manufacture of thread and shirt-buttons and 
 
 S oT SnL ^°«'*'«'^'-. «°d 103 W. by 
 
 H»m''^'J^°''"' * *"'"* "^ Massachusets, in 
 Hampshire county ; 25 miles S. W. of North 
 ampton. and 116 W. by S. of Boston 
 
 Blandfobd, a town of Virginia, in Prince 
 Geoige county. It has a large trade in tobacw 
 ^j" -"t-a'^ on the E.Znch of the Tp™.' 
 mattox ; 4 miles N. E. of Petersburg, ffl. 
 ford ,8 also the name of several ofher toJ^ns 
 AmeriSr ^^ "^ ^^^ ^"^ States of 
 
 the miouth of the Tordera ; 20 miles S. of Gi- 
 
 ♦ho^i''*^'"-''""^' * *°^'^ »"d fort of the Ne- 
 O^ '"^' '",F>??ders, situate on the Germat 
 Oc^n; 8 miles N. E. of Ostend. 
 
 S fn'/nfT^S'^u " ^"^ "^ Weetphalia, at the 
 
 ?2tli to'f"&f ^^'«' ''" '••- "- Sieg ; 
 
 BtANKKNBUKo, 8 towH of Lower Saxonr 
 
 miles. 1 he castle stands on a cragmr moun- 
 tein and 18 one of the finest b«iS™fTe 
 
 LolxviTr- " """" '^'^ ««.ide„ce of 
 fnZ^ y •"• l"""* * P"'' »*■ Ws exile. The 
 
 sroS^^StaT '"'"''^"*^ "-"^ " « 
 
 Sp?^J!"'T'"*°' ? **'"" •" *•>« principality of 
 
 h-^i"?fr^u' * '"'^ °f H«J'rt«n on the N. 
 bank of the Elbe; 9 miles W. by N. of Ham- 
 burg, Pop. about 2000. 
 
 BLAJ.KKNHAYN, a town of Saxony ; 10 mUes 
 8. W. of Jena. Pop. about 1850. 
 
 rnfw't^r' f ^^ ^^ '"^ '" *« county of 
 
 Sit' i W Af r ''I *'""' i* "'•«"« »bo"t 4 
 miles N. W. of Cork, on a branch of the river 
 
 ™!t',Xf^ ''*'*'' •* Papo'-mill: the cotton 
 
 fd^nK • .! , "^'^ " * *^"«"«' on the top of 
 which IS the famous Blarney Stone. 
 
 .-.1 !5*^?,^''' * ^Port town of Mexico, on an 
 8knd at the inouth of the Rio Grande, or Sant" 
 
 kf 271|Tv '•' ft?''' '^' Pacific Ocean k 
 lat. 21. 30. N. and 104, 46. W. long. 
 
 Blaubeueen, a town of Suabia, in the king- 
 
 dom of WirtembuiK. with a caaM» -n - >^"m 
 
 threat quantities of fiistiun and lin^n' cl^'we 
 
 93 
 
 DLO 
 
 T t u^'^; . " " •*"'"' at the confluence of 
 the Ach with the Blau , 11 miles W. of U^m 
 
 ment of Gironde on the E. bank of the riv« of 
 that name, 17 miles below Bordeaux. It has a 
 
 Gironde or Garonne, which is here 3800 yar(U 
 wipe. Its trade consists in the wines of the 
 
 SeS r"'7H '*" ""'^^ iB much £ 
 C!f;H^ ? ^t" °."*-P'"* '» Bordeaux, a» 
 B^dZv h • ^°"'^°"' """^ "*">» ''ound to 
 
 s ot''o"f t?' '"^^' ""''• *'"'»8'' "ount^i:^ 
 
 Jiff m^.%r n^^niri^^^ 
 
 tC'is^^iirSo^?^''-'-^^^"'^'- ^•'-^^'^ 
 Blenheim, a village of Suabia, now in the 
 Bavarian circle of the Upper Danube seated 
 on the Danube ; 3 miles iTof Hochstat Tt 
 " rP'O-^We for the signal victo^'Ser tho 
 f^i K "*K B"''?™"". gained August 2nd! 
 1 704, by the Duke of Marlborough, The 
 
 tt'SfnTsor^*^ "^""^ ^--^ "- 
 
 stock ^O^fn^' K-''"™'^' [•? l''^ P"^'' °f Wood- 
 
 ti^n «n^ S^ ^^''^' '" "^^'"^ " ^''e n»ble man- 
 thefi«tD.?uTpir?^"^ •'J^*''^ "««<"» on 
 
 Br7L ♦^ °^ Marlborough, for his victories. 
 
 Blerb, a town of France, in the department 
 
 F br S o? V"*''"' °?.*''^ """' Cher As milS 
 r.by b. of Tours. Pop. 2600. 
 
 Blkssinoton, a parish and town in the 
 county of Wicklow, Ireland. TheZnlh con! 
 tains quames of granite, which are vei? exte^. 
 
 S. of Dubhn, on the border of Kildare. ^ 
 a hinfrj^n"'# '"JT "f Surrey, seated on 
 Lonion "^ ^' °^ ^^^8^'^' ^'^ ^^ S. of 
 
 Rh^? /"^ X?' "" "'""'J of the state of 
 
 t; ?• r • ?| Newport, and in Newport county. 
 I aI ""'f '" '«"8t*'. »nd 4 in its extreme 
 
 ana cneese. The S. part of it is in lat. 41,8 
 N. ; inhabited by about 700 persons, a consider 
 able portion of whom subsist by the fiX"y 
 
 w,fh /r^' * *"7" "^ """^d. in Overy^l 
 ♦T / ^"'t' ^cd at tho mouth of the Aa^n 
 
 e'mifeYN 'w'Af'SL^ *'n ^ ? ^'^ ^-^ "; 
 lat 52. 44. n: ®'*"'"''"'''- ^O'^S- 6- 39. E.' 
 
 n»rt,^»«; "*"t^ "^ ^™"«*> "'Pital of the de- 
 partment of Loire and Cher, and lately an 
 ep«copa^ see. The cathedral 'is a lai»e rtruc" 
 
 of thf^** ""r "'"'"""'« «* one^Sy 
 ot the city; and on another eminence at the 
 
 Lou'^XIir"*;:!"'^^"*"""^- I"^i»-tle 
 i^ouis XII. was bom ; and here, in 1588 
 Henry m. caused the Duke of Gu4e and hi,! 
 
 are tm?^ <^"'''-'.. to be a8lTnS.'"Jere 
 are some fine fountains, supplied hv «n »„, " 
 uuct, supposed to have b^en erected b;The 
 Romans. The principal commerce is in wS 
 
 •MHtt 
 
BLO 
 
 and branrly ; and tho chief man- 'icturea nro 
 serges nnd ticken. It is seated <; the Loire 
 over which is a handsome bridge, 37 railed 
 E. N. h. of Tours, and 100 S. 8. W. of Paris. 
 Pop, about 13,000. 
 
 BtoNiKz, a town of Poland, in Masomj 20 
 miles W. of Warsaw. 
 
 Blore a village in Staffordshire; 10 miles 
 N. of Uttoxeter. Ita heath is fiimous for a 
 cattle between the houses of York and Lan- 
 caster, in which Nevil, Earl of Salisbury, for 
 York, with 500 men only, defeated Lord 
 Audley with 10,000. The latter was killed 
 and on the spot is erected a stone cross to his 
 memory. 
 
 uJ^^^ Mountains, severol mountains so 
 called in different parts of the world : viz. lat 
 Intersecting the island of Jamaica from E. to 
 W.; North Peak is 8180 feet above the level 
 of the sea. 2nd. The most easterly ridge of 
 the Allegany, m the state of Pennsylvania, ex- 
 i®"c'"! i? \^-^- diction, from the Delaware 
 . rAnn i"® Susquehannah river; altitude 3000 
 to 4000 feet. 3rd. A more southern branch of 
 the same ndge, extending in the same direction 
 .^ /,^- °f}^^ Potomac river, through the 
 
 ^ ^ ? oYlJI'l?"' '"**' N*"^'' Carolina; Otter 
 Peak 18 3103 feet high, and is the highest point 
 m all Vuginia: the passage of the Potomac 
 mer through this ridge is peculiarly grand. 
 4th. An extensive range in New South Wales, 
 dividing the districts on the coast, from Bat- 
 hurst Plains. Sth. Intersecting the island of 
 Java in various directions. 
 
 BiTTH, a large parish and town at tho N.W 
 extremity of the county of Nottingham, bor^ 
 denng on Yorkshire. The town is 6 miles N. 
 of Worksop ; it has a market on Thursday. 
 .,w""; M*"*" "^ Northumberland, England, 
 situate at tho mouth of a river of the same 
 name, which fells into the German Ocean : 14 
 niUesN.N.E. of Newcastle. IthasT^'nv^ 
 ment quay, from which a considerable quantity 
 of coal IS shipped. There ar« two other rive« 
 Of the same name in England : viz. one in the 
 «"{"ty of Suffolk, fallinglnto tie l^aT^.S! 
 wold, and another m the county of Warwick 
 falUng into the Tame, below ColUm ' 
 
 BoAD, a town of Hindostan, in Orissa. on 
 the nver Mahanuddy ; 65 miles S. sTe. of 
 Sumbulpour, and 116 W. of Cuttack 
 n„ ffcf™"' VT" ""i^^y' '" *''« Milanese, 
 
 Pop 3sor ' ""^ ®' ^- °^ ^"^^• 
 
 D«^Z^f '^ -fu"' " *°r "^ ®«™''''y' '" Hesse 
 Darmstadt, with a castle; seated on the Gers- 
 
 Sne'' ^' ^' "- *'™"''''<»t on the 
 
 BoBER, a river of Germany, which rises in 
 
 bilMia, on the borders of Bohemia, flows N. 
 
 tt ^oTefb^Z S^i"' ^"^ ^"' -'^ ^"^'» 
 
 N-£°mT^"°,' "^'"f " "' Brandenburg, in the 
 New Mark, and duchy of Crossen ; s^ted on 
 the sid^e of a hill, by the river Bobw: sZi?^ 
 
 93 
 
 Boa 
 
 BoBiNOEN, a town of Bavaria ; 9 miles S of 
 Auguburg. Pop. about 1500. 
 
 BoBRAWA, a town in the drcle of Brunn. 
 Moravia ; 4 miles S. W. of Bistitjt. ' 
 
 BoBiWTz, 3, town in the county of Liptau. 
 Upper Hungary, among the Carpathian Moun- 
 tains. Pop. about 1700. 
 
 BoBBYSK, a town in the palatinate of Minsk 
 Lithuania; situate E. of the Bobrigia river lust 
 above its confluence with the Berezina. 
 
 Boca, signifying mouth, is a term which has 
 been prefixed by the Spaniards, to the names 
 of soverd straits or sea-passages in different 
 parts of South America; the most celebrated 
 IS the north strait, between the island of Trini- 
 dad and the coast of Cumann, called the Jiooa 
 delDrago, or Dragon's Mouth. 
 
 Boca Tigris, a strait in Canton ri-w, China. 
 
 ilocHKTTA, a chain of mountains in the terri- 
 
 T "^v -j^""*^' "''«' *'"'«'> M the road into 
 Lombardy. On the highest mountain is a 
 strong paH that will hardly admit three men to 
 
 ft ^^Ihfi! ^^ ^n' "• P'^P^'^y- "'« Bochetta. 
 It iftthe key of Genoa, and was forced by the 
 French in 1796, and by the Austrians in 1800 
 BOCTNIA, a town of Poland, in the palati- 
 nate of Cracow, with large salt minen; 20 miles 
 Ji. to. K of Cracow. Pop. about 3300. 
 
 • ."^""^V ^""^ "*■ Westphalia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Munster, on the river Aa; 40 miles 
 W. ot Munster. 
 
 Bockenheui, a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 v!l*P"",T"'?,'^ "*■ Hildesheim, on the river 
 Nette ; 13 miles S. S. E. of Hildesheim. 
 
 DOCKING, a large village in Essex, adjoining 
 to Bramtree. Ite church is spacious; and here 
 18 a great manufacture of baize. 
 
 Bookdm, a town of Westphalia, in the county 
 of Mark ; 26 miles S. E. of Wesel. 
 Bodkn See. See Constance, Lake op. 
 Bodmin, a borough in Cornwall, governed 
 by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. The 
 summer assizes are held here. It has some 
 manufactures of serge, and a trade in wool and 
 yam. The church is the lai^est in the county; 
 and the remains of an episcopal palace and a 
 pnory are still to be seen. It is 32 miles N. E. 
 of Falmouth, and 235 W. by S. of London. U 
 returns two members to parKament. 
 
 DODROOH, a river of Upper Huncasv rising 
 
 among the Carpathian mountains. f^'S 
 
 into the Theiss at Tokay. * 
 
 BoDRUN. a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- 
 
 f?mn« rT^«"^" °^*''« Gulf of^'calano^ 
 18 miles S. of Smyrna. Another, on the site 
 
 oJ»h» r"?r* i?*''*?^"^"*' »" the north side 
 MeW^'^ ^'^"'' ** ""^^ W- ^y S. of 
 ..^^L*"i ^^°' * "»e' which rises on the 
 tS»h^pl''r°^ y^i'^y"'"' ^ Poland? flows 
 11^^ P<^ohaand Budzac Tartaiy, and enters 
 Sniei!^.^ ^' *^*''**" OczackoT^d the rive" 
 
 Boouo. or Beuil, a town of Savoy, situate 
 on the Tmea ; 21 miles N. N. W of Nice 
 
 .,O^.T°«r'c" i?^, of Austrian Istria; atout 
 - - _ ,,, „. uj Tncste. 
 
 BooLiPonB, a town of Hindostan, capital of 
 
BOO 
 
 94 
 
 '11 !' 
 
 I i 
 
 BootWB, a villngo in Suimx ; 7 miles 8. of 
 Ch.che.ter. It is an improving place, and 
 much frequented in summer tor wa-UtliiiiK. 
 
 town of LurowjHn RuMia, in the province of 
 liharkov It hat considerable manufactures of 
 leather. Pop. about 7000. 
 
 BoooTA, a river of Columbia, which &lls into 
 the Pacific Ocean, in the lat. of 1. N. 
 
 BoooHODiTSK, a handsome town, containing 
 about 6000 inhabitants; in the province of 
 Toula, Russia. 
 
 BoooTA, St. Fk db, a large town of South 
 America. During the rule of the Spaniards in 
 that part of the world, it was the capital of the 
 viceroyalty of New Granada, and was then 
 more commonly called St, Fee. Since the 
 oignniMtion and establishment of the republic 
 ot Columbia, it has been more commonly called 
 Bogota, and made the chief town of the pro- 
 iiince of Cundinamarco, and seat of the whole 
 republican government of Columbia. It is 
 situate on a spacious and fertile plain, on the 
 most easterly ridge of the Ande^ in the lat. of 
 4. 36. N. and 73. 30, of W. long., at an eleva- 
 tion of upwards of 8000 feet above the level of 
 the sea, which, notwithstanding its contiguity 
 to the equator, renders its climate compara- 
 lively temperate and agreeable. It is inter- 
 sected by a small river called the Bogota (hence 
 Its recenl appellation), which falls into the 
 Magdalena, W. of the ridge of mountains on 
 which the town is situate. The town is toler- 
 ably well laid out, having four squares, contain- 
 mg some handsome buildings; and although its 
 remoteness from the sea, and destitution of 
 water communication, will militate against its 
 becoming a place of the first magnitude, should 
 It continue to be the seat of government it 
 wil._ doubtless considerably increase both in ex- 
 tent and population, which at presents amounts 
 to about 40,000. It ig about 460 miles N. E 
 of Quito. About 15 miles S. W. of the town, 
 at a place called Tequendama, the river Bogota 
 tails down a precipice with great fury, and is 
 Ml object of considerable attracUon to the 
 strangers who visit Bogota. 
 
 BoowANPoon, a town of Bahar, Hindostan ; 
 a few miles S. E. of Benares. 
 
 BoHKMiA, a kingdom and very compact 
 temto^ in the centre of Europe; supposedto 
 have derived its name from a tribe of Celts 
 called the Boii,and was originaUy more exten- 
 Kve, including Lusatia and Silesia on the N. E 
 and Moravia on the S. E. Previous to 1547 it 
 WM an independent kingdrm, having an elec- 
 tive form of government, the popularity of 
 vhich excited the jealousy of the emperor of 
 Germany, Ferdinand I., who obtained at that 
 period the consent of the Germanic diet, to 
 declare it an hereditary appendage of the do- 
 mmion of Austria. This union was severely 
 contested on the part of the Bohemians, for 
 about seventy years; but since 1690 they have 
 implicitly yiek'ed to the Austrian yoke. Bo- 
 hemia, in Its present extent, is in the form of a 
 
 UOH 
 
 limg. lu southern point borders on Upptt 
 Austria, and it is bounded by Bavaria on tha 
 S. \V,, Saxony on the N. W., Lusatia and 
 Silesia on the N. E., and Moravia on the S. E. 
 Its extreme length and breadth will be about 
 180 by 190 miles, but each of the four sides of 
 its quadnlateral figure will not average more 
 tha- about 125, and as such give a superficial 
 f Mt Of 16,625 sauare miles. 
 
 Since 1761, it has been divided into the 
 twelve following circles, named after twelve of 
 the pnncipal towns, (exclusive of Prague, the 
 metropolis of the whole territory, which has a 
 separate jurisdiction :) vi«. 
 
 Saatx ... N.W, Includ- 
 ing the small terri- 
 tory of Egen. 
 
 Rakownitz <. 
 
 Kaurzim f . ^ , 
 
 Beraund- (Inteno'. 
 Podrad * 
 
 Pilsen ... N.W. 
 
 Leutmeritz N, 
 Bunzlau ... N. 
 Konigingratz N.E. 
 
 Chrudim 
 Tdiaslau 
 Dechin 
 
 E. 
 
 S.E. 
 
 S. 
 
 Prachin S. 
 
 - J — -~«- w.^i,vi>v, lo III iiieiunn 
 
 aiamond. and lies b«>t.w«>n th° '»t -^f ■'o __ 
 and 61. 5. N. and 12. 20. to 16. 30. ot W. 
 
 Bohemia is considered the most elevated 
 part of Europe, no rivers running into it. The 
 Spree, the Neisse, and the Bober, running 
 north through Lusatia and Silesia, have their 
 source on the frontiers of the circles of Bunzlau 
 and Konigingratz, and the Elbe has iU source 
 in the latter circle, near the frontier of Silesia 
 nuinmg south into the circle of Chrudim, and 
 then takes a north-west course, bounding the 
 circle of Buntzlau on the south, intersecting 
 Leutmeritz towards Dresden, in Saxony. The 
 Moldau rises near the frontier of Austria at 
 the south extremity of the circle of Bechin 
 and runs nearly due north past Prague, into 
 the Elbe at Milnik, in Buntzlau. Several 
 rtreams have their sources in the circle of 
 Pitaen, which unite near the town of that name, 
 fu ,11''?^® *'"". *^^ Beraun, which runs into 
 the Moldaa a little below Prague. The Egen 
 intersects the circle of Saatz from south-west to 
 north-east, falling into the Elbe a Uttle below 
 the town o' Leutmeritz. These rivers, with 
 their several tributary streams, contribute alike 
 to the diversity and fertility of the country. 
 Ihere are also several small lakes in the south 
 part of the circle of Bechin. The frontiers on 
 all sides, except on that of Moravia, are moun- 
 tainous and woody, whilst the whole of the 
 interior possesses a soil of great capability; but 
 as a species of feudal tyranny pervades the 
 whole territory, it naturally precludes all ex- 
 citfcment to social exertion, and its productions 
 are consequently confined to a bare means of 
 subsistence. It grows a considerable quantity 
 of flax, which, as well as their wool, is manu- 
 fectured into linens and cloths, for domestic 
 use, and some on the side of Lusatia and Si- 
 lesia for exportation. Almost every kind t 
 mineral is found in one part of the country or 
 the other; and, ha-ang but little external inter- 
 course, every branch of manufacture is carried 
 on as domestic occupations for internal supply. 
 It has several mineral springs, but is defici.nt 
 m inc essential article of si^lt, part of the sup- 
 ply being obtained from external sources. 
 
BOH 95 
 
 On the •ubjugation of Bohemia bv Auitrin, 
 the ancient form of government wm' retained, 
 but it was merely the form : an abMlute and 
 deapotic dictation nullified whatever was calcu- 
 lated to justify or vindicate the rights of man, 
 and the conduct of blind passive obedience 
 P»y "ow be considered as firmly established 
 m Bohemia, as in any part of Europe, or tho 
 world, Tho established reUgion of Bohemia is 
 the Itoman Catholic, and, before the year 1781, 
 the Protestants were not permitted the f^ee 
 exercise of tlieir worship : at present all reli- 
 gious creeds are tolerated. Out of a population 
 of about 3,000,000, the dissentients from Ca- 
 molicism do not exceed 100,000, about half of 
 
 AndH^n ""* ^'""- . ^" *'■"« "^ pence, about 
 00.000 men are maintained in arms, to support 
 whom, and other state pretensions, exactions, 
 equal to about 2,000,000/.. English mone^ 
 are imposed on the productive labours of the 
 people. The original language of Bohemia 
 seems to have been Sclavonic, a dialect of 
 which is still common in the country ; but the 
 German or high Dutch is spoken with consider- 
 able purity. 
 
 BoHMBRWAiD, a dense mountain forest, 
 formmg the S. W. boundary of Bohea.ia. The 
 term implies Bohemian Forest, Baum in Ger- 
 man signifying wood ; Bohm is probably a cor- 
 ruption of that term in Bohemia, and may 
 nave given name to the country, signifying a 
 woody country, and the two following places 
 as situated in woodi. 
 
 BoHMiscH AicHK, a town of Bohemia, in 
 the circle of Bunzlau; 20 miles N. of Junir 
 Bunzlau. 
 
 BoHMiscH Brod, a town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Kaurzim; 14 miles E. S. E. of Prague. 
 XT S^Sf"' °"e of the Philippine islands, to the 
 «. of Mindanao. Long. 124. 6. E. lat. 10. 0. N. 
 BoHOL, oT Bool, a town at the mouth of a 
 nver of the same name, falUng into the Sooloo 
 isea, on the N. coast of the Idle of Celebes. 
 
 BoHus, or Bahus, a smaU district of West 
 Gothland Sweden, bordering on the Cattegat, 
 I ; °L "."/"xt'^K- Stromstadt, on the coast in 
 Jat. 68. 66. N. and 11. 15. E. long., is the 
 principal town. ' ' 
 
 BojADOR, a cape on the W. coast of Africa, 
 doubled by the Portuguese in 1433. Long. 14 
 27. W. lat. 26. 12. N. 
 
 BoiAjio, a town of Naples, in the Molise, at 
 . „r,°^*°e Appennines, on the E., near the 
 nver Tilemo. In 1803 it suffered greatly by 
 an earthquake, and most of the inhabitant 
 were destroyed. It is 45 miles N. N. E. of 
 Naples. 
 
 Bois LB Ddc, a fortified city of Dutch Bra- 
 bwit, capital of a district of the same name. 
 Which contains also the towns of Helmont and 
 l!.yndhoven. It has a castle named Papen- 
 Miel, and a httle to the S. are two forts, called 
 Isabella and St. Anthony. It was taken by 
 the French m 1794. It is situate among 
 morassM, on the river Dommel, where it r^ 
 
 f^j"'^'e a S^4. --. "'"'^^ ^- ^y '^- "f B'"«<i». 
 13 000 Amsterdam. Pop. about 
 
 BOL 
 
 BoiscoMMOM a town of Prance, la the de- 
 partuent of Loirot; 25 miles N.E. of Orleans, 
 
 BoiTZENBUBo, a town of Lower Saxony in 
 Mecklenburg, at the confluence of the Boitse 
 with the E;i')e; 30 miles S. W. of Schwerin 
 
 BoiTZENBUBo, a town of Brandenburg, in 
 the Upper Mark; 10 miles W. of Prenslow 
 
 Bokhara, a citv of Bokhara. It disputes 
 with Samarcand, the title of capital, and stands 
 on a riing ground, surrounded by a slender 
 wall ot earth, and a dry ditch, on the S. side 
 of the nver Sodg. The houses are low, and 
 mostly built of mud; but the caravnnseras and 
 mosques, which are numerous, are all of brick. 
 The bazaars, or market-places, have been 
 stately buildings, but the greatest part of them 
 are now in ruins. Here is also a stately build- 
 ing for the education of the priests. Great 
 numbers of Jews and Arabians frequent this 
 place; and the trade with Russia and Persia is 
 considerable. In 1220, Bokhara was taken by 
 tJenghis Khan, with a numerous army, who 
 burnt the city, and demolished the castle ; but 
 after the city had remained in ruins some years 
 he at length ordered it to be rebuilt. It is 138* 
 miles W. by S. of Samarcand. Long. 62. 66. 
 E. lat. 89. 4. N. b- " . oo. 
 
 Bokhara, or Bucharia, a country of Asia, 
 bounded on the N. by Turkestan, E. by Cash- 
 gur, S. by Hindostan and Persia, and W. by 
 Khorasan and Kharesm. It is fertile in corn 
 *5 m""'' ^^ "•* *^' cultivated of any part 
 of Tartary. The inhabitants, chiefly Usbeo 
 Tartars, are in general tawny, with black hair, 
 but some are white and well made. They are 
 cleanly in their food, which often consista of 
 r need meat, and tea is the general drink. 
 
 -ley are not wariike, but use the bow, lance, 
 and sabre. The original inhabitants are a Per- 
 sian colony, aid still use the Persian language. 
 They live in cities, and carry on commerce 
 with Russia and Persia. The government is 
 despotic; religion Mohammedan. 
 
 BoKHARiA, Little. See Cashour, 
 
 BoLABOLA, one of the Society Islands, in tho 
 Pacific Ocean ; 4 leagues N. W. of Otaha. 
 Long. 151. 52, W, lat. 16. 32. S, 
 
 BoLCHERESK, a town of Kamtschatka, on 
 the nver Bolchoir^ka, 22 miles from its mouth. 
 
 in .? ^,* °^ ^^°**''- I^»"K- 156. 37. E. lat. 
 62. 64. N. 
 
 BoLiNGBROKE, a town in Lincolnshire, with 
 a market on Tuesday. It was the birthplace 
 
 ?L"r? 'J- .^^ ""«' ^' °f L«»«>ln. and 
 133 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Bolivia, or Upper Peru, a new republic of 
 
 1°"* Ainerica, bounded on the E. by Brazil, 
 
 o. by La Plata, or the Argentine republic. \V. 
 
 by the Pacific and Chili, and N. W. by Peru. 
 
 In 1778, when the Peruvian viceroyalty was 
 
 divided, the districts of La Paz, Potosi-Charcas, 
 
 and banta Cruz, were added to the viceroyalty 
 
 of Buenos Ayres. These now fonn the repub- 
 
 he ot Bolivia. Peni was the last of the Spanish 
 
 colonies that succeeded in th-rowing off tho 
 
 yoke, which was accomplished by the brilliant 
 
 victory of Aracucho, on Dec. 9th, 1824. Since 
 
 that time there have been many changes in 
 
BOL 
 
 Qfi 
 
 BOM 
 
 I 
 
 theM two republicii, which rendew all know- 
 lodge of thoir prewsnt stnto uncertain. It i« 
 «in nrl *"'° ''" "^opartmeiit., and conuiins 
 810,000 .quaro miles, and I,'200,000 inhabi- 
 tanta. See Peri;. 
 
 DoLKKNiuYN, a town of SiioMa, in the prin- 
 cipality of Schweidnitz, a few miles W. of the 
 town of Schweidnitz i the inhabitants are chiefly 
 employed in the linen manufhcturc. 
 
 BoLKOwiTz.or PoLKWiTZ, a town of SileBin; 
 12 milcsS. of Glogau. 
 
 BoLooNA, a city of Italy, capital of tho Bo- 
 logneso, and an archbishop's see. It is about 
 6 miles in circumference, and contains 80,000 
 inhabitants. It has long been distinguiahod as 
 a school of science ; the university being one of 
 the most ancient and celebrated in Europe. 
 An academy of arts and sciences was finuided 
 in 1712, and contributed greatly to that fame 
 which the city has acquired. As a school of 
 painting, It is immortalized by the number of 
 masters it has produced. There are here 169 
 churches, and these, as well as tho numerous 
 mansions of the nobles, are most munificently 
 furnished with their best productions. Nor 
 have the exertions of art been confined to the 
 SDhere of painting; the city exhibits some of 
 the finest monuments of architecture, such as 
 the palace of Capraria, the marble fountain in 
 the Place-del-Gigante, and in fact almost every 
 building of any note. The academy of arts 
 and sciences is a building of great magnificence, 
 and the public theatre is one of the largest and 
 most beautiful in Italy. The church of St. 
 Petronius is the largest in Bologna, but is more 
 remarkable for its pavement, where Cassino 
 drew his meridian line, 180 (bet long. The 
 trade of Bologna is very considerable, being 
 situated in a fertile country, and having an easy 
 a)nvo^nce of its produce by a canal to the 
 Po. The exuberance of the adjacent country 
 enables the inhabitants to ftimish all Europe 
 with the greatest delicacies in confectionary, 
 distilled waters, essences, &o. ; oil, wine, flax, 
 hemp, and silk, also furnish abundant sources 
 of trade aad employment. The Reno, which 
 passes by the city, turns no less than 400 mills 
 for silk-works. It is situated at the foot of the 
 ,,'i'"x'J"'JIf'' ^^ '""^ S. E. of Modena, and 
 
 aI o^'^- "t ^™^- ^"«- 11- 21. E. lat. 
 44. 30. N. It was taken possession of by the 
 French m 1796, but restored to the states of 
 Rome at the general peace. 
 
 BoLOQNESE, a province of Italy, bounded on 
 the N. by the Ferrarese, W. by Modena, S. by 
 Tuscany, and E. by Romagna. It is watered 
 by many small rivers, and produces all sorts of 
 grain and fruit, particularly rich muscadine 
 p^pes. Some miles before the entrance into 
 Bologna, the country seems one continued 
 garden. The vineyards are not divided by 
 hedges, but by rows of elms and mulberry- 
 trees ; the vines hanging in festoons from one 
 tree to another. There are also mines of alum 
 *I! ySnk ^"'ogna is the capital. There are 
 about ^00 other towns, containing a population 
 «f about 210,000, o r r 
 
 BoLSEKA, a town of Italy, in the patrimony 
 
 of St. Peter, on tho lake of its name! 10 mi.Vi 
 N. N. W. of Vitcrbo. 
 
 BDLsovEn, a town in Derbyshire, with b 
 market on Friiiny. It has a spacious rt «tle on 
 the brow of a hillj and is note<l for tho manu- 
 mcture of tobacco pines. It is miles E. of 
 Chesterfield, and 14/i N. N. W. of London. 
 
 BoLSWAERT, a town of Holland, in Fries- 
 land, near the Zuyder Zee) 10 miles N. of 
 tJloten. Near this town, which is about 3 
 miles in extent, was formerly an abbey of the 
 Cistcrtians, where the Munster Anabaptists 
 took refuge in 1534, and where William, count 
 of Holland, was buried in the 14th century. 
 
 BoLTO."*-LB-Mooits, a laigo and populous 
 borough in Lancashire, consisting of two town- 
 ships, Great and Little Bolton. It is so called 
 from its situation amidst several extensive 
 moors, and also to distinguish it from another 
 town in the N. part of the county, called 
 Uollon-le-Sands. It is 11 miles N. W. of 
 Manchester, on the mail-coach road to Preston 
 and Glasgow, and, next to Manchester, is one 
 of tho most considerable stations of the cotton 
 manufacture, the branches more particulariy 
 pursued being those of muslins, dimities, and 
 counterpanes. The canal to Manchester, from 
 which there is a branch to Burv, has added 
 materially to the prosperity of the place ; and 
 the railway to Leigh, by aflferding fiicilities for 
 an additional supply of coal, has reduced tho 
 pnce of that indispensable fuel. Besides the 
 parish church, hero are two other episcopal 
 churches of recent erection, a Roman Catholic 
 chapel, and about sixteen meeting-houses for 
 dissenters, with various schools and charitable 
 institutions. A town hall, for the transaction 
 of public business, has been lately erected. 
 Market on Mondays, well supplied with pro- 
 visions. Under the Reform Bill, it sends two 
 members to parliament. The Earl of Derby 
 was executed here, in 1651, for proclaiming 
 Charles II. r o 
 
 There are 12 other towns and villages named 
 Bolton, besides Bolton on the Sands, in 
 different parts of England ; viz. three in 
 Cumberland, one each in Northumberland 
 and Westmoreland, seven in Yorkshire, and 
 Mveral in different parte of the United 
 States of North America ; but none that 
 merit any particular notice. 
 BoMAL, a town of the Netheriands, in Lux- 
 einburg, on the river Ourt; 20 miles S. of 
 Liege. 
 
 Bombay, {Bom-bahia, gooA bay, Portuguese,) 
 an island, city, and presidency on the W. coast 
 of the Deccan of Hindostan. It came to the 
 EngUsh by the marriage of Charles II. with 
 Cathenne of Portugal, and was made over to 
 the East India Company in 1688, when it was 
 made the seat of government of all their posses- 
 sions oil that side of Hindostan, which was pre- 
 viously at Surat, and it is now one of the three 
 presidencies by which their oriental territories 
 are governed. It contains a strong and capacious 
 fortress, a city, dockyard, and marine arsenal, 
 ticrc me nnest uiurcliant ships are built, all of 
 teak supplied from the neighbouring countries. 
 
nnmej IJ) miiVi 
 
 DOM 
 
 wWeh <• nnira durablo thnn the bett English 
 onk; and in 1810, the Mi.ulon, 74 /<un «hip 
 WM Inunched, having been built entiruly under 
 the superintendence of a l'nr»oe. The ground is 
 in geneml barren, and good water sairce; but it 
 hui abundance of cocoa- nuU, nnd its mnrkeU 
 Bre well supplied witli every delicacy. The po- 
 
 •"."oltlPn,!' ' . '*"''°'y "*' B»«>»»y « esUnmted 
 at 2-'5,000, three-fourths of whom are Hindoos 
 the reniumder Mohometans, Armenians and 
 Jews, and about 8000 I'nrsees, or Fire Worship- 
 pers The city of Bombay, next to Calcutta, 
 •nay be considered the most commercial place 
 >n all Hindostan; iu interchange with China is 
 very great, the export of cotton sometimes 
 amounting to 350,000 bales per annum. It is 
 much resorted to by traders from Persia, Arabia. 
 AbysMnia, Armenia, and all parts of western 
 Asm, as well as from most of the islands of the 
 Indian Ocean, and ail the eastern parts of Aaiai 
 and the commercial transactions are conducted 
 with more integrity than is usual in Asiatic 
 
 t'frw . "cf'^il'J'!" "''«• S. of Sural, and 
 IJOO W. by S. of Calcutta. The light-house, 
 which u a very prominent object, and visible 
 
 7o "io "^''^ °"' "* ■*"• " '" J*'- 18- «3. N. and 
 ii. 5a. ti, long, 
 
 --?r v^' u •*'T'1 "'■ "°"«"''> '" Zealand, 
 •ir- •/«""' "^ *''*' "'*°'l of Sohowenj 3 
 miles E. of BroweiBhaven. 
 
 • ,®",*'^^'r,*,V**" °^ South Holland, in the 
 isle of Ovorflakke, 7 miles W. ofWiUiamstadt. 
 BOMMEL, a strong town of Holland, in Guel- 
 derlaiid, in the island of Bommelwert, on the 
 merWiml; 21 miles S. by E. of Utre-Jht. and 
 / N. of Bois-le-Duc. Fop. about 3000 
 
 BoMMELWBaT, an island of Holland, fonned 
 by the junctions of the Waal and Maese. It 
 lies in the province of GKielderland, except a 
 small durtnct m the west end, which belong to 
 South Holland. It is fifteen miles in le^h 
 from Lowestein to Fort St. Andrew, and is not 
 more than four miles in the broadest part It 
 was taken by the French in 1672, and again in 
 
 rnn-^^" "^""^ 9^ ^'K"'"' '"» ^^^ province of 
 Hippo R«giu8. It has a trade in com, oil. wax 
 
 r„^KK*"^ 2' ^^"^ ^""=' * fertile island in the 
 Caribbean Sea, to the E. of Cumcoa. It is 
 eo miles in circuit, and has a good harbour and 
 
 I2 IO.V ®' ^" '^'- ^'^- ^- ^«- ^- '»*• 
 
 r.iu^r'^'"*' *?® "^ *'"' <^«P« Verd islands, so 
 called from its beautifiil appearance to the first 
 discoverers,™ 1450; butit isnow become barren 
 through the extreme idleness of the inhabitants 
 Long. 22. 47. W. lat. 16. 6. N. "™"""»""- 
 • ,^"''a;J«ta. a cape on the E. side of the 
 4t"l5."N^'*^°"""^'"'^- ^°"«- ^^- ^''- ^' '»t 
 
 97 
 
 BOU 
 
 Forest, capital of, .ounty which ieins the Bris- 
 «""• {\.".l ""'«-? ^- »'r W. 0/ Furstenburl; 
 
 Tin,?""?:^" •'""*"'" <=°""'y Of t^o "tate of Illi- 
 nois. It 18 intennwtflH h^/th^ v,.i— i..-- _• 
 
 •f v.„^ r .^"^^Pendence, 10 miles S. by W. 
 »f Vandaha, is the chief town. 
 BONDOBP, a town of Suabia, in the Blaek 
 
 „-„ I I i J . , "' "• "' rurstenburt. 
 B^ea! '" " '*'"""^ "' **■» duchy^f 
 
 BcNDOU, an interior country of North Africa 
 ying between the rivers .Senegal and Gamhu! 
 .nhabitj,d by the Foulah raoTof neg^ X 
 are industrious and social in their habits, and 
 Alahometans in religion. 
 
 BoNKSs, or BoBHowsTONHM, a town of Scot, 
 land, in Linlithgowshire, with a safe and com- 
 modious harbour on the Frith of Forth. It has 
 a considerable trade in ship- building and coaJ 
 and extensive manufactures of salt and ston»^ 
 ware. It is 5 milra N. of LinUthgow, 
 
 BoNi, or Bony, a spacious bay between the 
 two southern promontories of the Isle of Ce- 
 lebee. It has numerous shoals and rocks, and 
 U commonly called Bugge. Bay by Europeans 
 Near the upper end of the bay. on the shore of 
 the western promontory, i. the town of Boni. 
 which IS the capital of a kingdom of the same 
 S M I ""'f ''"°r".- '^^« inhabitant, are 
 i«iu. ju. ot ki, long. 
 
 ww?'"'"'*^'?' t ^'''^'^^ •«'Port of Cornea, 
 with a good harbour and a coral fishery. It standi 
 on a small peninsula, at tlw 8. extremity of the 
 isUnd i 37 miles S^ of Ajaccio. Long. 9. 20. E. 
 lat. 41. 25. N. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 Bonn, a city of Germany, in the territory of 
 Cologne. It has a flourishing university, four 
 pansh churches, and several religious found*- 
 tiont. It was taken by the Duke of Marlbo- 
 rough, in 1703, and by the French in 1794, It 
 M seated on the Rhinej 14 miles S. by E, of 
 Cologne. Pop. 10,666. 
 
 Bonnat, a town of Fiance, in the department 
 ot La Cr^'uae, Pop. about 2000. 
 
 Bonn Kr ABLE, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Sarte; 16 miles N. E, of Mon^ Kp. 
 
 n^^f^^/l^"-' " ^^ "^ ^""OO' •" tho depart- 
 
 ?mn °^v "7;?:"' ^°^ ' '^^ o» ^^ Loire ; 
 8 miles N. of Chateaudun. 
 
 Bonneville, a town of Savoy, capital of 
 *«ucigny, seated on the river Arve, at the foot 
 <tf a mountain called the Mole ; 20 miles S E 
 ot Geneva. 
 
 BoNNT, a kingd«Mn of Guinea, North Africa, 
 lying between Waree and Calabar. The m- 
 fiabjtMU are less social than their neighbours 
 olla£* "" oo'wtant collision with those of 
 
 BoNTHAiif, a seaport at the S. extremity of 
 tbo western promontory of the island of Celebes 
 •eated on the shore of a lai«e bay, where ship^ 
 may he m security during both the monsoons 
 thA « T 'y" * P^'Jo^l fort, and stands on 
 
 82! E. kft! t'sri ^^^ "''''• ^""«- ^2*- 
 
 « « I'^'iJT"' ■ ^'"^ °^ ■*"» Minor, situate on 
 a gulf of the name, in the Gulf of Kos, probably 
 the ancient HaUcamassus. The haA^ur Jl 
 uecayeu i« used fay the Xurkisli navy, and tl^ 
 aoundant rums in ita vicinity certify ita former 
 importance. Lat. 37. 5. N. tong. 27!lo.T 
 Bool. See Bohol. 
 
 H 
 
.•' 1 
 
 I i 
 
 BOO 
 
 Booit, a town of Brabant, on the N. bank of 
 the river Nethes; 10 miles S. of Antwerp. Pop. 
 about 3500 
 
 BoONB, a frontier country of the state of 
 Kentucky, nearly encircl 1 by the Ohio River, 
 which divides the N. end from the states of 
 Ohio and Indiana, opposite to where the Miami 
 river fells into Ihe Ohio. Pop. 10,034. Burling- 
 ton, 90 miles N. by £. of Frankfort, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 BooNDEE, a city and district of Hindostan, 
 province of Ajmeer. It is a remarkable and in- 
 teresting city, from its pagodas, fountains, and 
 Hindoo temples; it is divided into Old and New 
 Boondee, and stands near a lake. 
 
 BooNSBOBOUGH, a town of the United States, 
 in Madison county, seated on Red River, which 
 runs into the Kentucky ■, 33 miles £. S. £. of 
 Lexington. 
 
 BooRHANPOOR, a dty of Hindostan, province 
 of Candeesh, formerly the capital of a large and 
 well-built city, mostly of brick, and paved with 
 •tone. It is femous for its delicious grapes. 
 
 BooBNAU, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal ; 
 98 miles N. £. of Calcutta. 
 
 BooTAN, or Bhotan, a mountainous country 
 of Hindostan Proper, lying between the pro- 
 vince of Bengal and Thibet. It is a feudatory 
 province of Thibet, and abounds in mountains 
 covered with verdure, and rich with abundant 
 forest trees; there is scarcely a mountain whose 
 base is not washed by some torrent, and many 
 of the loftiest bear populous villages, amid 
 orchards and plantations, on their summits and 
 on thfit sides. The southernmost ridge of the 
 Bootan mountains rises near a mile and a half 
 above the plains of Bengal, in a horizontal dis- 
 tance of only 15 milea; and from the summit 
 the astonished traveller looks on the plains 
 below as on an extensive ocean. The Booteas 
 are much fairer and more robust than their 
 neighbours the Bengalees, with broader fhcp<< 
 and higher cheek-bones; their hair is invariably 
 black, and cut short ; their eyes small and black, 
 with long pointed comers ; and their skins re- 
 markably smooth. The houses are built on 
 props, though the country is hilly, and ascended 
 by a ladder : the lower part, closed on all sides, 
 served for holding stores, and accommodating 
 hogs, cows, and other animals. The capital is 
 Tassasudon. 
 
 Boothia Felix, a district in the Arctic re- 
 gions, discovered by Captain John Ross, in 1 829. 
 It lies to the W. of the Gulf of Boothia, a con- 
 tinuation of Prince Regent's Inlet, but the S. 
 shore is unexplored. It is remarkable as con- 
 taining the northern magnetic pole, in lat. 70. 0. 
 4. N. long. 96. 45. W. 
 
 BooTLE, a village in Lancashire, contiguous 
 to Liverpool, which it supplies with fine fresh 
 water, from abundant and never-failing springs, 
 near the sea-shore. 
 
 BoPAL. See Bhopaul. 
 
 BoPFiNOEN, a town of Suabia, on the river 
 
 Boppart, a town of Germany, seated at the 
 foot of a mountain, near the Rhine; 8 miles S. 
 of Coblentz. 
 
 03 
 
 BOR 
 
 Borahs, a town of West Gothland, Sweden; 
 about 10 miles £. of Gottenburg. 
 
 Borba, a town of Alentejo, Portugal, lying 
 between £strcmoz and Villa- Vicosa. 
 
 Borcholz, a town on the W. side of the 
 bishopric of Paderbom, Westphalia, now part of 
 the Prussian States. 
 
 Bord, or Boit, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Correze. It was the birth-place 
 of Marmontel. 
 
 Bordentown, a town of New Jersey, in Bur- 
 lington county, on the W. side of the Delaware; 
 6 miles below Trenton, and 23 N. E. of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 BoRG, a town of Denmark, the chief place 
 in the island of Femem, with a fort, on Fe- 
 mem Sound. Long. 11. 17. £. lat 54, 
 27. N. 
 
 BoRGENTRYCU, or Beroentrtch, a town on 
 the S.W. side of the bishopric of PaJerborn, 
 Westphalia. 
 
 BoRGHETTO, a town on the E. bank of the 
 Adige, at the southern extremity of the bishop- 
 ric of Trent. Also the name of a village in 
 the vicinity of Mantua, where a severe battle 
 was fought between the French and Austriaus, 
 in 1796. 
 
 BoRGHOLH, a fortified town on the W. side 
 of the isle of Oland, in the Baltic, part of the 
 province of East Gothland. 
 
 BoRG, Baro, or Beroiiolzhausen, a town 
 in the county of Ravensburg, Westphalia. 
 
 Borone, a laiige lake or inlet of the sea, be- 
 tween the states of Mississippi and Louisiana, 
 communicating with the Gulf of Mexico,, and 
 inland with Lake Pontchartrain. 
 
 Borgo, a seaport town of Russian Finland, 
 lying between Helsingfurt and Lovisa. In lat. 
 60. 21. N. and 25. 45. £. long. 
 
 BoRQO, Rusz, Prunt, and Pass, three towns 
 contiguous to each other, near the source of the 
 Bistritz river, on the eastern frontier of Tran- 
 sylvania, bordering on the Bukowine. They 
 have salt-springs and some manufactures of 
 earthenware. The population is considerable, 
 principally Wallachians. 
 
 BoRGo, St. Donnini, a town in the duchy 
 of Parma, so called from the martyrdom of 
 Donnini, who was beheaded here in 304. It is 
 a bishop's see, and ia situate about midway on 
 the road from Placentia to Parma. 
 
 Boiioo Di St. Sepolcro, n town of Tuscany, 
 in the Florentino, with a fort, seated near the 
 source of the Tiber ; 12 miles N. E. of Arezzo. 
 In 1789, about 1000 of the inhabitants were 
 destroyed by an earthquake. 
 
 BoKOOFORTE, a town of Italy, in the Man- 
 tuai., on the river Po, at the influx of the Uglia, 
 10 miles S. of Mantua; and nine others, all in- 
 considerable. 
 
 Borgo, or Bunoo D'Osma, a town of Spain, 
 surrounded with walls, and containing about 
 200 families ; 33 miles W. of Soria, and 40 
 S. E. of Burgos. 
 
 P.rPvTrO i^! St. AKr.r.t,o, a fortrrss of tbo 
 island of Malta, a little to the E. of Vak-tta, 
 
 BoiuA, or liERGOSA, a town of Spain, in 
 Arragon, in a fruitful spot, near Mount Cayo, 
 
BOR 
 
 dt the foot of the Pyrenees; 42 miles W. N. W. 
 of Suragosaa. 
 
 BoajA, a town of Columbia, situate on the 
 head waters of the river Amazon, 300 miles E 
 
 T^ ^-\°I I**'"*' ^'"'^ ^» W. by N. of Jean. 
 Long. 76. 36. W. lat. 4. IS. S. 
 
 BoBjA, a town in the province of Buenos 
 Ayres. near the frontier of Brazil. It was 
 founded by the Jesuits. 
 
 BoEisoGLEBSK, a town of Russia, situate on 
 the hanks of the Verona, near the S. end of the 
 province of Tamboy, about 300 miles S. E of 
 Moscow. It is also the name of a town in the 
 provmce of Jaroslav, on the W. bank of the 
 Volga, a few miles N. rf the city of Jaroslav. 
 Pop. of each about 3000, 
 
 BoHi^ow,a town of Russian Poland, on the 
 banks of the Berezina; about 35 miles E. of 
 Mmsk. 
 
 BoRKELO, a strong town of Holland, in the 
 county of Zutphen, remarkable for having been 
 the subjectof two wars: one in 1666, gainst 
 tte Bishop of Munster, and the other with 
 France, in 1672. It is seated on the river 
 Borkel, 15 miles E. N. E. of Zutphen 
 
 • ^v^'^r'.^. ^"^ "^ Westphalia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Munster. with a collegiate chiich- 
 seated on the Aa; 38 miles W. of Munster. ' 
 
 BoRKUM, an island of the kingdom of Han- 
 over lying between the E. and W. channels of 
 the Ems nver. It is partly inundated at high 
 water It has a town of Hie same name, the 
 inhabitants subsisting chiefly by fishing. 
 
 BoRMio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a 
 county of its name, on the confines of Tyrol 
 About a mile from the town are medicinal baths 
 It 18 seated at the foot of the mountains, on the 
 nvCT Fredolso, near its confluence with the 
 
 W.J .l^xr** ^' ^- °^ <^°"«- Long. 10. 20. E. 
 tot. 46. 17. N. 
 
 BoRMio, or BoRMiDA, a large river of Pied- 
 mont, which nses in the territory of Finale 
 runs N., intersecting the duchy of -Montferrat,' 
 falbng into the Tanaro, a little below Alessan- 
 
 BoBNA, a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle 
 of Leipsic, with a manufacture of stufts; seated 
 neartheriver Pleysse; 13 miles S. E. of Leipsic. 
 on the road to Altenburg. ' 
 
 Borneo, an island of Asia, in the Indian 
 Ocean discovered by the Portuguese in 15^1. 
 lying between the lat. of 4. 10? S. and 7. N 
 and 109 15. to 119. 25. W. long., being A 
 
 br^dth J a surface greater than that of any island 
 
 360 000 square miles, or nearly five times larger 
 than Great Britain. Although under the equatoT^ 
 the air is not so excessively hot as micht be e« 
 pected, being frequently refreshed 3 howe« 
 
 82 tot ""ITy! ^'^t '^•^™'""^'«' varyiJC 
 ADri? ?„ t K^^T^'}'- I? 'he ""on^on. from 
 ihl J September, the wind is westerl^ and 
 the mns are constant and heavy, attend" ! 
 ^.th violent storms of thunder and lightning; 
 Ihe rainy season continues for eight mentis 
 and during that time all the flat country, ?rom' 
 ten to twenty miles irom the coast, is overfowe? 
 
 »9 
 
 BO R 
 
 and the air rendered very unnealthy. For this 
 reason the inhabitanU build their houses on 
 Moats, which they make fast to trees. They 
 have but one floor, with partitions made with 
 canes; ar.d the roofs are covered with palmetto- 
 leaves, the eaves of which reach within four or 
 live feet of the bottom. Some of their houses 
 are built upon pillars, a sufficient height from 
 the surface not to be deluged. The countries 
 on the coast are inhabited by a mixture of 
 Malays, Javanese, and Macassars. The abori- 
 gines of the island, however, live in the interior, 
 and are called Biadjoos, Biayos, or Dijakkese, 
 &c., -who are represented as the most uncouth 
 and unsocial of the human race. Indeed, it 
 Beems to be here where Nature has united the 
 Cham of animated creation, and placed the 
 orang-outang, as the connecting link between 
 the articulaUng. modulating, and assigning, and 
 the instinctive; or, in other words, between the 
 biped and the quadruped race of animals. On 
 one side of the orang-outang, which seems to 
 be a native of the soU of Borneo, are apes 
 monkeys, bears, goats, deer, horses, buffaloes 
 and (rther homed cattle, tigers, and the elephant; 
 Whilst on the other side is a class of beings with 
 apparently no other claim to the character of 
 man but that of the power of arUcuiaUon; and 
 yet, amidst this unsocial and unappreciating race 
 ot beings. Nature seems to have bestowed, in 
 lavish profusion, all her most delectable gifts; 
 with iron, tin, and various other metals, for pur- 
 poses of utiUty, gold, diamonds, and various 
 other precious gems for ornament abound. It 
 is here that the salangane, a species of swallow, 
 constructs its edible nest, which is exchanged, 
 to gratify the luxurious palates of the Chinese 
 at a rate double its weight of silver. In the 
 vegetable kingdom, in addition to rice and maize 
 ior substantial subsistence, the sensations of 
 teste and smell are here to be gratified in the 
 highest possible degree. Cassia, cinnamon, 
 trankincense. and myrrh, are indigenous pro- 
 ductions of the country. The laurm camp/un-. 
 atus yields an endless abundance of its fracrant 
 and inflammable substance; whilst agaric, musk, 
 aloes, and various other substances and plants 
 are dispersed over the cmntry in endless pro- 
 tusion, to aid the domestic and social economy' 
 et man, and to serve as alteratives in caee o'f 
 accident or disease. On the other hand, the 
 pernicious and poisonous class of plants and 
 reptiles are also common ; and the natives appear 
 equally adept at applying themin revenge agiunst 
 their enemies, as in the application of alteratives 
 to avoid their consequences. Thus, whilst the 
 sou ot Uonieo appears susceptible, by social ar- 
 ningements ar-d due cultivation, to slibsist, in a 
 high degree of comfort and enjoyment, a fourth 
 of the whole population of the globe, the tota^ 
 
 ceJStoO oS"^*!f r- ^"PJ^"^'^ "°* ^° ^- 
 ceed 3,000,000, divided into numerous petty 
 
 T:i:'^!f4' .Zfj^- fception. howS 
 u.e en„-t rcj. Ijltic is known us to the ex- 
 tent and condition of the population. The Ena- 
 hsh East Imhu Company formed some sett"! 
 ments upon the coast, towards the close TL 
 I ah century; but, in 1706. the Dutch, in the 
 
 H 2 
 
r 
 
 BOU 
 
 100 
 
 BOR 
 
 heydny of their ralour, drove the English entirely 
 from the country, and for more than a century 
 were the only European nation that maintained 
 any direct intercourae with the island; and their 
 grovelling policy has ever been to preclude the 
 world from all knowledge of the position, people, 
 condition, and resources of the countries with 
 which they trade, as far as it ia possible for them 
 to do so. During the war, subsequently to the 
 peace of Amiens, in 1802, when in their turn 
 the Dutch were driven from all their positions 
 in Asia, the English again established themselves 
 on the coast of Borneo, and were making pro- 
 gress in the arts of cultivation and social eco- 
 nomy, when, by treaty, in 1816, the Dutch 
 were reinstated in their possessions, and Borneo 
 again exposed to their exclusive line of policy. 
 As far as our knowledge of the country does 
 extend, whilst the coast on all sides is low and 
 swampy, the interior seems much intersected 
 by mountains; a river, called the Banjar, has 
 its source in the centre of the country, about 
 two degrees north of the equator, runs south 
 into the sea of Java; and there are two or three 
 rivers running from E. to W. felling into the 
 sea on the west side; but the north and east 
 coasts appear deficient in the essential of rivers 
 for internal communication by water. There 
 are, however, several fine harbours and road- 
 steads round the coast; the principal is Bander- 
 massing, at the mouth of the Banjar; Sambar, 
 at the south-west pouit; Canibas, on the west 
 coast ; Borneo, at the north-west; and Passir, 
 at the south-east. 
 
 Borneo, the principal city and capital of a 
 kingdom of the same name, at the north part of 
 the above island, is situate up a river, about 10 
 miles from the sea, in the lat. of 4. 55. N. and 
 114. 15. E. long. Like most, or all the other 
 towns on the cast, the houses are built on piles 
 driven into the swamps, inundated at high water; 
 and the trading transactions, which are here 
 very considerable with the Chinese, and other 
 eastern nations, are carried on in boats and 
 wherries. 
 
 BoRNHEiH, a town in the electorate of Co- 
 logne; about 16 miles W. by N. of Bonn. Pop. 
 about 1100. Also a town of the Netherlands; 
 about 10 miles N. E. of Dendermonde. 
 
 BoRNHOLM, an island of Denmark, just within 
 the Baltic; of an oval form; about 22 miles in 
 circumference, and nearly surrounded by rocks. 
 The soil is stony, but fertile, with excellent 
 pasture; and there are mines of coal, and quar- 
 ries of marble. It lies 10 miles S. E. of the 
 soutiiern extremity of Sweden. The chief town 
 is Roune, on the west side ; the north end is in 
 lat. 55. 18. N. and 14. 49. E. long. 
 
 BoRNOS, a town of the province of Seville; 
 about 15 miles N. E. of Cadiz. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 BoRNOU, an extensive empire in the interior 
 of North Africa, having Uowssa on the west, and 
 Nubia on the east. It consists of a number of 
 oases, or fertile spots, interspersed with arid 
 is."„°,t."s. The cliinate is said to be characterized 
 by excessive, though not by uniform heat. Two 
 seasons, one commencing soon atler the middle 
 of April, the other at the same period in October, 
 
 divide the rent. The first is introduceil by 
 violent winds from the south-east and south, 
 with intense heat, a deluge of sultry rain, and 
 such tempests of thunder and li^tning as de- 
 stroy multitudes of the cattle, and many of the 
 people. At the commencement of the second 
 season, the ardent heat subsides; the air becomes 
 sort and mild, and the w.3r.ther perfectly serene. 
 Maize, rice, the horse-bef n, cotton, hemp, and 
 indigo, are cultivated; anci there are figs, grapes, 
 apricots, pomegranates, lemons, limes, and me- 
 lons. The most valuable tree is called redeynah, 
 in form and height like an olive, the leaf resem- 
 bling that of a lemon, and bearing a nut, the 
 kernel and shell of which are in great estima- 
 tion, the first as a fruit, the last on account of 
 the oil it produces. Horses, asses, mules, dogs, 
 homed cattle, goats, sheep, and camels (the 
 flesh of which is much esteemed), are the com- 
 mon animals. Bees are so numerous, that the 
 wax is often thrown away as an article of no 
 value. The game consists of partridges, wild 
 ducks, and ostriches, the flesh of which is prized 
 above every other. The tier animals are the 
 lion, leopard, civet cat, wolf, fox, elephant, 
 buffalo, antelope, and cameleopardalis; and there 
 are many snakes, scorpions, centipedes, and 
 toads. The complexion of the natives is black ; 
 but they are not of the Negro cast. The dresa 
 of the greater part consists of shirts of blue 
 cotton, manufactured in the country, of a red 
 cap, brought from Tripoli, and a white muslin 
 turban, from Cairo. Nose-rings of gold are worn 
 by the principal people. But the only covering 
 of the poorer sort is a kind of girdle for the 
 waist. In their manners the people are courteous 
 and human 1; they are passionately fond of play; 
 the lower classes, of draughts, and the higher 
 excel in chess. More than thirty different lan- 
 guages are said to be spoken in Bomou and its 
 dependencies; and the reigning religion is the 
 Mahometan. The monarchy is elective. The 
 sultan is said to have five hundred ladies in hia 
 seraglio, and that his stud contains likewise five 
 hundred horses. His dominions extend beyond 
 the desert into the fertile country of Negroland, 
 of which he possesses a large portion. He has 
 a vast army, which consists almost entirely of 
 horse .- the sabre, pike, and bow, are their wea- 
 pons of offence, and a shield of hides is their 
 armour. 
 
 BoRNou, the capital of the empire of the same 
 name, with a palace like a citadel. The whole 
 city is surrounded by a high wall, encompassed 
 with a ditch ; but the other towns of the kingdom 
 are open. The principal trade is in gold-dust, 
 slaves, horses, ostriches' feathers, salt, and civet. 
 It is seated on the Yeu; 750 miles E, N. E. of 
 the mouth of the Niger. Long. 14. 6. E lat 
 19. 46. N. 
 
 BoHO BuDOR, the chief temple of the Ja- 
 vanese; situate about 60 miles from Samarang, 
 nearly in the centre of the island. It is dedi- 
 cated to Boohd, and contains several hundred 
 Stibordiiiaie Iduls. 
 
 Borodino, a village of Russia, near the river 
 Moskwa; about 90 miles W. of Moscow. It will 
 long bo memorable in the annals of Russia, 
 
flOR 
 
 lot 
 
 BOS 
 
 for the desperate eoiiHict between the French 
 and Russian armies, during the inarch of the 
 former towards Moscow, on the 7th of Septem- 
 ber, 1812, when about 30,000 men on each side 
 were either killed or wounded. 
 
 BoRouoHBRiDOE, a town in West Yoikshire. 
 Market on Saturday. It is 18 miles N. W. of 
 York, and 206 N. by W. of London. 
 
 BoRoviTCHi, a town of Russia, on the S. E. 
 
 •ide of the province of Novogorod ; bordering 
 
 on Twer ; seated on the S. bank of the Msta 
 
 - river; (.bout 170 miles S. E. of St. Peters- 
 
 burgh. Pop. 2600. 
 
 BoRowisK, or BoRovsK, another town of 
 KiMSia; about 60 miles S. W. of Moscow. 
 ' BoRRUNo, or BoRRiAL, a town of Spain, in 
 Valencia, near the mouth of the Minjares; 21 
 miles N. of Valencia. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 BoRRis, in Ossory, a vilDage in the parish of 
 Aghaboe, Queen's County, Ireland ; 63 miles 
 W. by S of Maryborough. 
 
 BoRROs, a parish in Queen's County, Ireland, 
 which includes the town of Maryborough, by 
 which name the parish is sometimes called. See 
 Maeyboro.uoii. 
 
 ^ BoRROMEi Ik'ks, four beautiful isles, in the 
 i. part of Lake Maggiore, N. Italy. On Isola 
 Bella there is a fine palace and gardens. 
 
 BoRROWDALE, a Village in Cumberland ; 6 
 miles S. of Keswick. It stands at the end of a 
 narrow and crooked valley, and is famous for 
 mines of wadd, or black-lead, a substance al- 
 most pecubar to England, and the vicinity of 
 Malaga, Spain. 
 BoRRowsTONEss, See Boness. 
 BoRROD, a county in the N. part of Upper 
 Hungary, bounded on the E. by the Shajo 
 branch of the Sheif river. It is one of the most 
 lertile districts of the country. Pop. about 
 95,000. Mishkoltz is the capital. 
 
 BoSA, a seaport on the W. coast of Sardinia, 
 and a bishop's see, with a castle, on a river of 
 the same name; 17 miles S. S. E. of Arscri 
 Long. 8. 60. E. lat. 40. 29. N. ' 
 
 BoscAWEN Island, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean; about 10 miles in circumference. 
 Long. 1V5. 10. W. lat. 15. 50. S. 
 
 Bosco, or BoscHi, a town of Italy, in the 
 Milanese, seated on the Orbe ; 5 miles E. of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 BoscoDEL, a village in Shropshire, 9 miles 
 &. J!,, of Newport, where Charles II. was con- 
 cealed in an oak, after the battle of Worcester. 
 BosHUANA, or Bechuana, an extensive tract 
 of country in the interior of South Africa, ex- 
 tending through about 6. deg. of lat. from 25. to 
 -iO. b., inhabited by numerous tribes of people 
 ot whom at present very little is known. They 
 seem, physically considered, to be of the same 
 stock as the Caffres. but somewhat more ad- 
 vanced m social economy, which seems to im- 
 prove northwards. Hence it may be inferred 
 that civilization and improvement in Africa 
 gradually extended itself from the north. The 
 cnief town, HH liir as the country is at present 
 knoHTi, 18 Latakoo, represented to have con- 
 tained about 15,000 inhnbitants, reduced to 7 
 or 8000 during the 2nd decinary of the present 
 
 century, by the continued intestine broiI» of 
 the different tribes. They cultivate various 
 kinds of grain, and look upon fish, as an article 
 of food, with horror. As far as pretension to 
 worship prevails, the people ere idolaters ; but 
 fhey seem indifferent to worship of any kind • 
 polygamy is general ; the elder men have 
 usually one young wife, and another who is 
 past child-bearing. Mahomedism appears not 
 to have reached them. Their dress is princi- 
 pally of skins, which they tan into leather; and, 
 m the more northern parts, they appear to hav« 
 made some progress in the smelting and work- 
 ing of iron. See Cappbahia. 
 
 BosNA Sejui, the capital of Bosnia. It haa 
 a considerable trade with Dalmatia, and manu. 
 fHctures of swords and cutlery. It is of con- 
 siderable extent, and interspersed with gardens.- 
 125 miles S. W. of Belgrade. Pop. 60,400 
 
 Bosnia, a compact and naturally fertile dis- 
 tnct of European Turkey, lying between the lat. 
 
 So.f Vw- f"*^^^- *°- N- """^ *»'« 17th and 
 20th of W. long. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Austrian province of Croatia ; N. by the 
 Saave river, which falls into the Danube, and 
 divides It from Sclavonia ; on the E. by the 
 Turkish province of Servia ; and S. by the N 
 end of Albania and Dalmatia. It has some 
 mountain districts, and is intersected by several 
 rivers, running fi«m the N. into the Saave; and 
 the Narenta, which rises in the S. part of the 
 province, runs S. through Dalmatia, into the 
 Adriatic at Narisi, a few miles N. of Hflgusa. 
 Its area may be stated at about 15,000 square 
 miles; yet the population is supposed not to 
 ceed 80,000. As a frontier district, it is princi- 
 pally occupied by Turkish soldiery, who are 
 sanctioned in subsisting themselves upon the 
 products of the occupiers of the soil ; and, 
 as the soldiery of the province amount to 40 
 or 60,000, they of course tend to subdue all 
 excitement to agricultural exertion ; and thus, 
 although the vine and the olive would yield 
 fruit in abundance, one of the finest districts in 
 Europe is kept a wilderness, by an undisci- 
 plined, lawless, and ruthless horde of soldiery 
 The principal towns are Bosnia Serai, the 
 the V .pital ; Banjaluka, Swomiek, Traunik, 
 (the seat of the pacha,) and Prisrendi. As far 
 88 any external commercial intercourse is main- 
 tained with Bosnia, it is principally through 
 i^almatia from Ragusa. The greater part of the 
 province formerly, belonged to Hungary The 
 inhabitants are principally Sclavonians, speak- 
 ing the Sclavonic with great purity, and pro- 
 tessing the formulary of the Greek church. 
 
 BosPHORus, the narrow strait, 20 miles in 
 length and from l to I4 broad, which unites 
 the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora. It 
 18 sometimes called the Strait of Constanti- 
 nople. It is of exceeding beauty, and the 
 shores are lined with splendid kiosks and 
 houses of the Constantinopolitnns, for almost 
 
 Its Wnnjo Itin"th, 
 
 BossiNv, or Trevenna, a vill. in Cornwall, 
 seated „ear the Bristol Channel ; 17 mileJ 
 N. W. of Lnunceston, and 233 W. by S. of 
 London. ' 
 
BOS 
 
 102 
 
 BOS 
 
 t> : 
 
 S 
 
 Boar, a strong town of Persia, capital of 
 Segistan, or S^istan. It ia seated on the 
 Heermund, and on tlio route of the caravans 
 from Ispahan to Caubiil ; about 170 miles W. 
 S. W. of Candnhar, Long. 64. 15. E. lat. 32. 
 30. N. 
 
 fiosTAK, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the N. 
 part of the province of Aladeul, situate near 
 the eastern confines of Caramania, and near 
 the source of a river which falls into the Le- 
 vant at Adanali. 
 
 Boston, a borough and seaport tn. of Lincoln- 
 shire, England. When the idle, the crafty, and 
 the vicious, sought subsistence and refuge, and 
 the oppressed and indigent relief, from monas- 
 tic institutions, Boston ranked among the most 
 important towns in the country, having had not 
 less than ten fraternal establishments; all of 
 which were annulled, and the inmates dispersed, 
 under the general demolition of those institu- 
 tions by Henry VIII. After this reverse, when 
 England exchanged her agricultural productions 
 and raw materials, for the haberdashery and 
 other manufectures of Germany and Holland, 
 Boston became one of the principal markets iii 
 the kingdom for wool, which used to be exported 
 in laige quantities to Holland and the Hanse 
 Towns; but, on the exportation of wool being 
 totally prohibited, Boston was doomed t" a 
 further reverse, and gradually declined un«u 
 towards the close of the last century. It has, 
 since the commencement of the present cc./tury, 
 gradually been rising in population and impor- 
 tance. The town is situate on both the banks 
 of the river Witham, over which is a handsome 
 bridge, of one arch, of cast iron, eighty-six feet 
 in span, a few miles above the entrance of the 
 river into the sea called Boston Wash, with 
 which river, and by canals, it communicates 
 with a considerable portion of the interior of the 
 country; and, in addition (■ its very considerable 
 trade in grain for the London market, it carries 
 on a direct trade with the Baltic for deals, hemp, 
 tar, &c. The parish church, founded by St. 
 Botolph, in 1309, is a very stately edifice, being 
 300 feet in length, Bupported by Corinthian 
 pillars, lighted by pointed windows, and it^ 
 steeple ascended by steps, corresponding in 
 number with the months, weeks, and days in 
 the year. The steeple or tower is 286 feet in 
 height, surmounted with a lantern, which serves 
 as a beacon for many miles out at sea, and the 
 country being very level inland, it forms a 
 beautiful and interesting object in the perspec- 
 tive, many miles distant. The town is governed 
 by a mayor, recorder, twelve alu:,'rmen, and 
 eighteen common councilmen, with subordinate 
 officers, who are vested with the admiralty juris- 
 diction of the adjoining coasts. The corporation, 
 since 1800, have erected a commodious fish 
 market, which is abundantly suppled, and large 
 quantities are conveyed into the interior counties 
 of Nottingham and Leicester. The markets for 
 grain, &c., are on Wednesdays and Saturdays ; 
 and it has four faira annually. It has two 
 endowed schools ; and returns two members 
 to parliament. It is 36 miles S. E. of Lincoln, 
 and 1 1 fj N. of London. 
 
 Boston Deeps, is the sea channel of the inlet 
 called the Wash, leading from the GermaA 
 Ocean by the Lincolnshire coast, up to the port 
 if Boston. The opposite side, which washes 
 the coast of Norfolk, is called Lynn Deeps. 
 The bottom of the Wash is a large shoal, part- 
 ly dry at low water ; and even the Deeps are 
 the reverse of what tlieir name implies, not ad- 
 mitting, at the most vessels of more than 200 
 tons burthen. It is proposed to recover n 
 large portion of this bay from tho sea, by 
 means of an embankment. 
 
 Boston, the chief town of New England, 
 North America, ^ of New York, and the seat of 
 the legislative government of the state of Mas- 
 sachusets. The town is beautifully located on 
 a peninsula of an irregular form, about 5 miles 
 in circumference, united on the S. side with 
 the main land by an isthmus nearly a mile in 
 length, and about the eighth of a mile broad; 
 situate at the head of a spacious bay, and sur- 
 rounded inland, at a distance of 5 to 7 miles, 
 with a range of hills running in a semicircular 
 direction, beautifully diversified with foliage, 
 and forming altogether a very prepossessing 
 scene. The bay is about 10 miles in length, 
 formed by Alderton Point S., and Nahant 
 Point N. Between these points, nearest to 
 Alderton, is a cluster of small islands, on tho 
 most southern of which is a Ughthouse, in the 
 lat. of 42. 22. N. and 70. 53. W. long., being 
 10 miles E. of the town. On this island is 
 the signal station for announcing to the town 
 the number and description of vessels approacii- 
 ing from sea; and between it and Alderton 
 Point is the principal ship channel into the 
 bay, v.hich contains about eighty small islands, 
 mostly iminhabited, but several of them afford- 
 ing pasture for cattle and sheep. On one of 
 them, within about 4 miles of the town, is a 
 fort and garrison, peculiarly well adapted to 
 protect the town from any external attack, and 
 lor the maintenance of all maritime regulations, 
 the ship channel being within pistol-shot of the 
 N. side of the island. Having passed this 
 island, a vessel is considered within the har- 
 bour, which has been known to have been 
 iiu^Cii so as to enable persons to travel on foot 
 from the town to the fort; but this is of rare 
 occurrence, and the harbour may be considered 
 accessible at all seasons of the year, and as 
 albrding secure accommodation for 1000 sail 
 <if vessels of the largest capacity. There is 
 sufficient depth of water for ships of 500 to 
 600 tons burthen, proceeding quite up to the 
 town, and discharging their cargoes directly 
 upon the quays. A tongue of land projects 
 into the harbour trom the main part of the 
 town, on which is a spring of fine fresh water, 
 which supplies all the shipping of the port, 
 under local and judicious regulations. The 
 ground is of sufficient width to afford con- 
 venient quay room and passage between it and 
 a range of warehouses originally conetructed of 
 .. i;i.;i, .!,,.. «,,,i^ itjv'^ r!a!,-:'.tti!iiaiiy Tcuuut lour 
 stories high, of brick. This is called Long 
 Wharf, and is the principal focus of the coast- 
 ing vessels. It leads from the harbour in a 
 
BOS 
 
 103 
 
 B O T 
 
 iiinel of the inlet 
 ta the GenuaA 
 t, up to the port 
 ). which washea 
 i Lynn Deeps, 
 arge shoal, part- 
 I the Deeps are 
 implies, not ad- 
 more than 200 
 d to recover n 
 m tho sea, by 
 
 New Englan(>, 
 ;, and the seat of 
 le state of Mas- 
 Pully located on 
 I, about 5 miles 
 le S. side with 
 learly a mile in 
 a mile broad; 
 8 bay, and sur* 
 f 6 to 7 miles, 
 t A semicircular 
 I with foliage, 
 ' prepossessing 
 liles in length, 
 , and Nahant 
 nts, nearest to 
 islands, on tho 
 hthouse, in the 
 V. long., being 
 this island is 
 ig to the town 
 siels approaclN 
 and Alderton 
 annel into the 
 r small islands, 
 of them afFord- 
 p. On one of 
 the town, is a 
 ell adapted to 
 nal attack, and 
 me regulations, 
 9tol-Bhot of the 
 Ig passed this 
 rithin the har- 
 to have been 
 » travel on foot 
 this is of rare 
 f be considered 
 ) year, and as 
 I for 1000 sail 
 !ity. There is 
 lips of 500 to 
 iiite up to the 
 irgoes directly 
 ' land projects 
 in part of the 
 ne fresh water, 
 g of the port. 
 Illations. The 
 :o atford con- 
 between it and 
 conetructed of 
 !y Tcbuiii four 
 s called Long 
 s of the coast- 
 harbour in a 
 
 direct line up the principal street of the town, 
 called State-street, in which are all the insur- 
 ance offices and banking establishments, in and 
 about >■ hich the principal merchants and traders 
 assemble daily. At the upper end of this 
 strnet is tho old State-house, and contiguous is 
 the court-house, record, and post-offices. Since 
 1806 vast improvements have taken place S. 
 of Long Wharf; several extensive ranges of 
 warehouses have been built, including a new 
 custom-house, public sale-room, and observa- 
 tory. The house in which the legislature of 
 the state hold their sittings is on the W. side 
 of the town; it is a spacious edifice of brick, 
 and, having an elevated site, and being sur- 
 mounted with a dome, is a very prominent 
 object. The private residences on this side 
 of the town are spacious and handsome, and 
 exceeded by none in all America. In the 
 market-place, N. of State-street, is a ponderous 
 edifice supported by pilkrs, called Faneuil 
 Hall, in which the town meetings are held. 
 It has a theatre, -everal 'iterary and benevo- 
 lent institutions, and about thirty places for 
 religious worship ; and, independent of the 
 neck, it is connected with the main land by 
 four bridges; the first is on the N. side of the 
 town, leading to Charlestown, a populous and 
 important place ; and, although not within the 
 civil jurisdiction of Boston, commercially it 
 may be regarded as an integral part, the two 
 being as closely identified as Southwark and 
 London. This bridge is upwards of 1500 feet 
 in length; the second, on the W. side of the 
 town, is about two-thirds of a mile in length, 
 leading to Cambridge, distant about 4 miles, 
 at which is the principal university in all 
 America; the third is on the S. side of the 
 town; and the last constructed is between 
 those of Charlesto^vn and Cambridge. These 
 bridges are all of wood, but are well constructed, 
 and the Inst two are as substantial and elegant 
 as the materials of which they are constructed 
 admit. They are all private or joint-stock 
 properties, and encumbered with tolls. Boston 
 is distinguished a* the birth-place of Benjamin 
 Franklin, and as the place which engendered 
 the revolution that led to the independence of 
 the United States. At an early period after 
 tho confederacy was acknowledged, the Bos- 
 tonians embarked in the fur trade of the N. W. 
 coast, which, by exchanging the skins in China 
 for teas and silks, proved a source of vast 
 wealth, and thereby laid the foundation of a 
 general commerce, more extensive and import- 
 ant than in any other town of the union, except 
 New York. Boston has several distilleries of 
 rum from molasses, which is imported in large 
 quantities from the Havannah and other West 
 India islands, in exchange for flour, rice, lum- 
 ber, and fish. It has a manufacture of window- 
 glass, several roperies, and various manufiic- 
 tures of articles of primary necessity; and in 
 the vicinity there are extensive tanneries and 
 puper-niills. It is at present deficient in water 
 communication inland ; the harbour has been 
 united with the Merrimack river by a canal, 
 but the traffic has hitherto been inoonsidcrable. 
 
 The local jurisdiction of the town is vested in 
 seven select men, twelve overseers, and about 
 fifty subordinate officers, elected annually. The 
 population is 93,383, and if to this be added 
 the population of Charlestown, and the popu- 
 lation contiguous to Cambridge Bridge, and of 
 Roxbury, continuous to the isthmus, all of 
 which, in a social point of view, may be con- 
 sidered as having one common interest, and 
 forming an undivided community, it will give 
 a total population of 122,365. It is about 300 
 miles S. S. E. of Montreal, 210 N. E. of New 
 York, and 436 N. E. by E. of Washington. 
 
 BoswouTH, Market, a town in Leicester- 
 shire, with a market on Wednesday, In its 
 vicinity, in 1468, was fought the famous battle 
 between Richard III. and the Earl of Rich- 
 mond, afterwards Henry VII., in which the 
 former lost his crown and life. It is seated on 
 a hill; 13 miles W. of Leicester, and 106 N. 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 BoswoRTH, Husband, another town in Lei- 
 cestershire ; 14 miles S. of Leicester. 
 
 BoszRA, a town of Syria, where Mahomet is 
 said to have received much information from a 
 Nestorian monk, towards founding his religious 
 doctrines. It is 100 miles S. of Damascus. 
 
 Botany Bay, a bay of New South Wales, 
 discovered by Cook in 1770, and so called from 
 the great quantity of plants found on the shore. 
 The promontories which form its entrance are 
 named Cape Banks and Point Solander. The 
 N. shore is 6J miles S. of Sydney, and was the 
 first place colonized by Britain in 1788; the 
 settlement was afterwards removed to Port 
 Jackson. Here is a tower, and a memorial of 
 Captain Cook's first landing, and also a column 
 surmounted by a globe, to the memory of the 
 unfortunate La Perouse. See New South 
 Wales. Long. 151. 21. E. lat. 34. 0. S. 
 
 Botany Island, a small island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, to the S. E. of New Caledonia. Long. 
 167. 17. E. lat. 22. 27. S. 
 
 BoTESDALE, a town in Suflfblk, with a market 
 on Thursday; seated in a valley; 15 miles N. 
 E. of Bury, and 86 of London. 
 
 Botetourt, an interior county of Virginia, 
 lying between the two most easterly ridges of 
 the Allegany Mountains. The Roanoke and 
 James Rivers have both their sources within 
 this county ; and it is bounded on the N. by 
 the valley over which is the natural bridge, 90 
 feet in length, and 200 feet above tho surface 
 of the water. fSee Cedar Creek.) Pop. 
 11,679. Fincastle, 194 miles W. of Rich- 
 mond, is the chief town. 
 
 Bothnia, Gulp of, a large gulf of the 
 Baltic, forming its northern continuity, ex- 
 tending in a N. by E. direction, from the Isle 
 of Aland, in the lat. of CO., to Tomea, in the 
 lat of 66. N., and having an average breadth of 
 about 3 degrees of long., between 1/, and 25. 
 E. It is bounded on the W. by Sweden, and 
 E. by Finland. It is coinpletel ; frozen over 
 in winter, and affords a convenient communi- 
 cation between Russia and the coasts of 
 (Sweden. 
 Bothnia, East, the northern Province of 
 
B o r 
 
 104 
 
 BOU 
 
 Hi 'n 
 
 Finland, cytending from t'h and Proper, in 
 the iat. of 62. N., to the line uf the arctic circle, 
 which divides it t'rom Lapland; lying on theK. 
 shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, between 21. and 
 30. of E, longitude, bounded on the £. by the 
 Hussion province of Olonetz; containing an 
 area of about 23,000 square miles, but having 
 only about 70,000 inhabitants. It is generally 
 low and mnrshy, intersected by lakes and 
 ■mall rivers abounding with fish — some salmon. 
 The climate is generally unfavourable to vege- 
 tation. It hns, however, some herds of small 
 homed cattle, and bears and other furred 
 animals are common; and it exports some fir 
 timber, deals, tar, and pitch. It is divided 
 into 28 parishes, under the ecclesiastical juris- 
 diction of the see of Abo, which favours the 
 tenets of Luther. The inhabitants, with some 
 little exception of Swedish, speak the Finnish 
 language. The chief towns are Kozana, on the 
 E. side, and Uleaborg, Brahestad, Carleby, 
 Jncobstadt, Wasa, and Christianstadt, all on 
 the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia. This pro- 
 vince, with Finland, was ceded by Sweden to 
 Russia in 1809. 
 
 Bothnia, West, a province of Sweden, 
 lying between the W. shore of tlie Gulf of 
 Bothnia and Lapland, extending S. from An- 
 germanland, in the Iat. of 63. 60, to that of 
 67. N. and 19. to 2.5. E. long. Its area is 
 about half that of East Bothnia, and the popu- 
 lation does not exceed 50,000. It differs but 
 little in character from the eastern province; 
 it abounds somewhat more in furred animals, 
 which serve alike for subsistence and traffic. 
 It is intersected by numerous streams, all run- 
 ning from W. to E. into the gulf. The four 
 principal, rising from the mountams which 
 divide Lapland from Norland, give name to as 
 many districts and towns: viz. Tomea, at the 
 head of the gulf, Lulea, Pitea, and Umea, at 
 the S. extremity of the province, all upon the 
 coast of the gul£ It contains some veins of 
 copper and iron ; but its chief exports are 
 timber, deals, and tar. It is under the eccle- 
 siastical jurisdiction of the see of Hemosand. 
 
 BoTHWELL, a town of Scotland, in the county 
 of Lanark, situate on the E. bank of the Clyde, 
 between Hamilton and Glasgow. It is distin- 
 guished for the battle fought in its vicinity in 
 1679, between the covenanters and the royal 
 forces commanded by the Duke of Monmouth, 
 when the former were completely dtfeated. 
 
 BoTiESFORD, a village in Leicestershire, on 
 the confines of Nottinghamshire and Lincoln- 
 shire; 7 miles W. by N. of Grantham. Near 
 it, on a lofty eminence, is Belvoir Castle, the 
 ancient seat of the dukes of Rutland. In the 
 church are several handsome monuments of 
 that noble family ; and many Roman an- 
 tiquities have been found in the neighbourhood. 
 
 BoTWAR, a town in the N. part of the duchy 
 of Wirtemburg, on a river of its name; 15 
 miles S. S. E. of Heilbron. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 BoTZES, a large town in the interior of the 
 Tyrol, beautifully lociitcd near the junction of 
 the Eich and Eisach branches of the Adige 
 river. It has some manufactures of silks, and 
 
 has four fairs annually, numerously attended. 
 The surrounding country produces excellent 
 wine. It was taken by the French in March, 
 1797, but retaken by thn Austrians immediately 
 after. An Austrian commandant resides here. 
 It is about 18 miles N. of Trent. Pop. about 
 8000. 
 
 BoTZEHBDRoa, a town of Brandenburgh, in 
 the Ucker Mark; 9 miles S. W. of Prentzlau, 
 and about 50 N. of Berlin. It has a manu&c- 
 ture of silk. 
 
 BuucHAiN, a fortified town of France, in the 
 department of Nord, divided into two parts by 
 the Scheldt. It was taken by the allies in 171 1, 
 under the Duke of Marlborough, but retaken 
 the year following; and was invested by the 
 Austrians in 1793, but soon relieved. It is 9 
 miles W. of Valenciennes. 
 
 BoucHART, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Indre and Loire, situate on an island 
 in the river Vienne; 15 miles S. S. W. of 
 Tours. 
 
 BoucHEMAiN, a town of France,, in the de- 
 partment of Mayenne and Loire; 4 miles S. of 
 Angers. 
 
 BoucLANS, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Doubs; 8 miles E. of Besan^on. 
 
 BouDRY, a town of Switzerland, in the count/ 
 of Neufchatel; 4 miles S. W. of Neufchatel. 
 It was the birthplace of Marat. 
 
 Bougainville's Strait, in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, between an island of the same name 
 and the N. end of Solomon's Island, in the Iat. 
 of 7. S. and 156. E. long. 
 
 Bouillon, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Luxemburg, with a castle, on an almost inac- 
 cessible rock. The French took it in 1676, 
 when Louis XIV. gave it to the Duke of 
 Bouillon. In 1794, this town was taken by 
 storm, by General Beaulieu, after defeating a 
 considerable body of French republicans, and 
 given up to pillage. It is seated near the river 
 Semoy, on the frontier of France ; 6 miles 
 N. N. E. of Sedan, and 46 W. by N. of Lux- 
 emburg. 
 
 BouiLLT, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aube; 7 miles S. of Treves. 
 
 BouLAY, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Moselle; 13 miles N. of Metz. 
 
 Boulogne, a seaport of France, in the de- 
 partment of Pas de Calais. It is divided into 
 two towns, the Upper and the Lower; the 
 former is strongly fortified; but the latter is 
 merely surrounded with walls. The port has 
 for a long time bern so shallow that no ships 
 of burden could enter it; but, owing to some 
 recent improvements, it is represented to hold 
 ten feet at low water ; and a large basin has 
 lately been constructed to contain seventeen 
 feet. The harbour is protected by a mole, to 
 which very strong fortifications have been 
 added. Under Buonaparte, Boulogns was 
 made a royal port, and no merchant vessel, 
 privateers, nor even prizes were admitted^ 
 unless loaded with ordnance or niilitary stores, 
 being the principal dep6t of the armam<<nts 
 which he intended for the invasion of Britnin. 
 Since the pence in 101') it has been much 
 
BOU 
 
 105 
 
 ily attended. 
 :es excellent 
 ch in March, 
 immediately 
 resides here. 
 Pop. about 
 
 denburgh, in 
 if Prcntzlau, 
 s a manu&c- 
 
 rance, in ths 
 iwo parts by 
 Hies in 1711, 
 but retaken 
 ssted by the 
 ed. It is 9 
 
 \ the depart- 
 on an island 
 3. S. W. of 
 
 iy in the de- 
 4 miles S. of 
 
 the deparC- 
 in(on, 
 n the county 
 
 Neufchatel. 
 
 South Pacific 
 
 same name 
 
 d, in the lat. 
 
 herlands, in 
 iilmost inac- 
 
 it in 1676, 
 le Duke of 
 as taken by 
 
 defeating a 
 iblicans, and 
 ear the river 
 ;e ; 6 miles 
 
 N. of Lux- 
 
 the depart- 
 :s. 
 
 the depart- 
 letz. 
 
 ;, in the de- 
 divided into 
 
 Lower; the 
 the latter is 
 'he port has 
 hat no ships 
 ii)g to some 
 ited to hold 
 ;e basin has 
 in seventeen 
 ly a mole, to 
 
 have been 
 iulogn3 was 
 ;hant vessel, 
 e admitted, 
 litary stores, 
 I armam<<ntii 
 ri of Britnin. 
 
 been m\ich 
 
 BOU 
 
 resorted to by the English, a great number of 
 whom permanently reside here, which, with 
 the influx of visitors from England, contribute 
 essentially to the interest of the town and 
 neighbourhood. Buonaparte commenced the 
 erection of a tower, apparently intended to be 
 earned to a great height, on which the French 
 have recently erected his statue. It is 16 
 ^'Jes S. W. of Calais, in lat. 60. 46. N. and 1. 
 "7. E. long. There is also another town of 
 the same name in France, in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, having several tanneries. 
 It IS 12 miles N. by W. of St. Gaudins. 
 
 BoiiNARBASHi, a village in Asia Minor, pro- 
 vince of Anadoli, near the Dardanelles, the 
 undoubted site of ancient Troy. The plain of 
 the Troad may still be traced, although some 
 alterations have taken place in the various 
 streams, &c.; but the main features remain to 
 this day, and afford a proof of the veracity of 
 the Homeric poem. 
 
 Bourbon, an island in the Indian Ocean, 60 
 miles long and 36 broad, lying 400 miles E. of 
 Madagascar, It has not a safe harbour, but 
 there are some roads for shipping. On the S. E. 
 is a volcano. It is a fertile island; producing, 
 m particular, the finest cotton, and excellent 
 coffee. The French settled herein 1672. It 
 surrendered to the English, after the capture of 
 the Isle of France, on the 3rd of December, 
 1810. But Bourbon was restored at the general 
 peace, in ni6; since when, the culture of 
 sugar, coffee, and cotton, has been pursued 
 with great avidity, by the aid of slaves ob- 
 tained from Madagascar. It also produces a 
 variety of woods, resins, gums, and flints. 
 Wild goats and hogs abound in the mountaing 
 and woods. The cattle in the ;ains are 
 numerous; and the coasts supply abundance 
 of fish. On the whole, this island aftords, not 
 only all the means of subsistence, but of enjoy- 
 
 Tn"n'ni" o "^ ^'«'> ^^Sree. Pop. about 
 15U,000. St. Denis is the chief town, in lat. 
 Uq. 62. N. and 65. 30. E. long., about 100 
 miles S. of the Isle of France; which see. 
 
 Bourbon, an interior county in the N. W 
 part of the state of Kentucky. Pop 14 47 
 Paris, situate in a fork of the S. branch of t... 
 Lickeny river, 40 miles E. of Frankfort, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Bourbon Lancy, a town of France, on the 
 W side of the department of Saone and Loire, 
 celebrated for its hot mineral waters, and a 
 large marble pavement, called the Great Bath, 
 which IS a work of the Romans. It is 28 miles 
 S. W. of Autun. Pop. 2800. 
 
 Bourbon l'Archambaud, a town of France, 
 in the department of Allier, celebrated for its 
 hot baths, and for giving name to the family 
 of the kings of France. It is situpte near the 
 mer Allier; 15 miles W. of Mouxins. Pop. 
 
 BouRBONNE LES Bains, a town of France 
 in the department of Upper Mame, famous for 
 Its hot baths; 18 miles E. N. E. of I^ncres 
 Pop. 3200. " ■ 
 
 Bourbonnois, a late province of Frntice. 
 bounded on the N. by Nivernois and Berry, 
 
 W. byBenyana Marche, S. by Aavergne,and 
 E. by Burgundy and Forex. It abounds in 
 com, fruit, pasture, wood, game, and wine. It 
 now forms tlie department of Allier. 
 
 BooaBOUBo, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Nord, seated neai the river Aa, 
 and on a canal that communicates with Calais 
 and Dunkirk; 10 mUes S. W. of Dunkirk. 
 Pop. 4100. 
 
 BouRDEAux, or Bo&DBAUX, On ancient, large, 
 and fine town of France, in the department of 
 Cjironde. It is built in the form of a crescent, 
 on the W. bank of the river Garonne. The 
 town has twelve gates ; and the public edifices 
 are noble, and the streets regular and hand- 
 some. The castle, called the Trumpet, is 
 situated at the entrance of the quay, and the 
 river runs round iU walls. Most of the great 
 streets lead to the quay. The quays are four 
 miles in length, and the river, ever which has 
 been erected a magnificent bridge, is consider- 
 ably broader than the Thames at London 
 Bridge, On the opposite side, a range of hills, 
 covered with woods, vineyards, churches, and 
 villas, extend beyond the view. Almost in the 
 centre of the town, a fine equestrian statue, in 
 bronze, was erected to Louis XV, in 1743, 
 The beauty of the Garonne, and the fertility 
 of the adjoining country, were probably the 
 causes which induced the Romans to lay tlie 
 foundation of this city. The ruins of a very 
 lai^e amphitheatre yet remain, constructed 
 under the Emperor Gallienus. During the 
 irruptions of the barbarous nations, and par- 
 ticulariy in those which the Normans repeat- 
 edly made, Bordeaux was ravaged, burnt, and 
 almost entirely destroyed. But when Henry 
 11. of England united it to his dominions, by 
 his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, he 
 made it a principal object of his policy to 
 rebuild and restore it to its ancient lustre. 
 Edward, the Black Prince, brought his royal 
 captive, John, king of France, to this city, 
 after the battle of Poictiers, in 1356; and held 
 his court and residence here during eleven 
 years. His exalted character, his uninter- 
 pted series of good fortune, his victories, and 
 ^is mumficence, drew strangers to Bordeaux 
 from every part of Europe. Here his son, 
 Richard II., was bom. Bordeaux contains 
 upwards of 100,000 inhabitants, and is one of 
 the first cities in France for magnitude and 
 beauty; and is justly esteemed as one of the 
 most agreeable abodes in Europe. The cathe- 
 dral, and the churches belonging to the late 
 religious orders, the Dominicans and Char- 
 treux, are much admired. According to the 
 present religious establishment of France, Bor- 
 deaux IS the seat of an archbishop. The town 
 has a university, and an academy of arte and 
 sciences ; and a considerable export trade, par- 
 ticularly in fruit, wine, and brandv. In 
 Alarch, 1812, Bordeaux was entered "by the 
 English, after the battle of Orphes, but evacu- 
 ated on the restoration of the Bourbons. It 
 was the bi-thplace of Ausonius. It lies 87 
 miles S. . . ^tochelle, and 325 S. W. of Paris. 
 Long. 0. 34. W. lat. 44. 50. N. There is a 
 
p* ^ ' 
 
 BOU 
 
 106 
 
 BOU 
 
 i i 
 
 village of the same name, department of 
 Drome, 18 mik-R N. of Nyons. It was the 
 birthplace of Casaubon, and contains 1200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Bouro-sn-Brasse, the capital of the depart- 
 ment of Ain. Near it is the magnificent church 
 and monastery of the Augustins, which con- 
 tains the mausoleum of Margaret of Austria, 
 and of Charles V, The principal commerce ia 
 in com, horses, cattle, and white leather. It 
 stands in a marshy but fertile country, on the 
 river Reoicuase j 86 miles N. E. of Lyons, and 
 'J33 S. i3. E. of Paris. It was the birthplace 
 of Lalande. Pop. about 7300. 
 
 Bouaa-suft-MKR, in the department of Gi- 
 ronde, with a tide-harbour on the Dordognc, 
 near the point of land formed by the junction 
 of that river with the Garonne, on its north 
 side. It has a great trado in wine, and is IS 
 mi)P9 N. by E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2700. 
 
 BouRO AcHARO, and Theroude, depart- 
 ment of Eure; St. Andeol, of Ardeche; Ar- 
 OENTAL, of the Rhone; D'Ault, of Somme ; 
 Deols, of Indre; Lastic, of Isere; D'Oisans, 
 of ditto; De Peaoe, of the Drone; La Reine, 
 of the Seine, &c., are all inconsiderable. 
 
 BouROANEUF, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Creusf-. Here is a lofty tower, 
 iaced with stones 'Ait diamond-wise, erected by 
 Zisim, broth.T of Bajazet II., emperor of the 
 Turks, when he was obliged to exile himself, 
 after the loss of a decisive battle. Bourganeuf 
 is seated on the Taurion ; 20 miles N. E. of 
 Limoges. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 BouROAS, a town in Turkey in Europe, pach. 
 Roumelia, on the N. shore' of a gulf of the 
 same name, on tlie Black Sea; 130 miles N. W. 
 of Constantinople. 
 
 BouRGES, a city of France, capital of the 
 department of Cher, and an archiepiscopal see, 
 with a xmiversity, founded by Louis XI., the 
 Nero of France, who was bom here. In ex- 
 tent, it is one of the greatest cities in France. 
 The principal manufactu.v- are cloth, woollen 
 stuffi, and stockings; but the trade is incon- 
 siderable. It is seated at the conflux of the 
 Auron and Yevre; 25 miles N. W. of Nevers, 
 and 125 S. of Paris. Pop. 18,200. 
 
 BouRGET, a town of Savoy, on a lake of the 
 same name, near the Rhone; 6 miles N. of 
 Chambery. 
 
 BouRjNEUP, a seaport of France, in the de- 
 partment of Lower Loire. The chief trade is 
 in salt, made from the adjacent salt-marshes. 
 It stands on a bay to which it gives name; 20 
 miles S. W. of Nantes. It has an oyster 
 fishery on the coast. Pop. about 2000. Long. 
 1. 61. W. lat. 47. 3. N. 
 
 BouRGOiN, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Isere. Some hemp is grown in the 
 vicinity, and it has some manufactures in chintz. 
 Pop. about 3600. 
 
 BouRGUEiL, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Indre and Loire; 22 miles W. of Tours. 
 It has a Henedictino abbey and castle. Pop. 
 about 2800. 
 
 BouRLos, a large lake, or bay, lying between 
 Bosetta and Dnmietta branches of the 
 
 Nile. On the East Cape is a town called 
 Bourlos, in the lat. of 31. 36. N. and 31 . 27. E. 
 long. 
 
 BouRMONT, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Mame, on a steep mountain | 
 20 miles E. by N. of Chaumont. 
 
 Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market 
 on Saturday. It has a navigable canal to 
 Boston, and is seated at the source of a rivulet 
 that runs to Spalding; 35 miles S. of Lincoln, 
 and 07 N. of London. 
 
 BouRO, one of the Molucca islands, in the 
 Banda Sea, between Celebes and Ceram ; about 
 90 miles long and 30 broad. Some mountains 
 in it are extremely high, and the sea on one 
 side is uncommonly deep. It is represented 
 as being exceedingly fertile, yielding abundance 
 of rice. One of its peculiar vegetable produc- 
 tions is the melalenca catigolia, from the leaves 
 of which the cnjeputa oil is extracted, which 
 forms one of the principal articles of traffic. 
 The nutmeg, clove, cocoa, banana, and ebony 
 trees, as well as the orange, lemon, citron, &c., 
 are also common to the island. The natives, 
 who live mostly in the interior, are represented 
 to be as rude and unsocial as those of Bonico, 
 to whom they bear a close affinity in feature, 
 manner, end character. Wild boars, goats, 
 and hog deer, range in the woods, whicTi are 
 also much infested with reptiles, and some of 
 an enormous size. There is a town of the 
 same name, on the shore of a commodious bay, 
 called Cajeli, on the N. E. part of the island, 
 in lat. 3. 26. S. and 127. E. long., where the 
 Dutch have n fort; whose policy precludes 
 alike all social improvement among the natives, 
 whilst it constitutes a barrier to the attain- 
 ment of all knowledge of the details of their 
 numbers, economy, and resources. Some Ma- 
 hometans, and natives of other islands, who 
 live in subservience to the Dutch., inhabit the 
 towns upon the coast. Pop. 60,000. 
 
 BouRTHES, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Pas de Calais; 12 miles S. £. of Bou- 
 logne. 
 
 BoussAC, a town of France, in the department 
 of Creuse, with a castle on a rock; 26 miles 
 N. E. of Gueret. 
 
 BouTON, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying 
 off the S. E. promontory of the island of Ce- 
 lebes ; about 180 miles in length from N. to S., 
 and 25 in breadth. It is in part mountainous 
 and woody, but in other parts exceedingly fer- 
 tile. The natives appear to be of Malayan 
 origin, professing the Mahometan faith. It is 
 governed by a sultan, who lives in considerable 
 state, and whose authority extends over some 
 small islands contiguous. Forts are constructed 
 on several inaccessible heights, in different 
 parts of the island. It is said to produce cotton 
 of a very superior quality, which the niitivcs 
 manufacture into cloth. The N. point of the 
 island is in lat. 4. 21. S. and 123. 5. E. long. 
 The Dutch attempted to establish themselves 
 v.pr.n this island; but their perfidy led to a. 
 general massacre, and they have not since re- 
 newed the attempt. There is a town of the same 
 name at tlio N. W. extremity of the ibland, at 
 
BOU 
 
 which the sultan usually resides. There is also 
 another island (a small one) called Bouton, off 
 the Malay coast, in lat. 6. 26. N. and 89, 15 E 
 long. ■ • 
 
 BouTONNE, a rirer of France, rising in the 
 department oi Deiue Sevrei, becomes navigable 
 at St. Joan D'Angely, and falls into the Cha- 
 rente, about 1 miles above Rochefort. There 
 IS a towm of the same name, on the N. bank 
 of the river j about 18 miles W. of St. Jean 
 D Angely. 
 
 B0UVI0NE3, a small fortified towm of the Ne- 
 therlands, on the W, bank of the Meuse; about 
 14 miles S. of Namur. 
 
 BouzDOGAN, a town in the S. W. part of Na- 
 tolia; about 18 miles N.W. of Melasso. 
 
 BouzoK, n town of Asiatic Turkey, near the 
 N. L. confines of Caramania, and near the 
 source of a brancli of the Kisil Irmak river, 
 which fiills into the Block Sea. 
 
 BouzoNvrtLE, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Moselle, on the river Nied; 27 miles 
 N. E. of Metz. 
 
 BovA, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, at 
 the southern extremity of the promontory of 
 Italy. The inhabitants are supposed to be de- 
 scendants of Albanians, great numbers of whom 
 are scattered over the adjacent country. Pop. 
 of Bova about 2300. 
 
 BovELLEs, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Somme; 6 miles W. S. W. of Amiens. 
 
 BovENDEN, or Bawarden, a town in the 
 pnncipality of Callenberg; about 3 miles N. of 
 Gottmgen. 
 
 BovENSE, or BoRUENSE, a town on the N. 
 coast of the island of Funen, txom whence there 
 IS a ferry over to Klakring, in Jutland. 
 
 BovEs, a populous town in Piedmont: a few 
 miles S. of Coni. 
 
 BoviGNES, a town of the Netheriands, in i^^a- 
 
 mur, on the river Meuse j 10 miles S. of Namur 
 
 BoviNo, a town of Naples, in Capitanata! 
 
 seated at the foot of the Appennines; IS miles 
 
 N. E. of Benevento. 
 
 Bow, or Stratford-le-Bow, one of the out- 
 parishes of London, on the E. side. The church 
 18 4 miles from the Royal Exchange. Bow is 
 situate at the S. E. extremity of the countv of 
 Middlesex, separated >om Essex by the river 
 Lea. (SfeeBLACKWAL-,) The church is very an- 
 cient ; and an old stone bridge over the river is 
 supposed to have been the first erected in Eng- 
 land, and the curve or bow of the arch to have 
 given name to the town. Over this bridge is the 
 great outlet from London, to the three eastern 
 counties of England, viz. Essex, Suffolk, and 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Bow, one of the Society Isles at the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of the cluster, in lat. 18. 23. S. and 141. 
 lO.W. long. It was discovered by Captain 
 Cook, on his first voyage ; but, with 130 fathom 
 of line, no bottom could be found for anchorage. 
 It seemed barren ; but fi-om appearance of smoke. 
 It was conjectured either to be inhabited or vol- 
 
 CSTllc. 
 
 BowES, a town at the N.W. extremity of the 
 county of York, situate at the foot of the moun- 
 tains on the frontier of Westmoreland, on one 
 
 lor 
 
 BRA 
 
 of the Roman mihtary wftys, now the high road 
 from London to Carlisle. Its antiquity is further 
 manifest, from a stone in the church, which, at 
 the commencement of the last century was 
 used aa a communion-table, on which is an 
 adulatory inscription to the Emperor Adrian. It 
 holds a market on Fridays; 53 miles S. by E. of 
 Carlisle; and 250 N. by W. of London. 
 
 BowMORB, a town ohhe isle of Islay, on the 
 coast of Argyleshire, on the E. coast of Loch 
 Indal. 
 
 BowNEs, a village in Westmoreland, on tho 
 ill. side of Winderraere-water ; 9 miles W. by N. 
 of Kendal. It is a great mart for fish and char- 
 coal, and. the chief place for trading, and 
 pleasure-boats used in navigating the lake. 
 
 BowNESS, a village in Cumberland, at the W. 
 end of the Picts' Wall, on Solway Frith; 13 
 miles W. by N. of Carlisle. It was a Roman 
 station, called Blatum Bulgium; and from hence 
 Antoninus began his Itinerary. 
 
 BoxBERO, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 auchy of Baden, with an ancient castle on an 
 eminence; seated on theTauber; 13 miles W 
 of Mergentheim. 
 
 BoxTEL, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- 
 bant, seated on the river Commel, and furnished 
 with sluices. Here the British and Dutch troops 
 under the Duke of York, were defeated by the 
 French in 1704. It is 8 miles S. of Bois Ir/Duc 
 Pop. 2660. 
 
 BoTLE, a populous parish and town of Ireland, 
 in the county of Roscommon, on the frontier of 
 Sligo. Here are the ruins of an abbey, near the 
 lake Key, and manulactures of linen and yam. 
 It has extensive barracks ; seated on the river 
 Boyle; 23 miles N. of Roscommon, and 86 N.W. 
 of Dublin. 
 
 BoTNE, a river of Ireland, which rises in the 
 N. part of the county of Kildare, crosses the 
 county of Meath. past Trim and Navan, and en- 
 ters the Irish Channel below Drogheda. In this 
 river and on its banks James II, was defeated by 
 William III. in 1690. 
 
 BozoLO, a fbrtified town of Italy, in the Man- 
 tuan; seated on theOglio; 15 miles S.W. of 
 Mantua. 
 
 Bra, a large town of Piedmont, in the 
 province of Alba, situnte near the junction of 
 the Stura with the Tanaro river; 10 miles S, E. 
 ofCarmagnola. Pop. about 10,000. Cherasco! 
 with a further population of about 11,000, is 
 situate on the opposite bank of the river, 
 
 Braan, a river of Scotland, in Perthshire 
 which descends from the hills E. of Loch Tay' 
 and flows into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon 
 this river is a grand scene, at a place called the 
 Rumbhng-bridge. Under an arch, thrown over 
 a narrow chasm, between two projecting rocks, 
 the river is precipitated in a fall of near 60 feet, 
 Brabant, a territory in the N, W. part of 
 Europe, lying between the lat. of 50. 30. and 
 61. 35. N. and 4. and 5. 10. E. long., div' 'ed 
 between Belgium and Holland, 
 
 Brabant, iMoRTH, a province and kingdom of 
 Holland; 90 miles long and 45 miles broad, and 
 contains a population of 305,000. It was made 
 a dufhy in tho 7th century, and was considered 
 
BRA 
 
 108 
 
 n R A 
 
 u the Ant state of the kingdom of the Nether- 
 lHnd§. Thi» portion of the duchy was seized by 
 the republic of Holland, in the 17th century, 
 when It acquired the name of Dutch Brabant, 
 and in 1810 was annexed to the French empire, 
 but was restored to the Dutch. Principal 
 towns are liois le Due, Bergen-op-Zoom, and 
 B-eda. 
 
 Brabant, South, a province of Buit(ium ; 63 
 miles in length, 36 miles broad, and contains a 
 population of 450,700. It is beautiful and fertile. 
 It was sepaiatf^ from Holland by the Belgian 
 insurrection in 1 830, and is now the principal 
 province of the kingdom. Brussels is the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 Bracadale, a town and parish on the W. 
 coast of the isle of Skye, one of the Hebrides, 
 or Western Islands of Scotland. 
 
 Bracciano, a town of Italy, in the patrimony 
 of St. Peter ; celebrated for manufactures of 
 paper, the ruins of Veig, and some warm baths 
 in its vicinity. It is situated on a lake of the same 
 name; 12 miles N.W, of Rome. 
 
 BRAcaoLiANo, a town of Naples, in Princi- 
 pato Citcrioro; 7 miles N. N. W. of Salerno. 
 
 Bracken, a frontier county on the N. E. side 
 of Kentucky, bounded by the Ohio River. Pop. 
 5280. Augusta, on the Ohio, 90 miles N. E. of 
 Frankfort, is the chief town. 
 
 Brackknheim, a town of the duchy of Wir- 
 temberg ; about 6 miles W. of the Neckar at 
 Lauifen, and 18 N. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 
 1600. It has a well endowed hospital. 
 
 Bbackenidge, or Breckenbidoe, another 
 frontier county of Kentucky, towai-ds the N. E., 
 bounded also by the Ohio river. Pop. 7845. 
 Hardenberg, in the centre of the county, 110 
 miles W. S. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town. 
 Bracklet, a town of Northamptonshire j 
 market on Wednesday. It contains two churches, 
 and had formerly a college, now a free school. 
 It is seated on the Ouse; 18 miles S. S. W. of 
 Northampton, and 63 N.W. of London. 
 
 Braclaw, a strong town in the S. of Russian 
 Poland, capital of the palatinate of its name, in 
 Podolia. i; stands on the river Bog ; 85 miles 
 E. of Kaminiek. 
 
 Bradfield, a tcwn in Essex, seated on the 
 river Blackwnter ; 16 miles N. of Chelmsford, 
 and 44 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 Bradfield is also the name of a township 
 in the parish of Ecclesfieldj 6 miles N. of Shef- 
 field, in the manufactures of which it is exten- 
 sively occupied. It is also the name of seven 
 other towns nnd villages in different parts of 
 England; all inconsiderable. 
 
 Bradford, a town in Wiltshire, with a market 
 on Monday. It is the centre of the greatest 
 fabnc of superfine cloths i.i England. It stands 
 on the side of a rocky hill, on the Lower Avon ; 
 10 miles N. by VV. of Warminster, and 100 W. 
 of London. 
 
 Bradford, a large nnd populous parish and 
 borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It 
 returns one member to parliament. In the town 
 are about fnrty l.irge dealers in. woo!, about thirty 
 large establishments for the spinning of ditto, and 
 sixty employers for the weaving of ditto into 
 
 various kinds of stufft. It has five or six extcn. 
 sivc iron foundries, as many machine maiin- 
 fuctories, and several employers both in the 
 manufacture of hats and combs; the cotton ma- 
 mifiicture has also established itself hero, which 
 IS thus one of the principal manufacturing towni 
 in the kingdom. The town is situate at the foot 
 of the ridge of mountains which divides the 
 West Riding of Yorkshire from Lancashire, on 
 the hanks of a small river, felling into the Aire 
 on the south side. It has also the advantage of 
 a collateral cut to the Leeds and Liverpool 
 Canal; and consequently a facility of communi- 
 cation by water with all parts of the kingdom. 
 The surrounding country abounds in iron ore, 
 coal, flag-stones, and slates. The parish church 
 is a stately Gothic edifice : a new church, built 
 by subscription, was opened in 1815, It has 
 several other religious places of worship, a fre« 
 grammar school, and a market-hall for the ex- 
 hibition of the worstW stuffs brought for sale. 
 Market on Thursday. It is 10 miles W, of 
 Leeds, and 9 N, E. of Halifax. 
 
 Bradford, derived from two Saxon words, 
 implying iroad ford, is the name of six other 
 towns and villages in different parts of England, 
 situate on the banks of streams that formerly 
 used to be forded. 
 
 Bradford, a north frontier oountv of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on Tioga and Broome coun- 
 ties, state of New York. It is intersected by 
 the E. branch of the Susquehannah river, which 
 -eceives numeroub collateral branches flowing 
 from all directions within the county. Pop. 
 32,769. Meansville, or TowaiHa, 189 miles 
 N. by E. of Harrisburg, is the chief town. 
 
 Bradford, a town of Massachusets, in Essex 
 county, where some vessels are built, and shoes 
 made for exportation. It is situate on the 
 Jferimack, opposite Haverhill ; 10 miles W, of 
 Newbury Port. It is also the name of several 
 other towns in different parU of the United 
 States, 
 
 Brahlet, derived from two Saxon words, 
 broaa tey. the 'alter signifying meadow or pas- 
 ture land, IS the name of about twenty towns 
 and villages in .lifferent parts of England; all 
 ir.consideiable. 
 
 Braoa, a city of Portugal, capital of Entre 
 Douro-e-Minho, and the see of an archbishop, 
 primate of Portugal. It contains four churches, 
 besides the cathedral, and eight convents. There 
 are some ruins of an amphitheatre, and an 
 aqueduct. It is seated in a ferti'e country, on 
 the Cavado; about 25 miles N. by E. of Oporto 
 and 180 miles N. of Lisbon. ' 
 
 Braoanza, a city of Portugal, in Tra2o» 
 Monies, capital of a duchy of the same name. 
 It is divided into the Old and the New Town : 
 the former is on an eminence, surrounded by 
 double walls, now in ruins; and the latter is on 
 a plain, at the foot of a mountain, defended by 
 a fort. It seated on the Fervanza ; 32 miles 
 N. N. W. of ?Iiranda, and 88 N. E. of Oporto. 
 The duchy was constituted in 1442, and the 
 possessc-f of the title was raised to tiie llirono 
 of Portugal in 1640, and has continued in suc- 
 cession to the present time. Pop. 2700. 
 
BRA 
 
 log 
 
 BRA 
 
 DniHeaTAD, ona oi the fire principal towns 
 of the Huaaian province of East Bothniu, situate 
 on the E. const of the Gulf of Bothnia; about 
 30 miles S. S. W. of Uleaborg j in lut. 64. 40. 
 N. and 24. 30. E. long, 
 BaAHUAPooTaA. See BuRAHrooTBB. 
 Braila, Braiiilow, or Iuraila, a fortified 
 town of European Turkey, situate on the N. 
 bank ut the Danube, at the E. extremity of the 
 province of Wallachia, a few miles S. of Galatz, 
 «tid about 320 N. by W. of Constantinople. 
 Pop. 30,000. 
 
 BuAiLow, or niuiiYLOW, a town of Poland, 
 in Podolia, on the river Bog j 30 miles N. W, 
 of Braclrw. 
 
 Brain le CoMTE,a town of the Netherlands, 
 in Hainaulti 16 miles S. S. W. of Brussels. 
 Pop. about 3000. 
 
 Bhaintree, a town of Essex, with a market 
 on Wednesday. It has u considerable manu- 
 facture of baize, and is joined on the N. by the 
 extensive villiige of Becking. It is seated on 
 the river Bluckwntcr ; 1 1 miles N. by E. of 
 Chelmsford, and 40 N. E. of London. 
 
 BaAiNTREb, a town of Massachusets, in Nor- 
 folk county, seated on a bay; 8 miles S. by E. 
 of Boston. It was the birthplace of John 
 Adams, second, and fether of the sixth pre- 
 sident, of the United States. 
 
 Brakel, a town of Westphalia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Pnderborn, on the .ivulet Brught ; 
 16 miles E. of Paderbom. 
 
 Bralio, a mountain of the Alps, in the 
 country of the Grisons, which separates the 
 valley of Munster from the county of Bormio. 
 It is supposed to be the same which Tacitus 
 mentions under the name of Juga Rhaetica. 
 
 Bramant, a town of Savoy, on the river Arc; 
 20 miles E. S. E. of St. Jean de J.Iaurienne. 
 
 Brahbgr, a village in Sussex. It is seated 
 on the Adur, immediateh contiguous to Steyn- 
 ing; 61 miles S. by W. of London. 
 
 Buamfion, a town in Cumberland, with a 
 market on Tuesday. On the top of a high 
 hill is a fortified trench, called the Moat. It 
 is seated on the river Irthing; 9 miles E. N. E. 
 of Carlisle, and 311 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Bramiton is the name of twelve other towns 
 and villages ; and t./am, derived from a Saxon 
 word implying a bushy country, precedes the 
 termination of the names of upwards of twenty 
 other towns and villages in different parts of 
 England; all inconsiderable. 
 
 Bramstedt, a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 Holstein, near which is a medicinal spring. It 
 is seated on the Bram; 21 miles N. of Ham- 
 burg. 
 
 Branaw, or Bbaunau, a town of Bohemia, 
 on the confines of Silesia, with a manufacture 
 of coloured cloth; 11 miles N. W. of Glatz. 
 
 Brancaleone, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ultenore; 9 miles S. E. of Bova, at the S. ex- 
 tremity of the promontory of Italy. 
 
 Brancaster, a village in Norfolk ; 4 miles 
 ... ... ,,, „, i,-u:ijnttiii. it was the ancient 
 
 Branodunum, a considerable Roman city, and 
 has now a great trade in malt. 
 
 BaANDKis, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 
 of Kaureim, on the S. bank ol' tlie river Elbe: 
 10 miles N. E. of Prague. 
 
 BrANDENBURO, Er.KCTORAL MABquiSATB OK, 
 
 an interior and irregularly shaped territory of 
 Europe, in the circle of Upper Saxony; lying 
 between the laU. of 51. 45. and 64. N. ; and 
 11. and 16. of E. long. It is separated from 
 the Baltic, on the north, by Mecklenburg and 
 Pomerania; bounded on the eact by Prussian 
 Poland, and on the south by the duchy olf 
 Saxony and principality of Anhait; and on the 
 west by Magdeburg. Its area may be estimated 
 at about 12,000 s<iua!re miles. From the tenth 
 to the fifteenth century this territory passed 
 under various governments subject to Poland, 
 when, in 1417, it was vested in perpetuity, by 
 the emperor Sigismund, with consent of the 
 Germanic confederacy, to Frederic VI. of Nu- 
 remberg, and his descendants; a succeeding 
 margrave having been acknowledged sovereign 
 of the then duchy of Prussia, which in 1701 
 was converted into a kingdom. The seat of 
 government was transferred from Konigsberg, 
 m Prussia, to Berlin in Brandenburg, which 
 ha.1 thereby become the chief part of the Prus- 
 sian dominions. It is divided into the five 
 following parts: viz. the Old Mark, W.; Prig- 
 nitz, N. W.J Middle Mark, S.; Ucker Mark, 
 N.; and the New Mark, on the E. It is in 
 part a sandy and sterile district; but, having 
 the advantage of several navigable rivers, and 
 by the aid of culture, it is rendered tolerably 
 productive in all that is necessary for subsist- 
 ence and comfort. The revocation ot the edict 
 of Nantes, which, in lfi85, drove thousands of 
 the most industrious and intelligent of the 
 manuracturing population of France from their 
 homes, led to a number of them settling in this 
 part of Europe, where they introduced their 
 respective occupations in the manufacture of 
 silk and worsted stuffs, which now contributes 
 essentially to the reciprocal benefit of the 
 various classes of the country. The principal 
 rivers are, Ist, the Oder, which enters the New 
 Mark from the S., runs N. past Frankfort, 
 Kustrin, and Schwedt, through Pomerania, into 
 the Baltic; 2nd, the Net.-e, enters the New 
 Mark from the E., and fallf into the Oder at 
 Kustrin; 3rd, the Spree, inters the Middle 
 Mark from the S., runs W. by N., falling into 
 the Havel W. of Berlin; 4th, the Have) rises 
 near the S. confines of the Ucker Murk, runs 
 S. to Potsdam, when it makes a circuitous 
 course W., to the town of Brandenburg, then 
 N. to Havelberg, where it fulls into the Elbe ; 
 6th, the Elbe, from the S. E., divides the Old' 
 Mark from the Prignitz; the Havel is also 
 united with the Elbe by a canal across the 
 pnncipality of Magdeburg, from Brandenburg 
 past Gentin ; and with the Oder by another 
 canal from Liebenwalde, past Neustadt, to 
 Oderberg; the Spree is also united with the 
 Oder by a canal from the S. E. extremity of 
 the Middle Mark, to the point where the Oder 
 enters the New Mark from Lusatia. The 
 population of this part of the Prussian do- 
 minions amounts to about 1,250,000, who con- 
 tribute a money tax equal to about l,000,00OA 
 
BRA 
 
 no 
 
 BIIA 
 
 rterlin;r per annum. The inha))itant« nro 
 ni',«ly •liaaenten from tho church of lloiiio. 
 iiidulgini; in the peculiar toiicU of Luther, who 
 promulgated bia doctrinea at WittemburKj and 
 •omo of Cal»in; but tho ttate make* no dis- 
 tinction ; religiou* profeHMon, bo it what it 
 maj, being no obstAcle to civil sorvica. The 
 following is a ttatement of the principal towns 
 in each of tho five diviiions: viz. 
 
 1. PrignilM, Wittomberg, I'utlitz, Pcrloberg. 
 
 2. Old Mark, Werbcn, Osterbcrg, Kiilbe. 
 8. Middle ditto, Jirandenburg, Potsdam, 
 
 Berlin. 
 
 4. Ucker ditto, Prcnzlo, Doytzcnburg, An- 
 
 gcrmundo. 
 
 5. New ditto, Falkenburg, Arcnawnld, Kus- 
 
 triu. 
 
 Drandenbuko, the city which gives name 
 to the preceding territory, is divided into two 
 parts, Old and New; the former on the N. 
 bank of the river Havel, and the latter on the 
 8. It is a place of considerable antiquity, 
 ■upposed to have been first founded by the 
 Sclavoniuns, and fortified in the eariy part of 
 the tenth centunr, as a barrier against tho in- 
 cursions of the Huns. It has various manufac- 
 tures. Pop. about 13,000. It is about 80 
 miles S. of Huvelsberg, and about the same 
 distance W. of Berlin. There are two other 
 towns named Brandenburg ; one in Mccklen- 
 burg-Strelitz, surrounded by walls. The streeta 
 are wide and straight; the church of St. Mary 
 is a large structure, and the town-house is woi^ 
 thy of notice. It is situate on the Toliensee • 
 72 miles N. of Berlin : and the other in East 
 Prussia, with an anciwt castle, at the S. end 
 of the Frische Haff; 13 miles a W. of Ko- 
 lugsberg. 
 
 Brandon, a town in Suffolk, with a market 
 on Pnday. It stands on the Little Ouse, over 
 which is a bridge, and a ferry a mile below, for 
 conveying goods to and from tho isle of Ely. 
 It has a great trade in com, malt, conl, timberj 
 &c.; and in the vicinity are extensive rabbit 
 warrens. It is 15 miles N. by W. of Burv 
 and 78 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 Brandywine, a river of Chester county, in 
 the S. E. part of Pennsylvania, which falls into 
 the Delaware, a little below Wilmington. It 
 is distinguished in American history for n de- 
 feat sustained by the revolutionary army, on 
 the 11th of September, 1777. 
 Brisil. See Brazil. 
 Bhaslaw, or Breslau, a city of Lithuania, 
 m the palatinate of Wilna, on the N. side of a 
 lake v.hich communicates with the Dwina ; 76 
 miles N. N. E. of Wilna. 
 
 Brassa, or Bressay, one of the Shetland 
 islands. Between this and the principal island, 
 called Mainland, is the noted Brassa Sound, 
 where 1000 sail of ves8«l8 may at once find 
 commodious mooring. 
 
 Brassa w, or Cronstadt, a strong town in 
 the S. E. part of Transylvania, on the river 
 Burezel : 60 milos K, by N. of He^^..^Rst.^dt. 
 
 Brass Town, a toWii of Tennessee, situate 
 near the source of the Hiwasse, about 100 
 
 miles .S. of Knoxville. Two miles 8. of this 
 town w the Enchanted Mount.iin, much femisd 
 for the curiosities found on its rock^ which 
 consist of impressions resembling the tracks of 
 turkeys, bears, horses, and human iMjiiigs, as 
 l)crteet OS they could bo made on snow or sand. 
 Brattlioiorouoh, a town of Vermont, in 
 Winham county, situate on the Connecticut; 
 -U miles E. of Bennington, and 70 N. N W. 
 of Boston. 
 
 Braubach, a town of Germany, in the Wes- 
 terwald, with a cnstle ; seated on tho Khine ; 
 8 miles S. of Coblentz. 
 
 Bhaunau, a forUfied town of Bavaria, 
 formerly the residence of the elector. In 
 \li'i {' *'"' •"''<"> hy the Austrians; and, in 
 17/! , l.y tho peace of Teschon, tho town and 
 its district were ceded to Austria. In IBOfl 
 It was caiHured by the French and Bavarians. 
 It IS seated on tho E. bank of the river Inn, 
 on tho frontier of Upper Austria ; 2B miles 
 S. W. of Passjiu, to which country it now 
 belongs. 
 
 Bra UNA u, a town on tho eastern IVontier of 
 the circle of Koningsgratz, bordering on Si- 
 lesia, It is a manufacturing town, and has a 
 rich Benedictine abbey. 
 
 Braunpeu, capital of the county of Solmi. 
 Here is a magnificent palace, tho seat of th« 
 prince of Solms-Braunfels ; and near it is the 
 decayed castle of Solms, It is seated near tho 
 
 « 5o 'J", "'''^'' ^- ^y S- "f Wetzlar. Long. 
 8. 28. E. lat. 50. 30. N. 
 
 Bhaunsbueo, a town of West Prussia, in 
 lirmeland. It has an academy for catholics, 
 established in 1783 ; and is seated on the PaT 
 sarge, near its entrance into tho Frische Haff. 
 It exports great quantities of linen yarn to 
 
 f„"*h"*^,\ '" '"•''* N. E. of Elbing. Long. 
 19. 58. E. lat. 64. 30. N. ^ 
 
 Braunsto.n, a village in Northamptonshire : 
 '. miles N W. of Daventry, and 73 from Lon- 
 don; on the confines of Warwickshire. Here 
 commences the Grand Junction Cnnal, under a 
 tunnel three-fourths of a mile in length, to the 
 Thames, which, with the Oxford and Coventry 
 canals, renders it the centrical place of inland 
 navigation. 
 
 Brava.R republic on the southern extremity 
 of the kingdom of Magadoxa, and the only one 
 m Africa. It was founded by seven Arabian 
 brethren, who fled hither from the tyranny of 
 Lacnh, a petty monarch of Arabia. Finding a 
 most delightful situation between two rivers 
 near their confluence into the Indian Ocean.' 
 they built the city of Brava, which is now large 
 and populous, and the greatest mart on all the 
 const. Its merchants are rich, carrying on an 
 extensive trade in gold, silver, elephants' teeth, 
 ambergris, silk, cotton, and other stuffs The 
 republic IS under the protection of the king of 
 Portugal, for which they pay a tribute of about 
 20/. annually. The city of Brava lies in long. 
 43. 2.'). E. lat. 1. 20. N. 
 _ Brava, ^one of the Cape Verd Islands; 12 
 i..!t65 A . ;3. Xy. of Fuego, and inhabited by 
 the Portuguese. The land is high and moun- 
 tainous, but fertile ; and horses, beeves, nsses 
 
URA 
 
 111 
 
 U RA 
 
 nnJ hng» aro numeroua. It hat thro« h«r- 
 bouni, but Porto Forreo, on the 8. tidu, ia tho 
 beat Cur larga ahipa. Long. 24. 39. W. lut. 14. 
 52. N. 
 
 Dray, a town of Ireland, in tho county of 
 Wicklo-y, auuted on tho river Dray, near St. 
 Ocorgo'a Channel; 13 inilea S. uf Dublin. 
 
 Uhay, a village in Uurkahire; 1 mile S. of 
 Maidenhvad. It ia famoua in aong fur ita 
 vicar, who wna twice a papiat and twice a pro- 
 teatant, in four aueceaaive reigna; and, when 
 taxed with being a turncoat, aaid, " he alwaya 
 kept to Ilia principle, to live and die vicar of 
 Bmy." 
 
 Uhazil, a viiat territory of South America, 
 lying between the lata, of 4. N. ond 35. S., and 
 35. iind 72. of W. long.: but, being triangular in 
 form, converging into a point aoutherly, ita area 
 will not exceed 2,000,000 of 8<iunreraile«, though 
 eatimated by aorae writeraoa exceeding 3,000,000. 
 Tho firat diacovery of Brazil haa been claimed 
 for a Martin Uehmen, whoiaanid to have viaited 
 it-in 1 407 ; but tho credit of making it known to 
 Europeana iaaaaigned to the Portugueac admiral 
 Pedro Alvadca Cabral, who aailed from Lisbon 
 on tho 9th of March, 1500, with a aquadronof 
 thirteen aail, dcetined for the East Indiea; when, 
 atrctching more than usual to the woatward, to 
 avoid the atorma that prevail off tho Cupe of 
 Good Hope, he accidentally discovered thia fine 
 territory, in the lat. of 16. S., on tlie 24th of 
 April; and, having communicated with the na- 
 tives, who manifested a aocial diaposition, an- 
 chored his aquadron in the Bay of Porto Scguro, 
 and, on the following day, landed and planted 
 the croaa, and took poaseaaion of the territory in 
 the nome of Emanuel, the then king of Portu- 
 gal. For nearly fifty years, however, it was but 
 little appreciated ; there being no indications of 
 gold, silver, or gems, upon the coast : it was 
 merely availed oiP as a place for transportation 
 for criminals, the ships conveying them carry- 
 ing back nothing but the red wood so important 
 in dyeing : and its capabilities would probobly 
 have remained much longer undisclosed, but for 
 the banishment of the Jews from Portugal in 
 1549; who, by the assistance of their friends in 
 other porta of the world, introduced the sugar- 
 cone from Madeira, which flourished to such a 
 degree as soon to render it an object of great 
 importance; and although its profuse treasures 
 of gold, silver, and gems remained undisclosed, 
 enough had been discovered, and the celebrity 
 of the colony became sufficiently general, by 
 the close of the century, to excite the jealousy 
 and cupidity alike of the French, Spaniards, and 
 Dutch; and in 1624 the Dutch dispatched a 
 squadron, under the command of Admiral Willi- 
 kens, who succeeded in taking possession of St. 
 Salvador, or Bahia, the then principal settle- 
 ment, and proclaimed the possession of the 
 whole territory; and, after having published n 
 manifesto, allowing liberl}/ qf conscience to all 
 who were disposed to subscribe an oath of fi- 
 delity to the Dutch republic, and plundered the 
 town, he lelurued to Holland. Tiie Spaniards 
 next sent a formidable squadron, who complete- 
 ly dislodged the Dutch; but, in 1630, the Dutch 
 
 again retumol ta tho charge with r force of not 
 leaa thon fortj -aix armed ahipa, and, after aeven 
 or eight yoara of continued warfare, aucceeded 
 In extending their influence ovor more thon half 
 the country; but their oppreaaivo and cxclu- 
 aivo policy .)ecamo ao obiioxioua to the settlors 
 aa to render their tenure exceedingly preca- 
 rioua; ao that, after vorioua coliiaiuna and alter- 
 nntiona of aucceaa between Dutch, Spaniorda, 
 and I'ortugueao, townrda the close of the aeven- 
 tcenth century, the Dutch, by treaty, cedeil all 
 their intereat to the Portugueac ; and tho influ- 
 ence of tho S|)aninrda having been previoualy 
 subverted, at tho commencement of tho 18th 
 century the whole territory come into the poa- 
 aession of tho Portugueac, with whom it ro- 
 moined for more than a century, silently ad- 
 vancing in cultivation and importance, though, 
 comparatively apeaking, but little known to the 
 world, until tho events of the twenty yeara' war, 
 growing out of tho French revolution in 1793, 
 led, in 1B07, to the emigration of tho Portu- 
 guese court from Lisbon, under the protection 
 of a British aquodron, to seek shelter at Rio 
 Janeiro. 
 
 From thin period, tho barriers which hod pre- 
 viously confined the intercourse of tho Bnizila 
 to Portugol, were at once annihilated, and ita 
 features, condition, character, and resources, 
 laid fairly open to the view and intercourae of 
 tho world. Since then, cultivation haa been 
 vastly extended, and its supply of productions 
 doubled, trebled, and, in some coses, quadrupled. 
 For purposes of civil and military jurisdiction, it 
 has been divided into the 13 following districts, 
 viz., 1st. Guiana, comprising the whole extent of 
 country N. of the main branch of the Amazon 
 river, bounded on the N. by the New Colombian 
 territory aad French Guiana. 2nd. Pora, which 
 comprises a vast tract extending from the fron- 
 tier of Peru, the whole breadth of the country 
 paroUel with Pora, S. of the main branch of the 
 Amazon, to the Atlantic Ocean; and the follow- 
 ing nine border on the Atlantic coast, beginning 
 at the N., vis. 
 
 3. Maranham. 
 
 4. Scnra. 
 
 5. Pernambuco. 
 
 6. Bohia. 
 
 7. Minas Geraes. 
 
 8. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 9. St. Paul. 
 
 10. St. Catharine. 
 
 11. Rio Grande. 
 
 1 2. Goyai, interior; and, 1 3, Motto Grosso, on 
 the frontier of the United Provinces of Buenos 
 Ayres. The extent and production of each of 
 these districts will be more fully elucidated 
 under their respective heads. Independent of 
 the noble river Amazon, which has one of its 
 sources near the shore of the Pacific Ocean, 
 and, by numerous collateral branches, opens a 
 communication with the whole interior of Peru, 
 and dividing the before-mentioned provinces of 
 Guiana and Para, the Madeira, Topnjoz, Xingu, 
 Araguay, and tho Tocantins, uU flowing from 
 the S. into the Amazon, intersect all the inte- 
 rior and northern part of Brazil: whilst the Para- 
 guay and Parana, with innumerable branches, 
 intersect all the southern part, running S. into 
 the great river La Plata, In addition to these, 
 
wmmmummmim 
 
 Hi 
 
 n 
 
 BRA 112 
 
 the Pinaro, Bartwdoeji, Pnrnaiba, St. Francisco, 
 and numerous others of minor note, intersect 
 all the maritime provinces, &lling into the At- 
 lantic Ocean. 
 
 A chain of mountains intersoot the maritime 
 provinces from S. to N„ from Rio Grande to the 
 St. Francisco Uiver, which separates the pro- 
 vince of Bahia from Pemambuco. The ground 
 rises gradually from the coast to the summit of 
 this ridge, which varies in altitude from 3000 to 
 6000 feet above the level of the sea. Westward 
 of this ridge, the ground gradually slopes till it 
 again ascends to form another mountain ridge 
 of somewhat greater altitude than the preceding, 
 dividing Goyaz from the maritime provinces, 
 and running E. of, and parallel with, the To- 
 cantins to its entrance into the Para mouth of 
 the Amazons. From this chain a collateral 
 ridge branches off, intersecting the province of 
 Seara, in a direction from S. to N., to near the 
 shore of the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Over 80 vast a tract of land, it cannot be 
 imagined that the climate will be found at all 
 equal, or the seasons uniform. The northern 
 provinces are subject to heavy rains, variable 
 winds, tornadoes, storms, and the utmost fiiry 
 of the elements; while the southerly regions are 
 favoured with all the comforts which a fine fertile 
 soil and temperate climate can afford. In some 
 of the provinces the heat of the climate favours 
 the generation of a variety of poisonous insects 
 and reptiles ; some of which, as the liboya, or 
 roebuck snake, are said to extend to the length 
 of thirty feet, and to be two or three yards in 
 circumference. The rattlesnake, and other 
 reptiles of the same kind, grow likewise to an 
 enormous size; and the serpent called ibabaloka 
 is affirmed to be seven yards long, and half a 
 yard in circumference, possessed too<of a poison 
 instantaneously fatal to the human race. Here 
 also are scorpions, ant-bears, tigers, the jaguar, 
 porcupines, janonveras, and an animal called 
 tapirassou, which is the production of a bull and 
 an ass, having a great resemblance to both. No 
 part of the world affords a greater number of 
 beautiful birds, or greater variety of the most 
 exquisite fruits; the chief indigenous vegetable 
 production, which gave name to the country and 
 title of prince to the heir presumptive of the 
 sovereignty of Portugal, is the lignum Brasili- 
 anum, or Brazil wood, so justly celebrated for 
 its colouring properties. Forests of trees, as 
 stately in size as endless in variety, intermixed 
 with brambles and creeping plants, flowering 
 in every variety and tinge of colour, emitting 
 the most delicious odours, and for hundreds of 
 square miles in extent so dense as to be quite 
 impenetrable, except to the native Indians, are 
 spread over the greater part of the country from 
 the sea-coast to the Araguay river, whirh 
 separates Goyaz from Matto Grosso, which is, as 
 lU name partly implies, a sandy and arid district. 
 In the cultivated parts, the pa/ma Christi.omnge, 
 lemon, citron, and various other trees and plants, 
 flourish in the utmost luxuriance; and among 
 the inducted pianU, the sugar-cane, coffee tree, 
 and cotton plant, are yielding an increasing 
 •"Pply of their respective products, of the very 
 
 BRA 
 
 choicest qualitr; but the praduetlons ft>r which 
 Brazil has hitherto been the most celebrated, 
 are its gems, gold, and silver. The gems are as 
 various as beautiful ; and, although diamonds 
 have been appreciated from the earliest periods 
 of social refinement, the largest and most ap- 
 preciated ever known, was found in the Bra- 
 zils, weighing, in its rough state, 1680 carats, or 
 14 oz. troy, which, according to the imaginary 
 and conventional rule of valuation — 21. for the 
 first carat-would be equal in valueto 5,644,800/. 
 The quantity of gold and silver during a series 
 of years, averaged in money about 5,000,000/. 
 English per annum. On the gold and silver, the 
 government levied a tax of one-fifth of the pro- 
 duce, but restricted the searching for diamonds, 
 and cutting of the lignum Brasilianum, to its 
 own agents, subjecting the violators of the law 
 to the severest penalties. Rich as Brazil is, in 
 a comparative sense, in gems and metals, they 
 have obviously retarded, rather than advanced, 
 the genuine prosperity of the country, having 
 tended to divert the inhabitants from the more 
 rational and socializing pursuit of agriculture. 
 Since 1806, however, cultivation has been pur- 
 sued with greater avidity, and, its superior ad- 
 vantages once establish^!, it will probably in- 
 crease in estimation, whilst the infatuating 
 pursuits in search of diamonds and gold will 
 subside. The revolutionary spirit, so widely 
 spread over all Spanish America during the first 
 and second decinaries of the present century, 
 extended itself into Brazil, Pemambuco, in 
 1817, revolted against the government ; and the 
 whole country manifesting rather an equivocal 
 disposition towards the ruling family, the court 
 of Rio Janeiro, in 1821, emigrated back to Lis- 
 bon, leaving Don Pedro, the eldest son of the 
 king, as viceroy, who no sooner felt himself 
 separated from paternal allegiance, than he be- 
 gan to turn his thoughts to his individual ag- 
 grandisement, and strove to cherish, rather than 
 subdue, ihe revolutionary spirit which had pre- 
 viously been excited; and on the 11th of Sept., 
 all allegiance to Portugal was formerly de- 
 nounced, and Don Pedro proclaimed emperor 
 of Brazil. His reign, however, comparatively 
 speaking, proved but of short duration. After 
 maintaining for some time a profitless and in- 
 glorious contest with Buenos Ayres, in regard 
 to the Banda Oriental, disquietude and sus- 
 picion surrounded him in his imperial abode, 
 and on the 7th of April, 1831, he abdicated in 
 fevour of his son, Don Pedro II., a chiH of five 
 years of age; and Don Pedro I., with all the 
 rest of his femily, embarked for Europe on 
 board a British ship of war. 
 
 Nof withstanding these political contention^ 
 the c juntry is progressively increasing its pro- 
 ductions, more especially in cofii?e, the growth 
 of nhicJi, in 1831, amounted to 80,000,000 ot 
 pounds, whilst its imports from Great Britain 
 alone exceeded 2,500,000/, steriing. 
 
 Of the extent of the population accounts are 
 much at variance. The induction of slaves 
 from the coast of Africa, wnce the excitements 
 to agriculture commenced, has been very great, 
 and must have added at least 60,000 annually 
 
BRA 
 
 to ti.d population of the coast, unless the mor- 
 tality has been proportionably great with the 
 induction. The aggregate population probably 
 amounts to near a million, four-fiahs of whom 
 are slaves and people of colour. The natives 
 who inhabit the inland parts are copper- 
 coloured, strong, lively, and gay, and subject 
 to few diseases. They are divided into a great 
 number of tribes, each of which have their 
 peculiar customs, which they scrupulously ob- 
 serve; and among some of which it is said 
 (eannibahsm prevails. The number of tribes is 
 probably between 200 and 300, but their ex- 
 tent is generally unknown. See Lisbon. Por- 
 tugal, Rio Janeiro. 
 
 Brazza, an island in the Adriatic, near the 
 coast of Dalmatia ; SO miles long, and 10 
 broad. The soil is stony, but it produces much 
 excellent wine; and this article, with fire-wood 
 and sheep, form the chief trade. It has a 
 town ot the same name, seveml villages, and 
 an aggregate population of about 15,000. 
 Long. 17. 35, E. lat. 43. 50. N. 
 
 Breage, a populous village on the shore of 
 
 Mounts Bay, Cornwall, with ten mines in its 
 
 vicinity, 4 miles W. of Helstone, and 10 E. by 
 
 ». of Penzance. ' 
 
 Brechin, n borough of Scotland, in Forfar. 
 
 anciently a bishop's see. and the county town! 
 
 The cathedral is partly ruinous, but one of its 
 
 aislM serves for the parish church. Adjoining 
 
 to this IS a cunous antique round tower, which 
 
 tapers from the bottom, and is very slender in 
 
 proportion to its height. Here is a manufoc- 
 
 ture of imen and cotton, and a considerable 
 
 tannery It w seated on the South Esk : 8 
 
 miles W. of Montrose, and 12 E. N. E of 
 
 rorrar. 
 
 «.,^f ^''fT^';^' ", *"'''' of Westphalia, in the 
 county of the Mark; about 30 miles N. N. E 
 of Cologne. Pop. 1100. 
 
 Brecon, or Brecknockshire, a border 
 county of South Wales, bounded on the E by 
 the counties of Hereford and Monmouth, N. 
 by Radnor, W. by Carmarthen and Cardimn- 
 sbire, and S. by Glamorgan. It is a moC 
 ta^nous distnct, yielding iron, coal, and lime- 
 nn^ I '"i ^^"^ "•'""''ance. and some copper 
 and lead; and at Lanelly, on the border of 
 Glamorganshire, the smelting of iron is carried 
 on to some extent. It has some fertile vallevs 
 and 18 watered by tho rivers Wye and Uske! 
 and rther streams, and has the advantage of a 
 canal for barges of CJ tons burthen, from the 
 centre of the county to the Bristol Channel, at 
 JNewport. It has few or no manufactOTes ; but. 
 m addition to its iron, it produces a surplus of 
 grain cattle, and butter, and some wool, out of 
 which a considerable rent and other taxes are 
 discharged, and a supply of manufactured, 
 colonial, and foreign productions obtained, 
 ihe four principal towns are Brecon, Builth, 
 Crickhowel, and Hay. This county contains 
 the Vanr., or Brecknock beacon, reckoned the 
 loftiest mountain in South WalAg t» .«„f)- 
 one member to parliament, 
 
 Brecknock or Brecon, a borough and 
 chief town of the preceding county, with a 
 
 113 
 
 BUE 
 
 market on Wednesday and Friday. It fo m 
 ancient place, as appears by the Roman coins 
 that are often dug up; and its once magnificent 
 castle is now an insignificant ruin. It contains 
 three churehes, one of which is collegiate; and 
 in that part; of the town called the Watton is a 
 fine arsenal. To the east of the town is a con- 
 sideraWe lake, well stored with fish, whence 
 runs a nvulet into the Wye. It is seated at 
 the confluence of the Hondey with the Uske. 
 which falls into the Bristol Channel, and with 
 which it communicates by a canal to Newport, 
 near the mouth of the Uske; 34 miles N. W. 
 of Monmouth, and 171 W. by N. of London, 
 It sends one member to pariiament. 
 
 Breda, a fortified town of Dutch Brabant 
 surrounded on all sides by water and morasses! 
 Ihe great church is a noble structure, with a 
 lofty spire, 362 feet in height. In 1625 the 
 Spaniards, after a memorable siege of ten 
 months, reduced this city ; but, in 1637, the 
 Pnnce of Orange retook it. In 1793 it sur- 
 rendered to the French, after a. siege of only 
 three days, but was retaken soon after. It is 
 seated on the rivw Merk; 25 m 3 N. N. E. 
 
 ?. ;6.'\*^®''P' ^""^ ^^ S. of Amsterdam. Pop. 
 14,000. "^ 
 
 Bredon, a considerable village in Leicester- 
 shire; 5 miles N. N. E. of Ashby-de-la-Zouch- 
 seated at the base of a high limestone rock, on 
 the summit of which the churoh stands, knd 
 commands very extensive views. 
 
 Bredstedt, a town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Sleswick; 21 miles W. N. W. of Sleswick. 
 Pop. about 1500. 
 
 Breeds Hill, an eminence, on the N. side 
 ot Lharlestown, in Massachusets, immediately 
 contiguous to Boston; celebrated for the stand 
 made by the Americans against the British 
 troops, at the commencement of hostilities 
 with the mother country. This action, usually 
 called the battle of Bunker's Hill, (anoth« 
 hill near it,) happened on the 17th of June 
 1/75. ' 
 
 Bregentz. or Bergens, a town of Germany, 
 
 Ty™'' *'*'' * «"*"e 0" an eminence ; seated 
 at the mouth of a river of its name, on the E 
 end of the lake of Constance; 6 miles S. E. of 
 Lmdau. Pop. about S.^OO. 
 
 Brkglio, a town of the continental pari; of 
 Sardima; 19 miles N. E. of Nice. 
 
 Brehar, the most mountainous of the S^m-t 
 islands; 30 miles W. of the Land's End. \ / 
 6. 47. W. lat, SO, 2. N. ^* 
 
 .."SsTe*. o/h^,:' *'« *''=''^ '' «"-y ' « 
 
 Breitenbach, a town of Central Germany. 
 Prfi^f lJf"''"i **^ ^°"y5 15 ""e* S- of 
 cW- pfpT/or^' ""'P^"'- *'""'' •"«» 
 
 ^.^TiT'"' '\'°'^" "'■ "^'y- •" *« Milanese, 
 near the confluence of the Sessia with the Po 
 on the fVontiers of Montferrat; 28 miles W. of 
 
 j 
 
BRB 
 
 114 
 
 BRE 
 
 Bremen, a duchy and maritime district of 
 Gennany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, lying 
 between the Weser and the Elbe; the former 
 of which separates it from Oldenberg, and the 
 other from Holstein. The country is fertile 
 and populous, but in winter is subject to inun- 
 dations. It formerly belonged to the Swedes, 
 but was sold to the Elector of Hanover, in 
 1719. Stade, on the S. bank of the Elbe, is 
 the seat of regency; It is about 2100 square 
 miles in extent; contains a population of about 
 170,000; and now forms part of the kingdom of 
 Hanover. 
 
 Bremen, a free city, and capital of the 
 duchy of the same name. The Weser divides 
 it into the Old and New Town, both of which 
 are fortified ; the former is the largest, and in 
 it stands the cathedral. It has a harbour, nine 
 miles below the town, and carries on a consi- 
 derable trade, but which was formerly much 
 more extensive. In 1757 it was taken by the 
 French, who were driven out in 1758, by the 
 Hanoverians. It is 22 miles E. of Oldenburg, 
 and 64 S. W. of Hamburg. Pop. about 
 37,000. Long. 8. 40. E. lat. 53. 5. N. 
 
 Bremgnvord, a town in the duchy of Bre- 
 men, defended by a castle. The chancery of 
 the duchy is kept here. It stands near the 
 Oste; 32 miles N. by E. of Bremen. 
 
 Brehoarten, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 firee lower bailiwicks, between the cantons of 
 Zurich and Bern. The inhabitants deal chiefly 
 in paper; and it is seated on the Rcuss; 10 
 miles W. of Zurich. 
 
 Breno, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, seated 
 on the Oglio ; 36 miles N. of Brescia. Pop. 
 about 2000. 
 
 Brenia, a river which rises in the princi- 
 pality of Trent, passes by Bassano and Padua, 
 and enters the Gulf of Venice, a little S. of 
 Venice. 
 
 Brentford, an appendage to London ; 7 
 miles from Hyde Park Corner, on the great 
 western road. It is seated on the N. bank of 
 the Thames, where the Grand Junction Canal 
 originally communicated with the river. It 
 has some very extensive flour mills, distilleries, 
 soap works, pan, tile, and coarse pottery works, 
 extensive nursery grounds, and various other 
 occupations dependent on the metropolis. It 
 is a very old town, as may be inferred from its 
 name being derived from the Saxon, implying 
 a ford over the little river Brent, which here 
 falls into the Thames, and in earlier times it 
 was distinguished as having a market on Tues- 
 day; whilst now, from the continual intercourse 
 with London, it has every day the appearance 
 of holding a great fair. At the W. end of the 
 town is a magnificent edifice, called Sion 
 House, formerly a monastery, now belonging 
 to the dukedom of Northumberland. The 
 election of the two members of parliament 
 for the metropolitan county of Middlesex was 
 held here; and during a contest, the whole 
 line of road from London to, and Brentford 
 itself, presented a scone of gmely, auiumliun, 
 and spirit, that must be seen to be understood. 
 Bresciano, a province in the N. of Italy, 
 
 lying between the lat. of 45. 10. and 46. 20. N. 
 and 10. and 10. 45. of E. long., bounfled on the 
 S. by Mantua and the Cremonese, W. by Berga- 
 masco, N. by the country of the Grisons, and 
 E. by the principality of Trent, the Veronese, 
 and Mantua. The Oglio has its source iu tlie 
 N. extremity of this province ; runs S. for 
 about 30 miles, when it forms the lake of Jeso, 
 and afterwards the boundary between Berga- 
 masco and the Cremonese. The Chiese inter- 
 sects the E. side, falling into the Oglio at the 
 S. E. extremity of the province ; the Smcla 
 and several other streams intersect the centre 
 and southern part of province, all falling into 
 the Oglio, and Lake Garda divides it from the 
 Veronese on the E. Its superficies may be 
 stated at about 3000 square miles, and popula- 
 tion at 306,000. It has some dreary spots; 
 but on the whole it may be considered a fertile 
 district, producing com, >vine, and oil, in 
 abundance. The vine, olive, and mulberry, 
 all luxuriate in its soil; and the lakes and 
 rivers supply abundance of fish. It exports 
 some silk ; but its manufactures do not much, 
 if at all, exceed the demand and consumption 
 of the province. Besides Brescia, the capital, 
 the other principal towns are Breno, Chiari, 
 Orci, Novi, and Salo. It was formerly a part 
 of the republic of Venice; but is now under the 
 dominion of Austria. 
 
 Brescia, an ecclesiastical city, and capital of 
 the preceding province, situate in a spacious 
 and fertile plain, between the rivers Mela and 
 Navilo, on the high road from Bergamo to 
 Mantua. It is well fortified, and has a good 
 citadel, on an eminence. It has twelve 
 churches, and thirty convents. The cathedral 
 and the palace are adorned with beautiful 
 paintings, and in the former is shown the 
 standard of Constantine. Here are several 
 flourishing mBnufaetures, and its fire-arms are 
 particularly velebrated. This city has been 
 taken and retaken several times, by the Aus- 
 trians and French. Pop. 32,000. A stream, 
 calletl the Garza, runs through the city, after- 
 wards falling into the Mela. It is about 50 
 miles N. of Parma, 40 N. W. of Mantua, and 
 30 S. E. of Bergamo. 
 
 Bresello, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, 
 on the river Po; 27 miles N. W. of Modena. 
 
 Breslau, an ecclesiastical city and capital 
 of a principality of the same name, and of all 
 Silesia; seated on the banks of the Oder, just 
 below the junction of the little river Ohlau, 
 which runs through several of the streets, an! 
 forms two islands. It has a Lutheran and 
 twenty-six Catholic churches, and is surrounded 
 by walls, strengthened by ramparts and other 
 works. It has a great trade in linen, leather, 
 Hungarian wines, &c., and contains 82,789 in- 
 liabitants. The public squares are spacious, 
 the streets tolerably wide, and the houses lofty. 
 The royal palace was obtained by the Jesuits, 
 where they founded a university, in 1702, at 
 which there are generally about 400 students. 
 The two principni cliurches belong to the Pro- 
 testants; near one of which is a college. This 
 city became subject to the King of Prussia in 
 
. ami 46. 20. N, 
 bounfled on the 
 se, W. by Berga- 
 :he Grisons, and 
 it, the Veronese, 
 its source in tlie 
 ;e ; runs S. for 
 the lake of Jeso, 
 between Berga- 
 ?he Chiese inter- 
 he Oglio at the 
 nee ; the Smcla 
 rseot the centre 
 !, all falling into 
 'ides it from the 
 )crficies may be 
 lies, and popula- 
 le dreary spots; 
 isidered a fertile 
 le, and oil, in 
 and mulberry, 
 I the lakes and 
 ish. It exports 
 3 do not much, 
 nd consumption 
 icia, the capital, 
 Breno, Chiari, 
 formerly a part 
 is now under the 
 
 y, and capital of 
 3 in a spacious 
 rivers Mela and 
 m Bergamo to 
 and has a good 
 It has twelve 
 The cathedral 
 with beautiful 
 is shown the 
 sre are several 
 ts fire-arms are 
 city h.ns been 
 es, by the Aus- 
 OO. A stream, 
 the city, after- 
 It is about 50 
 of Mantua, and 
 
 I the Modenese, 
 V. of Modena. 
 :ity and capital 
 nme, and of all 
 f the Oder, just 
 le river Ohlau, 
 the streets, anJ 
 
 Lutheran and 
 id is surrounded 
 parts and other 
 n linen, leather, 
 tains 8-2,789 in- 
 '8 are spacious, 
 he houses lofty. 
 
 by the Jesuits, 
 ty, in 1702, at 
 t 400 students, 
 ong to the Pro- 
 i college. This 
 g of I'russia in 
 
 BIIK 115 
 
 1 74 1 , It was taken by the Austrinns, m 1 7.')7, 
 but regained the same year. It was for some 
 time besieged by the French, and surrendered 
 to them in January, 1807, and agiiin in 1813 ; 
 but reverted to Prussia after the peace of 1814. 
 It is 112 miles N. E. of Prague, and 165 N. 
 of Vienna. Long. 1 7. 9. E. lat. 61 . 3. N. The 
 principality contains about 950 square miles of 
 area, and 180,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Bresle, a river of I ranee, which divides 
 the department of Lower Seine from that of 
 Somme, and enters the English Channel at 
 Xreport. 
 
 Bressat Sound. See Brassa. 
 
 Bresse, a late province of France, bounded 
 on the N. by Burgundy and Franche Compte, 
 E. by Savoy, S. by the Viennois, and W. by 
 the Lyonnois. It now forms the department 
 of Ain, 
 
 Bressuibe, a town of Fi ance, in the depart- 
 ment of Two Sevres, with a village; 35 miles 
 N. W. of Poitiers. Pop. 2000. 
 
 Brest, a maritime town of France, in the 
 department of Finisterre. Prior to 1631, it 
 was an insignificant fishing town; but, having 
 one of the most commodious and secure har- 
 bours in Europe, it was availed of by the 
 French government, under the administration 
 of Richelieu, in the reign of Louis XIV., for a 
 marine station, and it is now the chief naval 
 depdt of France, Situate on a promontory at 
 the western extremity of the kingdom, it is 
 equally convenient for the equipment of ex- 
 peditions to all parts of the coast, or of the 
 world. The English made an ineffectual 
 attempt to take it in 1694 ; and during the 
 twenty-three years' war, from 1793 to 1814, it 
 compelled the English to maintain a large 
 blockading squadron off the harbour, without 
 doing the least possible injuiy to France. The 
 extensive occupations attendant on the build- 
 ing, repairing, and equipment of a great na- 
 tional marine, necessarily gave rise to an ex- 
 tensive interchange and consumption of com- 
 modities of various kinds; and the town of 
 Brest haJ consequently risen into importance 
 proportionate to the consequence derived from 
 Its being the chief naval station of t'.ie kingdom ; 
 and it now contains a population of about 
 25,000. It has a marine academy, 'theatre 
 &c. It is 33 miles E. of Ushant Light, in the 
 lat. of 48. 23. N. and 4. 29. of W. long.; being 
 27 miles S. and 6 deg. 49., or about 325 geo- 
 graphical miles, W. by S. of Paris. 
 
 Bbetaone, or Brittany, a late province of 
 France; 150 miles long and 112 broad. It is 
 a promontory, united on the E. to Maine 
 Anjou, and Poitou. The air is temperate, and 
 it has large forests. It now forms the depart- 
 ments of Finisterre, Cotes du Nord, Hie and 
 Vilaine, Lower Loire, and Morbihan. 
 
 Breteuil, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Oise; 14 miles N. N. E. of Beauvni« 
 and 8 S. of Amiens. Pop. about 2200. ' 
 
 Beetos, Cato. Sfe Cape Brewn. 
 Bretten, a town of Germany, in the late 
 palatinate of the Rhine, on the frontier of 
 Wurteniberg; 20 miles S. of Heidelberg, and 
 
 B R I 
 
 about 20 N. by W. of Stuttgard. Pop. 2S00. 
 It was the birthplace of Melancthon, and is 
 now included in the territory of the duchv of 
 Baden, circle of the Pfintz and Enz, 
 
 Brevard, or Brevoort, a strong town of 
 Holland, in the county of Zutphen, with a 
 castle; situate m a morass; 24 miles S. E of 
 Zutphen. 
 
 Brewood, a town in Staffordshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday; 10 miles S. by W. of 
 Stafford, and 129 N. W. of London. 
 
 Briansk, an interior town of Russia, in the 
 province of Orel ; situate on the Desna, an 
 eastern branch of the Dnieper; about 250 
 miles S. W. of Moscow. Pop. about 4000. 
 It has an annual feir, very numerously attended. 
 BBiiNfON, a town of France, on the frontier 
 ot Piedmont, m the department of Upper 
 Alps, with a castle on a craggy rock, and other 
 tortifications. In its neighbourhood manna is 
 pthered from a sort of ash-tree. It has a 
 handsome church, and a noble bridge over the 
 Durance; 20 miles N. of Embrun, and about 
 70 E. by S. of Turin. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 BniANfONNET, a fortress of Savoy, near the 
 town of Moustiers, situate on a rock inacces- 
 sible every way, except by the side of a river, 
 W-ere it is ascended by two or three hundred 
 steps. The common passage from Savoy to 
 Italy is by this fortress. 
 
 Briare, a town of France, in tho depart- 
 ment of Loiret; seated on the Loire, and has a 
 canal between that river and the Seine. It is 
 40 miles E. S. E. of Orieans. 
 
 Bridgend, a town of Wales, in Glamorgan- 
 shire, with a market on Saturday, and u wool- 
 len manufacture; seated on the Ogmore, a 
 nver abounding in trout and salmon; 7 mUes 
 W. by N. of Cowbridge, and 181 W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Bridgekorth, a borough in Shropshire, 
 with a market on Saturday. It has two 
 churches, and a free-school that sends and 
 maintains eighteen scholars at the University 
 of Oxford. It was formerly fortified with 
 walls, and had a castle, now in ruins. Its 
 trade both by land and water is considerable. 
 It IS seated on both banks of the Severn, over 
 which 18 a handsome bridge of six arches. 
 The upper part of the town is 180 feet above 
 the bed of the river, and commands an ex- 
 tensive and delightful prospect. An annual 
 fair, on the 29th of October, is very numerously 
 attended, and the quantities of cattle, sheep, 
 butter, cheese, and bacon, brought for sale is 
 very great. It had formerly some manufac- 
 tures of worsted, which have declined. It re- 
 turns two members to parliament, and is 23 
 miles S. E. of Shrewsbury, and 139 N. W. of 
 London, 
 
 BRiDOriTOWN, the Capital of the island of 
 Barbadoes; situate in the inmost part of Car- 
 lisle Bay, which is large enough to contain 500 
 snips, but the bottom is foul, .and n-.t tr- -r.t 
 the cables. This city was burnt down in Hm, 
 and suflered also greatly by fires in 1756, 1766. 
 and 1767. Before these fires it contained 
 1500 houses; and it has since been rebuilt. 
 
 JJ 
 
 I 
 
mmmm 
 
 mm 
 
 r 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i f 
 I I 
 
 m 
 
 ^ r : 
 
 I 
 
 , 
 
 BRI 
 
 116 
 
 BRI 
 
 riie streets are broad, the houses higli, the 
 wharfe and quays convenient, and the forts 
 strong. The church is as large as some catlie- 
 drals. Here also is a free-school, an hospital, 
 and a college; the latter erected by the Society 
 for Propagating the Gospel, pursuant to the 
 will of Colonel Codrington, who endowed it 
 with 2000/. a year. The town had scarcely 
 risen from the calamitief> already mentioned, 
 when it was torn from its foundation by a 
 hurricane, in 1780, in wliich many of the in- 
 liabitants perished. It is scarcely yet restored to 
 its former splendour. Long. 59. 43. W. lat. 1 3. 
 S. N. See Barbadoes. 
 
 Bridgetown, the capital of Cumberland 
 county, iu New Jersey. The county court is 
 lield in it quarterly. It is situated on'Cohanzy- 
 creek; 64 miles S. of Philadelphia, and 71 S. 
 S. W. of Trenton. 
 
 Bridgewatbr, a borough in Somersetshire, 
 governed by a mayor, with a market on Thurs- 
 day and Saturday. It is seated on the Parret, 
 over which is a handsome bridge. It has a 
 large handsome church with a lofty spire. The 
 summer assizes are held here every other year, 
 lu the wars between Charles I. and the par- 
 liament, the forces of the latter reduced great 
 j)art of the town to ashes ; and the castle was 
 tiien so far demolished, that few vestiges of it 
 are now observable. The river is navigable up 
 to the town, for vessels of 200 tor"^ burthen, 
 and for barges as &r as Langport, and by the 
 Thone to Taunton; and although a prevalence 
 of westevly wind causes the tide, at times, to 
 set into the river with great fury, its navigation 
 contributes essentially to the interest of the 
 town ; its commercial intercourse, however, is 
 principally confined to the coast. It returns 
 two members to parliament; and is 31 miles 
 S. S. W. of Bristol, and 138 W. by S. of 
 London. It was the birthplace of Admiral 
 Blake, the worthy antagonist of Van Tromp. 
 
 BsiDLiNQTON, commonly called Burlinq- 
 TON; a seaport in East Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. The harbour is com- 
 modious, and defended by two strong piers. 
 Its mineral waters, and accommodations ibr 
 sea-bathing, draw much company in summer ; 
 and its trade is considerable, owning about 
 6000 tons of shipping. It is seated on a creek 
 S. of Flamborough-head; 40 miles E. N. E. of 
 York, and 206 N. of London. 
 
 BuiDPORT, a borough in ^orsetsliire, with a 
 market on Saturday. It is seated about 3 
 miles from the shore of the British Channel 
 between the rivers Brit and Bride, which unite 
 just below the town, and form a convenient 
 harbour, which, since 1822, has been improved 
 so as to admit vessels of 200 to 300 tons bur- 
 then. It was formerly celebrated for its ma- 
 nufti.tures of cordage, sail-cloth, twine, and 
 netting; and Henrj' VIII. granted it a mono- 
 poly for making all the cordage for the national 
 marine, which it retained for about sixty years; 
 
 but its maufactures are now inconsiderable. 
 
 It- k.<:m^ 1 -1 • 
 
 ...., ,,,,.. ._._..- -tiinc sinpijing, ur.u carries 
 
 on a little exterrt&I, as well as coasting trade. 
 
 U returns two members to parliament. It is 
 
 12 miles W. of Dorchester, and 135 W. by S 
 of London. 
 
 Brieo, a fortified town of Silesia, capital of a 
 principality of the same name, with a Lutheran 
 cathedral, and several other churches for Pro- 
 testants and Catholics. Here is a manufacture 
 of cloth. It was taken by the Prussians in 
 1741, and its ancient castle burned down during 
 the siege. It is seated on the Oder; 26 miles 
 S. E. of Breslau. Pop. about 9000. 
 
 Brieo, or Brio, a handsome town of the 
 Valais, seated on the Saltina river, which &11h 
 into the Rhone on the S. side, about 28 miles E. 
 of Sion. It suffered much from an earthquake in 
 1755. 
 
 Briei,, or Brill, a fortified seaport of South 
 Holland, capital of the island of Voorn. The 
 Dutch took it from the Spaniards in 1672, which 
 was the foundation of their republic. It was the 
 birthplace of Van Tromp, and is seated at the 
 mouth of the Mnese; 20 miles W. S.W. of Rot- 
 terdam. Long. 4. 1. E. lat. 51. 48. N. Pop. 
 about 3000. 
 
 Brienne, a small town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Aube, distinguished for its military 
 school, at which Napoleon Buonaparte received 
 liis education. It is about 20 miles E. of Troycs. 
 Brientz, a town of Switzeriand, in the canton 
 of Bern, famous for the cheese made in its 
 neighbourhood. V is situate on a lake of the 
 same name, (9 miles long and 3 broad;) 42 miles 
 S.E. ofBern. 
 
 Briezen, a small town of Brandenburg in the 
 Middle Mark, on the frontier of Anhalt; about 
 25 miles S. of Potsdam. 
 Brietzen. See Wriezen, 
 Brieux, St., a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Cotes du Nord, and a bishop's 
 see, with a small harbour. It is seated among 
 hills, near the English Channel; 30 miles S.W. 
 of St. Malo. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 Briet, a town of France, in the department 
 of Moselle, near the river Manse; 12 miles N.W 
 of Metz. Pop. 1800. 
 Brigo. See Glandfordbridge. 
 Briga,La, a town in the Col de Tende, on the 
 frontier of Nice j a few miles S. of the town 
 of Tende. 
 
 Brighton, or Brighthelhstone, borough of 
 England, county of Sussex. It stands at the 
 toot of the South Downs, and extends for a con- 
 siderable distance along the coast. It was little 
 noticed till sea-bathing was strongly recom- 
 mended in several disorders; and, from its being 
 nearer the metropolis than almost any other 
 part of the sea-coast, it gradually increased in 
 attraction as a watering-place, till it has become 
 one of the principal resorts of gaiety and fashion 
 in the kingdom. 
 
 In 1784, the Prince of Wales, afterwards 
 George IV., erected at Brighton, for an occa- 
 sional residence, an edifice, called a marine 
 pavilion, which he afterwards converted into a 
 splendid palace, where he spent a great portion 
 of every year. Up to this period the buildings 
 were tomparatlvely mean ; but since that time, 
 the improvements have been such as to render 
 Brighton a splendid town. It extends fiom 
 
nd 135 W, bj- S 
 
 BRI 1,7 
 
 Kemp Town on the E. for upwards of 24 iniKs, 
 to Brunswick Square on the W. Midway be- 
 tween these places is the magnificent chain- 
 pier, 1154 feet long and 13 wide, suspended by 
 means of chains over four towers of cast iron. 
 The parish church, situate on an eminence at 
 the N. W., was formerly at a small distance 
 from the town, which has now almost entrenched 
 upon its sacred enclosure. The other places of 
 worship, connected with the Establishment, are 
 the Chapel Royal, St. James's Chapel, and Tri- 
 nity Chapel, and four others situate on the 
 eastern and western divisions of the town, be- 
 sides the church of St. Peter's, recently erected 
 which IS one of the most beautiful ornaments 
 that Brighton has to boast of. Here are also a 
 Roman Catholic chapel, a Jews' synagogue, and 
 several meeting-houses for the different deno- 
 minations of dissenters. Besides the accommo- 
 dations for sea-bathing, warm, cold, and vapour- 
 baths, of the most elegant and commodious 
 onstruction, have also been erected ; while the 
 jjark furnishes a beautiful ride, and the spa all 
 the varieties of artificial, mineral, and medicinal 
 waters. Here are also two assembly rooms, a 
 handsome theatre, (opened in 1807,) a cele- 
 brated race-ground, &c. It is connected with 
 with the metropolis by means of the Brighton 
 and south Eastern Railway. After the battle 
 of Worcester, in 1651, Charles II. embarked at 
 this place for France, in a vessel which is said 
 to have been moored, after the restoration, in 
 the Thames, opposite Whitehall. It sends 
 two members to parliament. It is 17 miles W 
 by N. of Beachy Head, 50 E. by N. of Ports^ 
 mouth, and 52 S. from London. 
 
 Brightside, Bierlow, the W. quarter of the 
 parish of Sheffield; which see, 
 
 Brignais, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Rhone. During the summer season it 
 IS the favourite resort of the citizens of Lyons. 
 who have her« many elegant villas and country 
 houses. It IS seated on the small river Garron • 
 9 miles S. of Lyons. ' 
 
 Brignoli.es" a town of France, in the departs 
 ment of Var, famous for its prunes. It is seated 
 among mountains, in a pleasant country • 20 
 miles N N. E. of Toulon. Pop. about 9000. 
 Brihuega, a town of Spain, in New Castile 
 with a manufacture of broad cloth, and a trade 
 in wool. Here General Stanhope and an English 
 arir;y were taken prisoners, in 1710. It is seated 
 on the Tajuna; 43 miles N. E. of Madrid, 
 
 Brillon, a town of the duchy of West- 
 phalia; on the river Alme ; 27 miles E. by S of 
 Arensberg. ' 
 
 Brindisi, (the ancient Buu,vntsiUM ) a ma- 
 ritime and archiepiscopal city of Naples, in the 
 province of Otranto, situate just within the en- 
 trance to the Adriatic, in the lat. of 40 30 N 
 and 18. 20. of E. long. Its harbour at one period 
 was the most commodious and secure in the 
 Mediterranean ; but during the commercial ca- 
 reer of Venice, it became neglected and inac- 
 cessible, except for small yes-sels Within t' • 
 present century, efforts have been made to 
 render it again convenient and useful ; but so 
 long as the subduing and precluding , line of 
 
 BRI. 
 
 policy of the present government of Naples pi© 
 vails, all efforts at social improvement will be 
 made in vain. The adjacent country, like the 
 liarbour, presents an aspect of desolation. It is 
 surrounded by extensive forests of olive-trees 
 and some mulberries, from which silk is ga- 
 thered. Pop. of the city about 6000, It is 
 about 190 miles S. E. of Naples. Virgil died at 
 Brindisi, B.C. 19. 
 
 Brioni, islands in the Gulf of V-.iice, opposite 
 Pola, famous for their marble quarries. 
 
 Brionne, a town of France, in the province 
 of Normandy; 32 miles from Rouen. 
 
 Brioude, a town of France, in the depai't- 
 "?,"!, T.UPP^'" ^°"^- Near it is a small town 
 called Church Brioude, on account of a faTious 
 chapter. Brioude stands on the Allier, over 
 which IS a bridge of one arch, 173 feet in 
 diameter. It is 32 miles N. W. of Puv, and 34 
 "y *" 01 Clermont. Pop. about 5000. It 
 was the birthplace of La Fayette, distinguished 
 tor Ills enthusiasm in the cau«e of the Americans 
 to obtain their independence. 
 
 Bhisach, Old akd New. Old Brisach is on 
 the E. bank of the Rhine, and was formeriy the 
 chief town of the Brisgau; but the fortifications 
 were demolished in 1741, and the ordnance re- 
 moved to i nburg, about 15 miles in the interior. 
 New Brisach is a fortified town on the opposite 
 bank of the river, in the French department 
 of the Upper Rhine; about 40 miles S. of Stras- 
 burg, and 250 E. by S. of Paris. The forti- 
 fication IS one of those constructed under the 
 superintendence of Vuuban, in the reign of 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 Brisago, a town of Switzeriand,on the Lake 
 Maggiore; 5 mile* S. of Locarno. 
 
 Brisgau, a territory in the circle of Suabia, 
 of about 1000 square miles in extent, intersected 
 by the line of the 48th degree of N. lat., and 8. 
 pt i. long^ extending eastward from the Rhine 
 into the Black Forest, As a frontier district 
 bordering on France, it has been exposed to 
 ravage m all the wars between that nation and 
 Austria, and has been the scene of several 
 bloody contests. At an early period of the 
 French revolution, in 1793, the French reduced 
 nearly the whole of the town of Old Brisach to 
 ashes and ,n 1796, afler a severe action, pos- 
 
 whS It'"'''^'^ ?i i''»l>"'K. the capita!, but 
 which they were ob.iged to abandon the same 
 year. After various changes of sovereignty, it 
 was wholly ceded by Buonaparte to thf grand 
 duke of Baden, i» 1805; confirmed by treaty with 
 Austria; and m the new subdivisions of the • 
 
 Bnsgau was divided between the three circles of 
 Wiesen Treisam, and Kinzig, the names of 
 three^„v«.bywhichtheterriLyofBaTn2 
 
 ^|;ls^?:?£5£i^^»p'--^ 
 
 of Ma'^lof T "^ °^ *'•■^"'=^• '" "'« department 
 of Maine-et-Loire; seated on the Auhence- 13 
 miles a. or Angers. ' 
 
 Bristol, an ancient maritime and ecclesias- 
 tical city m.d county of England, situate at the 
 S. W. extremity of the county of Gloucester, at 
 
B RI 
 
 118 
 
 BRI 
 
 (' '; 
 
 the confluence of the little river Frome with 
 tlie Lower Avon, which divides it from Somerset- 
 shire on the S., about ten m.'les above tlie con- 
 fluence of the Avon with the Severn, into the 
 arm of the sea called the Bristol Channel. 
 Bristol was known at a very early period ; and 
 about the year 430, it is mentioned as one of the 
 fortified cities of Britain. It was known to 
 the ancient Britons by tlio name of Caer Oder 
 nant Daden, or the city of Ostorius, in the 
 valley of Bath ; and by way of eminence it is 
 sometimes called Caer Brito, the British city, 
 and by the Saxona Brightslowe, pleasant place. 
 It is adverted to both by Gildas and Nennius, 
 in the fifth and seventh centuries, and from the 
 period of Henry II. in the twelfth, to the middle 
 of the eighteenth century, it ranked next to 
 London, as the most populous, commercial, and 
 important place i;i the kingdom. Since the 
 latter period, although it has declined, it has 
 been greatly exceeded in population, commerce, 
 and importance by Glasgow, Liverpool, Man- 
 chester, Leeds, and Birmingham, As into all 
 the rivers filling into the Bristol Ch,.r! el the 
 tiues rise to a great height, and occasionally 
 rush in with considerable fury, the spring tides 
 at Bristol rising to the height of forty-two feet, 
 the ebbs and neaps were consequently attend'.^? 
 with great inconveniences and detentions. Tin'? 
 circumstance, since the completion of the cahal 
 navigation of the inland counties communi- 
 cating with Liverpool and London — neither of 
 which ports are materially attected by the 
 inequality of the tides— tended to divert a con- 
 siderable portion of the West India trade and 
 refining of sugar from Bristol. It, however, 
 retains a certain portion: the importation of 
 sugar, on an average of the six years 1819— 
 18-24, was about 27,000 hogsheads per annum. 
 It also imports a considerable quantity of wool, 
 fruit, and wine, direct from Spain, Portugal, and 
 France; and maintains a partial intercourse 
 direct with all other parts of the worid, except 
 the East Indies, to which, up to 1826, it had not 
 sent more than one or two ships. From 1809 
 to 1822, about 600,000/, had been expended 
 towards the improvement of the harbour. In 
 the latter year another act was granted for its 
 further improvement; and in 1825, numerous 
 arbitrary and oppressive town duos were abo- 
 lished, or duly regulated; all of which are as 
 well calculated to revive and maintain its com- 
 mercial prosperity, as to add to the comfort, 
 interest, and character of the city at large. It 
 lias some extensive works in copper and brass, 
 and manufactures of glass bottles, lead, painters' 
 colours, &c. &c. The principal resort of visitors 
 is the suburb of Clifton, about a mile W. of the 
 city, the houses and terraces of which are mag- 
 nificent, and are arranged on different accli- 
 vities above the Hot Well. There is a railway 
 between this place and London, called the Great 
 Western Railway; and fVom here, the steam 
 navigation of the Atlantic has been permanently 
 established. In addition to the advantages de- 
 rived from lU commerce, it is indebted to a hot 
 well for a considerable portion of the increase 
 of its population : the water being considered 
 
 very efficacious in the cure of diabetes, phthisical, 
 scorbutic, und inflammatory disorders, it renders 
 it the resort alike of valetudinarians and of 
 fashion. Besides the cathedral and the church 
 of St. Mary Redcliffe, it has sixteen other 
 churches, and five episcopal chapels, some of 
 them beautiful, and most of tiiem fine edifices. 
 There are several dissenting meeting-houses, 
 thirteen fellowship companies, some of whom 
 have elegant halls, several hospitals, and other 
 public buildings; and, being surrounded by a 
 very fertile as well as picturesque country, its 
 markets are abundantly supplied with every 
 kind of fish, flesh, fowls, vegetables, and fruits, 
 on Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays; and 
 two annual fairs in March and September are 
 very numerously attended. It has a distinct 
 jurisdiction, and returns two members to par- 
 liament. It is 13 miles W. N. W, of Bath, 34 
 S. S. W. of Gloucester, and 114 W. of London. 
 Long. 2. 36. W. lat. 51. 27. N. 
 
 Bristol, a maritime county of the state of 
 Massachusets; bounded on the S. by Buzzards' 
 Bay, and W. by the state of Rhode Island. 
 Pop. 60,164. Taunton, the chief town, situate 
 near the head of a river of the same name, nearly 
 in the centre of the country, is 33 miles S. of 
 Boston. New Bedford, on Buzzards' Bay, is 
 the other principal town. 
 
 Bristol, a small maritime county of the state 
 of Rhode Island; bounded on the W. by the 
 upper part of the preceding county, and on the 
 E. by Naragansett Bay. Pop. 6467. The chief 
 town, of the same name, situate near the S. 
 end of the county, was distinguished for the part 
 which it took in the slave-trade previous to its 
 abolition by the Americian government. It owns 
 about 7000 tons of shipping. Pop. 3490. 
 
 Bristol, a town in the S. W. part of Ontario 
 county, state of New York ; 217 miles W of 
 Albany. Pop. 1,953. 
 
 Bristol Bay, a spacious bay, formed by two 
 projecting points of the W. coast of North 
 America. The mouth of a river called Bristol 
 River, falling into the head of the bay, is in the 
 lat. of 58. 12. N. and 157. 33. W. long, and Cape 
 Newnham, which forms the N. point of the bay, 
 is in lat, 58. 34, N. and 161. 55. W. long.; and 
 the island of Oonalaska, one of the Aleutian 
 group, ofl" the S. point of the bay, is in lat. 
 63. 64. N. and 166. 22. W. long. 
 
 Bristol Chanuel, an arm of the sea between 
 tne south coast of Wales and the north coast of 
 the counties of Somerset and Devon, leading 
 into the river Severn and Lower Avon, on which 
 the city of Bristol is situate, 
 
 Britain, New, a country of North America, 
 comprehending all the tract north of Canada, 
 commonly called the Esquimaux country, in- 
 cluding Labrador and New North and South 
 Wales. It is subject to Great Britain ; and lion 
 between 50. Rnd 70. N. lat. and 50. and f 00. 
 W. long. There are innumeraWe lakes and 
 morasses, which are covered with ice and snow 
 ii great part of the year. The prin. i.il .ott.le- 
 ments belong to the' English Hudson ilay Com- 
 pany. See Esquimaux, Hupson Bay, and 
 Labrador. 
 
BIU 
 
 Britain, New, an island in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, to the east of New Guinen, explored by 
 Dampiar, who sailed through the strait which 
 separates it from New Guinea ; and Captain 
 Carteret, in 1767, sailed through a channel, 
 which divides it on the north-east from a long 
 island, called New Ireland. New Britain lies in 
 long 1 52. 20. E. and 4. 0. S. The shores of both 
 islands are rocky, the inland parts high and 
 mountnmous, but covered with trees of various 
 kinds, among which are the nutmeg, the cocoa 
 nut, and different kinds of palm. The inhabi- 
 tants are black, and woolly-headed, like negroes 
 but have not their flat noses and thick lips. 
 Brittany. See Bretaonk. 
 British America comprises the whole of 
 the north part of the northern division of the 
 western hemisphere, frcm the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific Ocean, extending south in the long, of 
 83. W. to the lat. of about 42. N.; but further 
 west It IS bounded on the south by a conven- 
 tional line dividing it from the United States of 
 America, in the lat. of about 48. N., and the 
 Columbia river. This extensive territory, of 
 several millions of square miles, will be found 
 more particularly elucidated under tlie ten 
 heads, as specified under the head of British 
 Empire. 
 
 British Empire, the most extensive, in- 
 fluential, and, with the exception of China, the 
 most populous empire in the world. Its extent, 
 influence, population, character, &c. &c., will be 
 exhibited under the following heads, to each of 
 which refer : viz. — 
 
 "3 BRO 
 
 ( Bermudas. 
 
 Bahamas. 
 
 West ) Twelve Islandi. 
 
 Indies ) Jamaica. 
 
 Honduras. 
 
 Berbice. 
 L Demerara. 
 Australia. 
 
 Van Diemen's Land. 
 New Zealand, &c., &c. 
 
 "eg 
 
 0} 
 
 a. 
 § 
 
 "S i 
 
 'M 
 
 Great ( f "f'""^ 
 Britain. jS^oJ^and. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Guernsey, Jersey, Man, 
 and Scilly Isles. 
 Heligoland. 
 Gibraltar. 
 .Ionian Isles. 
 
 fHindostan. 
 Ceylon. 
 Prince of Wales's Island. 
 Sincapore. 
 . Bencoolen. 
 
 r Isie of France. 
 St. Helena. 
 a J Cape of Good Hope. 
 ■* I Gold Coast. 
 Sierra Leone. 
 . Malta. 
 
 C4 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 ' New Brunswick 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Cape Breton. 
 
 Hudson Bay. 
 
 Labrador. 
 
 New South Wales. 
 
 North West Coast. 
 
 Nova Scotia, 
 L Prince Edward's Island. 
 
 Brive, a town of France, in the department 
 of Correze, with manufactures of silk handker- 
 chiefs, muslins, gauzes, &c. It is seated on the 
 Correze. opposite the influx of the Vezere, in a 
 
 a'bSSoSr"'^' '""""''• ^•"^'r""^- p^p- 
 
 Brix, or Brux, a considerable town of Bo- 
 
 about 8 miles S. W. of Bilin, and 40 N. W. of 
 Pra^Tie. Pop. 2500. 
 
 EnixEN, a principality of Germany, lately a 
 bishopric, m the east part of Tyrol. It is ex- 
 tremely mountainous, but produces excellent 
 wine. 
 
 Brixen, a town of Germany, capital of the 
 pnncipahty of Brixen. Beside the cathedral, 
 there are one parochial and six other churches. 
 It WM taken by the French in 1796, and again 
 IT ' Jl ii" ^^^^^ "" ^^^ Eysach. at the in- 
 flux of the Rientz, 38 miles S. by E. of Inspruck. 
 Pop. about 4000. ^ 
 
 .u ^i^'^^HAM, a small seaport in Devonshire, on 
 the W. side of Torbay, celebrated for ita fishery. 
 A. quay has been built for the purpose of sup- 
 plying the ships of war with water. The Princa 
 of Orange, afterwards William III., landed here 
 in I6'88. It is 4 miles N. E. of Dartmouth, 
 and 201 W. by S. of London. ' 
 
 Brizen, or Britzen, a town of Brandenbuijs. 
 m the Middle Mark, on the Adah; 18 milw 
 N. E. of Wittenberg. 
 
 Broach. See Baroach. 
 
 Broadalbin, a town of Fulton county, state 
 of New York; 38 miles W. of Albany. Pod 
 2738, ^ '^ 
 
 Broadstairs, a village in Kent, on the sea- 
 shore; 2 miles N. of Ramsgate. It has a small 
 piei, with a harbour for light vessels; and is a 
 fashionable resort for sea-bathing, more retired 
 than Ramsgate. 
 
 Broadwater, a village in Sussex, near the 
 seacoast; 4 miles W. of Shoreham. 
 
 Brod, Brodt, or Brodo, a strong town of 
 Sclavonia, on the river Saave, which divides it 
 from the Turkish province of Bosnia, where the 
 emperor gained a victory over the Turks, in 
 1688. It is 45 miles S. W. of Esseck, and 
 about 120 W. of Belgrade. Long. 18. 30. E. 
 lat. 45. 10. N. 
 
 Brod Hun, c Hun Brod, a town of Moravia, 
 on the frontiers of Hungary; 10 miles E. S. E. of 
 Hradisch. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 Brod, Bohmisch. See Bohmisch. 
 
 Brod, Deutsch, a town of Bohemia, on the 
 river Sazawa; 20 miles S. by E. of Czazlau. 
 
 Brodera, a town and fortress of Hindostan, 
 in Guzerat, celebrated foi its linens, indigi, and 
 
 I: 
 
BRO 
 
 120 
 
 BRO 
 
 lace. It is 62 miles S. S. E. of Ahmedabad. 
 Long. 73. 11. E. lat. 22. 15. N. 
 
 Brodziac, a town of Lithuania, on the river 
 Berezina; 100 miles S, of Polotrii, and 40 W. 
 of Mohilow. 
 
 BnoEK, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of 
 Beig, capital of a county of its name; seated on 
 the Roer; 11 miles N. 'of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Bboek, a village of North Holland; 6 miles 
 from Amsterdam. It is one of the most singular 
 and picturesque places in thA world. The 
 streets are paved in mosaic work with variegated 
 bricks; and no carriages ever enter them. The 
 houses are painted on the outside, and each has 
 a terrace and garden to the street, enclosed by 
 a low railing ; the garden adorned with China 
 vases and shell-work, with borders composed of 
 minute particles of glass, of different colours. 
 Behind the houses are meadows full of cattle, in 
 which the inhabitants carry on a great trade. 
 Pop. about 700. 
 
 Broken BAr.a bay of New South Wales; 18 
 miles N. of Port Jackson. It is formed by the 
 mouth of a great river, called the Hawkcsbury, 
 and is a good harbour. Long. 151. 27. £■ lat. 
 33. 34. S. 
 
 Brombebo, a town of Prussia, grand duchy 
 of Posen, on the river Brahe. A canal which 
 unites the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula rivers with 
 this town, is of great importance to the interior 
 trade of the country. 
 
 Broulet, a town in Kent, with a market oa 
 Thursday. Here is a college for 20 poor clergy- 
 men's widows; and near the town is a palace of 
 the bishops of Rochester, where there is a chaly- 
 beate spring. Bromley is seated on the Ravens- 
 bourn; 10 miles S. by E. of London. 
 
 Bromley, a town in Staffordshire, with a 
 market on Monday. It was formerly called 
 Abbots-Bromley, and afterward Paget Bromley, 
 being given to Lord Paget at the dissolution of 
 the abbeys. It is 7 miles £. of Stafford, and 
 129 N. W. of London. 
 
 Bromsorove, a corporate, town in Worces- 
 tershire, with a market on Tuesday. Here are 
 manufactures of sheeting, nails, and needles ; 
 and a grammar-school, founded by Edward VI. 
 It is seated on the Sal warp; 13 miles N. N. E. 
 of Worcester, 13 S. W. of Birmingham, and 116 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 BaOHWicu, West, a town m Staffordshire, 
 contiguous to Wednesbury, and 7 miles W. by 
 N. of Birmingham.. Population extensively oc- 
 cupied in the various branches of the hardware 
 manu&cture. 
 
 BROMrARD, a town in Herefordshire, with u 
 market on Tuesday; seated near the Frome, 
 amid fine orchards; 13 miles N. E. of Hereford^ 
 ajid 125 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Broon, or Brom, a town of lUily, near the 
 S. frontier of the Milanese, where the French 
 defeated the Austrians in 1800. It is 10 miles 
 S. E.ofPavia. 
 
 Bromi, a town of Sicily, in Vul di Demona, 
 at the foot of Mount ^Etna, on the W, side. It 
 was coafened, witii its territory, by the king of 
 Naples, on Lord Nelson, for his naval services, 
 after tlie battle of the Nile. 
 
 Brooke, a frontier county, at the nortliem 
 extremity of Virginia; bounded on the E. by 
 Washington county, PennsylvKnia, and W. by 
 the Ohio river. Pop. 7948. Wellsbiirg, on the 
 E. bank of the Ohio, 400 miles N. W. of Rich- 
 mond, is the chief town. 
 
 BR00KFiBL0,a township of Madison county. 
 New York; 93 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 3695. 
 Brookpield, a town of Mussachusets, in 
 Worcester county, Here are iron ore, and 
 large quantities of stone which yield copperas. 
 It is seated on the Quaboag ; 17 miles W. by 
 S. of Worcester. Pop. 2472. There are several 
 other towns and villages named Brookfield, in 
 different parte of the United States. 
 
 Brookhaven, a township of New York, irj 
 Suffolk county, Long Island; 60 miles E. of 
 New York. Pop. 7050. 
 
 BROOKLrN, a city of New York, in King's 
 county; at the W. end of Long Island, near 
 East River, which separates it from the city of 
 New York. Here is a naval station of the 
 federal government: it has four churches. 
 Pop. 36,2C3. 
 
 Brookltn, a town of Massachusets, in Nor- 
 folk county, separated fro , Boston on the K. 
 by a narrow bay. Large quantities of fruits and 
 vegetables are produced here for the Bodton 
 market. 
 
 Brooklyn, the chief tn. of Windham county, 
 Connecticvt; 46 miles E. of Hartford. 
 
 Brookvillb, the chief town of Franklyn 
 county, state of Indiana. It is finely located 
 between the E. and W. forks of the White 
 Water river, which falls into the Miami, a 
 little above its entrance into the Ohio; 71 miles 
 S. E. by E. of Indianopolis. 
 
 Broome, a south frontier county of the state 
 of New York, bordering on Susquehannah 
 county, Pennsylvania, and the S. E. corner bor- 
 ders on the Delaware river. It has some moun- 
 tain districts. Pop. 22,338. Binghampton, on 
 the N. bank of the Susquehannah, 148 miles W. 
 by S. of Albany, is the chief lown. Owega, 
 Westville, Lisle, Colesville, and Oquago, are 
 the other towns of the county. 
 
 Broome is also the name of a township in 
 Schoharie country, New York; 35 miles W. of 
 Albany. Pop. 2404. 
 
 Broom, Loch, Great and Little, two lakes 
 or arms of the sea, on the W. coast of Scotland, 
 in Ross-shire. They . ,itain several good har- 
 bours, have been long noted for excellent her- 
 rings, and are esteemed as the best fishing 
 stations on the coast. Ullapool, on the N. E. 
 coast of the Great Loch, is a good harbour, and 
 at the head is the town of Lochbroom. 
 
 Broos, a town of Austria, province of Tran- 
 sylvania. Here is a large castle. Pop. 3300. 
 Bkoba, a river of Scotland, in Sutherland- 
 shire, which issues from a lake of the same 
 name, and forms several cascades in its course 
 to the town of Brora,' where it enters the sea. 
 
 Brora, a vill. of Scotland, on the S. E. coast 
 of Sutherlandshire, with a small harbour at the 
 mouth of the Brora ; 14 miles N, E. of the 
 Dornoch. 
 
 Broseley, a town of Shropshire, with n mpc- 
 
it the nortnem 
 I on the E. by 
 nia, and W. by 
 L'llsburg, on the 
 N, W. of Rich- 
 
 Indison countv, 
 ny. Pop. 3695. 
 [ussacbusets, in 
 
 iron ore, and 
 yield copperas. 
 7 miles W. by 
 lero are several 
 
 Brookfield, in 
 ites. 
 
 New York, in 
 )0 miles £. of 
 
 'ork, in King's 
 \g laland, near 
 •om the city of 
 station of the 
 bur churches. 
 
 husets, in Nor- 
 Bton on the HI 
 es of fruits and 
 or the Bodton 
 
 ndham county, 
 rtford. 
 
 I of Frnnklyn 
 I finely located 
 of the White 
 the Miami, a 
 Ohio; 71 miles 
 
 ity of the state 
 Susquehannah 
 E. corner bor- 
 as some moun- 
 nghampton, on 
 1, 148 miles W. 
 own. Owega, 
 1 Oquago, are 
 
 a township in 
 }5 miles W. of 
 
 TLB, two lakes 
 »t of Scotland, 
 eral good bar- 
 excellent her- 
 a best fishing 
 on the N. E. 
 i harbour, and 
 iroom. 
 
 vince of Tran- 
 Pop. 3300. 
 n Sutlierland- 
 ' of the same 
 is in its course 
 iters the sea. 
 ihe S. E. coast 
 harbour at the 
 N. E. of the 
 
 e, with n mi>rr 
 
 DRO 121 
 
 kct on Wednesday ; it is situate near the Severn, 
 on the W. side, in a very interesting and im- 
 portant district, abounding in coal, iron, and 
 lime. The celebrated iron-works of Colebrooke 
 Dale are in the parish, and immediate vicinity 
 of the town, on the banks of the river, over 
 which there is an iron bridge of one arch, leading 
 to Madefy, on the opposite side, which was the 
 first of its kind erected in the kingdom. It has 
 also an extensive porcelain manufactory, and 
 another of tobacco pipes. The coal of this dis- 
 trict contains much bitumen, and in 1711, 
 iiaphtha»wns discovered issuing from a spring of 
 water, but which has totally disappeared since 
 1756. Brosely is 6 miles N. N. W. of Bridge- 
 north, and 14G N. W. of London. 
 
 Brouaqe, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Charente. It has the most 
 considerable salt-works in France, and stands 
 near a bay of the sea; 17 miles S. of Rochelle. 
 Brouca, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 
 on the Gulf of Catania; 15 miles S. of Catania. 
 Brough, a town in Westmoreland, with a 
 market on Thursday. Near it is a cotton spin- 
 ning manufacture; at the foot of a mountain. 
 It is 8 miles E. S. E. of Appleby, and 261 
 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Brouqhton in Furness, a town of Lanca- 
 shire. Considerable quantities of blue slate 
 are exported from this place; 283 miles from 
 London. 
 Broussa. See Bursa. 
 Browershavkn, a seaport of Holland, on 
 the N. side of the island of Schonen; 9 miles 
 S. W. of Helvoetsluys. Long. 3. 50. E. lat. 
 41. 38. N. 
 
 Brown, a frontier coupty of the state of 
 Ohio, bounded on the S'. by the Ohio River, 
 which divides it from Mason countv, Kentucky. 
 Pop. 22, 715. Ripley, seated on' the bank of 
 the river, 100 miles S. S. W. of Columbus, is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Brownsville, a town of Pennsylvania, in 
 Fayette county. The trade to Kentucky ren- 
 ders it a flourishing place, and many boats are 
 built here. The vicinity abounds with monu- 
 ments of Indian antiquity. It is seated on the 
 Monongahela, at the mouth of Redstone Creek- 
 30 miles S. S. E. of Pittsburg. Pop, 3000 to 
 4000. '^ 
 
 Bruc de Grignols, a town of France, de- 
 partment Dordogne; 10 miles S. W. of Pe- 
 rigueux. Pop. 1250. 
 
 Bruchshal, a town of the duchy of Baden, 
 circle of Pfinz and Enz, It has a large salt- 
 work, and is seated on the river Satz; 5 miles 
 S. E. of Philipsburg. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 Bruck, a town of Saxony ; 35 miles N. bv W 
 of Wittenberg. 
 
 Bruck, a town of Austria, on the river Levta • 
 
 SOmilesE.S. E. of Vienna. ' 
 
 Bruck, or Brug, a town of Switzerland, in 
 
 Argau, with a college; seated on the river 
 
 Aar; 22 miles S. E. of Basel. 
 
 Bruck, or Pruck, a town of Bavaria, on the 
 rive? Ammer; 12miIcsW. of Munich. Another 
 •n the Palatinate; 22 miles N. N. E. of Ratis- 
 boa. 
 
 DllU 
 
 Bruck, or Pkuck, a town oi Germany, in 
 Stiria, capital of a circle of its name. It 
 stands on the river Muehr; 24 miles N N W 
 of Gratz, and 82 S. W. of Vienna. 
 
 Brub, a river in Somersetshire, which rises 
 In Selwood Forest, on the borders of Wiltshire, 
 and flows through the county, by Bruton and 
 Glastonbury, into Bridgewater Bay. 
 
 Bruo, or Brig, a town of Switzerland, in 
 the Valais; seated on the Rhone; 39 miles E. 
 of Sion. 
 
 Bruges, a city of Belgium, in West Flan- 
 ders. It was once a great trading town; but 
 in the 16th century the civil wars drove the 
 trade first to Antwerp, and then to Amsterdam. 
 The inhabitants are estimated at 47,000 ; but 
 it is not populous in proportion to its extent. 
 Its situation still commands some trade, for it 
 has canals to Ghent, Ostend, Sluys, Nieuport, 
 Fumes, Ypres, and Dunkirk. Bruges has been 
 often taken. It is 14 miles E. of Ostend. 
 Long. 3. 134. E. lat. 61. 12v N. 
 
 Bruoue, or Bruogen, a town of Lower 
 Saxony, in the principality of Hildesheim, on 
 the river Leyne; 12 miles S. W. of Hildesheim. 
 Brugoen, a town of Germany, in the I'uchy 
 of Juliers; seated on the Schwalm; 6 miles N. 
 E. of Ruremonde. 
 
 Bruoneto, a town of the territory of Genoa, 
 at the foot of the Appennines; 35 miles E. S. E. 
 of Genoa. 
 
 Bruouiere, La, a town of France, in the 
 department of Tarn; 5 miles S. of Cashes. 
 Pop. about 4000. 
 
 Bruhl, a town of the Lower Rhine, in the 
 electorate of Cologne; about 7 miles S. of the 
 city of Cologne. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 BRU.MAU, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Hmdisch, at the foot of tlie Carpathian Moun- 
 tains, on the frontiers of Hungary; 26 miles E. 
 of Hradisch. 
 
 Brummen, a populous village of Holland, 
 in Guelderland, on the road from Arnheim to' 
 Zutphen. 
 
 Brumt, or Brumeth, a frontier town of 
 France, in the department of the Lower Rhine; 
 10 miles N. of Strasburg. Pop. 2800. 
 
 Bruneo, or Brunecken, a town of the Ty- 
 rol, situate in a fork of two branches of the 
 river Rientz; it has medicinal baths in its 
 vicinity, and is about 15 miles E. by N. of 
 Brixen. 
 
 Brunn, or Brinn, a town of Moravia, capital 
 of a circle of the same name, and a bishop's 
 see. It is defended by a strong fortress, called 
 Spilberg, built on an eminence ; and has ma- 
 nufactures of cloth, velvet, and plush. The 
 Pnissians besieged it in 1742, but were obliged 
 to raise the siege. It is seated at the con- 
 fluence of the Zwittau and Schwartz ; 33 miles 
 S. W. of Olmutz. Long. 16. 38. E. lat. 49. 13. 
 N. Pop. 24,000 
 
 Brunnen, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Schweitz, Here the cantons of Uri, 
 Schweitz, and Uuderwalden, formed the al- 
 liance which was the foundation of the republic 
 of Switzerland. It is seated on the Wald- 
 Btreodtcr See; 2 miles S. W. of Schweitz. 
 
IM 
 
 i 
 
 If 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 :i 
 
 BKU 
 
 129 
 
 lUlU 
 
 I 
 
 Brunsbuttlb, a town of Germnny, in Hol- 
 Htein, near the mouth of tho Elbej 13 milu* N. 
 VV. of Ghickstiidt. 
 
 BnuNswicK, Duchy of, n tenit. ry of Ger- 
 many, in tho S. i)art of tho circle of Lower 
 Siixoiiy. This territory formed tho patrimo ly 
 of tlie family of Guelph, who h aco their descent 
 from the Marquis of Bate, who died about the 
 middle of the 10th century. In 154'!, it wivi 
 divided by Ernest, the then duke, between liU 
 two sons; one founding the dukedom of Bruns- 
 wick Luneburg, and the other of Bnmswiek 
 Wolfenbuttle ; the former will be elucidated 
 under the head of Lvneburo and Hanover, 
 and tho other under that of WoLl'E^DUTTl,E. 
 They contain 208,700 inhabitants. 
 
 Brunswick, the chief town of the states of 
 Brunswick Wolfenbuttle, is situate in the prin- 
 cipality of Wolfenbuttle, on the banks of the 
 river Ocker, which falls into the AUer. It is 
 strongly fortified, and contains ten Lutheran 
 churches, a cathedral dedicated to St. Blasius, 
 one Calvinist, avl one catholic church, a col- 
 lege, two academies, a mint, opca-house, town- 
 hall, 6cc. The ducal palace was formerly a 
 monastery. There is a largo building appro- 
 priated as a public storehouse for wine. It 
 has several manufactories, and claims the in- 
 vention of the spinning-wheel ; and is dift- 
 tinguished for its breweries of mum, made 
 principally from wheaten malt, with a portion 
 of oat and bean malt, tops of fir and birch, 
 and various herbs ; and, with the exccptioh of 
 Leipzic and Frankfort, the fairs of Brunswick 
 are more numerously attended than in any 
 other town in Germany. It formerly ranked 
 as a free and independent city; and for tho 
 continuance of its freedom it long and strenu- 
 ously contended; but towards the close of the 
 17th century, yielded all its pretensions, and 
 became the ducal residence in 1764. It is 47 
 miles W. by N. of Magdeburg, 37 E. by S. of 
 Hanover, and about 1 10 S. by E. of Hamburg; 
 in the lat. of 62. 16. N. and 10. 30. of E. long. 
 Pop. about 35,000. 
 
 Brunswick, New, a province of British 
 America, extending from the Buy of S'undy S., 
 in the lat. of 45., to the frontier of Canada, in 
 the lat of 48. N. ; bounded on the W., partly 
 by the Schoodie river, and partly by a con- 
 ventional line running from the head of tide- 
 water in the above river, which divides it from 
 the united state of Maine, in the long, of 67. 
 45. W., to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the 
 long, of 64. It is joined to Nova Scotia, at 
 the S. E. corner, by an isthmus about 15 miles 
 in breadth, and contains an area of about 8500 
 square miles, and an aggregate population of 
 about 60,000. It is intersected from the N. by 
 the river St. John, which falls over a rapid 
 into the Bay of Fundy; the rapid impedes the 
 navigation from and into the bay ; but above, 
 it is navigable for vessels of 1 00 tons burthen 
 for a hundred miles; and vast quantities of 
 masts and logs of timber are floated down for 
 shipment in tho bay, which is spacious and 
 secure. St. John's, the chief town of the pro- 
 vince, is situated on the E. shore of the bay, 
 
 immediately contiguoui to the river of the imme 
 name. It has several rivers running from W. 
 to E. into tho Gulf of St. Lawrence, on which 
 side of tho j)rovince are several spacious bays, 
 such as Chalcure, Miramiclii, Richilmeto, &c,, 
 from whence vast quantities of timber are thip- 
 fc'l >..'. .i:. ti. I'rituin annually. A few tribe* 
 cf native Irdwiist are scattered over the pro- 
 yhuc. Jt v'^'Wsses in general a capahl-j soil, 
 but ci'iimUon has made but little progress; 
 the inhabitants depending more on the forests 
 and the fishery, in obtaining a supply of nianu- 
 factures and other foreign productiouH, than on 
 agriculture. Besides St. John's, the other chief 
 towns are St. Andrew's, on tho E. bank of the 
 Schoodie, and S*. Ann's, or. as >♦ is now called, 
 Frederic Town, wV's.!' ;., i ._ rtat. of the pro- 
 vincial governmcui; about 80 miles up the 
 river St. John, 
 
 Brunswick, a S. frontier county of the state 
 of Virginia, bordering on Northampton county, 
 North Carolina. The S. W. corner jets upon 
 the Koanoko river. Pop. 14,346 (two-thirdi 
 of whom are slaves). Meherrin, 63 miles S. 
 by W. of Richmond, is the chief town. 
 
 Brunswick, a maritime and frontier county 
 at the S. extrt'mity of North Carolina, It ii 
 bounded on the N, and E. by Cape Fear River. 
 It is a swampy and desolate district. Pop. 
 5265, of whom 2119 are people of colour. 
 Smithville, near the mouth of Cape Fear river, 
 255 miles S. by 1',. of Raleigh, is the chief 
 town. It has also a town of the same name 
 about 30 miles up the river. 
 
 Brunswick, a seaport of the state of Geor- 
 gia, chief town of Glynn county, with a safe 
 harbour, capable of containing a numerous fleet 
 of men-of-war. It is seated in a fertile coun- 
 try, at the mouth of Turtle River, in St. Simon 
 Sound ; 60 miles S. S. W. of Savannah, and 10 
 S. of Darien. Long 81. 0. W. lat. 31. 10. N. 
 
 Brunswick, New, a city of New Jersey, in 
 Middlesex county. Its situation is low, but 
 many houses are now built on a pleasant hill, 
 which rises at the back of the lawn. It has a 
 considerable inland trade; and, over the Rari- 
 ton, one of the most elegant bridges in Ame- 
 rica. Queen's College was in this city, but is 
 now extinct as a place of instruction. New 
 Brunswick is 60 miles N. E. of Philadelphia, 
 on the high road to New York. Pop. 8693. 
 
 Brunswick, a town of Rensselaer county. 
 New York, 11 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 
 3051. 
 
 Brunswick, a town the state of Maine, 
 situate on a spacious pliut; on the S. bank of 
 the Androscoggin river, which here falls over a 
 succession of rapids, forming some beautiful 
 scenery, as well as holding out great advan- 
 tages for mill-sites. It has a Uege, founded 
 by the legislature of Massachusets in 1794, 
 called Bowdoin College, afler the name of a 
 liberal benefactor. It is about 30 miles N, E. 
 of Portland, 
 
 Bruny Isle, an iHland off the S. E. point of 
 Van Diemen's Land ; about 30 miles in length, 
 indented by Adventure Bay. 
 
 Brussels ( Ihuxelle), n deservedly celebrat 
 
» RU 
 
 12 J 
 
 BRU 
 
 r of the DHitie 
 iiig from W. 
 cc, on which 
 iaciou» bays, 
 hibucto, &c., 
 ber «re shij)- 
 A few tribes 
 ver the pro- 
 capubl-3 soil, 
 tie progrcBS; 
 III the forests 
 ply of nmnu- 
 ioiis, than on 
 10 other chief 
 bank of the 
 B now called, 
 of the pro- 
 liles up the 
 
 r of the state 
 pton county, 
 er jets upon 
 i (two-thirds 
 
 03 miles S. 
 own. 
 
 mtier county 
 olina. It iii 
 i Fear River. 
 itrict. Pop. 
 e of colour, 
 u Fear river, 
 is the chief 
 
 same name 
 
 ate of Geor- 
 , with a safe 
 imerous fleet 
 fertile coun- 
 in at. Simon 
 luiah, and lU 
 t. 31. 10. N. 
 w Jersey, in 
 is low, but 
 ileasant hill, 
 1. It has a 
 'cr the Rari- 
 ges in Ame- 
 } city, but is 
 :tion. New 
 'hiladelphia, 
 L'op. 8693. 
 laer county, 
 bany. Pop. 
 
 ;e of Maine, 
 3 S. bank of 
 3 falls over a 
 ac beautiful 
 [reat advan- 
 ge, founded 
 its in 1794, 
 ! name of a 
 miles N. £. 
 
 . E. point of 
 [es in length, 
 
 idly celebrat 
 
 
 ed city of South Brabant, and rnpital of tho 
 kingdom of Kclgiuni, situate on the banks of 
 the Siemio, which ntfonls a facility of commu- 
 nicutiun by water to Antwerp. Muring tho 
 domination of Aiisfrin ovorthii part of Europe 
 it was the seat of the Austrian governor, and 
 head "luarters of the commissiiriat of the armed 
 forces; and during tho successful career of Na- 
 poleon Buonaparte it was the chief town of 
 tho department of tho Dylc, annexed to the 
 French empire, and adopt ! as u favourite sta- 
 tion by that distinguished .iidividual. On the 
 Netlioriands being annexed to Holland, at tho 
 peace of 1814, Brussels was made tin seat of 
 government of tlie two countries alternately, 
 year by year, with the Hague. It has since 
 fhat period undergone great improvements, and 
 is now tho seat of government, and residence of 
 King Leopold. The city is about seven miles 
 in circumference, surrounded by u wall, which, 
 however, offers little or no security ,'i:^in8t tho 
 now efficient mode of warfare. It iviis bom- 
 barded by Marshal Villeroy in l(i.').5, when 
 about 400 houses and 14 churches were de- 
 stroyed; a disaster, together with its having 
 been exposed to the ravages of war in every 
 contest that has prevailed in this part if Eu- 
 rope from that period up to 1814, t nas not 
 thorougliiy recovered. During the career . t' 
 Antwerp and Amstenliun, as tho chief com- 
 mercial cities of Eiiroj •, Brussels and the sur- 
 rounding country was c lally distinguished for 
 the extent and excelleuu of its manufiu-tures 
 in linens, silks, &c., as well as in cotti . since 
 the introductiu I of the manufacture into this 
 part of Europe ; and the carpets and lace of 
 Brussels were proverbial for their fineness and 
 superiority over the whole trading world ; and 
 although it has greatly declined from its former 
 pre-eminence, partly in consequence of the fre- 
 quent wars to which it has been exposed but 
 more from the manufacturing entTgy oi 'he 
 English, which, during the 23 years' war, from 
 1793 to 1815, attained an ascendancy in every 
 branch over the manufactures of the whole 
 worl.l, it still retains Sdiue extensive and re- 
 spectable establishments lor the manufacture of 
 lace, cambrics, iind cottons, and for the printing 
 of calicoes, &c. &c. The site of Brussels, se- 
 lected by St. Gery, Bishop of Cambray, at the 
 commencement of the 7th century, was very 
 judicious, being at the foot of the first ascent 
 from the great level called the Fays •' Das, or 
 low countries. The liuildings ext up the 
 ascent to ^ height of 100 to 'JOO feei, ..ttbrdins 
 to the upper part of the to\\ u an extensive an. 
 beautiful prospect over the -urrounding terri- 
 tory; whilst the lower part ]H>ssesses every ad- 
 vantage of traffic by the canals, which intersect 
 the level country. It is also connected with 
 Mcthlin, and the system of railways with uU 
 parts of Belgium, which will also extend to ihi- 
 Rhine, eastward, and to Paris on tho S., rendei 
 ing it a chief centre for continental travellers. 
 The market-place is a handsome square in the 
 lower part of tho town, sun\.uuded on three 
 sides by very stately houses, the window-frames 
 of which, being gilt, produce a verv imposing 
 
 effect. On I So S. side it tho town-hall, n vwy 
 ponderous edifice, with a long sloping roof, and 
 a rn.ige of projecting windovvs. h has a beau- 
 tiful spire, towering in thu air to tho height of 
 3()4 feet, surmounted with u figure of St. Mi 
 chael, on copper, 17 feet in additional height. 
 In the upper part of the town, overlooking tho 
 market-place, is a square, surrounded by ranges 
 of very elegant and iniform buildings of stone, 
 principally occupied as hotels; an avenue from 
 the N. side of this square cuds to the park, 
 surrounded on all sides by very handsome 
 buildings, among which are the residences of 
 the ambassadors and the opulent classes ; at 
 tho upper end are the king's paluce and the 
 house of assembly of the states-general of tho 
 kingdom. The park itself is a kind . f public 
 garden, intersected by beautif\il alleys, bor- 
 dered with trees, and ornamented with nume- 
 rous statues of white marble. The cathedral, 
 dedicated to St. Gudule, also in the upper part 
 of the town, is a very ponderous odifiite, which, 
 like the town-hall, interests more by its magni- 
 tude than tho beauty of its a hitecture, or 
 jnstness of its proportions. The interior is dis- 
 figured by the exhibition of numerous collec- 
 tions of catholic mummery, ami works of art, 
 dispersed about the edifice without any regard 
 to order or tast.. It has sixteen chapels, or 
 recesses; and were the numerous works of art 
 judiciously arranged, as in the cathedral at 
 Ghent, the whole is susceptible of being made 
 to produce a very interesting and imposing 
 effect. The church of the Capuchins, one of 
 the finest of that order in Europe, and one or 
 two others, are fine edifices. There are several 
 squares of minor note; and several parts of the 
 city are ornamented with fountains, which once 
 were elegant, but have of late been neglected; 
 the most celebrated is a representation of Nep- 
 tune, the Tritons and the horses spouting the 
 water from their nostrils; and another, which 
 excites the curiosity of all strangers, is called, 
 in the lan;;uage of the country, manikin pis, 
 which, if correctly translated and described, 
 would, to the fastidious taste . an English 
 reader, bo deemed indelicate. ; water Ibr 
 
 the 3Ui)j)ly of these fountains is d from a 
 
 lake about half a mile to the E. • ue city, by 
 means of machinery. It has a museum of 
 works of art, and cabinet of natural produc- 
 tions, a botanic garden, an extensive public 
 library, and several institutions for education, 
 useful, scientific, and refined. The opera house, 
 built in the year 1700, is n stately edifice, in 
 the Italian styh , and the; theatre, erected in 
 1 8 1 9, is worthy of notice. The ramparts within 
 the walls, surrounding the high part of the 
 town, being planted with rows of trees, afford 
 agreeable promenades. The gates are seven in 
 number, but have no claim to notice, except as 
 afibrding ngress and egress. Tho palace of 
 Larcken, a favourite residence of Napoleon, 
 situate about two miles from the Antwerp gate,, 
 is a fascinating place, but not extensive. Brua- 
 seis neing situate in tlie bosom of a very fertile 
 ilistrict, its markets are exceedingly well sup- 
 plied witli nil the su '^ntial articles of sub. 
 
HRIJ 
 
 13 t 
 
 H U C 
 
 ■iatence. In rciinrd to tlie importaitt contide- 
 rHtiiiiMufKilulirilyHtiil iniMmiiaot'tumptiraturi?, 
 it M wcond to no city in Kurii|io; and it hiis 
 alwnys licen a fuvouiite ruuort for the Kngliith. 
 During tho lommonwoalth it wiuilhu occusionul 
 ttbode of ChurloD 11. and hi« brother tho Uuko 
 of York. Tho inhnbiunta nro Catholics, and 
 ■peak the Frencii language, but ail religious 
 teiiuta are tolerated. Tho population has in- 
 creased considerably since 1814, and may bo 
 estimated at 90,000. It is 25 miles S. of Ant- 
 werp, about the same distance E. by S. of 
 Ghent, and 148 N. by E. of Paris. 
 
 llBUTON, a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 inarket on Saturday, Here are manufactures 
 of silk and hosiery ; a free-school, founded I y 
 Edward VI.; and a stately alma-house, con- 
 sisting ol tho ruins of a priory, v.ith an income 
 of nearly 3000/. per annum. It is seated on 
 the liver Brue ; 12 miles S. E. of Wells and 
 100 W. of London. 
 
 Brutus, a township of Cayuga county. New 
 York, Iving between the S. shore of Lake On- 
 tario and the Erie Canal; 172 miles W. by N. 
 of Albany. Pop. 2044. 
 
 Brux, a town in the N. part of the circle of 
 Saaz, Bohemia. 
 
 Bruteres, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vosges ; 1 1 miles E, N. E. of Epinul. 
 Pop. 1900. 
 
 Bryan, a small maritime county of the state 
 of Ueoigitt, bounded on the N. by the Ogeecliee 
 river, which divides it from Chattam county; 
 the Cannouchee river intersects it from the 
 ^. W. comer, falling into the Ogeechee about the 
 centre of the N. side. Fop. 897 whites, 7 free 
 blacks, and 3,182 slaves. The court house of 
 the county is about 1.5 miles S. of Savannah, 
 and 206 S. E. by E. of Milledgevillo. 
 
 Brzesc, or PoLESiA, Palatinate op, a dis- 
 trict of Russian Poland, lying between the ri- 
 vers Bug on the W., and Dnieper on the E., 
 intersected by the line of the 52nd degree of N. 
 lat. ; and also from W. to E. by the Przsypiec 
 or Pripet river, with numerous branches falling 
 into the Dnieper. These rivers, from a total 
 absence of uU regard to free the obstructions of 
 their currents, tend to make Brzesc a marshy 
 and dreary district, which, under social and re- 
 ciprocal arrangements, might easily be made to 
 rank among the moat fertile in Europe. The 
 Pina, a branch of tho Przsypiec, is united by a 
 canal to the Machawiza, a branch of the Bug, 
 falling into the Vistula, thereby uniting the 
 waters of the Black Sea with those of the Bal- 
 tic. 
 
 Brzesc Litov, the chief town of the above 
 district, is situate at the confluence of the river 
 Machawiza with the Bug, opposite to Thcres- 
 pol. It is a considerable place, the see of a 
 Greek bishop, and celebrated fur its being the 
 chief place for the instruction of Jews destined 
 for rabbinicol pursuits, and its magnificent sy- 
 nagogue. It is strongly fortified, nnd has a 
 castle on an eminence ; about 1 00 miles E. Wy 
 S. ui Warsaw, aiid 2j0 S. K. of Dantzir. 
 
 Brzesc is also the name of onother town, 
 utpital of another palatinate of the same name, 
 
 Iving between tho rivers Wartha on th« 8. W. 
 and Vistula on the N. E. The town, seated n<'Hr 
 tho Vistula, is about 90 miles W. by N.of War- 
 saw, and 150 due .S. of Dantzic. 
 
 Uu/r,z\NY, a town in the S. E. part of Aus- 
 trian (Jallicio, seated near a small lake com- 
 municating with the Dneistcr river. Pop 
 about 5000. 
 
 UaziWMTZ, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Saatz, on the frontier of tho principality of 
 Mieuen, with manufactures of lace, fire-arms, 
 and hardware ; 24 miles W. N. W. of Saatz. 
 Another, in tho N. part of tho circle of Prachin; 
 18 miles W. N. W.of Pisek. 
 
 Dsiiirrai, a village and district of Palestine, 
 near the celebrated cedars of Lebanon, on tho 
 Nabr Kadcsha, which falls into the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 Bii, a town of France, department Euro et 
 Loire; 9 miles N. E. from Dreux. 
 
 Bu-Ueoreo, a river of Fez, North Africa, on 
 which the town of Sla, or Salee stands. 
 
 BuA, an island in the Gulf of Venice, on tho 
 coast of Dalmatia, called likewise Partridge 
 Island, because frequented by those birds. It 
 is joined by a bridge to the town of Traon; 
 about 20 miles W. S. W. of Spalatro. 
 
 BuARCos, a town of Portugal, in Beira, on tho 
 sea-coast, at the mouth of the Mondego; 27 
 miles S. of Aveira. It suffered greatly by the 
 earthquake which destroyed the greater i)art of 
 Lisbon in 1759. 
 
 BuccARi, or BucHARi, a sooport of the Aus- 
 trian empire, on tho coast of Morlachia, at the 
 head of the N. E. part of the Gulf of Venice, 
 declared by Uie emperor, in 1780, a free port for 
 commerce with the East Indies; but the favour 
 might just as well have applied to trading with 
 the moon, for any advantage that has resulted 
 from the declaration. It is 12 miles E. of 
 Fiume. Pop. about 3000, 
 
 BucHANESS, the most eastern promontory of 
 Scotland, to the E. of Peterhead, in Aberdeen- 
 shire, in long. 1. 34. W. lat. 67. 27. N. Near 
 this promontory are the BuUers of Buchon,and 
 other stupendous rocks and precipices, much 
 admired for their awful grondeur. 
 BuciiARiA. See Bokharia. 
 BuciiAU, a town of Suabia, with a nunnery, 
 seated on a small lake, called Feyder See; 25 
 miles S. W. of Ulm. 
 
 BucHAU, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Siuitz ; 26 miles S. W. of Saatz. 
 
 BuciioLZ, a town of Brandenburg, in tho 
 Middle Mark, seated on the Dahme, near the 
 frontier of Lusatia; 23 miles S. S. E. of Berlin. 
 Buchorest, {Bucharest, city of joy), a strong 
 city of European Turkey, capital of Wallacliiu, 
 where the hospodar comnvnly resides. The pa- 
 triorchal church is large, adjoining to the palace 
 of the archbishop ; and in a square, near tho 
 centre of the town, is the great church of St. 
 George, the patron saint of Wallachia. The in- 
 habitants are estimated at 60,000. It is seated 
 on the Domboriza, which falls into the Danube; 
 HS miles S. S. E. of Tergovist. and 200 N. by W. 
 of Adrianople. Long.'26, 8. E. lat. 44. 37. N. 
 BuciiORN, a town of Suabia, sciited ou the 
 
tmcnt Euro «t 
 
 , in the circle of 
 
 BUC 
 
 N. bunk, if tlu. Luke ot Constance; Ifl mild 
 N. W. of Lin.liiu. 
 
 DiTCHoviNK, or BuKoriNA, a circle of Mul- 
 tlavitt in A nutria, n niount<iinouii district, cold 
 but aalubrioui. Pup. 130,000. Cnpitnl, Ciorno- 
 wit*. Si'g HuKowiNK. 
 
 Bi;cii»WKii.KH, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Lower Rhine. Pop. 25(10, 
 
 UucKDKN, a vIHhko in Huntiiigdonihire; ,5 
 miles S. W. of Huntingdon, und til N. of Lon- 
 don. Hero iti a guporb palace of the bishops of 
 Lincoln, and several of the prolutcs have been 
 interred in the church. 
 
 BucKEHuao, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 county of Schauenburg, with a castle, on the 
 river Aa; 3 miles E. S. K. of Minden. 
 
 B(/cKRNiiAM, Old and New, two towns in 
 Norfolk, with a market on Saturday; 12 miles 
 E. by N. of Thetford, and ,9.3 N. E. of London. 
 Bucklvoiiamsiiirh, nn interior county of 
 England, bounde<l on the S. by the river 
 Thames, which divides it from Berkshire, E. l.y 
 the counties of Middlesex, Hertford, ui d Bed- 
 ford, S. by Northampton, and VV. by Oxford- 
 shire. The S. part is intersected by the Ouso 
 river, running fVoni W. to E. into Bedfordshire, 
 working several corn and pnper mills, but is not 
 navigable witliin the county. The Lyssel runs 
 from S. to N. into thu Ouao, and the Coin, which 
 divides tl' county from that of Middlesex, run- 
 from N. to S. into the Thames. The Thanic, 
 which rises in the centre of the county, runs W. 
 falling into the Thames in Oxfordshire. The N. 
 part is intersected by a range of chalk hills, and 
 the Gmnd Junction Canal runs through the S. E. 
 part of the county, being carried over the river 
 Ouse by an aqueduct three quarters of a mile in 
 length. The county may be considered divided 
 by the chalk hills into two extensive plains; the 
 S. part producing whea' and beans of superior 
 quality, and the N. pai ; appropriated more to 
 pasture. In addition to is chalk, which is dis- 
 tr; ited over all the inland counties for white- 
 washing, it has veins of fuller's earth and ochre. 
 This county has long been celebrated for its 
 corn and cattle : formerly fine flocks of sheep 
 were fed in the vale of Ay leshurv, but the breed- 
 ing of these useful animals has been for some 
 time on the decline. At present this vale feeds 
 oxen for the London market, to which it also 
 sends immense suppliefl of! ter weekly. There 
 is a small proportion of arable land in the 
 northern division of the county; and not mnch 
 m any other part, except the Chiltern districts, 
 which are usually cultivated with wheat, barley, 
 oats, beans, and Hiiiiifoin In the neighbour- 
 hood of Aylesbury, ducks .ire reared very early 
 m the spring, and sometimies at Christmas, 
 which, being sent to London, sell at a high price. 
 The only manufactures of consequence in this 
 county are those of bone lace and paper. The 
 former is carried on at Olncy, Newport Pagnell, 
 and Hanslope, and the Lit.er principally in the' 
 neighbourhood of Wycom.x'. At Aniersham 
 there is a manufacture of sacking and of white 
 toUou goods; and ut MkiIjw ure some large 
 works of copper, brass, w 1 brass wire, and 
 miUs for making thimbles and pressing rape 
 
 IQS 
 
 BUD 
 
 and .Inseed. This county is adorned with 
 several magnificent scats, and in various parts 
 Roman roads and military stations are traced j 
 and Romitn antiquities have been occasionally 
 discovered. The principal towns are Aylesbury, 
 Buckingham, Mnrlow ; and, of a secondary 
 clius, Amersham, Wycomlw, and Wendover. It 
 sends three inombers to parliament. 
 
 BuciiiNoiiAM, a borough, and one of tho 
 principal towns in the preceding county, is 
 situate on the N. bank of the Ouse, by which it 
 is nearly surrounded, and over which there are 
 three bridges. It is a place of considerable an- 
 tiquity, having been firtiHcd by Edward tho 
 Elder in 918, against tl" inctjrsionsof the Danes. 
 It had formerly a castle in the centre of tho 
 town, on the site of which, towards the close of 
 the last century, an elegant new church was 
 erected. The summer assi/es for the county are 
 held here. The town hall is a spacious editice of 
 brick. A great number of calves are fattened 
 and large quantities of butter made for the 
 London market, in this part of the county; lace 
 is also made here. Market on Saturday.' Iti 
 rniles N. of Aylesbury, 26 N. E. of Oxford, 2.3 
 S. W. of Northampton, and 65 N. of London, 
 Bi'CKi.NoiiAM, an interior county of Virginia, 
 forming nearly a square, the W. and N. sides of 
 whicharc bounded by James River. Pop. Ut,7()6. 
 The court-house, in the centre of the county is 
 G4 miles W. of Richmond. ' 
 
 BucKiNQHAHsuiRE, a county of Lower Ca- 
 nada, in tho district of Trois Rivieres, on tho S. 
 bank of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Bucks, a frontier county of the state of Penn- 
 sylvania, bounded on the N. E. and S. E. by tho 
 Delaware river, which divides it from New 
 Jersey, and on the S. W. by Montgomery county 
 the S. W. corner jetting upon Philadelphia. It 
 18 divided into twenty-seven townships, con- 
 tmnmg together about 410,000 acres, and a 
 population of 48,107. Bristol, the chief town 
 m the S. E. part of the county, on the bank of 
 the Delaware, is 142 miles E. of Harrisbunr and 
 18 N. E. of Philadelphia. ^' 
 
 Buda, or Ofen, the capital of Lower Hun- 
 gary, situate on the side of a hill, on the W. side 
 of the Danube, over which is a handsome bridge 
 to Pest. Theinhabitants are estimated at 30,000 
 The churches and public buildings are hand- 
 Bonrie. In the adjacent country are vineyards 
 which produce excellent wine. Prior to'l526' 
 when it surrendered to the Turks, it was the 
 residence of the kings of Hungary, From that 
 penod, for ItiO years, it was an object of jealousr 
 and contention between the Turks and the 
 Christian powers of Europe; when, in 168G it 
 surrendered to the latter, who strengthened the 
 fortifications, by whom it has since been retained 
 without interruption. It suffered greatly by fire 
 in 1810, when 600 houses were destroyed ; but 
 their places have since been supplied with im- 
 proved buildings. It is about 1 30 miles E. S E 
 of Vienna, and 180 N. N. W. of Belgrade* 
 Long. 19. 5. E. Lit, 47. .MO. N. '"K™"^. 
 
 BuDANiTZA, a town at the N. W, end of 
 Sclavonia, near the south bank of the Drave- 
 23 miles S. W, of Funfkirchen, ' 
 
v« v.Bi'rrW* ms sK^w^iwCT 
 
 BUD 
 
 126 
 
 BUE 
 
 n \ 
 
 ii M 
 
 Mi 
 
 BuDREOAUM, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 province of Agra, with 4000 inhabitants. 
 
 BuDE, n hamlet in Cornwall, on the Bristol 
 Channel, with a lighthouse 
 
 liuDELicu. a town of Germany, in the terri- 
 tory of Treves ; seated on the Traen ; 12 milts 
 E. N. £. of Treves. 
 
 BuDERicH, or BuRicH, a town of Gerij any, 
 in the duchy of Cleves; seated on the Rhine ; 
 22 miles S. £. of Cleves, and 4 S. E. of Wesel. 
 BuDiN, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Rakonitz, with a castle; 9 miles S. by W. of 
 Leutraeritz. 
 
 BuDiNGEN, a town of Germany, in Wettera- 
 via, with a castle ; situate on the Sambach; 25 
 miles E. N. E. of Frankfort on the Maine. 
 
 BuDiNZE, a town of Sclavonia ; 18 miles 
 S. W. of Essey. 
 BuDissEN. See Bautzen. 
 BuDOA, a strong seaport of Dalmatia, and a 
 bishop's see. It sustained a siege by the Turks, 
 in 1686 ; and is 30 miles S. E. of Ragusa. Long. 
 18. 58. E. lat. 42. JO. N. 
 
 BuDRio, a town of Italy, in the Bolognese; 
 8 miles E. of Bologna. 
 
 BuDWEis, a fortified town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Bechin, and lately a bishop's see. In 
 the environs are mines of gold and silver. It is 
 seated on the Muldau ; 75 mil— S. by W. of 
 Prague. 
 
 BcDWEis, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Znain; 40 miles S. W, of Bunn, and 65 N.N.W. 
 of Vienna. 
 Bden Ayrs. See Bonair. 
 Buenos Ayres, a republic of South America, 
 extending from the 13th to the 4l8t degree of S. 
 lat., comprising an area of about l,096,4408quare 
 ^niles: constituted a viceroyalty of Spain in 
 1778, but from the period of July, 1806, to July, 
 1 891 , it continued in perpetual collision, when at 
 the latter period it was constituted an indepen- 
 dent republic, by the title of the United Pro- 
 vinces of South America. It is sometimes allied 
 the Argentine Republic, in reference to Rio de 
 h. '^Inta, or Silver River. It is divided into 13 
 pruirince8,and is bounded on the N. by Bolivia, 
 W. by Chili, S. by Patagonia, on the N. E. by 
 Brazil, and E. by 'Uruguay. The valley of the 
 Plata river comprehends the northern part, 
 while to the S. are the level plains covered with 
 tall grass, affording pasturage to numerous herds 
 of wild cattle and horses, and which stretch away 
 into the unpeopled districts of Patagonia, in the 
 h., and are called pampas. The western part, at 
 (.he foot of the Andes, is exceedingly cold in 
 winter, while the heat if oppressive in summer. 
 On the coast, violent and sudden winds are com- 
 mon. The soil is exceedingly various in such 
 an extensive tract, but it is generally fruitful, 
 and produces much valuable timber and fruits of 
 numerous varieties. Gold and silver are found 
 in the northern districts. The provinces are 
 independent of each otl.ier, but are nil subject to 
 a governor, captain-general, and house of repre- 
 sentatives; and all political disputes were settled 
 by the treaty of August 27, 1828. The popu- 
 lation may he considered' as about 2 000,000 
 and the commerce of the interior is considerable, 
 
 principally in the herb paraguay, or ms';4 used 
 as an infusion resembling tea. The princapal 
 exports are hides, tallow, gold, and silver. The 
 chief towns are Buenos Ayres, the capital, 
 Santa Fe, Cordova, Mendoza, Tucuman, and 
 Vera Cruz. 
 
 Buenos Ayrbs, city of, is seated on the S. 
 bank of the La Plata, about 180 miles from its 
 mouth, in the lat. of 34. 36. S. and 58. 24. of 
 W. long., opposite to where the Uruguay forms 
 its junction with the Parana. This city is 
 justly esteemed as the finest, and as containing 
 the most active and intelUgent population of all 
 South America. It was founded by Mendosa, 
 in 1535, but afterwards abandoned ; and in 
 1544 another colony of the Spaniards came 
 here, who left it also; but it was rebuilt in 1682, 
 and inhabited by Spaniards and the native 
 Americans. It was, however, but little known 
 to the world until the commencement of the 
 last century, up to which period the intercourse 
 of the country had been restrained by a rigorous 
 monopoly, when, in 1 748, the i.mual fleet of 
 the monopolists sailed for the last time to CaAk. 
 the intercourse being thrown open to the whole 
 of Spain. In 1774, the freedom of its inter- 
 course was extended to the greater part of the 
 ports of the other Spanish governments in 
 America; and in 1778, when the provinces of 
 Buenos Ayres, which had previously been under 
 the government of Peru, were constituted a se- 
 parate viceroyalty, and the city of Buenos Ayres 
 made the seat of the viceroy, it gradually in- 
 creased in extent, population, and importance, 
 during the remainder of the last century; about 
 which period the imperial French government, 
 under Napoleon, sent emissaries for the purpose 
 of rendering it subservient to the views and 
 policy of France, which tended materially to 
 retard its commercial career, on which alone 
 the prosperity of the city depended. To coun- 
 teract this influence, the English, in 1806, sent 
 an expedition from the Cape of Good Hope 
 against Buenos Ayres, which they took by sur- 
 prise in the month of May of that year, but the 
 whole force were compelled to surrender at dis- 
 cretion, after a few weeks, to a body of militia 
 under the command of General Liniers, a par- 
 tizan of the French government. In June of the 
 following year, successive reinforcements having 
 arrived from England, a renewed attack was 
 made upon the city with a force of 10,000 men, 
 under the command of General Whitelodce, but 
 the inhabitants, animated by Liniers to the most 
 determined resistance, and aided by the piilitia, 
 converted every house into a fortress, -from 
 which they assailed the English troops at all 
 points, with such disastrous effect as to compel 
 the whole force to surrender prisoners of war. 
 From this period, up to July, 1816, the city be- 
 came the theatre of internal dissensions, when a 
 declaration of independence was agreed upon ; 
 and it has since then remained comparatively 
 tranquil, and been progressively recovermg from 
 the disafiters of the preceding fifteen or twenty 
 years. The buildings of Buenos Ayres are 
 stately ,".n<! iinifr-.rm, mi.-! f!m streets regiilnr. 
 Among the public buildings arc a stately ca- 
 
BUF 
 
 127 
 
 BUN 
 
 or m^'J, uaed 
 The princajpal 
 d silver. The 
 the capital, 
 ucutnan, and 
 
 ed on the S. 
 nailes from its 
 ,nd 58. 24. of 
 Fruguay forms 
 This city is 
 as containing 
 pulation of alt 
 by Mendosa. 
 ned ; and in 
 t'niards came 
 !builtinld82, 
 d the native 
 t little known 
 ement of the 
 he intercourse 
 I by a rigorous 
 .mual fleet of 
 time to Cadi?. 
 I to the whole 
 I of ite inter- 
 er part of the 
 vemments in 
 ! provinces of 
 ily been under 
 istituted a se- 
 Buenos Ayres 
 gradually in- 
 d importance, 
 entury; about 
 1 government, 
 jr the purpose 
 ^e views and 
 materially to 
 vrhich alone 
 d. To coun- 
 in 1806, sent 
 f Good Hope 
 ' took by sur- 
 year, but the 
 render at dis- 
 )dy of militia 
 Jniers, a par- 
 n June of the 
 ments having 
 1 attack was 
 F 10,000 men, 
 hitelodce, but 
 rs to the most 
 ly the jnilitia, 
 fortress, - from 
 troops at all 
 as to compel 
 loners of war, 
 ), the city be- 
 sions, when a 
 agreed upon ; 
 omparatively 
 ;overing from 
 en or twenty 
 a Ayres are 
 •eets regular. 
 a stately ca- 
 
 thedral, and two or three churches, towu-hall 
 several convents, and other similar institutions.' 
 The public edifices are all built of stone of 
 a whitish colour, and produce an imposing 
 effect. Its commercial intercourse now extends 
 to all parts of the world, and its export pro- 
 ductions of hides and tallow, in addition to thf 
 silver and gold from the mines of Potosi, &c. 
 ^n if '* ' command an abundant supply of 
 all the a- ufeciured productions of Europe 
 and Asia, ' well as of every other commodity, 
 from eve:^ quarter of the globe. The popula- 
 tion, which, at the commencement of the pre- 
 sent century, wgs estimated at about 40,000, is 
 noi? above 80,000. 
 
 Buffalo, a city of Erie county, state of New 
 York, situate at the mouth of a small river of 
 the same name, at the E. end of Lake Erie 
 about 20 miles S. of the great falls of Niagara! 
 and 296 miles W. of Albany. Pop. 18 213 
 
 Buo, a river of Poland, rising near Leopol," or 
 JLimberg, running N., dividing Austrian Gallicia 
 from Russian Poland, to Brzesc. It then takes 
 awesterly course, between GalUcia and Prussian 
 piand, falling into the Vistula a few miles be- 
 low Warsaw. 
 
 Ejgia, or Buj^iA, a seaport of Algier, in the 
 province of Constnntina, at the mouth o*" the 
 Major, on a bay of the Mediterranean. It has 
 a strong castle, but Sir Edward Spragge de- 
 stroyed several Algerine men-of-war under its 
 walls m 1 67 1 . The harbour is safer and more 
 capacious than that of Algier, but its entrance 
 IS equally dangerous. The principal trade is in 
 instruments of agriculture, made of iron, ob- 
 tained froni mountains near the town. It 
 
 36 ^""ir "^ ^^^'^'' ^°"^- ^- ^''* ^' ^**- 
 
 ■.hn^o^fV ^^'^I'e^ ^SyP*' «^*"^te on the west 
 shore of the Red Sea, almost opposite to Ziden, 
 
 W of It. Long. 36. 6. E. lat. 22. 15. N. 
 
 ■BmiH, or BuALT, a town of Wales, in Breck- 
 tTdav^'-H*'' " '""''^* °" MondaUd Sa- 
 Keep, itt, last remains, was burnt down in 1690. 
 
 stnn^ f"*'? ^"'''5°'^ '^^ '^^•«'' ""^de their last 
 stand for independence, and were defeated by 
 
 5 Zt-^- '" ^y-- ^"'"^ >'«« » manufacture 
 of stockings. It IS seated on the Wye, over 
 which IS a bridge into Radnorshire; 12 mi es N 
 of Brecknock, and 173 W. by N. of LonZ. ' 
 
 Drnm. ' 1^°"^-^ °^JTX^' '" ^^^ department of 
 Urome; 40 miles E. of Orange, and 65. S .S E 
 01 Valence. 
 BuiTBAGo, a fortified town of Spain, in New 
 
 t?e ir n' h"*>'- '' ^^«°''"' Celebris 
 the wool collected in its environs. It is seated 
 on the Lozoya; 40 miles N. of Madrid 
 
 BuKHARiA Great. See Bokhara 
 
 BuKHARiA Little. See Cashqur. 
 
 Bukowine, a district in the north-west part 
 of the province of Moldavia, bordering on Gal- 
 
 ifi'n nnn'^ru-1« *'"'"' '^^"'^ ^l^a^e ""iles, and 
 160,000 inhabitants of various nations, a^o,.g 
 
 uoroinion of Aiistria. 
 BuLAC, or Boulac a town of Egypt, on the 
 
 Nilei 2 miles W. of Cairo, and the port of that 
 city. On the north side of it is the Calisch, 
 whose banks are cut every year, to convey the 
 waters of the Nile, by a canal, to Cairo. 
 
 BuLAM, or BooLAM, an island on the west 
 coast of AfHca, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. 
 Ihe soil 18 good ; and a settlement of frto 
 blacks was formed here in 1792, but abandoned 
 the following year. Long. 14. 30. W. lat. il. 
 0. N. 
 
 Bulgaria, a province of European Turkey 
 bounded on the north by the Danube, whi'h 
 divides It from Wallachia and Bessarabia; east, 
 by the Black Sea; south, by Romania and Ma- 
 cedonia; and west by Servia. It is mountainous, 
 but fertile m the intervening valleys. Sofia, or 
 hophia, on the frontier of Romania, 280 miles 
 IN. W. £,. of Constantinople, is the capital. 
 
 Bullitt a county of Kentucky, the west end 
 of which jets upon the Ohio river. Pop. 6334. 
 Shepherdsville. 69 miles W. S. W. of Frankfort, 
 IS the chief town. 
 
 Bullock, an interior county of the state of 
 Georgia, lying between the Cannouche and 
 Great Ogeechee rivers. Statesborough, in the 
 centre of the county, 35 miles N. W. of Savan- 
 nah, is the chief town. Pop. 3102. 
 
 Bu.\combe, a large dreary county, at the 
 western extremity of North Carolina j bounded 
 on the north by Tennessee, and south by South 
 Carolma. Pop. 10.084, of whom 1199 are 
 slaves. Ashville, in the centre of the county, 
 273 miles W. by S. of Raleigh, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Bundelcund, or Bundela, a circar of Hin- 
 (lostan, lying south of the Ganges, in the pro- 
 vince of Allahabad ; inhabited by a tribe of 
 Rajpoots. It is a mountainous tract, and con- 
 tains the celebrated diamond mines of Paunali 
 with some strong fortresses. Chatterpour is the 
 capital. It was annexed to Benares in 1804 
 
 Bungay, a town in Suflfolk, with a market on 
 Ihursday, seated on the Waveney, which is nar 
 vjgable hence to Yarmouth. It has two churches 
 and the rums of a nunnery and a castle. It is' 
 36 miles N. by E. of Ipswich, and 106 N E of 
 London. 
 
 BuNGO^ ft kingdom of Japan, in the island of 
 
 f„ ri?"- .?^ • ^'"^ °'^'^'' '=°""t'y was converted 
 to Christianity, and sent a solemn embassy to the 
 
 f."rn"J^f ^ oP" '"'P'**! " Fumay. Long! 
 132. 0. E. lat. 32. 40. N. ** 
 
 BuNiVA, a mountain of Greece, between Janna 
 and Livadia, extending to the Gulf of Zeiton. 
 The ancient name was ^ta; and it is famous 
 for the pass of Thermopyte, (so called from the 
 hot baths m the neighbourhood) where Leo- 
 nidas and his 300 Spartans, resisted for three 
 days the whole Persian army. 
 
 Bunkers Hill. See Breeds Hill. 
 
 BuNTiNGPORD, a town in Hertfordshire with 
 LoS^' "" Monday; 31 miles N. by 'e. of 
 
 whSrJf'^*'**' "f-T °f "'■"''««'«". in Canara, 
 which has a great inland trade; situate near thj 
 Netrawari; 10 miles E. of MnnWiore 
 
 Buntzlau a town of SilesFn'.' in 'the prin- 
 cipality of Jauer. It has a manufacture of 
 
B u :^ 
 
 128 
 
 BUR 
 
 i I 
 
 
 brown pottery with gold and silver flowers; and 
 is seated on tho Bober; 23 miles W. by N. of 
 Lignitz. Pop. 3300, 
 
 BuNTZLAU, a circle in the north part of Bo- 
 hemia, between Leutmeritz and Konigingratz ; 
 bounded on the north by Lusatin, and south by 
 the Elbe, which divides it from Kaurzem. It con- 
 tains about 1850 square miles, and 280,000 in- 
 habitants. The Iser intersects it from N. to S., 
 falling into the Elbe. 
 
 BuNTZLAU, Alt, a town of Bohemia, seated 
 on the Elbe.; 16 miles S. S. W, of Jung Buntz- 
 
 lau. 
 
 BuNTZLAU, Jung, a town of Bohemia, capital 
 of the circle of Buntzlau. It was a royal town 
 under Rodolphus II., and is seated on the Iser; 
 28 miles N. N. E. of Prague. 
 
 BiJRDWAN, a town of Hindostan, capital of 
 a district in Bengal; seated on the north bank 
 of the Dummooda; 67 miles N. W. of Calcutta. 
 Pop. 46,000. 
 
 BuRELLO, or CiviTA BuRULLA, a town of 
 Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore ; 20 miles S. of 
 Lanciano. _ 
 
 BuREN, a town of Holland, in Guelderland, 
 with a fortified castle; 22 miles W. of Nimeguen. 
 Pop. 3600. . . 
 
 BuREN, or BuEREN, a town of Westphalia, m 
 the principality of Paderbom, seated on the 
 Alme; 10 miles S. by W. of Paderbom. 
 
 BuREN, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Beni, seated on the Aar ; 6 miles S. by W. of 
 Soleure. 
 
 BuRFORD, a town in Oxfordshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. Here are manufactures 
 of saddles, dussels, and rugs. It is seated on the 
 Windrush; 17 miles W. by N. of Oxford, and 72 
 W. of London. 
 
 BuRO, a town of Holland, in the councy of 
 Zutphen; seated on the Old Yssel; 18 miles E. 
 by N. of Nimeguen. 
 
 BuHQ, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy 
 of Magdeburg-, on the river Ihle ; 12 miles 
 N. N. E. of Magdeburgh. Population about 
 
 7000. ^ . . , 
 
 BuRO, or BoRQ, a town of Westphaha, m the 
 duchy of Berg, with manufactures of gun-barrels 
 and woollen stufft; seated on the Wipper; 18 
 miles S. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 BuROAU, a town of Suabia, with a castle which 
 gives name to a marquisate, ceded to Bavaria 
 in 1806, and now forms part of the circle of the 
 Upper Danube. It is seated on the Mindel ; 
 6 miles E. of Guntzburg, (the capital,) and 22 
 N.N.W. of Augsburg. 
 
 BuRODORF, a town of Switzerland, m the 
 canton of Bern, with a castle, seated on an 
 eminence, on the river Emmen; 8 miles N. E. 
 of Bern. 
 
 BuRODORF, a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 Luneburg, with a castle, on the river Awe; 15 
 miles S. of Zelj. 
 
 Burgh, a village in Cumberland ; 5 miles 
 W. N. W. of Carlisle. Near it is a column, 
 erected to denote the spot where Edward I. 
 died, when preparing for an expedition against 
 Scotland. 
 
 BuRQHAUN, a town of Germany, in the prin- 
 
 cipality of Fulda, on the river Haun; 8 miles 
 N. N. E. of Fulda. 
 
 BuROLENUENFiJL, a town of Bavaria, in the 
 principality of Neuburg, seated on the river 
 Nab; 16 miles N.-W. of Ratisbon. 
 
 BuRoos, a city of Spain, capital of Old Cas- 
 tile, and an .a' libishop's see. It has an an- 
 tique castle, once the abode of the kings of 
 Castile; and the cathedral is one of the most 
 magnificent Gothic fabrics in Europe. The 
 squares, public buildings, and fountains, are 
 fine. In 1812 the allied army, under Lord 
 (now Duke of) Wellington, entered Burgos, 
 after the battle of Salamanca, and besieged the 
 castle near three months, during which they 
 made several attempts to carry it by assault, 
 but in vain ; and the allies were ultimately 
 obliged to raise the siege and retire into Por- 
 tugal; but it surrendered the following year, 
 without resistance. It is seated partly on a 
 mountain, and partly on the river Aranzon; 96 
 miles E. by S. of Leon, and 117 N. of Madrid. 
 Pop. about 9000. 
 
 BuROOS d'Osma. See Bonoo. 
 BuRGU, or Berdoa, a territory of Zahara, rfi 
 the desert of Libya, in the south of Augila and 
 east of Fezzan. The capital is of the same 
 name; 250 miles S. S. W. of Augila, and 430 
 E. S. E. of Mourzook. Long. 21. 40. E. lat. 
 26. 10. N. 
 
 Burgundy, or Bourqoone, a late province 
 of France; 112 miles long and 76 broad; 
 bounded on the E. by Franche Compte; W. 
 by Bourbonnois and NivernoiS; S. by Lyonois; 
 and N, by Champagne. It is fertile in com, 
 fruits, and excellent wines; and is now formed 
 into tlw three departments of Cote d'Or, Snono 
 and Loire, and Yonne. 
 
 BURHAMPOUB, a town of Hindostan, capital 
 of Candeish, and, at one period, of the Deccan 
 also. It has a great trade in fine cotton for 
 veils, shawls, &c. In the war with the Mah- 
 rattas in 1803 it surrendered to the British. 
 It is situate in a delightful country, on the 
 river Tapty; 225 miles E. by N. of Surat. 
 Long. 76. 19. E. lat. 21. 26. N. 
 
 BuRiANO, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennesp, 
 near the lake Castigleno; 10 miles S. S. E. of 
 Massa. 
 
 BuRicii. See Buderich. 
 BuRKA, a fortified seaport of Arabia, on the 
 east coast, in the province of Oman; 45 miles 
 W. N. W. of Muscat. 
 
 BuRiAS, one of the Philippine islands, lying 
 within the S. E. promontory of Luzon. 
 
 Burke, a western county of North Carolinn, 
 bounded on the west by the Blue ridge of tho 
 Allegany mountains, which divides it from 
 Buncomb. The Great Catawah river rises 
 fiom about twenty dources, at the foot of the 
 mountains, within this county. Pop. 15,799. 
 Morgantown, 205 miles W, of Raleigh, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Burke is the name of a frontier county in 
 Georgia ; bounded on the N. E. by the Savan- 
 nah river, which divides it from South Carolina. 
 
 It :S DOUnucu Ull mr aiiUm •'.» ••! -» 
 
 Ogcechee. Pop. 13,176. Waynesborough, in 
 
BU 11 
 
 tie centre of the county, 104 niili'3 E. of Mill- 
 edgeville, and 75 N. VV. of Savannah, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 BDRKEN,atow.i of Germany, in the territory 
 of Mentz ; 27 miles E. of Heidelberg. 
 
 BuRKHAUSEN, a town of Bavaria, with an old 
 fortified castle on a mountain. It is the seal 
 of a regency, and stands on the rifer Salza, 
 near its confluence with the Inn ; 27 miles N. 
 N. W. of Salzburg. 
 
 Burlington, a town of England. See Brid- 
 
 T.INGTON. 
 
 Burlington, a county of New Jersey, the 
 S. E. point of which jets upon the Atlantic 
 Ocean, at Little Egg Harbour, and the N. W. 
 «nd is bounded by the Delaware river; it is 
 divided into 12 townships, and contains a 
 population of 32,881 , The town, of the same 
 flame, is seated on the E. bank of the Delaware 
 river J 17 miles above Philadelphia, and 10 be- 
 low Trenton. 
 
 Burlington, a town oi Vermont, chief of 
 Chittenden county. In 1791 a charter was 
 granted for a richly endowed university to be 
 •established here. It is beautifully located on 
 an eminence, at the head of a spacious bay, on 
 Lake Champlain; 122 miles N. of Benninjtton 
 Pop. 4271. 
 
 • BuRriNQTON, a town in Otsego county, state 
 of New York ; 77 milc» due west of Albany. 
 Pop. 2154. ' 
 
 BuRNHAM, a town in Norfolk, wRh a maiket 
 on Monday and Saturday, It stands near the 
 sea, on the river Bum, in which is a small 
 harbonr. Around it are five villages of the 
 same name, with an addition ; and that of 
 Burnhnm Thorp is the birthplace of the cele- 
 brated Adminil Lord Nelson, whose father was 
 the rector. Burnham is 29 miles N. W. of 
 Norwich, and 117 N. E. of London. 
 
 Burnham, a town in Essex, at the mouth of 
 the river Crouch, which is here called Burn- 
 liam Water. The Walfleet and Burnham 
 oysters are the product of the creeks and pits 
 of this river. Burnham is 1 1 miles S. E. of 
 Maiden. 
 
 BuRNLET, a town in the parish of Whalley, 
 Lancashire, situate at the foot of the range of 
 hills which divide Lancashire from Yorkshire, 
 in the centre of a very populous district, exten- 
 sively occupied in the cotton manufecturc, and 
 abounding in coal. Immediately contiguous 
 to Burnley there are eight extensive collieries, 
 about thirty extensive cotton mills and manu- 
 factories, four calico printers, five or six ma- 
 chine makers, &c., &c. The Leeds and Liver- 
 pool Canal nearly encircles the town. It holds 
 a market on Saturday, and is 24 miles due N. 
 of Mancliester, and 15 W. of Halifex. 
 
 Burnt Island, an island near the S. coast of 
 Newfoundland; 15 miles E. S. E. of Cape Ray. 
 Long. 58. SO. W. lat. 47. 30. N. 
 
 Burnt Islands, a cluster of islands in the 
 Indian Ocean, W. N. W. from Goa. Long. 73 
 30. E. lat. 16. 0. N. 
 
 Burntisland, a town of Scotland, in Fife- 
 shire, on the Frith of Forth, with an {>y^r!!."pt 
 iiarbour, and a trade in ship-building' It is 
 
 129 
 
 BUR 
 
 seated at the foot of lofty hills ; 9 miles N. of 
 Leith. 
 
 Burrampooter, Brahmaputra, or Megna 
 a river of Asia, which rises in the mountains of 
 Tibet, near the head of the Ganges, in the Lit 
 of 34. N., and of 80. of E. long. These two 
 rivers, issuing from opposite sides of the same 
 ridge of mountains, direct their course toward 
 opposite quarters, till they are more than 700 
 miles asunder; and afterwards meet in one 
 point near the sea, each having performed a 
 winding course of about 1 400 miles. From its 
 source the Burrampooter proceeds S. E. through 
 Tibet, where it is named Sampoo, or Zancin, 
 that is, the river : after washing the border of 
 the territory of Lassa, it proceeds S. E. beyond 
 the 95th degree of E. long, to within 220 miles 
 of Yunan, the westernmost province of China- 
 it then turns suddenly to the W., and passing 
 through Assam, assumes the name of Burram- 
 pooter. It enters Bengal on the N. E., makes 
 a circuit round the western point of the Garrow 
 Mountains, and then, tvltering its course to S. 
 meets the Ganges about 40 miles from the sea* 
 in the lat. of 22. 40. N. During the last 60* 
 miles before its junction with the Ganges, it 
 forms a stream which is regularly from 4 to 5 
 miles wide. 
 
 Bursa, or Brusa, a city of Asiatic Turkey, 
 m Natolia, built by Prusias, king of Bithynia. 
 It was the capital of the Ottoman empire, 
 before the taking of Constantinople; and it 
 now contains about 60,000 inhabitants. It 
 stands upon several little hills, at the bottom 
 of Mount Olympus, and on the edge of a fine 
 plain ftill of fruit-trees. So many springs pro- 
 ceed from ti.e mount, tiiat every house has its 
 own fountain; and at its foot are splendid hot- 
 baths. The mosques are elegant, as are the 
 caravanseras. Tl>e bezestine is a largo struc- 
 ture full of warehouses and shops, containing 
 all the commodities of the E., besides their 
 own manufactures in silk. Here are the best 
 workmen jn all Turkey, who are excellent 
 imitators of the tapestry of Italy and France. 
 None but mussulmans are permitted to dwell 
 in the city; but the suburbs, which are much 
 finer, and better peopled, are filled with Jews, 
 Armenians, and Greeks. Bursa is seated on 
 the banks of the Nilifur, which falls into the 
 Sea of Marmora; 68 miles S. by E. of Con- 
 stantinople. Long. 29. 12. E. lat. 40. 12. N. 
 
 Burslem, a town in Staffordshire, with a 
 market on Monday and Saturday. Till towards 
 the close of the last century it was an incon- 
 siderable place, but being intersected by the 
 Trent and Mersey Canal, it has become one at 
 the principal centres of the pottery, porcelain, 
 or earthenware manufacture. It is 3 miles n! 
 of Newcaatle-undei-Line, and 151 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Buhton-upon-Teent, a tn. in Staffordshire, 
 with a market on Thursday. It has the re- 
 mains of a large abbey; and is seated on the 
 W. bank of the Trent, which here divides the 
 comities of Staftbrd and Derby; there is an 
 old bridge of iiiirty-six arches over tlie river. 
 
 i 
 
 ana on its banks dre two extensive corn mills, 
 
 K 
 
r 
 
 1 
 
 7!i 
 
 BUR 
 
 130 
 
 BUT 
 
 one cotton mill, ami six extensive breweries, 
 the produce of whicli is distributed, and justly 
 esteemed, over every part of the world. Tiiere 
 are also six or eight employers in the manufac- 
 ture of hats; the cotton spinning, at the com- 
 mencement of the present century, was more 
 extensive. It is 12 miles E, of Litchfield, 12 
 W. of Derby, and 123 W. of London. 
 
 BuBWAH, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal, 
 on the borders of Orissa; 256 miles W. by N. 
 of Calcutta. 
 
 Bury, a boroiigh in Lancashire. Market on 
 Thursday. Returns one member to parlia- 
 ment. It is extensively engaged both in the 
 cotton and woollen raanutacture, in all the 
 operations of spinning, weaving scouring, full- 
 ing, dressing, bleaching, printing. &c., in all the 
 various branches of which there are nearly one 
 hundred establishments, somo of them very 
 extensive. There are also iron foundries, ma- 
 chine makers, and six or eight employers in 
 the manufacture of hats; it communicates with 
 the Leeds and Liverpool Canal by a collateral 
 cut, called the Bury Extension. It is seated 
 on the bai KS of the Irwell ; 9 miles N. of Man- 
 chester, cm,, 
 
 Bury St. Edmund, a borough in Suttolk, 
 with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 It took its name from St. Edmund the king, 
 who was buried here; and to his honour an 
 abbey was founded, of which some noble ruins 
 remain. Here are two parish churches, which 
 stand in one churchyard ; in St. I^Inry'n lies 
 Mary, queen of France, who was married to 
 Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk. At this 
 town the barons me'; and entered into a league 
 against king John. Henry VI. called a par- 
 liament here in 1446, when Humphry, duke 
 of Gloucester, was imprisoned, and here he 
 died, as supposed, by poison. The assizes for 
 the county are held here ; and it has a free- 
 school, founded by Edward VI. It returns 
 two members to parliament, and is seated on 
 the Larke, a branch of the Ouse; 35 miles N. 
 W. of Ipswich, and 71 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 BuBYENS, St., a village m Cornwall; 5 miles 
 W. S. W. of Penzance. It was once of great 
 note, and had a college founded by king 
 Athelstan. The church is spacious, and con- 
 tains many curious relics of antiquity. In its 
 neighbourhobd are nineteen large stones stand- 
 ing in a circle, 12 feet from each other, and in 
 the centre is one much larger than the rest. 
 
 Bused, a town of Turkey in Europe, pachalic 
 of Wallachia; capital of a district of the same 
 name. Pop. 6000. , „ • • 
 
 BusHEia, or Bushire, a town of Persia, in 
 Farsi3tan, surrounded by a wall, with a few 
 bastions. The English East India Company 
 had formerly a fectorj' here. The trade with 
 Shiraz, by 'caravans, is considerable. It is 
 situate oii a narrow neck of land, m the Oult 
 of i'ersia, 110 miles W. S. W. of Shiraz, 
 Long. 61. 0. E. lat. 29. 20. N. 
 
 BussoBAH. See Bassorah. „ .,. » 
 
 Bute, an island of Scotland, in the Fnth of 
 
 Clyde, separated oil Uic In. i.om ihi; i,'en:-n3v„a 
 
 of Cowal, in Argyleshire, by a narrow channel. 
 
 It is 1 i miles long, and 4 broad ; the N. pait 
 hilly and barren, but the S. fertile and well 
 cultivated. The coiist is rocky, and indented 
 with several safe harbours, chiefly appropriated 
 to the herring fishery. Rothsay is the capita!. 
 
 Buteshire, a county of Scotland, consisting 
 of the islands of Bute, Arran, Great and Little 
 Cumbrny, and Inchmamoc, which lie in the 
 Frith of Clyde, between the counties of Ayr 
 and Argyle. 
 
 BuTOEMDACii, a town of the Netherlands; 25 
 miles S. by E. of Aix-la-Chapolle. 
 
 Bu'i'LFA, an interior county in the W. part 
 of Pennsylvania, the S. E. point jutting upon 
 the Allegany river ; 18 miles above Pittsburg. 
 Pop. 22,?,7"8. The chief town, of the same 
 name, in the centre of the county, is 242 miles 
 W. by N. of Harrisburg. Pop. 86 1 . 
 
 Butler, an interior county in the W. part 
 of Kentucky, intersected from E. to V, by 
 Green River, vAich falls into the Ohio. Pop. 
 3898, Morgantown, on the S. bank of Green 
 River, 144 miles W. by S. of Frankfort, is the 
 
 chief town. , o -c. 
 
 Butler, a frontier county at the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of the state of Ohio, bordering on 
 Indiana. It is intersected from the N. W. 
 corner to the centre of the S. border, by the 
 Miami river. Pop. 28,173. Hamilton, on the 
 E. bank of the Miami, 107 miles W. S. W. of 
 Columbus, and 12 N. of Cincinnati, is the chief 
 town. Pop. 1409. 
 
 Butler is also the name of a newly-former 
 county in Alabama. The court-house is 47 
 .niles S. E. by S. of Cahawba. Pop. 8685. 
 
 BuTBiNTO, a seaport of European Turkey, in 
 Albania, and a bishop's see; sc '.ed on the canal 
 of Corfu, at the entrance of the Gulf of Venice; 
 30 miles S. of Chimaera. Long. 19. 9. E. lat. 
 39. 49. N. 
 
 Butiebmebe, a lake in Cumberland, 8 miles 
 S. W. of Keswick. It is two miles long, and 
 neariy half a mile broad. On the W. side it is 
 terminated by a mountain, called, from its fer- 
 ruginous colour, the Red Pike; a strip of culti- 
 vated ground adorns the E. shore ; at the N. 
 end is the village of Buttermere; and a group 
 of houses, called Gatesgarth, is seated on the S. 
 extremity, undei- an amphitheatre of moun- 
 tainous rocks. Here Honister Crag is seen 
 rising to a vast height, flanked by two conical 
 mountains, Fleetwith on the E., and Scarf on 
 the W. side. Numerous mountain torrents 
 form ncver-fiiiling cataracts, that thiindur and 
 foam down the rocks, and form the lake below. 
 This lake is called the Upper Lake; and, near 
 a mile from it, to the N. E., is the Lower Lake, 
 called also Cromack-water. The river Cocker 
 flows through both these lakes to Cockermouth. 
 BuiTEHWORTH, an appendage to the town 
 of Rochdale, in Lancashire. See Rochdale, 
 
 BuTiEVANT. a town and parish of Ireland, in 
 the coupty of Cork. The town is 4 miles N. 
 of Mallow. 
 
 Button Bay, the north part of Hudson Z^iiy 
 through which attempts were made by Sir 
 
 n\\,~„-—. I»..ft"n in rliu'iivpr (hfi N. W. DllSSaeO 
 
 to China, when he lost his ship, and came back 
 
BUT 
 
 131 
 
 CAB 
 
 1; the N. pait 
 rtile and well 
 and indentfid 
 jT appropriated 
 is the capitpJ.. 
 and, consistiiij; 
 reat and Little 
 ich lie in the 
 lunties of Ayr 
 
 Netherlands; 25 
 e. 
 
 n the W. part 
 t jutting upon 
 lOve Pittsburg. 
 , of the same 
 V, is 242 miles 
 '861. 
 
 in the W. part 
 E. to W by 
 le Ohio. Pop. 
 bank of Green 
 'rankfort, is the 
 
 t the S. E. ex- 
 , bordering on 
 3m the N. W. 
 border, by the 
 [amilton, on the 
 es W. S. W. of 
 nati, is the chief 
 
 a newly-formeu 
 
 urt-house is 47 
 Pop. 8685, 
 
 pean Turkey, in 
 ,ed on the canal 
 Gulf of Venice; 
 
 ig. 19. 9. E. lat. 
 
 iberland, 8 miles 
 miles long, and 
 the W. side it is 
 led, from its fer- 
 ; a strip of culti- 
 hore; at the N. 
 re; and a group 
 I seated on tlie S. 
 leatre of moun- 
 er Crag is seen 
 i by two conical 
 E., and Scaif on 
 lountain torrents 
 hat thundur and 
 n the lake below. 
 Lake; and, near 
 J the Lower Lake, 
 The river Cocker 
 9 to Cockerroouth. 
 lage to the town 
 See KocHDAr.E, 
 riBli of Ireland, in 
 awn is 4 miles N. 
 
 t of Hudson r<ay 
 ere made by Sir 
 ihfi N, W. jMissage 
 ip, and came back 
 
 in a sloop built in the country. It lies between 
 60. and 66. N. lat. 
 
 BuTTSTADT and BuTTELsrADT, two towns of 
 Upper Saxony, ia Thuringia, seated on the 
 Loss; 16 miles W. of Naumb&rg. 
 
 BuTZBACH,atown of Germany,in Wetteravia, 
 Mated in a marshy but fertile plain; 10 miles 
 S. of Giessen. and 26 N. of Frankfort. Pop. 
 about 3200. 
 
 BuTzow, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin, seated on the Warna; 17 
 miles S. \V. of Ilostock. 
 
 BuxADEWAB, a strong fort of the flWntry of 
 Bootan, at the entrance of the mountmns from 
 Bengal. It stands on the top of a rock ; 20 
 miles N. of Chi^hacotte. 
 
 BuxAB, a town and fort of Hindostan, in 
 Bahar, on the S. bank of the Ganges; 72 miies 
 W. of Patna. 
 
 BnxTBHUDE, a town of Lo /er Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Bremen, on the river Este; 18 miles 
 S. E. of Stade. 
 
 Buxton, a village in Derbyshire, at the en- 
 trance of the Peak. It has nine wells that rise 
 near the source of the river Wye, and they are 
 deemed one of the seven wonders of the Peak. 
 Their waters, noted in the time of the Romans, 
 are hot and sulphureous, temperature about 82; 
 much company resort to them in the summer. 
 The building for the bath was erected by 
 George, Earl of Shrewsbury; and here Mary, 
 
 Queen of Scotland, was for some time. The 
 Duke of Devonshire has erected a beautiftU 
 building in the form of a crescent, under which 
 are piazzas and shops. Amilehence is another of 
 the wonders, called Pool's Hole, at the foot of 
 a mountain. The eatrancj is low and narrow, 
 but it presently opens to a cave of considerable 
 height, and 696 feet long, with a roof resem- 
 bling a Gothic cathedral It contains many 
 Btalactitious concretions, and several curious 
 representations both of art and nature, pro- 
 duced by the petrify .ng water continually drop- 
 ping from the rock. Buxton is 32 miles N. 
 W. of Derby, and 160 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Buzancois, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Indre, on the E. bank of the river 
 of that name; 12 miles S. E. of Chatillon. 
 Pop. 3200. 
 
 Bvchow, a town of Lithuania, on the W. 
 bank of the Dnieper; 180 miles S, S. W. of 
 Wilna, and 8 S. of Mohilon. 
 
 Bykee, an appendage to Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 See Newcastle, 
 
 Byron Island, an island in the PacificOcean, 
 discovered by Commodore Byron in 1765. It 
 is low, full of wood, and very populous. The 
 natives are tall, well proportiontd, and clean, 
 and their countenance expressive of a surprising 
 mixture of intrepidity and cheerfulness. Lone. 
 173. 46. E. lat. 1. 18. S. 
 
 a 
 
 \* Words thai sometimes begin with C, and 
 
 are not found under that letter, may be 
 
 sought f' y vndet the letter K or S. 
 
 Cabargas, a small interior county of North 
 Carolina, lying to the W. of the Yadkin river. 
 Population, 9259, of whom 2179 are slaves. 
 Concord, 143 miles W. S. W. of Raleigh, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Cabeca db Vide, a towji of Portugal, in 
 Alentejo, with a castle; 12 miles S. W. of Por- 
 ta] egro. 
 
 Cabell, a large mountainous county of Vir- 
 ginia, bounded on the S. W. by the Big Sandy 
 river, which divides it from Kentucky, and on 
 the N. W. by the Ohio river, which divides it 
 from the state of Ohio. It is about 50 miles 
 in length from S. E. to N. W., and 25 in 
 breadth. Pop. 8163. Guyando, at the mouth 
 of a river of the same name, which intersects 
 the county its whole length, falling into the 
 C'hio, is the chief town. 
 
 Cabello, or Cavello. See Porto Caba j.o. 
 
 Oabenda, a seaport on the W, coiisr. oi 
 South Africa, subject to Portugal; TOO .nile.- 
 S. E. of Loango. Long. 12. 2. E. lat. 4, 5. ' . 
 
 Cabes, or Gabes, a town of the kingdom of 
 Tunis, near a gulf of the game name; 170 miles 
 S, of Tunis. Magnificent ruins are at, a short 
 distance from this place. Long. 10. 55. E. kit. 
 33. 40. N. 
 
 CiBOTiA, a !!ame aometitnc* applied to the 
 countries on the St. Lawrence, Novth Amevica, 
 
 comprising Canada, New Brunswick, &c., from 
 their being first explored by the Cabots. 
 
 Cabra, a town of S; 'n, in Andalusia, with 
 six convents, and a college for the study of 
 philosophy and divinity. It is situate at the 
 foot of a mountain, near the source of a river 
 of the same name ; 25 miles S. E. of Cordova, 
 Cabra, a town of the kingdom of Tombuc- 
 too. It is a place of great trade, seated en the 
 Niger, and serves as a poit to the capital; 10 
 miles S. E. of Tombuctoo. 
 
 Cabrera, one of the Balearic Isles, in the 
 Mediterranean; 7 miles S. of Majorca. It 
 hr.8 a large harbour, on the N. side, defended 
 by a castle. Long. 2. 55. E. lat. 39. 8. N. 
 „ Cabul, or Cabool, a country of Asia, bounded 
 OB the W. by Persia, N. by the Hindoo-ko, E. 
 by Cashmere and Lahore, and S. by Candahar. 
 It was anciently a province of Persia; after- 
 wards it was annexed to the Mogul empire till 
 1739, when it was restored to Persia by Nadir 
 V'lah. liie country is highly diversified, con- 
 sisting of mountains covered with snow, hills of 
 moderate height, rich plains, sttitely forests, 
 and innumerable streams. It produces every 
 srtitle necessary for human life, and the most 
 delicate fruits and flowers. It is sometimes 
 called Zabulistan, from Zabul, one of the 
 names of Ghizni, which was the ancient capital 
 of the country. 
 
 Cabul, the capital of the province of Cabul, 
 and of the dominions of the sultan of the Af- 
 
 K 2 
 
 II 
 
r 
 
 i\ 
 
 CAB 
 
 132 
 
 CAD 
 
 ■'i; 
 
 
 glians, (sec Afohanistan,) acatcH near the 
 foot of the Hindoo-ko, on the river Attock, a 
 branch of the Tnilus. It carries on a consider- 
 able trade, and is considered as the gate of 
 India towards Tartary. In 1739 Nadir Shah 
 took it by Btorm, and plundered it of great 
 treasures. It is 170 miles N. E. of Candahar. 
 Long. 68. 35. E. lat. 34. 30. N. 
 
 Cabyna. See Cambyna. 
 
 Cacaca, or Kasusa, a town of the kingdom 
 of Fez, with a fort upon a rock; 16 miles S. of 
 Melilla, on the shores of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Cacella, or Tacei.la, a town of Portugal, 
 on the S. E. coast of Algarva; 6 miles E. by 
 N. of Tavira, and 8 W. S. W. of Castro 
 Marim. 
 
 Caceiies, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 
 seated on the Sabrol ; 22 miles S. E. of Al- 
 cantam, on the road to Truxillo. Pop. about 
 8000. 
 
 Caceres, a town in the S. part of the island 
 of Luyonia, East Indies, capital of the province 
 of Camarines, and a bishop's see. Long. 124. 0. 
 E. lat. 14. 33. N, 
 
 Cachan, or Kashan, a town of Persia, in 
 Irac Ajomi, which has a considerable trade ia 
 silks, silver and gold brocades, and pon:elain. 
 Here are many Christians, and Guebras, or 
 worshippers of fire. It is seated in a vast 
 plain; 55 miles N. by W. of Ispahan. 
 
 Cachao, or Kesuo, the capital of the king- 
 dom of Tonquin. It contains 20,000 houses, 
 whose walls are of mud, and the roofs covered 
 with thatch; a few are built with brick, and 
 roofed with pantiles. The principal streets are 
 very wide, and paved with small stones. The 
 king hna tliree palaces here, such as they arc; 
 and near them are stables for his horses and 
 elephants. The house of the English factory 
 is the best in the city ; but the fectories have 
 been discontinued. It is seated on the river 
 Hoti; 80 miles from the Gulf of Tonquin. 
 Long. 105. 11. £. lat. 21, 10. N. 
 
 CAcnoEiuA, a town of Brazil, in the govern- 
 ment of Bahia. It is the mart for the northern 
 gold mines, and stands on a small river ; 42 
 miles N. W. of St. Salvador. 
 
 Caconqo, a town of the kingdom of Loango, 
 on the W. coast of South Africa, seated near 
 the moQth of a river ; 40 miles S. S. E. of 
 Loango. 
 
 Cacoela, a town of Spain, situate between 
 two mOHBsains on the frontiers of La Mancha, 
 Murcia, and Granada; 15 miles E. N. E. of 
 Ubeda. 
 
 Cadenac, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lot, on the river Lot; 27 miles E. N. 
 E. of Cahors. 
 
 Cadenel, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mouths of the Rhone; 28 miles S. E. 
 of Avignon. 
 
 Cadeb InuiB, a mountain of Wales, in Me- 
 rionethshire, to the S, of Dojgelly; the per- 
 pendicular height of which is 2.914 feet above 
 the Ifvel ol the sea; and on it are several lakes, 
 abouniling in fish. 
 
 r.iriAR, r, tr.^sr-. r.f Rpain, in Gnmsdaj 28 
 miles S. E. of Grenada. 
 
 CAnri.LAC, n town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gironde, with a castle, seated on the 
 E. bank of the Garonne; 15 miles S. E. of 
 Bordeaux. 
 
 Cadiz, a town of Spain, in Andalusia; it is 
 situate at the N. W. extremity of a promontory, 
 jetting into the Atlantic Ocean, and running 
 parallel with the coast, forming a bay twelve 
 miles in extent, and five or six broad, defended 
 at the entrance by two forts, which render the 
 harbour secure, and, being edged by craggy 
 rocks on the south, and strongly defended on 
 the laniijlide, enables it to defy whatever armed 
 force may be brought against it, either by sea or 
 liir.d. It is supposed to have been first founded 
 by the Phoenicians, and to have attracted the 
 enlightened attention of the Romans at an early 
 period of their career, several vestiges of their 
 works of art still remaining to attest their su- 
 premacy, and refinement of taste. It was taken 
 and pillaged by the English in 1 596, who rnade 
 anot/wr attempt upon it in 1626, and again in 
 1702, but in both instances without effect. Dur- 
 ing the domination of Spain in Mexico and South 
 America, it was not only the chief station of the 
 national marine, but the grand depdt of all the 
 monopolized commerce of those extensive re- 
 gions, and it consequently ranked, up to the 
 period of 1778, among the most considerable and 
 important of the commerdal cities of Europe. 
 In 1778, the commerce of the Americans vaa 
 opened generally, to all the seaports of Spain, 
 when Cadiz experienced some decline; it how- 
 ever retained a pre-eminence over all the other 
 ports, and continued to hold a high commercial 
 rank, until the events of the war growing out of 
 the French revolution in 1793, led not merely to 
 an interruption of the commerce of Cadiz, but 
 to an almost total extinction of all external in- 
 tercourse. It was bombarded by the English, 
 without effect, in 1800. Its harbour was the 
 rendezvous of the combined fleets of France and 
 Spain, previous to thefatal battle with the Eng- 
 lish off Cape Trafalgar, in October, 1805. On 
 the ebailition of the Spaniards in Ihvour of the 
 late king Ferdinand, in 1806, in opposition to 
 the government established by Napoleon Buona- 
 parte, under his brother Joseph, the wreck of 
 the French fleet, then in the harbour of Cadiz, 
 surrendered to the ebullitionists; and, on Seville 
 being taken possession of by a French force in 
 the following year, Cadiz became the seat of the 
 Central Junta, and afterwards of the Cortes, the 
 French maintaining a large armed force in its 
 vicinity, occasionally bombarding it from that 
 period up to 1812, when they finally withdrew, 
 and it once again endeavoured to resume its 
 wonted activity and importance in commerce; 
 but during its suspension a revolution had taken 
 placa, more or less, iver all South America; 
 its commerce diverted into new channels; and, 
 as such, the merchants of Cadiz found that every 
 enterprise had to be formed anew. The time 
 was unpropitious ; and the commercial as well 
 as social policy of Spain were incompatible with 
 the lime and circumstances, and Cadiz con- 
 tinued to droo". whilst distrust and ('i»*RiitiRtjic- 
 tion pervaded the whole country; to such a 
 
in the depart- 
 seated an the 
 niles S. £. of 
 
 ndnlusia; it is 
 a promontory, 
 , and running 
 ; a bay t\yelve 
 road, defended 
 lich render the 
 [ed by craggy 
 y defended on 
 whatever armed 
 jither by sea or 
 in first founded 
 ! attracted the 
 lans at an early 
 estiges of their 
 attest their su- 
 . It was taken 
 596, who made 
 (>, and again in 
 ut effect. Dur- 
 ixico and South 
 :f station of the 
 epdt of all the 
 ! extensive re- 
 ced, up to the 
 jnsiderable and 
 ;ies of Europe. 
 (Vmericans was 
 ports of Spain, 
 2cline; it how- 
 er all the other 
 igh commercial 
 growing out of 
 d not merely to 
 
 of Cadiz, but 
 all external in- 
 )y the English, 
 irbour was the 
 s of France and 
 3 with the Eng- 
 jer, 1805. On 
 [» Ihvour of the 
 
 1 opposition to 
 ipoleon Buona- 
 1, the wreck of 
 rbour of Cadiz, 
 and, on Seville 
 French force in 
 ( the seat of tho 
 
 the Cortes, the 
 ned force in its 
 ig it from that 
 nally withdrew, 
 1 to resume its 
 in commerce; 
 iition had taken 
 outh America; 
 channels; and, 
 bund that every 
 ew. The time 
 mercial as well 
 ;ompatiblo with 
 nd Cadiz con- 
 nnd (!i)wntistac* 
 try; to such a 
 
 C .\ D 133 
 
 height had tho spirit of distrust and disorder 
 attained, that on the 10th of March. 18 JO, near 
 1 000 of the inhabitants of Cadiz fell a prey to the 
 fury of -the soldiery. In the following year, 
 when a party sprung up in Spain, demanding of 
 the kmg the assembling of the Cortes, and tho 
 fulfilment of the constitution, the citizens of 
 Cadiz identified themselves with the constitu- 
 tional party; and, on a French army of 100,000 
 men entering the country in 1823, to protect the 
 king in his absolute and despotic authority, the 
 constitutionalists removed him and the court 
 from Madrid, first to Seville, and ultimately to 
 Cadiz, as to a place impregnable to all the force 
 winch the French could bring against it. A 
 large French naval force now blockaded the 
 harbour, and on the 1st of October of that year 
 treachery triumphed over patriotism, and accom- 
 plished what fleets and armies could not have 
 effected. The French became masters of Cadiz, 
 released Ferdinand from the shackles of the 
 constitutionalists, and proscription and terror 
 again reigned with uncoiUrolled sway over Cadiz 
 and all Spain. 
 
 The aspect of Cadiz, viewed either ftom the 
 harbour, or from the opposite shore of the bay, 
 IS very imposing ; on entering it, however, tho 
 streets are narrow and the houses have a gloomy 
 appearance; the great square of St. Antonio is, 
 however, an exception. It has several churches, 
 some of them spacious and fine edifices, nume- 
 rous convents, and other religious houses, an 
 extensive hospital, and custom-house. Its 
 greatest inconvenience is its destitution of good 
 water, vith which essential commodity the city 
 IS supplied from a considerable distance, being 
 conveyed m butts, at a great expense .f labour 
 and cost. Large quantities of salt are made in 
 the vicinity. It has no manufacture deserving 
 of notice; indeed, not only its prosperity and 
 importance, but its subsistence, may be con- 
 sidered as depending altogether on its external 
 commerce; and as such, it suffers in an equal or 
 greater proportion than any other part of Spain 
 by the unsocializing policy which pervades that 
 delightful country. Cadiz is about 60 miles S. 
 °f Seville, 45 N. W. of Gibraltar, and 320 S. by 
 W. of Madrid; the observatory being in the 
 lat. of 30. 32. N. and 6. 17. W. long. 
 
 Cadolzbuuo, a town of Bavaria, circle of 
 llczat; 8 miles W. of Nuremberg. 
 
 Cadobe, a town of the Austrian Venetian 
 territory, the birthplace of Titian, the painter 
 Itis seated on the Piave; 15 miles N. of Belluno. 
 Cadsand, ot Cassand, an island of Holland 
 2"u , , ^- ;SP"^' °^ Flanders, at the mouth of the 
 Scheldt. The land is fertile, and the inhabitants 
 
 CAE 
 
 make a large quantity of excellent cheese. The 
 cliief town is Cassandria. 
 
 Cae.v, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Calvados. It has a celebrated university 
 and a castle with four towers, built by the En- 
 g^isn. i he abbe/ of St. Stephen was founded by 
 William the Conqueror, who was buried in it 
 The river Ome, which falls into the English 
 Channc-l, runs through the city, to which the 
 tide or,„a3 up large vessel.-. It exports larce 
 quantities of clover seed to England. U is 65 
 
 miles W. by S. of Rouen, and 125 W bv N of 
 I'aris. Long. 0. 22. W. lat. 49. 1 1. N. Pop. 
 oo,lol. ' 
 
 Cakrleon, a town of Monmouthshire, with a 
 market on Thursday. Many Roman antiquities 
 have been found here, and it has the ruins of a 
 castle. It 18 seated on the Usk; 19 miles S W 
 of Monmouth, and 14G W. by N. of London. " 
 Caekmartiienshire, a maritime county of 
 South Wales, 48 miles long, and 25 broad. It 
 IS bounded on the S. by the Bristol Channel, on 
 the W. by I'embrokeshire, on the N. by Cardi- 
 ^nshire, and on the E. by Brecknock and 
 Glamorganshire. The air is wholesome, and 
 the soil less rocky and mountainous than in 
 most other parts of Wales, and consequently it 
 Js proportionately more fertile both in corn and 
 pasture. It has also plenty of wood, and is well 
 supplied with coal and limestone. The principal 
 rivers are the Towy, Cothy, and Tave; of which 
 the first abounds with excellent salmon It 
 has numerous aLtient forts, camps, and tumuli. 
 JVear Caermarthen, towards the E.,rauy be seen 
 the ruins of Kastelk Karry, and several vast 
 caverns, supposed to have been copper mines of 
 the Romans. Near this spot is a fountain, which 
 ebbs and flows twice in twenty-four hours. The 
 county and city send each a member to "parlia- 
 ment. * 
 
 Caermarthen, a borough of Wales, capital 
 01 Caermarthenshire, with a market on Wednes- 
 day and Saturday. It is seated on the Towy. 
 oni^'^ ,n^ ^ '* ^"''"S; bridge, to which vessels of 
 -uu to dOO tons burden may come up. It was 
 tortifiea with a wall and a castle, now in ruins ; 
 and on the E. side of the town, near the river 
 are the remmns of a monastic building of con- 
 siderable extent. Caermarthen is a county of 
 Itself, governed by a mayor. There are iron and 
 o ,?^'"/^"' *''^ neighbourhood. It is 24 miles 
 b. E. of Cardigan, and 220 W. by N. of London. 
 Caernarvonshire, a county of North Wales 
 of an oblong form, th-? S. part projecting into' 
 St. George s Channel, the .^l being bounded by 
 the Irish Sea, or what wou)'' .'ow more properly 
 be called Liverpool Bay, ''.om the celebrity of 
 the town of that name: the Mei.ai Strait divides 
 It from the Isle of Anglesea on the N. W. and 
 the river Conway divides it from Denbighshire 
 on the E., whilst part of the S. E. side borders 
 on Merionethshire. This county, being the 
 most rugged district of North Wales, may be 
 truly called the Cambrian Alps. Its central part 
 IS occupied by the famed Snowdon, rising to the 
 he^ht of 3571 feet above the level of the sea 
 and the prosjiects around are rude and savage in 
 the hignest degree, but not without a mixture 
 of beauty, where the dimensions of the vales 
 aorait the varieties of wood, water, and meadows. 
 1 he SM in the valleys, on the side of St. George's 
 Channel, is pretty fertile, especially of barlev- 
 great numbers of black cattle, sheep, and goaU;.' 
 are fed on the mountains; and the sea, lakes 
 and rivers, abound with a variety offish. Copper 
 mines have been worked in various parts of these 
 
 „. • , , ••■„■■ "" '"^■' > and quantities 01 
 
 stonts, excellent for hones, are dug near Snow- 
 don; to the ilreary region of which the rich vale 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
C A E 
 
 131 
 
 CAti 
 
 m ' 
 
 ! i!!! 
 
 of Conway below forms n plcns'mg contrast. It 
 8ond» one member to parliament 
 
 Caernarvon, a borough and seaport of Wales, 
 capital of Caernarvonshire, with a market on 
 Saturday. It is seated within the Menai Strait, 
 near its e.itrance into Caernarvon Bay, and 
 carries on a considerable trade with Ireland, 
 and the principal English ports, to which it ex- 
 ports vast quantities of slates. It has a cele- 
 brated castle, built by Edward 1., in which his 
 son, Edward II., the first prince of Wales, was 
 bom. Caernarvon is governed by the constable 
 of the castle who is always mayor. Here are 
 salt-water baths, and elegant hot and cold baths, 
 which are much frequented during the season. 
 It is 7 miles S. W. of Bangor, and 244 N. W. 
 of London, Long, 4. 20. W. lat. 53. «. N. It 
 sends one member to parliament, 
 
 Caerphilly, a to^vn of Wales, in Glamorgan- 
 shire, with a market on Thursday. The ruins 
 of its celebrated castle more resemble that of a 
 city than a single edifice; a circular tower, about 
 75 feet in height, inclines 11 ft, 6 in, from its 
 b»»e. It is seated between the Taafe and 
 Uumney; 7 mUes N. of Cardiff, and 160 W, of 
 London, 
 
 Caerwent, a village in Monmouthshire; 4 
 miles S, W, of Chcpbtow, and about 2 miles from 
 the bank of the Severn. 
 
 Caerwys, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, 
 with a market on Tuesday; 5 miles W. of Flint, 
 and 212 N. W. of London. 
 
 Caffa, or Theodosia, the largest town of 
 the Crimea, with an excellent road and harbour. 
 It was taken in 1266, by the Genoese, who made 
 it one of the most flourishing towns in the E. of 
 Europe. It was taken from the Venetians in 
 1297, but soon recovered; however, in 14T4, the 
 Tartars, assisted by the Turks, finally expelled 
 them. It was the last post in the Crimea of 
 which the Genoese retained the sovereignty. 
 Caffa was the Theodosia of the ancients; a name 
 which has been restored to it since the Russians 
 became possessed of the Crimea, in 1770. It 
 contains about 20,000 inhabitants, and is con- 
 stantly well garrisoned. The trade consists in 
 wax, furs, lambskins, leather, horses, and female 
 slaves ; roost of the latter are brought from 
 Circassia, and are here sold at from 400^. to 800/. 
 each, in proportion to their charms. Caffa is 
 seated on a bay of the Black Sea, at the foot 
 of some high mountains ; 65 miles E. by N. of 
 Sympheropol, and 130 S. E. of Precop. Long. 
 35. 20. E. 40. 0. N, 
 
 Caffa, Strait of, the ancient Cimmerian 
 Bosphorus ; a strait that formti the communi- 
 cation between the Black Sea and the Sea of 
 Asoph, and a separation between Euroiie and 
 Asia. 
 
 Cafiristin, or Kettore, a mountainous 
 country of Asia, lying between the N. E, pait 
 of Persia and Tartary. The valleys are inha- 
 bited by various independent tribes, possessing 
 manners and speaking a language peculiar to 
 themselves, but of which very little is known. 
 
 Caffraria, or Kaffraria, a country on the 
 E. coast of South Afri"i-. extending r"jrii ihi; 
 latitude of about 30 S. to the Great Fish lliver, 
 
 in the latitude of about 34., which dividea it 
 from the country of the Hottentots : its western 
 boundaries are' not ascertained. The Caffres 
 are tall and well proportioned, and, in general, 
 evince great courage in attacking lions, and 
 other beasts of prey. Their skin is a jet black, 
 their teeth white as ivory, and their eyes large. 
 The clothing of both sexes is the same, consist- 
 ing entirely of the hides of oxen, which are as 
 pliant as cloth. The men wear tails of differ- 
 ent animals tied round their thighs, jjieces of 
 brass in their hair, and large ivory rings on their 
 arms; they are adorned also with the hair of 
 lions, and feathers fastened on their heads, with 
 many other fantastical ornaments. They are 
 fond of dogs, and have great pride in their 
 cattle, which pay the most perfect obedience to 
 their voice. Their exercise is hunting, fight- 
 ing, or dancing. They are expert in throwing 
 lances, and, in time of war, use shields nade of 
 the hides of oxen. They sometimes make m- 
 cursions into the English territories of the 
 Cape of Good Hope. The women are em- 
 ployed in the cultivation of their gardens and 
 corn. They raise several vegetables which are 
 not indigenous to the country, as tobacco, 
 water-melons, kidney-beans, and hemp. Their 
 huts are higher and more commodious than 
 those of the Hottentots, and their lands more 
 fertile, but their oxen, and almost all their ani- 
 mals, are much smaUer. Industry is the lead- 
 ing trait in the character of the Caffres, who. 
 are distinguished from their neighbours to the 
 S. by their fondness for agriculture. They have 
 a high opinion of the Supreme Bemg, and of 
 his power; they believe in a future state of re- 
 wards and punishments; but think that the 
 world had no beginning, and will be everiastmg. 
 They have no sacred ceremonies, and, conse- 
 quently, no priests ; but they have a kind of 
 conjurors, whom they greatly revere. They 
 are governed by an hereditary king, whose 
 power is very limited ; but, being permitted to 
 take as many wives as he pleases, he has a. 
 larger portion of land to cultivate, and a greater 
 number of cattle to tend and feed. The dis- 
 tance of the different hordes makes it necessary 
 that they should have inferior chiefs, who are 
 appointed by the king. They are divided into 
 several tribes, of which the Koozas arc those to 
 whom "Caffre" is now more specifically ap- 
 plied. They have continually threatened the 
 eastern frontier of the colony, which has led to 
 much warfare. 
 
 Cagayan Sooloo, an eastern island, lying off 
 the N. E. point of Borneo, in the lat. of 7. N. 
 and 118. 30". E, long. It is about 20 miles in 
 circumference, and governed by a riyah. 
 
 Cagavan, a district, the most northern part 
 of Luvonia, the chief of the Philippine islands. 
 It is a fertile and populous district, in the lat. 
 
 of 1.0. N. . . , ^ . 
 
 Caoayan Isles, a group of small islands m 
 the Mindoro Sea, between Borneo and the Phi- 
 lippines, in the lat. of 9. N. and 121. E. long. 
 
 Cagliari, a fortified city and seaport of Sar- 
 dinia, capital of the island, and an archbishop's 
 pee, with a university and a »a»lle. ileie iU« 
 
CAG 
 
 135 
 
 CAI 
 
 lich divided it 
 ,8 : its western 
 The Caffres 
 nd, in general, 
 ing lions, and 
 is a jet black, 
 leir eyes large, 
 same, consist- 
 1, which are as 
 tails of ditter- 
 lighs, j)iece8 of 
 Y rings on their 
 ;h the hair of 
 leir heads, with 
 its. They are 
 pride in their 
 :t obedience to 
 hunting, fight- 
 >rt in throwing 
 ihields made of 
 imes make in- 
 •itorie? of the 
 omen are em- 
 iir gardens and 
 bles which are 
 yr, as tobacco, 
 I hemp. Their 
 unodiouB than 
 eir lands more 
 ist all their ani- 
 try is the lead- 
 le Caffres, who- 
 ighbours to the 
 ire. They have 
 ! Being, and of 
 ure state of re- 
 think that the 
 [ be everlasting, 
 fis, and, conse- 
 [lave a kind of 
 revere. They 
 y king, whose 
 ng permitted to 
 eases, he has Bi 
 te, and a greater 
 feed. The dis- 
 kes it necessary 
 chiefi, who are 
 are divided into 
 izas arc those to 
 specifically ap- 
 threatencd the 
 vhich has led to 
 
 island, lying oif 
 ho lat. of 7. N. 
 lout 20 miles in 
 ■ a rajah, 
 it northern part 
 ilippine islands, 
 trict, in the lat. 
 
 small islands in 
 leo and the Phi- 
 id 121. E. long. 
 I seaport of Sar- 
 an archbishop's 
 ,«Htle. Utile Aiv 
 
 numerous churches, beside the cntlicdnil, thicc 
 of which are collegiate. It stands on the S. 
 part of the island, at the bottom of a gulf 
 of' its name, which forms a large and secure 
 harbour, and exports considerable quantities of 
 olive oil and suit. Long. 9. 8. E. lat. 3!). 20. 
 N. Pop. about 30,000. 
 
 Caqnetk, Canete, or Guarco, a town of 
 Peru,, capital of a district of the same name, 
 extending about 24 leagues along the sea coast. 
 It i» situate near the sea; 80 miles S. E. of 
 Lima. Long. 76. 16. W. lat. 13. 10. S. 
 
 Cahawba, the chiet town ot Ualias county, 
 and once seat of the legislative government of 
 the state of Alabama, It is seated at the 
 junction of a river of the same name with the 
 Alabama river; 915 miles S. W, of Washing- 
 ton, and about 180 N, of New Orleans. 
 
 Cahib, a town and parish in the S. part of 
 the county of Tipperary, in Ireland. The 
 town is seated on the W. bank of the Suir; 
 about 6 miles S. of Cashel, and 85 S. W. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Cahir is also the name of a small island off 
 the S. W, coast of the county of Mayo, in the 
 lat. of 53. 44. N. and 9. 53. W. long. 
 
 Cahors, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Lot, and a bishop's see, with a 
 university. It is seated on a peninsula made 
 by the river Lot, and built partly on a craggy 
 rock. There are three bridges over the river. 
 The cathedral is a Gothic structure, and has a 
 large square steeple. The town has a manu- 
 facture of fine cloths and ratteens, and fur- 
 nishes excellent wine, of the kind called vin de 
 grave. It was taken by assault, in 1.580, by 
 Henry IV., by means of petards, which were 
 first employed here. In one of the suburbs, 
 are the remains of a Roman amphitheatre. 
 Cahors is 70 miles N. of Toulouse, and 315 S. 
 by W. of Paris. 
 
 Caicos, or Caycos, the southernmost of the 
 Bahama Isles. See Bahamas. 
 
 Cai-fono, a city of China, capital of the 
 province of Ho-nan. It is situate on a plain, 
 6 miles from the river Hoanho, or Great Yel- 
 low River, above 300 miles above its entrance 
 into the sea, which is higher than the plain, 
 ind kept in by raised dikes, that extend above 
 )0 miles. When the city was besieged by tlie 
 rebels, in 1642, they cut the dikes of the river, 
 which drowned 300,000 of the inhabitants. 
 Some of the ruins still remain, which show that 
 its present state is far inferior to its former 
 magnificence. Its jurisdiction comprehends 
 four cities of the second class, and 30 of the 
 third. It is 350 miles S. S. W. of Pekin, and 
 about 850 N. by E. of Canton. Long. 114. 
 28. E. lat. 34. 53. N. 
 
 Caipfa, or Haifa, a seaport of Syria, in 
 Palestine, defended by a wall and a citadel. 
 It stands on the S. side of the bay of Acre; 8 
 miles S. W. of Acre. It is a place of some 
 importance. 
 
 Caiman, or Caymans, three small islands ly- 
 ing to the N. W. of Jamaica, between it ami 
 the S. coast of Cuba. The N. E. point of 
 Gr.a!id C.aym.ii)s !* in l?,t. If!. 12. N. mui !il. 
 
 2(i. W, long. The mhiibitiuus of Jamaica 
 come hither to catch turtle, 
 
 Caiunoorm, a mountain of Scotland, at the 
 S. W. extremity of Banffshire, on the border 
 of Inverness. It rises in a conical form 1750 
 feet above the level of a small lake near its 
 base, which is the source of the Aven, and 4050 
 feet above the level of the sea ; its sides cloth- 
 ed with firs, and its top generally covered with 
 snow. It is famous for beautiful rock-crystals, 
 much esteemed by lapidaries; about 30 miles 
 E. of Fort Augustus. 
 
 Cairo, (El Kahira, the victorious, Arabic,) 
 M Grand Cairo, a large city, capital of Egypt. 
 It consists of three towns, about a mile apart ; 
 Old Cairo, New Cairo, and the port termed 
 Bulac. The population is estimated at 300,000. 
 Old Cairo is now reduced to a small place. 
 New Cairo is a mile from the river, and 7 miles 
 in circumference. The streeto are narrow; and 
 the finest houses are built round a court, in 
 which they make the best appearance, having 
 few or no windows next to the street. The 
 castle stands on a steep rock, and is surrounded 
 by thick walls, on which are strong towers. 
 Joseph's Well, made by a vizier of that namt 
 about the year 1100, is the most curious part 
 of the castle : it is sunk in the rock, 280 feet 
 deep and 40 in circumference, with a staircase 
 carried round; and a machine, turned by oxen, 
 raises the water (which comes from the Nile) 
 into a reservoir, whence it is again raised by a 
 smriilar machine. There are many other reser- 
 voirs for water; and numerous bazaars, where 
 each trade has its allotted quarter. There are 
 several public bagnios, very handsome within, 
 and used as places of refreshment and diver- 
 sion, especially for the women, who go there 
 twice a week; but the wives of great men have 
 baths at home. The women have greater li- 
 berty here than in any part of the Turkish 
 einj)ire; and on Friday a mosque without the 
 walls is frequented by them as a pilgrimage of 
 pleasure. The Kaliss, a canal which conveys 
 the waters of the Nile into the city, is 20 feet 
 broad, and hai houses on each side of it. As 
 soon as the water begins to rise, they close the 
 mouth of the canal with earth, and place a 
 mark, to show the time when this and all othei 
 canals in the kingdom are to be opened, which 
 is done with great solemnity. There are not 
 less than 300 mosques in Cairo, the lofty mina- 
 rets of which present a very picturesque ap- 
 pearance. It was a place of very great trade 
 before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 and IS still the centre of that of eastern Africa. 
 The chief manufactures are sugar, sal ammo- 
 niac, glass lamps, saltpetre, gunpowder, red and 
 yellow leather, and linen made of the fine Egyp- 
 tian flax. This city was taken by the French, 
 under Buonaparte, in 1798, and retaken by the 
 British in 1801. It stands on the E. bank of 
 the Nile, about 120 miles S. E. of Alexandria, 
 and about the same distance from each of the 
 two mouths of the river at Rosetta and Dami- 
 ettii. Lat. 30. 2. N. and 31. 20. of E. long. 
 
 Caiuo, a town of Piedmont; 25 miles W. 
 01 Genoa, it \vas tiiu scene of a sanguinary 
 
 il 
 
CAl 
 
 133 
 
 CAL 
 
 'I'i 'I' 
 
 bnttio between tlio Krciich and Austrians in 
 17!»4, und in 17U(J was ttikcn by tiio Frencli 
 Poj). about 40J0. 
 
 Cairo, a town in Oroono county, state of 
 New York; about 5 milcH W. of Uudmin, 
 
 Cairoan, or Kairwan, un interior town of 
 tbo kingdom of Tunis, and next to the city of 
 Tunis for trade and number of inliabitiuUi. It 
 18 situate near a sandy desert, where are found 
 many vestiges of former magnificence, and on 
 the river Mngrida; ivbout 60 miles S. by E. of 
 Tunis, and u few miles W. of Susn. 
 
 Caistor, a town in Lincolnshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Monday. Near it are the remains of a 
 monostcry, and many Roman vestiges. It is 
 1'2 miles S. W. of Grimsby, and 156 N. of 
 London. 
 
 CAITHNE3.S-SHIRE, a county at the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Scotland ; 35 miles long and 20 
 broad; bounded on the N. by Pentland Frith, 
 which divides it from the Orkneys, E. and S. E. 
 by the German Ocean, and W. by Sutherland- 
 shire. The S. angle is occupied by mountains; 
 and a vast ridge of hills forms the S. W. bound- 
 ary, ending in a promontory, called tlie Ord of 
 Caithness, which runs out into the sea, in the 
 hit. of 58. 1 0. N. The rest of the county may 
 be deemed an immense morass, interspersed 
 with some fruitful spots, producing oats and 
 barley, ond others aiibrding pasture for sheep 
 und black cattle. Its other chief products are 
 Ijutter, cheese, yarn, skins, feathers, and kelp. 
 It sends a member to parliament alternately 
 with Buteshire. English is chiefly spoken on 
 the coast, but in the highlands the Gaelic pre- 
 vails. Thurso, on the N., and Wick, on the 
 £. coast, are the chief towns. 
 
 Cajana, or Kajana, one of the seven princi- 
 I)ul towns of East Bothnia. 
 
 Cajazzo, a town of Naples ; 25 miles N. of 
 the city of Naplea 
 Cajbli, Bay of. See Bouro. 
 Calabar, Old and New, a territory at the 
 eastern extremity of the coast of Guinea, on the 
 W. coast of North Africa. Since the restric- 
 tion of the slave trade to the S. of the Equator, 
 this district has carried on a more extensive 
 trade in palm oil and bar wood, and some ele- 
 phants' teeth, than any other part of the coast. 
 The town of New Calabar is situate at the 
 mouth of a river of the same name, in the lat. 
 of 4. 10. N. and 6. 42. of E. long. Duke's 
 Town, the chief town of Old Calabar, is situate 
 at the mouth of another river of the same name, 
 felling into a bay, about 80 miles E. by N. of 
 New Calabar. These rivers form part of the 
 Delta of the mysterious Niger, which debouches 
 at the Kiver Nun, near to tliem. 
 
 Calabazo, or Calabaco, an interior town of 
 Colombia; about 150 miles S. of Cnraccas. It 
 contains about 6000 inhabitants. 
 
 Calabria, a promontory and province of Na- 
 ples, forming the foot and southern extremity 
 of Italy, extending from 'M. 53. to 40. 6. of N. 
 lflt.,and being about 40 miles in mean breudth, 
 between the long, of 15. 40. and 17. 30. E. A 
 ridge of mountains, the Appennines, intersects 
 the whole tenitory from N. to S., and numerous 
 
 streams full into the sea on b<'th couttf. It 
 gives the title of Duke to the eli -tt son of tha 
 King of Naples. It is divided into two part*: 
 Citra, N., bordering on the Basilicata, contain» 
 alioMt ,S60,000 inhabitants, and Ultra, S., con- 
 tains about 400,000. This country abounds in 
 excellent fruit, corn, wine, oil, silk, cotton, and 
 wool. In 1 78a, a great part of Calabria Ultra, 
 as well as (f Sicily, was destroyed by one of the 
 most terrible earthquakes on record: beside the 
 destruction if many towns, villages, and ferms, 
 above 40,000 people perished by this calamity. 
 The principal towns are, Bova, at the S. extre- 
 mity; Ueggio, Rosarno, St. Eufemia, Castigiene, 
 and Paula, on the W. ; and Rossano, Cariato, 
 Catanznro, and S(|uillace, on the E. coast ; nnti, 
 in the interior, Cossano, Bi.-KiKnano, Cosenzu 
 (the capital), Policastro, Mileto, and Oppido. 
 
 Calahorra, an episcopal town of Si)aiii, in 
 Old Castile, on the side of a hill, which extends 
 to the Ebro ; 90 miles E. of Burgos. It was 
 the birthplace of Quintilian. Pop about 4300. 
 
 Calais, a seaport of France, the depart- 
 ment of Pas do Calais, with a cituiii I. It wits 
 taken by Edward III. of England, in 1347,afler 
 a siege of more than 1 1 montlis, which has given 
 rise to some historical as well as dramatic fic- 
 tion. In 1557 it was retaken by the Duke of 
 Guise. It was bombarded by the English in 
 1696, without receiving much injury. The for- 
 tifications are good, but its greatest strength i» 
 its situation among the marshes, which may bo 
 overflowed at the approach of an enemy. In 
 the centre of the town is a spacious square, sur- 
 rounded by good buildings, and the church is a 
 stately edifice; the harbour, which is formed of 
 two wooden piers, running into the sen, only ad- 
 mits small vessels. On the N. pier is a pillar 
 erected to commemorate the landing of Louia 
 XVIII. from England, in 1814, after 23 years of 
 exile, Calais derives all its importance from its 
 contiguity to the English coast ; being only 20 
 miles frorn Dover, with which a daily intercourse 
 is maintained ; several hundred persons passing 
 to and from it weekly. It is 25 miles W. by S. 
 of Dunkirk, 20 N^ by E. of Boulogne, and 145 
 due N. of Paris. Pop. about 8000. 
 
 Calais, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Sarte; 54 miles E. S. E. of Le Mans. 
 
 Calamas, a town of Persia, on the const of 
 Mekran; 60 miles E. of Guadal, and 290 W. of 
 Tatta, on the western branch of the Indus. 
 
 Calamata, a town of European Turkey, at 
 the head of the Gulf of Coron, in the Morea, on 
 the river Spinarza; 36 miles W. S. W. of Mi- 
 sitra. 
 
 CiLAMiANES, a cluster of islands, the most 
 westerly of the Philippines, and to the N. of 
 Borneo. They are 17 in number, and moun- 
 tainous, but produce great quantities of wax, 
 honey, and tdible birds' nests. The principal 
 island is Paragoa, in the lat. of 12 N. and 120. 
 of E. long. 
 
 Calanork, a town of Ilindostan : 70 niiks 
 E. of Lahore; distinguished as the place where 
 the emperor Akbar ascended the throne of India 
 in 1556. 
 
 Calataoirone, a large town in tlic interior at 
 
the most 
 
 CAL 
 
 Sicily; about "O milos VV. by N. „t .Syracuse 
 It lins mnnuliicturc!! of earthunwnro. Pod' 
 lo.OOO, '^' 
 
 C^|.^T^^,vu. a city of s,«un. in Arragon.with 
 « wwtlf on u rock. I ., ad* at tl,o foot of u 
 h.l , 0.1 the mor Xiilon. nt tho inHux of the 
 Xiloea; 42 mil. W of Saragoss,,. U hag 
 manufucturos ot .. Pop. about 9000. 
 
 Notoj 20 miles N. '. of r.ontini. Pop .5000 
 Calatrava. a tov. n of .-^pain, in Now Ciiitile! 
 the chief I ice of tho military order of tho 
 knights ul ilatrava. It is seated near tho 
 Oiindmnu ; milc« S. of Madrid. Long. 3.10. 
 yv t ifu, o%K 'J, iV, 
 
 • 9u*^1"' ?" *^'*""5. a 'o*^ of Lower Saxonv 
 '■". *''^ '^''fy^ of Mi^jdeburg, on the Snnle ': 
 
 3000. ' ^ "'' **'«''^'^"'"8- .'• "IJout 
 Calbe a town of Brandenburg, in the Old 
 slender' " *"""*' '^^®" ""'"* """"""^est of 
 Calderoa, a town of llindost,, ,, i« Golcon- 
 da, formerly a vast city, and tho residence of 
 the sovereigns of the Decean. It is 85 miles W. 
 fr^.J^'^^^'."'}^ !'"• E. of Visiapour. 
 
 lay 
 
 CA L 
 
 77. 20. E. lat. 17. 25. N.' 
 
 Long 
 
 -- ■ -*"> «f. MLf. i^, 
 
 Calcab, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Cleve; seated near tho lihine; eight mileJ S. 
 £j. of Clives. 
 
 Callasui, a river in tlie western part of Loui- 
 siana forming a considerable laico before it falls 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Calchaoha. See Colciiaoua 
 
 where a victory was gained over the Austrians 
 of Bresda " ' ^' " '-'''«^'' ■"""" ^^ ^• 
 
 CALcurrA. the capital of V ngal, and the seat 
 of the Governor-general of the British dominions 
 m the Last Indies, is situated on the eastern 
 bank ofthe river Iloogley (the western arm of 
 the Ganges), about 100 miles from the sea. Its 
 name is derived from Cutta, a temple dedicated 
 by the Hindoos to C«/y, the goddess of time, 
 wind was situate between the villages of Chut- 
 Uinutty and Gobmdpore. where the agents of the 
 Lnglmh East India Comqany, in 1 690, obtained 
 permission of Aurungzebe to establish a tmding 
 tictory which, in 1G9G, in consequence of th! 
 disturbed state of the province of Bengal, they 
 were allowed to fortify, I„ 1698. Prince Azeen 
 Ooshan, grandson of Aurungzebe. granted a 
 ei«e the agents of the EnglUh company, of 
 the villages above mentioned, in perpetuity, up- 
 ZSt ''"^ 'trengthened tl,. fortification Z 
 gave It the name of Fort Wiliuim, in compli- 
 ment o the English monarch of that time 
 inTn, Si ''^"""l Calcutta gradually increased 
 m popu ation and importance up to 1756, when 
 it WIS attacked by the soubah of BengaL wi?h 
 an army of 70,000 horse and foot, and 400 de 
 phmits, when the besieged were forced to "ban- 
 don their posts, and retreat into the for ton 
 which the enemy's troops entered the town and 
 plundered it for 24 houra. An order was 'thpn 
 
 g.ve„ forattackingthefort. thegSn of whth 
 defended themselves bravely for some tin e7b ut 
 
 many of them being kill«<l an,, -ounded nn.l 
 their ammunition almost exhau»tud. they w" e 
 
 number of 146, crammed into tho Black II„lo 
 praon, a dungeon about 1« foot s.,uaro- from 
 whence only 23 came out alive in the morni « 
 tiK r t were all suffocated from want of aTr." 
 an I ' ;'• ^"r'.'' *"* '"*"'''-■" "'" """t year; 
 
 ih w^ ^"^ *''*r "*^ *''"^J'' "'« '"human 
 •oubah wan 'posed, and put to death by his 
 1"^ ««»or, i ,(,0 whole of the province of 
 a traiisK-, .1 to tho English I-Jaat India 
 co„,f>any. Immtdint.ly after this victory, the 
 erection of a new fort, about a mile helow the 
 old one, W.W commenced, which is superior in 
 extent ui.d security to any fortress in India, con- 
 tainmg commwiious accommodation for 4000 
 cT:^^""". """ ''«"'"' Calcutta rapidly ir^ 
 numtfr nf'5'''""' *"'* population. In 1798 tl^ 
 number of houses was 78,700, exclusive of the 
 orts, since which time Micy haVe i..cr<.ased more 
 than one-half ; the numl.or of inhabitants, Torn 
 posed of peonlo from all parts of the world 
 amoutmg to 600,000 or 700,000. The part 
 inha! 1 by the English is . legantly bu" t;S 
 the t part 18 but after the general fashion 
 
 of he citie.of India. Their Ht Jts a^e cS^ 
 
 ufc f"'*^' T"""^' """^ ""■ ' ' ^'tJ» a Zt 
 number of ponds, rcserv irs, anu ,; Jens, inter- 
 spersejl. A k^ of then, ,« pav „ with br ck 
 The houses >re built, s. e 4^ith brick othe™ 
 with mud, and a still greater ,uraber with ban" 
 bo..s and mats, al' which different kinds of 
 fabrics, intermixed, .n a very uncouth appear- 
 
 ruX^^t u" """'y '^'"'"•y destro>«cl by fire. 
 hi '""1''* j'o"«e8 are seldom nI)ove two stories 
 high with flat and terraced roofs; those of mud 
 
 with r. r "t? ""J'^ °"^ *'"'->^' '•»'"> "^° covered 
 M„. • '.-w n"';'"8 ""' «'l»'i"istration ofthe 
 Marquis of Wellesley, at the commencement of 
 
 Prn,.rr?*/*",-'"'y' " """gnificent palace was 
 erected at the distance of about a mile from tho 
 
 ; '■„ f flf '""; °^ l"""^^ *'"»' surround two 
 hcent ; tl are all on a large scale, and detached 
 fZ;;:iV' ^'l^^--- />■? 'he nece'ssity of having 
 
 ?v hnf n " ''" °*^r '" ** '=""'"t° '"> extreme: 
 Zu t' 'he approach to tho houses is gene- 
 rally by a flight of steps, with great project nl 
 
 porticoes or surrounded'by colonnadesSar- 
 cades, which give them nmch the appearanc; 
 of Grecian temples. Since the comm^cer^en? 
 of the present century, Calcutta has been greatly 
 improved both in a,.pea.ance and in tifeZl 
 brity of Its air; the streets have been properly 
 drained, and the ponds filled; therebj re5^ 
 ing a vast surface of stagnant water, tl^ exhal- 
 ations o': which were particularly hurtful. Con- 
 tiguous to the old fort is the sp.4ious square on 
 
 underiL I'^'-'l ''•'''" ^'""'^g^' f«""JeJ '^^ 
 
 Sv t iKo"?'"'"™'.:"" "^ ^^'^ M'"-'l»i« Wel- 
 lesley. in 1801; another side of the square is 
 
 o cup,ed by bmldings appropriated to^the „^ 
 
 of the unior servants ofthe company, and the 
 
 remainder IS occupied by some of the%rinci a! 
 
 traders. Calcutta is the residence of a bishop 
 
 who assisted by three archdeacons, is entrusted 
 
 with the ecclesiastical affairs of all tho British 
 
 *t 
 
...•^a. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 i.l 
 
 IS IIS |2.S 
 
 :^ u£ mil 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1-25 1 1.4 III 1.6 
 
 
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 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 ^. 
 
 Vi 
 
 VI 
 
 ^ 
 
 %- 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 Hiotpgraphic 
 
 Scionces 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
.^^^. 
 
 
 J 
 
 z 
 
CAL 
 
 138 
 
 CAL 
 
 poncssions in Asia ; the cathedral is a spacioufl 
 edifice. Here is likewise a supreme court of 
 judicature, in which justice is dispensed accord- 
 ing to the laws of England, by a chief justice 
 and three pnisne judges. The natives of the 
 province still retain their Hindoo laws, as well 
 as religion, and courts are duly appointed for 
 the administration of justice accordingly. The 
 southern part of Calcutta is occupied almort 
 entirely by Europeans, who have adopted a style 
 of building at once magnificent in its appearance 
 and well adapted to the climate. Every house 
 is detached, enclosed with walls, and fronted 
 with an elegant veranda, shading a flight of steps. 
 The northern part is chiefly inhabited by natives, 
 whose dwellings are, for the most part, mere 
 mud or bambioo cottages. The mixture of 
 European and Asiatic manners that may be 
 observed in Calcutta is curious; coaches, phae- 
 tons, single-horse chaises, wit»i the palanquins 
 and hackeries of the natives, the passing cere- 
 monies of the Hindoos, and the different appear- 
 ance of the fakirs, form a sight more novel and 
 extraordinary, perhaps, than any other city in 
 the world can present. The Hoogly is naviga- 
 ble up to the town, for ships of 400 to 500 tons, 
 but those of greater burden lie at Diamond Point, 
 about 50 miles below, their cargoes being con- 
 veyed to and from the town by lighters. Inde- 
 pendently of its commercial intercourse with 
 England, Calcutta maintains an extensive inter- 
 course with China, as well as with almost every 
 port in Asia, and islands in the eastern seas, 
 with which an interchange is effected in every 
 commodity that mankind possibly can desire, 
 either for subsistence and comfort, or to gratify 
 the most refined and luxurious taste. Ship- 
 building is also carried on to a great extent; there 
 are several banking establishments to facilitate 
 the operations of commerce, and insurance es- 
 tablishments for its protection. The control of 
 the governor-general and council of Bengal, at 
 Calcutta, extends over the presidencies of Ma- 
 dras, Bombay, and Bencoolen; the extent of 
 the civil establishments attending the adminiii- 
 tration of so extensive an empire, in addition to 
 the military and commercial affiiirs of the place, 
 necessarily give an importance to Calcutta be- 
 yond that of any city in Asia, except those of 
 China and Japan. The new fort is in the lat. 
 of 22. 35. N., and 88. 28. E. long.; 1030 miles 
 N. N. E. of Madras, and about 1100 E. N. E. 
 of Bombay. 
 
 Caldas, the name of several Small towns in 
 different parts of Spain and Portugal, which, 
 like the Badens of Germany, implies their con- 
 tiguity to hot or medicinal springs: one 25 
 miles N. by E. of Lisbon, another 10 miles 
 N. £, of Castel Branco; another contiguous to 
 Montalegre, 60 miles N. E. of Oporto; another 
 15 miles N. of Barcelona; another 25 miles N. 
 of Vigo. 
 
 Caldee, a river which rises on the W. bor- 
 dersof Yorkshire.flows by Halifiix to Wakefield, 
 and, eight miles below, joins the Aire. It is 
 navigable the greater part o" its course. There 
 are three or four rivers, and as many villages, 
 named Calder, in diiterent parts of Scotland. 
 
 Caldolzburo, a town of Franconia, in the 
 principality of Anspach, with a castle; 18 milet 
 N, E. of Anspach. It is now included m th« 
 Bavarian circle of Rezat. 
 
 Caldwell, an interior county in the western 
 part of Kentucky, bounded on the S. W. by the 
 great Cumberland river. Population, 10,865. 
 Eddyville, on the N. bank of the river, about 
 30 miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 
 200 S. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town. 
 
 Caldwell, the chief town of Warren county, 
 state of New York ; 43 miles N. of Albany. 
 Pop. 693. 
 
 Caledon, a town in the parish of Aughloe, 
 (sometimes called Caledon), S. part of the 
 county of Tyrone, Ireland. 
 
 Caledonia, a county in the N. part of the 
 state of Vermont, the S. E. part of which i» 
 bounded ov the Connecticut river, which divider 
 it firom New Hampshire. Pop. 21, 891. Danville, 
 in the centre of the county, about 20 miles N. E. 
 of Montpelier, is the chief town. Pop. 2633. 
 
 Caledonia, a town of Livingstone county, 
 state of New York, lying to the W. of Genesee 
 River, and S. of Erie Canal; 240 miles W. of 
 Albany. Big Spring, remarkable for the abun- 
 dance of its water, is L; this township. Pop» 
 1987. 
 
 Caledonia, New, an island in the Pacifio 
 Ocean, to the E. of New Holland, discovered by 
 Cook, in 1774. It is 260 miles from N. W. to 
 S. E., and 70 broad. The inhabitants are strung, 
 active, and well made ; their hair is black, and 
 much frizzled, but net woolly; their beards are 
 crisp and thick; they besmear their faces with 
 black pigment, and their only covering is a, 
 wrapper, made from the bark of a tree, or of 
 leaves. Their houses are circular, like a bee- 
 hive, formed of small spars and reeds, covered 
 with long coarse grass, and the floor laid with 
 dry grass. They deposit their dead in the 
 ground, and decorate the graves of their chiefi 
 with spears, darts, paddles, &c. They are of a 
 pacific disposition, r id their women chaster 
 than those of the move eastern islands. They 
 cultivate the soil with some art and industry, 
 but subsist chiefly on roots and fish. Plantains 
 and sugar-canes are not plentifiil; bread-fruit 
 is scarce, and cocoa-nut trees are but thinly 
 planted; but yams and taras are in great abun- 
 dance. The cape at the S. end, called Queen 
 Charlotte Foreland, is in long. 167. 12. E. lat. 
 22. 15. S. 
 
 Calenbeiuj, a principality of Lower Saxony, 
 which constitutes a part of the duchy of Bruns- 
 wick. It is divided into two parts by the prin- 
 cipality of Wolfenbuttle. The S. part is inter- 
 sected from E. ♦o W. by the Werra, and the 
 chief town is Gottingen. The Lene has its 
 source in this part, near the banks of the Werra, 
 and runs N. through the principality of Wolfen- 
 buttlt, then dividing the bishopric of Hildesheim 
 from North Calenberg on the E., and afterwards 
 intersects the N. part of North Calenberg. The 
 Weser also intersects the S. part of North Calen- 
 berg f5roni S. E. to N. W., the chief tow«ts being 
 Hanover, Neustadt, and Hameln. The aggre- 
 gate extent of the sur&cc may be estimated at 
 
CAL 
 
 139 
 
 about 1700 square miles. Pop, 139.230, The 
 ■ou 18 generally fertile, and, Snder social and 
 reciprocal arrangements, Calenbei^ might be 
 T~r^^ I '"JP'"' produce sufficSnt S 
 IuTuHp, fi."" "''""•^''»5««'f t^'Pical and other 
 
 Calhuco, a towm at the S, extremity of Arau- 
 
 Cali, a city of Colombia, in the valley of 
 Popayan, on the W. bank of the river Cauc^f 
 The governor of the province generally resid^ 
 200 W hv% ^'"c'n V Bonaventura, and 
 
 Calic'jt, a city of Hindostan. canital of a 
 proymce of the same name, on thl^ coasf of 
 Mambar. It was the first Indian poHM by 
 European chipping; being discovered brthe 
 Portuguese, in 1498, Heri is a man^cture of 
 plam cotton good,. The name of c^ctap^i^ 
 to cotton goods, was derived from thi, placT 
 
 tion jf the sea water. The principal exports are 
 cocoa and betel nuts, blac/peppTr S° r and 
 
 Tmn^S w" ^ "' th^routCfKrl 
 of M«l , • «/Senngapatam, and 130 S.S.E 
 of ^ngalore Long. 75. 52. E. lat. 11, 12. N 
 Itwas formerly much more considerable, having 
 been much encroached upon by the se^' * 
 
 CAtiPOHNM, a promontory in the Pacific 
 Ocean; separated fi-om the W. coast of North 
 America by the Vermilion Sea, or &ulf of (S 
 tT^T^^^ N. W. Wcape S. £u^ 
 m the Int. of 22. 44. to lat. 33. N., bdng aW 
 
 by Spin's ""Z^"- i*--"^>-vS 
 vLt^ WsTr F '•"?? i* '^^ *«* ^^^^ been 
 visited by Sir Francis Drake in 1578. Toward 
 the close of the seventeenth century, tne JeS 
 
 vZS^'lf '''!!f"^"*? here.'^knd eE! 
 voured to govern the natives with the samo 
 
 SitK-ni""'^ thatthey exercised in "dr 
 hn^^A "*™S"ay. They seem studiously to 
 
 countrv'^E?.^'' "'4'.' «""^ "-'"f t^^ 
 country, but on their expulsion from the Spa- 
 
 thp !;!.!? *'i"* Pe^ns'ila- His account of 
 the country was favourable : he found the pea^l 
 
 Incf "S.^^^g^'d^f a very promising appear- 
 ance. Uivers nations or tribes inhahff *h» 
 
 rhSa"S"'"°^?^*'^"«-y"^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Miner is a pnnce over his own family ■ but hi» 
 vule lor themselves. Each tribe, nevertheless 
 divide the productions of the earth, regulate the 
 
 To chan^^Zl u^T'^'^'V^'^^S^' them often 
 thev rPt^! • f *^'"^°' '"'^ '" «®^ere winterj 
 iien m.^nH .K "^T" ^ '^''J'^ «"<* piece of 
 S a^d « L^ • ^y' "'""^ "laments for the 
 
 where the; J,!?"'®'''"' ''? ^r"**" ">« ""^'N 
 wnere they have no pearls, dress their hc.-.ds 
 
 CAL 
 
 with shell* The women commonly wear a kind 
 of long robe, made of leaves of palms; though 
 some wear nothing but a girdle. AmSf 
 mountains runs parallel with the coast, its whole 
 
 u '1',^'^P "* *"°« Peaces to the heiaht of 
 about 4700 feet. The soil is in many plads ex- 
 eel ent ; and it is reported that vines grow natu- 
 rally m the mountains, and that the Jesuits, 
 when they resided here, made abundance of 
 wine, m taste approaching to that of Madeira. 
 N V fr'*"™c"' St. Joseph, about 25 miles 
 ♦^» „!,''( ^T- ^*- f-"^**- ^•'^ PopulaUon of 
 IS 000 *^'"*'""^ " supposed not to exceed 
 
 Calipornia, New, is an extension of terri- 
 tory along the coast, N. of the promontory of 
 Cahfomia, to the lat. of about 40. N.. com- 
 
 E^v ^ f^**' P*'* °f *•»« ««>st formerly 
 cabled New Albion. The g-wne mountain ridge 
 which intersects the promontory continues to 
 run N., paraUel with the coast, at a distance of 
 60 to 60 miles. The Jesuits, who extended them- 
 selves m this direction, found the soil some- 
 What more congenial for the general purposes 
 of culture, and founded about twer'.y settle- 
 ments upon and between the coast and the 
 mountain ridge, each settlement dwUcated to 
 
 ^n"^? Ti* °^ ""^^ ^°^y ""J^'- The four prin- 
 cipal settlements on the coast are St. Diego, in 
 
 £ t"*-/^^- ^^•' ^ I'»ri»ima, in 34. 32^ St! 
 Carlos deMonterry, in 36. 36.; and St. Fran- 
 
 thrd.V '^I' ^\^' ?** *^'^ population of 
 iius district IS estimated at about 16 000 
 
 Calimn/, or Cammno, an island of the 
 7m?i i^'^W^"' "«" the coast of Asia; 
 lu^. 56. n" *''"'°* -^""^ ^®- ^^- ^' 
 
 Calix, *own of Sveden. in West Bothnia, 
 !„♦ *^J?''« . '^ """"^ "ame, near its entrance 
 mto the Gult ot Bothnia; 22 miles W. of Tomea 
 \lZ^t^^'^- 1°'? of Algier, in the province of 
 Mascara which has a considerable trade, and 
 
 Ui/IT^^ T''^*/'" '"^^ "' the country. 
 lti8 40milesE. ofOraii. ^ 
 
 If ,uf„'""'' * ^^J^ ?'*'*"^' '" the county of 
 Kilkenny, on the ftontier of Tippetary; 7 mile* 
 
 DubH;. "'^ °^ Kilkenny, and 65 fronv 
 
 Callandeb, a town of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire with a considerable manufacture of mus- 
 
 of pS °" '"'*' ^^""5 ^^ ""^ Vf.S.W, 
 Callao, a seaport of Peru, with the best 
 
 stead, defended by the islands of Callao and 
 St. Lawrence. lu the port eveiy comm^ity 2 
 to be procured that vessels ma/be in need of 
 The town was almost totally destroyed by an 
 earthquake, in 1746. It is seated on a rivL^f 
 the same name; 5 miles W. of Lims", of wh'ch 
 >t IS the port. Long. 76. 58. W. lat? 1 2, 2 s 
 CALIE a town of Algier, in the province of 
 Constentina where the French havf aTctorv 
 established for a coral fishery, and trade for 
 grain, wool leather, and wax,^'lt stan^on a 
 
 E. of BoTa!' '"""""'''*' ""' '^' '^■- 3« ™"«^ 
 Cam,ianee, a town of Hindostai... in the pro. 
 
CAI, 
 
 :: 1 
 
 ! 
 
 fcu"'' -'^"".'"8«bn'' ; 30 miles N. E from 
 SLLmr?";'5l •l^ ""■"'•"^ fortifiSn 
 
 ,-„h. . "' " fortified towi of Hill(]ost;in 
 
 SSr'es "'" °' ^""""''' """^ J^» W. bys! 
 
 Callinoton a town of Cornwall; market on 
 
 Wednesday j situate on the Lynhe; ; 12 mile" 
 
 ciTtr"'r"'^ ''' w/byS. of London 
 -.»r ^ . J ,' ""^ Caillomo, a town of Peru 
 celebrated for Us silver mines ; 60 mil^ N Ty' 
 E of Arequipa, and 170 S. of Cusco ^ 
 
 CALMAB a strong seaport of Sweden, capital 
 of Smaland,and a bishop's see. It is ce ebS 
 Irk' S N^rt'' *''" '^^P""^ of Swe^enK 
 for the electZ V1?PP°'"'«'' *° -^^^"'ble 
 Un;«n „f r . °L^ •""«• according to the 
 from th„ ♦""*•• ?" ''" eminence, hilf a mile 
 
 Calmucs, or Kalmucs, a people of central" 
 Asm, m Mongolia, a bmnch of the Gre^ Mo„S 
 ♦„; W ?""""' ^""^ tJ'o only one that hrfe- 
 
 T..Sday^ « '^/ough in Wiltshire; market S 
 
 SZ«^in ft "" ^'^J"' •"■ *«° ^'"^""ve em- 
 ployers in the manufecture of woollen cloth 
 
 ^ifls"' Itt 2S^ "^ ^^'^y fulling andtor'n' 
 25 miles E nfn • ? ? "'? "'^ "^« «ame name ; 
 ^3 miles Ji. of Bristol, and 88 W. of London 
 
 c!^Zl ""^'"^'"be'- to parliament. 
 
 vin^e of Vri7„\?:' ^'"'°^^'"'' ^ '^e pro- 
 
 fortepr^of^lVr'^J^^^^^ 
 and IS famous for its paper and^^dy ' 
 
 Calxuba, a town on the W. coast of Cevlm 
 with a fort, A great auant,»vVf i V^^^on, 
 
 here and other' ^Z^^S^sl^^'rt^ '^ r ft 
 
 Muta?d;''28"r »^,«J«^« Ech'if th 
 
 Calvados, a maritime department of Fn. ce 
 including part of the late province of Norman' 
 dy, bounded N. by the EnS^Ch^S. itU 
 so called from a ridce of »«ni,- „*• lu 
 name near the coSf^^Ctaf httoT: 
 called Normandy, extending 12 mile, in length 
 Jnd SsTfifi? ?r °f «bout 2200 square mfes 
 fri fhli^ "habitants. It is intersected 
 a fl u ^ • *° *''^ *^ ^y the river Ome. It is 
 a fertile province, and exports a considerable 
 quan ity of clover seed. Caen, on the bS of 
 the Ome, is the chief town 
 
 iiapolis. is the chief town """»o-otAn- 
 
 8 S'n? X^uI!'''"' ^" ''''™ '• ^''^°''" 
 tm and gulf of the same name, will, a strong 
 
 140 
 
 CAM 
 
 fortress, and a good harbour. It was taken b» 
 
 L.ALVISS0W. a town of France, in the province 
 of Unguedoc; 9 miles from 'Nismes^ Pop! 
 
 W?r^!:Z' * '""T" of Suabia, in the kingdom of 
 f «etT tr"^' '^.'"' ? porcelain manufacture, and 
 
 arsU^i-Kj^^^o^'^^-""-^-"^ 
 ^:Zi^s^^ i:ie"o'ft.rrd 
 
 there joins the Ouse. to which river it i^'n^i 
 
 gable from Cambridge. ' 
 
 Camana, a town of Peru, capital of a iurw. 
 
 nSTh'eScT ""'i 4 «™eVam^ 
 near tne rtcific Ocean; 70 m les W. of Are! 
 
 ^Tm'.IT '*'• ^^' }""• N- and 73. 15. W. long! 
 Camaran an island of Arabia, on the Rid' 
 
 ?p«;i ^'f ^''% " * «*«'y for white coraS 
 pearl oysters. Long. 42. 22. E. lat. 15. 6 N 
 
 menfof Rn';': *""'" f ^"^'=^' '" 'he depart- 
 ment ot * nisterre. In an expedition a^inBt 
 Brest, in 1694, the English laVded herTand 
 ]o«t a great number of men. It stands on a 
 bay of the same name, 8 miles S. of BrSt 
 .-.1. ^"' *"'*^'*,''^ •""*' southern province of the 
 ide of ^uzo„,of whichCaceresis the chirfwwn 
 Camaroue, an island, or cluster of islands nf 
 France, in the mouths of the Rhone seS^ 
 S^»«l^ and fortified. The who% cSS 
 
 ." uKL^'iS.' *^ ^' ^ '•^«"^' ""' '»'«-> 
 
 Cambat, the southernmost province of Abv«. 
 «nia; inhabited by a people ^lled Seb-a aSr 
 
 MahoTeir^r "'k^«««"«' Christts^Td 
 Mahometans, It is abundant in fruits. 
 
 ,v h*"""*^'. ° considerable city of Hindostan 
 
 rfth«^r'"'*°^®"^«'*»- ItBtandsonTS 
 
 Pto lemy H°""'' '^^ "'' ^^' Camanes of 
 
 irjotor "' !? """^ of the^S dr^S 
 aWe.^ for tbl ""*' manufactures are considor- 
 
 and ;Uk' anH "°""V ''^""*' ^° "o™. cattle, 
 anasuk; and cornelian and agate stones ar« 
 
 for llf, •.' "■'^"- ^^^ inhabTnts te not^ 
 for embroidery. It is loo mUes N. of Surat 
 
 Tort n'"'^?- "^^hmedabad, of which it is7h^ 
 ^1^' J • ¥°"8* to the English, and is in. 
 
 XN . W . of Frankfort on the Maine. 
 
 Camberwell a parish in Surrey, contiguous 
 to London, on the scuth side; and to whkh h 
 
 oy tJie private residences of the mercliants^ 
 aliopkeepers, and clerks employed in the 2v3 
 pubhc estabUshments of the Bank?iS^tT„dTi 
 
 SftLl^H ?'"?^"'^^'^'.f""'*'l'"°nalchurch: 
 at^er the model of one m Rome, was erected i,^ 
 
CAM 
 
 d..n, or erntory of Asia, extending from Cape 
 
 17. N.; bounded on the east, at the south end 
 
 of iTu^ '' ^"'^ if'?'?''*" ""rth, by the eouS 
 of the Keraoys, which divides it from Cochh? 
 Oima, and on the west.from the Sthrthe 14th 
 fS^^ »f '""fude, by the Gulf of Shim^ and 
 further north, by the territory of Siam" be°n2 
 of an average breadth df about threTdeS 
 of longitude, betwc. a 101. and 1 06 K ^^ 
 
 100,000 square miles. As tar as any know 
 
 table, animal and mineral productions • wMst 
 the un«,«al habits of the people, who apnij 
 
 Mai;^rpii-nhT£2;„"iS 
 ?rtr?7tfsrr?The"£ir' 
 
 ueavoured to estaolish an intercounT^ thi. 
 country, and aU succeeding attS excenl 
 to a tnfling extent turreptitiowly anp^rS 
 
 STt^rse'^t^t^^tblS^^^^^ 
 
 through t^ec2^L?e^^^%^l-^::^ 
 ea^direcuon falling into the^'hina Cby 
 
 ini.rtj^jKiitS'S^ i 
 
 a^o Camboya, is situate on the wStnk 
 
 SoX r.; nf r*""^'" u"PP^"" to »^ thinly 
 peopled, but of the number of its inhabitnnfa 
 
 no estimate has been formed. They aS 
 
 to manufecture both silk and cotton f^^n'?^ 
 
 rv^^P-^ucing every po'slKSne^^ 
 sary for subsistence and comforf »mi i . 
 fi^tify the most luxuriir^.1C„?tt? 
 smell, or ornament, there is but little "nS 
 = fSe?ru^^-Ca'n;^- 
 
 aji^tex^S^el^H^ 
 
 gamboge, from the Se Tf the ^unS In' 
 Btrtute the chief articles of exp^""*Tt wL" 
 b sti?i ''".' '"/^ ^'"^ P«rt«^ »"e of IhT^ 
 
 « the chief trading port!" r^^rM.) '"^«°" 
 -te^^e^t^t^Si-^ 
 
 ^d"Ts a"nc!:rto;r^' " " p'^'^""^ ^^'-t"''. 
 
 Cambrav, a fortified city of France, capital 
 
 141 
 
 CAM 
 
 of the department of Nord. The linen manu 
 
 w seated near the source of the Sr{.7i!ji i.- t. 
 runs through the city ' l^i^fby'^^^j^ 
 Valenciennes 35 S. by E. of Lisle, Ld 02 
 A. N. E. of Pans. The fortification was one 
 
 nia?tyl7«tSSConhri7i^^^ 
 
 rnnT""- '^■^'^- ^' ^"»nch Of the SuXi^ 
 hannah nver rises in this county. Pop. 1 iTr 
 Ebensburg, ,n the centre of the countv lii 
 
 ^tJJl „\1"?"?^^«' '•' thcThSiolt! 
 CAMBRIA, a town m the state of New Vn* 
 
 rNo7it '*''*' S.' ^'«««™' 310 mTliw: 
 oy XV. of Albany. Pop. 2099, ' 
 
 ♦).« « S"'°*"^"."'*=' «" interior county townr,?. 
 
 ♦!; w • t^^ "''" Ouse intersects it from F 
 tiy-'^r'"'"' *^« N«" f"™" thebound^rii' 
 Sn'" SVuTr ^ °f Northampton iSrit 
 ♦^! \^, "i^ P""' w''i«=h rises at the foot of 
 
 & lnt?hfn'"™ i''^ southern LndL? 
 countv Aftl*'^^ "^?"* *« •"''Idle ofZ 
 county. After descending the hills from the 
 S.. the country is one entire level, and th^ n„rt 
 
 ri-fSf'JL"'."" "^"^^ than a sw^;, Jhich 
 by welWirected efforts in draining ^d em ' 
 banking, since the middle of the laft ^tu,?' 
 
 tu^^w"h?;?h ' m'/ '"*° "■'='' -"d-^erd^ S^sl 
 
 S S±^f^'l«'?' ""PP"^ of butter Md 
 cream-cheese for the London marlcpt it fc». 
 
 no manufactures of any kind -^ut In Jl}^ 
 
 to its butter, it yieldsaL^i ftves ^r 
 
 ^Z.^ its supply, however, of foreim andm«. 
 
 on account of the endowments of the sevcml 
 coHeges. The only other place in he Sv 
 iT""^ of notice, beside!, the town of S 
 bridge, is tha city of Ely It rpt.,rn« it! 
 members to parliament. ^* "™' *"^ 
 
 Cambridge, the chief town of the preceding 
 county, and seat of one of the univenS i 
 f? mS's\?T 'VJ^'J- P"^ of thTintyl 
 
 tcTaTdeJlZ"' Tr^' »>/» ™"yor and^tWr'' 
 leen aldermen ; but its importance is deriv«l 
 
 t^V^rr^^'y' ^^''^ dates its f^ndS 
 b> Siegebert. King of the East Angle^SS" 
 
■■■■ 
 
 CAM 
 
 142 
 
 CAM 
 
 if \ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 It ajquired, however, but little celebrity until 
 ■fter the period of the collisions between the 
 barons and the court had subsided, in the 1 3th 
 century, from which period, to the close of the 
 16th century, twelve colleges and four halls 
 were founded, by the names, and in the order 
 of date as follows, viz. — 
 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 1. St trier's in 1257 
 
 2. Gon* ille and 
 
 Cuus 1348 
 
 3. Corpus Christil 350 
 - 1441 
 
 1448 
 1505 
 
 4. King's 
 fi. Queen's 
 C. Christ's 
 
 St. John's in 1509 
 
 8. Magdalene 1519 
 
 9, Trinity 1646 
 
 10. Jesus' 1576 
 
 11. Emanuel 1684 
 
 12. Syd. Sussex 1698 
 
 HALLS. 
 
 1326 I 3. Trinity in 
 1343 4. Catharine 
 
 1350 
 1475 
 
 1. Clare in 
 
 2. Pembroke 
 These institutions, founded in ages of mo- 
 nastic influence, and when architecture was the 
 ruling passion of those who possessed the means 
 of indulging either in acts of benevolence or 
 vanity, claim the attention of the present age, 
 some for their monastic features, some for the 
 history of their foundations, and others for their 
 architectural beauty. Most of them have cha- 
 pels and libraries attached, some of them ex- 
 tensive and valuable, and the chapel of King's 
 College is justly esteemed as the most beautiful 
 Gothic edifice in the world. It is 304 feet in 
 length, 71 broad, and 91 in height ; the effect 
 of its proportions, and beauty of its decorations, 
 must be seen to be understood. In 1807 ano- 
 ther college was founded, pursuant to the will 
 of a Sir George Downing, whose name it bears; 
 and, in 1810, Viscount Fitzwilliam bequeathed 
 a very extensive and valuable cabinet of works 
 of nature and art, and ample funds for the 
 foundation of an observatorjr, «nd a building 
 for the reception .of his collection for the use of 
 the university at large, which has been erected 
 on a magnificent scale, and completed in 1842. 
 This munificent donation existed a general 
 spirit of improvement both in the town and 
 university; several of the colleges have been 
 enlarged, repaired, and beautified, several old 
 buildings in the town taken down, judicious 
 •ites for the new buildings selected, and those 
 edifices more particularly deserving of attention 
 for their architecture laid more open to the 
 view. In addition to the libraries attached to 
 the several colleges and halls, there is also one 
 common to the university, in a splendid build- 
 
 of recent erection, a senate-house, and 
 
 mg - 
 
 schools for public examinations, which, toge- 
 ther with fourteen parish churches, a county 
 hospital, and other public buildings for county 
 purposes, afford a very interesting extent of 
 varied architectural display. There are also 
 six bridges of stone over the river Cam, which, 
 in addition to their convenience, add consider- 
 ably to the general picturesque effect. The 
 town and university each send two members 
 to parliament. The town market is abun- 
 dantly supplied on Wednesdays and Satur- 
 days ; and in a field called Sturbich, about two 
 miles from the town, one of the largest &ir8 in 
 
 England is held, for a fortnight, commenuing 
 on the 7th cf Sejitember. 
 
 Cambridge is also the seat of the chief uni- 
 versity in the United States of North America. 
 The town is in Middlesex county, and contains 
 a total pop. of 8409. The collegiate buildings 
 are situate about four miles from Boston 
 (which see,) at the N. £. end of a plain, 
 similar in extent and aspect to Clapham Com- 
 mon, in the vicinity of London. The buildings 
 consist of four uniform ranges, four stories high, 
 of brick; in one of them is a library, containing 
 35,000 volumes of books, and some philosophi- 
 cal apparatus. 
 
 Cambrilla, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 surrounded by a wall, and seated near the sea; 
 14 miles W, by S. of Tarragona. 
 
 Cahburg, a town of Saxony, on the E. bank 
 of the Saal; 18 miles N. by E. of Jena, and 32 
 S. W. of Leipsic. 
 
 Cahbyna, an island lying between the S. E. 
 promontory of Celebes and the Isle of Bouton. 
 It is about 60 miles in circumference. 
 
 Camden, a county in the N. E. part of North 
 Carolina, about 25 miles from N. to S., and 4 
 in breadth; the north end borders on Yii^ginia, 
 and forms part of the Great Dismal Swamp; 
 and tiie south end jets upon Albemarle Sound, 
 between Pasquotank and George Rivers. Pop. 
 5663, of whom 1661 are slaves. New Lebanon 
 is the chief town. 
 
 Cambden, a maritime county of the state of 
 Georgia; bounded on tlie south by St. Mary's 
 River, which divides it from East Florida. It 
 is about 20 miles in extent each way, bounded 
 on the west by the Great Swamp of Oke-fin-o- 
 caw. The St. Ilia river intersects it firom the 
 N. W. comer, running to the centre of the 
 county, falling into the sea at the N. E. comer. 
 It is very pr<^uctive in rice and cotton. Pop. 
 6075, of whom 4049 are slaves, and 22 free 
 blacks; beside the population of the town of 
 St. Mary, and the town of Jefferson, in the 
 centre of the county. 
 
 Camden, a town on the west side of Penob- 
 scot Bay, state of Maine. 
 
 Camel, a river in Cornwall, - hich rises two 
 miles north of Camelford, Hr south almost 
 to Bodmin^ and then north-n.^t to Padstow, 
 whe!:e it enters the British Channel. Its 
 banks were the scenes of some bloody battles 
 between the Britons and Saxous. 
 
 Camelford, a town in Cornwall; market on 
 Friday. A great quantity of yam is spun in 
 this place and its neighbourhood. It is seated 
 on the Camel; 14 miles W. of Launceston, 
 and 228 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Caherino, a town of Italy, in the marquinate 
 of Ancona, and an archbishop's see. It is 
 seated on a mountain, near the river Chiento; 
 37 miles S. W. of Ancona. 
 
 Cameroon's Peak, on the west coast of 
 Afirica, near the Old Calabar river, 13,000 feet 
 high, and near a river of the same name, which 
 flows into the bight of Biafra. 
 
 Camillus, a township of Onandago county, 
 state of New York, containing four towns, viz. 
 Elbridge, Jordan, Camillus, and Ionia. The 
 
t, commenuing 
 
 CAM 
 
 143 
 
 it side of Penob- 
 
 ^?,Pf <=« of Westphalia; but it sWl haTa fine 
 ^thedral auJ a chapter; 25 miles N. of Set 
 tin. Long. 14. 62. E. lat. 63. 54. N 
 
 Caminha, a town of Portugal, in Entre- 
 Douro-e-Minho, with a fort ; *aekted at th^ 
 mouth of the Minho, 12 miles' NV^rVi^a. 
 
 Camorota, one of the Nicobar isles off the 
 west coast of Malay; in the lat. of 8. N. 
 
 Campaona, or Campania, a town of Naples 
 m^ Pnncipato Citeriore; 40 miles S. E. of 
 
 Rome, the most so- 'h-west province of the 
 ecclesiasti^ states ./ Rome, extending fiom 
 
 nr^Wni ♦'i* Mediterranean, to the Neapolitan 
 
 bounded on the east by Abruzzo. This ex- 
 tensive district, lying between the 4l8l and 42nd 
 
 fclj'"'*'' ^""'"^ "" »''« «»«ent 
 fe^n J- 4^.''" °J"'^ ^''^ most populous and 
 fertile district m the world, but fiow presents 
 onegeneiBl scene of desolation. The ¥bntine 
 marehes, which are constantly emitting the 
 most noisome vapours, comprise a great portion 
 of the south-east part of theprovinre. Besides 
 the Qty of Rome on the banks of the Tib'sr. 
 AlhLnn vlw™ extremity of the province 
 «ri J?^' y!^f*"' ""*^ P^P^no. all on the west- 
 em side, rtiU exhibit marks of fonner great- 
 
 ofw'.r^''r* *h """"^ °^ '^'°P'«'. baths, and 
 other stately edifices, are seen mattered in aU 
 directions. (See Rome.) 
 
 n,S,tTij' " *T "^ ^™"*=®' 'n «'e depart- 
 r„ Dk^PP" Pyrenees, on the river Ad^ir; 
 
 ^.rr Tor/aor ""^ ''''' ^ ^^^^ •""''• »^ 
 
 fe,Sh.''!?^L"'i5*®"°'~"°*yo' Virginia; a 
 feUte distnct. Pop. 21,030, nearly half of 
 
 Sit^or*),'^''"'* ^''^ court-house, in the 
 Smond!'^ "™*^' ^ "' ""«• W- '•J^ S. of 
 
 Sif ^qo Z^"""**^- " ^'''^i™ an area of 
 fiMo T iT*'^ '°''^' and a popuIaUon of 
 6149. Jacksborough is the chief tovm. 
 Campbell, a county of Kentucky, pop. 5214 
 CAMPBELLTOWN,a town of New siuth Wales* 
 33 miles from Sydney. It has a church court-' 
 house, and a considerable number of hou^ 
 Campbelton, a borough and seaport ofl^ot- 
 land,,n Argyleshire. situate on a bay towwd 
 
 yrt htr'"'^"' *^ peninsuWcan' 
 IfltL II ''^» .a considerable trade in the distil- 
 Jation of whiskey, besides being the genenil 
 
 S? th?w f '^' ^"''•"8 vessels that annuaUy 
 visit the western coast. It is 65 miles S. S. W. 
 
 P^T?8Tl,6'4T5«-'-''-^-''''-^^-2«-^- 
 
 8h£f"I?r' " TP°™*^ *°^ '" Gloucester- 
 N. E of ri^"i'' °" Wednesday, 22 miles 
 London. Gloucester, and 90 W. N. W. of 
 
 Campeachy, a town of Yucatan, on the west 
 
 CAZ4 
 
 coast of the bay of Campen^-hy. in the Gulf of 
 Mpxico, defended by strong forta. The port is 
 lai^e but shallow, and has a good dock. It ia 
 noted for logwood, which, however, does not 
 
 f"*r^ Jo'^J'^l'*- ^* *^ ^^^'^ ^y the English 
 !2 iL L*'^ ""^ buccaneers in 1678; and by 
 the freebooters of St. Domingo, in 1685, who 
 
 w"lit. 19 36 n"'' *^° ^'^"^ ■^°"*" ^^' ^"• 
 Cahpen, a town of Holland, in Overyssel 
 mth a citadel, and a port almost choked up.' 
 It is seated near the mouth of the Yssei, on 
 the Zuyder Zee; 8 miles W. N. W. of Zwoll 
 Pop. about 6000. 
 
 Campebdown, a seaport of Holland, about 
 25 miles S. of Texel Island; famous for the 
 signal victory obtained by Admiral Lord Vis- 
 count Duncan, off its coast, ovei the Dutch 
 fleet, on the 11th October, 179J 
 
 Campo Basso, a town of Naples, in the 
 Mobse. In 1805 it suffered grLtly by a^ 
 earthqimke, and most of the inhabitants were 
 destroyed It has a considerable trade i^ 
 Mticles of cutlery, and ii- 1 2 miles S, of Molis^ ■ 
 Pop. about 6000. -uouse. 
 
 Campo FoKMio, a village of Italy, in FriuU 
 with an elegant aastle, where a treaty of peace 
 Frfn.r-'^'^fl,'^";^" ''^^ Austrians ani 
 Udlna '" " ^ ""^ *• W- o^ 
 
 Campo Mayor, a fortified town of Portugal. 
 
 N VvTnfvl *•"" fr»"t'«'5 Spain; 14 n^ 
 IN. by E. ofEIvas. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 Tf»i "•".v''- J"'.™***' " *°*" and castle of 
 ^ob]'' ^ P^«ano,on the river Menson; 
 12 miles N.O. Padua, and about the same 
 distance N. W. of Venice. Pop. about 3000. 
 • "i^''*' ^ *own of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulte- 
 
 wore; 23 miles N. by E. of Aquila. 
 Campredon, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 
 at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river 
 
 Ter, 46 miles N. of Barcelona. 
 Campsi^ a viUage of Scotland, on the S. 
 
 confines of Stirlingshire; 9 miles N. of GIm! 
 
 oXrm'anutctur "'^'^'^ ^""*'^^^' »«» 
 
 fhf i^*"*^"^ ^'7??.' " "'^^^ '» South Africa, in 
 the province of Uitenhage, which falls into an 
 
 rcra^ e'^ '^' '^'■' '" ^*- ''• ''■ 
 
 Canaan. &« Syria. 
 
 Npw '^r"^ " *°!? of Columbia county, state of 
 New York on the E. side of Hudson River- 
 25 miles W. by S. of Albany. Pop. 1957. ' 
 Canada, a vast territory of North America 
 ying between the 42d and 64th degr4 of N.' 
 latUude and the 64th and 98th of W^ longUude 
 
 fi™ %^frr' '°'^"*|y «PP°«" to havf b^a 
 first made known in 1635, by Jacques Cartier 
 commanding a fleet fitted Ijut^from St MaloL 
 
 ffom I53I to «T*'' "^"""^ ^^^ ««««" years 
 irom 1535 to 1550, were made to •stabUsh a 
 
 fXri 1 u ®,^,"'.P^""«"«nt establishment was 
 formed by M de Champlain, from Franc^ 
 who founded the city of Quebec on the sUe of 
 the Indmn village Hochelaga; but for mo^e 
 
.W li^Vt 
 
 CAN 
 
 144 
 
 CAN 
 
 ['I 
 
 than fifty years it renminod without any laws 
 or social arrangements, tho settlers being little 
 better than hordes of banditti, living m con- 
 stant collision with the native Indians, with 
 whom the most sanguinary conflicts frequently 
 occurred, with alternate success. In 1663, at 
 which period the European inhabitants did not 
 exceed 7000, tho French government afferted 
 to extend its paternal regard to the colony, 
 and appropriated a train of civil officers to 
 organixo and administer a code of laws on the 
 principle of those then prevailing m France. 
 This arrangement produced some excitement 
 and indications of improvement; but both were 
 of short duration. The collisions with the 
 natives were renewed, and their frequent m- 
 cursions upon the lands of the settlers, which 
 were often stained with acts of cruelty, operated 
 as a check to all social enterprise ; so that at 
 the end of another half century, the number of 
 uwttlers did not exceed 20,000. During the 
 earlier part of the 18th century, the colony 
 made some progress towards improvement ; 
 but the object of the French government 
 seemed to be extension of territory rather 
 than social arrangement, and as such, in addi- 
 tion to the collibions in wliich it was so fre- 
 quently involved with the natives, it involved 
 itself also with the outposts of the English, 
 who then possessed the territory now forming 
 the United States of North America ; and, on 
 war being declared between France and Eng- 
 land in 1766, the English prepared to expel 
 the French entirely from the North American 
 continent, in which they completely succeeded 
 in 1 759. At this period the number of settlers 
 in Canada amounted to about 70,000. During 
 the first fifteen years after ite surrender to the 
 English, it made but little progress either m 
 population or improvement ; the prejudices of 
 some of the older settlers being inimical to the 
 English laws, introduced immediate^ after its 
 surrender, led in 1775 to a revision of the civil 
 code, more conformable to the usage and pre- 
 judices of the inhabitants. The revolt of the 
 other Anglo-American provinces taking place 
 about this time, occaaoned a considerable ac- 
 cession of population to Canada, which pro- 
 gressively increased up to the period of 1792, 
 when a further important arrangement took 
 place in its internal administration : the terri- 
 tory was divided into two great parte, deno- 
 minated Upper and Lower Canada, with sepa- 
 rate jurisdictions, and a council,and an assembly 
 of representatives established for each. But 
 dissensions having sprung up between the two 
 states, and which led to some warfare, they 
 were declared, in 1840, to be be but one state, 
 under the title of the Vice-Royalty of Canada, 
 «nd will be governed by the same laws and 
 customs in each, which were before different ; 
 but, for convenience, they will be describe! 
 under their original denomination. 
 
 Canada, Lower, although the least favoured 
 in climate of the two, is by far the most popu- 
 lous, owing to ite nearer contiguity to the sea, 
 and earlier settlement. This division extends 
 ifrom the United States territory, in the lat. 
 
 of 46. to that of 5-2. N.; and W. from th« 
 65th degree of long, to tho Ottawa river; the 
 part, however, which is inhabited and under 
 cultivation, lies within much narrower limits, 
 comprising a tract of territory about 700 miles 
 in length, and 150 in mean breadth, lymg in a 
 N. E. direction, from the lat. of 46. N. and 74. 
 30. of W. long. The geographical beann^ of 
 this territory has been owing to the nobb' river 
 St. Lawrence, which intersects it in that direc- 
 tion, ite whole extent, falling into the Gulf cf 
 St. Lawrence at the N. E., the settlement! 
 extending along both banks of the river, and 
 which are intersected on both sides by innu- 
 merable tributary streams and rivers, some of 
 them of great magnitude. The most consider- 
 able of those on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, 
 taking them in order from the W., are, Ist, 
 the Chambly, which runs out of Lake Champ- 
 lain, falling into the St. Lawrence about 60 
 miles below Montreal ; 2nd, the Tortu ; 3ra, 
 the St. Francis; 4th, the Nicolel ; 6tn. the 
 Becancour; 6th, the Beaurivage ; and 7th, 
 the Chaudiere, which falls into tho St. Law- 
 rence, about 20 miles below Quebec ; E. of 
 the Chaudiere, tlie waters chiefly flow to the 
 S., o!«. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The 
 N. bank is intersected, at the distance of every 
 fifteen to twenty mUes, by rivers of greater or 
 less magnitude; the most considerable is the 
 riekouagamis, which, after passing through a 
 lake of considerable extent, is called the Sague- 
 nay, and falls into the St. Lawrence about 150 
 miles below Quebec. At the new organization 
 of the government, in 1762, this territory was 
 divided into the four dlstricte of Montreal, 
 T;ois Rivers, Quebec, and Gasp6: the first 
 three extend on both sides the river; and the 
 latter, which is called the district and county 
 of Gasp^, comprises all the S. E. part of the 
 territory S. of the St. Lawrence, bounded on 
 the E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and S, by 
 the province of New Brunswick: the first 
 three districts were further subdivided into 
 twenty counties, eleven on the S., and nine on 
 the N. side of the river, as follows, beginning 
 at the S. W. viz.— 
 
 -S3 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 r 1. Huntingdon. 
 
 2. Bedford. 
 
 3. Montreal. 
 
 4. Richelieu. 
 6. Surrey. 
 
 6. Kent. 
 
 7. Buckingham. 
 
 8. Dorchester. 
 
 9. Hertford. 
 10. Devon. 
 
 111. ComwalUs. 
 
 rl2. York. 
 
 ^ 1 13. Effingham. 
 'S I 14. Leinster. 
 :S I 16. Warwick. 
 
 g -j 16. St. Maurice. 
 
 4, 17. Hampshire. 
 ^ 18. Orieans. 
 
 5 
 
 19. Quebec. 
 .20. Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 Of these, the first oight, which all lie within, 
 or S. W. of the river Chaudiere, are the most 
 fertile, and afford the most favourable spote for 
 agricultural and commercial enterprise. The 
 counties of Cornwallis and Northumberland 
 each extend from the lat. of about 47., the 
 former to the district of Gaspfe, »nd the latter 
 borders on Labrador, all of which it present 
 may be looked upon as one great wilderness. 
 
CAN 
 
 145 
 
 CAN 
 
 With tliia subdivision of territory and new 
 orRaniration of the government of Canada in 
 1 792, a more itedfast career of improvement 
 seems to have been pursued than in any former 
 period. Incidental circumstances, however, 
 rather than any measures of foresight or well 
 directed exertion, contributed to give it an 
 interest and importance which it otherwise 
 might never have obtained. For some years 
 previous to 1807, England hnd been accus- 
 tomed to draw a supply of timber, to tl j 
 extent of 160,000 to 200,000 tons per annum, 
 from the United States of America, when in 
 that year the United States government adopt- 
 ed the most extraordinary policy ever before 
 heard of, in proscribing its citizens {torn all 
 external intercourse. This circumstance forced 
 the English upon Canada and the other British 
 American provinces, for a supply of that essen- 
 tial commodity; and in 1809, when the folly 
 of the measure of the United States govern- 
 ment became too apparent to be any longer 
 continued, ^ reciprocal had an extensive in- 
 tercourse between Canada and England, as 
 well as between Canada and the West Indies 
 proved, that, on the United States attempting 
 to renew their intercourse, they found all the 
 ports of the British West India islands com- 
 pletely shut agamst them, and in all the ports 
 ol England a duty on all sorts of wood from 
 ■*"«»/. teiTitory, that amounted to an entire 
 prohibition. Never did presumption so effec- 
 tually recoil upon its authors as did that 
 ndiculous pretension of proscription of the 
 United States government, in 1808. It de- 
 
 JlllrJi ""•'^ ""^ *■'" ev«' the employment 
 of 100,000 to 200,000 tons ofshippingann\mlly 
 whilst It threw an advantage to a corresponding 
 «xtent into the hands of the Canadians, and 
 the other British American provincesj and it 
 was not only the marine that was affected bv 
 the measure; a great number of the mos't 
 active and intelligent of the citizens of the 
 iJi'it^ States, Uving on or near the borders of 
 Canada, moved within the British territory, 
 and directed an extensive and valuable branch 
 of commerce in pot and pearl ashes, and other 
 commodities, through Canada, which would 
 otherwise have found its -way % the Atlantic 
 coast, ihis extension of commercial inter- 
 TOurse brought a vast accession of population • 
 the number of inhabitants which, in 1775 did 
 not exceed 90,000. in 1814, according to a 
 capitation tax, amounted to 336,000 ; Ind the 
 number has since been gradually increasing, and 
 yraa, according to the census of 1834, 649r00S. 
 One of the most distinguishing characteristics 
 of Lower tanada is its climate, in the intensity 
 of cold m the winter, and of heat in summer, 
 and the sudden transition from one to the 
 other, without producing any injurious effect 
 upon the constitutions either of the inhabitants 
 orother parts of the animal creation. The 
 ftosts begin about the middle of October tie 
 sun continuing to render the days mild 'and 
 agreeable for three or four weeks, when the 
 snow storms set in, which continue for about 
 « month, with variable winds and hazv atmo- 
 
 sphere, until about the middle or end of De- 
 cember; by which time the whole country is 
 covered with an avemge depth of snow of 
 three to five feet. An invariable season now 
 commences; an uninterruptedly clear sky pre- 
 vails for about twenty weeks, the thermometer 
 ranging, the greater part of the time, from 20 
 to 25 below zero, sometimes descending more 
 than 80 below, when the frost suddenly breaks 
 and, in the course of a few days, about tho 
 end of April, or middle of May, the -w aa 
 suddenly disappears. All tho energies of the 
 husbandman nre now directed to prepare the 
 earth for seed, ond in the short space of a 
 month the most luxuriant verdure and vegeta- 
 tion are spread over all Canada ; the ther- 
 mometer sometimes, in June, ranging as hich 
 Sli »' 100. Prevailing through the summer 
 from about 76 to 80. Although the severity 
 of the wmter precludes tho earth from yielding 
 any produce, yet it essentially facilitates the 
 conveyance to market of its summer products • 
 a track once beaten upon the snow, which is 
 easily effected after the storms have ceased 
 enables a horse to drag, on a sledge, a twofold 
 weight, twice or thrice the distance in a day 
 which he would be able to draw in the bat 
 constructed carriage, on the best possible road 
 In any country this facility of conveyanc^ 
 would be a great advantage; but in Canada 
 especially, where the rapidity of vegetation, 
 and the abundant produce of the summer, clami 
 all the attention and all the energy rf the 
 population during that season, it more than 
 counterbalances the severe and long duration 
 of the wmter, inasmuch as it supersedes the 
 necessity of cost and labour in the construction 
 ot bridges and roads, and rendera conveyance 
 easy by routes and over tracts that would 
 otherwise be impassable; and, so far from 
 being deemed severe or inconvenient, it is re- 
 garded by the Canadians aa the season of 
 social intercourse and festivity. The basis of 
 the commerce of Canada is in the produce of 
 Its forests, which, since 1817, have suppUed 
 England and the West Indies with an averaiw 
 of about 300,000 loads (of 60 cubic feet each) 
 ot timber annually. Its next source of supply 
 for export is the skins of the innumerable wild 
 animals which inhabit the forests, comprisinir 
 the bear,*tag, elk, deer, fox, martin, wild cat 
 and various others, including hare and rabbit 
 TJtt'^ a great variety of the weasel species) 
 and the banks of the numerous lakes and rivera 
 supply laige quantities of otter and beaver 
 skins. The aggregate value of this branch of 
 commerce to Canada may be estimated at 
 from 100,000/. to 160,000/. annually, varying 
 m some measure according to the capricl of 
 
 time sold m London for 10/. or 16/. a skin, at 
 other times obtain only two or three to five 
 pounds each; the others occasionally varvinc 
 in nearly like proportion. Another ^? 
 artice of production for export is pot and 
 peari ash; which, with a few other ardcles of 
 minor importance, constitute the whole of the 
 exports; amounUng, in the aggregate, including 
 
mtm 
 
 CAN 
 
 146 
 
 CAN 
 
 'ill 
 
 ! I 
 
 the freight of a portion of the wood in Cana- 
 dian built vesieli, to a money value of about 
 800,000/. The exclusion of a market for the 
 surplus of grain, whitl> would easily be sup- 
 plied, is, however, more than counterbalanced 
 to Canada by a largo military force and civil 
 establishment, which ia maintained in that 
 country out of the taxes levir 1 ou the people 
 of England. These maintenances, in addition 
 to its exports, enable the Canadians to draw 
 from England a supply of manufkctured and 
 Asiatic productions to the amount, in money 
 value, of about 1,400,000/. annually; whilst the 
 direct intercourse of Canada with the British 
 West India islands, enables it to obtain a 
 liberal supply of the products of those luxu- 
 riant climes. From these circumstances, it is 
 easy to conceive that Canada affords great 
 advantage to agricultural enterprise and well- 
 directed exertion. The inhabitanU consist 
 chiefly of the descendants of the original 
 French settlers, and have preserved thoir lan- 
 guage and customs to the present day. French 
 IS the general langunge; and the great sub- 
 division of the estates undsr seignorial laws, 
 is a remarkable feature in this part of Canada. 
 The upper division of the vice-royalty has been 
 the principal resort of later emigrants. 
 
 The legal establishment consists of a Court 
 of Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Court 
 of Appeal; and the civil and criminal law is 
 administered by a chief justice and two puisne 
 judges : the chief justice is also president of 
 the legislative council. The ecclesiastical 
 affairs of this country are under the superin- 
 tendence of a Catholic bishop resident at 
 Quebec, and an assistant bishop, nine vicars- 
 general, and about 200 curia, who are sup- 
 ported chiefly out of grants of land made 
 under the French government, and an assess- 
 ment of one twenty-sixth part of ail grain 
 produced on the lands held by Catholics. The 
 Protestant establishment consists of a lord 
 bishop, also resident at Quebec, nine rectors, 
 and several curates or clergymen, supported in 
 part out of the civil list, and an appropriation 
 of one-seventh of all the lands held by Pro- 
 testants. The Protestant bishop has also a 
 seat in the legislative council, by virtue of his 
 appointment : no distinction is otherwise made 
 on account of religious profession. Catholic 
 and Protestant being alike eligible to a seat in 
 the executive or legislative council and assem- 
 bly, as well as to all other civil or military 
 appointments. Numerous tribes of native In- 
 dians still inhabit all the western and interior 
 parts of this vast country, though their number 
 has been much reduced since 1780, about 
 which period the small-pox raged with such 
 destructive fury as to entirely depopulate 
 several hundred thousand square miles of ter- 
 ritory. Since the abatement of that dreadful 
 catastrophe, and the conciliatory measm i of 
 the Canadian government towards them, al- 
 though they still withhold themselves as much 
 as ever from the society of the settlers, they 
 have maintained a much more social inter- 
 course, with but few attempts at open hostility; 
 
 and It is the Indian population who contributo 
 so essentially to the traffic in f\irs. The prin- 
 cipal towns in Lower Canada are Qi/gbec, 
 Montreal, and Trois Rivikres, each of 
 which see for more circumstantial details of 
 tlieir commerce, &c. 
 
 Canaua, Upper, in its most comprehensive 
 sense, comprises a tract of country extending 
 from the Ottawa, or Grand Hiver, which divides 
 it from Lower Canada at its junction with the 
 St. Lawrence, in tho longitude of 74. 30. W. and 
 45. of N. lat., to the N. W. extremity of Lake 
 Winnipeg, in the lat. of 59. N. and the 98th of 
 W. long, bounv id on the S. by a chain of lakes 
 which discharge their waters into the sea by the 
 great river St. Lawrence, and on the N. by the 
 Ottawa River, in a N. W. direction, to the longi- 
 tude of about 82., when it borders, by undefined 
 limits, on the Hudson Bay and N. W. territo- 
 ries. However, like Lower Canada, the part 
 under cultivation, and which at present more 
 particularly merits attention, lies within com- 
 paratively narrow limits, in a S. W. direction, 
 along the N. bank of the St. Lawrence and N. 
 shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, from the 
 Ottawa River before mentioned, at its entrance 
 into the St. Lawrence, to the Straits of Erie and 
 St. Clair River, between the Lakes Erie and 
 Huron, in the longitude of 82. aO. W.., being 
 about 670 miles from N. E. to S. W„ and 40 to 
 SO in breadth, including about 10,000,000 of 
 acres of as fertile land as any in all North Ame- 
 rica. The S. W. extremity extending to the 
 42nd deg. of latitude, it is not subject to ouch 
 severity of winter as the lower province; nume- 
 rous streams, affording the most advantageous 
 site for tho erection of mills, fall into the lakes, 
 and two considerable rivers in the eastern dis^ 
 trict fall into the Ottawa, and two others run in 
 a S. W. direction, falling into Lake St. Clair, 
 between the Strait of Erie and the St. Clair 
 River. The southernmost of these rivers is 
 called the Thames, with a London on its banks, 
 destined, probably, at some future time, to rival 
 in population and importance its namesake in 
 Britain. Upper Canada is divided, for judicial 
 and local purposes, into eight districts. About 
 one-tliird of the lands were granted in free and 
 common soccngo, prior to 1825, about 600,000 
 acres of which are already under cultivation; 
 one-third more being reserved for the crown 
 and clergy, leaves about 4,000,000 of acres of 
 fertile land, in the immediate vicinity of settle- 
 ments already formed, for future grants; in ad- 
 dition to which, millions of acres in the rear, 
 northward, covered at present with the finest 
 timber of oak, hickory, beech, walnut, maple, 
 pine, &c., &c., present a rich field for exertion, 
 and the supply of future ages. The population 
 of this province has increased, and continues in- 
 creasing, in a greater ratio than the lower one. 
 The population, which in 1783 did not exceed 
 10,000, in 1814 amounted to 96,000, in 1825 
 to double that number; according to the last 
 census (1834) 336,461, and was estimated to be 
 460,000 in 1840. Its civil and religious insti- 
 tutions are similar to those of the sister province, 
 with the exception of its being settled since the 
 
CAN 
 
 147 
 
 CAN 
 
 expuUion of tho French; there are no fi-udnl 
 tenure* or laiula held in geigiiorngo, which i» 
 the caae with ail those granted to tho original 
 t rcnch settlers in the lower pMvince. The In- 
 hahmtnts also of Upper Cinndu, being emigrants 
 trom the Lnited States, Scotland, and England 
 are principally protestunts, and ns such there 
 are no special enoctments or reservations for the 
 catholics. The government and people of the 
 United States of North America have long view- 
 ed thu fine province with a longing and a icor 
 louseye; and, immcdiotuly after theirdeclaration 
 to^J^^^^""^ England, on the 18th of June, 
 1812, they landed an army from Detroit, of about 
 ^000 men, under the command of General 
 Hu I, at Its S. W. extremity, but who were im- 
 mediately obliged to retreat, and, being pursued 
 into their own territory by the English General 
 Brock, the whole force surrendered prisoners of 
 war on the following 16th of August. A second 
 attempt, m October of the same year, proved 
 equally unsuccessful. In the spring of the fol- 
 lowing vear, however, the United States forces 
 obtained some advantages, and, on the 10th of 
 September, a British navol force, on Lake Erie 
 of five vessels corrying 69 guns, was completely 
 defeated and captured by a United States squad- 
 ron of nine vessels. This affair completely 
 turned the tide of victory in favour of the United 
 States; but It led to no ulterior aavantages of 
 any kind, though it probably presented them 
 some disadvantages. Tho war tenrinated in 
 1815, without any object on the side of Canada 
 having being obtained. Upper Canada partici- 
 pates in common in the commerce of the lower 
 province; in addition to which, it has also the 
 advantage of interehanging its surplus produc- 
 tions w. h the United States, as either Qne direc- 
 tion or the other may best promote its interest. 
 As long, however, as the EngUsh government are 
 enabled to afford the same protection to Upper 
 
 irA°"1ooo''*'" \^^ Mme circumstances as 
 prevailed ,n 1826, and more especially so, should 
 nlv.^"^* goyemment qualify their present 
 policy of excluding grain of foreign growth from 
 importation into Englend, the interest of Z 
 Qinadians wdl unquestionably lie on the side of 
 England, and the Canadas afford the fairest 
 field for agricultural exertion of any country in 
 
 fLT^H^- i°'^°P«^''«•'t of its abundanc^ of 
 v^eteble and ammal food, the forests supply 
 abundance of every variety of game and fowl, 
 and the rivers and lakes afford a great variety 
 of fish common to inland wateni; and. by due 
 attention to culture, the gardens may be made 
 to yield abundance of delicious fruits 
 ..•/''^ Cana<Ja8, in a general sense, mky be con- 
 but ih ^^*«' *^"P"7. beautifully undulated, 
 
 S f^no ^"f*^""'* ."" ^'^'»*'°" exceeding 
 300 to 600 feet above the level of the waters of 
 
 Sfrff?., "'""1.*'^ ^"''f • ^ ''^Se of mountains 
 Skirts the northern boundaries of both pro- 
 vmces, from the 74th to the 98th degree of W 
 longitude; the altitudes have not been correctly 
 ascertained, but they seem to claim the charac- 
 tor only of a chain of broken hills rather than 
 mountains. But little discovery of minerals has 
 as yet been made: coals, copper, and iron, have 
 
 beenfbund: and, as population extend, itself, 
 and wh.m necessity require them, tho niinerni 
 substani-09 will, most probably, not prove defi- 
 cient. Tho two principal towns are Toronto 
 and KiNasTOM, the capital, both of which see; 
 and, lor a more comprehensive and general view 
 of the advantages wh-ch tho Canadns are des- 
 tined to derive fVrm tho facility of conveyance 
 by water, see, u^ider their rcspecUve heads be- 
 sides those previously mentioned, the followine 
 lakes and riv( rs, viz. :— 
 
 Winnipeg, 
 
 Lakf ui the Woods, 
 
 Rc-d Lake, 
 
 Sturgeon Lake, 
 
 Superior, 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 Huron, 
 
 Miami, 
 
 Sandusky, 
 
 NipisMng, 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 Ottawas, 
 
 Champlain. and 
 
 Memphramagog, 
 
 Canajouahie, atown of New York, in Mont- 
 gomery county. Its vicinity abounds with 
 apple trees, from which is made cider of an ex- 
 cel ent quality; 25 miles N. E. of Cooperstown, 
 and 66 W. N. W. of Albany. Pop. 6146 
 
 Canale, a town of Italy, in Piedmont. Pop. 
 3500 '^ 
 
 Canandaioua, a town of New York, chief of 
 Ontario county, situate on the N. end of a lake 
 of the same name, at its outlet into Canandai- 
 gua Creek, which runs E. into Seneca River. 
 Ihe lake is 20 miles long and 3 broad. The 
 town stands on a pleasant slope from tho lake 
 It has three churches, and a population of 5652. 
 90 miles E. S. E. of Niagara, and 208 W. by N 
 of Albany. ' ' 
 
 Cananore, a town of Hindosi..,., in Malabar, 
 defended by a fortress, with other works after 
 the Luropean fashion, and the head quarters of 
 the province. This town was taken in 1790 by 
 the British, m whose possession it remains. It 
 has several good houses, and carries on a good 
 trade with other parts of the peninsula, and with 
 Arabia and oumatra. The country furnishes a 
 large quantity of pepper, cardamoms, sandal- 
 wood, COU-, sharks' fins, &c.; the imports are 
 horses, benzoin, camphor, almonds, opium 
 sugar, and piece goods. It is governed by a 
 
 ?f ion'^"*''^'*"' '^''^ Wfl an annual tribute of 
 14,000 rupees to the English East India Com- 
 pany. It IS seated on a small bay, one of the 
 
 T *"ll''*„?^*5 ^^ ""«» N. N, W. of Calicut. 
 Long. 75. 30. E. lat. 11. 63. N. *^="»- 
 
 Canara, a province on the W. coast of Hin- 
 dostan, formerly subject to the regent of My- 
 sore, on whose defeat and death, in 1789, it caine 
 
 !" ^u \'"*"**' "*" ^^^ ^"*"'»- It « 1 80 miles in 
 length between the Concan and Malabar, and 
 from 30 to 80 m breadth. Tho boil is fertile 
 and It produces abundance of rice, betel-nuta 
 "alorl """"^**' ^''® principal port is Man- 
 Canaries, or Canary Islands, anciently cnU- 
 
 Snl^ ^.f T!fJ'>''''' "« 13 in number: 
 lying in the North Atlantic Ocean, off the W 
 
 TLf^^°!^^ i^"^' •^'^^" the latitudes o 
 28. and 30. N. Seven of them are considerable. 
 
 Canaries. Fuerteventura, and Lancerota 
 
 L 2 
 
CAN 
 
 14» 
 
 CAN 
 
 •ncIi of which •«« ; the other iix aro »ery amall — 
 Omcioaa, IWcii, AllcgrHiuii, St. Clare, Infonio, 
 ■nd Lobofl. They were formerly inhabited by 
 a brnve nnd inde|)endont race of people, colled 
 Gunnchei. Fuortoventuni and linuzerotn, be- 
 ing the lenat impuloui, were taken poaoeaaion of 
 by John dn Bethcncourt, a Norman, about the 
 commencement of (he 16th century, in behalf of 
 John, the then king of Caatile : but it woa not 
 till townrda the close of that century that the 
 Sponiarda, under whoae aovereigiity they atill re- 
 main, obtained comi)lete poaaeaaion of the whole 
 group, aAcr the most determined reaiatancc of 
 the natives; the whole of whom, during tlie 
 16th century, fell victima to the cruelty of the 
 Spaniards, cither by the sword or the inquiai- 
 tion, which was established in these iaianda in 
 1632. 
 
 Canary, Gband, one of the principal of the 
 above islands, Iving between the E. side of 
 Tenenffe, and the S. end of Fuerteventura. 
 Next to Teneriffe, it ia the most fertile and pro- 
 ducUve of the group. The aurfeco near the 
 coast IS beautifully diversified with hill and dale, 
 and well watered with streams issuing from 
 mountains convei;ging towards the centre of the 
 island. The vine in all iU varieties flourishes in 
 this island in the utmost luyjriance. It is here 
 that the moat delicious wine or sack i« made, 
 and it was from hence that the English obtained 
 their aack, ao celebrated in the time of Shak- 
 spere. But under the prescriptive policy of 
 Spain, nothing depending on human exertion 
 prospers, nnd, though tho Canary Iaianda are 
 lesa exposed to its despotism than any other part 
 of the Spanish dominions, every thing lan- 
 guishes. The extent of this ialand is about 30 
 miles from N. to S., and 28 in breadth. Palmas, 
 or Canary, as it is sometimes called, the chief 
 town, is situate on the coast, towards the N. E. 
 end of the island, in the latitude of 28. 43. N.' 
 nnd 17. 46. of W. long., having a tolerable har- 
 bour for vessels of 100 to 200 tons burthen, 
 sheltered by a promontory, jetting for about two 
 miles into the sea, from the N. E. extremity of 
 the ialand. Palmas was formeriy the capital 
 and seat of government, both civil and ecclesi- 
 astical, of the whole group of islands, but the 
 governor now resides at Santa Cruz, on Teneriffe; 
 the bishop continuing at Palmas, the population 
 of which is estimated at about 25,000, and the 
 remainder of the island at about the same 
 number. 
 
 Cancale, a town in France, in the depart- 
 ment of Ille and Vilaine, seated on a bay of its 
 name, and celebrated for oysters. The Eng- 
 lish landed here in 1768, and proceeded by 
 land to bum the ships at St. Male. It is nine 
 miles E. of St. Malo, and 40 N. N. W. of 
 Rennes. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 Candahar, or Kandahar, a province of Af- 
 ghanistan, lying between the Slat and 34th 
 degree of N. lat., and the 65th and 70th of E. 
 long. ; the chief city, of the same name, ia situ- 
 ate on the frontier of the Persian province jf 
 Segistan, in the lat. of 33. N. and 65. 30. of £. 
 long. During the entirety of the Peraian and 
 Mogul empires, it was considered the most im- 
 
 |iortant Imrrlvr bctwuon tho two territories, and 
 It W.UI furnii-rly tho capital and aeut of govern- 
 ment of the whole Afghan territory, which ia 
 now at Cabul. It ia, however, atill an import- 
 ant place, both aa a fortreaa and of commercial 
 intercourse. Ste Afohanihtan. 
 
 CAKDII8H, a provliico of the Deccan of Hin- 
 doatan, aubject to the Pooiiah Mahrattasi 
 bounded on the N. by Malwa, E. by Uerar, 8. 
 by Dowlatabttd, and W. by Boglana. The soil 
 is fertile, though mountainous, and produces 
 abundance of cotton. Burlmmpour, which 
 surrendered to the British in 1803, is tho ra- 
 piUl. 
 
 CANDKs.a town of France, in the department 
 of Indre and Loire, at the confluence of the 
 Vienne with the Loire; 30 miles W. 8. W. of 
 Tours. 
 
 Candia, an ialand in the Mediterranean, for- 
 merly Crete, lying to the S. of the Archipelago. 
 It ia leOmilea long, from W. to £., nnd 60 
 broad, and pervaded by e chain of mount«ina. 
 The aoil ia fertile; and it aboundain fine cattle, 
 aheep, awine, poultry, and game. The chief 
 producta ore corn, wine, oil, wool, ailk, and 
 honey. It waa taken by the Turka in 1669, 
 after a war of 26 years. It waa attempted to 
 bo retaken by the Venetians, in 1692, without 
 effect. Mount Ida, so famous in history, ia ia 
 the middle of thia ialand; beaide the capital of 
 tho same name, the other principal townd are 
 Canea, Rctimo, Nuovo, Legortino, and Setia. 
 Total population, about 280,000, in nearly an 
 equal proportion of Greeka and Turka. 
 
 Candia, the capital of the island of theaame 
 name, and the aeo of a Greek archbishop. 
 Though populoua formerly, liltle of it remains 
 beside the walls and the market-place; and the 
 harbour is now fit for nothing but boats. It is 
 seated on the N. side of the island, about 240 
 miles S. S. W. of Smyrna. Long. 26. 13. E. 
 lat. 35. 19, N. Pop. about 13,000. 
 
 Candlemas Isles, two islands in the South- 
 ern Ocean, near Sandwich Land. Long. 27. 
 13. W. Int. 67. 10. S. 
 
 Candy, formerly a kingdom, compriaiiig tho 
 greater part of the interior of the ialand of 
 Ceylon, (which aee;) the chief town, of the 
 same name, is situate nearly in the centre of 
 the island, on the banks of a river called the 
 Malivaganga, which falls into the sea by several 
 channels on the £. side. The town consiats 
 principally of one street about two miles in 
 length, the principal buildings being the former 
 king's palace and the temple of Boodh. It 
 surrendered to a British force in March 1816, 
 and was annexed, with the whole of the Island 
 of Ceylon, to the British dominions. Candy 
 is about 70 miles E. N. £. of Colombo, and 85 
 S. W. ofTrincomalee. 
 
 Canea, a strong town of the island of Can- 
 dia, with a good harbour. Tho environs are 
 adorned with olive-trees, vineyards, gardens, 
 and brooks, bordered with myrtle and laurel 
 roses. It waa taken fVom the Venetians by 
 the Turks, in 1645, after a defence of two 
 months, in which the victors lost 25,000 men. 
 It is seated on the N. coast of the island ; 63 
 
CA N 
 
 U9 
 
 milM W. by N of C«udia. I^mc .'4. 7 15 
 
 Canbilb, a town of Piedmonl, at tho S 
 extremity of Aiti, 13 milei 8, S. E. of th« 
 town of AiU. l>op. about 3000. 
 
 Canbte. See Caonetb. 
 
 Canoto, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan. 
 •ovemi times taken and retaken by the French 
 anU Auitrian.. It U Mate.! on the Oglio; '20 
 miloi W. of Mantua, " ' 
 
 Canoa.b town of the kingdom of Congo, on 
 the river Zaire, 280 mile. N. K. of St. S« va- 
 dor. Long. J7. 10. E.]»t. 2.10. S 
 
 Cit,ZT''A^ ".I'*''?,''' Nop'**' i" P'ineipato 
 titeriore; 40 mile E. by 8. of Salerno. 
 
 the most Muthern verge of tho i.lo of xfimo. or 
 niuiiu, with R commodioui harbour. At the 
 entrance of the haven i. a Hght-house. on a 
 lofty rock; and at tho foot of the mck ia k con- 
 venient road for shipping. Here are large and 
 sumptuous mugn/ines, beltnging to the empc- 
 
 Canina, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Albania, near the entrance of the Gulf of Ve- 
 nicej 8 miles S. E. of Aviona. 
 
 Canischa, a strong town of Lo .. er Hungary. 
 
 iV^Tiion*" u '^."" ^y '''« Turks, who held 
 It till 1690, when it was taker, by the Austri- 
 ans, after a blockade of two years, and ceded to 
 the emperor bv the peace of Carlowitz. It is 
 jeated on the bank of a small lake ; 12 miles 
 W. of the Drove River, and 85 miles ! . S. W. 
 of Raab. Long. 17. 10. E, Int. 46. 30. N. 
 S \lr'"Lf\r\i *'i^ "-'■^"'•«» "f Scotland, 
 long and one broad : the high parts produce 
 LwiKr%P:i' ""» f?' cattle, and'^ the low are 
 
 iT .• ^" ^^° S- E- "''0 »<■ Canna is Sand 
 Istand, separated by a narrow channel; and 
 
 Wfl qfl' w", ? ^J'll-frequented harbour, 
 liong. 6. 38. W. lat. 67. 13. N. 
 
 Cann^. Sec Canosa. 
 
 Cannks, or Caones, a small seaport at the 
 nW • '''^^aT^ °' ^"'"'=«; distingu^ed L he 
 o^the 1,?^;^"°"."^, NapoleoTfrora Elba! 
 milel1.W.°oftS!''°"- ^'"•'''-tsix 
 
 Cannobinb, or Kanobinb, u vilinge of Syria 
 
 tli^ f^' "^**°""' ^^'""'"n. ""d near toTho' 
 
 ^r besides a large number of minor ones, p^ 
 senting a very picturesque appearance. ' 
 <jano. See Ghana. 
 
 thf iT"m' " ■**"'" "^ ^**'y' '" the Milanese, on 
 the lake Maggiorej 35 miles N. N. W. of Milan 
 
 yincTTl ° '"^^l "? -'i'"'l°«tan. in the pr^* 
 Ziu»L ^- i* " '^^'^ t" have been the 
 7p?rus wL ;•"'?!*"' "•"'^"'^ ^''^ Predece8«,r 
 th«t ?n fl. «^/°"«''* "8^""* Alexander; and 
 «hnL • ' t-^u*'', *'^"'"'y 't contained 30,000 
 Bhops in which betel-nut was sold. It is now 
 
 f^n!l , , A ^?''"'' "^"' "» ««nflux frith the 
 
 a"fi!'E:r27!W«-°^"«^''- ^-«' 
 
 CAN 
 
 CA»oi».Birr.o, a town of Peniisvlynniii m 
 Washi^on county, on the W. bS"fTh.j! 
 
 S." ^vT'of PiSu'rg"'"^' **"«""-• ""«« •» 
 
 -htl"".'*' r '"''" "' ^''^^' *" Term di Hari. 
 which stands on part of the site of tho ancient 
 Canusium, one ohhemost magnificent citiW 
 Italy Between Canosa and fl,, ,iror Ofcnto 
 are still some trace, of the ancient town of 
 Cann« in the plain of which was fought the 
 celebrated battle between Hannibal and the 
 Uomana wherein the latter lost 45,000 men 
 Canosa is 4 miles W, by N. of Trani 
 
 CANour,, a town of Hindostan, in Golconda j 
 capital of a c.rcar of the «,me name, seated on 
 the 8. bank of the Toombudm river 110 mile. 
 15. 48 N "y*'™''"'*- ^"«- 78- 7- E. lat. 
 
 pa&urwi^^^^^ 
 
 r^of'Sfn^'^ "*"' '"" ''"'^ '"-"- 
 
 No*C«T'»? '*"lf*"* "i ""^ S- ^- extremity of 
 Nova Scotia. Near the town is a fine fishery 
 for cod. Long. 60. 55. W. lat. 45. 20. N 
 u^l"^' !r^ ^'' " •'™' »•»"» 2f mile^ in 
 
 SSroYAJ;^!^'- *^'«^'' «-^- "• 
 
 of wr^l"!!: * '° uu "'SuabiP, :« the kingdom 
 of Wirterabeig with a ma.mfiicture of printed 
 cottons. In the neighbourhood are some m^ 
 
 miles N. E. of Stuttgard. ' 
 
 Cantal, an interior department in the S. of 
 A^vp'rl '"c'wding part of the late province of 
 Auvergne. It is so called, from a mountain 
 near the centre of the department, whose "urn" 
 
 Tst V^T T^'^l/i"' -no^r. The capital 
 is bt. Hour. Pop. about 250,000, 
 
 r.f„ri!!^*^*"°' .? **""" °^ Naples, in Calabria 
 Citenore, near the sea; 26 miles S. W of St 
 Sevenno. Pop. 10,000. "- ^-ot St. 
 
 co.fn*»f^TfJ* * "'^y '" ^°"*' «'Pitol of the 
 county, and the see of an archbishop who is 
 primate of all Engkind. It was the DuTove" ■ 
 num of the Romans, and founded before IJie 
 Christian ero. The cathedral, a larje rtru^ i 
 ture, was once famous fbr the shrine of Thomw 
 
 he?ettl7o"^"'*'Jl'''"^''*' "•'•>''»'' "'"'S 
 Here ml 170 and afterwards made a saint In 
 this catlredml are interred Henry IV and eIi 
 ward the Rlack Prince. The c [y hw b-fce^i 
 14 parish churches, the remains of many r" 
 man antiquit.es, and an ancient ca«t"7with 
 
 ruirb^H^^tfirs^tr'""'^^^^^ 
 
 excellent brawn. The adjacent coun'rv Drof 
 
 fes/=ifs, "•-•.■:«» 
 
 the nver Stour; 55 miles E S P J ? j "" 
 
mmm 
 
 mmmmmmmmmm 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 CAN 
 
 160 
 
 CAN 
 
 Cantin, Capb, a promontory of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, on the coast of Morocco. Lv>ng. 9, t>. 
 W. lat. 32. 33. N. 
 
 Canton, a city, seaport, and capital of Quang- 
 tong, the most southern province of Chiiia, and 
 the only port in that vast enii.<re with which 
 Europeans are permitted to hold any inter- 
 course; it isflnoly located at the head of a bay, 
 into which flow two large rivers, one from the 
 westv/ard, which by numerous collateral bran ches 
 intersects all the southern part of the empire, 
 and the other from the north, which, by a port- 
 age of only one day's journey, communicates 
 with the great chain of inland waters that in- 
 tersects every other province, thereby affording 
 a facility of conveyance by water, which ren- 
 ders Canton peculiarly well adapted for the 
 great outport of the empire. The harbour ii 
 very commodious, and, being sheltered by se- 
 veral snidll islands, it affords secure moorinp 
 for the innumerable barks or junks which navi- 
 gate the inland waters; all t>ie foreign ships 
 anchor several miles distant from the tcwn,not 
 on account of the incapacity of the harbour to 
 accommodate them, but from *l'>e peculiarly 
 jealous policy of the Chinese, \ . ich seems to 
 dread nothing so much as sociality of inter- 
 course. Canton consists of three towns, di- 
 vided by high walls, but so conjoined as to 
 form almost regular square. The streets are 
 long and straight, paved with flag-stones, and 
 adorned with triumphal arches. The houses 
 in general have only one floor, built of earth or 
 brick, some of them fantastically coloured, and 
 covered with tiles. The better class cf people 
 are carried about in chairs, but the common 
 sort walk barefooted and bareheaded. At the 
 end of every street is a barrier, which is shut 
 every evening, as well as the gates ^ the city. 
 The Europeans and Americans occupy a range 
 of buildings termed the factories, fronting a 
 spacious quay along the bank of the harbour, 
 without the city, which no foreigner is permit- 
 ted to enter without the special permission of 
 the viceroy, which is seldom or never obtained. 
 The ibreign trade of Cauton resolves itself into 
 a monopoly more peculiar and oppressive than 
 any where else exists ; it is vested in twelve 
 persons, each paying a large premium for the 
 privilege of trading, who are collectively a.ii en- 
 able, as well to foreigners as to the government, 
 for any default or mulct imposed upon any one 
 or more of them individually. In addition to 
 the external commerce of Canton, it also ap- 
 pears to be the seat of almost every branch of 
 manu&cture, more especially of silks and house- 
 hold gods. From the circumstance of there 
 being an public worship in Chii.a, every house 
 has iU own collection of idols, the manufacture 
 of which forms one of the most important 
 branches of occupation. The main article of 
 export from Canton is tea, which, since 1798, to 
 EngUmd alone, has averaged about 25,000,000 
 lbs.,whilst to America and other parts (since 1813 
 inore es'^cii'ilv^ it has been si^duslly increos- 
 iiig, making an e,''^egate average quantity an- 
 nually exported at the period of 1826, of -.sbout 
 40,00'0,000 lbs. The other principal articles 
 
 exported to England are raw silk and nan^ 
 keens; of the former, about 250,000 lbs. weight, 
 and cf the latter, about 600,000 pieces of four 
 and seven yards each, annually ; a few manu- 
 factured silks and crapes, fans, ivory chess- 
 men, fancy boxes, and other toys, soy, and ink, 
 constitute the remaining exports tj England, 
 which employs atH>ut 25 sail of ships annually, 
 of about 1200 tons each; the reimbursement 
 by the English for the above productions is 
 made in cotton, wool, opium, and some other 
 articles from Bombay and Bengal, and in wool- 
 len cloths, lead, &l. from England, to the 
 amount of about 700,000/. annually. In addi- 
 tion to the trade direct to England, there is 
 also an extensive traffic on English account 
 between the different ports of India and Can- 
 ton, which consists ii a reciprocal interchange 
 of the productions of the respective countries, 
 and iu which porcelain forms a considerable 
 article of export from Canton. The intercourse 
 of America with Canton is maintained on the 
 part of America, with furs fVom the N. W. 
 coast, sandal-wood, and the edible birds'-nests, 
 collected among the eastern islands, and with 
 dollars. A considerable portion of the tea ex- 
 ported in American ships, being on account and 
 risk of the Chinese merchants, more especially 
 the portion brought to Hamburgh, Antwerp, 
 and other European ports, is wholly reimbursed 
 in specie, the imposts of the government on its 
 external commerce being levied on the length 
 and breadth of the shipping entering and leav- 
 ing the 'port. The following statement of the 
 amount of duties returned to the Chinese trea- 
 sury for the year 1822, will best show the ex- 
 tent and proportion of the three great branches 
 into which the external commerce of Canton 
 resolves itself: viz. Ist, that with the English 
 East India Company; 2nd, that with the dif- 
 ferent ports of British India; 3rd, that with 
 America : — 
 
 On ImroTf On Export. 
 
 English East Ind. Com. 395,1 1 , 460,042 
 
 Country Tjade . . . IIS.IU 30,623 
 
 America 276,678 339,409 
 
 Total Tale 
 
 790,223 8S 7,074 
 
 The Tale being only equal to 6s. 8d, of English 
 money, the whole impost will be seen to amount, 
 according to the above statement, to only 
 £556,800, not equul to the amount levied on 
 the single article of coals alone, at the port of 
 London; and yet, such is the extent and in- 
 sidious nature of the intermediate oppression of 
 the Chinese Honp (or council, wtuch is the 
 term by which the twelve privileged merchants 
 of Canton are collectively colled), on one side, 
 and the English East India Company on the 
 other, that whilst the 25,000,000 lbs. of tea an- 
 nually consumed in Quit Britain and Ireland 
 costs the consumer, on an average, at least 7s. 
 per lb., it docs not yield to the producer, in- 
 cluding the inland conveyance to Canton, an 
 average of 3|d. per lb. In 1823, several thou- 
 sand houses in Canton were destroyed by Are, 
 but the gtound has since been rebuilt upon. 
 
,223 8D 7,074 
 
 CAN 151 
 
 The population w estimated at about 1,S00,000. 
 It is in the lat. of 23. 8. N. and 113. 2. of E, 
 long, being 1 6. 47. or about 1 190 British statute 
 miles S. by W. of Pekin, the metropolis of the 
 empire. 
 
 Cantyrb, or KiNTTRB, a peninsula of the 
 W, coast of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 35 miles 
 long and 7 broad ; connected on the N. by an 
 isthmus, scarce a mile broad, to the mountain- 
 ous district of Knapdale, To the S. the penin- 
 sula terminates in a great promontory, sur- 
 rounded by a group of dangerous rocks, called 
 the Mull of Cnntyre, on which is a lighthouse, 
 in the lat. of 55. 17. N. and 5. 41. W. long. It 
 is a mountainous district, with some fertile spots. 
 The chief town is Campbelton. The other towns 
 are Kirkmichael, Ballachintea, Killean, Kilcal- 
 monil, end Skipness. 
 
 Cany, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Seine; situate in a country which pro- 
 duces great quantities of com and flax; 26 
 miles N. W. of Rouen. 
 
 Caorlo, a small island in the Gulf of Venice, 
 on the coast of Friuli. It has a town of the same 
 nam e ; 20 miles S. W. of Aqueleia. Long. 1 2. 36. 
 E. lat. 45. 42. N. 
 
 Capacio, a town of Naples, in Principato 
 Citeriore; 20 miles S. E. of Salerno. 
 
 Cape Breton, an island forming part of the 
 British dominions in America; lying between the 
 N. end of Nova Scotia, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by the Gut of Canso (which see), and the 
 S. W. point of Newfoundland, from which it is 
 separated by the principal entrance into the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. It extends, in a N. by E. 
 direction, from the lat. of 45. 30. to 47. 6. N., and 
 from the long, of 59. 45. to 61. 35. W., forming a 
 barriev between the Atlantic Ocean and the gulf, 
 which it completely landlocks, and forms into a 
 vast inland sea; the passage between the N. E. 
 end and Newfoundland being about 65 miles 
 wide, intercepted, however, by the island of St. 
 Paul, and, just within the gulf, by the Magdalen 
 grou, of isles. Cape Breton is' indented from 
 N. to S. by spacious bays, dividing it into two 
 islands joined together by a very narrow isth- 
 mus. The coast on all sides is also much in- 
 dented by bays, making the figure of the land 
 very irregular. Its area, however, amounts to 
 about 40,000 square miles. The French first 
 formed a settlement upon this island in 1712, 
 which surrendered to a British force from New 
 England, in 1745, and was confirmed, with all 
 the other French possessions in North America, 
 to England, by the treaty of 1 763. Its most dis- 
 tmguishing property is its rich stiita of coal of 
 superior quality ; with some dreary surface, it 
 also presents some very fertile spotn, well 
 wooded, and containing a variety of wild ani- 
 mals, the skins of which forms a branch of its 
 traffic. Louishurg, the chief town, is situate on 
 the Atlantic coast, in the lat. of 45. 54. N. and 
 59. 55. W. long. The chief occupation of the 
 people, not only of Louisburg but of the whole 
 island, in udUition to agriculture, is the cod 
 fishery, which they pursue to some extent, for 
 the West India and other markets. Total popu- 
 lation of the island, about 4000. It was con- 
 
 CAP 
 
 stituted a separate government in 1784, ui;der a 
 lieutenant-governor appointed by the king; but 
 by 8 etretch of authority on the part of the legis- 
 lative assembly and council of Nova Scotia, it 
 h«8 reverted as a province to that government, 
 to which It was originally attached. 
 
 Cape Girardiku, a county of the state of 
 .dissouri, North America, lying between the 
 St. J'rancis and Mississippi rivere, just above 
 the junction of the Ohio with the Mississippi, in 
 the lat. of 37. N. It is 40 miles in length, from 
 N. to S. and about 20 in mean breadth. Pop. 
 9359. There is a town of the same name on the 
 W. bank of the Mississippi ; but Jackson, fur- 
 ther 1,. m the interior, 80 miles S. S. E. of St. 
 Louis, and about 600 N. N. W. of New Orleans, 
 is the chief town. 
 
 Cape op Good Hope, a territory comprising 
 the whole southern extremity of Africa, disco- 
 vered by the Portuguese navigator, Bartholomew 
 Viaz, in 1493, who g:ive it the name of Cabo 
 rormenioso, from the boisterous weather which 
 he met with near it; but Emanuel, king of Por- 
 tugal, on the return of Diaz, changed its name 
 to that of Cape of Good Hope, from the hope 
 he entertained of finding a passage beyond it to 
 India; and in this he was not deceived, for 
 Vasco de Gama, having doubled this cape on 
 the 20th November, 1497, proceeded to India, 
 and landed at CaUcut,on the 22nd of May, 1498. 
 The Cape of Good Hope was first touched at by 
 the Dutch in 1600, and in 1650 they established 
 a settlement at this place, of which they held 
 undisturbed possession for near 150 years. The 
 cape or promontory, which gives name to the 
 territory, is about 13 leagues W. N. W. of Cape 
 Aguillas, which is the extreme S. point of the 
 African continent; and the territory extends 
 northward to the lat. of about 30. S., and east- 
 ward from the shore of the Atlantic Ocean in 1 8. 
 to that of the Indian Ocean in 28. of E. long. 
 This extensive territory was taken from the 
 Dutch by the English, in 1795; but restoved to 
 Holland at the peace of Amiens, in 1802 ; re- 
 taken in J 806, and confirmed to Great Britain 
 by the Congress at Vienna, in 1816 ; and it now 
 forms part of the British dominions. Frem the 
 southern extremity to the latitude of about 30. 
 the ground rises, by three successive gradations, 
 to the height of 5000 or 6000 feet above the 
 level of the sea; the back mountain ridge in 
 some places rising to the height of 9000 to 
 10,000 feet. This variation in altitude is sub- 
 ject to almost every variety of climate, and the 
 surface is as various as the climate, there being 
 much dreary and sterile district, some very firs 
 pasture, and some exceedingly fertile arable 
 land. The capriciousness of the seasons, how- 
 ever, is such as to render the pursuit of tillage 
 exceeding hazardous, though, when the seasons 
 are favourable, the produce is superabundant, 
 I he culture of the vine seems attended with less 
 risk, and is likely to supersede the attenti' ^ to 
 agriculture. h(>vnn<1 xohat ;• .,n»» ^- 
 
 subsistence of the co:ony. The surplus produce 
 of wine, exported during the eight years, 1817 
 to 1824, averaged about 4500 pipes per annum. 
 In 1819, an attempt was made to establish m 
 
CAP 
 
 153 
 
 CAP 
 
 • :s I'i! 
 
 Bettlement at Algoa Bay, towards the eastern 
 extremity of the southern coast, in the long, of 
 25. 42. E., about 450 miles E. of the settlement 
 at the Hope Cape, but the seasons in succession 
 cutting off all the crops, the- settlers were all 
 subjected to the extreme of privation. By due 
 attention, however, to the nature of the climate, 
 and application of the soil to purposes for which 
 it is best adapted, the Cape territory, in the 
 aggregate, is doubtless susceptible of being ren- 
 dered subservient to the highest degree of com- 
 fort and enjoyment of the settlers, and recipio- 
 caii/ so to the inhabitants of Great Britain. 
 For magisterial purposes, it is divided into the 
 districts of the Cape, Stellenbosch, Clanwilliam, 
 Tulbngh or Worcester, Zwellendam, Beaufort, 
 Graff Reynet, George, Uitenhage, Albany, and 
 Somerset, and also a tract called the Neutral 
 Ground, to the east of Albany, which has teen 
 the subject of much dispute with the Koosas, a 
 tnbe of Caffres. The Cape district comprises the 
 promontory which gives name to the territory. 
 The promontory jets into the Southern Ocean, 
 at the south-west extremity. On each side of 
 this promontory is a bay, frequented alternately 
 as the winds prevail; that on the east side, in 
 the Southern Ocean, is called False Bay, availed 
 of during the prevalence of north and north-west 
 winds; and that on the west side, in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, is called Table Bay, which affords toler- 
 able shelter during the prevalence of south and 
 south-east winds. They are, however, both 
 destitute of convenient harbours. There are two 
 other bays north of Table Bay; Saldanha, in the 
 lat. of 33. 7. S.. and St. Helens, in 32. 40., both 
 of which have more convenient harbours than 
 either of the other two; but, being deficient in 
 fresh water, they are not much frequented. On 
 the shore of Table Bay, in the lat. of 33. 56. S. 
 and 18, 28. E. long., is the chief town of the 
 colony, called Cape-tovm, rising in the midst of 
 a desert, surrounded by black and dreary moun- 
 tains. To the south-east of the town are some 
 vineyards^ which yield the fcmous wine called 
 Constantia. The store-houses built by the 
 Dutch East India Company are situate next the 
 water, and the private buildings lie beyond them> 
 on a gentle ascent toward the mountains. The 
 castle, or principal fort, which commands the 
 road, is on the east side; and another strong 
 fort, called Amsterdam fort, is on the west side. 
 The streets are broad and regular ; and the 
 houses, in general, are built of stone, and white- 
 naahed. There are b-Tacksfor 2000 men, built 
 on one side of a spacious plain, which serves for 
 a parade. There are two other lai;ge squares, in 
 one of which the market is held, and the other 
 serves to assemble the numerous waggons and 
 vehicles bringing in the produce from the coun- 
 try. There is another large building erected by 
 the Dutch for a marine hospital, and a house for 
 the accommodation of the government slaves; 
 the government house, a town hall, and a Cal- 
 vinist, and Lutheran church, constitute the re- 
 mainder of the public buildings. The popula- 
 tion, in 182f). aipounted to about 20 000 more 
 than one-half of whom were Hottentots, Negro, 
 and Malay slaves, and people of colour. The 
 
 Table Mountain, so called from the flatness of 
 Its main summit, rises from immediately behind 
 the town, to the height of 3592 feet above the 
 level of the sea, having a collateral peak on the 
 east, 3315 feet in height, and another on the 
 west, 2160 feet. The profitable productions of 
 the colony, taken as a whole, are wine, grain, 
 all the European and most of the tropical fruits, 
 vegetables of every description, cattle,and sheep. 
 At the foot of the Table Mountain arc con- 
 siderable plantations of the protea argentea, or 
 silver tree, (a species of the protea peculiar to 
 this spot), the stone pine, and the white poplar. 
 Avenues of oak adorn the country houses; and 
 this tree grows rapidly throughout the coloay, 
 but rarely to any perfection as timber. It is 
 constantly cut down with the rest cf the few 
 forest trees of the Cape, for fbel, which is sa 
 scarce that most families in decent drcum- 
 Btances keep a slave employed entirely in col- 
 lecting it. On the eastern side of the moun- 
 tains that run northward from the Cape, and 
 at the southern foot of the Zwartzbei|{,.or Black 
 Mountains, are some good pasture farms, and 
 whole plains of the common aloe, which forms 
 a considerable article of trade. The markets 
 are well supplied with fish from the open sea, 
 and from the numerous inlets of the coast. 
 
 Cape May, a maritime county, forming a 
 promontory at the S. extremity of the state of 
 New Jersey. The cape, at the extreme S. 
 point, is in lat. 38. 67. N., the W. side being 
 washed by Delaware Bay, and the E. to Gi«at 
 Egg Harbour, in the lat. of 39. 18.. N., by the 
 Atlantic Ocean, this side in its whole extent 
 being flanked by a chain of istands. Pop. 
 5324. The court-house of the county is 91 
 miles S. of Trenton. 
 
 *»• For numerous other cape*, see theit 
 
 respective names. 
 Capelle. a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aisne; 10 miles N. E. of Guise. 
 
 Caper's Island, a island near the coast of 
 South Carolina. Lonij. 79. 39. W. lat. 32. 55. 
 N. 
 
 Capestan, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Herault, near the river Aude and the 
 canal of Languedoc; 6 miles W. of Beziers, 
 
 Capitanata, a province of Naples, E. of the 
 Appennines, bounded on the E. for about 70 
 miles by the Adriatic; varying in breadth from 
 40 to 80 miles; containing an area of about 
 3500 square miles, and 270,000 inhabitants. 
 It IS watered by several streams falling into the 
 Adriatic. The chief town upon the coast is 
 Manfredonia; and Lucera, 35 miles W. of 
 Manfredonia, and 90 E. by N. of the city of 
 Naples, is the chief town. 
 
 Capo Find, a barren rock in the territory of 
 Genoa, with a castle on its eastern peak. Near 
 it is a port of the same name; 1 3 miles E. S. E. 
 of Genoa. Long. 8. 56. E. lat. 44. 20. N. 
 
 Capo D'Istuia, a town of Italy, aipitfl of 
 Istria, and a bishop's see.. It stands on a 
 sitiall island in the Gulf of Trieste, connected 
 with the eoiitiiiciit by a causeaay, :viuch i» 
 defended by a castle. The principal revenue 
 consists in wine and salt. It is 8 miles S. of 
 
CAP 
 
 i 
 
 Pop 
 
 tpes, see theit 
 
 Trieste. Long. U. 0. E. lat. 45. 40. N. 
 about 5G00. 
 
 CAPPEL,a town of Denmark, in the duchy oi 
 S eswick, on the E. coast; 16 miles N.TE of 
 Slesmck. 
 
 Ai7^^^^,' * ^^"^ "*' Ireland, in the county 
 of Waterford, on the Blackwater river, over 
 which IS an ancient bridge. Here is also ar. 
 ancient castle built bythe Fitzgeralds; 131 miles 
 iTora Dublin. 
 
 ♦hf v"t'"*l.°-^ "!® ^" *^*' Mediterranean, to 
 the N. E. of Corsica; 15 miles in circumfer- 
 ence. It has a town of the same name, with a 
 good harbour, defended by a castle. It is in- 
 cluded m the Sardinian States. Pop. about 
 2000. Long. 9. 56. E. lat. 43. 5. N. 
 
 Capbi, an island in the Meditenanean. at 
 the entnmce of the Gulf of Napl«L^r?y 
 opposite Sorento. It is 5 miles loSg^Hwo 
 broad, wuh steep shores, accessible only in two 
 places; and was the retreat of the Emperor 
 Tibenus, who here sp^nt the last ten Veara 
 ot His life in luxurious debauchery. A vast 
 quantity of quails come here every year- and 
 the tenth of what are caught fo^ a'greS 
 part of the revenue of the bishop, who is 
 hencecalledtheBishopofQuails. Pop JSout 
 
 CiPHi, the capital of the island of the same 
 Mme. and a bishop's see, with a castle It 
 was once a delightfiil place, embellished "with 
 magnificent work^ which were demolished 
 after the death of Tiberius. It is 27 miles 
 32. N °f Naples. Long. 14. 10. E. tot. 40. 
 
 •F*^^'^°5^ * t"*" of the Netherlands: 18 
 
 ?otiS[&"'"*''^~'^*"™P-- 
 Capca, a strong city of Naples, in Tena di 
 
 It is two miles from the ancient Capua, and 
 was buiU out of its ruins. No city in^tZ 
 except Rome, contains a greyer Imbe^^^ 
 ancient inscriptions. In 1803 it suffer^ much 
 by an earthquake, and a number of cavaS 
 
 .i,^v*' ^ ^"^^ °^ ^""^ which issues from 
 the N. extremity of the Ural mounWns Ind 
 flows into the Gulf of Karskoi, in tKrcSc 
 
 and Asia, ftr the space of about 140 miles. 
 
 Amt^'^*^*^'/j?"*'''"<=® °f Colombia, South 
 America, extending along the northern coast 
 between the 64th and 70th degree of W.ZS' 
 It was fi«t discovered by Columbus, on hk 
 third voyage m 1498. Several attempts were 
 immediately after jnade by Spanish' adTeT 
 S^ f"™ .settlements, which being par- 
 tially effected, ,t was sold by Charles V. of 
 Spam to a company of Gen, an trading adven- 
 turers, who by their intolerable oppreSs 
 
 IZ'^T^'^'^^ country in ]S50?wK 
 -...o tvrmcu juco a caplttin-generalship, under 
 the command of a supreme governor afpoi"S 
 by the king of Spain, under whose sovereiBPty 
 
 CAR 
 
 emained in undibturbed possession up to 
 5. When the events of the war. which 
 desolated Europe from 1793, had cut off 
 direct mtercouiae between Spain and her 
 external possessions, a futile attempt was made 
 by a General Miranda, to revolutionize this 
 part of South America, which only served to 
 expose those whom he seduced into his project 
 to undergo the extreme of privation, and some 
 ot them the punishment of death. In 1810 
 however, when the French had obtained the 
 entu-e possession of Spain, and proclaimed the 
 Mvereignty of all its external possessions, a 
 congress was convened of depuUes from allthe 
 provinces of the captain-generalship of Caraccas 
 to devise measures either for the establishment 
 of an independent government, or for effecting 
 
 Wnf^ to mtemal dissensions and inveterate 
 hostility between the two parties; one adT 
 «t^J" "f^t^i^i^gthe gov'emment as itVhen 
 existed, which were supported by Spain on the 
 reinstation of Ferdinand in JSlQfandthe "ther 
 who placed General Bolivar in' the command 
 to hi- '^^J^^f^y resolved upon acceding 
 to nothing short of unqualified independence! 
 ^^X^^ '°"t'"u"*^ "^^ alternate succe^ 
 11 of Decenaber a union was effected be- 
 if N«i ^'""T''" "i ^^^ ^^'^ «nd those 
 182?T>.» w'fli,'""^ "i? ^^^ 24th of June, 
 ♦k 2. ® M '*"'® '"*» fought, which decided 
 tJie fete of the pretensions of Spain, and the 
 tinal extinction of its authority over aU this 
 part of South Araerios which has since re- 
 solved itsetf into one great united republic 
 under the denomination of Colombia, divided 
 into three provinces, of which that of Vene^ 
 luela comprises the greater part of the former 
 captain-generalship of Caraccas. See Vene- 
 zuela. 
 
 Cabaocas, Leon db, the ct^Jef town of the 
 new Venezuelean province -jf the republic of 
 
 Mimf !' V "'IL**^ "" "° ^^«^*t«d plain, 
 2900 feet above the level of the sea, at a dis! 
 
 ■:^?l ^P: ^^•. N- ""«* «7. of W. long. Not- 
 withstanding its alUtude, it is watered by two 
 or Uiree streams, whilst by iia elevation it 
 enjoys a comparatively temperate and delight- 
 tul chmate. The town is regularly kid out. 
 and has two or three squares, a cathedral, cot 
 lege, and several churches, but none remark- 
 fa, l«n9 ^"^'*'"?'i^"'y- '^''o population 
 m 1802 was estimated at 42,000, but an earth- 
 quake in March, 1812, destroyed 12.000 of 
 
 Its Z^£:. *" ''"" ^ ^'^^ P*^ °f the town. 
 «™^i "® 7^" supplied with almost 
 
 S., T'^ "" ''^^ "^ °«=«««0' of life; and 
 should the new government continue fin^,, dis- 
 creet, and just. Caraccas de Leon will probably 
 
 Sbr"yrLA"GirKr ''"* ^^^^^^ "^ *"' 
 
 meS"::rn±iT".-J *:™' i'?.the_depart- 
 
 Toulousc-'P^^^l^trsbo.' ""'" "• "" '' 
 
 Caramania, or Kahamania, a province of 
 
 Asiatic Turkey, to the E. of N^tolii. It com! 
 
1 ( 
 
 CAR 154 
 
 prehends the ancient Pamphylia, and a great 
 part of Cilicm, Pisidia, and Cappadocia. It 
 contains several lakes, which abound with fish, 
 Md furnish great quantities of salt, and the 
 Kisil Irmak river intersects the eastern part 
 of the province, running N into the Black 
 Sea. Cogni, or Konieh, in the lat. of 38. 10. 
 N. and 32. 25. of E. long., is the capital. It 
 ?s mc specifically applied to the S. coast of 
 Asia Minor, as the name is unknown to the 
 Turks. 
 
 Caramanta, a district of Colombia, included 
 m the S. part of the province of Magdalena : 
 bounded on the W. by Ystmo, S. by Popavan, 
 and E. by Zulia. It is a valley surrounded by 
 hjgh mountains, and there are waters whence 
 the natives get salt. The capital, of the same 
 name, is seated on the Cauca; 240 miles N 
 N. N, E. of Popayan. Long. 75. 15. W. lat.' 
 5. 18. N. 
 
 Caranqas, a town of Peru, capital of a dis- 
 trict which contains valuable silver mines, and 
 feeds a great number of cattle. It is 45 miles 
 W. of Pttosi. 
 
 Carara, properly Cakbara, a town of Italy 
 in the principality cf Massa, celebrated for its 
 quarries of marbie of various colours. It is 
 5 miles N. N. E. of Massa. 
 
 Carasui, a lake of European Turkey, in 
 Bulgaria, 65 miles in circumferer j, contaiiiing 
 several islands. It is formed by a branch of 
 the Danube, not far from its entrance into the 
 Black Sea. 
 
 Caravata, a town of Peru, capital of a 
 jurisdiction of the same name. It is 160 miles 
 b. E. of Cusco. Long. 69. 36. W. lat. 14. 40. 
 
 Carbonne, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Garonne, on the E. bank of the 
 river Garonne; 26 miles S. by W. of Toulouse. 
 Pop. about 2000. 
 
 Carcaoantb, a town of Valencia, on the S 
 bank of the river Xucar; 25 miles S. of the city 
 of Valencia. 
 
 Cabcassone, a city of France, capital of the 
 department of Aude, and a bishop's see. It is 
 situate on the line of the grand canal of Lan- 
 guedoc, and divided into the upper and lower 
 toTO by the Aude, over which is a stone 
 bridge. In the upper town, called the city, 
 are a strong castle and the cathedral. The 
 lower town is square, regulariy built, and kept 
 very neat, by means of an aqueduct which 
 brings the water of the Aude to different foun- 
 tains. Here are manufactures of all sorts of 
 cloUi. It is 35 miles W. of Narbonne, and 50 
 S. E. of Toulouse. Pop. about 15,000. 
 
 Carculla, or Caricul, a town of Hindostan, 
 m Canara, chiefly inhabited by shopkeepere. 
 In an open temple here is the image of a naked 
 man, 38 feet in height by 19 in thickness, 
 made of one piece of granite. Much rice, 
 ginger, turmeric, and betel-nut is raised in the 
 vicinity. It is seated between two lakes, or 
 tanks, which give source to two rivere- 26 
 miles N. by E. of Mangalore. 
 
 CAuwfi', u borough and seaport of Wales, 
 capital of Glamorganshire with a market on 
 
 CAR 
 
 Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated on the 
 Taafe, over which there is a haudsome bridge 
 of five arches. Its castle was an elegant 
 Gothic structure, but has undergone a motley 
 repair. The town was formerly encompassed 
 by a wall, and vestiges of its four gates yet 
 remam. The constable of the castle is the 
 chief magistrate, who is called mayor; and 
 here the assizes for the county are held. Near 
 the town are some iron works, and a canal 
 extending 25 miles, to the great iron works at 
 Merthyr Tydvil. In the castle died Ilobert 
 Duke of Normandy, eldest sor of William the 
 Conqueror, after having been blinded, and 
 confined 28 years, by his brother Henry I. 
 Cardiflr IS 40 miles W. of Bristol, 4/ E. of 
 Swansea, and 160 W. of London. Long. 3. 
 1 2 W. lat. 61 . 28. N. It sends, witn its con- 
 tributaries, one member to parliament. 
 
 Cardigan, a maritime county of South Wales 
 extending for about 60 mUes along the shore 
 of St. George's Channel, from the river Tievy 
 which divides it from Pembroke and Caeimar- 
 thenshires on the S.. to the Dovey, which di- 
 vides it from Merionethshire, N.; being about 
 30 miles in mean breadth, bounded on the E. 
 by the counties of Montgomery, Radnor, and 
 Brecknock. The Rheidol, and one or two 
 other rivers, intersect the country from E. to 
 W. Parts of this county are very fertile, both 
 111 tillage and pasture, which enables the in- 
 habitants to produce a considerable surplus of 
 gram, and small black cattle, with which, and 
 some few sheep and wool, they obtain a toler- 
 able supply of manufactured and colonial pro- 
 ductions. The principal towns besides Cardigan 
 are Aberystwith and Llanbeder. It sends on^ 
 member to parliament. 
 
 Cardigan, the chief town of the preceding 
 county, is situated at the mouth of the Tievy 
 over which is a handsome bridge of seven 
 arches, at the S. W. extremity of the county. 
 It had formeriy a strong and an extensivfr 
 castle, of which but little now remains. It 
 was from hence that the first descent upon 
 Ireland was made by the English. The church. 
 18 a spacious edifice; the county gaol and hall 
 have been rebuilt within the present century. 
 It is a corporate town, governed by a mayor* 
 12 aldermen, &c., and unites wilh Adpar| 
 Aberystwith, and Llanbeder in returning one 
 member to parliament. It is 25 miles E. N 
 E. of St. David's Head, 132 miles w! of 
 Gloucester, and about the same distance due E. 
 of Waterford m Ireland. Its commerce by sea 
 is confined to the coast. 
 
 Cardigan Bay is formed by St. David's 
 Head, the western point of Pembrokeshire S. 
 in the lat. of 61. 44. N. and 6. 17. of W. long 
 and Bardsey Island, off the S. W. point of 
 Caernarvonshire N., in the lat. of 52. 44. and 
 4. 39. of W. long.; the main coast of Caernar- 
 vonshire being in the long, of about 4.; it gives 
 a stretch of about 40 miles from W. to E., and 
 50 from S. to N. within the bay. 
 
 .- L_. t ji >.j,„in,,„ vaittiuTiia, «jtn 
 
 a castif . Newr it is a mountain of solid rock 
 salt, cf which arc made vases, snuff-boxes, niid 
 
 ) ( 
 
CAR 185 
 
 trinkets; and there are vineyarda that produce 
 excellent wine. It is seated on the Cardenero- 
 36 miles N, W. of Barcelona- Population 
 about 3000. 
 Carblu, or Russian Finland, See Wi- 
 
 BUBO. 
 
 Carentan, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mancho, with an ancient castle ; 8 
 miles from the sea, and 21 W. of Baye ix 
 Pop. 2860. ■^ 
 
 Cares, or Kareis, * town of European Tur- 
 key, in Macedonia, situate on Mount Athos- 
 17 miles S. E. of Salonica. 
 
 Carew, a village of Wales; 4 miles E. by N. 
 ot Pembroke; noted for the noble and exten- 
 sive remams of its castle; situate on a gentle 
 swell above an arm of Milford Haven. 
 
 Carfaonano. See Castbi. Nuovo di Cab- 
 
 PAQNANO. 
 
 Carhaix, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre, on the river Yer; 19 miles 
 S. of Morlaix. 
 
 Cariaco, a city in Colombia, province of 
 Venezuela, containing a population of about 
 6000. It is about 60 miles E. of Cumana. 
 
 Cariacou, an island dependent on Grenada 
 between it and St. Vincent. 
 
 Cariati, a town of Naples, on the sea coast, 
 in Calabria Citeriore, near the Gulf of Taranto- 
 25 miles N, of Severino. ' 
 
 Caribbean Sea, that part of the Atlantic 
 Ocean lying between Cuba, St. Domingo, and 
 Porto Rico, on the N,, and the N. coast of the 
 new republic of Colombia on the S., and ex- 
 tending W . from the 62nd to the 84th degree 
 of W. long. 
 
 Cabibbbe Islands, the most eastern islands 
 of the West Indies, divided into Windward and 
 Leeward Islands. See Indies, West. 
 
 Caribou, a considerable island in Lake 
 Supenor, towards the E. end, claimed by the 
 United States, as being wholly within their 
 boundary line. 
 
 Cabical, a town of Hindostan, in the Car- 
 natic, where the French had a settlement, 
 which was taken by the British in 1760. It 
 stands at the mouth of a branch of the Caverv- 
 8 miles S, of Tranquebar. ' 
 
 Carionan, or Cahnignano, a town of Pied- 
 mont, in a district of the same name, in the S. 
 part of the province of Turin, with a castle; 
 seated on the river Po; 12 miles S. of Turin. 
 Pop. about 7000. 
 
 CARiMoN.an island in the Straits of Malacca, 
 at the entrance into the China Sea, in the lat. 
 of 1. N. and 104. E. long. 
 
 Carimon Java, a cluster of islands to the N. 
 of Java, at the principal of wh'.cb ships touch 
 for refreshment, in their voyage to Borneo. 
 Long. 110. 12. E. lat. 5.66. S. 
 
 Carinacou, the chief of the Grenadilla J^ 
 iMids, in the West Indies; 16 miles N. N. ti. 
 of Grenada. It produces much cotton, and 
 has a good harbour. See Grenada. 
 
 Carini, a town of Sicily, seated on a nnint 
 01 land near the sea; about 16 miles N. W of 
 1 alermo; it was the birthplace of Lais. 
 Cabinola, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 
 CAR 
 
 Li.voro; seated near Mount Massico; about 
 8 miles from the sea, and 26 miles N. W. of 
 Naples. 
 
 Carintria, Duchy op, an interior province 
 or division of the Austrian emjflre, lying be- 
 tween the lat. of 46. 21. and 47. 6. N. and 12. 
 30. to 14 9. of E. long., comprising an area 
 of about 3500 English square miles; the W. 
 end borders on the Tyrol, and it is bounded on 
 the N. by the bishopric of Saltzbuig and Upper 
 Styria, E. by Lower Styria, and S. by Upper 
 Camiola and the Venetian territory. The 
 river Drave, which rises in the Tyrol and fells 
 into the Danube at Belgrade, intersects Ca- 
 rinthia its whole extent fhim W. to E., re- 
 ceiving seve.al tributary streams, both from 
 the N. and S.; there are also several lakes. 
 It is a mountainous and woody district, the 
 mountains yielding abundance of iron, lead, 
 and copper, as well as quicksilver, bismuth, 
 and zinc, and also the purest marbles, and a 
 variety of gems; whilst the forests abound with 
 the finest timber, the valleys afibrd some ex- 
 cellent pasturage, as well as fertile lands for 
 tillage; but, being edged in by mountains both 
 on the N. and S., whilst the remoteness of the 
 course of the Drave precludes it from being 
 availed of as a channel of conveyance, the rich 
 store of natural products which this district 
 contains are of little advantage either to the 
 inhabitants or to the world. It is divided, for 
 local jurisdiction, into two parts. Upper, West; 
 and Lower, East; the former containing about 
 176,000 inhabitants, and the latter about 
 105,000. The principal towns in the upper 
 part are Gmund and Villach, and in the lower, 
 Clagenfurt, (which is the capital of the duchy,) 
 Wolfeberg, Wolfenmarck, Pleybui^, &c. The 
 inhabitants, who speak chiefly the Sclavonian 
 language, are of the Romish church, and con- 
 tribute to the Austrian government an impost 
 of about 250,000/. English per annum. 
 
 Carisbrook, a village contiguous to New- 
 port, in the Isle of Wight, remarkable for its 
 Mstle and church, which are both very ancient. 
 Ihe church had once a convent of monks an- 
 nexed, part of which is now a ferm house, still 
 retaining the name of the priory. The castle 
 stands on an eminence, and was the prison of 
 Charles I. m 1647, before he was delivered to 
 the parliament forces. It is now nominally the 
 seat of the governor of the Isle of Wight. 
 
 Caristo, or Castle Rosso, an episcopal 
 town of Greece, at the S. extremity of the 
 island of Negropont. Long. 24. 35. E. lat. 38. 
 o4. N. 
 
 Carleby, Old and New, two .owns on the 
 coast of West Bothnia; about 50 miles N. of 
 Wasa. 
 
 Carlentini, See Lentini. 
 
 Carli, a town of Hindostan, in the province 
 ot Aurungabad ; 32 miles N. W. of Poonah. 
 ihere are some remarkable apartments hewn 
 out of the rock; among others, a spacious tem- 
 
 Carlingford, a populous parish and town 
 in the county of Louth. Ireland. The parish 
 comprises a promontory between Dundalk and 
 
CAR 
 
 156 
 
 I f' 
 
 i ?' 
 
 for t ov.f * ^^ °^ Carlingfopd. and is noted 
 and returned two members to the Irish parlia- 
 Dublin. " '^ ^- °^ ^^'"'y- ""•* *2 N. of 
 Carlislk, a city, bishop's see. and capital of 
 the county of Cumberland, England, is'situato 
 at the junction of three rivers, Calder, Petterill 
 and Eden, about six miles above the entranc^ 
 of the united streams into Solway Frith, and 
 
 Cariisle has held a distmguished rank amonij 
 the aties of England in every period of Bri? 
 
 fi«. f 2; t"'*T ""., ""PP"*^ to h«»»e been 
 first founded by Luil, a native Briton, long 
 before the irruption of the Romans into Eng? 
 hmd. The conUguity of Carlisle to Scotland 
 durmg the less social habits and distincVivS 
 ness of interest of the people of that «,un tr^ 
 frequently exposed it to their depredations- to 
 avoid which, the Romans, on their pS„J 
 
 waS^^^f '^V'^ "^ England, e^^f 
 wa 1 from Sol way Frith to the German Ocean 
 wnich included Carlisle on one side, ^d S 
 castle on the other, within ite southern limiS. 
 After the departure of the Romans from Engl 
 iSlX^^f^^"'® ^^ wrrounded with a wall bv 
 %fed,kingofNorthumberhuid; andS'the 
 
 ?«^t *'°";i"«'* •* ''"» ^rther protected by 
 a citadel and raatU k..;u. i -nr-A. _ . •'^ 
 
 CAR 
 
 o ~»«Ti J* — ., "■ runner protected by 
 W,!^ K^** T"^' '"^* ^r William RufuJ 
 A§ «-^ 8*^' <»"«J the English, Irish 
 and Scottish with reference to thdr baring 
 on the side of each respecUve country. Thesl 
 defences, however, did not prevent it from 
 • falling mto the possession of the Scoto wh" 
 held It alternately with the Englishrfrom the 
 penod of William Rufus to that o? Hei^J.' 
 VII. It WBfl constituted a bishop's see bv 
 Henry I., destroyed by fire by the Swts & 
 L:^;T f ^'""^ ^^^" """^ eVerien^^h^ 
 fnl «n^' '!!','* ^ *••« following reim 
 In 1 568 the cartle was made the prisSn-hoSso 
 of the unfortunate Mary of Scotland; in I6« 
 ^surrendered, through femine. to the parli- 
 mentary forces, and in 1745 fell into the nVl 
 session of the partisans of the P^nfer Zt 
 *^ ™"?"^f '«Jy «»ft« retaken by ^ Duke of 
 «.umberland. who demolislied the gatw and 
 part of the wall; and it has since thft periS 
 enjoyed an uninterrupted tranquillity. S 
 the commencement of the present century U 
 S ""dercone great improvements: on the 
 site of the citadel two commodious court-houses 
 have been erected, the county gaol rebuHt a 
 hmidsome stone bridge built over the Eden 
 with other improvements, which have contri- 
 buted to render it one of the most agreeaWe 
 and interesting ciUes of England. The castle 
 18 Still kept m repair, and serves, with other 
 ^u"^'^'!"^ * magazine, and an armoury of 
 al^u 0,000 stand of arms. The cathSl t 
 a stately and venerable edifice, partly of Saxon 
 and partly of Gothic architecture; thereto 
 two other churches^ as well as several sectarian 
 
 SL^'S'cX^-^'^*""'^-'"' °" Wednes- 
 
 uii_._ ..J)., ,,.atUiuRja, arc weil BuUDlii.d with 
 
 eveor thing necessary for subsistence' td cS- 
 
 estoblillS ^ " manufacture has long been 
 established here upon an extended scale, whilst 
 the archi ectural and external appearance of 
 ve'vanS ^'T Peat prosperitr^?he^„'' 
 veyance of its commodities of commerce haa 
 been facilitated by a canal to the Sohvay Frithr 
 It likewise participates in the advantage of the 
 railways which now communicate with all parU 
 fnti^^K "**^T ' V"^ 't is a point of union^ 
 nterchange for the mails to all parts of Enjr- 
 jB«d Scotland, and Irc-nd. Ita corJoS. 
 consists of a mayor, twelve aldermen, &c. It 
 
 Srs r TfT^" *° V^l^ent, and is 101 
 mues b. E. of GlasgoTr, 91 S. by W. of Edin- 
 burgh, and 303 N. N. W. of Lond-on. 
 
 Cahlisle, a town of Schoharie county, state 
 Alten^ • ^°^' "^*' *^ "iJes wTof 
 
 r„™w!^''5' " **"!" °' Pennsylvania, capital of 
 Cumberland county, wiOi a coUege, an^ four 
 
 !i!rf°rt"«^°"Wp- Itisluateneara 
 ?i 3w., ? Susquehannahj 100 miles W. by 
 XN. of Philadelphia. •' 
 
 W^t^^^-f ^*lir ""* ^- '^^ of Jamaica, 
 W coast of Barbadoes, and island of Antigua 
 Caklo, an island off the coast of East Both- 
 nia, about 20 mil«, in circumfferenceTS ^^ op- 
 poMfe to the harbour of Leaborg. ^ 
 
 S^^f^h^T'!" *^^ of Crotia, in the Adriatic 
 S^h«f«*^^"^!.^"^ "*'''' "«»' the chan- 
 Lninf ^^*'" ^^"^ "'""^ "f P^go from the 
 ^^^ ^' ^u® commerce consists chiefly of 
 wood. Pop. about 10,000. It is 46 miles S E. 
 ofBuccan Long. 16. i3.E.Iat.44. 65. N. 
 
 CARLO, St., a city in the interior of Colombia, 
 province of Venezuela, situate on one of the 
 biwiches of the Apure river; about 86 miles 
 .;„„ii J Valencia. The inhabitants are prin- 
 cipally descendiints of settlers from the Canary 
 Ih^' 7 "c ""® industrious and social than 
 those from Spain. Under the newly formed 
 goveniment of Colombia, St. Carlo promi^S 
 ^Zif, "•'""fh'ng Pl«ce, being situate in a 
 n^.^.u "°r'7' affording great inducements 
 off K I**-^"'*'?™^- Pop. in 1826, about 
 
 rZS ^"^ ^^""^ " •"" 8^"y '"- 
 
 tt^T:° ^'t^'"^?*^' San, the principal set- 
 V ^1 'a"*^ ^^'^ California, on the W. coast of 
 North Amenca in the lat. of 36. 36. N., and- 
 lil. 34. of W. long. • It is beautifully situated 
 withm a small bay of the same name, first dis- 
 covered by Cabrillo in 1542. It was .dlerwarf^ 
 visited by the Count de Monterey, from whom 
 It received its present name. Th^ forests an™ 
 mountains preclude much intercourse with the 
 interior; nor does it appear that there is any 
 considerable river, either N. or S., for some 
 
 Sro^aur " '' "'''''' •" "• '""*-« "^^ 
 CARLow.an interior county in the .3. E. part 
 of Ireland ; it is bounded on the W. by the 
 BaiTow nver, which divides it from the county 
 of Kilkenny, and is intersected on the E. by the 
 Slauey river which falls into Wexford Haven ■ 
 It is oneof thesmallpst on.jp*;^.^* T--!__ . 
 taimng 2 1,440 acres, but exceedingly fertile • 
 Its butter IS highly esteemed. There is a «inni 
 
 ' 
 
CAR 
 
 157 
 
 to DHbhn, and the rivers Bany nnd Slanev 
 are navigable. It returns twro members to par- 
 liament. The only towns besides Carlow. the 
 capital, are TuUow and Hacketstown. 
 Carlow the chief town of the preceding 
 
 r^lrVttT W*''",^- »?'"k of the Barrow 
 nver, at the N. W. extremity of the county, 
 tordenng on Queen's county. The ruins of a 
 rartle overhanging the river, the ruins of a very 
 fine abbey, a convent, and Roman Catholic col- 
 !^; ""^r. V P"?'"PaJ objects of interest in the 
 town It has also a respectable market house, 
 county court house, gaol, and cavalry barracks 
 and manufactures some woollen cloths; it re- 
 turns one member to parliament. It is 13 miles 
 S'l)uwfn " ^ Kilkenny, and 39 S. W. 
 
 Carlowitz, a town of Sclavonia, where a 
 peace was concluded between the Turks and 
 
 ^eT^'V'' ^'^^: ^* " '^t^'l »» the s Ck 
 m-i M w"^'JV** '^'""^ I'eterwarden; 88 
 mJes N. W. of Belgrade. Pop. about 6600. 
 
 Carlsbad, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Saatz wlebrated for its hot baths, discovered 
 by the Emperor Charles IV. as he was hunt- 
 ing. It IS seated on the Topel, near its con- 
 fluence with the Egra; 24 miles E. N. E of 
 Eger, and 70 S. E. of Dresden. Pop. about 
 
 Carlsburo, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 
 duchy of Bremen, on the river Geeste, at the 
 
 mouth of the Weserj 30 miles N. by W. of 
 
 Bremen. Loag. 8. 45. E. lat. 68. 32. N. 
 
 W^""^' " "*^ °f Transylvania. See 
 
 CAR 
 
 nn^^^T' ?' S^R"CR00N, a City and sea- 
 
 frnm «? l^^"^^ ^^•' *^o 'ewoved the fleet 
 from Stockholm to this place, on account of its 
 centncal situation, and the superiority of L 
 harbour, the entrance of which s defended bv 
 two strong forts. The greatest part rf the 
 to^ 18 bulk of wood, and stands ujon a small 
 B^l^t' "^^K'^^ ««"tly in a bayof the 
 mk and «,?"''*?'' ^''^f"*^ over another small 
 wh.;eTh« fl^?^ '•'^ ""f^' '''"^ *° the basin 
 ZlT, fh f ^i » moored; and are fortified to- 
 wards the land by a stone wall. Here are a^ 
 celJent docks for the repairing and bi^Kf 
 
 dfif^^l V^' °' 9*»"H*MM, a town of Swe- 
 ^ fo'r^^ ^»'«'""8en, with a woollen manufactme^ 
 
 wTc^irrr*^"'^""^'-^"'^' ''^^^ 
 
 thf f'*^.*""^ *J^'^ ™ *•>« northern part of 
 the terntoy of the grand duke of BadeVj and 
 recently adopted as the seat of government 
 
 «L™ ? I ?iP.°'*?"** ""*" subsequent to the 
 tK-5J«.^^|45'»>ken posJLion of bv 
 !Z , ■? '"^ ^l^^i "'« streets are laid out in 
 ^lar order; the ducal palace is in the c^tJe 
 of the town, and has a lofty spire, and b^. 
 
 OS well as several other pubh'c buildinasL ami 
 
 ^r" r*'™"^' ''""* °f »'»"«. the wh^ 
 prcsenta rather an Imposing appearance. The 
 
 ♦? ^-^ Strasbuig. and about the same dig- 
 tnnce W. by N. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Carlstadt, the capital of Croatia, with a 
 fortress; seated on the Kulpa, a branch of the 
 Save, at the influx of the Corona; 180 miles 
 S. by W. of Vienna, and 45 E. N. E. of Fiurae. 
 (. ARLSTADT, a town of Swodcu, capital of 
 Wermeland, and a bishop's see. It stands on 
 the N. side of the lake Wenner, and on the 
 island of Tingwalla. which is formed by two 
 branches of the Clara. The houses are built of 
 wood, and painted ; the episcopal palace is also 
 Of wood, and has an extensive front. The in- 
 habitants cany on a trade in copper, iron, and 
 wood, across the lake. It is 65 miles W. of 
 Stockholm. Pop. 2200. 
 
 • ^vf^^^^r' ^^^ of Franconia, in the prm- 
 
 13 miles N. by W. of Wurtzburg. It is now 
 included m the Bavarian circle of the Low« 
 Maine. Pop. about 2200. 
 
 aw'S f "T*'*'"/'^ "^y™' '" Palestine, 
 about 2000 feet above the level of the sea, on 
 the N. side of the Bay of Acre ; noted for hav- 
 ing been the retreat of the prophet Elias, and 
 for a monastery of Carmelites. It is 60 milw 
 N. of Jerusalem. Lat. 32. 61. N. long. 34. 
 
 Carmel. a town of Putnam county, state of 
 New York, on the E. bank of the Hudson river; 
 40n,.les N. of the city of New York, and 108 
 S. of Albany. Pop. 2247. 
 
 Cakmi. See White. 
 
 nn^^^'"'"'^' •" **"^ °^.'*"'y' '■" Austrian Friuli, 
 R W of^Goritz"*" *•"' """' Indrij 7mil«; 
 
 with* mTJ"; * ^^"^f '^?"'''' »» Andalusia, 
 with many remains of ancient walls, inscrip- 
 tions, &c. The gate toward Seville is one of 
 the most extraordinary pieces of antiquity m all 
 bpain ; and its castle, now in ruins, was for- 
 
 ^J^l-^f 'ol"^".'* °^'«"*- I' " seated on a 
 high hill; 24 mOes E. N. E. of Seville. 
 
 Carnatic, a territory of Hindostan, extend- 
 ing along the E. coast from Cape Comorin, the 
 southern extremity of Asia, in the lat. of 8. 4. 
 N. to near the mouth of the Kistna, in the lat. 
 ot 16. N., vwying in breadth from 50 to 100 
 SSl tr'inded on the W. by the Mysore, and 
 rJf F'iU°' «'^»* two degrees of kt., b^ the 
 
 SS,f£.T V** l'^^^ ^'"^'' ^^ich di- 
 vides It from the N. end of the island of Cey- 
 lon, the remainder of its eastern boundary 
 being better known by the name of the S 
 
 cL?^""''"'- P"^ P"""P«1 towns onTe 
 pSir M« t[«" the S., are Negapatam. 
 ♦nm „3'Vi' *^^?^f » Fuiiicat, and Gangapa- 
 fZ;?h « ""^'i;,.*''^ '"terior, beginning Jlso 
 from the S,, are Tmevelly, Madum, Tritchii " 
 poly, Tanjore, Arcot, Nellore, and Ongole. 
 
' i 
 
 CAR 
 
 168 
 
 CAR 
 
 Numwoug strenms and rivers from the west- 
 ward intersect this territory, the principal of 
 7ii"^ "'e the Cauvery, Cuddalore, Pnliare, 
 and Pennar, The soil ia various in quality, 
 peinff m sume places exceedingly fertile, and 
 in others sendy and barren, and the inhabitants 
 occasionally exposed to great privation for 
 want of water. Since 1801, it has been unin- 
 terruptedly possessed by the British, and in- 
 cluded in the presidency of Madras, which 
 
 Carnawl, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Delhi. Here, in 1739, Kouli Khan 
 gained a victory over t))e army of the Great 
 Mogul; and in 1761, the Seiks, under Abdalla. 
 defeated the Mahrattas. It is seated at the 
 junction of the Hissar canal with the Jumna 
 It IS 80 miles N. W. of Delhi. 
 Carnesville. See Frankfort. 
 Car Nicobah, an island in the Bay of Ben- 
 gal; -t is the most northern of the Nicobar 
 Islands; about 40 miles in circumference, and 
 covered with timber. The climate is very in- 
 aalubrious. Lat. 9. 10. N. long. 93. 0. E. 
 
 Carniola, Ducht of, a territory of the Aus- 
 trian empire, lying between the lat. of 45. 30. 
 and 46. 30. N. and 13. 25. and 15. 40. of E. 
 long., comprising an area of about 4600 square 
 miles, and containing about 400,000 inhabit- 
 aiits. It is bounded on the N. by Lower Ca- 
 rinthia, the S. W. point jutting upon the Gulf 
 of Trieste. It is intersected from the N. W. 
 to the S. E. by the Save river, which receives 
 , Mveral tributary streams, both from the N. and 
 S. In feature, character, and productions, it 
 18 very similar to Carinthia (which see), some- 
 what more diversified and fertile, and, having 
 the advantage of a nearer proximity to the sea, 
 the inhabitants are somewhat more active and 
 enterprising. It is divided into four parts, viz. 
 Upper, N.; Inner, S. W.; Middle and Lower, 
 S. E. Lay bach, in the middle district, is the 
 chief town. For commercial purposes it has 
 the advantage of the port of Fiume, as well as 
 Trieote. 
 
 Carolath, a town of Silesia, capital of a 
 principality of the same name, seated on the 
 Oder; 14 miles N. W. of Glogau. 
 
 Carolina, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 the chief of a new colony of the same name, in 
 the Sierra Morena. It stands on a hill, tower- 
 ing above the whole settlement; 20 mUes N. E. 
 of Anduxar. 
 
 Carolina, North, one of the United btates 
 of North America, lying between the lat. of 33. 
 63. and 36. 33. N. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the W. by a 
 chain of the AU^any Mountains running in a 
 N. E. direction : a conventional line of 36. 30. 
 of N. lat. from the 76th to the 82nd of W. 
 long, divides it fi^m Virginia, and another con- 
 ventional line, in a N. W. direction, from the 
 long, of 78. 40. to 79. 60. and from thence due 
 W., under the line of 36. of N. lat. to the long, 
 of 64. W. divides it from South Carolina; its 
 area, according to American computation, com- 
 prises 43,800 square miles. Althoueh it has 
 upwards of 200 miles of sea coast, besides being 
 
 indented by several very large inlets, it dow 
 not afford one good harbour; indeed, a ledge of 
 sand-banks flanks the coast its whole extent, 
 rendering the navigation very dangerous in 
 stormy weather, and almost inaccessible at all 
 times; it consequently partakes more of the 
 character of an interior than a maritime state. 
 Some little external intercourse, however, is 
 maintained through Wilmington, situate on 
 Cape Fear river, which intersects the centre of 
 the state from N. to S.. falling into the sea in 
 the lat. of 34. N.; and the productions of the 
 western part of the state are facilitated in their 
 cnnvryance to market, by the Yadkin and Ca- 
 tawba nvers, whicn intersect that part between 
 the ong. of 80. and 82. W., running S. into 
 South Carolina. The Neuse, Tar, Roanoke, 
 and Chowan, are other rivers which intersect 
 the N. E. part of the state, felling into the 
 great inlets of Parotico and Albemarle Sounds, 
 which It is proposed to connect with Chesa- 
 peake Bay by means of a rannl through the 
 Dismal Swamp. The coast fbr about 70 miles 
 from the shore is level and swampy, but west- 
 ward the ground gradually rises into a moun- 
 tainous country, being in parts beautifully di- 
 versified. The gold-mines of this state, which 
 have excited much interest, are on the Yadkin 
 river, and the gold is found in the usual manner, 
 by washing. The first mine was found in 1 8 1 4, 
 and produces annually between 200,000 and 
 260,000 dollars. The swamps are favourable 
 to the growth of rice, and the pitch-pine flou- 
 rishes in them in the utmost luxuriance, yield- 
 ing an unbounded supply of timber, tar, ana 
 turpentine, whilst the upper country is favour- 
 able to the growth of every kind of grain, as 
 well as to cotton and tobacco, and yields 
 a variety of vegetables and plants, some of 
 them of a medicinal nature, peculiar to itself; 
 and as population increases. North Carolina 
 will doubtless prove a country of great capa- 
 bihty and resources. In 1820 it was divided 
 into 62 counties, and the population, which 
 in 1790 was only 393,761, is now 763,419, of 
 whom 245,017 are slaves. Raleigh, nearly in 
 the centre of the state, is the seat of the le- 
 gislative assembly. Wilmington, Fayetteville, 
 and Newbum, are the other principal towns. 
 
 Carolina, South, another of the United 
 States of North America, being divided from 
 North Carolina by a conventional line, as al- 
 ready described, extending S. S. W. along the 
 Atlant'c coast fix)m the lat. of 33. 50. to the 
 Savannah river, in the lat. of 32. 2. N. The 
 Savannah river, in a N. N. W. direction, until 
 It cuts the S. W. point of North Carolip<», se- 
 parates it from the state of Georgia, its area 
 being 30,800 square miles. The general fea- 
 tures, chanicter of the soil, and productions of 
 this state, are very similar to North CnroUna ; 
 but having the advantage of several fine na- 
 vigable rivers, and some tolerably good har- 
 W)ur8, to fecilitate an external commerce, whilst 
 North Carolina ranks among the least. South 
 Carolma ranks among the most important 
 statM of the union. The Yadkin river rising 
 in North Carolina, which when it enters this 
 
OAR 
 
 T59 
 
 CAR 
 
 je inlets, it docc 
 indeed, a ledge of 
 it« whole extent, 
 (ry dangeroun in 
 innccesaible at nil 
 kes more of the 
 a mar'irtie state, 
 iirse, however, is 
 gton, situate on 
 ects the centre of 
 ; into the sea in 
 roductions of the 
 icilitated in their 
 
 Yadkin and Ca- 
 hat part between 
 
 running S. into 
 
 Tar, Roanoke, 
 I which intersect 
 
 felling into the 
 Ibemarle Sounds, 
 lect with Chesa- 
 nal through the 
 ir about 70 miles 
 nmpy, but west- 
 es into a moun- 
 ts beautifully di- 
 this state, which 
 8 on the Yadkin 
 le usual manner, 
 a found in 1814, 
 9n 200,000 and 
 I are favourable 
 pitch-pine flou- 
 ixuriance, yield- 
 timber, tar, and 
 luntry is favour- 
 ind of grain, as 
 !co, and yields 
 plants, some of 
 eculiar to itself; 
 North Carolina 
 ' of great capa- 
 I it was divided 
 aulution, which 
 low 753,419, of 
 leigh, nearly in 
 
 seat of the le- 
 n, Fayetteville, 
 ncipal towns, 
 of the United 
 J divided from 
 tnal line, as al- 
 . W. along the 
 33. SO. to the 
 }2. 2. N. The 
 lirection, until 
 1 Carolipi, se- 
 Borgia, its area 
 ie general fea- 
 productions of 
 orth Carolina ; 
 sveral fine na- 
 ibly good har- 
 mmerce, whilst 
 le least. South 
 ost important 
 iin jflvcf riaing 
 
 it enters this 
 
 state is aiUed the Great Pedee, and after being 
 joined by several tributary streams, falls into 
 Georgetown Bay; and the Cahawbn, which .ilso 
 rises in North Carolina, and in this state is 
 first called the Watcree, and afterwards the 
 Santee, is united by a canal to Cooper Iliver, 
 which falls into Charleston harbour. Numer- 
 ous streams, intersecting all the N. W. part 
 unite with the Santee about the centre of the 
 state, and between the Santee and the Savan- 
 nah are the Edisto, Bigslake, and Coosahatchie 
 Kivers; so that there is hardly five miles in 
 the state without ti.e advantage of water com- 
 munication. Between the mouths of the San- 
 tee and Savannah Rivers the coast is flanked 
 by a chwn of islands, on which is produced 
 the valuable cotton called Sea Island. The 
 swamps produce vast quanUties of the finest 
 rice, the seed of which was first introduced 
 trom Madagascar at the close of the seven- 
 teenth century; and, previous to 1790, indigo 
 was cultivated to a great extent, and with pro- 
 portionate advantage; but since that period, 
 the culture of the cotton plant in the upland 
 country has superseded overy other pursuit, 
 and has been carried to an extent without any 
 precedent. South Carolina is divided into 
 thirty-six districts, and the population, which 
 .in 1790 was 240,073, is now 694,398, includ- 
 ing 327,038 slaves. Gold ia found in consi- 
 derable quantities in this state. Columbia, 
 nearly in the centre of the state, 607 mUes 
 S. W. by S. of Washington, is the seat of its 
 legislative assembly. Charleston is, however, 
 the chief and most important town of the state; 
 the other principal towns are Beaufort and 
 Georgetown. 
 
 Carounk, a county of the state of Maryland, 
 bounded on the E. by Kent county, state of 
 Delaware, and on the W. by the Tuckapo and 
 Choptank rivers, which fell into Chesapeake 
 Bay. Pop. 7806, of whom 752 are slaves. 
 Denton, the chief town, is 65 miles E, by S. 
 of Annapolis. 
 
 Caroline, an interior county in the E. part 
 of Virgmia, bounded on the N. E. by the Rap- 
 pahannock river, and S. W. by the North Anna 
 nver. Its area is about 20 miles each way or 
 400 square miles, and is tolerably fertile. Pop 
 17,813, of whom 9314 are slaves. Bowline 
 Green, 44 miles N. N. E. of Richmond, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Caroline is also the name of a town in 
 Tioga county, state of New York, near the S. 
 end of Cayuga Lake; 176 miles W. of Albany. 
 Pop. m 1820, 1608. 
 
 Caroline Islands, a range of islands on 
 the North Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1686 
 by the Spaniards, in the reign of Charies II 
 They lie to the E. of the Philippines, between 
 138. and 135. E. long, and 8. and 11. N. lat. 
 They are about 30 in number, and populous • 
 tiie natives resembling those of the Philippines! 
 The most considerable island is Hogoleu, about 
 90 miles long, and 40 broad : the next is Yap 
 at the W. extremity of this chain, but not 
 
 _ , pa,, „, i„;jj 5jj(,_ Thoy have 
 
 been little visited by recent navigators. 
 
 Caroon. See Cairoon. 
 
 Caroon Beled, extensive ruins -"n central 
 Egypt— perhaps of the femous labyrinth of 
 , PP; ^^'"^ """»o' Kasr Caroon, near the 
 lake of Caroon, about 2 distant, are very inte. 
 resting. ' 
 
 Caroont, a river in South America, a tribu- 
 tary of the Oroonoco. It has a very rapid cur- 
 rent, which renders it quite unnavigable. 
 
 Caroob. See Carvra. 
 
 Carora, a city of Colombia, in the province 
 of Venezuela; situate about 45 miles ftom the 
 strait that separates the gulf from the lake of 
 Maracaibo, ard 150 miles W. of Valencia. It 
 18 intersected by a stream called the Morera. 
 that runs E. into the Caribbean Sea. The in- 
 habitants, about 6000 in number, subsist prin- 
 cipally by means of cattle and mules, which 
 Uiey drive to the coast for transhipment to the 
 West India islands. The surrounding country 
 produces a variety of odoriferous balwms and 
 aromaUcs, which, under social arrangements, 
 may be made to consUtute an extensive and 
 reciprocal external commerce. 
 
 »i,^u'^^''!'*t. ^•""•'^"'3. a grand chain 
 which divides Hungary and Transylvania from 
 I oland on the N. and N. E., and from Moravia 
 on the N. W., extending about 500 miles. 
 CARPiiNDOLO, a town of the Bresciano, on 
 
 ^u?4000''"^"^-^-^-"''^'^^^''P- 
 Carpkniahia, a laige bay on the N. coast of 
 XNew Holland, discovered in 1618 by a Dutch 
 captain, named Carpenter. That part of the 
 country which borders on the E. side of the bay 
 is also ^Ued Carpentaria. It has about 1200 
 miles of coast, which is but little known. It is 
 frequented by Chinese junks, to fish for he 
 biche-de-larmar, or sea-slug, which superabound 
 at the entrance of this bay. 
 
 Carpentras, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Vaucluse. It was formerly the 
 capital of Venaissin, and a bishop's see. It ia 
 seated on the Auson, at the foot of a moun- 
 tain; 14 miles N. E. of Avignon. Pop, 9000. 
 
 wUk i'^i^T" "^ ^^^y' ™ ^Jie Modenese, 
 with a fortified castle, and a good trade. It 
 stands on a canal to the Secchia, 8 miles N. of 
 Modena. 
 
 Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Veronese, 
 where a victory was gained by the Austrians 
 over the French in 1701. It is seated on the 
 Adige; 24 miles S. E. of Verona. 
 
 Carrara. See Carara. 
 
 Carrick on Shannon, a town of Ireland, 
 capital of the county of Leitrim. It is a small 
 place, seated on the Shannon; 78 mUes W. N. 
 ". of Dublin. 
 
 Carrick on Suir, a town of Ireland, in 
 lipperary, femous for its woollen cloth, called 
 ratteen. It is seated on the Suir; 22 miles 
 t>- K of Cashel, and 10 W. N. W. of Water- 
 lord. 
 
 Carrickferous, a borough and seaport of 
 Ireland, chief town of the county of Antrim, 
 with a castle. It is seated on a hav of .fi 
 name, m the Insh channel; 88 miles N. by E 
 of Dublin, and 8 from Belfest. 
 
 if 
 
> \ 
 
 CAR lOo 
 
 CAttRiGKMAcnoM, n lown of freland, in tho 
 county of Moniijjhnn; 1,'J iniira K. H. E. of 
 Monjujhnn, nml 44 N. by W. of Dublin. 
 
 Carrion ni i.os (Jondeh, a town of Spain, 
 in licon, on tho fVontioin of Old Ciuitiip. It 
 liM ten pnriith oliurihos, ton convcntH, and two 
 nospitiilH) nnditieutod on the river Carrion i 
 la milci N. of I'lacentin, and 40 W. of Hur- 
 go* 
 
 Carrol, h nowly formed county, nt tho w«it- 
 om extremity of Tonnenwv, Imrderingon Wood 
 Lal(o, contiguous to the Mimis«inpi river. 
 
 Carron, n river of Scotland, in Stirlingthire, 
 which ri»ek on tlicS.aido of th»Camp»oy hilii, 
 nnd flowi into tho Frith of Forth, below Fal- 
 kirk. Two miles from iu wurco it forms n 
 fine cascade, called tho Fall of Auchinlilly; 
 nnd near its mouth commences tho Great Cunal 
 fVom tiie Forth to tho Clyde. 
 
 Carron, n village of Scotland, in Stirling- 
 ehiro, on tho river Carron; 2 miles fVom Fal- 
 kirk j celebrated for tho greatest iron-workt. in 
 Europe. These works employ about .1000 men; 
 nnd, on an average, uso weekly IIOO tons of coal, 
 400 tons of ironstone, and 100 tons of limestone. 
 Ail sorts ol" iron goods are made here, flwm tho 
 most tritliiig article to tho largest cannon) and 
 the sliort piece of ordinance called a cnrronado 
 hence received its name. The trade in coke and 
 lime is also considerable. These works wore 
 erected in 17()1, and aro carried on by a choN 
 tered company. 
 
 Ci RRouoB, a newly erected town, duchy of 
 Savoy; 2 miles S.E. fVom Geneva; manufactures 
 watches, clocks, ic. 
 
 Carru, a town of Piedmont, in the province 
 of Mondoni ; 8 miles S. S. W. of Bene. Pop. 
 about 4000. *^ 
 
 Cart, two rivers in Scotland, in Reiifhtw- 
 shiro, distinguished by tho appellation of Black 
 ond White. The Black Cort issues fVom tho 
 lake Lochwinnoch ; the White Cart descends 
 from the N. E. angle of tho county; and they 
 both flow into the Gryfo, a few miles before its 
 confluence with the Clyde. 
 
 Cartaoo, a city and capital of Costa Rica in 
 Guatimala, and a bishop's see. It stands on a 
 river of the same name, 60 miles from its mouth, 
 in the Pacific Ocean, and about tho same fVom 
 Lake Nicaragua. Long. 84. 10. W. kt. 10. 
 16. N. 
 
 Cabtaoo is also the name of a town in Co- 
 lombia, in the volley of Popayanj about 100 
 miles W. of St. Fe de Bogota. Pop. about 6000. 
 Cartama, a town of Spain, in Granada, at 
 the foot of a mountain, near the river Guadala 
 Medina; 8 miles N. W. of Malaga. 
 
 Carter, a frontier county at the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Tennessee, bounded on tho E. by 
 the iron, yellow, and stone mountains, which 
 divide it from North Carolina. It is inter- 
 sected by tho Watonga, a branch of the Ten- 
 nessee river. It contains about 1 70 square miles, 
 and a pop. of 6372. Elisabeth Town, on tho 
 W. side of the county, 204 miles E. by N. of 
 Murfrieaborough, is the chief town. 
 
 Carteret, a county of North Carolina, bor- 
 dering on the Atlantic Ocean, B. of Pamtico 
 
 CA R 
 
 .Sound. It is n swnnipy and dreary district. 
 Pop. (iA91, of whom IIKiO wore slaves. ]io«u- 
 fort, l(i4 miles 8. E. by E. of Itoloigh, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Cahtbrkt Island, an island in tho Paciflo 
 Ocean, socn by CajiUin Carteret in 1707. It is 
 six leagues long, from E. to W, Long. lfl». 14. 
 E. lat. n. 20. S. 
 
 Cautbimvillb, a town of Virginia, in Pow- 
 hatan county, seated on James Iliver; 40 miles 
 W. N. W. of Kichmond. 
 
 Cartiiaor, Capb, a nromontory on tho B. 
 coast of the kingdom of Tunis, near which stood 
 tho famous city of Carthage, razed by tho Ri*- 
 mans; and some of tho ruins aro to be scon on 
 the coast. It is 10 miles N. E. of Tunis. Long. 
 10. 20. E. lat. 38. 60. N. 
 
 Carthaorna, a seaport of Spain, in Murcia, 
 built by Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general, and 
 named after the city of Carthago. It is the see of 
 a bishop, and a great mart for merchandize. It 
 has the best harbour in Spain ; also the most 
 consideniblc docks nnd magazines. The prin- 
 cipal crops of barilla arc produced in its vicinity; 
 and a flno red earth, called alinagra, used in 
 polishing mirrors, and preparing tobacco for 
 snuff". Carthngcna was taken by Sir John Leake 
 in 1706, but the Duke of Brunswick retook it. 
 It is seated on n gulf of the same name; 27 
 miles S. of Murcia. Long. 1 . 0. W. lat. 37. 35. 
 N. and 240. S. 8. E. of Madrid. Pop. 26,000. 
 CARTnAOBNA, a city of South America, in the 
 Now Colombian province of Mngdalena, of 
 which it is tho canital. It is situate on an island 
 oft' the shore of tlio Caribbean Sen, in the lat. of 
 10,25.N.and76.27.ofW.loni;.;about 70 miles 
 S. S. W. of the mouth of the Magdalena, and 
 180 N. N. E. of tho Gulf of Lorion. It has a 
 commodious and safe harboui' and for nearly 
 three centuries has ranked amoiig the most con- 
 siderable cities of America. It was the port first 
 resorted to by galleons from Spain, during tho 
 monopoly of the commerce (if America with that 
 country. It has experienced various alternations 
 of fortune, haying been several times captured, 
 and was an object of severe contention between 
 theioyalist and republican forces, from 1816 
 down to the period of the final extinction of 
 Spanish domination in America in 1823. The 
 island is united to tho main land by two wooden 
 bridges. The houses are chiefly built of stone, 
 nnd it has several churches and convents, some 
 of which aro elegant edifices. Its harbour will 
 doubtless contribute towards its retaining its 
 high rank among the cities and seaporU of the 
 new republic. Pop. about 24,000. 
 
 Cartmel, a town of Lancashire, with a 
 market on Monday. It has a spacious old 
 church, with a curious tower, being a square 
 within a square, the upper part set diagonally 
 within the lower. It la seated among the hills 
 called Cartmel Fells, not for from the sea; 14 
 miles N. by W. of Lancaster, and 254 N. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Carura, or Cakoor, a town of Hindostan, 
 in the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort, 
 in which is a large temple. Much supr-cane is 
 raiaed in the vicinity. It is seated on the Amu- 
 
CAR 
 
 Cn\ery, md 37 N. E. of Daraporani. 
 
 Cahwab, s town of Hind<»tnn, in the pro- 
 Wmco of C«nnm,and . Briti.h iK.tt!cn,«nt. A^ 
 
 n p"Tn'"' '"?""' "' "•« AIi««: 60 mile. 
 8. 8. E. of Ooa. Long. 74. 14. E. Int. 14. 42. 
 
 CARYipowp, a town of Ireland, county of 
 Wickloir: there i.nfVoo.ichool. ^ 
 
 of I'e«i« !l'„^h"/'' " •""""''y '" *'"' dominion, 
 hv \,T • °" i**? '^"'""«" "' Armenia, «oveme<l 
 Per.'^a"'Th"^*K ."•""• "•""'"""y •"hject To 
 tl.!.r ^^"^ JphabitanU are dcccndod from 
 Iml;.'^'"' ?"" 'y"««>nted n. a rude and bar- 
 
 edifice .uppoMd to have been built byibTa^ 
 ciont Mexican, for u fortrew: it cong^t. of 
 three floor., with a terrace above thei^Tand the 
 entrance i. at the .ocond floor, no tTat a JLT 
 lat* 33 40.1?! '"^'^"y- Long. 113. 23. W. 
 
 ^,.^,*?V'V * *"!r? *"f Piedmont, lately the 
 rj^S' I-P^er Montferrat, and a'bi.hop-. Ice. 
 bin^em'o^'^''^ "r",*^-"" '" ''"rtificntion., have 
 ^Tm.ll V "J^"''; «,''." ■«''«^ °n the river Poj 
 
 OA8ALE Maooiobk, a town of Italv n tha 
 
 E S Vo/J."'"'' '"' '!jf "^«' PoT20'"m5S 
 
 r ■ "CP*"*"""- P°P- "•wut 4900. 
 briaimf ■ ""^V " *°r °f Nnplc. in Cola- 
 
 Casbin, or Caswin, a town of Persia in Irac 
 Ajemi where wveml of the king, of Pe« « h-i^o 
 reaided. Nadir Shah built a palace h^rp'^I 
 clo«Hl by a wall a mile and a hffircircumfe?.' 
 ence; and the town i. surrounded by another 4 
 mile. .„ circuit. It carrie. on a great trade and 
 w «ated near the S. .hore of the CnVpfan C 
 V * ""f^.P'"'"! 2«0 mile. N. W. oHspaSn' 
 
 fading into the harbour of Portland It is "i' 
 
 palace, and a grand modem aqueduct whkh 
 fiirmshe. a great part of the city of NaSes S 
 water. Most of the building were k^! J 
 damaged by an earthquake in 1803 iff. lA 
 
 101 
 
 CAS 
 
 countvoT^T'ln'^.?"*'' "';'«'«"''. ««P'taI of t|,. 
 COU.UV of Tipperary, and an archb .hop's «» 
 
 ?'"' "™?i"'"K The old cathedral i. .Elj 
 
 mm. 1 he new cathedral i. an elegant edifice • it 
 lor iiitantry. It .end. ono member to parlijiment • 
 
 mifcVS' K 'ofVn ''""I' "' thrsur43' 
 Subfin ^'"■''' *"'• " «• S. W. of 
 
 . Iver, which the native, do not work becnu« 
 
 . "e.'.ri.'"?'" :"i '<•' "wruC:, 
 
 SS M £;; "r.'^r -» ">" •-"> lisiJ 
 
 bring tCtributT to h^rrr °^ *'"« ^»"«.^ 
 
 again,7theirS\:r&c"'anthl^^^^^^ 
 
 whlc^re^'aSrpi^d^c^d^^tTJh '".'^^^ 
 wool of urhinh ♦!,!:■« x^^^ ' """ the dclicate 
 
 ofT«SofiStoTf^'^™'^""'''«P'«d"ee 
 JoininfTitet *h2 i *"?"''y' ''^ "f the ad- 
 calWundoo wh^h '-'""' VP^S'^ "^ "h^ep 
 burden,. The cihL^""^'"-^"* '" «'"y'"8 
 made, but their Stuf""'' "'^a''""' """^ '^o" 
 broad; even tt'wter«,r..°/»!2vr_"- -^^ 
 
 h«ve a language of their own, .Sd tottnS:^ 
 
 M 
 
CAS 
 
 161 
 
 CAS 
 
 1} 
 
 I 1 i 
 
 to that of the Sanscrit; ami a reli)(ii>n ton, It in 
 thought, ditferunt fnim tliiit of thu lliiiitooii. The 
 ntperstition of the inhahitaiita haa multiplied tho 
 plaout of wonhip of Muhudeo, Heitchuii, nnd 
 Ununa. All Ciuhincro in holy Innd, nnd niirn- 
 culous fuuntaiim nbound. In addition to their 
 ihiiwla, in tho manufkctu reof which nbout I (i,OI)0 
 l(H)nii are Ruppoacd to be employed, Mifl'ron, otto 
 of rogea, and some drug*, form the cliiof article* 
 of con.mcrce. 
 
 Cashmruk, or SEarNAoiiuR, a city of Hin< 
 dostttn, capital of the province or valley of Cash- 
 mere. Hero are many fountains, rescrvoirg, and 
 temples. Thu otrects nro narrow nnd dirty. 
 The house*, many of them two and three stories 
 high, are slightly built of brick and mortar, with 
 a largo intermixture of timber; nnd on the roof 
 is laid n covering of fine earth, which is planted 
 with a variety of flowers. This city is witliout 
 walls, and sci\ted on both sides of the Chclum ; 
 285 miles E. by S. of Cabul. Long. 73. 1 1. E. 
 hit. 33. 49. N. 
 
 Caspk, n town of Spain, in Arragon, where 
 Ferdinand IV. was elected king of Arrngon. It 
 stands at the confluence of the GuadnIou|ie and 
 Ebro ; 35 mile* S. of Balbastro, and 44. S. E. 
 of Saragossa. 
 
 Caspian Sea, a large inland sea of Western 
 Asia; bounded on the S. by tlie Persian prgvince 
 of Mazanderan,intheInt.of 3b'.40,,and N. by the 
 Russian government of Astracan, in the lut. of 
 46. 50., thus being about 700 miles in length 
 from S. to N. ; its eastern and western boundaries 
 are very irregular, extending from the long, of 
 46. 30. to 57., whilst the mean breadth does not 
 extend 2C0 miles. The eastern coast is indented 
 by several bays, the more prominent of wliich 
 are Calkan, in the lat. of 39., Alexander, in 43., 
 nnd Mert voi, or Koultjouk, in 45. N. The Pt r- 
 sian province of Kcrosan extends along the E. 
 coast to the Bay of Balkan, and further N. the 
 £. coast is occupied by the Turcomans, Kirgees, 
 and other Tartar tribes; and the W. coast by tho 
 governments of Gilhan, Baku, Derbcnt, nnd tho 
 Caucasus. Numerous rivers flow into this sen 
 from all points; the most important of which 
 are the Oural and the Volga, the former at its 
 N. extremity, and the latter nt the N. W. It 
 contains several islands near both the eastern and 
 western coasts; and the depth is very irregnlnr, 
 being in some places unfathomable with a line 
 of 450 fathoms, whilst in other places the navi- 
 gation is difficult with vessels drawing only 10 
 feet of water; the water is as salt as that of tho 
 ocean, with a bitter taste, which taste is ascribed 
 to the prevalence of the naphtha on the western 
 coast. (See Baku.) It is 25 feet below the 
 level of the Black Sea. Its waters have no 
 visible outlet; their equilibrium must therefore 
 be maintaintii eithe' by subterraneous channels, 
 or by evajJOintinn. Salmon, sturgeon, and other 
 fish, abound ia ii'I \ "'s of this sea, and seal? are 
 extremely nurf o : uj. Of bird' properly aquatic, 
 it contuiiiL ..,; ^;tl jj ♦>.■> crested diver, tho 
 pelican, the '•.•jTni'tnit, ^uU several species of 
 gull; while (■■j-^'i, diicks, storks, herons, crows, 
 vcc, irequcut i:; ■• snoivr. ± lie xiussiorts are tne 
 only people who derive much benefit from this 
 
 Rrent natural basin, although *o well cnlculntrti to 
 mcilituto an extensive and reciprocal intercourio 
 liotween all it* surrounding nations; and, wore n 
 communication to be effected with tho lllaek 
 Sea, by meant of canals, Europe at largo might 
 participate in the advantages of an extended 
 intercourse. 
 
 Cassandra, a town of Turkey in Europe, in 
 the province of Macedonia, on a peninsula; 5U 
 mile* S. E. fVom Salonica. 
 
 Cassanpiia, a town of Holland, on the S. W. 
 side of the island of Cadsnnd, at tne mouth of 
 the /win; 3 miles N. of Sluys. 
 
 Cassano, a town of Italy, in tho Milanese, 
 with a castle. Here Prince Eugene, in 1705, 
 was checked in attempting to force the passage 
 of the Adda; and in 1799 the French were de- 
 feated by the Austrians. It is seated on the 
 Adda; IS miles N. E. of Milan. 
 
 Cassano, a town of Naples, in Cnlnbrin 
 Citeriorc; 24 miles N. W, of llossano, and 50 
 E. S. E. of Polieastro. 
 
 Cassay, or Mecrlet, a country of Asia ; 
 bounded on the W. by Bengal, N. by Assam, E. 
 and S. E. by Birmah, and S. W. by Anican. Tho 
 inhabitants are called Mugguloos, a tribe of rudo 
 mountaineers little known It is now Bul)jcct to 
 the Birmans. Munnypour is the capital. 
 
 Cabsel, a city of Germany, capital of Lower 
 Hesse, and seat of the court and government of 
 tho electorate of Hesse. It is divided into tho 
 Old Town, Lower New Town, and Upper New 
 Town; tho former towns are chiefly built in tho 
 ancient style, but the last is very regular and 
 handsome. The inhabitants are estimated at 
 25,000; and they have manufactures of linen 
 cloth, hats, procelain, &c. Here is a college, 
 founded by tho landgrave in 1709. The castle 
 or palace, the gardens, the arsenal, the foundery, 
 and the cabinet of curiosities, deserve the atten- 
 tion of travellers. It was taken by the French 
 in 1 760, and restored at the peace, in 1763. It is 
 seated on the Fuldu ; 40 miles S. E. of Paderbom. 
 Long. 9. 25. E. lat. 61. 19. N. 
 
 Cassel, a strong town in Germany, situate on 
 the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with which it has a 
 communication by a bridge of boats. It was 
 taken by the French in 1792, and retaken by the 
 Prussians, in 1793. 
 
 Cassel, a town of France, in the department 
 of Nord, with a fortified castle. It stands on a 
 mountain, rising likea sugr i ;;f f-oin tho centre 
 of a vast plain, whence may u<> flecn tl. rty-two 
 towns, and the German Of^nii, lii v^;!) ■' miles 
 distant. It is 10 miles N. ('. of i:,t. Umr ; , on tho 
 road from Lisle to Dunkirk. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 Casskllb, a populous town of Piedmont, 
 about 6 miles N. of Turin, having a variety of 
 manufoctures ; number of inhabitants about 
 9000. 
 
 Cassina, or Kasiina, an extensive empire, 
 in tho interior of North Africa, to the W. o 
 Hornou. It resembles Boniou in climate, soil, 
 and natural productions, and in the colour, 
 genius, religion, and government of the people. 
 It is bounded on the S. by a large river, flowing 
 
 to tiie etiatWafu — tiic x cU Of Tchauuo. 
 
 Cassina, or Kasiina, the capital of the em- 
 
 J i 
 
CAS 
 
 103 
 
 Lnno "'•'*»7'*' "«">«'• The Met tmde J, |„ 
 wnnn, gold d.irt .lave., cotton cloth., amt 
 "km, „, and buflhio hide., and civet. ?t i. 
 7m mile. W. a W. of Momou, on.l about tl ' 
 of 1.1 }m''L" ^- «' Tombucioo and N. bv K. 
 
 th^9»^=i:Sli^^J;! 
 
 mtmn be we«n the Amiuon. and Oroon^a It 
 w a principal branch of the llio Negro 
 „f M ?.: " i"*"." "'' ''''■""''''• '" ">e department 
 .iL r',*?.'"^ *'"' '^''""''- "•'"' » "mall port on 
 
 Cawovu, or Kasciuu, a strong town of 
 I pper Hungary, with a fine a«onul. .eated near 
 
 mr2o"r.'''l"', ";'■'?. ^- ''y N- of SchemnUz 
 -mg. ^0. 55. K. lat. 4«. 40. N. Pop. abom 
 
 Castaonola. a town of Piedmont, on the 
 river I'o, mile. S. of Turin. 
 
 TiSnT!'" m' f, K*^^*""""' " ""^ °f Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Nntoha, formerly a large city, but 
 
 now much reduced in .ize and mWence 
 
 CA8TAN0WITZ. See COSTAINITZO. 
 
 . CA8TEL A Mare, a town of Naples, in Prin- 
 ciimto Citeriore, where the Hhipg of the rovnl 
 navy are built. It sUinds on the sko oX 
 ancient Stobia, at the foot of a woody moun! 
 NapleT ^ "^ ^'''''*-'" ^* ""«"• S E of 
 Castel a Mare, a town of Sicily, in Vnl di 
 
 JJnrCei""'"^^-^'""''^^-'-^- 
 
 fnJl^rf'' A^^^ofNESE, or Castel Sarpo, a 
 Sm."?".'* ?f Sardinia, and a bishop W 
 
 Jn,r n/ r ''^IC'"*^" *«''^" '" tWs island, at uTe 
 end of the 13th century, by the Armgoneso 
 whence ,ts „„„, but in'j767 the king oule^e^' 
 V ^^oi^ .^"«'^' '"^^•J"- It stands on the 
 
 Castel Baldo, a town of Italy, in the Paduan 
 on the nver Adige, 30 miles S. W. of Pad"" 
 
 .•„ Vk "o^"'!. '^''^°' * *'■■""« to«"' Of Portugal 
 in the S. E part of Beira, with a castle ami two 
 
 ♦»i^*^r'' m'' Xr"^' " **"^" Of Portugal, in Aleh- 
 600d. ""'"^ ^' ^- "^ ^'"♦"'^8'«- Pop- "St 
 Castel Folit, a town of Spain, in Catalonia 
 W. oVSr """' *'' "^" F"lvia; 15 S 
 Castel Franco, a town of Italy, in Trevi- 
 •ano ; 12 miles W. of Treviso. ^' ' 
 
 Castel GoNDOLFo, a town of Italy, in Cam. 
 pagna d. Roma, near the lake Albano nZ 
 '^;^,P^^."'^^- villa Barberina, where are tZ 
 nj.n. oj a.: imnjonse palace, built by the em- 
 peror Domitian. It is 1 milei S. by E. of Rome 
 Castel Jaloux. a town of France, in the de: 
 
 CA8 
 
 «ble trade fn wine, honey, and cattle, ^satclon 
 
 S>%"'^N:i\^iL-^-''^«-»'"««^ 
 
 Castel Leone, a town of Italy in the Cr*. 
 n,on««; ' « mil- N. of Placen^' Po^aSS 
 
 Ou^f of PM^'^'";.,' 'T" '*' r)nlmati«. on the 
 ?.^ abfutS.!)." •""" ^- "^ ^- •''^'^«>- 
 in Vai"!!;' M ^*"''*' ^™v*' * t<»^ "f Sicily, 
 
 .nnP^'i .u **'"'«"P''e. with a rtronj fort : 
 So" Vb mlll'^i^ of Carfi^gnana, on th^e rive; 
 
 Castel Rodrioo, a town of Portugal in 
 Beira; U miles N. of Pinhcl """8*'. "> 
 
 fhf M^r^ "'"'*"' "■■ Kastelorizo, an l.hind in 
 
 So m*E' fTrh ' r" ')' '.'^' "^ Karamanii, 
 JO miles E. of Rhodes. It is 2 miles lone and 
 
 E^IaV™. 'n"' *"' '"'""• W 2r2l' 
 Castel Sarasin, a town of France in th« ,]» 
 
 pnrtment of Upper Garonne, 30 mTei W N W 
 
 of Toulouse. Pop. about 5000. "'•i^-*^- 
 
 Castel Veteiie, a town of Napier in Cain 
 
 bria Ulteriore, 33 miles S. of SquHl^cJ ^"^'^ 
 Castel Vetrano, a town of Sicily, in Vol di 
 
 ;rn?iSet':^?S-ro'^e, 
 
 on tim Verdon, in a hilly country ,20 ml«SR 
 of Digne. Pop. about 2000.^ ^ ^'^ 
 
 Castelaun, a town of Germany, in the countv 
 of Sponhcm j 23 miles S. S. W. of CobS^ 
 
 Castellanetta. a town of Naples in TV™ 
 d'Otmnto; 19 miles W. N.W. of'T^'„^"„to " 
 
 of2rnr:%7alSToT'^'""-«- 
 
 Castellon de la Plana n t«i.., «<• c • 
 ^^TJ ^' contains many vestiges of ancient 
 
 of which J8 the grand basin of the Canal E 
 It « 15 miles W. of Carcassone. Pop.S 
 
 .T..K^r-"i'-? -"'^ ?'^"""""y' '" 'h« •'"chy of 
 
 juii;«: ""'"^ °" '"^ "'" ^"^j » «""« E. of 
 
 nes? on°a 17* " f °.r °^ '^"''^"y' '*» the Sien- 
 nese, on a lake of the same name, which com- 
 
 i\I 2 
 
! ' 
 
 CAS 
 
 munkatcB with the »», and producea much laJt. 
 It i« 12 miles S. by E. of Massa. 
 
 Castiolionis, a fc .ified town of Italy, in the 
 Mantuan, with a castle. It was taken by the 
 Austrians, in 1701; and the French defeated 
 thera near it, in 1 706, and again in 1 796, It is 
 20 miles N. W. of Mantua. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 Castile, the principal and most opulent of 
 the kingdoms into which Spain was formerly 
 divided. It now forms the two provinces of 
 Old and New Castile; the former having been 
 recovered fi^om the Moors bouio time before 
 the latter. 
 
 Castile, Old, a provint* of Spain, bounded 
 on the N. b" A^turias and Biscay, E. by Na- 
 varre and Arragon, S. by New Castile, and W. 
 by Leon, being in extreme length from N. to S. 
 about 240 miles, and 100 in mean breadth. It 
 is subdivided into four inferior provinces, after 
 the name of the four chief towns. The super- 
 ficies and population of each province is as fol- 
 lows: viz.— 
 
 1(31 
 
 CAS 
 
 Sq. Miles. 
 Burgos . . N. 7,752 
 Soria . . . E. 4,118 
 Segovia . . S. 3,502 
 Avila . S.W. 2,600 
 
 Inhab. 
 470,588 
 198,107 
 164,007 
 118,061 
 
 Old Castile . . 17.972 
 
 950.763 
 
 The Ebro rises on the N. p-\rt -J Burgos, and 
 forms the boundary of Old Casiile, on the side 
 of Biscay and Navarre. Several streams fall 
 into the Ebro, but the waters of Old Castile 
 run chiefly to the westward, into the Douro. 
 The chief production of this part of Spain is 
 wool, of which commodity about 6,000,000 lbs. 
 are annually exported to England. The go- 
 vernment, however, is a bar to all social ex- 
 ertion, in this as well as eveiy other part of 
 Spain. 
 
 Castile, Net/, lies to the S. of the preceding 
 province, and is divided into five inferior pro- 
 vinces, as follows : viz :— 
 
 Sq. Miles. 
 Guadalaxara N. 1,970 
 Madrid . N.W. 
 Cuenca 
 Toledo 
 La Mnnclia S. 
 
 1,.S30 
 
 E. 11,410 
 
 S.W. «,H63 
 
 7,620 
 
 Inhab. 
 
 121,115 
 
 228,520 
 
 294,290 
 
 370,641 
 
 205,548 
 
 New Castile . 31,193 1,220,114 
 
 The TagUB, Guadiana, and Lucar, all afibrd to 
 New Castile the advantage of a fecility of inter- 
 course ; but the chief riches of this province 
 art its flocks of sheep, which, under the regu- 
 lation of the " Mesta," preclude all agricultural 
 improvements. See each of the inferioi pro- 
 vinces, 
 
 Casiillon, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gironde; seated on the Dordogne; 25 
 miles E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2600. 
 
 ■wASTiSE, a seaport Oi the oititc of Maine, 
 chief town of Hancock county, situate on Pe- 
 nobscot Bay; 65 miles W. S. W. of Machias. 
 It was taken by the British in 1814, but 
 
 restored at the peace in 1815. Lore. 69. 0. 
 W. lat. 44. 26. N. 
 
 Castle Cary, a town in Somersetshire, with 
 a market on Tuesday; 12 miles S. E. of Wells, 
 and 1 1 3 W . by S. of London. 
 
 Castle Rtsino, a town in Norfolk. The 
 market is now disused. It is 5 miles N. E. oi 
 Lynn, and 103 N, N. E. of London. 
 
 Castle Blaykey, a town in Ireland, county 
 of Monaghan ; 68 miles from Dublin. Here 
 is the magnificent seat of Lord Blayney. 
 
 Castle Comer, a town in Ireland, county of 
 Kilkenny ; 70 miles from Dublin. Near the 
 town are some extensive collieries. It is a 
 regularly built town, with a large church, town- 
 hall, &c. 
 
 Castle Connel, a town in Ireland, county 
 of Limerick, near the Shannon; 114 miles from 
 Dublin. 
 
 Castle Dermot, a town in Ireland, county 
 of Kildare, on the river Lane; 43 miles from 
 Dublin. In the vicinity are many ecclesiastical 
 ruins. 
 
 Castle Island, a town in Ireland, county 
 of Kerry; 197 miles from Dublin. Here is an 
 ancient castle. 
 
 Castle Reaor, a town in Ireland, county of 
 Roscommon; 112 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Castlebar, a parish and town in the county 
 of Mayo, Ireland. A considerable portion of 
 the inhabitants are employed in the linen 
 manufacture. The town is also the seat of 
 assize, and a chief place in the coimty, having 
 a spacious chtirch, a handsome court-house, 
 gaol, and cavalry barracks. It is situate at the 
 E. end of a small lake; 11 miles E. by N. of 
 Westport, and 113 W. by N. of Dublin. 
 
 Castleton, a village on the Peak of Derby* 
 shire; 5 miles N. of Tideswell. It is situate 
 at the foot of a rock about 250 feet high, on 
 which iare the remains of a castle, ascribed to 
 William Pcveril, natural son of the Conqueror. 
 Three of the seven wonders of the Peak are in 
 its neighbourhood; the Devil's Cave, Mam Tor, 
 and Elden Hole. The first is in a cavern in 
 the rock above mentioned, whose arched en- 
 trance is 42 feet high and 120 wide, which 
 becomes narrower as it proceeds, and the roof 
 descends to within 2 feet of the surface of a 
 brook; this bemg passed over, another largo 
 cavern succeeds, with several high openings in 
 the roof, which descends again to a second 
 brook; after which is a third cavern, called 
 Roger Rain's House, because of the perpetual 
 dropping : the length of the whole cavern is 
 617 yards. Mam Tor, a mile W. of the vil- 
 lage, is a mountain, 1300 feet above the level 
 of the valley, on the top and sides of which is 
 a camp, supposed to be Roman : it overtops 
 the whole Peak Country, and the vulgar story 
 is, that this hill is continually crumbling, 'vith- 
 out being diminished. Elden Hole, a mile S. 
 of Mam Tor, is a perpendicular gulf or chasm 
 in a limestone rock, the depth of which it 
 unfiithomabie, its sides ;.-ing so very shelving 
 and irregular ; it has b.on plumbed from 192 
 to 295 yards, 70 of which seemed to be in 
 water. 
 
CAS 
 
 165 
 
 iWhSItf?"' " v'P'^'Wp in the pamh of 
 Kochdale, Lancashire. See RociiDAii. 
 
 new the S coast, with a rocky and shillowr 
 harbour, which checks its commerce, and ren^ 
 ders u inferior to Douglas in most T^^^. 
 
 Cast e Rushen, a magnificent pile, built of 
 freestone, m 960 by Guttred, a prince 7tho 
 punish line, who lies buried in the edifice. It 
 « occupied by the governor of the island, and 
 on one side of it are the chancery offices and 
 good barracks Near the town is a fine qiar"y 
 I ^^^^J"f^^«' whence the steps of St Paul^ 
 
 w?7at: Z'-rt' '^^'^ '^'^'^ ^"«- * "«• 
 
 Castaes, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Tarn and latei; an episcopal set 
 In the reign il Lous XIII. it wm n kinH ^*^ 
 Protestant republic; but in 1629 Tts'fSc^f 
 tions were demolished. It is the birthpE^f 
 Rapin, Thoyras, and M. Dacier, has a Lcf 
 trade, and contains a number of beautiful ^^? 
 
 Castries, Bay op, a bay on the N. E. coast 
 
 vLST; IT''' \'^^^'^^ of SagMet 
 v«ited by Perouse. Long. 142. 1. BHat. 51. 
 
 St%!f ' " *rr "/ ^^^'y- ^ ^^^ patrimony of 
 
 6 mSs. wr^/feiTo'" ''"" •^'^'"-*°' 
 
 Castro, a town of the island of Chiloe. with 
 
 ncastle which commands the harbour 'iT is 
 
 1 80 m^es S. of Valdivia. Long. 75. 5. W. Ll 
 
 Castro, the ancient Mytilene, a seaport and 
 capital of th. island of Metelin witMwo bar 
 bours, one .f which will admit large vLds 
 There are two castles, the one andenn he 
 other modern, in each of which is a Turkish 
 governor and commander. Considemble m 
 ^ges stiU remain of its former grandeur and 
 magnificence The chief tmde is fhip.bu"ldi""g 
 It « 30 miles S. W of Adramittt and c^' 
 14. N: ^'""' ^""«" 2^- ^®- ^- lat. 39. 
 Castro de Uriales, a town of Spain in 
 
 famous for the worship of Ceres and Pmer-' 
 
 in ^AlZe^^^J^r;/ L^„?« .^"™ ^{yorty^l 
 
 tiuadiana, is" miles En 'e of Tavi^' "'.' 
 fi'J « hw w _ff T» • i- "' lavira, and 
 
 12. N.^ ^"^ ^°"*- 7- 20- W. lat. 37. 
 
 CAT 
 
 Castro Reale, a town of Sicily, in Val di 
 Demona; 16 miles W. of Messina. Pop 8000 
 
 Castro Verde, a town of Portugal^ All 
 teg on the Corbes; 18 nrile. sf S. W. "f 
 
 Castro ViREtNA, a town of Peru, in the 
 province of Guamanga, noted for goc^'tobacco 
 
 Long. 74. 45. W. lat. 13. 50* S. 
 There are several other towns in Italy. Spain 
 and Portugal, to the names of which CwS 
 18 prefixed. ^ 
 
 miS W."ofFiur °' ^"''^" ''^'^ '^ '- 
 
 of m'1*°',* •* •,"• *;f Westphalia, in the county 
 of Mark; 7 miles W. of Dortmund ^ 
 
 Castropol a town of Spain, in Asturias- 14 
 miles N HofMondonedo. ■"'"'^'m, i* 
 
 Caswell a county of North Carolina bor- 
 fc«„ °1 P't*ylvania county, Vii^a P„n 
 14,693, of whom 7024 were sIave<i^Th; couX* 
 house, m the centra of the county, is 60 mS 
 
 Cat Island. ^« Bahamas. 
 
 VLT u ■-— -" , '"o Mjwn IB seated 
 abouV60~mS;s'^Sclo"'^ ^^""'""'' '^-.• 
 
 uSsr7t^rt^x:;5;4SgirS 
 
 numerous sources in the N. W. part ?f North 
 Carohna. in the lat. of 36. N. and 82 of W 
 W. running in a S- S. K direction inti Souih 
 C^irohna, in which state it is called the Wa 
 tcree. until t reaches the centre of the state 
 where ,t u. joined by the Saluda, or Con,Z^' 
 and numerous other streams from theTw^' 
 where itu, called the Santee, falling into ihe 
 Atlant.0 Ocean, in the lat. of 33. 5. N. and 79 
 15. of \V. long.; about 40 miles N. of Charl<«^ 
 ton with the harbour of which ci y t is^oT 
 pected by a canal from a point 50 i aCe 
 Its entrance into the sea. 
 
 iI,f'i!JT^;.''u ^^^*^^«n Indian town on 
 the banks of the preceding river ati>ii Jl^l 
 .nto South CaroLa. The native ShTbS 
 amount to about 460, the rem Jns of „^ 
 
 Stir *'■''• f " ''''^ Cn-te?i"n J^! 
 sicai energy, and progressively decrea«pH T„ 
 number, since their ^^aUon w^th ^Sn^" 
 Catahoula, or Ocatahool, a parish ofC* 
 sianaj about 60 miles in extent from N to «; 
 
 wlhSr "r ^'^'^' " i«»tSJby th • 
 
 the&ih:ffi^-L^,f?';««^« 
 
 nees, and bounded'-oV the ¥' hv "1^ ^"^"^ 
 
!!;« 
 
 CAT 166 
 
 ■quore mile*, and a population of 858,810. 
 Barcelona is the cliief town; the other towns 
 of note being Tortosa, Lerida, Tarragona, 
 Mantresa, Gerona, and Ilosns. Tho river 
 Ebro intersects the S. end of tho province, 
 and the united streams of tho Pallaresa and 
 Segre run from the Pyrenees into tlie Ebro, 
 near the frontier of Arragon, The Lobrognt, 
 Ter, and several other streams of minor note, 
 fall into the Mediturranoan. The Catalonians 
 iure_ the bravest and least bigoted, and the most 
 active and enterprising of the .. inish people; 
 but the subduing tendency of the national po- 
 licy of Spain precludes all advance towards 
 social improvement. The chief surplus pro- 
 ducts of the soil of Catalom'a are cork, nuts, 
 and brandy; woollens, hardware, and c. lery, 
 arc manufactured for distribution over tho 
 othor parts of Spain, and partially for exporta- 
 tion. 
 
 Caiauandoo, or Khatmawdc, a city, and 
 capital of Nepaul, containing about 60,000 
 inhabitants; 200 miles due N. of Patna. See 
 Nepaul. 
 
 Catanduanks, one of the Philippine Islands, 
 lying off the S. E. coast of Luzon; it is about 
 30 miles in exteiit from N, to S., and 20 in 
 breadth; the inhabitants are much employed 
 in building of boats for the neighbouring 
 islanders. 
 
 Catania, a celebrated city on the E. const of 
 
 Sicily; it is a pUce of great antiquity, but has 
 
 suffered greatly, as well by the eruptions of 
 
 Mount JEina, as by earthquakes; it was nearly 
 
 overwhelmed with lava from the former, in 
 
 1669, and in 1693 an earthquake destroyed a 
 
 great portion of tho city, and buried 1»,000 
 
 persons in its ruins; it appears, however, to 
 
 have risen from each succeeding disaster with 
 
 increasing splendour, and in 1825 ranked 
 
 among the finest cities in Europe. It is tho 
 
 see of a bishop, and scat of the only university 
 
 in Sicily. The principal square, formed by the 
 
 cathedral, college, and town-hall, is very grand; 
 
 it has about 30 convents and 60 churches, 
 
 some of them fine edifices ; a museum of 
 
 natural history and antiquities, the remains of 
 
 a Roman amphitheatre, and other vestipes of 
 
 ancient splendour, render it a place of peoiiliar 
 
 interest to an intelligent and inquiring traveller. 
 
 It is situate at the foot of Mount /Etna, on tho 
 
 S. side; 35 miles N. of Syracuse, in the Int. of 
 
 37. 26. N. and 15. 15. of E. long. Pop. about 
 
 Catanzaro, a city of Naples, capital of 
 Calabria Ulteriore, and the see of a bishop. 
 The chief manufacture is silks of various kinds, 
 and these, with com and oil, are the principal 
 articles of trade. It is seated on a mountain, 
 near the Gulf of Squillace; 43 miles S. E. of 
 Cosenza. Long. 16. 48. E. lat. 39. 0. N. 
 
 Cataraugus, a county towards the W. ex- 
 tremity of the state of New York, bordering on 
 Pennsylvania. The court-house of the county 
 isSlZmilesW. of Albany. 
 
 Catauba. See Catabaw. 
 
 Catawissa, or liuuiii!:»uuHo, a town of Penn- 
 sylvania, in Northumberland county, situate at 
 
 CAT 
 
 the mouth of the Catawissa Creek, on the E. 
 branch of tho Susquohannah; 26 miles E. N. E 
 a Sunbury, and 100 N. W. of Philadelphia. 
 Pop. about 2000. 
 Catkau. ^0 Chateau CiiAMDaisM. 
 Catiiarinuuiu}, a town of Russia, capital of 
 a province of tho same name, in the govern- 
 ment of Perm. The chief gold mines of Si- 
 beria are in its vicinity, and above 100 foun- 
 deries, chiefly for copper and iron. It is sente<l 
 at the foot of the Ural Mountains, on tho E. 
 side, near the source of the Iset; 310 miles 
 W. S. W. of Tobolsk. Long. 61. 26. E. hit. 
 66. 45. N. 
 
 Catharinenslaf, a government of the Rus- 
 sian empire, divided into two provinces, namely, 
 Catharinenslaf, which includes New Russia; aiid 
 the late government of Asop!i, and Taurida. 
 which includes tho Crimea. 
 
 Catharinknslaf, a town of Russia, capital 
 of a government of the same name. It was 
 built by the Empress Catharine, and is seated 
 near the confluence of the Kiltzin and Samara 
 with tho Dnieper ; 178 miles N. E. of Cherson. 
 Long. 35. 15. E. lat. 47. 23. N. 
 
 Catuarinij:, St., the principal isUind on the 
 coast of tho S. part of Brazil, with a harbour 
 defended by several forts. It is 27 nines long, 
 but not more than six broad, but exceedingly 
 fertile; it forms a part of the Brazilian repub- 
 lic. Pop. about 30,000. There is a town of 
 the same name, the chief place on the island. 
 Long. 49. 17. W. lat. 27. 35. S. 
 
 CATOipK, Cape, the N. E. promontory of 
 Yucatan, where the English adventurers from 
 Jamaica first attempted to cut lojt-wood. Lonir 
 87. 30. W. Int. 21. 25. N. ^ 
 
 Catrine, a town of Scotland; 14 miles E. of 
 Ayr, on the river Ayr. Here is a flourishing 
 cotton manufacture. 
 
 Catskill, an incorporated town of Greene 
 county, state of New York, situate on the W. 
 bank of the Hudson river, nearly opposite to 
 the town of Hudson; and 36 miles S. of Alljanv. 
 Pop. 5339. ' 
 
 Catskill Mountains, North America, state 
 of New York. They are a branch of the Ap- 
 palachian chain, and are about 3000 feet in 
 height, abounding in be^iutiful scenery. 
 
 Caitaro, a town of Dalmatia, with a castle, 
 seated on a gulf of its name, in the Adriatic, 
 which forms two extensive and secure harbours. 
 The town is built at the extremity of the inner 
 basin, surrounded by rocks, and strongly forti- 
 fied. It is 24 miles S. of Scutari. Long. 19. 
 15. E. lat. 42. 12. N. 
 
 Cattegat, a gulf of the German Ocean, be- 
 tween Sweden and Jutland; extending for 
 about 120 miles from N. to S., and 70 from E. 
 to W., throiigli which tho Baltic Sea is entered 
 by three straiU, called tho Sound, the Great 
 Belt, and the Little Belt. 
 
 Cattaio, a town of Italy, in the Paduan: 5 
 miles S. of Padua. 
 
 Catterick, a village in Wes^t Yorkshire 
 near Richmond. It hna n bridae ovrr the 
 river Swale, and a Roman highway crossed the 
 river here, on the banks of which are the 
 
CAT 
 
 r«™^"'n"''' "'"""«*' °^^°"t'' Holland, on tlio 
 ]o.t7n"lh^"'""',"''''T*'.'"^' ^^^ river llhino i° 
 loyien It " « mile. N. by W. of 
 
 Catzenblndookn, a town and cnstlo of Gcr- 
 3 e/'..l?? '^''" "' U'^''*" I^hine, wl.ich 
 iVon mil "-.* '*"i">^- '^''"' town has «„ 
 Gwr "' ' "" ^" ""'** ^- ^- "'' St. 
 
 Caud, a town of Germany, with a citadel- 
 
 Kin^r''' '''""^' '•"''«' ^- ^^ ^-^ 
 
 Cauca, a river of Colombia, risinff near Po- 
 
 pnyan ,n the lat. of 3. N.. running N. tlTrouKh 
 
 1 c. valley of Popayan, between thi second S 
 
 nulena, about 120 miles above the entrance of 
 that mer mto the Caribbean Sea, in tl™ kt. of 
 
 div?d«nn!^.? 8°^''""ne"t of Asiatic Russia, 
 
 (•a3« tV^ '*" ^^""^""^ of Astmcan and 
 laucasia. The provmce of Caucasia com- 
 
 r? ho Cuban, and all that district to the 
 
 f'- and S now in the possession of Russia 
 
 between the rivere Don and Cuban, and b^ 
 
 tween the Dlack Sea and the Caspian extent 
 
 ing as far as the confines of Gcorgr ' 
 
 fr.Mwu*^™' ".''''"'" of mountains extondins 
 
 from the mouth of the Cuban, in the Ul«"k 
 
 Sea, to the. mouth of the Kiir, i, the Caspkn 
 
 i be^ toj,s are always covered with sno^-Td 
 
 1 e ower parts abound in honey. cornT vh"e 
 
 ■mts. gum, hogs, and horned cattle. The 
 
 Ucusian mountains are inhabited b^ seven 
 
 Ji-tmct nations, each speaking a different lln 
 
 g"«ge; namely, the Turcomans. tS Tbkah" 
 
 t'C^^S^ ^"'' ""^ ^^< ^'^ wt; 
 
 Caudkbec, a town of Franco, in the denart 
 nicnt of Lower Seine; 18 n.iles W by N of 
 Rouen. Pop. about 3000. ' "Y ^- ot 
 
 of jCfnTn'/vT" •*■ ^r'"' °" *'"' fro"ti'^^" 
 ot flinrcia and Valencia; about 50 mik-s W of 
 Denia. Pop. about 6000. " "* 
 
 Caudiiolly, a town of IHndostan in th*. 
 province of Coimbetore. It in the S'ptace S 
 i^ny note above the Gauts. and a pCa 
 -oroughfare between the ^untry below md 
 
 Ite cwX '/"T """"t"^"'- The inhaWtS 
 ai-e chiefly traders. It is CO miles S. K of 
 Seringnpatam. ^" *" 
 
 Caughnawaqa. a town of the United States 
 in Montgomery county. New York; skM 
 b. of the river Mohawk ; 30 miles W. by N 
 of^fechenectady. and 20C N. N. W. of Now 
 
 CAUoLiNARr, a town of Hindosfan. in Ben- 
 Pooter^ for^ rv'^ ^rs^ nnd'Burram- 
 rof'caicut'^'" ""• ^- '' ^'"--"^ '^' 14« N. 
 nn^i!" w"*^**'?' " '°'^" °f the Afghan territory 
 
 167 
 
 CA W 
 
 a d^s/nVfT'^i" *''^" **' Hindosfan. capital o/ 
 Lbfti ThiSl T"]", ""'T^'.P'ovince if Alia. 
 iiaDaa. Ihia district is a fenilo plah> between 
 the Ganges and Jumna rivers, and prSS 
 much con.. The town is one of the Kip^ 
 Imroughfere. in this part, and is the h^ S 
 Svll^o? f '^' "««hbourhood. Tkt 
 
 .eSTu^yfcl^T«o«;X 
 
 =rw.oTBtt;e.:'« -■-'--' s 
 
 HinCtaT'which'S ^T'^'T' "^^^ "' 
 
 s.rrri?c£v^^^^ 
 
 the provmce of Tanjore, in the lat of UN 
 rio^'Vt tLT". "S ^"P'^«' •" l'"»^P«to cite. 
 
 m.S!,1'v°'''i" **"'" of France, in the depart- 
 rniiM b. t. of Avignon. Population about 
 
 Cavalieri, an island in the ArchineWo Jv. 
 tween the S. W. point of the Wand WegSt 
 
 rK3^8.TN""' °^ ^"^- ^-«^^ 
 
 Ca valla a town of European Turkey on 
 the coast of Rumelia, about »0 miSl of 
 Salomca. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 b. part of the province of Ulster. It hZ 
 several lakes; two on the S. side dischaive tl d 
 waters eastward by the Blackwater rim imo 
 the Boyne, and others westward into DoneH 
 Bay through Lough Erne, which jets upon tS 
 northern boundary of the county.-^ The Locan 
 
 sttts Its >. E. part; It partakes but partially of 
 the Imen manufacture. The chief to»^„f.i, 
 same name, is situate in t£ cen"^"' f f' 
 county ; 30 miles due W. of Bunllk tEe 
 
 couiu; tin" ^'Jl^ "^"^ °^ ""^'^o for the 
 touniy. it lias a court-house, ail and » fi.,«. 
 
 into the Gulf of Veni^. *^' "" *'"*"'"'-"*' 
 
 Cavebypatam, a *own of Hindostan in i»,» 
 
 sTo'f aS °I|.^''« P-«u^ «t^.n.^ w 
 
 fnJ^ ■ "*• Th^'o is another town of tho 
 
 same name at one of the mouths of the (^ye?y 
 river, a few miles N. of Tranquebar ^ 
 
 lial line, m long. fiO. 20. W. '-qumoo- 
 
 • ,^'V™' " swijiort on the W. coast nf th^ 
 island of r,i.»Q» V... »*, • "-oao' of tli% 
 
 tAyo,,, a town of Piedmont, in the pitivince 
 of Pignerol ; 8 miles S. by E of the to^T^* 
 Pignerol. Pop. about 7000. '°'™ "' 
 
CAX 
 
 16S 
 
 CEr 
 
 I 
 
 if! 
 
 CiwuoD, a town in East Yorkshire, on the 
 river Ouso ; 12 miles S. of York. Here are 
 the ruins of a verj- ancient castle, a manufac- 
 ture for hop-bagging, and a good ferry over the 
 river. 
 
 Caxamarca, a town of Peru, capital of a 
 territory of its name, in the province of Trux- 
 illo. Here the Spanish general, Pizarro, in 
 1532, perfidiously seized the inca, Atahualpa, 
 and the next year, after a mock trial, caused 
 him to be publicly executed. It is 70 miles 
 N. E. of the city of TruxiUo. Long. 78. 20. W. 
 lat. 7. S. 
 
 Caxamarquiixa, another considerable city 
 of Peru, also in the province of Truxillo; about 
 40 miles S. S. E. of Caxamarca. 
 
 Caxatambo, another city of Pern, in the 
 province of Tarma; about 200 miles S. by E. 
 of Caxamarquilla, and 140 N. by E. of Lima. 
 
 Caxton, a town of Cambridgeshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday; 10 miles W. by S. of 
 Cambridge, and 49 N. of London. It was the 
 birthplace of Caxton, who introduced the art 
 of printing into England; aud also of Matthew 
 Paris, the historian. 
 Cayag .n Sooloo. Ses Caoatan Sooloo. 
 Cayahooa, or Ccyahooa, a county of the 
 state of Ohio, bordering for about 35 miles on 
 the S. W. shore of Lake Erie, being about 
 8 miles in mean breadth. It is intersected by 
 three or four streams or rivers, falling into the 
 lake, the principal of which, of the same name 
 as the county, enters the lake in the long, of 
 82. 20. W, It is deep enough to receive large 
 sloops from the lake; and is navigable for 
 boats to its source, whence there is only a 
 short portage to the Tuscarawa branch of the 
 Muskingum, which is also navigable, and runs 
 S. into the Ohio, at Marietta. It is proposed 
 to connect these two rivers by a canal, and 
 thereby unite the waters of the great chain of 
 lakes with the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 26,506. 
 Cleveland, at the mouth of the river, 174 miles 
 N. E. of Columbus, is the chief town. 
 
 Cayamba, a town of Peru, in the province of 
 Quito; 30 miles N. E. of Quito, 
 
 Cayenne, a ilch town and island on the 
 coast of Guiana, capital of the French settle- 
 ments there; bounded on the W. by the Dutch 
 colony of Surinam. The island is about 50 
 ' miles in circumference, separated from the 
 continent by a very narrow channel. The 
 surface is low and marshy, and covered with 
 forests, Cayenne pepper, sugar, coffee, cloves, 
 and the singularly elastic gum called caout- 
 chouc, are the principal commodities. The 
 French settled here in 1625, but left it in 1664, 
 and it was successively in the possession of the 
 English, French, and Dutch ; but the latter 
 were expelled by the French in 1677. It 
 surrendered to the English in 1809, but was 
 restored to France at the peace of 1814. 
 Long. 52. IS. W. lat, 4. 56. N. See Guiana. 
 Cayte, a town of Brazil, in the government 
 of Para, near the mouth of the Cateypeyra ; 
 105 miles N. E. of Para. Long. 48. 12. W. 
 Jat. 0. SG, S, 
 Catvoa, a county of the state of New York. 
 
 the N. end of which borders on Lake Ontario, 
 extending S. about 50 miles, and about 10 
 miles in mean breadth. The population is 
 50,838. Auburn, the chief town, is 169 miles 
 W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 Cayuoa Lake bounds the W. side of the 
 above county for about 25 miles, extending 
 about 10 miles further S. into Tompkins 
 county. It is 3 to 4 miles wide, and dis- 
 charges its waters at the N. end through 
 Seneca River into Lake Ontario, from which 
 the N. end of Cayuga Lake is distant about 
 25 miles. The Erie canal runs past, near the 
 N, end of Cayuga. There is a town of the 
 same name on the E, bank, 5 miles W. of 
 Auburn. 
 
 Cayuta, a town of Tioga county, state of 
 New York. 
 
 Cazadbon, a town of France, department 
 of Gers, on the banks of the Adour; 80 miles 
 N. N. E, of Bayonne. 
 
 Cazenovia, the chief tn. of Madison county, 
 state of New York, situate on the bank of a 
 small lake, a few miles S. of the line of the 
 Erie canal; ilO miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 Pop. 4153. 
 
 Cazeres, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Garonne; about 35 miles S, W, 
 of Toulouse. 
 
 Cecil, a county of the state of Maryland, at 
 the head of Chesapeake Bay, forming the N. 
 E. extremity of the state; bounded W. by the 
 Susquehannah river. Pop. 17,232, 1362 of 
 whom were slaves. Elkion is the chief town, 
 which see. 
 
 Cazimir, a town of Little Poland, in the 
 palatinate of Lublin, seated on the Vistula; 80 
 miles E. of Zamaw. Long. 22. 3. E. lat. 51. 
 0. N.' 
 
 Cedar Creez, a water of James Biver, in 
 Virginia, in the county of Rockbridge; remark- 
 able for its natural bridge, justly regarded is 
 one of the most magnificent natural curiosities 
 in the world. It is a huge rock, in the form 
 of an arch, 90 feet long, 60 wide, and from 40 
 to 60 deep, lying over the river more than 200 
 feet above the s;\rface of the water, supported 
 by abutments as 'ight and graceful as though 
 they had been the work of Corinthian art. 
 This bridge givoi name to the county, and 
 affords a commodious passage over a valley, 
 which cannot be crossed elsewhere for a con- 
 siderable distance. It is about 100 miles W. 
 of Richmond, and 160 S. S. W. of Washington 
 city. 
 
 Cedab Point, a seaport of Maryland, in 
 Charles county. The exports are chiefly to- 
 bacco and maize. It is seated on the Poto- 
 mac; 12 miles below Port Tobacco, and 40 S. 
 by E. of Washington. 
 
 Cedoona, a town of NapleSr in Principato 
 Ulteriore, at the foot of the Appennines ; 20 
 miles N. N, E, of Conza. 
 
 Cefalonia, or Cephalonia, the most con- 
 siderable of the Ionian Isles, in the Mediterra- 
 nean, on the coast of Livadia, opposite the 
 Gulf of Lcantfls It is 40 miles long, and 
 from 10 to 20 broad, fertile in cil and muica* 
 
C E F i6g 
 
 dine wine. The capital is of the same name ; 
 on the S, E. coast. Long, 20. 66. E. lat. 38. 
 12. N. Pop. 63,200. 
 
 Cefalu, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Do- 
 mona, and a bishop's see, with a castle; seated 
 on R promontory 40 miles E. by S. of Palermo. 
 Long. 13. 58. E. lat. 38. 15. N. Pop. obout 
 5500. 
 
 Celano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ul- 
 tenore, near a lake of the same name; 30 
 miles m circumference. It is 15 miles S. of 
 Aquila. 
 
 Celata, or ko, a town of Mexico, situate 
 on a spacious i^iin 6000 feet above the level 
 of the sea; a few mUes N. N. W. of the city of 
 trunnnxuato. 
 
 Cblbbidoe, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Kildare; 10 miles W. of Dublin. 
 
 Celebes, or Macassar, a very irregular and 
 singular-shaped island in the Eastern Sea, lying 
 between Borneo and the Moluccas. The centre 
 of the island is intersected by the line of 120 
 of E. long, aiid 2. of S. lat. From this centre 
 four tongues of territory project, terminaUng as 
 follows: yiz.— . 
 
 Lat. Long. 
 
 l8t,At Bontham, 5. 34. S. 120. 32. E. 
 2nd, At Cape Le88en,4. 54. S. 121. 28. E 
 3rd, At Cape Talabo, 0. 48. S. 123. 57. E. 
 4th, At Cape Rivers, 1.15. N. 120.34.E. 
 5th, From Cape Rivers another tongue pro- 
 
 ^i?''*/"?'^"'^' '" "^"'''y * ■traight line, wholly 
 N. of the equator, to the long, of 125. 5. E. 
 Jhe centre from whence the tongues respec 
 lively diverge, comprises an extent of territory 
 of about 150 miles from N. to S.; and 110 
 Irom W. to E.: the mean breadth of the pro- 
 jecUons, each being about 65 miles, gives an 
 aggregate extent of surface of about 67 000 
 square milcfl. The Portuguese, who first 
 doubled jhe Cape of Good Hope into the East- 
 em aeas m 1493, formed a settlement upon 
 the S. W. point of Celebes in 1512. 'Fie 
 Portuguese were expelled by the Dutch in 
 ibw, by whom the possession was called 
 Macassar, who held it undisturbed till after 
 the commencement of the present century 
 It is divided mto six kingdoms, viz. :— Goa. 
 belmdrin, Mandar, Wayoo or Tuadjo, Bony, 
 and Jopm, The total population of Celebes 
 IS supposed to amount to about 3,000,000 
 under the surveillance of several sepirate ra- 
 jahs, among whom polygamy and .e other 
 sensualities of Mahometanism generally pre- 
 vail. The principal river of the island, the 
 Chrmrana, fails into the Bay of Bony or 
 BuGOES, which see; and see also Tobo To- 
 MiNiE, Cambyna, and Bouton, other bays and 
 islands connected with Celebes. 
 
 Celt, or Maria Zell, a town of Styria, with 
 a celebrated abbey, seated on the Saltza: 17 
 milesN. N. E. ofBruck. 
 
 •F^xT°*', S. '°^" "*' ^^^y- ^n Trevisano; 18 
 miles N. of Treviso. 
 
 Cenis, a mountain of the MnritJmn Alps in 
 
 faavoy. which is a noted passage from the S of 
 
 France to Turin. The summit of the pass. 
 
 which » about 9000 feet above the level of the 
 
 CER 
 
 sea, 1« 35 mtles W. N. W. of Turin. The 
 facility of intercourse by this route was much 
 improved by Napoleon Buonaparte. 
 
 Centre, a county of Pennsylvania, being, in 
 conformity with its name, in the centre of the 
 state. Its shape is an irregular square, about 
 35 miles each way. The main ridge of the 
 Allegany mountains terminates in a bluff to- 
 wards the N. side of the county, near to which 
 runs the W. branch of the Susquehannah river, 
 a branch of which bounds all the W. side of the 
 county, Bald Eagle Creek intersecting it from 
 S. to PI. eastward of the mountain ridge. Pod 
 20,492. Bellfonte, 121 miles N. W. of Harris- 
 burg and 150 W. N. W. of Philadelphia, is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Centreville, a town of Maryland, chief of 
 ttueen Anne county; 48 miles E. S. E. of Bal- 
 timore, and 95 S. S. W. of Philadelphia. 
 Cephalonia. See Cepaionca and Ionia 
 Ceram, one of the Molucca isles, extending 
 from 28. to 130. 51. of E. long., l4ing abiut 
 35 miles in mean breadth, between the lat. of 
 2. 61. and 3. 65. S. The island of Amboyna, 
 on which the Dutch have their principal spic^ 
 plantations, lies off the S. W. end of Ceram 
 on which island, in the true spirit of their 
 charactenstic poUcy, they endeavoured to de- 
 stroy all the spice trees, in which despicable 
 attempt they succeeded to a very great extent, 
 tsago is now the prominent production of 
 Ceram. The talangan, whose edible n^ts 
 command such an exorbitant price in China 
 IS common in the island. ' 
 
 Cerdagna, a district of the Pyrenees, partly 
 In Spain, in the province of Catalonia, and 
 partly in France, in the department of Eastern 
 Pyrenees. Puycerda is the capital of the 
 bpanish part, and Mont Louis of the French. 
 Cere, St., a town of France, in the N E 
 comer of the department of Lot; 37 miles N. 
 40(0 "' ""'^ ^^® ®- °^ ^«"*- P«P- about 
 
 Cerenza, or Gercenza, a town of Naples 
 S ^'^5,"a Citeriore, seated on a rock; 10 miles' 
 N. byW. ofSeverino. 
 
 Ceret, a town of France, in the department 
 of Eastern Pyrenees, with a magnificent bridce 
 of one arch over the Tet. Here the commb- 
 sioners of France and Spain met, in 1660, to 
 settle the limits of the two kingdoms. In 1 794 
 the French defeated the Spaniards near this 
 town. It IS 14 miles W. S. W. of Perpignan. 
 CERIONOLA, a town of Naples, in Capitanata 
 celebrated by Horace for its excellent bread.' 
 Wear this town is the ancient Salapia. the 
 nuns of which are still called Salpe. It is 20 
 miles S. of Manfredonia. Pop. about 12 000 
 .u ,?'??' ^^^^ ancient Cythera,) an island of 
 the Mediteiranean, lying off the S. E. promon- 
 tory of the Morea : it formerly belonged to the 
 Venetians : the French took possession of it in 
 J/97, It surrendered to the English in 1809 
 and at the peace of 1815 was included in the 
 .Oman republic, under the protection of Eng- 
 land. It IS about 17 miles long, from N. to 
 b., and 10 in breadth, mountainous, and out 
 little cultivated. The inhabitants are priAci 
 
CER 
 
 m 
 
 CEY 
 
 ii I 
 
 pally Greeks, whow cJiief occimntlon ta In 
 atten.ling to ti.eir flocki of 8l.ct.|) ..nd livrdii of 
 giiaU. Ihcn, u II towu of tlio wmo immo 
 
 ?!!?.« ■L,.°'"* "•" •''® •*'""*'• containing nlmut 
 IJdO inhnbitimtH; the cxtnino 8. point of tlio 
 island » in lat. 3(!. 9. and '2'2. 67. K. long. 
 
 Ckuuiotto, (tho nncient AiffUui,) n aniiill 
 imand, Ij/ing between the S. K. point of Cerit-o 
 and tlio N, W. point of Cundiii. Lnt. 'Ah. ;, ' 
 N. and 23. 44, W. long. It In unproductive, 
 and has but few inlmbittuUs. 
 
 Cerilly, a town of Fninco, in tlio deport- 
 ment of AllJer; 26 miles W. of Moulias. and 
 40 S. by E. of IJourges. 
 
 Ckhina, a Beai)ort, (the ancient d-n/niaj on 
 the N. coiwt of Cyprus, nnd a Greek bishop's 
 see, with a castle on on immense rock Tho 
 chief exports are barley, fUk. cotton, oil, and 
 cnrob beans. It is 20 miles N. W. of Nicosia. 
 Long. 32. 55. K. Int. 25. 45. N. 
 
 Ckiinr AanAS, a town in Dorsetshire, with a 
 market on Weilnesday. It is surrounded by 
 high chalk hills, nnd on tho side of one of them 
 18 cut tho figure of a mon, 180 feet in height, 
 holding a club in his right hand, nnd extending 
 the other. Hero was formerly a stately abbey, 
 and iiart of its remains is now converted into n 
 house and barn. It is seated on the river Cerno • 
 7 miles N. N. W. of Dorchester, and 120 W. bv 
 S. of London. '' 
 
 Ckrnktz, a town of Switzerland, in tho can- 
 ton of (irisons, with a mineral spring; seated 
 on tho river Inn ; 24 miles S. E. of Coire, 
 
 Ckuuito, a town of Naples, in Terra di La^ 
 voro, with a cathedral and collegiate church: 5 
 miles N. N. E. of Telesn. 
 
 Certosa, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, 
 with a celebrated Carthusian monastery: 5 niiles 
 N. of Puvia. 
 
 CEHVKR.\,a town of Spain, In Catalonia, with 
 a university; 34 miles N. by W. of Tarragona. 
 Another on the borders of France and the Medi- 
 terranean; 8 miles N. of Rosas; and five or six 
 others in different parts of Spain. 
 
 Ckrvia, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated 
 near tho Uulf of Venice, whence canals are cut 
 to admit sea water, from which much salt is 
 made. It is 10 miles S. E. of Ravenna. 
 
 Cervin, Mont, tho most conical point of tho 
 AI|>8, in Savoy, contiguous to Mont Ulanc, 
 
 Cervi.nara, a town of Naples, in Prineipnto 
 Ulteriore; 12 miles S. W. Bencvento. 
 
 Cesena, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated 
 on the Savio; 10 mUes S. by E. of Ravenna. 
 
 Cesenatico, a seaport of Italy, in Romagna. 
 In 1800 the inhabitants having arrested a mes- 
 senger with despatches, the English set fire to 
 the moles of the harbour, and destroyed sixteen 
 vessels. It is seated on tho Gulf of Venice- 
 lli miles S. E. of Itavenna, and 8 E. of Cesena! 
 Cessieaux, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Isere; 27 miles E. a E. of Lyons. 
 
 Cette, a seaport of France, situate on n 
 tongue of land stretching along the coast of 
 the department of Herault, on the Gulf of 
 Iijor.5. A eoiisidcrabio quantity of salt is made 
 from tho water of tho inlet. It has a mannfao- 
 ture of soap, and sugar refinery, and exports a 
 
 considerable cpiantity of brandy; (he cminl of 
 Langiietloc falling into tho inlet, occnsioiis 
 Cette to bo the medium of an extensive inter- 
 course between tho eastern nnd southern de- 
 partments of Franco. I'op. about 8000. The 
 lightliouse is in Int. 43 24.N.nnd 3.42. W. long, 
 and about 111 miles S. W. of Montpelier. 
 
 Cmuta, (the miticnt Ahj/lo). a town of Fe«, 
 at the N. W. extremity of Africa, opposite to 
 (.ibraltnr, <Vom which it is distant only 14 miles. 
 It was taken from the Moors, by the Portuguese, 
 in \m); it fell into the hands of the Spaniards' 
 in 1640, was confirmed to them by the treaty of 
 Lislion in HitU), and in whose possession it still 
 continues. Tlie Moors bwicged it in 1C94, and 
 maintained a close blockade before it, on tho 
 land side, for nearly thirty years, when they 
 u timntely retired with great loss. Its fortress, 
 like that of tiibraltar, to which ;t is considered 
 a counterpart, may be regarded as impregnable; 
 and, 08 such, they are poetically termed the 
 Pillars of Hercules. It has a tolerable good 
 harbour tor vessels not of very large burthen: in 
 the lat. of 35. 64. N. and 5. IK. W. long. 
 
 Ceva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort. It 
 was taken by the French in 179C, and retaken 
 by the Pieilmonteso peasants in 1 79iK It stands 
 on the Tnnoro; 8 miles S. E. of Mondovi. Pop. 
 about 6600. 
 
 CEVENNBa, a late territory of Franco in tlio 
 province of Langncdoc. It is a mountainous 
 country, and now forms tho dei)artment of 
 Gard. 
 
 Cetlon, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying 
 off the S. W. const of the promontory of ilin- 
 dostan, from which it is separated by the Gulf 
 
 of Manam and Polk's Strait, about .<)0 miles in 
 breadth. The form of Ceylon has not inaptly 
 been compared to that of a pear, tho N. iiart 
 forming tho stem. It is 270 miles in extreme 
 length, from Point do Galle, in the lat. 6. 4., to 
 Point Pedro, in ». 60. N., and 120 in extreme 
 breadth between the long, of 80. and 81. 52. E. 
 The early liistory of Ceylon is involved in ob- 
 8<nirity; but supposing it to bo the Tiiprobane 
 adverted to by Strabo, Pomponius, Mela, nnd 
 Pliny, it must have ranked high in poj)ulnt:on 
 and influence among the nations of Asia, for 
 ages antecedent to the Christian era, having 
 sent an embassy overland to Rome in the reign 
 of tho Emperor Claudius. It appears to have 
 been visited by some Nestorian missionaries, in 
 the !)th century. About the middle of the 13tli 
 century it was visited by Marco Polo, a Vene- 
 tian, who travelled over a great part of Asia, 
 and afterwards published an account of his 
 travels. The information, however, which ho 
 communicated being of a general, rather than 
 of a circumstantial nature, but little was known 
 of Ceylon, beyond its actual existence as an 
 wliiTid, until after tho discovery of the passage 
 by the Cape of Good Hope, and its being visited 
 by the Portuguese in 1506, who found it divided 
 into several petty sovereignties, which subse- 
 quently melted into ono, under the title of the 
 kingdom of Candy. The Portuguese held settle^ 
 ments on diffbront parts of the coast for upwards 
 of 150 years, wlicn thoy were expelled bv the 
 
 ■■^''-\' %iifi--/'d'-'4i i'^^^ 
 
CE Y 
 
 circuit of tl.o'coa.t. for 10 o 20 „1 c^ f «m ho 
 •on Hn.l ilio whole of the N. part ofU.e Zn,. 
 confi„in« the dominion of tho E nf Candy 2^' 
 
 ?ro« , i"' , "" 'V^nJcfed to tho English L 
 
 rendering the whole island a part S^' S? 
 dom.nion. The entire re.onl^^tZ i^ho 
 
 at -''>",000/ Iho general eliamcter of the iur 
 
 5oo7v with'""' "'?'^"'" '• -""""W-'o a and 
 woody, with an ample extent of soil- and H.irti 
 
 cient y intenioctcd '^by stream. 7'm" er't 
 
 afford the most abundant means of sub stance 
 
 and comfort to a population more than tenfold 
 
 >U present extent. The most lofty rnnTe of 
 
 2t""'"'"f :^'''"^^' "" »'«'«> nearly i "to* two 
 parts, and termmates completely the edbcts^f 
 the monsoon,, which set in periodically from 
 ZT/M''*-\"^ *•"""• 'I'he Seasons aa^^or" 
 ine sun ; for the coolest season is durintf the 
 summer solstice, while the western mon'soon 
 preteils Spring commences in October and 
 the hottest season isfbm January to the biv 
 g.nn.ng of April. The climate, on U e const^ 
 
 dostan, but in the interior of the country the 
 heat IS many degrees greater, and the cKo 
 often ex remely sultry and unhealthy The 
 finest fnnts grow in va'st plentyj b^t th^re is a 
 poisonous fruit called Adam's apple wh ch in 
 shape resembles the quarter of an apple "ut out 
 with the two insides a little convex'^ ami a c„n' 
 tmued ndge along the outer edges,'and is of a 
 beautiful orange colour. Pepper ginger and 
 
 kintTricr°wr^'=-*^ '■" ^^'y'-S five 
 Onfnf fV • ^^'""^ "P*"* ""0 «"«' another. 
 
 2 the i hrf""' ''T'^''^^' ''^«« "> the "'and 
 18 tl e talipot, which grows straight and tn'l 
 and IS as big as the mast of a ship -the leaves 
 are so large as to cover 15 men- when drtS 
 they are round, and fold upTke' a fan Th„' 
 naUves wear a piece of the leaf on their hLn 
 i'' " tJ'^y travel, to shade them from the au^' 
 
 torV^EVervL^li™*'' '?'"* 'hey are not e"i"y' 
 lorn. i;,very soldier carries one, and it series for 
 
 for their timber, and others for their re^n 
 gums, and flowers are interspersed over every 
 part of the island; but the most important of 
 all it^ vegetable productions is the Smon 
 
 ''/ ^hu*^? "^ ^^'^ ^ distribu^ over Terv 
 part of the habitable globe. ^ 
 
 Ceylon also abounds with topazes, garnets 
 rubies^ and other gems; besides ores of coS' 
 
 deer' t^'St'T "' '^'^ '^''''- cSn 
 oeer, as well as Guinea deer, are numerous • but 
 
 duc^ the largest ' 'sl^^lJ-^Xt^ll ^Z 
 worid which occasionally form an extensive 
 bmnch of traffic to different parts of nSoXn 
 
 m 
 
 CEY 
 
 alo lT:Zt^l''^ "^ "«""= t'-ey "bound 
 wWcl. 1 ih^ I ' ' " monstrous size, among 
 wnitl is the Ihm constrictor, one of which h«. 
 
 .Se Zl" s" 'T'"' » V«-. «nd Vvour h^^ 
 a s^ grT io^i''*'""'' •'"""pedes, an.l scorpion? 
 curioal ?I n? .1? ?"""'»"' «"^e- Among the 
 curioaities of the insect tribe the mnntf. „. 
 creep ng leaf. Is met with. hnWi^g ev " ^'m 
 ber of common insects, though in shZno am 
 
 Satoni „; in T "T^ '''^""d with fish. 
 
 The aborigines of Ceylon consist of two classes 
 tC'^^"' ^^,1 r''"K«'e.e. »nd the Veddlhs^ 
 
 hXwsof t^S°T^ '." "'t^oods.or in the 
 iioiiows ot the mountains : huntinir thpir n^in 
 
 onli:'re''"''sre W"« '% ''^ "^ '^^^^ 
 authorifu „<-r.. ,®. "' t''®'" acknowledged tho 
 
 I» .om. pine the I, e,Moa Sptai . S 
 their reign, appear to have been, beyond timp nf 
 
 aT7;?v^ff"'r""^'"''^^'^^^^ 
 
 portance with their continental neighbou«Thl" 
 dis inction of castes into ninetLfS" pre! 
 
 HtdoTs.°"&'"r"'?"'°"«'> - -"^^^^^^^ 
 
 on ? .1 JV'"'"" devotions they are Paeans- 
 and, though they acknowledge a Lpreme God' 
 they worship only the inferior dSramZ; 
 which they reckon the sun and moon InS 
 temples are image,, well executedXuKh the , 
 
 Per, &c. Ihe different sorts of gods have vnri. 
 ouB priests, who have all some priXeT The ^ 
 Surdt Tmrhlv""' '"T' 4 -'^-ade of 
 rooft th^tTh^f '^ThTnt^^?^' "'"' ^« 
 their furniture is onja L"" S^^'' ""J*^ 
 with two copper basin? and' L'tlS 
 
 rri/'^i^hd^'r « •^^•^ anoTedt s-t 
 
 therrtmmoJ'dri k'';^'w"cf;t'^^ 
 
 into their mouths out ofTvJ^sel ike a7 ''"T 
 
 through the spout. nevLl\Xng1t ^ KS 
 
 X}.^^"''. r ^""^ "•«eri,,tions^on The rock 
 which must be very ancifnf f«r ti ' 
 
 underetood by anv of t ,p n«o /'7 ffe not 
 The subversion nf fl P^'™' inhabitants. " 
 Ceylon" a.~ 1',^,:,,^.^;^:. fr"-?"' "f 
 forceadistributio„-ofTh;'.;2tsW^^^^^^^^ 
 
 nabits of the Cingalese, the result of which it fe 
 
CHA 
 
 m 
 
 CHA 
 
 >i> 
 
 difficult to foreteo. In nddition to tho Tftrioui 
 prothictiona of Ceylon, previously eiiutnerated, 
 connected with it i» the pearl fishery, in tho 
 Gulf of Mannro, which is considered the richwt 
 source of that article in the world ; and which, 
 with cinnamon, to the amount of 30a,(K)0 to 
 400,000 lbs. weight onnually, constitutes tho 
 biisig of its commerce, in exchange for European 
 productions. The population is estimated at 
 about 1 ,600,000, The principal towns are Co- 
 lomlw, Negorabo, and ArToboo,on the W. coast; 
 Trincomalee and Batacolo, on the K const; 
 Mngane and Matura, at the S. end; and Candy, 
 nearly in the centre of the island. 
 
 Chabeuil, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Drome, with about 4000 inhabitants ; 
 8 miles S. by E. of Valence. 
 
 Chablais, a fertile province o? Saroy, 
 bounded on the N. by the lake of Geneva, E. by 
 Valois, S. by Faucigny, and W. by the Gene- 
 vols. Thonon, 22 miles E. N. E. of Geneva, is 
 the capital 
 
 Chablais, a town of France, in tho depart- 
 ment of Yonne, celebrated for its excellent 
 white wine. It is 1 2 miii-s E. by N. of Auxerre. 
 CuACAO, a sea-port at the N. E. end of the 
 island of Chiloe, on the strait that separates it 
 from the main land, in tho lat. of 41, 63, S, 
 
 CiiACUAPOYAS, a town of Peru, in the pro- 
 vince of Truxillo, capital of a district lying E, 
 of the main ridge of the Andes. It is seated 
 on a river; 160 miles N. N. E. of TnuuUo. 
 Long. 77. 30. W. lat, 6. 20. S. 
 
 Chaco, or Gram Chaco, an interior district 
 of South America, bordering east on the Para- 
 guay river, which, under the influence of the 
 Incas, and more recently of the domination of 
 the Spaniards, was a sort of country of refuge 
 for the native Indians. Its length is estimated 
 at 750, and its breadth 460 miles. It is well 
 watered, and yields most of the productions of 
 other parts of Peru : it is now merged into the 
 United Provinces of Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Chadderton, a township in the parish of 
 Dldham, Lancashire. See Oldham. 
 
 Chafalia, properly Atcuapalata, a diverg- 
 ing branch of the Mississippi River, which 
 see. 
 
 Chaoano, a city of Birmnh, with a small fbrt. 
 It is the principal emporium for cotton, which 
 is brought from all parts of the country, and 
 embarked here in beats up the river Irrawaddy 
 into the province of Yunen. Here also is the 
 only manufacture of marble idols, whence tho 
 whole Birman empire is supplied, none being 
 allowed to be made in any other place. It is 
 situate opposite Ava, the deserted capital, on 
 the N. side of the Irmwaddy, which here turns 
 N. and parts it from Ummcrapoora, the present 
 capital. 
 
 Chagre, a town of Central America, in tho 
 republic of Colombia, and intendancy of Pa- 
 nama, connecting the two great divisions of the 
 western hemisphere, at the mouth of a river of 
 its name, to the S. W, of Porto Bello, forming 
 the easiest cliatiitcl of communication between 
 the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, which it is 
 proposed to do either by meant of a canal or 
 
 rail-road. Tho fort wos taken by Admiml Vep. 
 non, in 1740, Long. 90. 17. W. lat. 9, 10, N. 
 
 Chais DiEr, a town of Franco, in the de- 
 partment of tho Upper Loire, with a celebrated 
 Benedictine abbey ; 12 miles E. of Brioude. 
 
 Chalain New, a town of Asia, kingdom of 
 Ava, and chief town of a district in Burmah. 
 It ii walled, and is very ancient. 
 
 Chaux), a town of Mexico; 18 miles S, E. of 
 the city of Mexico, 
 
 Chaleur, Bay'op, a spacious bay on the W. 
 side of tho Gulf of St. Lawrence, which divides 
 the district of Gaspe, Lower Canada, from tho 
 province of New Brunswick. Miscou Island, at 
 the entrance of the bay, is in lat. 48, 4. N. and 
 64, 14, W, long.; from which point the bay runs 
 about 80 miles ftirther west, being about 20 
 miles in breadth, indented on the N. by Cas- 
 cnpedia, and on tho S. by Nipisiguit Bay. It 
 receives several rivers, the principal of which is 
 the Ristigouche, at its head. Along the coast 
 are numerous inLabitants whose occupation is 
 fishing and ship-building. 
 
 Challans, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vendee ; situate about 12 miles from 
 the coast, and 21 miles N. of Sables d'Olonne, 
 
 CuALLONE, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mnyenne and Loire, situate on the S. 
 bank of the Loire ; 30 miles E. N. E, of 
 Nantes, Pop, about 6000, 
 
 Chalons sdr Mar:;2, a city of France, 
 capital of the department of Mame, and late'.y 
 an episcopal see. It contuns several public 
 building, and 12,000 inhabitants, who carry on 
 a considerable trade in shalloons and other 
 woollen stuflk Here is an academy of the 
 sciences, arts, and belles-lettres. Chalons is 
 seated on tho river Mnrne, over which there is 
 one very handsome, and two other bridges. It is 
 25 miles S. E. of Rheims, and 95 E. of Paris, 
 
 Chalons sua Saonb, a city of France, in the 
 department of Saone and Loire, with a citadel, 
 and lately an episcopal see. It is the staple of 
 iron for Lyon and St. Etienne, and of wines for 
 exportation. Here are various indications of 
 Roman magnificence, particularly the ruins of 
 an amphitheatre. The city contains the old 
 town, the new town, and the suourb of St. Law- 
 rence. In the first is the court of justice, and 
 the cathedral. Chalons is seated on the Saone ; 
 70 miles N. of Lyons, and 170 S. K of Paris. 
 Pop. about 9000. 
 
 Chalus, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Vienne, with a castle, Richard I. of 
 England, while preparing to besiege this place, 
 received a wound in his shoulder, by an arrow, 
 which proved mortal. It is 15 miles W. S. W. 
 of Limoges. 
 
 Cham, a town of Bavaria, seated on the river 
 Cham, at its confluence with the R«gen; 27 
 miles N. E. of Ratisbon. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 Chambersburo, a town of Pennsylvania, 
 chief of Franklin county, with two presbyterian 
 churches ; situate in a hilly country : 30 miles 
 S. W. of Cariisle. 
 
 CuAMBKRTiN, a village of France, in the de- 
 partment of Cote d'Or, celebrated for its deli- 
 cious wine. It li»« to the S. of Dijon. 
 
CFIA 
 
 wall, and ditche.. an'll watered by m/^y^l^'i^ 
 which run through wveral of thoSt* 'E 
 are p.azza, unler most of the K SZ 
 
 C t ^ 71!' ^7 "' »'"' -""' Ser!'"? 
 • uu^.""*^ handsome suburb* : and in tho 
 neighbourhood are some baths, much frl "n eS 
 ^Vrrie™ iJ^^^.theSpaninrd. madT'tS 
 siives masters of this capita , but it wna rn 
 
 K. 1790 h.?'""-' 'j'l°T"e disp messed of 
 «♦ VI ' ^"•, *»"» regnmcd it in 1 800. It is seated 
 
 SikiTp' 1i^' ^r' ''"'1 D'Albon 27 
 S P^* °[ «'*"«'''''. and «5N. W of 
 
 iar;5.33.\ "•""''''"»•'• w.5.«o:e' 
 
 river"^T„l^f..° ^"'^ °J ^"'^^r Canada, on tho 
 
 177«/«nd retakerby^t"E%tU„7^^^^^^^ S 
 » IS miles E. of Montreal^ fnd a Ht le LhJ 
 
 lv!n^«"''f!i'*'^ " ^"'^ "'^ Asiatic Russia 
 
 ,. ^"t"""!!'' °"® "f ">« elevated valleys of 
 
 sTdp nn 1 ? ^''^ ^?'" °' **»"' B'^nc. on the N. 
 
 fonts heris?f*1 "^ t" ^""' ""'^ *=«'«''™t^ 
 ror Its herds of goats. There is a village of tho 
 
 S."of"?hVA "'' T"".,'' '"« ™"ef!on the 
 
 Partmenrof'nh" " '°^." "^ '^™"<'«' '" »»>« ^o- 
 ST?7 miSfs" W;:,„* '^"^"^ ' - ""^ "- 
 Champagne, a late province of France 162 
 ^HanaKal' ''-?'l ' bounded on [y.eN! 
 Franc he Co£ ^^T n •«' ^"^ ^°"'"» «"<! 
 
 Mre;i:d^Cr ^^^^^^^ ^^^-'-' ^"'>«' 
 1 here are several small towns and villages of 
 the same name in different p.-fs of Fmnce 
 Champagne, an interior county of the S 
 
 « i! ^» 10 bro„d . ,t ,g intersected from N to 
 Champagnei, a town of France dennrf 
 
 To^uiVr' '"""^' « -ii."?;',''re': 
 
 Champion, a town of North America Tlnif*^ 
 
 "im-K KJver, with a trade in corn. Pop. ooofi 
 Champanber, a city and capital of a district 
 of the same name, in the province of Ma "« 
 Hindost^n , it was formerfy the":aV4ff ^e 
 rajahs of Guzerat j ruins of temples and 
 mosques remain to attest its former con^ 
 
 from that of Vermont, it is 90 Z^lolgjta 
 
 173 
 
 CUA 
 
 fi'it'fdtSVatu "6^" ?" ''''^/'^ ^' 
 i» .uthcient for t elSest ^^{ "t '" '^T^ 
 
 NoTh S:;^-'^- p-"p«»" wh h^a 
 fS'w^':vou/:r-'rre"''" /r« ""^ 
 
 of Lake George frrmtkeSSw" ',''" ''?'"" 
 
 sax^d»!^{S"a 
 
 Champlain, a town of New YnrV ,-.. r<i- 1 
 county, situate on Tnl« ri. , • • "' Clinton 
 
 fco,„,25„,rs'^.'^.?c;r°'""' 
 
 S. of Nngpour. Long. 79. 54. E. lat 20 ^ N 
 
 long- 74. 38. E. hlZO.'s N ' * *"'»«•'»«'• 
 "• *'°'- ^' 23. 8. J It IS mconsiderable. 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 < 
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 ' 1' 
 
 1 
 
 ■il: 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 £ 
 
 k' 
 
 J ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 y; 
 
 J 
 
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 V. n A 
 
 ir4 
 
 CH A 
 
 CRAHO-nAt, a town of Chimi, In the proTinco 
 of Kiiing-nitn. In this town, luul tho villimcs 
 ilep^ndunt on it, are more than 200,000 wcnvura 
 of cloth. It is situHted near tho sea coast, lU 
 miles N. E. of Songkiang. 
 
 CiiANMANNiNo, a city of Tibet, which hiu 
 oeen the residence of the grand lamu. It is 
 lao miles W. of Lassa. Long. 8U. 45. £. lat. 
 31. 0. N. 
 
 CiiAN-si, or SiiAN-BRK, n provineo of China, 
 tho N. end bordering on tho groat wall, and the 
 S. on tho Great Yellow lliver j boundc<l on tho 
 E. by tho metropolitan province of I'ctcheli, 
 and W, by Chonsi, or Shon-see. The climnto 
 is salubrious and agreeable, and the soil gene- 
 rally fertile, though tho N. part is full of moun- 
 tains. Some of these are rough, wild, and im- 
 inhnbited ; but others ore cultivated with the 
 greatest care from top to bottom. They abound 
 with coal, which the inhabitants pound, and 
 make into cakes with water, a kind of fuel prin- 
 cipally used for heating their stoves, which are 
 constructed with brick, and in tho form of small 
 beds, so that the people sleep upon them. Tho 
 country abounds with musk, porphyry, marble, 
 kipis lazuli, and jasper, of various colours, mid 
 iron-mines, as well as salt-pits and crystals, are 
 very common. Here are five cities of the first 
 class, and eighty-five of the second and third. 
 The capital is Tai-youen-fou. 
 
 CiiANTiLLY, a town of Franco, in tho depart- 
 ment of Oise, celebrated for a great pottery; also 
 for a fine forest and magnificent hunting-seat. 
 It is 17 miles N. by E. of Paris. 
 
 Chan-tono, or Siian-tuno, a maritime pro- 
 vince of the N. of China. It contains six cities 
 of tho first class, and 114 of tho second and 
 third ; besides which there are, along the const, 
 several forts and villages of considerable note 
 on account of their commerce; and a number 
 of small islands in the Gulf of Leaotong, the 
 greater part of which have very convenient har- 
 bours. This province has large manufactures 
 of silk, and a kind of stuffs peculiar to this part 
 of China. It is tmversed by the Imperial 
 Canal. The capital is Tsinnn. 
 
 CnAO-iiiNG, a city of China, in the province 
 of Tche-kiniig, which has eight citic.. of the 
 third rank under its jurisdiction. It is situate 
 near the sea coast ; 730 miles S, by E. of I'ekin. 
 Long. 120, 3». E. lat. 30. 10. N. 
 
 CiiAO-TCiiEO, a city of China, in the province 
 of Quang tong, situate between two navigable 
 rivers, and celebrated for a monastery of tho 
 bonzes in its neighbourhood. It is 140 miles N. 
 of Canton. 
 
 CiiAPALA, a lake 15 miles in breadth, and 55 
 in length, in the province of Guadalaxara, 
 Mexico, which disclmrges its waters by the Rio 
 Grande de Santii-go, into the Pacific Ocean ; the 
 E. end of the hike is about 200 miles N. W. of 
 the city of Mexico. 
 
 Chaparano, or Desaprono, a city of Tibet, 
 seated near the head of the Ganges; 90 miles 
 westward from the Lake Mansaroar. It is 160 
 miles N. N. E. of Sirinagur. Long. 79. 22. E. 
 lat. 38. 10. N. 
 
 CaAPEL-BN-LK-FaiTii, a town in Derbyshire, 
 
 with market on Thursday; seated on the con- 
 fines of tho Peak ; 1 7 miles S. E. of Manoliestcr, 
 and 167 N. N. W. of London. In 1B21 it had 
 three establishments for spinning of cotton, and 
 two for the manufacture of nails. 
 
 CiiAPKL Hii.L, n town of North Carolina, in 
 Omngo county, with a university establishe<l by 
 tho state; seated on an eminence; 20 niilct 
 N. W. of Iloleigh. 
 
 Chapel Izon, a village on the bank of the 
 LitTcy, on the W. side of Dublin. 
 
 CiiAPKi.i.E Blanche, a town of France, in 
 tho depnrtn t of Maine ct Loire. Pop. .SSOO. 
 
 CiiAPNiioit, .1 town of Franco, in tho depart- 
 ment of Lower Charonto. Pop. 2800. 
 
 Charasm, or Kharism, a fertile co ntry of 
 Ualiec Tartary, bounded on tho N. by Turkestan, 
 E. by Dokluiria, S. by Chorasan, and W, by tho 
 Caspian Sea. It is divided among several Tor- 
 tiirian princes, of whom one takes tho title of 
 klinn, with a degree of pre-cminenco over tho 
 rest. Khiva is tho capital, and tho usual resi- 
 dence of the khan in winter ; but during the 
 summer he generally encamps on tho banks of 
 the river Amu. 
 
 Charcas, one of the United Provinces of 
 South America, lying between the lat. of 18. 
 and 21. S. and tho (ilst and 70th of W. long. 
 Chuquisnca, or La Plata, is the chief town, near 
 to which tho main branch of tho Pilcoinayo has 
 its source ; it is bounded on tho W. and S. ))y 
 the province of Potosi, and is in tho centre of 
 the chief silver mining district. 
 
 Chard, a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 market on Monday. It stands pre-eminent 
 over all the country between the two seas ; and 
 has a copious stream, which might bo easily 
 conducted in a direction opposite that which it 
 now takes. It is 12 miles S. S. E. of Taunton, 
 and 139 W. by S. of London. 
 
 CHARENTE.a d<?partment of France, including 
 the late province of Angoumois. It is named 
 from a river, which rises in Liniosin, and runs 
 by Angouleme, Saintes, and llochefort, into the 
 liny of Biscay. Angouleme is the capital. Pop. ■ 
 about 3-25,000. 
 
 CiiARENTE, Lower, a maritime department 
 of France, consisting of the two late provinces 
 of Aunis and Saintonge. Rochefort, llochclle, 
 and Marennes on the coasts, and Saintes and 
 3t. Jean d'Angely, are the principal towns in 
 this department, and in which tho isles of Ro 
 and Olcron are included. It is a fertile district, 
 and exports a considerable quantity of brandy. 
 Pop. 396,000. 
 
 CiiARENTON, a town of France, about 5 miles 
 S. E. of Paris, celebrated for its iron-works. 
 There is another town of the same name in the 
 department of the Cher. 
 
 Cii ARiTE, a town of France, in the department 
 of Nievre, with manufactures of woollen and 
 hardware. Here is a priory of Benedictine 
 Clunistes, which once, in a season of scarcity, 
 subsisted the whole town by its bounty; and 
 hence it deiives its name. It is seated on the 
 E. bank of the Loire; 15 miles W. by W. of 
 Nevers. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 CuARKOw. See Kharkuff. 
 
CIIA 
 
 the bank of the 
 
 population „,e iSovf'^i ^T""" f"'^' •"' "'" 
 tain, by the ZT SJ- Z^JI^^V":!^"- 
 
 t'lIARLKUOI, fl town ««• T» 1 • 
 
 It w sentcl „" L IJr '"',? •'^•" '"ken. 
 
 ...onud.n.l3„y. Lon^Va^S'.S:^'^'! 
 
 whom were slaves. Port Tohn«.'„ .' *? '." "* 
 of «n inlet of the IVoScf ft^ „f IM 
 timore, is the chief town. "'^ ""'• 
 
 Jame. River, being about B ^n • '"'^ "^ 
 breadth, bounded o'n the N by ho Chick? 
 honiino river. Th« o«„-» v. ^ « *^"ieKa- 
 
 is 30 m"e8 S. E by E 3 Rn"^ *''f '"'""'^ 
 4774, 2433 of wtm\5eSs'""°"'- ''''^'- 
 
 the N. by tlio Ink™ Mn?, '^P' ' bounded on 
 train; it fa a sJatpyfenn"?'^- ^''"''^''■ 
 
 house of tho district is 45 LiL w" f'T'' 
 Orleans. Also the tinmr e ^' "^ ^uw 
 
 "tateof AW bein"T "^''/ounty in the 
 AIisBourianTM^;iSi'lr°'' ^""^''^ ''^ '^e 
 
 ^.ion^the^srsre^'-lr 
 
 /Jii. ine chief town nf fh» . l^* 
 
 Of 'Soysxrsr ,^""? «""• •■•'« 
 
 two other rivers nf,W-^' *^*'°P"> «"d one or 
 good .le^lT ;amt"l'.„T\.,;' •*=""^- « 
 whole, veiy producrive n L • ' "'■ °" "'« 
 cotton. The const Lhr^l ™'^'''' "*'«' ""'I 
 ">ands, which SI a'co't'SV";"--- - 
 
 '^k^^r '' ""« -- of'Sis: 
 
 CiUHtEsxoN Cixr, «^ chief pl„c^ of the 
 
 IT* 
 
 CHA 
 
 above di»trict,nnd fifth in r.nL . i ■ 
 in all the Unite.I Stc^'"„?'North''r'^'"««"« 
 i« "'Ivnatngeouily loc^li „„ "" ^n'O"*^"! 't 
 »)etwecn the rivLr. A^m " f f"""' of land 
 unite ju« Low the ci ? ?"'' •^''^'""' '^''•«'' 
 diou. harlwur Tro let™ ^r "'"!!"« " «='""'"«- 
 
 'leepest channel and /Ltu "^ *?'«•■ '" 'bo 
 only C ft Tho nr 1- , '"«'"^' ''^«''' "«!"« 
 run pan. llcl to each n./'"'^""^''* "^ ""« ^it/ 
 intc«ected by o,li » '"' w"" "^*" '« "^^"il 
 tains about MucJ of''? •'?"«''«• ^' <=""■ 
 citv hall thcfttrfl I "^"''aious rorship, « 
 
 bnildingl. lSl,llT?r'u "*''"' l»'b'ic 
 of all tho co,„mef<^ S' hnl"f '^'".« ''""'o""'' 
 North Carolina nmir "*"; ""'^ »' Pnrt of 
 
 sorted to by "itm V:m'f.'"' '' '* """''' ■•«- 
 nnd from tife Vve«t im .?. "k "•°'."'^"' »"»'"'. 
 
 in gaming and di i, t ' The'n "'*? «'"'">^ 
 1700 was Ifuoo i„ <: ^''^ population in 
 tlio extent of ifi 1 ' "°* ^^'2«»- For 
 South "" '="'»'»e'-ce see CAaotiN*' 
 
 unSToTS bv i°"" f' M„s«»chu.et,, 
 1^00 feet in lenutlXv.r r."*'? ^t"^«'' "l^" 
 
 the riv^r • It ha six",^r° Chariestown side of 
 gious worship; isomo of'fh ^^"^' °^ ■•«''- 
 dious private whrrftT '^, *"*"* ''""""o- 
 port, a'nd. £i„7S oiZ'TnT' *" ""' 
 states of New ilarnr,.?- ' °/ ?°»'on to the 
 
 stitutesa veryim„S.r "."'^ **•"'"«''' <^0"- 
 BosTON, which s^o^^'^bIT'u",,"' *^« P°« 01 
 llill,ceebrntcd in th« r f "'"i"' ^""^ers 
 
 situate on the h2 ILd f '*'\°?'''- '» " 
 Cork, about 90 ml. Z^ T ^""^"•'■'^ '« 
 108 iv. S. W. o?Dubur"'' °"' '"*'''' ""'» 
 
 Charleville, a town of P™n« • .i^ . 
 Partment of Ardennes Hn • *^^' '" '^^ ^^■ 
 square, and in S«T„V 1 -^ " " °"'S»ifi<=ent 
 It has extensive ma^uforturr^^fT^ '"""^■"• 
 
 SiW^rt^^rr^^^^ 
 
 li 
 
 /:'!i 
 
CIIA 
 
 170 
 
 CIIA 
 
 j; 
 
 
 for iitintit ?A milx* nlon;; thu N. liile of the 
 llouiioko rivur, boingiilxiut I J niili«fi in breadth, 
 intcriootod by wverol «trcnm« fulling into the 
 UoBiioko. t'op. U.-'iOft. Muryivillo, about 
 70 tniloi 8. S. W. of Richmond, ia the chief 
 town. 
 
 Charlotte, a town in Monroo county, Now 
 York, (itunte on the W. bimk of the Oenewee 
 river, at iti entrance into L; ke Ontario; '240 
 niile* W. by N. of Allmny. Top. about UOOO. 
 Alio the name of a town in Vermont, on the E. 
 bank of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Charlotte, and C/utilotleville, ii also the 
 name of gevcral oilier townsliipi in the 
 United Htateii of North America. 
 
 CiiAULOTrRNiuiiuj, a town of Urnndenburg, 
 in the Middle Mark, with a royal palace, and 
 niagiilficent gardens. It wiw built by Sophia 
 Charlotte, the first mieen of Prussia, on the 
 river Sproej 4 miles W. of Uerlin. 
 
 (^iiAHLOTTE-TOWN, tho Capital of the isle of 
 St. John, (now Prince Etlward Island,) in tho 
 (tulf of St. Lawrence. It stands on a point of 
 land, on the S. W. side of the island, which 
 forms two bays. Long. G2, 60. W. lat. 46. 
 
 14. N. 
 
 Charlottr-town, tho capital of Domuiica, 
 formerly called Roseau. In 1806 it was nearljr 
 destroyed by a hurricane. It is 21 miles S. h. 
 of Prince liupeit Day. Long. 61. 28. W. lat. 
 
 15. IB. N. 
 
 Charlton. There arc upwards of twenty 
 villages of this name in England. It is also 
 the name of a town in Saratoga county. New 
 York; 24' miles N. of Albany, pop. about 
 2000, and of another town in Worcester 
 county, Massachusets. 
 
 Charlton Row, a township in the pariah of 
 Manchester. See Manchester. 
 
 CuARME-s, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vosges, seated on the Moselle; 8 
 miles E. of Mirecourt. 
 
 Charolles, a city of Franco, in the depart- 
 ment of Saone and Loire, with a ruinous 
 castle; seated on tho Reconce; 24 miles W. N. 
 W. of Macon. Pop. 2510. 
 
 Charost, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Indre, seated on the Amon; 6 miles 
 N. E. of Issoudun. 
 
 Charbouz, b town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vienne; 25 miles S. of Poitiers. 
 
 CuARTRE, La, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Sarthe; 13 miles S. W. from Calais. 
 Pop. 1551. 
 
 Chartres, a city of France, capital of tho 
 department of Eure and Loire. The cathedral 
 is one of the finest in France, and its steeple 
 is much admired. The principal trade consists 
 in com. It is seated on the Eure, over which 
 is a bridge, the work of the celebrated Vauban; 
 45 miles S. W. of Paris. Pop. about 13,000. 
 
 Chartddis, a famous whirlpool, in the Strait 
 of Messina, on the coast of Sicily, opposite 
 the celebrated Scylla, in Italy. According 
 to the theme of ancient poets, it was vtry 
 formidable to mariners ; but it is said to have 
 been entirely removed by the great earthquake 
 in 1783. 
 
 CitATAnoccmM, a rapid river «>f the stnU 
 of Ooorgia, which rises in the Apalachinn 
 mountains, on tho frontier of Tennesseo, and 
 runs 8. for 300 milM to East Florida, where it 
 is joined by tho Flint, and then their united 
 stream takes tho name of Apalachicola. It 
 separates the slate of Alabanif. from that of 
 (Jeorgia, for about 100 miles before it enters 
 Florida. 
 
 Chateaubriand, a town of France, in the 
 N. [lart of tho department of Lower Loire ; 35 
 niili-s N. by E. of Nantes. Pop. about 3000. 
 
 Chateau CAMBRKsm, a town of Frante, in 
 tho department of Nord, with a palace be- 
 longing to tho bishop of Cambray. A treaty 
 wiiN concluded here in 1659, between llcnrpr 
 1 1, of France, and Philip U. of Spain. It is 
 scaled on tho Scillo; 14 miles 8. B. of Cambray. 
 Pop. about 4000. 
 
 Chateau Cuinon, a town of Franco, m tho 
 department of Nievre, with r. considerablo 
 manufacture of cloth; seated near the source 
 of the Yonne j 36 miles E. by N. of Nevers. 
 Pop. 3300. 
 
 Chateau Dauphin, a strong castle of Pied- 
 niont, near the source of the Po; 16 miles W. 
 by N. of Saluzzo. 
 
 Chateaudun, a town of France, in tho de- 
 purtment of Eure and Loire, with a castlo, 
 built by the famous Count of Dunois; seated 
 on an eminence near the Loire ; 30 miles N. 
 of DIdis. It was entirely burnt down in 1723, 
 but was speedily rebuilt. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 Chateau du Loir, a town of France, in tho 
 department of Sarte, famous for a siege of 
 seven years against the Count of Mans. It i» 
 seated on the Loire; 23 miles 8. b. E, of 
 Mans. 
 
 CiiATEAUOAY, a town of Frankhn county, 
 Htate of New York, situate midway between 
 Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence; 210 
 miles N. by W. of Albany. Population, 21124. 
 There is a small river of the same name, falling 
 into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Chateau Gontikr, a town of France, in tho 
 department of Mayennc, with a castle, a mineral 
 spring, and a trade in linens. It is seoted on 
 the Mayennc; 22 miles N. W. of Angers. Pop. 
 about 5500. 
 
 Chateau Landon, a town of France, m the 
 department of Seine and Murne, with an Au- 
 gustine abbey; seated on a hill; 30 miles S. of 
 Mclun. 
 
 CiiATEAULiN, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Finisterre, with a considerable 
 trade in slates; seated on the Auzon; 12 miles 
 N. ofQuimper. 
 
 Chateau Meillant, a town of France, in 
 the department of Cher; 8 miles from La 
 Chntre. Pop. 2281. 
 
 Chateau Neuf, a town of Franco, in the 
 department of Charente, on the river Charente; 
 12 miles from Angouleme. Pop. 2300. 
 
 Chateau Renard, a town of France, in the 
 department of Bouches du Rhone; 10 miles 
 from Turascon. rop. 3200. 
 
 Chateauroi'X, a town of France, capital of 
 the department of Indre, with a castle. It has 
 
CHA 
 
 • •n«m,fl.oturo of clolli, nnd Iron mln« In iu 
 
 in ^"'^^^•^ r. '•* **• ^- »' "ouric "h'S 
 CiUTKiu SAU^f•, a town of France in tha 
 Jepnrlmont of Mcurtho. with extcndve JlJ* 
 worki, 18 miles N. E. of Nnncy. 
 
 Chatbao TiitBHBT, a town of Franco in 
 tlm department of Ai;ne, with a awtto on an 
 cm.nunce. It i. the birth,.l,ioe of the celJ^ 
 brated Fontidne.and fcrnoui for a battle fouS 
 mTk"'. '"."fruary. 1«U. when a part of 
 Mnrihal BlucherTi army wm defeated with 
 great lo«. and driven through the t^n by the 
 1 rench under Buonaparte. It i. wated on th! 
 river Mame, 47 mile; £. S. E. of TSS pS. 
 abf)iit 4000, • ^ w I ana. rop. 
 
 C. Z^ . »'«rit any pnrtic.lar notice. 
 CiiATKL, a town of France, in the department 
 
 KphmT' •** "" ""' **'^""" » «»"«• N^of 
 Chatbl CiiALoif, a town of France, in the 
 itSet """ '* "''^ *=• ^- *= "^I-""- 
 CiiATBLLBiiAULT, a town of Fmnce. in tha 
 department of Vienne. noted for itf 'ciuery 
 wntc .mnkmg. and the cutti„g of felw £ 
 mond. , ««ted on the Vienne. over wh ch 
 
 v„„r I "; * '^"'"«'' •" ">« county of Kent 
 England, situate on the S. bank of the rfv«r 
 
 i^^th&t"' " ?"!» -I^velu co'nfluen:,' 
 buhl n^ S™**- }^ ^ ""« "^ '»>« •'«"■<»'• fo? 
 maSe^nd th*:""'* ^•«='"«"'ng of the national 
 for"hU DurJ^ apparatus and accommodation 
 
 StywoShv S tH r '." *•>? *°''d. and every 
 
 fortificntion. command the segment of a circ a 
 from the river, of several^Hes ^, ex^enl 
 a..d are a. complete and efficient a" ar? and 
 execution can make them ; there are six sUu. 
 SocS''"'* "^'.P' "f '»>« fi"' r^te a^d fS; 
 
 Th! ^ r "? «"""™"y '>'"8 off the town 
 1 he dockyard was fi„t established in the Ze 
 of Llizabe h; and the Dutch, in the heySy 
 of their valour, in 1667. ascended with a navad 
 
 tZ "'iXt^'iri •H'* --demble dt 
 woXle,! !„ »t^' *''^, ^""'^ ^"^ '^'ieving the 
 Tt f'hnM u^ ""'"' "^"''-•e *•« estubllhed 
 a Chatham; but the oAe*/ (the term by wS 
 
 rerrea to Greenwich in 1802 In moo 
 
 tiff w'/" ''^"''^ n,arines. ;hipwri«hl ,nd 
 
 «,»«._»" ; — '""" ""= "ccn rebui I within th« 
 
 «vo acale. This town was very inconsiderable 
 
 ITT 
 
 CHA 
 
 Chatham i. SO miles E. 8. E. of l^mlon 
 ridge, on the ro«l f«,m London to oSe" 
 It has a weekly market on Saturdays, and wh 
 turns one member to parliament. 
 
 li„« "f ."*"• "". '".'*""' *°""'y »' North Caro- 
 
 ina inte«ect«jd by Cape F^ river. I'op. 
 
 16.242, of whom 43ltf are slaves. Pitu^ 
 
 tomugf,, 36 mile. W. of HaUigh. i. the chief 
 
 Chatham, a maritime county of Oeonrfa. 
 
 S!^. n "^.^/ ^- ^y "«' sivannXS; 
 
 including the city of Satalnah. whieh seej 
 
 Kicii """"^ "•"» « '^^". -^^ ««« 
 
 of w''v«;J' ">7J" Colombia county, state 
 
 ri„-. r. 'H: *■" "»• E- bank of the Hudson 
 
 There ^^ '"''' .'^ !"''- «■ »' Albil^ " 
 
 n-^rr 1^^'"*' ""'" '»''"• o' the same 
 
 name in different parU of the United State. 
 
 of North America. "■«»«» 
 
 Chatham Island, an island of the Pacific 
 
 ?79T"off'r f"^ >,^'''«'" M'oughfon S 
 attach^T ^♦i, "*•* •''^** Zealmid. It was 
 attached to he government of those islands " 
 1840 It lie. 450 miles E. by S. of Cook 
 
 1/0. E. It u 40 miles ong by 28 bniad 
 and IS inhabited by « tnbe of New^Z«l„de« 
 who emigrated here in 183«. '*»^nueni, 
 
 Chatbakai, a fort and district of Mysore. 
 &# CnirrLKoaooo. "*y»orB. 
 
 ffi on th« "!*•:?• "'f.^- *°°"«" "^nufacture, 
 e^ted on the Indre; 22 miles S. S. E. of Cha- 
 teauroux. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 hvfJ™""^"*!?' *.'''""«•' '" the Peak of Der- 
 cC^rfiTf ""S"'*^ ^""'^''t; 6 mile. W. of 
 the S"^„f S*"* "u" ™««n'fi«=«nt seat of 
 the Duke, of Devonshire, which, for iU flue 
 «tu«tion. park, gardens, fountains, &c i! 
 just y deemed one of the wonden. of the P;ak! 
 
 «uf;rkr.£r^^;Xr^^ 
 a^^tsatSm^"""^•^«^'^- 
 
 CHATT«ni9 a town of Cambridgeshire. Eng- 
 nW.;ft"hJ*eitTo?E'!y''^^"^^°"'^"'-'> 
 
 cou^n'!rv"„fTi!"t:? *r" "' Hindortan,in the 
 ffiL^I^^^^^^^^^ 
 Allahabad. Long. 79. 56. E. lat. 25. 0. N, 
 CHAmLLON, a town of Piedmont; 10 mUe. 
 
 i here are none that merit any fLrticnU^ n^ 
 
 par^^ro7r^.:/Tmt\^"o7vi" '''' "^ 
 22 S. e. of Lv.iT?V Vienne, an. 
 
 falSlntolKt'iTw "' ^"r <^"""''»- -hi« 
 QuXc it rii^' if fh /"• "^""' « ""'«' below 
 Ntueoec, It nse. on the frontier of the state o 
 
 N 
 
CHA 
 
 178 
 
 CHE 
 
 
 ! ■ . 
 
 Mftine, and, 4 miles aliovo the St, Lawrence, it 
 foriiiH a inagiiificeiit cataract of 360 feet, called 
 the Chaudierc Falls. 
 
 (/HAUMONT, H town of France, capital of the 
 department of Upper Marne. Here is a manu- 
 facture of woollen clotli, and a trade in deer and 
 goat skins. It is seai^ on a muuntain, near 
 the river Marne ; 56 miles E. by S. of Troyes. 
 Pop. about 6000. It is also the name of another 
 town in the department of the Loire, about 5 
 miles E. by N. of St. Etienne. Pop. about 600. 
 It is also the name of several other towns in 
 different parts of France. 
 
 Chaumont, a town of Jefferson county, state 
 of New York, beautifully located at the head of 
 a small bay, nt the E. end of Lake Ontario; 106 
 miles N. W. of Albany. Pop. about 1200. 
 
 Chaunt, h town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aisne, on the river Oise ; 20 miles £. 
 of Noyon. Pop. about 460. 
 
 Chautau()ue, a county at the S. W. extre- 
 mity of the state of New York, bordering on the 
 S. on Pennsylvania, and W. on Lake Er'e. 
 There is a lake of the sarfie name, about 10 
 miles in leng^-h ar.d two brood, in the centre of 
 the county, which discharges its waters, by the 
 Allegany river, into the Ohio, although the 
 N. W. end of the lake is within 6 or 7 miles of 
 that of Erie. Pop. 47,976. The chief town, 
 called also Chautauque, or Mayville, situate at 
 the N. 1\ end of the lake, is 364 miles W. 
 by S. of Albany. 
 
 Chavx de Fonds, a village of Switzerland, 
 in the principality of Neufchatel. The inhabi- 
 tants, about 3000, make numerous watches and 
 clocks ; and the women are employed in the 
 lace manufacture. It is seated in a fertile 
 valley ; 9 miles N. N. W. of Neufchatel. Pop. 
 about 3000. 
 
 Chaves, a town of Portugal^ in Tra los 
 Monteg, T'ith two subiubs, and two forts. Be- 
 tween theto»n and the subuk.^ Mngdalena, is 
 a Roman stone bridge. It stands near the con- 
 fines of Spain, on the river Tamega ; 26 miles 
 W. of Braganza. 
 
 Chazy, a small river in Clinton county state 
 of New York, which falls into Lake Champlain. 
 A town of the same name, on the N. bank of 
 the river, 1B6 miles due N. of Albany, contains 
 about 2000 inhabitants. 
 
 CuEADLE, a town in Staffordshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. Here is a large tape 
 manufactory, and in the vicinity are several 
 copper and brass works, and rich coal mines. 
 4 miles S. £. are the ruins of Croxden Abbey. 
 It is seated in the most fertile part of the Moor- 
 land; 12 miles N.N. £. of Stafibrd,and 146 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 CHE3VCI0 Bat, Nova Scotia. See Halifax. 
 
 CuEDABUCTO Bat, at the east end of Nova 
 Scotia, opening into the Atlantic Ocean, at the 
 entrance of the Gulfof Canso, in lat. 45. 20. N. 
 and 61. of W. long. Salmon River, wliich 
 abounds in the estimable fish of that name, tiills 
 into th's bar. 
 
 CHEDDEa, a village contiguous to Axminster, 
 in Somenetshire, England. It is situate in n 
 delightfully picturesque part of the county, on 
 
 the S. W. fide of the Mendip Hills, and is de- 
 servedly celebrated for the excellence of its 
 cheese. 
 
 Cheduba, an islanci in the Bay of Bengal, on 
 the coast of Birmah; 46 miles long and 10 
 broad. It yields abundance of rice, and the 
 most western point is in long. 03. 35. £. lat. 
 18. 66. N. 
 
 Cheoo Muddi, a town of Hindostnn, in the 
 country of Cutch, at the mouth of the Caggar ; 
 23 miles S. W. of Bhooj, near the mouth of the 
 eastern branch of the Indus. 
 
 Cheitoke, or Chitore, a town of Hindostan, 
 in the territory of Odipour. It was the capital 
 of the ranna, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, 
 in the days of his greatness ; and was a fortress 
 and city of great extent, situate on a mountain ; 
 but it lias been in ruins since the time of Au- 
 ningzebe, in 1681. It is 46 miles N. N. E. of 
 Oudipour, and 88 S. 3. W. of Agimere. E. 
 long. 74. 60. and 24. 35. N. lat. 
 
 CiiELicuT, a town of Abyssinia, in the pro- 
 vince of Tigr^, with one of the finest churches 
 in the kingdom, ornamented with paintings, and 
 has been the residence of the ms, or sovereign. 
 
 Chelm, a town of Poland, in Red Russia, 
 capital of a palatinate of its name, and a bishop's 
 see. In 1794 the Poles were defeated by the 
 Prussians near this town. It is 100 miles 
 E. S. E. of Warsaw. Long. 23. 29. £. lat. 
 61. 20. N. 
 
 Chelmsford, the county town of Essex, with 
 a market on Friday. Here is a stately church, 
 a magnificent shire-house, theatre, and barracks, 
 an excellent conduit, and a fVee school, founded 
 by Edward VI. It is situate at the confluence 
 of the Gun with the Chelmer; 29 miles E. N. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Chelmsford, a town of Massachusetts, in 
 Middlesex county, eituate on the S. side of the 
 Merrimac, over which is a curious bridge, at 
 Patucket Falls, which connects this town with 
 Dracut. It is 28 miles N. N. W. of Boston. A 
 canal from the Merrimac to Boston harbour 
 commences at C jlmsford, wh'ch contributes 
 considerably to its importance and interest, hav- 
 ing .1)1 extensive quarry of very fine granite in 
 its vicinity. Pop. 1697. 
 
 Chelsea, a parish lying along the N. bank of 
 the Thames, to the S. W. of London, and to 
 which it forms an integral part. This section of 
 the metropolis is distinguished for its hospital 
 for the support of decayed and maimed soldiers, 
 founded in the time of Charles II.; its chief 
 ji.omoter was Sir Stephen Fox, who contributed 
 13,000/. towards the building; it was finished in 
 the time of William and Mary. The building is 
 a quadrangle, the wings extending towards the 
 river; the biise, which is nearly 800 feet in extent, 
 is entered from the centre of the north front, 
 into a noble vestibule ; the E. side is appropriatetl 
 to a chapel, and the W. to a hall, in which the 
 inmates dine; the wings, which are divided into 
 wards, are each 360 feet in length, 80 wide, and 
 three stories high : the infirmary, and other out- 
 buildings, and gardens, compose an area of nearly 
 50 acres. Sir Christopher Wren was the archi- 
 tect ; and, in respect to proportion and con- 
 
CUE 
 
 p Hills, and ia ie- 
 cxccllence of its 
 
 Bay of Bengal, on 
 liles long and 10 
 ! of rice, and the 
 g. 03. 35. £. lat. 
 
 Hindo8tan, in the 
 ith of the Caggar ; 
 iT the mouth of the 
 
 Dwn of Hindostan, 
 It was the capital 
 of the Rajpoots, 
 and was a fortress 
 ite on a mountain ; 
 i the time of Au- 
 miles N. N. E. of 
 . of Agimere. £. 
 lat. 
 
 Bsinia, in the pro- 
 he finest churches 
 with paintings, and 
 1 ras, or sovereign, 
 cl, in Red Russia, 
 ame, and a bishop's 
 •e defeated by the 
 It is lUO miles 
 ;. 23. 29. £. lat. 
 
 lown of Essex, with 
 is a stately church, 
 iatre, and barracks, 
 ree school, founded 
 e at the confluence 
 ; 29 miles E. N. £. 
 
 Massachusetts, in 
 I the S. side of the 
 curious bridge, at 
 «ts this town with 
 I. W. of Boston. A 
 ;o Boston harbour 
 wh'ch contributes 
 e and interest, hav- 
 ery fine granite in 
 
 ong the N. bank of 
 f London, and to 
 t. This section of 
 ed for its hospital 
 id maimed soldiers, 
 tries II.; its chief 
 X, who contributed 
 ; it was finished in 
 y. The building is 
 mding towards the 
 ' 800 feet in extent, 
 f the north front, 
 lide is approprinte<l 
 hall, in which the 
 ch are divided into 
 ingth, 80 wide, and 
 Ary, and other out- 
 «e an area of nearly 
 ^ren was the archi> 
 oportion and con- 
 
 r«mi(mM, the edifice Is worthy of his high repu- 
 
 effect; but being built mostly of brick, it uTin- 
 temr in magnificence to the marine hospital at 
 
 fuT'^'f' a: ^^^ ""'"•'" "f '"'»«*<'• » 336, ex- 
 clusive of officers and the necessary attendants- 
 there are about 20,000 out-pensioneVs. In 1001 
 a military asylum, contiguous to the hosnital 
 was established for the education of lOoTchS 
 
 towards the support of which the whole arm^ 
 
 150 000/ i? P"'""P'''!y of brick, cost about 
 150 000/. Chelsea is also distinguished for its 
 botanic garden, formed by Sir Hans Sloane 
 
 "rie?' Sl„'^ ""ri '"Z'^'' to the ApS 
 canes Company of London, on condition of 
 
 3!".'"""^* ."'*/• Pe"«'num aid pit 
 wntmg annually to the Royal Society fi^^ 
 different specimens of planti grown in the 
 garden, until the number of newVpeiLen! 
 
 STs^W "o^ J"! ''i^P'*^' » »^ "two' 
 « !! ■!' ^' °^ Westminster Abbey, and 4 
 
 SclSaSe *""' '''^'"" '^•^ ^''^ ««y«* 
 
 V^af^T^r^"^' •* ^r"«'' '■" Gloucestershire, 
 *-ngIand, situate in a fertile vale near the foot of 
 
 In t£l^''7i'^ o!""' "^ '""«' N. W. of London 
 on the road to Gloucester. Till within the pre- 
 Mnt century it was an inconsiderable place par- 
 
 dLt?ncttoft"f'i?^ "l'?'"''- ^' *''''"''«<> «""« 
 sonS^in^ ^A ^l«»^?7 of a medicinal 
 fn Trai ♦ l^i""'' '^'"8 ''"ted by George III. 
 ml 788, It became somewhat celebrated : the 
 population, however, in 1801 amounted only to 
 3076 since which it has greatly increased i^ 
 numbers and importance, and is one of t^chiLf 
 resorts of gaiety and fashion in the kh^gdom a 
 We was erected in 1803; baths, tSbl^ 
 
 lLr^m^!!f P™8^i^^ly been extended for The 
 w^« Sr"^*" '"•'"-^"•"K population. £ 
 Zlt '^ ^''^ mcrease in quantity in proportion 
 operate Wh"' '"' '''?'"' "^^ ^""e'U'e of vS^ 
 operate both as aperient and restoraUve beinS 
 
 rareous earth. The parish church is an ancient 
 and venerable structure ; there are severaS 
 tenan places of worship 5 its market, on Thu!^ 
 ^y. « well supplied «?th everjn^^r^ "u 
 returns one member to parliament 
 
 wesler'nmnlt % ♦^*'«"''' * "*«' "^ ^sia, the 
 Ti^ .« If • ^^ fiveearten. branches of the 
 Indus. It rises above Cashmere, flows throueh 
 
 ornrTheTh"' " K T" ^?^ ^"^ P"njaub3d 
 Fms the Chunaub, 16 miles below Kooshaub 
 This river w the Hydaspes of AlexandeT 
 
 CHELVA, or Chulilla, a town of Snain 
 
 '■.l""f*on"" ^^ N. bank if the Gu^alS-' 
 
 about 20 miles N. W. of Valencia "^'""""• 
 
 Chemille^ a town of France, in the province 
 
 of Anjou ; 20 miles S. S. E. from Angeis. PoJ! 
 
 Chemnitz, or Kkmnit7. a t""n -' u 
 
 &»xony, in Misnia, surrounded 'by wallsTnd 
 
 a mile from the town. Great quantities of cot- 
 
 m 
 
 CHE 
 
 the bleaching business is considerable. Itis 
 
 S ?^'„? r '^'"^en, and about the same distant 
 b.E.ofLeip8ic. Pop. about 10.000 
 
 CHEHNrez. a town i„ the circle' of Leut- 
 DrSn" ^**®°"' '' "'""t 42 miles S. eT^ 
 
 ^f fif^^lT^ « '"tf"*"' countr on tne S. side 
 rivtnff^ "^ '^^'^ ^"'^' 't » '"tenocted by a 
 nver of the same name, which flows from N. to 
 b into the Susquehannah ; the population i. 
 
 f „„ k'- * '^t""'^. he'"« divided into seventeen 
 townships, Norwich, 111 miles W. by 87^ 
 A^ny. containing 4145 inhabitants, ^is the 
 nil ^Zu' *''f'^ " »^ " town of the same 
 
 HinlT'*^*";,'"" Chinnypatam. a tovrn of 
 Hmdostan, in Mysore, near which is a hand- 
 some stone fort. It has manufecturw of sucar 
 glass, and excellent music-wire, and a S 
 S-ty * ViTlr '^ *•>« PjJ-Vrdens K 
 
 S'SiK.TrES^"'"^^'^'-"^-' 
 
 viW orrh,"' ^°^"l'' « western frontier pro- 
 vince of Ch na, lying between the lat. of 22. and 
 
 on't?; "cTi^^K *" ^^": "^ ^- ^°"«- ^tis bounS 
 the E uk^! the P«>vince of Setchuen. and on 
 the i,. partially by the province of Honan but 
 wh"/"&i''^ Hoang-hof or Great YeHow River 
 which divides it from Chan-si, on the N. ZnW 
 
 ttv^^ZV'^f '"it'*^^ it from gh^.;^ 
 of «??*; "^ ,"" ""^ ^- hy the dreary country 
 of the Monguls, containing an area of abou^ 
 
 eccentricity of its course, skirts the N. W. part 
 tion^ Jl^'r'*'?u""'^8 '» « "O'therly diVec- 
 S Nul. ""/''* ^•.'* """" « eo«"e due 
 h.'-iiT^?"*'"'^'""'' '"'ersect this province 
 on the w^^?,'''"'"^^'''""«'"tothe Hoang-h^ 
 P *!'^"^;'''"d some mto the same river on the 
 E., and others into the Kiang Kien. or Great 
 
 SiuJi"; ''a"' '"•''^"*^'* the^rovince o? It 
 tchuen. A provmceso extensive, as may be eZ 
 
 ™f.I ■ It abounds with drugs, rhubarb 
 """'f' «'"1*bnr, wax, honey, a^ c~of 
 
 nas also rich gold n.;res, which, for political 
 reasons are not allowed to be opened' Tpro 
 tTJu'^ L"^'. •?"' P'entif"! crops of whe^t 
 
 csumateu at upwards of SO.OOO.OOO"' "" " 
 
 ofSSkS'^SiVof'i'"''-^"''' "^"^ 
 «-me name, otW^^' K^ T^ 
 
 N 2 
 
 !l 
 
 i 
 
l- t ^ 
 
 { 
 
 V 5 
 
 ;k 
 
 CHE 
 
 180 
 
 CHE 
 
 ! » 
 
 Bitunte on the bank of a fine river, running S. 
 into thu Gulf of Leaotong. The walls are 10 
 miles in cicumference; and it is ornamented 
 vith Beverel public edifices, and provided with 
 arsenals and storehouses. It is 350 miles E. N. E. 
 01 Pekin. Long. 123. 6. E. lat. 41. 55. N. 
 
 Crepbllo, an island in the Bay of Panama, 
 about 20 miles from the city of Panama, which 
 it supplies with provisions and fruit. 
 
 Chepstow, a town in Monmouthshire, with 
 a market on Saturday. It is seated on the side 
 of a hill, on the Wye, near its confluence with 
 the Severn. It was surrounded by a wall, traces 
 of which are observable ; and on a perpen- 
 dicular rock are the remains of a large castle. 
 Here was also a priory, part of which is con- 
 verted into a church; nnd comparatively, it was 
 in former times of much greater consequence 
 than at present. It is now the port of entry 
 for all the towns on the rivers Wye and Lug, 
 and fits a few ships annually to the Baltic and 
 British America, for timber, deals, &c.; ships 
 coastway, a considerable quantity of timber, 
 bark, &c. and has two ship-yards, where ves- 
 oels of 500 to 600 tons are generally in a course 
 of building. The spring tides rise to the height 
 of 60 feet ; which is consequently attended 
 with great inconvenience, and preclude it from 
 materially extending its commerce. There is a 
 fine bridge of iron over the Wye, erected at the 
 joint expense of the counties of Monmouth and 
 Gloucester. It is about 10 mites N. of Bristol, 
 and 180 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Cher, an interior department in the centre of 
 France, including part of the late province of 
 Berry. It receives its name from a river which 
 rises in Auvergne, and flows into the Loire, 
 below Tours. Bourges, 126 miles due S. of 
 Paris, is the capital It contains about 3000 
 square miles, and 230,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Cherasco, a fortified town of Piedmont, 
 capital of a fertile territory of the same name, 
 with a strong citadeL It is seated on a moun- 
 tain, at the confluence of the Stura with the 
 Tanaro ; 24 miles S. S. K of Turin. Pop. about 
 11,000. 
 
 Cherbourg, n seaport of France, in the de- 
 partment of Manche, with an Augustine abbey. 
 Here was a sea-fight between the English and 
 French, in 1692, when the latter were beaten, and 
 upwards of twenty of their men-of-war burnt 
 near Cape la Hogue. The English landed here 
 in 1758, '."lok the town, with the ships in the 
 basin, demolished the fortifications, and ruined 
 the works for improving the harbour. These 
 works were resumed on a stupendous scale by 
 Louis XVI.; but their progress was interrupted 
 by the revolution, resumed again under Napo- 
 leon Buonaparte in 1803, and the works de- 
 stroyed by the fury of the elements in 1808; 
 after which a new plan of operations w:" re- 
 solved upon, by excavating a basin out of the 
 reach of the violence of the ocean, which, by 
 1813, was so far accomplished as to hold fifty 
 sni\ of the line, having SO feet depth of water. 
 Other works of corresponding magnitude have 
 since been carried on, and it now appears des- 
 tined to become the chief navn 1 station of France, 
 
 and to rival in extent and magnificence «iwaj 
 establishment of the like kind in the world. Ita 
 situation is very advantageous, either for dis- 
 patching a fleet to any part of the world, west 
 or south ; or for commanding the Channel be- 
 tween France and England, being about 70 
 miles due S. of the S. side of the Isle of Wight, 
 and 190 W. N. W. of Paris; in N. lat. 49. 39. 
 and 1. 37. W. long. 
 
 Cheribon, a seaport on the N. coast of the 
 Island of Java, about 150 miles E. of Batavia; 
 it, exports lai;ge quantities of coffee. 
 
 Cherokres, an Indian tribe, occupying an 
 extensive tract of country between the Chatta- 
 hoochee and Tennessee rivers, comprising the 
 N. W. part of Georgia, and the N. E. of Ala- 
 bama. The Cherokees were among the bravest 
 and noblest of the American race; but they 
 have progressively declined in numbers and in- 
 fluence, as that of the Europeans has inrreased. 
 
 Cheroniso, a town of European Turkey, on 
 the N. E. coast of the island of Negropont, 26 
 miles E. of Negropont. 
 
 Cherot, a town of France, in the department 
 of Yonne; 10 miles W. of Sens. 
 
 Cherryvallet, an incorporated and flourish- 
 ing town of New York, in Otsego county, at 
 the head of a creek of its name; 18 miles S. of 
 Canajohary, and 5' W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 
 3923. It is a place of great intercourse, being 
 situate at the intersection of several turnpike 
 roads. 
 
 Chebso, an bland in the Gulf of Venice, 
 between the coasts of Istria and Croatia. On 
 the S. it is xeparated from Osero by a very nar- 
 row channel, and the two islands are united by 
 a bridge. The soil is stony; but it abounds in 
 cattle, wine, oil, and honey. It has a town of 
 the same name, with a good harbour. Long. 
 14. 45. E. lat. 45. 10. N. The two islands 
 contain together a population of about 11,000, 
 and were ceded to Austria by the treaty of 
 Campo Formic, in 1797, afler having for nearly 
 eight centuries formed a part of the Venetian 
 republic. 
 
 Cherson, the capital ot New Russia, in the 
 government of Catharineslaf, founded by Catha- 
 rine II. on the N. bank of the Dnieper, 10 
 miles below the influx of the Ingulec The 
 church and many of the houses are built of 
 stone. Here is a dock, from which several 
 men-of-war and merchant-ships have been 
 launched j but owing to some sand-banks in the 
 river, the naval establishment has been trans- 
 ferred hence to Nicolaef, and its commerce to 
 Odessa; the population, which at one time 
 amounted to about 50,000, has progressively 
 decreased to below 10,000. In 1787 the em- 
 press made a triumphant journey to this capital, 
 and here met Emperor Joseph II. At this 
 place, in 1790, the philanthropic Howard fella 
 victim to hia indefatigable humanity; and a 
 monument was erected to his memory by 
 the Russian admiral. Cheison is 60 miles E. 
 of Oczakow. Long. 32. 56. E. lat 56. 68. N. 
 
 Chkui'sky, a town in Surrey, with a market 
 on Wednesday. Here was formerly an abbey, 
 of which only a part of the walls now remain; 
 
CHE 
 
 181 
 
 It was the firet burial-place of Heniy VI., who 
 was afterwards removed to Windsor. It is 
 seated near the Thames, over which is a hand- 
 some bridge; 20 miles W. by £. of London. 
 TT V"™**"*!**", the lai:gest and safest bay ir. the 
 United States. Its entrance is between Cape 
 Charles, m Maryland, and Cape Henry, in Vir- 
 pnia; 12 miles wide. It extends 270 miles to 
 
 11 n't/"*"* ^" ** *^ ""'«■ """oad, and gene- 
 rally 9 fethoms deep; containing several islands 
 and many commodious harbours. It receives 
 the Susquehannah, Potomac, Rappahannoc, 
 lorif, and James rivers, which are all large and 
 navigable. e »'« 
 
 CuKSHAM, a town in Buckinghamshire, with 
 a market on Wednesday, and manufactures of 
 lace and wooden ware. It stands in a vale. 27 
 miles N.W. of London. ' ' 
 
 Cheshire, a county palatine of England, 
 bounded on the N. by the river Mersey, thich 
 divides It from Lancashire, N. E. by Yorkshire, 
 E. by Derbyshire, S. E. by Staffordshire, S. by 
 Shropshire, W. by the river Dee, which divide 
 it from Denbighshire and Flintshire, and N. W 
 by the Insh Sea, into which projects a peninsula! 
 13 mUes longand 6 broad, formed by the mouths 
 of the Mersey and the Dee. This county extends 
 30 miles fhim N. to S., and 42 from E. to W 
 without including the peninsula just mentioned 
 on the W., and a narrow tract of land, which 
 stretches between Lancashire and Derbyshire 
 B7'»^«'^^ «" *« N. E., and containing 
 673,280 ac»«i. Antecedent to the invasion of 
 Bntam by the Romans, this part of the country 
 WMoccun^ by a tribe called the Comavii; 
 2 iJ^,- "*,'™' «"»t'tuted a county palatine 
 bj William the Norman, who conferred it uZ 
 his nephew, Hugh Lupus; but the succeeding 
 pstatin^ exerciMng an authority incompatible 
 with ju^ce to other parts of the countrTsuch 
 as affoiding Mnctuarjr, &c., Henry VlllVabro- 
 
 the^Z?L fj^Pu"'^"* "^ *''» palatinate, 
 the forms of which, however, it still retains. Its 
 
 C''*- «""• .*^'*^^ ^^^ «*y »f Chester, are 
 Stockport, MacclesHeld, Congleton, and Nan(^ 
 wich : Stockport, at the N. E. extremity of the 
 county, and the surrounding country, partici- 
 pate ai:gely in the cotton manufecturerMac 
 clesfield and Congleton are extensively engaged 
 in the Blk manufacture; and Nantwich is ^le- 
 bratedfbrits salt springs; and ship-building is 
 extensively earned on at the city of Chester" 
 
 in addition to the rivers Mersey and Dee. the 
 minty of Cheshire is intersected by the riVers 
 Wever and Bolhn, and contains several small 
 Jakes wel stored with fish; it is also intersected 
 by several canals, affording it a fkcility of com- 
 muniMition with all parts of the kingdom. The 
 
 uZ r!f I'.y"'*^ ^y " «»""' «f »"« entire 
 S ."* \t "Vl^ '" '*"8th, from the city of 
 Chester, to the Mersey, about 12 miles above 
 Liverpool ; other canals diverge fi-om the city of 
 Chester, to Northwich, and into Wales. The 
 
 CHE 
 
 •p~v 4 ' --'"""""«", »nu into waies. The 
 
 P»«,""n St^y.^'^J^'^ R""**"" and 
 
 _ __, — ;•/ '•"TTiDrvia iiic heart 01 liie cuuntr 
 
 :^t **•* ^??^'. »f Bridgewater's is S^i 
 r^ll l^'»"«'j"t'' the Mersey to Manchester; 
 and the Peek Forert Canal intonects the N. E. 
 
 end of the county. The E. and N. E. parts of 
 
 2fnriII*\""J'?i^"I'""''"''«°''«*'««'dvarious 
 minerals ; but the distmguishing characteristics 
 
 «OK ^.l"-^ ■•* '^ ■■'* '^^ ''^'^i 'he supply 
 of the first IS inexhaustible, and celebrated for 
 ^8 punty; whilst the cheese stands unrivalled 
 for the excellence of ite quality The salt is 
 produced both in a rock or solid state, and by 
 evaporation of the water from the numerow 
 spnngs. The quantity consumed in Great Bri- 
 tain smce 1779, has averaged about 56,000 tons 
 P«r annum, produced chiefly by evaporation ; 
 and the quantity exported since that time has 
 averaged about 260,000 tons per annum, in the 
 proportion of about 35,000 tons of rock, and the 
 
 !!h w ' J""*^"v^ by evaporation. The S. 
 Mia w. parts of the county are the most produc- 
 
 sDrin« j'^'T'^r^*'""" ^ which the salt 
 spnngs abound. This part of the county is 
 raOier level than hilly, and subdivided by hedge- 
 rows, well stocked with timber, into cimpX 
 byely very small enclosures, intenK«ted by 
 numerous paved roads; which imply either J 
 Roman ongin, or perhaps were found necessary 
 
 «^ Lf ' ^ PT^"' "* employed in the silk 
 rrl^rl,^ "anufecture. 5fec Congleton, Mao- 
 meX» ; """^ Stockport. It returns four 
 members to pwbament, two for each of the 
 divisions, northern and sJ)uthem. 
 
 Cheshiek, a county of New Hampshiio. 
 bounded on the W. for about 60 miles ^Te 
 Connecticut nver, which separates it from 
 Vermont; it is about 20 miles in mean bieadtJ, 
 t^ctM!r«**7''"J*'' * tolerably fertile dis- 
 Pod'25425' ^^ t^^ •" Ma««chuseto. 
 fh-'k '3 .Charlestown, on the E. bank of 
 the 0,nnecticutriver, e& miles W.. and Keene. 
 m the mtemr of the county, 60 mile. S. W. by 
 W. of Concord, are the chief towns. ' 
 
 Cheshire is also the name of a town in Berk- 
 •hire county, Massachuseta. and of another 
 m Newhaven county, Connecticut 
 I-n^'^wTi ''^'' '" Hertfordshire, Eng- 
 Si.Z^'i''"'^' ^'°*'' «t tbe entrance of the 
 SZk^'"*!:"",^°"' 1« » "He* from Shorediteh 
 church, on the line of the great north road. 
 
 .;«l;ri™'^ * ""/ ""^ *'"'"nty •" 1*«W. eccle- 
 siastical see. and capital of the county rf 
 
 m mni V v*^ extremity of the county; 
 
 183 miles N. N. W. of London, and 24 due E. 
 
 of Liyerpoo Chester is one of the most ancient 
 and '"teresting ciUes of England; it is sur- 
 rounded by a wall npnrlv 9 r^»^ : • 
 fprpnn» .♦III I ^' "^"y ^ """es m circum- 
 fnn ff • 1- " K"!'*. '" " S^od «tate of repair, the 
 top affording, in its entire circuit, a delightfUl 
 promenade It has four gates, in the posiUoJ of 
 thr four cardinal points, two of them ^ oma 
 
 h^'und^T !^!.P.!!!!"A.-"»"'y *"» eity 
 
 J ■" i"'™^"!. ixmury mis city 
 
 the l,ot2r .IT'^l^^rj^''/- ^'^erly, 
 over the footlpath^V^l^^^aVv^^w^yTv:^ 
 8.x feet wide; which, although agreeable eno^h 
 in wet weather, rendered the shops and r3 
 on the ground-floor dark and dis^^le^ 
 
 il 
 
 
CHE 
 
 183 
 
 CHE 
 
 > 'g 
 
 •I:! 
 
 l 
 
 w 
 
 gave an uncouth fbature to the city. This defect 
 is now wholly, or nearly so, removed, whilst 
 several public edifices, unequalled in the British 
 dominions for their architectural taste and gran- 
 deur, ornament different parts of the city ; the 
 meet distinguished of these is the county gaol, 
 on the site of thn old castle, and the county- 
 hall, contiguous thereto ; the porticoes of these 
 two edifices, in theb appropriateness of design, 
 exactness of proportion, and grandeur of effect, 
 have no parallel in Britain, and cannot be sur- 
 passed in any part of the world. They were 
 erected about the commencement of the present 
 century, under the superintendence of Mr. Har- 
 rison, a native of the city, whose refined and 
 correct taste is also displayed in a public library, 
 an exchange, &c. The cathedral is a venerable 
 structure of reddish sand-stone, built in the 
 «th century ; there are 8 other churches, and 
 several dissenting places of worship, a county 
 infirmary, and several schools. Its markets, on 
 Wednesdays and Saturdays, are abundantly 
 supplii i with every necessary of life ; and it 
 holds two annual &ir8, in July and October, 
 each of which continues several days, and art 
 very numerously attended, giving rise to great 
 traffic in linens from Ireland, and woollen cloths 
 and stuffs from Yorkshire, and for the accom- 
 modation of which, a commodious hall was 
 erected in 1 ft09, and another in U 15. The liver 
 Dee is navigable up to the city, for v sels of 
 considerable burthen ; and ships of 30u to 400 
 tons are always in a course of buildmg, and 
 occasionally eight or ten at a time ; on the 
 whole, however, Chester has more the character 
 of a provincial, than of a sea-port town, the 
 contiguity of Liverpool having superseded it in 
 its latter character. Its local jurisdiction is 
 vested in a mayor and 24 aldermen : it returns 
 two members to parliament. It is one of the 
 great centres of the post-office establishment, 
 being on the line of the mail conveyance from 
 London to Dublin. The Irish letters to and 
 from Liverpool, Manchester, and the West 
 Biding of Yorkshire, concentrate at and diverge 
 from Chester. It derives great advantage from 
 its canal navigation. See Cheshirb. A new 
 bridge, of s single arch of 200 feet in the span, 
 has recently been erected over the Dee, at an 
 expense of 40,000/., from a design by Mr. 
 Thomas Harrison. The old bridge, consisting 
 of seven arches, has within the last few years 
 been considerably widened and improved. 
 
 Chester, a county at the S. E. extremity of 
 the state of Pennsylvania, bounded on the N. 
 £. by the Schuylkill river, and intersected by 
 the Brandywine, celebrated for the battle 
 fo'ight on its E. bank, on the 11th September, 
 1777, when the American army sustained a 
 severe defeat. The county is about 35 miles 
 from N, to S., and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 
 67,515. West Chester, on the E. border of 
 the county, 18 miles from Philadelphia, on 
 the great western road to Pittsburg, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 •wTi rS'i'EH i-'rrtkiCT, 5 vTmilty Or tiiStriCt Ux 
 
 the N. part of the state of South Carolina, 
 bounded on the £. by the Catawba river, and 
 
 W. by Bro&d Biver, distant from each other 
 about 25 miles. This district is about 20 mile* 
 from N. to S.; and contains a population of 
 17,747. The chief town of the same name ii 
 60 miles N. by W. of Colombia. 
 
 There are several other towns named Chester 
 in different parts of the United States of 
 North America, among which are the fol- 
 lowing, with their distance and bearing 
 from the chief town of the state in which 
 they are re8,jectively situate, viz. : — In 
 Rockingham county. New Hampshire, 20 
 miles S. by E.; Windsor county, Ver- 
 mont, 70 S.; Hampden county, Massa- 
 chusets, 70 W. ; Orange county. New 
 York, 110 S. ; Warren county. New 
 York, 86 N.; Morris county. New Jersey, 
 S3 N.; Burlington county. New Jersey, 
 80 N.; Delaware county, Pennsylvania, 86 
 W. by N.; Shenandoah county, Virginia, 
 190 N. W.; Cumberland county, Viiginia, 
 46 W.; Kent county, Maryland, 67 N. E. 
 by E. 
 Cbestebfibld, a borough in Derbvshiro 
 England, with a market on Saturdays Next 
 to Derby it is the most important tradi „ town 
 in the county, and situated in a fertile and 
 most romantic district. It has mines of coal 
 and iron in its vicinity, and a canal, communi- 
 cating with the Trent below Gjiuisborough. 
 Earthenware is manu&ctured in tiie neighbour- 
 hood to a great extent. It has also silk and 
 other mills ; net fectories ; end has recently 
 been much improved by new streets. It has 
 two churches, one very ancient, and noted for 
 its crooked spire; four meeting-houses; also a 
 handsome town-hall, a theatre, assembly roomi^ 
 baths, libraries, an a -lent grammar school, 
 and a very laige mark place. !ti»150mile« 
 N. by W. of London, 12 fiom Sheffield, and 
 26 from Nottingham, 
 
 Chksteiifiklo District, a frontier, district 
 of South Carolina, bordering on North Carolina; 
 bounded on the £. by the Great Pedee river, 
 and W. by Lynch's Ciieek; it contains 460 
 square miles, and a population of 8574. The 
 chief town, of the same name, is 111 miles N. 
 £. of Colombia. 
 Chetttrfield is also the name of four towM 
 in the United States of North America, 
 via.: — In Essex county, New York, 158 
 miles N. ; St. Lawrence county, New 
 York, 250 N. by W. ; Cheshire county, 
 New Hampshire, 70 S. W.; Hampshire 
 county, Massachusets, 86 W. The bear- 
 ing and distances are from the chief towns 
 of the respective states. 
 Chesterfield Inlet, an inlet extending 
 about 200 miles westward from the N. end of 
 Hudson's Bay; the entrance to the inlet is in 
 ht. 63. 30. N. long. 90. 40. W.; its mean 
 breadth is about 15 miles. 
 
 Chk9ter-le-Street, u parish in the county 
 of Durham, containing 18 townships. The 
 parish abounds in coal, and is intersected by 
 the rivef Wear; ilic township of Chcstei»le- 
 Street is situate on the W. bank of the Wear; 
 6 milea N. of Durham, and 18 S, cf NewcatU«, 
 
 A 
 
t from each other 
 
 1 13 about 20 mile* 
 
 8 a population of 
 
 the Bonie name ia 
 
 bia. 
 
 irns named Chester 
 
 United Statei of 
 which are the fol- 
 iace and bearing 
 the state in which 
 lituate, vis. : — In 
 m Hampshire, 20 
 Isor county, Ver- 
 
 1 county, Massa- 
 ige county. New 
 in county. New 
 mty, New Jersey, 
 nty, New Jersey, 
 , Pennsylvania, 86 
 
 county, Virginia, 
 1 county, Viiginia, 
 [aryland, 67 N. E. 
 
 h in Derbvshire 
 Saturdays Next 
 rtant trad I „ town 
 1 in a fertile and 
 has mines of cool 
 
 canal, coirj'uni- 
 >w Gtiwstiorough. 
 1 in the neighbour- 
 has also ulk and 
 end has recently 
 V streets. It has 
 pnt, and noted for 
 ing-houses; also a 
 ■e, assembly rooms^ 
 
 grammar school, 
 9. It is 150 miles 
 om Sheffield, and 
 
 a frontier, district 
 )n North Carolina; 
 Ireat Pedee river, 
 : it contains 450 
 m of 8574. The 
 e, is 111 miles N. 
 
 me of four towna 
 t North America, 
 , New York, 168 
 ce county, New 
 Cheshire county, 
 . W.; Hampshire 
 6 W. The bear- 
 m the chief towns 
 
 t inlet extending 
 
 om the N. end of 
 
 to the inlet is in 
 
 0. W.; its mran 
 
 rish in the county 
 townships. The 
 is intersected by 
 
 hip of Chcster^ie- 
 
 ank of the Wear; 
 
 8S.ofNewcaaU«. 
 
 CHB 
 
 183 
 
 CHI 
 
 Chkstbrtown, a jmrt of the United States, 
 state of Maryland. Here is Washington Col- 
 I^e, incorporated in 1782; 46 miles E. S. E. 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 Cheviot Hills, a ridge of mountains in 
 England, which runs ftom N. to S. through 
 Northumberland and Cumberland, famous for 
 Its free chase, formerly much used by the Eng- 
 lish and Scotch gentry. These hills are now 
 chiefly wild and open sheep-walks; goats also 
 are fed among them, and some of the finest 
 cattle in the kingdom, in parte of the Scottish 
 border. Near these many an obstinate battle 
 has been fought between the EngUsh and 
 Scote, before the two kingdoms were united ; 
 among which may be numbered the encounter 
 between the Earls Percy and Douglas, cele- 
 brated m the ancient ballad called Chevy 
 Chase. The altitude of the peak called Ch^. 
 viot Hill, which is about 20 miles W. by N of 
 Alnwick, is 2658 fl. above the level of the sea- 
 other peaks of the range rise 300 to 400 feet 
 iiigher. 
 
 Chevbks, a town of France, department of 
 Charentej 8 miles from Rochefoucauld. Poj^*. 
 
 Chiapa, a province of the republic of Guati- 
 mala. This province extends from the lat. of 
 14. 50. to 17. 30. of N. lat., and lies between 
 the long, of 90. 20. and 92. SO. W., being 
 about 180 miles in extreme length, but the 
 mean breadth not exceeding more than aLout 
 100 miles. The Andes run into this province 
 m broken ridges at ite S. E. extremity; but 
 towards its more western boundary, the grand 
 mounlam chain may be said to be completely 
 dividcL The Tabasco river rises at the foot 
 of the termination of the mountain chain, runs 
 fiist m a W. N. W. direction, and afterwards 
 takes a northerly course through the province 
 of Tabasco, mto the Bay of Campeachy, there- 
 by affording an advantageous opening with the 
 Atlantic Ocean. Four or f a other streams of 
 interior importance intersect the central and 
 eastern side of the province, all uniting into 
 one, near ite northern frontier; afterwawls run- 
 ning through the province of Tabasco, into the 
 Bay of Campeachy, there being no river of 
 any note running out of Chiapa into the Pad- 
 fic Ocean. With the exception of the S. E. 
 part, Chiapa may be considered a level rather 
 than a mountainous country, and exceedingly 
 fertile ; and having hitherto been uncursed 
 with the duicovery of any gold or silver mine 
 the native inhabitants are proportionably more' 
 numerous, more social, and exhibit more pri- 
 mitive characteristics than in any other part of 
 the western hemisphere. Nearly all the ani- 
 mated creatures and vegetable productions 
 common to the tropical section of this division 
 of the globe are common in Chiapa. The 
 most prominent of the animal race is the 
 horse, the breed of which, first introduced from 
 Europe, is deservedly celebrated, and cherished 
 with great care by th« inhabitaRto. with nh-— 
 the horee constitutes the most important branch 
 of traffic, great numbers being constantly sent 
 into Mexico. Ita foresta wiU supply abun- 
 
 dance ott^pxm, cedar, pine, walnut, and othw 
 timber, whilst the cultivated parts will yield 
 abundance of cotton, cocoa, coffee, sugar, and 
 cochineal, with a boundlen variety of aromatic 
 resins, gums, and dyes, to constitute fit and 
 ample equivalente to exchange for the varied 
 useful productions of European art. Moat of 
 «ie domestic animals and fowls common to 
 Europe, as well as the horse, have become 
 naturalised in Chiapa, and in greater plenty 
 and excellence than in almost any other part 
 of America S. of the United States; and its 
 climate, in reference to ite geographical posi- 
 tion, being of a congenial and mean, rather 
 than of an extreme temperature, it affords as 
 favourable a domicile for a portion of the 
 population of the denser inhabited parte of 
 Europe, as any part of the world. See Villa 
 
 nERMOSA, 
 
 Chiapa, the chief town of the preceding pro- 
 vince, is situate on the W. side of the river 
 Tabasco, near the N. W. extremity of the 
 Provmce, in the lat. of 17. 5. N. and 92. 40. 
 of W. long. The number of inhabitante is 
 estimated at 20,000, chiefly Indians; hence it 
 18 called Chiapa dos Indios, in contradistinc- 
 tion to another town about 20 miles W., called 
 Chiapa dos EspagnoU, in consequence of ite 
 being inhabited chiefly by persons of Spanish 
 descent ; the latter is sometimes called Ciudad 
 Real, and is the see of a bishop, havins a 
 stately cathedral, and several monastic ester 
 blishmente; ite population is, however, incon- 
 siderable, not exceeding more than 2000. 
 Chiabenza. See Clahknza. 
 Chiari, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, wher 
 the Austrians defeated the French in 1701 
 It IS situate between two rivers which fall into' 
 the OgUo, on the E. side; 15 miles N. N. E. of 
 Crema. Pop. 8000. 
 
 CniABOMONTB, a town of Sicily, m Val di 
 Noto, seated on a mountain; 25 miles W. of 
 Syracuse; it gave the surname to the family of 
 the virtuous and amiable Pope Pius VII. 
 
 Chiatabi, a town of the territory of Genoa 
 situate at the mouth of a river falling into the 
 gulf; about 20 miles S. E. of Genoa. It has 
 several manufactures. Pop. about 8000 
 
 Chiavenna, a town of North Italy, capital 
 of a country of ite name, subject to the Gri- 
 f^j'".. V ? * '"^'"K place, especially in wine 
 and delicate fhuts, being the principal com- 
 mumcation between the Milanese and Ger- 
 many. The governor's palace and the churches 
 are magnificent ; oid the inhabitante are Ro- 
 man Catholics. Here are the ruins of a once 
 celebrated fortress, on the summit of a rock • 
 and close to the town is a rock of asbestos It 
 IS sMted on the banks of the river Maira 
 which fiills into the N. end of the LakHf 
 Como. Pop. about 3000. The district which 
 "s'ooo"'""""''' •^"'*'™ * P°P«ilation of about 
 Chicasaws, or Chickasaws, a nation of 
 .vnicncan maians, settled on the head branchea 
 of the Tombeckbe and Yazoo rivers, in the 
 N. J. corner of the state of MissiMppi : the 
 N. W. extremity of th-ir territory jeto upon 
 
' 
 
 
 CHI 
 
 184 
 
 CHI 
 
 the river of that name; they have aereii towns, 
 the central one of which is in long. 89. 43. W. 
 lat 34. 23. N. 
 
 Chichacotta, a fortified town of Bootan, on 
 the S. frontier, ftequently taken and relin- 
 qiiiahed by the British India troops, in the war 
 with the Booteeas in 1772. It is 84 miles S. 
 by £. of Tassasudon. Long. 89. 35. £. lat. 26. 
 85. N. 
 
 CuiCHESTKR, a city, and the capital of Sus- 
 sex, and a county of itself, govem6d by a 
 mayor, with a market on Wednesday and 
 &iturdfiy, and sends two members to parlia- 
 ment. It is a bishop's see, and has seven 
 churches, 'f>eside the cathedral, a spacious edi- 
 fice, 410 ft. in length, with a tower, surmounted 
 bv a spire rising to the height of 297 feet. 
 The dty is walled round, and had formerly 
 four gates. It exports com, malt, &c, has 
 some foreign commerce, and a manufacture of 
 needles. The haven affords fine lobsters. It 
 is seated in a plain, on the river Levant, near 
 its entrance into an arm of the English Chan- 
 nel ; 12 miles E. N. £. of Portsmouth, and 61 
 S. W. of London. 
 
 Chidlana, a town of Spain, province of An- 
 dalusia ; seated on a canal which is connected 
 with the Cadis harbour; 17 miles from Cadiz. 
 Pop. 10,000. 
 
 Chielefa, a town of European Turkey, in 
 the Morea, near the Gulf of Coron; 14 miles 
 W. of Colokythia. 
 
 Chieu-Sbb, a lake of Bavaria, 35 miles in 
 circumference. In the midst of it are two 
 islands ; on one of them is a convent of Bene- 
 dictine nuns, and on the other an Augustine 
 monastery. It lies 22 miles W. N. W. of 
 Salzburg, and diachaiges its waters by the 
 river Alza, in a northerly direction, into the 
 Inn. 
 
 Chiebt, a town of Piedmont, surrounded by 
 an ancient wail, in which are six gates. It has 
 four grand squares; many churches and reli- 
 gious houses, and considerable manufactures of 
 cloth and silk. It is 7 miles £. of Turin. Pop. 
 about 11,000. 
 
 Chibti. See Civita di Chieti. 
 Chiqwell, a village in Essex; 10 miles N.E, 
 of London. It is noted for a free-school, 
 founded by Archbishop Harsnett, where Wil- 
 liam Penn was educated. 
 
 Chihuahua, a city in the province of Coha- 
 huila, situate in the lat of 28. 50. N. on the high 
 road from the city of Mexico to Santa Fe; about 
 700 miles N. N. W. of Mexico. Chihuahua is a 
 considerable place, having several public build- 
 ings, and about 16,000 inhabitants. The prin- 
 cipal church is a b^utiful edifice : the surround- 
 ing country is productive in silver. 
 
 Chilca, a small seaport of Peru; about 30 
 miles S. of Lima. 
 
 Chili, or Chile, a territory of South Ame- 
 rica, extending from the lat. of 24. 20. to 43. 
 £0. S. and from 68. 50. to 74. 20. of W. long.; 
 bounded on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, and on 
 the R. by the Andes, which divide it from the 
 United Provinces of Buenos Ayres; being ibout 
 1350 mitoi in length, from N. to S., and 130 in 
 
 mean Iwoadth, in a position from the S., of 
 N. N. E. Antecedent to the irruption of the 
 Spaniards into this part of the world, Chili was 
 divided into several independent states, of whom 
 the earliest information hitherto obtained re- 
 specting them is, that in 1450, Upanqtii, the 
 then Inca of Peru, made inroads upon the Chi- 
 lian territory, and subdued the four northern 
 provinces; at the southern boundary of which 
 their progress was stayed by the bravery of n 
 tribe called the Promancians. The Peruvians, 
 however, remained masters of the four provinces, 
 up to the period of 1535, when it was first visited 
 by the Spaniards, who invaded it from Peru with 
 a fnr- : of 570 Furonepu and 15,000 Peruvians, 
 u ': ' ' ' Amand of Almagro, the coadjutor 
 of Two-thirds of the number of this 
 
 espv jjerished with &tigue on the march ; 
 
 the reuoindei-, however, succeeded in reaching 
 the northern province of Chili,and the Spaniards 
 were received by the inhabittmts with cordiality 
 and respect; but the perfidy and baseness of 
 Almagro indulged in the wanton massacre of 
 some of the chief men of the country, and 
 thereby raised the indignation of the whole po- 
 pulation against him; and having, in a general 
 engagement with the Promancians, sustained a 
 complete defeat, and dissatis&ction prevailing 
 among his troops, he returned to Peru in 1538. 
 In 1540, however, Pizano dispatc^ied another 
 expedition, under the commandof Valdivia, who, 
 after much resistance, succeeded in extending 
 his arms as fiir as Mapocho; and fr«m that pe- 
 riod the Spaniards maintained possession in the 
 country, though not without repeated conflicts 
 with the natives, and occasional reverse of for- 
 tune; and such has been the braverjr of the 
 Araucans, a tribe of Indians occupying the 
 southern part of the territory, from the lat. of 
 37. to 42. S., that up to the present time they 
 have never been subdued. The last conflict in 
 which they were engaged with the Spaniards 
 was in 1773, in which great slaughter ensued, 
 without a decided triumph to either party. From 
 that period, however, tranquillity has generally 
 prevai' , the Araucans having since then had 
 a resiuont at Santiago, more in the character 
 of representative of an independent nation, than 
 a conquered or dependent province. The more 
 southern portion of the territoiy, to the lat. of 
 42. S., is occupied by the Araucans, and the 
 Island of Chiloe, projecting into the Pacific 
 Ocean, forms the southern extremity of the ter- 
 ritory, which is separated frMn Peru on the N., 
 by the dreary desert of Atacama. The Andes, 
 which flank the whole eastern boundary, rise 
 to an average altitude of 12,000 to 14,000 feet 
 above the level of the sea, having, in the course 
 of this range, 14 volcanoes in a state of constant 
 eruption, and several others which emit occa- 
 sionally. All of them are, however, too remote 
 from the inhabited ports of the territory, either 
 to occasion inconvenience, or inspire terror, by 
 the violence of their eruption. It ia now divided 
 into three departments — Santiago, Coquimbo, 
 and Concepcion, which are again subdivided 
 into 13 provinces; and contains a population of 
 1,200.000, exclusive of the independent tribes 
 
OH 1 
 
 h>m the S^ of 
 
 irruption of the 
 trorld, Chili was 
 Btatea, of whom 
 to obtained re- 
 , Upanqtii, the 
 g upon the Chi- 
 B four northern 
 indary of which 
 le bravery of n 
 The Peruvinns, 
 } four provinces, 
 i was first viuted 
 , from Peru with 
 1,000 Peruvians, 
 3, the coadjutor 
 number of this 
 ) on the march ; 
 ided in reaching 
 id the Spaniards 
 I with cordiality 
 ind baseness of 
 ton massacre of 
 9 country, and 
 f the whole po- 
 ng, in a general 
 uis, 8UBtaine<i a 
 Btion prevailing 
 
 Peru in 153U. 
 •atclied another 
 ifValdivia, who, 
 sd in extending 
 d from that pe- 
 KMsession in the 
 ipeated conflicts 
 
 1 reverse of for- 
 bravery of the 
 occupying the 
 
 from the lat. of 
 %sent time they 
 } last conflict in 
 
 the Spaniards 
 fiughter ensued, 
 her party. From 
 ty has generally 
 ; since then had 
 n the character 
 ent nation, than 
 nee. The more 
 y, to the lat. of 
 lucans, and the 
 nto the Pacific 
 mity of the ter- 
 Peru on the N., 
 a. The Andes, 
 
 boundary, rise 
 ) to 14,000 feet 
 ig, in the course 
 itate of constant 
 lich emit occa- 
 )ver, too remote 
 territory, either 
 ■spire terror, by 
 t is now divided 
 igo, Coquimbo, 
 ^n subdivided 
 a population of 
 ependeat tribes 
 
 185 
 
 CHI 
 
 of Indiana. The several provinces are mostly 
 divided from each other fcy ranges of hills, each 
 Jntervenmg valley being intersected by one or 
 more streams of water, contributing alike to the 
 bMuty and fertility of the country, which, as a 
 whole, for diversity, beauty, iind grandeur of 
 future, is unequalled in the world. Although 
 the soil and climate of Chili are alike congenial 
 to the culture and breed of all the fruits, grain, 
 and animals conducive to the well-being, com- 
 fort, and enjoyment of society, ito more distin- 
 guishing feature is the abundance of its mineral 
 productions, in gold, silver, copper, tin. and 
 iron. Such, however, for nearly three centu- 
 nes, was the subduing and perverse policy of the 
 Spaniards, that, with means to command every 
 poswble comfort, the inhabitanU of this fine and 
 fertile territory were kept in a state of bar- 
 barism and on the veige of want. The ties of 
 bpanish bondage, however, now appear broken, 
 never to be united. The first movement of re^ 
 "•t?nce to Spanish authority took place in 1809 
 which, for some time, appeared likely to succeed 
 without interruption; but in 1814 a Spanish 
 force from Peru subdued nearly the whole coun- 
 tiy, and held it again in subjection until 1817, 
 when a force in the cause of independence, 
 under the command of General San Martin 
 entered Chih from Buenos Ayres, and turned 
 again the tide of victory against Spanish domi- 
 nation ; and on the 12th of February, 1819, the 
 Chilians formally renounced all obligation to 
 fepanidi authority, and declared themselves in- 
 dependent; which the battle of Maypa, in the 
 following April, not only confirmed to them, but 
 enabled them to extend their arms, in pursuit of 
 their opprMsors, into Peru. Santiago, or St. Jago 
 ae LhUi, (as it is sometimes written,) in the 
 provmce of Mapocho, in the lat. of 33. 20. is the 
 chief oty, and to which Valparaiso, distant 100 
 miles W., IS the seaport. The other seaports are 
 COPUTO Co<iUlMBO, CONCEPCION, and Valdivia. 
 all of which see, under their respective heads • 
 as well as those of the several provinces re- 
 spectively, for a more ample elucidation of the 
 nature and extent of the present state of their 
 productions, comncerce, &c. &o. 
 
 Chilka, a lake hi the Deccan of Hindostan. 
 which bounds the five Circare on the N It lies 
 on the coast of the Bay of Bengal, and seems 
 the effect of the breach of the sea over a flat 
 aandy surfece, whose elevation was somethine 
 above the level of the country within. It com- 
 mumcates with the sea by a very narrow but 
 deep opening, und is shallow within. It is 40 
 miles long and 14 broad, with a narrow slip of 
 ground between it and the sea. It contains 
 many inhabited islands. On the N. W. it is 
 bounded by a ridge of mountains, a continuation 
 of that which extends from the Mahanuddy to 
 the Godavery river, and shuts up the Circare 
 towards tlie continent 
 
 Chillan, one of the inland provinces t)f 
 Chill ; It IS mconsiderable, and the least im- 
 portant of them all. The chief town, of the 
 
 . 5 „.,ii. i\.^ miica m. rr. 01 Uon- 
 
 cepcion. A river of the same name intersects 
 the provmce from E. to W., falling into the 
 
 Itata, in the maritime province of Puchacay 
 Chulicothb, the chief town of Ross county, 
 Ohio, and second in rank in the state; seated on 
 a point of land formed by Point Creek, and the 
 W. bank of the Scioto river, 70 miles, by the 
 water-course, above its entrance into the Ohio; 
 It has several mills and manu&ctures in iu 
 vicinity. The Grand Canal passes through the 
 town, and adds much to its commerce. It is 45 
 miles S. of Columbus, the capital of the state, 
 and 90 E. by N. of Cincinnati. Pop. 3977. 
 
 Chillon, a town of Switzeriand, in the canton 
 of Berne, at the end of the lake of Geneva. On 
 a rock in the lake is an ancient castle, which 
 has lately been used as a state prison. It is 5 
 miles E. S. E. of Vevay. 
 
 Chilmabt, a town of Hindostan, in the dis- 
 trict of Rungpoor, Bengal, on the Brahma- 
 putra nver. It has a trade in rice and cotton, 
 and IS a place of pilgrimage. 
 
 Chiloe, Island and Archipblaoo op. The 
 Island of Chiloe forms the southern extremity 
 of the territory of Chili; separated from the pro- 
 vince of Araucan on the N. by a channel 4 to 5 
 miles wide. It is 140 miles in length, and about 
 60 in mean breadth; separated on the E. from 
 the main land by a gulf about 50 miles wide, 
 containing 46 small islands. 16 uninhabited, 
 forming the Archipelago of Cliiloe. The total 
 population is about 30,000. Castro, seated at 
 the head of a bay, opening into the Archipelago 
 18 the chief town. 
 
 Chilpanzinoo, a considerable town, 2500 
 feet above the level of the sea ; 65 miles N. by E. 
 of Acapulco, on the road to Mexico. 
 
 Chilques y Masques, a district of the pro- 
 vince of Cu2co, Peru, lying E. of the Apurimac 
 met, having a ridge of the Andes for its E. 
 boundary. It is a fertile district, containing 
 about 16,000 inhabitants. Parino, in the lat. 
 of 12. 45. S. and 71. 35. of W. long, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Chiltern, a chain of chalky hills in England, 
 passing from E. to W., out of Hertfordshire, 
 through the middle of Buckinghamshire, to the 
 Thames at Henley. This district formerly be- 
 longed to the crown, which, from time immemo- 
 nal, has had the nominal office of steward of the 
 Chiltern Hundreds, by the acceptance of which 
 a commoner vacates his seat in parhament. 
 
 Chimay, a town of Belgium, in the forest of 
 fhierarche. Near it are mines of iron, with 
 foundenes and foi^ies. It is seated near the 
 trench frontier; 12 miles N. V, of Rocroy. 
 
 Chimboeazo, the highest peak of the Andes, 
 m the provmce of Quito, Colombia ; lat. 1. 30. 
 S. On the 23rd of June, 1797, this mountain 
 was ascended by the Prussian traveller, Hum- 
 boldt, to the height of 19,300 feet above the 
 level of the sea, when a chasm several hundred 
 feet wide prevented the summit being attained ; 
 the extreme alUtude of which is 21,440 feet 
 At the height attained, the cold was intense 
 and respiration rendered difficult by the extreme 
 tenuity of the air. The oeak is nhn,,* iaq 
 nules N. N. E. of Guayaquil, and prmnt^"a 
 most magnificent spectacle for many leaiPuis out 
 at sea, in the Pacific Ocean. •»"»«'*» 
 
 
 !t 
 
 I 
 
 P!l 
 
CHI 
 
 180 
 
 CHI 
 
 !* 
 
 Chimira, • town of Kumponn Turkey, In 
 AUmniii, with n tort ; iimtiMl on u rock, Ht tlio 
 vntntnce of the Ailrintiu ; 24 uiilM S. of Avionn, 
 China, nn cuipiru of Aiiin, oitoiuling fW>m 
 the Int. uf '21. ao. tu 41. N. nn«l fhiin !lll to I'JJ. 
 of K. Umn., giving nn extroinu lonKth of nbout 
 I40U niiloa, and ntMxit thu anmo nunilwr in nn 
 ixtrvmi) brviiiith ; hut ito bounilnrie* being 
 mimuwhnt irn»gulnr, if nnolve<l into ii Miunro it 
 wuulil ooiniiriw) nbunt iA^ ilogntM of Int. bo- 
 twtHni '2'2. •'lU.nndillt. N,,Rn(l lllditgroi'iioflung. 
 iMitwccn lU'J. ami I'JU. K., theroby giving n iiu- 
 iwrflcinl aren of ab<nii l,'20U,0(H> iM|unro inilm, 
 or more than twenty timei tliu extent of Ung- 
 litnd and Waim, •aaUisive of the euNturn pro- 
 vinces of Lkautono oiul tliu Gumma, nnd the 
 vBat territory of Tahtahv on the N. (eucli of 
 which MM), under their respective hetuli.) 'Die 
 nbovo limits eoni)irise what may Imi eonsidorcd 
 n» constituting China I'rojwr, which hits about 
 1700 miles of aoii-ooast on the S., S. K.,and E., 
 fW>m the long, of lOH. E. in the Int. of '21. 80. 
 N., to the long, of I'.'O. E. in the Int. of 40. N., 
 or from the (tulf of Tnnquin to the Gulf of 
 Lcnotong. The N. and N. E. pnrt of China 
 I'roper is hounde«l by n wiill, which divides it 
 from Mongol Tartary, nnd the W. by Kokonor 
 and Sitiin, provinces of Thibet, at present but 
 little known ; nnd the S. W. province of Yun- 
 nen bonlera on the Dinnan Empire, nnd the 
 territory of Toniiuin, or Tonkin. Every |)art 
 of this extensive territory nppenrs to l>o inter- 
 ectod by streams of water, fklling into two 
 grand rivers, both rising in Thibet, nnd fiilling 
 into the sen, one in the Int. of 31. 30., nnd the 
 other in Int. 34. N. The most northerly of tl>ose 
 is called the Hoano-iio, or Great Yellow 
 UivKH, and the other the Kiano-kkou, or the 
 Gkkat Rivkh, (each of which see under their 
 rcsftective hetids.) There ore also several lakes 
 in the interior ; two, S. of the Kiiuig-keou, 
 called Tong-tong and Poynng, each contains 
 about 300 square miles of surfitce ; and in the 
 latter are sevenki islands. The coast also, flrom 
 the Gulf of Tonkin to the mouth of the Groat 
 Kiver, is flanked by a chain of small islands ; 
 nnd, as forming nn inte^l part of China Proper, 
 are the islnnds of Hainan and Formosa ; the 
 former oX ihe S. extremity of the empire, inter- 
 sected by the lines of 1!). of N. Int. and 1 13. of 
 £. long., nnd the other intersected by the line 
 of the tropic of Cancer, and the 1*2 1st of B. 
 long. ; nnd as dcprndent islands, nre the Lekoyo, 
 or Loo Choo Islands, the principal of which is 
 about 150 miles in length, from N. toS., and 
 30. to 40. in breadth, in the long, of 1*29. £. 
 and the lat. of 36. N. Between these and For- 
 mosa is another group, thirty or forty in num- 
 ber, nearly all of which are inhabited. Moun- 
 tain ridgM run in various directions over nearly 
 every part of China Proper i but there are none 
 rcniitrkuble for their altitude ; nnd, in an ag- 
 gregate sense, it may be considered a level, 
 rather than a mountainous country. 
 
 Uf nil the communities at present existing, 
 that of China is unquestionably the most an- 
 cient, and, from a very early period, hud obvi- 
 ously made great progresa in the arts of aocial 
 
 life I but of the origin of the oommunlli' no* 
 thing sntisfsctory is mI present known t fbr 
 nithough their records apitear to have been pnn 
 served with great care, the peculiarity, and for- 
 merly supposed ditticiilty of nccpiiring a know- 
 ledge of the written clmractcrs of their language 
 (Itoing symlNilic), together with the |ieculiarly 
 jettluiis charncter of the people, had, antecedent 
 to the close of the eighteenth century, pre- 
 cluded Eunipuniiii tVoni obtaining any correct 
 knowledge, either of the |NUit or present extent 
 nnd condition of the |>ouple ; and, in the al>- 
 sence uf all nuthentio and correct data on the 
 subject, numerous vague nnd exaggerated state- 
 ments, relating alike tu their anti<|uity and 
 extent uf nunilters, obtained current belief in 
 l'iUro|>e ; but sinoe the c«>mmencement of the 
 nineteenth century, the suppomMl diiKculty of 
 nupiiriiig a knowlwlge of their language has 
 provetl erroneous, nnd the details of the several 
 local divisions nnd institutions of the country 
 nre iMscoming every year more extensively and 
 accurately known. 
 
 Of their ()ri|{iii, the roost rational suppoeitioii 
 is, that the Chinese were among the fli.t portion 
 of the wandering tribes Hpreiul over the northern 
 hemisphere, dispersed from some of the ])opu- 
 loiis districts of that time, who formed them- 
 selves into a social community ; whilst an exa- 
 miiuttion of the localities and natural advan- 
 tages of the territory of China Proper, as well 
 with reference to the natural fertility of its soil, 
 ns the variety, ami tulniitatioii to the wants uf a 
 social community, of its indigenous productions, 
 will sufficiently aecuunt for the numerical extent 
 nnd peculiarity of manners of its population. 
 Hy the writings of Confucius, (the only Chinese 
 that appears to have obtained immortality 
 among them,) who flouriiihed A'20 years before 
 our era, China had then nttnined nearly, if not 
 quite as high a degree of sociality and refine- 
 ment as prevails there at the present time ; and, 
 indeed, the moral character of the people, wliich 
 may be considered the surest foundation nnd 
 best security for the permanence and well- 
 being of every community, appears progressively 
 to have incrmsed in turpitude since the time of 
 Confucius : and, that China has not experienced 
 the fate (vis. subjection or dissolution) which 
 has befhllen every other nation, on the perversion 
 of moral order, is to be ascribed entirely to the 
 local barriers of deserts and mountains with 
 which it is protected, and not to any efficiency 
 or superior agency of the people. But, in fitct, 
 in the twelfth century China Proper may be 
 considered as having bieen subjected to the arms 
 of the Mongol Tartar chief, Genghis Khan, who 
 subverted the then ruling power, and established 
 a Tartar dynasty in the government of China ; 
 but notwithstanding this change in the ruling 
 power, instead of the territory of China yielding 
 itself up OS a dependent province of Tartary, 
 the superior fertility of China brought Tartary 
 into its subservience ; thereby reversing the 
 usual result of conquest, in the conquering be- 
 coming the dependent: and the dynasty of 
 Genghis also gradually declined in influence, 
 until it became entirely supplanted again by one 
 
known j for 
 iiivu bovn pm- 
 mty, and tot- 
 lirinK h kni>w- 
 lliuir iaiiKUiiir* 
 the ixKuliarly 
 id, nntvciMiunt 
 century, pre- 
 ( nny correct 
 iroMnt extent 
 (I, in the al>- 
 t dttta on th« 
 Kt>mted stat*- 
 inti<|uity niid 
 rent beli«tf in 
 loniont of tlie 
 I ditKculty of 
 iHiiKUHKe liM 
 nf tho •evt*ral 
 r the country 
 tenMvely and 
 
 J nippoutiou 
 » flt.t portion 
 the northern 
 of the ])opu- 
 ornied them- 
 fhilst an exa- 
 itural advun- 
 oper, as well 
 ity of itH toil, 
 .he wants of a 
 I protluctions, 
 nericHi extent 
 H population, 
 only Chinese 
 immortality 
 years before 
 luarly, if not 
 y and reiine- 
 it time ; and, 
 >eople, wliich 
 indation and 
 o and well- 
 progressively 
 
 the time of 
 t experienced 
 ution) which 
 he perversion 
 ntirely to the 
 iintains with 
 ny eificiency 
 liut, in fiict, 
 aper may be 
 
 1 to the arms 
 s Khan, who 
 d established 
 nt of China ; 
 in the ruling 
 liina yielding 
 I of Tartary, 
 jght Tartary 
 Bversing tha 
 iquering be- 
 
 dynaHty of 
 in influence, 
 again by one 
 
 c H r 
 
 ot Chinese -Igjn, which ruled undisturbed until 
 thi! oiiinmo comont of the 17th century, whan 
 a lic.«t of Vwiiichoo TarUrs from the N. K. part 
 of Awa pourwl down their arms, and by whom 
 the nilinK power in China was again subverted, 
 but with the same result to the country ns in 
 the former insUuioo, the revolution having only 
 extended itself to the central government, and 
 substitution of a Tartarian for a Chinese sove- 
 reign, Manchoo, like Mongol, becoming a d«». 
 IHmdent province on China ; and, amid the va- 
 rious changes which have taken place in tha 
 ruling power, no material alteration apn«Mire to 
 have been effected in the oliuracter, habits, or 
 njannors of the people, beyond that progressiva 
 chango resulting from the increasing turpitude 
 of tliuir moral chanicter, which necessarily tends 
 to wuikon their physical enegies. 
 
 According to an account ftimished by an in- 
 telligent native of China to the agenU of tha 
 nll?."'lu''""* ^'""^ Company, in Canton, in 
 \?r\' ,"'."» tOTritory of China Proper was then 
 divided mto nineteen civil and miUtary iuria- 
 dictions. Notwithstanding all the magnified 
 impressions which have heretofore prevailed in 
 raferonco to the suppoMNl populousneas of 
 China, relatively to the extent of territory in 
 the two countries, its population is but little 
 more than half that of England and Wales j 
 iind, olthough the numerical military force of 
 Chino IS represented as exceeding 1,200,000 
 men, the state revenues will be seen relatively 
 not to amount to a hundredth part nf those of 
 Jiiiglund. Yet, notwithstanding the abject and 
 servile condition to which centuries of severe 
 rule* have subjected them, the Chincst- are, in 
 general, a cheerful people ; indeed, everything 
 relating to and wmnected with China, in com- 
 parison with the communities and institutions 
 of Europe, seems anomalous. With a soil of 
 more than ordinory fertility, in which all the 
 fruits and vegetable productions common to 
 I'.urope flouriuh, and which abounds in a variety 
 inestimably valuable, peculiar to itself, and a 
 people proverbially and reolly industrious. &. 
 mine fVequently prevails extensively. To un- 
 fold, however, these mysteries, belongs more to 
 the philosopher than to the geographer. 
 
 In some of the provinces of China, part of 
 the exactions for the support of the government 
 are levied m kind— in grain and rice. This 
 fcct, whilst It serves to show somewhat the na- 
 ture of the soil in the respective provinces, leads 
 to the consideration of a feature in the policy 
 of China, peculiar at this time to itself, but 
 which appears m past times to have been acted 
 upon both in Egypt and in Itome ; vias. that of 
 storing of grain to meet the exigencies of occa- 
 sional dearth. The average stock maintained 
 m China for this purpose is about 30,000,000 
 of 5*1, equal to about 2,000,000 of English 
 tons, in the proportion of one-sixth rice, and the 
 remainder m grain, chiefly moize and wheat • 
 and although this quantity is not more than 
 equal to two months' subsistence for the aggre- 
 ^^^ population, yd, when it is considered that 
 China proper extends through 20 degrees of 
 latitude, partly within the trojiic of Cancer, 
 
 Iff 
 
 CHI 
 
 and 23 di^oca of l.mgitude, in which exten- 
 sive rang, it is not likely that a seardty would, 
 at most, iwrvaile more than ono-fjflh part, if k> 
 rauch, at one time, it is probalik- that the quan- 
 tity in question has prove<l, by the experience 
 or centuries, adequate to ito proposed object • 
 and It IS unquestionably n measure, if duly re- 
 gulated, worthy the adoption of every lockl 
 community. ' 
 
 As there is scaroely a town, or even a Tillage 
 in China, which has not the advantage eHherof 
 an arm of the sea or a canal, navgation is so 
 common, that almost as many people live on 
 
 ^"v**! "i ''"^''"'*- ''■'«' "~"t Canal runs 
 irnrn N. to 8., f^om the city of Canton to the 
 extremity of he empire ; and by it all kinds 
 of foreign merchandise entered at tliat city are 
 conveyed directly to Pekin, a distance of BU 
 
 23* u '•"• •*"■' '• »''^"t SO fe«» 'ri.le, passes 
 through or near 41 large citie^ and has 74 large 
 sluices to keep up the water, besides several 
 U,ou«md bridges. China owes a great part of 
 her riciios to these numerous canals, which are 
 out through any kind of private property, not 
 even exceptu.g the gardens of the emiierir. 
 
 Among the fruits peculiar to China, and in 
 addition to the orange, lemon, lime, citron, po- 
 rnegranate, and the vine, in «eat variety kw 
 
 «t ^'TV " >'"'' °' "» ' '•'« "•»«'". "f the 
 siie of a date, its stone covered with a soft juicy 
 
 pulp, of an exquisite taste, but dangerous when 
 
 eaten to excess , the long-yen, or dragon'SHiye, 
 
 J^i. ' ^' •"!' """■• wholewime than the li- 
 chi. Of esculent plants they have an infinity 
 unknown to Europe. They cultivate also the 
 bottom of their waters j the beds of their lakes, 
 ponds, and nvulets producing crops unknown 
 !?,"';,P^'?"^'»f'y ?f the Pi-tsi, or water-chest- 
 nut the fruit of which (found in a cover formed 
 byits root) is exceedingly wholesome, and of a 
 twy delicate taste. Among the trees peculiar 
 
 ^whu"" T **•■" *•"»"-»'««. the fruit of which 
 M white, the size of a small walnut, and the 
 pulp has the properties of tallow ; the wa:i-tree. 
 producinga kind of white wax, almost equal t<^ 
 that made by bees , the tsi-chu, or varnish-tree, 
 which produces the admirable Chinese varnish 
 the tie-ly.mou, or iron-wood, the wood of which 
 s so hard and heavy that it sinks in water, and 
 the anchors of the Chinese ships are made of 
 
 LrL f "T^^-V'^J '!"• *^'"^'^ "'«'». 'Thich 
 grow to the height and size of a large tre^. and 
 besides being used as natural pi^li to^ ^^i; 
 water, are employed for numberiess other pur- 
 poses ; the tea-plant, &c, with cotton betel 
 and tobacco: the flowering shrulw, flowera' 
 herbs, and medicinal plants, are exceedingly nu-' 
 merous. In the mountains and forcsU are wild 
 animals of every species: but that valurble 
 quadruped, the musk-deer, is peculiar to thi^ 
 
 China, and perhaps m the world, is the kin-hi 
 or gdden fowl. Gold and silver'are said to b^ 
 common m sAvnTnl narts «* »i.. .^ 
 
 the working of the ndnes is'inte^ic^! ^'pre- 
 vent. OS IS protended, the produce leading to « 
 derangement of their general syrteoi ot^licy. 
 
 m 
 
 :in 
 
 11^ 
 
" ! 
 
 ! 
 
 CHI 
 
 Th« mountains rIio, chiefly in tho N and W. 
 parUof the empire, contiiin mineaof iron, tute- 
 nng, copper, and quiclcxilver, nit well at quarries 
 of marble, coal, lapis lazuli, jasper, rocli crys- 
 tals, granite, and a kind of sonorous stones, 
 of which musical instruments are composed ; 
 and here is potters' earth, of such various and 
 superior kinds that the fine pc .mu of China 
 io unrivalled. The number ^ , domestic ani- 
 mals appears to be very limited, and animal 
 food, though not interdicted, either firom state 
 or religiouS*scruples, as is the case over a great 
 part of Hindostan, is very uncommon. 
 
 This paucity, or indeed it may be said entire 
 destitution, of domestic animals, will suffice to 
 explain various points of Chinese policy, and to 
 account for various features in their economy. 
 To substitute oxen for draught horses, and to 
 subvert even the quadruped race of animals, for 
 the purpose of leaving a more abundant supply 
 of farinaceous and esculent food for the biped 
 race of animals, is by no means a new idea 
 among European speculators in political eco- 
 nomy. It will bo out of place here philosophi- 
 cally to expose the absurdity of such notions, 
 which, once carried into practice, it requires no 
 great stretch of philosophy to see that it will of 
 necessity give a peculiar feature to the economy 
 of every community that may act upon it. In 
 China it at once accounts for the apparent uni- 
 versality of tillage, and redundancy of popula- 
 tion contiguous to all their rivers ; but it will 
 doubtless prove, on a general survey of the 
 country, that it is progressively less cultivated 
 and less populous in proportion to its distance 
 from the banks of rivers, or some artificial chan- 
 nel of conveyance ; and although they appear to 
 have availed themselves of sails, to aid and acce- 
 lerate the force of their wheeled-carriages on 
 land, and rotatory paddles, to accelerate the 
 force of their boats on the water, as they seem 
 equally unacquainted with tram-roads, and tho 
 application of steam as an agent of motion, all 
 their contrivances partake more of the ch iracter 
 of petty conceit or device, than of usefU. inven- 
 tion. Independent, also, of tho obviously supe- 
 rior agency, in reference to motion and con- 
 veyance of bulky commodities, of the quadruped 
 over the biped race of animals, the Chinese, like 
 the speculative reasoners on political economy 
 in Europe, appear totfilly ignorant of the fact, 
 of quadrupeds possessing also a superior agency 
 in refixing the gaseous or volatile matters, and 
 thereby of refertilizing the earth ; consequently, 
 instepd of adding to the supply of food for their 
 biped race, by the subversion of the race of qua- 
 drupeds or of domestic animals, it led to tho 
 opposite result ; and hence the anomaly is ex- 
 plained, of femine in a country naturally fertile, 
 occasionally pervading extensive districts. This 
 circuDistanre may also have led to a very sen- 
 sible diniiimtton in the number of its human in- 
 habitants, in comparison with former periods, 
 and may therefore account for the incongruity of 
 the dtatements on that subject. The same des- 
 titution of knowledge in the first principles of 
 tiiu ian- of nature, in reference to all subjects, 
 »pp«an to be univenal in China ; and, as preten- 
 
 188 
 
 CII I 
 
 sion and presumption universally predominate 
 in a ratio inversely to th« d«pthii of ignnnmco 
 that prevail, a solution isalfordedtoall that here- 
 tofore appeared enigmutical respecting China ; 
 in which all is bustle, parade, and pretension, 
 excelling only in trifles ; and, whilst their maiui- 
 fnctuios embrace every possible commodity to 
 gratify artificial wanto, and their fabrics in por- 
 celain, silk, and paper more es|iecijilly, cannot 
 be surpassed, nor iheir carving in ivory, and 
 other works of fancy, equalled in any other part 
 of the world, in all that requires skill, combined 
 with superior physical powe they are inferior 
 to the least settled parts of Europe. Ignorant 
 of the laws of geometry, as well as of the laws 
 of nature, their fortifications for defence, their 
 habitations, public edifices, and monuments, in 
 which a display of taste has been aimed at, are 
 ridiculously fantastic, and, when solidit/ has 
 been the object, exceedingly clumsy ; hence 
 the water communication between the northern 
 and southern parts of the empire, which has 
 been adorned with the designation of Grand, 
 and as surpassing any thing of the kind in the 
 world, is a mere connexion of natural streams, 
 displaying no evidence of genius or skill beyond 
 that of finding the nearest level whereby to effect 
 the union. The only work of art conneoted 
 with China, having any claim to admiration, is 
 the Great Wall, which separates the N. and 
 N. W. parts of China Proper fVom Mongol Tar- 
 tarjr, which was probably not the work of the 
 Chmese, but of the Tartars themselves, eoon 
 after the conquest of Genghis Khan ; but the 
 accounts hitherto obtained of the period of its 
 erection are too imperfect to justify any positive 
 conclusion on the subject. 
 
 The most singular characteristic in the civil 
 policy of China is the total absence of all state 
 religion and priesthood, which is supposed to 
 have been subverted for the two-fold purpose 
 of preventing a priesthood from sharing in the 
 influence of the government, and the people 
 from congregating in too large numbera ; and 
 the latter notion seems also to have precluded 
 the toleration of public theatres. Both reli- 
 gious worship and dramatic representations are, 
 however, universal throughout the empire. Of 
 the former, every house h^ its own altar and 
 collection of gods, the form and number ol 
 which are generally in proportion to the taste 
 of the head of the femily to select, md of his 
 ability to purchase ; hence their religious wor- 
 ship may be said to resolve itself 'nio one of 
 their most extensive branches of manufacture. 
 In like manner, the dramatic representations 
 are all of a femily nature, the performers con- 
 sisting of strolling companies, who engage them- 
 selves for an evening to any one that can afford 
 to pay them. Connectc* with the question of 
 religion, the civil policy of China tolerates poly- 
 gamy. It appears, however, not to be so exten- 
 sively indulged in, as in other parU of Asia and 
 Africa. Burials are not permitted in cities or 
 towns, and their sepulchres are commonly on 
 barren hills and mountains. They pretend to 
 have a great veneration for their ancestors ; and 
 some keep images of than in their houses, to 
 
 I i 
 
 .'i ' 
 
cm 
 
 predomlnat* 
 of ignoninco 
 > all that hero- 
 icting China ; 
 (1 pretension, 
 it their maiiiN 
 :ommodiiy to 
 ubricii in por- 
 uiiilly, cannot 
 in ivory, and 
 my other part 
 [ill, combined 
 ly arc inferior 
 «. Ignorant 
 I of the laws 
 defence, their 
 onuments, in 
 aimed at, are 
 I Bolidit/ has 
 imsy ; hence 
 the northern 
 e, which has 
 n of Orand, 
 i kind in the 
 iiral streams, 
 ' skill beyond 
 sreby to effect 
 rt conneoted 
 Mlmiration, is 
 the N. and 
 Mongol Tar- 
 work of the 
 iselves. Boon 
 an ; but the 
 period of its 
 any positive 
 
 c in the civil 
 e of all state 
 supposed to 
 fold purpose 
 aring in the 
 1 the people 
 imbers ; and 
 ve precluded 
 Both reli- 
 stations are, 
 empire. Of 
 vn altar and 
 1 number ol 
 to the taste 
 t, itnd of his 
 tligious wor- 
 f 'nio one of 
 nanufacture. 
 )re8entations 
 formers con- 
 ngage them- 
 at can afford 
 question of 
 iterates poly- 
 be so exten- 
 of Asia hnd 
 1 in cities or 
 tmmonly on 
 r pretend to 
 lestors ; and 
 if houses, to 
 
 189 
 
 CII I 
 
 which they pay a sort of adoration. They have 
 Inwrs, which regulate the civilities and ceremo- 
 nious salutations they pay to each other i for 
 which reason they always appear to be extremely 
 good-natured, whilst low cunning oi.d deceit 
 IS their ruling passion : and yet, while infiin- 
 ticide IS not unfivquent among them, they 
 are not destitute of social affections in their 
 mroilies. In person, the complexion of the Chi- 
 nese is a sort of tawny, and thf^ have large 
 Joreheads, small eyes, short noses, large ears, 
 long beards, and black hair ; and those ar» 
 thought to be the most handsome who are the 
 must bulky. The women affect a great deal of 
 modesty, and are remarkable for their little feet. 
 The men endeavour to make a pompous ap- 
 pearance when they go abroad ; and yet their 
 nouses are mean and low, consisting only of a 
 ground floor. In conclusion it may he said in 
 point of aggregate efficiency, or in affording 
 general examples of social policy worthy of 
 i.nitat:on, China is inferior to the least impor- 
 tant state of Europe ; whilst the extent and 
 grandeur of its natural features, the diversity, 
 beauty, and interest of iu productions, both 
 natural and artificial, and the superlative excel- 
 lence of many of its fabrics, both of utility and 
 ornament, render research and development 
 in the details of all these characteristics an ob- 
 ject in the highest degree desirable. Peking, 
 in the province of Petchelee, in the N. E. part 
 of the empire, is the capital, and residence of 
 the emperor. The other principal cities are 
 Nan-king, and Canton— the only port where 
 Europeans are allowed to trade or visit. For 
 further particulars, see Canton, Macao. Pb- 
 KINO, &c. Suj. 
 
 Chinabakeer, a town of Pegu, situate in the 
 marshes of the Irrawaddy, S. of Rangoon, 
 
 Chinabalabram, a town of the Mysore i 65 
 miles N. of Bangalore. 
 
 CHiyAPATAM, or Chintpatam, another town 
 of t..e Mysore; about 40 miles.E. S. E. of Se- 
 nngapatam. 
 
 Chinchilla, a town of Spain, in Murcia : 37 
 miles W. of Almanza, and 67 N.N.W. of Murcia. 
 Pop. about 5000. 
 Chin-chi. See Quin-nono. 
 CHiNflLEPui, a town of the Camatic, near 
 the sea-coast ; about 40 miles S. of Madras. 
 
 Chinachin, or Cheenychin, the chief town 
 of the district of Jenilah, in the N. W. part of 
 Nepaul, at the foot of the Himalaya mountains. 
 Chinant. See CHuNAua 
 Chinchoor, a town of Hindostan. in the 
 province of Aurungabad, celebrated as the re- 
 sidence of an incarnation of the Deity— the 
 residence of whom is a large mass of buildings 
 thronged with Brahmins. Lat. 18. 38. N. lona. 
 73. 55. E. Pop. 6000. 
 
 Chinon, a town of France, in the department 
 of Indre and Loire, «(ith a strong castle in 
 which Henry II. of England expired. Chinon 
 w the birth-place of Rabelais and of Quillet. 
 It IS seated on the Vienne : 10 milea N. nf 
 Kiciielieu, and 160 S.W. of Piris. It hassom'e 
 manufecturei, and contains about 6500 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Cinsa^ La, a town In Camuln ; 7 miles Aom 
 Montrwl, on the U Chine Canal, which con- 
 nects the navigation and commerce of the two 
 Canada*. 
 
 Chinsura, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal, 
 with a fortress belonging to Holland ; seated on 
 the Hoogly , 17 milea N. of Calcutta, It was 
 formerly the principal settlement of the Dutch 
 in Bengal. 
 
 Chint, a town of Belgium, in Luxembutv, 
 on the river Semoy ; 40 miles W. by N. of Lux- 
 embuig. 
 
 Chiourlio, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Romania; the see of a Greek bishop; seated on 
 ft river of the same name ; 47 miles W.N. W. 
 of Constantinople. 
 
 Chiozzo, a town and island of Italy, in the 
 Gulf of Venice. Much salt is made here. The 
 town is built on piles, and lias a harbour, de- 
 fended by a fort ; 18 miles S. of Venice. The 
 island contains about 20,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Chipiona, a town in Spain, in Andalusia- 
 situate on a rock, near the sea ; 3 miles W. S.W. 
 of St Lucarde Baramedo. 
 
 Chippenham, a borough in Wiltshire, with 
 a market on Saturday. It has three establish- 
 ments for the manufacture of fine woollen cloth, 
 and sends two members to pariiament. It is 
 seated on the Lower Avon, over which is a 
 bndge: 21 miles E. of Bristol, and 93 W. of 
 London. 
 
 Chippewat, a river felling inio the Missis- 
 Mppi. from the N. E., about 70 miles below 
 the folU of St. Anthony. It has iU source 
 near one of the rivers felling into the W. end 
 of Lake Superior, and will probably, at no dis- 
 tant day, be the channel by which a direct in- 
 land water communication will be opened be- 
 tween the two great Gulfi of St. Lawrence and 
 Mexifj. 
 
 CniPi ra, a Saxon word, signifying market 
 or few, precedes, in all formal proceedings, the 
 names of several towns in England, such as 
 those of Bamet, Norton. Ongar, &c. &c. ; but 
 the prefix is now fellen into disuse, in common 
 parlance, except in the case of Chippino-Nor- 
 TON, which is a neat town in Oxfordshire, with a 
 market on Wednesdays. The church is an 
 e.egant structure of Gothic arhcitectun. It is 
 73 miles W. N. W. of London, on the road to 
 Worcester. 
 
 CHi(iuiT09, a division of Bolivia, in South 
 America ; inhabited by a tribe of independent 
 Indians, and produces some honey and wax. A 
 branch of the Andes traverses this district 
 
 Chiriqui, a town of Colombia, on a river 
 of the same name, 12 miles N. of its ..louth, 
 in the Pacific Ocea.i. Long. 83. 28. W. lat. 
 8. 30. N. 
 
 Chirk, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire, on 
 the top of a hill near Wrexham. It had formerly 
 two castles, one oi" ;vhich seems to have been a 
 magnificent structure. In the vicinity, the 
 Ellesmcre Canal is carried over the vale and 
 
 Chisme, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Na- 
 
 ii 
 
 tolia, on the strait that parts t^contiiient from 
 the Isle of Scio. It was anciently called Cysus, 
 
 I 
 
CHI 
 
 too 
 
 Clio 
 
 1 
 
 ;! 
 
 mm eelotimtod for th« grmt victory which tho 
 Rnmnni gninetl horo over the Hoot of Antiouliiii, 
 in l!/l n.0. iind hiu b«cn tiUtinKulchcMi by the 
 tlMtrurtinn of tho Turkish flout by thn lluMinm, 
 in 1770. It export! Inrge quantities of misinii, 
 nnd it 40 mile* W. of Hm/rna. Long. 26. lU. £. 
 lat. 3H. 24. N. 
 
 CiimwicK, ft viilaM In Miiidleeex, on the 
 T)utnie«t 7 miles W. by S. of 8t. Taul's, Lon- 
 don. Here is ■ colehmted villn of the Uuke of 
 Devonshire; an<l in the churchyard ia a monu- 
 ment of llogitrth. 
 
 CuiTORK, the chief town of a district of tho 
 same name, in tho province of Ajimero; about 
 100 miles 8. by W. of the city of Ajimcre. 
 
 CuiTPOoa, n conNidorable town of Guzernt, 
 about 30 miles N. FL of Mangalore, on the shore 
 of the Arabian Sc«. It has extensive manuflio- 
 tures of chintzes. 
 
 CiiiTRO, or KiTRO, n town of European Tur- 
 key, Macedonia, on the W. shore, near the 
 head of the Uay of Snionichi. Here the mother, 
 wife, and son of Alexander were murdered by 
 Caswinder. It is 36 milea S. S. £. of Edvaa. 
 
 Chittaoono, a province of Asia, lying be- 
 tween the Day of Uengul and Arracan. It wua 
 conquered flrom Arracan by Aurungiebe, in 
 l()()6,and now belongs to the English ^itt India 
 Company. Islamabad is the vhief town. Pop. 
 1,200,000. 
 
 CiiiTTELnnooo, or Ciultrakal, a strong 
 fort and town of Hindostan, capital of tho N. E. 
 district of Mysore. The plain of Chittvldroog 
 is 10 miles long and four broad, surrounded by 
 rocky hills, on one of which stands the fort. 
 Tho town formerly occupied a gretit portion of 
 the plain, and is still a considerable place, but 
 now confined entirely within the walls, which 
 ore near the foot of the rock. Hydcr, who ob- 
 tained posscsdion of this place by treachery, 
 strengthened the walls; and other works linve 
 been since added, so as to render it totally im- 
 pregnable against any neighbouring power. 
 Since the final defeat of Tippoo, in 17!)9, it be- 
 longs to tho rajah of the Mysore; nnd tho Eng- 
 lish keep a garrison here. It is 48 miles N. W. 
 of Sera, and 117 N. by W. of Seringnpatam. 
 
 CuiTTBNDEN, a county of Vermont; bounded 
 on the W. for about 38 miles by Lake Champ- 
 Iain, between the Int. of 44. and 45. N. It is 
 about 18 miles in mean breadth, and is divided 
 into 24 townships. The population is 22,977. 
 Burlington is the chief town. 
 
 Chittknino, a town of Madison county. 
 New York, situate near the line of the Erie 
 Conal; 127 miles W. N. W. of Albany. 
 
 Chitteningo Crebk, a stream in Onnndngo 
 county, New York, having, in the course of about 
 10 miles, a fall of 80 feet, into Oneida Lake. 
 
 Chiitork, n town of Hindostan, in the Ciir- 
 natic ; 28 miles N. W. of Arcot, and 70 W. of 
 Madras. 
 
 CinvAS, or Chitazzo, a fortified town of 
 Piedmont, on the river Po; 12 miles N. N. E. of 
 Turin. Pop. about 6600 
 
 Chi USA, a strong town of Italy, in the Vero- 
 nese, on the i^ptank of the Adigc, in a narrow 
 pass; 14 miles N. N. W. of Verona. Also of 
 
 another town In Piedmont, about 10 milit & B. 
 of Cdiii, |><i]i. iilMitit 'iOUO. 
 
 Ciiiimi, n town of Tuscany, in the Sienneso, 
 on the river Chiann; 8A miles S. E. of Sie.^iui. 
 
 ClIIDTAJA. fit* KlDTAIA. 
 
 CiiMiRLNiK, a town of Poland, in Po<!olia, on 
 an inland formed by the river Bog; 80 miles N. K 
 of Kiiminiock. Lone. 27. AO. E. lat. 49. 44. N. 
 
 Ciiooo, a l»ay of Colombia, in the PiwiHc 
 Ocean. Tlicre is n town named Buenaventura, 
 at the mouth of a river falling into this boy, in 
 the Ut. of 3. 60. N. 
 
 Ciioco is also the name of a district in Co- 
 lombia, lying between the two first western 
 ridges of the Andes, between tho O'th and 8th 
 degrees of N. lat. The river Atrato intersects 
 this district ft'om S. to N., fiilling into the Gulf 
 of Darien; the head waters of this river were 
 united in 1788 by the Canal do llospadura, with 
 the river St. Jimn, fiilling into the Pacific Ocean, 
 about 20 miles N. W. of Buenaventura. 
 
 CiiocTAWB, a numerouf and powcrf\il trilie 
 of Indians, in the states of Missimippi nnd 
 Alabama. Bv a treaty with the United States of 
 North America, in 1 820, the boundaries of their 
 territory were fixed as follows : viz. on the W. 
 bv the Tombecboc river, ftom the lat, of 32. 
 N., to tho mouth of Wolkey Creek, in tho lat. 
 of 33. 32. N.; then by a conventional line drawn 
 in a N. W. direction, which divides the territory 
 of the Choctaws ttoxn the Chicasaws, till it 
 strikes the Mississippi river, and the S. W. 
 comer of the state of Tennessee, in the lat. of 
 86. N. : the Mississippi river in a S. W. direc- 
 tion then forms the boundary on the N. W. to 
 tho mouth of the Arkansas river, in the lat. of 
 34. N.; then by a conventional line in a S. E. 
 direction, to the lat. of 33. N., fh>m whence it 
 strikes in a direction due S., to the Int. of 31. 48. 
 in the long, of 89. 30. W., from which point it is 
 bounded on the S. by another conventional line, 
 till it strikes the Tomliecbee river, ns iK-foro 
 mentioned, in the lat. of 32. N. and 88. of W. 
 long. These boundaries enclose about 17,000 
 square miles of territory, intersected by the Ta- 
 lahotcbee, the Yazoo, and several other rivers; 
 but so surrounded as to be completely subser- 
 vient to any dictations which tho United States 
 Government may think proper to prescribe. 
 
 Choczim, a town and fortress of Moldavia, 
 situate on the S. bank of the Dneister; 110 
 miles N. N. W. of Jassy, and 15 S. W. of Kn- 
 miniec, in Podolia. Choczim was the sent of 
 repeated conflicts between the Turks and Poles, 
 during the integrity of Poland, and, since its 
 dissolution, between the Turks nnd Russians, 
 till it was finally ceded to the latter power in 
 1812; and it is now included in the govenimunt 
 of Podolia. Pop. 26,000. 
 
 CiioiSEUL, n town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Mume; 12 miles N. E. of 
 Langres. 
 
 Chollbt, a town of Franco, in the depart- 
 ment of Mayenne and Loire, with a castle; 27 
 miles S. S. W.'of Angers. Pop. about 4 BOO. 
 
 ChOLM, or KoLM, a town of Rniwitt, in rliA 
 
 government of Pskov, on the river Lovat; lUO 
 miles S. of Petersburg. 
 
CHO 
 
 CnotMnao*, or KoL«io«mn, n trtwn In tho 
 pHnim.nt Of Ar.lmnKol. tiiuaio .m Hn iaimut 
 In U» rirer Dwiim, 30 milo* 8. of the city of 
 
 Cno, »L4. « city of Mexico, in the intondnncy 
 P '^••••'••. •»"«'. "bout 7 mile. W. of the city of 
 Fuebl. Previous to the irruption of the S|«- 
 niardi ,nto Mexico, Cholul. wm the wat of 
 government of an iiuleiwmlimt ■tnte, which in 
 conmnctum with three other mljoiniug repuhlict. 
 hnrf ri*.te.l the authority of tl.o Mexican, for 
 jeveral centuries Cortit Iiultcd at Cholula, on 
 hi« way to the city of Mexico, in 1519, at which 
 timo It contained about 200.000 ii.habitonU, who 
 carried on extensive nmpiifacture« of cotton 
 c^oth,. jewellery, n„d erirthenware. 1 1 wn. alto 
 
 having a temple which vie. with tho Pymmidi 
 at that^'dl'"'*^",' "'"'. "'««"'«'=•'"''«; and had 
 worship Cholula m now comparatively an 
 inconwdcmble place, having only about lA 000 
 anhabitants, being eclipwd in splendour and 
 importance by Puebia. 
 
 CiioNAD, or CsoNAD, an cpiscoiial (own of 
 Hungary and capital of a county of the s<ime 
 
 branch of the Maroech river. '26 miles above its 
 entrance into tho Theiss, at Zege«I in 
 
 Chonos, an island of tho South Pacific Oconn; 
 ^0 miles long, and 4 broad; lying off tho W. 
 c«wt of Patagonia, and one of the Chonos 
 Archipelago. 
 
 Choiusam, or Korassan, a province of Persia. 
 
 fw:„» ;1? onk"* ^- '""«• containing an area of 
 rh« w'l'^'T T"'" ^'■'^ ^» i. bounded on 
 i„H !^" )^ *''? ^^"* ^" '^^"'rt. Mazenderun. 
 A .u ^"'P""' ^'^'' N. by the Bnv ,.f Ualkan 
 and the Desert of Karakumj N. E. y thema"n 
 
 divides It from Great Uucharin; E. by the terri- 
 £« Sh'A ^.- ^,- •'^ "•« ^'"' of Ksh,^r 
 
 A Zof fn'T" "'"'" "'^ ^^'' of Kermun. 
 A iidgo of the Gaur mountains intersects the E 
 side of the province, from S. to N.; and E. of 
 th,, ridge ,s the MugTBb river, which falls nS, 
 the Oxusat Amol. Another river, with several 
 tributary streams, rises near Herat, in the S. E 
 corner of tho province, and runs in a N W* 
 direction into tho Bay of Balkan. Mcshid. in 
 the a . of 37. 34. N. and 57. 15. E. long,. L h" 
 capital ot the province; the other chitf towns 
 are Herat, Ba.lkis, Zenzau, Abiverd. &c 
 
 CuoHLKy, a town in Lancashire, with a mar- 
 ket on Tuesday. It is seated on the line of the 
 Liverpool, Lancaster, and Leeds Cai.,,1 ; '2'2 miles 
 N. W. of Manchester, on the road to Preston, 
 from which It 18 distant 9 miles. It Ims a con- 
 wdorable manufecture of calico, rcuslin. and 
 fiistian. In the neighbourhood are quarries of 
 ashler, flag and millstone; and minis of coal 
 
 jead, and alum, and also carbonate of barytes. 
 It holds four feirs annually. • 
 
 . .. — ."WTioriiji 111 inc pansn or 
 Manchester on the S. W. side of the town, di^ 
 t«at about 3 miles. &» Manchesteb. 
 
 Ifl 
 
 CIIR 
 
 Thwe are five Tillage i„ diffWrent part, of 
 
 t^ngland named CW//o«,all inconsidombl^ 
 
 Ci owaiewT. or ATiuattm, a tow„«hin in .h- 
 
 INirwh of Leigh. I^ncuhire. SeeSn * 
 
 M. L"''""n*'," *?'" "^ ^*'^' 'n "'« province of 
 Mukran Ueloochistan, on the Indian (K^" at 
 the mouth of a gulf „f ,he «i„„ name. Lat 
 -5. 17. N. long. (>0. 23. 8. 
 CiiouLic. a town of Jlindortan, on the coast 
 
 which 1. fortified. It is 24 mile. 8. of nomoay 
 MioWAN. a county of North Carolina, Z: 
 Uimng about 100 .^uare miles; bounded inX 
 t.. by the Chowan river, at its influx into Allu- 
 marle Sound. Pop. 6690, of whom 3365 w„. 
 
 M^TchK:":'"^' "'•■''" ^•''^^-"^''-■«^ 
 
 CiiRisTBuiMi. a town of Wert Pruswa. with a 
 
 trade ,n knit silk ntockin^ and watch strS^ 
 It returns one rjember to farliament. He^i?^ 
 •he remain, of a cartlo and priory; and the 
 church 1. a large and in torcting structure It 
 IS seated on the little Avon, op5>site the Influx 
 of th« gtour, about half a mile'Xve the en- 
 trance of the united stream into the Briti^ 
 
 the^s"Z!*^' \*?!*™. *'"""'y "' Kentucky, 
 the 8. end of which border, on Tenneswe. ft 
 
 M„^!^^? ^ '*''*™' *''•"""• "''''=h *ft« being 
 Pod irir^rJ'-'''^**^^"'*^''""** Riven 
 rop. 15,587. Hopkunville. in the centre of 
 the county, 212 mile. & W. by W. cf Frank 
 fort, is the chief town. J' "• " I'rank- 
 
 Chbistiana, a town of Delaware, in New- 
 castle county. It stands on a mivi^bTe creek 
 of It. name, and i. the greatest casing p ace 
 between the navigable waters of the I)d„w"re 
 and Che«,peake, which are he«, only 13 ^.^ 
 asunder. It is 4 mUes S. W. of Newcastle. 
 
 Ci RWTIANDUBO, a town of Virginia, chief of 
 Montgomery county, situate on the W. Side of 
 the Allegany mountmns. near a branch of the 
 
 ^..^if^'f L?"^'-?' » ^"'"'"f Denmark, i„ the 
 duchy of Sleswick, built by a society of M„ni 
 vinns under the protection of ChrisUan VH 
 All articles manufactured here are of excellent 
 quality. It is 8 miles N. of H«de«leb^,t. " 
 Christiania the capita' af Norway, and an 
 episcopal see, ii, the government of Aajerhuvs 
 situate at the extremity of a fertile vallfy. fS.' 
 
 P/A,"^n®',^"l?"8' ^'''^h *■"'"» 'he N. extremity 
 of the Gulfof Christiania. It is divided into tho 
 
 «ty,the8uburbsofWaterlaMdt,Peterwigenand 
 Fierdingen ; the fortre« «f A^^n.i...... "Tj"?** 
 
 oidtown of 0,«loe. The cil/Was'rebuiu'yiu 
 present situation by a.ristian IV. after a nln„ 
 designed by himselff The rtrecU ;tA^1ed t 
 
 !i 
 
m 
 
 -—.+-. '-•■ V* ■ . , ..,. 
 
 •CHR 
 
 19s 
 
 CHU 
 
 right angles to each other, and uniformly 40 
 feet broad. It coTers a considerable extent of 
 ground, but has not more than 10,000 inhabi- 
 tants. The castle of Aggerhiiys is built on a 
 rocky eminence on the W, side of the bay, at a 
 small distance from the city. Opsloe was the 
 site of the old city, burnt in 1624; it contains 
 the episcopal palace. Christiania has an excel- 
 lent harbour, and its principal exports are tar, 
 soap, iron, copper, deals, and alum. It is 30 
 miles ftom the open sea, and 290 N. by W. of 
 Copenhagen. Long. 10. 60. R lat. 69. 60. N. 
 
 Chbistianopsl, a strong seaport of Sweden, 
 in Blekingen, seated on the Baltic ; 13 miles 
 N. £. of Carlscrona. Long. 16. 47. E. hit. 66. 
 26. N. . , 
 
 Christixnsand, a seaport of Norway, capital 
 of a province of the same name, which is fomous 
 for iron mines. It is seated at the mouth of the 
 Torrisdals, on the N. shore of the Scagerak, 
 opposite the Isle of Fleckeren ; 110 miles E.S.E. 
 of Stavanger, and 120 S. S. W, of Christiania. 
 Long. 8. 40. E. hit 68. 26. N. 
 
 Christunstadt, a fortified town of Sweden, 
 in Blekingen, built by Christian IV. of Den- 
 mark, when the country was in the power of that 
 crown. The chief trade is in alum, pitch, and 
 tar; and it has manufactures of cloth, and silken 
 stufft. The town is seated in a marshy plain, 
 on the river Helge, which is navigable only for 
 small craft ; 67 miles W. by S. of Carlscrona. 
 Long. 14. 10. E. lat. 56. 25. N. 
 
 CuEisiUNSTADT, a scapoTt of Russian Fin- 
 land, at the mouth of a river, on the Gulf of 
 Bothnia; 155 miles N. by W. of Abo. Long. 
 21. 28. E. lat. 62. 40. N. 
 
 Chhistiansund, a town of Norway, m the 
 Island of Fossen, with a commodious harbour 
 and wharf. The chief trade is in timber. It is 
 36 miles W. S. W. of Drontheun. 
 
 Christinkhabi, a town of Sweden, in Werme- 
 land, at the E. end of ' e lake Wenner; 30 
 miles S. E. of Carlstadt ,. . , . 
 
 Chbistini, St., the principal of the ishinds 
 called Marquesas. See Marquesas. 
 
 Christmas Island, an bland in the Pacific 
 Ocean, so named by Cook, who first landed here 
 on Christmas day, 1777. It is 46 miles in cir- 
 cumference, uninhabited, and destitute of fresh 
 water; but has abundance of fine turtle. Lorg. 
 157. 30. W. hit 1. 69. N. 
 
 Christmas Sound, a bay on the S. coast ot 
 Terra del Fuego, so named by Cook, wno passed 
 here the 26th December, 1774. The country 
 is barren, and the refreshments to be got here 
 are chiefly wild fowl Long. 70. 3. W. lat 
 
 65. 22. S. „,.•., 
 
 Christophe de Laouna, St., the capital 
 of the Island of Tenerifle. Here the courts of 
 justice are held, and the governor has a palace, 
 but he commonly resides at St. Cruz. It stands 
 on an eminence, in an extensive fertile plain, 
 and has several fountains supplied with water 
 from the neighbouring heighU, by an aqueduct 
 The lake from which it has been supposed to 
 take its name is now u very inconsiderable 
 piece of water. Long, 16, 11. W. lat 29. 29. N. 
 Christopher, St., or St. Kirrs, one of the 
 
 Leewnrd Ishinds, in the West Indies; 60 mnet 
 W. of Antigua, the N. W. end being divided by 
 s narrow strait from the small island of Neva. 
 It was formeriy inhabited by the French and 
 English; but in 1713 it was ceded to the hitter; 
 taken by the French in 1782, but restored to 
 the English again in the following year. It is 15 
 miles long and 4 broad, with high mountains in 
 the middle, whence rivulets flow. Between the 
 mountains are dreadful rocks, horrid precipices, 
 and thick woods, and, in the S. W. parts, hot 
 sulphurous springs at the foot of them. Basse- 
 terre is the capital. , . .. »T 
 Christorf, a town of Bohemia, m the N. 
 part of the cirele of .Bunslau; 6 miles S. S. E. 
 
 from Krottau. «,.•!. 
 
 Chrobbbo, a town of Austrian Poland, in the 
 palatinate of Sandomirz ; 62 miles W. of San- 
 domins. . . , * 
 
 Chbudim, a town of Bohemia, capital of a 
 circle of the same name, which is remarkable 
 for a great number of fish ponds, and an excel- 
 lent breed of horses. It stands on the nver 
 Chrudinka, 10 miles above its entrance mto the 
 Elbe; 46 miles E. S. E. of Prague. 
 
 Chucuito, a town of Peru, in the diocese of 
 Paz, on the W. side of Lake Titicaca, called also 
 the Lake of Chucuito; 130 miles N. W. of Par. 
 Long. 70. 26. W. lat. 16. 20. S. 
 
 Chudlbioh, a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. The neighbourhood is 
 famous for its cider, and for a stupendous rock 
 of bluish limestone, called Chudleigh marble, 
 in which is a large cavern. This town was 
 almost entirely destroyed by fire in 1807. It is 
 seated near the Teign; 9 miles S. W. of Exeter, 
 and 185 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Chcqanserai, a town of Hindostan, m the 
 province of Cabul, on a river of the same name; 
 80 miles E. of Cabul. Long. 70. 8. E. lat 34. 
 
 56. N. 
 
 Chukotskija, or Tchonkchi, b province 
 of Siberia, and the most easterly of the domi- 
 nions of Russia. It extends from 156. to 197. 
 E. long, and from 63. to 73. N. lat.; and is sepa- 
 rated fit)m America by Behring's Straits. 
 
 Chumleiqh, a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Thursday; seated on the river Taw; 
 21 miles N. W. of Exeter, and 194 W. by S. 
 
 of London. - ti- j 
 
 Chumbul, a considerable nver of Hindostan, 
 rising near Ougein, in Malwa, and, after a 
 winding course of about 400 miles, fells into the 
 Jumnah, about 90 miles below Agra. 
 
 Chumla, or Shumla, a city of Turkey in 
 Europe, province of Bulgaria; 6-2 miles W. from 
 Varna. Pop. 30,000. It was the scene of a 
 sanguinary conflict between the Russians and 
 Turks, in 1828, in which the Russians were 
 victors. 
 
 Chunar, a fortress of Hindostan, in Alla- 
 habad, built on a rock, fortified all round by a 
 wall and towers. It was unsuccessfully at- 
 tempted by the English, in 1764; but in 1772 it 
 was cede<l to them by the nabob of Oude. It is 
 
 * 1 -- ju„ o l....,!. ^f ♦!»« notiiTjui. lA tnili.ll 
 SCUlCtt on inc lyt tmi*** •»» .■ — s — r -" 
 
 S. of Benares, and 140 W. by S. Patna. 
 Chunaub, or Chinaub, a river of Asia, the 
 
ng dividod by 
 
 ind of NeTia. 
 
 French and 
 
 to the latter; 
 
 ut restored to 
 
 year. It is 1 A 
 
 mountains in 
 
 Between the 
 
 rid precipices, 
 
 W. parts, hot 
 
 ;hem. Baase- 
 
 lia, in the N. 
 miles S. S. E. 
 
 Poland, in the 
 es W. of San- 
 
 t, capital of a 
 is remarkable 
 and an excel- 
 I on the river 
 ;rance into the 
 
 the diocese of 
 aca, called alio 
 N.W.ofPaz. 
 
 ishire, with a 
 {hbourhood is 
 upendous rock 
 dleigh marble, 
 rhis town was 
 in 1807. It is 
 W. of Exeter, 
 
 dostan, in the 
 he same name; 
 ). 8. £. lat. 34. 
 
 [, a province 
 y of the domi- 
 m 156. to 197. 
 kt. ; and ii sepa- 
 s Straits, 
 onshire, with a 
 the river Taw; 
 194 W. by S. 
 
 r of Hindostan, 
 
 , and, after a 
 
 es, fells into the 
 
 Agra. 
 
 ■ of Turkey in 
 
 ! miles W, from 
 
 the scene of a 
 B Russians and 
 
 Russians were 
 
 ostan, in Alla- 
 all round by a 
 succeasfuUv at- 
 t; but in 1772 it 
 bofOude. It is 
 
 S. Patna. 
 
 er of Asia, the 
 
 CUV 
 
 <^I.mere. and jSh^^lbr '''Z'^''' 
 Moultan. This river is th« 1 • ""''^ '^''"^ 
 ander. ' " '"^ Acesines of Alex- 
 
 Chuno-kino, a citv of ru: „ . 
 rank, in the privin^ of L ?'"*' ?^ ">« ^'^^ 
 
 which runs from N to S rn? m^ '^.''^ ""^^ »^«^ 
 „ CHCN.m.a. anyer city oVchtn''"«f°'i- 
 firat-rank, in the province o^f Y„n "' °/, *■"« 
 ""•« may be conside?^ tL f ".^"- ^''""- 
 China on the side of the B ™ """"• *"'^ "^ 
 seated on a stream wWiTr^,"" ^""P""^! '' « 
 long, or Great S of cLh"'.-"'° '^' K'°"- 
 n few miles distant from „""!^'^"*' """^ " ""'X 
 folU into the CJue or r °f'n*>'*«'». ^hich 
 It is in lat. 34 37f!v* and i oo ^"^ °J S'"""- 
 . CHt;.v-TE, a city of Chta ?„• P* tl^r ^°"\ 
 
 w. N. w. or p1^ Vop 'r^S'oo'J """ 
 
 CHCduisACA. &« Plata: ' ^' 
 
 Cbvh. &CC01BB. 
 
 M£rritV3ro„1f ^"^ r '"^^ «^°-' °f 
 
 entrance of a b^ of th^ 1^ ^' ''''°'^' "««' the 
 
 "^hich aJ^i^W* 'h« names of 
 «wt claim anT^^xnY ^'""T'^ ''"* """e 
 ^onsid^aSle^a^ ^;^'"'';,""'"=«J t''^ •"ort 
 iJevonshire and strp^''^. fl^""'"". in 
 CinsAN, an^l^d oSe f'" ^^'•''P,'"">e- 
 with a town call^ T!„„ k^ ^' T** °^ China, 
 quentedCbour Jwt?'^""!* '""'=»' ^e- 
 
 A^ bo";X^n SVVT" ^'"^''o- «>f 
 by .the China S^ W.a^d^N S^'"k^!!J""' ^- ^• 
 It is more elevat^ t Z r " ^'^X Cambodia, 
 fertile; having t^ts '0? ^tT"^'^' ''"' ""' ^ 
 rocks. The prXc^onLT i:'^^".^'^'^'' ^'t^ 
 bad silk; andKhartanUaro"°"'i"*^'«"' '""^ 
 in fishing. Cape St j11,'*''.'T'' c'"Pj°^'^ 
 
 coast, of which (W R "™""aWthe 
 K. N E. of Cane St T.^' ^^""' ^''O ^iles 
 fiiderable. ^ ^'- '^^'"•^' » "^^ most con- 
 
 g.E.of4Sry?rd"3o'r^"^''n 
 
 Hydrabad. Long. 84 8. E. lat 18 16 v" °^ 
 
 CicLulr. a frontier town ofh^tL-' * 
 rocky hiH; „n the W ba^ nf %? v "*'*• "" « 
 wa, taken from the Turk by tMnT'"" ?' 
 
 193 
 
 CIN 
 
 vtn?at TriSte tJ'> «"'■"« *" -'1 from 
 where it roce vef'tho Kor"'''' "" "'^ S^" 
 navigable, m m'L S.\v w'"o^' g™? *"?""•'« 
 15. 19. E. lat. 46. 21 N ''^®™'^- I-oxg. 
 
 21. E. lat. 55 33 '^J,^''™"«"'""dt. Long. I4. 
 
 MeS'Tn L^» " P'''^J"'=« «"<! to'-n of 
 Gulf of' California S"'i: °* Sonora, on the 
 vince are robust nn J "?.?"8'nes in this pro- 
 difficulty broS "Jh''-^; n*^ ^'''^ ^ith 
 about the veL 1771 Tb?"' *" •*''<' SP«"«'-'i« 
 abundanceof mnize/iegiml^S'^ T^""''' 
 and abounds in the LT^Tf ' ^'^^'.^nd cotton ; 
 60,000. Thetoln- ."/"''^"'ines. Pop 
 
 same nam^Ld^iS^v^^^"^*' "^ ^'^^ 
 
 from the state of Kentlw" °f o*"* ^^""H' 
 entrance of Se gS M^^' • ""^ ^^ *''»''«' tbe 
 above the entrancSh„nr"-' '^'^ above 600 
 m the ,a, of sT? KTstwr'^P'' 
 Washington city. Cincinnati bn.-' '""S- of 
 population and imnoS! "" •"«'«a'^ in 
 any other to«7, inT N^t T'^ '?P''''y "'an 
 Thepopulat,^;"^^^.^,''8 Amencan ^"'""• 
 
 *00. amounts toTtove 46 338 tT ''''^"^ 
 «ve flour and saw mills ^ZIa J^ •"" "»«"- 
 various man,iCtur« W ^-'^ ^^ '*«««". and 
 
 tensive tmfficl^- blew OrHf "" " ^i!^'"^ «'^- 
 tho agricultural nrli T ""^?ns. m exchanijinff 
 
 prinSlyflourKnorrV''^?'*'^^ 
 fo«ign'^articlesfandirttll\'*^P''"L«"''"'her 
 
 mg town of all the territo^ „f A ^PP^ant trad- • 
 the Allegany mounS "^rf ^"'''?'=*> ^^^ "^ 
 places of public worsbfn iK^^ twenty-four 
 circulation of a Zer^rT^ '^"' ^"^' ^'^''^'^ 
 for the sale of puS^ anSr?];""' '■"' ''''"'' 
 perature of iu climate, in Te I /^L 56 89 *'^'"- 
 in S:SbSia4" VTdf £„ra. 
 
 "ssttoJiaF^^^^^ 
 
 I-iege; 1 7 m^ E ifT' '" 'l-^ territory of 
 of Liege. ^- "f Namur. and 37 S. VV. 
 
 of EnTaucToS^fJl^" ^r "" 'l'^ «• ^-^ 
 count of their bewL"' "" **"«' "" ««" 
 first charter waJ'lS^v wf??^'' x^^-^" '''«' 
 These were Dovw H„.f -^ ' i'""' '• in 1077. 
 and Sandwich to ;h?.?f^^' ^>^^^' ^'^n^y. 
 
 Winche,3ea.tard tdTye''''7."t ''•^'' '^ 
 pointed a constable of dS ri.i ^'T "^■ 
 now ca ed Lord Wnivio * -./ '""*"*' ("ho s 
 and invested him wkhtb.""" ^'"^"^ ^°'^''.) 
 ports, whose inlmbSl t.^""'' ■5'' "^ ""-"« 
 vilegesand immtZ' etfoAvlSSr''*^ P"' 
 supply the government wTtb ^7 t^''^ '^'""' '" 
 days' notice, and to n^v f),^ ships, at forty 
 fifteen .iays \i ,, ^^ *''^"" "''ws dar-nfr 
 ^^.fors of^Eond'o'n , ^ s&'b *'^ "P"'*'"' 
 v'lege that was eniovl? ^2 ■ ''*''°"«! •» P»- 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
ij 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 « 
 
 1 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 iJ 
 
 CIN 
 
 194 
 
 CIR 
 
 returned two members to parliament, the re- 
 presentatives being styled Barons of the Cinque 
 Ports. Their other privileges are now become 
 nominal. See each place under its respective 
 head. 
 
 Cinque Villas, a town of Portugal, in Beira; 
 6 miles N. E. of Almeida. 
 
 CiNTEOABELLG, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Garonne, on the frontier of 
 Arriege; 17 miles S. of Toulouse. Pop. about 
 3000. 
 
 CiNTiu, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 situate between the mountains of Cintra, on 
 the N. side of the entrance of the Tajo. Here 
 was a palace built by the* Moors, which was 
 destroyed by an earthquake in 1655, and re- 
 built by King Joseph, It is 12 miles N. W. 
 of Lisbon, by the inhabitants of which place it 
 is much frequented as an occasional retreat; 
 and is distinguished for the convention con- 
 cluded at it, on the 22nd Aug. 1808, between 
 the English general, Dnlrymple, and the French 
 general, Junot. 
 
 CioTAT, La, a seaport of France, in the de- 
 partment of Mouths of the Rhone, defended by 
 a strong fort. It is famous for muscadine wine, 
 and seated on the Bay of Laquee; 14 miles S. 
 E. of Marseilles. Pop. 6000. 
 
 CiRCARS, five provinces of the Demean of 
 Hindostan, on the Bay of Bengal. They were 
 originally denominated Northern, from their 
 position in respect to the Camatic. Under the 
 Mogul dynasty the government of these pro' 
 vinces was vested in the Nizam of the Deccan, 
 and was assigned to the French in 1753, for 
 arrears of pay claimed by them for auxiUary 
 troops, with which they had supplied the Ni- 
 zam. In 1759 they were conquered from the 
 French by the English ; and in 1765 were 
 formally ceded by the Great Mogul, Shah 
 Alum, to the English East India Company, 
 during the governorship of Lord Clive. Four 
 of these provinces, viz. Guntoor, Condapilly, 
 EUore, and Rajamundry, comprise about 7000 
 square miles of territory, between the mouths 
 of the Kistna and Godavery rivers, and the line 
 of 16. to 17. of N. lat.; and the fifth, Cicacole, 
 extends in a N. E. direction along the shore of 
 the Bay of Bengal, from the Godavery river, 
 in the latitude of 17. N. for about 280 miles, 
 to the lake Chilka, and is about 60 miles in 
 mean breadth. This is the district from 
 whence 500,000 to 600,000 pieces of cotton 
 manufactured goods were formerly imported 
 into England, under the name of long cloths, 
 sallam pores, and calicoes; and handkerchiefs, 
 under the name of mazuiipataras, &c. ; it is also 
 fertile in maize. Cicacole is now divided into 
 two districts, viz. Ganjam, Vizgaapatnm; and 
 the otlier four Circars, resolved into three dis- 
 tricts, viz. Rajamundry, Mazulipatam, and 
 GuNTOOR; each of which see. 
 
 CiRCASSiA, a country of Asia, lying between 
 the 44th and 45th degrees of N. lat., and lon- 
 gitudinally between the Black Sea, Sea of 
 Azof, and the C^f^pinn • it? i^rccise bouiidiirios 
 are very undefined ; the Caucasian mountains, 
 dividing it from the territories of the Abklins, 
 
 may bo considered as forming its boundary on 
 the S.; but the habits of the people being 
 completely predatory, they acknowledge no 
 boundary but that prescribed by the force ot 
 arms. It contains the districts of Great Ca- 
 barda, Little Cabarda, Beslen, Temirgoi Aba- 
 si>!!!, Bseduch, Hatukai, and Bshnni. It is 
 !i'jw nominally subject to Russia ; but they 
 maintain their independence in defiance of 
 the numerous attempts of the Russians to 
 subdue them; and, from the peculiarly ad- 
 vantageous local circumstances of this country, 
 and the extraordinary courage and military 
 genius of its inhabitants, it might become very 
 formidable were they united under one chief ; 
 but they are entirely a predatory people, 
 divided into many different and hostile tribes, 
 and want that spirit of unity necessary to 
 make their power efl^ectual. The Cabardians 
 are the most powerful race, and their supe- 
 riority has introduced a general imitation of 
 their manners among their neighbours; so that 
 from a description of these, an idea may bo 
 ft ned of all the rest. They are divided into 
 three classes, the princes, the usdens or nobles, 
 and the vassals or people. The people are 
 divided into certain portions, who ar*» each 
 governed by a princely family, the eldest 
 of whom is considered as chief, and the judge, 
 protector, and father of the vassals. His per- 
 son is sacred ; but ho cannot be a landholder. 
 His property is nothing more than his arms, 
 horses, slaves, and what tribute he can occa- 
 sionally exact from foreign powers. In times 
 of peace they are with difficulty distinguished 
 from their subjects, their dress and food being 
 the same, and their houses little better. The 
 usdens are chosen by the princes from among 
 the people, and are their officers, the executors 
 of the law, and ministers of the legislature. 
 Both the usdens and the people are proprietors 
 of land. There does not appear to be any 
 written law : the people are governed by a 
 kind of common law, founded on a collection 
 of ancient usages. They have a few manufac- 
 tures; and their tillage produces scarcely suffi- 
 cient for their own subsistence. The principal 
 articles of commerce are sheep and horses, par- 
 ticularly the latter, which sell at a high price, 
 being much esteemed. The balance of trade 
 would, however, be considerably against them, 
 were it not for the slaves they make in their 
 predatory excursions. They have no money, 
 and all their commerce is carried on by ex- 
 change. They almost universally subsist by 
 robbery, being trained to it from their very 
 cradle. This disposition naturally produces a 
 bold adventurous spirit ; they are expert horse- 
 men and able warriors, being in general stout 
 and well made. Their women are famed for 
 their beauty, and chiefly supply the seraglios of 
 Persia and Turkey. Those that are thus sold 
 are, however, chiefly slaves, or their descen- 
 dants. They sell at from 20/. to 100/. accord- 
 ing to their beauty. The women participate in 
 tho "'oncral character of the nation, tHkin" 
 pride in the courage of their husbands, and 
 loading them with reproaches when defeated. 
 
its boundary on 
 le people being 
 icknowledge no 
 
 by the force ot 
 its of Great Ca- 
 
 Temirgoi Aba- 
 
 Bshnni. It is 
 
 issia ; but they 
 
 in defiance of 
 lie Russians to 
 » peculiarly ad- 
 
 ofthis country, 
 {e and military 
 g;ht become very 
 nder one chief; 
 edatory people, 
 id hostile tribes, 
 ty necessary to 
 The Cabardians 
 and their supe- 
 iral imitation of 
 ghbours; so that 
 m idea may be 
 are divided into 
 isdens or nobles. 
 The people are 
 , who ar? each 
 lily, the eldest 
 ', and the judge, 
 Bsals. His per* 
 be a landholder. 
 
 than his arms, 
 te he can occa- 
 wers. In times 
 Ity distinguished 
 
 and food being 
 tie better. The 
 ces flrom among 
 rs, the executors 
 
 the legislature. 
 e are proprietors 
 pear to be any 
 
 governed by a 
 
 1 on a collection 
 
 I a few manufac- 
 
 :e8 scarcely suffi- 
 
 The principal 
 
 and horses, par- 
 at a high price, 
 balance of trade 
 ly against them, 
 sy make in their 
 have no money, 
 rried on by ex- 
 •sally subsist by 
 from their very 
 rally produces a 
 are expert hoise- 
 in general stout 
 sn are famed for 
 y the seraglios of 
 lat are thus sold 
 or their descen- 
 
 to 100/. accord- 
 len participate in 
 s nation, tfikin" 
 r husbands, and 
 I when defeated. 
 
 CIR 
 
 Circassians were formprlv n,,;..- ^" ^"® 
 «rv!*„ iu • V *"*' ""d those who wwh »« 
 
 ««e2s t"o paSent ;:?;h ''*"™".8 '^^ 
 Monday and Sa^ ihelL" o?S^ ?," 
 are yet visible If Lj f **' *"^ ^a^'s 
 
 CiBTKwiz. SeeCziRjiuz. 
 
 CiSMAR, a town of Lower Saxonv in h«i 
 
 the^ZTJ of' M- ^"'''*''«"*. « seaport, and 
 
 terS"yr2"m^^"S"U"""/t'''^ ^-^'- 
 about 6000 ^- "'^ V'^"'«=e. Pop. 
 
 casHr^p7taf ofTd^rl f% ''t I'«'3'. '^"h « 
 W. of the Ap2n„;ni« '' ?^*''^ «""« ""me 
 27 miles I. TTurbL'^'^ °" ''^ ^'^^^ ' 
 
 <i"£rof^A™:r. rn^sirjf V" ^'^^ -- 
 
 miles S. of Loretto ""^ ^®™™ J !<> 
 
 bisS^s s2'°'s:'at"ed'r°^ *?\^**'^' -^^ « 
 mouth of rte Seto ZTf '"*'""'' "* '''^ 
 bour; 26 milesTVw^^rcLW.^ ^?'- 
 Long. 1.3 47. E. lat. 45. 32. N *^° "^ ''''™- 
 
 seatW the bffopric Th?"''r'' «"" ^f^^ 
 edifices are the pCof the ^ , '■«°>«'"kable 
 the cathedral. HeK^e extf!- "'?*^' ""'^ 
 about 15 feet beW fj,f! fjtensive catacombs, 
 
 which therare cut th-!!!!^'? °^ *''« '<"'^ i" 
 
 11^5 
 
 CLA 
 
 &i awa? thT;:earnrr"%'?r' •- 
 It stands on a hifun th- Jn^ ' ''^'"''"Wtants. 
 fi miles W. by S ;>f Vatr"""- "''"'' ^^'"»*'' 
 
 ing leather tr Ives ?t ^/^'f '^ ^"^ '^'•«^- 
 «uadi„„a. and sTs of Madrid """" ^°"' *''« 
 
 -o?EsroN''o!r'""'^°'^'^P- *«C„i.u. 
 
 on the frontier of P^f,?" ^^' "ver Aguada, 
 the French in 1810 nn^ ^i"i ^* "'^' ^^^en by 
 
 CiviTA C^STEr T 1 » . . '^'amanca, 
 
 patriCiJy ofS^S.^'Td"' ^*"> '" ^''^ 
 at the foot of which i'/^^ "." ^ ^'«'' '°ck, 
 theTiberjJ^t\-,-^that flows into' 
 
 AbS:rc&a\f/nl?b''^' '»P'*«» °f 
 contains four chuXs and 1"''"^'" '^^- " 
 
 AdHatic; 23 miles E°^^'2,SllA^^o^, 
 
 lab^a'cLriorrSt'^S" ''^'^^' ^ ^- 
 famous city of sS iM-r *^."^« "^"^^ 
 of TarentoUt the i"flux nf r r"''.?" *''^ ^^"'^ 
 N. by E. of Cose„M °^*^ ^'^^J ^^ ""iles 
 
 the'Jit'rimlr^f s't' pfr« ?.r*"* "^^^'y. '" 
 
 chief expo^ a.;'-^utoianf ""f*""'- "^^^ 
 kind of alum, p7epS tt i'o?^'' V^'T 
 pope's galleys are steUonf^ T"- ^^'^ ^^e 
 port. It was taken htfT^' *"*' '' " « ^ee 
 
 retakenVtl lus^t s:„^dT' •'" '^■''' •"«• 
 It is 35 miles N W^f n ^"*?'ansm J 799. 
 
 ClVBAY. ^eSlVRAT. 
 
 bou'nS^„^reSdV;^T^..''^ «-"-''. ' 
 on all other sides by Pert JTv^ '^^ ^''^*'' ""'J 
 long and 6 bro^. ..^^^ ''"'^- ^* " ^ '"il<>s 
 Pasfure and pSy'oC 1" sa^ iT ^ 
 
 send^'one ^"emr io p^attr " ^"'^ ^^'"'^^ 
 
 above'SnTV P"'''\""'^ '°'^" °f the 
 
 four-fiftroKhecountv^2 T''"^^' "^"^'-^ 
 acres of woodland &"i'''".t'""8 «»«'"t 800 
 
 wninence, and has n wr" ^r ^"^*^'' "» "" 
 
 i>evon,atits^fl^^„rthtSFM''™^"^ "7 '^e 
 
 ?f a hill, 1 ,,0 SlCl Kl ;f ?h" T '.? 
 
 -as,„are rower which d;rit^'.;/,t*fi 
 
 O 2 
 
 3 i 
 
n 
 
 CLA 
 
 196 
 
 CLA 
 
 the illustrious Robert Bruce, whose great sword 
 and casque are here preserved. It is 27 miles 
 W.N. W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Claoenpurt, a town of the Austrian empire, 
 capital of Lower Carinthia. It has a strong wall, 
 and contains six churches and three convents. 
 Here is a manufacture of cloth, and a considera- 
 ble one of white lead. This town was taken by 
 the French in 1797, and again in 1809, when 
 they demolished the fortifications. It stands on 
 the river Glan, which falls into the Drave; 148 
 miles S. W. of Vienna. Pop. about lO.QOO. 
 
 CLAia, St., a lake of North America, between 
 the Lakes Huron and Erie, 90 miles in circu - 
 forence. It receives the waters of the Lakes 
 Superior, Michigan, and Huron, and also of the 
 river Thames, from Upper Canada, in the lat. 
 of 42. 32. N., and discharges them through the 
 strait called Detroit, into the Lake Erie. 
 
 Clair, St., a county in the state of 111'. ii i, 
 the W. side of which borders on the Mississippi 
 river, in the lat. of 38. 30. N. Pop. 7092. C»- 
 hokia, on the bank of the river, 81 miles S. W. 
 by W. of Vandalia, is the chief town. St. Clair 
 is also the name of a township in Allegany 
 county, and another in Bedford county, both 
 in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Claieac, or Clavhac, a town of France, in 
 the department of Lot and Garonne. Corn and 
 tobacco are cultivated, and a great deal of wine 
 and brandy made here. It is seated in a valley, 
 on the river Dort; 13 miles N. W. of Agen. 
 Pop. about 6000. 
 
 Clairborne, a county of the state Missis- 
 sippi; bounded on the S. by the Big Black, and 
 N. by the Yazoo rivers, and on the W,, for about 
 25 miles, by the Mississippi river, between the 
 lat. of 32. and 33. N. Pop. 13,078. Port 
 Gibson, 118 miles N. W. by W. of Monticello, 
 is the chief town. 
 
 TiAiRBORNE is also the name of another 
 county, on the N. frontier of the eastern part of 
 the state of Tennessee. Pop. 9474. Tazewell, 
 N. of the Mountain Ridge, and 222 miles E. N. 
 E. of Murfreesborough, is the chief town. 
 
 Clamecy, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nievre. Before th-i late revolution, the 
 chapel of an hospital in the cu-.-b was the pro- 
 vision for the bishop of Bethlehem, who. was 
 fixed here in 11 80, after the Christians had been 
 driven from the Holy Land. Clamecy is seated 
 at the confluence of the Uuevron with the 
 Yonne; 35 miles N. N. 1). of Nevers. Pop. 
 about 5300. 
 
 Clane, a town of Ireland, county of Kildare, 
 on the LifFe; 
 
 Clapham, a village in Surrey, an appendage 
 to the British metropolis; 4 miles S. of London 
 Bridge. It is composed of a number of very 
 neat houses, built round an extensive common, 
 presenting a very rural, picturesque, and inter- 
 esting scene. 
 
 Clapton, Upper and Lower. &c Hackney. 
 Clara, St., a small island of Peru, in the 
 Bay of Guayaquil; 70 miles S. W. of Guaya- 
 quil. Long. 82. 20. W. lat. 2. 20. S. 
 
 Clare, a town in Suffolk, with a miirket on 
 'i'ueaday. Here are the ruins of a castle; also 
 
 of a priory, the house of which is now occupied 
 by a farmer, and the chapel is a bam. Clare 
 has a manufacture of baize, and is seated near 
 the Stour; 16 miles S. of Bury St. Edmund, and 
 56 N. E. of London. 
 
 Clare, a maritime county in the province of 
 Munster, on the W. coast of Ireland, bounded 
 on the N. by Galway Bay, and S. by the Shan- 
 non. It contains a good deal of mountainous 
 surface; the valleys, however, are very fertile; 
 and it breeds more horses than any other county 
 in Ireland, beside a great number of cattle and 
 sheep. Ennis, il3 miles W. by S. of Dublin, 
 is the capital. Although it has 70 miles of 
 sea-coast, it has no frequented harbour, its prin- 
 cipal outsort being Limerick. It sends two 
 members to parliament. 
 
 Clare, a parish and town on the N. bank of 
 the Shannon, in the preceding county. The 
 town is at the head of a bay, in the Shannon; 
 3 miles S. of Ennis. There is also another parish 
 of the same name in the county of Galway, in- 
 tersected by the river Clare, which falls into 
 Lough Corrib ; about 5 miles N. of the town of 
 Galway. 
 
 Claeemont, a town of New Hampshire, in 
 Cheshire county, situate on Surgar River, at 
 its conflux with the Connecticut; 91) miles 
 W.N.W. of Portsmouth, 
 
 Clarendon, a village in Wiltshire; 3 miles 
 E. of Salisbury. Here was once a loyal palace, 
 in which the parliament was several times con- 
 vened ; the first time by Henry II. in 1 164, who 
 enacted the laws called the Constitutions of 
 Clarendon, by which the power of the clergy 
 was restrained. 
 
 Clarenza, or Chiarenza, a small village 
 and cape of Greece, N. W. part of the Morea., 
 It gives the title to the English Dukes of Cla- 
 rence—one of the Dukes of Chiarenza having 
 married into the Hainault family, a descendant 
 of which (Philippa) was queen to Edward III., 
 whose third son, Lionel, bore the title, which 
 has since been given to the third son of the 
 kings of England. 
 
 Claritza, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Janna, at the mouth of the Penco, in the Gulf 
 of Salonica; 26 miles E. of Larissa. 
 
 Clarke, the name of seven counties In dif- 
 ferent parts of the United States of North Ame- 
 rica, as follows, viz. with the number of inha- 
 bitants in each, and the distance and bearing of 
 the chief town from the seat of government of 
 each respective state : — 
 In Georgia 10,552 Watkinsville G3 N. byW. 
 Alabama 8640 Woodstown 75 S. W. 
 Kentucky 10,802 Winchester 40 E. S. E, 
 Ohio 16,882 Springfield 46 W. 
 
 Indiana 15,696 Charleston 121 S. by E. 
 Illinois 7453 Clark 110 E.N. E. 
 
 Arkansas 2309 Clarke 75 E. N. E. 
 
 Clarkesburq, a town of Virginia, chief of 
 Harrison county, situate on the Monongahela; 
 40 miles S. W. of Morgan-town, and 325 N. W. 
 of Richmond. 
 
 Claukson, a town of Monroe county, New 
 York; 255 miles W. by N. of Albany.' Pop 
 3486. 
 
 'ftV^TfftK^ftHwi^^^*, 
 
CLA 
 
 lie G3N.byW. 
 
 CLABHSTowiy, a town of Rockland county 
 New York, on the W. bank of the Hudson 
 
 York! ^^ "'""' ^^'' '^' '''y °f N^ 
 
 CLAnKSviLLE, a town of Tennessee, chief of 
 
 N W of V"^"^„"^"'f ^ K'^^"-: ^'^ miles 
 n;.» Nashvjlie. Also another town in 
 
 of ITbaT '' '^"'' " """ ^- ^^ ^" 
 
 Rive';*r['L p"'' -Ji "n*''' "•""*'' "«■ Colombia 
 uner in the Pacific Ocean, named after a tribe 
 
 Claude St., a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Jura. It owes its orig n to a cele 
 b rated abbey which was secularized in 1740 
 The cathedral is extremely elegant- and hero 
 nro many public fountains with large' baskis It 
 IS seated between three high mountainson tlm 
 
 Ci AVERACK, a town of New York, in Colom- 
 
 oritsTa^;'"t'^ '■■; " '^'^' P'^' "^«" « --k 
 me. ' ""^ ^- "^ ^^'^'^«°»- Pop. 
 
 a'^'tirVAT °^««™«"y. '■" Tyrol, with 
 eliiiri: W.^ofBten"" *'^ ""' ^^'^'^^ 
 
 inscription i„ honour of Tmi. J ^t Lffor^H 
 
 and 225 E S P .Jv-" " of Hemianstadt, 
 
 l«t. 46 5!: N ^'"""'- ^°"8. 23. 20. E.' 
 
 princYpaM^^VaXbL^er' ?^°"^';" ''^^ 
 contiguous to ZeSd * Lrr*^- ""'"^^'"'^■y 
 
 miles S ^ w ?/i ,^^ ^^^'^ mountains; 14 
 miies B. ft, vv. of Goslar. and 48 S F «*■ ti 
 over. Pop. about 8000. * ^' °^ """■ 
 
 K-^nt'^^' "" '"'*''3««' county in the S. E. part of 
 
 »lt-.o,t,, „tal 1„„ „,. Js. s'T„,Xn™ 
 lort, IS tho chief town. 
 
 Claydon. There are five villages of thi- 
 
 rxff--^-''''^^"«Vaiit! 
 
 CiArioN. There are eight townships and 
 
 197 
 
 CLE 
 
 F !f ^"'^^u'"' """"^ •" <^'"'<>^ent parts of 
 England, the most important of which is a 
 township ,n the parish of BR.vDronn York! 
 C'tl'c^lf T' « *'°'.''^"' «'-^ ""'-'"porta 
 
 off^hT^: "^x Of Cni vr it"'' 
 
 5 . 20. N and q? w ' \ *"® '"'• ot 
 
 Cleaufield, an interior larpp h.,f ♦»,• i 
 
 Cleciuerec, a town of France nfl»r Tk \t 
 Cipurvl c : • .P°P- "''out 4000. 
 
 N. W. of London °^ Shrewsbury, and 137 
 
 and time keepcrB, which are here made in 
 
 world. In this district are two or three ex 
 tensive distilleries, several iron foundries and 
 various other manufactures, as also the works 
 of the New River Company, which supply a 
 great portion of the metropolis with Ser 
 conveyed by pipes into the several hoS 
 Clerkenwell contains also a very elecant ,m!l 
 
 Srof'MM',/" ^■'>'^'' '"^^ Sionf"£ the 
 county of Middlesex are held; two extensive 
 pr.4o„3, one appropriated as a house otcoZl 
 tion for juvenite offenders, and the other. whTch 
 has recently been much enlarged, to general 
 purposes. It has a theatre for mm omime a S 
 aquatic exhbitions, called Sadllr's We "nd 
 was formerly distinguished for an ex ensfve 
 
 forms one of the most interesting features "f 
 
 amaLL P™d"ctions, It is entitled to rank 
 among the most important. 
 
 TS^i^'gs^rf7K^^= 
 
 comm""nd"" 1 ^"P""" ^'-ke, hisTeco^d'in 
 unknown f« tv. %''"^^ ''''"' '"hnbited,and not 
 la 63 "s'n " ^"'^'*"«- I^°"K- 169. 30. W 
 
ElM 
 
 tl ^ 
 
 C L K 198 
 
 Clermont, a <uty of Frunce, capital of tho 
 department of I'uy do Dome, and n bisliop's 
 Bee. It is seated on an eminence, and soinu- 
 limes called Clermont Ferrnnd, since tlie town 
 Montfermnd, about a mile distant to the N. E., 
 WHS united under tho name of u suburb. Tho 
 cathedral, public Dfjuares, and walks, are very 
 tine, but the streets are narrow, and the houses 
 built of stone of a gloomy huo. In tho neigh- 
 bourhood aro some mineral springs; and that 
 of the suburb St. Allyro has formed a natural 
 bridge over tho brook into which it falls, so 
 thai wirriagos am j)ns:i over. Clermont is the 
 birthplace of the celobrated Pascal, and has 
 manufactures of ratteens, druggets, serges, and 
 leather. It is 215 miles S. by E. of I'aris, and 
 low. of Lyons. Pop about 10,000. 
 
 Clkrmont, a town of Fnmce, in the depart- 
 ment of Mouse, on an eminence by the river 
 Ayr ; 112 miles W. by S. of Verdun. 
 
 Clkhmont, a town of France, in tho depart- 
 ment of Oise, on an eminence near tho Brcscho; 
 37 miles N. of Paris. Clermont is also tho 
 name of sovornl other inconsiderable towns in 
 diffbrent parts of France. 
 
 Clkrmont, a county in the state Ohio, tho 
 S. end of which is bounded by tho Ohio river. 
 It is about 30 miles from N. to S., and 20 from 
 E. to W. Tho population is 23,106. Wil- 
 liamsburg, on a branch of tho Miami river, 
 about la miles from tho Ohio, and .'50 E. of 
 Cincinnati, is the chief town. 
 
 Cleuimont, a town of New York, in Colombia 
 county; 45 miles S. of Hudson, ond 117 N. of 
 Now York. Pop. 1231. 
 
 Clermont dk Lodeve, a town of France, in 
 the department of Horault, with manufactures 
 of cloth and hats; seated on an eminence near 
 tho Loguere; UO miles S. S. E. of Lodeve, and 
 24 W. of Montpelier. Pop. about 5500. 
 
 Clery, a town of Fmnro, iji tho department 
 of Loiret, once famous for the pilgrimages to 
 our Lady of Clery. Hero is tho tomb of Louis 
 XL, who appears in white marblo as the saint 
 and tho patriot king. It is 9 miles S. S. W. of 
 Orleans. 
 Clkveland. See Cayaiioqa. 
 Cleves, a duchy of Westphalia, bordering 
 on the S. E. part of Holland, divided into two 
 parts by tho Khine. It is a fine country, 
 variegated with hills, woods, fields, towns, and 
 villages, and the chief rivers are tho Rhino, 
 Lippe, and Roer. The capital is Wescl. 
 
 Clkves, a city of Germany, and the capital 
 of the duchy of Cloves. It is seated on tho 
 eastern side of three hills, 2 miles W. of the 
 Rhino ; and has a castle, built in tho time of 
 Julius CsDsar. It is 70 miles N. N. W. of 
 Cologne, and about the same distance E. by S. 
 of Rotterdam. Pop. about 5000. 
 
 Cuff, a Saxon word implying n rock or 
 high ground. There are eight' villages in dif- 
 ferent parts of England, so named probably 
 from their situation (in a relative sense) on 
 high grotind. There are three others named 
 C'LiFFoau, in reference to their contiguitv to a 
 
 (• I. O 
 
 f(ir(l.-il)!<t stream: n.nd '22 nnmed Clm'ton' ini 
 plying towns on n clitf, or high grotmd. None 
 
 of theae demand any particuhir notice, except 
 Clifton, contiguous to Bristol, to which city 
 it forms u beautifUl and interesting appendage; 
 as its name implies, it is built on an eminence, 
 at the foot of which, on tho N. bank of tho 
 Lower Avon, is a hot well, that contributes 
 greatly to its advantage, by tho numorous 
 visitors who seek to avail themselves the 
 benefits of its restorative properties. The 
 buildings of Cliflon are In general elegant and 
 commodious, and, from their elevated site, 
 command oxtonsivo and Iwautiful prospects. 
 See Dristol. 
 
 Clinton, a county at tho N. E. extremity of 
 tho state of New York. It is bounded on the 
 E. for about 35 miles by Lake Champlain, 
 which divides it from Vermont. Plattsburg, on 
 tho shore of Lake Champlain, 170 miles N. of 
 Albany, is the cnintal. 
 
 Clinton, an interior county in tho S. W. 
 part of tho state of Ohio, in which one of tho 
 branches of the Little Miami river lias its 
 source. Pop. 15,719. Wilmington, in tlio 
 centre of tho county, is the chief town ; 76 
 miles S. W. of Columbus. 
 
 Clinton is also tho name of several town- 
 ships in dift'erent parts of tho United States of 
 North America, named probably, as well as the 
 preceding counties, in reference to Getflge 
 Clinton, who was vice-president of fli United 
 States from 1 805 to 1 8 1 3. The most consider- 
 able is in Duchess county, on tho E. bank of 
 tho Hudson river, 70 miles N. of New York. 
 Pop. 1830. At Clinton, in Oneida county, 
 New York, 102 miles W. of Albany, is Ha- 
 milton College, endowed by the state, and 
 which promises to become a flourishing seat of 
 instruction, 
 
 Clithero, a borough in Lancashire, seatea 
 on tho E. bank of the river Ribble, at the foot 
 of Pendlo Hill, on the confines of Yorkshire. 
 It is a place of some antiquity, having the 
 rums of a castle, built by tho Lacys in 1178. 
 It communicates by a collateral cut with tho 
 Leeds and Liverpool Canal, which facilitates 
 the conveyance of large quantities of lime, dug 
 m tho viomity of tho town. It has a spring of 
 water improKiiated with sulphur. It holds a 
 market on Saturday, and four fairs annually, 
 and returns one member to parliament. It is 
 30 miles N. by W. of Mancliester. 
 
 Clouher, a parish in the county of Tyrone, 
 Ireland. The city, now much decoyed, was 
 tho see of a bishoj), but is now united to 
 ^"^^h, ^' '^ 20 miles W. by N. of Armagh, 
 and 7« N. N. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Clon. There are 102 parishes and towns in 
 Ireland beginning with Clon, among wliich tho 
 lollowjiig are the most importsmt, viz.— 
 
 Clonakilty, a town of the county of Cork, 
 seated at the head of a bay on St. George's 
 Channel. The princijuil put of the town is 
 formed of a spneious square. It is 20 miles W. 
 S. W. of Cork, 
 
 Clones, a town of Ireliuul, in the county of 
 Monaghan; 85 miles N. by W. of Dublin. 
 The parish of Clones extends into Feriuanajih 
 countv, ^* 
 
 . ?S^W^?P^iw. 
 
lur notiue, except 
 ol, to which city 
 sating appendage; 
 
 on an eminence, 
 i N. bank of the 
 
 that contributes 
 Y the numerous 
 leiiiRcIves the 
 properties. The 
 leral elegant and 
 ir elevated site, 
 lutiful prospects. 
 
 . E. extremity of 
 ) bounded on the 
 >ake Champloin, 
 riattsburg, on 
 , 170 miles N. of 
 
 y in the S. W. 
 'hich one of tho 
 ni river has its 
 mingtnii, in tlio 
 chief town j 76 
 
 af several town- 
 United States of 
 ly, as well as the 
 nee to Getft^ 
 t of \V United 
 le most consider- 
 1 tho E. bank of 
 , of New York. 
 Oneida county, 
 Albany, is Ha- 
 the state, and 
 >uri8hing seat of 
 
 incashire, seated 
 bblc, at the foot 
 'S of Yorkshire, 
 ity, having the 
 Lacyg in 1178. 
 al cut with tho 
 vhich facilitatea 
 lies of lime, dug 
 
 has a spring of 
 It. It holds a 
 
 fairs annually, 
 'liamcnt It is 
 er. 
 
 inty of Tyrone, 
 I decayed, was 
 now united to 
 
 N. of Armagh, 
 
 es ond towns in 
 nong which the 
 t, viz. — 
 o\inty of Cork, 
 1 St. George's 
 of the town is 
 t is 20 miles W. 
 
 1 the county of 
 N. of Dublin, 
 ito Feriuuuogh 
 
 CLO 
 
 Clonfert, formerly a hishojj'g see, on tho 
 eastern confines of thu county *f Gnlway, Ire- 
 land. It is a miserable place, containing' only 
 .11 houses} 30 miles E. of Galwoy, and 70 W 
 of Dublin. 
 
 Clonmel, u town partly in the county of 
 Tipperary, ond partly in that of Waterford, 
 JroJand. It \» seated on the banks of the river 
 Suir, over which is o bridge of twenty arches; 
 •-'•2 miles W. N. W. of tho city of Woterford 
 and 82 -S. W. of Dublin. It is the assize 
 town for the county of Tipperary, and returns 
 one member to the parliament of the United 
 Ivmgdom; it has consirlerulilo manufactures of 
 woollens, a lunatic and orphan asylum, several 
 schools, and other public buildings. It was the 
 bnthplace of Sterne. 
 
 Clontarp, a town on the N. shore of Dublin 
 Bay, two miles E. of the city of Dublin. It 
 has several neat residences in its vicinity, and 
 18 memorable in Irish history for the last battle 
 fought between tho native Irish and the Danes 
 m 1015, which led to the expulsion of the latter 
 from Ireland. 
 
 Cloppenduro, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 pnncipality of Munster; 32 miles N. E. of 
 Lingeil 
 
 Closteu Neuburo, a town of Austria, with 
 an Augustine convent of regular canons. It 
 has a yard for ship-building, and is seated on 
 the Danube; 7 miles N. N. W. of Vienna. 
 
 Closter Seven, tr Klosteb Zeven, a town 
 of the Duchy of Brc"ier., memorable for a 
 convention entered into between the Duke of 
 Cumberland and the Duke of Richelieu, com- 
 mander of tho French armies, in 1768 bv 
 which 38,000 Hanoverians laid down their 
 arms and were 'ispersed. It is 19 miles S. of 
 otade. 
 
 Cloud, St., a town of France, 6 miles E of 
 1 ans ; celebrated for its palace, which was the 
 favourite residence of Napoleon Buonaparte 
 
 Cloye, or Clois, a town of France, in the 
 department of Euro and Loire; 5 miles S. W 
 of Chateaudun. 
 
 Cloynb, a town of Ireland, on the E. shore 
 of Cork harbour, in the - of Cork, and o 
 Dishop'ssee; 16 miles .ork. 
 
 Clundert, a town ana fortress of South 
 Holland, near an arm of the sea called Hol- 
 lands Diep. In 1793 it was taken by the 
 i-rench, who were obliged to evacuate it soon 
 ntler; but it surrendered to them in 1795 It 
 18 9 miles S. E. of Williamstadt. 
 
 Cluny, a town of France, in tho department 
 ot baone and Loire, with a late famous Bene- 
 dictine abbey, seated on the Grosne; 13 miles 
 J>|. W. of Macon. 
 
 Ko^^T^'.u i*"^" "*■ ^"'"'y- '" Faucignv, 
 seated on the Arve; 22 miles S. E. of Geneva! 
 
 mJ',^^^"!.*-"''®'' of Wales, which rises in the 
 middle of Denbighshire, runs N. through n 
 beautiful valley of the same name, and, having 
 entered Flintshire, flows into the Irish Sen 
 C miles below St. Asaph. ' 
 
 Clyde, a river of Scotland, whirb r;«'" in 
 Uie ij jjurt of Lmarkshire, passes b- ' nark 
 Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dumbarton, and' 
 
 199 
 
 COB 
 
 ^^r^ ^'""S"*'. t« Greenock, where it enters an 
 arm of the son, called the Frith of Clyde This 
 nver runs, for several miles, between hiBh 
 rocks, and in its course forms several cataracts : 
 It 18 deservedly celebrated for its romantic and 
 diyereified scenery, and has several extensive 
 cotton and other works on its banks. At Glas- 
 gow It becomes navigable; and, 6 miles below 
 
 .u r" Vu" " J"'"*^ ^y '''0 ^^'cat Canal from 
 the Forth. 
 
 Clyde, Frith op, an inlet of the sea, be- 
 tween tho coast of Ayrshire and the Isle «f 
 Arran, which opens into the north channel, 
 between the N. E. end of Ireland and Scotland. 
 
 LOANco, a tributary stream of the great river 
 Congo, m South Africa. It rises in Matamba, 
 and runs a course nearly due N., falling into the 
 Congo, about 1 00 miles above the CataracU. It 
 18 supposed by some to be the main branch of 
 tlio Congo. 
 
 CoAN2o,a river of Africa, which rises in the 
 interior parts, crosses the kingdoms of Matamba 
 and Angola, and enters the Atlantic in lat. 
 
 nf f.f« p ^t-T"' Cape, the principal settlement 
 of the English on the coast of Guineo, with a 
 strong citadel. The Portuguese first fomed an 
 establishment hero in ICIO, but were soon after 
 dislodged by the Dutch, who, in their turn, sur- 
 rendered it to the English in 1C6 1 . It is iii the 
 lat. of 57. N. and 162. of W. long. 
 
 Cobde, the capital of the territory of Darfnr. 
 in Zahara, North Africa, situate on the borders 
 
 m^f'^ ' 1. » ""i'"" ^- S- W- «f S^""*^. and 
 600 S. E. of Mathan. Long. 28. 8. E. lat, 14. 
 11. N. 
 
 CoDHAM, a village in Surrey, on the river Mole; 
 7 miles S. W. of Kingston. It has several 
 handsome villas, two medicinal springs, and a 
 manufacture of iron and copper. 
 
 Com called by the Chinese Shamo, a vast 
 imu f^*"*' extending from tho 75th to the 
 
 slh ^^.f.u^F^J°''«•''^'^ lying between the 
 35th and 46th of N. lat. The w^tern part of 
 this vast distnct borders on Bucharia, and the 
 S. W. on Thibet. The Chinese province of 
 
 ?:f °x^*5?'''^ **^) P«'j««'t8 into this desert, 
 and the N. E. part stretches towards the fron- 
 tiers of Asiatic Russia; but its limits are on 
 every side too imperfectly defined to admit of 
 any precise description. 
 
 CoDiJA, a town of Peru, on tlie coast of the 
 desert of Atacamas, with a good harbour for 
 vessels carrying the metal from the neichbour- 
 
 f? ?.'"«; .^' '' 250 miles S. of Arica. Long. 
 34. 44. W. lat. 22. 20. S. 
 
 Coblentz, a strong city of Germany, in the 
 
 circle of Lower Rhine, situate at the conflux of 
 
 the Rhine and the Moselle ; with a bridge of 
 
 boats over the former, and a stone bridge over 
 
 the Inl cr. I,, the time of the Romans it was 
 
 the station of the first legion, by whom it was 
 
 called Cotifluentes, and after them, the residence 
 
 of the successors of Charlemagne, ahd at a later 
 
 penod It was the capital of the Grand Duchv 
 
 Of Ireves. It contains three large churches, 
 
 t«o of which are collegiate, a college, eight 
 
 oonvcnts, &c. Itis memorable for having been 
 
COB 
 
 aoo 
 
 coc 
 
 II 
 
 I'm 
 
 the chief rendezvous of the French emigrant 
 
 ?rinceg, at the commencement of the revolution, 
 t was taken by the French in 1794, who re- 
 tained it until the peace of 1814, when it was 
 nasigned to Prussia. It transmits large quan- 
 tities of excellent wine, timber, and iron, by the 
 Rhine, into Holland. It is 286 miles W.S.W. 
 of Berlin, 420 W. N. W. of Vienna, and 260 
 E. S. E. of Paris. Long. 7. 32. E., kt. SO. 24. 
 N. Pop. about 11,000. 
 
 CoBLENTz, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 district of Baden, at the conflux of the Aar 
 and the Rhine. It is ten miles N. N. W. of 
 Baden. 
 
 CoBRE, El, a town of the islapd of Cuba, 10 
 miles W. of St. Jago. 
 
 CoflURo, Saxe, a principality, at the S. W. 
 extremity of the circle of Upper Saxony, pro- 
 jecting into the circle of Franconia. It is one 
 of the states of the Germanic confederacy. 
 Its area is about 960 square miles ; the popu- 
 lation is 139,440. The feudal principles were 
 abolished in 1809, and in 1826 the duke ob- 
 tained the accession of the duchy of Gotha, 
 and other minor states, to his dominions. It is 
 a tolerably fertile listrict, intersected by the 
 river Itsch, which runs from N. to S. into the 
 Mayne, and contains, besides several villages, 
 the towns of Hilburghausen, Eisfeld, Sonne- 
 berg, Schalkaw, Neustadt, Heldburg, Umer- 
 stadt, and Coburg ; andKonigsberg, with several 
 villages insulated in the bishopric of Wurzburg, 
 CoBURo, the capital of the preceding princi- 
 pality, is seated on the banks of the Itsch, 95 
 miles S. S. W. of Leipsic, and has a college, a 
 fort, and a castle. Here are manufactures of 
 porcelain, and of petrified wood, with which the 
 country abounds : it also carries on some trade 
 in wool. The government offices and town- 
 house form part of the sides of a spacious 
 square. Pop. 8100. 
 
 Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a 
 strong castle for state prisoneTs ; seated among 
 mountains, on the river Eresma : 22 miles 
 N W. of Segovia. 
 
 vJocHABAMBA, a district of South America, 
 m Bolivia, lying between the 62nd and 68th 
 degrees of W. long., and the 16th and 19th of S. 
 lat. Cochabamba is watered by several streams, 
 all running from S. to N., uniting, on the northern 
 frontier, to form the river Mainore, running 
 through the government of Moxos and Brazil, 
 where, after the union of the Guapore, it is 
 called the Madeira, falling into the Amazons. 
 Cochabamba is an exceedingly fertile district ; 
 and the inhabitants, about 70,000 in number,' 
 seem to prefer the pursuits of agriculture, rather 
 than of mining. The chief town, of the same 
 name, is situate on the western confines of the 
 province, in the lat. of 18. S. and about 200 
 miles E. of Arica. 
 
 CocHEiM, a town of Germany, seated on the 
 Moselle ; 25 miles S. W. of Coblentz. 
 
 CocHEREL, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Eure ; noted for a victory gained 
 by Gupschliii over the king of Navarre, in 1564. 
 It is 7 miles E. of Evreux. 
 Cochin, a province oflliudostan, on the 
 
 coast of Malabar, towards the southern extremity 
 of the peninsula} a chain of islands flunks the 
 whole extent of the coast. It is a very fertile 
 district, and yields abundance of rice, pepper, 
 and cocoa nuts, and excellent timber for ship- 
 building. It was the first part of India where 
 «ie Portuguese, after passing the Cape of Good 
 Hope, formed a settlement ; but their intrigues 
 and extortions soon occasioned them to be 
 repulsed {torn the main land ; but they were 
 allowed, in 1503, to erect a fortification on one 
 of the islands, in the lat, of 9. 57. N. The fort 
 surrendered to the Dutch in 1663, who, by their 
 toleration of all religious professions, occasioned 
 it to increase greatly in population. The natives 
 of the province successfully resisted the Ma- 
 hometan arms up to the period of 1776, wlien 
 Hyder Aly rendered them tributary ; and tlie 
 exaction being enforced with increased vigour, 
 under Tippoo Saib, in 1791, the mjah sought 
 the protection of the English ; to whom the 
 Dutch fort and town surrendered in 1795, and 
 thereby the whole territory became subservient 
 to the English. The town of Cochin is 120 
 miles S. by E. of Cahcut. 
 
 Cochin China, a maritime kingdom of Asia, 
 extending from Cape Varela-falsa, in tl^ lat. of 
 1 2. 55. N., to Sinhoo Bay, in the lat. of 17. N. • 
 It is bounded on the W. by a high mountain 
 ndge, running parallel with the coast its whole 
 extent, at the distance of 60 or 70 miles ; this 
 mountain ridge divides Cochin China from a vast 
 desert, lying between the mountains and the 
 great river Cambodia. The aborigines of Cochiu 
 China are called Moys, and reside chiefly on the 
 western declivities of the mountains. To these 
 strong holds they were driven, about the be- 
 ginning of the 1 5th century, by the present 
 possessors of the country. The aborigines are 
 a savage people, very black, and in features 
 resemble the Caffres. Th« present inhabitantg 
 bear evident marks of being derived from the 
 same stock as the Chinese ; their religion is also 
 the same, and most of their manners and cus- 
 toma. They are a courteous, affable, inoffensive 
 race, rather inclined to indolence. The women 
 are by far the most active sex, and merchants 
 often employ them as their factors and brokers. 
 The cities and towns have gates at the end of 
 each street, which are shut every night. The 
 houses are mostly of bamboo, covered with 
 rushes, or the straw of rice, and stand in groves 
 of oranges, limes, plantains, and cocoa trees. 
 Here is plenty of sugar, pepper, rice, yams, 
 sweet potatoes, pumpkins, and melons ; also 
 ivory, musk, honey, and silk, and the edible 
 birds'-nests. The climate is healthy, the sum- 
 mer heat being tempered by regular breezes 
 from the sea. September, October, and No- 
 vember is the rainy season, when the low lands 
 are suddenly overflowed by torrents of water 
 from the mountnins : the inundations happen 
 generally once a fortnight, and continue three 
 or four days. In the three following months 
 there are frequent rains, brought by cold north- 
 erly winds, which distinguish this country by 
 a winter difl'erent from any other in the e.i?,t. 
 The inundations render the land fruitful, many 
 
ithern extremity 
 landa flanks tlio 
 is a very fertile 
 )f rice, popper, 
 timber fcr nhip- 
 of India where 
 e Cape of Good 
 t their intrigues 
 d them to be 
 1 but they were 
 :iiication on one 
 r. N. Tliefoit 
 3, who, by their 
 ons, occasioned 
 in. The natives 
 sisted the Mn- 
 of 1776, wlien 
 itary ; and the 
 sreascd vigour, 
 B rajah sought 
 to whom tlie 
 d in 1795, and 
 me subservient 
 Cochin is 120 
 
 igdom of Asia, 
 i> in ti^ lat. of 
 lat. of 17. N, ; 
 ligh mountain 
 oast its whole 
 70 miles ; this 
 ina from a vast 
 itains and the 
 ;ine8 of Cochin 
 i chiefly on the 
 ins. To these 
 about the be- 
 y the present 
 aborigines are 
 id in features 
 nt inhabitants 
 rived from the 
 religion is also 
 mers and ens- 
 ile, inoffensive 
 The women 
 nd merchants 
 I and brokers. 
 I at the end of 
 f night. The 
 covered with 
 tand in groves 
 i cocoa trees. 
 , rice, yams, 
 melons ; also 
 >d the edible 
 thy, the sum- 
 ^lar breezes 
 XI, and No- 
 the low lands 
 ants of water 
 tions happen 
 antinuc three 
 wing months 
 •y cold north- 
 is country by 
 in the e.-j.st. 
 iuitfui, many 
 
 coc 
 
 301 
 
 COI 
 
 parts producing throe crops of grain in the 
 year. Gold is taken almost pure from the 
 mines, and there are rich silver mines. The 
 country is inter8e<;ted by rivers, which are well 
 calculated for promoting inland commerce, yet 
 not large enough to admit vessels of great bur- 
 den ; but there are commodious harbours on 
 the coast, particularly that of Turon, in the lut. 
 of le. 5. N. The vanity of the Chinese iflduces 
 them to consider Cochin as a tributary province 
 of their empire ; but if any acknowledgment is 
 made, it is merely nominal. The Cochin Chinese 
 are the most brave and efficient of the eastern 
 nations; they have hitherto held very little 
 intercourse with Europeans, but carry on an 
 extensive traffic with China and various parts of 
 tlio eastern seas. 
 
 Cocke, a county of Tennessee, bounded on 
 the S. E. by a lidge of the Allegany moun- 
 tains, called the Smoky Mountains, which di- 
 vides it from North Carolina. It is intersected 
 by the Big Pigeon and French Bread rivers, 
 which unite their streams toward the N, W, 
 boundary of tlie county. Pop. 6992. New- 
 ))ort, 216 miles E. of Murfreesborough, is the 
 chit'f town. 
 
 Cocker, a river which rises in the S. of Cum- 
 berland, flows through the Lakes of Buttermere, 
 Cromack- water, and Lowes-water, and joins the 
 Derwent below Cockermouth. 
 
 CocKEUMouTH, a borough in Cumberland, 
 ^vith a market on Monday. It stands on the 
 Cocker, at its conflux with the Derwent, and 
 between two hills, on one of which is a hand- 
 some church, and on the other the remains of 
 a stately castle. It has manufactures of shal- 
 loons, coarse linen and woollen cloths, leather, 
 and hats. It returns two members to parlia^ 
 ment, and is 36 miles S. W. of Carlisle, and 305 
 N.N.W. of London. 
 
 CocoNATO, a town ui Piedmont, the birth- 
 place of Columbus ; 20 miles E. of Turin. 
 
 Cocos Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, occu- 
 pied by some British settlers, and producing a 
 large supply of cocoa nuts. 
 
 CoD, Cape, is the northern extremity of a 
 peninsula, more than 120 miles in extei/, and 
 10 to 15 in mean breadth, forming part of the 
 state of Massachusets. Cape Cod and the main 
 I id form a very spacious bay, about 50 miles 
 each way ; and Cape Cod and'Cape Ann are the 
 S. and W. points which form the open bay called 
 Massachusets Bay, leading to the harbour of 
 Boston ; the outer side of the peninsula forming 
 Cape Cod is flanked by shoals, which render 
 the navigation thereabouts dangerous. A light- 
 house on the Cape Point is in lat. 42. 3. N.. and 
 70. 6. W. long. 
 
 CoDOGNO, a town of Italy, in the Lodesnn, 
 duchy of Milan, near the confluence of the 
 Adda with the Po ; 12 miles S. S. E. of Lodi. 
 
 CoDOMUui, a town of llindostan, in Coim- 
 betore, seated near the Cuvery, a little above 
 the influx of the Noyelar ; 23 miles S. E. of 
 Bhawanikudal. 
 
 CoEPANo, a seaport in the Asiatic .nrehipclago 
 on the S. W. end of the Island of Timor. 1 1 is 
 the principal port of the island, and a gi«it 
 
 reaott of the Malays, who fish for the bich»-de- 
 la-niar off the N. coast of Australia j and also 
 the chief place of export for the Timor ponies to 
 Australia, and other ports. It lies W. of Port 
 Essington, North Australia, Fort Concordia is 
 in lat. 10. 13. S. and long. 123. 46. E. 
 
 CoESPELD, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 principality of Munster, near the source of the 
 Burkel ; 18 miles W. of Munster, 
 
 CoEvoBDEN, a fortified town of Holtand, on 
 the confines of Drenthe, Westphalia, and 
 Overyssel, and one of the strongest places in the 
 whole country. It stands in a morass, on the 
 river Aa ; 33 miles S. by E, of Groningen. It 
 is the capital of Drenthe. 
 
 CoEYMANS, a town in Albany county. New 
 York, on the W, bank of the Hudson river; 
 14 miles"S. of Albany, Pop. 3107. 
 
 CoooESHALi,, a town in Essex, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, and a manufacture of baize • 
 seated on the N. bank of the river Blackwater • 
 7 miles W. of Colchester, and 44 E. N. E. of 
 London. 
 
 CooNAC, or CoioNAC, a town of France, in 
 the department of Charente, with a castle, where 
 Francis I. was bom. It is celebrated for ex- 
 cellent brandy, and seated on the Charente; 17 
 miles W. of Aiigouleme, and 40 E. by S. of 
 Rochefort. 
 
 CooNE, a town of Piedmont, in a valley and 
 on a river of the same name. The mountains 
 which surround it are rich in mines of iron and 
 copper. It is 6 miles S. of Aousta, 
 
 CooNi, or KoNiEH, a city of Turkey, capital 
 of Caramania, and the see of a Greek archbishop. 
 The walls have 1 08 square towere, at forty paces 
 distant from each other; it has two large sub- 
 urbs, into one of which the caravans and stran- 
 gers retire. It has upwards of 100 mosques; 
 and, though much declined of late years, it is 
 still a place of great trade : it is seated on the 
 E, side of a ridge of lofty mountams, in a coun- 
 try abounding in corn, fruit, pulse, and cattle; 
 280 miles S. E, of Constantinople, and about 
 the same distance due E, of Smyrna, 
 
 CoHAHUiLA, an intendancy of North Ame- 
 rica, republic of Mexico, bdunded on the E. by 
 the Texps, There are productive mines in this 
 district. Pop. 160,000. Chief town, Chihua- 
 hua, 
 
 CoHASSBT, a town on the S. coast of Massa- 
 chusets Bay, just without the entrance to Bos- 
 ton harbour ; 26 miles S, W, of Poston. Co- 
 hasset has a tolerably good harbour; but a 
 ledge of rocks at its entrance renders its ap- 
 proaih dangerous. 
 
 CoHOEs Falls, a village 8 miles due N of 
 Albany, in the state of New York; it is seated 
 on the banks of the Mohawk river, over which 
 IS a bridge, about one mile and a half above its 
 entrance into the Hudson ; about three-quar- 
 ters of a mile higher up, the Mohawk, being 
 about 350 yards wide, pours down its waters 
 over a precipice, in an nbroken sheet, a height 
 of 70 feet perpendicular, and, next to Niagara, 
 lorms the grandest natural object in the state of 
 New York. 
 CoiMBETORE, a province of the peninsula of 
 
 I 
 
COI 
 
 309 
 
 COL 
 
 HindostAn, lying ». of Mysore, to which It was 
 lately snhjort, but coded to the Engli»h on tlio 
 final defeat of Tippoo, in 1 799. It is II miles 
 long, and 70 brond; and is divided by the river 
 Noyelar into two districts, N. and S., of which 
 Bhawanikudal and Dnmporam are the chief 
 towns. 
 
 CoiMBET«)RB, a town of Hindostan, the an- 
 cient capital of the province of the same name. 
 It was taken by General Meadows in 1790, 
 and retaken in 1791 by Tippoo, who soon after 
 destroyed the fort. It contains 2000 houses, an 
 extensive mud palace, and a tolerable mosque, 
 built by Tippoo, who sometimeti resided here; 
 but it has no largo temple. The palace now 
 serves as a barrack for a regiment of British 
 cavalry. The chief manufactures ore muslins 
 and cotton cloths; and these, with cotton- wool 
 and thread, tobacco, sugar, and betel-leaf, ore 
 the principol articles of trade. It is 100 miles 
 S. by E. of Seriugapatam. Long. 77. C. E. lot. 
 11. O.N. 
 
 ComuBA, a city of Portugal, capital of Beira, 
 and a bishop's see, with a celebrated university, 
 the only one in Portugal, transferred hither 
 from Lisbon in 1306, where it was originaliv 
 founded in 1290. The cathedral is magnifi- 
 cent; beside which there are nine churches ond 
 eight convents. It stands on a mountain, on 
 the river Mondego, over which is an elegant 
 bridge, about 25 miles above its entronce into 
 the sea; 100 miles N.E. of Lisbon. It suf- 
 fered considerably by the great earthquake '.a 
 17SS. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 CoioACAN, a town of North America, republic 
 of Mexico; 5 miles S. E. of Mexico,. in a rich 
 and fertile district ; it has manufactures of 
 woollen fabrics. Pop. 5200. 
 
 CoiHE, or Chur, a town of Switzeriand, ca- 
 pital of the canton of the Grisons, and a bishop's 
 see. It is surrounded bj ancient brick walls, 
 with sq'iare and round to^vers, and divided into 
 two parts, the least of which is of the catholic 
 religion, and the greatest of the protestant. The 
 French surprised and defeatr:" .he Austrian 
 army at this place in 1799. It is «ated be- 
 tween two mountains, on the river Plessur, near 
 the Rhine, 65 miles S. by W. of Constance, and 
 contributes to render Coirr, n place of consider- 
 able traffic. It was the birthplace of Angelica 
 Kauffrnan, the female painter. 
 
 CoLABDA, town of Hindostan, on the coast; 
 19 miles S. of Bombay. 
 
 CoLAPOOB, a small independent eiate of Hin- 
 dostan, on the coast of the Concan, bounded on 
 the S. by the Portuguese territory of Goo. The 
 rajah of this district claims being descended 
 from the founder of the Mahratta empire. The 
 n£;ives were formerly celebrated for their nira- 
 cic?; but their depredations were put an eiid to 
 under the administration of the Marquis Welles- 
 ley, in 1804. Vingoria, the principal town, is 
 inlat. 16. N. 
 
 CoLAB, or CoLOBAM, a town of Hindostan, 
 in Mysore, with a largo mud fort, and the re- 
 mains of a hill-fort. J.t is the birthplace of 
 Hyder Aly, who ercctpd bore a handsome ni.iu- 
 soloum for his father; and near it is ii mosque, 
 
 and a college of Muasulinnn [jriests. Tlie chk-f 
 manufactures are cotton cloths and muslins. 
 It is 40 miles K, N, K. of Hiinjjalore, uiul 140 
 W. of Madras. Long. 7(1. U. E. lot. 13. 0. N. 
 CoLUENE, a town of Tripoli, on the S. W. 
 part of the Gulf of Sidru; 90 miles S. S. E. of 
 Messuruto. 
 
 CoLBBRo, a fortified seaport of Farther Po- 
 merania. It has a collegiate church, good linen 
 mnnufoctures, and coiutiderable salt-works. The 
 Russians laid siege to this town in 1758 and 
 1760, without success; but it surrendered to 
 them, after a long siege, in 1761, ond was re- 
 stored at the subsequent peace. It is seateO.at 
 the mouth of the Porsant, on the Baltic; 60 
 miles N. E. of Stettin. Long. 15. 36. E. lat. 
 54. 9. N. 
 
 CoLciiAOUA, a province of Chili, extending 
 ft'om the Pacific Ocean to the Andes, in the lut. 
 of 34. 30. S. It is intersected by two or three 
 rivers, fulling into the Pacific; but it has no 
 port or harbour of note. Pop. about 15,000. 
 St. Fernando, about 50 miles from the sea, and 
 100 S. of St. Jago, is the chief town. 
 
 CoLciiEsiEU, a borough and market town in 
 the county of Essex, pkiisnntly situate on a 
 gentle eminence, on the W. bank of the river 
 Coin, obout U miles obo/o its entrance into the 
 English Channel. It is a place of antiquity, 
 supposed to have been a Bioman station; and 
 was formerly surrounded by o wall, some ves- 
 tiges of which still remain; and contained a 
 castle of great strength, supposed to have been 
 built by a son of Alfred the Great, the remains 
 of which now serve for a house of correction for 
 petty offenders. Prior to the civil «""•, in the 
 time of Oliver Cromwell, the wall, castle, and 
 fortifications were entire, imd held out with 
 great obstinacy against the parliamentary forces, 
 until after Charles I. was beheaded in 1648, in 
 which year it surrendered. The town sustained 
 great damage during the siege. It is now by 
 far the largest and most important town in the 
 county, and has undergone great improvement 
 within the present century : a spacious -uay 
 has been constructed, and the river made navi- 
 gable up to the town for vessels of 90 to 100 
 tons burthen. It is a port of entry for vessels 
 from foreign parts, and has a custom-house a 
 little below the town; but its external com- 
 merce is very inconsiderable. Its chief trafllic 
 in export is in oysters and grain, which it sends 
 to the London market in great quantities, and 
 receives in return every desaiption of shop 
 goods for the supply of the town, and distribu- 
 tion over the surrounding country. It had 
 formerly extensive manufactures of woollen 
 stuffs (baize), but the manufacture of Col- 
 chester is now trifling; no small share of its 
 present importance is derived from the exten- 
 sive intercourse of which it is a centre point 
 between London, Harwich, Ipswich, Yarmouth, 
 and Norwich. It is divided into 16 parishes, 
 and has as many chu^hes; but four of them 
 are not used, and only three ore entitled to no- 
 tice for their orchitecture. It has three bridges 
 
 OVt^r .,,hi^ . OiH, H SpaCiOU5 iila?kct-p:aCc, tOiTll- 
 
 hall, corn-exchange, and a theatre. It has also 
 
Its. Tlie chk-f 
 nml inuslina. 
 »lore, iiiul 140 
 . lut. 13.0. N. 
 on the S. W. 
 k's S. S. E. of 
 
 f Farther Po- 
 ruh, good linen 
 tit-works. The 
 n in 1758 and 
 lurrendored to 
 , and WM re- 
 It is seateO. at 
 hu Bnltic; 60 
 5, 36. E. lat. 
 
 Iiili, extending 
 Jes, in the lat. 
 r two or three 
 but it hns no 
 about 15,000. 
 n the sea, and 
 wn. 
 
 arkct town in 
 situate on a 
 k of the river 
 'iince into the 
 of antiquity, 
 station; and 
 11, some ves- 
 coutnined a 
 to have been 
 ;, the remains 
 correction for 
 1 w>ir, in the 
 .1, castle, and 
 eld out with 
 entary forces, 
 d in 1648, in 
 wn sustained 
 It is now by 
 t to^m in the 
 improvement 
 pacious -uay 
 !r made navi- 
 f 90 to 100 
 ry for vessels 
 itom-house a 
 sternal corn- 
 chief traffic 
 t^hich it sends 
 lantitics, and 
 ion of shop 
 and distribu- 
 ry. It had 
 of woollen 
 :ure of Col- 
 share of its 
 n the exten- 
 centre point 
 I, Yarmouth, 
 16 parishes, 
 four of them 
 (titled to no- 
 three bridges 
 
 It has also 
 
 COL 
 
 303 
 
 COL 
 
 «u hospital, fVeo grammar-schools, waterworks 
 two public librarieg, « botanical and philosophi- 
 cal miititution, and several dissenting moeting- 
 houses. The tovn is governed by a mayor 
 recorder, town-clerk, 12 aldermen, 18 assist- 
 ants, and 18 cotnmon-councilmon; and returns 
 two members to parliament. Us markets are 
 on Wednestlays and Saturdays. Poo. 16,167 
 It IS 51 miles E. N. E. from London, 21 W 
 
 by S. of Harwich, and the siirao distance S. 8. 
 W. of Ipswich. 
 
 Colchester, a township in Delaware county. 
 New York; 91 miles S. of Albany. Pop. 1068. 
 
 CoLCHBSTER, town of Virginio, in Fairfax 
 county, on Ocquoquam Creek; 3 miles from its 
 conflux with the Potomuc, and 16 S. W. of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 CoLCHBaTBB, a town of Connecticut, in New 
 London county; 20 miles N. W. of New Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Colchester, a town of Vermont, in Chitten- 
 den county, on a bay of Lako Champlain, at 
 the influx of the Onion; 6 miles N. by E. of 
 Burlington. 
 
 CoLDiNo, M KoLDiNo, a town of Denmark, 
 m Jutland, formerly the reiidence of many 
 Danish kings, who adorned it with several edi- 
 fices. The harbour is choked up, and its com- 
 merce nearly annihilated. It is seated on the 
 Ihueths, near its entrance into a buy of the 
 Little Belt; 30 miles E. N. E. of Ripen. 
 
 CoLDiNGHAM, a town of Scotland, in the 
 county of Berwick, anciently noted for a nun- 
 
 ?n^»' '^i^l^ ^'y ^'^S"'"' '''"« "f Scotland, in 
 1 UJ8. Ebba, one of the abbesses, renowned in 
 tradition for her charity, gave name to the 
 neighbouring promontory called St. Abb's Head. 
 It 18 9 miles N. N. W. of Berwick. 
 
 CoLDiTz,a town of Upper Saxon v, in Misnia, 
 with mnnufectures of linen and stuffs; seated 
 on the Mulda; 22 miles S. E. of Leipsic. 
 
 Coldstream, a town of Scotland, in the 
 county of Berwick. Here General Monk first 
 '■'V^JI the Coldstream regiment of guards, with 
 which he inarched into England, to restore 
 
 k"u ? ^* " ***'«*' "" '•'e Tweed, over 
 
 Which 18 a handsome bridge; 13 miles S. W. of 
 Berwick. 
 
 CoLEAOARA, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Coimbetore. It has two Inige temples 
 and 18 a considerable mart for the traders be- 
 tween Senngnpatnm and the country below the 
 eastern Gauts. It is 34 miles S. E. of Seriu- 
 gapatam. 
 
 CoLEBRooK Dale, a village in Shropshire, 
 on the banks of the Severn; 2 miles N. by E. 
 of Broseley, which see. 
 
 CoLERAiN, a town of the state of Georgia, in 
 Camden county. A treaty was concluded here, 
 m 1796, between the United States and the 
 Creek Indians. It is seated on the St. Mary 
 river, 35 miles W. by N. of the port of St. Mary 
 and 14 S. by E. of Louisville. 
 
 CoLEiuiNE, a borough of Ireland, in the 
 county of Londonderry; seatetl on the banks of 
 the river Bann. nhnnt. 4. tniloa ahnvo ;♦= „„!..„>,-_ 
 into the Atlantic Ocean, It participates largely 
 in the iinen manufactures, and its fabrics and 
 
 bleaching are in the highest estooin. The fiill 
 of th«) nvcr Bann precludes it from alfordinu 
 much commortiol advantage to Coleraine; but 
 this defect is in some measure compensuteil for 
 by Its salmon fishery, which is the most valu- 
 able in Ireland. Coleraine sends one member 
 to parliament, and is 25 miles E. by N. of Lon- 
 donderry, and 108 N. by W, of Dublin. 
 
 CoLEHAiNE is also the iiumo of a town in 
 Hamilton county, Ohio, ou the E. bank of the 
 Miami mar, about 1 5 miles above iU entrance 
 into the Ohio, and 10 N. of Cincinnati. There 
 IS also a township of the same name in Frank- 
 lin county, Massachusets. 
 
 CoLESuiLL, a town in Warwickshire, with a 
 market on Wetlnesday ; seated on a hill, by 
 the river Cole; 10 miles E. of Birmingham, 
 and 105 N. W. of London. The church is on 
 elegant structure. ' 
 
 CoLvoRD, a town in Glouce^nhire, with a 
 market on Tuesday; 6 miles t. S. E. of Mon- 
 mouth, and 124 W. by N. of London. It has 
 several iron forges in its vicmity. 
 Colin. See Kolin. 
 
 Con MA, a town of Mexico, in the intendencia 
 of Guadalaxara, on the frontiers of Valladolid : 
 It IS seated at the foot of a volcanic mountain, 
 about 300 miles due W. of the city of Mexico, 
 under the banks of a small river, about 30 
 miles above iU entrance into the Pacific Ocean, 
 in the lut. of 18. 40. N. The intervening 
 country between the town and the sea is very 
 fertile. Pop. of the town about 2500. 
 
 CoLKiNQ, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the N. W. part of the province of Yun-nan: 
 1 160 miles S. S. W. of Peking. 
 
 Coll, an island of Scotland, one of the He. 
 brides, to the W. N. W. of Mull; 13 miles 
 long ond 3 broad. The greatest part is covered 
 with heath, and abounds with rabbits ; and 
 many black cattle are fed here. The castle of 
 Coll is n strong square-built structure, and still 
 m tolerable rejiair. 
 
 Collahuas, a district of Peru, lying between 
 Lake Titicaca and the Pacific Ocean. It is a 
 very mountainous district; the Andes here 
 diverging into several ridges, among which the 
 Apur.'mac and other streams, forming the head 
 wateni of the noble river Amazon, have their 
 source. CaiUoma, in the lat. of 15. 40. S., is tho 
 capital. 
 
 CoLLE, a town of Tuscany, on a hill near the 
 nvcr Elza; 10 miles N. N. W. of Sienna. 
 There are five other towns of the same name in 
 different parts of Italy, all inconsiderable. 
 
 CoLLEDA, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thu- 
 nngia, on tha Unstrut; 19 miles N, by W. of 
 Weimar. 
 
 Colleton, a maritime district of South Ca- 
 rolina, S. of Charleston ; it is intersected by 
 the Eduto river, and is fertile in rice mid cot- 
 ton. Pop. 26,648, of whom 19v246 were 
 slaves. 
 
 Collin, a town of Prussia, kingdom of Bo- 
 hemia ; 27 miles E. from Prague. Pop. 4400. 
 
 CoLLiouKE, .1 town of Fiance, in the depart- 
 ment of Eiistern Pyrenees, with a castle. It 
 was taken by the .Spaniards in 1793, but re- 
 
t 
 
 II 
 
 COL 2(M 
 
 taken the nett year. It haa a imnn port on 
 tho Meiliterrdiieuii ; Ki nulus S. S. E. of I'or- 
 pigniin. 
 
 CoLLo.N, a well-built town of Ireland, in 
 Louth county, with a •locking mBnufaitiirv, 
 and an oxteniivo bioach-field: "-'!) miles from 
 Dublin. 
 
 CoLLUMPTON, a town in Devnnihiro, with a 
 market on Saturday, and a considernblo tmde 
 in woollen cloth. It ii seated oi the river 
 t'ulm ; 12 miles N "^ E. of Exeter, and 16U 
 W. of London. 
 
 Coi.MiR, n town of France, capital of the 
 department of Upper Khine. It is surrounded 
 by a wall, flanke<l with towers, near the river 
 III; and has various manufactures; 42 miles S. 
 by W. of Strasburg. Fop. about 15,000. 
 
 CoLHAR, u town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Holstein; 6 miles S. E. of Gluckstadt. 
 
 CoLHAH.4, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Alps; 20 miles E. N. E. of 
 Digne. 
 
 CoLMiTZ, n town of Austria; 4 miles S. S.W. 
 of Drosscndorf. 
 
 CoLN, a river which rises near Clare, in Suf- 
 folk, passes by lialstead and Colchester in 
 Essex, and, after a course of about 40 miles, 
 enters the German Ocean, at the E. end of 
 Mersey Island. In the inlets and pools at the 
 mouth of this river are bred the famous Ool- 
 ehester oysters. There are several small rivers 
 of the same name in England. 
 
 CoLNBRooK, a town in Buckinghamshire, 
 seated on the river Coin, which falls into the 
 Thames; 17 miles W. of London, on the rood 
 to Buth. 
 
 CoLN, a town in Lancashire, with a market 
 on Wednesday. It is a place of great an- 
 tiquity, having been selected for a Roman 
 station by Agricola. It is situate near tho 
 border of Yorkshire, within about a mile of the 
 Liverpool and Leeds Canal. It formerly par- 
 ticipated in the woollen manufacture, which, 
 within the present century, has given way to 
 the cotton manufacture, in which branch, in 
 1821, there were seven large establishments 
 for spinning and weaving, and twelve others 
 for weaving only. The vicinity abounds in 
 coals and slate. It is 21 miles N. by E. of 
 Manchester. 
 
 CoLocYTHiA, a town of European Turkey, in 
 the Morea, on the W. side of a bay to which it 
 gives name; 36 miles S. of Mistra. Lone. 22. 
 24. E. lat. 36. 38. N. 
 
 CotoczA, or Kalotsha, a town of Hungary, 
 on the E. bank of the Danube, and an arch- 
 bishop's see; a7 miles S. of Buda. 
 
 CoLOONA, a town of Italy, in the Paduan; 26 
 miles W. by S. of Padua. Pop. about 6000. 
 Cologne, a late archbishopric and elector- 
 ate of Germany, in the circle of tho Lower 
 llhitie; bounded on the N. by the duchy of 
 ('leves and Gelderland; on the S. by the arch- 
 bishopric of Treves; and from the S., in a 
 N. N. W. direction, for about 90 miles, by tho 
 Rhine, which divides it on the E, from the 
 duchy of Berg; and on the W. it is divided bv 
 a very irregular boundary from the duchy of 
 
 COL 
 
 Juliers, It Is not more than about 1.1 mHes 
 in mean breadth, and contains a good dwil ol 
 forest, ani} sonio mines of coal an.l iriiii, mid 
 parts arc very fertile in corn, wine, and Hax. 
 Pop. about 220.000. It held a dintinguislicl 
 nnik in the Germanic confederacy, as early m 
 tho 4th century, and at tho general partition in 
 IflU, it was transferred to Prussia. IJigidos 
 the city of (.'ologne, the other principal towns 
 are Kemper, Lunne, Nuys, Brul, Meckennheim, 
 Bonn, &c. 
 
 CoLooMK, tho chief town of the preceding 
 territory, and one of the most ancient and cele- 
 brated cities of Europe; it is seated on the W. 
 bank of tho Rhine, in tho Int. of SO, 6.5. N 
 and 6. .5,'). of VV. long.; 2<),5 miles W. S. W. of 
 Bcriin, and 1 0,5 E. of Brussels. Antecedent to 
 the ascendancy of the Romans over western 
 Eurojie, the site of Cologne is supposed to have 
 tjoen the capital of a tribe called the Ubii; and 
 rtt a subsequent period, to have given birth to 
 Agrippina, tho mother of Nero ; in reference 
 to whom tho Romans named it Colonia Agrijt- 
 pina. It joined the Ilanseatic league at on 
 early period of its formation; i^d in the 13th 
 century nmkod high as a commercial city. 
 After that period its commercial activity yielded 
 to tho influence of jiriestcnift and indolence. 
 Persecution followed. In 1485 the Jews, and 
 in 1618 the Protestants, were expelled the 
 city; so that in 1734, when the French took 
 possession of it, the ecclesiastics amounte<! 
 to about 2000 ; and, besides the univereitv, 
 founded in 1388, nine collegiate churches, two 
 abbeys, and an 8rchiei)iscopal seminarv, it 
 contained no less than 126 other monastic and 
 religious establishments. The walls of the city 
 are about seven miles in circumference, but a 
 considerable portion of the area is now con- 
 verted into gardens and vineyards; and al- 
 though the perspective of the city on all sid«a 
 is very imposing, on inspection it proves to be 
 low and ill built. The town-hall, cathedral, 
 and some of the churches, are, however, stately 
 and fine edifices. Cologne is connected with 
 Duytz, on the opposite bank of the river, by 
 a bridge of boats, and contains within itself 
 almost every branch of manufacture for domes- 
 tic use; and still carries on some traffic up and 
 down the Rhine, from the waters of which it is 
 liable to inundation. The city was transferred, 
 with the territory of Cologne, to Prussia, in 
 1814. Pop. about 40,000. It was the birth- 
 place of Rubens. 
 
 CoLOMBE, St., the name of about 20 towns 
 in different parts of France, all inconsiderable. 
 CoLOMBEY Aux Belle3 Femmto, a town of 
 France, in the department of the Meurtho.nnd 
 chief place of a canton in the district of Veso- 
 lize; 15 miles S. W. of Nancy. 
 
 Colombia, Republic of, an extensive ter- 
 ritory, forming the whole northern part of the 
 southern division of the western hemisphere, 
 commonly called South America, and includes 
 what, previous to 1811, constituted the vico- 
 royalty of New Granada, and the cnptain- 
 
 fipnernlah'n nf P«ii .r/-i.o «> \r„... ._,._, . „. k 
 
 ^. 1.^ „. *-- ... .1.. «,,j ,j, r r^i^CiftvEL.!, CiiUli 
 
 of which see. In its extreme length from N. 
 
COL 
 
 rnS f "''"^'" ?«'«"'''• ft-om th« .horo, of the 
 Cnnbhenn Sea, in tho lat. of |9 30 V to tho 
 J"..««rH««a the mdn w«.tcm-icho? h^ 
 grott riycr Aninzon, in the lut. of S 8 nnd 
 longitudinally from M. to H3 VV 'r ,fm tK„ 
 5«.h to the oath of W. ionj^ Levi " 0. 
 
 on tho weitorn lulc-, or «ide of the Pacific 
 Ocean «.,l| not exceed tho lino of 79. W 
 These limit. wiU give an nggroKato extent of 
 .urfaco of about 1 •-OO.dOO i^uaro mile., or an 
 area fourteen time, the extent of (ireat Dr" 
 mn, but over thi. wide domain the human 
 
 J.OOO.OOO. In It. north-western extremity 
 >l include, tho Lthrnu. of I'nimma whidi' 
 
 01 nearly JOOO mile, in extent, with wvernl 
 ^«c.ou. and eommodiou. harbour. On U. 
 ea.tem extremity it i. bounded by the W 
 quibo river, which divide, it from FrS 
 6umna and the Engli.h and Dutch .ettlement 
 of Demerara, Berbice, and Surinam ; from tho 
 fiOth to the 65th degree of W. lon^, it i^ 
 bounded on the S. by a mountain ridgf which 
 divide. It from Portugue«, Guiana. *hemc,t 
 northern part of Bnuil, whilst tho TVngarZ" 
 
 S[wZ'it\""*T"'' '^'.l'^ '"" MaranfnTer,' 
 divide. It from Peru; the whole of it. western 
 boundaries being washed by the Pacific Ocea^ 
 
 N E* iT^r^l ""^ ^""'"^"" Sea, anX 
 ?•. • ^y '^? Atlantic Ocean. The earlier 
 
 taSlar v"?i T'^^ "'» "^ foundl^;!" 
 XNEW Okanada and Vekkzuela. A futile 
 attempt wa. made by a General Mi™ni» . 
 
 ertld'thel^v IntvoWi^ir'i^ ^^- 
 from which period up oT8i?v«r1nr'''"'^ = 
 nary conflict, ensued be wee^ tblp '""«'"■ 
 Spaniards and the nati^r^Uh Itrtr Tc" 
 
 P thl' Z rll^ri^t^wTia'^al^d 
 102], in conformity with the fundamental law' 
 
 at first divided into four parts; viz. Quito 
 
 an"a butTr' ^'''"T^'»> «"^ Spa^i L Guy- 
 FoviiSs. '""'" '^'" divided into twelve 
 
 rito^ry'arf iffh*''"b-? °^?^ ^**'''"'''i«" '"- 
 aZr"nn „ -i ^"'^^' '" " Pa™»el ridge of 
 
 enter at'the «: V-;tremUy?irwtrdir^t' 
 
 30S 
 
 COL 
 
 tion the peak, nf Chimlionwo, Cotoparf, ,„a 
 Aiiti«n«. rear thoir majestic heads, all 8 of 
 the equator ; and in tho lat. of 'J. N. the chain 
 diverKes into three ridges, tho most easterly of 
 which take, an E. N. E. direction toward, the 
 shore, of the CBriblH.an Sea, with which it ruw 
 paral el through wven degree, of longitude to 
 near he Delta of tho Orinoco, opposite to tho 
 island of Trinidad. It i. on tho eastern Z 
 clivity of tbit ridge, which i. called tho Vene- 
 zuelnn chain, at an altitude of 0000 feet above 
 the level of the sea, in the Int. of 4. 45. N 
 
 ami .h'; ^"l^^.^T^ '-./itunte; between thi^ 
 and the central ridge, which i. cnlle<i the Chain 
 of Santa Martha, runs, for a cmirw of 050 
 niilc. tho fine river Magdulenn j and between 
 the chain of Santa Martha nnd the main ridge 
 run. tho river Cauca, which unite, with tlie 
 Magdnlenn at the foot of the Knol of the Santa 
 Martha chain, about 150 miles above the cn- 
 'C\" the Mngdalcna into the Caribbean 
 
 rfpJ^^"' hemwphere, whilst another col- 
 lateral ndge run. nearly due N. toward. r««. 
 "•"K^""! between thej two rklgL mn.^he 
 iS'of^f "I '"■•' «"'' •" ^^^. t™« head 
 of thesf Ju^'n' W" ^"t'guou. to thoao 
 01 me ist. Juan, which run. S. into the Bav nf 
 
 t?r '"^K*''" ^"''^^ 0«=^»"i which riversTem 
 to form the most ftvoumble mean, for oEn^ 
 
 anrSifi'c or"'""""." '!St''««" 'he Atlantif 
 A„i .u ^***"'- -SiwCHoco. East Of the 
 
 aWeTtVllTh""^" 'C'^'^^'J by innumer! 
 So M ? • *^'"* 1" *''• S. part ninninginto 
 
 N PartYntrihro"^""*"*' ""^ '^^ '" 'ho 
 XN. part into the Oktmoco, which see. From 
 
 the extreme N. the country i. indented bH 
 
 STea^bv"""' ^^ ^"'.f "' M«™™^" 
 lake of thi ^ * """•"^ "'"''' '"'o a .paciou. 
 Jake ot the same name. This lake whl,.h ;. 
 about 180 mile, in length, and 70 In 3 h , 
 bounded on the E. by the Venezuelan cS of 
 the Andes, and on the W. by a ridge which 
 diverges from it in the lat. of 8. N.. and S 
 
 of th^ Sk ^""S"""' •«'a"d8 flank the coast 
 thVrl,^ ?^*'*" ^''' ^""^ 'he long, of 61. to 
 the Gulf of Maracaibo, in the long, of 70. • the 
 most easterly and important of these is Trini! 
 dad, in possession of the English • and nZ 
 «.e entrance of the Gulf of MCcdbol. c" 
 racoa, m possession of the Dr.,;ch. The rest 
 n?ay bo considered ,« forming part of S 
 
 Mats 'S17- ^"-^ r' ™P-Snt"U'g 
 of^ aIi r^ P"nc'Pal seaports on the sidl 
 Sea are r 1 " "f T"^ ""^ '^e Caribbean 
 Wn 1 r ' ^" ?"»y™ ('he oiitport of 
 and Por^hor'^'i^ Maracaibo, Cnrthngen^ 
 and Portobello; and, on the side of the Pacific 
 
 t-olombia 18 not remarkable for anv ueculinr 
 productions either animal or veSiT S 
 
 A 
 
 :^, 
 
 i 
 
COL 
 
 206 
 
 COL 
 
 capabilities for supplying nil that can contri- 
 bute to tlie comfort and enjoyment of man are, 
 however, of the first order, while the elevated 
 plains on the western side of the territory 
 afford the most agreeable temperature of cli- 
 mate. The S. W. section of the territory is 
 rich in minerals, including both gold and silver; 
 but the most distinguishing feature of surplus 
 production, hitherto, has been horses, mules, 
 and homed cattle, which have been exported 
 in large quantities to Jamaica, and all the 
 other West India islands j these, with an in- 
 considerable supply of cotton, wool, cocoa (the 
 best in the world), coffee, tobacco, and indigo, 
 and some dye-woods, with silver to the amount 
 of about 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 of dollars, 
 making an average return of about 1,500,000/., 
 constitute about the collective extent of its 
 external commerce. 
 
 CotOMBER, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Upper Saone, and chief place of a 
 canton in the district of Vesoulj 4 miles N. E. 
 of Vesoul, and 10 W. of Lure. 
 
 CoLOMMiERs, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Seine and Mamej 18 miles S. E. 
 of Meaux, and 40 E. of Paris. 
 
 CoLONNA, Cape, the S. E. point of Livadja ; 
 30 miles S. E. of Athens. The name also of 
 another cape on the E. coast of Calabria, near 
 the entrance to the Gulf of Tarento. in lat. 
 39. 6. N. 
 
 CoLONSA, a fertile island oflf the W. coast of 
 Scotland, to the W. of Jura. It is separated 
 on the S. from that of Oronsa, by a narrow 
 channel, which being dry at low water, they 
 may be considered as one island; about 12 
 miles long and two broad. 
 
 CoLOOR, a town of Hindostan, in the circar 
 of Guntoor, near which is a diamond mine. It 
 is situate on the S. side of the Kistnah ; 13 
 miles N. W. of Condavir. 
 
 Colorado, a river of Mexico, which faills 
 into the Gulf of California, at its head, in the 
 lat, of 33. N. The main branch, which is 
 called the St. Rafoel, has its source in the lat. 
 of about 40. N., not far distant from those of 
 the del Norte, the Arkansas, and the Platte, all 
 of which flow S. and W. into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. There are six other branches, all of 
 which have their source N. of the 36th degree 
 of N. lat., which fall into the St. Rafiiel, whose 
 united stream may be considered the main 
 branch of the Colorado ; about 60 miles above 
 its entrance into the Gulf of California, it is 
 united by another stream, from the eastward, 
 called the Gila. These rivers are said to afford 
 several hundred miles of navigation for vessels 
 of considerable burthen. 
 
 CotoRADo, or Red River, is als^/ the name 
 of another river, rising E. of the Aiides, in the 
 lat, 33. S., running in a S. S. E. direction, 
 through the red loamy plains o' Pampas and 
 Buenos Ayres, into the South Atlantic Ocean, 
 in the lat. of-40. S. 
 
 CoLOuui,an island of Greece, formerly called 
 Salamis, near the coast of Livadia- ? miles \m\s 
 and two broad. The principal town is of the 
 same name, on the S. side, with an excellent 
 
 harbour; 17 miles W. by S. of Athens. It was 
 in the strait between this island and the main 
 land where Thembtocles defeated the Persian 
 fleet. 
 CoLoswAR. See Ci^usenburo. 
 CoLSTERWORTH, a village in Lincolnshire, on 
 the Witham ; 8 miles S. of Grantham ; cele- 
 brated for being the birthplace of the famous 
 Sir Isaac Newton. 
 
 CoLUMB Major, St., a town in Cornwall, 
 with a market on Thursday, seated on a hill • 
 26 miles N. N. W. of Ponryn, and 249 W. S.' 
 W, of London. , 
 
 Columbia, or Oregon, a river in the N. W. 
 part of North America. It rises in the Rocky 
 Mountains, in lat. 55. 0. N., and falls into the 
 Pacific Ocean in lat. 46. 16. N., after a course 
 of 1500 miles ; 190 miles up it is obstructed 
 by rapids, when it is navigable for 65 miles to 
 the "long narrows" and falls, and then 150 
 miles to the embouchure of the Lewis river. 
 It abounds with salmon, and the Indians, who 
 inhabit permanent villages on the banks, live 
 on the produce of its waters. Astoria, a com- 
 mercial settlement, is at its mouth. It was 
 first explored by Captains Lewis and Clarke, 
 in 1805, who passed down it to the Pacific 
 Ocean, into a bay of which it enters, by a 
 mouth above three miles wide, in long. 123 
 26. W., lat. 46. 19. N. See Missouri. The 
 Spaniards claim the discovery of this river, and 
 all it Entrada de Ceta, afler the commander of 
 the vessel. It gives its name Oregon to the 
 adjacent territory. 
 
 Columbia, a district of the United States 
 of America, the seat of the federal city. Pop. 
 43,712,including4694 slaves, ^fee Washington. 
 Columbia, a county of the state of New 
 York, on the E. side of the Hudson river; 
 bounded on the E. by Berkshire county, Mas- 
 sachusets. It is about 35 miles from N. to S., 
 and 20 from W. to E. The pop. is 43,252. 
 It is divided into 14 townships. It yields 
 some iron at Ancram, in the S. E. part of the 
 county. The city of Hitdson (which see) on 
 the E. bank of the noble river of that name, 
 30 miles S. of Albany, and 110 N. of New 
 York, is the chief place in the county. 
 
 Columbia, a county in the state of Geoi^ia, 
 bounded on the E. by the Savannah river, 
 which divides it from Edgefield county, South 
 Carolina. It is neariy a square of about 25 
 miles each way; being on the verge of the up- 
 land district, it is a healthy, agreeable, and 
 fruitful county, ^op. in 1840 was 11,356, of 
 whom 7313 were slaves. 
 
 Columbia, a city of South Carolina, capital 
 of Kershaw county, and the seat of government 
 of the state; but a branch of each of the public 
 oflSces is retained in Charleston. It is the seat 
 of a university, liberally patronized by the 
 state; and is situate on the Congaree river, 
 just below the conflux of the Saluda and 
 Broad rivers; 110 miles N. N. W. of Charies- 
 ton, 170 S. W. of Raleigh, and 507 S. W. byS 
 „f Wp^hington. Long. 81.10. W. lat. 33.S8.N. 
 Columbia, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lan- 
 caster county, situate on the Susquehannah, at 
 
COL 
 
 Columbia is also tho name of a townshio in 
 Herkimer county, Nev. York, and ofTtZ " 
 
 Columbia, Rkpublic op. See Colombia. 
 
 Tt ;« « i! "*'/ •=°""*y "'^ the state of Ohio. 
 It 18 a square of about 35 miles each way ; The 
 b. E. comer jets upon the Ohio river at the 
 
 tCnrv-"""'^ •^T''^" '^' «'«'^ of Ohio from 
 that of Virginia, the E. side being bounded b^ 
 Beaver county, i„ the state of Pennsylvan,-/ 
 It 18 intersected from tho N. W. by l" We 
 Beaver River, which falls into the Ohfo at the 
 point of union with Beaver county. The fer- 
 tility and lo<»l advantages of this county may 
 
 22 033, and is now 40,378. There is a town 
 of the sanie name in the N. part of the county 
 but the chief town is New Lisbon, on the N 
 bank of Little Beaver River, in 'the centre 
 bus. ^^^^^' """^ ^- ^' ^' °^ Colum- 
 
 In*i8o'^Tv!'**' ™«,ri'™e.?apital of Ceylon. 
 In 1805 ts site was the residence of a powerful 
 native chief, on whose territory the PoKSe 
 
 tol""'ll38" ^,t^Wf-"ded theTS 
 town in 1638 ; the Portuguese, in 1658. were 
 expelled by the Dutch, and they surrendlrli 
 it to the English in 1796. Thcyrt,upwS 
 of a mile m circumference, stands on the ex 
 tremity of a peninsula, and is strong both b^ 
 nature and ^t The town is built morel the 
 
 fndk ^nn"*^'" /^"?- ?"y °'''^' garrison in 
 indw, and nearly divided into four eoual 
 quarters by two principal streets, to ,^S 
 
 lanes between tliem. The natives, who arf 
 very numerous, live in the old tow^ w^°hou? 
 
 "? th?^ T' ^ T^ of thTlnSme 
 cities of the east. Its inhabitants comprise 
 some of all nations, and the aggregate Jopu a! 
 tjon IS very considemble. He?e is a schoffi 
 the propagation of the Christian religio^. and 
 a botanical garden. Columbo is the ch"ef 
 place for the staple trade of the island! The 
 ... tides exported are cinnamon, pepper, arrack 
 
 Zl oir '"^t" "' '""^''S'' «''o cocoTS 
 and oil, wax, honey, cardamoms, coral, ivorv 
 
 on th?V ^"'T''^" " «''"»*« '" « rich'distr ^? 
 
 on the W. coast, towards the .S. part of thl 
 
 island. Long. 79. 49. E. lat. 7. 4. N. It con! 
 
 tains about 50,000 inhabitants. 
 
 CoLUMBRpKS, Isles, off the coast of Spain 
 in the province of Valencia; 294 miles from 
 Cape Oropesa.. They are fourteen in numbe" 
 and the principal one, which has a harh«„, [^ 
 .nppareiuiy the extinguished crater of avolcano'- 
 which has afforded shelter to the Moorish 
 corsairs. «iuuj«in 
 
 207 
 
 COM 
 
 of ^North" r' " f™"" .''"""'y '" the S. E. part 
 
 slkver '• ^°P- ^"^^' "^ ^h<"« 1086 ar^ 
 
 in S.?8Z!>''^'f nt-"'''^^!?'™ of Fmnklin county, 
 
 he sLt^ ?f ?^?' ""'• r^* °f goveniment of 
 
 tfte state. It IS pleasantly situate on a gentle 
 
 iu^ rr' *T *^" ^: ^'""^ of ">« SciotoS! 
 m?L ir "'^ J'i?'^'"" "<■ tho Whetstone, 46 
 
 b;N.3KnSo?''"^'«"^^^«^- 
 
 meSrM^:;::„Vait^^^^ 
 
 ate on the S. E. frontier of the proving ' t £ 
 
 ro"Si.i%^t-^^'^'*heo^";^: 
 
 ket^on Tr;,l*°'^ of Devonshire, with a mar- 
 
 m W. by S. of London ^- "^ ^^^'or.and 
 Com, or Kom, a town of Ppmio in t_ . • 
 
 near the foot of a mountain, and on the hanta 
 
 COMANA. «feCuMANA. 
 
 a marTet o^n^eX^Ti^sftr^''^' ^'''^ 
 of the Bristol ChS. /i^^ uTded by"roSJst5 
 
 ^'for wLf ' *^P;»^««« from S f !> 
 P«l for Wales and Bristol. It is 6 miles E nf 
 Ilfracomb. and 202 W. of London! 
 
 menroTJKdT •^^™."'=«' '" *h« doP«'t- 
 
 :slr=?-cXiJS;feoS 
 S;^^!=Se!;^j^UxS! 
 
 rnfnl f'l "•"'^ mconsiderable, but several 
 
 Burampooter; 58 miles E S F „Vn f 
 
 i85 E.*N. E.'of cZTtT* ^^*'*^' """^ 
 
 menforNnr/"""»f ^r«"«o, '" ^^^o «»«?"*- 
 
 fT.™ lL ?M°" '''^ r^.' ^y«' 8 'nil** N. 
 imm Lille. It has a trade in linen, &c. Fop. 
 
 I 
 
 
w '<■ 
 
 M 
 
 il 
 
 ■ '' 
 
 t ( 
 
 t 
 
 !■ 
 
 1 
 
 COM 208 
 
 CoUMBNDO or CouuANi, a kingdom of Guinea, 
 on the Gold Coaat, formerly a part of the king- 
 dom of Petu. The natives are of a warlike da- 
 position, and BO numerous that the king is said 
 to be able to raise an army of 20,000 men. The 
 capital, where the king resides, is called Grand 
 Cornmendo, or Guftb; 4 miles to the S. of 
 which, on the sea-coast, is Little Cornmendo, 
 where the English and Dutch have forts. It 
 lies to the W. of Cape Coast Castle, in the lat. 
 of 4. 64. N. and 3. 34. W. long. 
 
 CoMMKKCY, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Meuse, with a castle seated on the 
 Meuso; 16 miles £.ofBarle Due. Pop. about 
 3600. 
 
 CoMuoTAU, or Chomutou, a town of Bohe- 
 mia, in the circle of Saatz. Its alum pits, and 
 the great quantities of fhiit and vegetables 
 raised here, are the principal part of its trade. 
 It is 58 miles N. W. of Prague, on the road to 
 Chemnitz. 
 
 CoMo, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, and 
 a bishop's see. It is surrounded by a wall, 
 Imckcd by a conical eminence, on which are the 
 ruins of a castle. The cathedral is a handsome 
 edifice of white marble, hewn from the neigh- 
 bouring quarries. The inhabitants hare mabu- 
 fectures of cotton and silk, and carry on some 
 trade with the Grisons. Pliny was bom here, 
 and, in his Letters, speaks of the delightfiil 
 scenery of its environs. It stands at the S. W. 
 end of the Lake of Como ; 1 8 miles N. of Milan, 
 ~ and 80 N. E. of Turin. Pop. about 15,000. 
 CoMO, Lake op, a lake of Italy, in the Mi- 
 lanese, extending from the city of Como in a 
 N. N. E. direction for about 35 miles: it ra- 
 ries in breadth from 1 to 6 miles, and receives 
 from the N. the river Maira, and from the E. the 
 Adda, both of which rivers fell into the lake at 
 its N. E. end, and discharge their waters by an 
 arm from near the centre, on the S. E. side; this 
 arm extends for about 20 miles, from 1 ' o 2 
 miles wide, and is called Lake Lecco, when it 
 again narrows, and resumes the name of the 
 Adda, till it falls into the Po, after a fiirther 
 course of about 60 miles, a few miles above 
 Cremona. 
 
 CoMORiN, Cape, the most southern point of 
 Ilindostan, in the lat. of 8. 4. N. and 77. 45. 
 of E. long. 
 
 CoMORN, a strong tower of Hungary, capital 
 of a territory of the same name. It is seated 
 on an island called Schut, formed by the con- 
 fluence of the Wag with the Danube; 70 miles 
 E. S. E. of Vienna. The citadel is deemed one 
 of the strongest in Europe, and has never sur- 
 rendered to any besieging force. The town was 
 tak^ by the sultan Solyman, in 1543; and has 
 since then been exposed to various conflicts and 
 nivnfres, alike from war, fire, and earthquakes. 
 In the third dccennnry of the 19th century it 
 contained about 9000 inhabitants, who carry on 
 a considerable traffic with the surrounding 
 country. 
 
 Comoro Islands, five islands in the Indian 
 Oec-fiii, bcin-een tiic coast of Z.iiiguebar and the 
 N, end of the island of Madagascar. They are 
 called Hinzeuan, Maliotta, Mohilla, Angezeia 
 
 CON 
 
 and Comora. See Hinziian. Gmiid Comoro 
 rises to the height of nearly 8000 feet above the 
 level of tho sea. 
 
 CoMPiEONE, ft town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Oise, Here is a palace, in which tho 
 kings of France oflen resided. The Mnid of 
 Orleans was taken prisoner here by the English, 
 in 1430. It is seated near an extensive forest, 
 on the E. bank of the river Oise, over which is 
 an elegant bridge, a little below the confluence 
 of the Aisne, and 45 miles N. E. of Paris. 
 
 Compostella, or St. Jagg de Compostella, 
 a city of Spain, capital of Galicia, and an arch- 
 bishop's see, with a university. The public 
 squaresand churches are magnificent; and it has 
 a great number of convents for both sexes. It 
 is pretended that the body of St. James, the 
 patron pf Spain, was buried here; and pilgrims 
 visit his wooden image, which stands on the 
 great altar of the cathedral. From this city the 
 military order of St. Jago had its origin. It is 
 seated in a beautiful plain between the rivers 
 Tambra and UUa; 35 miles S. by W. of Co- 
 ninna, and 300 N. N. W. of Madrid. Pop. 
 about 12,000. 
 
 Compostella, a town of Mexico, inGuador- 
 lajara; capital of the district of Xalisco. There 
 are several mines of silver in its neighbourhood. 
 It is 110 miles W. Guadalajara, and about 60 
 firom the shore of the Pacific Ocean, in the lone 
 of 105, 42. W. lat. 21.15. N. 
 
 CoNCA«, a low tract of country, on the W. 
 coast of the Deccan of Hindostan. From this 
 tract rises abruptly that stupendous wall of 
 mountains, called the Gauts. It lies between 
 the Portuguese settlement of Goa and Bombay, 
 in the lat. of 16. ond 19. N., and was formerly 
 designated the Pirate Coast, in consequence of 
 the fVequent piracies committed upon it during 
 the 17th and 18th centuries. The pimtes were 
 extirpated by a united British and Mahrattii 
 force in 1756, and the territory guaranteed to 
 the Peishwa of the Mahrattas, in whose sove- 
 reignty it still continues. It is about 40 miles 
 wide, and intersected by several small rivers; 
 and the const is" indented by numerous bays and' 
 harbours, the principal of which are as follows, 
 beginning at the N., viz.— Choul, Bancoote or 
 Fort Victoria, Dabui, Zigar, Gheria, and Raj- 
 poor: ofTDabul lies the small island of Severn - 
 droog, which was the main point of rendezvous 
 for the pirates. 
 
 CoNCARNEAU, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Finisterre, with n castle; seated vn 
 a small inlet of the sea 16 miles S. E. of 
 Quimper. 
 
 Conception, Bay and Town op, in Chili. 
 The Bay of Conception is one of the most com- 
 modious on the whole western coast of South 
 America. It is about 10 miles each way, open 
 to the N. W., the entrance being divided into 
 two channels by the small island of Quinquina. 
 Both channels have suflicient depth of water 
 for the largest vessels ; the eastern is about 2 
 miles wide, and the western about 1 mile and n 
 hair. Tiie S. side of the island of Quiriquina 
 aflTords very good anchorage; but theS. W. ex- 
 tremity of the b;iy is more convenient. On the 
 
CON 
 
 2oy 
 
 CON 
 
 Bhoro of this part of the buy is the town of Tiil- 
 cahuann, nearly on the site of which tlie town 
 ot Conception was originally founded by Val- 
 diviam 1550; and it was, for a conderable time 
 the capital of all Chili; but having repeatedly 
 suffered from the attacks of the Araucanians, 
 the seat of government was transferred to St. 
 Jago; and, having suffered greatly by an earth- 
 quake in 1730, and totally destroyed in 1761 
 the town was rebuilt on the N. bank of the Bio- 
 b'o nver, at a distance of about 6 miles S. E. of 
 the Bite of the former town. Next to St. Jago, 
 I'oo^*^''® ""'*' populous town in Chili, and in 
 1826, contained about 13,000 inhabitants. It 
 IS situate in the province of Puchacay, in the 
 lat. of 36. 40. N.. and 73. 8. of W. long. 
 
 Conception, a seaport of the province of Ve- 
 mgua; seated new the shore of the Caribbean 
 Sea, on the river Veragua; 96 miles W. by S. 
 of Portobello. Long 81. 40. W., 8. 48. N. 
 
 Conception del Pad, an interior town of 
 Colombia, in the province of Venezuela, situate 
 on the border of the great plain of Orinoco- 
 about 1 40 miles S. S. W. <rf Cumana. The in- 
 habitants drive considerable herds of cattle to 
 Barcelona and Cumana, for exportation to the 
 West Indies. 
 
 Conception, one of the large bays of the 
 island of Newfoundland, at the S. E. end in 
 the lat. of 47. 30. to 48. N., and 62. ao. of 'w 
 long. 
 
 Conchas, a river of Mexico, in the inten- 
 dancy ofDurango, which has its source near 
 St. Cruz in the lat. of 28. 40. N.; runs S. for 
 about 70 miles, then in a W. N. W. direction 
 for about the same distance, and then due N. 
 for about 160 miles into the Rio del Norte. 
 
 CoNciZE, a town of Switzeriand, on the W. 
 bank, near the S. end of the Lake of Neuf- 
 chatel. Pop. about 2600. 
 
 CcNcoBELLO, A town in the interior of South 
 Africa, m Anziko, the residence of a prince- 
 seated on the river Zaire, and borders of Congo; 
 150 miles S. W. of Monsol. Long. 16. 64. E. 
 lat. 2. 5. S. 
 
 Concord, a town of New Hampshire, in 
 Kockmgham county; seated on the W. bank 
 of the Merrimac, over which is a handsome 
 bridge. It is the seat of the legislative govern- 
 ment of the state; 64 miles W.N. W. of Ports- 
 mouth, 70 N. of Boston, and 602 N. E. of 
 Washington. 
 
 Concord, a town of Massachusets, in Mid- 
 dlesex county, with a handsome court-house, 
 and three bridges over the river Concord. This 
 town was the seat of the provincial congress in 
 1/74, and the spot where the first opposition 
 was made to the British troops in 1776. It is 
 18 miles N. N. W. of Boston. 
 
 Concordia, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 Modena, on the river Sechia; 6 miles W. of 
 Mirnndola. 
 
 Concordia, a town of Italy, in Priuli- 28 
 miles S. S. W. of Udina. 
 
 Concordia, a parish of Louisiana, estendin- 
 N. from the entrance of Red River,' about 140 
 
 miles along the W. bank of the Mississippi- 
 being about 15 miles in mean breadth. Pop. of 
 
 this vast tiact, only 0414, of whom 8003 arc 
 
 slaves. 
 
 Condanore, a town of Hindostan, in Gol- 
 coiida ; 24 miles E. of Adoni. 
 
 CoNDAPiLLY, a town of Hindostan, capital of 
 one of the five Circars. It is situate near the 
 bay of Bengal, N. of the Kistnah ; 80 miles 
 S. S. E. of Rajamundjy. Long. 80. 30. E. lat. 
 16. 37. N. 
 
 CoNOAFOUB, a town of Hindostan, in Gol- 
 conda ; 20 miles S. by W. of Hydrabad. 
 
 CoNDATCHT, a towD on the W. coast of the 
 island of Ceylon, off which is the principal pearl 
 fishery. It is S. of the island of Manar, in the 
 lat. of 8.46. N. 
 
 CoNDAviR, a town of Hindostan, and the 
 pnndpai post of Guntoor, one of the five Cir- 
 cars. It 18 strongly situate on a mountain ; 30 
 miles S. W. of Condapilly, and 66 N. N. W of 
 Ongole. 
 
 CoNDE, a strong town of France, in the d*. 
 partment of Nord, with a fortress. It surren- 
 dered to the allies, after enduring the rigours of 
 famine in 1793; but was retaken in 1794 
 Conde is seated on the Scheldt, at the influx of 
 
 ^^^^ ?."o"t' ^,'?"^ N. by E. of Valenciennes, 
 and 26 S. E. of Lisle. Pop. about 6000 
 
 CoNDE^ a town of France, in the department 
 of Calvados ; seated on the Ncireau ; 28 miles 
 S. S. W. of Caen. 
 
 CoNDECEDO, or La Desconocida, a cape of 
 Yucatan, on the E. shore of the Bay of Cam- 
 pechy ; 1 00 miles W, of Merida. Long. 91.27. 
 W. lat. 20. 60. N. * 
 
 Condeshtas, a town of Peru, capital of a 
 district, in which is gathered a species of wild 
 cochineal, that forms a great article of trade 
 It is 86 miles N. N. W. of Arequipa. 
 
 Condom, a town of France, in the depart- 
 
 ?!J^xT ^l^T/' ^^■^^ °" ^^ Baise : 26 miles 
 ^. N. W. of Auch, and 28 S. E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Condore, or PuLo Condore, a fertile island 
 in the China Sea, near the coast of Cambodia • 
 9 miles long, and 2 where broadest ; and is sur- 
 rounded by seven islets. Buffeloes, hogs, vege- 
 tables, and water are to bo had here. The 
 English had a settlement here in 1702 • but the 
 fiictors felling out with the natives, most of them 
 
 7rQo'""-,'i^^u"^' ""*^ *^® "^ driven thence in 
 1792. It has a spacious bay on the E. side 
 Long. 107. 20. E., lat. 8. 40. N. 
 
 CoNDRiEU, atown of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Rhone, celebrated for excellent wine - 
 seated near the Rhine ; 18 miles S. of Lyons.' 
 Pop. about 4000. ' 
 
 CoNFLANS, a town of Savoy, near the con- 
 fluence of the Isere and Doron ; 18 miles E. of 
 Chambeiy. 
 
 CoNPLANs, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Saone ; 12 miles N. of 
 Vesoul. 
 
 CoNPOLENs, a town of France, in the departs 
 mcnt of Charente, on the river Vienne ; 30 miles 
 IN. ti. of Angouleme. 
 
 i,,^"*"'"^''' ^■''■'''8° *"' Iieiand, in the county of 
 T 'Ji ^'}^ ^- "f Castlebar. It is seated 
 on the N. bank of Lake Corr, and was formerly 
 the residence of the kings of Connaught. Tha 
 
 1 
 
CON 
 
 210 
 
 CON 
 
 ^■^ h\ 
 
 .& f 
 
 niiiiB of several churches and religious houses 
 are yet visible. 
 
 CoNOAUKE, a river of S. Carolina. It is 
 formed of the united waters of the Broad and 
 Saluda rivers, which, after a course of about 40 
 miles, when united with the Wateree, in nearly 
 the centre of the state, the united streanss then 
 take the name of tlie Santee. 
 
 CoNOLRTON,a town of England, in the county 
 of Cheshire. It is seated on the banks of the 
 river Dean 5 161 miles N. W. of London, on the 
 mail-coach road to Liverpool. In 1754 an ex- 
 tensive silk-mill was erected here ; and in 1825 
 the number of mills for the like purpose exceeded 
 thirty, with four or five for spinning of cotton : 
 the weaving, also, both of cotton and silk, has 
 been partially established in the town and 
 neighbourhood. It has two tan-yards, and va- 
 rious other manuiactnres dependent on the 
 process of spinning. It is 7 miles S. S. W. of 
 Macclesfield. 
 
 Congo, a country on the W. coast of South 
 Africa, between 4 and 15 deg. of S. lat., con- 
 taining the kingdoms of Loango, Congo, Angola, 
 Matamba, and Benguela. It was discovered by 
 the Portuguese in 1481 ; and is bounded on the 
 N. by Guinea, E. by parts unknown, S. by 
 Bemba, and W. by the Atlantic. It is some- 
 times called Lower Guinea ; and the Portuguese 
 liave many settlements on the coast, as well as 
 in the inland country. There are many desert 
 places within k. J, in which are elephants, 
 tigers, leopards, monkeys, and monstrous ser- 
 pents ; but near the coast the soil is more fertile ; 
 and there are fruits of many kinds, beside palm- 
 trees, from which w'pe and oil are made The 
 greatest part of the inhabitants go almost naked ; 
 they worship the sun, moon, stars, and animals 
 of different kinds ; but the Portuguese have 
 made many converts : they are skilful in weaving 
 cotton cloth ; and trade in slaves, ivory, cassia, 
 and tamarinds. Congo, properly so called, is 
 only 1 50 miles broad along the coast, but is 370 
 inland. From March to September is called 
 the winter season, when it rains almost 'every 
 day ; and the summer is from October to March, 
 when the weather is very hot. The principal 
 rivers are the Zaire and Coanza. The capital 
 is St. Salvador. See Zaire. 
 
 Congo, a town of Persia, in Laristan. It is 
 a market for pearls, brought from Bahrein, and 
 is seated on a river, which flows into the Persian 
 Gulf ; 90 miles W. by S. of Ormuz. Long. 54. 
 30. E., L-4. 26. 36. N. Pop. about 7000. 
 
 CoNi, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of 
 a territory of its name, with a strong citadel. 
 Its trade is considerable, being the repository 
 for all the merchandise from Turin and Nice, 
 which is intended for Lombardy, Switzerland, 
 and Germany. It is so strong by nature and 
 art, that though frequently besieged by the 
 French, they never could take it. In 1796 it 
 was delivered up to the French after their vic- 
 tory at Mondovi, as a hostage for the perform- 
 ance of a treaty ; and it surrendered to the 
 *_..si..j-_= irj 170Q. !t fe!! aeain into the hands 
 of the French in 1810, and was ceded to Sar- 
 diniaat the general peace of 1814. It is seated 
 
 on a rock, at the confluence of the Oezzo and 
 Stura ; 35 miles S. of Turin. Pop. nlwut 
 10,000. 
 
 Co.viL, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on a 
 bay to which it gives name. The inhabitants 
 are much engaged in fishing, especially for 
 tunnies ; and beautiful crystallized sulphur is 
 f'oimd here. It is 13 miles N. of Cadiz. 
 
 CoNisBEOO. See Koniosdero. 
 
 CoNisBRouGH, a village in West Yorkshire, 
 5 miles S. W. of Doncaster. It was formerly a 
 place of note, and has large remains of an an- 
 cient castle. 
 
 CoNiSTON-HERE, a lake in Lancashire, 6 miles 
 long and nearly one broad. It is in some places 
 40 fiithoms deep, and abounds in excellent char. 
 Near the head of it, on the N. W, side, is the 
 village of Coniston, 3 miles W. by S. of Hawks- 
 head, and N. of the village rises the peak of 
 Coniston Fell, to the height of 2577 feet above 
 the level of the sen. 
 
 CoNJEVERAM, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 Camatic. The streets are tolerably wide ; and 
 on each side is a row of cocoa-nut trees. The 
 inhabitants are most of them Brahmins belonging 
 to two large temples ; there is also a smalt 
 mosque of very neat workmanship. It is seated 
 near the Palear ; 24 miles E. of Arcot, and 44 
 W. S. W. of Madras. 
 
 CoNNAUGHT, onc of the four provinces of 
 Ireland j bounded on the S. by Munster, E. by 
 the river Shannon, which divides it from Lein- 
 ster, N. by Donegal and Sligo Bays, and W. by 
 the Atlantic Ocean, which indents it with nu- 
 merous bays, giving it iVom 300 to 400 miles of 
 sea-coast, flanked by numerous islands. It has 
 a good deal of mountainous territory, and seve- 
 ral lakes. It contains five counties, viz. Gal way, 
 Roscommon, Mayo, Sligo, and Leitrim ; and 
 3,658,546 English acres. 
 
 Connecticut, one of the united states of 
 North America ; bounded on the E. by a conven- 
 tional line, from the lat. of 41. 20. to 42. N., 
 whichdivides it from the state of Bhode Island, 
 N. by the line of the 42nd ''eg. of N. lat. from 
 the iMig. of 71. 63. to 73.30. W.; this line divides 
 it from the western part of the state of Massa- 
 chusets ; on the W. it is divided from the state 
 of New York by another conventional line, in a 
 direction nearly due S., to the lat. of 41. N., the 
 whole of its southern boundar- being washed by 
 the waters of Long Island Sound : these limits 
 give an area of about 4675 square miles — nearly 
 3,000,000 of acres. The surface of Connecticut 
 is agreeably diversified by gently swelling hills 
 and valleys, presenting to tlie eye of the traveller 
 aconstantly varyingprospect ; and in the western 
 part of the state, the hills rise to a height to 
 claim the denomination of mountains, more 
 especially so in the county of Lichfield : and the 
 state is interstjcted from N. to S. by three fine 
 rivers ; the most easterly is the Thames, the next 
 the Connecticut, and the most westerly the 
 Housatonick ; these, with their numerous tribu- 
 tary streams, intersect every part of the state, 
 contributing alike to the diversity nnd fertility 
 of the country. The first settlements in Con- 
 necticut were made on the bank of the river of 
 
CON 
 
 that name by a band of emigmnts from M„««,. 
 ohuseU .„ 16-34 A short time «fU.r. another 
 band of emigrart8 from England established 
 themselves at Newhaven, at the head of a small 
 bay near the mouth of the Housatonick river. 
 
 granted by Charles II. in 1662. In ] 673 Con- 
 !r^'»"„/u?^'^ a confedenwy with Massachu- 
 sets and Plymouth, under the name of the 
 United Colonies of New England. The earlv 
 
 IndZ*!Lf "k"""*^ much interruption from the 
 Indiang who have long since been driven far 
 beyond the limits of the state. An attempt was 
 fhl^r-^ to infringe upon the conditions of 
 the charter, which occasioned continued con- 
 tentions during the reign of the Stuarts , but 
 Ma 5^n rfi«°ft 'f,"'8con.1rmed by William and 
 ftiary, in 1688, the province continued to in- 
 crease in population and prosperity, and con- 
 tributed essentially and effectually to all the 
 expeditions of the English against the French, 
 in Canada and other parts of America, especially 
 towards the capture of Louisbourg in 1745 
 Punngthe revolution of 1776-1783, although 
 ConnecUcut manifested less virulence towards 
 iingland than some of the other provinces, she 
 acted a steady and determined part in favour of 
 independence. To the war declared by the 
 United States against England, in 1812, the 
 state of Connecticut displayed a marked and 
 decided opposition : and in 1814-15, a conven- 
 tion assemb ed at Hartford, the capital of the 
 
 t^^l^" /^® ?u '^' ** ." ""PPOsed. «<■ proposing 
 to secede from the confederacy ; but a treaty of 
 peace being signed at Ghent, on the 24th of 
 December 1814, prevented the intentions of 
 the assembly being announced. 
 
 bJ^^f'lf " °^ ^^'^^ continued to form the 
 basis of the government of Connecticut untU 
 of m«,T ^1 new constitution, resembling those 
 of most of the other states, was adopted (See 
 
 ber of the United States confederacy ; the in- 
 dustry, well-directed exertion, and social order 
 ot the people, not being exceeded by any in the 
 
 traits of character in any one pursuit, agricul- 
 ture, manufactures, commerce, education, and 
 «.e useful arts, display a rational medium of 
 mfluence and effect over every part of the state. 
 The supphes of Its agricultural produce i, 
 Pbl!!l'"'"^'' ^i'^T *="'"' ''^•'»"''' °ni<">8. butter, 
 
 DaH^^'i:?'^' ^'^^' ?"'• P"'''' » considerable 
 part of which 18 exchanged at New York and 
 Boston for manufactured productions, and part 
 m the southern states and the West Indies for 
 the production of those climes. In 1818 there 
 Trf %^'«''' ''«" fo'ge*. chiefly in tae N.w! 
 part of the state ; sixty-seven cotton factories, 
 fnto which improved machinery has been intro- 
 duced;) some considerable glass-works, several 
 tanneries and distilleries, anextensive armoury 
 a powder-mill, sail-cloth manufactory, manufa^' 
 
 t'^ °f IV^r^--- othei^'manutt 
 ... „ ... I,,, ,,viiieai.c use as for exclianire 
 m the neighbouring states. Yale College at 
 Hew Haven., next to Harvard, in Mam-jfusets; 
 
 211 
 
 CON 
 
 i* '!l® ."l"*' extcMisive and respectable in Ihi. 
 United States, the number of student, generally 
 exceeding 400 ; whilst a sound and uXudZ 
 cation IS provided, at the expense of a fund 
 under he control of the state, for the whole of 
 its youth, without any exception. In 1820 Co^. 
 necticut was divided into eight counties ;y^. 
 Hartford, New Haven, New London Fairiield 
 Windham Lichfield, Middlesex, and ToKd! 
 ll^Tl^^'^^u^""^. *° "'"* »f Massachuset. 
 r2 ? t?^ *•"*" '" "">■ »'»»" part of the 
 tn.ted States; notwithstanding which, gr^t 
 
 otZ nar^'^fT""*"'/^ '""'^''^^ '° Ohio,%nd 
 of rln!^ V''*' *^i^™ '""'«''^ The climate 
 of Connecticut varies from 91 . above to 1 0. below 
 
 Ld Srl'^i' o'"'"«*' '•'.^ ^"''"'"^ «^>'''°'" ex- 
 ceed 84. and 0. ; c variation, however, which 
 
 t'ul'^dSlf "• """•^^""« '^ ^ 
 
 Connecticut River rises at the foot of th« 
 
 mnge of hills which divides New Ham^shTre 
 
 from Lower Canada, and, for a course of about 
 
 8te!erfNew H^- S- W. d^«=''0". divides ?he 
 state of New Hampshire from the state of Ver- 
 
 sZpVm" 'V^"'"" the western part of the 
 state of Massachusets, through which it runs in 
 a direction nearly due S., a distance of aU,^ 
 50 mdes, when it enten, the state of ConnS 
 cut. through which it runs in a S. by E. Iw 
 tion for about 60 miles into Long Island Sou^ 
 dmdmgthe state into nearly two equal part. 
 This mer is nav^ble to Middletown, 36 K 
 from its mouth, for vessels drawing feet 3 
 tTJl 'Z""*- '\«/rtford, 14 miles further! f^ 
 those drawing 8 feet: higher up, the naviW 
 tion, except for boats, is i^mpeded by a sucX 
 sjon of rapids, which afford the miAdvat 
 tageous sites for mills. The sceneTof °u 
 banks, nearly the whole of its course, iZddLhU 
 iuil^fifl? ^u'' ^''^■' «""1 the soil exceed^ 
 S4 Haifeord.' " ""^"^ "^ ""'»•-- ""^8- 
 
 sta?e° oHlab * T'^J '■^""''^^ *«""ty ^ the 
 Pod 57 if a"' ^'^^'J^S on West Florida. 
 
 W;ou^tr;rni:fgT.xt^H^ -fe 
 
 CoNNEMARA, a district of Ireland in th., 
 
 T ^i^^T"!^. * P*"'"^ i" the county of Antrim 
 forS; rth " " '""^"^ townfnThe^p'S: 
 
 road. It is 1 2 mL ^1 ^f f"" ''"' 
 
 CoNSKLVE, a town of Italy; 12 miles S of 
 
 Padua. Pop. about 6000. ' ''• °^ 
 
 P 2 * 
 
 M 
 
 ' 
 
CON 
 
 il2 
 
 CON 
 
 in commerco, and celebrated in history, it now 
 scarcely contains 4000 inh.nbitnnt8. Constance 
 is fumouB for a council in 1614, which caused 
 John Hubs and Jerome of Pntgue to be burnt ; 
 and likewise condemned the doctrine of Wick- 
 lifFe, and ordered his bones to be burned forty 
 years after he was dead. It was formerly the 
 capital of a secularized bishopric, extending on 
 both sides of the Rhine; that on the S. is now 
 included in the Swiss Canton of Thurgau ; and 
 that on the N., with the city itself, now forms 
 part of the circle of the lake in the territory of 
 the Grand Duke of Baden; 100 miles S. S. E. 
 of Carlsruhe, 80 E. of Basle, and 42 N. N. E. 
 of Zurich. 
 
 Constance, Lakb op, the most considerable 
 lake of Switzerland, which it separates from 
 Suabia, that part excepted where the city of 
 Cor.stance is seated on its S. side. It is divided 
 into three pi.rts. The upper and largest part is 
 called Boden See; the middle part is named 
 Bodraer See; and the lower part Unter See, 
 Zeller See, or the lake of Zell. The upper lake, 
 from Bregentz, at its eastern extremity, to Con- 
 stance, is 37 miles l'.^, and 16 in its greatest 
 breadth. Through this lake the Rhine flows, 
 and then enters the Zeller See, which is 16 
 miles long, and 10 in its greatest breadth. It 
 is in some places 350 fat!n !-' deep, and 100 
 generally; and, like all tlic sakes in Switzer- 
 land, is deeper in summer than in winter; 
 which is owing to the first melting of the snow 
 from the adjacent mountains. It abounds with 
 fish, and its trout are much esteemed ; and be- 
 sides the city of Constance, has many agreeable 
 towns «^ villages on its banks. 
 
 ConA^tina, a town of Spain in Andalusia, 
 with a castle on a mountain ; 40 miles N. E. of 
 Senile. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNA, the eastern province of the 
 kingdom of Algier, and the largest and richest 
 of the four. The greatest part along the coast 
 is mountainous. In the mountains dwell free 
 Arabian and Moorish tribes, of whom the Cabyls 
 are deemed the most turbulent and cruel. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNA, a city of the kingdom of Al- 
 gier, capital of the province of the same name. 
 It is seated at the top of a steep rock, and there 
 is no way to it but by steps cut out of the rock. 
 The usual way of punishing criminals here is to 
 throw them down the cliff. Here are many 
 Roman antiquities, particularly a triumphal 
 arch. Next to Algier, this is the most popu- 
 lous city in the kingdom. It is 190 miles E. 
 by S. of Algier. Long. 6. 24. E. lat. 36. 
 24. N. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNOPLB, or Stahbol, One of the 
 largest cities in Europe, and the capital of the 
 Turkish empire. It is of a triangular form, 
 and seated between the Black Sea and the Sea 
 of Marmora, on a neck of land that advances 
 towards Natolia, from which it is 'Msparated by 
 a strait a mile in breadth. The Sea of Marmora 
 washes its walls on the S., and a gulf of the 
 strait of Constantinople does fhc; same on the 
 
 the name was changed in the year 330, by Con- 
 stantino the Great, who made it the seat of the 
 
 Roman empire in the East. It was taken in 
 1453 by the Turks, who have kept pcaseasioB 
 of it ever since. The grand seignior's palace, 
 called the Seraglio, is on the sea side, aur- 
 rounded by walls flanked with towers, and se- 
 parated from the city by canals. It stands on 
 the site of ancient Byzantium, the E. point of 
 the present city, and is 3 miles in circumfe- 
 rence, consisting of an assemblage of palaces 
 and apartments placed by the side of one an- 
 other, without symmetry and without order. 
 The principal entrance of this palace is of 
 marble, and is called Capi, that is, the Porte, 
 or gate, a name used frequently to express the 
 court, or the empire. The castle of Seven 
 Towers is a state prison, and stands near the 
 Sea of Marmora, at the W. point of the city 
 from the seraglio; and at the N. W. point, 
 without the walls of the seraglio, is the Atmei- 
 dan, the ancient Hippodrome. The number 
 of houses in Constantinople is prodigious; but 
 in general they are mean, and all of them 
 constructed of wood, and the roofe covered 
 with hollow tiles. The public edifices alone 
 are built of masonry, in a very solid manner. 
 The streets are narrow, badly paved, and dirty; 
 and the people are infested with the plague 
 almost every year. The inhabitants, who are 
 variously said to amount to from 300,000 to 
 400,000, are half Turks, two-thirds of the other 
 half Greeks or Armenians, and the rest Jews. 
 Here are a great number of ancient monuments 
 still remaining; particularly the superb temple 
 of St. Sophia, built in the sixth century, which 
 is converted into a mosque, and will contain 
 100,000 persons conveniently. Between the 
 two mosques of Sultan Solyman and Bajazet 
 is the old seraglio, in which are shut up the 
 wives of the deceased sultans, and also such 
 women as have displeased the grand seignior. 
 The bazaars, or bezesteins, are large square 
 buildinp, covered with domes supported by ar- 
 cades, and contain all sorts of goods, which are 
 there exposed to sale. There is a market for 
 slaves; the Jews are the principal merchants, 
 who bring them here to be sold ; great numbers 
 of girls are brought from Hungary, Greece, 
 Candia, Circassia, Mingrelia, and Georgia, for 
 the service of the Turks, who generally buy 
 them for their seraglios. The great Bquare, 
 near the mosque of Sultan Bajazet, is the place 
 for public diversions. The gulf on the N. E. 
 of the city is the harbour, which runs up from 
 the point of the seraglio to the village of Aijub, 
 about 4 miles in length and half a mile wido 
 where broadest. Aijub may be reckoned one 
 of the suburbs, and has a mosque, in which is 
 the tomb of Sultan Othman, the founder of the 
 empire. The suburbs of Galata and Pera are 
 on the other side of the harbour. The former 
 extends along the entranco of the harbour, and 
 is chiefly occupied by mornJiants; and adjoin- 
 ing it, on the E., is a c.«iaon foundry, called 
 Tophana. Pera stands behind these, on an 
 eminence, and is the ^'lace where the foreign 
 
 HTn t nt"BnuO^ TPSli-- 
 
 ntr.fl 1>.,,M.4 .l^.l.n «/!.*><. 
 
 ..itp *'»irt(f ........ .H....I, 
 
 years since, and now presents a mass of black 
 ened ruins. The paiww of the British em- 
 
 w 
 ni 
 ni 
 cc 
 
 te 
 m 
 wl 
 pr 
 nc 
 mi 
 
 fro 
 pn 
 
CON 
 
 213 
 
 bMsy is a fine brick building. On the opposite 
 Bide at the Bospljoriis, in Asia, is the suburb of 
 Scutari, or Skoutari, which is surrounded with 
 very extensive cemeteries. The circumference 
 of this city IS 14 miles, and 24 with the suburbs 
 included; and as they are built on ground 
 which rises gradually, there is a view of the 
 whole town from the sea. The city is sur- 
 rounded by walls of freestone, here and there 
 mixed with bricks, and flanked with 250 
 towers. There are 22 gates, 6 on the land 
 side, and the rest toward the harbour and sea. 
 Ihe palaces, mosques, bagnios, and caravansa- 
 ries, are many of them tnagnificeiit. Constan- 
 tinople 18 , 80 miles in a meridional line S. E. 
 of Vienna. Long. 28. 35. E. lat. 41 1 N 
 
 CoNaTANTiNOPi.E, Strait op, anciently* the 
 Ihracian Bosphorus, and forming the commu- 
 nication between the Pro|K)nti8, or Sea of Mar- 
 mora, and the Euxine or Black Sea. It is 20 
 miles long, fnd a mile and a quarter where 
 broadest; and forms the separation here be- 
 tween Europe and Asia. A- its entrance on the 
 W. side 13 situate Constant, ople, and on the 
 other Scutari. Both its banks are lined with 
 villages, where are seen some very handsome 
 houses, almost entirely built of wood and 
 variously painted; those belonging to the Turks 
 are m white or red; those of the Greeks, Arme- 
 nians, and Jews, are of a blackish brown, for 
 they are not allowed to employ the colours of 
 the Mussulmans. At its termination in the 
 Black Sea are two forts opposite each other, to 
 defend the passage. See Bosphob'js. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNAW, a town of Poland, in Podo- 
 lia, on the river Bog; 8 miles S. W. of Chmiel- 
 nik, and 72 N. E. of K-.minieck. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNOW, another town of Poland, in 
 Volhinia, on the river Sulucza; 30 miles W. bv 
 jN. of the former. •' 
 
 CoNTESSA, a seaport of European Turkey, in 
 Macedonia, advantageously located at the head 
 of a gulf of its name, at the influx of the Stri- 
 mon; 60 miles E. by N. of Salonichi, and 246 
 lat! 40 ^?j"g""""P'®- I-ong- 24. 8. E., and 
 
 CoNTRES, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Loir and Cher; 10 miles S. E. of Blois 
 CoNTY, a town of France, in the department 
 of Somme ; seated on the Seille ; 14 miles S. 
 o. Vv. of Amiens. 
 
 CoNVERSANo, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Ban; 12 miles S. E. of Bari. 
 
 Conway, (i. e. Chi^ River,) a river of Wales, 
 which flows through a fertile vale of the same 
 name, along the whole eastern border of Car- 
 narvonshire, and enters the Irish Sea at Aber- 
 conway. 
 
 CoNZA, a town of Naples, in Principato Ul- 
 tenore, and an archbishop's see. It suffered so 
 much by an earthquake in 1694, that the place 
 where the cathedral stood is hardly known Its 
 principal commerce is in marble. It is seated 
 near the head waters of the O&nti river- 52 
 miles E. of Naples. ' 
 
 Coocn Beyhab, b district of Bengal on the 
 frontier ot Bootan, which exhibits a melancholy 
 proof ot two facte frequently united; the great 
 
 COO 
 
 facility of obtaining food, H,,d the wretched 
 indigouce of the lower order of inhabltaTS It 
 became tributary to the English in 1772. Bev- 
 
 Calcutta *"'""' ^ ^"" "■"" N.byE.of. 
 
 ^^°Kf l^/-^' "" extensive arm of the sea 
 
 ^77^l^n ^-.'T' ?^ ^'"<'"«'. discovered hi' 
 1778 by Captain Cook, who traced it 70 leagues 
 from Its entrance, in long. 1 62. W., and sup^sed 
 It to be the mouth of a large river; but k was 
 further explored in 1 794 by Captain Vancouver. 
 
 43. wTal Tl. 2rr''"" '" "^ '" '""»• '*''• 
 _ Cook's Strait, a strait dividing the two 
 Jslands of which New Zealand is composed; it 
 IS about 4 or 5 leagues broad. 
 
 Cooper, a county of the state of Missouri 
 and on the western frontier of the United States 
 terntory. It lies S. of the Missouri river, and is 
 bounded on the E. by a mountain ridge, which 
 divides It from Wayne county, and is' inter- 
 sected from W to E. by Orange river. Pop. 
 C9o!). Boonsville, on the S, bank of the m£- 
 soun, in the lat. of 39. S. is the chief town. 
 
 CooPEMTOWN, an incorporated town of New 
 York, chief of Otsego county, situate at the 
 b. W. end and the outlet of Lake Otsego; 12 
 mUes N. W. of Cherry Valley, and 64 W. by N. 
 ot Albany. ' 
 
 Coos, a county forming the whole of the N. 
 
 P?'* "L*''® ***'* "^ New Hampshire. It is 
 about 90 miles in length from N. to S., and 28 
 m mean breadth ; it is bounded on the E. by the 
 state of Maine, and W. by the Connecticut 
 river which divides it from Vermont, and N. by 
 the ridge of mountains which divides the United 
 States territory from Lower CanWa. This 
 county takes its name from a tribe of Indians 
 who formerly inhabited these parts. On the 
 southern confines of this county is a ridge of 
 mountains called the White Mountains, which 
 rises to the height of about 6500 feet above the 
 level ot the sea; through them is a pass in one 
 place not more than 22 feet wide, which appears 
 cloven down to its very base, in a perpendicular 
 line on one side, and, on the other, in an angle 
 of about 46 degrees; through tliis notch orgap. 
 as It IS teraied, a turnpike road has been con- 
 structed from the banks of the Connecticut 
 river to the Atlantic Ocean at Portland, a route 
 much availed of for the conveyance of heavy 
 produce on the sledges in the winter season: and 
 thus, whilst it forms one of the grandest natural 
 features of the world, it is rendered subservient 
 to the medium of an extensive and an advanta- 
 geous intercourse. Coos county is at present 
 but thinly mhabited. The population, however, 
 which, m 1810, was only 3991, is now 9849. 
 Lanca8ter,on the KbankoftheConnecticutriver. 
 1 17 miles due N. of Concord, is the chief town. 
 CoosAWATCHiE, a town of South Carolina, 
 in Beaufort district. The courts formerly held 
 at Beaufort are held here. It is seated on the 
 Coosaw, over which is a bridge; 20 miles N. W. 
 
 . 1.-., ..jj!! ...; „ . cj. rr. or uharieston. 
 
 CooTEHiLL, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Cayan; 74 miles from Dublin. It has a 
 good linen market. 
 
 as 
 
 I 
 
If 
 
 il 
 
 COP 214 
 
 COPRMHAOEN, the cnpitnl of Denmark, built 
 on a morass, and surrounded with several small 
 lakes. It was founded by some wandering Hsher- 
 mon, in the 11th century, and is now accounted 
 the best built city of the north of Europe. It 
 became the sent of the court nnd government of 
 Denmark in 1443. The streets aro well paved, 
 with R foot- way on each side. The greatest part 
 of the buildings are of brick, and a few of free- 
 stone; the houses of the nobility are m general 
 splendid, and built in the Italian style. The 
 harbour is capable of containing 600 sail; and 
 the streets aro intersected by broad canals, which 
 bring the merchandise close to the warehouses 
 on the quays. Copenhagen contains four royal 
 palaces, twenty. two churches, a great number 
 of public buildings, and a university, nnd about 
 1 10,000 inhabitants. The palace, called Chris- 
 tinnsburg, built by Christian VI. and burnt 
 down in 1794, was an immense pile of building 
 of hewn stone, the wings and stables of brick, 
 stuccoed. The hospital of Warlow is large nnd 
 convenient, containing 350 beds^ occupied by ns 
 many poor. The church is so placed, that ser- 
 vice may be heard by those who are confined to 
 their bed. The exchange is a large Gothic build- 
 ing; vessels are brought very near it by means 
 of canalsf and here the merchants assemble. 
 Tlie new royal market is the largest square in 
 the city, and almost entirely composed of stataly 
 buildings, as the academy of painting and sculp- 
 ture, the theatre, the great hotel, the artillery- 
 house, &c., and in the centre is a marble 
 equestrian statue of Christian V. In the N. 
 suburbs is an obelisk of reddish stone erected 
 in 1793 by the city, to the honour of Chris- 
 tian VI. on his abolishing vassalage; and around 
 itp pedestal are four female figures of white 
 Dinrble. The citadel is a regular fortification, 
 with five bastions, a double ditch full of wate», 
 and several advanced works. This city owes its 
 present beauty to the fire of 1728, which de- 
 stroyed five churches and sixty-seven streets, 
 having been rebuilt «i a better style. It suf- 
 fered greaUy by fire in 1794, nnd again in the 
 following year. The new part of the town, 
 raised by Frederic V., is extremely beautiful. 
 It consists of an octagon containing four uni- 
 form and elegant buildings of hewn stone, and 
 »f four broad streets leading to it, in opposite 
 directions. In the middle of the area stands an 
 equestrian statue of Frederic V. in bronze, as' 
 large as life, which i» justly admired. The 
 round tower, built by Christian IV., and de- 
 signed for an observatory, is a singular struc- 
 ture, not having a single step in it, though very 
 lofty : its ascent is by a spiral road near 14 feet 
 wide; and one of their kings has driven in his 
 carriage up and down it. On the interruption 
 to the commerce of Holland, by the events of 
 the French revolution in 1793-4, Copenhagen 
 became the principal entrcpdt for the commerce 
 of the nortJi of Eiuope j for which no place 
 can be more advantageously situated; but Den- 
 mark becoming involved in the contentions of 
 that period, and joining in a confederacy with 
 Uuasia and Sweden ag.iinst the naval ascen- 
 dancy of England, an English fleet, in March, 
 
 COQ 
 
 1801, was despatched to bombard Copenhagen, 
 when, after considerable damngo being done to 
 the town, and 28 ships of war taken or destroyed, 
 an armistice was entered upon, which led lo a 
 treaty of peace with all the northern powers ; 
 but not without operating as a severe check to 
 the commercial enterprise of Copenhagen; and 
 in 1807 the British Government, anticipating 
 the designs of the French on the fleet and naval 
 stores in the harbour of Copenhagen, sent a 
 fleet of seventeen ships of the line, with frigates, 
 Slc, and a considerable army, to take possession 
 of the island of Zealand, Copenhagen, &c., which 
 the Danes opposed, and the city was bomlwirded 
 fb>- three days, when 300 houses, the cathedral, 
 and part of the university were destroyed, and 
 as many more buildings greatly damaged; and 
 with this event, the ephemeral importance of 
 Copenhagen, ns n great commercial entrepdt, 
 mny be consideretl as terminating. Eighteen 
 Danish ships of the line, fifteen frigates, six 
 brigs, and twenty-five gun-boats, with all the 
 naval stores in the arsenal of Copenhagen, were 
 delivered up by capitulation, to Admiral Gam- 
 bier and Lord Cathcart. The city is five miles 
 in circumference, seated on the E. shore of the 
 isle of Zp-<lHnd, at the entrance into the Baltic 
 Sea, aboui 2.5 miles within the strait called the 
 Sound; 340 miles S. W. of Stockholm, and 600 
 N. E. of London. Long. 12. 36. E. lat. 55. 41. 
 N. See Amak. 
 
 CopiAPo, the most northern province of Chili » 
 bounded on the N. by the great desert of At»- 
 cama, E. by the Andes, and W. by the Pacific 
 Ocean; being about 260 miles from N. to S., 
 from 24. 20. to 28. of S. lat., and about 90 miles 
 in mean breadth, abounding in mines of gold, 
 iron, copper, sulphur, tin, and lead. The chief 
 town, of the same name, stands on the S. side of 
 a river, also of the same name, at its entrance 
 into the Pacific Ocean; 490 miles N. by E. of 
 Valparaiso. Long. 70. 50. W. lat. 27. 20. S. 
 On the Andes, in a parallel line with the town 
 of Copiapo, is a volcano, called the Volcano of 
 Copiapo. 
 
 CoppENBRucGE, a town of Hi.; over, in th& 
 principality of Collenberg; 10 miles E. by N. 
 of Hamelin. 
 
 Copper-Mine River, a river of North 
 Americai, which runs from S. to N. into the 
 Icy Sen, in the long, of 1 11. 5. W, nnd 69. 7. 
 of N. lat. 
 
 Co ijr, or CoPET, a town of Switzeriand, 
 with a castle, on the W. bank of the Lake of 
 Geneva; 10 miles N. of Geneva. The castle 
 and barony became the property of M. Neckar, 
 celebrated for his pretensions as a financier in 
 the time of tho French revolution ; both he and 
 his daughter, Madame deStael, lie interred here 
 in a fine mausoleum in the castle-garden. 
 
 Co<iUET, a river of England, which rises on 
 the borders of Scotland, crosses the centre of 
 Nothumberland, and enters the German Ocean 
 at Warkworth. Opposite its mouth is a smaU 
 island of the same name. 
 
 CoftuiMBO, or Serena, a seaport of Chili,, 
 near the mouth of a river of the same name,' 
 and the capital of a province also of the eamo 
 
COR 
 
 name rich in corn and mines of gold nnd silver. 
 The .treeU are shaded with fig-trees, pal.nH, 
 oranges, olives, Sec. always green. It s 260 
 
 w!ut.%2%r''^'''^"""' ^""^^ ''■'' 
 
 CoRACHis, or kuRACHBB, a Seaport of Asia, 
 at the mouth of a creek which communicates, in 
 the rainy season, with the Indus, on the westijrn 
 
 aX„ " '"PPT'' *° ^ '•'« Sanpada of 
 Arrian, or Port of Alexander, and is now the 
 principal outport of the Afghans. The inhabi- 
 tants are of an enterprising disposition, and it 
 appears to afford a favourable opening for com- 
 mercial adventure. It is about 100 miles W. 
 
 E. hm '" °^^*- ^^- ^•""'^ ^^- I*- of 
 
 disScT'^f Ik""™ °^ Hindostan, capital of a 
 Jumn» I .t '«""«"»•"«. Iving between the 
 Jumna and the main branch of the Ganges- 
 which came wholly into the possession of the 
 English m 1801. It is n very fenile and pro! 
 
 *^f 1.*'*.'^',*'"*='5 ^^^ *»*" '8 98 miles N. W. of 
 Allahabad. 
 
 CoRBACH, a town in the electorate of Hesse, 
 capital of the county of Waldeck. It is divided 
 mto the old and new town, and near it, on a 
 mountain, is the castle of Eisenberg. The Ha- 
 ""J.^"""' '^ere defeated hero by the French in 
 1700. It 18 seated on the Itter; 22 miles W. 
 of Cassel. Long. 9. 1. E. lat. 51. 16. N. 
 
 CORBECK, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- 
 bant; 3 miles S. of Louvain. 
 
 CoKBEii,, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Seine and Oise; seated on the Seine at 
 the influx of the Juine; 17 miles S. of Paris. 
 
 Corbie, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Somme, with a celebrated Benedictine 
 abbey; seated on the Somme; 10 miles E. of 
 Amiens. 
 
 CoRBiERES, a town of Switeerland, in the 
 canton of Friburg; 10 miles S. of Fribuig. 
 
 CoRBv, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market 
 on Thursday; 1 3 miles N. of Stamford, and 1 02 
 N. by W. of Loudon. 
 Cordilleras. See Andes. 
 CoRDODAN, Tower of, a lighthouse built on 
 a rock at the mouth of the Garonne river; 55 
 miles W. by N. from Bordeaux. It is 175 feet 
 high, and of handsome proportions. 
 
 Cordova, an interior province of Andalusia, 
 yirtA of Spain, comprising an area of about 
 ofto no^"'® ""''^' a"d contains a population of 
 ^5J,02». It 18 divided into nearly two equal 
 parts, by the Guadiilquiver river, which inter- 
 sects it from E. to W. : the N. W. part is moun- 
 tainous, but the more southern part is exceed- 
 ingly fertile in com, fruit, wine, and olives. It 
 ^?f fonned into an independent kingdom by 
 AMerame, a Moorish general, about the year 
 095; besides the city of Cordova, the other prin- 
 cipal towns arc Bujalance and Montilla. 
 
 Cordova, City op, the capital of the pre- 
 ceding province, is seated on the N. bank of the 
 Guadalquiver, over which is a bridge of sixteen 
 arches, built by the Moors. It was a consider- 
 able plaeu in the time of llie Rouians, who sur- 
 rendered it to the Goths in 572. In 692 it was 
 taken by Abderamo, a Moorish general, who 
 
 216 
 
 COR 
 
 ^Tni? !r """"''^ '*'° authority of the grand 
 caliph of Damascus, nnd made the city of Cor- 
 dova the capital of a king.lort. It fs now a 
 bishop s see, and one of the finest cities of Spain. 
 The circumference is large, but there are man; 
 orchards and gardens within the walla. The 
 pakces church, and religious houses are superb, 
 particularly the cathedral, which is 534 feet in 
 length, and 387 wide, built by Abderame, fur a 
 mosque, and it still retains the same ofMez- 
 quita. 1 he square, called the Plazji Major. 
 IS surrounded by fine houses, under which are 
 piazzas. The trade consists in wine, silk, and 
 leather ; but it is not so considerable as for- 
 merly. In the neighbourhood are a vast num- 
 ber of orange and lemon trees; and here are the 
 best horses m Spain. It was from hence 'hat 
 the leather called cordovan derived its name, 
 he nriode of manufacture being first introduced 
 here by the Moors. Cordova is 1 30 miles N. E 
 of Cadiz, and 190 S. by W. of Madrid. 
 
 Cordova, a town of Mexico, in the inten- 
 dancy of Vera Cruz, and a bishop's see. Here 
 are upwards of thirty sugar-mills. It is seated 
 on a nver which flows into the Gulf of Mexico; 
 80 miles E 8. E. of Puebla de los Angelos, and 
 65 W. by S. of the port of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Cordova, one of the eight intendaiicies of the 
 
 united provinces of South America, extendina 
 
 through nine degrees of latitude, from 29. to 
 
 ;.n ',*Jlr«," degrees of longitude, between 
 
 00. and 70. W.; it comprises nearly the whole 
 
 0. the vast plain lying between the great river 
 
 La Plata and the Andes. The principal towns 
 
 are St. Louis and Mendoza, both on the route 
 
 trom Buenos Ayres to Santiago in Chili. There 
 
 18 also a town of the same name in the N. E 
 
 part the province, in the vicinity of some salt 
 
 lakes, and on the line of road from Buenos 
 
 Ayres to Potosi. Some scattered tribes of 
 
 Indians roam over parts of this extensive dis- 
 
 tnet, but the aggregate population is very 
 
 hinited. ' 
 
 CoREA, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the 
 N. by Chmese Tartary, on the E. by the sea of - 
 Jupan, on the S. by a narrow sea, which sepa- 
 rates it from the Japanese islands, and on the 
 V. . by the Yellow Sea, which separates it from 
 China. The W. coast is flanke<{ by innumerable 
 islands. It is a peninsula, being surrounded on 
 every side by the sea, except towards the N 
 It J8 governed by a king, tributary to the em- 
 peror of China, and is divided into eight pro- 
 vinces, Hien-king, Ping-ngang. Hoang-hai. 
 Kiang-yuen, King-ki, Tchu-sin, King-chan, and 
 rchuen-so, which contains 33 cities of the first. 
 
 i o„„.*^°"''' ""'' 70 of the third rank 
 Pop. 8,000,000. The towns are exceedingly 
 populous, and the inhabitants follow neariy the 
 same customs, and are of the same religion, 
 wth the Chmese. The country abouncb in 
 corn and rice, of which last they have two 
 kinds, one of which delights in water, and the 
 othei . which IS the better sort, is cultivated on 
 
 drveround. lilfo /.0-" 'ru \ ■ ir ,. 
 
 and silver in the mountains, and good pearl 
 fisheriea on the coast. The Coreans are well 
 made, mgenious, brave, and tractable. They 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 H, 
 
COR 
 
 tie 
 
 COR 
 
 are fond of daiicliig and mu»ii , and ghow great 
 aptness for acquiring the sciences, wliiuh tticy 
 (ijiply to with ardour. Tlicy are less fastidious 
 and less coremoniouf than tiio Chiiu-sc, but 
 equally jeaioii - >f admitting strangers ;nto the 
 countiy. Mui of learning are distinguislied 
 from other people by two plumes of feathers, 
 which tli'7 wear in their caps. Tboir w»<men 
 are loss confined than thos« ii. • '.' ii-s, iiirl ' ivo 
 the liberty of appearing in .Drmwi^' \Wvli tbo 
 other sex. In China, pnceitb ofitin " i -hil- 
 dren without their consent, but in torea they 
 choose fo. themselves. They never bury their 
 dead till three yea's niter their decease, but 
 keep them in coffins for that time. Corea ex- 
 tends from N. to S. from the lat. of 34. 30. to 42. 
 30. N., and from E. to W. from 125. to 12.0. of 
 E. long. King-ki-tao, nearly in the centre of 
 the kingdom, is the capital. 
 
 CoRFE Cabtle, a town in Dorsetshire, with 
 a market on Thursday. It is seated on b penin- 
 sula in the British Channel, called the Isle of 
 Purbeck, on a river, between two hills, on one 
 of which stands the castle, formerly a place of 
 great importance. Great quantities of fine clay 
 and stone ire shipped here for the Staffordshire 
 potteries. The town is governed by a mayor, 
 and every alderman that has served the office 
 hosthe title of baron. It is 18 miles S. by E. of 
 Dorchester, and 116 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean, near 
 the coast of Albania, at the entrance of the 
 Adriatic. Here is made a great quantity of 
 salt; auil it abounds with vineyards, lemons, 
 nnd olivesw It was anciently known under the 
 several names of Scheria, Phaeia, and Caroyra. 
 The Corcyrians were an. independent people, 
 coeval with the proudest epoch of the Greeks. 
 In the 14th century the island became subject 
 to the Venetians, in whose possession it con- 
 tinued until 1797, when it was ceded to the 
 French, by the treaty of Campo-Formio. It 
 capitulated to the Turks and Russians in 1 729, 
 nnd, with six other islands, was constituted in- 
 dependent, under the title of Ionian Republic 
 (which see). 
 
 Corfu (the ancient Corcyra), the chief town 
 of the preceding island, is situate on the E. side, 
 on the shore of a spacious and secure harbour, 
 for vessels of easy draught of water. The for- 
 tifications are very strong. It is the seat of go- 
 vernment of the whole of the Seven Islands, or 
 Ionian Republic, and contains about 16,000 in- 
 habitants. Lat. 39. 36. N. lung. 19. 50. E. 
 
 CoRiA, an episcopal town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura; seated on the Alagon; 120 miles W. 
 S. W. of Madrid. 
 
 CoHiNGA, a town at the N. extremity of the 
 coast of Coromandel, having a commodious har- 
 bour a few miles N. of the main channel of the 
 Godavery river; in the lat. of 17. N. 
 
 Corinth, Isthmus of, a neck of land which 
 joins the Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the 
 Gulf of Lepanto W.,to that of ilv^ina, £. The 
 narrowest part of it is 6 miles o\ r; and on a 
 mount here, called Oneius, were formerly cek- 
 
 »'t(tt^« HITJ lo.ftf..'..It jj.....' — • * ..^i 
 
 ruins of a town upon it, and of the temples dedi- 
 
 ated to the Sun, Pluto, Diana, Neptime, Onof, 
 and Bac rhus. Julius Ca^ir, Caligula, and Nero 
 in vain attempted to f%\i a channel through th« 
 isthmus; they therefore built a .vail across it, 
 called Hexamilia, bccauHe it was miles in 
 length. This w;w demolished by Amurath II., 
 rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled a second 
 time by Mahomet II. 
 
 CoRiNTU, a town of the Morea, situate on the 
 northern declivity of a mountain, sloping to- 
 wards the Gulf of Lepanto and the preceding 
 isthmus, to which it gives name. During the 
 zenith of Grecian glory, Corinth justly ranked 
 among the most important and magnificent ci- 
 ties of Greece; itw tcmplea, theatres, and foun- 
 tains were the admiration of every beholdcr;and 
 in thp proportions and richness of their columns 
 and r-ortic" ■« architecture was peri'c. A, leav- 
 wg noti.iiijj ii>r aftsr ages to perfoni. in that 
 noble art but to copy : and the Corinthian pillar 
 or column now, more or le«». adorns every city 
 of the civilized world, Corinth fell a prey to 
 the fury of the Roman arms under Mummius, in 
 the year 1 46 a c; anl although Julius Cibsit 
 «ndeavoured to restore it to its former grandeur, 
 in whose time it was visited by St. 1 aul, it 
 has prc^essively sunk into a place of insigni- 
 ficance. It fell into the h' .ids of the Venetians 
 during their ascendancy, but the Turks became 
 masters of it in 1715, and in their possession it 
 continued till the Greek revolution. It had 
 formerly a port on the Gulf of jEgina, called 
 Cenchrea, as well as on that of Lepanto; but 
 the former is now little used, '"he ancient 
 citadel, Acro-Corinthus, still remains entire, 
 and, to a well-disciplined garrison, riay be con- 
 sidered impregnable. Corinth is tiie seat of a 
 Greek metiopolitan and bishop. Pop. about 
 3000. li is 66 miles E. by S. of Patros, and 
 48 W. by S. of Athens. 
 
 Cork, a maritime county, forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Ireland, having upwarda of 100 
 miles of sea-coast, indented with several very 
 sppcious and safe Imys and harbours, opening 
 into the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 35 miles in 
 mean brc dth from S. to N., and is intersected 
 from E. ti W. by two fine rivers, the Blackwater 
 and the Lee, with five or six others of inferior 
 note. The following are the princiiial bays and 
 harbours, beginning at the west: viz. Bantry, 
 Dunmanny, Baltimore, Glandore, Ross, Clon- 
 akilty, Kinsale, Cork, and Youghal. Besides 
 the city of Cork, the principal towns in the 
 interior are Charleville, Mallow, Doneraile, 
 Michelstown, Bandon, Cloyne, &c. Bandon, 
 Kinsale, Mallow, and Youghal, each return one, 
 anu ^he city of Cork and the county each two 
 members to the parliament of the United King- 
 dom. The (^iculturi 'f this county, both in 
 tillage and pasture, has been much improved 
 since the middle of the eighteenth century, and, 
 in conjui uon with the adjoining interior county 
 of Tippemry, supplies a great portion of the 
 English marine with salt beef and pork, more 
 especially the former, and exports vast quanti- 
 ties of butter; and since U!00, it has also cx- 
 norted. n cnnftidemhle qunni /of grain. Some 
 woollen manufactures are carried on for lutwr- 
 
COR 
 
 917 
 
 COR 
 
 niil consumption in the eastjm part of the 
 icunt.v; and, during tho third deconnnrv of the 
 JSih century, ievcrHl cfforta were made to esta- 
 blish the cotton manufacture »iver the county 
 gonorally, ' 
 
 Cork, City of. and capital of tho preceding 
 county, supposed to hnvc heon founded by tho 
 JMnes jn tho sixth century, it beautiftilly and 
 advantageously situate on the banit^ of the river 
 J^eo, about 6 miles above its entnmoe into Corl- 
 harbour. Cork, in conjunction with Ross, is a 
 bishop's Hen, The city is divided into twenty- 
 tw.i (Hirishos. Next to Dublin, Cork is the 
 largest and most important place in all Ireland. 
 
 I u il"?!""" '"'*"" ^'''""' y^'""*' '*'"'■' *^»'n ' 793 to 
 1815, Cork harlwur wras one of the chief rendez- 
 vous of the British navyj and tho extensive de- 
 mand which thai war created for salt provi- 
 sions, led to Cork becoming the largest and most 
 celebrated market in Europe for that article 
 and It stiii continues to be the chief source of 
 •upply, not only of tho national, but of the com- 
 mercial navy of tho United Kingdom j and, for 
 long voyages, and tropical climates, is preferred 
 by the ships of ull n itions. As the chief com- 
 mercial town of the south-west of Ireland, it 
 concentrates tho surplus production, not only 
 
 !u ""* Z^?}^ *''"' ^y« ^^^ "*' ">« greater jmrt of 
 those of Kerry and Tipperarv, which it also 
 supphes with such British and foreign p o- 
 diutions as are received in exchange. Since 
 the commencement of the war in 1793, the city 
 has undergone great improvement, both in re^ 
 gard to public and private buildmgs. There are 
 hve bridges over ' Leej that of St. Patrick is 
 a fine structure, ihe exchanRc, custom-house, 
 and town-hall, are all fine edifices. It has two 
 theatres, several hospitals, and other public 
 biiulings. The cathedral, erected between 1 725 
 ami 1735, is a stately edifice, and gomo of the 
 parish churches are of a like ( i .meter. The 
 barracks, on the N. side of ti.e city, ituate on 
 an einmenc*'. presei a very imposing aspect. 
 Cork has a {.ublic brt »ery on a very extensive 
 scale, and which makes also its own mnlt 
 ^'^^ « 125 mile, S. W. of Dublin, iu the lut! 
 of 51. 64. N. and 8. 28. of W. long. 
 
 L-oRK, Cove of, is that part of the harbour 
 ot Cork usually occupied as the anchoriiL'o 
 ground. The harbour, which is entered by a 
 deep and narrow channel, and defended by a 
 strong fort on each side, is about 9 miles from 
 the mouth of the river Lee, and about the 
 same extent in ))readth. At the upper end is 
 an island, aill. (Jreat Island, from 4 to 5 
 miles long firo W. to E.. and from 2 to 3 
 miles wide. Ai the W. '-d of this island is a 
 town called Cove, and a iie entrance of tiio 
 channel between Great Island and the main 
 land, are two small islands ciiiled Haulbowline 
 and Rocky Islands, strongly fortified ; and 
 thus, whilst the natural positions of Cork har- 
 bour are such as to afford accommoil ition for 
 t^ whole British mai .e, secure nom the 
 effects of the elements, tiie fbrtifications ren- 
 der the shipping and the town equally secure 
 
 ■'•••■;" "pijw::: VI uti cncmy and, the our- 
 
 roimdmg shore being studiled with neat and 
 
 commodious residences, render the the whole 
 as p..-tur,.»<iue and agreeable as it is iiii,,„rtnnt 
 in iioint of security and defence. 
 
 CV.Kt.E0Nn, a large and well-built town of 
 hicily. Ill the Val di Miwzam. It is 24 miles 
 ». fe. W. of Palermo. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Comii*, a town of Further Pomerania, with 
 a castle. It has conniderablo woollen manii- 
 ♦actures, and is seated on tho Poreant; 10 
 mile* S. E. of Colberg. 
 
 CoaMANTiN, a town of Guinea, on the C'd 
 Const, largo and populous. Here the Dutti. 
 have a fort, which was taken by the English 
 in 1()G6. Long. 0. 15. W. Int. 5. 80. N. 
 
 CoRMERV, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Indro nnd Loire, with a Benedictine 
 ft >bey ; seated on the Indre ; 8 miles S. E. of 
 loura. 
 
 CoENA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak 
 Arabi; sente<l on the T gris, near its conflux 
 with the Euphrates; 86 miles W. N. W of 
 Bassora. 
 
 CoRNCTo, a town of Italy, in the patrimony 
 of haint Peter ; seated on the Marta ; 3 milts 
 b. of the a, and 10 N. of Civita Vecchia. 
 
 CoHNHiLf,, a town of the county of Dur- 
 ham, in Norhamshire; seat.d near the Tweed 
 oveT which It has a large bridge to Coldstream. 
 
 '" f?,*^x^xr^V," ^2 miles S. W. of Berwick, 
 and 333 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 CoRNiQLiANo, a town of Italy, in the Mi- 
 lanese ; 16 miles E. of Milan. 
 
 Cornwall, a county forming the S. W ex- 
 tremity of England, projecting into the At- 
 lantic Ocean. It is bounded on the K N. E. 
 by the nver Tamar, which divides it from De- 
 vonshire, being washed on all its other sides by 
 the sea. The S. coast, for about 70 miles, 
 fl? xr" ^°" ^^^ entrance to the English, nnd 
 the N., for about 90 miles, on the entrance to 
 tne Bristol Channel. Atits eastern, or E. N E. 
 extremity, it is about 42 miles wide, but irra- 
 du.-iUy narrows towards the W. to about 15 
 miles, when it diverges, at a distance of about 
 60 miles, into two points j the most southerly 
 called the Lizard, in the lut. of 49. 58. N. and 
 6. U. of V long., and the other the Land't 
 End, m th. at. of 50. 4. N. and 5. 42. of W 
 long., the J rniediate space being known by 
 
 «4qo«r* ■^?"''* ^"y- It contains 
 
 04y,„8(, anoa, and returns two members to 
 parliament for each of the divisions, Eastern 
 and Western. The distinguishing character- 
 istics of this county are iU minerals, semi- 
 inetuls, and clays, which are found hero in 
 greatt r variety than in almost anv other part 
 of Uie world. Gold, silver, iron, cobalt, anU- 
 mony, manganese, and lapis 'aminaris, are 
 aU found to u certain extent, and h ne in 
 abundanu; but the predominating pr, 'ac- 
 tions are c,;, ,,oi and tin, with which are mixed 
 
 unward/lf in'if"'-' '" ^he "lupply of wliich 
 upwaras of 100 mines are m constant work, 
 borne of the mines are worked to a vast depth : 
 bu the perfection of the means appUed as 
 well m briiiginc the ores to ♦>.« .,^^L^l f.! 
 MiH luiig, &c., renders the operations co^par^" 
 ' ■' easy, and the proceeds a source of great 
 
 I 
 
 V'l 
 
 
 I 
 
*; 
 
 »i 
 
 COR iiiH 
 
 »mIi)i to the partiw oiigiigoJ in them, and of 
 gent'ral aUvaiitttgc to the coimty. The n.iniiiu 
 butiiicM ill entirely regulated by a code called 
 the Stannary Laws, cnactud by a coutt of dIuu- 
 natera, or pniprietora. These lawi divide the 
 tinmen into ton diviaions, under the auiKjrin- 
 tendenco of one warden. A vice-wartlen ii 
 appointed every month ; and there ii a steward 
 for each precinct, who holds liia court every 
 threo weeks, where a jury of sJx penou de- 
 cider disputes, with a progressive a|)peai, how- 
 ever, to the vice-warden, lord-warden, and 
 lords of the Diilce of Cornwall's council. The 
 mines are under no other jurisdiction except- 
 ing in such cases as affect land or life. Iti 
 addition to its minerals, a vein of soapy earth, 
 and of potter's clay, estimable in the manufac- 
 ture of porcelain, add cnnaideralily to the re- 
 sources of the county. '1 iio shnpi ng of granite 
 for building, and moorstone for grinding of 
 corn, ^vo employment to great nuinliers ; inid, 
 Jn addition to these resources, the coast of 
 Cornwall is annually visited by shoahi of pil- 
 chards, which, in Ksh and oil, yield an average 
 produce of 60,000/. per annum. The occupa- 
 tions of mining and fishing, np to the middle 
 of the eighteenth century, prevailed to such an 
 extent in this county as to render agriculture 
 almost entirely neglected, and to give it a 
 rudeness and wildness of character distinct 
 from that of every other part of the kingdom ; 
 but since that period agriculture has been pro- 
 gressively improving, and potatoes and gmin 
 are now included among its surplus produc- 
 tions, which, in the aggregate, may be consi- 
 dered as exceeding 500,000/. per annum in 
 amount. What are denominated the duchy 
 i^hinds are very extensive, and the income de- 
 rived from them, together with the duty on tin 
 ore, form the only remaining parts of those 
 immense hereditary revenues, which were an- 
 ciently appropriated as a provision for tlie heir 
 apparent to the crown. Previously to the in- 
 vasion of Britain by the Romans, Cornwall 
 was inhabited by a tribe called the Danmonii, 
 with whom the Phoenicians are supposed to 
 have traded largely for tin. The descendanU 
 of that tribe, and the succeeding inhabitants, 
 continued longer to retain the language, man- 
 ners, and customs of antiquity, than in any 
 other part of England, and which, up to this 
 time, can hardly be said to be extinct. The 
 coast is, in many parts, extremely rugged, and 
 ridges of granite intersect the western part of 
 the county, whilst the valleys are beautifully 
 diversified with verdure, shrubs, and plants, 
 among which the myrtle is common, with 
 several peculiar to the district. The coast 
 aDounds with marine vegetables, which are 
 much used for manure. The blocks of broken 
 granite appear in remote ages, according to 
 the supposition of some persons, to have been 
 much used in the construction of rude temples 
 for religious worship. Near the Land's End 
 is a block from 90 to 100 tons in weight, so 
 nicely poised as to be movualile with the hand ; 
 there are several others of less magnitude simi- 
 larly poiocd ; these jirc termed loytjin slonet. 
 
 COR 
 
 The prin('I|)al ports on the N. coast, an Pttd- 
 slow and St. Ives; on Mount's Hay, Pensano* 
 and llelstnnoj on the S. coast, Falmwuth, 
 'J'ruro, Fowey, and Loo.; ; I'lymouth Hound, 
 bounding the S. E. extremity of the county. 
 The principal towns in the interior are lled- 
 ruth, St. Austle, I'onryn, Uodmin, Launceslon, 
 &.C. The aasixes, &o., for the county, ar« 
 held alternately at Uodmin and Launceston. 
 Streams of water intersect the county in all 
 directions, and add cunsidorably to its diver- 
 sity and picture»<iue beauty. Some woollen, 
 and a &w otlier manutiictures, are carried on 
 in <lilforent parts of the county, but they arw 
 inconsiderable. 
 
 Cornwall Capk is about 5 miles N. by E. 
 of thu Land's End. 
 
 Cornwall, a township in Orange county, 
 New York, situate along the W. bank of the 
 Hudson riverj 105 miles S. of AllMmy. Pop. 
 3,9-5. Also the name of a township in Addi- 
 son county, Vermont; and of a town in Lich- 
 field county, Connecticut. 
 
 Cornwall, a town of Stormont county. Up- 
 per Canada, situate un the N. bank of the St. 
 Lawrence; about 50 miles above Montreal. 
 
 Cornwall, New, a county in the western 
 part of North America, extending fVom Gard- 
 ner's Canal, in lat. 63. 16., to Frederick's 
 Sound, lat. 37. 6. N. 
 
 Cornwallis, a town of Nova Scotia, seated 
 on the S. shore of the baitin of mines at the 
 head of the Bay of Fundv; about 10 miles 
 N. W. of Windsor, and 45, N. W. of HaU- 
 fax. 
 
 Cornwallis, a county of Lower Canadu, 
 extending for about 160 miles along the S. E. 
 bank of the great river St. Lawrence; bounded 
 on the N. E. by the district of Gaspe. It is at 
 present but thinly inhabited. 
 
 CoRO, a town of Colombia, in the province 
 of Venezuela. It is advantageously situate at 
 the entrance of an isthmus, at about an equal 
 distance from the Caribbean Sea and the Uulf 
 of Maracaibo. It contains about 10,000 in- 
 habitants, who carry on a considerable trade in 
 mules, cattle, &c., with Curacoa, and other 
 islands in the Caribbean Sea. See Venk- 
 zuela. 
 
 Corouandel, Coast op, the eastern coast of 
 the peninsula of Hindostan, extending from 
 Point Calymere, in the lat. of 10. 18. N. to the 
 Kistnah river, in the lat. 16. N. There is not 
 a port for large ships on the whole coast, which 
 is an even, low, sandy country. Madras is the 
 principal town, and the other places of note are 
 f^egapatam, Pondicherry, Pullicate, &c. 
 
 Coron, a seaport of European Turkey, in 
 the Morea ; seated on the W. side of a bay ta 
 which it gives name; 16 miles E. of Modon. 
 Long. 21. 46, E. lat. 36. 55. N. 
 
 Coronation Gulp, in the Polar Seas, be- 
 tween Melville Sound and Duke of York's 
 Archipelago. Lat. 68. 0. N. long. 112. 0. W. 
 Coronation, Cape, a cape of the island of 
 New Caledonia, in the Pacific Ocean. Long, 
 167. 8. E. lat. 22. 5. S. 
 CoKHisuio, a town of Italy, in the duoiiy ol> 
 
 
CO R 
 
 •If 
 
 COR 
 
 Seas, be- 
 r York's 
 2. 0. W. 
 island of 
 Long. 
 
 ModenH, with a cnstle; 9 miles N. N. E. of. 
 HeKKio. 
 
 CownEaE, an interior ileparttiidut of France, 
 eoiitaining tho liito province of Limounin, It 
 tnlces its imme from a river which runs into the 
 Vf/ere, after having wutoroU Tulles and Brivos. 
 Tulltis is the onpital. 
 
 CoHRio, Loiioii, Ireland, county Oalway, 
 connected by a wniol with Gii'wuy IJuy ; areu 
 30,iMJ0 acres. 
 
 CoHRiKNTU, Cai-k, on tho E. coast of South 
 Africm, opposite tho S. end of the island of 
 MatlagHscar. Also tho name of another capo 
 on the W. coast of Mexico, in tho PaciHc 
 Octiin, in the lut. of V'O. N. 
 
 CoHRiENTiis, a town of Pamguay, with a 
 fort, seiitod on the E. side of the Parana, at 
 the influx of the river I'araguay ; 490 miles 
 N. of Buenos Ay res. Long. 69. 0. W. Int. 
 27. 30. S. 
 
 CoRiirvRKKAN, a dangerous whirlpool on the 
 W. coast of Scotland, between the Isle of 
 Scurbn and tho N. point of that of Jurn. It is 
 so named from a young Danish prince, who 
 perished in this place. Its vortex extends 
 above a mile in circuit. 
 
 CoHSiiAM, a town in Wiltshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Wednesday, and a considerable woollen 
 manufacture. It is !* miles E. N. E. of Bath 
 and 97 W. of London. ' 
 
 CoMicA, or CoRSB, an island in the Medi- 
 terranean, separated from that of Sardinia, on 
 the S., by the Strait o» iJonifacio. It is 1,50 
 miles from N. to S., and fi'om 40 to 60 in 
 brwidth. It was known to the ancient Greeks 
 by the names of Callista and Cymus, and to 
 the llomans by its present appellation. On 
 the coast are many excellent harbours. It is 
 mountainous, but fruitful valleys are inter- 
 spersed; and it has some fine lakes and rivers. 
 In the earliest time it has been femous for its 
 swarnis of bees, and produces vast quantities 
 of honey, which, however, is reckoned bitter, 
 on account of the box and yew with which the 
 couptrj- abounds. The mountains are rich in 
 lead, iron, copper, and silver; and there are 
 also mines of alum and saltpetre. The granite 
 of Corsica is nearly eijual to oriental ; porphy- 
 ries, jasijcr, talc, amianthes, emeralds, and 
 other precious stones, are found scattered m 
 the mountains, and the S. coast abounds with 
 benutiftil coral. This island was, for some cen- 
 turiex under the dominion of the Genoese, 
 whose tyranny was such, that the Corsicans' 
 were almost in a perpetual state of insurrec- 
 tion. In 1736, a German adventurer, Theo- 
 dore Baron NewofF, brought some assistance to 
 them ; and, on his assurance of more powerful 
 aid, they elected him king; Lut, as he could 
 not substantiate his promises, he was obliged 
 to leave the island. He went into England, 
 was thrown into the Fleet Prison, released by 
 an act of insolvency, (after having registered his 
 kingdom of Corsica for the btnefit of his credi- 
 tors,) and suffered to die in extreme indigence. 
 The Genoese, tired of the contest, sold tho 
 
 i" r"',"°^"'" 1"" " ' ■■■ ''■■'; ■■"'" "-"c ccie- 
 
 bvatcd Paoh. who had been elected to the 
 
 chief command in I7fifl, was obliged to abw 
 don the island in 1769. AfW tho French r» 
 Tolntion m 1 7H9, Corsica was admitted as an 
 eighty- third department of France, at the par- 
 ticular request of a depuUtion, of which Paoll 
 was at the head. In cons«<iuonce of soma 
 events which followed tho revolution in 1792, 
 Paoli revolted; the French, by the assistance 
 of the English, were expelled fVom the island; 
 and Corsica, in 1794, was declared annexed to 
 the crown of Great Britain. In 1796, how- 
 ever, the English found it expedient to evacu- 
 ate the island, of which tho French immedi- 
 ately took possession, and again united it t« 
 France, of which country it now forms th« 
 eighty-sixth department. It is divided into 
 four prefectures, vii. Bnstia, Calvi. Corte, and 
 Sartenne. Ajaccio, on the W. coast, is th« 
 principal seaport. Pop. about 180,000. 
 
 CoRSOBR, a town of Denmark, in the isle of 
 Zealand, on a peninsula in the Great Belt, with 
 a good harbour for light vessels. It is defended 
 by a citadel, which serves also as a magazine for 
 corn; and is 54 miles W. .S. W. of Copenhagen. 
 Long. 1 1 . 12. E. lut. .56. I'J. N. 
 
 CoBTE, a town of Corsica, situate in the centre 
 of the island, on tho side and foot of a rock, at 
 the confluence of the Tayigiiano and Restonica. 
 On the point of a rock, rising above the rest, is 
 the castle, to which there is but one winding 
 passage, that will admit only two persons 
 abreast While the island was in the possession 
 of the English, Corte was made the seat of the 
 viceroy; and it has been enlarged and fortified 
 by the French. It is 27 miles N. E. of Ajaccio. 
 and 90 S. W. of Bastla. Pop. 2735. 
 
 CoRTEMioLiA, a town of Piedmont, in Mont- 
 ferrat, situate on the Bermidn; 16 miles E. of 
 Cherasco. 
 
 CoRTLANDViLLB, a town of North America, 
 state of New York; 40 miles N. of New 
 York, in a populous and fertile country. Pop. 
 3799. ' 
 
 CoRTONA, a fortified town of Tusc-any, and a 
 bishop's see, with a famous academy. It stands 
 on a mountain, on the frontiers of the Ecclesias- 
 tical States; 32 miles E. of Sienna. 
 
 CoRUNNA, a seaport at the N. W. of Spain, in 
 Galicia, with a large and safe harbour, called the 
 Groyne, defended by two castles. The town is 
 of a circular form ; but the poverty of the sur- 
 rounding country affords few resources for trade. 
 A British army of 13,000 were, on the 16th Jan. 
 1 809, near being driven into the sea by a French 
 force of 30,000 men. It is 20 miles S. W. of 
 Ferrol, and 35 N. by E. of Compostella. Lonir 
 8. 19.W. andlat. 43. 33. N. 
 
 CoRVEY, a town and small principality of 
 Westjihalia, with a celebrated abbey ; situated 
 on the Weser; 27 miles E. by N. of Paderbom 
 Long. 9. 36. E. lat. 51. 46. N. 
 
 CoRvo, the smallest and moat northerly 
 island of the Azores, so called from the abun- 
 dance of crows found upon it. The inhabitants 
 cultivate wheat, and feed hogs. Lonij. 31. 6. W 
 lat. 39. 42. N. 
 
 ConwHU, a town in Wales, county of M*. 
 rioneth; 1 miles N.E. of Bala, and 1 94 W.N. W. 
 
 I 
 
 li 9 
 
COR 
 
 9/20 
 
 COT 
 
 of London. It is Bitimtc on tho S. bank of the 
 Dee. 
 
 CoiiYDON, a flourishing town of Hiirrison 
 county, Indiana, Hituuto on the hiise line of a 
 bend of the Ohio river; from whiuh it ia distant 
 about 15 miles both E. W. and S. 
 
 CosKL, a town of Prussia, province of Silesia, 
 o?i the Oder. It is fortitied. and contains a popu- 
 lation of 3G00. 
 
 CosisNZA, a cit> ci' Naples, capital of Calabria 
 Citeriore, and an archbishop's sec, with a strong 
 castle. The environs produce abundance of 
 corn, fruit, oil, wine, and silk. It is situate on 
 several small UUs, at the foot of the Appennines 
 on the E. side, and by the river Crati ; 1 65 miles 
 S. E. of Naples. Pop. about 16,000. 
 
 Coshocton, an interior county of the state of 
 Ohio. Several streams of considerable magni- 
 tude unite in this county to form the Mus- 
 kingum river, which river it is in contemplation 
 to unite with the Cayahoga, and thereby open u 
 direct water communication between the Ohio 
 and Lake Erie. The chief town, of the same 
 name, is situate on the E. bank of the Mus- 
 kingum, 65 miles N. N. E. of Columbia, the 
 capital of the state. Pop. of the county, 
 21,590. 
 
 CosLiN, or KoBsi.iN, a town of Further 
 Pomerania, Prussia, which has good woollen 
 manufactures, excellent fisheries, and fine cattle. 
 It is seaw u on the Nesebach ; 1 8 miles E. of 
 Colberg. 
 
 CosNE, a town of France, in the N. W. part 
 of the department of Nievre. Anchors for ships 
 are forged here ; and its cutlery and gloves are 
 much esteemed. It is seated on the E. bank of 
 the Loire, at the influx of the Noain ; 34 miles 
 N. by W. of Nevers, and 1 10 S. by E. of Paris. 
 It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 6823. 
 
 Cospoua, a town of Ilindostnn, province of 
 Cachar, now much decayed ; 276 miles E. of 
 Patna. Long. 92. 67. E. lat 24. 56. N. 
 
 Cossacks, a people inhabiting the confines of 
 Poland, Russia, Ttulary, and Turkey. They are 
 divided into the Kosakki-sa-Parovi, the Ko- 
 sal:ki-Donski, and the Uralian Cossacks. The 
 men are large and well made, have blue eyes, 
 brown hair, and aquiline noses ; tlie women are 
 handsome, well shaped, and complaisant to 
 stmngers. The Uralian Cosaacks dwell in vil- 
 lages along the banks of the Ural, and their 
 chief town is Uralsk. The country which the 
 Kosakki-sii-Parovi inhabit is called the Ukraine, 
 and their towns are built of wood, after the 
 manner of the Russians. The Kosakki-Donski 
 dwell on both sides of the Don, are under the 
 protection of Russia, and profess the same reli- 
 gion. See Ukraine and Uhalian Cossacks. 
 
 CossEiR, a town of Egypt, on the Red Sea, 
 and the chief place of trade across that sea, 
 between Egypt and Arabia. It is 280 miles S. 
 by E. of Suez. Long. 33. 60. E. lat. 26. 
 8. N. 
 
 Cossimbazau, a river of Hindostan, in Bengal; 
 the most western arm of the Ganges, from which 
 it separates 35 miles below Rajemal. It passes 
 byMooTshedHbad,CoBsirabuzar, &c. to Nuddea, 
 wbcrs' it is jciined !>.v thfi Ji'Miiigv. iinnther arm 
 
 of the Ganges ; ".nd their united streams fonn 
 the Iloogly. 
 
 CossiMDAZAP,, u town of Hindostan, in Bengal. 
 It lias been at siU times the residence of tho 
 different European factors, this being the centre 
 of their trade. It is seated on the river of 
 the same name, by which it is surrounded ; 7 
 miles S. of Moorahedabad, and 105 N. of Cal- 
 cutta. 
 
 CossiMCOTTA, a town of Hindostan, in tho 
 drear of Cioacole, on a river that flows into the 
 Bay of Bengal; 74 miles S.W. of Cicacole. Long, 
 83. 7. E. lat. 17. 42. N. 
 
 CossiPOUR, u town and fortress of Hindostan, 
 in Delhi, on the N. E. border of the province ; 
 100 miles E. N. E. of Delhi, Long. 79. 18. E. 
 lat. 29. 14. N. 
 
 Costa r.:CA, a province of Guatimala, central 
 America; bounded on the N. by Lake Nicaragua, 
 and on the S. E. by Vcragua. It has rich mines 
 of gold and silver, but in other respects ia 
 mountainous and riclily wooded. Cartago is the 
 capital. 
 
 CosTALNiTZA, a town of Croatia, on the river 
 Udda, ani borders of Bosnia; 67 miles E. S. E. 
 of Carlstadt. Long. 17- 8. E. lat. 45. 20. N. 
 
 CoswicK, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 principality of Anhalt, with a castle, situate on 
 the Elbe; 10 miles W. byN. of Wittenburg. 
 
 CoTABAMDA, a town in the province of Cuzco, 
 Peru; seated on the W. bank of the Apurimae 
 river; 75 miles S. of the city of Cuzco. 
 
 CoTBus, a town and district of Lower Lusatia. 
 The castle stands on an eminence on the E. side 
 of the town. Here are a great number of French 
 protestants, who have introduced their manu- 
 factures ; and it is noted for excellent beer, 
 pitch, and flax. It is seated on the river Spree; 
 CO miles E. by S. of Wittenburg. Long. 14. 24. 
 E. Int. 51. 46. N. 
 
 CoTB d'Or, an interior department in the £. 
 part of France, which has its name from a moun- 
 tain situate to the S. of Dijon. It contains part 
 of the late province of Burgundy. Dijon is the 
 capital. Pop. estimated at 400,000. 
 
 Cotes du Nord, a department of France, so 
 named from its northern maritime position. It 
 contains part of the late province of Bretagne. 
 St. Brieux is the capital. 
 
 CoTESwoLD HiLi.s, a long tract of high ground 
 in the E. part of Gloucestershire. It affords, in 
 many places, a fine short gross for the feed 
 of sheep; and others are devoted to the growth 
 of corn. The sides of this long range are 
 beautiful as they sink into the vale, from the 
 hills of Stinchcomb and Nibley in the S., to that 
 of Bredon in the N., which has been celebrated 
 in ancient rhyme. 
 
 CoTHEN, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of 
 the principality of Anhnlt-Cothen, with a castle. 
 It is 12 miles S. W. of Dessau. Long. 12. 9. E. 
 lat. 51. 48. N. 
 
 CoTiONAC, a town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Var, on the river Anjens ; 33 miles 
 N.N.E. of Toulon. 
 
 CoTiONOLA, a fortified town of Italy, in the 
 Ferrarese; 25 miles S. S E. of Ferram. 
 
 
COT 
 
 oai 
 
 GOV 
 
 treams fonn 
 
 n,in Bengal, 
 lence of the 
 ig the centre 
 the river of 
 rrounded ; 7 
 5 N. of Cal- 
 
 Btan, in tlie 
 owa into the 
 acolc. Long. 
 
 f Hindostan, 
 10 province; 
 g. 79. 18. E. 
 
 onala, central 
 :e Nicaragua, 
 18 rich mines 
 respects ia 
 'artago is the 
 
 on the river 
 liles E. S. £. 
 45. 20. N. 
 xony, in the 
 e, situate on 
 ittenburg. 
 ice of Cuzco, 
 le Apurimac 
 zco. 
 
 )wer Lusatia. 
 >u the E. side 
 ler of French 
 
 their nianu- 
 sellent beer, 
 
 river Spree; 
 Long. ] 4. 24. 
 
 int in the £. 
 rom a moun- 
 :ontain8 part 
 Dijon is the 
 0. 
 
 f France, so 
 position. It 
 of Bretagne. 
 
 f high ground 
 It aifords, in 
 'or the feed 
 » the growth 
 ; range are 
 Ue, from the 
 ie S., to that 
 :u celebrated 
 
 ly, capital of 
 vith a cantle. 
 •ng. 12. 9. E. 
 
 the depart 
 8 ; 33 miles 
 
 
 Italy, in the 
 
 ■ara. 
 
 Andes, remarkable for the frequency and vio- 
 lence of its volcanic eruptions, at a height of 
 18,898 feet above the level of the sea. It is about 
 35 miles S. E. of the city of Quito. 
 
 CoTROffA. «ftf CrotONA. 
 
 CouLAN, a seapoit of Hindostan, in Travan- 
 core, with a good harbour, and a navigable river. 
 It stands on a peninsula ; 60 miles N. W. of 
 Travancore. Long. 76. 24. E. lat. 8. 61. N. 
 
 CouLOMMiERs, a town of France, department 
 of Seme and Mame. Trades in cheese, com, 
 horses, and cattle; 31 miles E. from Paris, Pop. 
 3300. ^ 
 
 CocLoNGES LES RoTAux, a town of France, 
 department of Sevres, with a manufacture of 
 leather. Pop. 2000. 
 
 CouMASsiE, or CooMASSiE, 8 town of West 
 Africa, capital of Ashantee. Pop. 18,000, Here 
 the monarch of Ashantee lives in barbaric splen- 
 dour. An active trade is probably carried on 
 with the interior. 
 
 Council Bluff, an important military sta- 
 tion belonging to the United States of America, 
 on the W. bank of the Missouri river: it is the 
 highest station on that river. Lat. 41. 31 N 
 long. 96. 42. W. ' ' 
 
 CouRLAND, a duchy of European Russia; 
 bounded on the W. and N. by the Baltic, E. by 
 Livonia, and S. by Poland. It is divided into 
 Courland Proper, and Semigallia, and is 250 
 miles long and 40 broad. The country swells 
 into gentle hills, and is fertile in corn, hemp, 
 and flax. It is mostly open, but in some parts 
 there are forests of pine and fir, and groves 
 of oak. It was formerly a feudatory province 
 of Poland, but was annexed to the dominions of 
 Russia in 1795, by an act of the states. Mittau 
 18 the capital. Pop. 681,300. 
 
 CouRTLANDT, oT CoRTLAND, an interior coiinty 
 ofthe state of New York. Pop. 24,607. Also, the 
 name of a tovm in West Chester county, New 
 York, on the E. bank of the Hudson river; 121 
 miles S. of Albany, and 21 N. of the city of New 
 York. 
 
 CouRTRAT, a town of Belgium, in West 
 Flanders, celebratetl for its trade and manufac- 
 tures of table linen and woollen cloths. It is 
 seated on both sides the river Lis ; 12 miles E. 
 of Ypres. 
 
 CouTANCES, a seaport of France; capital of 
 the department of Manche, and a bishop's see, 
 with a fine cathedral. It is 37 miles S. W of 
 Bayeux, and 1 85 W. of Paris. It is the seat of 
 a prefect. Pop, 9015, 
 
 GouTRAS, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gironde, at the conflux ofthe Ille and 
 Dronne ; 25 miles N, E. of Bordeaux. 
 Cove. See Cork, Cove of. 
 Coventry, City and County of, is insu- 
 lated within the county of Warwick. It is a 
 place of considerable antiquity, and was Ibr- 
 meriy surrounded with strong walls, which were 
 three miles in circumference, having twenty-six 
 towers and twelve gates ; but few vestiges of 
 which now remain, having been demolished 
 by order of King Charles 11. in 1662, in despite 
 for the resistance made to the troops of his pre- 
 decessoT. A pariiamen; was held here in the 
 
 reign of Henry IV. called Parliamentum Indoo- 
 turn, or the unlearned parliament, because the 
 lawyers were excluded. Leofiric, Earl of Mercia, 
 who was lord ofthe place about 1040, is said to 
 have loaded the inhabitants with heavy taxes, on 
 account of some provocation he had received 
 from them ; and that, being importuned by his 
 lady, Godiva, to remit them, he consented, upon 
 condition that she would ride naked through the 
 town, which condition she accepted and per- 
 formed ; for, being possessed of a long flowing 
 head of hair, she contrived to dispose of her 
 tresses so as to preserve her decency ; and at 
 the same time enjoined the citizens, on pain of 
 death, not to look out as she passed. The cu- 
 riosity of a poor tailor, however, prevailed over 
 his fears, and he ventured to take a single peep, 
 but was struck blind, and was ever after called 
 Peeping Tom. This improbable story is annu- 
 ally commemorated by the citizens of Coventry, 
 with great splendour, and a female, closely ha- 
 bited in fine linen of flesh colour, rides through 
 the town, attended by a very numerous and 
 elegant procession. The window through which 
 the tailor is said to have gratified his curiosity 
 ia still shown, with his effigy always newly 
 dressed for the occasion of the procession, on 
 the Friday preceding Trinity Sunday. 
 
 It had formeriy extensive manufactures of 
 woollen and worsted stuffs, now quite discon- 
 tinued in this part of the country, they having 
 been supplanted by the manufacture of ribbons, 
 of which it is the focus for the produce of from 
 17,000 to 18,000 looms. It has, also, two tole- 
 rably extensive establishments for the manu- 
 fecture of watches, and four or five others of 
 inferior importance. It has a canal commu- 
 nicating with the grand line of canal navigation 
 between London, Liverpool, and Manchester. 
 It is situate on the verge of the great coal strata, 
 running through all the northern part of the 
 country. The vein is worked in abundance 
 within five miles of the city of Coventry. The 
 city is divided into two parishes, and the 
 churches, contiguous to each other, are both 
 fine structures ; more particularly so that dedi- 
 cated to St. Michael, which was twenty-two 
 years in building, and finished in 1394. The 
 spire IS :03 feet high, and deservedly ranks 
 among the most beautiful specimens of archi- 
 tecture in the kingdom. There is a third spire, 
 the church to which has long since been demo- 
 lished; but there is a third church with a 
 stately tower, which serves as a chapel of ease 
 to St. Michael. The three spires form beau- 
 tiful and interesting objects in the perspective 
 from the surrounding country, for many miles, 
 on all sides. The corporation consists of a 
 mayor and nine other aldermen. St. Mary's 
 Hall, in which the archives of the city are kept, 
 and its business transacted, is an ancient and 
 venerable edifice : the county hall is a neat 
 Doric structure. It has a free school and two 
 hospitals, and had formerly a very extensive 
 establishment of Carmelites, or White Friaw, 
 whose house, after lying in ruins many years, 
 was converted into a workhoiiafl in 1806. at 
 which penrd the two parishes were united Vor 
 
GOV 
 
 222 
 
 CR A 
 
 ' f I. 
 
 parochial purposes. Coventry is united with 
 Lictifield, as a bishop's see, but does not exhibit 
 anv ecclesiastical parade. It returns two mem- 
 bers to parliament. Its market, on Fridays, is 
 well supplied, and it has three fairs annually ; 
 one, on the Friday preceding Trinity Sunday, 
 on the occasion of the procession of Lady 
 Godiva, is numerously attended, and continues 
 till the Friday foUowing. Since 1820 th» city 
 has undergone considerable improvemei.es in 
 the widening, cleaning, and lighting the streets, 
 and several new buildings have been erected. 
 It is 10 miles N. by E. of Warwick, 18 E.S. E. 
 of Birmingham, and 91 N. W. of London. 
 
 CovKNTRV is also the name of four townships 
 in the United States of North America. 
 
 1st. in Kent county, Rhode Island, 
 
 2nd. in Tolland county, in Connecticut. 
 
 3rd. in Chester county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 4th. in Portage county, Ohio. 
 The latter is on the line of the portage between 
 the Cayahoga and the Tuscarawa branch of 
 the Muskinghum river, by which the waters of 
 Lake Erie and the River Ohio are proposed to 
 be united. 
 
 COVEKDEN. See COETOBDEN. 
 
 GovERiFORUM, a town and fortress of Ilin- 
 dostan, in Mysore, on the S. bank of the Cavery j 
 60 miles S. E. of Mysore. Long. 77. 38. E. 
 lat. 11.51. N. 
 
 CoviLHAM, a town of Portugal, in Beira. It 
 has a manufacture of woollen cloth, and is 18 
 miles S. W. of Guarda. 
 
 Covington, a county of the state of Missis- 
 sippi, bounded on the N. by the territory of the 
 Choctaw Indians, and intersected by the line of 
 road from the Tennessee river to Lake Port- 
 chartrain, Pop. 2717. Also the name of a 
 newly-formed county, in the state of Alabama, 
 bordering on West Florida. 
 
 CowBKiDGE, a corporate town of Wales, in 
 Glamorganshire, with a market on Tuesday. It 
 is ciiUed by the Welsh Pont-feen, from the 
 stone bridge over the river, which soon after 
 enters the British Channel. Near it are the re- 
 mains of Llanbithian Castle, of which a massive 
 gateway is now conv«rted into a barn ; and 
 about a mile distant, on a lofty hill, are the 
 ruins of Penline Castle. It joins with Cardiff, 
 Llantrissent, Aberdare, and LlandafF, in sending 
 one member to parliament. Cowbridge is 12 
 miles W. of Cardiff, and 173 of London. 
 
 CowES, West, a seaport on the W. side of 
 the Isle of Wight, at the mouth of the Medina, 
 or Cowes. On the opposite side is the village 
 of East Cowes, and at each place is a fort built 
 by Henry VIII. for the security of the island 
 and road. Cowes has an excellent harbour, 
 which is much frequented by ships to repair 
 damages sustained at sea, and to water ; and 
 also a good trade in provisions, &c., for the use 
 of the shipping. During the summer it is 
 much frequented for the purpose of scii-buthing; 
 and here are a number of genteel lodging- 
 houses, and an assembly-room. It is 12 miles 
 S. by E. of Southampton, 12 W. S. W. of 
 Portsmouth, and 86 S. W. of London. 
 
 Cqwldui'.ga. a tovn of IlindoRtnn, in MyRoro-, 
 
 with a strong hill fort. It is surrounded by 
 bills and forests, and stands 12 miles S. ui 
 Nagara. 
 
 COYLAN. See QUILON. 
 
 CozuMEL, or CosuMEii, an island on the E. 
 coast of Yucatan, where Cortes landed and 
 refreshed his troops, before he attempted tlie 
 conquest of Mexico. It abounds with fruit, 
 pulse, oaltle, and fowls, and is inhabited prin- 
 cipally by native Indians. Long. 87. 19. W. 
 lat. 19. 40. N. 
 Crab Island. See Porto-Rico. ' 
 
 Cracatoa, the southernmost of a cluster of 
 islands in the entrance of the Strait of Sunda. 
 It consists of elevated land, gradually rising on 
 all sides from the sea, and is covered with trees 
 except a few spots, v;hich have been cleared by 
 the natives for the purpose of forming rice 
 fiolds ; and its coral reefs afford small turtle in 
 abundance. The inhabitants are not consider- 
 iible ; and their chief, like those of the other 
 islands in the strait, is subject to the king of 
 Bantam. 
 
 Cracow, a city and republic of Poland, 
 capital of a palatinate of the same name, and a 
 bishop's see, with a universit}'. It was formerly 
 the capital of Poland, where the kings were 
 elected and crowned, and nearly in the centre 
 of the Polish dominions. On a rock near the 
 V^istula is the ancient royal palace, surrounded 
 by brick walls and old towers, which form a kind 
 of ciiadeL Adjoining is the cathedral, within 
 the walls of the citadel, in which most of the 
 sovereigns of Poland are interred. Though the 
 city and suburbs occupy a vast tract of ground, 
 they scarcely contain 26,000 inhabitants. The 
 great square is spacious and well built, and 
 many of the streets are broad and handsome ; 
 but almost every building bears the mark of 
 ruined grandeur. This devastation was begun 
 by the Swedes in 1702, when it was taken by 
 Cliarles XII. ; but it has since experienced 
 greater calamities, having been retaken by the 
 Russians and the confederates. When the 
 general insurrection broke out in 1794, against 
 the Prussian and Russian usurpers of the Polish 
 territory, Kosciusko, the chief of the patriotic 
 insurgents, expelled the Russian garrison from 
 this city, on the 24th of March, 1794; but, 
 having marched in the sequel to the protection 
 of Warsaw, CracoH surrendered to the Prussians 
 on the 15th of June. By the Congress of 
 Vienna it was restored to independence, with 
 487 square miles of territory, and now forms a 
 republic under the protection of Russia, Austria, 
 and Prussia, who, however, have some authority 
 in the legislature. It is seated on the Vistula 
 1 30 miles S. S. W. of Warsaw. Long. 9. 50. 
 E. lat. 40. 50. N. 
 
 CraiI/, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire , 
 seated on the Frith of Forth ; 7 miles S. E. of 
 St. Andrew's. It is an ancient town, and unites 
 with Cupar, &c., in sending one member to 
 parliament. 
 
 Crainburo, a town of Germany, in Carniola, 
 with a castle on the river Save ; 18 miles N.W. 
 of Laubach. 
 
 CiiAMONPi a village of Scotland : 3 mi! » 
 
CR A 
 
 233 
 
 n the Frith of Forth. It h... a commodious 
 Harbour, and considerable iron-works. 
 
 Cranboorn, a town in Dorsetshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday. It stands near a fine 
 chase, which extends ahnost to Salisbury 
 dB miles N. E. of Dorchester, and 93 W of 
 JLondon, 
 
 Cranbrook, a town in Kent, with a market 
 on Saturday. Here is a free grammar-school, 
 and a free writing-school for poor children, the 
 former endowed by Queen Elizabeth. It is 13 
 miles S. of Maidstone, and 49 S. E. of London 
 Cranganoke, a town and fort of Hindostan, 
 on the coast of Cochin. It was taken from the 
 Portuguese m 1662, by the Dutch, who sold it 
 ''8» to the rajah of Travancore. It is 
 W fr^ '¥ """"th of a river ; 30 miles N. by 
 W of Cochin. Long. 75. 58. E. lat. 10. 23. N 
 Cransac, a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aveiron, celebrated for its mineral 
 waters j 15 miles N. W. of Rhodez. 
 
 Craon, a town of France, in the department 
 of Mayenne, near the river Oudon ; 17 miles S, 
 by W. of Laval. 
 
 Crato, a towTi of Portugal, in Alentejo, with 
 a priory belonging to the order of Malta ; 14 
 milea W. ofPortalegre. 
 
 Craven, a county of North Carolina, the east 
 end of which borders on Pamtico Sound. It is 
 intersected by the Neuse river. Pop. 13 348 
 of whom 6702 were slaves. Newbern. on the 
 W. bank of the Neuse, 119 miles S. E. by E. 
 of Raleigh, IS the chief town. Pop. 3690 
 
 Cbawford. There are five counties of this 
 name m diiierent parts of the United States of 
 
 to W H r«L"^' r'"u^ probably in reference 
 to W.H. Crawford, who was secretary to the 
 treasury during the presidency of James 
 Munroe, from 1807 to 1825 :— 
 
 1. At the N W. extremity of Pennsylvania, 
 K,T^ "VK^fy"''. «f Ohio, intersected b; 
 
 Pootl^pf'^"'"/-.?'" ^^^ Allegany river. 
 * & V^- Meadville, 286 mUes W. N W. 
 of Hamshurg, is the chief town 
 
 hv^Ri!"w ^ '^^'^ of Indiana, bounded on the E. 
 by Big Blue river, the S. end jetting upon the 
 
 the (ih.-'^T^f ''; ^'^'^*'"'''' ontheWank of 
 
 frnm f h w''[f' l** • """"^^ ^''tending westward 
 from the Wabash river for about 80 nTiles, being 
 about 35 miles m breadth. Pop. 4422. Palef 
 hne on the W. bank of the Wabash, 80 mSe^ 
 E. of Vandalia, is the chief town. 
 
 '^.h,,!^^^ '"'^T ?*" Ohio, intersected by the 
 Sandusky river, which falls into Lake Erie- the 
 Scioto, falling into the Ohio, rises in the adjoin! 
 mg county. Pop. 13,152 "leuojoin- 
 
 Cra^v'^.^S^Lw^il'T "i^^"'> °" the river 
 «r.^^' 2,f"''^.W..byN.ofDartford. Here are 
 
 t^Toftrhrp^ «'°""'^«' -^ « -""f- 
 
 deDartmenr.^""^"' " *•""" "' France in the 
 ciepartment of Somme, province of Picardv on 
 the river Maye. Pop. 1 587. 15 miles E.tC 
 
 CRE 
 
 Montieuil. HerothTvrZh unde"phiUn v7 
 
 were defeatfl.l i.v k,i..,„. . ttV '!• ,^* ''iljp.VI., 
 
 , ru ill. 01 r,ngiuiki, ill 
 
 1346'^'"°"* '^"'^ '^^ ^''^^' "" ^"8u»t 26, 
 Crediton, a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, and a considerable manu- 
 facture of serges. The church is a noble struc 
 ture, and was formerly a cathedral. The town 
 was almost all destroyed by fire in 1769. It is 
 seatdd between two hills; 8 miles N W of 
 Exeter, and 180 W. by N. of London, ' 
 
 Cree, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 northern parts of the counties of Wigton and 
 Kirkcudbright, forms the boundary between 
 them, and er.ters the head of Wigton Bay. 
 
 Creek, or Muskooeb Indians, the most 
 numerous tnbe of Indians of any within the 
 limits of the United States of North America. 
 Iney inhabit an extensive tract of country be- 
 tween thestatesof Georgia and Alabama; their 
 principal towns are in long. 86. 30. W. lat 
 30. 0. N. Their country abounds with creeks 
 and nvulets, and hence they derive their name 
 Cbeetown, op Ferrytown, a small post of 
 bcotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire. Here several 
 sloops are constantly employed in the coafltinc 
 
 l'^ • A*, '^""^^ ''" ^^'«"'" ^^y> near the 
 mflux of the Creej 12 miles W. by N. of Kirk- 
 cudbright. 
 
 Creglingen, a town of Franconia, in the 
 principality of Anspach, on the Tauber; 22 
 miles S. of Wurtzburg, and 30 N. W. of Ans- 
 pach, now included in the Bavarian ciicle of 
 the Lower Mayne. 
 
 Creil, a town of France in the department 
 ot Oise, on the river Oise; 5 miles E. of Sen lis 
 Creilshbim, a town of Franconia, in the 
 pnncipahty of Anspach, on the river Jaxt; 22 
 miles S. W. of Anspach; now included in the 
 Bavarian circle of the Rezat.' 
 
 Crema, a fortified town of Italy, capital of 
 Cremasco, a bishop's see. It is well built, and 
 populous, and seated on the Serio; 30 miles S 
 ofBergamo. Pop. 4000. 
 
 Cremasco, a small territory of Italy, in the 
 S. part of the province of Bergamasco. It is 
 nearly surrounded by the Duchy of Milan, and 
 fertile in corn, wine, flax, and hemp. Crema 
 Js the capital. 
 
 Cremieu, b town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Isere, at the foot of a mo-mtain near 
 the Rhone; 20 miles N. E. of Vienne. 
 
 Chemnitz, a town in the N. part of Lower 
 Hungary, noted for its gold and silver mines- 
 17 miles N. of Schemnitz. The silver mine of 
 BacherstoUen is one of the principal mines of 
 Austria. Pop. about 1 0,000. 
 
 Cremona, a city of Italy, capital of the Cre- 
 monese, and a bishop's see, with a castle and a 
 university. The streets are broad and straight, 
 adorned with some small squares, a tew palaces 
 40 parish churches, and 43 convents of both* 
 sexes. It stands in a delightful plain, watered ' 
 by the Oglio, about a quarter of a mile from the 
 1 o over which is a bridge of boats, defended by 
 a fort. A canal passes through the town, and 
 forms a communication between the two rivers 
 Cremona has been several times taken It has 
 considerable maniifactiirpa of ai!k ami h -v-C" 
 iiariy celebrated for tho manufacture of' vioTiiil 
 
■■i •'■ 
 
 CRE 
 
 224 
 
 III 
 
 A tower, 372 feet in height, forms a prominent 
 object over all the surrounding country. The 
 Romans established themselves here in 291, 
 B. c. It is 48 miles S. E. of Milan, and abont 
 the same distance S, by W. of Mantnn, Pop. 
 24,000. 
 
 Cbemonese Terbitort, in the Lombardo- 
 Veiietian kingdom, subject to Austria, extends 
 from the S. in a W. N. W. direction, for about 
 45 miles, between the river Po on the S., which 
 divides it from the duchy of Parma, and the 
 Oglio on the N., which divides it from Bres- 
 ciano; the E. end borders on the duchy of 
 Mantua, and the W. on the small district of 
 Cremasco. It is a very fertile country, 
 
 Crbmsier, a town of Moravia, with a fine 
 castle and a convent, seated on the W. bank 
 of the river Marsch; 18 miles S. S. E. of 
 Olmutz. 
 
 Crept, a town of France in the department 
 of Oise; 17 miles S. of Compeigne. 
 
 CttESCEMiNO, a fortified town of Piedmont, 
 on the N. bank of the river Po; 20 miles N. E. 
 of Turin. 
 
 Crest, a town of France in the department 
 of Drome, on the river Drome; 16 miles S. S. E. 
 of Valence. 
 
 Creveldt, a town of Germany, at the N. 
 extremity of the territory of Cologne. Near 
 this place the French were defeated by the 
 Hanoverians in 1768. It has considerable 
 manufactures of linen. It it 32 miles N. N. W. 
 of Cologne, and 7 from Dusseldorf. Pop. about 
 700u. 
 
 Creuse, an interior department, nearly in 
 the centre of France, so named from a river, 
 which crosses from S. to N., and flows into the 
 Vienne. It contains the late province of 
 IMarche. Gueret is the capital. 
 
 Creusen, a town of Franconia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Bayreuth, 7 miles E. of the city of 
 Bayreuth. 
 
 Creutzburg, a town of Silesia, in the princi- 
 pality of Brieg, with a castle. It has a great 
 trade in honey, wax, leather, and flax ; and is 
 seated on the Brinnitz; 35 miles E. by N. of 
 Brieg. 
 
 Creotznach, a town of Germany, in the 
 circle of Upper Rhine. It has a trade in wine, 
 salt, corn, wool, and tobacco. On December 2, 
 1795, this town was taken three times; first, by 
 the French, then by the Austrians, and again 
 by the former. It is seated on the Nahe; 25 
 miles S. W. of Mentz. 
 
 Crewkebne, a town in Somersetshire, with 
 a market on Saturday. It has considerable 
 establishments for the manufecture of sail- 
 cloth. It is seated near a branch of the Par- 
 ret; 25 miles S. of Wells, and 132 W. S. W. of 
 London. 
 
 CtticKEiTH, or Criccaeth, a town of Wales, 
 in Caernarvonshire, with a market on Wednes 
 day; 18 miles S. S. E. of Caernarvon, and 244 
 N, W. of London. It contributes with Caer- 
 narvon in sending one member to parliament. 
 
 Crickhowell, a town of Wales, in Breck- 
 nockshire, with a market on Thursday. Near 
 it are the rains of an anc.ent castle. It is 
 
 seated on the Usk ; 1 miles S. E. of Brecknock, 
 and 153 W. by N. of London. 
 
 (viiicKLADE, a borough in Wiltshire, with a 
 market on Saturday; seated near the Thames, 
 and the Stroud Canal; 25 inilfis W, by S. of 
 Oxford, and 84 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Crieff, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 with manufactures of paper and thin linen ; 
 seated on th** Erne ; 18 miles W. of Perth. 
 
 Crim, a town of the Crimea, supposed to be 
 on the site of an ancient city that once gave its 
 name of Crim Tartary, or Crimea, to the whole 
 peninsula of the Taurida; after having, under 
 tlie name of Cimmerium, been the capital of a 
 famous people, who gave laws to the greatest 
 part o' Europe. The modem town c^.ed, 
 Eski Krim (Old Crim) by the Tartars, is seated 
 at the foot of an insulated mountain; 10 miles 
 W. ofCaffa. 
 
 Crimea, or Taurida, the ancient Tnurica 
 Chersonesus, a peninsula of Europe, bounded 
 on the S. and W. by the Black Sea, N. by the 
 province of Catharine. „!af, with which it com- 
 municates by the Isthmus of Prekop, and E. by 
 the Sea of Asoph and the Strait of Caffa. To- 
 wards the end of the 11th century the Genoese 
 settled in this country; but thry were expelled 
 by the Crim Tartars, in 1474. See Caffa. 
 These Tartars had been settled in the Crimea 
 above two centuries before *he expulsion of the 
 Genoese. They were subjects to Batu Khan, 
 grandson of Lingis: and their conquest was an- 
 nexed to the kingdom of Kusan, till the death 
 of Tamerlane, in 1400, when Edegai Khan, an 
 ofiicer of that prince, took rrssession of it, and 
 was succeeded by Duelet Cherai, in whose 
 family the sovereignty continued till the 1 8th 
 century. The Khans, however, were vassals, 
 or tributary to the Turks, till the year 1774, 
 when their idependence was stipulated in the 
 treaty of Cainargi. In 1783, the Russians took 
 possession of the country with an army ; the 
 following year it was ceded to them by ".e 
 Turks; and the peaceable possession of the 
 whole was secured to them in 1701, by the 
 cession of the fortress of Oczakow. The Crimea 
 is divided into two parts by the river Salgir, 
 which runs from W. to E. The N. division is 
 flat, poor, and fit for pasturage only. It has 
 neither tree nor hillock; salt-lakes and flocks of 
 sheep Jvre its greatest riches. This district is 
 bleak and cold in winter, and sultry and scorch- 
 ing in summer. TheS. part is mountainous; 
 but the valleys are astonishingly protluctive, 
 and the climate extremely mild, frqm the ex- 
 clusion of those violent winds by which the N. 
 division is frequently incommoded. The lower 
 hills, extending from CaflB to the E. extremity 
 of the country, are principally used in garden- 
 ing, and produce excellent fruit. Besides the 
 port of Kertch, the road of Caifa, and the har- 
 bour of Balaclava, there is, near Sebastopo', 
 one of the finest harbours in the world. The 
 principal articles of export are com, salt, honey, 
 wax, butter, horses, female slaves, hides, and 
 furs, especially the Tauric lamb-skins, which 
 are in high esteem. The Crimea now forms 
 o<\': of the two provinces of the government of 
 
CRO 
 
 335 
 
 CathanneftsH under the name of Taurida. 
 
 Sympheropol IS the capital. SeeRvsau. 
 
 . CROAOH-PAiaicK, a mountain in Ireland 
 
 Ckoatia, a province of the Austrian emni^ 
 boundec on the N. by the river DraV wWrt 
 sepamte. it from Lower Hungary, extendTna S 
 for about 60 miles to the Adriatic: the sl5 
 ntersects ,t from the W. in an E. S E dtec! 
 \°"' Parallel with thoDiBve, at a distonceTf 
 about 45 miles; the part N. of the S is 
 bounded on the E. by Sclavonia, and on the V 
 by Lower Syna, and the part S. of the Save is 
 bounded on the E. by the Turkish province of 
 
 part was coded to France at the neace of 
 Viepna in 1809, but restored to AustriaTthe 
 general peace of 18IS. The mean breadth of 
 
 arTtgof""' '"•7'"^''' ^""^ itstperficiaf 
 area 9420 square miles, containing a popula- 
 Uon of about 800,000. It was cflled brthe 
 
 ^r^f rif'*"""^'."^'' subsequently foLed 
 part of Illyria and Sclavonia; and at a some- 
 what later period became an independent kiW 
 dom under the protection of the eastern m- 
 perors I„ 1087 it was conquered by LadU- 
 
 S,^"^/^*??«?'y> «"d Vd into t^ 
 hands of Austna by its being made an integral 
 part of Hungaiym 1102. It is now divided 
 
 di Wcif T"^' ""'' '}"' S- ^- P«rt into six 
 districts. It If ,n general a mountainous coun- 
 
 JJ Z"^"!"f'T^ "">^'' °*""*n and copper, 
 and the best timber in Europe, The vdUevs 
 
 are tolembly fertile, and the 'mulbei;, 'pS 
 vine and ohye are interspersed over most parts 
 of the Muntry.and in parts, flourish luxuri- 
 antly. Honey is collected in great quantities 
 
 nliirf., •Y--^*"'-1"'y"^*^« province, sup^ 
 ^ The inhah>"»'""' '""^ '■"'"'en productions 
 M the mhab tants can command, in exchange 
 for their surplus produce, which is limited both 
 n value and extent. The capital of the coun- 
 are W^f ' f '^''/"'^ '^^ "'^^^ ^'^^^'P^^ ^wns 
 
 Tfe J^f S,^vSiagT.,?„KrS^ 
 ton-riS ^" ^"''^^ an^Americ-bTa^f 
 ♦hf T'^'f: °' Ceoisii,, a town of France, in 
 BavS^if"""'."^ I-o^e' Loire, seated on 'the 
 Bay of Biscay, between the mouths of the Loire 
 and Vilaine; 35 miles W. of Nantes. 
 
 CKOix, St., a river of North America, which 
 forms the N, E. boundary of the Unite^SteteJ 
 and ™„, ,nto the Bay of Passamaquodd? iS 
 the iat, of 45, 0. N. and 67. 0. of W C7 
 
 Croix, St,, one of fl y-ydn Igi ,,*', ,•„ 
 the Caribbean Sea, 3.> ..ilo- ^-.g^and 8 whe e 
 broadest, lying 40 mii , E. « • S, oVst ThlmM 
 and about the same dist- -e E. S. E. of 7.^ 
 Island, off the S. E. end .1 Po.to Rico Colum 
 
 nff Vni T" «'^f'>^ve'y held by the Spa- 
 niards English, and Dutch. In 1651 it was 
 bought for the>ight_s_of Malta, who slid itl? 
 — .- IUU.C X reach VVeai India Company, by 
 
 CRO 
 
 and restored .again at the gen^rll^Sl of sfs' 
 aLuS o'bo";!'' l!^".' """ P'anta^tionryieW ng 
 Stflv TS *^'''",'''''.*"" '^•"0<> tons, ofsuga? 
 anninly. The population amounted to 31 387 
 of whom 28,000 were slaves. The chief town 
 IS Chnstianstadt, on the N. coast, whh a file 
 
 r,!^^'t'? '""^ °*' European Turkey, in Alba- 
 N bvE nVlf ■■ '^' ^'^°^ Venicef'l3^Ss 
 
 .n?rbSrK?E-r-rrS 
 
 Lowe..water, receiving the former at iTfs J!,/ 
 by the river Cocker, a^d the C a't' i's N en J 
 It IS four miles long, and half a mile ovm . 
 with three small isles, one of them a rock and 
 froUheS w"'^."''* "°°^- HalTa'S 
 Fo^« h f • -T^ " " wateiftll, called Scale 
 
 Ceomartt. a county of Scotland sixteen 
 miles long and six broad, compreSing part 
 of a peninsula on tne S, side of a frif, to whfch 
 
 The S^l' ^* u *'rr^ '"*« fi^-" parishes, 
 k feS ^^'' "7, ^"^'^^'>^' """^ »" tl'e coast it 
 w fertile and weU cultivated. It sends one 
 member to parliament in conjunction with Rest. 
 
 Jn'd SrquK ''"""^^' ^"''"'^''^"^' «^-'^. 
 
 Cromarty a seaport of Scotland, and capital 
 
 of ^he preceding county. The harbour is one 
 
 ot V.3 finest m Great Britain, and has a com- 
 
 teof'hZ- "rJ" ^ consiaerablemanu- 
 mctare of hempen cloth, and a coasting trade in 
 
 sorts* *K; l'""'. "u^''' ''"•^ '^^' -f ^ariois 
 sorts. It stands at the mouth of the Frith of 
 Cromarty; 16 mile. N, N, E, of Inveme V It 
 joins with Kirkwall and four other plac^ •„ 
 
 W,tn778^t"'"^"''""'"*- ^°"«^^^^^^^^ 
 Cromer, a town in Nonblk, with a market 
 on Saturday. It formerly had two churches 
 one of which, with j^veral hL«,s, ilsswaUot/d 
 fiS,»l " "^il- J^'' inhabitants are chiefly 
 fishermen; and the best lobsters on this part of 
 the coast are taken here. It is seated Sn thJ 
 German Ocean; 22 miles N. of Norwich? and 
 i'Sif N. K of London, and w frequented in the 
 summer season for sea-bathing. «'»"»« 
 
 . Chomford, a village in Derbyshire, on the 
 
 i7^'7rt' '^ ""*" N- of WiJkswokrThe 
 S^l^ ^r'' ^'^^ "» ^tensive cotton 
 mill at this place, and connected it by « canal 
 with the Erwash'and Nottingham cS^" ad 
 thereby with the river Trent. ' 
 
 Crompton a township in the parish of Old- 
 ham, Lancashire. -&# Oldham. 
 
 nBiTtT^fn' V""^" "' «!i""na, in the princi- 
 pality of P^berg, near which is a moimtain- 
 
 a 
 
o 
 
 RO 
 
 226 
 
 CRU 
 
 llfsM 
 
 toTtrem called Rosenberg. It is seated near the 
 river Cronach; U miles N. of Culmbach. 
 
 Crondobo, ;i strong fortress of Denmark, on 
 the Isle of Zealand, near Elsinore, which guards 
 the passage of the Sound. It is situate on the 
 point of V. peninsular promontory, opposite Hel- 
 singburg in Sweden, little more than 2 miles 
 distant. In 1658 it was taken by the king of 
 Sweden, and restored in 1060. In this fortress is 
 a palace where Queen Matilda was imprisoned 
 till she was pennitted to retire to ZelL Not far 
 from this, at Barienfelt, is Hnmlet Garden, said 
 to be the spot where the murder of his father 
 was perpetrated. 
 
 CRONENBEaa, or Kuokdero, a town of Ger- 
 many, in the late electorate of Mentz ; seated 
 on a mountain ; 9 miles N. W . of Frankfort. 
 
 Cbonstadt, a seaport and fortress of Russia, 
 on the island of Retusari, in the Gulf of Fin- 
 land. The harbour is the chief station of the 
 Russian fleet. Here are great magazines of 
 na>al stores, docks and yards for builiiiug ships, 
 a foundry for casting cannon balls, and an ex- 
 tensive marine hospital. The Ri in of War's 
 Mole is enclosed by a strong rampart, built of 
 granite, in th.i sea, and Peter's Canal, lined with 
 masonry, is jOov* inthoms long, 60 broad at the 
 bottom, and 100 at the top ; it is 24 fathoms 
 deep, and in this nu.-iner stretches 358 fathoms 
 into the sea. At thu end of the canal are two 
 pyramidal columns, with in. ■ riptions relative to 
 this great work. The town cci.ipies the E. part 
 of the island, and the inhabitants are estimated 
 at 54,717. It is 22 miles W, of Petersburg, of 
 which it is the outport. Long. 29. 26. E. lat. 
 59. 56. N, 
 
 Cronstadt, a town of Transylvania. See 
 Brassau. 
 Crooked Island. See Bahamas. 
 Cropani, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- 
 teriore ; 9 miles E. N. E. of St. Scverino. 
 
 Crosne, a town of Austrian Poland, in the 
 palatinate of Lemberg j 80 miles W. S. \V. of 
 Lemberg. 
 
 Crossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New 
 Mark, capital of a duchy of the same name, with 
 a strong castle. It is seated on the frontiers of 
 Silesia, near the conflux of the Bober with the 
 Oder, in a country abounding with wine and 
 fruit ; 23 miles S. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Cros3-*'ell, a mountain in Cumberland, 8 
 miles E. S. E. of Kirkoswold. Its extreme 
 altitude is 2902 feet. At different elevation? 
 there are tv/o extensive plains ; and n third 
 on the summit contains several hundred acres 
 covered with moss and other vegetable produc- 
 tions. The view from this height comprehends 
 a great part of six counties. A few yards below 
 the summit is a spring called the Gentleman's 
 Well. 
 
 Crossmalina, a town in Ireland, county of 
 Mayo ; about 90 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Crotona, or Croton, a seaport of Naples, 
 on the E. coast of Calabria Ulteriore, and a 
 bishop's see, with a citadel. It haa a trade in 
 grain, cheese, oil, and silk, and is 15 miles S. E. 
 of St. Severino. Long. 17. 27. E. lat. 39. 9. N. 
 Crotot, a town of France, in the denaitment 
 
 of Sommo, on the E. side of the mouth of tho 
 Somme; 35 miles N. W. of Amiens. 
 
 Crouch, a river in Essex, which rises near 
 Horndon, and enters the German Ocean between 
 Burnham and Foulness Island. The Walfleet 
 and Burnham oysters are the produce of its 
 creeks and pits. 
 
 Cbowland, a town in Lincolnshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. Here was formerly an 
 abbey of great note j and some stately ruins yet 
 remain. The town consists of four streets, 
 which are separated by watercourses, and con- 
 nected by a curious triangular bridge for foot 
 passengers. The chief trade is in fish and wild 
 ducks, which are plentiful in the adjacent pools 
 and marshes. It is 11 miles N. of Peterborough, 
 and 93 i\. by W. of London. 
 
 Crowi.e, a town in Lincolnshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Monday; seated on the Isle of Axholm, 
 near the river Dun; 18 miles N. of Gains- 
 borough, and 167 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Crown Point, a fort and town of New York, 
 in Essex county. The fort was erected by the 
 French in 1731, on a point that runs N. into 
 Lake Champlain. It was reduced by the English 
 in 1759, taken by the Americans in 1775, and 
 retaken by tho English the year after. It is 
 123 miles N. of Albany. Pop. 2212. 
 
 Croydon, a town in Surrey, with a market 
 on Saturday. It lias an hospital and free-school, 
 founded by Archbishop Whitgitl ; and in the 
 church are some monuments of the archl)ishop8 
 of Canterbury, who had here an ancient palace, 
 which was alienated from the see in 1780 : tho 
 building and adjoining premises are now occu- 
 pied by some cotton manufactures. The summer 
 Jissizesare held here and nt Guildford alternately. 
 Croydon is seated near the sourceof the Wandle; 
 10 miles S. of London. A railroad is now estab- 
 lished from London to this place, from whence 
 the Brighton and South-eastern lines art con- 
 tniucd. 
 
 Crozen, a town of France, in the department 
 of Finisterre, situate on the promontory which 
 forms the S. boundary of Brest Harbour, 1 6 
 miles N. W. of Chatoaulin„ Pop. about 8000, 
 mostly sailors and fishermen. 
 
 Cruachan-Ben, a mountain of Scotland, be- 
 tween Loch Etive and the N. end of Loch Awe, 
 in Argyleshire. It has two conical peaks, one 
 of which is 3962, and the other 3390 feet above 
 the level of the sea. 
 
 Cruces, a small seaport in the Gulf of Mexico, 
 about 1 5 miles W. S. W. of Porto Bello. 
 
 Crumlau, or Crumau, a town of Bohemia, 
 in the circle of Bechin, with a castle ; seated on 
 the Muldau ; 12 miles S. by W, of Budweis. 
 
 Crumlaw, or CuoMAU, a town of Moravia, in 
 the circle of Znaim, with a castle; 10 miles 
 N. N. E. of Znaim. 
 
 Cruz, St., a seaport of Morocco. The Portu- 
 guese had a fortress here, which was taken from 
 them by the Moors in 1536, and tho oniperor 
 caused it to be destroyed in 1773. The harbour 
 is safe and commodious. It is seated on a bay 
 of the Atlantic; h'iOniiles W.S. W. ol'Moiotco, 
 and C5 S. of Mogado.-. Long. 9. 30. W. lot. 
 
 •Ali OH M 
 

 CRU 
 
 92/ 
 
 mouth of tho 
 
 ns. 
 
 ch rises near 
 
 cean between 
 
 Tlie Walfleet 
 
 roducc of its 
 
 shire, with a 
 formerly an 
 tely ruins yet 
 four streets, 
 Bcs, and con- 
 Idge for foot 
 fish and wild 
 djacent pools 
 'eterborough, 
 
 !, with a mar- 
 ) of Axholm, 
 S. of Gain 8- 
 ndon. 
 
 if New York, 
 ected by tlio 
 runs N. into 
 f the English 
 n 177.^, and 
 after. It is 
 12. 
 
 ith a market 
 1 free-school, 
 and in the 
 archbishops 
 cient palace, 
 n 1780 : tho 
 re now occii- 
 The summer 
 I alternately. 
 theWandle; 
 is now estab- 
 irom whence 
 nes art con- 
 
 i department 
 mtory which 
 iarbour, 16 
 about «000, 
 
 Scotland, be- 
 f Loch Awe, 
 1 peaks, one 
 feet above 
 
 If of Mexico, 
 Bello. 
 
 )f Bohemia, 
 3 ; aeiited on 
 ' Budweis. 
 Moravia, in 
 3 ; 10 miles 
 
 The Portu- 
 i taken from 
 ho emperor 
 rhe harbour 
 ed on a bay 
 
 Ol" MOiOtCO, 
 
 30. W. lat. 
 
 of T^np'riS" " w.P"'' "" *''*' smith-east side 
 ot Xenenfte, and the general residence of tlio 
 
 ^Trr^-"" ""^ ^^''""'^ Islands It h,« a 
 rvemrLf«"" ft '1""^' "'"» » 'Jefended bj 
 
 . 9'^^h St., a town of Bolivia, canitnl of « 
 junsdietion, and a bishop's see. ThTcountry is 
 
 miles NN ft. Tf '^'V''' ^""•"^''^ ' 1^0 
 17 26/8. ^°"^' ^^- ^^- '^- ^"*- 
 
 of Cuhf '. ha " ■?'V' *^« N. side of the island 
 of Cuba ; 60 miles E. of Havannah. 
 
 .e£;^t^«ii';^:^ry^->^f 
 
 extending from 74. to 05. of W. lone tL F 
 end « bounded by a strait calle J he WindwaS 
 IZfh'Jt IVtl^.-''^.. which di" 
 irom the JV W. end of Hispaniola ; and the W. 
 end projects ir.to the Gulf of Mexico beint^ 
 
 ottt'2"Sf"'*''^r'"°"*-""^uS 
 on the b., and the same distance from the nro- 
 montory of East Florida on the N Is mean 
 oreadth, however, does not exceed 75 mTs 
 comprismg an area of about 52,000 square m es' 
 
 and W^lf "rf "T'y ^'1"«1 to thatVEngland 
 and Wales. The island was first made known to 
 Europeans by Columbu., in 1492 ; and fro n the 
 great extent of its coast from E. o \V TJat 
 h«t supposed to form part of the western ?on- 
 
 Sit in^hf; ^ ^''^'''?' <^^'^"J"' who sailed 
 X it Z. fV''""" ' ''"''.'" "'•""* three years 
 after, it was taken possession of by a Spanish 
 force from Hispaniola, under the ^mmand of 
 Don Jagode Velasquez, who took th.^^rve chief 
 prisoner, and roaMed him alive an.l nftJL f 
 
 ^-^-PJt^J.t'^tnatives; afterwhi^h tLS^^^^^^ 
 mained with but little interruption', in poSeiion 
 of the Spaniards until 1741, when 'an unsTc^^ 
 ful attempt was made upon it by the English ?^ 
 whom however it surrendered on U,e^ & S 
 August, 1 / fi-2, after a desperate reaistance of the 
 
 ItTarrestStn'r"'"""'''^-*'^"-^^ 
 
 U was restored to Spam m the following year 
 
 tlie present time having been but little affected 
 by the events which led to the entire subver2S 
 of Spamsh domination over every x>^Z?h^? 
 continental possessions in the ^Sn^Vl 
 sphere. Since the period of 1701 jt vl 
 
 mania of the French ^evStroVe'x'ti^o tt 
 neighbouring island of Hispanio'a, numerous 
 planters of tl-.at island fled to Cuba whkh has 
 ever since continued to improve in cult vation 
 and increase in population, and its produce in 
 sugar, coffee, and tobacco, since thecommeL(^ 
 ment of the present century, has been CS 
 and progressively increasing. The tobJcoo I 
 unequalled in quality, andl chiefly Sito 
 
 r."It!?"^l '' « t'>lembly well (va'erSS^ 
 -v ow^. arrangcraenti uuU well directed exer-' 
 
 CUE 
 
 tion, it is cnpnblo of subsisting twontv ir.H'o... 
 ofpeople iu.helu-ghestdegrefofea tVS^^^^^^^ 
 ment. In the woods are some valuable trie- 
 particularly eedan, of a lai^e size; and bird,' 
 abound here, both in variety and number, more 
 than in any of the other islands. The soTis 
 fertile, and cattle, sheep, and hogs are num" 
 rous 1 here are copper mines in the mountains, 
 and forests Aill of game. The principal ports 
 are the Havannah and Matanzas, on the N 
 coast near the W. end; and St. J^o de c2 
 
 end „;,. "^™tr'-"" ^^^. ®- '"««*. "ear the E. 
 end and, m addition to its staple productions 
 of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, ginger, long pep- 
 per oissia, tamarinds, wild 'cinnamon, mS. 
 nloes, honey, &c. &c. are abundant. ' 
 
 niiSs.'bVKofEvfr"^'''" ^'^"'^J»' 30 
 
 CunAouA, a small island off the N. coast of 
 
 Colombia, between that of Margarita and Cu- 
 
 mann. Here the Spaniards, in 1509, established 
 
 nf^ih^^r' " ''"^^ "^""^ "'"^ f™"^ the N. side 
 from ^,n^TT" '?°""t'»'"«. divides Circassia 
 irom part of Taurica, and flows into the N 
 
 to tS oVI"' ''^^^''' !'^" '"^^ -'-"^^ 
 t«rv 1 °^/»°Ph- It receives seveml tribu- 
 tary streams from the S. 
 
 Cuban, or Cuban Tartart, a county in the 
 Russian provinc.e of Taurica; bounded on the 
 W by the Sea of Taurica; N. by the river Don. 
 which separates It from Europe, E. by the deseit 
 
 CucKFiELD, a town in Sussex, with a market 
 
 b;»iL^dS!-^-^-^^^-'-'^^^«- 
 
 coij'nfr"''^:* ^"^^""^ Hindostan, on the 
 toast of Camatic, near the place where Fort St. 
 David once stood It was taken by the French 
 S W '/^^ ll?*^" '" ^^^^- It is 20 miles S. 
 H. 41, N '''^"^' ^""S. 79. 65. E. lat. 
 
 « ^V^'pIj. " *°"'" "^ Hind03tan, capital of 
 179-',. f^ v*^™" '"''''^' *^^^ hy Tippoo, in 
 miL;' N W f"Tf^ ^^"^ ^^'''=»"- It >s 133 
 U 23 k ^^'^- ^°"S. 78. 57. E. lat. 
 
 . CCDREFIN, a tn. and bailiwick of Switzerland 
 m the canton of Bern; 21 miles W. of Bern ' 
 
 of IW r' f-r""?''^ *"■ ^P'^"' °" the E. side 
 of New Cas ile, intersected by the river Xucar. 
 It 18 cultivated in the southern part, and pro- 
 
 eastp'nr'"'r ""P- ^"- ■• whilethe northern and 
 eastern portions are devoted to pasturing sheep, 
 ilie princip.il produce is wool. Pop ^96 750 
 CuENZA a city and bishop's see, "capital of 
 the preceding province. It is seated on^a high 
 and craggy hill, on the banks of the Xucar. ovm 
 
 T 1 flL" 1^^"* *'°"^ ''"'Jg^ «f five arches 
 rhe cathedral is a stately eJificej besides which 
 
 tToo mZf t'''^'''!.^'' ^^ n-oniteries. 
 eSoo ^ ^- "^Madrid. Pop. about 
 
 Pl^'';P^, a town of Colombia, and camtal at 
 a jurisdiction of the same n.me.'in the^SJSfnco 
 
 
CUE 
 
 9M 
 
 CUM 
 
 11 
 
 i\ 
 
 If 
 
 :P 
 
 ■ 
 
 of Quito; bounded on the W. by the ihore of the 
 .Bay of Guayaquil, and E. by the Andei. The 
 town 18 situate in b valley, about midway from 
 the foot of the Andes and the shore of the bay, 
 and 176 miles S. by W. of the city of Quito. 
 Pop. about 18,000. 
 
 CuERNATACTA, a town ofMexico; 40 miles S. 
 by W. of the city of Mexico, on the road to 
 Acapulco. In the time of Cortes it was the 
 capital of an independent state. It is situate on 
 the southern declivity of the Cordilleras, 5,400 
 feet above the level of the sea. The climate is 
 deiightflil. 
 
 CuiABA, a town of Brazil, in the province of 
 Mntto Grosso; seated on the W. bank of the 
 river Cuiaba, which falls into the Paraguay, in 
 the long, of 56. W. and lat. of 15. 35. S. The 
 population is estimated at 30,000. There is a 
 tolerably productive gold mine in the vicinity of 
 the town. 
 
 CuiLLT, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, on the N. E. side of the Lake of 
 Geneva; 8 miles E. S. E. of Lausanne. 
 
 C0L3NBURO, or Karlenbourg, a town of 
 Holland, in Gelderland, on the S. bank of the 
 river Leek; 16 miles S. S. E. of Utrecht. 
 
 CuLiACAN, a town of Mexico, seated near the 
 source of a river of the same name, which after 
 a course of about 50 miles, falls into the Gulf of 
 California, in the lat. of 24. 20. N. It is cele- 
 brated in Mexican history under the name of 
 HueicoUinacan, and aa the capital of a populous 
 and fertile district. 
 
 CuLLEN, a town of Scotland, in Banffshire, at 
 the mouth of the Culan or Cullen. It has 
 manufactures of linen and damask, and a trade 
 in fresh and dried fish. Near it are seen three 
 lofty spiring rocks, formed of flinty masses, 
 called the Three Kings of Cullen. It is 13 
 miles W. by N. of Banff. 
 
 CuLLFRA, a town of Spain, in Valencia, at the 
 mouth of the Xucar; 21 miles S. of Valencia. 
 Pop. about 4000. 
 
 Culm, a city of Prussia, capital of a palatinate 
 of the same name, and a bishop's see, with n 
 Catholic university. It is seated on the E. bank 
 of the Vistula ; 85 miles S. of Dantzic. Long. 
 J 8. 30. E. lat. 53. 24. N. 
 
 Culm is also the name of a town in Bohemia, 
 in the W. part of the circle of Saaz. It was near 
 this place where the French general Vandamme 
 was defeated by a corps of Austrians and Prus- 
 sians, in August 1813. 
 
 CuLMBACH, a town of Franconia, formerly 
 the capital of a principality of the same name. 
 Near it, on a mountain, stands the fortress of 
 Plassenburg, where the archives of the princi- 
 pality were preserved; but they were removed to 
 Bayreuth in 1783. Culmbachis seated near the 
 Weiss branch of the Maine ; 1 3 miles N. N. W. 
 of Bayreuth. Pop, about 3800. 
 
 CuLMORE, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Londonderry, on the coast of Lough Foyle; 5 
 miles N. by E. of Londonderry. It is stated, ia 
 a return made to parliament in 1821, to be ex- 
 tra-parochial, and exempt from tithe, and parith, 
 and county rate. 
 
 CuiNA, a town of Hindostan, in the presi- 
 
 dency of Bengal, on the lloogly. It is the 
 port of the Burdwan district; 48 miles N. W. 
 of Calcutta. 
 
 CuLPEc, a town of Hindostan; an unhealthy 
 station on the Hoogly; 33 miles S. of Calcutta. 
 CuLPEPKH, a county of Virginia, bounded 
 on Ihe N. W. by tho Blue ridge of the Allegany 
 mountains, and on the E. by the Rappahannock 
 river. Fairfax, 72 miles N. by W, of Rich- 
 mond, is the chief town. Pop. of the county 
 11,393. 
 
 CuLRoss, A borough of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire, in a district almost surrounded by Clack- 
 mannanshire. Here is a princely abbey, bailt in 
 1217. It is situate on the Frith of Forth; 20 
 miles S. of Perth; and 21 W. N. W. of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 CuMANA, a seaport of Colombia, and capital 
 of the province of Orinoco. It is seated on an 
 arid sandy plain, at the entrance of a spacious 
 inlet of the Caribbean Sea, in the lat. of 10. 12. 
 N. and 64. 24. W . long. Cumana has suffered 
 much both by inundations and by earthquakes. 
 On the 1 4th of December, 1797, about four- 
 fifths of the town was destroyed. It is other- 
 wise advantageously situate for external com- 
 merce, which it carries on to some extent in 
 cotton, cocoa, mules, cattle, &c., in exchange 
 for the manufactures of Europe generall v. Pop. 
 about 20,000. 
 
 Cumber, or Comber, a parish and town in 
 the county of Down, Ireland. The town is 
 pleasantly seated at the head of a small bay of 
 Strangford Lough. 
 
 Cumberland, a maritime and mountainous 
 county of the N. of England; bounded on the 
 N. by the river Liddel, which separates it from 
 Scotland, and on tho E. by the counties of 
 Northumberiand and Durham, S. by those of 
 Westmoreland and part of Lancashire, and E. 
 by the Irish Sea. It contains 974,720 acres, 
 and is divided into the eastern and western 
 divisions, for each of which it sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. This county contains a 
 good deal of dreari^ moor, but some of the val- 
 leys, intersected by streams of water and inter- 
 spersed with lakes, are exceedingly picturesque, 
 and very fertile. The two principal rivers are 
 the Eden and Derwent, which abound with 
 salmon and char. The mountains and moors 
 are rich in minerals, especially coals and lead. 
 It has also a very valuable bed of plumbago, or 
 black lead. Sea Fell, the highest peak of the 
 mountains, rises to a height of 3166 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Skiddaw and Helveliyn 
 also each rise to heights exceeding 2000 feet, 
 and five or six others approximate to 3000 feet. 
 Carlisle U the capital, where some considerable 
 manufactures of cotton are carried on. The 
 county also yields a surplus of cattle, and about 
 200,000 chaldrons of coals annually. The sea- 
 ports are Whitehaven, Workington, and Mary- 
 port; and the principal towns in the interior, 
 Aldston, Cockermouth, Penrith, and Wigton. 
 
 CuMBEiLAND is also the name of several 
 counties in different parts of the United States 
 of North America, viz. 
 
 1st. In the state of Maine, of which Portland 
 
 .^^'l»-^\ 
 
(ly. It it the 
 18 milea N. W. 
 
 ; an unhealthy 
 S. of Calcutta. 
 ;inia, bounded 
 if the Allegany 
 Rappahannock 
 ' W, of Rich- 
 of the county 
 
 and, in Perth- 
 ided by Clack- 
 abbey, bailt in 
 lof Forth; 20 
 . W. of Edin- 
 
 ia, and capital 
 8 seated on an 
 of a spaciouH 
 ilat.of 10. 12. 
 la has suffered 
 1 earthquakes. 
 1, about four- 
 It is other- 
 external com- 
 ime extent in 
 , in exchange 
 nerally. Pop. 
 
 and town in 
 
 The town is 
 
 1 small bay of 
 
 1 mountainous 
 unded on the 
 )arates it from 
 e counties of 
 s. by those of 
 ishire, and E. 
 74,720 acres, 
 
 and western 
 is two mem- 
 y contains a 
 le of the val- 
 ter and inter- 
 j picturesque, 
 pal rivers are 
 abound with 
 s and moors 
 als and lead, 
 plumbago, or 
 t peak of the 
 56 feet above 
 id Helvellyn 
 ng 2000 feet, 
 to 3000 feet. 
 
 considerable 
 ed on. The 
 le, and about 
 y. The sea- 
 1, and Mary- 
 
 the interior, 
 id Wigton. 
 e of several 
 Jnited States 
 
 lich Portland 
 
 CUM 
 
 339 
 
 CU R 
 
 it the chief town, and seat of government of the 
 state, (&* Portland.) It is a maritime county, 
 its area not exceeding 700 square miles, com- 
 prising a considerable surfiice of lakes. The 
 N. E. comer of the county is bounded by the 
 Kenebec river. Pop. 68,658. 
 
 2nd. At the S. extremity of the state of New 
 Jersey, bordering on Delaware Bay, in the lat. 
 of 39. 15. to 39. 30. N. Pop. 14,374. Bridge- 
 town is the capital. 
 
 3rd. In Pennsylvania, bounded on the N. by 
 the Blue ridge of the Allegany mountains, and 
 on the E. by the Susquehanna river. It is about 
 <j5 miles in extent fVom E. to W., and 16 in 
 mean breadth. Pop. 30,953. Carlisle, 18 miles 
 W. of Harrisburg, is the chief town, 
 
 4th, In Virginia, extending S. fi'om James 
 River for 28 miles, to the Appomattox River. 
 Ihe mean breadth of this county does not ex- 
 ceed 8 miles. Carterville, the chief town, on the 
 S, bank of James River, is 32 miles W. by N. 
 of Richmond. Pop. of the county 10,399, of 
 whom 6781 are slaves, 
 
 6th. In the interior of North Carolina, inter- 
 sected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 16,284, of 
 whom 5392 are slaves. Fayetteville, 48 miles 
 S. by W. of Raleigh, is the chief town, 
 
 6th. In Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, 
 intersected by the Cumberland river. Pop. 
 6090. Burkesville is the chief town. 
 
 Cumberland River, which gives name to 
 the preceding county, rises on the W. side of 
 the Cumberland ridge of mountains, which 
 divide the S. E, end of the state of Kentucky 
 from that of Virginia, in the lat, of 37. N., runs 
 W. for about 120 miles, when it leaves the state 
 of Kentucky in a southerly direction, at the 
 S. W. corner of Cumberland county, into the 
 state of Tennessee, through which it runs a 
 course of about 150 miles, when it re-enters the 
 state of Kentucky in a N. W. direction; and, 
 after a further course of about 60 miles, fells 
 into the Ohio about SO miles above the entrance 
 of that river into the Mississippi. From the 
 source of the Cumberland River, to its conflux 
 with the Ohio, the i' 'ance in a direct line is 
 300 miles, being 6 dtg. o.' long, between 82. 15. 
 and 88. IS. in the lat. of 37. N.; but the distance 
 by the course and windings of the stream is 
 near 600 miles, 500 of which it is navigable for 
 batteaux of 14 or IS tons burthen, 
 
 Cumberland Ridge is the most westerly 
 of the Allegany chain of mountains, and extends 
 from the frontier of Georgia, in the lat. of 35. N. 
 in nn E. N. E, direction, through the state of 
 Tennessee, flanking the S. E. end of the state of 
 Kentucky, into Tazeville county, in the state of 
 Virginia, in the lat. of 37. 20, N., where it ter- 
 minates in several knolls, which give rise to 
 several streams that form the Big Sandy River. 
 
 Cumbkrla.'*d, an island on the coast of 
 Georgia; the most southern territory of the 
 United States on the Atlantic Ocean, previous 
 to their possession of the Floridas, in July 1821, 
 It is 15 miles long and 2 broad. Opposite its S. 
 extremity is the island Amelia, and between 
 them is the entrance to St. Mary's River, in the 
 latofSO. 39, N. 
 
 Cumberland it alto the name of two or three 
 townshipt in different partt of the United 
 States of North America, 
 
 Cumberland, a town and fort of British 
 America, in a county of the same name, forming 
 the iathmus which unites Nova Scotia to New 
 Brunswick. The fort is situate at the head of 
 the Bay of Fundy, on the E, side of its northern 
 branch, called Chignecto Bay. The itthmut it 
 here about 16 miles across, easily admitting a 
 canal to unite the Bay of Fundy with the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, Long. 64, 10. W. lat. 46. 
 45. N. 
 
 Cumberland House, a station of the Hud- 
 son Bay Company, in the country of the Knii- 
 tineaux Indians, on the S. W. side of Pine 
 Island Lake, in the lat. of 64. N.and 102 of W. 
 long. 
 
 Cumberland is also the name of several other 
 islands, bays, and capes in different partt 
 of the world. 
 
 CuMBO, or Combo, a kingdom on the W. 
 coast of Africa, S. of the river Gambia. The 
 Portuguese have a settlement at Cacheo. 
 
 CuMBRAY, Great and Little, two islands 
 of Scotland, at the entrance of the Frith of 
 Clyde, to the S. E. of the Isi. jf Bute. The for- 
 mer is 6 miles in circumference, has excellent 
 freestone quarries, and the ruins of a cathedral 
 dedicated to St, Columba. The latter lies a 
 little to the S. of the other, and on it is a light- 
 house. Long. 4. 47. W. lat. 56. 45, N. They 
 are included in the county of Bute. 
 
 CuMiRNA, a town of Piedmont; 12 miles S. 
 W. of Turin. Pop, about 4500. 
 
 Cumly, a fort and town of Hindostan, in 
 Canara, seated between two rivers, at their en- 
 trance into a salt water lake, which is separated 
 from the sea by a sjjit of sand. On the opposite 
 side of the S. river is the town of Kanyapura, to 
 which it was formerly joined by a bridge. It is 
 15 miles S. by E. of Mangalore. 
 
 CuNDiNAMARCA, One of the four great divi- 
 sions into which the new republican territory of 
 Colombia was first divided; but since the divi- 
 sion of 1823, when the country was divided into 
 twelve provinces, it forms the central and metro- 
 politan province of the republic. See Bogota, 
 St. Fe de. 
 
 CoPAR OP Fife, a borough of Scotland, 
 capital of Fifeshire. Here are manufactures of 
 coarse linens, and a considerable tannery. It is 
 seated in a rich valley, on the N. side of the 
 Eden; 8 miles W. by S. of St. Andrews, and 30 
 N. N. E, of Edinburgh. It ioins with St. An- 
 drews, &c., in sending one lember to parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 Cupar of Angus, a town of Scotland, partly 
 in Forfar, but chiefly in Perthshire, with a con- 
 siderable linen manufacture and tannery. It it 
 seated on the Isla; 12 miles N. W, of Dundee 
 and 13 N. N, E. of Perth. 
 
 Curacao, an island in the Caribbejm Sea, 
 lying off the const of Colombia, near the en- 
 trance to the Gulf and Lake of Maracaibo, 35 
 miles long and 12 broad; subject to the Dutch. 
 It produces sugar, tobacco, and salt; hat 
 
 I 
 
t-ir 
 
 ^'i 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 '1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 w I 
 
 CUR 
 
 980 
 
 «upply tho adjacent coaat with tlio productions 
 ot Europe and Aiia, and which utill continue to 
 ao 80 to Home extent. In 1800 some Fren( h 
 naving wttle'l on part of tho island, and be- 
 coming nt vttrianco with tho Dutch, tho latter 
 ■urrendere.1 the island tea jiiv,!. Rritish frigate. 
 iLT "^f^"^^ to the Dutcl. by tho pence of 
 lis»2 and taken from them by a Britiih squadron 
 i"nii ^""^ "^'" "'Stored by tho pean of 
 i«l t. The principal town is St. Peter, at tho 
 XV. b. extremity of the island. Lone. 69. la. 
 W. Int. 13. 22. N. 
 
 f^uM?™' t''® tenth in order of tho provinces 
 ot Chih; the chief town, of the siimo name, is 
 about 100 miles from the sen, in tliu lat. of 35. 
 b. on the road from Conception to Santiago, 
 . Curia Muria, an island on the coast of Ara- 
 bia l^elix, opposite the mouth of the river Prim 
 Long, 55. 25. E. lat. 17. 0. N. 
 
 CuRiscH Haff, n lake or bay of Prussia 
 sepamtcd front, the Baltic Sea by a tongue of 
 and 70 miles in extent, in a N. N. E. dirwtion, 
 but not more than 2 or 3 miles wide; the Half is 
 about .^0 miles wide nt tho S, end, progressively 
 iiarrowing to about a mile only at its outlet into 
 the sea at Memel, 
 
 CURNOUL, or KuRNOoi, a town of Hindostan, 
 district of Balaghaut. the ancient capital of the 
 Doccan, and defended by a strong fort. It was 
 
 T. ^" o^,i''°^"'"'' '■" 181*> and again in 1039, 
 
 It 18 279 miles from Madras, on th<: river 
 
 Toombudra, 
 Curraii, a town of Hindostan, in Allahabad. 
 
 on the S. bank of the Ganges; 30 miles N. W. 
 
 ot Allahabad. 
 Currituck, a maritime county at tho N E 
 
 extremity of North Carolina, tho N. end border- 
 ing on the great Dismal Swamp of Virginia, and 
 the S, end on Albemarle Sound. This was for- 
 merly a very dreary district, but some of tho 
 land withm the present century, has been ren- 
 dered very productive in rice. Pop. C703 of 
 whom 21 00 are slaves. The county gives name 
 to one of the inlets into Albemarle Sound. 
 
 CURUPA, a town of Brazil, in the government 
 of Para,seRted on the S. bankof themain channel 
 
 U'fo. W.r i.lS.t'" ^- "' ''"" ^""^^ 
 CuRzou, an island in the Gulf of Venice on 
 the const of Dalmatia; about 26 miles long' It 
 abounds m wood proper for building ships, and 
 produces good wine. At tjie E. end is a forti- 
 lied town of the same name, with a good har- 
 bour. Long. 17. 10. E. lat. 43. 6-. N 
 , Cusco, or Cuzco, a city of Peru, and a 
 bishop 8 see, formerly the capital of the incas • 
 supposed to have been first founded bv Mnnca 
 Ca|.ac, in 1 043, Tho Spaniards, under" I'izarro. 
 took i.os8es3ion of it in 1534. Oi. a mountain 
 contiguous to tho N. part of tlie city are the 
 ruins of a fort and jialace of the incas, the 
 stones of winch are of enormous magnitude, 
 tusco IS built in a square form, in the middlo of 
 which IS the best market in all America : four 
 large streets, wliich aie perfectly straight, ter- 
 minate m the square. It contains nine churches 
 besides the cathedral, which is u noble stn.eture. 
 iJie number of inliabifants is about 30,000, 
 
 CUT 
 
 of which one-half are original AmerfcaiUL 
 Streams of water run through tlic town, which 
 are a great convenicncy in a coui'ry where it 
 seldom miiiM. It is seated near the wjurco of a 
 river falling into the Voleomayo, on the E. si.'it 
 
 "dos; ,\:,i} 
 I. W. lat. 
 
 of the first coll iteral ridgo of tli 
 miles E. by S. of Lima. Long. 7 i 
 13. 20. S. * 
 
 Cu-ssKT, a town ot France, in the department 
 of AlluM, 37 miles S. by B. of Moulins. Pop. 
 about 4000. *^ 
 
 CusTEE B town of Bengal on tho h. bank of 
 tho mam branch of the Ganges; 100 miles N. 
 by h. of Ca cutta. It has considerable manu- 
 factures of silk, 
 
 CusTRiN a fortified town of Brandenburg, 
 capital of the New Mark, with a castle. In 1 760 
 It was bombarded and aunost destroyed by the 
 Rusaiana, and in 1 806 it wii« taken by the French. 
 It IS seated amid morassch. a the conflux of tho 
 Warta with the Oder; 46 miks E. by N, of 
 Benin, 
 
 . .^"^Ais, or KoTATis, the chief town of Imo- 
 ntia, Kussi. i Asia,govemment of Georgia. Tho 
 remains of i ■ cathedral seem to prove that it 
 was onco a vonsidemhle place. It is seated 
 on the Riona; 120 miles W. bv N. of Tefflis 
 Long. 43. 0. E. lat. 42. 25. N. " 
 
 CuTCH, a country of Hindostan, governed 
 hy a rajah, and situate on the S. E. of Sind; the 
 E. branch of the Indus separating the two coun- 
 tries. It extends along the N. const of the Gulf 
 ot Cutch, and is separattid from Guzerat by 
 river Ban, Tt abounds with hills, woods, an 
 sandy wilds. Tho capital is Bhooj, in the lat. 
 of 23.16. N.. and 09. 2. of E. long. TheRunn, 
 or Rm of Cutch, is an extensive tract of 800(1 
 square miles to the N. of the .li.itrict, which is 
 alternately a muddy j)lain, or a dry sandy desert 
 covered with saline deposits, from which much 
 salt IS manufactured, 
 
 CuTTACK, a maritime district of Hindostan 
 Mtending from Lake Chilka in the lat. of 19 3o' 
 N., to the Subunreeka river, which separates it 
 from Bengal m the lat. of 21. 30. N., beinc 
 bounded on the W. by the province of OrissaT 
 Ihe rivers Coyle, Nuddy, and Mahanuddy in- 
 tersect It from W. to E. It is a very fertile 
 aistnct, and has numerous and extensive manu- 
 factures of cotton; but is more pnrticulariv 
 celebrated as the chief district of Hindoo devo- 
 tees, and contuining the temple of , igamaut 
 Ihe chief town, of the same name, Nometimes 
 called, 
 
 CuTTACK BE.yARF5, is seated on an island 
 formed by the Midmddy river, about 50 miles 
 Irom the sea, in the lat. of 20. 30, N,, and CO. 10 
 ot E. long. Besides Jagamaut, the other places 
 of note are Balasore, Masulipatam, and Jage- 
 poor. Tins district was familiar to the Maho- 
 niedans as early as the commencement of tho 
 1. mi century, but continued in possession of tho 
 Hindoos till ISC>9, when it surrendered to Soly- 
 man Kerang, who imnexed it to Bengal In 
 I75(,itwa8 ceded to the Nagpore Mahrattas, 
 '?!!«., T.'"*** **"-" possession of the English in 
 1!J03. Pop. about 1,200,000. 
 CuTTKRAH, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 
 '~n 
 
CUT 
 
 331 
 
 nzE 
 
 tl AmerfcaiM, 
 e town, which 
 111 fry where* it 
 •he Murce of a 
 on tho E. si<'ii 
 t' \nd«i| .').,U 
 1. 17. W. lat. 
 
 le department 
 oulins. Pop. 
 
 ho b. Imnk of 
 100 miles N. 
 lernble maim- 
 
 Brnndcnburp;, 
 tie. In 1760 
 ;royed by tho 
 ly the French. 
 :onflux of tho 
 E. by N. of 
 
 own of Imo- 
 icorgin. Tho 
 prove that it 
 It ia seated 
 
 '^. of TefHis. 
 
 in, governed 
 of Sind; tho 
 he two coun- 
 t of the Gulf 
 izerat by 
 
 woods, uu 
 j, in the lat. 
 
 The Runii, 
 •act of 8000 
 ct, which is 
 andy desert, 
 *^hich much 
 
 Hindostan, 
 it. of 19. 30. 
 separates it 
 
 ot Onssa. 
 anuddy in- 
 very ft'rtilo 
 sive Kianu- 
 )nrticuliirly 
 ndoo dovo- 
 
 .igamaut. 
 sometimes 
 
 an island 
 
 50 miles 
 ind86. 10. 
 ther places 
 and Jnge- 
 he Maho- 
 Jnt of tho 
 sionoftho 
 d to Soly- 
 ngal. In 
 tiahrattas, 
 English in 
 
 1 the pro- 
 
 vmee (if Oii<l«t > milea 8. by l f Uareilly ; 
 celebrated for n ilecisive I ■♦♦le fou«ht in its 
 vicinity „a the l.sth of April, 17/4, between tho 
 Rohillas and the British. 
 
 ('in B, a town of Hindostan, ia tho pro- 
 vii f Delhi; 13 miles S. from Delhi: near 
 the town ii a remarkable column, 242 feet high, 
 erected in the 1 1th century. 
 «'wxhaven, a seaport of Lower axony in 
 " I'uchy of Bremen; situate near o point of 
 iiiomontory fornicil iv the mouths of the 
 .vers rt'eserand Elbe hi- ! 
 
 place, but rendered of some j i 
 
 station of tho post-office puck.. -twecii Ehk 
 MX "'"* ^^® ^- "' Europe. It is 60 miles 
 N. N W. of Hamburg. Lat. 63. 50. N. anil 8. 
 40. of E. long. 
 
 CUTAHOOA. TayAIIOOA. 
 
 CvcLADKa, th cumt name often islands at 
 the entrance of the Grecian Archipelago, be- 
 tween 36. and 3«. of N. lat. 
 
 CvPBr , an island ut tho eastern extremity 
 of the Mediterranean Sea, lying off tho coast of 
 Syria, from ^' liich the eastern extremity of tho 
 island is distant 70 miles. It is 165 miles in 
 extreme length, and 60 wide in > broadest 
 part, but its mean breadth does 'eed 30 
 
 miles, giving an area of about juuu square 
 miles, in 35. of N. lat. It is interseited by 
 mountains and streams of watir. The moun- 
 tains are of considerable elevation, and the tops 
 of some of them are covered with snow a .;reat 
 jiart of the year. The principal river ■ inm from 
 W. to E. and is called the Pedia. During the 
 national career of Egypt, Persia, Greece, an! 
 Rome, Cyprus was the resort of the learned, 
 gay, refined, and vicious of those nations. Its 
 pre-eminence declined with tho fall of the Ro- 
 man em lire, and, from its being the abode of all 
 that Wi refined in art, and voluptuous in every 
 species of indulgence — yielding to a numerous 
 population abundance of every thing necessary 
 to subsistence, and a variety of the most deli- 
 cious fruits — it rapidly became a wildemess in 
 comparison with its previous fertility, ovcirun 
 by tribes of Arabs, who were driven *Vom the 
 island during the crusades, at the cU of the 
 twelfth century, by Richard I. of Engl.utl, who 
 assumed the title of king of Cypnis. in 1480 
 it fell into the haiuls of the Venetians, at which 
 period it is made the place and scene of a drama 
 by the English dramatic poet, Shakspere. The 
 Venetians surrendered it to tho Turks in 1 570, in 
 whoso possession, up to 1826, it still continued. 
 Its i)resent population is sujjposed not to ex- 
 ceed 70,000, about one-third of whom are Turks, 
 and tht remainder Greeks, who have three 
 bishops and one archbishop. The principal 
 towns are Pafo, or Baffo, at the W, end, Mas- 
 sarea and Mnncorta, or Famagousta, at the 
 mouth of the Pedea, towards the end, and Ce- 
 rina, on the N. coast of the island, and Less- 
 cossia, or Vieonia, the capital, in tho interior. 
 Cyiirus is still rich by nature, in mineral, animal, 
 and vegetable productions : the vine and olive, 
 with a variety of other plants and flowers, escu- 
 lent, ambrosial, and medicinal, lu.vuriate in n 
 perfection equal to any part of the world, and 
 
 superior u> mmi par ^. The winea potwn h 
 strong aperii ..uftlity, and reouire forty yean 
 to duly qualify them for tho pafir-. The inlia- 
 bitanU curry on various manufii ires in nilk, 
 cotton, and wool, and their carpets are ser- 
 vedly esteemed for the vwriety, richness, and 
 beauty of their colour. 
 
 CvH, St., a village of France, 2 miles fVom 
 Versailles ; colebrate<l for nn abbey f mded by 
 Madamo de Maintenon, who was tl abbe^ 
 till her death, in 1719. 
 
 There are a number of tow"» and villages of 
 this name in different pai s of France, but 
 all inconsiderable. 
 Cz. For places sometimes written with Cx, 
 
 iM Cs, and 'Iscii. 
 CzASLAU, or TcHA8i.AU, 8 circlo of Bohemia, 
 bordering on .Moravia, tho N. end jetting upon 
 the Elbe j containing about 800 wjuare miles of 
 territory. It is intersected from E. to W. by the 
 Yasawa, which river falls into the Moldau, and 
 f^om N. to S. by another river which falls into 
 thi I jibe. Pop. about 180,000, chiefly agricul- 
 tural. The chief town, of the same name, is 
 seated in the N. part of the circle, 8 miles S. of 
 the Elbe, and 45 E. N. E. of Prague. Tho 
 < i lurch has the highest tower of Bohemia. Near 
 this place tho king of Prussia gained a victory 
 overthe .' nstrians, in 1742. 
 
 OzEKST. .V, or CzKSTOCHOW, a town of 
 Pru«ian Poi„ id, near the frontier of Silesia and 
 tho urce of the Warta ; near which there is a 
 celubrnted convent, fortified and garrisoned. 1 1 
 'sustain .1 a siei;o against tho Swedes in 1057, 
 !id neur it a b.ittle was fought in 1665, between 
 the royal army of Poland and Lubomirski, to 
 the disadvantage of tho former. It was gar- 
 risoned by the French in 1812. It is 60 miles 
 N.N.W. of Cracow. 
 
 CzKRcoasi, or St. Cztrkossy, a town of 
 Russia, in the Ukraine, with a castle ; seated 
 near the Dnieper ; 85 miles S. E. of Kiow. 
 Long. 32. 5. E., lat. 49. 20. N. 
 
 CzERNETZ, a town of European Turkey, in 
 VValachia, near the Danube j 140 miles W. by 
 N. of Bucharest. 
 
 CzERNiTZ, or Kaschau, a town of Carniola, 
 remarkable for its lake, which produces grass 
 and corn every year. Tho lake is surrounded 
 by mountains, and in dry seasons is from 20 to 
 25 miles in circumference ; but when full it is 
 40 miles round, and contains several islands, 
 on the largest of which is a village. When the 
 water subsides, buck-wheat is sown on the dry 
 parts, and becomes ready for the sickle in six 
 weeks ; and the jwistumge is not hurt by the 
 water if it does not stay too long. The town is 
 situate at the N. part of the lake ; 20 miles S. 
 by W. of Loybach. 
 
 CzERNiGOv, or TcHERNiGOV, a government 
 of European Russia ; bounded on the W. by 
 the Dniester. The chief town, of the same 
 name, is seated on the N. bank of the Desna 
 which falls into the Dniester ; 450 miles S S 
 W. of Moscow, and 75 N. bv E. of Kiov. Pnn' 
 about 6000. ' ^' 
 
 CzEusKO, a town of Prussian Poland, in 
 tho palatinate „f .Masovia ; seated on the W 
 
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CZE 
 
 bank of the Virtula ; 30 milet S. S. E. of War- 
 
 &m^"r^"*' ■,*"'^ «>' UPPW Hungary, 
 ftmous for nunes of opal, a noble gem not yet 
 dttwvered >n any other region of the globe. It 
 u 15 nulea N. of CaaaoTia. 
 
 232 
 
 DAH 
 
 CzoKORsnT, or Alt-Czonobad, a torni of 
 Hungary, at the conflux of the Theiw md 
 Korosh ; 18 miles N. of Ze^edin. 
 
 Cz b^na the names of several other towns 
 m Poland, Russia, and Austrix 
 
 D. 
 
 DiBEB, atown of HitherPomerania, in a drcle 
 of Its name ; 16 miles N. N. E. of Staigard. 
 
 Dabvl, a town of Hindostan, on the coast of 
 CWCAN, (which see,) with a trade in pepper 
 and salt ; seated at the mouth of a river -75 
 
 K kt. Vlo.^"^ ^°'"'^^- ^"«- '2- *3. 
 Dacca, 8 district of Bengal, lying between 
 the main branch of the GangM ali/thlliurram" 
 pooter nvers. The chief town, of the same 
 name, is seated on the banks of a smaU river, 
 which communicates with the Burrampooter. 
 It was once the capital of Bengal, and defended 
 by a strong fortress, the remains of which ap- 
 pwr. It has a vast trade in musb'ns and other 
 cotton manufiictures of the most delicate tex- 
 ture, manu&ctured from the cotton produced 
 in the province. The country round Dacca lies 
 low, and u always covered with verdure during 
 the dry months. It is 160 miles N. E, of CaK 
 cutta. Long. 90. 32. E. lat. 23. 42. N. 
 
 Dachau, a town of Bavaria, where the kin« 
 baa a palace j seated on a hill near the river 
 Ammer ; 10 miles N. N. W. of Munich. 
 
 DAOBLgT's Island, an island about 9 miles 
 'n circumference, in the Japanese Sea, at about 
 w> equal dutance ih>m the Isle of Niphon and 
 the coast of the Corea, in the lat. of 37. 25. N 
 It was viwted by La Perouse. It abounds with 
 timber, which the Coreans are supposed to use 
 m the buildmg of boats. 
 
 ♦i,^vT°u'^?.."i!?«'' **^ ^^^ EngUmd, on 
 the N. bank of the Thames, from the tide-waters 
 
 ?„T7A"^.K* »/»*?'«» by an embankment. 
 i»#il «nAA° «'"»»°''?»ent gave way, and inun- 
 dated 6000 acres of ground, which were le- 
 claimed m 1715. 
 
 Daohistan, a province of Geoigia, lying be- 
 tween the W. shore of the Caspian Sea and the 
 Caucasian mountains. It is intersected by 
 several small rivers falling into the Caspian. 
 Ihe inhabitants area brave and hardy race; and 
 successfully resisted the arms of Nadir Shah in 
 1743. It sovereignty is claimed by Russia, but 
 the resoluteness of the inhabitanta renders it 
 nominal rather than real. It has two consider^ 
 able towns, Tasker and Derbent, on the shores 
 of the Caspian. It is a fertile district, and. 
 under social insUtutions, might be made an 
 ngre^ble country. It is intersected by the line 
 of 4J. of N, lat. 
 
 Daoo, or Daooh. an island in the Baltic, on 
 the coast of Livonia ; 7 miles N. of the Isle of 
 f ^ 'nlf" the entrance to the Gulf of Finland. 
 It is 20 miles in circumference, and has two 
 castlM railed Dagerwort and Fiden. Long. 
 22. 66. E. bit 68. 44. N. 
 
 Damn. See Rangoon. 
 Dahl, thp iinest river of Sweden, which 
 flows through Dalecarlia, or Dalarne, and on 
 o ,»**i^^"*" "' Gastrida, and enters the 
 Gulf of Bothnia south of Gefie. Near Es- 
 rarleby, not far firom its mouth, it forms a cele- 
 brated catarart, little inferior to that of the 
 Rhine at Lauffen. 
 
 Dahlak, an island in the Red Sea, near the 
 W. end of the coast of Abyssinia ; 40 miles long 
 and 6 broad. It is fertile, populous, and i^ 
 markable for a peari fishery. The inhabitants 
 are blacks, and great enemies to the Maho- 
 metans. Long. 40. 10. E. lat 16. 44. N. 
 
 .*?S«'^' * ^«»««1»"» of Guinea, supposed to 
 reach 180 miles inland, though no European has 
 penetrated above half the distant.. The country 
 IS fertile, yielding a plentiflil supply of farina- 
 ceous vegetables and tropical fruits ; also indigo, 
 cotton^ sugar-cane, tobacco, palm oil, and a 
 variety of spices. The religion of Dahomy con- 
 sists of a jumble of superstitious ceremonies, 
 ot which It IS impossible to convey any satis- 
 factory idea. The government is perhaps the 
 most perfect despotism in the worid : for the 
 polity admits of no intermediate degree of su- 
 bordmation between king and slave, at least in 
 the royal presence, where the prime minister 
 prostrates himnelf with as much abject sub- 
 miMion ab the meanest subject. The king 
 maintains a considerable standing army, com- 
 manded by an agaow, or general, and thet si- 
 bordinate officers, who muat hold themselves in 
 readiness to take ttie fieh. at the command of 
 the sovereign. On extraordinary occasions, all 
 the malesablj to bear arms are obliged to re- 
 pair to the general's standard ; every caboceer 
 marching at the head of his own people. Some- 
 umes the king takes the field at the head of his 
 troops ; and, on very great emergencies, at the 
 head of his women. In the different royal 
 pataces in Dahomy, are immured not less than 
 3000 women ; several hundreds of whom are 
 trained to arms, under a female general and 
 other officers. The general character of the 
 Dahomans is marked by a mixture of ferocity 
 and poLteness ; the former appears in the treat- 
 ment of their enemies ; the latter they possess 
 for above the African nations with whom 
 Europeans have hitherto had any intercouree. 
 Ihe iTOpard and hyeena are common in this 
 part ot Airica, and commit great ravages, as 
 sometimes do also a species of whit? n„t. 
 q « f%°f G'^rhee, in ihe lat. 6. 17. N. and 
 ». t>. ot i!.. long. IS the principal seaport Poo 
 about 6600. Abomey, about 90 miTelTiniand; 
 i» the capita], ' 
 
 
DAL 
 
 333 
 
 ID) A totm of 
 Jie Theias vtd 
 
 fal other towns 
 trix 
 
 nreden, which 
 tiarne, and on 
 d enten the 
 ). Near Es- 
 : forms a cele- 
 > tliat of the 
 
 Sea, near the 
 40 miles long 
 lous, and re- 
 e inhabitants 
 a the Maho- 
 44. N. 
 
 I supposed to 
 European has 
 The country 
 >ly of farina- 
 ; also indigo, 
 n oil, and a 
 Jahonjy con- 
 ceremonies, 
 By any satis- 
 perhapg the 
 rid ; for the 
 egree of su- 
 it at least in 
 me minister 
 abject sub- 
 The king 
 army, com- 
 nd their ai- 
 emselves in 
 ommand of 
 icasions, all 
 iged to re- 
 ty caboceer 
 ale. Some- 
 head of his 
 icies, at the 
 ;rent royal 
 )t less than 
 whom are 
 snera! and 
 :ter of the 
 of ferocity 
 n the treat- 
 ley possess 
 ith whom 
 utercouree. 
 ion in this 
 ravages, as 
 «'hite nnt. 
 17. N. and 
 ort Pop. 
 !es inland* 
 
 Dalebu, a town of Sweden, capital of Dalia • 
 situate on the S. W. side of Lake Wenner ■ 60 
 miles N. by E. of Gotheburg. ' 
 
 pALECARLiA. or Dalarne, (signifying the 
 vallejr,) an interior province of Sweden, in the 
 division of Sweden Proper, between Nordland 
 and the raountnins of Norway. It is 270 miles 
 long, and from 40 to 120 broad. The principal 
 productions are wood, com, and hemp, and it 
 contains many mountains, in which are mines of 
 Mlver, copper, and iron. The capital is Fahlun. 
 The maiiners of the people are distinct from 
 those of other parts of Sweden. 
 
 Dalheim, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 duchy of Limbeig, capital of a territory of the 
 same nane, seated near the Mouse ; 16 miles 
 W. W. of Limberg. 
 
 Dalen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Juliers, situate on the Bervine, which &IIs into 
 the Meuse ; 15 miles N. N. W. of Juliers. 
 Pop. about 3700. 
 
 Dalia, Daland, or Daiaund, a province of 
 Sweden, m Gothland, to the W. of Wermeland 
 and Lake Wenner. It is 86 miles long and 40 
 broad. The N. part is full of mountains. 
 forMts, and lakes ; but to the S. it pioduces corn 
 sufficient for the inhabitants. Cattle, fish, 
 butter, aad cheese are the chief articles. The 
 capital is Dalebui^g, or Amal, on the shore of 
 the lake. 
 
 Dalkeith, a town of footland, in Edinbureh- 
 shire, with a great market on Thursday for 
 com and oatmeal. Here is Dalkeith-house, 
 the mngnihcent seat of the Duke of Buccleugh. 
 It w seated on a strip of land between the 
 North and South Esk ; 6 miles S. F. oT Edin- 
 baigh. 
 
 Dalla, or Dblla, a district of low land at 
 the delta of the Irawaddy river ; a town of the 
 same name on the E. bank of the main branch 
 of the nver, about 40 ^uea W. S. W. of Ran- 
 goon, manufactures a great quantity of salt. 
 1 he sod IS capable of being rendered ve-y pro- 
 ductive. It is at present much infested with 
 wild animals. 
 
 « ^ M^^' ■ "?""*'•'' °^ Europe, stretching, 
 In a N. W. direction, from the lat. of 42. to 44 
 N., along the E. shore of tli-i Adriatic Sea. It 
 18 a country of great antiquity, and formerly ex- 
 tended mlhnd to the lat. of 45. 39. N., and in- 
 cluded parts of Croatia, Bosnia, and Albania- 
 the whole was mcorporated with Hungary in 
 the 12th century. The Venetians afterwards 
 made inroads upon the sea-coast, and in the 
 J 5th century the whole country, now commonly 
 called Dalmatia, became subject to that re- 
 puijlic. It was ceded to Austria by the treaty 
 of Campo Formio, in 1797 ; Austria ceded it 
 to France in 1805. It fell again into the pos- 
 8«Bion of Austria at the general partiMoning of 
 1814. This portion of Dalmatia, which is all 
 now understood by that name, has 200 miles of 
 sea-coast, within the latitude above-mentioned 
 with an area of about 5800 square miles, and is 
 supposed to contain 350.000 inhabitants. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Bocana river, 
 which separates it from Albania, on the N. b^ 
 Bosnia and Croatia, and W. b^ Morlachia, 
 
 DA M 
 
 (which see). It has several ishuids lying off 
 
 the coast, the pnndpal of which are Biiiia 
 
 Le8SIn^ Curzola, Sabbioncello, and Meleda.' 
 
 It has some mountainous territory, containing 
 
 marble, gypsum, iron, and other minerals ; but 
 
 parts are very fertile, and the mulberry, vine, 
 
 and ohve flourish in considerable luxuriance. 
 
 I he principal river is the Narenta, which rises 
 
 m Bosnia ; and either this or the Bocana mieht 
 
 easily be united with collateral branches of the 
 
 Save, near its union with the Danube, and 
 
 thereby open a water communication by means 
 
 of the latter, with the Black Sea on one side, 
 
 and the interior of Germany on the other: but 
 
 mihtary despotism and catholic subjugation are 
 
 incompatible with social improvements. The 
 
 principal towns on the coast areCattaro, Ragusa 
 
 and Spalatro, and in the interior Krin and 
 
 Mostar. 
 
 *?i^'**S.?iPW' ^™"^' "* **>« S. extremity 
 of the Middle Mark ; 46 miles S. of Berlin 
 Pop. about 8000. "^m". 
 
 7 J?!fi:*v' V 1^// Scotland, in Ayrshire, 
 7 milM N. N. W of Imn.. It has a cotton 
 manuficture, and near it are valuable coal 
 mines, and a strong sulphurous spring. 
 Dalslano. See Dalia. 
 Dalton, a town in Lancashire, with a market 
 on baturday. Here aie the remains of an ancient 
 caa.ie, and near it are the magnificent ruins of 
 ji^umeea Abbey. It is seated in a champaiim 
 country, not far f5rom the sea ; 6 miles S. W. of 
 Ulveraton, and 266 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Damanhuh, a town of Egypt, .lear the canal 
 of Alexandria ; 32 miles E. S. E. of Alexandria. 
 Dauab, a town of Arabia FeUx, in Yemen, 
 with a university ; 60 miles S. by E. of Sana. 
 Damascus, or (as it is called by the Arabs) 
 Sham, a city of Syria, capital of a Turkish 
 pachahc. anc r, gee of a Greek archbishop, 
 Ihe form is an , xact square, each side being a 
 mile and a half long, and is supposed to contain 
 ftom 200,000 to 250,000 inhabitants, among 
 whom are great numbers of Christians and Jaws. 
 It has three walls, now almost entirely ruined • 
 and, of the several suburbs which it formerly 
 had, there remains only one, which extends 3 
 milM in length. Several streams flow across 
 the fertile plains of Damascus, which water all 
 the gardens, supply the public fountains, and 
 are carried mto every house. The houses are 
 built of wood, with their fronts inward, where 
 there is a court ; in the streets there are only 
 walls to be seen, but the insides are richly 
 adorned. The most remarkable buildings are 
 the caravansaries, which consist of long galleries 
 supported by marble pillars, and surrounding a 
 large square court. The castle is Uke a little 
 town, having its own streets and houses ; and 
 the famous Damascus steel was kept here in a 
 magazine. The mosques, of which there are 
 about 200, are extremely handsome edifices 
 the most stately of which was a Christian church. 
 One street runs across the city and suburbs in 
 a direct hue, on each side of which are shops, 
 where all sorts of rich merchandise are sold. 
 Several manufectures are carried on here 
 among which that of sabres and knives has been 
 
■■■ 
 
 u» 
 
 DAM 234 
 
 tfce mow i^moua. Dnmaacus is one of the oiost 
 ancient places existing: it is mentioned by 
 Abraham 1917 years before the Chmtian era, 
 as the place near which he encov tered the 
 forces of Chedorlaomer, kingof Elam, (FeriiaJ 
 and rcdcued his nephew Lot, with considerable 
 treasure, which the Elamites had taken from 
 the cities of the plain. It afterwards became 
 the capital of an independent kingdom, and at 
 a Inter period became subject to the Jnws. It 
 was conquered by the Romans ; and, after the 
 &11 of the Roman empire, Damascus became 
 the seat of the grand caliph of the Svacens, 
 who surrendered it to the Turkish emperor 
 Selim, the third of the Ottoman dynasty, about 
 lfil5. It has continued subject to the Turks 
 since tnat time. The pachalic, which extends 
 from the Desert of Arabia, through five degrees 
 of latitude, to Aleppo, is considered the most 
 valuable and important of all the Turkish pos- 
 sessions. ITie pacha makes an annual journey 
 to Mecca, as the representative of the grand 
 seignior. See Stria. Damascus is seated 60 
 miles from the sea, at Beirut, in the lat of 33. 
 30. N. ; 130 miles N. N. E. of Jerusalem, and 
 170S. by W. of Aleppo. 
 
 Damaun, a seaport of Hindostan, in the 
 country of Baglana, at the entrance of the Gulf 
 of Cambay. Aurungzebe besieged it about the 
 middle of the 17 th century, with an army of 
 40,000 men ; but the garrison sallying out oa a 
 part of his camp, guarded by 200 elephants, so 
 terrified those animals by their fire-arms, that 
 they turned on their masters, and trampled to 
 death half his army. The Parsees {sec Bachu) 
 -ve a celebrated temple here. It is subject to 
 the Portuguese, and 60 miles S. of Surat. Long. 
 72. 47. E. lat. 20. 18. N. 
 
 Dahboolloo, a town of the island of Ceylon ; 
 34 miles N. of Candy; celebrated for its cavern 
 temple, which are in excellent preservation. 
 
 Dameqan, or Damoan, a town of Persia ; 
 seated near the S, shore of the Caspian Sea, in 
 the district of Mazanderan. It is supposed once 
 to have been the seat of government of the 
 Parthian empire. It is 90 miles E. by S, of 
 Ferrabud, imd 300 N. by E. of Ispahan. 
 
 Dahoabtin, or Damgabd, a town of Hitht 
 Pomerania, with a caatle seated at the mouth 
 of the Recknitz ; 18 miles W. of Stralsund. 
 
 Dabuetta, a town of Egypt, and a Greek 
 archbishop's see, with a good harbour, at one of 
 the eastern mouths of the Nile. It has several 
 squares, various grand mosques, and public baths 
 feced with marble. The rice mezelaoui, the 
 finest in Egypt, is cultivated in the neighbouring 
 plains. Here are likewise Indian stuffs, silkb, 
 sal ammoniac, wheat, &c. The Christians of 
 Aleppo and Damascus carry on the principal 
 trade, the Turks being indolent, and contenting 
 themselves with occasional extortions. During 
 the crusades, Damietta was frequently an object 
 of contention. It surrendered to the French ia 
 1798, since which period it has been on the de- 
 cline. It is about 90 miles E. of Alexandria, the 
 same distance N. by E. of Cairo, in the lat. of 
 31. 26. N. and 31. 60, of E. long. Pop. about 
 30,000. 
 
 DAN 
 
 Damm, a town of Further PomentDin, which 
 has a considerable trade in steel manu&ctures. 
 It is seated on the S. end of a lake of the same 
 name, near the mouth of the Oder ; 8 miles 
 £. S. £. of Stettin. Pop. about 2000. 
 
 Damme, a town of Belgium, in West Flanders; 
 seated on the canal between Slurs and Bruges; 
 5 miles N. by E. of Bruges. 
 
 Dammb, or Afpinqbdam, a town of Holland, 
 in Groningen ; seated on the Damster, near the 
 mouth of the Ems; 14 miles N. £. of Groningen. 
 Dahpib&'s Land, in the lat. of 19. S., on the 
 W. coast of Australia ; so called from the na- 
 vigator of that name, who visited it in 1688. 
 
 Danbuky, a village in Essex, England, 5 
 miles E. of Chelmsford, and 16 W. of the sea. 
 It stands on the highest ground in the county, 
 and the spire of the church serves as a sea- 
 mark. 
 
 DANBUBY,a town of Connecticut, in Fairfield 
 county, with two churches. This town, with a 
 large quantity of military stores, was burnt by 
 the British in 1777. It ia 20 miles N. N. W. 
 of Fairfield, and 65 N. N. E. of New York. 
 
 Dancali, a country in the £. part of Abys- 
 sinia, at the entrance to the Red Sea. The soil 
 is unproductive ; and its chief riches consist in 
 fossil salt, and honey. It is governed by a prince 
 nominally tributary to the negus, or emperor of 
 Abyssinia. Bailur is the principal town. 
 Dajnoala. See Donoola. 
 Danger, Isles of, three islands in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, seen by Byron in 1765, but so sur- 
 rounded by rocks and breakers, that it was 
 ursafetoland. Long. 169.28. W. lat. 10. 16. S. 
 Dannehora, or Damhoba, the most cele- 
 brated iron mine in Sweden. It produces from 
 four to five thousand tons of iron, of the very 
 best quality, annually. It is about 30 miles N. 
 of Upsal. 
 
 Danmembubo, a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 the duchy of Luneburgh ; capital of a district of 
 the same name ; seated on the Jetze, near the 
 Elbe ; 30 miles E. by S. of Luneburg. 
 
 Danzic, or Dantziq, a city of Europe, very 
 advantageously located on the W. bank of the 
 Vistula, about 5 miles above its entrance into 
 the Baltic Sea, in the lat. of 64. 21, N. and 18. 
 38. of E, long. It is supposed to have been first 
 founded by the Danes in the 12th century, and 
 for f,ome time continued a free and independent 
 city. In 1464 it became subject to Poland, re- 
 taining, however, all its municipal institutions, 
 and long continued to rank as the cnief com- 
 mercial city of the N. of Europe, included in the 
 Hanseatic league. At the conimencement of 
 the 1 8th century it contained upwards of 1 00,000 
 inhabitants, more than 20,000 of whom were 
 carried off by a pest, in 1709. In 1734 it offered 
 protection to Stanislaus, king of Poland, when 
 it >.as besieged ^y the Russians and Saxons, to 
 whom it was obliged to surrender. In 1793 it 
 was taken possession of by a Prussian force, 
 who held it till 1807, when, after a long siege, it 
 surrendered to the French, who, in their turn, 
 were forced to surrender it to a united Russian 
 and Prussian force, nfter the disastrous cam- 
 paign of 1812-13; and in the following year 
 
DAN 
 
 «8S 
 
 DAR 
 
 iI814) it was confirmed in full sovereignty, to 
 •russia. The easy navigation of the Vistula, 
 and three or four considerable collateral rivers 
 which intersect an extensive and fertile country, 
 affords to Danzic great commercial advantages. 
 The chief product of the interior country is grain, 
 of which article Danzic has occasionally exported 
 fiOO.OOO quarters per annum ; and the vicinity 
 of the city contains very extensive granaries. It 
 is also capable of affording very extensive sup- 
 plies of timber, pearl-ash, flax, and hemp. It 
 has several yards for ship-building, but its com- 
 mercial activity has of .ite years very much de- 
 clined. It has upwards of t' enty churches, 
 chiefly Lutheran, and several other public build- 
 ings. It is nearly surrounded by water, and 
 two streams intersect the city, dividing it into 
 three parts. The fortifications are very strong 
 by nature, and rendered formidable by art. It is 
 90 miles W. S. W. of Konigsberg, 260 N. E. 
 of Berlin, and 190 N. by W. of Warsaw. Pop. 
 
 Danube, German, " Duna," i. e. deep water, 
 (i d lower part called Jster by Strabo,) the 
 noblest river of Europe ; has its source (.. the 
 territory of the grand duke of Baden, on the 
 eastern confines pf the Black Forest, in the lat. 
 of 48. N. and 8. 16. of E. long. It pursues a 
 winding course in aN. N. E. direction to Ulm, 
 where it rece'ves the Iller from the S., and be- 
 comes navigable. From Ulm it bean N. into 
 Bavaria, to the lat. of 49. at Ratisbon, previously 
 receiving the united waters of the Wartasch and 
 Lech from the S.; and, before passing Ratisbon, 
 it receives the waters of the Altmucht and 
 of the Nab from the N. From Itotisbon it 
 bears to the S., past Ilstadt into Austria, pre- 
 viously receiving the Iser, Inn, and Salza, all 
 from the S. 
 
 Its coui-se through the archduchy of Austria, 
 past Vienna to Presburg, is rather circuitous: 
 from Presburg it runs E. by N. for aOout 100 
 miles, receiving several streams from the Car- 
 pathian mountains, when it takes a course due 
 S. through the heart of Lower Hungary, past 
 Buda, for 160 miles, to the lat. of 46. 35., when 
 it receives the waters of the Drave from theW., 
 and again bears to the E., receiving the Theis. 
 which divides Upper and Lower Hungary from 
 the N., and the Save from the W. at Belgrade; 
 from Belgrade it forms the boundary between 
 Hungary and Servia, then bears S., separating 
 Bulgaria from Wallnchia, receiving numerous 
 streams, both from the N. and S. It again bears 
 N. to Galats, near which it receives the waters 
 of the numerous rivers of Moldavia and Bess- 
 arabia, fal'ing into the Black Sea on the E., by 
 several channels between the lat. of 44. 40. and 
 
 45. 30. N. in 29. 20. of E. long. The meridional 
 distance from the source to the mouth of this 
 river is 21 degrees of long., between the lat. of 
 
 46. and 49., equal to about 1000 English miles, 
 but the course of the stream, by its continuec 
 windings, may be estimated at'from 1500 to 
 1600 miles. It is navigable to Ulm, within 160 
 mi'es of its source, and has a number of steam 
 vessels communicating with the Black Sea and 
 its ports, constantly navigating it. In the 
 
 archduchy of Austria it forms several island*. 
 Under the head of Daliutu it ia shown that 
 it might Msily be made to communicate with 
 the Adriatic. It contains a great variety of 
 fish, and is celebrated for its sturgeon, which 
 ascend the river several hundred miles; 
 
 Danube, Uppkr, Circle op, from the S. E. 
 part of the kingdom of Bavaria, lying between 
 48. and 49. of N. lat. and 10. and 1 1. of E. long., 
 and comprises the S. part of the circle of Suabia, 
 the county of Pappenheim, and the principality 
 of Neuberg. It is watered by the lUcr, Mindel, 
 Wertach, and the Lech, all running from S. to 
 N. into the Danube, which gives name to the 
 circle. The Iller might readily be united with 
 the Lake of Constance, and thereby open a 
 water communication between the Danube and 
 the Rhine. It is a distr;?* of capability and of 
 resource, under a well-directed exertion of 
 agricultural pursuit. The principal towns are 
 Gunsburg, Dillengen, Hochstadt, Donauwert, 
 Pappenheim, Neubeip, Eichstadt, Nordlingen. 
 Ac. &o. 
 
 Danube, Lowkr, Circle of, another circle 
 of the kingdom of Bavaria, comprises the E. part 
 of Lower Bavaria, and the bishopric of Paasau. 
 It lies on both sides of the Danube, between the 
 lat. of 12. 30. and 13. 40. E., In the same pa- 
 rallel of lat. as the Upper Circle. The Iser and 
 the Inn intersect the S. part, which is considered 
 the most fertile district of all Bavaria. Passau 
 is the car ' ; and the other principal towns are 
 Straubing, Landau, Deckendorf, Osterhofen, 
 Wilshofen, &c. Pop. about 400,000. 
 
 Danube, Circle of. The source of the 
 Danube also gives name to a circle in the ter- 
 ritory of the grand duke of Baden, comprising 
 part of the Black Forest. Willengen, 20 miles 
 E. by N. of Friburg, is the capital. Pop. about 
 75,000. 
 
 Danville, a town of Kentucky, in Mercer 
 county, situate in a fertile plain ; 35 miles S. S.W. 
 of Lexington, and 70 S. E. of Louisville. Dan- 
 ville is also the name of three or four other 
 townships in different parts of the United States 
 of North America. 
 
 Dauabgherd, a town of Persia, in Fars, said 
 to have been founded by Darius. It is laige, 
 but not populous, and surrounded by luxuriant 
 groves of orange and lemon trees. Near it salt 
 IS found of various colours— white, black, .-ed, 
 and green. A consideiable manufacture of glass 
 is carried on here. It stands 140jnilesE. S. E, 
 of Shiraz, on the road to Ormus. Long. 54. 56. 
 E. lat. 2S, 56. N. 
 
 Dabah, or Drass, a country of Barbary, 
 bounded on the N. by Sus, E. by Tafilet, S, by 
 Zaliara, and W. by the Atlantic. A river of the 
 same name flows through it, which enters the 
 Atlantic on the S. side of Cape Non. The prin- 
 cipal produce is indigo and dates. The in- 
 habitants are Arabs and Mahometans; and some 
 of the districts are dependent on Morocco. 
 
 Daraporam, a town of Hindostan, capital of 
 the S. part of Coimbetore. It has a large mud 
 fort, and straight and wide streets. Much cotton 
 and tobacco are cultivated in the vicinity, and 
 the garden and rice grounds are considerable. 
 
■H 
 
 ■n 
 
 -1:1 
 
 I 
 
 DAR 
 
 It ia Mated at about an equal distance from the 
 ^T^' /"'*. Coromandel coasts ; 42 miles 
 *.. ». u, of Ckiimbetore, and 106 W. of Taniore 
 Long. 77. 40. E. lat. 10. 47. N. ^ 
 
 ».„?»*k "^/u" m '^ ""*^ ^°^ •»' I-o^e' Hungary, 
 biuU by the Turks in 168fi, and taken bftte 
 Austnans the next year. It is seated new the 
 
 faSo^B^Jy?'*''^ ''"''«« «^^''' 
 Dardanhlles, two castles of Turkey, the 
 °"n f'^lff^'tp'' ««»ted in Rumeha, the other 
 railed Ati/do». in Natolia. They command the 
 S. W. er trance of the HeUespont, leading from 
 the Grecian Archipelago into the sea of Mar- 
 mora, which separates Europe from Asia. The 
 
 Krait'^S""'' '"* ''"°"«'"»'^' "PP^^-l to 
 w*"*"?*? a kingdom of North Africa, on the 
 cluef who calls himself sultan, and assumes the 
 Sl^^"*!!;V*'"^- '^^^ ^"d animals are 
 Jl ^' *"P*^' ''y""^ ^°^f> a"d buffalo. The 
 
 horned cattle. Considerable quanUties oKi„ 
 of different sorts are raised, and, afler the Uo^ 
 pical rams, the fertility is sudden and ^t 
 ^Mi.FZ^ •? "V barbarous, consisUng of 
 natire tnbes, of a deep black complexion, and 
 
 Z«L%'*^°"«'' *'"' f«»tures different from 
 tho*B of the Negroes, and of Arabs of various 
 tnbes. Polygamy u not only estabhshed, but 
 the mtercourse of the sexes is totally dest tute 
 fiL*^"7k T''\'"«'rt severe labours of the 
 S>."^ '^? ',° ^''^ "*'"'«"' ""d the boused! 
 SilT u ^^'''y "O^e'^l with thin boards, ar^ 
 
 dS^f ""'* ''^ ^^'"•u ^* ■' *« general m^ 
 d^um of commeree here, as gold dust is in 
 many other parts of Africa. Caravans travd 
 between this country and Egypt. Cobbe ««;« 
 
 Tlo'S.'" *^' ''*■ ''^ n! "nT^Sfso. of 
 
 Dawkn Gdxf OP, at the N. W. extremity 
 Caribbir^ of Colombia, opening into the 
 Caribbean Sea. It runs inland about 80 miles 
 and M from 20 to 30 miles wide. Under the do- 
 mmation of Spain in South America, this piTf 
 gave name to a province on the E. sWe. in the 
 vice-royalty of New Granada, now compri^d in 
 the Colombian provmce of the Ysf mo, or Isth- 
 muiu On the W. shore of the gulf, at the mouUi 
 
 ?oV„H JT ^^^ "^ ">« """"^s of « town 
 S S ^A urP""/ v°^ ^^^ adventure™ 
 n a?i WhV"'"*^ ""^ '"«'* fevourable spot 
 in all South America, on the Atlantic side, for 
 
 rfr rl!II w^'^'^"''="*'°" ^^* the Padfic 
 (see Choco) the project for forming a per- 
 manent establishment completely fail^. It has 
 been usual to confound the narrowest part of the 
 Cham of territory which unites the two^^d di! 
 visions of the western hemisphere, uider the 
 
 IZlf w ^'^.rX '^ ^«»' but whYch h 
 200 miles W. of the Gulf of Darien. It is itself 
 about 700 mnes in length, and generally aC 
 60 miles wide ; but at the narrowest part. 
 
 Isthmus of Panama, it is about 37 miles, and 
 Which offers no great obstacle to the formation 
 of a railroad, which would unite the Atlantic 
 
 236 
 
 DAR 
 
 rJS^''? ?*"""*'• *"«* "hich will probablr be 
 carried into execution. 
 
 T •Pi'"™' ■ town of the state of GaorgiR. in 
 Liberty county, seated on the Alatamaha, not 
 fcr from its mouth, and 47 miles S. S. W. of Sa- 
 vannah. Long. 81. 14. W. lat. 31. 23. N, 
 
 IJABKB, a fhmtier county of the state of Ohio, 
 ^)rdenng on Indiana. It is about 33 miles from 
 «• to S., and 22 wide. Pop. 13.282. Chief 
 town^ Greenville; 70 miles W. by N of C^ 
 lumbus. Pop. 2006. ' 
 
 Dabi^ston, a parish of Staffordshire. England, 
 contiguous to the great coal district of Wed- 
 NESBURT. which see. 
 
 DABLiNaTON. a town in the county of Dur- 
 bam. with a market on Monday. Here are ma- 
 nufactures of huckabacks, camlets, small wares of 
 the Manchester kmd. and leather; also a curious 
 water-machine for grinding optical glasses, the 
 nvenUon of a naUve, and another for spinning 
 bnen yam The railroad from Wilton Park 
 iu}l'7J° ^!^HJr P^«^» "«" Darlington. It 
 
 IT^ M ^^■S'^T/ ^^ ""'J^" S- of Durham, 
 and 241 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Dartotadt, the capital and seat of govem- 
 inent of the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt, in 
 the circle of the Upper Rhine. It is seated on 
 nnhi^K'-,^^ *''** "T ^'"™' 'contains several 
 Ron rl •"«'V'".'*,„" population of about 
 ^„;k Vr •' " "^"^ ^^ "''«> S. of Frankfort- 
 on.the-Mame, and the same distance S. E. -f 
 Mentz. 
 
 DARNitT,a town of France, ia the department 
 of VosTjee; 21 miles W. S. W. of Epiniir 
 
 .««^^'^Vv°'^ "^ ®P^"' ^ Arragon. with 
 seven parwh churches, one of which isTollegiate 
 
 r^il^^ w ''^c ""' ^^^' °" the Xiloca J 48 
 miles S. S. W. of Saragossa. 
 
 Darhaway, a town of Hindostan. in the 
 country of Tatta.at the mouth of a 'river of 
 the same name, a branch of the Indus • 74 
 "4I2 N^-"^^''''* Long. 67. 31 E.'£ 
 
 t»,p^w' rn""!!!'" H^onshire, which rises at 
 A 5, w °^ ^^°°' ^"1"' <««" Dartmoor to 
 for Sr *"f ^°1"^' "^'''^ »t is navigable 
 
 S™mrtf' "' ^"^^^ '''' ^"«'^-' ^--1 
 
 Dartford, a town in Kent, with a . ,.ket on 
 
 Saturday, seated on the river Darent. Here 
 
 was a celebrated nunnery, which Henry VIII 
 
 converted into a royal palace, and is now be- 
 
 come a gentleman's seat. The firsit paper-miU 
 
 m England was erected here by Sii- Jo^ Spil- 
 
 man to whom Charles I. granted a patent, with 
 
 JOOf. a year to encourage the manufacture. On 
 
 this nver was also the first mill for slitting iron 
 
 bars to make wire. Dartford is distinguished 
 
 m English history as the place where, in 1391 
 
 the insolence of a taxgatherer to the daughte^ 
 
 of Wat Tyler provoked the father's resentment 
 
 to such a degree, as led to his exciting 100.000 
 
 men to arms, who threatened the subversion of 
 
 the government of Richanl II. Tyler was 
 
 killed by the treachery of the lord-mnyor of 
 
 th«"^; A" ^« "'«^E.S. E. of London, on 
 the great high road to Dover. 
 
 Dartmoor, an extensive forest in Devonshire; 
 
DAR 
 
 937 
 
 DAV 
 
 bounded on the N. by bleak hills, comprising 
 about 63,000 acres, and is watered by the river 
 Dart. Many sheep are bred hero, but of a small 
 kind, and black cattle, which thrive well on the 
 coarse herbage. 
 
 Dartmouth, a borough and seaport in De- 
 vonshire; market on Friday. It stands on the 
 side of a craggy hill, by the river Dart, near its 
 entrance into the sea, and has a spacious bay, 
 defended by a castle and strong battery. The 
 dock-yards and quay project into the river, 
 and the rocks on ieach side are composed of a 
 purple-coloured slate. The town contains three 
 churches, and has a considerable trade to the 
 south of Europe and to Newfoundland, as well 
 as a share in the coasting traffic. It was burnt 
 in the reigns of Richard I. and Henry IV. by 
 the French ; but they were repf'Jsed in a third 
 attempt afterwards, chiefly by the valour of the 
 women, who fought so bravoly, that, after a 
 great slaughter, they took M. Castel, the 
 French general, three lords, and twenty-three 
 knights, prisoners. It is 25 miles S. of Exeter, 
 204 W. S. W. of London, and returns one 
 member to parliament. 
 
 Dartmouth, a seaport in Massachusets, in 
 Bristol county; situate on the Accushnet, fell- 
 ing into Buzzard's Bay; 70 miles S. of Boston. 
 Long. 70. 62. W. lat. 41. 37. N. 
 
 Darton, a town in Yorkshire; 3 miles N. of 
 Bamsley, and 175 from London. 
 
 Darwar, a fortress of Hindostan, in the 
 country of Sanore; taken from Tippoo by the 
 British in 1791, and afterwards restored to the 
 Mahrattas. It is 46 miles W. N.W. of Sanore, 
 and 90 E. ofGoa. 
 
 Darwen, Upper and Lower, two townships 
 in the parish of, and contiguous to, Blackburn, 
 Lancashire. See Blackburn. 
 
 Dassel, a town of Germany, in the princi- 
 pality of South Calenbuig ; 48 miles S. by W. 
 of Hanover. 
 
 Dauphin, an interior county of Pennsyl- 
 vania; bounded on the W., for about 40 miles, 
 by the Susquehanna river, being about 20 miles 
 in mean breadth. The Blue Mountain ridge 
 intersects this county from W. to N. by E. 
 Pop. 30,1 18. Harrisbuig, 97 miles W. N. W. 
 of Philadelphia, is the chief town and scat of 
 government of the state. 
 
 Dauphiny, a late province of France, ex- 
 tending 40 leagues from N. to S., and 36 from 
 E. to W. ; bounded on the W. by the Rhone, 
 N. by the Rhone and Savoy, S. by Provence, 
 and E. by the Alps. The heir apparent of the 
 kings of France derives the title of dauphin 
 from this province. Two-thirds of Dauphiny 
 are intersected by mountains, which afford 
 good pasturage; plenty of timber, fir-trees in 
 particular, for the building of ships ; and very 
 scarce simples. In these mountains, which are 
 branches of the Alps, are bears, chamois, 
 marmots, eagles, hawks, &c., and mines of 
 iron, copper, and lead. The valleys afford 
 wheat, and the hills in the vicinity of the 
 Rhone, excellent wines, olives, and silks. The 
 principal rivers are the Rhone, Durance, Isere, 
 
 and Drome. It now forms the depaitmeuts of 
 Drome, Isere, and Upper Alps. 
 
 Daventrt, o town in Northamptonshire, 
 governed by a mayor; with a market on Wed- 
 nesday, and a manu&cture of whips. It stands 
 on the Roman highway called Watling-street, 
 on the side of a hill; 16 miles W. of Northamp- 
 ton, and 72 N. W. of London, on the mail- 
 coach road to Birmingham and Liverpool. It 
 is distinguished for its cheese fairs, in April and 
 October. 
 
 David's, St., a city of South Wales, in 
 Pembrokeshire, with a market on Wednesday. 
 It was formerly an archbishop's see, and, m 
 King Arthur's days, the metropolitan of the 
 British church, and continued so till King 
 Henry I., at which time Bernard, who was the 
 forty-seventh archbishop of St. David's, became 
 suffragan to the see of Canterbury. The situa- 
 tion of the town being very unhealthful, and 
 the soil of the adjacent country very barren, it 
 has nothing now to boast of but its cathedral, 
 which is 300 feet long, and a'oout 127 high, 
 and supposed to be the highest in Britain; 
 though tha E. end is in ruins, the western part 
 and choir are in good repair. St. David's is at 
 present a bishop's see, yet only a single street 
 of miserable cott&ges. It is seated on the lUen, 
 near the coast ; 24 miles N. W. of Pembroke, 
 and 256 W. by N. of London. 
 
 David, St., a village of Scotland, in the 
 parish of Dalgety, Fifeshire, with a harbour in 
 Inverkeithing bay. It has a considerable ma- 
 nufecture of salt, and exports an immense 
 quantity of coal. 
 
 David, Fort St., an English fort on the 
 coast of Coromandel, which was taken and 
 destroyed by the French in 1758, and has not 
 yet been rebuilt. It is 80 miles S. of Fort St 
 George. 
 
 Davidson, an interior county of the state of 
 Tennessee, about 30 miles square. It is in- 
 tersected, from E. to W., by Cumberland 
 River, and contains a popiilation of 30,609. 
 Nashville, on the S, bank of the river, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Daviess, an interior county of the state of 
 Indiana; 25 mUes from S. to N., and 16 wide, 
 intersected by White River, which fells into the 
 Wabash. Pop. 6720. 
 
 Daviess, another county in the western part 
 of Kentucky; bounded on the S. and W. by 
 Green River, and on the N. by the Ohio, which 
 separates this county from the state of Indiana. 
 Owenboro', on the S. bank of the Ohio, is the 
 chief town. Another town, called Vienna, is 
 seated on the N. bank of Green River. The 
 extent of this county is about 25 miles each 
 way. Pop. 8331. 
 
 Davis' Straits, an arm of the sea between 
 Greenland and North America, discovered by 
 Captain Davis in 1585, when he attempted to 
 find a N . W. passage. This sen comprises a 
 space between the lat. of 68. and 68. N,, and 
 from 50. to 70. of W. long., and is the ertrance 
 to Baffin's Bay. 
 
 Datos, a town of Switzerland in the canton 
 
f 
 
 I 
 
 ') '' 
 
 which nro 
 It is 14 
 
 DA W 
 
 of UriMna, capital of a iltnrict in 
 minei of copper, lead, and silver. 
 nuJeaE. ofCoire. 
 
 Dawlish, a village pleasantly situate near 
 leignmouth, on the shore of the English Chan- 
 nel, in Devonshire. It is a good deal fretiuented 
 m the summer season for sea-bathing. 
 
 Dax, or Dacqs, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Landes; and lately a bishop's see. 
 Here are some femous hot baths, the spring of 
 which discharges 36 cubic feet of water in a 
 minute. It is surrounded by avails, flanked 
 with towers, and seated on the Adour; 24 
 miles N. E. of Bayonne. It is the seat of a 
 prefect, and contjuns 4849 inhabitants. 
 • .^"*?.Sba, a lake or inland sea of Palestine, 
 into which the river Jordan runs. It is 60 
 " J J,""? """^ ^^ ^^°'^' enclosed on the E 
 u • .y '"8'' mountains. Mines of fossil 
 salt are found in the sides of the mountains, 
 which supply the neighbouring Arabs and the 
 city of Jerusalem; also fragments of sulphur 
 and bitumen, which the Arabs convert into 
 trifling articles of commerce. It is called by 
 the Ar».l» Bahr Lout, or the Sea of Lot, fi-om 
 Its having been the site of the cities of the 
 plam, Sodom, Gomorrah, Zekoim, &c. Laiwo 
 masses of asphaltum are found floating on its 
 surfece. The scenery around it is of a most 
 extraordinary character of desolation and wild- 
 ness. It has been asserted that neither fish 
 inhabit its waters, nor birds fly over it, both of 
 which are founded in error. One most ex- 
 traordinary circumstance attending it is the 
 depth of the valley which contains it. From 
 Jencho, towards the W. side, the whole wav is 
 a succession of terraces, which &U towards' it- 
 and It 18 supposed by some to be as much as 
 1500 feet below the surface of the Mediterra- 
 nean, The probability is, that it is between 
 1100 and 1'200 feet. It is 17 miles W. 
 ot Jerusalem, and may be discerned from that 
 
 Deadman s Head, a cape on the S. coast of 
 *;ngland in Cornwall, between St. Mawes and 
 
 Deal, a town in Kent, with a market ou 
 1 'lureday. It is seated between ^the North and 
 bouth Foreland, and is a member of the cinque 
 port of Sandwich; governed by a mayor It 
 has no harbour, but the sea between the shore 
 and the Goodwin Sands, called the Doums is 
 generally a secure road for ships, where th'ey 
 usually ride at their leaving or entering the 
 river Thames. The port is defended by two 
 rastles, Deal, or Walmer Castle, to the S., and 
 Sandown Castle to the N.; and also by several 
 batteries. Deal has long been famed for i's 
 intrepid and skilful pilots. The Goodwin 
 bands are an extensive and very dangerous 
 qmcksand, lying oflf this town, and which, with 
 westerly winds, are a serious obstruction to tiie 
 navigation. Two life beacons have lately been 
 erected on them, for those who may be unfor- 
 tunately shipwrecked. The town of Deal is 
 9 mUes N. of Dover, and 74 E. by S. of Lon- 
 
 23S 
 
 DEC 
 
 Dean, n celebrated forest in Gloucestershire, 
 which originally included all that part of th« 
 county which lies between the .Severn and the 
 shires of Monmouth and Hereford, and con- 
 tained 4 market towns and '23 parishes. It is 
 fertile m pasture nn.I tillage, bears very flue 
 oaks, and has rich mines of iron and coal It 
 was once reckoned the chief support of the 
 l!,nglish navy; but, having been much thinned 
 by frequency of felling, and narrowed \ ■ m- 
 crease of cultivation, it was near losing all 
 ftaturos of its former character, until vithin 
 the present century, when a still extensive 
 tract, containing a population exceeding 7000 
 has been replanted and replenished with deer.' 
 and divided into six walks, extra-parochial 
 over which proper rangers have been appointed. 
 There is a village without the boundary of the 
 present forest. 1 mile N. of Newnham, called 
 Utile Dean, and contiguous is Milchel Dean. 
 at which a market was formerly held on Mon- 
 
 There are 10 other vilhges in difffe-ent parts 
 of lingland named Dean, all inconsider- 
 able. 
 
 Dearborn, a frontier county at the S. E ex- 
 
 fr^r J^T**!' '•'""' i' '^^ °" » point of land 
 formed by the jnnction of the Miami with the 
 Ohio mer. The county is about 30 miles from 
 o. to IN., and 16 m mean breadth. The N E 
 part borders on the state of Ohio, and the S E 
 on that of Kentucky. Pop. 19,327 
 
 Dearborn. This name, after o"ne of their 
 mihtary officers, the United' States government 
 have also given to one of the head water 
 
 t!^fn. ^^' '° ^'- °^ ^'^S- W- o^ Wash- 
 
 Deba, a town of Thibet Auln ^* ., j- 
 14.924 feet above the level ol'tht"! ;tt"ct? 
 t^ns many temples. The houses are' built of 
 
 Debalpook, a town of Hindostan, capital of 
 a district in the country of Moultkn. U is 
 situate on the great road from Delhi to MquI- 
 tan, near the nver Setlege; 80 miles S of 
 
 expands into a long narrow arm of the German 
 Ocean, a little to the N. of Harwich. 
 
 DEBENHAM,a town in SuflTolk, with a market 
 on Friday; seated on the side of a hill, near the 
 the source of the Deben; 24 miles E.'of^Sy 
 St Edmunds, and 83 N. E. of London ^ 
 Debretzin, a town of Upper Hunirarv 
 capital of a district of the same'LmeS o^^ 
 ot the most populous and important tradina 
 
 lurks m 1684, and the Austrians retook it the 
 
 Decatur, a frontier county of the state of 
 
 i!^T'J(iP^ ^^"^^ Tennessee river and 
 the state of Tennessee. 
 
DEC 
 
 DioOAlf, an exten«ivo tract in Hindostan, 
 which, from the §ignification of its name, the 
 South, has been supposed to include the whole 
 region S. of Hindoatan Proper. But, in its 
 more accepted sense, it contains only the coun- 
 tries situate between Hmdostan Proper and 
 what is termed the Peninsula; namely, the pro- 
 vinces of Candeish, Dowlatah^d, Visiapour, the 
 N. part of Golcondn. Berar, Orissa, and the 
 Circare. It is bounded on the N. by the river 
 Nerbudda, by Bengal, and by Bahar; and the 
 river Kistna forms its separation on the S. from 
 what is called the peninsula of Hindostun. 
 All this vast country was once the southern 
 province of the Moguls, who did not pass the 
 Kistna till a recent period. Candeish, Visia- 
 pour, and a part of Dowlatabad, Berar, and 
 OrisDa are subject to the Mahrattas. The 
 English have patt of Orissa and of the Circars, 
 the dominions of the Nizam of the Deccan 
 comprising Golconda, the principal part of 
 Dowlatabad, and the western part of Berar. 
 His territories are bounded on the N. W. by 
 the Poonch Mahrattas, N. by the Berar Mah- 
 rattas, E. by the Circars, and S. by the Car- 
 natic and Mysore. By a family succession in 
 1780, the Nizam became possessed of the dis- 
 tricts of Adoni und Tachore, aYid of the Gunto 
 or Circar; and by the peace of 1792, and 
 partition of 1799, he had a share of the coun- 
 tries belonging to Tippoo Sultan, including 
 Kopaul, Cuddapa, Gangecoha, Gooty, and 
 Gurrumconda. His dominions, without in- 
 cluding the cessions, are supposed to be 430 
 miles from N. W. to S. E. by 300 wide. The 
 capital is Hydrabad. 
 
 Decizb, town of France, in the department 
 of Nievre j seated on an island, at the conflux 
 of the Airon with the Loire; 16 miles S. E. of 
 Nevers. 
 
 DeckendOrf, a town of Lower Bavaria; 
 seated on the Danube ; 27 miles N. W. of 
 Passau. 
 
 Desdinqton, a town in Oxfordshire, with a 
 market on Saturday; 16 miles N. of Oxford, 
 and 69 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Dedh m, a town in Essex, with a market on 
 Tuesday, and a manufacture of baize. It has 
 an ancient large church, with a curious steeple, 
 and a free grammar-school, endowed by Queen 
 Elizabeth. It is seated on the Stour; 8 miles 
 N. N. S. of Colchester, and 68 N. E. of London. 
 Dbdham, a town of Massachusets, chief of 
 Norfolk county; seated on Charles River; 11 
 miles S. W. of Boston. 
 
 Deb, a river of Wales, held in great venera- 
 tion by the ancient Britons, and the theme of 
 many a poet since. It issues from the Lake of 
 Bala, in Merionethshire, whence it flows through 
 a fine vale across the S. part of Denbighshire to 
 the N. W. part of Shropshire, visits the W. 
 border of Cheshire, passes on to Chester, and 
 flows thence to the Irish Sea, making a broad 
 estuary, which separates Cheshire from Flint- 
 shire. The Dee is navigable from near Elles- 
 mere, in Shropshire, tb Chester, where the con- 
 tinuity of the navigation is broken by a ledge of 
 rocks, ruuning across the river : but by em- 
 
 980 
 
 DEL 
 
 bnnkments made here, much land has been 
 gained from the tide ; and a narrow channel, 
 fitter for navigation, has been formed from 
 Chester half-way to the sea. See Chestkb. 
 
 Dek, a river of Scotland, which rises on the 
 W. border of Aberdeenshire, amid the moun- 
 tains of Mar forest, and flows E. through a wild 
 country till it reaches the fertile vale of Brae- 
 mar, whence it proceeds to Aberdeen, below 
 which it enters the German Ocean. 
 
 Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 W. part of Kirkcudbrightshire, recei\ « t'.e Ken 
 below New Galloway, and runs into uie Irish 
 Sea, 6 miles below Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Deepino, or Market Deepino, a town in 
 Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday, sonteil 
 on the banks of the river Welland, in a fenny 
 county; 6 miles E, of Stamford, and 90 N. of 
 London. 
 
 Deeping, St. James's, contiguous to the 
 above. 
 
 Deer, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, 
 on a river of its name ; 10 miles W. of Peter- 
 head. It has a trade in fine yam, and near it 
 aie the remains of the abbey of Deer. 
 
 Deerfield, a town of Massachusets, in 
 Hampshire county; seated on the Connecticut, 
 near the influx of the river Deerfield ; 15 miles 
 N. of Northampton, aud 80 W. by N. of 
 Boston. 
 There are five other towns of the same name 
 in different parts of the United States of 
 North America. 
 Deerhurst, a village in Gloucestershire ; 3 
 miles S. of Tewkesbury ; subject to frequent in- 
 undations from the Severn. Here was a cele- 
 bratcd monastery, which was afterwards made 
 a cell to Tewkesbury Abbey. 
 
 Deer Island, in Penobscot Bay, state of 
 Maine, containing about 1100 inhabitants. 
 
 Deizabad, a town of Persia, in Irao Aiemi • 
 90 miles N. of Ispahan. ^ ' 
 
 Delaqoa, a bay on the E. coast of South Africa 
 at the N. end of the country of Natal. The 
 adjacent country abounds in cattle and poultry 
 which may be purchased for a trifle; and it is 
 frequently visited by vessels employed in whale 
 fishery. Long, 32. 0. E. lat. 26. 0. S. 
 
 Delawar, a town of Vii^ginia, in King Wil- 
 ham county; seated on the broad peninsula 
 formed by the confluence of the Pamunky and 
 Mattapony, whose united streams hence assume 
 Hie name of York River. It is 20 miles N. by 
 W. of Wilbamsburg, and 45 W. of Richmond. 
 Delaware, a river of the United States, 
 formed of two streams in the state of New York 
 m the lat. of 42. 30. N. In its course S. it se-' 
 parates, for about 60 miles, the N. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania ftom New York, and afterwards, 
 tor about 100 miles in a direction nearly due S. 
 It separates Pennsylvania from New Jeiseyl 
 and^a few milw below Philadelphia, the state 
 of Delaware from New Jereey, till it enters the 
 head of Delaware Bay, at Bombay Bar, in the 
 lat. of 39. 15 N., where it is about 6 miles 
 wMde. At Philadelphia it has sufficient depth 
 of water for a 74 gun ship ; is navigable thence 
 for sloops up to the Falls of Trenton, a distance 
 
DEL 
 
 S40 
 
 DEL 
 
 of about 30 mile* ; for boaU that corry 8 or 10 
 tons, 40 miles higher. 
 
 Drlawam Bay, into which the preceding 
 nver falls, ia formed by Cape Henlopcn, on the 
 W., on which is a light-house, in the lot. of 38. 
 46., and Cape May .on the E.,in the lat. of 39. 
 N. the two capes being about 18 miles distent, 
 narrowing to about 10 miles, at Bombay Bar, 
 which is considered as forming the er .ranee to 
 the river. The bay, and its entrance, ia inter- 
 spersed with numerous shoals, the ship channel 
 being on the side of Cape Henlopen; and, 
 about midway between Bombay Hook and 
 Philadelphia, the ship channel runs between 
 two small islands, called Pea Patch, on which 
 are two strong forts. 
 
 Dblawarb, State of, one of the united 
 states of North America, extends from the lat. 
 of 38. 27. to 39. 60. N., being bounded on the 
 E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and Delaware Bay, 
 and separated on the S. and W. by conven- 
 tional lines from the state of Maryland, and on 
 the N. by another conventional boundary from 
 the state of Pennsylvania. At its southern 
 boundary it is about 30 miles wide ; but its 
 mean breadth does not exceed 20 miles, giving 
 an area of about 2000 square miles. It is di- 
 vided into three counties, Newcastle, Kent, 
 AND Sussex ; Kent subdivided into five, and 
 the other two counties each into ten (hundreds, 
 or) townships. The f ^st permanent settlers 
 from Europe on this part of the western conti- 
 nent were Swedes, who emigrated in 1627, and 
 who made considerable progress in colonization, 
 the Indians receding westward ijito Indiana, 
 (see Delaware CouNiy, Indiana,) when, in 
 1666, their authority was extinguished by the 
 Dutch, who, in their turn, surrendered to the 
 English in 1664. The Dutch, however, re- 
 gaiiied an ascendancy in 1673, but in the fol- 
 lowing year the three counties were confirmed 
 to England by treaty. In 1682, it was granted 
 by Charles II. to the then Duke of York, who 
 in the same year transferred it to William Penn, 
 who landed at Newcastle on the 24th of Octo- 
 ber, and, from that time to the period of the 
 American rcolution, it formed part of the state 
 of Pennsylvania, under the title of the Three 
 Lower Counties upon Delaware. In 1704, 
 however, a separate house of assembly was 
 established, but under the same government as 
 Pennsylvania. It was one of the first sections 
 of the then British possessions to assert its in- 
 dependence, which was established in 1776 un- 
 der the executive authority of a president and 
 privy council of four members. In 1792, a 
 new constitution was adopted similar to the 
 other states, of a governor, senate, and house of 
 assembly. The population, which In 1790 was 
 69,094, is 78,058, of whom 2606 are slaves ; 
 at the former period there were 8887 slaves, 
 and 3889 ftea blacks. Dover, nearly in the 
 centre of the state is the seat of government. 
 For other towns, rivers, local relations, pro- 
 ductions, manu&ctures, &c. &c., see each of 
 the three counties, under their respective 
 heads. 
 Delawabe ia also the name of four oountiet 
 
 in the different stetes of North Amsrioa. as 
 follows — 
 
 1. Ii> the state of New York, bordering on 
 Pennsylvania, in which the Susquehanna, w 
 well as the Delaware rivers, both have their 
 source. It is a somewhat mountainous district, 
 but Its tisrtility and local advantages may bo 
 inferred from iU, increase of population, which 
 in 1800 was 10,281, is 36.390. Delhi is the 
 chief town. 
 
 2. In Pennsylvania, bo.inded on the S. by 
 the state of, and E. by the river, Delaware, and 
 N. by the county of the city of Philadelphia. 
 It IS the smallest co- nty in the state. Pop. 
 19,791. Chester, 16 lUes S. W. of Philadel- 
 phia, IB the chief town. 
 
 3. In the centre of the state of Ohio, inteN 
 sected by the Scioto river, and Walnut, Alum, 
 and Whetstone creeks. It is a square of about 
 28 miles each way. The pop., which in 1810 
 was only 2000, is 22,060. The chief town, of 
 the same name, is seated between the main 
 branch of the Scioto and Whetstone Creek, 26 
 miles N. of Columbus. 
 
 4. A .1 extensive tract in the centre of the 
 state of Indiana, extending 100 miles from S. 
 to N., and 70 from E. to W. White River, the 
 head waters of which are occupied by the De- 
 laware Indians, has its source in the N. part of 
 this county, and Indianopolis, neariy in its 
 centre, has been adopted for the seat of govern- 
 ment of the state. Pop. 9683. 
 
 Delft, a town of South Holland, well built, 
 with canals in the streets, planted on each side 
 with trees. Here are two churches, in one of 
 which is the tomb of WiUiam I. Prince of 
 Orange, who was assassinated. It has a fine ar- 
 senal, and a considerable manufacture for earth- 
 enware. Delft is the birth-place of the re- 
 nowned Grotius. It is seated about midway 
 between Rotterdam and the Hague. 
 
 Dklptshaven, a fortified town of South Hol- 
 land, on the N, side of the Maese, with a canal 
 to Delft. Tt is between Rotterdam and 
 Schiedam, about 3 miles from each. 
 
 Delftzyl, a town and fortress of Holland, 
 m Groningen, with a good harbour. It is seated 
 on the Domster, at iU entrance into the mouth 
 of the Ems; 12 miles W. by S. of Emden. 
 Long, 6. 68. E. lat. 68. 18. N. 
 
 Delhi, a province of Hindostan ; bounded 
 on the N. W. by Lahore, N. E. by Serinagur, 
 *.. bv the Rohilla country, S. by Agra, and W. 
 by Moultan. Having been the seat of con- 
 tinual wars above 60 years previous to 1806, 
 when it fell under the influence of the English, 
 It had become almost depopulated ; and a tract 
 of country that possessed every advantage that 
 could be derived from nature, contained the 
 most miserable of inhabitants. It is now all 
 that remains to the Great Mogul of his once 
 extensive empire ; but since his alliance with 
 *he English, the country has been progressively 
 improving. 
 
 Delhi, the capital of the province of the 
 same name. It is the nominal capital of all 
 Hindostan, and was actually so during the 
 greatest part of the time since the Mahometaa 
 
DEL 
 
 241 
 
 conquMt in 1 1.03. In 1738, when Nadir Shah 
 invndwl Ilindoitan. he entered Delhi, nnd 
 dreadfti wore the massacroa and famine that 
 followed: 100,000 of the inhabitanU peri8.;ea 
 
 62000,000/ sterling waa said lo be collected, 
 ihe wme calamiticg were endured in 1761. on 
 
 !«ni"ir*i'i "^A*^'''"*. kingof Candahar. In 
 1H03 the Mahratta^ aided by the Fi«nch. aot 
 Po«e«8u,r, of this place , but they were after- 
 Ted V^'M^'*^, •""■" ^y ^*"«'»' ^^'' ""J t'-" 
 aged Shah Aulum, emperor of Hindo«tan, waa 
 
 w,w restored to his throne. Delhi may be said 
 to be now m ruins ; but there are many splen- 
 did remain, of palaces, with Iwths of marble, 
 ihe gmnd mowjue ia a magnificent edifice of 
 marble and red free stone, with high minarets, 
 ^il.rw"?'''^*^!*- At Cuttab Minor, 15 
 ?4'^i; ^\V-^ fy\'' » "°'''« «nonument. 
 rnn^ .'"«''• •""" ^y ""» '''«»" Cuttabaddeen 
 L • . .♦ "* commemorate his conquest of Delhi 
 
 350 miles N. W. of Allahabad, and 1500 N 
 
 W of Calcutta. Long. 77. 40. E. lat. 28. 37.N. 
 
 Delhi, the chief town of Delaware county. 
 
 bank of the Mohawk branch of tho Delaware 
 nver; 70 miles W. S. W. of Albany. Pop! 
 
 . Dklitz, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, 
 m Miania. Great quanUtie. of worsted stock- 
 ings are made here. It is 15 mUee N. bv E 
 of Leipsic. •' ' 
 
 DELLAMOoraA, a fortress of the country of 
 Bootan, which commands the principal pass 
 over the mountains. It was taken by stonS it 
 1773, by a detachment under the command of 
 Captain John Jones. It is 66 miles S. S. W. 
 of TassMudon and 200 N. of Mooishedabad. 
 Long. 88. 46. E. lat. 27. 2. N. 
 
 Dklmenhoest, a town of Westphalia, capi- 
 tal of a district in the duchy of Oldenburoh • 
 
 c "w "I^^"** ^^''"' "•«' the Weser; 8 miles 
 a. W. of Bremen. 
 
 Dklob, or Dili, an island of the Grecian Ar- 
 chipelago, fonnerly celebrated for the temples 
 of Diana and Apollo, whose birthplace it is 
 said to ba. It la 6 miles in circumference, but 
 now little more than a desert rock, covered 
 with nuns, and unmhabited. Lon 25 12 K 
 lat. 37. 38. N. " * 
 
 T..*''"™'' t" ^?i'''flos, a town of European 
 lurtey m Livadia, once femous for the oracle 
 Of ApoUo, which people came from aU parts to 
 consult. It is seated in a vaUey near Mount 
 Parnassus; 18 miles W. S. W. of Livadia, mi 
 now called Ctutri. ^ 
 
 Del Ret, a tract of country on the coast of 
 Brazil; about 100 miles wide, and 800 from 
 XN. to S., between the mountains of Paraguay 
 and the Atlantic Ocean. At its S. extrSiity 
 are two lakes, called De los Patos and Mini, 
 each about 160 miles long, and from 10 to 60 
 broad, with a fort at each end. The principal 
 P ace on this extensive coast is the island of 
 at. Catherine, in the lat. of 27. 30. S. This 
 coast is now principally included in the pro- 
 mce of Rio Grande. ' 
 
 DEN 
 
 I>i"JBnaG, a town of Switseriand, fn th« 
 late bMhopric of Basil, on tho river Bin; 10 
 rnilM N. W. of Soleuro. ' 
 
 i«^t'!u' * ^"1 "' ^r*' EBXPt. enclosed bt. 
 tween the mouths of tho Nile and the Moditor- 
 raneanj so called, it is suppo«jd by some, from 
 its triangular form, resembi ng tho Greek letter 
 of that name, and by otiiers, ns implying a 
 mantimo and swrmpy district j hence the term 
 Delia IS now r;enerally applied to tho mouth* 
 «!nK 8If"*/"«« having diverging branche., 
 »uch as tho (ndus, Ganges, Mississippi, &c. 
 UEtviNO, a town of Lower Albania, seated 
 
 o^!!!- V'^ji'" *?". "•? *»"' °^ »''« Adriatic, 
 oppof .ce Corfu. It is the residence of a pacha, 
 ana is populous. ' ^ 
 
 of wWch'Fm?, '"'•*".",'■ P''"'i"*=« of Abyssinia, 
 ot which Emfras » the capital, in tho lat. 7t 
 12. N. and 37. 30. E. long. In the centre of 
 U^e province i. a h.ke, supposed to be 460 
 miles m circumtbrence, and containing many 
 
 for S.;;,°nt-°' "^""K^ " P'"^* "' confinement 
 for state prisoners. Its waters appear to form 
 
 Rah, I A^ principal sources of tlie Nile, iha 
 Bahr-el-Azrek; but this part of Africa k at 
 present very little known. 
 
 Demeiura, a river and plantation of South 
 America, in British Guaiana. The entrance 
 to the river is in the lat. of 6. 48. N. and 68. 2. 
 ot W. long. It IS navigable for about 100 
 miles inland, and at its entrance forms a very 
 commodious harbour, impeded, however, byk 
 
 frCf «/l'"*"'"8r:f '^'' ^'^^'"H '"ore than 
 18 feet of water. The plantaUons lie on both ' 
 
 X- n ! I'T '^^7 ''««' originally formed 
 FLii.1.'^"''|l;„'i"' ^"" *"'° t''^ hand' of the 
 English m 1796 ; restored at the peace of 
 
 iT^T'\i^f:; ''.^''' °« '^^ 'enewal of 
 Pnl .,'"**^t^°"°*'"8 y^^' «">«» confirmed to 
 »)Zn''* 'he. general peace in 1814; since 
 wluch the cultivation has been greatlV ex- 
 tended, f nd, next to Jamaica, is now the most 
 popu ous and productive of all the British 
 colonies in tho West Indies and South AmS 
 DmuANSKoi, a town of Siberia, in the go- 
 vemment of Tobolsk ; seated on the Irtysh,^^^ 
 StoSc ^*"^*^i 100 miles N.N.E. 
 
 Demmin' a fortifSed town of Anterior Pome- 
 rania, seated on the banks of the Ribnitz ; » 
 miles S. of Stralsund. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 DEJCONA, a town and fort of Piedmont, on 
 the nver Stura ; 10 miles S. W. of Coni.^ 
 
 DbmonaVal. &#Dimona. 
 
 n^in^'T'S*' "'• ^OMOTicA, a town of Euiu. 
 P«a" .Turkey, m Roumelia, where a Gr^ 
 
 cSSrs'^^inor- '' '^*''« residenStf 
 il w l-. "" *»"o years; and is situate 
 near the Mans«i; 12 miles S. of AdrianopI^ ' 
 
 me^fTW*.!?"'"*? °^ ^"'"«=«' '" the depart- 
 ment of Nord. where a victoiy was gS 
 
 over pnnce. Eugene, by Ma«Sl Vil^S 
 
 tai^ra^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 nesday. Its ruined castle, with its vast en- 
 closure crowning the top of the hill, fonnn 
 
DEN 
 
 Q43 
 
 DEN 
 
 : 
 
 i; 
 
 ttriking object. Uonbigli hni a consiilorablo 
 ninnufiiuttirt) of gluvcn ami ihoos. It ia lituate 
 on the lidc of n rovkv hill, nbovo thu vulo of 
 Clwyil, on a branch or tho rivor of that name; 
 27 mile* W. of Chester, A 8. of St. Aaaph, and 
 21R N. W. of London. It returns one mem- 
 ber to parliament, in conjunction with Huthin, 
 Wrexham, &o. 
 
 DfiNBioiiitHiRis, a county of North Wales, 
 boundetl on the N. by the Irish sen, N, E. by 
 FlinUhiro, B. by Cheshire, 8. by Salop, Me- 
 rioneth, and Montgomeryshires, and W. by the 
 river Conway, which separates it fVum Caernar- 
 vonshire. It is 4H miles long Arom U. to W., 
 and 20 in ita broadest part, but its mean 
 breadth does not exceed 14 miles. This county 
 oontains some picturesque and beautiful scenery: 
 besides the Conway, the Clwyd and Elwy also 
 lull into the Irish sea, whilst tho Dee, running 
 in a meandering course from E. to W., inter- 
 sects nil the S. part of the county; and the 
 Tale of Clwyd, for 20 miles in extent, is de- 
 Mrvedly celebrated for its fertility as well as 
 for iu picturesque beauty, Its surplus pro- 
 ducts consist principally of cattle and butter, a 
 rartial supply of grain, some wool, &c. &c, 
 t contains veins of both coal and lead, but tho 
 mines are very partially worked. Besides the 
 borough of Denbigh, the other principal towns 
 are Wrexliam, Huthin, Abergely, and Llan- 
 gollen. It sends two members to parlinmtnt. 
 
 Deno£r, a river of the Netherlands, which 
 rises in Ilauiault, flows by Leuze, Ath, Lu;- 
 •ines, Grammont, Ninove, and Alost, and joins 
 the Scheldt nt Dendermond. 
 
 Dendbra, a town of Egypt, the residence of 
 an Arabian prince, who takes the title of Emir. 
 It wna anciently called Tentyra, and, from the 
 ruins that are seen, appears to have been a 
 large city : they consist principally of three 
 temples, whose beautiful remains are the finest 
 in Lower Egypt, and are the first seen in as- 
 cending the hilL This place supplies most 
 part of Egypt with charcoal. It is seated near 
 the W. bank of tho Nile; 260 miles S. by E. 
 of Cairo. Long. 31. 68. E. lat. 26. 15, N. 
 
 Dendermond, a fortified town of the Nether- 
 lands, in Flanders, with a strong citadel. It 
 was taken by the allies in 1706, and the Dutch 
 put a garrison into it as one of the barrier- 
 towns. The French took it in 1746, and again 
 in 1794. It is surrounded by marshes and fine 
 meadows, which can be covered with water : it 
 is seated at the conflux of the Dender with the 
 Scheldt; 16 miles E. of Ghent, Pop. about 
 6,000. Its name is rendered immortal by 
 Sterne, in his tale of Lefevre, 
 
 Denia, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia. Tho 
 entrance into the harbour ia difficult, and the 
 chief trade is in almonds and raisins. It stands 
 at the foot of a mountain; 47 miles N. E. of 
 Alicant. Long, 0. 2. K Int. 38. 60, N. 
 
 Denis, St., or St. Deny's, a town of France, 
 in the department of Paris, The abbey of the 
 Benedictines, to which the town owes its rise, 
 has the appearance of a palace. Hero is an 
 ancient and magnificent church, in which were 
 the tombs of many of the French kings; and 
 
 in tho treasury, among other curiosities, are tho 
 swords of St. Louis and the Mni<l of Orleans, 
 and tho sieptro of Charlemagne. In 1793, 
 after tho abolition of royalty, the royal tombs 
 in the church were all destroyed ; and the name 
 of the town was changed to that of Francado; 
 but, since the rweslablishment of the mcnarchy 
 and Catholic religion, St. Denis has resumed 
 iu former celebrity. It is the seat of a prefect, 
 and seated on the river Crould, near the Seine; 
 4 milea N. of Paris, Pop. 6669, 
 
 Denmark, a kingdom of the N, of Europe, 
 lying between th* lat. of 63. 34. and 67. 43. 
 N. partly continental and partly insular. Tho 
 continental part comprises North and South 
 Jutland, and Ilolstdn Lunenburg; and the in- 
 sular part, the islandii of Zealand, Funen, Lan- 
 laiid, Falster, Bonihiilm, Femem, Ac, all lying 
 between the E. coittt of Jutland and Sweden ; 
 and, in the Atlantic Ocean, in the lat. of 62., 
 ore tho Ferro Isles; and, in the lat. of ftom 
 (i4. to 66., Iceland, and several other islands 
 lying off the W. coast of Jutland— all forming 
 a part of the European dominions of th4 king- 
 dom of Denmark ; comprining together an urea 
 of about 22,000 square miles of surfoce. In 
 addition to these, the islands of St, Croix, St. 
 Thomas, and St, John, in the West Indies, are 
 also subject to Denmark. See each pari of tihe 
 kingdom under \t» respective head. The aspect 
 of the continental part of Denmark is flat and 
 undiversified, containing neither mountains ncr 
 rivers of any magnitude. It is largely in- 
 dented by the sen, and possesses numerous 
 creeks end bays, as well as internal lakes. The 
 only canal of importance is that of Kiel, which 
 will admit vessels of 120 tons burden, and ex- 
 tends from the Baltic to the Eyder at Ilend». 
 bui;g, where the river becomes navigable, thus 
 opening n communication between the two 
 seas, or through 105 miles of territory : it is 
 22 English miles in length, and 10 feet deep ; 
 iu breadth at the to^j is 100 feet, at bottom 64 
 feet. It was begun m 1777, and completed in 
 1786, at an expense of 800,000/. During the 
 last war, between 3,000 and 4,000 vessels an- 
 nually passed through it ; but in the time of 
 peace the number is much smaller. The lands 
 are in general in an excellent state of cultiva- 
 tion, and the pasturage is rich: the climate 
 bears a great resemblance to that of Britain. 
 
 The Danish community, although ito early 
 history is involved in considerable obscurity, 
 app'^rs to have been of Scandinavian origin, 
 Mid iu monarchy ranks among the most an- 
 cient, perhaps the most so of any, in Europe, 
 having been contemporary with tho proudest 
 epoch of the Roman empire; and their ad- 
 vancement in discipline and arms in the tenth 
 century may be inferred from their irruption 
 into England, in the ninth decennary of that 
 era, and their complete subjection of the coun- 
 try in the early part of the following century. 
 It was, not, however, till towards the close of 
 the fourteenth centary, that Denmark appears 
 to have obtained u r^jspectable and command- 
 ing position in the great European compact, 
 when Norway by inheritance, and Sweden by 
 
 '« 
 
OBN 
 
 948 
 
 oonquMt and remon, in J 897, btaune unftod 
 with Denmark under ^ueen Mr a/et, whoM 
 lieroUin oliUiiniMl for her the a^ tion of the 
 Scmimmi. of the North; luid funner, when, ir 
 1448, the royal race of 8kioldun« J)«caino ex- 
 tinct, Chriatian of OldunburK •uccee.ied to the 
 rroirn, by whom Hototcin and Sleawick, the 
 •outhem province of Jutland, alw became an- 
 nexed to the dominion! of Denmark. Sweden. 
 
 iKor^'uT*^''"*'"^ '"'" independence in 
 16J3, which ihe hoa ever aince maintained. 
 The doctnnea of Luther were early promul- 
 gated m Denmark, In 1522 the inhabitanta 
 
 T^ir.^u'"? ^'°"<"««'«"» "f Augnbu/g. and in 
 lOdB the bwhopa were deprived of their tem- 
 poral jwwer, and placed on a footing similar to 
 tboae of England, with the exception of the 
 Uanuh buhopa having no legialative voice. 
 Previouidy to 1660, Denmark waa a limited 
 and elective monarchy, in which year it waa 
 made abeoluto and hereditary, by a revolution 
 almost unparalleled in history. The avarloe 
 and contention! of a rival aristocracy led to 
 wch opprewiona o» the people, na induced 
 them voluntarily to resign their liberties into 
 the hands of their sovereign. The turbulent 
 and martial spirit of Charles Xll. of Sweden 
 involved Denmark in a s*-,te of continual 
 warfere, dunng the first twe.../ yeara of the 
 eighteenth century, which contenUon termi- 
 nated in 1720; in which year a treaty of peace 
 was concluded, that continued with but little 
 interruption for about eighty years; during 
 which period the inhahitenU of Denmark di- 
 rected much of their attenUon to ex* jmal com- 
 merce, which they pursued with considerable 
 success, purchasing froir. a company of French 
 adventurers the island of St. Croix in the West 
 indiea: formed settiementa in the East, at 
 l>anquebar on the Coromandel coast, and at 
 the Nicobar Isles; and a flictoiy at Canton, In 
 China; and, at the close of the century, her 
 commercial navy exceeded 250,000 tons, with 
 a proportionate naUonal marine for its protec- 
 tion. The interruption to the external com- 
 merce of Holland and France, by the eventrfof 
 the war with England, commencing in 1793 
 promised for a time to make Denmark the' 
 emponum for all the external commerce of the 
 W. of Lurope, which her local and advantageous 
 manUme position at the entrance to the Baltic 
 hea tended much to favour. But unhappily 
 for the Danes, Denmark became involved in 
 the general contention of the time, and in 1801 
 a British armament frustrated their commercial 
 career by the almost total destruction of their 
 national marine. 5m Copenhagen. The peace 
 ot Amiens, and the almost immediate renewal 
 of war, tended to revive the hopes of Denmark 
 for regaining; their commercial importance, and 
 great exertions were made to replenish and 
 strengthen her national marine; but the spirit 
 and circumstances of the times were such as to 
 admitof no neutrality; and in 1807, another 
 armament from England annihilated her com- 
 mercial career, and her power for resuming it. 
 Her possessions both in the East and West all 
 ftU iUM the handa of the English in that year 
 
 DRN 
 
 and Norway was om-rcl to Sweden aa a boon 
 to nduce that power to join th., confedoin^v 
 d "'"•nee. with which Denmark £7^^ 
 
 Swck-n. involved Dm.mark in the political aocj 
 
 a though the efforu made were not incoMsi.lor- 
 able, they proved metTectuuI. After the Imttle 
 of Leipic however, in October, 1813, which 
 change,! the relations of all the states of Europe. 
 It W.W endeavoured to reconcile Denmark to the 
 transfer of Norway to Sweden, by proposing to 
 c«le to Denmark the island of Uugen and Swe- 
 wh t), Tl"'T' *'"L'" *''^ «""•"«' partitioning 
 
 .1 i 71"^ '"" confinncd to Sweden, tho 
 .hi?jl /IL *r ""^ i'««nerania to Prussia; 
 
 her f^21^ '^" "'^^L""?"b«% «nd rein.t!ite<l in 
 her former possessions in tho West Indies 
 
 Aa sovereign of Holstein-Lunenberg. Den- 
 mark is a member of the Germanic confedcra- 
 
 ingjthe tenth place in the diet, and having three 
 
 of h^ ™i f"' "«»;"'««•» '" the considerations 
 ^fhi, .. f^u"i "f^.Europe; like most of the 
 
 to «n^^l!.'^«'"" ^^ """'P'*^ '" attempting 
 to repair her finances, so extensively deranged 
 by tne event, .f so pretracted a state of wSe! 
 and the specuta ive experiments to which it gave 
 
 •• .^5 ^fl^ ***" '"'*'°"'»' '"^"e of Denmark 
 consisted of three ship, „, the line, four frigatJs, 
 and three bngs: her commercial navy his in- 
 creased «nce the termination of the war. but 
 not equal to Its extent in 1800, when she pos- 
 'T!?.''™^""** merehantmen, 20,000 seaien 
 and 250^000 tons of shipping, 'Thi natllTand 
 extent of her commerce and capabilities will be 
 hZ. TS P«^"^"l">y eluci^ted under the 
 TZm„°« "I'-^T^"*. Ji^ND, and Zealand. 
 The manufactures of Denmark are very limited 
 Ihe ancient literature of Denmark is nch in the 
 elucidation <rf Scandinavian antiquity, and their 
 
 i^hS "^^'^ *'"'y "« ^"^ th; heathen 
 nythology in preposterousness, are exceed- 
 mgly amusing for their quaintness. For the 
 higher order of mental culUvaUon, at the pre- 
 sent Ume, there is a university at Copenhagen 
 on an extensive scale, and under Uberal reSiIa- 
 tions; another at Kiel, in Holstein, and a roUege 
 at Ovensee, m the Island of Funen. The 
 manners and customs of the superior classes 
 differ but httle, whilst the manners of the people 
 at large are more social and orderly than in 
 most partsof Europe. For some time after the 
 adoption of the tenets of Luther, the pena.' 
 statutes agmnst dissenters were very severe, bu 
 the most complete toleration in reference to 
 religious pretensions now prevails. 
 
 Dennkwitz, a village of Brandenburg, where 
 the French experienced a severe defeat in 1813. 
 ^ miles from Juterbock. ' 
 
 Dennt, a town of Scotland, Stirlingshire; 30 
 miles from Edinburgh : it possesses abundance 
 ot coal and free-stone, and manufectories of 
 woollen cloth and paper. 
 
DEN 
 
 244 
 
 DER 
 
 „f ^ * .V*' "i «°""t:y of Western Africa, situ- 
 atod to the W. of Konkodoo. It is famous 
 i(>r Its iron, m preparing wl)ich the natives 
 employ as a flux the ashes of the bark of tho 
 Kmo tre«. 
 
 Denton, a town of Maryland, capital of Caro- 
 una county; suated on the E. tide of Choptank 
 nver; 37 miles S, S. E. of Chester. 
 
 D ENTRECASfEAUx's CHANNEL, a Strait on 
 
 the b. E. coast of Van Dieman'i, Land ; about 
 30 or 40 miles long. 
 
 P'Entrecasteaux's Port, or Port North 
 a harbour near the S.extemity of Van Diemen's 
 Land. 
 
 Deoour, (the mansion of the Gods,) a town 
 't5 'm S,^*'"].'^® ?^ ^^"' Hindostan J 170 miles 
 , u"n , ^a'outte. The name is applied to 
 Beveral hiU-forts m different parts of India. 
 
 Deounblla, a town of the Mysore, supnosed 
 to have been the birth-place of Hyder A'i- it 
 surrendered to the Fnglish under Lord Com- 
 walhs, in 1791. It is 20 wiles N. by E. of Ban- 
 galore. ^^ 
 
 Depi-ford, an appendago to the metropolis 
 ot Jingand; situate in the county of Kent. oi. 
 the & bank of the Thames; the market-place ia 
 44 miles E. of London Bridge, The *< wn is 
 intersected by a stream called the i.ivens- 
 bourne, on the banks of which are some exten- 
 sive flour mills; a handsome bridge over this 
 nver, near Its entrance into the Thames, con- 
 nects Depfford with '"reenwicli on tlie E It 
 contains the princijja. storehouse for victualing 
 the national marine, and also several slips fo? 
 building and repairing the largest ships of war. 
 It has also twi floating docks, a basin, and two 
 ponds for masts, and extensive workshops for 
 the manufacture of cables, anchors, and blocks. 
 In the reign of Henry VIII. a society v/as in- 
 corpomted here under the titie of the Master. 
 Warden, and Assistants of tht GuUd of the mob„ 
 gIorou3 and undivided Trinity; which soc-ety 
 was invested with the power of examining the 
 masters of the king's ships, the appointment of 
 all pilots, ballasting of all ships in the port 
 ot London, and the erecting and maintaining 
 light-houses buoys, beacons, &c., in the river 
 ihames, and within certain limits on the E 
 3onst of England. The business of this society 
 was tra'-sferred to an elegant edifice in the vici- 
 nity of the iower in London, in 1788 ; but ia 
 1685 an hospital with 66 apartments, and another 
 in 1788, with 25 apartments, was endowed here 
 tor decayed mnsters of vessels and pilots, and 
 their Widows, with very comfortable allowance. 
 Ueptford 18 divided into two parishes, St. Nicho- 
 las and St. Paul; the church of the latter, 
 erected m 1730 is on elegr.nt and spaciou^ 
 struct... re. With the exception of the im- 
 portance which Dcptford derives from its exten- 
 sive government establiahments, it is an unin- 
 viting part of the metropolis. 
 
 Derdent, a district or khanship in the pro- 
 vince of Daghestar;.. Persia, extending about 20 
 miles along the W. shore of the Caspian Sea. 
 and Id miles inland; the chief town, of the same 
 name which implies a door locked, or an in- 
 passable place, is supposet". to have been buUt 
 
 by order of Alexander of Macedon, as the portal 
 of Persia from the north. The town extends 
 |-om the shore of the Caspian to the foot of a 
 lofty mountain, find is surrounded by a a strong 
 wall flanked with numerous towers; and, to a 
 well oi;ganized garrison, might defy any assault. 
 It surrendered to the Russians in 1722, when it 
 was defended by 230 pieces of ordnance; the 
 Russians held it till 1735, since whea it has 
 jeveral times changed luaaters, an(», since 1806, 
 las again been occupied by the Russians : the in- 
 habitants of the district, however, acknowledge 
 no sovereignty but their own will, and the town 
 is now deemed but of little importance : it is in- 
 habited by about 900 families- Pers'ans, Tar- 
 tars, and Armenians: the harbour is nearly 
 choked up. It is in the lat. of 42. 8. N. and 48. 
 10. ofE. long. 
 
 DERBrsHiRE, an interior county ot England, 
 extending about 58 miles fn-m N. to S., and 20* 
 in mean breadth, and contains 720,640 acres. 
 The greater part of its W. side is bounded by the 
 liver Dove, which divides it from SUffordshire; 
 the N. W. comer is bounded by the county of 
 Chester, and the N. by the county of York; and 
 the counties of Nottingham and Leicester bou..d 
 it on the E. and S. The noble river Trent, and 
 the Trent and Mersey Canal, intersect the S. 
 ena, whilst the Derwent, falling into the Trent 
 intersects the heart of the county from N. to S. • 
 the N. W, part of the county is mountainous| 
 Beveral of the peaks rising to the height of 
 upwards of 1700 feet; and Holme Moss, the 
 highest point, to 1859 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Near the centre of the county is a rich 
 vein of lead ore (see Wirksworth); it also con- 
 tains several veins of iron; in the mtuntainous 
 district of the N. W. comer of the county are 
 several extensive caverns, which attract nume- 
 rous visitors, and produce a beautiful variety of 
 spar and petrifactions, which are extensively 
 wrought into vases and other ornaments. See 
 Peak. It abounds also in numerous mineral 
 springs, {see Buxton & Matlock,) and parts of 
 the county are esteemed as the mostbe::""<\illy 
 picturesque of any in the kingdom : the b. ^art 
 of the county is rich in pasture, and y^lds a 
 very considerable surplus of chee&e and cattle 
 and other agricultural produce. The county 
 also contains several tan-yards, participates par- 
 tially in the cotton, silk, and hosiery manu- 
 mctures, and extensively in the manufacture of 
 nails. See Belper. Besides the Trent and 
 Mersey Canal, already mentioned, another ex- 
 tends from the S. extremity of the county into 
 Warwickshire. Two othere, the Derby and 
 Erewash, intersect the S. E. part of the county 
 another extends from Chesterfield in the N. e! 
 into Yorkshire, and another intersects the moun- 
 tonous district of the N. W,, mnning through 
 Che»«liire into Lancashire. The happy combina- 
 tion of agriculture, mines, and manufactures of 
 the most usefril and valuable description in this 
 county with the great facility of conveyance 
 afrordpd by its several cunnh, fend to render it 
 one of the least demoralized and deranged parU 
 of the country. The principal towns in Derby- 
 shire, besides those previously mentioned, are 
 
DER 
 
 245 
 
 Derby, he county town, Alfreton, Aslibome, 
 Bakewe , Cliapel-in-le-frith, Dronfield, and 
 
 for Z -^K^^ """^^ * "'"'"'^"' '" parliament, 
 for the noHhern and southern divisions. 
 
 DERBr, the chief town of the preceding 
 
 county, ,8 situate on the W. bank of the river 
 
 SeTr."n;"9r *-? ""ii"^ '^^'' itsentmnce into 
 V ..-?*' ^^ J"''" ^- °f Leicester, 15 W. of 
 NotUnghan, about 30 E of Stafford, and 126 
 «. IN. W of London, en the mail coach road to 
 Manchester, from which it is distant 60 mil^! 
 Werby is a place of considerable antiquity and 
 w« created a royal borough by Ed^ls^TlX 
 „f f n i'.'=?"?"*« of ^v« parishes. The church 
 of All bamts is a stately and elegant structure 
 
 Is %r"/:l"' ^''^''' 'o^^m feet in 
 he^ht. Abcuttheyeur IV 35. an extensive silk- 
 mill was erected here, the model of which was 
 surreptitiously obtained from Italy • Ttwai f^ 
 niany yean, the only establishment of th^kind 
 in Engl«id, and is still one of the most exten- 
 
 ^^ifil"* ^7«»i *.P"'<^l«in manufacture wa. 
 «»tablMhed. which IS now in high repute for 
 Jhe elegance of its productions. In 1803 a 
 military depdt was established here, suitable for 
 the arming and equipment of 15,000 men; and 
 in I8I0 acounty infirmary was erected on an ex- 
 tensive scale, and rendered very complete in all 
 
 i nw "r!Tn" K T""""'"' ^^^^o the original 
 silk-mill, Derby has now three others, and two 
 for spimung of cotton, on a tolerably Extensive 
 r^V/T P''P«'-'»ill». five tan-yards, fourteen 
 malting-housea and two public breweries: five 
 establishments for the manufacture of silk-stuffs 
 
 fh. '^ ^""fif!"*" T'^ **^ ''•'"•'"' *^-; five for' 
 f-^KT""^*'*"'^."^ ''*"' «'even for hosiery, 
 two bleach-groMnds, nine manufactures of shot 
 whi^lead, and painters' colours, three soap- 
 houses, five foundries, two watch manufacturing 
 estabhshments, and seven for working of spar 
 
 «l^ff f *T """ '^^"^y omamentfl; with 
 •ome of almost every other occupation attend- 
 ant on an active and social state. This variety 
 of occupation, since the commencement of the 
 present century, nas rendei'ed Derby one of the 
 mo^. flourishing towns in the kingdom. A 
 
 S^/'hTT "^f • *" '"^'^^^^' has lately been 
 presented to the town, and was opened in 1840. 
 mt the principal unprovement is its magnificent 
 railway station on the North Midland Kailway 
 which 18 the largest in England: the covered 
 way for the carnagea is nearly a quarter of a mile 
 m length, and lU other arrangements in a cor- 
 responding style of magnitude. The general 
 aspect of the town is respectable, and in its 
 pnncipal part assumes a feature of importance- 
 the county hall, and other county buildings, are 
 stately; it has a spacious assembly-room, and a 
 iiterary and philosophical society; a range of 
 alms-houses for clergymen's widows, two others 
 lor lay persons, and several dissenting places of 
 worship. Derby was formerly surrounded by a 
 wall, and co-'ained a castle and three monas 
 tenes, no vestiges of any of w^ich now remain. 
 Ino Fretendei-b army from Scotland entered 
 the town m 1745, but withdrew after a very short 
 rtay. Derby returns two members to parlia- 
 ment, and holds seven fairs annually, a,„i ., 
 
 DER 
 
 weekly market for com, &c., on Fridays. The 
 n ver Dcrwent is navigable fVom the Trint up to 
 Derby, in a N. N. W. direction, but the town 
 communicates with the Trent and Mersey 
 Canal, by a cut m a direction due S., and with 
 he Erewash Canal (see Erewash,) in a direc- 
 tion nearly due E., which afforda an easy con- 
 veyance to all the S. E. parU of the county. 
 
 Debbv, Wbst, a township, 4 miles N. of 
 Liverpool, Lancashire. See Walton and Liver- 
 pool. 
 
 DHRBr, a town of Connecticut, in Newhaven 
 county; seated on Housatonic. which is navi- 
 pble hence to the sea; 14 miles N. W. of New- 
 haven. 
 
 Derby, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dauphin 
 county. Here is a cave divided into several 
 apartments, and adorned with stalactites. It ia 
 
 !JlTf.,""c"'^ ^T"'*'*' '^ ">"«• "hove its conflux 
 with the Susquehanna, and 10 S. E. of Harris- 
 burg. **«-»«.- 
 
 Derby is also the name of a township in Ver- 
 mont, on the E. side of Lake Memphramagog. 
 Mid bounded on the N. by the conventionalline 
 
 Lower C^ada^ ^"'*' ^"'^'''^ *"""" 
 
 Dereham Market, a town in Norfolk, with 
 
 a market on Friday. The church is a very 
 
 ancient structure, with four chapels, and a 
 
 cunousstone font. The poet Cowper is interred 
 
 ^^% l^ ". ]" """«" W- of Norwich, and 101 
 m- xs. bj. of London. 
 
 Derkus, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Komania, on the coast of the Black Sea; 30 
 miles N. N. W. of Constantinople. At some 
 tormer period a wall appears to have extended 
 trom this place to Erekli, 100 miles W. of Con- 
 stantinople, on the coast of the sea of Marmora. 
 
 Derby. See Londonderry. 
 
 Dervbl, a town of Ayrshire, Scotland. Hero 
 foctorier"""* I'me-works, collieries, and manu- 
 
 Derwent, the name of four rivers, in dif- 
 ferent parts of England : Ist, rising in the Peak 
 district of Derbyshire, and, after% course of 
 about 50 miles, in a direction S. E. by E falls 
 into the Trent, about 10 miles below the town of 
 
 i^ V^.? ''^^"*'® " "^ navigable; 2nd, rises 
 near Whitby, i„ the N. Biding of Yorkshir^; 
 and, after a windmg course of about 25 miles, ia 
 jomed by the Rye, when the united stream runs 
 nearly due S. for about 35 miles, falling into the 
 Ouse about 6 miles below Selby; 3rd. rises at 
 the foot of Kilhope Law Mountain, and for 
 atwut 15 miles, in an irregular course, forms the 
 boundary betw^n the counties of Durham and 
 Northumberland when it intersects, for about 
 7 miles, the N. W. comer of the former county, 
 felbng into the Tyne about 6 miles above New- 
 castle; 4th, rises on the border of Westmore- 
 ^nd intersects the S. E. part of the county of 
 Cumberland, and after a course of about 30 miles, 
 through Derwent and Bassenthwaite waters, and 
 ";"«; ",""'^"^°""'h. ?aiis into the Sol way Frith 
 at Workington : this river abounds in e/ a 
 fish. 
 
 Derwent-water, near to Keswick, in Cum- 
 I'wlniul, 13 of an oval form, 3 miles in lengthy 
 
DES 
 
 346 
 
 DEV 
 
 und a mile and a half wide. It is surrounded by 
 rocky mountains, broken into many fontastic 
 shapes. The precipices seldom overhang the 
 water, but are arranged at some distance; and 
 the shores swell with woody eminences, or sink 
 into green pastoral margins. The lake contains 
 five islands; one of which, near the centre, is 
 famous for having been the residence of St. 
 Herbert, the ruins of whose hermitage are yet 
 remaining. 
 
 Desaquedero, a river and lake of the La 
 Paz, Upper Peru, communicating with the S. 
 end of the )nk« Titicaca. 
 
 Desaouedero Chahalge is the name applied 
 to part of the channel of waters concentrating 
 in the great plains £. of the Andes, between the 
 lat. of 36. and 41. S., whose outlet is into St. 
 Matthias'^ Bay. 
 
 Deseada, a small island, 12miIedE. ofPoint 
 Chateau, the eastern extremity of Guadaloupe, 
 to which it is dependent; it is about 25 square 
 miles in extent, and contains about 300 white 
 inhabitants and 600 slaves; it was the first land- 
 mark of Columbus on his second voyage. Lat. 
 16. 40. N. and 61. 20. of E. long. 
 
 Deseada, Cape, the N. W. point of Terra 
 del Fucgo, forming the S. W. point of entrance 
 into the Straits of Magellan from the Pacific 
 Ocean. Lat. 53. 48. and 74. 18. of W. long. 
 Deseada River. See Port Dbsire. 
 Dessau, a strong town of Upper Saxony, 
 capital of the principality of Anlialt-Dessau. It 
 has manufactures of cloth, stockings, and hats ; 
 and is seated on the Mulda, at its confiux with the 
 Elbe, 37 miles N. of Leipsic. Pop. about 9500. 
 Detmold, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 county of Lippe, with a fortified castle; seated 
 on the river Wehera; 17 milea N. N. W. of 
 Paderbom. Pop. about 2400. 
 
 Detroit, a town of the state of Michigan, 
 with a strong fort. It surrendered to the Eng- 
 lish, 16th August, 1812, See Michigan. Its 
 trade consista in a barter of coarse European 
 goods with the Indiana, for furs, deer-skins, 
 tallow, &c. It is situate in a fruitful country, 
 on the W. side of the strait or river that forms 
 the communication between the lakes of St, 
 Clair and Erie, and the boundary line between 
 the United States territory and Canada. Pop. 
 2222. Long. 83. 0. W. lat. 42. 40. N. 
 
 Detienheim, a small town of Bavaria, in the 
 district of Pappenheim, in the circle of the Upper 
 Danube; it is seated on the E. bank of the 
 Altmuhl, and is remarkable as the place from 
 neai which Charlemagne, in 'he 8th century, 
 undertook to unite by a canal the waters of the 
 Altmuhl with the Rednitz, and thereby the 
 Danube with the Rhine. 
 
 Dettlebach, a town of Franconia, in the 
 principality of Wurtzburg, now included in the 
 kingdom of Bavaria, circle of the Lower Maine; 
 seated on the Maine; 8 miles E. of Wurtzburg. 
 Dettingen, a village of Bavaria, in the ter- 
 ritory of Hanau, circle of the Lower Maine; 
 4 miles S. E. of HnnHU. Here George 11= gained 
 a victory over the French, in 1743." 
 
 There are three small towns of this name in 
 tlie Duchy of Wurtcniberg. 
 
 Deva, a considerable town of Transylvania; 
 seated on the S. bank of the Marosch; about 12 
 miles S. W. of Carlsburgh. 
 
 Deval Cottt, a town of Upper Hindostan, 
 on the E. bank of the main branch of the 
 Ganges; 10 miles S. of Gangotry, in the lat. of 
 32. 40. N. 
 
 Devaprayaga, or Devprao, another town of 
 Upper Hmdostan, on the E. bank of the Ganges; 
 a tew miles S. of Sirinaour, (which see,) 
 and near the junction of four united stisams 
 from the N., with the Ganges, and where the 
 water is esteemed most sacred by the Hindoos. 
 The town contains the celebrated temple of 
 Ramachandra, the resort of numerous pil* 
 grims, who contribute to the support of nume- 
 rous Brahmins who form the principal popula- 
 tion of the town. It sufFerod considerably by 
 an earthquake in 1 R03. 
 
 Deucar, a district of Nepaul, bordering on 
 the province of Oude; a town of the snine name 
 is about 90 miles N. of the city of Oude, 
 
 Detelto, or Zagora, a town of European 
 Turkey, in Romania, the see of a Greek arcii- 
 bishop; situate on the Paniza, near its entrance 
 into the Gulf of Forus, in the Black Sea; 58 
 miles N. E. of Adrianople, and 106. N. N. W. 
 of Constantinople. Long. 27. 22. E. lat. 42. 
 85. N. 
 
 Devenish, a parish of Ireland, county of 
 Fermanagh, situate on Lough Erne, or Holy 
 Island ; in this parish stands the most perfect of 
 the ancient Irish pillar towers, 70 feet high, and 
 the ruins of two churches, 
 
 Deventer, a city of Holland, the capital of 
 Overyssel, with a college. It is surrounded by 
 strong walls, and seated on the Yssel; 50 miles 
 E. of Amsterdam. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Deveron, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 the S. E. of Banffshiie, and enters the ocetm at 
 Banff. It forms the boundary b€.ween the 
 counties of Aberdeen and Banff for about 50 
 miles. 
 
 Dbvicotta, a town on the coast of the Car- 
 natic, at the mouth of the Colran, or N. branch 
 of the Cavery river, in the lat. of 1 1. 40. N. This 
 place surrendered to the English in 1749, and 
 for several years wai one of the principal fac- 
 tories of the East India Company on that coast; 
 the entrance to the harbour is impeded by 
 shoals. 
 
 Devil'^ Bason, a harbour in Christmas 
 Sound, at the S. W. extremity of Terra del 
 Fuego, opening into the South Pacific Ocean, in 
 the lat. of 55. 25. S.; the harbour is surrounded 
 ''y ™gged rocks of such a repulsive aspect, and 
 so lofty, as to preclude the rays of the stm from 
 ever be.iming on its waters; hence its name. 
 
 Devii/s Island, Key, and Race, names given 
 to several small islands in the West Indies, and 
 off the E. coast of South America, genemlly of 
 rugged aspect and difficult to approach. 
 
 15evil's-ass-o-the-Peak, a cavern in the 
 N. W, part of the county of Derby. See 
 
 Devizes, a borough town, in the centre of the 
 county of Wiltshire, England; 88 miles W. by g. 
 uf London, on the road to Bath from which it is 
 
the 
 See 
 
 DEV 
 
 distant 18 niilea. It ^ras a Roman station, and 
 at a more recent period, liad considerable ma- 
 nufactures of worsted stuff, but two public 
 breweries, on no very extensive scale, are now 
 the only source of surplus production. Its 
 corn market, on Thursday, is the most coTisider- 
 able in the county, it is divided into two 
 parishes; has a town-hall and gaol; and sessions 
 for the county are held hero annually in Ja- 
 nuary ; it returns two members to parliament, 
 and 18 passed by tho Kennet and Avon canal, 
 lac" ° "^^'^'"'"S '^'^'e'" than a prosperous 
 
 Devonport, the principal station of the 
 national navy of England, formerly called Ply. 
 mouth Dock, (see Plymouth;) but received its 
 present name by mandate of the kinc. Geo IV 
 on January Ist, 1824; it is situate on theS.w! 
 extremity of the county of Devon, at the mouth 
 of the Tamar nver, which here forms one of the 
 most commodious harbours in the world. It is 
 a borough, and sends two members to parlia- 
 ment. This spot was firsi availed of for a marine 
 station at the close of the 17th century, previous 
 to which It was a mere fishing village, and it was 
 not tm after 1760 that it assumed^'^ thh.g iT^ 
 importance whilst during the long war, from 
 i/Vi to 1815, It progressively rose to be the 
 most extensive and complete arsenal in the 
 world, the natural advantages having been ren- 
 dered as convenient as labour and skill could 
 make them. The natural accommodations of 
 Devonport consist of a triple harbour; the outer 
 
 tatvvater; and the upper one, Hamoaze; the 
 
 swel s of the Atlantic Ocean, which, during a 
 continuance of S.W. winds, u'sed to subject fhe 
 
 i^li"?*! ^ ""?'' ""=' ^''"ience, and some- 
 times to danger; but m August, 1812, the first 
 
 ?i°00f!!f •""'?'' 5 a breakwater pier or mole, 
 5100 feet m lengtn, 4000 feet in a straight line 
 
 !^^ tu- ""J?'^ '""l^ng into the Sound at each 
 end; this stupendous work is composed of up- 
 wards of two million tons of stone, blas^id 
 trom the adjoining rocks, in pieces of U to 5 
 tons each sunk indiscriminately into the water, 
 
 Of!o* .^"'■.•T" P"**"°"' '' « envied up 
 10 feet above high water mark at spring fides, 
 fo^^^'^f at the top, on which it is proposed 
 
 n^nT-f r, ''""'"^ "* •"^^'•™1«. «"J «ghts 
 a ong ite whole extent. The space within the 
 
 a'ie'" foS ' ""• "r f T^' "'^""""g «"«'>- 
 from Thf f sail of the lai^est ships, secure 
 
 np«h, fu'^- "^ '•"* *'*=^''"' however tem- 
 L«, T '•A'"' '"^'^ ""'^ ^gfess being safe and 
 easy at either end of the pier, defended from 
 
 Slnf** f^ T I'^'W- ^y the rock of sT 
 Carlos and on the E. by the Shovel rock. The 
 Catwater is formed by the estuary of tl,; little 
 river Plym with the Tiunar, and may be relrdld 
 as the harlwur of the town of Plymouth and 
 
 pS'"wWst° It' r '"^^'"■»' interc'ourSf S 
 P^ ,1 r„f' '^^ Hamoaze extends inland for 
 „r . t ?.."'■■*' '" •"* '^"ection nearly due N.. and 
 about half a mile wide, forming one of the m^si 
 
 in me world, affording moorings for 100 of the 
 
 DEV 
 
 est ships Of war, without interruption to the 
 
 norage and movement of numerous other 
 
 els, and with sufficient depth of water to 
 
 Me ships of the largest burden to take n 
 
 ocir stores directly off the quays and jetties 
 
 that range along its eastern shore; the dock 
 
 yard extends 3500 feet along the shore «S 
 
 comprises 96 acres, containin/a basir256 S 
 
 by 1 80. in which are kept the boats and launches 
 
 ^13^ V°*^ ^'*11' "'^^ t'^« ""^t ponds and 
 a canal, which enables vessels bringing stores 
 to land them at the door intended for fheir^' 
 ception ; slips and dry docks, for building and re^ 
 pairing of the largest ships of war, ran|e along 
 the shore of Hamoaze, and communicate wit^ 
 
 of stone T.o'^,",'"'"'^ °^«'«^'* '"'"««'' b^'Ut 
 ot stone, 450 feet long, and 300 wide • two 
 
 "Z"T' ^T '''' '" '^"8th, three stS h gh! 
 and a smithery containing forty-eight forSs 
 a e all included within tho yard ; the bakehor* 
 brewhouse, cooperage, slaughter house. hospX' 
 and barracks for 3000 men, are wi bout the 
 yard but cont^uous thereto; all defended on 
 the land side by several batteries and a line of 
 circumvallation mounted with numerous cannon 
 and an outer trench excavated 12 to 20 feet 
 deep, out of the solid rock, forming altogether 
 
 tumrn'^L'""'''''" "'1*^ rnagnificent display of 
 human art and exertion in the world. The 
 
 but the town contains two chapels of ease and 
 numerous d^senting meeting-houses. S are 
 f-r " ^"T^d'^us town-hall, and a Jub5^ 
 ibn.n%te.ides several other handsome Sid- 
 ings. The column erected to commemorate the 
 
 o"b,^'t The T 'f " ^'''"•"^"* ^"^ '■" "'^t Lg 
 object. The streets are mostly at right anries 
 
 and are well paved. I„ the census of 1821 t^o 
 
 population of Devonport, then Plymouth Dock 
 
 Zt ITf^r^f n "" P"""''"'. (which see;) the' 
 post-office at Devonport is 2174 miles S. W. of 
 Hyde Park Corner. London, by way of Salisbury 
 %f ^rW *''■'"«"* fr»'" the. latter 45 mik/ 
 tht'lat'^^f 50%^ 5?«-f *" i'" ^^« «»"?-ntTn 
 
 ill^ ^ T,r """F""^ P°'"' '» the English ChaT 
 nel to Ilfracomb, on the shore of the Bristol 
 
 and breadth is about 50 miles, giving the larirest 
 
 Yorkl"^! • ™"/y ';' Englandf except S 5 
 York and Lincoln. It contains 1 ,654,400 acres 
 and sends four member, to parliament for I^' 
 northern and southern divisions. It ia he 
 fourth county in order of population aid the 
 most agTicultural of any in' L kingdom al! 
 
 t°:S tT.*!:! «"««.' ''"""ur in the^orW,'and 
 -y-H. a,..., ^..„vemciii ones, and intersected 
 by numerous streams, favourable for miS 
 and other manufacturing operations, relat veT; 
 It IS one of the least commercial m,d ma^„^ 
 facturmg counties in the kingdom. The S W 
 
DEV 
 
 part of the county contains a dreary trt.ct called 
 Dartmoor, containiiiy upwards of 53,000 acres ; 
 the highest elevation of this inoor is 1649 feet 
 above the level of the sea; the other parts of the 
 county, more particularly the S. and W., are 
 exceedingly fertile. Its principal surplus pro- 
 duce is cattle, of a remarkably fine breed, cither 
 for dairying or for feeding, and of beautiful 
 symmetry : the N. E. part of the county con- 
 tains veins of copper, lead, manganese, gypsum, 
 and of loadstone; antimony, bismuth, and cobalt 
 are also found in small quantities ; it has also 
 quarries of beautiful marble and granite, none 
 of which, however, are worked to any great ad- 
 vantage. The principal manufactures of the 
 county are seizes, kerseys, shalloons, broad- 
 cloth, blond-lace, and porcelain ; there is also a 
 considerable ship-building trade at Barnstaple. 
 The woollen cloth manufactures at Tiverton 
 and Groit Torrington, and the wool-combing at 
 Chumleigh, were formerly extensive, but have 
 now much decayed or vanished. Besides the 
 Tamar, which divides the county from Cornwall 
 on the S. W., the other principal rivers felling 
 into the English Channel are the Dart and the 
 Exe, and into Bideford Bay, on the side of tho 
 Bristol Channel, the Torridge and the Taw; 
 Devonshire contains one city, Exeter; and eight 
 boroughs, viz. Ashburton, Barnstaple, Dart- 
 mouth, Honiton, Plymouth, Tavistock, Tiver- 
 ton.and Totness, which each return two luemliers 
 to parliament. It contains twenty-five other 
 market towns, and upwards of 400 villages. 
 Exeter^ which see, is the seat of assize and 
 other local business of the county. 
 
 Devon, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 the S. E. part of Perthshire, and, after a course 
 of 40 miles, enters the Forth at Clackmannan, 
 only 8 miles distant from its source. In Perth- 
 shire it forms some romantic waterfiills, called 
 the Devil's Mill, the Rumbling Bridge, and the 
 Caldron-linn. 
 
 Deuren, a town of the Prussian states, in the 
 duchy of Juliers, with manufactures of cloth and 
 paper, and some iron works. It is 14 miles E. 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. about 3500. 
 Deutz. See Dcytz. 
 
 Deux Ponts, a late duchy of Germany, lying 
 W. of the Rhine ; it is about 30 miles in length 
 from N. to S., and 12 in mean breadth, and 
 tolerably fertile. It was ceded to France at the 
 peace of Luneville, in 1802, assigned to Austria, 
 at the general partitioning after the peace of 
 Paris, in 1814, and by Austria exchanged with 
 Bdvaria for other districts on the E. It now 
 forms part of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, 
 and is supposed to contain from 50,000 io 60,000 
 inhabitants ; besides the chief town of the same 
 name, the other principal towns are Kussel, 
 Honiburg, and New Hornbach. 
 
 Deux Ponts, the chief town of the preceding 
 district or duchy, is seated at the confluence of 
 the Hornbach with Eribach, a short distance 
 above the entrance of the united stream into the 
 Blise, near the S. end of the duchv. Its castle, 
 the former residence of the grand duke, is a 
 stately edifice; and it has two spacious churches, 
 au academy, and an orphan house, and was 
 
 248 
 
 DIA 
 
 formerly celebrated for a printing establishment, 
 
 since removed to Strasburg, which produced a 
 
 valuable edition of the Greek and Lathi classics. 
 
 Pop. about 5000 ; Deux Ponts is 66 miles E. 
 
 by N. of Metz, and 66 N. W. by N. of Mentz. 
 
 Lat. 49. 15. N. and 7. 22. of E. Long. 
 Dewanguwoe, a town of Bengal, on the W. 
 
 bank of the Burhampooter; ] 10 miles N. N.W. 
 
 of Dacca. 
 Dewarcote, a town and district of North 
 
 Hindostan, between the Ganges and the Jumna; 
 
 the town is seated on the W. bank of the main 
 
 branch of the Ganges; 175 miles N. by W. of 
 
 Delhi, and 90 N.W. of Sirinagur. 
 De Witt's Land, the name giver, to abont 
 
 10 degrees of lat. of the N. W. part of Australia, 
 after the Dutch navigator of that mime, who tirst 
 made it known to Europeans. 
 
 Dewsburoh, or Dewsbury, a parish and 
 town in theWest Riding of Yorkshire, England. 
 The parish, which includes the townships of 
 Osset, Soothill, and Clifton-cum. The town of 
 Dewsbury is a place of great antiquity, being 
 mentioned ne early as 626, when Paulinus, the 
 first archbishop of York, preached Christianity 
 to the inhabitants of the surrounding country; 
 it is now distinguished as the seat of an exten- 
 sive commerce, having upwards of 60 establish- 
 ments for the manufecture of blankets, carpets, 
 and other heavy woollen fabrics ; and Heck- 
 mondwike, adjoining, has 40 other establish- 
 ments for the like purpose, chiefly blankets. 
 Dewsbury is seated near the N. bank of the 
 Calder river; 6 miles W. by N. of Wakefield, on 
 the road to Halifax. 
 
 Detnse, a town of Flanders ; seated on the 
 S. bank of the Lys; 9 miles W. S. W. of Ghent. 
 
 Deyrab, a town of Upper Hindostan, on 
 the firontier of Delhi, in the province of Sirina- 
 gur. 
 
 Desaiqne, a town of France, in the N. part 
 of the department of L'Ardeche; 25 milea 
 W. N. W. of Valence. Pop. about 3500. 
 
 Dezensano, a town of Bresciano, situated at 
 the S. end of Lake Garda; 16 miles E. of Brescia. 
 Pop. about 3500. 
 
 Dezfdl, a populous town of Persia, in the 
 province of Kurdistan ; seated on the banks of 
 the Abznl, over which is an elegant bridge of 
 twenty-two arches. Dezful is 1 30 miles N. by E. 
 of Bassora; the Abzal fells into the Ahwas, 
 which joins the Tigris, at its junction with the 
 Euphrates. 
 
 Dhab, a town of Hindostan, in the province 
 of Malwa, surrounded by a mud wall. Pop; 
 37,865, 
 
 Dholpoob, a considerable town in the pro- 
 vince of Agra, Hindostan, on the river Cham- 
 bul, between Agra and Delhi. 
 
 DiADiN, a town of Armenia ; seated nesir the 
 source of the Euphrates, and frontier of Persia ; 
 80 miles S. S. W. of Erwan. 
 
 DiAKOVAR, a town of Selavonia ; about 20 
 miles S. S. E. of Essig, on the road to Brodo. 
 Pop. about 3000, 
 
 Diamond Harbour and Point, on the 
 Hoogly river. See Calcutta. 
 
 DiAHOiiD Isle, a small island lying oflf the 
 
DIA 
 
 949 
 
 DIE 
 
 S, W. point of Pegu, and S. E. point of the Bay 
 of Bengal, in the lat. of 16, 51. N. and 94 12 
 f if E. long. 
 
 Diamond Po/nt, the N. E. point of the island 
 of Sumatra, at the entrance to the Strait of 
 Malacca, in the lat. of 6. 18. N. and 97. 48. of 
 £. long. 
 There is a river of Sumatra, called Diamond 
 River, falling into the strait a little S. of 
 the point. The S. W. part of tlie island 
 of Martinique in the West Indies, in the 
 lat. of 14, 25. N. and 61. 9. of W. long., 
 is also called Diamond Point. 
 DiANO, a town of Naples W. of the Appen- 
 nines, in Principato Citra; 15 miles N, by E. 
 of Policastro. Pop. about 4600. 
 
 DiARBEKiR, a district of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 the province of Algezira, the whole of which, 
 extending from 33. 20. to the lat. of 39. N., was 
 formerly called Diarbekir ; and the pasha, or 
 governor of the province, is still called the 
 Pasha of Diarbek. It formed the ancient king- 
 dom of Mesopotamia ; but the district of Diar- 
 bekir is now confined between the 37th and 38th 
 degrees of N. lat. ; it lies E. of the Euphrates, 
 and is intersected by numerous streams, form- 
 ing the head waters of the Tigris, It is beau- 
 tifully diversified with mountains and valleys, 
 and, to a social people, would form a most 
 delightful residence. 
 
 Diarbekir, the chief city of the preceding 
 distnct, or, as it is called by the Turks, Kara 
 Amid, which signifies a black wall, in reference 
 to a lofty wall of black stone, with which tlie 
 city was formerly surrounded, is seated on the 
 banks of the main branch of the-Tigria in the 
 lat. of 37. 65, N., and 39. 22. of E. long, j 670 
 miles E, S, E. of Constantinople, and 180 N. E. 
 of Aleppo. The pasha resides in an extensive 
 castle on the N. side of the city. Extensive 
 manufactures of silk, wool, cotton, and leather, 
 and in metals, are carried on at Diarbekir ; and 
 Iheir dyed fabrics in wool and cotton are justly 
 esteemed for the beauty of their colours; as 
 Jii most eastern cities, the streets are narrow 
 and dirty, but many of tiie houses are spacious 
 and elegant within. It contains several com- 
 modious bazaars, a magnificent mosque, and 
 also a noble cathedral belonging to the Arme- 
 nians. As a place -of residence to Europeans 
 It IS considered among the most agreeable of all 
 the Turkish cities. The population is estimated 
 at 50,000, consisting of Armenians, Kurds 
 Christians, Jews, and Turks. 
 
 DiOvSON, an interior country in the western 
 part of Tennessee, about 28 miles from N to S 
 and 25 in breadth. Duck River, which Mb 
 into the lennessee, washes all the S. part of the 
 country, whilst the E. and W, comers of the 
 N. Mde jet upon the great Cumoerland river • 
 n collateral ridge of the Allegany mountains in- 
 tersects the county from the S. E. to the N ''■ 
 Pop. 7074. Charlotte, N. of the moun r. 
 ridge, 72 miles W, N. W, of Murtreesboro, L 
 the principal town, ' 
 
 DiDiEu, St., a town of France, at the N E. 
 jxtremity of the department of Upper Loire • 
 40 miles S. S. W. of Lyons. Pop. about 320o' 
 
 There are three other small towns, of the 
 
 same name in different parts of France, 
 Die, a town of France, in the department of 
 Drome ; situate on the N. bank of the river 
 Drome : it is the scat of a prefect, and contains 
 3509 inhabitants. It produces excellent wine, 
 and has a mineral spring in its vicinity. It is 
 30 miles S, W. of Grenoble, and 80 S. S. E, 
 of Lyoi... 
 
 DiEBURon, a town of Hesoe Darmstadt ; 
 seated on the N. bank of the Gerspienz river • 
 7 miles E. by N. of Darmstadt, and 18 S. S. E. 
 of Frankfort-on-the-Maine. 
 
 DiEQo, St., a town on the coast of New Cali- 
 fornia, republic of Mexico, in the North Pacific 
 Ocean, capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It 
 stands in so barren a country, that in the dry 
 season cattle are sent upwards of 20 miles for 
 pasturage. The port afibrds excellent anchor- 
 age. Long. 116. 63. W. lat. 33. 12. N. 
 
 DiKKiRCH, a town of Belgium, in the grand 
 duchy of Luxembourg, on the river Saure ; 17 
 miles N. from Luxembourg. Pop. 3100. 
 
 DiEMKN, a town of Holland, in the province 
 of North Holland ; 5 miles S, E. from Amster- 
 dam. Pop. 1000. 
 
 DiEPHOLTz, a town and castle of Westphalia, 
 capital of a county of the same name. It has 
 manufactures of coarse wollen and linen cloth, 
 and stands on the river Hunte, near the lake 
 Dummer ; 30 miles N. W. of Minden, anrl 38 
 S. S. W, of Bremen ; the county comprises 
 ?E nn 265 square miles, and contains about 
 15,000 inhabitants; and now forms part of the 
 kingdom of Hanover ; the inhabitants subsist 
 chiefly by breeding of cattle, which they drive 
 down to the markets of Holland. 
 
 Dieppe, a seaport town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Lower Seine, with a good harbour, 
 formed by the mouth of the river Arques, an 
 old castle, and two piers. The principal trade 
 consisto m fish, ivory toys, and laces. It was 
 bombarded by the English in 1694, and is not 
 so considerable as formerly. It is situated on 
 the coast of the EngUsh Channel, opposite to 
 Bnghton, from whence packets sail Dieppe 
 18 60 miles N. N, E. of Havre, 35 N. of Rouen, 
 and 96 m a meridional line N. N. W. of Paris ; 
 the lighthouse at the entrance of the harbour is' 
 in lat. 49. 65. 34. N. and I. 4. 29. of E. long. 
 It is the seat of a prefect, and contains a popu- 
 lation of 18,248. 
 
 DiERDORF, a town of Westphalia, capital of 
 the upper couniyof Wied, with a castle situate on 
 the Wiedbach ; 10 miles N. N. W. of Coblentz. 
 DiERNSTEiN, a town of Austria, with un Au- 
 gustine convent, and the ruins of a castle, in 
 ;^J"ch llichard I. of England w-^s impriaoned. 
 Iho French were repulsed here by the Aus- 
 trians and Prussians in 1005. It is seated on 
 the N, bank of the Danube ; 17 miles N. of St. 
 Polten, and 45 W. by N. of Vienna. 
 
 Diesen, a town of Bavaria, on the W. side 
 of the lake Ammersee ; 10 miles S. E. of 
 Landsbcrg. 
 
 DiESENHOPEN, a town of Switzerland, in 
 rinirgjiu ; seated on the Uliiao ; 5 miles E. ol 
 bcliaithaiiscn. 
 
I 
 
 DIE 280 
 
 Dim, a town of Belgium, in Sonth Brabant, 
 with considerable maimfiictures of cloth, stock- 
 ings, &c. ; seated on the Demer ; 32 miles E. 
 N. E. of Brussels. Pop. about 6000. 
 
 DiETz, a town of Germany, in the Wester- 
 wald, capital of a county of the same name, 
 with a strong castle. It is seated on the Lalin, 
 18 miles above its entrance into the Rhine, 
 near Coblentz. 
 
 DiEuzE, a town of France, in the department 
 of Meurthe, with wells of salt water, which pro- 
 duce mud' salt. It is seated on the Seille ; 22 
 miles N. E. of Nancy, and dO W. N. W. of 
 Strasbuiig. Pop. about 3600. 
 
 DiEz, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vosges. It had lately a celebrated 
 chapter, whose canons were obliged to producb 
 proofs of nobility. It is seated near the source 
 of the Meurthe ; 30 miles S. E. of Luneville, 
 and 45 S. W. of Strasburg. It is the seat of a 
 prefect, and contains 0823 inhabitants 
 
 DiGHTON, a town of Massachusets, in Bristol 
 county ; situate near Taunton river : 7 miles 
 S.S.W. of Taunton. 
 DiGNE, a town of France, capital of the do- 
 
 fartment of Lower Alps, and a bishop's see. 
 t is famous for its hot baths, and seated on the 
 Bleone ; 30 miles S. by W. of Embrun, and 70 
 N. E. of Marseilles. Pop. 3621. 
 
 DiHONo, a river of Upper Assam, East Asia, 
 the W. branch of Brahmaputra ; the navi- 
 gation is intercepted by rapids, a.-id its source is 
 unknown. 
 
 Duck, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Cote d'Or. The public structures, 
 and particularly the churches, are very fine. 
 The spire of St. Benigne is 370 feet in height 
 In front of the Palace Royale is the ancient 
 palace of the dukes of Burgundy ; and at the 
 gates of Dijon is a chartreuse, in whiofa some 
 of those princes are interred. Dijon is seated 
 in a pleasant plain, which produces excellent 
 wine, between two small rivers ; 48 miles N. E. 
 of Autun,and 175 S. E. of Paris. Pop. 22,397. 
 Dili. See Delos. 
 
 DiLLENBCRO, a town of Germany, in the 
 Westerwald, capital of a county of the same 
 name, rich in mines of copper and iron. It has 
 a fortress, on a mountain, the usual residence of 
 the Prince of Nassau- Dillenbuig ; and is seated 
 on the Dillen ; 14 miles N. N. W. of Wetzler. 
 Long. 8. 27. E. lat. SO. 42. N. 
 
 DiLLiNQEN, a town of Suabia, with a Catholic 
 university; seated on the Danube ; 17 miles 
 N. W. of Augsburg. Now included in the 
 Bavarian circle of the Upper Danube. 
 
 DiMOTUc, or DoMOTiCA, a town of European 
 Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek archbishop's 
 see ; seated on a mountain, surrounded by the 
 Meriza ; 12 miles S. W. of Adrianople. 
 
 DiNAGEPOoK, the capital of a district, N. 
 of the Ganges, in Bengal : 100 miles N. of 
 Moorshedabad. 
 
 DiNAN, a town of France, in the department 
 of Cotes du Nord ; seated on a craggy moun- 
 tain, by tiie river Ranee ; 20 miles S. of St. 
 Malo. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 6280. 
 DiNANT, a town of Belgium, in the province 
 
 DI8 
 
 of Namur, with a castle and eight churches. 
 The chief trade is in leather, and in the vicinity 
 are quarries of marble and mines of iron. It is 
 seated near the Meuse; 16 mUes S. by E. of 
 Namur, and 44 E. W. of Liege. 
 
 DiNAPORE, or DiNAPoop,, a military canton- 
 ment of Hindostan ; 1 1 miles W. of Patna, on 
 the S. bank of the Ganges. 
 
 DiNASMouTHY, or DiNAS MowDDA, a town 
 of Wales, in Merionethshire ; governed by a 
 mayor ; with a market on Friday. It stands at 
 the foot of a high precipice, on "-e river Dysi • 
 18 miles S. by W. of Bala, and 196 N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 DiNDiGUi., a province of the peninsula of 
 Hindostan, 86 miles long, and 40 broad, lying 
 between Coimbetore and Travancore, and chiefly 
 fertile in rice. On the defeat of Tippoo, in 
 1799, it became subject to the British. 
 
 ^iNDiGUL, a town of Hindostan, capitjil of 
 the province of the same name, with a fortress 
 on a rock. It is 40 miles N. by W. of Madura, 
 and 77 S. E. of Coimbetore, Long. 78. 2. K 
 lat. 10. 24. N, 
 
 DiNGKLFiNOEN, a town of Bavaria ; seated on 
 the Iser ; 20 miles E. N, E. of Landschut. 
 ^ Dingle, a seaport and borough of Ireland, 
 in the county of Kerry. The chief exports are 
 butter, beef, com, and linen. It is seated at 
 the head of an inlet, on the N. side of Dingle 
 Bay; 28 mi;e8 W. S. W. of Tralee, and 164 
 S. W, of DiibUn, Long. 10, 38. W. lat 61. 
 58. N. 
 
 Dingwall, a borough of Scotland, in Ross- 
 shire. Some linen yam is manufactured here, 
 and there is a lint-mill in the neighbourhood. 
 It is seated at the head of the Frith of Cro- 
 marty; 18 miles W. of Cromarty. In conjunc- 
 tion with Kirkwall, &c., it returns one member 
 to parliament, 
 
 DiNKELSBCHL, a town of the S, E, extremity 
 of the circle of Suabia. It has a foundation 
 of Teutonic knights, and a trade in cloth and 
 reaping-hooks. It is seated on the Wemitz ; 
 26 miles S. S. W. of Anspach, and is now in- 
 cluded in the Bavarian circle of the Rezat. 
 Pop, about 6500. 
 
 DiNwiDDiK, a county of Virginia, lying be- 
 tween Appomattox and Nottoway Rivera. It 
 is about 18 miles square. Pop. 22,558. Pe- 
 TEKSBDRO (which See) is the chief town. 
 
 DiPP0LDi8WALDA,a town of Saxony. 12 miles 
 S, by W. of Dresden. 
 
 DiSENTis, a town of Switzeriand, in the can- 
 ton of Grisons, with an abbey founded in the 
 seventh century. It is situate near the source 
 of the Lower Rhine ; 10 miles W. by S, of 
 Ilantz. 
 
 DiSHLEY, a village in Leicestershire ; 2 miles 
 N. W, of Loughborough, rendered famous by a 
 native grazier and farmer, Robert Bakewell, 
 (who died in 1795,) from his successful ex; cri- 
 ments and practices in the improvement of live 
 sto: !:, iioro particularly sheep. 
 
 Dismal Swamp. GRWiT, extends about ?.(i 
 miles fi-om N. to S., and 10 broad, between the 
 Chesapeake and Albemarle Sound, partly in 
 Virginia, and partly in North Carolina. It de- 
 
DIS 
 
 tSl 
 
 DOG 
 
 rived it« name from its dismal aspect, being 
 impervious in most parts, from trees and brush- 
 wood ; there is a pond in the centre, about 15 
 miles in circumference. The territory abounds 
 with noxious reptiles and wild animals. Within 
 the pre&ent century a canal has been cut 
 through it from ti»e Elizabeth river, felling into 
 the Chesapeiike, to the Pasquotank, felling into 
 Albemarle Sound ; this is calculated to change 
 the fece and character of the whole territory, 
 but its original dismal features are immortalized 
 by the Irish bard Moore, in his Epistles from 
 America. There is another swamp between 
 Albemarle and Pamtico Sounds, called the 
 Little Dismal Swamp. 
 
 Diss, a town of Norfolk, on the border of 
 Suffolk, with a market on Friday. It is seated 
 on the river Woveney, on the side of a hill ; 19 
 miles S. of Norwich, and 85 N. N. E. of 
 London. 
 
 DissEN, or Tjsskn, a town of Westphalia, in 
 the pnncipaUty of Osnaburgli, where are salt 
 wcrks, which belong to Hanover. It is 16 
 miles S. E. of Osnabuig. 
 
 DiTMAiLX)N, a district of the duchy of Hol- 
 stein, lying on the coast of the German Ocean, 
 between the rivers Eyder and Elbe ; it contains 
 no towns of importance. 
 
 DiTTEAH, a town and fortress of Hindostan, 
 ','J.?""^®'*^"''' °" *''e frontie' of Agra ; about 
 120 miles S. by E. of the city of Agra. 
 
 Dm, an island of Hindostan, making the S. 
 point of Guzemt, at the entrance of the Gulf of 
 Cambay, three miles long and one broad. On 
 It 18 a fortified town, of the same name, built of 
 freestone and marble ; and it contains s<Jme fine 
 churches, erected by the Portuguese, about the 
 ^me they took possession of the island in 1515. 
 J-he trade of the town, once so important, is 
 almost entirely removed to Surat. It is 180 
 miles W. by S. of Surat, and 200 N. W. of 
 Bombay. Long. 71. 5. E. lat. 20. 45. N. 
 
 DiXAN, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, seated 
 on the top of the conical hill, and inhabited by 
 Moors and Christians. Their chief trade is 
 stealing children, and carrying them to a market 
 at Masuah, whence they are sent to Arabia or 
 India. It IS 34 miles S. of Masuah. 
 Al^P^^^' " ^"''**' fort on the Gold Coast 
 of N. Africa ; 40 miles S. W. of Cape Coast 
 Castle. ^ 
 
 DixMUiDE, a fortified town of Belgium, in 
 * landers, celebrated for its exceUent cheese and 
 
 irl\r " " '^'*'^<^ <"> the Yperlee ; 13 miles 
 N, of Ypres, and 11 S. of Ostend. 
 
 DiziEK, St., a town of France, at the N. ex- 
 tremity of the department of the Upper Mame 
 seated on the Mame ; 13 miles N.N.E of 
 JoinviIIe, and 120 E. of Paris. The Marne is 
 navigable from here to Paris, which renders St. 
 Dizier a place of considerable commerce. Pod. 
 about 6000. ^ 
 
 DjEDAiL, Gebaii,, or Gebiler, a town of 
 byrin, seated near the coast, on the site of the 
 
 was a place of some importance during the reign 
 of Solomon, the Bibhs having had at that time 
 Beverol vessels employed in the conveyance of 
 
 wood for the building of the temple. The town 
 rfnn ? P"*«»»'"»> of br the crusaders in 
 1 1 00, and at present contains from 5000 to 6000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Djebel, or Gebkl Hadda, Gebel Saade, 
 and Gebel Ameb Kemir, places of Maho- 
 metan devotion, S. of Mecca. 
 
 Dnepbr, or Dnieper, a river of European 
 Kussia, (the ancient Boryathenes,) rising near 
 the northern frontier of the government of Smo- 
 lensk, in the lat. 56. 20. N., and, after a course 
 of about 800 miles in a direction nearly due S., 
 falls into the Black Sea, at Otchakov, in the 
 Int. of 46. 30. N. It if, navigable from above 
 the city of Smolensk, the whole of its remain- 
 mg course, but is impeded by rapids within 
 about 200 miles of its entrance into the Black 
 Sea ; It receives a great number of tributary 
 streams both from the E. and W. ; the principal 
 of those on the E. are the Sotz, the Uiput, and the 
 Deszna ; and from the W. the Berezyna, and 
 the Przypiec ; by the latter, and a canal, the 
 waters of the Black Sea, are made to commu- 
 nicate with the Baltic. See Bbzesc. 
 
 Dniester, a river of Europe, (the ancient 
 TyrasJ nsipg on the N. side of the Carpathian 
 Mountains m Austrian GalUcia, in the long, of 
 ^S. hui and from the long, of 26. 20. to 29 E 
 ma direction S. S. E., it divides the Polish pa-' 
 latmate of PodoUa from Moldavia, when it 
 takes Its course nearly due S. for about 100 
 miles past Bender, and dividing Bessarabia from 
 the Rusfflan province of Catharinenslaf, falls 
 into the Black Sea at Akerman, 100 miles W. 
 of Otchakov ; it is navigable the greater part of 
 its couree. 
 
 DoBRziN, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Ploczko, or Polock ; seated on a rock near 
 the Vistula ; 14 miles N. W. of Ploczko, 
 
 DoCKUM, a town of Holland, in West Fries- 
 tend, near the mouth of the river Ee ; 10 miles 
 N. E. of Lewarden. 
 
 DoDBRooK, a town of Devonshire, with a 
 market every third Wednesday, and noted as 
 being the first place where white ale was brewed; 
 208 miles W. S. W. of London. 
 
 DoEBELN, a town of Saxony ; 35 miles S. E. 
 of Leipsia Pop. upwards of 4000, chiefly em- 
 ployed m manufectures. 
 
 DoEL, a town of Belgium, in Flanders, on 
 the nver Scheldt, opposite Lillo ; 7 miles N.W. 
 of Antwerp. 
 
 DoESBURo, a town of Holland, in Gelderiand. 
 It has been often taken ; and the reduction of 
 it, in 1586, was the first exploit of the English 
 forces sent by Queen Elizabeth to the assistance 
 of the Dutch. It is seated on the Yssel ; 10 
 miles S. S. W. of Zutphen. 
 
 Dofar, a town on the coast of Arabia, in the 
 Indian Ocean, seated on the E. shore of a bay 
 of the same name : it is the residence of a sffeik 
 and exports some; gum, olibanum, and other 
 drugs. Lat. 16. 16. N. and 64. of E. long. 
 
 Dogger Bank, a sand bank in tho Gnrman 
 Uoeau, between Flamborough Head and the 
 coast of Jutland ; it is about 200 miles from W 
 to E., and 30 to 50 broad, having from 15 to 30 
 fathoms depth of water ; it yields abundance of 
 
 m 
 
DOG 
 
 253 
 
 DOM 
 
 excellent cod to the English and Dutch fishor- 
 men. A saiiguinary, hut umlecisive sea fixht, 
 between the Dutch and Eiigliiih, took place on 
 thi» bank, on the 8th August, 1781. 
 
 DooLiANi, a populous town of Piedmont ; 1 8 
 miles N. by E. of Mondovi. 
 
 DoL, a town of France, in the department of 
 Ille and Vilaine, situate in a morass ; 5 miles 
 from the sea, and 1 1 S. E. of St. Malo. Pop. 
 about 3500. 
 
 DoLCB Aqua, a town of Piedmont, in the 
 county of Nice, with a castle, seated on the 
 Nervia ; 6 miles N. of Vintimiglia. 
 
 Dole, a town of France, in the department of 
 Juia, on the river Doubs. It contains several 
 public buildings, evidences of Roman magni- 
 ncence. Under the ancient regime of France, 
 It was the capital of Franche Compte, until 
 1674, when Besancon was made the capital. It 
 IS now the seat of i prefect ; and contains 9647 
 inhabitanta. It is 70 miles N. by W. of Ge- 
 neva, and 30 S. E. of Dijon. 
 
 Dole, La, one of the loftiest peaks of the 
 Jura chain of mountains, rising to the height of 
 6600 feet above the level of tho sea. 
 
 DoLOBLLY, a town of Wales, in Merioneth- 
 shire, with a market en Tuesday, and a munu- 
 &cture of coarse wocllen cloth, undyed, called 
 webbing. It is seattd on the river Avon, at the 
 foot of ( he mountain Cider Idris ; 1 2 miles S.E. 
 of Harleigh, and 208 N. W. of London, on the 
 road to Caernarvon, ftom which it is distant 39 
 miles. The summer assizes for the county are 
 held here. 
 
 DoLLART Bay, a bay or iake separating East 
 Iriosland, in Germany, from Groningen, in 
 Holland. It was forme<! by an inundation of 
 thb sea. in 1277.. when 33 villages are said to 
 havb been Jestro} ed. 
 
 DoMPRONT, a towix of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Ome, seated on a craggy rock, by the 
 river Mayenne ; 35 miles N.W. of Alencon, and 
 65 E. of St. Maloes. It is the seat of a prefect. 
 Pop. 1670. ^ 
 
 DoHmoo, St., or Hispaniola, or Hayti, n i 
 island of the West Indies, extending from Capo 
 Engagno, in the long, of 68. 20. W., to Cape 
 Donna Maria, in 74. 26 W. ; the length is 408 
 English statute, or 346 geographical miles, be- 
 tween 18. and 20. of N. lat., or a breadth of 135 
 statute miles : these limits give an area of 37,125 
 square miles, or 43,760,000 English statute acres, 
 being about three-fourths the extent of England 
 exclusive of Wales. The E. end of the island is 
 separated from Porto Rico by the Mona, or 
 Porto Rico Channel, about 120 miles wide; 
 and the northern promontory of the W. end is 
 separated from the Island of Cuba by the wind- 
 ward passage, about 60 miles wide ; and the 
 southern promontory of the W. end is about 
 100 miles distant from the E. end of the Island 
 of Jamaica ; a chain of mountains extends from 
 the extremity of the northern promontory of the 
 W. end to the S. E. end of the island, and about 
 the centre rises to the height of about 6000 feet 
 above the level of the sea. This island wm 'lla- 
 covered by Columbus, on the 6th of December, 
 1492, after having touched on the Baliamas on 
 
 his first voyage, and is memorable for being the 
 first 8i)ot in America which was colonized by 
 Europeans. Columbus landed at St. Nicholew- 
 le-molo, at the extremity of the N. W. pro- 
 montory, where ho left 38 of his comrades ; re- 
 turning to Spain the following month. At this 
 time the country was called llayli by the na- 
 tives ; Columbus gave it the name of E»pai.u!a, 
 ot little Spain ; hence Hispamola. The avarice 
 of the settlers soon excited the just indignation 
 of the native inhabitants, whose resentment, 
 however, was readily subdued by the more ample 
 and destructive means of warfare of the Spa- 
 niards. Columbus returned to Spain in 1496, 
 leaving hia brother Bartholomew in command of 
 the settlement, who soon after removed to tho 
 southern coast, and founded the city of St. 
 Domingo, which afterwards gave name to the 
 whole island. The number of settlers from 
 Spain increased rapidly, by whom the natives 
 were compelled to the severest labour, which 
 soon brought on disease and premature death ; 
 and so fatal to life was the cruel policy of the 
 Spaniards, that after a lapse of 20 years, an 
 efficient labourer scarcely remained on the 
 island ; under this exigency about 40,000 of the 
 inhabitants of the B^iama Isles were decoyed 
 froni their homes to become labourers or slaves 
 in St. Domingo : but such was the perverse 
 policy of the Sp^ards, that notwithstanding 
 this acquisition, and 1,000,000 of native inha- 
 bitants — and some historians carry the number 
 as high as 3,000,000— which the island was sup- 
 posed to contain on its first discovery in 1492, 
 by the middle of the following century scarcely 
 150 remained alive ; whilst the Spaniards had 
 progressively sunk into indolence, and the 
 island reduced again toa wilderness. The French 
 obtained a footing on the W. end of the island 
 about the middle of the 17th century, and re- 
 sumed the culture of the sugar-cane, which had 
 been early introduced by the Spaniards from 
 the Canary Islands, but had been entirely neg- 
 lected by them. By the treaty of Ryswick, in 
 1691, Spain ceded to France all the W., or about 
 a third part of the island. After this period the 
 . French plantations progressively increased in 
 number and importance, and, in 1789, the popu- 
 lation of the French part of the island had 
 increased to 634,830 inhabitants, whilst the total 
 population of the Spanish part did not exceed 
 1 55,000. From this period a new and important 
 era in the history of St. Domingo commences ; 
 the desolating mania of the French revolution 
 had extended to this island ; an insurrection en- 
 sued, in which upwards of 2000 of the white 
 oppressors fell a prey to the fury of their slaves. 
 In 1792, the national assembly of France pre 
 claimed the political equality of the negroes and 
 whites; in the following year three commis- 
 sioners were despatched from France, who, on 
 their arrival in St. Domingo, proclaimed tho 
 emancipation of the slaves ; this served as a 
 signal for the slaves to wreak their vengeance 
 on their white oppressors, and, on the 2 1st of 
 June, I7S.3, n force of mm Wacks entered Cape 
 Fran9ois, and worked an indiscriminate slaugh- 
 ter among the white inhabitants, whilst the most 
 
DOM 
 
 cruol vengcanco displayed itself over all tho 
 l<renoh part of the island. In the midst of this 
 confusion, tho English iittempted to establish an 
 authority, and a force from Jamaica succeeded 
 in taking possession of Port au Prince ; but, 
 after suffering much from disease and resistanc* 
 of the blacks, they abandoned the island in 1 798 • 
 by which time tho whole of the white population 
 had become nearly extirpated, whilst the blacks, 
 under the commaiul of Rignud and Toussaint 
 L'Ouvorture, had effected considerable progress 
 m military discipline ; and, on tho Ist of July, 
 1801, the independence of the island was for- 
 mally proclaimed in the name of the republic of 
 Hayti, when Toussaint L'Ouverture was ap- 
 pointed governor for life, with the power of 
 naming his successor. On the 6th of October, 
 1801, the French concluded a peace with Eng- 
 land, and, in the December following, despatched 
 a squadron with 20,000 men, under the command 
 of General Le Clerc, to attempt the subjugation 
 of St. Domingo. Le Clerc commenced the 
 campaign in February, 1802, and fought with 
 varied success until the following May, when 
 a truce was concluded upon ; pending which, 
 Toussaint was inveigled on board a vessel, and 
 conveyed to France, where he died in prison, in 
 April, 1803. Hostilities recommenced with 
 greater animosity than ever ; the command of 
 the black troops devolved on Dessalines ; and 
 the English being now regarded as auxiliariffl 
 against tho French, on the 30th December, 1803, 
 the whole of tho remaining French forces sur- 
 rendered prisoners of yfai to the English ; and 
 thus St Domingo was again freed from all 
 European oppression ; but new calamities now 
 awaited it. On the Ist of January, 1804, the 
 generals and chiefs of the army entered into a 
 solemn compact, in the name of the people of 
 Hayti, renouncing for ever all dependence on 
 France, ai the same time appointing Dessalines 
 governor for life, invested with extensive powers ; 
 in September following, he assumed the impe- 
 rial title of Jacques the Ist, Emperor of Hayti. 
 His ambition and tyranny brought upon him the 
 detestation of the people, and he was slain by a 
 military conspiracy in October, 1806. He was 
 succeeded by Christophe as "chief of the 
 government," but Petion starting as a rival can- 
 didate for the supreme authority, a severe battle 
 was fought between the forces of Petion and 
 Christophe, on the Ist of January, 1807, in 
 which Petion was defeated. In the same year 
 Christophe was appointed chief magistrate for 
 life, with the power of appointing his successor; 
 but, like his predecessor Dessalines, he was not 
 content with conditional power, and, in 181 1, he 
 assumed the regal title of Henry I., king of 
 Hayti, making the title hereditary in his fiunily, 
 and Sans Sonet, a village about 15 miles from 
 Cape Francois, now called Cape Henry or Cape 
 Hayti^ the seat of his court and government. 
 King Henry was both avaricious and cruel, and, 
 like Dessalines, fell a prey to his own soldiery, 
 who dragged him from his palace by force, and 
 massacrjjd him in October, 1820. In the mean 
 time, from 1810 to 1818, Petion, after his defeat 
 In 1807, retreated to the S. of the W. part of 
 
 fl53 
 
 DOM 
 
 the island, and remained at tho head of n ocm- 
 Bidernble military force, and ruled over a grtat 
 portion of the country. In 1816 he was ap- 
 pointed president for life, but died in May, 
 1818, univenall lamented by all who had es- 
 poused his cause ; he was succeeded by Boyer, 
 who, on the death of Christophe, succeeded also 
 to the command and government of the whole 
 of what was formerly the French part of the 
 island. In 1794 Spain ceded the whole of the 
 remaining part of the island to F.ance ; but the 
 troubles which ensued rendered the cession no- 
 minal, the French never having been able to 
 take possession ; and the Spanish flag continued 
 to wave over the fortress of the city of St. 
 Doiningo until the 1st of December, 1821, when 
 the inhabitants issued a formal declaration of 
 independence, and made overtures to the repub- 
 hc of Columbia, to be admitted as an integral 
 r^rt of its confederacy ; which proposition, how- 
 ever, was not acceded to. Such was the poli- 
 tical state of St. Domingo at the period of 1822 ; 
 about which time the French endeavoured again 
 to r^n an ascendancy in the island ; and, 
 conceiving all attempts by force of arms likely 
 to prove ineffectual, they succeeded in inducing 
 the Haytians to agree to a pecuniary indemnity, 
 for the loss of the plantations at the commenco- 
 mert of tho revolution ; this, after several year*' 
 negotiation, in 1825 was settled at 120,000,000 
 francs, or about 6,000,000/. sterUng, payable by 
 instalmenta, and under regulations calculated to 
 divert a great portion of the produce of the is- 
 land into the lap of France, on better terms than 
 though she held the island in colonial possession. 
 Under the mild and judicious administration 
 of President Boyer, Hayti promises to advance 
 in prosperity and social influence; a collepr '.as 
 been founded and liberally endowed at Capo 
 Hayti, in which provision ia made for instruc- 
 tion in all the languages, arU, and sciences 
 usually taught in the European establishments 
 of the like kind; public schools have been 
 MtaWiahed in most of the principal towns of 
 the W. part of the Island. The indigenous 
 vegetable productions of St. Domingo are 
 various, beautiful, and valuable; its mahogany 
 18 unrivalled for its texture and beauty, and 
 there is a satin wood proportionably superior 
 to that of other parts of the worid; the flower- 
 ing shrubs are various, and nowhere surpassed 
 in beauty and fragrance; vanilla and the plan- 
 tain both luxuriate; pine for ship-building and 
 house-carpentry is abundant ; whilst the cotton 
 tree supplies the means of capacious canoes. 
 Of quadrupeds one only is known peculiar to 
 the island— the agouti, in size less than the 
 common cat of Europe; nil the domestic 
 animals of Europe have, however, been in- 
 tri^uced, and thrive exceedingly; swine, horses, 
 and homed cattle, all running wild in con- 
 sidsrable numbers. The feathered race is 
 numerous and beautiful in plumage, and more 
 melodious than common with birds of tropical 
 climates. There is a sjili water lake of consi- 
 derable extent, between the French and Spanish 
 part of tho island, on the S. side, which, as well 
 as the plains and rivers of that side, abound in 
 
 J 
 
 II 
 
 i ' 
 
DOM 
 
 354 
 
 DON 
 
 i 
 
 alligators and oUier reptiles of great size, and 
 also of such noxious insects as are common to 
 the situHtion and climate. The land tortoise is 
 common, and the coast abounds in turtle and 
 other fish. 
 
 DoMinao, St., Citt of, is situate on the W. 
 bank of n river called the Ozaroa, in lat. and 
 long, as previously laid down. The city was 
 originally founded in 1496, on the opposite 
 haak of tho river, but afterwards moved to its 
 present site. It is regularly laid out, and, like 
 most of the cities built by the Spaniards in 
 this part of the world, the private houses have 
 interior courts and flat roofs. The cathedral, 
 finished in 1540, is a ponderous edifice ; the 
 government house, hall of justice, barracks, 
 and arsenal, are all respectable buildings ; it 
 has also several' convents, which have been 
 mostly deserted by their inmates since 1704. 
 The harbour is capacious, but exposed to the 
 tempests from tho S. W. The population, 
 which at one time amounted to 25,0U0, is now 
 reduced to half that number, and indicates de- 
 cline rather than prosperity. It was sacked by 
 the English Admiral Drake, in 1586, who 
 obtained a ransom from the inhabitants of 
 7000/., to prevent further devastation : it has 
 not experienced any marked vicissitude since 
 that period. 
 There are several other towns called St. 
 Domingo, in different parts of America, 
 settled by the Spaniards, but all inconsi- 
 derable. 
 Dominica, one of the West India Leeward 
 islands, lying N. of Martiiiico, and S. of Guada- 
 loupe, being about 34 miles from N. to S. and 
 10 in mean breadth. It was discovered by 
 Columbus on Sunday, November 3, 1493. A 
 party of Frenchmen settled upon it about the 
 beginning of the 17th century, who, by culti- 
 vating the friendship of the natives, succeeded 
 in the culture of the soil. At the treaty of 
 Aix-Ia-Chapelle, in 1748, it was agreed that it 
 should be neutral, but the English took pos- 
 session of it in 1759, and it was confirmed to 
 them at the peace of 1763. It was captured 
 by a French force fifom Martinico in 1778, but 
 restored to the English in 1783, since when it 
 has remained in their possession. It is very 
 productive of coffee of a choice quality, and 
 yields some sugar. Charlotte Town, at the 
 mouth of a river towards the S. end of the 
 island, on the W. side, is in lat. 15. 18. N, and 
 61. 28. of W. long. 
 
 > Dominica, the largest of the islands of the 
 Pacific Ocean called the Marquesas. Long. 
 139. 2. W. lat. 9. 41. S. 
 
 Domino, St., one of the Tremiti islands, in 
 the Gulf of Venice; IS miles from the coast of 
 Naples, in the lat. of 42. 10. N. 
 
 DoHiTz, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin, with a fort seated at the 
 confluence of the Elde and Elbe; 25 miles S. 
 of Schwerin. 
 
 Dommel, a river of Dutch Brabrant, which 
 receives the Aa below Uois le Due, and then 
 flows into the Meuse. 
 
 DoHO d'Ossola, a town of Italy, in the Mi- 
 
 lanese, with a castle, soutcd near tho frontier of 
 tho Valuis.on the Tossu; 20 miles N.. of Varallo. 
 The &mous road of the Simplon passes this 
 place. 
 
 Domotica, or Dimotick, a larg;e town of 
 European Turkey, situate on tho NV. bank of 
 the Marissa; 12 miles S. by W. of Adrianople. 
 Pop. about 8000. 
 
 DoMPAiRB, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Vosges; 10 miles W. N. W. of 
 Epinal. 
 
 DoMHEHT, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Meuse, .he birthplace of the cele- 
 brated Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. It 
 is seated on the Meuse; 5 miles N. of Neuf- 
 chateau. 
 
 DoMviLLERS, or Danvillbrs, a town of 
 France, in the department of Meuae; 14 miles 
 N. of Verdun. 
 
 Don, a river of Europe, (the Tunais of the 
 ancients,) which intersects the S. E. provinces 
 of Russia. It issues from the Lake St. John, 
 in the government of Tula, and, after a very 
 circuitous course of several hundred miles, 
 flows into the Sea of Asoph. Thin river has so 
 many windings, and such numerous shoals, as 
 to be scarcely navigable, except in the spring, 
 on the melting of the snows; and flat- bottomed 
 boats only, except in the same season, can pass 
 into the Sea of Asoph. 
 
 Don, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 W. part of Aberdeenshire, receives the Urie- 
 watcr at Inverary, passes by Kintore, and en- 
 ters the German Ocean, at Old Aberdeen. 
 
 Don, a river in Yorkshire, which rises on 
 the borders of Cheshire, flows by Penistone, 
 Sheflield, Rotheram, Doncaster, and Thorn, 
 and joins the Ouse near its termination in the 
 Humber. 
 
 DoNAOHADEE, a town and parish of Ireland, 
 in the county of Down ; it is seated on the 
 coast, 35 miles W. N. W. of the Isle of Man, 
 and 23 W. by S. of the Mull of Galloway. It 
 is the mail-packet station between Ireland and 
 Scotland. See Port Patrick. It has a cus- 
 tom-house, and exports some cattle and other 
 live stock to Scotland, but in other respects its 
 commerce is very inconsiderable, the receipt of 
 customs not equalling the expense. On Mew 
 Island, at the entrance of the harbour, which 
 has been made convenient for the packets, is a 
 lighthouse in the lat. of 54. 37. N. and 5. 24. of 
 W. long. 
 
 DoNAOHMORE, the name of 13 extensive 
 parishes and townships in Ireland. 
 
 DoNAOHHORE, a town of Ireland, county of 
 Cork, giving the title of earl to the Hely Hut- 
 chinson family. 
 
 DONAUESCHINOEN, Or DONESCHINGEN. a tOWn 
 
 of Suabia, on the E. border of the Black 
 Forest, in the principality of Furstenburg. It 
 is the chief residence of the prince; in the 
 court-yard of whose palace are some springs, 
 collected in a reservoir about 30 feet square, 
 which has the honour of being called the head 
 of the Danube. It is 1 3 miles N. N. W. of 
 SchafFhausen. 
 DoNAWERT, a strong town of Bavaria, 
 
DON 
 
 •M 
 
 DOR 
 
 ■cated on the N. bonk of the Danube, at the 
 influx of the WerniUj 25 miles N. by W. of 
 Augsburg; hero is a bridge over the Dunube, 
 which causes Donawert to be a place of con- 
 siderable intercounte. Pop. about 2500. 
 
 DoNcASTER, a handsome town in the S. E. 
 part of the West IlitUng of Yorkshire ; it is 
 wtuute on the great high road from London to 
 Ifork and Edinburgh, on the S. bank of tlie 
 nver Don, over which are two handsome 
 bridges. It is a corporate town, with consider- 
 able tunds, governed by a mayor, recorder, and 
 common council, and formerly sent members to 
 parliament. The principal street is about a 
 mile in length; the mansion-house, in which 
 the mayor ond justices hold their sittings, is a 
 spacious and elegant building; there is also a 
 town hall, theatre, dispensary, hospital, and 
 two or three other public buildings, and the 
 church dedicated to St. George is a noble 
 edifice. Doncaster has five tan-ynrds, several 
 flax dressers, and some manufactures of sack- 
 ing, carpets, nails, &c., and its trade in com is 
 considerable; but the agreeal.leness of its lo- 
 cality renders it more celebrated as a plnce of 
 gaiety and fashion, than as a manufacturing or 
 trading town. The annual races are about the 
 gayest in the kingdom, and the frequent balls 
 aiMl concerts held in the mansion-house make 
 it the resort of all the fashion and gaiety of the 
 surrounding country ; which, with its constant 
 thoroughfare, tend to render it au agreeable 
 residence. It is 158 miles N. from London. 
 18 N. E. of Sheffield, 20 S. E. of Wakefield 
 and 37 S. of York. Market on Saturday. 
 ^ DoNDKA Hkad, the southern point of the 
 island of Ceylon, in the lat. of 5. 56. 30. N. 
 and 80. 42. of E. long. The land is low and 
 densely populated, but appears to have been of 
 greater importance than at present, there being 
 the rums of a magnificent Hindoo temple in the 
 vicinity. See Matuba. 
 
 DoNKOAL, a maritime county forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Ireland; it is about 70 
 miles in extreme length, but, being indented 
 by nunierous bays and harbours, it has about 
 160 miles of sea coast; the principal bay is 
 raUed Lough Foyle, and divides Donegal ttom. 
 the county of Londonderry, opening by a nar- 
 row strait into the N. channel. Lough Swilly 
 is another capacious bay, opening into the 
 Atlantic Ocean, and Donegal Bay forms the 
 southern boundary of the county, which is 
 bounded on the E. and S. E. by the counties 
 of Tyrone and Fermonagh. The river Finn 
 intersects the centre of the county from W. to 
 E., and then takes a northern course into 
 Lough Foyle. Donegal is a mountainous and 
 rather dreary district, and its inhabitants may 
 be considered the rudest in Ireland, the greater 
 portion speaking only their vernacular lan- 
 guage. The mountains contain various miner- 
 als; kelp is made upon the coast, which yields 
 also a siliceous sand used in the manufacture of 
 glass; the spinning of flax, the linen mnnufec- 
 ture, and distillation of spirits, prevail over the 
 greater part of the county; the principal towns 
 are Lifford, Raphoe, Johnstown, Letterkenny, 
 
 nallyshnnnon, Donegnl, and Killibegs; at Bal- 
 lyshanuon is a valuable salmon fishery. It 
 contains the ruins of several ca8tle<< an<i other 
 works of antiquity; and returns two members 
 to parliament. 
 
 DoNEOAi., a town and parish of the pro- 
 
 cedir.g county ; seated at the head of a bay 
 
 1 1 1 miles N. W, of Dublin, and 26 S. W. of 
 
 Lifford. 
 
 There ore four townships called Donegal in 
 
 the stiUe of I'cnnsylvanin, 
 DoNERAiLB, a town and parish of Irelond, in 
 the county of Cork. Near it are quarries of 
 beautiful variegated marble. It is situate on 
 the Awbeg, which falls into the Blackwater; 
 19 miles N. W. of Cork, and 113 S. W. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 DoNQA, a country in central Africa, on the N. 
 side of the Donga Mountains, and watered by 
 the Bahr-el-Abiad, or White Nile. 
 
 DoNGOLA, or DuNOALA, a town of Nubia, 
 capital of a province of the same name. It 
 contains 10,000 houses of wood, and is seated 
 on the Nile, among mountains; 600 miles N. 
 by W. of .Sennoar. The country is celebrated 
 for a fine breed of horses, and the inhobitants 
 for their skill in horsemanship. Long. 32. 6. 
 E. lat. 1.0, 26. N, 
 
 Donjon, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Allier; 24 miles S. E. of Moulins. 
 
 DoNNiNGTON, a town in Lincolnshire, with n 
 market on Saturday. Much hemp is cultivated 
 in the neighbourhood. It is 8 miles W. S. W. 
 of Boston, and 106 N. of London. 
 There are seven villages of the same name in 
 different parts of England — the principal 
 one in Leicestershire. 
 DoNNTBRooK, B village in Ireland, county of 
 Dublin, 2J miles from Dublin, celebrated for 
 its annual saturnalia or fair. 
 
 DoNZT, a town of France, in the department 
 of Nievre; 22 miles N. of Nevers. 
 
 DoOAB, a term applif 1 by the Hindoos to 
 tracts of land lying between two rivers; the 
 most celebrated tract is that lying between the 
 Ganges and Jumna, in the provinces of Allaha- 
 bad, Agra, and Delhi. 
 
 DooN, a river of Scotland, which issues from 
 a lake of the same name in Ayrshire, and enters 
 the Frith of Clyde, 2 miles S. of Ayr. 
 
 DooRNSPYK, a town of Holland, in tlie pro- 
 vince of Gelderiand, on the Zuyder Zee. Pop, 
 
 DoosHAK, or JuLALABAD, a to^^Ti of Asia, 
 empire of Cabool, province of Seistan, on the 
 nver Elmuud. It is principally built of brick, 
 and there are extensive ruins of an ancient city 
 of the same name; 280 miles S. W. of Canda- 
 har. 
 
 DoRAN, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the 
 side of a mountain; 28 miles S. of Sana. 
 
 DoRAT, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Vienne; seated on the Abran, near 
 Its junction with the Sevre; 25 miles N. of 
 Limoges. 
 
 Dorchester, a borough and the capital of 
 Dorsetshire, England, governed by a mavor- 
 with a market on Wednesday and Saturday- it 
 
 ! 
 
DOR 
 
 986 
 
 DOR 
 
 I 
 
 •onJi two momlH)rs to pttrlinmont. It wn» f.)r- 
 inorly much liirgor, ntui tin. mini of the wiills 
 arc itiit to tw ■uc.i ill Romo places. It liiu 
 thrco clmrchcs.niul n fine tcrrnLc-wnlk, planteil 
 witli trees, nlmwt siirrnuiulii tlio town, which 
 liM no nmnufacturci, but i* fninouii for excel- 
 lent nio. A little to the S. in n ll<iinan am- 
 phithcntro. conitructetl of ohnlk and turf, 
 mipposcil to bo the moHt pi rfect in the king- 
 dom. One mile to the 8. W. m Maiden Ciwtle, 
 another work of the Ilomana. Thcro ore thrco 
 ramparts urd ditches, nearly oval, and the 
 whole area is 115 acres. Dorchester is seated 
 on the river Frome, about 10 miles from the 
 ■ea at Weymouth, 63 mile* £. of Exeter, and 
 120 W. by S. of London. 
 
 DoRciu^TER, a town in Oxfordshire, which 
 was a stiition of the Uomans, and ruineil in 
 the warn with the Danes, It wna n bisliop's 
 sec till 10n(i, when William the Concpieror 
 translated it to Lincoln; and it had five 
 churches, though now but one, wliich was the 
 cuthe«lralj 10 miles S.E. of Oxford, and 49 W. 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 DoRciiiaTER, a county of the state of Mary- 
 land, lying between the Nanticoko and Chop, 
 tank llivers, on the E.side of Chesapeake Buy. 
 Top. 1 8,843. The chief town is Cambridge, on 
 the S. bank of the Choptankj CO miles S. S. W. 
 of Dultimore. 
 
 There is also a town of the same name con- 
 tiguous to Boston, Massachusets, on the 
 S. side of the town, and another on Ashley 
 River, South Carolina, and two or three 
 others in different parts of the United 
 
 St4ltC8. 
 
 DoBDooNE, an interior department in the 
 S. W. of France, comprising the late provincu 
 of Perigorde, and part of the Limousin; a river 
 of the same name intersects the S. part of the 
 department; the Vizere, Ille, and La Drome, 
 all falling into the Dordogno, in its course to 
 the Garonne at Bourg, intersects other parts of 
 the department, which is in general fertile, and 
 yields some delicious wines. It is divided 
 into five arrondissoments, the principal towns of 
 which are Perigueux, the capital, Bergerac, 
 Nontron, Riberac, and Sarlat; the other prin- 
 cipal towns are Belves, Monpont, and Eacider- 
 fil. Pop. 453,360. 
 
 DoRESTEO. See Silistria. 
 
 DoRKiNo, a beautifully picturesque town in 
 Surrey, England, with a market on Thursdays; 
 celebrated for a remarkably fine breed of poul- 
 try; a vast qiwntity of lime is burnt in the 
 neighbourhood. It is 23 miles S. S. W. of 
 London Bridge. 
 
 DoRN, a village in a detached part of Wor- 
 ccstcrshire; 3 miles S. E. of Camden in Glou- 
 cestershire. The ^man fossway runs through 
 it, and abundance of coin, ooth Roman and 
 British, have been found hero. 
 
 DoRNnuRO, a towii tf UnpPT Saxony, in the 
 principality of Weimr,. -, u, i castle; situate 
 on a hill, by the n'v, .- -'h-t'i.^ 14 r, |eg E. of 
 Weimar, and 40 S. *', , rv ' jisi 
 
 DoKsoTf!, n bore- ;!; -. tb. E. const of 
 Scotland, capital of isutiierlandsliire, at the en- 
 
 tnitu of a frith of the same name, over which 
 it hiw a ferry to Tain. It is n small plaen, and 
 half in ruins, hut wiw formerly the rcsiilonco of 
 the bishops of CaithnciS ; and part of the ca- 
 thedral is kept up as the parish church. It is 
 40 miles N. of Inverness. Long. 3. 4H. W. lat. 
 57. «'.». N. It unites with Kirkwall, fiec,, in 
 Minding one memlicr to parliament. 
 
 DoRPT, DoRPAT, or DoRPAT, a town of Rus- 
 sia, in the government of Riga, with a univer- 
 sity ; seated on the Kml>er, between the lakes 
 Woscro and I'epas ; «0 miles S. of Narva, and 
 about 50 E. of Pjmau. Pop. 12,203. 
 
 D0MBT8HIBB, a maritime county of England, 
 having about 70 mile* of coast in the British 
 Channel; bounded on the W. by Devonshire, 
 N. by the counties of Somenwt and Wilts, and 
 E. by Hampshire ; it is of an irregular form, 
 having an extreme length of 55 miles from W. 
 to E., and 85 in extreme breadth ; but the mean 
 lines do not much excce<l half that extent, the 
 superficial area being only 720,000 acres. The 
 •oil is generally rich and fertile, though in some 
 parts very sandy; the northern part, which is 
 divided by a range of chalk-hills from the 
 southern, affords good pasturage for cattle ; 
 while the southern part chiefly consists of fine 
 downs, and feeds incredible numbers of sheep. 
 The chalk-hills, which run through every 
 county fl-om the S. E. part of the kingdom 
 thus far, terminate at the fttrther extremity of 
 this ; but, on the coast, chalk-cliffs extend be- 
 yond it into Devonshire, 10 miles W. of Lyme. 
 From the Hampshire border to the neighbour- 
 hood of Blandford a heathy common extends, 
 which causes an exception to the general cha- 
 racter of fertility which this county merits; but 
 the rich vales to the S. W. make ample amends. 
 The greatest altitude of the county is 609 feet 
 above the level of the sea; the climate is mild 
 anu congenial. The principal river* are the 
 Stour, Piddle, and Frome. Here is plenty of 
 poultry of all sorts, swans, woodcocks, phea- 
 sanU, partridges, fieldfares, &c. The principal 
 towns on the coast are Lyme Regis, Melcombe 
 Regis, Weymouth, Bridport, Wareham, and 
 Poole; at the two latter some ships are built, 
 and some foreign trade carried on ; and Poole 
 was formerly celebrated for its extensive inter- 
 est in the Newfoundland fishery; and consider- 
 able manu&ctures of cordage, twine, ai.d coarse 
 woollens were formerly canied on in the vicin- 
 ity of Bridport and Poole ; but the ' mruttl 
 and manufecturing concerns of the \.<j^... , j.avc 
 of late years declined, and are nor' 7eJ.i(iv.«ly 
 insignificant, the shipping bein'. ■ !('>>■, !|v 
 employed in carrying ; and the reuuu, taxes, 
 and supply of shop goods for the consumption 
 of the county, are now paid out of the surplus 
 produce of sheep and lambs for the London 
 market, some cattle, wool, and stone, from the 
 quarries of Portland and Purbeck, and freight 
 of shipping ; some trifling manufectures also 
 contribute to constitute an exchange; and the 
 westem part of the coast abounds in mackerel 
 during the season. The principal towns in the 
 iiileiior uro Dorchester (the capital,) Corfe> 
 castle, and Shaftesbury. It returns three mem- 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 < 
 
 
 a 
 c 
 
 8 
 a 
 ti 
 a 
 
 B1 
 01 
 
 L 
 
 is 
 
 in 
 
 ti< 
 P' 
 
 th 
 
DOR 
 
 W 
 
 DOU 
 
 b«w to pnrHnrtumt. TIhto nre thirteen other 
 market towns, and upwardi of 200 Tiilng«». in 
 thii county. 
 
 DoHnHN, • fortifie.l town of Wontphnlia, in 
 the county of Ilucklin«hnuiifn; muleU uii tho 
 L'I'P«! ili miles E. by N. of Wcnei. 
 
 DouT, or DoRDiiKciiT, a city of Holland, 
 provinco of South iloliaixl, on nn island f. rmod 
 bv tho Mounc, which is hero culled ,. Merwe 
 Tho uland wan formed in 14-.»I, in November 
 of which year an inundation destroyed 72 
 villajjus, and drowned lOO.OdO pctmns. In 
 1457 Dort was nearly destroyed by tire, and is 
 further celebrated for an asseml>ly of Protestant 
 clergy from all parts of Kuropo, in 1 (J 1(1- 19, 
 called the Synod of Dort, which condemned 
 the innets of Armiiuus. Hero nre several 
 liUtlieraii and Calvinint churches, a fine council- 
 house, an excellent academy, and the mint of 
 oouth Holland. It lias a g.)o<l harbour, and a 
 treat trade m corn, wine, and timber; of the 
 iJitter immense rafts are flouted hither from 
 Andernach, in Germany. It was formerly the 
 chief depository of Uhenish wines; but its 
 commerce has much declined of late years 
 having been transferred to Uotterdam. Tho 
 father of the cultbratcd De Witt was burgo- 
 master of Dort, and Vossius was once super- 
 intendent of its academy. The nntuial situa- 
 tion of Dort is such that it has never [nxn 
 taken by an enemy ; but it surrendered to tho 
 trench in 1795. It is 10 miles S. E. of Rot- 
 terdam. Long. 4. 45. E. lat. 61, 64. N. Pod 
 about 20,000. ^ 
 
 DoBTMuND, a strong town of Westphalia, in 
 a nook at the S. extremity of tho upper bish- 
 opnc of Munster. It was lately imperial, and 
 IB seated on the Emster; 15 miles S. W. of 
 Ham, and 30 S. by W. of the city of Munster. 
 I'op. about 4000. 
 
 _ DOTEKOM, or DuETCKOM, n town of Holland, 
 in Gelderland, with a foundry for bombs and 
 cannon-balls; seated S. of Yssel ; 10 miles S, 
 £.. of Doesburg. 
 
 DouARNKNBz, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Fiiiisterre ; seated on a bay of the 
 •ame name, at the entrance of the EiiBlish 
 Channel; 8 miles N. W. of Quimper. 
 
 DouAv.a city of France, formerly the capital 
 of the department of Nord, with a fine arsenal 
 a foundry for cannon, a military school, a 
 citadel, and three thmous colleges; to which a 
 great number of the Catholic youths of England 
 and Ireland are sent for education. It was 
 taken by the Duke of Marlborough in 1710 
 and retaken by the French in 1712, after the 
 ■uspension of arms. It is 110 miles N. by E 
 of Paris, 70 E. S. E. of Boulogne, and 10 S. of 
 liisle, to which it is connected by a canal It 
 IS the seat of a prefect, and contains 19,500 
 inhabitants. ' 
 
 DouBs, a department of France, on the fron- 
 tier of Neufchatel, in Switzerland, It com- 
 prises the eastern part of the lute province of 
 tranche Compte, and is watered by a river 
 giving name to the department, which fells into 
 
 with fertile valleys; the mountains yWd a coj. 
 siderahlo supply of iron, tho forest, abun.l.nc. 
 of timlHjr. whilst sho..p and black cattle abound 
 hi ih» V iiloys, yiuUling a .oiHidenible wpply of 
 butter and chces- the latter is colobrate<l by 
 the name of gru< .v.'ro. The vino is alio -ulti. 
 vatcd with success, and to some extent ; it has 
 been nropowl to unite the river DouIm with 
 tho Hie, fulling into th« Uhiiie, and thorcbv 
 unite tho watcrj of the North .Sea with tho 
 Meditcrmnean. The dtipartmcnt of Doubs is 
 divided into four arrondissenionts; Besunton, 
 210 miles S. K. of Paris, is the capital; and 
 the chief towns of the other three arrondisso- 
 ments nre Uaume, Pontarlior, and Montliel- 
 liard; there are two other considerable towns, 
 vi»., 'iuingey and Ornans, Pop. 230,000. 
 
 DouB, a town of Franco, in tho dt,)artmont 
 of Mayenno and Loire, with a considerable 
 manufacture of druggets anu tommies. Near 
 it IS a vast Roman amphitheatre, cut out of 
 the solid rock. It is 9 miles S, W. of Saumur. 
 
 Douglas, a village of Lanarkshire, Scotland, 
 seated on a nver, of the same name, fnllinK into 
 the Clyde; 29 miles S. S. E. of Glasgow, on tho 
 road to Corlisle. 
 
 DouoLAS, tho chief town of tho Isle of Man, 
 seated at the mouth of two united streams, on 
 the h. side of the istand, in the lat. of 64. 4.N 
 and 4. JJG. of W. long. See Man. 
 
 DouoLAd, Cape, a promontory on the W. 
 M»l of America, the W point oft 
 
 — - V*"'^ « ""•'- nbovc ChaiaiiB. Doubs is a 
 woorijr aiij mountainous district, interspersed 
 
 const Of America, the W point of the entrance 
 of Cook's Inlet. lu summit forms two very 
 high mountains. Long. 153. 30. W, lat. 5B. 
 66. N. 
 
 DouLAiNCOCRT, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Marne; 10 miles S. W, of 
 JoinVille. 
 
 DouLLEifs, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Somme, with two citadels; seated on 
 the Antie; 15 miles N. of Amiens; it is the 
 seat of a prefect. Pop. 3504, 
 
 DouNE, DouN or Donne, a town of Scot- 
 land, m the parish of Kilmadock, Perthshire, 
 with the ruin of a huge square castle, whose 
 tower is full 80 feet in height. Here is a ma- 
 nufacture of pistols; also an extensive work 
 Mlled the Adelphl cotton-mill. It is seated on 
 the Teith ; 8 miles N. W. of Stirling, and 32 
 S. W. of Perth. 
 
 DouRDAN, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Seine and Oise, with n manufacture of 
 silk and worsted stockings; seated on the Orite: 
 25 miles S. W. of Paris. 
 
 DouRo, a river of Spain, rising near Soria, In 
 Old Castile, in the long, of 2. 30. W. It rises 
 to the W. of Soria, and from thence runs S. for 
 about 20 miles, when it takes n course nearly 
 due W. past Aranda into Leon, past Zamora t<» 
 the frontier of the Portuguese province of Tr.iz 
 08 Monies; it then takes a course S. S. W. past 
 Mimndi, and for about CO miles forms tho 
 boundary between Leon in Spain, and Traz os 
 Montes; it then takes a course N. by W di- 
 viding the latter province and Entre Douroo 
 Mlnho from Beira. fallinir intn tho. •^.. ~ -u-_» 
 distance below Opoito. The meridional dis- 
 tance from lU source to its entrance into the 
 
 S 
 
II i 
 
 DOV 
 
 !2^i*'*^n f ° ""''**• '''"■'^ *'»» «»""« of the 
 ■tretm will bo near 400 miles; it receive 
 
 thi^pl^v" ""^ V Derbyshire, which rises in 
 
 Steffn^^'"^" ?"*'*""■ P ♦" ">« «=««"'y from 
 Matfordshire, and. after a course of about 40 
 
 nules, joins the Trent, 4 miles below Burton. 
 UovEB, Straits op, between the S. E. point 
 . of England and the N. W. extremity of France, 
 leading from the Atlantic Ocean, through the 
 English Channel into the North Sea : the nar- 
 rowest part of the strait is about 20 Enclish 
 statute miles, and the two usual points of in- 
 
 ,*f ^^ir,"^".* ^^ "''"• °°^" Castle being 
 in 1. 19. 7., and Calais lights in 1. SI. 1. of E 
 long., being a difference of 32 miles of lonjr " 
 
 1- , "* o'l^i?*- ""^ ^^' » «l«al to 19 geogra- 
 phical or 23 Jinglisu statute miles. The st^s 
 extend from the S. W. in a direction N. N E 
 fiT oSlat* "^^ intersected by the line, of 
 
 DojBR, Town OP, which gives name to the 
 preceding strait, is seated on the English coast, 
 in the county of Kent, and is celibrated in 
 
 Briir"*'"^ "'^.f"?'' ''"''"7; by the ancient 
 Bntons it was called Z)<,«r, by the Romans 
 nubns, and by the Saxons Dovre ; and the 
 Homans regarded it as clavis et refragulum 
 totxus «pm_the lock and key of the whole 
 Z^l'l' ♦!, •!' ~°J?*™es speU Dovor, but with- 
 out authority. Dover may doubtless still be 
 regarded as the great outlet and portal of the 
 realm on the side of northern Europe, and. 
 ♦ ^'^•,?®°".Ti°'^' situation and k.-'- ...tatjes^ 
 to be still entitled to high consideration. But 
 as navigation has advanced towards perfection, 
 and England advanced in her maritime ascen- 
 dancy, ma relative sense, Dover has become 
 an inconsiderable place, and, in point of security 
 and defence, IS very insignificant compared with 
 cither Portsmouth or Devonport; while South- 
 ampton and Falmouth vie with it, as points of 
 egress and ingress to and from foreign parts- 
 and, smce the application of steam to purposes 
 of navigation, numerous visitors to and from 
 France now proceed and arrive direct from and 
 to the Thames at London, who uced formerly 
 to pass by way of Dover. Dover is, however, 
 still the medium of conveyance for the mails 
 and of all messengers and travellers intent on 
 dispatch, between England and France, for 
 whose accommodation packeta proceed to and 
 from Calais with every tide; and the intercourse 
 is still very great, constituting the chief support 
 of the town, which extends for near a mile 
 along the shore, and is divided into two parts- 
 the eastern part is ca!!ed the town, at the ex- 
 tremity of which, on an eminence, is the castle 
 supposed to have been first founded by Julius' 
 Caesar ; the west part is called the pier, and is 
 overhung by a range of chalk cliffs, which seem 
 to threaten an immediate overwhelming of all 
 
 5ofi 7; ,^n^f ^f^l"^ ^^\^- W- o' thi town. 
 300 to 3S0 feet above the level of the sea, are 
 fortified with trenches, subterraneous works. 
 
 _. >i.i>.n., ,o. tlic Jtt-xoinmoaauon or 2000 
 
 men, and m clear weathef presents fine pros- 
 
 358 
 
 DOW 
 
 pects of the coast of France. Dover is end of 
 the (five) cinque ports vested with pecuUa*- 
 privileges .,y »he 32 Henry VIII. cap 48, on 
 condition of furnishing a certain number of 
 shipa equipped and manned for the national 
 ~t„l*^' ?* "' *••* privileges was, each port 
 retuming two membera to parliament, by the 
 trtle of Barons of the Cinque Ports. Dover 
 b4L» K* " ^KT^^ S. S. E. of London 
 SSf'ifi^ T of Canterbury, fiom which it « 
 ftToM * ""''" I'," ^'''^^ '""» t'^o parishes; 
 inr« f J" ^^^l '"■*'''^*» «" Wednesdays 
 ^L^ "'■^"^'; ^^? T"« " " ^«'y extensive 
 edifice, and interesting from its antiquity, and 
 the historical events connected with it- it oc- 
 ^t!'"^: ^^, »<>«?! besides the castle and two 
 churches, the other public buildings are a town- 
 hall, theatre, and military hospital, victuilling 
 ofhce, and custom-house; the business of the 
 latter 18 confined almost exclusively to the in- 
 specting the baggage of the passengers arriving 
 by the packets. The harbour will admit ship! 
 of 500 tons burthen, but the town carries on 
 ^ittle or no foreign trade. To the W. of the 
 town 18 the celebraUxi cliff mentioned by Shak- 
 spere m King Lear, which is now cut through 
 by a double tunnel, for the South Eastern 
 Mauway, 
 
 There are several towns called Dover in 
 
 AmS ^"^^ '^^ ^"^^ ^^'^ °^ ^°'^'* 
 
 1. In Duchess county, New York. 
 
 2. In Stafford county. New Hampshire. 
 0. In Kent county, Delaware. 
 4. In York county, Pennsylvania, &c. 
 DovRAPJELD Mountains, a chain of moun. 
 
 tains dividing Norway into the N. and S. divi- 
 sions, and also separating it from Sweden. Their 
 greatest altitude is about 800 fcet. 
 
 DowLATABAD, formerly called Amednaeur 
 a province of the Deccan of Hindostan ; ir^r-' 
 
 N bvM-^''^'t'yr"'' bounded'onthe 
 N. by Candeish, W. by the Gauts, S. of Visia- 
 
 pourand Golconda and E. by the Berar. Aurun- 
 gabad is the capital. 
 
 DowLATABAD, One of the celebrated hill-forts 
 of Hindostan, and formerly the capital of the 
 preceding provmce. The fort is 420 feet above 
 he level of the plain. In the beginning of the 
 14th century, the Emperor Mahomet II I caused 
 a great number of the inhabitants of Delhi to 
 
 to make Dowlatabad the seat of government of 
 his empire ; but the project did not succeed, and 
 his successor returned to the ancient capital. 
 Dowlatabad, nevertheless, continued an im- 
 portant place, and capital of the province, until 
 the time oi Aurungzebe, who fixed his residence 
 at AiTRCNOABAD (which see), about 1 miles to 
 the fe ; It IS now included in the territories of 
 the nizam of the Deccan. 
 
 Down, a maritime county on the N. E. const 
 )f Ireland, opposite to the Isle of Man ; it is 
 bounded on the N. by the Lough of Belfast, 
 which divides It from the county of Antrim ; S 
 by Carhngford Bav. wliiph Hivi.io. i^ f--ty! '••- 
 county of Louth ; and on the W. it 'is bounded 
 by the county of Armagh. It is f)3 inil« in «x- 
 
DOW 
 
 Md 
 
 I 
 
 Ireme length from S. W. to S. E., and about 25 
 in mean breadth, the N. E. being indented by 
 Strangford Lough, containing about 100 square 
 miles of surface j a canal from Carlingfbrd Bay 
 to Lough Neagh, bounds the W. end of the 
 county, and the river Lagan, falling into Bplfeat 
 Lough, watera the northern side, the river Bann 
 intersecting the S. W. Down is the fifth county 
 m Ireland, m order of population, both collec- 
 tively and relatively, and although it is one of 
 the least productive counties in the country a 
 great portion of its surface being occupied 'as 
 bleach grounds, the industry of the inhabitants 
 in the linen manufectures, enables it to com- 
 mand an equal or greater share of comforts than 
 in most other parts of Ireland ; the S. part of 
 the county u mountainous, Slieve Donard Peak 
 rwiiig to the height of 2800 feet above the level 
 of the sea ; various minerals are found in dif- 
 ferent parts of the county, but none are worked 
 to advantage, the linen manufactures absorbing 
 all the labour and exertion of its inhabitants^ 
 about an equal portion of whom are Protestants 
 emigrants, oi descendants of emigrants, from 
 bcotland. IUr..ain8 of antiquity aie common in 
 every part of the county. The principal towns 
 are Downpatrick (the capital and a bishop's see), 
 Newton Ardes, Bangor, Donaghadee, Killyleagh. 
 Klllsborough, Dromore (another bishop s s^) 
 and Newry, at the head of CarUngfoid Bay 
 which IS the largest and most considerable 
 trading town in the coimty. It sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. 
 
 Down, or Downpatrick, the chief town of 
 the preceding county, is pleasantly located on 
 the banks of a stream fulling into the S. end of 
 Strangford Lough; 74 miles N. N. E. of Dublin 
 and 23 S. by E. of Belfast : it is a bishop's see 
 in conjunction with Connor, in the county of 
 Antrim, and, besides the cathedral, has three 
 other places of religious worship ; its other public 
 buildings consist of a diocesan school, hospital, 
 town-hall, court-house, and gaol. Down is cele- 
 brated as the supposed place of interment of 
 Ireland s adopted saint,, St. Patrick, and a well 
 in the vicinity, dedicated to that saint, is held 
 in high veneration. Down participates in the 
 linen manufacture. It returns a member to the 
 parliament of the United Kingdom. 
 
 DowNHAM, Market, a town in Norfolk, with 
 a market on Saturday; seated on the side of a 
 lull, about a mile from the river Ouse. It has a 
 great trade in butter, which is sent up the river 
 in boate to Cambridge, and thence conveyed in 
 waggons to London, under the name of Cam- 
 
 Rfi i§^k"'^"' . V ", " ""^ S. of Lynn, and 
 86 N. by E. of London. 
 
 There are four villnges of the same name in 
 ditferent parts of England. 
 
 Downs, a liimouB road for shipping, on the 
 E. coast of Kent, between the North and South 
 I?orelnnd. See Goodwin Sands, and Deal. 
 
 Downton, a town in Wiltshire, which has now 
 
 "? ™?.''r' ' ^^^^'^ °" ^^^ Avon ; 6 miles S. E. 
 of Sahfbary, and 88 W. S. W. of London. 
 
 utLs^Auv&an, a town of Carinthia, on the river 
 Drave, near the frontier of Tyrol. 
 . Dhacut, a town of Massachusets, in Mid- 
 
 D RE 
 
 dlftsex county on the N. bank of the Merrimac. 
 at Patucket Falls; 28 miles S. W. of Exe^ 
 and 30 N. N. W. of Boston. ' 
 
 Dradatk, or DoRHO, a town of Nubia, with 
 a harbour, on the Red Sea, and wells of good 
 water in the vicinity. It is 36 miles N. N? W. 
 of Suakem. 
 
 DaAGUioNAN, a town of France, capital of 
 the department of Var; 10 miles N.' VV. of 
 Frejus, 40 N. E. of Toulon, and 420 S. S. E. of 
 Paris. Pop. 9300. 
 
 Drakenstein, an extensive valley in the 
 Cape of Good Hope territory. See Stkllen- 
 
 BOSCH. 
 
 Drake, a town of Macedonia, near the ruins 
 of Philippi, and about 20 miles N. N. E. of 
 Emboli. 
 
 DhamBdho, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 N. part of the New Mark ; seated on the Drage : 
 15 miles E. by N. of New StMgard. 
 
 Dr ahmkn. The two towns of Stromsoe and 
 Bragnas, on each side of the Drammen river 
 felhng into the Bay of Christiana, in Norway! 
 are called Drammen. See Stboksoe. 
 
 DsLA%. See Darah. 
 
 Dratb, a river which rises in Germany, at 
 Innichen, in Tyrol, flows through Cadnthia and 
 Stina, then along the confines of Sclavonia and 
 
 oA^®''.,^'""**'^' *"'^' ^^' « courae of about 
 300 mUes, joins the Danube a little below Essig. 
 
 DsirroN, a town in Shropshire, England, 
 with a market on Wednesday ; it is seated on 
 the banks of the river Tern, at the N. E. end 
 of the county, on the road from Shrewsbury to 
 Newcastle. It has three tan yards, two paper- 
 mills, and two manufectures of haircloth -151 
 miles N. W. of London. 
 
 Dresden, a city of Germany, and the capital 
 of the kingdom of Saxony. It is divided by the 
 Elbe into the old and new town, which are united 
 by a grand bridge, and surrounded by strong 
 fortifications. It has a castle, an academy of 
 painting and sculpture,and a magnificent church 
 for tlie Roman Catholics, with a tower 300 feet 
 in height, one Calvinist, and eleven Lutheran 
 churches. The houses are built of freestone, 
 almost all of the same height ; and, though the 
 palaces are few, it is deemed the handsomest 
 city in Germany. The palaces of Holland and 
 Japan are full of curiosities from that country 
 and China : and the picture gallery may claim 
 precedence over every individual gallery in Italy. 
 The royal palace has a tower 355 feet in height 
 Dresden is deservedly celebrated for its manu- 
 facture of porcelain ; the repository for which 
 18 m the castle. Here are also manufactures of 
 gold and silver lace, jewellery, paper-hangings 
 and wind instruments of music, &c. &c. The 
 arsenal contains specimens of the first invented 
 fire-arms, and a curious collection of arras of all 
 ages and countries. The other public buildings 
 of Dresden are the house of assembly of the 
 Ssxon diet, an academy for the young nobility 
 a military school, and several edifices for charit- 
 able motif ntinna T> wn. *«!. U-.U- V; « 
 
 , --; "— -- — ^-r -nkcu trj ific king 01 
 
 Prussia, m 1745, and again in 1756, but retaken 
 1" 1759 ; and it was bombarded by him in 1760 
 for nine days, when he was obliged to raise the 
 
 S 2 
 
DRE 
 
 860 
 
 DRO 
 
 
 •lege. Dresden ia further rendered memorable 
 for its neiRlibourhood being the principal theatre 
 of opemtions between the allied and French 
 nrmies, during the greater part of the year 1 « 1 3. 
 The Russian and Prussian troops having entered 
 It m the month of March, were obliged to quit it 
 m May, after the battlo o*" Lutzen ; and Buona- 
 parte afterwards held his head quarters here for 
 » long time. On the 2(ith and 27th of August of 
 the same year, the allied army, 200,000 strong, 
 under Prince Schwart«cnburg,attemptedtocarry 
 the town by assault ; but Buonaparte having 
 arrived from Silesia, with his guari! 'he niglit 
 before the attack, repulsed them with j^reat loss 
 in killed, wounded, and prisoners. It was at 
 this time the celebrated General Moreau re- 
 ceived a mortal wound, while in conversation 
 with the Emperor of Russia. The allies, in 
 consequence of this disaster, immediately com- 
 menced (heir retreat into Bohemia ; and the 
 French being too eager to profit by their suc- 
 cess, had sent General Vandamme with about 
 30,000 men, into the mountains of that country, 
 to cut off their retreat. But on their arrival 
 near Culm, they were assailed on nil sides ; and, 
 after a furious conflict, the whole army was 
 nearly destroyed, and the commander, with the 
 whole of his staff, were made prisoners ; and on 
 the 6th of November, after the battle of Leipsic, 
 Marshal St. Cyr, who remained in Dresden with 
 a French force of 39,000 men, after a fruitless 
 attempt to negotiate a retreat, was compelled to 
 yield to an unconditional surrender. Prior to 
 the spoliation by Prussia in 1756, Dresden con- 
 tained about 65,000 inhabitants ; from which 
 period it progressively declined down to 45,000 
 in 1810 ; but since the restoration of peace in 
 1814, it has gradually increased, and now con- 
 tains a population of 60,000. In the vicinity 
 are several fine gardens and public promenades, 
 which serve to render Dresden one of the most 
 agreeable abodes in the north of Europe. It is 
 in the lat. of 61. 2. SO. N. and 13. 43. cf W. 
 long. ; 2,30 miles N.N.W. of Vienna, 240 N.N.E. 
 of Munich, 100 S. by E. of Berlin, 190 E. of 
 Cassel, by way of Leipsic, from which it is dis- 
 tant 55 miles. See Pilnitz and Saxony, 
 
 Dreux, a town of France, in the department 
 of Eure and Loire, with a considerable manufac- 
 ture of cloth for the army. It is seated on the 
 river Blaise, at the foot of a mountain ; 48 miles 
 W. by S. of Paris. It was burnt by Henry II. of 
 England, in 1186, taken by Henry V. in 1421, 
 and is further celebrated for a battle fought in its 
 neighbourhood on the 1 8th of December, 1562, 
 between the army of the King of France and the 
 Protestants under the Prince of Coiide, when 
 the latter were defeated. It surrendered to 
 Henry IV. of France in 1593, and is now the 
 scat of a prefect, with a population of 6032. 
 
 Driksen, a town of Brandenburg, in tlie New 
 Mark ; seated on an island formed by ihe river 
 Netze, near the Polish frontier ; 20 miles E. of 
 Landsberg. 
 
 Driffield, a town in East Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Thursday, and a considerable trade in 
 eofij, by 1 camii to the river Hull. It is 2« miles 
 K by N jf York, and 22 N. by W. of Hull. 
 
 TJie neighbourhood is very productire in com, 
 but thinly inhabited. 
 
 Drino, a river of Albania, formed of two 
 streams, one flowing from the frontier of Bosnia, 
 on t'.ie N., is called the White Drino, and the 
 other from the frontier of Macedonia in the S., 
 is called the Black Drino ; after each running a 
 course of about 100 miles, the united stream, 
 after a further course of about 60 miles, falls into 
 the Gulf of Drino in the Adriatic, by several 
 mouths, at Alessio. 
 
 Drino, or Drinizza, another river which 
 rises in the N. part of Albania, and runs paral- 
 lel with the White Drino for a considerable dis- 
 tfiuce in a contrary direction into Bosnia, and, 
 after dividing Bosnia from Servia for about 30 
 miles, and a couree of about 150 miles, falls into 
 the Save, about 70 miles above Belgrade ; this 
 river seems to afford a favourable opportuiiity 
 fi>r uniting the waters of the Save, and thereby 
 the Danube, with the Adriatic. See Dulcigno. 
 Drissa, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Polotsk, at the conflux of the Drissa with the 
 Dwina ; 20 miles W. N. W. of Polotsk, and 
 272 S. of Petersburg. 
 
 DrISTA. See SiLISTRIA. 
 
 Drivastro, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Albania; 20 miles N. E. of Dulcigno. 
 
 DitooHEDA, a sea-port on the E. coa.t of 
 Ireland ; seated at the head of a bay on the 
 banks of the river Boyne, which here divides the 
 counties of Meatli and Louth ; Drogheda being 
 a town and county of itself, with a separate 
 jurisdiction. It is a respectjible town, and car- 
 ries on a considerable trade in butter, grain, and 
 coarse linens ; the harbour is tolerably com- 
 modious, but its entrance is impeded for ships 
 of large burthen, by a bar. It is divided into 
 three parishes. Oliver Cromwell took it by 
 storm in 1 649 ; and it was near hero where the 
 decisive battle was fought between the forces of 
 William and James, in 1691, when the latter 
 wtro defeated. See Boyne. Drogheda is 24 
 miles N. of Dublin. It returns a member to 
 the parliament of the United Kingdom. 
 
 Droitwicii, a borough in Worcestershire ; 
 market on Friday. Here are famous sjilt springs, 
 which were in great celebrity at the period of 
 the Norman conquest, from which is made much 
 peculiariy fine white salt. It is seated on the 
 Salwarp; 7 miles N. N. E. of Worcester, and 1 16 
 W. N. W. of London. It is connected with the 
 river Severn by a canal 7 miles in length, and 
 the Birmingham and Worcester canal runs at a 
 short distance, and by this means the salt is 
 distributed over all parts of the kingdom. 
 Droitwich is divided into four parishes, and re- 
 turns one member to parliament. 
 
 Drome, an interior department in the S. E. of 
 France; bounded on the W., for 65 miles, by the 
 Rhone, which divides it from Ardeche ; it is 
 about 35 miles in mean breadth, bounded on the 
 N. and E. by the departments of Isere and 
 Upper Alps, and S. by Vaucluse. It derives its 
 name from a river which intersects its centre, 
 and fells into the Hhone, The Isere ir.torscrts 
 llie N., and the Argues the S. part of the de- 
 partment, which is comprised of the weatora 
 
 «r.,'^--f»S-;)'*-*'X;'^ 
 
' 
 
 DRO 
 
 I«rt of the late province of Dauphiny. It is di- 
 vided into four arrondissements, the chief towns 
 of which aro Valence, Die, Montelimart, and 
 «3'ons ; the other principal towns are Romans, 
 l^e Crest, and Le Buis; Valence is the capital. 
 
 Dhomorb, a town and parish in the county of 
 Down, Ireland ; the town is a bishop's see ; the 
 palace of the prelate is a stately edifice. It is 
 -iO mJes W. by N. of Downpatrick, and G6 N. 
 of Dublin, on the road to Belfast. 
 
 Dhonkiio, a town of Piedmont, at the foot 
 ot the Alps, on the river Maira ; 1 4 miles S. S.W. 
 ^ baluzzo, and about the same distance W. by 
 XM. of Com. It contains six churches, an'' has 
 a hne bridge across the river. Pop. about 6500 
 DRONFiELD.a town in Derbyshire; 156 miles 
 from London. Here is a ftee grammar-school, 
 and a chalybeate spring. 
 
 Dkontheim, the most northerly of the four 
 great iboceses of Norway, extending from the lat. 
 of 62. 5. to 65. 20. N.. being about 80 miles in 
 mean breadth; it is intersected by several small 
 streams, and the coast is indented with nume- 
 rous inlets end bays, and flanked with numer->uB 
 islands; although a dreary district, the industry 
 01 the mhabitants counteracts, in a considerable 
 degree, the inhospitality of its position and 
 climate. It is divided into 80 parishes, contain- 
 ing a population of about 250,000, having con- 
 siderably increased during the last and present 
 century. The chief town, of the same name, is 
 seated on a point of land, formed by a d^p 
 in et, about 40 miles from the open s^a, in the 
 lat. of 63. 20. N. and 10. 22. of E. Ions • 253 
 
 t^'J^-fnJ-^.-'^?''' ^'"'"' *'"' """"^ d«tance 
 due N. of Christiania, and 360 N. W. of Stock- 
 holm. It was the residence of the ancient kings 
 
 tL 7^1' ""^^ " ""'^ ^^'^ P"""Pal trading 
 town of the diocese, and exports a very consi- 
 derable quantity of fir timber and deals, some 
 pitch, tar, peltry, &c. It is the residence of the 
 bishop of the diocese; the cathedral is a stately 
 edifice; the houses are mostly built of wood, but 
 tlie streets are commodious, and in the summer 
 season it is not an unpleasant residence Pod 
 about 9000. ^' 
 
 Dkosendorp, a town of Austria, with an 
 ancient castle; seated on the Teya, on the fron- 
 tier of Moravia; 10 miles N. of Horn. 
 
 Dkossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New 
 Mark;14milesS.E. ofCustrin. 
 
 Drum, the name of two parishes in Ireland 
 one m the county of Mayo, and the other in 
 Koscommon; there are also about thirty other 
 parishes and several villages in different parts of 
 Ircand beginning with Brum, such as Drumara. 
 LTumboe, Drumcannon, &c. &c 
 
 DnuMsNA, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Leitrim; seated on the E. bank of the Shan- 
 non ; 4 n.iles S. E. of Carrick, and 73 from 
 •Uublm ; It IS rather a neat town. 
 
 Drusenheim, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Lower Rhine; seated on the Hotter 
 j^ear the Rliine ; 15 miles N. byE. of Stras-' 
 
 261 
 
 DUB 
 
 whSTn I ~'P'?»'.">'y «f people in Syria, 
 ^ o i.1- u 'I* ^"S^" '" " fanatical persecution 
 « a caliph of Egypt, against the Mahomedans 
 
 About the beginning of the 11th century, the 
 cahph and his prophet (a native of Persia) both 
 met a violent death, and such of their disciples 
 (the Druses) as adhered to their tenets, fled for 
 a refuge to the mountains of Lebanon and An- 
 tilibanus; from whence they successively made 
 war against the crusaders, the sultans of Aleppo, 
 the Mamelukes and Turks; they were effectiwllv 
 subdued by Amurath III., in 1688, who im- 
 posed a regular tribute upon them, appointing 
 an emir, or chief, whom he invested with 
 executive power, and held him responsible for 
 the payment of the tribute ; this organization 
 however, the Druses soon turned against the 
 turks. with whom they have since been involved 
 m repeated conflicts, with alternate success; 
 they still maintain a nominal independence, oc- 
 cupying about TO miles of coast from Saide.the 
 ancient Sidon, to Gebail or Djebail; BairI)ut. 
 or Berut (which see) being their chief station! 
 ineir rumber is estimated at about 120 000 
 all tr.e males being trained to arms. Their 
 language is the Arabic ; and they now appear 
 to have but Lttle religion of any kind, paying 
 mdiflerently m Christian churches or Turlcish 
 mosques. 
 
 Drybcro, or Driburo, a tn. in the Prussian 
 States, seated near the source of a stream 
 felling into the Weser, in the principality of 
 i-aderborn ; it is pleasantly located, and distin- 
 giished for Its baths; 10 miles E. of the town of 
 Paderbom. 
 
 Dublin, a maritime and fertile county on tha 
 E. coast of Ireland, being about 30 miles in ex- 
 treme lengtK, and 13 in mean breadth, of which 
 a city of the same name is the capital of all Ire- 
 land, and in extent of population and archi- 
 tectural display, is the second city of the British 
 dominions m Europe ; but in other respects in- 
 ferior to either Liverpool, Manchester. Glasgow 
 or Edinburgh. ' 
 
 Dublin City is seated on the banks of the 
 river Lifley, at its entrance into a bay of about 
 40 square miles in surface. It is an archiepiscopal 
 see, and seat of the only university in Ireland, 
 and also its principal centre of commerce; the 
 banks of the river are feced with cut stone for 
 ^u^u ™'^®' '" extent; forming spacious quays 
 on both sides, and connected at convenient dis- 
 tances by six elegant bridges. The other public 
 edifices deserving notice, are the castle, the re- 
 sidence of the viceroy, built about the beginning 
 ot the 13th century; the university (the only 
 one in Ireland), the cathedral of Christ Church 
 and the collegiate church of St. Patrick, and 
 the churches of St. George and St. Werburgh- 
 the custom house, stamp and post offices, courts 
 of law, and king's inns, the bank of Ireland (for- 
 merly the pariiament house), linen hall, royal 
 exchange, and commercial buildings ; the royal 
 barracks, several hospitals, 18 parochial. 26 
 Roman catholic, and 10 sectarian places of 
 worship, and an elegant theatre. The harbour 
 is formed by a pier, run frnm thf S h-n'' "<" 'h~ 
 river, for near 3 miles into the bay, terminated 
 by an elegant hght-house. The entrance of the 
 harbour is, however, impeded by sand-bank^ 
 which preclude the entrance of ships exceeding 
 
DU B 
 
 263 
 
 DTTK 
 
 i 
 
 200 tons burthen, except nt spring tide«j two 
 canals fecilitnte the comiperce of the city with 
 the interior; the royal canal from the N. side of 
 the city is carried into the county of Meath, and 
 the grand canal, ftom the S. W. quarter of the 
 city, extends into the centre of the county of 
 Kildare, where it diverges, one branch to the 
 Shannon, and the other to tl " Barrow, thereby 
 uniting the ports of Limerick and Waterford 
 with Dublin ; a railroad now connects the har- 
 bour of Kingstown, formerly Dunleary, with the 
 city, and which obviates much of the incon- 
 veniences of the port. On the N. W. side of 
 the city is the Phoenix Park, a royal demesne, 
 about 7 miles in circumference, containing a re- 
 sidence for the viceroy, and another for the chief 
 secretary ; and also an observatory ; and, on an 
 eminence on the S. bank of the river is Kil- 
 mainham hospital, for the invalids of the army. 
 The city is bounded by a fine road, called the 
 Circular, about 10 miles in its course, similar to 
 the Fauxbourgs of Paris; within the city are five 
 spacious squares, three on the S. and two on the 
 N. side of the river ; and the principal street, 
 called Sackville Street, 170 feet wide, is entitled 
 to rank amo.ig the finest in Europe; in the 
 centre is a pillar 1 30 feet in height, to commemo- 
 rate the naval achievements of Nelson. Prior to 
 the union of Ireland with England, Dublin was 
 the seat of the legislature, and most of the no- 
 bility and members of parliament had residences 
 there; some of them, very extensive and elegant, 
 have since been converted into hotels, hospitals, 
 and to other public purposes. The local govern- 
 ment of Dublin consists of a lord mayor, 24 
 aldermen, and 96 common councilmen ; it has 
 a considerable manufacture of broad silks, and 
 some woollen jnanu&ctures are also carried on 
 within the city, with various other manufactures 
 for domestic purposes, There does not appear 
 to have been any authentic return of the popu- 
 lation of Dublin prior to 181 1 , but it is supposed 
 to have decreased since the union of the legis* 
 lature with that of England in 1801. The 
 university returns two, and the city and county 
 each two, members '/> the parliament of the 
 United Kifigdom. Tlie general exterior aspect 
 of Dublin is grand and imposing, and the ge- 
 neral character of its inhabitants frank, hospit- 
 able, and prepossessing. On close investigation, 
 however, it proves to contain more abodes of 
 wretchedness and misery than is to be found in 
 8''" other city of the like extent, in any other 
 jmrt of the world. Dublin, in its most com- 
 prehensive sense, contains 26 parishes, 17 within 
 the city boundaries, and 9 between the city 
 boundaries and the Circular road. The civil 
 government is vested in the lord mayor, recorder, 
 2 sheriifs, 24 aldermen, and a common council 
 composed of representatives from the 15 guilds. 
 It is divided into four districts, each submitted 
 to the care of a police magistracy, who have an 
 ofiSce and court within their respective districts. 
 Police stations are established at convenient 
 distances, and a horse patrol is in constant 
 motion tluring iliu greater part of the riight, to 
 a distance of 7 miles from the city. The ob- 
 servatory in the Phoenix Park, about 4 miles W. 
 
 of the custom house, on the N. bank of the 
 river, near its entrance into the bay, is in the 
 lot. of 63. 23. 7. N., and 6. 20. 30. of W. long. 
 The bay is formed by Howth Hill on the N. 
 and Dunlbaht on the S. See each, under their 
 respective heeds, for distance from Holyhead, 
 the nearest point of communication with the 
 British coast, &c. &c. 
 
 There are four townships called Dublin in 
 the United States of North America; three 
 in Pennsylvania, and one in New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 DuBRO, a town of Russian Poland, in the 
 province of Volhynia ; seated on the banks of 
 a branch of the Przypiec, near the frontier of 
 Galicia ; it was formerly celebrated for its great 
 annual fair. It is 24 miles S. E. of Lucko. Pop. 
 obout 6500, »;hiefly Jews. 
 
 DucKENFiELD, a township in the parish of 
 Stockport, Cheshir»», See Stockpobt. 
 
 DoDDiNGSTON, a pleasant village on the S. 
 ude of Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 
 DuDERSTADT, a town of Germany, in the 
 territory of Eichsfeld; 18 miles E. of Gottingen. 
 Pop. about 4000. 
 
 Dudley, a borough of Worcestershire, Eng- 
 land, insulated in the county of Stafford; 10 
 miles W. by N. of Birmingham, and 128 from 
 London. It is a place of antiquity, having the 
 remains of a castle, built about the year 700; 
 the neighbourhood abounds in coal, iron, and 
 limestone, and the town participates largely in 
 the manufactures of the district, having about 20 
 establishments for the manufacture of nails, 
 anvils, vices, tracery, and other heavy iron 
 work; 10 other establishments for the manufac- 
 ture of fenders and fire irons, 6 glas8»houses, 
 and 2 other establishments for glass cutting; 3 
 malt and coffee-mill makers, 20 malting-houses, 
 &C. &c. It has 2 churches ; that of St. Thomas 
 is a beautiful structure, with a lofty spire. 
 Market on Saturday. It returns one member 
 to parliament. 
 
 Dudley, a town in Worcester county, Massa- 
 chusets, near the frontier of Connecticut; 20 
 miles S. of Worcester. 
 
 Duffel, a town of the Netheriands, a few 
 miles N. of Malincs Pop. about 3000. 
 
 DuiSBURG. See Duysburo. 
 
 Duke op York Isi^ino, an island in the 
 Pacific Ocean, discovered by Commodore Byron, 
 in 1765, lying N. of the Frienc^y Islands. Long. 
 172. 30. W. lat. 7. 56. S. 
 
 Duke of York Island, an island in the 
 Pacific Ocean, lying between New Britain and 
 New Ireland; so named by Captain Carteret, in 
 1767. The natives go entirely naked ; are stout, 
 well made, and of a light copper colour; their 
 hair is woolly, but they dress it with grease and 
 powder, and make it liang straight. Their huts 
 are made chiefly of bamboo, and placed under 
 the shade of cocoa-nut trees with a fence before 
 them, within which the plaintain, banana, yam, 
 sugar-cane, &c., are cultivated. The island 
 produces, besides the plants above mentioned, 
 belel-nuts, mangoes, bread-fruit, and guavas. 
 Here are also dogs, hogs, poultry, and some 
 spices. The nutmeg was seen by Capt, Huiiter, 
 
 S^ 
 
DUK 
 
 963 
 
 PUM 
 
 who anchored in Port Hunter Bay, in this island, 
 in 1791. Long. 161. 20. E. lat, 4. 7. S. 
 
 Duke's County, in the state of Maasachu- 
 sets. See Martha's Vineyard. 
 
 DuLAs, a village of Wales, in the Isle of 
 Anglesea; 10 miles N. W. of Beaumaris. It 
 stands on the Irish Sea, at the month of a river 
 of the same name; and is much frequented on 
 account of the com and butter trade, and for 
 fern ashes and kelp. 
 
 There are several small rivers in different 
 parts of Wales, named Dulas, and also a 
 village in ^Torefbrdshire. 
 
 DuLciONo, 1 vn of European Turkey, in 
 Albania; seated at the mouth of the river 
 Bosnia; IS miles S.W. of Scutari (which see). 
 Long. 18. 66. E. lat, 42, 23. N. Pop. about 
 
 DuLKEK, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 M^th, formerly the see of a bishop, but now 
 an inconsiderable place. It is seated near the 
 S. bank of the river fioyne; 3 miles S. W. of 
 Drogheda, and 21 N. by W. of Dublin. 
 
 DuLKEN, a town of the Prussian states, lying 
 about midway between the Rhine and the 
 Maese; 20 miles N. by W. of Juliers. Pop. 
 about 4000. *^ 
 
 DuLHEN. a town of Westphalia, in the princi- 
 pality of Munster; 14 miles S. W. of Munster. 
 Pop. about 1800. 
 
 DutVBHTON, a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, and manufactures of coareo 
 woollen cloths and blanketa. It is seated near 
 the Ex ; 20 miles S. of Minehead, and 166 W. 
 by S. of London. 
 
 DuLWioH, a beautifully sequestered village in 
 Surrey ; 4 miles S. of London. It is femous for 
 a college, founded by Edward Alleyn, a come- 
 dian, called the College of God's Gift; to which 
 IS attached a gallery, containing a beautiful col- 
 lection of paintings; the village is seated in a 
 vale. 
 
 DuMARiNo, a town of the island of Borneo, 
 on the E. coast. Long. 117. 30. E. lat. 2. 10. N. 
 
 Dumbarton, County op, sometimes called 
 Dunbarton, formerly Lennox, formed of a nar- 
 row strip of territory between the lowlands and 
 the highlands of Scotland, extending W. from 
 near the Frith of Forth, for about 25 miles, to 
 the mouth of the Clyde, and then N. for abou ., 
 25 miles more, between Loch Long and Loch 
 Lomond, the mean breadth not exceeding 6 
 miles; the Grand Canal from the Clyde to the 
 Forth runs along the E. part of f. county, 
 which IS divided into 12 parishes : the principal 
 towns and villages are Cumbernald and Kirkin- 
 tilloch, m the E. part; Kirkpatrick, Kilpatrick, 
 Uumbarton, Cardcross, Bonhill, and Kilmar- 
 nock, in the centre; and Roseneath, Row, Lup, 
 and Aroquhar, in the N. It returns one mem- 
 ber to parliament. The cotton manufacture is 
 carried on in the central part of the county, and 
 illicit distillation in the N. 
 
 Dumbarton, the chief town of the preceding 
 
 county. 1» n rnvoj hnroh- - — f— 1 . *!i- »» K ! 
 
 '•,- • -•'" "'"^g", "vtttrOun tiic ill. Dank 
 
 ot the Clyde, at the junction of the Leven, the 
 outlet of Loch Lomond : on a point of land 
 formed by the junction of the two rivers is a 
 
 castle, occupying a very commanding position, 
 and formerly deemed the key of the pasaane 
 between the lowlands and the highlands; on the 
 W. as well as commanding the navigation of the 
 Clyde. The town consists principally of one long 
 street, in the form of a crescent, parallel with 
 the Leven, over which is a handsome bridge of 
 five arches. It has a handsome church, with a 
 lofty spu«, erected at the close of the last cen- 
 tury. Its principal manufacture is glass; a 
 portion of the inhabitants are employed in the 
 cotton manufocture in connexion with Glasgow. 
 It has a convenient port for small vessels, and a 
 quay, but no custom-house, being included in 
 the port of Greenock; and, with Renfrew, &c 
 It sends one member to parliament It is 12 
 miles W. N. W. of Glasgow. 
 
 DuMBOoc, OT DoMBoo, a salt lake on the 
 north fronUer of Boumou, in the interior of 
 Worth Afnca, fi-om whence much salt is carried 
 to Agades and other parts of western Afnca- 
 there is a considerable town, of the same name' 
 on the W. side of the lake, which is S. of the 
 tropic of Cancer, in the long, of 21. 60. E. 
 
 Dumfries, a county of the S. of Scotland, 
 being about 66 miles in extreme length from E. 
 to W., and 30 in mean breadth, its superficial 
 area being 672,000 Scotch acres; it is bounded 
 on the N. by the counties of Ayr, Lanark, 
 mbles, Selkn-k, and Roxbui^h; E. S. E. by 
 the English border, W. S. W. by Kirkcud- 
 bnghtshire, and S. by the Sol way Frith; it is 
 intersected from N. to S. by three considerable 
 mers, abundant in salmon and trout, viz. the 
 Nith, Annan, and Esk, all running from the N. 
 into Solway Frith, and isdivided into 44 parishes, 
 including four royal burghs, viz. Dumfries, 
 Annan, Lochmaber, and Sanquhar, and sends 
 one member to parliament A great part of this 
 county is mountainous, overspread with heath, 
 well stocked with game, and affording pasture 
 to numerous herds of sheep and black cattle, 
 which are driven into England in great numbers: 
 the valleys, watered by the three rivers before 
 mentioned, and the coast bordering on the Frith, 
 are fertile both in pasture and tillage; the 
 mountains in the N. W. part of thecounty 
 contain a bed of rich lead ore, yielding a small 
 portion of silver; coal and lime abound over the 
 greater part of the county, and on the English 
 border both copper and iron have been found; 
 the county also contains a veui of antimony, 
 and two mineral springs. It has no manufac- 
 tures of importance. 
 
 Dumfries, a royal burgh, and chief town of 
 the preceding county; seated on the E. bank 
 of the nver Nith, where that river forms the 
 boundary between the counties of Dumfries and 
 Kirkcudbright, and about 9 miles above ito 
 entrance into Solway Frith. Dumfries is a port 
 ■A U' *•"* '** external commerce is incon- 
 siderable (except coastwise); it derives its chief 
 importance from being the assize town for the 
 county of Kirkcudbright, as well as for Dunj- 
 ines, ana from being the seat of the commissaiy 
 and shenfF court, and of the presbvtery aad 
 synod, while the agreeablenesj of its loca'Jty 
 renders it tlie focus of gaiety and ftshion fo • aU 
 
 
DUN 
 
 304 
 
 DUN 
 
 
 the 8. W. part of Scotloiul. It has two bridges 
 over the Nith, ono of thorn ancient, the othor 
 modern and elc|?nnt, two churches, a aitholio 
 chapel, and four dinsonting places of worship. 
 Its otlicr puhlio buildings are the town house, 
 Riiildhall, infirmary, house of correction, and 
 lunatic asyluir;. In conjunction with San>nihar, 
 *c., it sends ono mcnbor to parliament. Dum- 
 fries is :i(l milos W. N. W. of Carlisle, 75 S. W. 
 of Kdinbuixh. 79 S. S. E. of (Jlasaow, and (10 
 E. N. E. of Port Patrick. It is tho place of 
 interment of Uurns. 
 
 Dun, a town of Prance, in tlie department of 
 Mouse, on the river Meuso ; 16 miles N. N. W. 
 of Verdun. 
 
 Di'N I.E Roi, a town of Franco, in the de- 
 partment of Cher, on tho river Auron; 16 miles 
 S. nf linurgiH. 
 
 DuNAQiiY, a town of Ireland, county of 
 Antrim, on tho llavel water; hero is a chalybeate 
 ■pa. 
 
 DuNAMUNDB, a town of Russia, in the 
 government of Riga. It formerly belonged to 
 tho duchy of Courland, but was token l)v tho 
 Swedes in their wars with the Poles. In 1 700 it 
 was taken by tho Poles, and retaken the next 
 year by Charles XII. I u 1 7 1 it was taken by 
 Peter the Great. It is situate at tho mouth of 
 tho Dwinaj 15 miles N. W. of Riga, to which it 
 is tho outpost, and 20 N. of Mittau. Long. 23. 
 41. E. lat. .^7. 5. N. 
 
 DuNAmmoii, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Vitepsk; seated on tho E. bank of Iho 
 Divena, almut 100 miles abovo Riga. The 
 Russians formed extensive entrencliments near 
 this place in lfll2, but abandoned them on tho 
 approach of tho French towards Moscow. Pop. 
 about (lOOO. 
 
 DuNnAR, a town of Ilnddingtonslnro, on tho 
 S. E. coast of Scotland; seated on tho shore of 
 B bay opening into the German Ocean : tho 
 harbour, defended by a Imttery, is difficult of 
 access, but safe and commodious when attained. 
 Jt is a port of entry, but its foreign commerce 
 is inconsidemble; it has a yard for ship-building, 
 a ropery, soap-work, and one or two iron foun- 
 dries ; it exports a conBidcnible quantity of 
 com to the London market, and the inliabitants 
 in the season pursue the herring fishery with 
 much industry. Here was anciently a castle, 
 now in ruins, which stood on a rock, and, before 
 tlie use of artillery, was deemeil impregnable. 
 Under the rock are two natural arches, through 
 which the tide flows ; and l)etween the harbour 
 and the castle is a stratum of vast Iwsaltic 
 columns of red stone, intorspcrscil with veins of 
 jasper. Dunbar is distinguishetl in various 
 periods of Scottish history through several cen- 
 turies, and was formerly deemed of much greater 
 importance than at present. It was created a 
 royal bui^h about the middle of the I4th cen- 
 tury, and contributps, with Haddington, &c. in 
 sending one member to parliament. Thaaarish 
 extends for about .Q miles along tlie coajf. It 
 
 is 27 miles E.of Edinburgh, and 29 N. W. of 
 Berwick on Tweed. Lat. 56. N. and 2. 30. of 
 W. long. 
 
 DwNBARTOlf. See DrMBABION. 
 
 Dunblane, or Dumolanr, a town of Scot- 
 land, in Perthsliiro, formerly a bishop's see, 
 with a magnificent cathedral; it is 6 miles N. 
 of Stirling. 
 
 DuNCANSDY, or DuNoiRBr IIkad, the ex- 
 treme N. E. point of Great Britain, in the lat. 
 of 60. 40. N. and 3. fl. of W. long. 
 
 DuNciruRCit, a village in Warwickshire; 80 
 miles N. W. of London. It derives its namo 
 <■ im its situation on tho border of what waa 
 f» morly an extensive hoath called Dunmora 
 heath, celebrated for a legendary talo of a cow 
 of enormous size, wln'ch roamed upon it. 
 
 DuNpALK, a parish and town on the E. coast 
 of Ireland, in tho county of Louth, and of which 
 it is tho oRsijse and chief town. The town is 
 seated at tlio mouth of a small river, falling 
 into a bay of the same name. It pnrtieipntes 
 lai>?ely in the linen manufacture, and is distin- 
 guished for a manufacture of iine cainbrics, 
 established in 1737. It has a custom-house, 
 and an elegant town-hall, and other public 
 buildings. It is 1« miles N. of Drogheda, and 
 12 S. of Newry. It returns a member to tho 
 parliament of tho United Kingdom. 
 
 Dundee, a seaport of Scotland, seated at 
 the S. extremity of Angus, or Forfarshire, on 
 the N. shore of the Frith of Tay, which forms a 
 convenient and commodious harbour for ships 
 of largo burden. Next to Edinburgh and Glas- 
 gow, Dundee is the most mnnufiicturing and 
 commercial town in Scotland; independent of 
 its extensive coasting tmdo, it imports a largo 
 quantity of flax and other products direct fVom 
 tho Baltic, and employs several ships in tho 
 Greenland whale fishery. Its manufactures 
 consist of sail-cloth, cotton, bagging, osnaburgs, 
 and other heavy linen fabrics, and coloured 
 sewing threads. The town consists of four 
 principal streets, diverging from a square in the 
 centre ( the public buildings r.re a town-house, 
 trades-hall, infirmary, orphan and lunatic asyt 
 lum, threo churches, and a theatre, and is the 
 commencement of tho Dundee and Arbroath 
 l^ilway, Dundee was erected into a royal 
 burgh in 1 1 C5, and has been exposal to the re- 
 pented ravages of the contending parties which 
 have prevailed in Scotland since that period; 
 the last time it suffered fVom such cause was in 
 tho time of Cromwell, when it was taken by 
 assault, and given up to pillage by the troops 
 under General Monk, who shared 60/. a man 
 from the booty thev obtained. It is 22 miles 
 E. of Perth, and 42 N. E. of Edinburgh. Lat. 
 66. 27. N. and 3. 3. of W. long. 
 
 DuNnoNALD, a village S. of Irvine, in Ayr- 
 shire, Scotland, abounding in excellent coal. 
 The cotton manufacture is also carried on in the 
 village, 
 
 DtiNFKBMMNE, a foyal burgh of Scotland, in 
 Fifeshire; seateil near the S. W. extremity of tho 
 county; about 3 miles from the N. shore of the 
 Frith of Forth. It is celebmte<l for its once 
 magnificent abbey, which fell a prev to tho 
 plundering army of Edward I., and as the place 
 of interment of Malcolm Canmore, the founder 
 of the abbey, seven other Scottish monarcha, 
 five queens, and several of the moat eminent 
 
 Ji... 
 
DUN 
 
 f! 
 
 205 
 
 POTMM Who figure in Scottwh history. Dun- 
 ftrmhrie has been celebrated in Inter Umes foi 
 «Ui extensive manufacture of fine table linen 
 and still ranks among the most important manu' 
 fnctunng towns of Scotland, The town is well 
 built on an eminence, and commands some 
 beautifiil prospects of tho surrounding country • 
 ^spubbc biuldings consist of a town-house. an 
 elegant guildhall, &c. It returns one member to 
 parliament, and is 17 miles N. W. of Edinburgh 
 JJUNOANNON, a town of Ireland, in the S E 
 part of the county of Tyrone, It returns a 
 member to the parliament of the United Kina- 
 
 Jn.m'D'f.bVn"""'^-'^^-"'^™'^'''-'' 
 DuNOARvoN, a town of Ireland, seated at the 
 
 „r,?. u ^u^cf'^ ^^° «'<'""'y "f Waterfordi 
 although the harbour is safe and convenient it 
 IS not a port of entry J its principal trade consists 
 of potatoes and fish, for the Dublin market. It 
 returns one member to the parliament of the 
 United Kingdom, and is frequented, in tho 
 Rimrner season, for seabathing, the principal 
 object of the town is tl,o ruin of an ancient 
 
 . Z^'kJ ?"lf ^.- ^y ^- "f Waterford, in the 
 lut. of 62. 2, N. and 7. 35. of W. long. 
 
 , DuNOENKss, a celebrated promontory, form- 
 ing the b L. point of the county of Kent, Eng- 
 laiia. at the entrance to the Straits of Dover- 
 the light-house >s in the lat. of 60, 55. 1. N. and 
 V. 57, 48, of E. long, 
 
 DuNoiVEN a town in Ireland, county of Lon- 
 donderry. Here are the ruins of a very ancient 
 
 dS. ""^ "^^ '"'"°' ^^^ """es from 
 
 DuNKELD, a town of the highlands of Scot- 
 
 a&T'/f^ "" *•'" N- ^""^ °f '»•« river Tay in 
 a delightfully romantic ,«»rt of the county of 
 
 aZt i 7"f *''^ «;''Pit«l°f ancient CaLnlonia; 
 and, at an early period, a Pictish king founded 
 
 Jerted"ir""'K'^f.°^ ^""l^^'A' '^''''=h was con- 
 verted into a bishopric by David I in 1130 
 
 Scotland. The choir of tho cathedral is still 
 entire, and serves for the parish church At a 
 more recent period it was much frcquentedls a 
 place of fashionable retreat, and for obSnTng 
 goats' whey J but this practice has ceased, Thf 
 
 DukVo"f'A'rr"'^V"*^ """"^''^ " «='«™«'l by the 
 Uuke of Argylo, as his exclusive property • and as 
 
 S'vi''" •^'l T''''^ '^'^ whole of The ad,r 
 cent vicinity to his own immediate purpose ^d 
 gmtification; there is an elegant bridge of seven 
 
 "et towroVSf ^,?^M ^r'^^'' -the'Sma" 
 IWh n i^v '"«hj«nd8; it is 15 miles N. of 
 1 erth, on the line of the military road to Fort 
 Augustus and Inverness. 
 
 mcnt'of^iTr:,* 'if ^'"■'.•'f ^">"''''' '■" the •depart- 
 ment of Nord, It was taken from the Span ards 
 by the English and French in 1658, and put h^t^ 
 
 the hands of the English, but sold to Kv "oh 
 by Charles II.. in 1662. Louis XIV mndo if 
 
 but aV he'i:* 'r''"' ^r - ^- kinX 
 basins filMH '•" ''"'^ dotnomed, and the 
 fcf i' T.\? eo-equenceof the treaty of 
 
 SSh^aTl' but they were ord^edt te 
 aemolished at the peace of 1763, They con- 
 
 DUN 
 
 Si-," *'"• *''* P«'«'* °f '78S, when the 
 r« .f ^^'^ .T'" •■«»""'««'; »nd tho next year rt 
 waa declared a free port. The English alteKd 
 o besiege this place in 1793, but were obZdlo 
 retire with lo«i. Dunkirk is divided in"o the old 
 and new town is well built, ha. a spacious mar- 
 ke^p^ce, and an elegant modem built church- 
 ^e Z" Pf*"* " i' ""'^ •"" «' ''t"e "«te. It is 
 Pop S.OoS ^''^'"'' *' ""^^ ^- ^y N. of Calm 
 
 DUNLEAKV. «f« KlNOSTOWN. 
 
 DuNMow, a corporate town in Essex, with a 
 market on Saturday, It is seatedTa h*- 13 
 Snln.' ^•"'■Chelmsford, and 38. Ne', of 
 
 Du^mow""" rfir.'-''' " ''""«"' ^ n^'"'*" from 
 1 1 nT ; 1 ''^'J °"ee a monastery, built in 
 
 ihu^crtr "f '*■" •P"'"y "'"^ '^^'"^ he pari h 
 church. This place is famous for the tenure of 
 
 SluTt'o'tr nn^' '*"•* ^»"'^-- «arried"couplJ 
 go to the pnorjr, and swear they have not 
 repented of their marriage, within a yc«rand a 
 &"" '' '?°^ place, shall recerve^flit "h of 
 bacon. The finrt grant of this description took 
 
 fn I75T. '"«" °^ "*"'^ VI- '^^ the iMt 
 
 Wi»n7^ "*f "• *" «'«tensive promontory of 
 Scotland, in the county of Caithness. Ite N 
 extremity, m the Pentland Frith, is the mort 
 W kW^I "^^T.^Britain. Long.T2t 
 
 the W nn i ?• J^ ^^'^ "«"'« to a bay on 
 
 the W, , on the E, shore of which is a viUaee of 
 
 the same name. See Tuvnao. "^'""geot 
 
 DuNNiNo. a town of Scotland, in Perthshire- 
 
 the^sT'.^'," '?^.t '"/'?•' ^"R"«h Channel, on 
 
 DuNSE, a town of Scotland, the lareest in 
 
 nnd^eleSf ■, "^'^ "f ^ "'"'"^" "lanuSre" 
 Tunhrii • 1.'""?^"^' ''^"' «™"«' to that of 
 Tunbridge ,n England. It is situate under a 
 hill, nearthe river Whiteadder; 14 miirw of 
 Berwick, and 40. E. S, E. of Ldinb^rS ll k 
 
 ttK'f27r'^'^"-^'^^^''^'I°--^-" 
 
 N^pTp'!!?.*'-' P"'^'^''*''. a hill, 6 miles 
 leCoKh '*''' '? Scotland, 1024 feet above th^ 
 nnnf s^u '^"' •"",'"°'"'«''==ed by the English 
 poet Shakspere. m his drama of Macbeth 
 
 Dunstable, a town in Ucdfordshire with <i 
 market on Wednesday. It is of great antSL 
 
 m.^^y ■' "^^ '""'^e it a borough, but m 
 members were ever sent to parliament The 
 
 to' it is rfitT""'" ''' p"°'y' -"ipoS: 
 
 «fJL ./ ^ ^°"'^' ""^e a royal palace, Dun- 
 stable consists principally of one long street 
 and 18 celebrated for its manufacture of straw 
 for bonnets &c. It is seated on the verge of a 
 range of chalk hills, which extend acr^s the 
 counties of Bedford, Buckingham, and Oxford- 
 and large quantities of larks are caught in hs 
 vicinity, and sph^ to thr T m^^ . w t " 
 aa mile's N. n: W. oJ L i?" '""^'^*- ^'^ 
 Dunstakfnaqe, a ci.stlo of Scotland in 
 Argylcshire, one of the first seats of therkti^S 
 
 
 .i 
 
 ? i\ 
 
 i 
 
 ""'^^'iS?^, , 
 
D UN 
 
 300 
 
 DUR 
 
 and Sonttlih mouiiruliit. Iloru wiw lon^ pro- 
 ■arrml tliti tmnouii Ntoift, hhhiI nn tlin coroiiution 
 ■itiit of tliu Huoltiolt iiiiiMitrcliii, which wim ro- 
 ntovittl to Scoiiii hy KtMiiii'lh II., unit Ihonue 
 liy ICilwiinl I., ill I'JUd, to VVvNUiiinilor \\t\w), 
 wliiTo it now ruiiiii!iii« iii« nil ii)i|iviithiKo to thu 
 coroiiiklioii I'hiiir, Soiiut of tho iiiuMiMit ri'^iillii 
 Klill i'oiiiimiu ill (htt c'ikHllui mill iu<itr it in u 
 Hiiiiill roiilli-Ni chiiiiitl, ol' tilii^iiiit iirchiti'oturo, 
 whoru Novoiitl of (hu Kiiikk oC Hcotlniul iiro Mliil 
 to III) iiiiiirroil. It MluiiiU on u promontory, 
 iilniiiKt iiKiilittml, Ht thu ciitriiMcu of Lovh 
 Klivd) '21 niiit« N. W. of Invoriiry. 
 
 nuNMiicu, It town ill SoiiiorHiitnliini, with n 
 niuiiiot on I'Viihiy, It him n nintlo, on ii ntmtp 
 knoll i iiiiil ut Olio I'liriuT of tho ti'miro in lui 
 umiiMit tiirrot, iiU|i|i(i«uil to ho piirt of tlio ori- 
 KIiiuI oantio, htiilt in Uw tiiiioof Williiiin t. A 
 jiriory Htooil on tlio N. \V. «iiln of thu cr.Htli), 
 iifti'l of whioli now iti'rvo* for tho imriiih chiirrh. 
 It MtmnU on tho wIho ofii viilo, iioiir tho Hrintol 
 Olmnnol ; '.'0 niilm N. W. of 'ruunlon.miil Kit 
 W, of Lomlon, 
 
 IhjNwirii, n viliiiKO in SiilVolk. It wiw for- 
 nmrlv » hi«ho|>'« whi, luul hud iimiiy rlnirohoii, 
 wliii'li hiivo Ihioii Kwiillowotl lip hy Iho noa ; 'ii 
 inil<'« S. of Vannoutli, and 1(10 N. of London. 
 Tlittro nrt< nunioroui other towni and vll!a);oa 
 in Kn)!liknd,tho naniUN of which huKin with 
 J>uit, a Saxon word ■ignifyiiig a down, or 
 lovol plai'o, or country. 
 DtuM.iN, an interior c'ounty in tho S. E. 
 part of tho Ntato of Nortli Carolina, watorocl 
 Ity tho N. li. hrunch ol Capo Four Ilivor. I'on. 
 ll.lirj. 
 
 Di'vttiKki.A, n provinco of Morocco, about BO 
 miles lonn and (iO broad, exccoillngly fortilo in 
 com niid piisture. 
 
 DuaAMU, a river in tho S. K. of Frnnco, 
 whii'h in formed near Uriuin'on, of tho rivulets 
 Dure and Ance, and tlowa hy Kmhrun, TallanI, 
 Sisteron, Mano*iuo, C^ivaillon, and Avignon, 
 into tho Hluiiie. 
 
 DtMiANiio, a town of Siiniii, in Uiaony ; 14 
 miles S. K. of HiIIhiu. 
 
 DouANoo, u division of Maxico, Pxtending 
 IKiin tho hit. of '.'4. to .IJ. N., i"onipri»ing tho 
 greater portion of tho luto provinco of Now 
 llisniy ; intonu'cted tVon> S. to N. hy tho mtiiu 
 rid^o of the Andes. Its siiperficml urea is 
 coinputtnl at r-*!>,'J47 sipiaro miles, and a popu- 
 lation of I5!l,700. Tho chief town, of tho 
 Kuuo name, is sented near tho S. end of tho 
 i>w¥inv>f>, in tho lat. of '.M. !0. N. and 104. of 
 \V. long., at an elevation of tili.')4 ftnit nlwvotho 
 level of the sea. It is about .^'J0 miles N. W. 
 of the city of Mexico. l*op. about IJ.OOO. 
 
 Di'UAXZO, a town of Knropeau Turkey, capi- 
 tal of AllNUiia, and u (Jreek archbishop's see. 
 It has a ruiiioil fortress, and a gotnl harlwur on 
 tho tiulf of Veuiw ; 50 milw N. of Avionn. 
 Long. IS). 3<i. E. lat. 41. '2,5. N. Pop. !)000. 
 
 Di'RUU.Ntu, a town of Hiiulostim, in Bahar, 
 near tho Gogary ; M miles N. E. of Patna. 
 
 DuunuY, a town of Holland, in Luxemburg ; 
 tented on the Ourthe : '25 miU>« S. by W. of 
 I<iegt>, and about tho same ditUmce K. by S. of 
 Nauiur. 
 
 DiiiiiiS, or I>i;iiun!N, a town (,f tho Pniwiiaii 
 «tnti<s of tiio Uhiiie, on tho K. Iiank of tho lloor, 
 in tlui duchy of Juliora ; 15 miloi K. of Aix-1»- 
 Clmpille, i'op. alMmt470U. 
 
 I'i'iiiiAM, H maritinio county, on tho N. K. 
 coast of llngland j honnilud on tho .S. and H.W. 
 by the river Tecs, which divides it from Vork- 
 shiri). 'I'liii western extremity of tho county jet« 
 upo I WiHtmorolaiid and Cumberland, anil tho 
 rivers Derweut am' Tyno divide it tVom North- 
 umborland on tho N. Tho iinu oi' const fVom 
 tho month of tho Tees to the Tyno is about .S2 
 miles ; hut in its extreme extent fVom N. to H. 
 the distaiK'o is 'Mi miles, and <Vom E. to W. about 
 40 miles and contains (i 10,000 ncrui. All the 
 W. part of tho county is monnliiinous, some of 
 tho neiiks rising ujiwards of 'JOOO foot above tho 
 level of tho son j iVom those mountains rises the 
 rivor Wear, which, by its circuitous course and 
 collateral streams, waters nil tho interior parts 
 of tho county. The chief cimmctoristic of this 
 county is its conl minos, which yield nbiml two 
 million tons annually, chiefly fur tho supply of 
 London, and tho K. and S. K. parts of lOiigland. 
 The rivers and coasts abound in salmon and 
 other excellent llsh, while tho K. and 8. K. parts 
 of the county yield a surplus of agricultural 
 produce, both in grain and cattle ; it owns also 
 a eonsidomhie extent of ihipping, employed 
 chiefly in the conveyance of its coal, tho value 
 of which, including tho fteight and its supply of 
 agricultural nroduce, together with some lead, 
 iron, and mill-stones, constitute nn exchangeable 
 amount, exceeding 1,000,000/. per annum. The 
 jirincipnl towns besides tho capital, of tlio samo 
 name, are Stockton, Darlington, if.id Bernard 
 Cantio, on tho N. liank of the Tees j Gates- 
 head and South Shields, on the S. Ixmk of tho 
 Tyne ; Monk Wearmouth, Bishop's Wear- 
 mouth, and Sunderland, at the mouth of tho 
 Wear J Bishop's Auckland, Chester-lo-Street, 
 &c., in tho interior. It is divided into the 
 North and South diviiiona, and returns twu 
 memliers for each, 
 
 DuuiuM City, the chief place and capital of 
 tho preewling county, is seated on tho biuiks of 
 the river Wear, about the centre of the county, 
 on the line of tho gn'at high road front London 
 to Kdinhurgh ; 10 miles iVom the sea in a direct 
 line, about "20 from the mouth of the Wear, by 
 tlie course of tho stream, \i tVom tho Tyne at 
 Newcastle, 19 twm the Tees at Darlington, 242 
 in a meridional line, and '255 by the lino of road 
 N. by W. of London. It was created a bishop's 
 see by a king of Northumberland, prior to tho 
 conquest ; who, out of devotion, ctmferrod the 
 whole county of Durham upon St. Cuthbert, a 
 monk of Lindisfarnc, its first bishop, and his 
 successors for ever. This gmnt was confirmed 
 by Williiim, the Norman c»)nqueror, who con- 
 atitutc<i it a principality, or county palatine j 
 hence tho county is sometimes designated the 
 princiiwlity of Durham. The cathedral was 
 founded towards the close of the 1 Ith century, 
 and is a magnificent etliiice, upwards of 400 
 feet in lengths seated on nn ominenco. 80 feet 
 nlHivo the surfoce of the river ; tho principal 
 tower is '214 feet in height. Besides the catne< 
 
 
DUR 
 
 aor 
 
 DY8 
 
 <!ntl there nro six otiior churchci, three of them 
 iiiio LMlifUx'H ; two lloiimn CttUiolic, and lovenil 
 diiwentiiiK place* of womhip. Durham hoa alao 
 n utittely utKtlo, founded by William the Nor- 
 nmn, now tlio bishop'« pulitco, and lovural public 
 ))uil(lings tiioro immudiiitely bclotiging to the 
 city ; while the Ktu)l,houiK) of correction, courti, 
 and governor'! houHO for county purpoRot, have 
 III! been recently rebuilt in a handsome stvlo, 
 Tlio univeraity of Durham, recently founded, is 
 onduwod with am|)lo revenucH, derived from the 
 cathedral bishojiric. There are three bridge* 
 over the river ; and, on the whole, the city of 
 Durham presents u very interesting and im- 
 posing us|)ect, and is celebrated in E.vrlish his- 
 tory. It returns two members to parliament ; 
 market on Thursday ; it has no manufacture of 
 importance. 
 
 There are several towns named Durham in 
 ditfurent parts of the United States of 
 North America ; the only one deserving 
 of notice is in UtaiTord county, New 
 HumpHhiro. Near it is a rock, computed 
 to weigh UO tons, so exactly poised on an- 
 other rock, as to be easily moved with a 
 fmgtsT. It in situate on Uyster lliver, near 
 its junction with the I'iscutoqua ; 16 mile* 
 W. of I'ortsmouth. 
 DunidiKiM, a town of Germany, in the pala- 
 tinate of the Uhine ; seated on the river Hardt ; 
 I7milv«8.W.ofWorms. 
 
 DuiiKHKiM, or TuKKiiBiii, a town of France, 
 in the department of Upper Uhine, where the 
 l<'rench gained a victory over the Austrians in 
 1G75. It is 4 miles N. W. of Colmar. 
 
 DuaLAcn, a town of Suabia, capital of Baden- 
 Durluch, with a castle. It was formerly the 
 seat of government of the grand duke of Daden, 
 who trniisfcrrcd his residence to Curlsruhc, since 
 the peace of 1)114. Here are manufactures of 
 porcelain, eloth, and stuifs. It is seated on the 
 Gicsscn ; 15 miles N. N.£. of Baden. Long. 
 «. 35. E. lot. 48. 58. N. Pop. 6100. 
 
 DuitsLBY, a corporate town in Gloucestershire, 
 with a market on Thursday. In 1821 it had 
 three establishments for drawing of wire, four for 
 the manufacture of carding machines, and four 
 for the manufacture of woollen cloths; it had for- 
 merly a castle. It is 1 3 milec S. W. of Glouces- 
 ter, 20 W. of Cirencester, and " 08 from London. 
 Di'RTAL, a town of Fmnce, in the department 
 of Mayenne and Loire. The chief trade is 
 tanning. It is IG miles N. E. of Angers. 
 
 Dusk Uat, a bay on the S. W. coast of 
 New Zealand, in the .Pacific Ocean. The 
 country here is steep, and the hills near tiie 
 aeaside ore covered with intricate and impene- 
 trable forests. Abundance of excellent refresh- 
 ments are found here ; and it contains several 
 coves and harbours. Long. 166. 18. £. lat 45. 
 47. S. 
 
 DtmiARAii, a town of Ilindostan, province of 
 Quzerat. Pop. 7U00. 
 
 DusaicLDOUP, a strong city of Westphalia, 
 capital of the duchy of Berg. Contiguous to 
 the palace is a celebrated gallery of paintings. 
 Duaseldorf was taken by the French in 171)5. 
 It is seated on the river Dussol, near the Rhine ; 
 25 miles S. of Wcsol. It was included in the 
 cessions to Prussia in IU15, and is now the 
 capital of a circle, with alwut 365,000 inhabit- 
 ants ; thoM of tlio town 20,000. Long. 6. 40. 
 E. lat. 51. 12. N. 
 
 Duciiic88, a county of New York, extending 
 for 45 miles along the £. bank of the Hudson 
 river, and 22 in breadth. Poughkecpsie, the 
 chief town, seated near the banks of the rivert 
 is CO miles N. of the city of New York, and 78 
 S. of Albany. Pop. 52,398. 
 
 Ddxbvby, a town of Massachusots, in Ply- 
 mouth county, on the W. shore of Massachusets 
 Bay, with a harbour for small vessels, and a 
 lighthouse at the S. extremity of the beach. It 
 is situate S. by £. of Plymouth, 3 milet across 
 I'lymouth Bay. 
 
 DuvsDuao, a fortified town of Westphalia, 
 in the duchy of Clevc, with a Calvinist univer- 
 sity. It has a considerable trade with Holland, 
 and is seated on the Iloer, near the Rhine ; 12 
 miles S. by E. of Wesel. 
 
 DuvTz, a town of Westphalia, in tho'duchy 
 of Beig, with a Benedictine abbey It is inha- 
 bited chiefly by Jews, and seated on the Uhine, 
 opposite Cologne. 
 
 DuTVELAND, One of the islands of Zealand, 
 in Holland, £. of Schowen, from which it is 
 separated by a narrow channel. 
 
 DwiNA, a river of Russia, which runs from S. 
 to N. into the White Sea, at Archangel. 
 
 DwiNA, another river of Russia, which issues 
 from two lakes } one in the government of Twer, 
 and the other in the government of Pskov, runs 
 S. by W. to Vitepsk, then W. N. W. past Po- 
 lotsk and Dunabourg, dividing the ancient pro- 
 vince of Livonia on the N. from Samigalia on 
 the S., and, after a course of 450 miles in a 
 meridional line, and upwards of 600 by the 
 course of the stream, falls into the Gulf of Riga 
 at Dunamunde, a few miles below the city of 
 Riga. 
 
 Dtnapoob, a town and fort of Hindostan, 
 in Bahar, near which is a diamond rnine. It 
 is seated on the Ganges ; 10 miles W. of Patna. 
 
 Dysart, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 with a good harbour. It has a considerable 
 trade in coal, a salt work, a manufacture of 
 checks, and some employment in ship-building. 
 It joins with Kirkaldy, Kinghorn, and Burntis- 
 land, in 'returning one member to parliament, 
 and is seated on the N. shore of the Frith of 
 Forth ; 16 miles N. by £. of Edinburgh, and 
 20 S.W. of St. Andrews. 
 
 h^l 
 
EAU 
 
 m 
 
 EBR 
 
 E. 
 
 ft„lM"""„'"''f *'""«!• »' Scotland, ki Ren- 
 fVow.hire, miles S. W. of GI«,,ow ItTui 
 
 M .1.1 OHox Imving „ great ...miber of private 
 Btlioc.ls for (he oducotion of the youth* of the 
 metropohs. 
 
 Kaoowk. one of the Friendly I.lunds, in tho 
 InciHc OiTnn, discovered by Tasmun in lfi43 
 niKl by him named Middl-hurgh. The land 
 gently riHi-s to a considerahle hi-iffht, present- 
 m « l.ea„tif«| pro.pect of extensile mcX^ 
 
 wul^ plantations. Long. 174. 30. W. hit. 21. 
 
 i.hiS""'^ ""' u **'"'" of Scotland, in Berwick- 
 
 denknowa, an old building, now somewh.it 
 niodernized, and on the „.?;cent kn^riy' 
 
 rlJ^^ •"'c '"T"'" "'■ •"• »»'»«"". "o re- 
 nowned m Scottish ditty. Earlston s scnti^d 
 
 bu^h""'" ^""^''' '* ""« S-^-of S. 
 
 i''*HN. 5if* Erne. 
 
 Easdale a small island of Scotland, near 
 Inh.h«"f w'^.^y''*''""'' **» t''" S. E. of Mull : 
 
 throughout the whole island : it is also tm- 
 verscU m many places with basaltic veins and 
 tnin layers of quartzose and calcareous stones 
 
 JiAsiNawoLD, n town in the North riding 
 of \ orkshire, with a market on Friday, and i, 
 C v™« i'l •^'=*'" »"d butter. It is 13 
 London' °^ ^"'''' ■"'' -'^" ^- ^>' W- °f 
 
 Eastbouiin, a town in iJussex, noted for 
 P enty of tho birds called wheatonrs, and as n 
 place of resort for bathing. Near it is a clialy- 
 b«ite spring. In 1 707 a tessellated pavement 
 ana a Koman bath were discorcred here It 
 "seated near Beachy Head, in the English 
 
 A.^*" Ji*''?{r'''? ™*"' ^'"'^"^ extremity of 
 Asia, on the W. side of Behring Strait, nearly 
 
 S'nf'l""'-''"' ^"'^ ^«P' «" 'he con-- 
 tinent of Amenco. Long. 92. 20. E. lut. S3. 
 
 L^f ', ^°°^u *"' ^°»'=' ^-^"5 and w with 
 othw^places, the names of which are preceded 
 
 Pan-fifn" ''"?°',''' TEArr, an island in the 
 Pacific Ocean; 12 leagues in circuit. It has a 
 i^^ly and stony surface, is naturnllv barren, and 
 
 Sfor'fi 'f 't ""^'"'"'g''. fresh water nor 
 wood for fUel. Itats are the only quadru^,, 
 and there are but few birds. The nativenre 
 uuluHtrious, and plant paper-nn.lberrios and 
 bananas with regular fields of potatoes and 
 J .ims. 1 Ina island was seen by l)„via in i one • 
 LT^'T't^ by Roggewin in 1722, and by' 
 tork m 1774. Long. 109. 47. W. kt, 27. 
 
 Ameri™:l!'"' """° '''••^«"»' to""* in North 
 
 2 In Jf"';*''f'"Pt«n county, Pennsylvania. I 
 
 ^. In lalbot county, Maryland. 
 
 »• In Bristol county, MoMachusets, Ac. 
 
 Lastpout, the most eastern point of th« 
 United States of North America. The town 
 H. beautifully loc-ated on Moose Island, in K 
 anmaquody Bay, and is favourably si unte fo^ 
 carrying on an extensive tr«t«c up the I'm- 
 •amaqiiody, and other rivers falling i„t„ the 
 S^y fJr'^y- ' ^4. 43. N. and 1 0. Vor 
 about WO statute nules in a meridional li," 
 w *';"' Washington, m the long, of ti7. 14 
 W. of Green wicii. ■•»■». 
 
 EAsnvooo, a parish of Ilenfirowshiro, Scot- 
 and. sente.! on the border of Lanarkshir;; par- 
 ticijiating largely in the cotton manufacture. 
 
 tATON bocopr, a town in Bedfordshire. Ernr- 
 gtand; united with St. Neofs, in Huntingdon- 
 shire, by a handsome bridge over the river Ouse • 
 SH miles N. of London. 
 Eausb, a towi. of France, in the department 
 
 400?"" "' ' ^- ^* "' *^"'"*'°'"- ^°P- 
 KuKLTOPT, a town of Denmark, in Jutland 
 with a good harljour, on a bay of the Cattegat- 
 16milo»N. E.ofAarhus. vmiegai, 
 
 EuENEZKR^ a town of the state of Geoijria. 
 capital of Effingham county, situate onTe 
 Savanna ; 25 miles N. N. W. of Savanna. 
 
 I".iiENfUBTH, a town of Austria, on the 
 
 Leyta; 22 miles S. of Vienna. ' ' 
 
 LBERBAcn, a town of Germany, in the 
 
 ,u ^^".°' '"■"' " Cistertian abbi^, seated 
 
 on the Neckarj 11 miles E. by N. of Herdel- 
 
 bei«! now included in the territory of Baden 
 
 i-DEaMANSTADT, a towa of Franconia. in the 
 principality of Bamberg, on the Wisent. near 
 of BuX"' RedniUi 13 miles S. S. E. 
 
 EuEBsTEiN, a town and castle of Suabia- 8 
 miles S. by E. of Baden. ' 
 
 EuEiiyiLLE, a town of France, in the de- 
 iwrtment of luy de Dome, with a Benedictine 
 nbbey ; Boated on tho Scioule; 8 miles N. of 
 
 Ebinoen, a town of Wirtembere, noted for 
 380o"'' 7 miles S. of Hohenzolleni. Pop. 
 
 Eimo, a river of Spain, the ancient Iberu, 
 which rises m tho mountains of Asturias, on tho 
 conhnes of Leon, about 60 miles from the 
 ^ore of the Bay of Biscay, runs E. across the 
 N. part of Old Castile, and afterwards, in a 
 direction E. S. E., forming the boundary be- 
 tween that province and those of Biscay and 
 Navarre: it then, in a S. E. direction, divides 
 Arn^jon into nearly two equal parts, intersect- 
 'l^'i/m P""^ of Catalonia, and, after a course 
 ?n,> !?''^ '" * meridional line, and about 
 400 by the course of the stream, p-ist Logrono, 
 talahorra, Tudela, and .Saragosaa, falls into tho 
 Mediterranean, a few mUes below Tortosa. 
 
ECC 
 
 There nre «cvoral iglandd off its mouth, and a 
 canal rum pumllel with it through Armgdn 
 u»ed more for irrigntion thiiii imvJKntioii. The 
 nver is but little uwd for nnvigiiblo niiriioioi 
 on account of itn numerous BiionJR and riii.ids. 
 
 fcccLKj* H pnriih of Lnncn»hire, conw^tinir of 
 five townilu|«, on tho W.iido of Manchkotku. 
 (which »oe.) ' 
 
 EccLMALL niRHLow, a township in tho 
 parmh of, ,i„d contiKuouH to Sheffield, on the 
 o. W. side. See Siikkkikld. 
 
 i. S?''^.'",'',"""' * '•"^" '""• P""""!'; « mile* N. 
 ot tshettiold. AVtf Siikkkikld. 
 
 EocMWFKcHAN. a town of Scotland, in Diim- 
 fricsshire, noted for its great monthly miirkot 
 
 Sui^f' ^ """"^ ^' "*' ^""''"' ""'' '* ^'- "' 
 EccLESiiALL, n parish and town in Stafford- 
 •hire with a market on Friday. The l>i»h»p of 
 l.ichheld and Coventry has a castle here. It 
 u seated on tho river Sow; 7 miles N. W. of 
 Stafford, end 14B of London. Tho parish con- 
 •isls of 21 small townships. 
 
 ECCLKSIASTICAL STATfS, or STATES OP TUB 
 
 Cuuiicii. See Popkdom, &c. 
 
 EciiTERNAcii, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Luxemburg, on tho river Sour, surrounded by 
 moiintauisj 18 miles N. E. of Luxemburg. 
 
 EciJA, an episcopal and populous town of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, with manufectures of 
 leather and shoes, and a trade in wool and 
 hemp. It is seated on the Xenil; 02 miles E. 
 XV. E. of Seville. 
 
 EcKABDSBEtto, a town and castle of Upper 
 Saxony, in Thuringia; 10 miles S. W. of Naum- 
 burg. 
 
 EcKBRNFORDE, a sonport of Denmark, in 
 South Jutland, on a bay of the Baltic. Near 
 the town is a fresh-water lake, which is con- 
 nected with the bay. It is 14 miles N. W. 
 of Kiel, in Ilolstein. Long. 10. 1. W. lat. 54. 
 
 EcKMuHL, a small town of Bavaria, near to 
 which Buonaparte defeated the Austrians, in 
 April, 1809; it is 13 miles S. by E. of Riltis- 
 6pn, and about the same distance W. of Strau- 
 bing.S. of the Danube. 
 
 Edam, a town of North Holland, famous for 
 Its red rind cheeses; seated on the Ey, near 
 the Zuyder Zee; 11 miles N. N. E. of Amster- 
 dam. 
 
 EpDYSToNB, the name of some rocks in the 
 English Channel, lying S. S. W. from the middle 
 of Plymouth Sound, at the distance of 14 miles 
 On the principal rock (for the rest are under 
 7"^"> Mr Wmstanley built a lighthouse, in 
 1700, which was destroyed by a storm in 170.3. 
 and the projector perished in it. In 1709 
 another, built of wood, was erected by Mr. Rud- 
 3^rd, which waa consumed by fire in 1755. 
 Within four years after, one was built by Mr. 
 ^nleaton which also was burnt down in 1770- 
 and another, of stone, was completed by him in 
 J774, which has hitherto withstood the fury of 
 the^elemunts.^ The building, to the height of 
 ^ .^i from tno loundation, is a solid mass of 
 
 2« four rT*"^ '"'° "^"^ "*»'"5 "bove this 
 
 are four rooms, one over the other, and at the 
 
 369 
 
 EDI 
 
 top « gallery and lantc.-n. It It nearly flO tetA 
 high; and Its .listanco from tho Ram Head tho 
 
 rwiKo.tr-"'^'""** ^"i^^ 
 
 nJrnf t'''^'.""'''' e^'l'- "" ^°""t Lebanon, 
 
 Li «"''.",''• '" '^^""' "'"*'"»' celebrated 
 codnra. *<•« Dsiiirrai. 
 
 Edkn, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 lerthshiro, on tho conHncs of Fifwbiro, an.l 
 flows through tho latter county, by Cu,,ar, into 
 the (.ermmi Ocean, at tho bay of St. An.lrew. 
 Also alio her river in .Scotlnn,l,in Berwickshire, 
 falling into the Tweed; and another, which rise* 
 in Westmoreland, on the confines of Yorkshire. 
 It nins N. hy Appleby into Cumberland, and 
 thence flows by Kirkoswald and Carlisle, into 
 oolway Frith. ' 
 
 EoKNTo.N, a town of North Carolina, capital 
 of Chowan county : it formerly gave n-mc to «, 
 extensive di« net. nowdivMed intoei„t,t or nine 
 counties, m theN. E. corner of tho sUte I is 
 s uate on Albemarle Sound, at tho mouth of the 
 
 Turk,T\"l, ^T"-^' " """" ''f European 
 lurkey, m Macedonia, once the residence of 
 tl.o Macedonian kings. It is seated near tho 
 Viestriczaj 44 miles W. N. W. of Saloniclii 
 Long. 22. 3. E. lat. 40. 50. N. '="'»n"^'"' 
 
 Edpou, or Edfi;, a town of Upper Eirvpt 
 the ancient Apollinopolis Parva, of which the 
 principal remains arc tho ruins of two splendid 
 temples, which are sumptuous specimens of the 
 ancient Egyptian architecture. 
 
 Edoarton. See Martha's Vineyard. 
 LDonASTON, an out-parish of the town of 
 BiRiiiNaHAM (which see) 
 
 Edgecombe. Mount, a hill on the W. side 
 ^f „H! h'^"""^ Devonport, from the summit 
 of which 18 an enchanting prospect of the sur- 
 rounding country, and the English Channel 
 
 i-DOECOMBE, an interior county on tho E 
 part of N. Carolina, intersected by Tar river' 
 Pop. 14,993 Tarborough, CO niilcs E of 
 Raleigh, is the chief town. 
 
 nn'^r b"w°,' " *i^'"*=' "'■S- Ca"'linn. bounded 
 ^h * ,f o^- ^y ''"' Savannah river, comprising 
 about 1600 squaremilesof surface. Pop 3" n5'> 
 The chief town of the same name, in the centre 
 
 JMWEHiLi a village in Warwickshire, 14 miles 
 S. of Warwick, memorablo for the first battio 
 W.^'r^" Charles I. and the parliament. 
 m 1C42: from he brow of the hill there is ai 
 of Redhorse '^^"^''^^"^ '''""P*"^^ «^" 'he vale 
 
 Edoeware, a town in Middlesex j market 
 on Thursday. It stands on the Roman road 
 
 London '^"'""''' " '""'''* ^- ^- °' 
 
 o„.f„?°^'7f "^L"'^.''' " ^"^ °' I'<^^a"d, in the 
 county of Longford; 66 miles from Dublin. 
 Ihis IS the birth-place of Maria Edgeworth. and 
 
 well known in the literary world 
 
 „f ^wi'"'!f' K '"''f 'i" ^'" Lothian, a county 
 of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Frith 
 
KDI 
 
 970 
 
 EKF 
 
 of Forth, E. by tho •liircii (if HmMinKlon, HiT- 
 Wifk, mill Il<)x>)iir«h, S. I.y lUimo „[ Selkirk, 
 lV«M(Ni,niii| Imnnrk, mill W.by UnlithKowiliiro. 
 It i« iliviiluil into .Tl purinluMi, compriiing an 
 nrcn of '_';iO,00(( hitpk, iiiuI (M»nil» ono momlwr to 
 pnrliiimniit. Tho soil ii firtili«, iiiiil proiluco* 
 t'lirii of nil iiortii, with plenty of Kriuwj nim) coiil, 
 iron, limvitnno, unit Ijliivk niiirlili*. Tho prin- 
 eipiil rivers iiru the N. iinil S. VM, I.eith, Amotid, 
 iinil (]iila, nil nowing into tho Frith uf Forth. 
 Hf« HroTi.ANi). 
 
 KoiNiiuRiiii CiTV, the chief phico of the pre- 
 cciliiiK foiinty, iinil nietropoliii of Scotlrtnd, is 
 •eiitod iilM)ut 1 1 niih) from the S. shore of the 
 Frith of Forth, in tho hit. of »A. AH, N., iind 3. 
 lU. of W. liMiK.; 341 miles in a nioriilioniil lino, 
 nnil ;W» hy the niitil lino of roml N. N. W. of 
 London, It in mirroiindml by hills on every siilo 
 but tho N., and whieh form n magnificent iimphi- 
 thoatre; on tho K, are Arthur's Sent and Salis- 
 bury Craigs— a rango of almost iwrpendienhir 
 rocks— and tho Cnlton hill, on tho summit of 
 which Is erected a tompio— a model of tho 
 I'antheoii at Athens— n column to tho memory 
 of Lord Nelann, and an obiiervatory; a road 
 entering the town from tho K. was cut through 
 this rock in III 14. On tho S. aro tho rontland 
 hills, and tho hills of Hraid; and on the W., 
 ■re tho Corstorphino mountains, Tho improro- 
 'Ti«int8 of Kdinhurgh date from 1 7.')3, previous 
 to which it had remained stationary for centu- 
 ries, since tluit time the ineretwo of haiulsomo 
 ediiici-s, and its line situation, have ac(|uirod 
 for it the designation of the Modern Athens. 
 Edinburgh is divided into three i)arts, standing 
 on as many hills, which nm from E, to W, in a 
 direction almost parallel. On the middle ridge, 
 which is narrow and steep, stands the Old Towu; 
 tho North Town is seated on an elevated plain, 
 gently sloping on every side j and the South 
 Town stands also on a similar sloping eminence. 
 The main or High-street of tho Old Town is 
 built along tho centre ridge, !it)70 feet in length, 
 tcrndnated at one end hy Holy rood House, and 
 nt the other by a castle, seatcil on a high, craggy, 
 and precipitous rock, 3()(» feet high, with a draw- 
 bridge on the only aci-cssihle side: hero is shown 
 the apartment in which was born James VI., of 
 Scotland, afterwards James I. of England. In tho 
 High-street is tho collegiate church of St. Giles, 
 a tine tJotliic structure, which has four places of 
 public worship under its roof. Near this is iho 
 building in which the Scotch parliament were 
 convene»l : it is now occupied by tho court.^ of 
 justice; and has a magnificent lofty hall. The 
 palace of Holyrood House forms a grand quad- 
 rangle, with a court in the centre surrounded by 
 piiuzas : tho N. W. towers were built hy James 
 v., and tho whole was completed in tho reign of 
 I'hurlos 1 1. A spacious gallery hero is hung 
 with the pictuMM of 1 1 1 monnrchs, from Fergus 
 I., who reigned in 403, to James V 1.— thegreateat 
 part of them inintiinary. In the N. W. tower is 
 shown the chamber wlicro Queen JInry snt at 
 supper, when IUum) was dmgged from her side 
 and murdered, and tho private staircase by 
 which iluthven entered with tho assassins, to 
 perpotroto the suviige deed. Adjoining arc 
 
 magnlflcont nilns of an abbey, funded by 
 Uavid I., and oimTortod by Charles II. into ii 
 royal clinpel. The univentlty, which win lounded 
 by James VI., in IflllO, is celebrated throngliout 
 the world i and its motlical school in particular 
 is entitled to tho first rank. Tho high school of 
 Edinburgh has also been long famous for tho 
 scholars it has produced. Of the other buildings 
 a few only can t)o noticed; the royal exchungo, 
 tho register ofhco, the physicians' hall, lloriot'a 
 hospitalj for Iho ediieaticm of 1 40 poor boys. 
 Wats-m s hospital, for tho support of decayed 
 merchants, the royal inlirmnry, tho public dis- 
 ponsanr, ni\il somo other pul)lic charities. Tho 
 city of Edinburgh is divided into 1 1 parishes, 
 and 4 in tho suburbs, and returns two members 
 to pariiamont. Tho churches, both presbytcrian 
 and episcoiml, and other places of worship, of 
 various denoniiimtiiins, are numerous, and somo 
 of them beautiful edifices. It is • -tw nearly 
 unitwl by its suliurbs to the port of I.eith, on 
 tho Frith of I'ortli, tho principal resiiltico of 
 tho merchants. There are two mineial springs 
 near the village of Stockbridge, on the N., much 
 freipiontoil for scroftilous diseases, Ac, ono 
 called St. Ucrnnrd's Well, surmounted by a 
 boautiftil templo erected hy Lord (Jardenstone; 
 tho other, the Jubilee Well. Edinburgh, as a 
 whole, isabeautiful, picturesque, and interesting 
 place. It is governed by n lord provost, a dean 
 of guild, a guild council, and '25 common council. 
 Hero iiru 14 incorporated trades, each having ita 
 deacon or warden. Its principal importance is 
 derived from tho courts of justice, and the 
 university and medic- 1 schools, which render it 
 the focus of science and litornturo, and of 
 polite society. Ito manuihcturcs are incon- 
 siderable. Two miles to the S. are the romai><s 
 of ("migmillar Castle, the residence of James V., 
 during his minority, and of Queen Mary, after 
 her return from France in lfiG2, 
 
 Edisto, a river of South Carolina, which, 
 after a course of about 140 miles, falls into tho 
 Atlantic Ocean by two channels, about 40 miles 
 S. of Charleston. Tho island, formed by th - 
 divergence of the stream, contains obout 3000 
 inhabitants, tho greater part of whom arc slaves, 
 
 Edko, a lake and town of Lower Egypt, 15 
 miles S. W, from Rosctta. 
 
 Edmonton, a village of Middlesex, England ; 
 6 miles N. of Shoreditch church, London, on tho 
 great high rood to Edinburgh. It has nothing 
 but its thoroughfare to entitle it to notice. 
 
 EnwARDd, a county on the E. frontier of the 
 state of Illinois ; bounded by the great Waliash 
 river ; 3.5 miles from S. to N, and obout 30 in 
 mean breadth : tho little Wabash intersects the 
 W. side of the county; and, towards tho S. i)art, 
 between the two rivers, 40 miles above their 
 entmnco into the Ohio, is an English settle- 
 ment, founded by an adventurer of the name of 
 Birkbcck, in 1UI3 ; being o level country, tho 
 settlement is designated Ilirkbeck't Prairie. 
 
 Eeci.00, u populous town of Belgium : II 
 milcsN. by W. ofGhent. 
 
 Efheruino. a town of Austria, with a eiutla; 
 seated near tho S, bank of the Danube j 13 
 milee W. of Lint?, 
 
EFF 
 
 •n 
 
 EQY 
 
 E»PiNonAii, « Tillage in Surrey j 12 idHm 
 N. h. of Guildford. It wai once n much larner 
 
 , , ~ .. u.»v.. lariter 
 
 piBco, and iuppoKd to have contained lixlcen 
 churchea, wolli, cavitica like ccllnni, havinc 
 lK;en frwiuently found in tho ni-JKhbouring field* 
 nnd woodi ; and in tho prcwnt church are lonie 
 ancient italli and monumcntt. 
 
 Efpinoium, a county in the itate of Qeoroia. 
 bordering on tho Savannah river ; its area com- 
 pn«c« about SOO iquare mil** I'op. 307ft, of 
 whom U;i3 are alavoi. Springfield, the chief 
 toini. u 20 mile. N. W. of the city of Sntannah. 
 
 JiOKLN, a town nnd cnrtlo of (icrinany, in the 
 
 IUuchy of Magdohurg, on tho river Bode i l(j 
 milee S. S, \^. of Magdeburg. 
 fcoENBoao, a town of Aiwlria, noted for good 
 wine i 13 milei S. W. of Znaim in MoraviST 
 *-««»,» river in Gcrmony, which risci in the 
 pnncipahty of Culmbnch, running in an E.N E 
 direction through tlio circle of Saai, and, after 
 ■ counw of about 120 miles, fitlls into the Elbe 
 noor Leutmeritz. 
 
 EoK», a fortified town at tho western extre- 
 mity of Dohemin, in the circle of Snnz, with a 
 «Mtlo ond college. It was taken by tho French 
 in 1742, but they were forced to evacuate it the 
 next year, through famine. Here are maniifac- 
 turos of leather, huts, cloths, and stufft ; and its 
 mineral waters ore famous. It is seated on the 
 Egcr ; 90 miles W. by N. of Prague. Long. 12. 
 2« . E. lat. ftO. ft. N. Pop. about 0000. 
 
 Egkrseo Szala, a town of Lower Hungary • 
 Mated on the banks of the Sjsala, which fklls 
 into the 8. end of Lake Balaton. 
 
 Eoo, an island of Scotland, one of tho He- 
 brides, to the S.of Skyo, 5 miles in length, and 
 from 2 to 3 in breadth. It is partly flat, and 
 f""^'y j»'"y and rocky, with some basaltic pil- 
 lare. Tho low grounds are fertile. 
 
 Eoo Harbour River, and HAiiBoun, Great 
 and Little, the former forming the S., and the 
 other the N. boundary of Gloucester county, 
 Kew Jersey ; the harbours opening into the 
 Atlantic Ocean, in the lat. of 39. 17. and 39. 
 80. N. 
 
 EaiiAM, a village of England, in Surrey; 18 
 miles from Hyde Park Corner, London, on the 
 great western road. On a plain, adjoining the 
 river Jhamcs, in this pnrish, known as Runny- 
 mede, the barons of England conferred with 
 King John, nnd compelled him to sign Mncno 
 Charta, 19th June, l'Jl.5 ; which was done on a 
 ■mall island, still called Mnpm Chnrta Island. 
 EoLiNOEN, a town of Siinhin, capital of a 
 lordship of the some nome ; « miles N. of Dil- 
 Icngcn. 
 
 EousAii, a town nnd cnstle of Switzerland in 
 the canton of Zurich ; seated on the Rhine :'lS 
 miles N. of Zurich. 
 
 EoMONT OP DKN HoEP, n Village of Holland, 
 in tho province of North Holland ; 3 miles W. 
 by S. of Alkmaer. It appears to have been a 
 considerable town, but was destroyed in 1573 
 by tl.-e enraged Spaniards, after their foilure 
 before Alkmaer. It now exhibits extensive and 
 pictureSHUe ruins, pcrh.ips Die only ruins in all 
 ilolland. Near it are two other villages- Eg- 
 mont op Zee, a mile to the W. on the sea-coast • 
 
 aiid Egmont Binnen, nearly two miles to the S . 
 where a blcKxIy hut undecisive battle was fouHht 
 in I79,'», between the allied English and liuisuin 
 army, and the French and Dutch. 
 
 EdREMONT, a town in Cumberland, with a 
 market on Saturdnv. On the W. side is an 
 Brtifkial mount, with tho ruins of a castle; and 
 .'< mili-s S. E. of the town, in tho woo«led vale of 
 the Culder, ore the remains of the Caldcr abbey. 
 Egremont is stated near the Irish Sea, on the 
 river Eden ; ft miles S. 8. E. of Whitehaven 
 and 209 N.W. of London. 
 
 EorpT, n country comprioing the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Africa, having about 400 miles of 
 coast, between Alexandria and El Ariwli, in- 
 cluding tho indentations of lakes nnd bays. ( 'npe 
 Bourlos, its N. extremity, is in lat. 31. 3(i. N., 
 tVom which point it extends inland to the fron- 
 tier of Nubia, in the Int. of about 24. 30., giving 
 a length of about fiOO miles, while its boundorics 
 E. ond W. are very undefined. It is divided from 
 Asia, at its N. B. extremity, by an extensive 
 desert, nnd further 8, by the Gulf of Suez, and 
 the Red Seo. See Sum. It is bounded on the 
 W. by the deserts of Harca and Libya, and j)urti 
 of Africa but little known, and in its extreme 
 limits from W. to E. may be considered as com- 
 prising about 2 degrees of long, or 122 statute 
 miles, between 81. nnd 33. E.; the inhabited 
 ports, however, do not exceed more than 16 to 
 2ft miles on each side of the Nile, which runs in 
 a direction N. by W. through the whole extent 
 of Egypt, except for about 120 miles above its 
 entrance into tho Mediterranean, where it di- 
 verges into two main, and numerous collateral 
 channels. This is called the Delta of the Nile; 
 comprisingan area of about 12,000 square miles, 
 studded, over the greater part, with towns and 
 villages. This country, so celebrateil in history 
 for Its fertility, its policy nnd arts, appears first 
 to have obtained pre-eminence under the re- 
 nowned Sesostris, about 1720 years ontecedcnt 
 to the Christian era. For nearly four centuries 
 prior to this period, Egypt appears to have been 
 divided into several petty sovereignties, under 
 what were then termed 'jlycsos, or Shepherd 
 Kings, of whom Amasis al Thetmosis was the 
 nrst who gained an ascendancy over his com- 
 peers : this ascendaney was acquired about 1 00 
 years prior to that of Sesostris; and it appears 
 to have been the descendants of Amasis who 
 were ruling in Egypt at the time of the dearth in 
 wegtcrn Asia, when Jacob nnd his family esta- 
 blished themselves in the valley of Gcsscn, or 
 Goshen, E. of the Nile. From the descendants 
 of Amasis and Sesostris sprung the race of the 
 Pharaohs, who ruled over Egypt for twelve 
 centuries, until Cambyscs, king of Persia, be- 
 came master of it, 525 years d. c; and in their 
 time all those wonderful structures were raised 
 and works perfected, which we cannot behold 
 without astonishment. These are the pyramids, 
 the labyrinths, the immense grottoes in the The- 
 baid the obelisks, temples, and pompous palaces, 
 the lake Mfrric ind the vast aina!.". ■rohirh sr-rved 
 both for trade nnd to irrigate the land. ^After 
 this conquest, Cnmbysesdemolished fhe temples, 
 dismterred the remains of Amasis, and burol 
 
r 
 
 EGY 272 
 
 them, and persecuted the priests. This country 
 continued under the Persian yoke till the time 
 of Alexander of Macedon, who, having con- 
 quered Persia, built the city of Alexandria. He 
 was succeeded by Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, 324 
 years b. c. Ten kings of that name succeeded 
 each other, till Cleopatra, the sister of the last 
 Ptolemy, ascended the throne; when Egypt be- 
 came a Roman province, and continued so till 
 the reign of Omar, the second caliph of the suc- 
 cessors of Mahomet, who drove out the Romans 
 after it had been in their hands 7 00 years. When 
 the power of the caliphs declined, in the 1 3th 
 centiu-y, Saladin set up the empire of the Mame- 
 lukes, which in time became so powerfuJ, that 
 they extended their dominions over a great part 
 of Africa, Syria, and Arabia. Next, about 1570, 
 Egypt yielded to the arms of Selim, the second 
 emperor of the Turks. The present inhabitants 
 are composed of four different races of people; 
 the Turks, who assume to be masters of the 
 country ; the Saracen Arabs, who were conquered 
 by the Turks; the Copts, who are descended 
 from the first Egyptians that became Christians; 
 and the Mamelukes, who v/crs originally Circas- 
 eian or Mingrelian slaves, and, being the only 
 military force, continued for centuries to be the 
 real masters of the country; and Egypt had been 
 for many yeirs distracted by the civil wars be- 
 tween the different contending beys, by which 
 its twenty-four provinces were governed. The 
 famous Hassen Ali, the Turkish admiml, gained 
 several victories over them in 1786; but though 
 he repressed, ho could not totally subdue them. 
 The French invaded Egypt in 1798, under Gen. 
 Buonaparte, who defeated the beys in several 
 engagements; but after the departure of Buona- 
 parte, and a strong British force arriving to aid 
 the country, the French were expelled in 1801. 
 But the Turkish pacha, Mehemet Ali, finding 
 the power of the Mamelukes broken by their 
 conflicts with the French, inviled them to his 
 palace, under pretext of an entertainment ind 
 then commenced a gem. -si slaughter of them. 
 A few escaped, but the power of these tyrants of 
 Egypt, and the possessors of nearly all the lend, 
 wat. broken, and has now been reduced to insig- 
 nificance. The complexion of the Egyptians is 
 of a dusky brown; they are generally indolent 
 aiid cowardly; and the lower class are disgust- 
 ingly filthy in their persons : the richer sort do 
 nothing all day but drink coffee, smoke tobacco, 
 and sleep; and they are ignorant, proud, naughty, 
 and ridiculously vain. But the Copts are an in- 
 genious people, and have great skill in business. 
 F'rom March to November, the heat, to a Euro- 
 pean, is almost insupportable; but the other 
 months are more temperate. The south winds, 
 which occur at intervals, from February to the 
 end of May, are by the natives called poisonous 
 winds, or the hot winds of the deserts ; they are of 
 such extreme heat and aridity, that no animated 
 body exposed to them can withstand their fatal 
 influence; and for the three days that they gene- 
 rally last, the streets are deserted. The sands are 
 so subtle, that they penetrate into the closets, 
 cheste, and cubiuefs; which, with the hot windc, 
 are probably the cause of sore eyes being so 
 
 EGY 
 
 very common here. It rains very seldom in 
 Egypt; but tliat want is fully supplied by the 
 annual inundation of the Nile. When the 
 waters retire, all the ground is covered with 
 mud; then the com is harrowed into it, and in 
 the following March there is usually a plentiful 
 harvest. But somo lands are never fallow, and 
 yield three harvests annually; particularly in 
 Lower Egypt, where sowing and reaping are 
 gomg on incessantly, wherever the water of the 
 nver can be obtained for irrigation . There is no 
 place in the world better fiimished with com, 
 flesh, fish, sugar, fmits, and all sorts of garden 
 vegetables; and, in Lower Egypt, oranges, 
 lemons, figs, dates, almonds, cassia, and plan- 
 tains, are produced in great plenty. The ancient 
 fertility of Egypt has been much'extolled; that 
 it was more so than at present, is problematical. 
 The fact has lately been elicited, that the valley 
 of the Nile, and the breadth of the cultivable 
 land, has considerably and pi >gressively in- 
 creased, from the deposits of the Nile, which 
 have in some places covered the ancient re- 
 mains to the depth of seven feet; thus widening 
 the Biicient valley in proportion to the depth of 
 the deposit. Lentiles form a considerable article 
 of food to the inhabitants of Upper Egypt, who 
 rarely enjoy the luxury of rice; and onions, re- 
 markably mild, and of the purest white, continue 
 to be a favourite diet among all classes. The 
 animals of Egypt are tigers, hyenas, antelopes, 
 apes, black cattle, fine horses, large asses, cro- 
 codiles, hippopotami, the camelion, the cerastes, 
 or homed viper, and a kind of rat called ichneu- 
 mon; eagles, hawks, pelicans, water-fowls of all 
 kinds, and the ibis, which resembles a duck, and 
 was deified by the ancient Egyptians, on account 
 of its destroying serpents and noxious insects. 
 The pyramids of Egypt, so justly celebrated as 
 evidences of human labour and art, are all built 
 on rocky and sandy plains; the largest is SCO feet 
 in height, and covers 11 acres of ground. They 
 are situate in the south part of the Delta, or 
 Lower Egypt, on the W. hank of the Nile. 
 Egypt is now spoken of as divided into three parts 
 —Lower,orthe Delta, Middle, prJ| Upper. Dur- 
 ing the reign of some of the Pharaohs, Thebes 
 in Ujper Egypt in the lat. of 25. 25., appears to 
 have been the capital of the whole country; 
 afterwards transferred to Memphis, in the lat. 
 of 29.; and during the reign of the Ptolemies 
 the seat of empire was transferred to Alexandria; 
 whilst at the present time Cairo is the seat of 
 government. Under the present pacha, Mehemet 
 Ali, who has mled since 1798, Egypt has made 
 advances in enterprise and cultivation, almost 
 without a precedent; and cotton, wool, indigo, 
 sugar, and grain, ars again forming the basis of an 
 extensive external commerce. His government, 
 however, is despotic, ard his system monopoly ; 
 all the commerce is i a his own hands; the manu- 
 facturer and the agriculturist deposit their pro- 
 duce in the public stores, and receive a moderate 
 remuneration for them. The pacha then retails 
 them for his own profit. He has instituted 
 European tactics in his nrmy, and the u«n'»ea 
 .ind sciences of more civilized life into hisgo- 
 vernment; and has introduced many European 
 
EHI 
 
 men of science into the principal offices of the 
 
 fc!!!!!!!"!^'- S^ " °P^" '» *"y sugKestions, 
 formerly thought incompatible with the MussuU 
 man character. He has asserted his indepen- 
 dence of the Ottoman Porte, but which has been 
 disputed, and has led to warlike operations 
 against him Respecting the extent of the 
 population of Egypt, information is very imper- 
 tect, both in reference to the past, as well as at 
 the present time, being now variously estimated 
 at from two to four milUons : conjecture hds 
 hardly ever offered an opinion as to the numb^ 
 in former times. In further illustration of this 
 
 A.^t'""^"' "^T" "*■ S"***^ near which the 
 Austnans were defeated by the French, in 1805 
 n w seated on the Danube ; 12 mUes S. W. of 
 
 fLo^v'T'^"' ""o'ljertown of Suabia ; seated on 
 the Neckar, opposite Rotenberg ; 6 miles W. by 
 LwK T^^"' ^""^ 25 S. S. W. of Stutgard ; 
 S ifw":'"","'^ '" the dominions of the 
 
 iolforn'hSer"-""' *=°"*^" "-^^ ^''-^ 
 
 . EmiENBaEiTSTEiN, a fortress of Germany 
 
 IL ^' '"«t?^ ^'°"'"' ^^'"^' «" 'he E. bank of 
 the river Rhine, opposite Coblentz. It stands 
 
 than S^OoT.?'?'' a stupendous rock, not less 
 than 800 feet above the level of the river, and 
 w deemed to be impregnable. It has a com- 
 mumcation with Coblentz by a subterraneous 
 passage, cu out of the solid rock, and is plen- 
 tifully supp led with water from a well 280 feet 
 deep. In the vale of Ehrenbreitstein is an old 
 palace which belonged to the Elector of Treves! 
 Ihis fortress surrendered to the ^rench throuuh 
 ZZi "" ''^' "^'^ * ^^"'^^^^ "f «b°^« 20 
 
 TTn^lf «™*"'' ?r Eyhenstock. a town of 
 ♦Yf ^M w**,""^'. '" ^^^ "'■«=1« «f Erzeberg, near 
 ii. of Leipsic. Pop. 3200 
 
 EicHSPELDT a teulfory of Germany, at the 
 N. E. extremity of the circle of the Lower 
 Rhine; surrounded by Brunswick, Thurinma 
 
 ?{l1i"^-.,.^'P'"°u^"'^*"'"'=^' ««« «nd tobacco.' 
 Heihgenstedt is the capital It is now divided 
 
 longed to the Elector of Mentz, and contained 
 a population of 90.000, on a surface of about 
 COO square miles. Stadt Worbis and Mulhau- 
 sen are the other principal towns. 
 EicHSTADT, See Aichstadt. 
 EiL Loch. See Linnhe, Loch 
 LiLENBuna, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia, situate on the Mulda j 12 miles N E 
 of Leipsic. 
 
 EiMEO, one of the Society Isles, in the Pacific 
 Ocean ; lying 12 miles W. of Otaheite. The 
 products of the two islands, and the manners of 
 the people, are much the Kime. Eimeo has 
 steep, rugged hills, running in different direc- 
 tions, leaving large valleys, and gently rising 
 ground about their sides. The hills. thnu"h 
 
 to'S'tops.*^"'""""^ """"^'^^ *'"' '"*' '*''"""' 
 EiNBECK, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, 
 
 273 
 
 £LB 
 
 m the pnncipaUty of Calenberg. It ha» m«n.. 
 factures of cloth, and all kind/of stuft^ ^it 
 the mountain, near it ar« mines of s"verTron 
 copper, and l«»d. It is situate 17 S N "f 
 Got^ngen, and 45 S. of Hanover. Pop. alut 
 
 Eisenach or Etsekach, a town of Unner 
 Saxony, at the western extremity of Thuffi 
 capital of a principality of the same nan^e wm.' 
 a celebrated college. The duke resfd^ iT. a 
 castle withm the town ; and there is anoThe on 
 a mountain out of it. called Wartburg, which" 
 m 1521, was for some time the asylum of Luther 
 
 Ho^lK r-.''',^"^,V' it-conflux S the 
 tZ ki n"'il^ ^- °^ ^''tha. Long. 10. 21. 
 E. lat. 51. 0. N. Pop. about 8000. 
 in hIIZ^T' " ^"E',iTz, a town of Germany, 
 kTw\ of GraL.'"''' '"" ""^'•' '' «^- 
 
 mi£Tw"^f r""*?' 'T* '" Thuringia ; 35 
 mijes b. W. of Leipsic. Pop. 3500. 
 
 ot. Ann are the superb burial places of fh„ 
 ancient counts of Mansfield. Eisleben contains 
 many breweries, and derives much J?ofit from 
 «,e ne^hbouring iron mines. It i^ 28 mZ 
 
 EissPELD, a town of Upper Saxony in thp 
 principality of Coburg, with a mtle?' It has 
 manufactures of vitriol, &c., and stands on Z 
 Werra, near its souree ; 7 miles E. of Hildbuig- 
 
 Ekaterinburg. See Catharinburg. 
 h.t ' ""."'and in the Mediterranean Sea 
 between Italy and the island of Coisi«^ aTd 
 »epa«ted from Tuscany by the channerrPiom 
 
 of^th^r*" ^"7" to the Greeks by the name 
 of ^thaha, and to the Romans by that of Ilv^ 
 The form of the island is very irreKular • tht ' 
 
 SL'^r^fth'' T- 1^ ^'^^^ •^^^ --^ tt 
 t^?en 8 «n? ' -T^"''- " "' "'« W. end. is be- 
 tween 8 and 9 miles : it contains a population 
 
 senU^nLl?"' '^"''- . ^he whole fsla'nUpr^ 
 sents numerous mountains, separated by deen 
 
 ^. W part IS the most elevated, and is com 
 posed of black and white granite, sus e,, ble of 
 a fine polish. Elba has been renowned for iu 
 
 the reach of history. Aristotle speaks of them 
 
 SS^f t "T, ^"---ial: ithasals" 
 qu.irrieb of fine marble. On the N. E. part is 
 tl e mountain, or mine of Iron ore, which sm 
 plK's mosf of the forges of Italy. The o Jr of 
 Votornjo stands on this mounLn. on a shaggy 
 roc ... The view from this tower is wonderfully 
 .•:,!r.,r:ifT«yi^t''e eye overlooks tile "Zll 
 
 tile channpLf P^*"'"'^"' "'""y saittered islets, 
 ine cnannel of Piombmo, and a great rantrp nf 
 
 T 
 
ELD 
 
 274 
 
 ELE 
 
 it" brenlca out tne only rivulet in Rlhn, which 
 does not nm above n milo betoro it falls into 
 the sen ; but the water gushes out of the rock in 
 •uch abundance, that it turns seventeen mills 
 in that short course. Tlio soil of Elba is very 
 ■hallow, V, ith scanty room for cultivation, and 
 few places level enough for corn, producin;; 
 little more than six months' provisions for its 
 inhabitants : but the isliuid is so situated that it 
 can, in spite of a blockading fleet, bo always 
 fupplied with provisions, and tho garrison with 
 reinforcements. Tho wine is good, if miido 
 with care, and properly kept ; tlio fruit of its 
 Standard trees are excellont, though not in 
 great plenty ; orange and lemon trees thrive very 
 well in the sheltered valleys and narrow plains 
 near the sea. There are sevenil springs oi 
 excellent water in the island ; and the climate 
 is much milder than tho adjacent continent, for 
 it produces many fruits and plants that cannot 
 stand the Tuscan winters. Among tho animals 
 and birds are wild boars, hedgehogs, partridges, 
 quails, canary-birds, nightingales, ortolans, &c. 
 This island was held with Piombino, by the 
 Appiani, as a fief of tho empire, till Charles V. 
 thought proper to transfer it to Cosmo I. duke 
 of Florence, that he might rescue it and the ad- 
 jacent coast from the Turks and Trench. Before 
 the French llevolution, it was suoject to the 
 Prince of Piombino, except Porto Fcrrajo and 
 Porto Longone, the former belonging to the 
 Duko of Tuscany, and tho latter to the king of 
 Naples; but in 1001 tho French became pos- 
 sessed of the whole island, which owes its cele- 
 brity to the circumstance of its having been 
 ceded by tho powers of Europe in full sove- 
 reignty to Napoleon Buonaparte, after the sur- 
 render of Paris to the allies in March, 1814. 
 He landed at Porto Ferrajo, the ca]>ital of tho 
 island, on the 4th of May in that year, but on 
 the 26'th of February following, he embarked 
 again for France, and reached Paris without 
 encountering the least obstruction ; since when, 
 the island has been wholly ceded to the Grand 
 Duke of Tuscany. Porto Ferrajo, on tho N. 
 side of the island, is in lat. 42. 50. N. mid 10. 15. 
 of E. long. 
 
 Elbassano, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Albania ; 45 miles S. E. of Durazzo. 
 
 Elbe, a river of Europe, rising on the N. E. 
 frontier of Bohemia, bordering on Silesia, in 
 the lat. of 50. 30. N. and 15. 35. of E. long., 
 flows S. for about 40 miles past Konigingratz to 
 Pardubitz, in the c'rcle of Chrudim, from whence 
 it takes a meandering course in a N. W. direc- 
 tion to Melnick, where it receives the Moldau 
 from the frontiers of Austria on the S. : from 
 Melnick it continues a winding course througli 
 the circle of Lcutmeritz, in which it receives 
 the Eger from the frontier of Franconiii, on the 
 W. S.VV., and then enters the circle of Meissen 
 in Upper Saxony, still running in a N. W. di- 
 rection past Dresden into the duchy of Saxony 
 to Magdeburg ; from whence it takes a direction 
 N. by E. to llavcll)crg, where it receives the 
 Hiivel ; from li.ivclbcrg it inti-rsLcb, in a N.W. 
 direction, the Old Mark of Brandenburg, and 
 then divides Mecklenburg Schwerin, and the 
 
 dudiy of Snxo I.aucnburg on tho N., from 
 Luncburg ZcU to Ilnmlnirg ; from whence it 
 becomes navigable for sliips of tho largest bur- 
 then, dividing for about 70 miles the duchy (4 
 Ilolstcin on tho N. from Bremen on the S., 
 and, after a course of 3110 miles in a meridio- 
 nal line, and upwards of f.OO miles by tho 
 course of the stream, falls into the North Sea 
 at Cuxhaven, in the Int. of 53. 52. N. and fi. 46. 
 of E. long. The Elbe is rendered subservient 
 to the purposes of navigation, and, by itself 
 and numerous collateral branches, receives 
 and distributes produce along various lines of 
 country several hundred miles in extent. 
 See LuoEC. 
 
 Elbeufeldt, or ELVERFEi.nT, a town of tho 
 grand duchy of Berg ; seated on the banks of 
 the Wipper, which falls into tho Rhine between 
 Cologne and Dusseldorf. It has extensive mn- 
 nufnctures of linen, silk, and wool, and a popu- 
 lation of near 20,000. It is 1 U miles due E. of 
 Dusseldorf. 
 
 Eldeuf, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Seine. It has extensive manufactures 
 of cloth, and is seated on the Seine ; 10 miles 
 S. of Rouen, and 65 N. W. of Paris. 
 
 Elbert, a county of the state of Georgia ; 
 lying lii'tween the Savannah and Broad Rivers. 
 Population, 11,125, of whom .1!I75 were slaves. 
 Elbert, tho chief town, is h/0 miles N. W. of 
 the city of Savannah. 
 
 Kluing, a strong town of West Prussia, in 
 the palatinate of Marienburg, with a consider- 
 able trade in butter, cheese, and corn. It is 
 sealed on a river of the same name, near its 
 entrance into the Frische Half; .">0 miles E.S.E. 
 of Dnntzic. Long. 19. 30. E. hit. 54. 18. N. 
 Pop. about 18,000. 
 
 Ei.nooEN, a town of Bohemia, in the circl 
 of Siiatz, with a citadel, seated on a mountain, 
 by the river Eger; 10 miles N. E. of Egra. 
 
 t^Luuiia, a town of Holland, in Gehleriand, 
 on the E. coast of tho Zuyder Zee ; 10 miles 
 N. E. of Ilurdorwick. 
 
 Elciie, Aldufera de, a town of Spain, in 
 Valencia ; 10 miles W. S. W. of Alicant. 
 
 Elchinuen, a village of Suabia, on the N. 
 bank of the Danube, about 5 miles N. E. of Ulm, 
 where a battle was fought between the French 
 and Austrians, in 1805, which obtained for Ney, 
 one of Buonaparte's generals, the title of Duke 
 of Elchingen. 
 
 l']i.nA, a town of Spain, in Valencia ; 20 miles 
 W. N. VV. of Alicant. 
 
 Elephanta, called by the natives Gharipoor, 
 an island on the W. coast of Ilindostan ; 5 miles 
 from Bombay. It contains one of the most 
 celebrated temples of the Hindoos. The figuro 
 of an elephant, of the natural size, cut coarsL-ly 
 in stone, appears on the landing-place, near tiio 
 foot of a mountain. An easy slope then leads to 
 f subterranean temple, hewn out of the solid 
 rock, 80 feet long aiul 40 broad, the roof sup- 
 ported by rows of pillars 10 feet high. At the 
 further end are gigantic figures of the three 
 Hiridoo deities, Brahma, Vishna, and f?eva, 
 which were mutilated by the zeal of the Por- 
 tuguese, when this island was in their posses- 
 
E L E 275 
 
 ■ion, Elcphanta was ceded to the English by 
 the Mahrattas. ' 
 
 Elephantina. See Syenb. 
 .V ^x';''J'7,"^', * kingdom of Tartary, lying to 
 the N. W. of Chinese Tartary, It was conquered 
 m 1769 by the Emperor of China. See Kal- 
 
 0UCKS, 
 
 Eleutheoa, or Etheiu, an island in the 
 West Indies, one of the principal on the Ba- 
 nama bank. It produces abundance of pine- 
 •pples, and there is a magnificent tunnel 
 piercing the island from end to end, formed 
 by the sea. 
 
 Elgin a borough of Scotland, capital of 
 Murrayshire, and formerly the f.cn of a bishop 
 Here are many large old buildings over piazzw. 
 Its <»thedral was one of the most magnificent 
 structures m Scotland; of which ita ruins are a 
 sufficient proof. Two miles to the N. E., on the 
 banks of a lake, is the palace of Spynie, for- 
 merly the residence of the bishop, of which 
 some rooms are still pretty entire. Elgin stands 
 on the Lossie, 5 miles from its port at Lossio- 
 mouth, where there is a tolerable harbour, 
 whence much com is exported. It sends in 
 conjunction with CuUen, &c. one member to 
 parliament. It is 38 miles E. N. E. of Inver- 
 ness, and 163 N. of Edinburgh. 
 ELaiNSiiiRE. See Murrayshire. 
 Elinge, a village of Hampshire, at the head 
 of Southampton Bay, 5 miles W. of South- 
 ampton. Here are docks for building and re- 
 pairing ships, and store-houses for merchandise 
 and com, in which last it carries on a con- 
 Bidei-able trade. 
 
 Elizabeth City, a small county of Virginia 
 forming the promontory between the mouths of 
 
 P„°n\"7"nr ^r 1^'^".' '"'" Chesapeake Bay. 
 Pop. 3706. The town is called Hampton, and 
 gives name to the celebrated anchorage ground 
 called H«mpton Roads, at the entmnce of 
 James River. A town of the same name is 
 seated on the Pasquotank river, in North Ca- 
 rolina, which IS united with Chesapeake Bay 
 Swam """^ i'^tougli the Great Dismal 
 
 .n.^f^'^/w^" Islands, small islands near the 
 coast of Massachusets, bearing N.W. of Martha's 
 Vineyard, and belonging to Duke's county. Thev 
 we about 16 in number; the chief of which are 
 Nashawn, Pasqui, Naahawenna, Pinequeso, and 
 Chatahunk. Nashawn, the largest, supports « 
 considerable number of cattle and sheepfand i" 
 fomous for excellent cheese and wool. It is 
 j. miles from the continent, and the N noint 
 
 wtt! Hi If N."' ''^""°"'^- ^-« 7o':t8! 
 
 EuzABETHTowN, a town of New Jersey, in 
 Essex county with a handsome Presbyterian 
 church an episcopal church, and an academy" 
 It IS situate on a creek of Newark Bay; 14 miles 
 w. i>. W. of the city of New York 
 
 chief nfR^/'""^"' ? *°''" °^ North Carolina, 
 chief of Bladen county, seated on the W. bank 
 
 Fayetteville, and 48 N. W. of Witain^om 
 
 Elizabethtown, or Hagerstown, a town of 
 Maryland, chief of Washington county. It has 
 
 ELR 
 
 n considerable trade with the western country, 
 ana the neighbourhood produces the finest 
 Oroonoko tobacco. It is situate in a valley i 
 '* 'Jl''«?.W.N.W. of Baltimore, and 80 N. N.W. 
 of Washington. 
 
 There are several other places go called in 
 different parts of the United States of North 
 America ; one in Allegany county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the E. bank of the Monan- 
 gahela; another in Pleasant Valley, Essex 
 county. New York, near the W. shore of 
 Lake Champlain. 
 .1 ^/''^•, a river of Maryland, which falls into 
 tlie head of Chesapeake Bay; which is proposed 
 to bo united with the Delaware, by the Elk 
 river. ' 
 
 There are several other rivers and creeks so 
 
 caUed, as well as Elk-horn, lick, and ridge, 
 
 in different parts of the United States of 
 
 North America. 
 
 Elkton, a town of Maryland, chief of Cecil 
 
 county, with a considerable trade, particularly 
 
 in wheat. It is situate at the conflux of the head 
 
 branches of the Elk, 13 miles from its mouth in 
 
 Chesapeake Bay, and 47 S. W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Long. 76. 20. W. lat. 39. 40. N. 
 
 Ellesmere, a town in Shropshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday, and a considerable trade in 
 malt. It has a canal from Shrewsbury, which 
 passes hence, by Wrexham and Chester, to the 
 estuary of the Mersey. The town is seated on 
 a large mere; 16 miles N. N. W. of Shrewsbury 
 and 1 78 N. W. of London. ' 
 
 Ellicbpour, orELLiSHPOoa, a town of Hin- 
 dostan, in Berar, capital of a circar of the same 
 name, subject to the nizam of the Deccan. It 
 was formerly the capital of Berar, and is 154 
 21 12 N "''^"'■""Sabad. Long. 78. 5. E. lat. 
 
 Ellore, a town of Hindostan, capital of one 
 of the circars, on the Bay of Bengal. It is 32 
 miles N. of Masulipatam. Long. 81. IS, E. lat. 
 16. 43. N. 
 
 wr^^"/!?*' "' ^^- GeoROE del Mina, a town of 
 West Afnca, on the Gold Coast, founded by the 
 Portuguese i.. 1481, It is seated on a penin- 
 sula, near a navigable river, and trades in gold- 
 dust and ivory. It was taken in 1637 by the 
 Hutch, and was formally ceded to them 
 
 Elmshorn, a town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Ilolstein ; 20 miles N. W. of Hamburgh. 
 
 Elnbogen, a town of Bohemia, capital of a 
 territory in the circle of Saatz, with a castle on 
 a rock, by the river Egra; 38 miles W. S. W. of 
 Saatz. Long. 12. 50. E. lat. 50. 10. N. 
 
 Elne, a town of France, in the department 
 of Eastern Pyrenees. It suffered greatly in the 
 civil ware, during the reign of Louis XI. It is 
 « miles S. by E. of Perpignan. 
 
 Elora a town of Hindostan, in Dowlatnbad. 
 celebrated for its wonderful temple, cut out of 
 the natural rock. It is 15 miles N. of Aurun- 
 gabad. 
 
 Elphin, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Roscommon, and the see of a bishop ; 16 miles 
 N. of Roscommon. 
 
 . Elrich, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thu- 
 nngia ; the capital of the county of Hohensteia. 
 
 T2 
 

 i t 
 
 N 
 
 KLS 
 
 27fl 
 
 K N C 
 
 It tUnilt on Iho rivor ZorRo ; 1 2 iriiloi N. N. W. 
 of NonniuuBuii. LoiiK. 10. 13. K. Int. ft I. nil, N. 
 
 Kijii'i.hil', II tdwii <)»■ Wi'Htplmliu, ut tlio coil- 
 flux of the llimtorf willi tliti Wiwr i l.'J iiiiloN 
 K. N, li. (if Olilciil.uiK.iiml IvJ N. \V. of Ijrmnun. 
 
 Ki.srNui)aa. .Vco IIklniniiiiikiii. 
 
 EuiNouK, It town (iC Diimimrk, Miated on tho 
 nouiul, III the l«lt> of Zuiiliiiid. It in tlio mont 
 cominortiiil pliun In Domimrli, iwH to Coitoii- 
 liiiKon, boiiig tlio rcsidi-iifo of n <;oniiitl«riil)lu 
 nufnl>(tr of foreign niorclmiiti, luul tho comhiiIm 
 of the priMclpiil imtiona tnuling to tho Uiilliu. 
 A littlv to tlio K. ia tho fortrfw of Croiihorn, 
 wliioh gnwrdi the Sound. Evory vowel, im it 
 PWMHH, pnyt a toll nt Klsinoro j in roturn fop 
 which, tho crown twkos tho chiirKo ol'coniitruutinK 
 lighthouaM, and eroctinn Ni({niilii to iniirk tho 
 •hoaU «nd rook», fVoin tho ("iitr},mt to tho on- 
 traiu-o Into tho Hiilti-;. Kliiinoro has no har- 
 
 bour, but u good itiul wifo rood. It in •J'„> niili>H 
 N. uf C'4>|»«ihiigon. ],oiig. 1-2. 85. IC. int. ,'>(i. 
 0. N. See CiioNiiono. 
 
 KuiTKH, WiiiTK and IIi.ack, two rivors of 
 UpiHjr Siixonv tho first rinod noiir Hio northorii 
 fKnitior of Friincoiiiii, mid runs N. noiirly pa- 
 nillol with, and K. i.f tho Siuil, into whioli it 
 flilla nbout III miloH N. W. of Loipnio ; thin river 
 lii-ovod very diiuiNtroim vo tho I'Vench troops, on 
 thoir rotront iiRor the Imttlo of Lei|wic, in ( )e- 
 tob«r J«13. Tho Hluok KlHter riseii near the 
 Sproe in Upper i.ii«itlii, imd iirter a windiii),' 
 courso K. of tho KUh«, falls into that rivor in th. 
 duchy of iMixtmy. 
 
 Kl-stkiuikhii, h town on tho W. bank of tlu> 
 Whito ElHter, near its sourco ; 7 miles N. of 
 Pliiuon. 
 
 KuTBRWRnoA, ft town and cnstlo of Unper 
 Saxony, in Misnia. on tho K. Imnk of tlio U'lack 
 Elster ; '-'4 miles N. liy W. of Drewleii. 
 
 Ei.TiiAM, u town in Kent, with n market on 
 Monday. Here aro tho remains of a palaeo, in 
 which Edward II. orten resided, and hi.s son, 
 John of Kllhiim, wiw horn; it is now in i>art eon- 
 vertiHl into a farm-house, and the statelv hall 
 forms tho barn. It is U miles S. W. of London 
 Uridgti. 
 
 Ei.VAS, a strong ftvntier town of rortugal, in 
 Aleiitejo, and n bishop's »«>, with a castle. Hero 
 is a cistern so liirg,', that it will hold water 
 enough for the town for six months. The water 
 is brought by a Moorish aiiuiHluct, 3 miles in 
 length, which, in some jilaces, is siipported by 
 ■overal stories of arches. On tho side of it is a 
 fort>8t of oliviv-trtvs, among which aro walks 
 mid (ino monntains. Elvas was bomliarded by 
 tho Trench in I70t!. A n>yal academy for young 
 gentlemen was fnunded hero in ]i'X\. U is 
 •♦•Htctl near the Cnadiana; 15 miles W. of 
 Ikwlaios, awd I lit K. of Lisbon. I'op. about 
 U!,OUO. 
 
 Elwanokn, h town of Suubin. near the S. 
 frontier of Fmiu-onia, with a castle on a moun- 
 tjiin ; seated on tho Juxt j 18 miles N. W. of 
 Ilordingon. 
 
 Etr, H city in Cambridgeshire, and a bishop's 
 
 Bee, TTitii 5 mafkvtOn S;iiun!;sy. It is seated on 
 the thuw (which is navigable" henco to Lynn), 
 iu the fenny Uu;t called the Isle of Ely. Tho 
 
 spring nssizon arc hold horo. It is a county o/ 
 itself, inchidiiig tho turritory around it, and has 
 a distinct civil and crimiiml jiirimliction, of 
 which tho bishop is the head. It has a flno 
 ciitliedriil, and an episcopal piilaco. It is 17 
 miles N. of t^ambridge, and (J7 N. by E, of 
 I'Oiiddii, 
 
 Ei-v, or ICi.iR, a town of .Scotland, on the 
 h. Iv coast of I''ifeshiro, with a good harbour, 
 with ii|)wards of UO feet w,:tor at common tide, 
 hut has littio trade. It . opposite to North 
 Uerwick, and forms tho N, point of entrance to 
 the Frith of Forth. 
 
 Ei.zic, a town of Lower Saxony, In tho prin- 
 cipality of Hildeshoini ; seated on tho Leina ; 
 12 miles S. W. of Hildcshoim, and 20 S. of 
 Hanover, 
 
 ICmiiolv, or JKMnoi.i, a town of European 
 Turkey, in Macedonia, and a (Jreek archbishop's 
 see. It is tho ancient Amphipolis, and is some- 
 times called Chiistopolis. It is seated on tho 
 Striiiiionft, at its entraiico into the Gulfof C'on- 
 tessa. Long. '.'.'t. 5,'). K. hit. 40. t><J. N. 
 
 lOMnauN, a city of I'Vance, in tho department 
 of Upper Alps. It has a fortress built by Louis 
 XiV., and is seated on a craggy rock, near 
 the river Durance j 17 miles E. of (iaj). It is 
 the seat of a prefect, and contains 3002 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Kmiihn, a strong town of Westphalia, cn|iita; 
 of K. Friesland. It has a good harbour and a 
 snfo roail nt tho niontli of tho Ems ; and con- 
 sideralilo nniiiiifactiires of stockings, soap, 
 leather, and cotton. The guatest jiiirt of tho 
 inhabitants are Calvinists, but there aro some 
 Liitheriuis, Papists, and Jeyvs. It was n free 
 port under tho protection of the lJnito«l I'ro- 
 vinei-s, but in 1711 tlay sold t! .ir right to the 
 King of Prussia. It was a m- ,al port during 
 the early part of tho war bvtw. i n England and 
 Fiiiiiee, which began in 17!i;i. It is now in- 
 cluded in the kingdom of Hanover ; population, 
 about 12,000. It is 2(t miles E. N. E. of (Jro- 
 ningen, and 17 W. N. VV. of Oldciiburg. Lonir. 
 7. It. K lat. yx 20. N. » e 
 
 E.m.mi;m)i.nui;n, a town ofSimbin, in Urisgau, 
 and chief town in the marquisate of Hochlierg: 
 seated on the river Ens j 10 miles N. by W. of 
 Friburg. 
 
 EMMKuinc, a strong town of Germany, :n the 
 duchy of C'leve. It has a consideiabfo trade 
 >yith Holland, and is seated on the llhiiio ; 22 
 miles N. W. of Wesel. 
 
 Ems, a river of West |)halia, which rises in tho 
 territory of I'mlerborn, and, after a course of 
 abrut 1.50 miles in a N. N. W. direction, (lows, 
 at lOmden, into the Dollurt, u bay of the tiurnian 
 Octan. 
 
 Ems, or Emivs, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, 
 near which are some baths impregnated with 
 Kulphur. It is 10 oiiles S. E. oJ the Lake of 
 CiMistance. 
 
 Enciu'vsen, or Enkiiuyzen, a town of North 
 Holland, on the Ziiydor Zee. It was once a 
 flourishing place ; but, its harbour being now 
 oiwli ueled iiy sand, it has lost its former coiise- 
 ipieiice. It wag taken by the English in 1709. 
 it is 27 miles N. E. of Amsterdam. 
 
END 
 
 277 
 
 ENO 
 
 Endeavoub Strait, a strait of the South 
 I'licific Ocean, which soparates New Guinea 
 fioui the N. E, point of Now Iloiiaml. It re- 
 ceived it* namj from Captain Cook, who ex- 
 plored it ill 1770. Its length is 10 leaRues.miJ 
 its breadth about 5, cxeejit at the N. E. en- 
 trance, wliero it is contracted to less than 2 
 miles, by tlio islanda culled Prince of Walts 
 Islands. 
 
 Enuinoun, a town of Suahia, in Brirt«aii, 
 near the Kliiiie ; 7 luiles N. N. E. of Old 
 liiisach, 
 
 E.vi'iw.D, a town in Middlesex, with a market 
 on Saturday. It was once famrtus for an exten- 
 sive royal chase, disforested in 1779 ; and hail 
 a royal pul:ice, of which little now remains, the 
 front having heen taken down in 17.'<2, and its 
 site occupied by sonio houses. It is 10 miles 
 N. of London. 
 
 Eni'iki.0, a town of Connecticut, in Hart- 
 ford county, situate on the E. bunk of the Con- 
 necticut ; l(i miles N. by E. of Hartford. Also 
 tho name of another town in tirafton county, 
 New llanipshire. 
 
 Enuadini;, or Intiiai,, a delixhtful valley of 
 Switzerland, in tho canton of (orisons, extending 
 alonK the banks of the river Inn, from iu source 
 to Tyrol. It is divided into Upper and Lower ; 
 the chief towns are Zutz and Cernetz. 
 
 ENdiii.iiKiio, a valley of Switzerhuid, in the 
 canton of Underwalden ; 10 miles long; sur- 
 rounded by mountains. It is subject to the 
 abbot of a Uenedictine moiiustery of the siinie 
 name, whose revenues arise principally from a 
 commerce in cheese The country contains ex- 
 tensive glaciers, on the side of fertile mounUiins; 
 fine black marble, white veined, small crysUls 
 called Swiss dianjonds, silver, and vitriol. Tho 
 abbey is 1-' miles S. W. of Altdorf. 
 
 Enoki.uolm, a seaport of Sweden, in Schonen, 
 on a bay of the Categat, with good unchoraj,'o 
 near the entrance to the Sound. In lG7fi it 
 was taken b^i tlio Danes, after an obstinate de- 
 fence. It is .It miles N, by W. of Lund. Long. 
 l-\ Z)?. E. hit. ,%. 'J-J. : * 
 
 Enukiis, a town of Germany, in the Wester- 
 wald ; capital of a county of its name ; seated 
 near the Ilhino ; 5 nnles N. W. of Coblentz. 
 
 ENUHKiN.atown of Belgium, ill Ilainault, 15 
 miles S. W. of Brussels, on tho road to Tour- 
 nay. It gave tho title of duke to one of the 
 Bourbon family. 
 
 EmiiitA, EoiNA, or ^oina, fits ancient 
 name,) aii island of Euroi)oan Turkey, in tho 
 Gulf of Egina, between Livadia and the Morea. 
 It has a town of the same name ; '22 miles 
 S. S, VV. of Athens. Long. 23. 30. E. lat 
 37.45. N. 
 
 England, tho southern part of the island of 
 (Jreat Britain, is a very irregularly shaped terri- 
 tory, extending, in iu extreme length, from tho 
 Land's End in Cornwall, in tho lat. af 50. 4. 7. 
 and long, of 5. 41.31. to Berwick, at the mouth 
 of the Tweed, which divides it from Scotland, 
 in the lat. of 55. 46. 21. N., and I. 59. 4 L of W. 
 long. The meridional distance betwtfii these 
 two poinU is 3C6 geographical, or 425 English 
 Btatute miles ; tliis line, however, intersects the 
 
 entrance to tho BriHtol Channel, South and 
 North Wales, and the Irish Sea; the extreme 
 meridional line that could be drawn on English 
 ground from N. to S., would bo from Berwick 
 to St. Alban's Head, in tint county of Dorset: 
 thip line would mensnro 3()(i statute miles ; and 
 the extreme length from W. to E. would bo 
 from tho Land's"End, Cornwall, to the Dudgeon 
 light, on the N. E. coast of Norfulk, which would 
 nifiinuro 3.')9 statute miles. The four S. E. 
 counties of Somerset, Dorset, Devon, and 
 Cornwall, however, form n promontory; and, as 
 tho Hiip(!rficial area of England, by actual sur- 
 vey, i)roves to be 50,535 square miles, taking tho 
 length from N. to S. to he 30() miles, the mean 
 l)readth from W. to E. will bo within 150 miles. 
 Tho si.-a on the S. is called the English Channel, 
 and wliich divides England from the N. W. 
 coast of Franco : the sea at the S. E. point is 
 called the Straits of Dover, and divides England 
 from the N. W. point of France and the Nether- 
 lands ; the sea on tho E. coast of England is 
 called tho North Sea, or German Ocean, and 
 divides England from Holland, Germany, and 
 Denmark ; tho scji on tJie N.W. coast of Eng- 
 land is called tho Irish Sea, ami divides England 
 from the N. E. coast of Ireland. Wales, North 
 and South, bnund the centre of its western side ; 
 ami the four S. W. counties byforo mentioned 
 l)roject into ihe Atlantic Ocean. England, for 
 local purposes, is divided into 40 counties ; viz. 
 Bedford, Berks, Bucks, Cambridge, Chester, 
 Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, Devon, Dorset, 
 Durham, Essex, Gloucester, Hants, Hereford, 
 Huntingdon, Hertford, Kent, Lancaster, Lei- 
 cester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, 
 Northampton, Northumberland, Nottingham, 
 Oxford, Ilutland, Salop, Somerset, Stafford, 
 Sutl'oHc, Surreys Sussex, Warwick, Westmore- 
 land, Wilts, Worcester, and York ; wich of 
 w'hicli is subdivided into hundreds and parishes. 
 For judici 1 purposes it is divided into six 
 circuits ; and for ecclesiastical purpose* into 
 two archiepiscopal and 23 episcopal sees, or 
 jurisdictions. The extent, relations, &c, of 
 each of the several counties, towns, &c., are 
 noticed in their alphabetical place in thi« 
 work. 
 
 Tho face of the country affords all that beau- 
 tiful variety which can be found in the most 
 extensive tracts of the globe ; not, however, 
 without romantic, and even dreary sceneai, lofty 
 mountains, craggy rocks, black barren moor», 
 and wide uncultivated heaths ; and yet, fev 
 countries have a smaller proportion of land 
 abanlutely sterile and incapable of culture. The 
 richest parts i;/e, in general, the midland apd 
 southern. Towards the N. it partake* of the 
 barreiine8.s of tho adjoining parts of Scotland. 
 Tho E. coast is, in many plqcea, tandf and 
 miiTbhy. A range of rude and elevated land, 
 sometimes rising into mountains 3000 feet in 
 height, extends from the borders of Scotland to 
 the very heart of England, forming a natural 
 division between the E. nnd W. sides of the 
 kingdom. Coniwali is also a rough hilly tract ; 
 and a similar character prevails in part of the 
 adjacent counties. These mountainous tracU 
 
hi 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 \ 
 
 #; . 
 
 E N G 278 
 
 abound with various mineral treasures, more 
 particularly coal, iron, copper, lead, and tin. 
 
 The rivers of England are numerous, and con- 
 tribute essentially to the beauty and fertility of 
 the country, as well ns to facilitate the convey- 
 ance of its products from one part of the king- 
 doni to another : the four most deserving of 
 notice for their magnitude and utility, are the 
 Trent, Mersey, 'Severn, and Thames, These 
 four rivers rise in the interior of the country, 
 and flow in contrary directions ; the first to the 
 N. E., the next to the N. W., the Severn to the 
 S.W., and the Thames to the S. £.; and, being 
 rendered navigable, and united 'o each other by 
 canals, they afford an admirable facility of con- 
 veyance over all parts of the country. In addi- 
 tion to these, the great Ouse and the Nen flow 
 from the centre of the country in a N, E. direc- 
 tion, into the North Sea, between the Thames 
 and the Trent, and the Nen is united to the line 
 of canal which unites those two rivers, and 
 thereby with the Mersey and Severn. Further 
 N. is the Humber, "Tees, Wear, •Tyne, and 
 the •Tweed, which divides England from Scot- 
 land, all flowing from W. to E. into the North 
 Sea : and on the other side is tho »Eden, "Der- 
 went, Ribble, and the *Dee, flowing into the 
 Irish Sea: the tributary rivers deserving of 
 notice are the Medway and Lea, falling into the 
 Thames ; the Soar and Derwent falling into the 
 Trent ; the Don, Aire, and Ouse, falling into the 
 Humber ; the Irwell into the Mersey; and tho 
 Upper and Lower Avon and Wye into the 
 Severn ; all of which are navigable, and yield a 
 variety of fish ; those noted with a * yielding an 
 abundance of delicious salmon. The Tamar, 
 Torridge, Tame, Exe, Arun, and a few other 
 livers of inferior note, intersect the S. and S.W. 
 parts of the country, falling into the Bristol and 
 English Channels. The lakes are neither nume- 
 rous nor extensive, and are chiefly in tha N. W. 
 counties : those of Westmoreland and Cumber- 
 land, in particular, exhibit such varieties of beau- 
 tiful scenery, as to become the object of summer 
 excursions from every part of the country. With 
 respect to climate, England is situate in the N. 
 part of the temperate zoije.so that it enjoys but a 
 ■canty shareof the genial influence of the sun. Its 
 atmosphere is inclined to chilliness and moisture, 
 subject to frequert and sudden changes, and is 
 more favourable \o the growth, than to the ripen- 
 ing of the products of the earth. No country is 
 clothed with so beautiful and lasting a verdure ; 
 but the harvfsts, especially in the northern 
 parts, frequently suffer from unseasonable rains. 
 The country, nevertheless, in general, affords 
 an abundant supply of grain, and all the other 
 necessaries of life, and the rigours of winter, 
 and the heats of summer, are felt here in a much 
 less degrf« than in parallel climates on the con- 
 tinent ; !i circumstance common to all islands. 
 The while country, some particular spots ex- 
 cepted, 58 sufficiently healthy ; and the longevity 
 of its inhabitants is equal to that of almost any 
 region. All its most valuable productions, 
 both animal and vegetable, have been imported 
 firom foreign countries, and have been kept up 
 and itaproved by conatont attention. England 
 
 ENG 
 
 has now no other wild quadrupeds than thoM of 
 tho smaller kind, as the fox, badger, marten, 
 otter, hare, rabbit, squirrel, &c. On the other 
 hand, every kind of domestic animal, imported 
 from abroad, has been reared to the greatest 
 degree of perfection. The horse has been 
 trained up for all the various purposes of 
 strength and swiftness, so as to excel in those 
 qualities the same animal in every other country. 
 The breeds of cattle, in various parts of the 
 kingdom, have also been cultivated with much 
 care, and have been brought to the largest size 
 and greatest justness of shape. The different 
 races of sheep are variously distinguished, either 
 for uncommon size, goodness of flesh, or plenty 
 or fine- ' woo!. TI;;. deer of its parks, 
 which ( Vj a foreign breed, are supe- 
 
 rior in . skin, and delicacy of flesh, 
 
 to those t t countries. Even the several 
 
 kinds of dogs have been trained to degrees of 
 cour-jge, strength, and sagacity, rarely to be 
 met with elsewhere. Domestic poultry, as well 
 as wild birds, are numerous; the shape and 
 beauty of plumage of the pheasant, and deli- 
 cious note of the nightingale, cannot be sur- 
 passed. The improvement in the vegetable 
 products of this island is not less striking than 
 in the animal. Nuts, acorns, crabs, and a few 
 wild berries, were almost all the variety of vege- 
 table food which its woods could boast To 
 other countries, and to the efforts of culture, it 
 is indebted for com, esculent roots, plants, and 
 all its garden fruits. The seas, as well as the 
 rivers of England, are stocked with a great 
 variety of fish, which yield a plentiful article of 
 provision to all ranks of people. 
 
 Of the early history of England but little is 
 known prior to its becoming a province of the 
 Roman empire, during the first century of the 
 Christian era The first invasion of England by 
 the Romans was under Julius Ccesar, in the yer. . 
 35, at which period the country was inhabited 
 by a very numerous but hardy and rude race of 
 people, denominated Britons, living in tribes and 
 subject to an austere and rigorous priesthood ; 
 about the year 86, the whole country, after 
 numerous c( ! icts, was subdued under Agricola. 
 During a pmod of nearly 400 years, from the 
 time of Agricola to the year 447, when the Ro- 
 mans finally quitted the island, they had effec- 
 tually succeeded in reconciling the natives to a de- 
 pendence on their government, and in diffusing 
 a ttiste and desire to cultivate and practise the 
 arts of social life ; they had, however, so impli- 
 citly yielded to Roman government and protet- 
 tion, that, on being left to govern and protect 
 themselves, they were unable to withstand the 
 rude and vigorous attacks of the Picts and 
 Scot?, who poured into the country from the 
 N.; and tho Romans, on being applied to by the 
 Britons, declining, from inability, to render 
 them assistance, the Britons invited the assist- 
 ance of the Saxons, a people who had acquired 
 celebrity for their valour in the N. of Europe. 
 In the year 449, Hengist and Horsa, two Saxon 
 leaders, arrived with a force of 1600 men, who 
 succeeded in speedily subduing the Scots and 
 Picts ; but, perceiving the inefficiency of the 
 
 m 
 
 ^mmmmmmmm- 
 
ENG 
 
 279 
 
 EPH 
 
 Britons, the Saxons ol)fiiiiicd a succession of 
 reinforcements, made allies of tlio Scots and 
 Picts, and turned their whole force to the sub- 
 jugation of England ; and, in the progress of 
 time, the country became divided into seven 
 monarchies, some one of which, however, in its 
 turn, maintaining an ascendancy over the rest, 
 the ascendant monarch being regarded aa king 
 of England. The following is a list of the seven 
 monarchies, with the dates of their foundation 
 and extinction : viz. — 
 
 Kent . . . . 
 South Saxons 
 East Saxons . . 
 Nortliumberland 
 East Angles . . 
 Mercia . . , 
 West Saxons 
 
 founded in 454 extinct 8_'3 
 
 491 
 527 
 S47 
 
 67.'; 
 
 S82 
 59-2 
 
 6(!.'> 
 827 
 827 
 79-3 
 827 
 828 
 
 This period is denominated the Heptarchy, 
 which mei^ed into an undivided sovereignty 
 under Egbert, the 17th king of the West Saxons, 
 in 028. In 860 the Saxon dynasty in its turn 
 was assaileil by the Danes, and, after repeated 
 conflicts and aggressions, Sweyne, a Dane, was 
 crowned king of England in 1013. Hie crown 
 reverted again to the Saxons in Edward, sur- 
 iianied the Confessor, in 1042; but on the 14tli 
 of October, 1066, the destinies of England were 
 ])laccd in the hands of William of Normandy, 
 Burnamed the Conqueror, from the decisive 
 victory lie gained on that day over Harold II., 
 king of England. From that period to the pre- 
 sent time, the whole country has beon under the 
 rule of a successive line of kings, except for 
 1 1 years, from 1649 to 1660, when it was under 
 a protectorate, in consequence of the arbitrary 
 measures of the monarch having led to liis da- 
 capilttiion on the 30th of Jauuiiry, 1 G49. 
 
 England, New, the N. E. p.irt of the United 
 States of North AmericJ?, extending from the iat. 
 of 41. to 48. N., thiis first named by Captain 
 Smith, in 1614. It is bounded on the N. by 
 Canada, on the E. by New Brunswick and tlio 
 Atlantic, on the S. by the Atlantic and Long 
 Island Sound, and on the W. by New York. It 
 comprises the states of Massa(;]iusets, Maine, 
 New IIampsiiihe, Vermont, IIhodb Island, 
 and Co.nnecticut; each of which see under its 
 respective head. 
 
 Enkioi'ino, a town of Sweden, in Upland, on 
 the N. side of Lake Maeler; 21 miles S. W. of 
 Upsal. 
 
 Ennis, a town in the parish of Drumcliff, 
 Ireland ; cajjj'al of the county of Clare. It is 
 seated near the head of a bay, on the N. side of 
 the river Shannon. It is 19 miles N. N. W. of 
 Limerick, and 1 13 S. S.W. of Dublin. It returns 
 11 member to the parliament of the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 Enniscortiiy, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Wexford, with a manufacture of 
 coarse woollen cloth, and some iron-works. It 
 ifl situate on the Slnney ; 10 miles N. of Wex- 
 ford, and 27 N. E. of Waterford. 
 
 ENNisitiLLEiN, a borough of Ireland, capital 
 of the county of Fermanagh. It is seated on 
 on island in Lough Erne, where that lake is 
 
 contracted, for about C miles, to the width of 
 an ordinary river, and has a strong fort, it beir.g 
 a pass of great importance between 4he N. and 
 S. of Ireland. In 1596 it made an obstinato 
 defence against the army of Queen Elizabeth, 
 and again in 1680 against James II. It is 
 80 miles N. W. of Dublin. It returns one 
 member to the parliament of the United King- 
 dom. 
 
 End, or Ends, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Rumelia, and a Greek archbishop's see; seated 
 near a gulf of the Archipelago, at the influx of 
 the Marissa; 90 miles S. by W. of Adrianople, 
 and 1 45 W. S. W. of Constantinople. Long. 28, 
 15. E. Iat. 40. 46. N. 
 
 Ens, a town of .\ustria, on a river of the samo 
 name, at its conflux with the Danube; 12 miles 
 E. S. E. of Lintz. 
 
 Ensene, a town of Egypt, on the E. side of 
 the Nile. Here are considerable ruins of the 
 ancient Antinoe. It is 120 miles S. of Cairo. 
 Long. 30. 64. E. Iat. 28. 6. N. 
 
 Ensisheim, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Rhine, on the river Ille; 10 miles 
 S. of Colmar. 
 
 Enskirken, a town in the duchy of Juliers : 
 15 miles S. W. of Cologne. 
 
 Enstorf, a town of the palatinate of Bavaria: 
 22 miles N. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Entliducii, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Luccrn ; 14 miles W. S. W. of Lu- 
 cern. 
 
 Entre Douro e Miniio, the most N. W. pro- 
 vince of Portugal, lying on the sea coast, betweei. 
 the rivers Douro and Minho, and bounded on 
 the E. by Tra los Monies. It is 68 miles from 
 N. to S., and 40 broad ; and contains a popu- 
 lation of 907905. Bnign, ,30 miles N. N. E. 
 of Oporto, is the capital. It is watered by two 
 other rivers, falling into the Atlantio Ocean, 
 viz. the Lima and Cavado ; the other principal 
 towns are, Ligos, Lupcda, and Moncao, on the 
 S. hank of the Alinho, which divides the pro- 
 vince from the Siinnish j)rovince of Galicia ; 
 Port de Lima and Viana, near the mouth of the 
 Lima, Barcelloa, between Braga and the mouth 
 of the Cabado, Guimaraens and Amarante on 
 the S. E., and Oporto on the N. bank, near the 
 mouth of the Douro, which separates the pro- 
 vince from Beira. 
 
 Eperies, a town of Upper Hungary, capital 
 of the county of Saros, celebrated for its mines 
 of salt. It is seated on the Tatza; 20 miles 
 N. E. of Casaovia. Long. 21. 13. E.lat. 48. 50. 
 N. Top. about 7500. 
 
 Epernay, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mariio. It was taken by Henry IV. in 
 1.592, when Marshal Biron was killed while the 
 kinjj's hand was on his shoulder. The wines 
 produced in its neighbourhood are excellent. 
 It is 1 7 miles N. W. of Chalons, and the seat of 
 a jirefoct, with a population of 4997. 
 
 Epernon, a town of B'rance, in the depart- 
 ment of Eure and Loire ; 15 miles N. N. E. of 
 Chartres. 
 
 Ephesus, a village of Asiatic Tuikey, in 
 .R-itolia, anciently one of the most splendid 
 cities of Asia Minor, and the most frequented 
 
EPH 
 
 980 
 
 ERI 
 
 ..| 
 
 - emporium of that continent. Of its former 
 
 ■plendour there is notliing to bo seen but heaps 
 
 of marble, overturned wnlls, cohimns, capitals, 
 
 and piece* of statues. The fortress, which is 
 
 upon an eminence, seems to have been the work 
 
 of the Qreek emperors ; and also the aqueduct, 
 
 part of which is yet standing, supported by 
 
 pillars of fine marble. The eastern gate has 
 
 three basso-relievos, taken from some ancient 
 
 monuments ; that in the middle was constructed 
 
 by the Romans. The most remarkable structure 
 
 was the Tempie of Diana, deemed one of the 
 
 •even wonders of the world, and which the 
 
 primitive Christians had converted into a church ; 
 
 but it is now so entirely ruined, that it is not 
 
 easy to find the ground plot, Ephesus is seated 
 
 near the mouth of the Cayster, which formerly 
 
 afforded a good harbour for ships, but is now 
 
 almost choked up with sand. The present in- 
 
 habitants are only Greek peasants, who live in 
 
 extreme wretchedness and insensibility. It is 
 
 ao miles S. S. E. of Smyrna. Lone. 27. 23. E. 
 
 lut. 38. 8. N. 6 . ". ^. 
 
 Ephrata, or TcNKERSTOWN. a town of Penn- 
 sylvania, in Lancaster county, and the principal 
 settlement of a sect called Tunkers (Dippere), 
 who are of German extraction, and first appeared 
 m America in 1719. It is 22 miles N. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 EPiNAt, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Vosges. It is famous for its 
 paper-mills: it is seated on the river Moselle, 
 near the mountains of the Vosges : 65 miles 
 S. W. of Strasburg, and 195 E. by S. of Paris. 
 Pop. 7941. 
 
 Epinokn, a town of South Germany, in the 
 grand duchy of Baden i 20 miles S. E. of Heidel- 
 berg. Pop. 3000. ■ 
 
 Epirus, a sandjak of Turkey in Europe, in 
 the pachalic of Albania. It is inhabited prin- 
 cipally by Amauts. 
 
 Eppino, a town in Essex, with a market on 
 Friday. It is femous for excellent butter-; it is 
 seated at the N. end of a forest of the same 
 name ; 17 miles N. N. E. of London. 
 
 Epsom, a town in Surrey, which has, from the 
 number of opulent people residing in and near 
 It, a daily market. It is celebrated for itr 
 mineral waters and salts ; and on its neigh 
 bouring downs are annual horse-races. It is 16 
 miles S. S. W. of London. 
 
 Epworth, a town in Lincolnshire, in the isle 
 of Axholm, with a market on Friday, and a 
 manufiicture of sacking. John Wesley, the 
 founder of the Arminian sect of Methodists, was 
 born here. It is 1 1 miles N. of Gainsboroueh 
 and 106 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Ehbach, a town of Wirtemberg, capital of a 
 county of the same name, with a castle. It is 
 22 miles W. by S. of Wertheim, and 35 S. S. E. 
 of Frankfort. 
 
 Erbil, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pach. of 
 Kurdistan. It occupies a hill in the midst of 
 fruitful plaLis, near the ancient Arbela, the 
 scene of the defeat of Darius by Alexander the 
 Great, b. c. 331. 
 
 Erbkli, a town of European Turkey, on the 
 N. shore of the Sea of Marmora £B miles W.ef 
 
 Constantinople. It was the ancient Heraclia, 
 and contains the ruins of un nniphithentrc, built 
 by the emperor Severusj and a wall at some 
 former timo extended from this place to Derkus, 
 on the shore of the Blnck Sen, a distance of 
 about 55 miles, the object of which seems to 
 have been the protection of Constantinople from 
 the northern barbarians. 
 There is another town of the same name, on 
 the S. W. shore of the Black Sea; 130 miles 
 E. by N. of Constantinople. 
 Erfurt, a city of Upper Saxony, sometimes 
 accounted the capital of Thuringia, with a uni- 
 versity and two strong forts. The principal 
 magistrate is sometimes a jirotestant and some- 
 times a papist; but the greatest part of the 
 burghers are protestants. It has three fine 
 libniries, one of which belongs to the papists, 
 another to the university, and a third to the 
 Jirotestant ministers. The inhabitants are com- 
 puted at 15,000. A fire happened here in 1736, 
 which burnt down 180 houses, and several 
 churches. In 1806 it was taken by the French; 
 and m 1814 it surrendered to the allies. It is 
 seated in a fertile country, on the river aerar: 
 58 miles W. S. W. of Leipsic. 
 
 EaiBOL, Loch, in Scotland, an arm of the 
 sea, on the N. const of Sutheriandshire, in the 
 long, of 4. 30. W., capable of affording a safe 
 retreat to the largest vessels. It receives several 
 streams : particularly that which flows from a 
 lake called Loch Hope. 
 
 Ericut, Loch, a lake of Scotland, lying in 
 the counties of Inverness and Perth. It is 24 
 miles in length, and one in breadth, surrounded 
 by lofly mountains and rugged cliffs, and its 
 banks covered with heath and a few straggling 
 birches and alders. Its outlet, at the S. ex- 
 tremity, is the river Ericht, which flows into 
 Loch Rannock. 
 
 Erie, Lake, one of the great chain of lakes in 
 North America, lies between 79. and 84. W.long. 
 and 41. and 43. N. lat. Its length is 230 miles, 
 and 40 its medium breadth. It is upwards of 
 650 miles in circumference, and navigable for 
 ships of any burden. Its depth in the centre is 
 120 feet, and it is 330 feet above the level of 
 Lake Ontario, into which it discharges its waters 
 by the falls of Niagara. The coast on both sides 
 IS generally favourable for batteaux and canoes; 
 yet in some places, chiefly on the S. side, there 
 are rocks that run several miles in length. 
 Some of these, near the mouth of the Cayahoga, 
 rise 40 or SO feet perpendicular out of the water, 
 and project over the lake so as to inspire dread 
 in the boldest breswt, when they are approached. 
 The heathen Indians, when they pass this im- 
 pending danger, oflfer a sacrifice of tobacco to 
 the water. The islands and banks, towards its 
 vV. end, are so infested with rattlesnakes, as to 
 render it dangerous to land on them. The lake 
 is covered, near the banks of the islands, with a 
 large pond lily, the leaves of which are thickly 
 spread on the surfece of the water, to an extent 
 of many acres : on these, in the summer, lie 
 myriads of watersn.-ikrs. basking in the suii. 
 Ihis lake, at its N. W. end, receives the waters 
 of the great chain from the N. W. by the river 
 
E R I 381 
 
 Detroit, I 1 (liBi'linrRCi tlicm hy tlie river Niii- 
 gnni, over ho grent fnllg nt its N. E, end, into 
 Lake OnUino. It form* tlio boumiai v line be- 
 tween the United States and British North 
 American territories, both parties claiming an 
 equal riRht of navigation. During the war of 
 1 H 1 -- 1 1) 1 5, the Americans had a squadron of 9 
 vcMcIs, carrying 56 guns, and the British, one 
 otb vcsstls, carrying 69 guns, on the lOth of 
 September 1(113, after an action of three hours, 
 the whole of the British squadron surrendori'd 
 to tlie American Commodore Perry. The 
 Engbsh have a fort, called Fort Erie, at the 
 «. J!,, extremity of the lake, where it nar- 
 rows mto the river Niagara, in the lat. of 42. 
 67. N and 78. 20.of W. long.-, and the United 
 htatcs have two counties named after the lake • 
 viz.--Ut. At the N. W. extremity of the state 
 of cnnsylvania, the W. N. W. side is washed 
 by the waters of the lake, the W. end borders 
 on the state of Ohio, and the E. end on that of 
 I^eyr York. Its area is about 750 square 
 miles. Pop. 31,344. A town of the iamo 
 name, seated near the shore of the lake, is 315 
 miles m a meridional line N. N. W. of Phila- 
 delphia. 2nd. At the N. W. extremity of the 
 state of New York, bordering on the E. end of 
 the lake and Niagara River, bounded on the N. 
 by the Tonnewanta, and S. by the Cattaraugus 
 itiver; this county was divided off from NiiiKura 
 T^'llTt'' ^l^'^A.""'^ ''""'"'"^ « populalion 
 
 *ort hne, is the chief town; 2G5 mileo W. of 
 Albany. 
 
 EmsKAT, a small island of the Hebrides of 
 
 bcotland, at the S. end of South Uist; noted 
 
 for being the first place upon which Charles 
 
 tuart landed, in his wild attempt to gain the 
 
 •Uritish crown. 
 
 Erith a village in Kent, on the Thames; S 
 miles E. by S. of Woolwich. Great quantities 
 of corn and wood are shipped hence, and here 
 tne i^ast India ships, in their passage up the 
 river, generally discharge a part of their cargoes 
 i-BiVAN, the capital of Persian Armenia, in 
 a province of the SRme name, and the seat of an 
 Armenian i)atriarch. The city is defended bv a 
 fortress, m which is the governor's palace, and 
 by a castle, on the river Zuengui, near the lake 
 ot Jinvan, winch is very deep, and CO miles in 
 circumference. The Meidan is an open square, 
 400 paces over, in which are very fine trees, 
 liie baths and caravansaries have their beauties 
 but the churches of the Christians are small 
 and half under ground. It is seal.d on the 
 banks of the Arus river, which runs past Shirvan 
 into the Caspian Sea, from which it is distant 
 about 130 miles, and about the same distance 
 from Gonieh, on the S. E. shore of the Black 
 bea. Ihe Russians attempted to take this 
 place by storm in 1808, but were repulsed 
 with great slaughter. Long. 44. 10. E. lat. 40 
 20. N. 
 
 EuKELENs, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 
 01 Juliers: Bentpri o" ♦1iaP«/>-. lAm!'— ■»» "» 
 
 ofJuhers. Pop. about 2300. 
 
 Erlan, or Eur.AU, a populous town on the 
 fivntiers of Lower and Upper Hungaryj 60 miles 
 
 ERZ 
 
 E. N. E. of Buda. It is the see of an aich- 
 bishop. The cathedral and archiepiscopal 
 palace are stately edifices. 
 
 EftLANORN, a town of Bavaria, with a uni- 
 versity and a palace. It is divided into the old 
 and new town; and the latter is one of the 
 handsomest towns in Germany. The principal 
 manufactures are hats, gloves, and stockings. It 
 IS seated on the Rednitz, 12 miles N. of Nurem- 
 berg, and is now included in the dominions of 
 the king of Bavaria. Long. 11. 2. E. lat 49. 
 38. N. 
 
 Ebne, a river of Scotland, which issues from 
 H lake of the same name, in Perthshire, flows by 
 Cricf, and joins the Tay, a little below Abcr- 
 nethy. 
 
 EuNB, a river of Ireland, which issues from a 
 small lake on the N. border of the county of 
 LoiiKford, flows N. through that of Cavan, and 
 «. W. through Formiuiagh into Donegal Bnv. 
 In the latter county it forms a lake, called 
 Lough Erne, 30 miles in length, containing 
 several islands; and oti one in the middle part 
 wliere the hike is very narrow, stands the town 
 Of I'iimiskillun. 
 
 Ernee, townof France, in the department 
 of Alayenne. on a river of the same name- 15 
 miles N. N. W. of Laval. 
 
 Erodu, or Ehroad, a town of Hindostan, in 
 the province of Coimbctore, with a large mud 
 fort. Much coarse cotton cloth is made here 
 and in the vicinity. It is seated on a canal 
 from the Bhawani, E. of the Cavery river- 75 
 miles W. N. W. of Tritchinopoly. 
 
 Errol, a town in Perthshire, Scotland, 431 
 miles from Edinburgh. The population are em- 
 ployed in the making of linen, and the salmon 
 fishery. Grain is also exported hence in largo 
 quantities. 
 
 Erromango, one of the New Hebrides in the 
 S. Pacific Ocean; 70 miles in circumference, 
 with low shores. On the W. side is a promon- 
 tory that separates two bays; and CapU-in Cook 
 from the treacherous behaviour of the inhabi- 
 tante, named it Traitor's Head. Long. J 69. 1 9 
 E. lat. 18. 47. S. 
 
 Ervy, a town of France, in the department 
 of Aube; 17 miles S. by W. of Troyes. 
 
 Erzerum, or Arz Roum, the capital of 
 lurkish Armenia, with Armenian and Greek 
 ejjiscopal sees. It is surrounded by double 
 walls, defended by strong towers, and estimated 
 tocontam 1 25,000 inhabitants. The Armenians 
 have two churches, the Greeks but one; the 
 latter are mostly braziers, and live in the 
 suburbs. A great trade is carried on in furs 
 Persian silks, cottons, calicoes, and drugs' 
 This city 18 a thoroughfare, -ind a resting-place 
 for the caravans to the East Indies. It is 
 wtuate between the twosources of the Euphrates 
 I' ii® ^rm°*"* *^'""" "^ mountains; 104 miles 
 «, , o T''^^'*""'. on the S. E. shore of the 
 Llack Sea. Long. 41. 36. E. lat. 39. 67. N 
 
 Ebzuedero, Circle of, a populous district 
 ot Upper baxony, forming the S. W. part of 
 the margraviate of Meissen, or Misniaj'oounded 
 on the S. by the Bohemian mountains. It 
 abounds in valuable minerals. Frejrbuig, Al- 
 
R8f! 
 
 918 
 
 ESS 
 
 tonburg, nnJ Chomnit*, nro Uio priiicliml 
 
 tllWIW. 
 
 KwAi.oN*. n town of Spnin, In Now Cintiloj 
 •iirToundud by wuIIn. |t i* litiiiito on nn i-mi- 
 lumi'o, in II fiTtilo country, nenrtho Alhrccho, ii 
 tribulury of tlio Tiijiiwi 20 niili«s N. W. at 
 Tolotlo, iinti :\-2 S. W. of M»<lrid. 
 
 KMniwicdKN, n town nnd oimtlu c' .irmnny, 
 in tho liuiilKrnvato of II<>imo Cimmu iioitte<l on 
 «ho VVi>rrii; '-'.'> nilK'* ]•]. S. K. of Ciiiwol. 
 
 KmuiiiAi,, H villnno<)fS|min, in Now Cndtiic; 
 Wilted on tlio (Iniidaru ; \!i niilca N. W, of 
 Madrid, It tnltoi iti nitmo fVimi n nolilo stni(>> 
 
 — •• "" — •"* — •••• ••(•■<<u ■(■till (B ii«fi(iu nn m^ 
 
 turn, foundod by IMiilip 1 1., in memory of tlio 
 viitor^v_Kiijm«d ovor tho l-'roni-h nwir St. (inimtiii, 
 
 in l,'>.'.7. Thin oditicooonHlNti ofii roynl jmlHw, 
 n dinnb.n nioniwtory.ni'oilogo, nlilmiry.gliofw 
 ol'diil'Drcnt lUtiMn, u|iiirtnu'ntti for n grcttt num- 
 bor of poojilo, bi>mitif\il wnllti, liirno niioyii, an 
 «'xli'nwvo imrk, and flno nanlonii. It is built of 
 Kroy Htont>ii, found in tho noinhbourliood, and in 
 tlu) form of H gridiron, liwauMo St. Lnwrcnco, on 
 wliow day tlio viitory was k"'"c<Ii sufforc-d mnr- 
 tynlom by iM'ing broiled on «uch nn instrument. 
 It ill a loiiK miiinro of 710 foct by flOO, nnd four 
 utorios lu'gli, witli a tower at each niiKlo 200 feet 
 IiiKh; and (ho palaco forms tlio hanillu of this 
 imaginary gri.liron. Tho most remurkable part 
 m the arched ehapoli in which is n iimgnifieent 
 ■epulchro, callcl tho Pantheon, boiiig built in 
 JmitaticMi of that church at Homo; it is tho 
 burying place of the luiig!i and queens ofSjmin; 
 and is thought by Htnno fo bo tho most curious 
 piece of architecture in tho world. The church is 
 built after the model of St. IV-torVi at Home, 
 KsoiiKVMA or KmiuKiiu, a town of Portugal, 
 III Heini; M niilod S. of Aveiro. 
 
 K.SK, a river which rises in Scotland, in tho 
 N. K. part of Dumfriesshire, and Hows S. K. 
 through n dnio to which it gives name, to tho 
 rtlgo of tho county. It there receives tho 
 I-itldel (Vom lloxburghshiro, nnd enters Cumber- 
 Lmd, nowing S. by Loiigtown, into tho N. E. 
 extremity of Solway Frith. 
 
 KsK, a river of Scotland in Edinburghshir. , 
 formed by the junction of two streams culled 
 North nnd Scnilli Ksk. They almost encircle tho 
 town of Dalkeith, passing on each side of tho 
 emincnco on wliich it stands, nnd unite n littlo 
 lielow tho town. Tho river enters the Frith of 
 Forth, at Musselburgh. 
 
 Ksk, North and South, two rivers of Scot- 
 land, in Angusshire, which descend tVom tho 
 hills called the Uraos of Angus. The former 
 divides the couiuy thim Kinciirdineshire, for 
 st'venil milch, and reaches the ocean a little to 
 the N. of Montro9t> : tho latter, after traversing 
 the whole brwidth of tho county, enters the bay 
 on the W. of tho same town. 
 
 EsKi SuEiiR, n town of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 Natolia, on tho river Saknria, which falls" into 
 the Black Sea ; 80 miles E. S. E. of Drusa 
 Long. ;n. 18 E. lat. .S!). 48. N. 
 
 EsMKRALOAS, a department of S. America, 
 »-epublic of Colombia. Tho chief town, of tho 
 same name, is situntoil on a n.vk of land, at tlie 
 mouth of a river dischargiiy itself into The f'a- 
 cmc Ocean. 
 
 KsNK, AnNA, or KsMAV, A town of Egypt, 
 •upposed to bo tho ancient Ijitopolis. Tiers 
 is an «n::iont tumiile, with walls on three side*, 
 and ill tho ftont 24 columns well preserved : 
 within it aro throo stories of hieroglyphics, of 
 nie«i about three foot high j nnd tho ceiling is 
 ndornod with animals, painted with beautiful 
 colours. On tho N. side of the town is nnothor 
 tempio, richly cnrvod with hieroglyphics, cro- 
 codiles, Ao. ; and a inilu to the S. is thu mo- 
 niwtery of St. Iloloim, which contains many 
 magnificent tombs. Esno stands on tho Nilo j 
 300 miles y. of Cairo. Long. 3. 40. E. lat. 
 24. 4(1. N. 
 
 Ksoi'UH. See KiNfisTON. 
 Ehi'auion, a town of Franco, in tho depart- 
 ment of A veiron, on tho river Lot; 14 miloa 
 N. N. E. of llhode*. It is tho sent of a prefect, 
 and contiiins ;J20l inhabitants. 
 
 Ehi'ohicnda, or Esi-ondknda, a scuport of 
 Portugal, in Entre Douro o Minho, at the mouth 
 of tho (^avado ; 22 miles N. of Oiiorto. Lona. 
 H. 21. W. lat. 41. 32. N. * 
 
 EsijuiMAUx, a people of North Amorlcn, 
 chiefly inhabiting Labrador and tho iliorcs of 
 Hudson's Bay j each of which sco. 
 
 KstjuiMAUx Bay, u bay on tho S. coast of 
 T4ibrndor,at tho ontranco to tho Straits of Bel lo- 
 islo fVom tho Gulf of St. Lawrence. Long. 67. 
 M. W. lat. 61. 30. N. 
 
 EsiiUiMAUx l8i.ANim,a clustcrof small islands 
 in the Uulf of St. Luwrcneo, olF tho ontinnco 
 to tho bay. 
 
 EssKci, or Es/KK, a trading town of Austria, 
 in Sclavoniii, with a strong castle. It has a 
 wooden bridge ovtr tho Oravo, into Lower 
 llnngary, nnd tho marshes, miles in length, 
 and HO feot in breadth, with towers at a quarter 
 of a milo distant from each other. It is a 
 •Idficult pass, and several battles have been 
 fought here, between the Turks nnd IJermans. 
 Esseg wiui taken fVom tho Turks in I0(t7, since 
 which time it has continued in tho hands of tho 
 House of Austria. It is scatwl on tho river 
 l)rave ; 100 miles W. N. W, of Belgrade, an.l 
 l.»0 S, of Buda. Long. ly. ItJ. E. lat. 45. 30 N. 
 Pop. about 9000, 
 
 EssKN, a town of Westphnlin, in tho duchv 
 of Berg. Hero are several Catholic churches 
 and convents, but tho inhabitants aro chiefly 
 Luthemns. It is 11 miles E. of Duysburg. 
 
 E.SSENS, a town of Westphalia in East Frios- 
 land, near tho Gorman Ocean ; 20 miles N„ N. 
 E. of Emdoij. 
 EssKijuiuo. See Issuiiuino. 
 Essex, a maritimo and fertile county of Eng- 
 land. It is bounded on tho S. by tho river 
 Thames, which divides it from tho county of 
 Kent, and N. by the Stour, which divides it 
 from the county of Suffolk, -"ul \V. by tho 
 Stort and Lea, dividing it from tho counties of 
 Hertfoixl and Middlesex : tho E. boundary is 
 wnsned by tho German Ocean, nnd the N. W. 
 corner borders on tho county of Cambridge : 
 the Colno ar-l two other rivers, the Chelmer 
 
 I Blackwater, iiitcracct tho inteiior paits of 
 the county, and tho united streams of tho two 
 latter, nt Maldon, form a beautiful estuor/ to 
 
 ^mmmmmmmmmm..' 
 
ESS 
 
 the Qermon Ocean. The co.mtv ii nearly a 
 .qimre. tho area „f which i. l.-jio.ooo 7JJ 
 
 /„ % ^" tl'l'' ". "'^'--''I'if.l princi,,ally by tho 
 tm, fi.rcHU of Kpping „n<l Hui.mult.an J i« no ed 
 Wa'lh.i"t"'r l'''."N-W.,.art. t;om Saffron- 
 Wal. k'n to tambrulKi., ,« fi„noi.i. f„r the wrowth 
 of Hairron. an,! for a kin.l of trip|„ crop\,f co- 
 
 tZS!".'/"i "r"^' """^ "•''"''^•' '^'''•^'' "^« ■'" «<'>^n 
 rio(l>. J hi! niiddlo part i>i a :.no corn countrv 
 var.c.1 wjth Konlle incqualitio. of rnuO c • S 
 
 tho Ihamcsand the sea consists chiefly of n.iuHhv 
 
 mtnts. Its contipity to tho metr..,,oilB a(r„r,l« 
 It a facilo and advantageous marke for ism 
 plus produce of grain, sleds, calves. huUc'r no 
 
 Wliith It »upj)lie« in a greater i)ronortioi than 
 
 fJnr. ^ ?■ ".''"'"'ngM of fertility, ahun- 
 
 dance, and contiguity to market, paupcri m ad 
 crimo prevail to an equal extent to' any" In 
 iar , T', «'■?'^''■'^«""«"t than in most^ other 
 IT. ,t,"'" '''"S'l""'- , The manufacture of 
 bm/e.and other worsted stuffs, was formerly 
 carried on over tho greater part 'of this count? 
 hut since the middle of tho 18th century it has 
 progressively declined, and is now almost Jx ne 
 it has largo establishments for the printinffof 
 calico and mills for making sheet loaTlC 
 ^'oi^n for Essex i, Cl^lmsford? and t l.o 
 waiden, Romford, Harwich, &c. It returns 
 
 irh'^dSr"^"'"'''"^"''^- "'--'" -^^^ 
 
 r.^Tt''\'^ "^-^ "'® "'™° "fa county in Upper 
 extrtmity of tho province, and nearly sur- 
 
 LssEx is also the name of five counties in 
 
 AmS FT °' ''"' ^"^""^ S'"*- " ^ort'h 
 
 First, In Vermont, bounded on the E for 
 
 Second Forming the N. E. part of tlio state 
 
 an* rMr:?' ^^''^""K °" New Hampst o 
 ami the Atlantic Ocean : it is intersected by tho 
 
 283 
 
 EST 
 
 Too Oi 7 c , ' T; " • """ ueverley, &c. 
 
 W*"n"'I!;,^S. New Jersey, bounded on the 
 
 Wewark. Wmii!s t^'of nS" & ^^'^S" 
 chief town ita contiguity to whiTh ^nder^'i 
 
 tho most populous and important part of tho 
 state. 1 . ~* 
 
 Fif\h, In Virginia, on tlie S. W. bank of the 
 U(ipi.ahannoc river,along which it extends about 
 
 r. '""■*' * "''""' " """^ '" 'nean breadth, 
 ' °P- I '.309. llappahannoc, 46 miloi N.N.E. 
 of Itichmond. is tho chief town. 
 There are two or three towns named Esaex in 
 different parts of the United States of North 
 America. 
 KsHiNdToN. Port, a remarkably fine harbour 
 m -ohiirg PeniMMula, on the N. coast of Aus- 
 traiia. on tho vV. shore of which is the British 
 stttlenient of Victoria, founded in October, HJ.'JI). 
 1 1 IS seated on a rising ground, on the inner 
 liarljoiir. and has a pier. It is the third settle- 
 mont that has been formed in this neighbour- 
 hood i tho firnt in 1824. in Apsley StraiU ; and 
 the next m 1827. in ItiifHes 6ny, Coburg Pen- 
 insula. They were founded for the purpose of 
 opening a trade in British merchandise with tho 
 Alalays who visit these parts to fish for trepauR. 
 or sea-slug, which is sent to China. These two 
 settlements wore abandoned ftom misrepre- 
 ■ontation, and tho last has been formed for 
 tho same purposes of trading. Tho climate is 
 tropical, and produces many of the vegeta- 
 bles common in those regions. The natives are 
 Jriendly and useful, and the climate is very salu- 
 brious. Victoria is in 11. 20. 30. S lat. and 133 
 •'• ti, long. 
 
 EssuNo, a yillago of Austria, on the N. bank 
 of the Danube, about G miles E.S.E. of Vienna: 
 between which and Aspern a sanguinary battle 
 was fonght between the French and Austrians, 
 on tho 21st and 22nd May, 1809. 
 
 EssLiNOKN, a town of Suabia. in the kini^ 
 Uom of Wirtemberg. Here are several convente. 
 but the inhabitants are chiefly Lutherans, It 
 nns three extensive suburbs, and its district 
 yie Is good Neckar wine. It is seated on tho 
 Neckarj 8 miles S. E. of Stutgard, Pop, 7000. 
 hsTAiN, a town of France, in the department 
 of Mouse J 12 miles E.N.E. of Verdun. 
 
 ii.STAKAB, a town of Persia, in Farsistan : 
 capital of a district of the same name. Near it 
 are tlio magnificent ruins of ancient Persepolisa 
 lat. 3^ s" n' ^'^' "^ ^^'"^- ^°"«- ^3. 40. JB. 
 EsTAVAYER, a town and bailiwick of Switser- 
 Jl^i 1" "'f,"*"*"" of Friburg, with a fine castle, 
 of Friber Neufchatel ; 13 miles W. 
 
 EsTE, a populous town of the Venetian terri- 
 toryj 14 miles S. S, W. of Padua, JT 
 vnrrf ^''•!'^ "" ^PJ'^'opal town of Spain, in Na- 
 varre, with a castle and university! seated on 
 
 nn^f- ''*; " *r" °^ ^i"^' '" Andplusia, with 
 nn ancient castle on a mountain; 18 miles S. of 
 Ecija, and 58 E. of Seville, 
 
 EsTEPONA, a Uwn of Spain, in Granada near 
 the coast; 20 miles W,S.W, if Marbeff' 
 
 XjSTERAnAn. fiaa AaTon.n.- 
 
 EsTHONiA, or RETEt, a government of the 
 Russian empire, bounded on the W, by the 
 Baltic, N. by the Gulf of Finland, E. by InpiAj 
 
EST 
 
 9t4 
 
 ETT 
 
 t 
 
 mil S. by Lironia. After having boon long nn 
 olijoct of bloody contention betwoen the Rus- 
 •tatii, Toleg, and Swwiei, it wni fonfirmod to 
 the latter by the pence of OIIvm, in IGfiO; but it 
 was wbdued by Peter the Great, in 1710, and 
 tinaliy ceded to Rusua in 1721 It ia divided 
 into four circles. Revel is the capital. 
 
 EsTiiWAiTE-WATSR, B lalie in Lancashire, be- 
 tween Ilawkshcad and Windermero-water. It 
 ii two and a half miles long, and half a mile 
 broad, intersected by a peninsula from each 
 side, jutting far into the lake. On the banks 
 are viilsges and scattered houses, pleasantly 
 situate under woods and hanging grounds cloth- 
 ed with verdure, all heightened by the strong 
 I'ack ground of rocky mountains. No char are 
 are found in this lake, though it is connected 
 with the Windermere-water. 
 
 Estill, an interior county in the E. part of 
 the state of Kentucky, intersected by the Ken- 
 tucky river i its area is about 600 square miles. 
 Irvine is the chief town. 
 
 EsiRAMADuiu, a province in Spain extend- 
 ing from the lat. of 37. 56. to 40. 15. of N. lat., 
 bounded on the W. by the Portuguese province 
 of Alentejo and part of Bcira. It is about 90 
 miles in mean breadth, giving an area of 14,400 
 square miles. Pop. 420,493. The N. end is 
 intersected by the Tagus, and the S. by the 
 fi'uadiana ; it seems a county of great capability. 
 The vine, olive, and corn, all luxuriate within 
 Its limits. Cattle and fine wool are the chief 
 articles of trade ; and great herds of black 
 Bwino are fed on the hills, which are covered with 
 oaks. Badajoz, near the Portuguese frontier, is 
 the capital, and the other principal towns are 
 Plazencia, Coria, Alcantara.Albuquerque, Trux- 
 iJlo, Marida, Olivonzia, Xeres, and Llerena. 
 
 EsiRAMADUBA, the metropolitan province of 
 Portugal, lying on both sides of the Tagus: its 
 area is about 700 square miles. Pop. 826,680. 
 The part S of the Tagus is mountainous and 
 unproductive, whilst the N., nlthousb in parts 
 mountainous, is exceedingly fertile ; the vine, 
 olive, orange, lemon, and other delicious fruits) 
 as well as corn, millet, and legumes, abound ; 
 besides Lisbon, the capital of the province, and 
 of all Portugal, the other principal towns are 
 Leyria, Thomar, Abrantes, Santarem, and Alen- 
 quer, all N. of the Tagus, and Setuval, near the 
 coast on theS. 
 
 EsTEEMOz, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 
 and one of the strongest in the kingdom, being 
 surrounded by ten bastions. An earthenware 
 is made here, greatly esteemed for its beauty ; 
 and in the vicinity are quarries of beautiful 
 ma>ble. It ia 18 miles W. of Elvas, and 100 E. 
 of Lisbon. Pop. about 6500. 
 EszEK, or EszEO. See Esssa. 
 Etaiipes, a town in France, in the department 
 of Seine andOise ; seated on the river Loet, or 
 EUmpes ; 15 miles E. of Chartres. It is dis- 
 tinguished for the murder of its prefect, on the 
 1st of March, 1792. Pop. 9400. 
 
 Etaplks, a town in France, in tlie department 
 of Pas de Calais ; situate on the English Chan- 
 nel, near the mouth of the river Canch«. la 
 miiefl S. of Boulogne. ' 
 
 ErAYA.or Etawbu, a lown of llindostiin, in 
 the province of Agra ; situiit« on the K, hank of 
 the Jumna, which is here 60 feet high. On the 
 top, near the river, are the remains of a fort. It 
 lf/2 miles S. E. of Agra. Long. 79. 16. E. lat. 
 Jo. 45. N. 
 
 Ethiopia, a name by which a vast region of 
 Africa has been distinguished by some geo- 
 graphers, who have divided it into Ui)por and 
 Lower Ethiopia The first includes Nubin, 
 Abyssmia, and part of Guinea ; the second .ill 
 the countriwi S. of the equinoctial line, a* Congo, 
 Monumugi, Monomotapa. A;c. Ethopiu ajipcars 
 to liave once been a great and powerful empire, 
 but the details of its history are lost in the 
 vnrtcx of time. The Egyptian enipiro was pro- 
 bably founded on the ruin of that of Ethio|)ia. 
 
 Etienne, St., a town of Fruiice in the de- 
 partment of Loire. Besides the manufactures of 
 arms, hardware, and cutlery, (the most con- 
 siderable in France,) the weaving of ribbons 
 forms a considerable article of commerce. Coal 
 is found in the neighbourhood, and also a sort 
 stone, fit for grindstones. It is the seat of a 
 prefect ; 20 miles S. E. of Montbriaon, and 32 
 S. W. o*" Lyons. Pop. 21,000. 
 
 There are about a dozen other towns in dif- 
 ferent parts of Franco, luimcd utter Saint 
 Etienne (Stephen), all inconsiderable. 
 Etivb Loch, a navigable inlet of the sea, on 
 the W. coast of Scotland, in Argyloshire. It is 
 20 miles in length, but of very unequal Ixreadlh ; 
 and Its banks are indented with creeks, which 
 aftbrd safe anchorage. About 7 miles from the 
 entrance it contracU into a narrow channel, 
 called Connel, where a ridge of rocks occasion, 
 at i)articular times of the tide, a violent current. 
 About 2 miles below is the ancient castle of 
 DunstafFnage. 
 Etna. See JEnik. 
 
 Eton, a town in Buckinghamshire, England ; 
 seated on the N. bank of the Thames, oj)posito 
 to Windsor, to which it is united by an elegant 
 stone bridge over the river. Eton is celebrated 
 for Its school, founded by Henry VI. in 1440, for 
 the education of 70 scholars, a portion of which, 
 when duly qualified, are annually elected to 
 King's College, Cambridge. In addition to the 
 70 loundation scholars, there are generally 300 
 to 400 of the sons of the opulent classes, receiv- 
 ing tlieir education at Eton. The buildings are 
 commodious and elegant ; their light Gothic tur- 
 rets form a beautiful and interesting contrast to 
 the massive and majestic towers of Windsor 
 Castle, from which Eton is separated only by the 
 river. Eton is 22 miles N. W. of London. 
 
 Etbdiua. See Tuscany, and Stohe-upon- 
 Trent. 
 
 • Etienheim, a town in the territory of tne 
 Grand Duke of Baden, distinguished as the 
 residence of the illustrious Duke D'Enghein. 
 Buonaparte, in violation of the established law 
 of nations, sent a military force into the terri- 
 tory of Baden, then at peace, and arrested the 
 Duke D'Enghein, who was dragged to I'aris 
 and shot. Ettenheira is 25 miles S. by E. of 
 
 — ■"■ a- 
 
 Etti,i.nge.n a town of Suabia, b the duchy 
 
 'wm^mmmmmmmm-' 
 

 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 '"**.. 
 
 ,0> ' 
 
 i^ 
 
 v:;;>' 
 
 
 '«<*5 
 
 .,1"" 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 r.'*l\. 
 
 ♦iiiiAf 
 
 
 
 .^^V^H-^U 1^' !!■ f 
 
 .^ ■»..,„.! 
 
 M'' 
 
 \, 
 
 y 
 
 / 
 
 ' inaui^U ..Oir.— Jr-Trrtl- , 
 
 part, felling in,o the Seine, about 15 n^ii^e al^T^ ofll ariBToV-hcrT ll i, 
 
 a mountain in the form 
 

 ■ i''ii:i. ii>- ■! Tij 
 
'■|''h:i. II. ■ ■! T(..^.;. .iiK.M'sii.i-: 
 
miles S. of Boulogne. 
 
 Etilingen a town of Suabia, in theTuchy 
 
uchy 
 
 EUR 
 
 of Baden, or. the river Albe ; 4 mHes S. S. W. 
 of Durlach. 
 
 Ev, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Seine, with a strong castle, and a har- 
 bour for small vessels at Treport. 'J'he prin- 
 cipal trade is in serges and lace. It is seated 
 on the nver Bresie, near the English Channel ; 
 16 miles N, E. of Dieppe. 
 ^ Eu-HO, or Precious- RIVER, a river of China, 
 in J^e-tche-li, which flows N. E. into the Pei-ho, 
 at Tien-smg. Much grain is conveyed by this 
 nver for Pekin, and it is also important for its 
 connexion with the N. extremity of the Grand 
 Canal. 
 
 EuLE, n town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Kaurzim, with a gold mine j 1 1 miles S. by E. of 
 Prague. ' 
 
 ^"i^ATORiA, or KosTOF, a town of Russia, in 
 the Cnmea, or government of Taurida, situate 
 on the W. side of a salt kke, and near the Black 
 Sea, 66 miles S. by W. of Perecop. Lone. 33 
 16. E. lat. 45. 12. N. r b . 
 
 EuPEN. See Oepen. 
 
 EupHKMiA, St., a town of Naples, on the W. 
 coast of Calabria Ulteriore, on the gulf of the 
 Mediterranean to which it gives name ; 27 
 miles S. by E. of Cosenza. 
 
 Euphrates, a noble river of Western Asia, 
 which rises from three sources in Turkish Ar 
 menia. The principal head is about 35 miles 
 S. E, of Erzerum, and is called by the Turks 
 Binggheuil Frat, or 1000 springs ; and on the 
 opposite side of the mountains from whence 
 these springs flow, the Raksi, a branch of the 
 Aras, which falls into the Caspian Sea below 
 Shirvan, also has its source : another branch of 
 the Euphrates rises about 36 miles N. by \V. of 
 Erzerum ; these two branches unite in the long, 
 of 40, E. and lat. of 39. 50. N., and about 40 miles 
 W. by S. of Erzerum, from whence the united 
 stream becomes navigable for boats. Another 
 branch rises on the frontier of Persia, in the 
 long, of 43. 40. E., and runs a course nearly due 
 W. to the long, of 39. 25. and lat. of 39. ; the 
 united streams are then called the Frat, and 
 flow in a direction S. S. W. to Semisat. in the 
 lat. 37. 8. N. and long, of 37. 20. E., being 
 withm 60 miles of the Gulf of Iskenderun, at the 
 N.E. extremity of the Med" "rranean ; from this 
 point the Euphrates flows in a S. E. direction 
 through twelve degrees of longitude in Asiatic 
 Turkey, falling into the Gulf of Persia, in the 
 lat. of 30. N. and long, of 48. 40. E. The meri- 
 dional distance from the source to the mouth of 
 this noble river is about 800 miles, but the 
 course of the stream to its junction with the 
 Tigris is about 1350 miles. It is navigable for 
 ships of the largest burthen to Bassorah, 35 
 miles from its mouth, and for steam-vessels, 
 properly constructed, as far as Dir, a distance 
 of 1 150 miles. It will probably become a great 
 means of communication between Europe and 
 Western Asia. Babylon was seated on its 
 banks. See Syria, Irac-Arabi, Roi;m, and 
 Tigris. 
 
 Eure, a department of the North of France, 
 80 named from a river which intersects the E.' 
 part, felling into the Seine, about 15 miles above 
 
 285 
 
 EUS 
 
 Rouen : the Seine then forms its northern boun- 
 dary to its entrance into the sea. Eure, how- 
 ever may be considered a manufacturing and 
 agricultural, rather than a maritime department. 
 It is divided into five arrondissements. Pod 
 415,718. ^ 
 
 Eure and Loire, an Interior department of 
 France, bordering on the preceding province, 
 on the S. It is w named from the two rivers, 
 the Eure and the Loire, both of which rue 
 within the department ; the Loire flowing to the 
 S., and the Eure to the N., as described in the 
 preceding article. Pop. 264,448. 
 
 Europe, one of the five grand divisions of 
 the globe ; the extreme limits of which are as 
 follow : viz. Cape Matapan, S. in 36. 23. N. and 
 22. 29. E. ; Cape St. Vincent, W. in37. 3.N. 
 and 9. 2. W. ; Cape North, N. in 71. 10. N. and 
 25. 50. E. ; Kara River, E. in 66. 30. N. and 63. 
 30. E. The longest meridional line that could be 
 drawn across Europe, would be from Europa 
 Point, in the straits of Gibraltar, which divides 
 Europe from the N. W. extremity of Africa, in 
 the lat. of 36. 7. N. and 5. 20. of W. long., to the 
 Kara River, in the long, of 63. 30. E., in the lat. 
 of 66. 30. N. This line, the angle of which is 
 N. E. bearing E., would intersect the gulfs of 
 Dantzig, Riga, and Finland, and the lakes La- 
 doga and Onega ; and its length would be 3055 
 geographical, or 3546 English statyte miles. 
 The longest line that could be drawn from S. to 
 N. would be from Cape Matapan, at the S. ex- 
 tremity of the Morea, to Cape North, at the 
 northern extremity of Finmark ; this line would 
 intersect the Gulf of Rig.n, the entrance to the 
 Gulf of Finland, and the N. E. shore of the 
 Gulf of Bothnia ; and its length would be 3090 
 geographical, or 2423 English statute miles. 
 Europe is estimated to contain 3,387,019 square 
 miles, and a population of 210,000,000. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the Arctic Sea, W. by 
 the Atlantic Ocean, S. from the long, of 5. W. 
 to 35. E. by the Mediterranean Sea. For its 
 boundary on the E. see Asia. The predomi- 
 nating feature of Europe is variety ; mountain 
 ridges run in all directions ; but, with the excep- 
 tion of the Alps and the Pyrenees, there are 
 none remarkable for their altitude. The Appen- 
 nines, Carpathian, Hartz,Oural,and other moun- 
 tains of inferior note, abound in every species 
 of metallic and semi-metallic ores, which are 
 worked, wrought, and distributed over every 
 part of the world. The rivers are numerous, 
 and flow in every direction ; their courses, ex- 
 tent, &c. will be elucidated under the heads of 
 their respective names, as will also the Severn, 
 countries through which they flow. 
 
 EuRviLLE, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper aianie ; 6 miles S. E. of St. 
 Djzier. 
 
 EusKiRCHEN', a town of the Prussian states : 
 23milesS. E. of Juliers. 
 
 Eustace, an island which forms, with a long 
 point of land, the entrance to the harbour of 
 St. Augustine, in East Florida. 
 
 Eustatia, .St., one of the least of the Lee- 
 ward Islands, in the West Indies ; 10 miles N.W. 
 of St. Christoiihtr. It is a mountain in the form 
 
EUT 
 
 236 
 
 EXE 
 
 : 
 
 of a sugar-loaf, whose top is hollow ; yet, for its 
 size, it is one of the most -aluable of all the Cnrib- 
 bees. Tobacco is cultivated on its sides, to the 
 very summit ; and hogs, kids, rabbits, and all 
 kinds of poultry, are in great abundance. It 
 has a town of the same name, with a good fort. It 
 was taken by the English in 1781, who pillaged 
 the inhabitants, and confiscated all private pro- 
 )jerty; it was soon after retaken by the French, 
 and restored to the Dutch, in 1783 ; again taken 
 by the English in 1801, and again restored to the 
 Dutch at the general peace of 1814. 
 
 EuTiN, a town ■ of Lower Saxony, in Hol- 
 Btein, near the side of a lake ; 20 miles N. N. 
 W. of Lubec. 
 
 EuxiNE, or Black Sea, a large inland sea, 
 dividing Europe from Asia, between the lati- 
 tudes of 41. and 47. N. extending E. from the 
 long, of 28. to 41. 25,, giving an extreme length 
 from W. to E. of G06 geographical, or 702 British 
 statute miles : on the W. it washes the coasts 
 of Romania, Bulgaria, and Bessarabia ; and on 
 that side receives the waters of the Danube : at 
 the N. W. corner it receives the waters of the 
 Dniester and the Dnieper, whii.'.i flow through 
 the southern provinces of European Russia ; 
 and from the N., between the longitudes of 33. 
 and 37. E., projects the peninsula of the Crimea, 
 or Russian province of Taurida. A narrow strait 
 at the eastern extremity cf this peninsula, leads 
 into the Sea of Azof, into which flows the river 
 Don : the N. E. part of the Euxine washes the 
 coast of Circassia and the territory of the Ab- 
 khas ; the eastern extremity washes the coast of 
 Miiigrelia, which contributes to the waters of the 
 Euxine by several streams, the roost important 
 of which is the Roni or Phasis : the S. part 
 washes the coasts of the Turkish provinces of 
 Armenia, Ileum, and Natolia, which contribute 
 the waters of the Kisil-Irmak, and numerous 
 other rivers of inferior note. The Euxine com- 
 municates \i itli the Mediterranean, first by the 
 narrow Strait of Constantinople into the Sea of 
 Marmora, and from thence by the Dardanelles, 
 the ancient Hellespont, or Thracian Bosphorus, 
 into the Grecian Archipelago. The navigation 
 of the Euxine appears to have been more ge- 
 neral in past than at the present time, the PhcE- 
 nicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Venetians, 
 and Genoese all appearing to have maintained 
 an extensive intercourse with the inhabitants on 
 its shores. In 1476, when the Turks drove the 
 Genoese from the Crimea, they piecluded all 
 intercourse through the Stniits of Constanti- 
 nople, and claimed an exclusive right of navi- 
 gation within. In 1774 the Russians, and in 
 1784 Austria, obtained by treaty an equal right of 
 navigation, which at the peace of Amiens was 
 extended to all nations ; and, since the peace of 
 1814, a considerable traffic has been carried on 
 from the port of Odessa, between the rivers 
 Dniester and Dnieper, with the Mediterranean 
 and with England ; but the other parts of its 
 extensive shores are but little frequented, and 
 but httle known, though doubtless susceptible 
 of affording a rich field for well-directed enter- 
 ijrise and exertion. 
 
 Evzr.T, town of France, in the department of 
 
 the Oard, and chief place of a canton, in the 
 district of Uzes; 9 miles W. N. W. of Uzes. 
 
 EvAux, a town of France, in the department 
 of CreusQ, near which is a mineral spring, and 
 baths. It is 25 miles E. of Gueret. 
 EvEUDiNo. See Efferdinq. 
 
 Eterfeld, or Elverfeld, a town of West- 
 phalia, in the duchy of Berg, near the river 
 Wipper; 18 miles E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Everoiiem, a populous town of the Nether- 
 lands ; 7 miles N. of Ghent. 
 
 Evesham, a borough in Worcestershire, 
 England, governed by a mayor, with a market 
 on Monday. Here are three churches, and it 
 hai. formerly an abbey, of which some remains 
 are still visible. A remarkable battle was fought 
 here in 1265, between Prince Edward, afterward 
 Edward I., and Simon de Montfort, earl of Lei- 
 cester, in which the earl and most of his adhe- 
 rents were slain. Evesham is seated in a fertile 
 vale, and is nearly surrounded by th# Avon. 
 The vale is mostly appropriated to gardens, and 
 supplies vast quantities of fruit and vegetables 
 for the Worcester, Bath, Bristol, and other 
 markets. It has also some extensive flour- 
 mills, worked by the water of the Avon, over 
 which there is here a bridge of seven arches. 
 It is 14 miles S. E. of Worcester, and 100 N. W. 
 of London. It returns two members to par- 
 liament. 
 
 EvoRA, a fortified city of Portugal, capital of 
 Alcntejo, and a bishop's see, with a university. 
 Some remains of the ancient Roman wall are 
 visible ; part of a temple of Diana, of which 
 there are seven entire pillars standing, is now 
 converted into butchers' shambles ; and the 
 famous aqueduct built by Sertorius still con- 
 veys a noble stream of water to the city. Evora 
 is seated in a pleasant country, surrounded on 
 all sides by mountains ; 65 miles E. by S. of 
 Lisbon. Long. 7. SO. W. lat. 38. 28. N. 
 
 EvouAMONTE, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 
 situate on a rock ; 8 miles W. S. W. of Estre- 
 moz, and 23 N. N, E. of Evora. 
 
 Evereux, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Eure, and a bishop's see. The 
 cathedral is a handsome structure. The trade 
 consists in corn, linen, and woollen cloth ; and 
 it has manufactures of cotton, velvets, and tick. 
 It is seated on the Iton ; 25 miles S. of Rouen, 
 and 55 N. W. of Paris. Pop. 10,260. 
 
 EwELL, a town in Surrey, contiguous to 
 Epsom, with a market on Thursday; 6 miles 
 W. of Croydon, and 13 S. S. W. of London. 
 
 Ex, a river rising in the forest of Exmoor, in 
 Somersetshire, and, leaving that county, below 
 Dulverton, runs through Devonshire, by Tiver- 
 ton, Exeter, and Topsham, whence it forms an 
 estuary to the English Channel, at Exmouth. 
 
 Exeter, a city and county of itself, and the 
 capital of Devonshire, on the river Ex, with a 
 market on Wednesday and Friday. It was 
 formerly the seat of the W. Saxon kings, who 
 resided in the castle, called Rougemont, from 
 the colour of the hill on which it is built. It 
 was encompassed by walls, and had four gates, 
 two of which are now pulled down. With its 
 suburbs it contains 19 churches, beside the 
 
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 1 
 
 r 
 ii 
 
 h 
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 b 
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 ft 
 tl 
 
EXE 
 
 287 
 
 
 cathedral, which ia a magnificent fabric. It is 
 governed by a mayor, has thirteen companies of 
 tradesmen, and formerly carried on an extensive 
 commerce in woollen stuffs to Spain, &c.; but 
 its commerce and manufactures have materially 
 declined since the close of the 18th century, 
 and its present importance is derived from the 
 agreeableness of its locality, occasioning it to bo 
 much resorted to by the neighbouring gentry. 
 An elegant bridge crosses the river. The publ'ic 
 buildings consist of a guildhall, county hall, 
 hospital, lunatic asylum, &c. &c. It returns 
 two members to parliament. It is situate 9 
 miles above the entrance of the river into the 
 sea ; 43 miles E. of Plymouth, 87 S. W. of 
 Bath, and 168 W. S. W of London, by way 
 of Salisbury. 
 
 Exeter, a town of New Hampshire, in 
 Rockingham county, with a good harbour on 
 Exeter River, a branch of the Piscataqua. It 
 has several manufactures, and the saddlery 
 business is carried on to a great extent. Some 
 vessels are built here, the river being capable of 
 floating down those of 500 tons. The public 
 edifices are two congregational churches, a cele- 
 brated academy, and a court-house. It is 15 
 miles S. W. of Portsmouth, and 54 N. of 
 Boston. Pop. 2925. 
 
 Exeter, a town in North Carolina, in New 
 Hanover county, on the N. E. branch of Cape 
 Fear River; 30 miles N. of Wilmington. 
 ExiDEuiL, or ExciDERFiL, a town of France, 
 
 in the department of Dordogne; 20 miles N. E. 
 
 of Perigueux, and 32 S. of Limoges. 
 ExiLLES, a strong town of Piedmont, with a 
 
 fortified castle on a mountain, which guards one 
 
 of the passes into the country. It is seated on 
 
 the river Doire ; 37 miles W. N. W. of Turin. 
 ExMOUTii, a town in Devonshire, on the E. 
 
 side of the mouth of the river Ex; 10 miles 
 
 S. S. E. m Exeter. It is much frequented for 
 
 the benefit of sea-bathing, 
 Eydenschitz, a town of Moravia, in the 
 
 circle of Znaim, on the river Ollawa; 12 miles 
 
 S.W. ofBrunn. 
 Etder, a river and canal that separates Jut- 
 
 FA4 
 
 land from Holstein. The river rises in Hol- 
 stem, and flows W.by Rendsburgh, Fredericstadt, 
 and Tonnmgen, into the German Ocean. Tho 
 canal passes E. from Rendsburgh to a bay of 
 
 w ?""'*'' * ''"''' ^- "*" ^''®'' These jointly 
 aftord a safe inland navigation across the coun- 
 try, between the Baltic Sea and German Ocean. 
 
 Eye, a borough in Suffolk, with a market on 
 Saturday. Here are the ruins of a castle and 
 a Benedictine abbey. It is a mean place ; 20 
 miles N. of Ipswich, and 89 N. E. of London. 
 It returns one member to parliament. 
 
 Eyemouth, a town of Scotland, in Berwick- 
 shire, with a harbour for vessels of small burden, 
 and a trade in com and meal. It is seated at 
 the mouth of the Eye ; 8 miles N. by W. of 
 Berwick. 
 
 Eylau, Dutch, a town of Prussia, in the 
 province of Oberland, at the S. end of a lake ; 
 47 miles E. by N. of Culm, and 90 S. S. W. of 
 Konigsbeif;. 
 
 Eylau, Prussian, a town of Prussia, in 
 t o*-P''°^'"'=^ °^ Nttangen. On February 8, 
 1807, a most bloody battle was fought here be- 
 tween the French and Russians, which termi- 
 nated m fevour of the former. It is 24 miles 
 S, by E. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Eymoutiers, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Vienne, with a considerable 
 trade in skins, leather, and rags; seated on tho 
 Vienne; 20 miles N. of Limoges. 
 
 Eyndhoven, a town of Holland, in North 
 Brabant, at the conflux of the Eynds with the 
 Dommel; 13 miles S. E. of Bois le Due. 
 
 Eyrecourt, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Galway; 89 miles from Dublin. Here are 
 the ruins of a castle. 
 
 Eywanowitz,. a town of Moravia, in tho 
 circle of Olmutz ; 23 miles S. S. W. of Olmutz. 
 
 Ezaoen, a rich and ancient town in the king- 
 dom of Fez ; 60 miles S. of Tetuan. 
 
 Ezel, an island of Russia, in the Baltic Sea, 
 of a triangular fbrm, about 8 miles in circum- 
 ference. Long. 40. E. lat. 58. 20. N. 
 
 Ezy, a town of France, in the department of 
 the Euro; 15 miles S. E. of Evreux. 
 
 F. 
 
 Paabohg, a seaport town of Denmark, on the 
 S. coast of the island of Funen, in a flat but 
 fertile countrjr. The principal trade is in pro- 
 visions. It js 17 miles S. of Odensee. Long. 
 10. 16. E. lat. 55. 12. N. 
 
 Fabri NO, a town of Italy, in the marquisate 
 of Ancona, famous for its excellent paper. It 
 is 25 miles N. E. of Foligno. 
 
 Faenza, a city of Italy in Romagnn, and a 
 bishop's see, with an old fortress. The cathe- 
 dral stands in the great square, and has a steeple 
 five stories high, with balustrades. In 1796 it 
 was taken by the French, and afterwards taken 
 by the troops of the pope. In 1 797 the pope's 
 troops were defeated and expelled. Faenza is 
 famous for fine earthenware. It is seated on 
 the Amona; 20 miles W. S. W. of Ravenna. 
 
 Fahlun, a town of Sweden, capital of Dale- 
 carha. Near it is a large copper mine, deemed 
 the most ancient in Europe ; also a manufec- 
 ture of green and blue vitriol. It is situate in 
 the midst of the rocks and hills, between the 
 lakes Run and Warpen ; 110 miles N. W. of 
 Stockhohn. Pop. about 4000. 
 
 Faifo, a town of Cochin-China, and a place 
 of great trade ; situate on a river that flows into 
 the Bay of Turon ; 30 miles S.E. of Turon. 
 
 Fairfax, a county of Virginia, lying W. of 
 the Potomac river ; bounded on the E. by the 
 federal district of Columbia. Its area ia about 
 400 square milea Pop. 9370. 
 
 Fairfield, a county at the S. W, extremity 
 of Connecticut ; bounded in a W. S. W. direo 
 tion by Long Island Sound, and N. N. E. by 
 
I^I 
 
 I 
 
 the Housatonick River. It is divided into 18 
 townships. Pop. 49,917. The chief town, of 
 the same name, is seated on the W. bunk of n 
 creek in Long Island Sound ; 22 miles W.S. W. 
 of Newhaven. It was burnt by a party of 
 Tories and British, in 1777. 
 
 Fairfield is also the name of an interior 
 county in the S. part of Ohio, in which the 
 Hockhockings river and a tributary of the 
 Scioto have their sources ; it extends about 20 
 miles from N. to S., and 15 in mean breadth. 
 Pop. 31,924. Lancaster, the chief town, is 
 30 miles S. E. of Columbus. 
 
 Fairfield, a district of South Carolina, lying 
 between the Catawba and Broad Rivers. Pop. 
 20,163. Winnsborough, 30 miles N. by W. 
 of Columbia, is the chief town. 
 
 There are seven or eight towns named Fair- 
 field, in different parts of the United States 
 of North America. 
 Fairfobd, a town of Gloucestershire, with 
 a market on Thursday. The church was 
 founded in 1493, by John Tame, a merchant 
 of London, purposely for the reception of some 
 glaKS, taken by one of his vessels, in a ship going 
 to Rome ; it has 28 windows, beautiftilly 
 painted, with subjects chiefly scriptural, de- 
 signed by the famous Albert Durer. It is 
 seated near the Coin ; 25 miles S. E. of Glou- 
 cester, and 80 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Fairhead, the N. E. point of Ireland, rising 
 636 feet above the level of the sea, in lat. 55. 
 3. N. and 6. 10. of W. long. It is opposite to 
 Rnughlin Island. 
 
 Fair Isle, a small island in the Northern 
 Ooean, between the Shetland and Orkneys, from 
 both of which its high towering rocks are visible. 
 On the E. side, the duke of Medina Sidonia, 
 ndmirnl of the Spanish armada, was wrecked 
 in 1588. 
 
 Faisans, an island in the river Bidassoa, 
 which separates France from Spain. It is also 
 called the Isle of Conference, because Louis 
 XIV. and Philip IV. here swore to observe the 
 peace of the Pyrenees, in 1 660, after twenty-four 
 conferences between their ministers. It is con- 
 sidered as a neutral place, and situate between 
 Andaye and Fontarabia. 
 
 Fakenham, a town in Norfolk, with a market 
 on Thursday, situate on a hill, by the river Yare; 
 9 miles from the coast ; 20 N. W. of Norwich, 
 and 108 N.N. E. of London. 
 
 Falaise, a town of France, in the department 
 of Calvados, with a castle, and one of the finest 
 towers in France. It is the birthplace of William 
 the Conqueror, and has a good trade in serges, 
 linen, and lace. It stands on the river Ante ; 
 20 miles S. E. of Caen, and 115 W. of Paris: 
 it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 14,575, 
 
 Fale, a river in Cornwall, which flows by 
 Granipouiid and Tregony to Falmouth, where it 
 forms a fine haven in the English Channel. 
 
 Falkenau, a town in Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Santz, with manufactures of alum, sulphur, 
 and vitriol ; seated on the river Egra ; 12 miles 
 N. E. of Egra. 
 
 Falkenbkuq, a town of Sweden, in Holland, 
 at the mouth of the Athran, on the Cntegat, 
 
 238 F A L 
 
 opposite to the Isle of Anholt ; 1 7 miles N. by 
 W. of Halmstadt. 
 
 Falkenbero, a town of Brandenburg, in tlie 
 New Mark, with a castle, seated on the Drage ; 
 32 miles E. by N. of New Stargard. 
 
 Falkenbero, a town of Silesia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Oppeln, with a castle ; 1 4 miles S. 
 by E. of Brieg. 
 
 Falkenstein, a town in Germany, in a county 
 of the same name. It stands a little to the N. 
 of Winweiler ; 24 miles W. by S. of Worms. 
 
 Falkenstein, a town in the Vogtland, near 
 the N. W. frontier of Bohemia. 
 
 Falkiofino, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- 
 land ; 56 miles E. of Uddevalla. It is me- 
 morable for a battle fought in 1388, between 
 Margaret, Queen of Denmark, and Albert, King 
 of Sweden, when the latter was defeated and 
 taken prisoner, with his son. 
 
 Falkirk, a populous town of Scotland, in 
 Stirlingshire, famous for its trysts held thrice a 
 year ; at which 60,000 head of black cattle have 
 been sold at one tryst, besides a great number 
 of sheep and horses. It is seated near the 
 Carron and the Great Canal ; 12 miles S. E. of 
 Stirling. The royal army was defeated near 
 this place in 1746. 
 
 Falkland, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 with some linen manufactures. Here are the 
 ruins of the royal palace in which James V. 
 died in 1582; some of its apartments are still 
 inhabited. It is 20 miles N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Falkland Islands, two large islands, sur- 
 rounded by a great number of smaller, lying in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, to the E. of the Strait of 
 Magellan. The smaller of the two large islands 
 lies E. of the other, from which it is separated 
 by a channel called Falkland Sound. Thesp 
 islands were probably seen by Magellan, biit 
 Davis is deemed the discoverer of them, in 1592. 
 They were visited by Sir Richard Hawkins, in 
 1594; and in 1765, Commodore Byron made a 
 settlement here; but in 1770, the Spaniards 
 forcibly deposed the English. This affair was 
 settled by a convention, and the English re- 
 gained possession ; but in 1 774 it was abandoned, 
 and the islands ceded to Spain. 
 
 Falmouth, a seaport on the E. coast of 
 Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a market 
 on Thursday. It has a noble and extensive 
 harbour, communicating with a number of navi- 
 gable creeks, and its entrance is defended by 
 the castles of St. Mawes and Pendennis. It is 
 a town of great traffic, much improved by its 
 being the station of the post-office packets to 
 the S. of Europe, the West Indies, and America. 
 It stands on the Fale, at its entrance into the 
 English Channel, 14 miles N.N. E. of the 
 Lizard Point, 10 S. of Truio, and 269 W. S.W. 
 of London. Long. 5. 2. W, lat. 50. 8. N. 
 
 Falmouth, a town of the island of Jamaica, 
 on the N. coast, and on the S. side of Martha 
 Brae Harbour. Long. 77. 33.W. lat. 18. 31. N. 
 Falmouth, a town of the island of Antigua, 
 on the S. coast, with a fortified harbour. Long. 
 62. 0. W. lat. 16, 55. N. 
 
 B'almoutii, a seaport of Massachusets, in 
 Barnstable county. In 1775 this town wai 
 
FAL 
 
 280 
 
 FAR 
 
 fcumed by the British. It is situate on the W. 
 •ide of a small bay; 70 miles S. S. E. of Boston. 
 Long. 70. 32. W. lat.4l. 36. N. 
 There are two or three other towns named 
 Falmouth, in different parts of the United 
 States. 
 False Bay, a bay between the Cape of Good 
 Hope and Cape False, frequented during the 
 prevalence of the N. W, winds in May. Lone. 
 18.53. E. lat. 34. 10. S. 
 
 False Cape, a promontory 20 miles E. of 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Long. 18. 44. E. lat. 
 34. 16. S. 
 
 Falster, a fertile island of Denmark, 60 miles 
 m circumference, near the entrance of the Baltic, 
 off the N. end of Zealand, and between the 
 islands Moen and Laland. Nykoping is the 
 capital. Its area is about 186 square miles : 
 and population 16,500, 
 
 Falsterbo, a town of Sweden, in Schonen. 
 chiefly known for its lighthouse, at the entrance 
 of the Baltic from the Sound ; 22 miles S. S. W. 
 of Lund. Long. 12. 48. E. lat. 55. 22. N. 
 
 Famaousta, a town on the S. E. coast of the 
 island of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, 
 with a harbour defended by two forts. It was 
 . taken by the Turks in 1570, after a siege of 10 
 months, when they flayed the Venetian governor 
 alive, and murdered the inhabitants, though they 
 surre.dered on honourable terms. II is 62 
 miles S. by E. of Nicosia, Long. 33, 35. E, lat. 
 35. 10. N. 
 
 Famars, a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nord ; near which the French were 
 defeated by the allies in 1 793. It is 3 miles S. 
 of Valenciennes. 
 
 Fang, a fortified town of Italy, in the duchy 
 of Urbino, and a bishop's see. Here are an 
 ancient triump} .1 arch, handsome churches, and 
 tine palaces. It is seated on the Gulf of Venice • 
 18 miles E. of Urbino, and 32 N.W. of Ancona! 
 Pop. about 7500, 
 
 Fanoe, an island of Jutland, at the entrance 
 of the Little Belt from Categat, 
 
 Fantees, Fantin: the Gold Coast of Africa, 
 from Cape Three Points to Anconah, was for- 
 merly called Fantin ; but. since 1811, it has 
 more commonly been Ashantee. The 
 
 Fantees occupy the co ..«i the Ashantees 
 the interior. See Ashantkk. 
 Faoua. See Foue. 
 
 Faosiet, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Morbihan ; 21 miles N. by W. of 
 li Orient, 
 
 I f **^/"' * '"'^ '" Hampshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Wednesday. Sloops and smaller vessels 
 are built here ; and it has a considerable trade 
 
 "i 1"° ir*?,?' *^"'**' *"•* "'P«^ It w seated 
 at the N, W. point of Portsmouth Harbour ; 6 
 miles N. N. W, of Gosport, and 73 W. by S. 
 or London. 
 
 Farewell. Cape, the most southerly pro- 
 montory of vireenland, at the entrance of Davis 
 btrait. Long. 42. 42. W, lat. 59. 38. N, 
 
 Farewell, Cape, a promontory of the N 
 end of the island of New Zealand. Long. 1 72. 
 41, E. lat. 40. 37. S, 
 
 Faroeau, St,, :. town of France, i e de- 
 
 partment of Yonne, with a castle; 10 mOes 
 o, tt. 01 Auxerre. 
 
 Farim, a country of Africa, to the S. of the 
 nver Gambia It has a town of the same name, 
 on the river ht. Domingo, about 130 miles above 
 Its entrance into the sea. Long, 14. 30. W. lat. 
 
 Farminoton, a town of Connecticut, in 
 Hartfon. county, with a large congregational 
 church, situate on the river Farmington. which 
 below the town receives the Cambridge, and 
 then acquires the name of Windsor River. It 
 ^^}^m^f»'W.S,.yf. of Hartford, and 22 E, of 
 Lichneld, 
 
 Farnham, a town in Surrey, on the border of 
 Hampshire, with a market on Thursday. It has 
 a castle, situate on an eminence, belonging to 
 the bishop of Winchester, Farnham ^ wle- 
 brated for its plantations of hops, and has a 
 great trade m coni. It is seated on the Wey; 
 12 miles W, of Guildford, and 38 W. S. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Farn Islands. Two clustew of islands, 
 about 17 in munber. They are much frequented 
 by wild fowls and seals, which are caught in 
 great abundance ; some kelp is also made, A 
 isfa d ^ has been erected on tho principal 
 
 ix. ^xt"?5 *" '.*'*"'^ °^ Sweden, in thi, Baltic, off 
 o^° ^: ^•.^"4 "^^tl'e island of Gothland ; about 
 dO miles in circumference, populous and fertile. 
 Ihe pnncipal town has the same name, and is 
 *'tuate on the S, E. coast. Long. 19. 27. E. lat. 
 
 Faro, a town of Portugal, in Algarve, and a 
 bishop s see. It has some trade in almonds, 
 ?P?,*"?!!i5^.' ®"^ ^'"^^ ' a"d " seated on the 
 7 .^«9*,''" J 20 miles S. W. of Tavira. Long. 
 7. o4, W. lat. 36. 52. N. 
 
 Farcer Islands, See Feroe Islands. 
 
 Faro OP Messina, the straits between Italy 
 and SicUy, remarkable for having the tide ebb 
 and flow every six hours, with great rapidity, 
 though It 18 but 7 miles over. It is so nam«i 
 from the faro, or lighthouse, on Cape Faro, and 
 its vicinity to Messina. 
 
 Fabb, a town of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire. 
 at the head of a bay of its name, on the N. 
 coMt ; 52 miles N. by W. of Dornoch. 
 
 Farbinqdon, a town in Berkshire, with s 
 market on Tuesday; seated on an eminence : 
 vast quantities of hogs are fattened in its neigh- 
 
 ^ w"?!^ J* 1}^ ?"** ^- o' Abingdon, 1^ 
 68 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Faes, or Farsistan, a province of Perria. 
 bounded on the E. by Kerman. N. by InZ 
 Ajemi, W. by Kuzistan and the Gulf of Persia. 
 It 18 very fertile in the centre ; mountainous on 
 the N,, where are a great number of wild swine ; 
 and the land so sandy on the S, as to produce 
 little else than palm-trees. In the forests is 
 a tree from which mastic is gathered ; and 
 emeralds are common. Shiras (which see) 
 is the capital. 
 
 Fartash, a town of Arabia Felix, in Hadra- 
 maut, at the foot of a cape of the same name 
 m the Indian Ocean ; 150 miles E, of Shibam 
 Long, 61. 60. E. lat 16. 30. N. 
 
 U 
 
FAS 
 
 290 
 
 FEL 
 
 li''? 
 
 Paiaho, or Fasuno, a populous town of 
 Naples, near the coast of tho Adriatic, in Torra 
 di Ban ; 15 niiles S. S. E. of Polignano. 
 
 Fattipour, a town of Hindostan, ii, the pro- 
 vnico of Agra, Here the emperors of Hindo- 
 stan, when m the zenith of their power, had 
 a palace, which is now in ruins ; and on a hill 
 18 a grand mosque, built by the emperor Acbar. 
 It IS -22 miles W. by S. of Agra. 
 
 F.«uciONr, a town and castle of Savoy, in a 
 district of the same name ; seated on the Arbe- 
 14 miles S. E. of Geneva, ' 
 
 Fauquemont. See Valkenburo, 
 .V. *"w\""!u' " «=<"»"ty of Virginia, bounded on 
 the W. by the Rappahannock river, and N. W 
 by the Blue Mountains : it is about 35 miles in 
 length, and 12 in mean breadth, Warrenton 
 
 • ^* '=5'^.'°*" °^ ''>e county, is 1 24 miles N, by 
 W, of Richmond, 
 
 Faverney, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Saone ; 8 miles N, of 
 Vesoul, 
 
 iv^t^'w*'**',"".!*'""'^ '^ miles in compass, 
 off the W, end o" Sicily, with a fort and a good 
 harbour. Long. 12. 25. E, lat. 38, 16. N. 
 
 Fay, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Lou-e ; 18 miles N.W. of Nantes. Pop. 
 
 Fayal, one of the Azores, or Western Islands, 
 which suffered greatly by an earthquake in 
 1764, Its capital is Villa do Horta, the S. E. 
 point of the island: it is in lat. 38. 31. N, and 
 28, 42, of W, long. It is very fertile, and ex- 
 ports large quantities of wine, 
 
 Favettb, the name of five counties in the 
 United States of North America, so called after 
 a iieiich officer, the Marquis de la Fayette, who 
 volunteered his services against the English in 
 America, during tho revolutionary war :— 
 
 Ist. At the S. W. comer of Pennsylvania ; 
 bounded on the E, by the Laurel Ridge of the 
 Allegany Mountains: W. by the Monangahela 
 river, and S, by Monangahela county, Virginia, 
 It is nearly a square of about 32 miles each 
 wHv. Pop. 33,574. Union, 186 miles W, by 
 b, w' Harrisburg, is the chief town, 
 
 2nd. In Georgia; bounded on the W. by 
 Flint River, which divides it from the territory 
 of the Creek Indians, This county has been 
 recently formed. Pop. 6191, 
 
 3d. In the S.W. part of' Ohio, W. of the 
 Sciota river. Pop. 10,984. Washington, the 
 chief town, is 40 miles S. W, by S. of Columbia 
 and 35 N. W. of Chillicothe. 
 
 4th. In the interior of Kentucky, E. of Ken- 
 tucky River. Pop. 22,194. Lexington (which 
 see) is the chief town. 
 
 5th. In the E. part of Indiana, Pop, 9837. 
 Connersville, 65 miles S. E. by E. of Indiano- 
 polis, is the chief town. 
 
 Fayeiteville, a town of North Carolina, in 
 Cumberiand county, capital of a district, for- 
 merly called Fayette, but now divided into 
 several counties. Its trade with Wilmington is 
 very considerable, to which it sends tobacco, 
 wheat, hemp, cotton, lumber, staves, naval 
 stores, &c., and has a return of European and 
 Indan goods. It is situate on the N. W. branch 
 
 of Cape Fear River ; 60 miles S. by W of 
 Raleigh, and 90 N. W. of WiliAington. 
 
 Fayoum, or FiuM, a town of Egypt, capital 
 of a province of the same name. It has a trade 
 in flax, linen, mats, raisins, and figs ; nad ia 
 seated on a canal, which commuicates with tho 
 Nile ; 49 miles S. S. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 39. 
 E. lat. 29. 27. N. 
 
 Fe, St., a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Granada, near the river Xenil ; 6 miles W. by 
 N. of Granada. 
 
 Fe, St., a city of Paraguay, in the province of 
 Buenos Ayres. The environs abound in silk, 
 com, wine, frait, game, and cattle. It is seated 
 on the Parana, at the influx of the Salado ; 240 
 miles N. N. W. of Buenos Ayres. Long. 61. 
 10. W. lat. 31. 30. S. 
 
 Fe, St., the capital of New Mexico, and a 
 bisiiop's see, with a fortress. The environs are 
 rich, and it stands on a river, which, 67 miles 
 below, enters the Rio del Norte. Long, 108, 
 48. W, lat. 36. 50. N, 
 
 Fe de Booota, St, See Bogota, 
 Fear, Cape, a cape of North Carolina, where 
 there is a dangerous shoai, called, from its form, 
 the Frying Pan, lying at the entrance of Cape 
 Fear River. This river is formed by two 
 branches, called the N. W. and N, E. branches, 
 which unite above Wilmington ; and it enters 
 the Atlantic below Brunswick. Long. 77. 45. 
 W. lat. 33, 40. N. 
 
 Fecamp, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Seine, with a trade in linen, 
 serges, lace, leather, and hats ; seated near the 
 English Channel ; 24 miles N. E. of Havre de 
 Grace. 
 
 Feckenham, a parish in Worcestershire, 
 with an extensive manufacture of needles. 
 
 Feejee, Fidjeb, or Vui Isles, South Paci- 
 fic Ocean, an extensive group of islands disco- 
 vered by Tasman, in 1643. The principal 
 island, called Viji, is high and fruitful, and 
 abounding in hogs, fruits, and roots of all kinds. 
 The inhabitants are very ferocious, and are ad- 
 dicted to cannibalism; they are tall, well-formed, 
 and dark, with hair approaching to woolly, and 
 are of Malay origin. 
 
 Feira, a town of Portugal, in Beira; 10 
 miles S. E, of Oporto, and 30 N. by E, of Aveiro, 
 Feldkirch, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, 
 capital of a county of the same name. It is 
 seated on the river 111, near its entrance into 
 the Rhine j 19 miles S. of the Lake of Con- 
 stance, 
 
 Feldsburg, a town and castle at the N, E, ex- 
 tremity of Lower Austria, with a fine palace ; 
 seated on the Teya; 18 miles E. of Laab. 
 
 Felicuda, one of the Lipari islands in tho 
 Mediterranean ; 28 miles W, of Lipari. 
 Felipe, St. See Xativa. 
 Felippe, St., a populous town of Colombia; 
 seated on the banks of a river falling into the 
 Caribbean Sea, about 100 miles W. of Caraccas, 
 Felix, St., an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 N, N. W, of Juan Fernandez, Long. 86. W. 
 lat. 26. S, 
 
 Felletin, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Creuse, with a manufacture of tapestry. 
 
PEL 
 
 S. by W 0/ 
 
 ngton. 
 
 ICgypt, capital 
 it has a trade 
 1 figs ; nad is 
 i:ates with the 
 Long. 30. 39. 
 
 le province of 
 3 miles W. by 
 
 he province of 
 >ound in silk. 
 It is seated 
 sSalado; 240 
 9. Long. 61. 
 
 [exico, and a 
 
 B environs aro 
 
 lich, 57 miles 
 
 Long. lUU. 
 
 TA. 
 
 irolinn, where 
 from its form, 
 ance of Cape 
 med by two 
 . £. branches, 
 and it enters 
 Long. 77. 45. 
 
 1 the depart- 
 ade in linen, 
 ated near the 
 . of Havre de 
 
 'orcestershire, 
 needles. 
 I, South Paci- 
 islands disco- 
 'he principal 
 fruitful, and 
 ) of all kinds. 
 , and are ad- 
 , well-formed, 
 ) woolly, and 
 
 a Beira; 10 
 E. of Aveiro. 
 ny, in Tyrol, 
 name. It is 
 entrance into 
 Liake of Con- 
 
 theN.E. ex- 
 fine palace ; 
 f Laab. 
 lands in the 
 ipari. 
 
 )f Colombia ; 
 ing into the 
 . of Caraccas. 
 acific Ocean, 
 oiig. 86. W. 
 
 the depart- 
 ) of tapestry. 
 
 291 
 
 PER 
 
 It is 20 miles S. S. W. of Evnux, and 2 1 S. S. E. 
 of Oueret. 
 
 Fellin, a town of Russia, in Livonia, on the 
 river Pemau ; 62 miles S. E. of Revel. 
 
 Felsbrro, a town of Germany, iri Hesse- 
 Caasei, with nn ancient castle on a rock : 12 
 miles S. of Cassel. 
 
 Felso-Danta, a village of Upper Hungary, 
 near the frontier of Transylvania ; celebrated 
 for a gold mine in its vicinity. 
 
 Feltri, a town of Italy, capital of Feltrino, 
 and a bishop's see. It is fortified, and seated on 
 the Asona, a small stream, falling into the Piavo 
 from the W. ; 30 miles N. W. of Treviso. Lone 
 1 1. 55. E. lat. 46. 3. N. Pop. about 5000. 
 
 Feltrino, a district of Italy, lying between 
 Beluneso, Trovisano, Vieentino, and the princi- 
 pality of Trent. It abounds in mountains, in 
 which are iron mines. Feltri is the only place 
 of note. 
 
 Fbmern, a fertile island of Denmark, at the 
 entrance of the Baltic, from the passage of the 
 Great and Little Belt. It is 10 miles long and 
 6 broad, separated from the coast of Holbcein 
 by a narrow channel, called the Femem Sound. 
 Borg IB the chief town, population of the 
 island about 7500. 
 
 Fennestranqe, or enestranoe, a town of 
 France, in the department of Meurte, on the 
 nver Sarre; 40 miles E. by N. of Nancy. 
 
 Fenestrelle, a town and fort of Piedmont • 
 seated on the Cluson ; 18 miles W. of Turin. ' 
 Ferabad, a town of Persia, capital of the 
 province of Mazenderan. The environs pro- 
 duce sugar, cotton, and silk. The inhabitants, 
 nbout 16,000, are principally descendants of 
 Georgians and Armenians. It is seated among 
 the mountains which bound the Caspian Sea to 
 the S.; 12 miles from that sea, and 280 N. of 
 Ispahan. Long. 52. 21. E. lat. 36. 54. N. 
 
 Fercala, or FoiicULA, a town of the king- 
 dom of Tafilet, E. of Morocco, and the prin- 
 cipal place of a district. It is 60 miles W of 
 Sigilmessa. Long. 4. 30. W. lat. 31. 40. N.' 
 
 Fere, a town of France, in the department of 
 Aisne, famous for its powder-mill and school of 
 artillery. Near it is the castle of St. Gobin, 
 in which 18 a manufacture of fine plate- •'lass 
 lere is seated at the conflux of the Scrre with 
 the Oise j 20 miles N. of Soissons, and 75 N. E. 
 / Paris. 
 
 Ferentino, o? Fiorenzo, a town of Italy 
 in Campagna di Roma; 3 miles W. of Alatri' 
 on the high road from Rome to Naples. ' 
 
 Ferette, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Rhine, on the river 111, near its 
 source; 40 miles S. of Colmar. 
 
 Fergus, a river in Ireland, county of Clare, 
 tributary to the Shannon. 
 
 Fermanagh, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Ulster; bounded on the N. by the 
 counties of Donegal and Tyrone, E. by Mona- 
 ghan S. by Cavan, and W. by Leitrim, the 
 iN. W. end jetting upon Donegal Bay; it ex- 
 tends from the S. in a N. W. direction about 36 
 miles, being about 24 in mean breadth. One- 
 sixth of Its area in summer, and one-fifth in 
 winter, is occupied by Lough Erne, which dis- 
 
 charge. Its waters into Donegal Bay, divldiiia 
 the county into nearly two equal parts. In the 
 centre of the county, the water narrows so as to 
 admit of the two parts being united by a bridoo 
 *« Enniskillen. The linen manufacture, and 
 the raising of cattle and hemp, are the chief 
 eniploy of the inhabitants. The county is navi- 
 gable throughout by means of Lough Erne, but 
 Its uneven surface and numerous bogs render it 
 difficult for tmvclling. Enniskillen is the 
 capital and only town of importance in the 
 county. It returns two members to parliament. 
 I'ERMO, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of 
 Ancona, and an archbishop's see, with a good 
 trade in corn wool, &c. It has a harbour on 
 the Gulf of Venice, and is 17 miles S. E. of 
 Macerata. Long. 13. 50. E. lat. 43. 7. N. Pop 
 about 7000. , ^' 
 
 Permosblla, or Foumosella, a town of 
 r^M u ',^ IT''^:^'' °^ ^«°" i "eated on 
 lll.'VLt '""^ '^"""' "•"' "'^ ^"'"'"^ 
 
 Fermoy, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Cork; seated on the banks of the Blackwater; 
 142 miles N.W. of Dublin, on the road to Cork 
 from which It 18 distant 17 miles. This place 
 has risen from an inconsiderable village, since 
 the commencement of the war in 1793 
 
 Fernandez. See Juan Fernandez. 
 
 Fernando NoRONHA, an island in the S. 
 Atlantic; 100 league-i from Cape St. Roque, the 
 
 l4: RV'LTts:' ''^'"^'"''"='" 
 
 Fernando Po, an island of Africa, on the 
 coast of Benin; 30 miles long and 20 broad. 
 Long. 7. 36. E. lat. 3. 6. N. 
 
 Fernet a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Ain, a few miles N. W. of Geneva 
 viSe "" ^"""^ *^^" *''° residence of 
 
 Wexford and a bishop's see united to Leighlin 
 It 18 seated on the Bann. near its conflux with 
 
 s:i'tewLktw"''-^'^'=''''''^'''-'>^» 
 
 .•n ■^rv ^l''^'"'^ •* *''"*'^' °''22 small islands 
 in the Northern Ocean, between the Shetland 
 Islands and Ice and, in 5. and 8. W. long, and 
 61. and o3. N. lat.; subject to Denmark. Se- 
 v-ntecn are habitable, each of which is a lofty 
 mountain, divided from the others by deep and 
 rapid currents. Some of them are deeply in- 
 dented with secure harbours, all of them steeu 
 and most of them faced with tremendous pre- 
 tXT' ,.?^'^''yi:!f''"«« "gate, jasper, and beau- 
 tiful zoohtes. The surface consists of a shallow 
 
 ZL T«'**"'''° ^"'""'y- y''''^'"g plenty of 
 barley and fine grass for sheep. No trees above 
 the size of a jumper, or stunted willow, will 
 grow h^re; and the only quadrupeds are sheep 
 Vast quantities of sea-fowls frequent the rocks 
 and the taking of them furnishes a perilous em- 
 ployment for the inhabitants. The exports are 
 salted mutton, tallow, goose-quills, feathers, 
 eiderdown, knit woo) n waistcoats, caps, and 
 s ockmgs. To the S. of these islands is a con- 
 siderable whirlpool. Pop. 5265. 
 
 Ferozabad, or Fihdzabad, a' city of Persia, 
 
FER 
 
 '993 
 
 FEZ 
 
 
 JSi 
 
 ln| 
 
 \1 ! 
 
 in FsriLitan, formerly of coiMidemblo repute, 
 »nd yet conUuns a number of fine tombs, gar- 
 den*, and buildings. It is 8eate<l in a fertile 
 county; 60 miles S. by W. of Shiras, on the 
 route to Ormus. Long. 53. 0. E. lat. 28. HO. N. 
 Fbrrara, a city of Italy, capital of u duchy 
 of the same name, and an archbishop's see, with 
 a strong citadel, and a univirsity. Its broad 
 streets, and number of Hne buildings, evince 
 that it was formerly a flourishing ]>lace, but the 
 present inhabitants are few, in proportion to its 
 extent. In the middle of the city is a palace, 
 surrounded by walls flanked with towers and 
 ditches. The cathedral is remarkable for its 
 antiquity. In the Benedictine church, Ariosto 
 the poet is interred. Ferrara was taken by 
 the French in 1796; in 1799 it was retaken by 
 the Austrians, but B|y)rt!y after surrendered to 
 the French. It it seated near the Po ; 26 
 miles N. E. of Bologna. Long. U. 36. E. lat. 
 44. SO. N. 
 
 Ferrara, or Ferrarese, a duchy of Italy; 
 bounded on the N. by the Po, which divides it 
 from I'olesino di Rovigno, W. by the Man- 
 tuan, S. by the Bologneae and Romagna, and 
 E. by the Gulf of Venice. It had iU own dukes 
 till 1597, when Clement VIII. united it to tlie 
 apostolic chamber. The air is unwholesome, on 
 occount of the marshes, which the abject con- 
 dition of the inhabitants precludes from drain- 
 ing. Ferrara is tha capital. 
 
 Ferrkndina, a town of Naples, in Basili- 
 cata, near the river Basianto ; 25 miles S. VV. 
 of Matera. 
 
 Ferrintosh, a village of Scotland, shire of 
 Ross, whose inhabitants possessed the privilege 
 of distilling whisky duty free, till 1786, when 
 it was abolished. 
 
 Ferbo, or HiEBO, the most westward of the 
 Canary l8lands;about 18 miles in circumference. 
 It is not fertile, but produces some com, sugar, 
 fruit, and legumes. The in labitanta make use 
 of water collected in cisterns during the rainy 
 season, for there is no spring in the island. 
 Voyagers speak of a fountain tree in the middle 
 of the island, and that in the ninl.o much water 
 distils from its leaves. Ancient gcgiaphers 
 have taken their first meridian from the W. x- 
 tremity of this island. Lonir, 17. 62. W. lat. 
 27. 47. N. 
 
 Ferbol, a seaport of .Spain, in Galicia, on a 
 bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the 
 best in Eurojie, and here the Spanish squadrons 
 frequently rendezvous in time of war. The 
 town is surrounded on three sides r,y the sea, 
 and strongly fortified on the other. In 1800 
 the English made an unsuccessful attempt on 
 this place. It is 20 miles N. E. of Corunna, 
 and 305 N.W. of Madrid. Long. 8. 4. W. lat. 
 43. 28. N. 
 
 F mBYBRiDOE, a large village in West York- 
 shire, on the g. side of the Aire, over which is a 
 noble bridge ; 21 miles S. by W. of York, and 
 174 N. by W. of London. 
 
 FEBBYPOBT,a village of Scotland, in Fifechire, 
 on the Frith of Tay ; 4 miles below Dundee, and 
 9 N.N.W. of St. Andrews. It has a consider- 
 able mauufacture of brown linens, and a ferry 
 
 over the Tay, well frequented befcre the bridge 
 at Perth was built. 
 
 Ferrttown. See Creetown. 
 Febtk sub Aubk, a town of France, in the 
 department of Upper Mnnie ; seated on the 
 Aube ; 22 miles W, by S, of Chaumont, and 33 
 E.S.E. of Troyes. 
 
 There are seven or eight towns in France 
 named Ferte, all prefixed to some other 
 name, as in the case of Aube, to distinguish 
 them from each other. 
 Fkstenbero, a town of Silesia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Oels; 14 miles N. W. of Warten- 
 buig. 
 
 Festinioo, a hamlet in North Wales, county 
 of Merioneth. It is near tho junction of the 
 rivers Dwyrhyd andCynfoel,on which are several 
 beautiful cascades. 
 
 Fethabd, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Tipperary : 8 miles S. E. of Cushel, and 86 
 S.S.W. of Dublin. It was formerly fortified, 
 but the walls are now ruined : it was, also, an- 
 ciently a borough. 
 
 Fethabd, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Wexford, on the W. side of Bannow Bay ; 
 14 miles S. by E. of New Ross. 
 
 FEyERSHAM,or FAVEBfiHAM.a town in Kent, 
 on a creek fulling into the mouth of tho Thames, 
 much frequented by small vessels. It is a mem- 
 ber of the port of Dover, and governed by a 
 mayor. The church is in the form of a cross, 
 and the interior well worthy of observation ; and 
 hero is a free grammar-school founded by (iueen 
 Elizabeth. It has a market on Wednesday and 
 Saturday ; b famous tor the bist oysters for 
 laying in stews ; and has several gunpowder 
 mills in its neighbourhood. Here are the re- 
 mains of n stately abbey, built by King Stephen, 
 who was interred in it with his ((ueen and 
 son. James II. embarked here in disguise, 
 after tho success of the prince of Orange ; but 
 the vessel was detained by the populace, and the 
 king conveyed back to London. Feversham 
 is 9 miles W. of Canterbury, and 47 E. by S. 
 of Lomlon. 
 
 Feurs, a town of France, in the department 
 of Loire, seated on the Loire ; 13 miles E.N.E. 
 of Montbrison. 
 
 Feystbitz, or WiNniscn Fistbitz, a town 
 and castle of Germany, in Lower Styria, on a 
 river of the same name ; 17 miles N.N.E. of 
 Cilley. 
 
 Fez, a kingdom of BatUry, at the N. W. 
 extremity of North Africa; bounded on the W. 
 by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by 
 Algier, and S. by Morocco and Tafilet. It ex- 
 tends upwards of 400 miles from E. to W.and 
 is about 150 in breadth, is divided into 9 pro- 
 vinces, and forms part of the empii« of Morocco. 
 The country is full of mountains, particularly to 
 the W. and S. where Mount Atlas lies ; but it 
 is populous and fertile,producing citrons.lemons, 
 oranges, dates, almonds, olives, figs, raisins, 
 honey, wax, cotton, flax, pitch, and corn in 
 abundance. The inhabitants breed camels, 
 beeves, sheep, and the finest horsec in Barbary. 
 At the extreme N point is the town and fortress 
 of Ceuta, garrisoned by the Spaninrds. See 
 
FBZ 
 
 bre the bridge 
 
 Pranc«, in tlie 
 scnted on tlio 
 imuiit, and 33 
 
 ns in France 
 
 Ktine other 
 to distinguish 
 
 1 in the prin- 
 . of Warten- 
 
 Viiles, count/ 
 iiutioa of the 
 ch are several 
 
 the county of 
 ihcl, and m 
 ii\y fortified, 
 vaa, also, an- 
 
 in the county 
 annow Bay ; 
 
 own in Kent, 
 'the Thames, 
 It is a mem- 
 verned by a 
 1 of a cross, 
 .'rvatiun ; and 
 led by Q,ueen 
 ;diie8day and 
 
 oysters for 
 1 gunpowder 
 ' are the re- 
 ing Stephen, 
 
 queen and 
 in disguise, 
 3range ; but 
 lace, and the 
 
 Feversham 
 47 E. by S. 
 
 departHKnt 
 liles E.N.E. 
 
 ITZ, a town 
 
 Styria, on a 
 
 N.N.E. of 
 
 the N. W. 
 1 on the W. 
 mean, £. by 
 let. It ex- 
 ). to W.and 
 into 9 pro- 
 of Morocco, 
 irticularly to 
 lies ; but it 
 'ons.lemons, 
 igs, raisins, 
 ind corn in 
 ed camels, 
 in Barbary. 
 and fortresH 
 liards. See 
 
 293 
 
 FIA 
 
 r~- 
 
 -u I'Ai 
 
 The principal places on the Atlantic 
 
 coast are Saloviind Lnrancho; Mt<littaand Tan- 
 gier, on the coast of the Mediterrnnoan j and 
 in the interior, Mequinei, Fez, and Tojsn, 
 
 Feji, the capital of the kingdom of Fes, and 
 one of the largest cities in Africa. It ii com- 
 posetl of three towns calleil Beleyde. Old Foi, 
 and New Fez. Old Fez is the most considerable, 
 and contains about (10,000 inhabitant*. New 
 Fez, founded about the 13th century, is prin- 
 cipally inhabited by Jews, who trade with the 
 Moors, notwithstanding the contempt with which 
 they are treated by them. Old Fez was founded 
 in 793, by Sidy Edris, a descendant of Mahomet 
 and All, whoso father fled from Medina to avoid 
 the proscriptions of the caliph Abdallah. The 
 palaces are magnificent; and there are nu- 
 merous mosques, one of which, tailed Carubin, 
 is one of the finest edifices in the empire. The 
 houses are built of brick or stone, and adorned 
 with mosaic work : those of brick are orna- 
 mented with glazing and colours like Dutch 
 tiles, and the wood-work and ceilings are carved, 
 painted, and gilt. The roofs ore flat ; and every 
 house has a court, in which is a square marble 
 basin. Here are two colleges for students, 
 finely built of marble, and adorned with paint- 
 ings. The hospitals and public baths are nu- 
 merous, many of which are stately structures. 
 A 11 the tradeni live in a separate part of the city ; 
 and the exchange, full of all sorU of rich mer- 
 chandise, s as large as a small town. The 
 gardens ove full of all kinds of fragrant flowers 
 and shrubs. The Moors of Fez are clothed 
 like the Turks; and, though more polished than 
 their countrymen, are vain, superstitious, and 
 intolerant. The saints, whom they pretend to 
 have been buried in the city, serve them for a 
 pretext to forbid its entrance to Jews and 
 Christians ; and an order from the emperor is 
 necessary to gain admission. Arabic is better 
 spoken hero than in other parts of the empire ; 
 and the rich Moors send their children to the' 
 schools at Fez, where they gain more instruc- 
 tion than they could do elsewhere. Fez is the 
 centre of the trade of this empire ; and hence 
 caravans go to Mecca, carrying ready-made gar- 
 ments, leather, indigo, cochineal, and ostrich 
 feathers, for which they bring in return silks, 
 muslins, and drugs. Other caravans go to Tom- 
 buctoo, and the river Niger. They travel over 
 such dry barren deserts, that every other camel 
 carries water. Their commodities are salt, cow- 
 ries, wrought Bilk, British cloth, and the wooUen 
 manufactures of Barbary, Fez is seated in a 
 circular valley, watered by a river, and sur- 
 rounded by mountains; 160 miles S. S. W. of 
 Gibraltar, and 240 N. E. of Morocco. Long. 4. 
 45. W. lat. 33. 40. N. ** 
 
 FEZZAN,an interior kingdom of North Africa, 
 lying between the great deserts of Zahara 
 and Libya ; bounded on the N. by Tripoli, to 
 the bashaw of which province Fezzan pays an 
 annual tribute of 4000 dollars. It is an exten- 
 sive plain, encompassed by mountains, except 
 to the W.; and to the influence of these heights 
 It may be owing, that here, as well as in Upper 
 *'gypt* no rain is ever known. Though the 
 
 character of the iurtaca (which in gmarat fa ■ 
 light sand) and the want of rain, may seem to 
 announce sterility, yet the springs are so abun- 
 dant, that few regions in the N. of Africa ex- 
 hiUit a richer vegetation. The greatest length 
 of the cultivated part is about 300 miles from N 
 to S. and -JOO from E. to W. From wells of 10 
 or 15 feet deep, with which evvsry garden and 
 field IS furnished, the husbandman waters the 
 productions jf his knd ; among these art the 
 date-tree, the olive, lime, apricot, pomegranate, 
 ng, inai/u, barley, wheat, pompions or calabash, 
 carrots, cucumbers, onions, and garlic. Among 
 the tame animals are the sheep, cow, goat, 
 camel, aas, and a species of the domestic fowl of 
 Europe. The wild ^nimaU are the ostrich and 
 antelopes of various kinds. A multitude of 
 noxious animals infest the country ; adders, 
 snakes,, scorpions, and toads swarm in the fields, 
 gardens, and houses ; the air is crowded with 
 mosquitos ; and persons of every ,ank are over- 
 run with vermin. The heat of the climate in 
 summer is intense, and the S. wind is scarcely 
 supportable even b^ the natives ; and in winter 
 a penetrating N. wind prevails, which drives to 
 the fire even the natives of the northern countrr. 
 Tempests of wind are frequent, which whirl up 
 the sand and dust so as to give a yellow tinge to 
 the atmosphere. The towns are chiefly inhabited 
 by husbandmen and shepherds; for, though they 
 also contain merchants and artificers, yet agri- 
 culture and pasturage are the principal occupar 
 tions. The houses are built of clay with a flat 
 roof composed of boughs of trees, on which a 
 quantity of earth is laid. The natives are of a 
 deep swarthy complexion ; their hair is a short 
 curiy black; their lips thick, their noses flat and 
 broad, and their skin emits a fetid effluvia • 
 they are tall, and well shaped, but weakly, indo-' 
 lent, and inactive. Their dress is similar to 
 that of the Moors of Barbary. In their common 
 Jntercourse, all distinctions of rank seem for- 
 gotten; the shoreef, or governor, and the lowest 
 plebeian, the rich and the poor, the master 
 and tlie servant, converse familiarly, and eat 
 and drink together. Generous and hospitable, 
 let his fare be scanty or abundant, the Fezzaner 
 IS desirous that others should partake of it; and 
 if twenty persons were unexpectedly to visit his 
 dwelling, they must all participate as far as it 
 will go. When they settle their money tmnsac- 
 Uons, they squat upon the ground, and, having 
 levelled a spot with their hands, make dots as 
 they reckon : if they are wrong, they smooth the 
 spot again, and repeat the calculation. Gold 
 dust constitutes the chief medium of payment; 
 and value in tiat medium is always expressed by 
 weight. In religion they are rigid but not in- 
 tolerant Mahometans. The government is mo- 
 narchical ; and iu powers are administered with 
 such a temperate hand, that the people are 
 ardently attached to their sovereign. Mona- 
 zouK (which see) is the capital. 
 
 Fund, a town of Italy, in the patrimony 
 of St. Peter. It is seated on the Tiber ; 15 milea 
 N. of Rome. 
 
 FuNONo, A town of Istria, on the S. W. co.-ui • 
 17 miles N. of Fola. 
 
PIA 
 
 «t)l 
 
 FIN 
 
 FlAKWU, a town of Italy, in (he pstnmony 
 of St. I otor i noted for titiu tniiucHdiiiu wine ( 
 wilted on n mountain noor Lake Uulieua • 12 
 liiil(!« N. W. of Vitorbo. 
 
 FiciiRHULoi.0, a fortlHod town of Italy, in the 
 ForrurMo j acutod on tho I'o j 12 inilut W. of 
 Ferriiru, 
 
 FiciiTKLDEiU], a mountain in Frnnconin, ono 
 of the lii^jhcst moantaias in Uornmny. It ex- 
 tendi from near Bavreuth, to Vlger in Uohemia, 
 about 10 milw, and i« covered with pines and 
 other truct. 
 
 FicLBwiRB, an iiland near the W. coast of 
 Norway ; 23 miles long and 4 broad, with ii 
 town of tho lame name ; 4li miles W. N. W. of 
 Droiithuim. Lon^. 10. 10. !•:. lat. (13. 44. N. 
 
 FuK, a niaritinio county on the coast of 
 Scotliuid, forniinn a peninsula bttwoen tho 
 Iriths of Forth and Tuy : it extends fcom tho 
 mouth of the river Forth, in a N. N. E. direc- 
 tion, about 40 miles, and is about 12 miles in 
 moun brcuiith ; it is watered by numerous 
 •trcami, tho principal of which is the Eden, 
 flowinK through tho centre of tho county in a 
 N. L. direction, into St. Andrew's May. From 
 the earliest period, the security afforded by its 
 peninsular position appear* to have occasioned 
 it to have been the most densely populated part 
 of Scotland ; it seems to liavo constituted tho 
 •tronghold of tho Picts, during their conflicts 
 with the Cimbri, or more ancient Scots. Hut it 
 attiuncd its greatest diittinction in tho early part 
 of the ICth century, when itsadvantagoouaposi- 
 tion obtained for it tho special favour of James 
 v., wlio incorj)oruted several of its towns, and 
 conferred upon them royal privileges: 13 of 
 these royal burghs still continue incorporated, 
 but most of them are now become inconsider- 
 ablo, and several others have Iwcome dissolved, 
 from their inability to sustain tho expense of 
 civic parade ; ond, since the commencement of 
 the 18th century, the whole county has declined 
 in importance, relative to ther counties of 
 Scotland ; and, whatever benefit the county of 
 Fife may have derived at former periods from 
 royal favour, it now obviously militates against 
 its social advancement. Some linen manufac- 
 tures are carried on in tlie S. W. parts of tho 
 county, (se<? Duwebmline,) but as a whole, it 
 is an agricultural rather than a manufacturing 
 district; it produces coal and lime in abundance, 
 and copper, lead, iron, and other minerals are 
 also found in different parts of tho county, 
 though but partially worked ; a beautiful grey 
 marble, cornelian, agates, and jasper, are occa- 
 sionally met with, and fishing on its coasts and 
 its rivera. is assiduously pursued by the inhabit- 
 ants. It returns one member to parliament. 
 Cupar is the assize town. 
 
 FiOARNOi.0, an island in the Gulf of Venice, 
 near the coast of Istria. Long. 13. 47. E. lat. 
 4.5. 18. N. 
 
 FiOEAC, a town of Franco, in the department 
 of Lot, with a Benedictine abbey; seated on tho 
 Selle ; 22 miles E. of Cahors. It is the seat of 
 a prefect, and contains 6153 inhabitants. 
 
 Fiumo, or Fihio, a town of Barbary, in 
 Biledulgerid, at the foot of Mount Atlas, on the 
 
 8. Tho Inhnbltantt carry on a great trnJt with 
 tho merchants of Morocco and Fei, and with 
 tho negroes. It ii 240 miloi E. S. E. of Menui- 
 net. Long. 1. H. W. lat. 32. 20. N. 
 
 Kkiubhah, or Hr. FKR,NANno dk Fi(it;KnA«, 
 a strong town and important fortress of Spain, 
 in Catalonia. It surrendered to the French in 
 I / !»4 without firing a shot. It is 10 utiles .S. 
 by W. of ItoNii, and 25 duo S. of IVrpignan. 
 
 FidtiKno DOS ViNiios. a town of Portugal in 
 Estrnmadurii, much celebrated for it* wine ; 
 seated among mountains, near the frontier of 
 U.ira and the rivor Zenere j 22 milei N. of 
 Ihomar. 
 
 Filey, a town in Yorkshire. Off the shore 
 of thii parish is a lulwter fishrry. 
 
 FiN/.LE, u sea-port of Genoa, with n strong 
 citadel, two forts, and a castlo. It was tho 
 cni)ital of a nianiuisiite, and annexed to tho 
 duchy of Milan in l(i02, but sold to tho Genoese 
 lu 1713. In 174(i it wag Uiken by the king o« 
 Sardinia, and restored in 17411. It is 30 miles 
 S.W. of Genoa. Long. 8. 25. E. lat. 44. 14. N. 
 Pop. about 7000. 
 
 Finale, a town of Italy, in the Modonesc, on 
 an island formed by the river Penaro; 22 miles 
 N. E. of Modena. 
 
 FiNciiLKV, a parish in Middlesex, 8 miles 
 from London. General Monk hero drew up his 
 forces in 1G60, to effect the restoration. 
 
 FiN0iionN, a town of Scotland, shire of 
 Elgin. It possesses a thriving foreign and 
 coasting trade in corn, salmon, yam, &c. 
 
 FiNisTKRRE, Cape, a cape of Spain, forming 
 the extreme N.W. point of that country, pro- 
 jecting into tiio Atlantic Ocean, from the pro- 
 vince of Galicia. It was thought by tho ancients 
 to have no country beyond it, and therefore they 
 
 ?Bve it a name which signifies the land's-end. 
 -ong. 9. 17. W. lat. 42. 64. N. 
 Finisterre, a maritime department of 
 France, which includes part of the late province 
 of Bretagno. It is the most westerly part of 
 France, and bounded on three sides by the sea. 
 On the N. it forms the boundary to the entrance 
 of the English Channel. It is divided into five 
 arrondissements, of which Quimper, Brest, 
 Morlaix, ChateauUn, and Quimperle, are tho 
 seats of the prefects. The other principal 
 towns are Lesneven, Landerneau, and Carhaix. 
 Finland, a principality of European Russia, 
 extending from the lat. of CO. to GO'. 30. N., and 
 in its extreme breadth from the long, of 21. to 
 31. 30. E. It is bounded on the S. by the Gulf 
 of Finland, and W. by the Gulf of Bothnia, N. 
 by Lapland, and E. by the Russian provinces of 
 Wiburg and Olonetz j it formerly belonged to 
 Sweden, and was divided into two great parts, 
 the N. called East Bothnia, {see Bothnia,) and 
 the S., Finland Proper, which contains sevemi 
 considerable towns, of which Abo is the chief, 
 and capital of the whole country {see Am.) 
 The other towns are Nystadt, Itaumo, and 
 Biomeborg, on the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 and Helsingfors, Borgo, and Louisa, on the shore 
 of the Gulf of Finland. There are also four 
 or five considerable towns in the interior. About 
 one-third of the area of Finland Proper is com- 
 
FIN 
 
 306 
 
 FLA 
 
 Mt trndt with 
 "et, uiid with 
 K. of Mequi- 
 
 N. 
 
 K FlIIUKRAI, 
 
 ■OM of Mpnin, 
 hu French in 
 I 10 utiles d. 
 iVrpigimn. 
 ' I'ortugnl, in 
 or its wine ; 
 10 fruntiur of 
 niilet N. of 
 
 ^ff the shore 
 
 with n strong 
 It wiiH the 
 iL'xcd to tlio 
 I tliu Gonocso 
 ' tlio king o* 
 [t is :<0 milled 
 It. 44. 14. N. 
 
 lodenese, on 
 ro ; '22 niilus 
 
 ex, 8 mill's 
 ) drew uji liin 
 ion. 
 
 id, shire uf 
 foreign niul 
 ti, &c. 
 
 inin, forming 
 lountry, pro- 
 )m the pro- 
 the nnciunts 
 lorefore they 
 lund's-end. 
 
 Brtment of 
 ate province 
 terly part of 
 I by the seii. 
 the cntrnnco 
 led into five 
 per, Brest, 
 rie, are the 
 ;r principal 
 id Carhaix. 
 can Russia, 
 30. N., and 
 )g. of21. to 
 by the Gulf 
 Bothnia, N. 
 provinces of 
 t>eIonged to 
 great parts, 
 ruNiA,) and 
 ains several 
 8 the chief, 
 {see Abo.) 
 uumo, and 
 of Bothnia, 
 >n the shore 
 3 also four 
 ior. About 
 per is com- 
 
 poted of lakes. The contiguity of Finland to 
 the maritime capital of the Russian empire had 
 long rendered it an uliject uf Jealousy to that 
 power, and in 11)00 they overran it with so for- 
 midable a force oa to compel the Swedea to con- 
 sent to a formal cession of the whole >untry, 
 and it now forms one of the fifty governments of 
 the Russian empire. It is divided into thirteen 
 districts, containing together a population of 
 I, ;t7 11,500, who contributed a revenue of 
 3,200,000 rubles, fi|unl to about 1 30,000/. 
 
 FiNMARK, the most northern section of 
 Europe, jetting into the Arctic Ocean : it for- 
 merly belonged to Denmark, but with Norway 
 was ceded to Sweden, in 1111.'). The coast is 
 flanked with islands, and indented with bays. 
 It comprises about 400 square miles of surtiice, 
 but the inhabitants, a mixed racu of Fins and 
 Laplaiidini, do not «»xceeil 2(;,000, who prin- 
 cipally inhabit the coast, fishing and hunting 
 constituting their chief employment; the S. 
 part, bordering on Lapland, is mountainous. 
 North Cajie, its extreme northern limit, and 
 also of Euroiie, is in the lat. of 71. 10. N. and 
 2:>. 50. of E. long. 
 
 FiNow, atown of Brandanburg, in thoUcker 
 Mark. It has a canal, by which the Oder and 
 Havel are un:'"d. It is 20 miles N. W. of 
 Custrin. 
 
 FioNDA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolin, 
 and a bishop's see ; on the Gulf of Satalia ; 25 
 miles S. W. of Satalia. 
 
 FioRBNzo. See Ferentino. 
 FioRENzo, .St., a seaport on the N. W. coast 
 of Corsica, defended by walls and a tower. It 
 was taken by the English and Corsicans, {torn 
 the French, in 1794. It is 7 miles W. of Bastia. 
 F'lnosEPouR, a town of Hindostan, in Moultan j 
 seated on the Setlego. at the influx of the Bcyah j 
 20 miles \V. of Depalpour, and 160 E. by N. 
 of Moultan. 
 
 FiscHHAUsEN, a town of Prussia, with a royal 
 cnstle ; seated on the Frische Haff ; 21 miles W. 
 of Konigsberg, and 5. N. N. E. of Pillnu. 
 
 Fish River, Great, a river of Africa, which 
 rises in the unknown interior regions, divides 
 Caffraria from the country of the Hottentots, 
 and enters the Indian Ocean in long. 28. 22, E, 
 lat. 33. 24. S. 
 
 FisiiER-IsLAND, in Long Island Sound, op- 
 posite to Stonington harbour in Connecticut. 
 It is 10 miles long and 2 broad, with a fertile 
 soil, and is annexed to the township of Southold, 
 in Long Island. 
 
 Fisherrow, a town of Scotland, Edinburgh- 
 shire. It is separated from the town of Mussel- 
 burgh by the river Esk, over which is an ancient 
 bridge. 
 
 FisHOUARD, or Aberowayn, a town of Wales, 
 in Pembrokeshire, governed by a mayor, with a 
 market on Friday. Here is a good harbour, which 
 has been lately improved,with every convenience 
 for ship-building, and a considerable trade in 
 herrings, corn, and butter. It is situate on a 
 Bteep cliff, on a bay of St. George's Channel : 
 1« miles N. E.of St. David, and 249 W.by N. 
 of London. 
 FwHKiLL, a town of New York, in Duchesa 
 
 county, on a crMk of the laine nam« j 5 mii«i 
 E of Hudson River, and Hi N. of Now York 
 l'oi». of the township 10,437. 
 
 FisiNic8,atown of France, in the department 
 of Maniu ; 20 mileaS. of Lnon, a town uf great 
 anti<tuitv, and haa u trade in wool, corn, and 
 wine. Pop. 2500. 
 
 FiasATo, a seaport of Bnrlmry, in the provinc* 
 of Tripoli ; 90 miles N. W. of Tripoli. Long. 
 12. 10. E. lat. 33. 50. N. 
 
 FiSTKLLA, a fortified town in Morocco. Tht 
 inhabitants carry on a great trade in fine gar- 
 ments. It is 125 miles N. E. of Morocco. 
 Long. 3. 55. E. Int. 32. 27. N. 
 FiuM. Hee Fayoum. 
 
 F'lUME, a seaport uf Austrian Istria, with a 
 custio, and many fine churches and convent*. 
 It is nntcd fur wine, guod figs, and other fruits i 
 and has a sugar refinery, and a wax manufac- 
 ture. The harbour is furmod by the river 
 Fiumara, which enters the Bay of Carnero, at 
 the extremity of the Adriatic. It is 37 miles E. 
 of Ctipo d'Istria. Long, 14. 12. E. lat. 46. 30. 
 N. Pop. alwut 12,000. 
 
 Fladstrand, a seaport of Denmark, in North 
 Jutland, with a harbour defended by three forts, 
 just within the entrance to the Cattugat. It is 
 30 miles N. N. E, of Alburg. Long. 1 0. 29. E 
 lat. 67. S'S. N. 
 
 Flamboroikui, a factory of the Hudson Bay 
 Company, on Hayes River, 70 miles from its 
 mouth, on the W. side of Hudson Bay. Lonir 
 90, 5. W, lat, 66, B. N. 'a 
 
 FLAMm)RouoH Head, a lofty promontory, 
 on the coast of Yorkshire, whoso snow-white 
 cliff's, rising from 300 to 450 feet above the level 
 of the sea, and are the northern extremity of 
 the chalk cliffs of Albion, afford shelter to in- 
 numerable multitudes of sea-fowls. The lower 
 parts contain vast caverns, and on tho summit 
 is a lighthouse ; 5 miles E. N. E. of Burlington. 
 Long. 0. 2, W, lat. 64. 8. N. There is a village 
 of the same name, contiguous to the cliff's. 
 
 Flamstead, a village in Hertfordshire, Eng- 
 land. It was a place of some importance in the 
 time of the Romans being in possession of Eng. 
 land. 
 Tho house in Greenwich Park, in which is the 
 Royal Observatory, and flrom whence the 
 English meridional line of longitude is 
 drawn, is commonly called Flamslead 
 House, after the name of its first astro- 
 nomer. See Greenwich. 
 Flandebs, a country of Europe ; bounded on 
 the N. by the mouth of the Scheldt, and N, W. 
 by. the North Sea or German Ocean, lying b»i 
 tween the lat. of 50. 40. and 51. 20. N. and 2. 16. 
 to 4. 15. of E. long. The early history of this 
 country is involved in considerable obscurity; 
 it has, however, for severol centuries ranked 
 among the most fertile, populous, and civilized 
 parts of Europe ; it was formerly known under 
 three divisions of French, Austrian, and Dutch 
 Flanders ; the French, or S. part was comprised 
 in the late province of Artois, now the depart- 
 ment du Nord, or North, The Austrian com- 
 prised the centre, from E, to W. ; and the Dutch 
 the coast of the mouth of the Scheldt ; the 
 
i 
 
 
 FLA 293 
 
 whole coiutry was overrun by the French in the 
 early part of the war, which commenced in 1 793, 
 and confirmed to them by the treaty of Carapo 
 Formio, in 1 797. After the treaty of Lunevillo, 
 in 1801, Austrian and Dutch Flanders was di- 
 vided into two departments — Lys, on the W., 
 and Scheldt, on the £., and incorporated with 
 the French empire. At the general partitioning 
 of this part of Europe, which followed the peace 
 of 1014, these two departments were ceded to 
 the new kingdom of the Netherlands, and were 
 included in the kingdom of Belgium on the 
 erection of that state in 1831, and are now called 
 the provinces of East and West Flanders. The 
 area of the E. part comprises about 1260 square 
 miles, and contains about 700,000 inhabitants. 
 It is divided into four circles, of which Ghent. 
 Dendermonde, Oudenarde, and Eecloo, are the 
 chief towns ; the other places of note are Sluys, 
 Ardenbetg, Phillipina, and Sas Van Ghent, on 
 the shore of the mouth of the Scheldt ; and 
 Deynse, Renaix, Gramnont, Sotteghem, Alost, 
 and Watteren, in the S. The river Scheldt, 
 which rises in the French department of Aisne, 
 enters the S. W. corner, running N. by K to 
 Ghent in the centre of the province, and then 
 nearly due E. till it changes its course to the 
 N., forming the boundary of the province on the 
 side of Brabant ; towards the S. the sur&ce ia 
 sh'ghtly undulated, but northward it is an entire 
 level, intersected by canals, communicating 
 both with the North Sea and the mouth of the 
 Scheldt. 
 
 Flanders, West, ia bounded on the S. and 
 
 S. W. by the French department, on the N. and 
 
 N.W, by the North Sea; the area of this province 
 
 is about 1500 square miles, containing 557,871 
 
 inhabitants. It is also divided into four circles^ 
 
 of which Bruges, Fumes, Ypres, and Courtray 
 
 are the chief towns; the other places of note 
 
 are the seaports of Nieuport and Ostend : the 
 
 latter is regarded as the maritime portal of this 
 
 part of Europe; this, like East Flanders, is a 
 
 level country; in theS. E. part fine thread, lace, 
 
 and linen cambrics ure manufactured to a great 
 
 extent for exportation ; over all the other parts 
 
 of the two provinces, fishing, agriculture, and 
 
 manufactures are assiduously pursued, and tend 
 
 to render the inhabitants among the most social 
 
 and best conditioned in Europe. The language 
 
 of the common people is peculiar — a mixture of 
 
 Dutch and French ; but in the towns the French 
 
 is most generally spoken. The Roman Catholic 
 
 religion prevails through both provinces: the 
 
 clergy are, however, a tolerant and respectable 
 
 body. 
 
 Flatbush, a town of New York, chief of 
 King's county. Long Island. The Americans 
 were defeated near this place by the British, in 
 1776. It is situate amid garden gro'^nds; 5 
 niles S. by E. of New York. 
 
 Fi.ATrERT, Cape, on 'he W. coast of North 
 America, discovered by Cook, in 17' S; and so 
 named because he was disappointed at not 
 finding a harboir. Long. 124. 57. W. lat. 48. 
 25. N. 
 
 FtAViGNY, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cote d'Or, with a Benedictine abbey; 
 
 FLI 
 
 seated on a mountain, by the river Ozerain; 27 
 miles W.N. W. of Dijon. 
 
 Flechb, La, a town of France, in the depart* 
 ment of Sarte. Here was a noble college built 
 by Henry I V., at which Descartes was educated, 
 the centre is now converted into a town-house, 
 and one of the wings rebuilt as a prytaneum, or 
 military school for soldiers' children. It is seated 
 on the N. bank of the Loire, and is the seat of a 
 prefect. Population 6387. It is 80 miles E. 
 N. E. of Nantes. 
 
 Fleckeroe, Jcbtbboe, or Fleckbren, an 
 island in the Scaggerac, near the coast of Nor- 
 way ; a fbw miles E. of Christiansand. Between 
 the island and the continent is a most excellent 
 harbour, defended by a fortress. Long. 8. 18. 
 K lat. 58. 4. N. 
 
 Fleet, a river of Scotland, in Kircudbright- 
 shire, which issues from a small lake of the 
 same name, and enters Wigton Bay, below 
 Gatehouse. On its W. side are the vestiges 
 of a camp, a druidical circle, and a vitrified 
 fort 
 
 Fleetwood, Port, a new town at the mouth 
 of the Wyre river, Lancashire. Piers to form a 
 harbour and a lighthouse have been erected 
 here, 15 miles S. of Lancaster, to which it is 
 connected by the Preston and Wyre railway, a 
 branch of the Liverpool and Manchester tail- 
 way. 
 
 Flersbcro, a seaport of Denmark, in the 
 duchy of Sleswick, with a strong citadel, and a 
 harbour at the head of a bay in the Little Belt, 
 at its entrance into the Baltic. It is a place of 
 great commerce; 15 miles N. N. W. of Sleswick. 
 Long. 9. 47. £. lat. 54. 52. N. Population 
 about 15,000. 
 
 Fleurance, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Oers, on the river Gers; 3 miles N. 
 of Auch. 
 
 Flburits, a town of Belgium, in Namur; 6 
 miles N. E. of Charlerol Here, in 1690, a vic- 
 tory was gained by the French over the allies ; 
 and in 1794 the Austrians were defeated in a 
 general attack of the French posts. 
 
 Flie, or Vliexand, an island on the coast 
 of Holland, N. of the Texel, at the middle of 
 the entrance of the Zuyder Zee. 
 
 Flint, a county at the N. E. extremity of 
 Wales; bounded, in a N. W. direction, by the 
 estuary of the river Dee, and N. by W. by the 
 Irish Sea. It is the smallest county in Wales, 
 its superficies being only 243 square miles. It 
 is, however, rich in coal, copper, and lead, and, 
 since the commencement of the present cen- 
 tury, the cotton mar-ifacture has been intro- 
 duced. It returns one member to parliament. 
 The principal towns are Mold, Holywell, Hawar- 
 den, and St. Asaph. 
 
 Flint, formerly the chief town of the county, 
 though now a small place. It has the county 
 gaol, but the assizes are held at Mold. Here 
 are the remains of a royal castle, in which 
 Richard II. took shelter on arriving from Ire- 
 land; but on leaving it he was delivered into 
 tiie hands of his riva!, aficrnrard Henry IV. : it 
 stands on a rock close to the sea, and is go- 
 verned by a constable, who is also mayor of the 
 
FLI 
 
 297 
 
 FLO 
 
 town. Flint has no market, but is well fre- 
 quented as n bathing-place. It is seated on the 
 estuary of the Dee; 12 miles W. N. W. of Ches- 
 ter, and 195 N. N. W. from London, and con- 
 tributes, with Hol}rwelI, &c. in sending one 
 member to parliament. 
 
 Flint, a river of the state of Georgia, which 
 rises in the country of the Creek Indians, runs 
 S. W., and joining the Catahoochee, at its en- 
 trance into East Florida, forms the Apala- 
 chicola. 
 
 Flix, a town of Spain, in Catolonia, strong 
 both by nature and art. It stands on a penin- 
 sula formed by the Ebro, and the side where the 
 river does not pass is covered by mountains, 
 and defended by a castle. It 23 miles N. of 
 Tortosa. 
 
 Flodden, a field in the parish of Kirknewton, 
 Northumberland, 6 miles N. N. W, of Woller, 
 on which a battle was fought between the Eng- 
 lish and Scots, in 1513, in which James IV. was 
 killed, with many of his nobility, and 10,000 
 men, 
 
 Flobac, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lozere; 13 miles S. of Mende, and 55 N. of 
 Montpelier. It is the seat of a prefect. Fop. 
 2450, 
 
 Florence, a celebrated city of Italy, capital 
 of Tuscany, and an archbishop's see, with a 
 citadel and a university. It was first founded 
 by the soldiers of Sylla, embellished and en- 
 larged by the triumvirs, destroyed by Totila, 
 and rebuilt by Charlemagne. The circumfer- 
 ence is about six miles, and the fortifications 
 consist of only a wall and a ditch, with two or 
 three forts which command a part of the town. 
 It is divided into two unequal parts, by the river 
 Amo, over which are four handsome bridges. 
 The quays, the buildings on each side, and the 
 bridges, render the part through which the river 
 runs by for the finest; but every part is full of 
 wonders in the arts of painting, statuary, and 
 architecture. The environs are beautiful, rich, 
 and populous. Some of the Florentine mer- 
 chants, formerly, were men of great wealth; 
 and one of them, in the middle of the fifteenth 
 century, built that noble fabric, which, from the 
 name of its founder, is still called the Palazzo 
 Pitti, It was afterwards purchased by the Medici 
 family, who made some enlargements; and it 
 thence became the residence of the grand dukes 
 of Tuscany, The Palazzo Vecchio, or old palace, 
 contains a room 172 feet long and 70 wide, for 
 public entertainments. The beauties and riches 
 of these palaces, in all that is masterly in archi- 
 tecture, literature, and the arts, especially those 
 of painting and sculpture, have been often de- 
 scribed ; but before they were plundered by the 
 French, in 1800, all description fell short of their 
 contents. The celebrated Venus of Iljdici, the 
 standard of taste in female beauty and p.opor- 
 tion, stood in a room called the tribune- this, 
 with other masterpieces of sculpture, wau car- 
 ried away to Paris, but restored, with most cf 
 the other works of art, at the general peace in 
 181,^^. There are other ruoms, whuso contents 
 are indicated by the names they bear; as the 
 cabinet of arts, of astronomy, natural history. 
 
 medals, portraits, porcelain, antiquities, Ac. 
 Beside the Medicean library, begun by Julius 
 de Medici, and greatly augmented by Duko 
 Cosmo I., there are several other copious libra- 
 ries, especially those in the two Benedictine and 
 Carmelite convents. The Florentine Academy, 
 and the Academia della Crusca, were instituted 
 to enrich the literature and improve the lan- 
 guage of Tuscany; the latter is so named be- 
 case it rejects, like bran, all words not purely 
 Tuscan. The cathedral, the churches, and other 
 public buildings, contain paintings and sculp- 
 tures by the first masters in Italy ; and the chapel 
 of Lorenzo is, perhaps, the most expensive habi- 
 tation that ever was reared for the dead, being 
 incrusted with precious stones, and adomedwith 
 the workmanship of the best modem sculp- 
 tora. The manufactures of Florence are chiefly 
 silks, satins, gold and silver stuffs, and damask 
 tablecloths; and it has a considerable trade in 
 fruits, oil, and excellent wines. Florence is 45 
 miles E. N. E. of Leghorn, which is its outport, 
 and 125 N. W. of Rome. Long. 11. 3. E. lat. 
 43. 46. N. Pop. 80,000. 
 
 Flobent, St., a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Mayenne and Loire, with a Bene- 
 dictine ah' y; seated on the Loire; 20 miles 
 W. S. W. ()i Angers. 
 
 Florentin, St., a town of France, in the 
 department of Yonne, at the conflux of the 
 Armance and Armancon; 15 miles N. E. of Aux- 
 erre, and 80 S. E. of Paris. 
 
 Florentino, one of the three provinces of 
 Tuscany; bounded on the N. W. by the republic 
 of Lucca and the Modenese, N. E. by the Apen- 
 nines, and S. by the Siennese. Population, 
 about 580,000 : besides Florence, the capital, 
 the other principal towns are Leghorn, Pisa, 
 and Pistoia. 
 
 Flores, or Mangetle, an island of the East 
 Indies, one of the chain that forms the S. boun- 
 dary of the Java and Banda seas; 180 miles long 
 and 45 broad; lying to the E. of that of Sum- 
 bawa. On the S. side, near the E. end, is a 
 town named Larantuca. Long. 121. 66. E. lat. 
 8. 20. S. 
 
 Flores, a fertile island, one of the Azores; 
 so called froni the abundance of flowers found 
 upon it. L<igens is the most populous town, 
 but St, Cruz is the capital. Long. 31. 0. W. 
 lat. 39. 34. N. 
 
 f LORiDA, a country of North America, form- 
 ing a promontory extending from St. Mary's 
 River, which divide it from Georgia, in the lat. 
 of 30. 40. to Cot. nble, in 25, 2, N., between 
 80, and 83, of ■■'. ijng.. This part of America 
 was first made known to Europeans by Cabot, in 
 1496. It appears, however, not to have been 
 revisited until 1512, when Ponce de Leon drew 
 so flattering a picture of its fertility and capa- 
 bilities as to render it an object of considerable 
 attraction to all the maritime states of Europe; 
 and it was, for upwards of two centuries, an ob- 
 ject of repeated contention between the French, 
 Spaniards, and English. In 1763, it was ceded 
 by treaty to England, in whose possession it 
 continued until 1779, when it was overrun by a 
 Spanish force from Louisiana; andiu 1789 it 
 
 i I 
 
 11 
 
^s. 
 
 i ■ 
 
 FLO 
 
 wns ceded back to Spain, between which power 
 and the United States of North America it 
 continued an object of contention until 1819, 
 when it was ceded to the latter power: the 
 cession being ratified in 1821, U was taken pos- 
 session of by the United States in Julv of that 
 year, and now forms the Florida Territory, 
 being the 27th state of the republic. 
 
 Florida, East, comprises the promontory : 
 the outline of which has been already described, 
 its western shore is washed by the waters of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, and the eastern by the Atlantic 
 Ocean. It is divided on the N. from the state 
 of Georgia by a conventional line, drawn from 
 St. Mary's River, about 45 miles above its en- 
 trance into the Atlantic Ocean, across the Oke- 
 fin-o-con swamp, to the point where the Flint 
 unites with the Chattahochee River, to form the 
 Apalachicola, which forms the western boundary 
 of the province, in the long, of 85. 30.W. There 
 are numerous streams which discharge their 
 waters into the Gulf of Mexico, and some into 
 the Atlantic, and a river of considerable mag- 
 nitude, rising from a lake 50 miles in circum- 
 ference, in the lat. of 26. N., flows parallel with 
 the Atlantic coast, at a distance of about 30 
 miles, and falls into the Atlantic, in the lat. of 
 30. 10. N. This river is at intervals two to five 
 miles wide, and is navigable for vessels drawing 
 eight or nine feet water, 150 miles from its 
 mouth. The area of this territory comprises 
 about 45,000 square miles ; and its aggregate 
 population is 13,651, the greater portion of 
 whom ars concentrated at St. Augustine, the 
 principal town, seated on the Atlantic coast, 
 in the lat. of 29. 48. N. East Florida pro- 
 duces some of the finest timber in all Ame- 
 rica, either for ship-building, or for carpentry 
 purposes : at present it forms the chief article 
 of commerce ; but, as population increases, cot- 
 ton and other products common to the tropics 
 will probably be cultivated with success, and, to 
 an industrious and enterprising people, it will 
 doubtless yield an abundance of all the necc- 
 saries of life. It is, generally speaking, a le.fi 
 country ; but in the centre, during its whole 
 extent from N. to S., the land rises into gentle 
 hills, but in no instance to come under the de- 
 nomination of mountainous, dape Sable, the 
 southern extremity of the territory, is 135 miles 
 N. N. W. of Havannah. A chain of islands, or 
 rather sand-banks, flank nearly the whole line of 
 coast, both on the side of the Atlantic -ind the 
 Gulf of Mexico, and extensive shoals and reefs 
 of sand bound the southern extremity. There 
 are two or three commodious harbours on the 
 W. coast, within the Gulf of Mexico ; viz. St. 
 Juan, Charlotte Harbour, and Spirito Santo, or 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 Florida, West, extends W. 140 miles from 
 the Apalachicola to the Perdida river, which 
 divides it from the S. W. part of the state of 
 Alabama. It is bounded on the S. by the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and N. by a conventional line, which 
 divides it from the S. E. part of Alabama. The 
 mean breadth is about 55 miles, giving an area 
 couiprisinff 7700 square miles. 'Iho. ,".c-re£ate 
 population is 5454 ; but as Pensncola,'^ tllo 
 
 298 
 
 FOC 
 
 chief town, has the best harbour in the Gulf 
 of Mexico, with sufficient depth of water for 
 ships of the largest class, under the influence of 
 the enterprising and migrqjory disposition of the 
 people of the United States, both Went and 
 East Florida may feirly be anticipated rapidly 
 to increase in population, productions, and 
 importance. 
 
 Florida Capb is on the E. coast of East 
 Florida, in thegulf of the same name, in the lat. 
 of 2a. 41. N. and 80. 6. of W. long ; 90 miles 
 N. E. of Cape Sable, and about 30 W. of the 
 N. W. end of the Great Baliama bank. 
 
 Florida, Gulf op, is the passage out of the 
 Gulf of Mexico into the Atlantic Ocean, bttween 
 the N. W. coast of the Island of Cuba, and the 
 Bahama bank and islands on the E., and the 
 promontory of East Florida on the W. Through 
 the passage the great body of waters, flowing 
 into the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi, 
 Colorado, and Rio del Norte, set, in a continual 
 stream, running at the rate of 4 to 5 miles per 
 hour : the stream continues to run along the 
 eastern coast of North America, to the lat. of 42. 
 when the current is dispersed by the great bank 
 of Newfoundland. The gulf passage is from 30 
 to 130 miles wide, the narrowest part being 
 between Capo Florida and the Great Bahama 
 bank before mentioned. 
 
 Florida Keys, or Martyrs Islands and 
 Reefs, are the shoals and sand-banks flanking 
 the southern extremity and E. coast of the 
 promontory of East Florida, as previously de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Flour, St., a city of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cantal, and a bishop's see. Good 
 knives are made here, and it has a considerable 
 trade in com. It is seated on a mountain ; 63 
 miles S. of Clermont, and 108 N. by W. of 
 Montpelier. It is the seat of a prefect. Pod 
 7500. ^ 
 
 Flushing, a strong seaport of Dutch Zealand, 
 m the island of Walcheren, on the N. side of 
 Western Scheldt, the entrance of which it 
 defends. It has a good harbour, and a great 
 canal, which is deep enough to admit loaded 
 vessels, runs through the town. The stadthouse 
 IS a superb building, after the model of that of 
 Amsterdam. Flushing was the birthplace of 
 Admiral De Ruyter, and has a capacious harbour 
 and basin for ships of the largest burthen. It is 
 one of the naval depdts of the Netheriands. Its 
 trade consists chiefly of smuggling. Pon. 6000. 
 It is in lat. 51. 27. N. and 3. 34. of E long. 
 
 Flushing, a town of New York, in (^uetn's 
 county. Long Island, situate on the E. side of 
 Hell-gate ; 7 miles E. by N. of New York. Pop. 
 
 Fluvanna, a county of Virginia, N. of James 
 River, ut the foot of the first ridge of the 
 Allegany mountains. The population 18 8812. 
 Columbia, the chief town, at the S. E. comer 
 of the county, is 52 miles W. by N. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Fochabers, a town of Scotland, belonging 
 to Murrayshire, though seated on the E. side of 
 the river Spcy. It is 8 miles E. by S. of Elirin. 
 and22W. of Banff. * 
 
FOC 
 
 299 
 
 FON 
 
 
 FocHAN, a populous village of China, in the 
 vicinity of Canton. 
 
 FocHKA, or FooQiA, a seaport of Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Natolia, with a castle. The Vene- 
 tians beat the Turkish fleet near this place, in 
 1 650. It is seated on the Gulf of Smyrna, at the 
 influx of the Hermus; 28 miles N.W. of Smyrna. 
 Long. 26. 30. E. lat. 30. 44. N. 
 
 loEDWAB, a town of Hungary; seated on the 
 W. bank of the Danube, opposite Colocza ; 40 
 miles S. of Buda. Pop. 2600. 
 
 FoGARAS, a town and castle of Transylvania, 
 on the river Alauta ; 30 miles N. by E, of Her- 
 manstadt. 
 
 FoGQiA, a town of Naples, in Capitanata. It 
 is a staple for com and wool, and seated near 
 the Cerbero ; 20 miles S. of Manfredonia. It 
 suffered greatly by an earthquake, in 1732. Pop, 
 about 17,000. 
 
 FoGLiA, a river of Italy which rises on the 
 confines of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Urbino, 
 and enters the Gulf of Venice at Pesaro. 
 
 FooLizzo, orFoGUNO, a town of Piedmont; 5 
 miles N.W.of Chivas8o,and 1 3 W. of Cresceutino. 
 
 FoGo. See Fuego. 
 
 Four, or Fora, an island of Denmark, about 
 12 miles in circumference, near the coast of 
 Sleswick, in the German Ocean ; 66 miles N. of 
 Heligoland. Pop. about 5500. Long. 8. 31. E. 
 lat. 54. 44. N. 
 
 Foix, a late district of F.ance, in Lnnguedoe, 
 adjoining the Pyrenees. It now forms, with 
 Couscrans, the department of Arrioge. 
 
 Foix, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Aniege. Here is a manufacture of 
 coarse woollen cloths, and some copper-mills. 
 It is seated on the Arriege, near the foot of the 
 Pyrenees ; 42 miles S. by E. of Toulouse. 
 
 Fo-KIEN, a maritime province in the S. of 
 CliTna ; bounded on the N. by Tche-kiang, W. 
 by Kiang-si, S. by Quang-tong, and E. by the 
 Ch'na Sea. The climate is warm ; and yet the 
 air is so pure, that no contagious diseases ever 
 prevail. It produces musk in abundance, pre- 
 cious stones, quicksilver, iron, and tin ; also 
 gold and silver, but it is forbidden to dig for 
 these. It has fine plains ; and industry fertilizes 
 even the mountains, the greater part of which 
 are cut into terraces, rising above each other. 
 Its valleys are watered by springs and rivers 
 from the mouiitains, which the husbandman 
 distributes with gre.il skill, to refresh his rice : 
 he has even the art to raise his water to the tops 
 of the mountains, and to convey it from one side 
 to the other, by pipes made of bamboo. The 
 people speak a different language in most of the 
 cities, each of which has its particular dialect. 
 The language of the mandarins is that which is 
 spoken everywhere ; but few understand it in 
 this province ; however, it produces a great 
 number of literati. It contains nine cities of 
 the first, and sixty of the third class. Fou-tcheou 
 is the capital. 
 
 FoLESHiLL, a parish in the county of the city 
 of Coventry, lying on the N. side of the city, 
 firm intersected by ihc Covciitry canal. Fopula- 
 tiofi almost exclusively employed in the ribbon 
 Diunu&cture. 
 
 FouoNo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 Umbria; famous for its sweetmeats, paper-mills, 
 and silk manufactures. It is seated on the W. 
 side of the Appennines, near a fertile plain ; 69 
 miles N. of Rome. * 
 
 FoLKiNOHAM, a towu in Lincolnshire, with 
 a market on Thursday. Here are the ruins of 
 an ancient castle. It is seated on a rising 
 ground ; 18 miles W. S. W. of Boston, and lOG 
 N. of London. Pop. 744. 
 
 FoLKSTONE, a town in Kent, with a market 
 on Thursday. It had once five churches, of 
 which four have been destroyed by the incur- 
 sions of the sea. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 employed in fishing. Dr. Wm. Harvey, the far- 
 famed discoverer of the circulation of the blood, 
 was bom here in 1578. It is a member of the 
 poitof Dover, governed by a mayor; and a little 
 to the \V. is Sandgate Castle, built by Henry V 1 1 1. 
 It is seated nv. the English Channel ; 8 miles 
 S. W. of Dover, and 72 E. by S. of London. 
 
 FoNDi, a town of Naples, in the Terra di 
 Lavora ; seated on the Appian Way, near the 
 sea-coast ; 65 miles S. S. W. of Rome. 
 
 FoNO-TsiANG, or FoNTCHEOu, a city of 
 China, in the province of Chen-si. Its district 
 contains eight cities of the second and third 
 class. It is seated on the Hole Ho, which falls 
 into the Yellow River ; 500 miles S. W. of 
 Peking. Long. 106. 57. E. lat. 34. 36. N. 
 
 FoNG-YANG, a city of China, in the province 
 of Kiang-nan. Itencloses within its walls several 
 fertile little hills ; and its jurisdiction compre- 
 hends five cities of the second, and thirteen of 
 the third class. It is seated on a mountain 
 which overhangs a river falling into the Hongts 
 Hou ; 70 miles N. E.of Nankin. Long. 116. 58. 
 E. lat. 32. 52. N. 
 
 FoNS, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lot ; 6 miles N. W. of T^ifcDac. 
 
 FoNTAiNBLEAU, a town of France, in the 
 department of Seine and Marne; celebrated for i;s 
 fine palace, and a hunting seat of the sovereigiis 
 of France. It stands in the midst of an exten- 
 sive forest ; 35 miles S. S.E. of Paris. It is the 
 seat of a prefect. Pop. about 8000. 
 
 Fontaine l'Eveque, a town of the Nether- 
 lands, in the territory of Liege ; 6 miles W. of 
 Charleroi. 
 
 Fontanetto, a town of Piedmont ; 7 miles 
 E. of Crescentino. 
 
 FoNTARABiA, a scaport of Spain, in Biscay, 
 on the frontiers of France, from which it is 
 separated by the river Bidassoa, which forms a 
 harbour at its mouth, in the Bay of Biscay. It 
 stands on a peninsula, at the foot of the Pyrenean 
 mountains, and is so strong, both by nature und 
 art, as to be accounted the key of Spain on that 
 side ; but it opened its gates to the French in 
 1794. It is 22 miles S. W. of Bayonne and 62 
 E. by N. of Bilboa. Long. 1. 47. W. lat. 43. 
 23. N. 
 
 Fontenay le Comptr, a town of France, in 
 the department of'Vendee. It has a woollen 
 manufacture, and its fairs are famous for cattle. 
 It is seated on the Vendee ; 25 miles N. E. of 
 Rochelle, 55 VV. by S. of Poitiers, and 215 S. E. 
 of Paris. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 7470. 
 
PON 
 
 4 il" f' ;!f.*7" °^ ^''^S'"™. '■" Hainault ; 
 n w,u II. • °*^ Tournny. It is celebrated for 
 n battle between the allies and the French, in 
 1745, m which the former were defeated. ' 
 
 partment of Mayenno and Loire. Here is a 
 
 k 2"»V.'"^^' '" 'he church of which severa! 
 
 7'Z^t rofX'nS"^'' "^ "'^"^- '' » 
 
 of S""*/; ."" 1*'^? "'' ^«'?'nwk, on the W. coast 
 ot b. Jutland, btftweeji those of Sylt and Nord- 
 8tr«nd. It is of an oval form, 20 miles in dr. 
 cumference, and the chief place is UteLT. 
 
 FoRcuEiM, a strong town of Franconia in 
 
 ^su^r ri'.V'H''*''^' ^'"> « ~«en„T 
 It surrendered to the French in 17S6, but the 
 
 ^S:Z ''W"^! them toabaidou UsoJ^ 
 Wwent and Rednite, 16 miles S. S. E. of Bam- 
 tftinto/U^Ti^"''^ - "•« t-'to:y of 
 a mlrk^lT^^'A^'"'']' Hampshire, with 
 
 s::rLZ^- '• '"^'-y' -«» «« ^ S 
 
 ♦hfr"^'"-".'''/^'"''' " promontory of Kent. 
 «.e E. point of the isle of Thanet/lt isthe 
 most southern point of the port of London • and 
 a line thence extended Nitothe point ckS 
 'FhlT' u ^"P'^.fo^o the mouth oTlho 
 rhames. Hero is a lighthouse upwards of 1 00 
 feet high. Long. ' 29. E. lat. 61. 22 N 
 
 KenJ"*^^?'?' S^F^P. another promontory of 
 Kent. It 18 called South, in respect to ite 
 bearing from the other Fo/eland, which is 3 
 miles to the N. Between these 'two Sp^ i2 
 the noted roadstead, called the DowJiI ^ 
 
 Forest Towns, four towns of Suabia, in 
 Brisgau, situate on the Rhine and the co n^nS 
 of bwitzer and, at the entmnce of the Black 
 forest. Their names are Waldschut, £au£- 
 burgh. Si kingen, and Rheinfelden. 
 
 *ORFAu, a borough of Scotland, capital of 
 Angusshire It contains many neat modern 
 houses, and has manufactures of coarse liSs 
 and shoos It is situate in an extenTe p ain 
 
 Tp^o? n'r*''"'/^''^''''"'"'^' 14 mile S: 
 by L. of Dundee. It contributes, with Inver- 
 bervie, &c. ,„ sending one member to pX 
 nient, and has a railway to Arbroath. 
 l^oiiFABSHiHE. See Anousshikb, 
 1- OBOES, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Seme; celebrated for its minera 
 w,.ter8. It . 24 miles N. E. of Rouen. 
 Fomo. or Fontario. See Ischia. 
 1 ORU, a town of Italy, in Romagnn • seated 
 on he frontier of Tuscan;, in a ferule coS^ 
 Zenna."'" ^"''' '^ '""«'' S-S. W. ^f 
 
 FORME.NTERA, an island in the Mediterranean 
 belonging to the crown of Spain. It is situated 
 to the S. of Ivica, from which it is seA^ted bj 
 ft channel 4 miles wide. «^i«iraiea oy 
 
 thi'rr'^t' '^*f .^^'^•^ o' Taiouan, an island in 
 the China Sen, Ivimr b-tw^Pn ion „„,j i.m i 
 
 i«u«. and -Jj. and 25. N. lat.. andseparated fron 
 
 300 
 
 FOR 
 
 the province of Po-kien, in China, by a chann«I 
 Jd^out «0 mile, wide where narrow'es? \t^^i 
 miles from N. to S., and 70 in its broadest part" 
 but isgreatly contractedat the S. extremity It is 
 .ubject to theCh.ne«,, who, howeve" Sd „o 
 know of ts existence till the year 1430. A chain 
 of mountains, running its whole length, divides 
 
 he fort''7r','''",*=-"''*^- The Dutch bun 
 the fort of Zealui.d. on thoW. part, in 1043 
 They were driven thence in 1661, by a Chineii 
 
 part. In 1682 the whole island submitted to 
 
 and fertile plains, watered by a great number of 
 nvulets from the mountains^ It produce^abun 
 dance of com and rice, most of the Indkn SZ' 
 many of those of Europe, tobacco, sugar LppS' 
 camphire and cinnamon. Whol'esome S 5 
 the onij. thing wanting in Formosa. The in" 
 habitants rear a great number of oxen which 
 hey use for riding, from a want of ho«ek fi 
 island was almost totally destroyed by a fiirious 
 hurricane and dreadful inundation of t£ sea 
 rmouan, at the S. W. end of the i8lanr« the 
 
 niS."*- T'V.^^''^' "'^ P°'"t of land between the 
 ?,tl °^^!"? ""^ ^'"f™' 'n the Gulf of 
 
 North Af-^ ^'*^'"' ^*'^' »" the W. coasrof 
 
 3o"ttri6!i'rw!"^'''""°"- ^^*- ^^• 
 
 FoRKovo, a town of Italy, in the duchv of 
 
 Fran? ' T-' "'.''''=''' '" ^^^^ Charles Vlll. of 
 France obtained a victory over the princes of 
 
 fLJ' " " ""i'r '^•S- W. of Ka "' 
 a CERES a royal bui^h of Scotland, in Murrav- 
 shire, neatly built on an eminence, on thS 
 
 ?t h^'mi^JI^ "^ ^'f'^^''"'' ^h'ch is its port! 
 InhZ^ ^"'^T^ "^ ^"«" and thread, and a 
 valuable salmon fishery. A little W. of the tdwn 
 
 antique ^^ulptur^and ^d to "Z; E2eS 
 n ToZ" V^' ''^'V "'"''"'«'' °ver the K 
 and lo i-^^rv •" ^^ •?''"» ^- ^y S- of Elgi^ 
 Fortro"Ae .?"""•,. '' " contributory, with 
 liament ' ' '"^"'» ""'^ '"^""hcr to par- 
 
 I^OBSW, a town of Lusatia. with a castle Tf 
 has manufactures of woollen and Lrd'oths 
 
 of Sen ' ^- ^' "^ ^"'^"' ""'' ^* N. E. 
 
 ^"iltF'^^A-^ ^ numberless fortresses and 
 towns m different parts of the world, all the 
 most important of which will be found in 
 order of their substantive names. 
 Forteventura, or Fuebteventura, one of 
 the Canary Islands, 65 miles in length, ind of a 
 very irregular breadth, consisting of two ne! 
 nmsulns, joined by aA i8thmus*12 mUes^^ 
 it'£t f* ^hief product is the ba^lS pTant" 
 goals SsT""^- r!'««S»«»^%. heeve^s, and 
 C 4 l^^f: ^' P^'nt 18 m long. 1 4. 31. W. lat. 
 J- ^- ^ "P- about 14,000. 
 i-ORTU, a river of Scotland, which rismi in th^ 
 mountain Benlomond. in Dumw'nn.T^ X^s 
 
 and rae"et^'Tr'r '"""*'' ^J Stirling "anTAJio;. 
 ana meets the German Ocean a little below 
 
a> by a channel 
 
 "eat. It is 2(!0 
 B broadest part, 
 ixtremity. It is 
 wever, did not 
 
 1430. A chain 
 length, divides 
 'he Dutch built 
 
 part, in 1G43. 
 » by a Chinese 
 
 of all the W. 
 I submitted to 
 ains extensive 
 eat number of 
 roduces abun- 
 
 Indian fruits, 
 sugar, pepper, 
 Borao water is 
 «a. The in- 
 F oxen, which 
 'horses. This 
 I by a furious 
 1 of the sea, 
 island, is the 
 
 between the 
 the Gulf of 
 
 of E. long. 
 W. coast of 
 a. Lat. 11. 
 
 16 duchy of 
 tes VIII. of 
 I princes of 
 irma. 
 
 in Murray- 
 n the river, 
 is its port, 
 read, and a 
 }f the town 
 vered with 
 «n erected 
 the Danes 
 I- of Elgin, 
 itory, with 
 er to par- 
 castle. It 
 len cloths 
 ind in the 
 ifi4N.E, 
 
 esses and 
 Id, all the 
 found in 
 
 I, one of 
 and of a 
 two pe- 
 miles in 
 la plant; 
 ives, and 
 • W.lat. 
 
 » in the 
 re f.nv;' 
 1 AJioal 
 } below 
 
 FOR 
 
 301 
 
 FO W 
 
 Alloa, wiiere it forms a noble estuary, called 
 the Frith of Forth. The Forth is navigable 
 for vessels of 80 tons, as far as Stirling Bridge, 
 and for merchant vessels of any burthen, as 
 far as Grangemouth, where there is a communi- 
 cation between this river and the Clyde, by a 
 canal. 
 
 Forth, Frith op, tne estuary above men- 
 tioned, is about 10 miles in mean breadth, that 
 is, reckoning the entrance from North Berwick, 
 on the S., to Elie Ness, on the N., the distance 
 from which two points is about 8 miles ; from 
 this line to the Queensferry, where it narrows 
 to a mile and a half, the distance is about 28 
 miles, and from Queensferry to Grangemouth 
 the distance is about 12 miles, the water spread- 
 ing again to the extent of 3 to 4 miles. Between 
 Queensferry and the line of Elie Ness are a 
 number of islands, the most celebrated of which 
 are Inch Garvie, Inch Colm, and Inch Keith : 
 on the latter, and on the Isle of May, without 
 the line of Elie Ness, are lighthouses, and these, 
 as well as most of the other islands, contain 
 ruins of castles or religious houses. St. Abb's 
 Head on tiie S. and Fife Ness on the N., dis- 
 tant from each other 35 miles, are by some con- 
 sidered as forming the points of entrance to 
 the Frith of Forth. 
 
 FoRTROSE, a borough of Scotland, in Ross- 
 shire situate on the Murray Fritli, nearly oppo- 
 site Fort George, to which there is a regular 
 ferry. It is composed of two towns, Rosemar- 
 kie end Chanonry; the former a very ancient 
 borough, and the latter one a bishop's see. 
 Two small parts of the ancient cathedral remain ; 
 one used as a burial-place, the other as a court- 
 house and prison. It contributes, with Inver- 
 ness, Forres, and Nairn, in returning one mem- 
 ber to pariiament. It is 9 miles S. S. W. of 
 Cromarty. 
 
 Fort-Royal, the capital of Martinico, on 
 the W. side of the island, with one of the best 
 harbours in the West Indies, defended by a 
 strong citadel. Long. 61. 9. W. lat. 14. 
 36. N. 
 
 FoRT-RoTAL, the capital of the island of 
 Granada. See St. George:. 
 
 FossANo, a town of Piedmont, with citadel ; 
 seated on the Store i lOmilesN. E. of Coni. It 
 has manufactures of silk. 
 
 Fosse, a town of the Netherlands, in Namur, 
 situate between the SambreandMeuse; 7 miles 
 N. W. of Namur. 
 
 Fossombrone, a town of Italy, in the duchy 
 of Urbino, with a castle on a mountain ; near 
 the river Metro ; 10 miles S. E. of Urbino. 
 The vicinity is very productive of silk. 
 
 FossuM, a town of Norway, in the govern- 
 ment of Aggerhuys, noted for rich mines of 
 cobalt ; 35 miles W. of Christiania, 
 
 FoTHEHiNQAY, a village in Northampton- 
 shire ; 3 miles N. of Oundle, near the Nen. 
 Here are the ruins of a castle in which Richard 
 III. was born, and Mary, Queen of Scots, tried 
 and beheaded. In the chiirch are interred two 
 dukes of York ; Edward, killed at Agincourt in 
 France, and Richard, slain at Wakefield. 
 Fouii, or Faqua, a town of Lower Egypt ; 
 
 seated on the W. branch of the Nile ; 25 mPea 
 S. by E. of Rosetta. 
 
 FouoERES, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Ille and Vilaine, with an ancient castU'. 
 In 1302 it was taken by John, king of England. 
 It is seated on the Coesnon ; 25 miles N. E. of 
 Rennes, and ISO W. by S. of Paris. It is the 
 seat of a prefect. 
 
 FouLA, or FowLA. See Fula. 
 FouLi, PuoLET, or FoDLAH, a country of 
 Africa, exterding on both sides of the river 
 Senegal, about 500 miles from E. to W. ; the 
 boundaries from N. to S. are unknown. It is 
 populous and fertile. The Foulahs are, in gene- 
 ral, of a tawny complexion, though many of 
 them are entirely black. Some lead a wander- 
 ing life, and roam about the country with large 
 droves of cows, sheep, goats, and horses ; others 
 are dexterous at hunting wild beasts ; the teeth 
 of elephants, and the skins of lions, leopards, and 
 tigers, being articles of trade. Their arms are 
 bows and arrows, lances, swords, daggers, and 
 occasionally a kind of small fusee. They are 
 praised by travellers for their hospitality : nor is 
 their humanity in other respects less commend- 
 able; for if one of their countrymen have the 
 misfortune to fall into slavery, the rest join 
 stock to redeem him. The king of this country 
 is called the Siratick ; and, though he seldom 
 appears with the badges of majesty, he has great 
 authority, and is as much respected as any one 
 on the coast. 
 
 Foulness, a small island on the S. E. coast 
 of Essex, formed by the river Crouch at its en- 
 trance into the mouth of the Thames. 
 
 FouLSHAM, a town in Norfolk, with a market 
 on Tuesday; 16 miles N. W. of Norwich, and 
 HI N.E. of London. 
 
 Four Cantons, Lake op the. See Wald- 
 ST^DTER Sea. 
 
 FouRNEAUx Island, a small island in the 
 Pacific Ocean. Long. 143. 2. W. lat. 17. 
 U.S. 
 
 Fou-TCHEou, a city of China, in Fo-kien, and 
 the most considerable in that province, on ac- 
 count of its trade, the convenience of its rivers 
 and port, and the number of its literati. It ia 
 the residence of a viceroy, and has under its 
 jurisdiction nine cities of the third class. It is 
 seated near the mouth of a river felling into 
 the China Sea; 435 miles N. E. of Canton, and 
 1030 S. by E. of Peking. Long. 119. 4. E. lat. 
 26. 4. N. 
 
 Fou-TCHEOU, another city of China, in 
 Kiang-si, formerly one of the most beautifiil 
 cities of China, but almost ruined by the inva- 
 sion of the Tartars. It is 240 miles N. W. of 
 the other Fou-tcheou, and 835 miles S. of 
 Peking. Long. 115, 56. E. lat. 27. 55. N. 
 
 FowET, or Fawt, a river in Cornwall, which 
 rises 4 miles S. E. of Camelford, passes by 
 Lostwithiel, and after a winding course (if 
 about 40 miles, enters the English Channel at 
 Fowey, 
 
 FftWRv, n i5.-npoTt. in Cornwall ; rnarkei on 
 Saturday, and a considerable trade in the pil- 
 chard fishery. It is seated at the mouth of the 
 Fowey, which forms a capacious harbour; 11 
 
 ! i 
 
 i IS 
 I ■i 
 
 Ail 
 
 M 
 
FOX 
 
 302 
 
 niiles S. of Bodmin, and 239 W, by S. of Lon- 
 don. Long. 4. 37. W. lat. 50. 19." N. 
 
 Fox Islands, or Aleutian Islands, a 
 group of islands in the Northern Archipelago. 
 Iney are 16 in number, between the coast of 
 Kamtschatka and the W. coast of America; be- 
 tween 62. and 55. N. Int.. Each island has a 
 pecuUar name; but this general name is given to 
 the whole group, on account of the great num- 
 ber of black, grey, and red foxes with which 
 they abound. The dress of the inhabitants 
 consists of a cap and a fur coat, which reaches 
 down to their knees: some wear a cap of a 
 party-coloured bird-skin, upon which is left part 
 of the wings and tail. On the forepart of their 
 hunting and fishing caps they place a small 
 board, hke a screen, adorned with the jawbones 
 of sea-bears, and ornamented with glass beads 
 which they receive in barter from the Russians' 
 They feed upon the flesh of all sorts of sea ani- 
 mals, and generally eat it raw. The provision 
 intended for keeping is dried without salt, in the 
 ""■• Their weapons are bows, arrows, and darts ; 
 and, for defence, they use wooden shields. The 
 most perfect equality reigns among them : they 
 have neither chiefs .-; ,; superiors, neither laws 
 nor punishments. They live together in fami- 
 lies, and societies of several families united, 
 which form what they call a race, who, in case 
 of attack or defence, mut):a:!v aid each other. 
 They have a good share of puiiii natural nnder- 
 standing, and seem cold and indifferent in moat of 
 their actions; yet if an injury, or mere suspicion, 
 rouse them from this phlegmatic state, they be- 
 come furious and revengeful. The Russians 
 call these islands the Lyssie Ostrova. 
 
 There is a cluster of small, but beautifully 
 
 fertile and romantic islands, called Fox 
 
 Islands, on the coast of the state of Maine 
 
 North America. ' 
 
 FoxFORD, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 
 of M.iyo, on the river Moy; 8 miles E. N. E 
 
 of Castlebar. 
 
 FoY, St., a town of France, in the department 
 of Gironde, on the river Dordogne ; 38 miles E. 
 of Bordeaux. 
 
 Foyers, or Fvers, a river of Scotland, in 
 the county of Inverness, which rises a few miles 
 E. of Fort Augustus, and flows into Loch Ness. 
 About 2 miles before its entrance into the lake 
 is the fall of Foyers, one of the highest in the 
 world, being 207 feet in height, in one unbroken 
 stream. 
 
 FoYLE, a river of Ireland, formed by the con- 
 flux of the Fin and the Mourne, at Liiford, in 
 the county of Donegal. It passes by St. Johns- 
 town and Londonderry, and, four miles below, 
 expands into a bay, called Lough Foyle, of an 
 oval form, 14 miles long and 8 broad, which 
 communicates with the ocean by a short and 
 narrow strait. 
 
 Fhaoa, a town of Spain, in Arragon, strong 
 by situation, having the river Cinca before it, 
 whose high banks are difficult of access, and at 
 its back a hill, which cannot easily be approached 
 with cannon. Alphonso VII.. ki.rr of Arragon 
 was killed here by the Moors, {a 1 1 Si, when lie 
 
 FRA 
 
 It is 63 miles E. S. K of 
 
 besieged this town. 
 Saragossn. 
 
 Fraooas, a town of Portugal, in Estrama- 
 dura; 7 miles N. W. of Santarem. 
 
 Fbamlinoham, a town of Suftblk, with a 
 market «}n Saturday, It has the remains of a 
 cnstle. To this place the Princess Mary retired , 
 when Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen • 
 and here she found that powerful support, which 
 soon seated her on the throne. It is 30 miles 
 E. of Bury, and 87 N. E. of London. 
 
 Feancavilla, a town of Naples, in Terra do 
 Otranto, with a trade in oil, cotton stockinm 
 and snuff; 15 miles E. N. E. of Tarento. ' 
 
 Francavilla, a town in Naples, in Bnsi- 
 licata, on the river Sino; 20 miles W. S W of 
 Trusi. 
 
 France, a country of Europe, extending in 
 Its extreme limits from the village of Peats de 
 Alello, at the foot of the Eastern Pyrenees, in 
 the Int. of 42. 25., in neariy a perpendicular line 
 to Dunkirk, in the lat. of 51. 2. N.; this line 
 pves a distance of 517 geographical, or 59.'} 
 British statute miles : the most important ex- 
 treme point on the W. is Brest, in the long, of 
 4. 29. W., and 48. 23. of N. lat. and on thi E. 
 btrasburg, in the long, of 7. 45. E., and lat. of 
 48. 35.; the distance between these two points 
 
 I o on .°^ ^' '°"S-' "^^^^K in tbe mean lat. of 
 48. 29., 13 equal to 490 geographical, or 576 
 British statute miles ; but a line exceeding this 
 by about 40 miles might be drawn in this direc- 
 tion within the French territory, from Point Ras, 
 28 miles S. of Brest, to the extreme eastern 
 limit, 45 miles S. by E. of Strasburg : the mean 
 line, however, from N. to S., does not exceed 
 4/ 0, and from W. to E. 420 British statute miles • 
 these hmits give a superficies of 197,400 square 
 miles, equal to 126,336,000 British statute acres. 
 A report made to the French government in 1 8 1 7 
 computed the superficies to be equal to 128* 
 millions of acres, of which about 92 millions 
 were m a state of cultivation, and about 36 mil- 
 lions of acres reported as unproductive, and 
 unfit for cultivation. This fine territory is 
 bounded, from Dunkirk to the Rhine, in the 
 lat. of 49. N., a distance of 290 miles in a di- 
 rection E. S. E., by the Prussian provinces of 
 the Rhine: about 100 miles of this frontier, 
 nearest to Dunkirk, is an open plain, without 
 any natural barrier; furtl.er south the inroad 
 IS more or less imjiedcd by forests. From the 
 lat. of 49. the Rhine, in a direction S. by W. 
 for about 110 miles, divides France from the 
 territory of the Grand Duke of Baden ; from the 
 lat. 47. 40 to 43. 42., it is divided from Swit- 
 zerland, Savoy, and Piedmont, by collateral 
 ridges of the Alpine mountains; the S. E. ex- 
 tremity is bounded by the little river Var, which 
 divides Franco from the county of Nice : the 
 mendional distance from this point to the 
 eastern extremitj- of the Pyr^ne-a is 200 statute 
 miles, but the identations of ti.o Mediterranean 
 Sea give an extent of sea-cnust on that side of 
 jbran^e, near to, if not exceeding 300 miles, 
 r "" ■ y''^".p" "-"U"t"'"Sr :a.idiieetioii W.by N. 
 tor J50 miles, next form tlie southern boundary 
 
 It. 
 
FRA 
 
 303 
 
 FRA 
 
 B« E. S. K of 
 in Estrama- 
 
 fFolk, with a 
 remains of a 
 
 Mnry retired, 
 
 limed queen ; 
 
 ipport, which 
 is 30 miles 
 
 on. 
 
 I, in Terra do 
 
 m stockings, 
 
 irento. 
 
 ies, in Bnsi- 
 
 W. S. W. of 
 
 jxtending in 
 ' of Peats de 
 Pyrenees, in 
 ■ndicular line 
 N. ; this line 
 ical, or 593 
 nporfaiit ex- 
 
 tlie long, of 
 [id on the E. 
 ., and lat. of 
 e two points 
 mean lat. of 
 ical, or 576 
 :ceeding this 
 n this direc- 
 11 Point Has, 
 ;me eastern 
 g : the mean 
 
 not exceed 
 atute miles : 
 ',400 square 
 tatute acres. 
 ieiitiul817, 
 ual to P28 
 92 millions 
 )out 36 mil- 
 uctive, and 
 territory is 
 line, in the 
 ilc3 in a di- 
 irovinces of 
 lis frontier, 
 in, without 
 the inroad 
 
 From the 
 1 S. by W. 
 B from the 
 1 ; from the 
 from Swit- 
 ' collateral 
 ^ S. E. ex- 
 Var, which 
 Nice: the 
 nt to the 
 JOO statute 
 literraneaii 
 lat side of 
 500 miles. 
 I W. by N, 
 
 boundary 
 
 of France, dividing it from the Iberian penin- 
 sula of Spain nad Portugal: the little river 
 Bidassoa forms the boundary at the S. W. ex- 
 tremity; and W. from the mouth of this river, in 
 the lat. of 43. 22. and 1. 47. of W. long, to the 
 Isle of Ushant, in the lat. of 48. 28. and 6. 3. of 
 W. long., France is bounded by the Atlantic 
 Ocean, and N. W. from the Isle of Ushant to 
 Dunkirk by the English Channel : the meridional 
 distance from the Bidassoa to Ushant is 390 
 miles, and from Ushant to Dunkirk, 380 miles; 
 but the identations of the sea will give about 
 500 miles of coast on each side of the Isle of 
 Ushant, and, with the S. E. boundary on the 
 Mediterranean, an aggregate extent of sea-coast 
 of about 1300 miles, and a circumference of 
 about 2200 miles. The seaports are Dunkirk, 
 Calais, Boulogne, Dieppe, Fecamp, Havre,Caen, 
 Cherburg, St, Maloes, and Morlaix, on the 
 coast of the English Channel ; Brest, Quimper, 
 L'Orient, Nantes, Rochelle, Rochefort, Bor- 
 deaux, and Bayonne, on the coast of the Bay of 
 Biscay, or Atlantic Ocean ; ac 1 Marseilles and 
 Toulon in the Mediterranean. Cherburg, Brest, 
 Rochefort, and Toulon, are the chief stations of 
 the French national marine. Every part of 
 France is intersected by rivers flowing in all 
 directions : taking them in geographical order 
 •'(• N., the first entitled to notice are the 
 Moselle and the Meuse, both of which rise in the 
 N. E. part of France, and take circuitous courses 
 northerly into the Netherlands, the former 
 falling into the Rhine, and the latter into the 
 North Sea: the Somme is an inconsiderable 
 river, running W. N. W. into the English 
 Channel; the next in order and importance is 
 the Seine, which also runs in a W. N. W. direc- 
 tion into the English Channel, being joined in 
 its course by the Mame, Aube, and the Oise, on 
 the N., and by the Yonne and the Euro on the 
 S.; the Ome, and two or three other rivers of 
 inferior note, also fall into the English Channel. 
 The noblest river in all France is the Loire, which 
 rises in the S., and flows in a direction N. by 
 W., for about 250 miles, when it takes a direc- 
 tion nearly due W. for about 250 miles more, 
 falling into the Atlantic Ocean, receiving in its 
 course numerous tributary streams; the most 
 considerable of which are tho AUier, running 
 parallel with it from the S. for about 180 miles, 
 and the Cher, Indre, Creuse, Vienne, and Sevre, 
 all from the S. ; and from the N. it receives the 
 Lower Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, and a few others 
 of inferior note; in the S. the united streams of 
 the Lot, the Tarn, and Garonne, with several 
 others of inferior note, form the Gironde, which 
 falls into the Bay of Biscay, being joined from 
 the E. below Bordeaux by the Dordogne and 
 Ille: between the Loire and the Gironde, the 
 Charente, and between the Gironde and the 
 Pyrenees the Adour, each with numerous tribu- 
 tary streams, also fall into the Bay of Biscay. 
 The Rhone, rising near Mount St. Gothard, in 
 Switzeriand, after forming the Lake of Geneva, 
 enters France on the S. E., and, after a course 
 of about 80 miles to Lyons, first S. and then W., 
 it takes a course nearly due S. from Lyons, for 
 obout 150 miles, falling into the Mediterranean; 
 
 being joined at Lyons by the Saone from the 
 N., and below Lyons from the E. by the Isere, 
 the Drome, and the Durance : the Herault, the 
 Aude, and one or two other rivers of inferior 
 note, run also into the Mediterranean, between 
 the Rhone and the Pyrenees: the Seine isimited 
 with the Loire by a canal, as is the Garonne 
 with the Mediterranean Sea. The canals are 
 executed by government, and consist of seven 
 principal lines, comprising about 80 large 
 branches. The principal roads are also under 
 government control, of which there are 28 royal 
 roads, of the first class, and 97 of the second. 
 Railroads have made but little progress: the 
 first in operation was that from Paris to Ver- 
 sailles. 
 
 Since the revolution which commenced in 
 1789, France has been divided into 86 depart- 
 ments, each department into three to six nrron- 
 dissements, the total being 368 ; the arrondisse- 
 ments into 2669 cantons, and the cantons into 
 38,990 communes. The population taken in 
 1 789, the numbers were26,300,000,and in 1 820, 
 30,451,187, or 202 to the square mile, and at 
 present is upwards of 32,000,000 ; this number, 
 taken in reference to the extent of surface 
 over which it is spread, renders France, rela- 
 tively, more than one-third less populous than 
 England and Wales. This territorial division is 
 principally dependent on the rivers which inter- 
 sect the country, and superseded the former 
 division into 35 provinces ; for military purposes 
 it is now divided into 22 governments. With the 
 exception of the S. E. departments bordering on 
 the Alpine territories of Switzerland, Savoy, and 
 Piedmont, France may be regarded as a level, 
 rather than a mountainous country, and in many 
 respects, alike in a geographical, political, and 
 social sense, as bearing a similar relation to 
 Europe as thefine and fertile plains and people of 
 China do to Asia. Overall the S. E. part of ths 
 country the vine, almond, olive, and mulberry 
 flourish and bring forth fruit in the highest degree 
 of perfection, and the vine and a variety of deli- 
 cious fruits luxuriate over the greater part of 
 the country, to the 49th degree of lat. The N. 
 and N. W. departments are productive in every 
 kind of grain, pulse, and legumes; manufactures 
 of silk, wool, linens, leather, and metals are 
 carried on over all the p.irtsof the country; and, 
 since the termination of the war in 1814, the 
 cotton manufacture has been progressively in- 
 creasing, and is now carried on to a great extent. 
 In addition to these internal resources, France 
 exclusively enjoys the abundant produce of the 
 islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe, in the 
 West Indies; she also holds in colonial posses- 
 sion Algeria, in Africa; Cayenne, in S. America; 
 Goree and Senegal, on the coast of Africa; and 
 the Isle of Bourbon, in the Indian Ocean ; and 
 draws considerable produce from the Brazils, 
 the United States of North America, parts beyond 
 the Cape of Good Hope, the Levant, and other 
 parts of the world, in exchange for her surplus 
 produce of wines, brandy silks and various 
 manufactures. Exempt from all those extremes 
 of climate, which in several parts of the world 
 militate against physical exertion, as well as 
 
 -— .* 
 
('■■ 
 
 f ■' 
 
 FRA 
 
 Tegctatioii, France may be considered lu pos- 
 swaing within itself all the means of commanding 
 a higher degree of human enjoyment than can 
 be obtained in any other part of Europe, and 
 equal to what can be obtained in any other part 
 of the globe; yet, notwithstanding her superior 
 natural advantages and aggregate means ex- 
 ceeding those of Great Britain in the proportion 
 of three to one, in point of efficiency, in every- 
 thing calculated to promote a high degree of 
 social existence and enjoyment, France is in- 
 comparably deficient. The cause of this dis- 
 parity in the etticiency of character of the two 
 nations will perhaps bo more apparent as the 
 history of the rise and progress of their several 
 institutions and relations are elucidated and 
 examined. 
 
 For centuries prior to the Christian era, this 
 part of Europe appears to have been inhabited 
 by a numerous and hardy race of people, those 
 occupying the interior being denominated Celts. 
 The first important notice which history fur- 
 nishes of them is in 225 b.c, when the Gauls, 
 who inhabited part of Piedmont and the N. of 
 Italy, invited the people then occupying the 
 banks of the Rhone to aid them in repelling che 
 aggressions of the Romans; and from thus 
 being brought in contact with that powerful and 
 enlightened people, tliey acquired the name of 
 Transalpine Gauls, in reference to their terri- 
 tory lying W. of the Alps, and in contradistinc- 
 tion to the ancient Gauls, who were designated 
 the Cisalpines. In 106 B.C. the Cimbri and 
 Teutones, from the N. of Germany, marched 
 through Transalpine Gaul into Spain, ravaging 
 the country on their way; but being driven back 
 by the Celtiberians, they divided their forces 
 with the view of penetrating into Italy in two 
 directions ; the Teutones directed their course 
 to the S. E. when they were opposed by Marius, 
 between the mouths of the Rhone and the 
 Durance, and experienced a complete defeat, 
 losing 200.000 men on the field of battle, and 
 80,000 more taken pri-oners. From this period 
 the Romans extendbu their arms and their arts 
 over the greater part of the country, and in the 
 year 69 b.c. the Roman senate conferred on 
 Julius Cesar the government of all Transalpine 
 Gaul, for five years; two years after this, the 
 whole western coast, from the Seine to the 
 Loire, became effectually subdued to Roman 
 control, and in five years more, by awarding 
 honorary distinctions to the principal cities, and 
 distributing bribes to the leading chiefs, the 
 whole country became reconciled to the Roman 
 government. It was afterwards divided into 17 
 military divisions. 
 
 As the power of the Romans declined, Tran»- 
 alpine Gaul again became exposed to tlio in- 
 road of the diflferent tribes on the N. E. In the 
 year 40R a tribe of Burgundians, from the baiiks 
 of the Vistula, crossed the Rhine and took pos- 
 session of all that part of the country after- 
 wards named Burgundy; and in 420 another 
 tribe from Franconia, under the command of 
 Pharamond, entered from the N= E. From 
 460 to 452 it was ravaged by the Huns, nnder 
 Attila, who, on laying "lege to Orleans, was 
 
 304 
 
 FRA 
 
 brought to battle bv Mnroveun, who defeated At- 
 tila with a loss of 200,000 men. In 482 Clovis, 
 a Franconian and descendant of Maroveus, 
 possessed himself of all the places in Transal- 
 pme Gaul previously held by the Romans, and 
 in 492, marrying Clotilda, daughter of Chil- 
 Ijeric, king of the Burgundians, became king of 
 the whole country now called France. Clotilda 
 at the time of her maniage had embraced Chris- 
 tianity, and in 496 Clovis initiated himself in 
 lU mysteries, through the means of St. Rerai, 
 and was baptized at Rheims on Christmas-eve 
 of that year: hence the coronation at Rheims 
 of the kings of France, through a period of more 
 than 1 300 years. Clovis was the first of a race 
 of seventeen kings who reigned over France in 
 regular succession, denominated the Merovin- 
 gian race, in reference to their descent from 
 Maroveus. In 732 France was ravaged by the 
 Saracens, under the command of Abdalrahman, 
 when Eudes, duke of Aquitaine, in^plored the 
 assistance of Charies Martel, duke of Austrasia, 
 who brought Abdalrahman to battle between 
 Tours and Poitiers, and defeated him, as his- 
 tory informs us, with the loss of 375,000 men, 
 Abdalrahman himself being slain on the field of 
 battle. In 737 the crown of France devolved 
 to Charles i*Iartel, whose manly spirit, however, 
 disdained regal parade; he ruled France for 
 four years, under the title of duke; he died in 
 741, and was succeeded by an imbecile named 
 Childeric, whose authority in 762 was super- 
 seded by Pepin, who became the first of a race 
 of 1 3 kings denominated Carhvingians. Pepin 
 died in 760, and was succeeded by Charlemagne 
 the renowned, crowned emperor of the Romans, 
 or of the West, at Rome, in 800. On the death 
 of Louis V. in 986, after a reign of one year, the 
 crown of France descended to Charles, an uncle 
 of Louis; but in consequence of his having vas- 
 salated himself to the emperor Otho III. he 
 was precluded from its accession, and the crown 
 was conferred, by election, on Hugh Capet, who 
 became the first of another race of 14 kings 
 termed the Capetian. Charles IV., the last of 
 the Capets in regular succession, dyir, • in 1334, 
 without male issue, the crown devolved on 
 Philip of Valois, who was the first of 7 kings of 
 that race. In 1498 it devolved on the duke of 
 Orleans, who became Louis XII. and was the 
 first of another race of 6 kings. On the death 
 of Henry III. in 1589, the succession was 
 again 't ken, when the crown devolved on 
 Henry ol Bourbon, in whose line it continued 
 until the decapitation of Louis XVI. on the 
 21st of January, 1793, 
 
 For some centuries antecedent to this period, 
 France had been divided into 32 provinces of 
 very unequal extent, each with a distinct local 
 administration. The period of their formation 
 does not appear : at the time the Romans first 
 entered France it was divided into four great 
 parts, viz. Narbonensis, comprising the S. E., 
 Aquitaine the S. W., Celtlca the interior, and 
 Gallia Belgica the N. The division into 17 
 pr.ovsncos took place under Augustus, the first 
 emperor of Rome, and some of the Roman 
 names continued as late as the 13th century, 
 
FRA 
 
 liavo coinprined part of the IV P ^^^" '" 
 and what now forms part of th^ P "'/«»"««. 
 vinces of the Rhin« ^Sm. ^® Prussian Pro- 
 of the accTion 7blovis in^r/ lu""' P^"'"' 
 appear, to have been exJos^^Jo**'" T"''"^ 
 of nternal clisgenJm,. j V* " continuity 
 subsided, the Tain" go"' w"hth r'^ce'"^ -"i 
 under Charlemagne ZrM fhT • f'"^""^. 
 the neighbouring powe»^!fr *''«. J«nl"u»y of 
 broils. In DlftCiTw T'*"* ^"'"""^ 
 by a northern trb^ calS Zl """' 'T'^'^ 
 tained possession of t£ part „7f"h' ''''"/^ 
 afterwards called \Z,^ a °' ""^ country, 
 
 William, tho duke rfThl"''^' ?"'' '" 10«0 
 conquer^ andberlm ^ • ' '''"^["'ce. invaded 
 
 cven^ Aquentl?redt"^vi^P=:'8'''"''- ^hi^ 
 
 tween England and rr-nn^^r' ''?"'*''"' ^ 
 
 11 37, embfrked ?„»),o *^^. ''°"» VII. in 
 
 period ■ and in m? ""^'^•'^8 •"«"'■« "^'hat 
 of the'cwti%^„^J^>"f; Charles IV, the last 
 
 ward III ^ Pn„M^ '."'°"' •"«'« JMue, Ed- 
 French crown *^Tlt\' H^ ^'' '='''™ f°' the 
 Poitie«,.rr34'6anJnrf' "' ?^Cres8y and 
 pretension. At thetatfltV^^'^'^"^ >" *h« 
 king of France wfl! f,u "^'^^ ^""*'««. John, 
 war^s ranS for 3 000 orr'' ""'/««'- 
 equal to 1,500,000/. 'a r£LT"' "^ «"'''• 
 war followed th snMotL.V^^l .^'*"" ^*'""a' 
 ^in ensued, nKSK'H"''"*^",'.''™'' 
 England, availed himself m' S""^/'' H "« °'' 
 ^o"». to renew the cWm„?pf''"1 ''"«^°- 
 French crown ■ and «„ fi ol^^'^ard to the 
 that year, the French fori! ^^"^ ?f October of 
 •ive defeat at Scourr^ ??P^"«r,«d « deci- 
 his victory by tl^*Sn?u''-,"^"y*^"'"^ed up 
 
 important towns iXr^ ,'^'"''*J "^'^^ ™°8t 
 •uccession to the cr»«^ ^ ^' "- '" ^^^^ ^^^ 
 treaty. I„ 1420 IT^ "'"'' f ''.^'^ »» ''™ by 
 France; but he dv?„' 7^"^ *''" "«^"^y "^ 
 of Augi^st of that vefr ^'^""^1"" ">« 30th 
 l.im in the regencv^d^ln^.u''""'-"' '"'''''^^ 
 son Henry VI wZ „ * ""^ """ority of his 
 
 at Paris,^n the 7th of n""^"^ king of France 
 English 'influence had h^r"".^'' ^^^l. The 
 P-ienced a co"„:a,e'r A^^hl^r ^ f 
 and daring exploits of Sne of !, "^ " 
 brated as the MnM nf n i °' ■^'*'' <*'e- 
 
 Calais wasthe infv n?3''r' *"'^' ^^^ 1451, 
 English. HetMnJ^h '" ^™"*=^ ^^^^ by the 
 of king of France^.lntrfr'"''"''^"^^ '''^'"le 
 in 1001-2. After h„v;^ the peace of Amiens, 
 the English from th^P^ succeeded in driving 
 embroiled heS in fhf "'" l'"'^'-^' *'""'«« 
 northern and Sernni'hbStZ "' ''\ 
 
 ness and cruelty aS tif^-*"*^ *''"'' *«"'«>«- 
 •ubjects. ThTpr "l^^j;^-" I'-testant 
 "me by Henrv JV /»,"„"«. ^ ""ayed for a 
 
 906 
 
 FRA 
 
 rZf '"""^ r«"cy the interests of Fnrnce L«. 
 came more consoUdated than at «n v V^IT" 
 
 and France again is seen involved in all the 
 contentions of the European states and of 
 England with her American cXfes^.ich 
 took place in the interval of that period 
 
 EuVr in77??*:;i;ef the'E^K™'/-- "^ 
 tnat the triple oppression of the crown fhn 
 
 t"he F;e^h' ""^ f-«>;:,'-«'-eTntoTerab,et 
 the French people, whilst tl)e division of tho 
 
 vS'^hf " f f""""'"' 8»vemments Z^. 
 vated the evils by retarding that relief W^Wch 
 he exegmcies of one part of^he coLntry ocS 
 sionally required, at the expense of the ofhn^ 
 ,^3:V"y. '•" May, 1788?arnvoSaU^^^^^ 
 *rT£ o'e'^df 'f '".*'•* "•""''" of the coun! 
 
 The internal convulsions of the kingdom X; 
 this event, usually termed the F Sh /ev^^' 
 
 the whZ '•"', '"°*' 'i''«''' ^-xJ bloody p4e-n 
 the who e volume of modem history- and n 
 
 ^ti^srtt-s-r-£«S 
 
 aS=^ff?e^t^tM 
 ^^s«xai£^ 
 
 espSlV tlTe^eSnf t^He^Str:: 
 was a young officer, of the name of NaMeon 
 Bonaparte, who, on Ws return to Par&'^ift", 
 t^,«';?.'=«»f"l campaign in ItaTy. waSn.£ 
 
 s£^T^'^^ "*■'' va^ta^iament tHS 
 snores of Egypt and, when he reiurned in 
 ^'39, was mainly instrumental in fi.T™- 
 new constitution under ™„1 consuhtT* " 
 nate,and legislative body, in which he h^^, 
 
 miT^"^ ""^ "^ the' cons'ui^i VcS 
 „,-?•/ ^^^'^ '"^ '^"ed with England wh^h 
 proved however, of short duration War '»^ 
 
 ^ "cTnful"for'"i"'?H^°""^°^-^^^^^^ 
 
 succro" 'z^t::L'z\tnZT '" 
 
 bition and i„ May of the fS W^T/eLt t'^' 
 arm°y^4aiJs?fhetrrsS^Vta?2S' 
 
 and. on th« kin° o^ M-" n 5 ^ "jepartments ; 
 in 1809, the whde of 'tw ''"'^"'*' ^'""^'"^ 
 coast of Germinv If *=°""t'y, with the 
 
 states of the uSchnri,^ f ,^^^ ^"^«' the 
 "le papal church, and the greater part 
 
 X 
 
FRA 
 
 3O0 
 
 FRA 
 
 In 
 
 i! 
 
 
 ! 
 
 of llio N. of Itnly, were nUo Uecrc«d iiitognil 
 parts of tho French empire, in '28 udJitiunul 
 tlepartments. 
 
 Tho enijicror of .' ustria, imagininji that tho 
 division of th'- French forces into Spair; afforded 
 him an oppt rtuni'y of avenging tho repeated 
 defeats he had suHtaincd, provoked u new con- 
 test ill I M09, when Napoleon nRnin hroke fhofield 
 against the Austrians, and . .' (A\ < f .'ily 
 completely defeated them. A licutv <'t p. ..co 
 followed, in whiih the diu'.hter o*' *'•,(• ciiperor 
 of Austria was ceded in ir inuiKi; to the con- 
 queror of her father's cniital. Tlie birth of a 
 son, in 11)1 1, scemid for a time to render perma- 
 nent the fortunes of Napoleon and his family ; 
 but an ill-fated ambition led him, in 1012, to 
 march an army of300,()00men into Russia, which 
 after repeated and severe conflicts reached 
 Moscow, tho ancient capital of that empif 
 on tho 14th of September. By the order of tho 
 governor this city was secretly set on fire, and 
 the desolation by which Napoleon found himself 
 surrounded induced him to withdraw his for> os, 
 which were overtaken with snow storms before 
 they could reach the frontiers, whilst the Rus- 
 sians on t'leir roar subjected them to continued 
 disasters, and in the end destroyed the finest 
 army which ever assembled in Europe. In the 
 meantime the French troops in the peninsula 
 were exposed to frequent defeats ; and by 1814 
 Napoleon and his troops had not only l.uen 
 driven within their own frontier, but whilst a 
 united Russian, Prussian, and Austrian army 
 entervu France from the N. E., the Britiah, 
 Spanish, and Portuguese armies entered it from 
 the S. W. : and Napoleon, seeing the tide of 
 fortune completely set against him, immediately 
 abdicated the sceptre. The island of Elba was 
 assigned to him as a residence in full sovereignty 
 for life, with an income of about 200,000/. per 
 annum. On the 3rdofMay,1814,Loui8XVlII., 
 who had been exiled in England during the con- 
 sular and imperial dynasty, arrived in Paris, to 
 resume the throne of his ancestors. On the 
 5th of March, 1015, Napoleon secretly landed at 
 Frejuj, and marched without interruption to 
 Paris, from which Louis fled nt midnight on the 
 20th. Napoleon arrived the same evening ; on 
 the 27th the national council annulled his abdi- 
 cation, and called upon him to resume his im- 
 perial functions. On the 29th he abolished the 
 African slave trade; on the 12tli of June he left 
 Paris to take the command of an army on the 
 N. E. frontier; but afler a whole day's severe 
 fighting, on the 10th his line was broken, his 
 troops thrown into confusion, and the palm of 
 victory left with the allies, who marched again 
 upon Paris, which they reached on the 6th of 
 July. Napoleon again abdicated tho imperial 
 sceptre, and on the 29th of June quitted Paris 
 never to return. Louis again resumed the sove- 
 reignty on the 10th of July; on the 25th of the 
 same month Napoleon surrendered to the com- 
 mander of a British ship of war, and was after- 
 wards carried tD the island of 8t. Helena, in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, where he died on the 5th of 
 May, 1821. 
 
 Louis XVIIL died in Seotember, 1824, and 
 
 WM Buccccded by his brother Charles I'hiUp, 
 (Count d'Artois,) under the title of Chariot A,; 
 whoso increasing intVingemcnt of tho rights of 
 tho people at length aroused iinivcrsal indig- 
 nation, and expelled him from tho throne ho 
 had so unworthily filled, and the country he had 
 laboured to enslave. Tho form of government 
 since 1814 resemMesthatof Britain -the power 
 being vested in tho king, the ch.nnibcr of poors, 
 and tho chamber of deputies. Vo strengthen 
 himself in tho chamber of peers, Charles X. 
 increased it by crentionnj to weaken tho pooiili' 
 ho invaded the elective franchise and shackled 
 tho press. In August, 1829, he dismissed M. 
 Murtignnc'sadiiiiiibtration, because it would ni,t 
 go all lensths against the people, and ippointed 
 another of ultra-roynliste, under hisn -itiiral sou, 
 Prill CO PoUnmac. The first act of tin deputies, 
 on the meeting of tho chambers, in March \ti'M, 
 was an address praying for the dismiMion of tlio 
 ministers. Tho king answered it haughtily, and 
 dismissed tho chambers. Finding that the new 
 chamber wns likely to thwart his views still 
 more thaa tho former, ho determined to strike 
 a decisive blow, and on Sunday, July 25, he 
 Hi^ned three ordinances; the first abolishing 
 the freedom of the jjress; the second dissolving 
 the chamber of deputies which had never as- 
 sembled ; and the third abrogating the most im- 
 portant rights of tho elective franchise. This, 
 however, was the Inst act of his misrule. A 
 revolution ensued. The people were victorious. 
 Thegovemniont of Charles was overturned, and 
 himself lefl to drag out the remairs of his days 
 in ignominious and unpitied banishment; while 
 the sceptre was placed in tho hands of a consti- 
 tutional monarch, Louis Philippe i., formerly 
 the Duke of Orleans. 
 
 A distinRuishing feature of the present order 
 of government is its perfect toleration .n reli- 
 gious matters. The religion of the sovereign 
 and tho court is tho Roman Catholic, but the 
 teachers of all other sects of Christians are now 
 supported by government. The establishnx'nt of 
 the Roman Catholic church consists of 14 arch- 
 bishops, ^6 bishops, 1 royal chapter (St. Denis), 
 174 vicum-general, GGO titular canons, 2917 rec- 
 tors, and 22,31(5 curates. 
 
 France contains 26 universities, and 36 ly- 
 ccuras or royal colleges; and the military esta- 
 blishment is a standing army of 231,608 ; and 
 military parade is the principal amusement of 
 tlie French. The manufactures principally excel 
 in fabrics where taste and elegance is required, 
 na in silk weaving,and the manufacture of jewel- 
 1 ry ; tho total annual value of the mauufac- 
 tu s may be estimated at 2,000,000,000 francs. 
 
 i- ranee exhibits an imposing picture of phy- 
 sical, moral, and social >ower, which the philoso- 
 pher and philanthropisi will view with hope that 
 she will henceforward be iis assiduous to acquire 
 glory ii pursuing the arts of peace, and the 
 attainment of social order, as she has heretotore 
 been in the pursuit of conquest and political 
 aggrandizement. 
 
 France, Isle op, a late province of France, 
 so called because it was bi inded by the rivers 
 Seine, Marne, Oise, Aisne, and Ourque. It 
 
 m I 
 
harle* rhilin, 
 3f Chariot X,; 
 ' tlio rights of 
 livcmal indig- 
 hu throne ho 
 lountry ho lind 
 { government 
 in- the power 
 nbcr of peer*, 
 I'o gtrengtiien 
 , Chnrle* X. 
 ;en the pooiili' 
 und shacldutl 
 dismissed M. 
 wit would not 
 [ind ippointcil 
 is ii-itural sou, 
 'tilt deputies, 
 I March lUyu, 
 mission of tlio 
 inughtily, und 
 { that the new 
 lis views stiil 
 lined to Btrike 
 , July 25, he 
 rst aiiolishin-; 
 Dnd dissolving 
 had never iis- 
 3 the most iui- 
 ichise. Thisf, 
 ! misrule. A 
 ere victorious, 
 rerturned, and 
 cs of his dnys 
 ihment; while 
 As of a consti- 
 e i., formerly 
 
 present order 
 ation ,n reli- 
 the sovereign 
 holic, but the 
 atians are now 
 tablislinieut of 
 its of 1 4 arch- 
 !r(St. Denis), 
 ions, '2917 rec- 
 
 B, and 36 ly- 
 niilitary estii- 
 231,608 ; and 
 imusement of 
 incipally excel 
 :e is required, 
 ctureof jewel- 
 the mauufac- 
 10,000 francs, 
 icture of phy- 
 :h the philoso- 
 ffith hope thai 
 lous to acquire 
 eace, and the 
 has heretotore 
 and political 
 
 ice of France, 
 
 . by tlie rivers 
 
 Ourque. It 
 
 PRA 
 
 307 
 
 tiow forms the four doDnrtnionfg of Ol-c Siino 
 nnd Oiso, Seine and Mnrno, and Soi'no' or 
 
 J'RANCB, Isle op, or Mauihttus, an island 
 .the Imhan Ocean , 400 miles K. of AladnKasc^r 
 It wfis discovered by the Portuinieso , but tlm 
 nrst who settled hero were the D^t^, 'i,, 1 5.0« 
 f hey called it Mauritius, in honour of he prince 
 Maunco their stadtholder ; but, on their hVouT 
 Hition o. the Cape of Good Hope, they doS I 
 t; and it continued unsettled till the French 
 landed here ... 1720, and gave it the name of o„J 
 ot tlK niest provinces in France. It is l.-iO miles 
 n circumference. The climate is healthy «t 
 he soil not very , .tile. There are many mo " 
 tains, Hoine of which are so high, that their tons 
 are covered with snow , the/p'roduco tho ft 
 ebony in the world. The vaileU are well wa 
 tered with nvers, and are made very producthn 
 
 object. The town and harbour, cnl ed Port 
 Louis, aro strongly fortiHed ; but in the hur- 
 ncanc months th, harbour cannot afford shelter 
 for more than oi^ht vessels. Hero are kl 
 storehouses, and every thing necessary for the 
 equipment of fleets. This island was taken bv 
 the British i,. 1810, nnd confinneS ^o them b^ 
 the treaty of Pari- ,,1814. According to an 
 
 theBritisli paiu.unont, the island was d vS 
 ...to .ight districts, oonduaing a population of 
 «7,'.0a,m the proportion of 63,769 slaves 13 475 
 
 .0, Macks, and 10,359 whites.'cxclusive of isio 
 tro(,j Port Louis, on the N. W. coast of h« 
 
 and Switzerland. W. bv Burgundy and S h^ 
 Bresse It is 125 miles'long and 8^)' Cad „„5 
 abounds m corn, wine, cattle, ho.sermines 
 of iron, copper, and lead. It now for, n7 the 
 ^ree^departmcnts of L ubs. Ju«, and Upper 
 
 . Fhanciiemoht, a town of the Netherlands 
 Liege' """^ °^ ^'"'^'' ^2 '"'■'"» s!e 0^ 
 
 Fhanciade. See Denis, St. 
 . *^K^'fcis, St., a tributary stream of the creat 
 
 K r oS' TV' ''' «■'""' "^ ^~i 
 m tne at. of 37. 4o. N., running parallel with 
 
 the Mississippi on the W., at the^d^tencrof 
 
 cou«e of uhout 200 miles, fkllsTnto'the St 
 Lawrence, about midway betwren Mnnt«.i' 
 and Quebec, and will probably som^fuS 
 
 through the Drnvinn» „f n„v:- " ".' ™"* T" 
 
 Of Pernambuco. whe-nlt'tai;;; ^cZTt 
 S.. diviamg that province from Uahial^ndfefS 
 
 FRA 
 
 numl,,..^townsand.ettleme,;;.;chief^^;-« 
 
 FiUNcisco, St., a seaport of New Albin,, 
 capital of a jurisdiction of it, naZ t h ^ 
 citadel. Long. 122. 0. VV. lat! 38 K"' ** 
 rhero are a number of other rivers, l.av. 
 towns, and settlements, in different parts' of 
 America namc.1 after St. Francis by tl 
 Si)anmr<ls, Portuguese, and French. 
 
 ir«'^i?''Vi'- «*"«"' «f Germany, in Upnor 
 Hesse ; 26 miles S. W. of Cassol. ^^ 
 
 rn!"'irT' ^*''''' ""^ '^''"^•'' Capo Henry or 
 Capo Hayti, the principal seaj.ort and ciZ' of 
 what was formerly the French part of St Do 
 prngo. It ia «,.:,ted on the N. co^of Vl,n 
 island, mtholat... 19. 4*;. N.and 7"lTnfW 
 
 = or bricVaXK^C i^?hSr "' 
 elusive of about 12,000 slavw • b it ?nT70-« T 
 
 ctt t:!r:^'' '•"»'ahitaV:f.i"c;fdd' it 
 
 tophe, m 1811, and during li^reL it Z 
 
 portance. /li^'qZtrTtlle SS t" 
 wards the 30,000,000 of dollars to l.o p""d t ' 
 
 l«27, as an indemnity for the sacrifice of thci^ 
 plantations l,y the revolt in 179.3 Uona^M 
 dollars annually. It is 84 miles du^ N Tpor^ 
 au Pnnce. and 134 W., 30 degrees N IT. 
 city of St. Domingo. The barfiTs ,ec« e and 
 prXtr """^ '"*' -irons rich ri^pd 
 
 .T»h!l 1 ''""ks, who conquercl Prance 
 
 port of Europe, Bflcr Ike p„raof I'ari. In I ■ u 
 
 berg was considered the capital. 
 
 iJRANEKER. a town "«" tJ_ii_^j • t- • , 
 
 With a castle and a uni'Sy ' "The^tE 
 
 two navigable canals, communicating with tho 
 
 X2 
 
FR A 
 
 ao» 
 
 FIIA 
 
 hi i 
 
 Zujrder Zeo aiul Locwardnn ; it U A miles E. of 
 llarlingon. Population nboiit 41)00. 
 
 Fhankknhuhu, a town ot Upper Saxony, in 
 Mitniii, with a con*id«mblo tnnnufuvtiiru of 
 woollen atiittk i 7 miloi N. N. E. of Clicniiiitz. 
 
 Frankknthal, n town of Oermany, in tlic 
 pnlatinnto of the llhinu. tt hiia ricii miinufac- 
 turcs of ntuflii, lillu, clothi, &c. ; and a cniinl to 
 th« river Illilnu. It waa talcun by the Frunch in 
 17»3, and retaken hy tlie allies it. 1794. It is 
 ■eatetl '2 miles \V. of the Uhinu, and 7 H. of 
 Wonus. 
 
 Frankrniiausgn, a town ot Tapper Saxony, 
 in Tliuringia, with sonio extensive salt-works ; 
 situate on a branch of the Wiiipur ; 2'i miles N. 
 of Erftirt. Pop. about 3UU(). 
 
 FiuwpMSTEiN, a town of Oermany, in the 
 palatinate of the Rhino ; 9 miles S. £. of Kay- 
 aerslautcm. 
 
 Fbankenstrin, a town of Silesia, in tho 
 prir.bipalily ol'Munsterl)urg, on Ihi; river ISnutxe ; 
 12 miles W. S. W. of Munsterberg. 
 
 Frankfohd, a town of Ireland, King's 
 County. Hero was a Carmelite friary. 
 
 Frankfoiit on tur Maine, a fortified city 
 of Germany, in the circle of tho Rhine. It is 
 divided l)y tho river Maine, 25 miles above its 
 entrance into the Rhine, into two parts, which 
 communicate by means of a stone bridge ; tho 
 larger part, on the N. side, is called Frankfort, 
 and tho smaller Sachscnhnusen. It contains 
 several palaces and courts belonging to princes 
 and counts ; and here the kings of the Ilomans 
 have generally been elected and crowned. Tho 
 chief structure is tho town-house, in which is 
 preserved tho golden bull, the origin of tho 
 fundamental laws of the empire. All religions 
 lire tolerated nt Frankfort, under certain restric- 
 tions; but Lutheranism is tho established faith, 
 through the principal chureli is in the possession 
 of the Roman Catholics. The Jews.BOOO to 9000 
 in number, were formerly confined to a particular 
 comer of the city ; but since 1796 they have 
 resided indiscriminately in all parts. Frankfort 
 is one of the most considerable trading places in 
 Europe, and has two great feirs every year. It 
 was taken, in 1759, by the French, whoevacuated 
 it in 1763; and was several times taken and 
 retaken by the French and Austrians, in tho 
 war of 1793 — lUU. Since the peace of the latter 
 year, it has been declared the permanent seat of 
 the Germanic Diet ; and as Buch, most of tho 
 European states have a minister resident hero. 
 It was tho birthplace of Goethe, and also of the 
 family of the Rothschilds, who, during the war 
 between 1 807 and 1 8 1 5, and ten yearsBubsequcnt 
 thereto, became tho greatest money-jobbers in 
 Europe. Frankfort is in lat. 50. 7. N. and 8.82. 
 of E. long. Pop. about 46,000. 
 
 Frankfort on the Odf.r, a town of Bran- 
 denburg, in the Middle Mark, with a famous 
 university and a noble academy. It has three 
 great fairs, and the exclusive right of navigation 
 up the Oder to Breslau. Here are two suburbs, 
 called Lebus and Guben, and a bridge over the 
 Oder. In 1759 it was taken by the Russians 
 and Austrians, and in 18U6 it fell into the handR 
 of the French ; but fell to Prussia on the retreat 
 
 of the French army fVom Moscow, in 1812. It U 
 45 miles E. by 8. of lierlin, and 72 S. of Stattia. 
 Poi). Iti.ooo. 
 
 FiiANKFOUT, the ehit*f town of Frank lin county, 
 Kentucky, and seat of tho legislative assembly 
 of the state. It is regularly laid out, and stands 
 on tho E. bank of the Kentucky ; 60 miles from 
 its conflux with tho Uliio, and 415 miles W. by 
 S. of Washington. Pop. 1 !) 1 7. 
 
 Frankfort and Frank/onl aro the names of 
 sovorni other towns anil townships in dif- 
 ferent parts of the United States. 
 
 FRANKLlN.thenameof 15 counties, indifferent 
 parts of the United States of North America, 
 named aAer Benjamin Franklin, an American 
 sage, who died at Pliiiadelpliia in the tl5th year 
 of liis age, on the 17th of April, 1790. Tho 
 following are the states, in geographical order, 
 which have commemorated his name in one of 
 their counties, with the populati<^tn of each, and 
 name of its chief town, and distance from tho 
 caj)ital of tho state. 
 
 Vermont, 24,531, St. Albans, 62 N. W. 
 
 Massochusets, 28,812, Greenfield, 95 W. 
 
 New York, 16,511). Malono, 264 N. 
 
 Pennsvlvania, ;(7,7;>3,Chamber8l)erg, 49 S. W. 
 
 Virginia, 15,832, Rocky mount, 210 W. 
 
 North Carolina, 10,980, Lfwisburg, 32 N. E. 
 
 Georgia, 9886, Cornesvillo 110 N. 
 
 Alabama, 14,270, Russelville, 249 N. W. 
 
 Mississippi, 4775, Franklin, 70 W. 
 
 Tennessee, 12,033, Winchester, 60 S. E. 
 
 Kentucky, 9420, Frankfort. 
 
 Ohio, 25,949, Columbus. 
 
 Indiana, 13,349, Crookvillo, 71 S. E. 
 
 Illinois, 3682, Franklin, 97 S. 
 
 Missouri, 7575, Newj)ort, 40 S. W. 
 
 There are also n number of towns named 
 Franklin, in different states of the Unlun ; 
 but none require particular mention. 
 
 Frascati, a town of Italy, in Campagna di 
 Roma; seated on the side of a woody mountain : 
 it is a bisho()'s sec, always possessed by one of 
 the six eldest cardinals; and in its nei;;bl)our- 
 hood are some of the most magnificent villus in 
 Italy,and a seminary richly endowed by Cardinal 
 York. The ancient city of Tusculum is sup- 
 posed to have stood above Frascati; and between 
 the ruins and the town, it is generally believed, 
 was the Tusculum of Cicero, where some Greek 
 monks, in the 11th century, built a convent on 
 the ruins of his house. Frascati is 12 miles S. E. 
 of Rome. Pop. about 9000. 
 
 F''raserduro, a town of Scotland, in Aber- 
 deenshitc, with n small but excellent harbour, 
 and a manufacture of linen yarn. It is seated 
 on the German Ocean, a little S. of the point of 
 Kinnaird Head; and 38 miles N. of Aberdeen. 
 
 FiiATTA Maguiore, u populous village in the 
 vicinity of Naples. 
 
 Frauenburo, a town of E. Prussia, in the 
 bishopric of Ermland, on the Frisch Ilatf ; 14 
 miles N. E. of Elbing, and 4 miles W. of Brauns- 
 berg. Copernicus died here in 1 543, 
 
 Frauenfeld, n town of Switzerlond, capital 
 of the canton of Thurgau, with a good castle. 
 It is Heated on nil eminence, by the river Murg: 
 19 milesN.E.of Zurich, and 8. W. of Constance. 
 
>w, in 1812. It it 
 7'JS. ofSUtUa. 
 
 Frnnklin county, 
 isliilivu aHutnblv 
 1 out, anditaiKlH 
 ' ; (iU miltm fruni 
 115 miles W. bjr 
 
 lit) the namet of 
 iwniliips in ilif- 
 tttittca, 
 
 nties, intliffuront 
 North Amurii'ii, 
 n, an American 
 in the It5th year 
 ril, 17ao. The 
 graphical order, 
 nunio in one of 
 ion of cnch, utid 
 stance from thu 
 
 , 82 N. W. 
 field, 95 W. 
 
 2ti4 N. 
 
 ;r8l)erg,4!)S.W. 
 
 t, -210 W. 
 
 sbiirg, 3J N. E. 
 
 ON. 
 
 , -249 N. W. 
 
 ro W. 
 
 it, 60 S. !•:. 
 
 !l S. E. 
 
 s. w. 
 
 f towns named 
 a of the Uniiiii ; 
 ' mention, 
 in Campagna di 
 Dody mountain : 
 leased by one of 
 I its nei^bbour- 
 niflcent villus in 
 wed by Cardinal 
 isculuni is 8up> 
 itij and between 
 leriilly beiioved, 
 ere some Greek 
 It a convent on 
 is 12 miles S.E. 
 
 itland, in Aber- 
 cellent harbour, 
 n. It is seated 
 i. of the point of 
 I. of Aberdeen. 
 as village in the 
 
 Prussia, in the 
 '>i8ch Haif ; 14 
 ■8 W. of Brauns- 
 1543. 
 
 tzerland, capital 
 
 a good castle. 
 
 the river Murg: 
 
 V. of Constance. 
 
 FH A 
 
 300 
 
 Fh*uw«t«ii», n town of Vpput Siixonv, in 
 Miinia.on the river liuburisch; 20 miles .S. .S \V 
 »(' Dri-sdon. 
 
 FBAUHTADT.n tn. of I'olnnd, In the j.alntinat,! 
 or I osen, which iia« a great trade in wool and 
 oxen. Near this town a battle was gained by 
 the Swedos over the Saxons, in 1706. It stands 
 on the front it M of Silesia; 20 miles N. W of 
 tjlogau, and .55 H. S. W. of I'osen. 
 
 Fbedeukro, a town of the duchy of Wont- 
 phalm, on the river Wenne; 23 miles S. S. E of 
 Aronsberg. 
 
 Frkdkrica, n town of the sUte of Georgia in 
 O ynn county, and on the W. side of St. Simon 
 island, with a safe and commodious harlMiur; 64 
 miles S W. of Savannah. Long. 80. 50. W. lat 
 •>i. f>. N. 
 
 FiiEDERicr*. or Fridrricia, n town and 
 fortress of Jutland, nt thcentrniuw of the Liltio 
 He t from the Cntegiit, in the lat. of 55. 35. N 
 
 ?"..."•»'*,• "'" ^'i '""«• ^" ■'''P'' entering the 
 Little Belt are hero brought to, and a contribu- 
 tion levied towards the lights and buoys on the 
 const of Dunmark. Top. about .4500. 
 
 Fredeiuck, a county of the state of Mary- 
 and bounded on the N. by the conventional 
 Jme which divides Maryland from Pcnnsvlvania, 
 and on the S. by the Potomac river, which' divides 
 ■t from Virginia: it is about 35 miles in length 
 Irom N. to S. and 25 miles in mean breadth ; it it 
 intersected from N. to s. by the Monocoey 
 river, which spring* from several sources in 
 1 ennsylvanin, and falls into the Potomac. Pot.. 
 .10,(05 of whom 4345 are slaves. Frederick- 
 tonn the chief town, with n population of 5 1 (12, 
 ". of the Monocoey, is 120 miles N. W. of 
 AnniipiWia. 
 
 Frederick, a county in the N. part of Vir- 
 Kinm, between the Blue and North ridges of 
 tie Allegany mountains ; the Shenandoah river 
 Blurts the f,K,t of the Blue Mountains on the E. 
 Bide of the county, running from S. to N. into 
 the Potomac. Pop. 14,242. Winchester, the 
 chief town, IS 130 miles N. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 ^REDERicsBURo, atownof Virginia, capital 
 0/ bpotsylvania county, and a place of consider- 
 able trade. It is situate on the S. side of the 
 Bappahannoc ; 05 miles above its entrance into 
 the Chesapeake, and CO N. of Richmond. 
 
 FiiEDERicsBuno, a Danish fort, on the Gold- 
 coast "f Guinea, near Capo Three-points ; 62 
 
 r'^Ie.'4.1°5,""''^^°-'^'""^^-«-^- 
 FREDERIC8DUR0, a town of Further Pome- 
 raiiia ; 23 miles N. of Stargard, and 33 S. S. W. 
 ot Colberg. 
 
 Fbedericsburo, an interior tii. of Denmark 
 
 IS miles N. N. W. of Copenhagen. 
 
 Fredebicsuall, or Fredericstadt, a sea- 
 port of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys • 
 sitimts at the mouth of the river Tiste, in a bay 
 called the Swmesund. The harbour is safe and 
 commodious ; but the large quantity of saw-dust 
 brought down the river, from the different snw- 
 miiis, occiis.oris an annual expense to clear it 
 away. On the summit of a rock, which over- 
 hangs the town, stands the hitherto ini pregnable 
 
 PRE 
 
 m 17 fl, Charles XII. of Swclcn was killed b» 
 Long. 10. 55. K. lat. 5'». 12. N. Pop. about 
 
 4001). 
 
 Frkdrricsiiam, r tn. and fortresi of Russia. 
 
 "Ip •T'"'-." ," '• """"y ''"'"• '•"> "«eU goiai 
 off like radii from a centre. Here, in 17(rj „« 
 interview was hold between the KmprcM of 
 Russia and the kirg of Swclen. It is seated 
 iirartheGulf of Finland ; (.(1 miles W. .S. W of 
 Wiburg. Long. 21). 1(1. E. lat. (iO. 3(i. N. " 
 
 fREDKRicsTAur, a town of Denmark, in S 
 .(utinnd, seated at theconHux of the Tren with 
 
 K^v^^V '^ "'■'''• ^- ^- "^ Sleswick, and fi 
 JN I'i. of Tonningon. 
 
 FREOERicaTADT. Of Fredericstein, a town 
 of Norway, „, the province of Aggcrhuvs, and 
 the m,«t regular fortre«. in this part of Norway 
 It has a considerable trade in deal timlier, and ii 
 halL ""'•'""'""""^i "^^ •"''^■» W.of Frederict- 
 
 Frrderictown. the capital of New Bruns- 
 wick, on U,o river St. John, which is thus far 
 navigable for sloopsj 90 miles above the city ot 
 St. John. Long. (iO. 30. W. lat. 4(i. 20 N 
 
 Frekhold, or Monmouth, a town of New 
 Jersey chief of Monmouth county. Here, in 
 1778, General Washington attacked Sir Henry 
 Clinton, on his retreat from Philadelphia, and 
 thHatter lost 300 men. It is 20 miles S. by E 
 of Brunswick, and 30 E. of Trenton. * 
 
 Freetown, the cnpit.il of the colony of Sierra 
 J-eone. The harbour has three wharfs, and is 
 im.tected by a battery. It stands on tho S. side 
 of the river Sierra Leone, near its entrance into 
 •!0 N "'^'° "'**"■ ^""2- !-• 56. W. lat. 8. 
 
 J;.>«nEL a cape of France, in the department 
 of Cotes du Nord ; 13 miles W. of St. Malo 
 Long. 2. 15. W. lat. 48. 41. N. 
 
 Frwus a town of France, in the department 
 I >- J u^,' . ^°ni"ns Jt was called Forum 
 Juli.j and had thenaj.orton thoModitcrnmoan. 
 from which It 18 now 2 miles. It is the birth- 
 l.lace of that great Roman general and philo- 
 sopher, Agricola ; and near it some fine remains 
 of antiquity are still visible. It is celebrated in 
 later times as the place where Na|.oleon lnnde<l 
 on his return from Egypt, in the autumn of 
 1/ .09 and .jgain m March, 1815, from the Island 
 ot Jilba. It IS seated near tho river Aruens in 
 a mor^s ; 40 miles N. E. of Toulon. Long 
 C. 44. E. lat. 43. 26. N. ** 
 
 Frenay le Vicomte, a town of France, in 
 the department of Sarte ; 9 miles S. S W of 
 Alen9on. ' 
 
 FREunENHERO, a town of Franconia, on the 
 river Maine j 8 miles W. of Wertheim. 
 
 FnEi-ni^BERu, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 county of Hoya ; 14 miles S. by W. of Bremen. 
 
 tb. «i"?''p''*"^' f 'il'""S t"*^" «f Suabia, in 
 the Back torest, built to defend the passage 
 into that forest. In 1796 it was taken bylhe 
 a rencj. It 13 23 miles S. by E. of Baden. 
 
 1 reudentiial, a town of Austrian Silesia, 
 n the principality of Troppau ; celebrated for 
 Its breed of horses, and manufacture of (in« 
 
FRE 
 
 310 
 
 FRI 
 
 f 
 
 linen j seated near the Mohra j 24 miles W. of 
 Troppau. 
 
 Freyberu, b town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia, with a castle. In the environs are mines 
 of copper, tin, lead, and silver, which employ a 
 great number of workmen. Here is the usual 
 burying-place of the princes of the house of 
 Saxony. It is situate on a branch of the 
 Muldau ; 16 miles ^X. S. W. of Dresden. Pop. 
 about 9000. 
 
 Fretbero, a town of Moravia, in the circle 
 of Oimulz ; 16 miles S. W. of Teschen, and 48 
 E. of Olmutz. Pop. about 3500. 
 
 Freyburo, a town of Silesia, in the princi- 
 pality of Schweidnitz, near the river Polanitz ; 
 7 miles N. W. of Schweidnitz. 
 
 Freyenstein, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Mark of Pregnitz, on the frontiers of Mecklen- 
 burg ; 22 miles N. E. of Peril: 3rg. 
 
 Freyenwaldh, a town of Brandenburg, in 
 the Middle Mark, near which are mineral springs 
 and extensive alum works. It is seated on the 
 Oder ; 36 miles N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Freysinqen, a town of Bavaria, capital of a 
 principality of the same name. The cathedral 
 and palace are beautiful structures. It was 
 taken by the French in 1796. It is seated on 
 a mountain, near the Iser ; 20 miles N. N. E. 
 of Munich. Long. 11. 50. E. lat. 48. 21. N. 
 
 Fheyst.' t)' ', a town of Hungary with a castle ; 
 seated on the Waag, opposite Leopoldstadt. 
 
 Fkevstadt, a town of Moravia, in the princi- 
 pality of Teschen, with a castle on the river 
 Elsa J 8 miles N. N. W. of Teschen. 
 
 Freystat, a town of Silesia, in the principa- 
 lity of Glogau, with an ancient castle ; 14 miles 
 N. E. of Sngan. 
 
 Freystat, a town of Austria, which has a 
 great trade in worsted ; 17 miles N. of Ens. 
 
 Fribuug, one of the cantons of Switzerland, 
 surrounded on all sides by the canton of Bern. 
 It is fertile in corn, fruits, and pastures, and 
 th<^ cheese made in this canton is deemed the 
 best made in Switzerland. The inhabitants, 
 70,000 in number, are papists ; quota of troops, 
 1240. 
 
 Friburo, a fortified town of Switzerland, 
 capital of the canton of the same name. It is 
 seated in a mountainous country, on the river 
 Sar.en, which divides it into two parts ; that on 
 the W. side standing on plain ground, and the 
 other among rocks and hills. The public build- 
 ings, especially the cathedral, are very hand- 
 somo ; and the bishop of Lausanne reside; hero. 
 Three miles from this town is a celebrated her- 
 mitage, cut in a rock, said to be the work of one 
 m in, with his servant, who perfbrmed it in 25 
 years. Friburg was taken by the French in 
 1798. It is 18 miles S. W. of Bern, and 30 N. 
 E. of Lausanne. Long. 7.15. E. lat. 46. 43. N. 
 Friburo, a town of Suabia, capital of Brisgau. 
 The steeple of its great church is the finest in 
 Germany; and here is a university, a college 
 formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and several 
 convents. The inhabitiints are famous for 
 polishing crystal and precious stones. It has 
 been often taken. It is seated on the Triscr ; 
 63 miles S. byW. of Baden, and 1 E. of iiri^uih 
 
 on the Rhine. Long. 7. 58. E. lat. 48. 3. N. 
 Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Friburo, » t-j\7n of Upper Saxony, in Thu- 
 ringia, with a castle on a mountain, situate on 
 the Unstrut ; 5 miles N. N.W. of Naumberg. 
 There are numerous other towns and villages 
 beginning with Fri or Fretf, in different 
 parts of Germany, and Fri and Fret/ are 
 indiscriminately written. 
 Fhideck, a town of Silesia, in the circle of 
 Teschen, on the frontier of Moravia ; 12 miles 
 S. by W. of Teschen. 
 
 Fridi.nge.s, a town of Suabia, on the Danube^ 
 50 miles S. W. of Ulm. 
 
 Friedbero, a town of Germany, in Wette- 
 ravia. It is seated on a mountain by the river 
 Usboch ; i: miles N. by E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Friedbero, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, 
 situate on tho Lechfeld ; 6 miles E. of Augsburg, 
 and 30 N.W, of Munich. 
 
 Friedbero, a town of Silesia, in the princi- 
 pality of Schweidnitz. A little N. of the town 
 a battle was gained by the King of Prussia over 
 the Austrni:s, in 1745. It is 7 miles N. W. of 
 Schweidnitz. 
 
 Friedbero, a town of Germany, in Styria, on 
 the river Pink and frontiers of Hungarv ; 3? 
 miles N. E. of Gratz. 
 
 Fhiedbuuo, a town of Westphalia, in East 
 Friesland, with a castle ; 25 miles E. of Emden. 
 Friedland, a town of Silesia, in the princi- 
 pality of Oppelen, on the river Steina ; 12 miles 
 E. of Neisse. 
 
 Friedland, a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 Mecklenburg; seated in a swampy country, 
 on the frontiers of Pomerauia ; 16 miles S. S. 
 W. of Anclam. 
 
 Friedland, a town of Bohemia, on the con- 
 fines of Lusatia ; 7 miles E. S. E. of Zittau. 
 
 Friedland, a town of Prussia, where the 
 French, under Buonaparte, gained a complete 
 victory over the Russians, June 14, 1807. It 
 ia seated on the Alia ; 28 miles S. E. of Konigs- 
 berg. 
 
 Friendly Islands, a group of islands in 
 the South Pacific ocean, so named by Cook, in 
 1773, on account of the friendship that ap- 
 peared to subsist among the inhabitants, atul 
 their courteous behaviour to strangers. Tasnuin , 
 a Dutch navigator, first touched here in 1653, 
 and gave the names of New Amsterdam, Rot- 
 torciam, and Middleburg, to three of the prin- 
 cipal island;!. Cook explored the whole cluster, 
 which ho found to consist of more than 20 
 islands, tl>€ principal of which are Tongataboo, 
 or Amsterdam ; Eaoowe, or JMiddlcburg; Anna- 
 mooka, or Rotterdam ; Ilapaee, and Lefoogu. 
 The first, which is the largest, lies in 174. 46. 
 W. long., and 21. 9. S. lat. The general ap- 
 pearance of these islands conveys an idea of tho 
 most exuberant fertility; the surface, at a dis- 
 tance, seems entirely clothed with trees of various 
 sizes, some of which are very large, particularly 
 the tall cocoa-palm, and a species of fig, with 
 narrow-pointed leaves. On closer examination, 
 they are almost wholly laid out in plantations, 
 in which are some of the richest productions of 
 I'.atiit 0, s'.ic'li us bre.id fniit ar.d cocoa-nut trees, 
 
 ^ 
 
 h 
 
lit 
 
 Fill 
 
 plajitnins, yams, sugar-canes, and a fruit like a 
 nectarine. The stock of quadrupeds is sa-ity 
 but they received from Cook some valualle ad- 
 ditions, both to the animal and vegetable king- 
 dom. Their domeetic fowls are as large as those 
 of Europe. Among the birds are parrots and 
 paroquets of various sorts, which furnish tho red 
 feathers so much esteemed in the Society Isles. 
 The numerous reeft and ahoals afford shelter for 
 an endless variety of shell-fish. These islands 
 are nil inhabited by a race of people who cul- 
 tivate the earth with great industry; and nature, 
 assisted by a little art, appears no where in 
 greater splendour. Agriculture, architecture, 
 boat-building, and fishing, are the employments 
 ot the men ; and to the women is confined the 
 manufacture of cloth. 
 
 Friesach, a town of Germany, in Cariiithia 
 with a strong castle on a mountain ; seated on 
 the Metmtz ; 17 miles N. N. E. of Clagenfurt. 
 t RiESLAND, one of the provinces of Holland • 
 bounded on the N. by the German Ocean, W.' 
 by the Zuyder Zee, S. by the same and Over- 
 yssel, and E. by Overyssel and Groningen. This 
 country much resembles the province of Hol- 
 land m its soil, canals, and dikes. Leewarden is 
 the capital. Harlingen, on the shore of the 
 Zuyder Zee, is the principal seaport. 
 
 Fri^land, East, a province of Hanover; so 
 called from its situation with respect to the 
 Dutch province of Friesland. It is 45 miles 
 long, and 43 broad ; bounded on the N. by the 
 German Ocean, E. by Oldenburg, S. bv Munster, 
 una W. by Groningen and the Germ'an Ocean. 
 The country being level and low. is obliged to 
 be secured against inundations bv expensive 
 dikes . The land is fertile ; and the pastures 
 teed horned cattle, horses, and sheep of an ex- 
 traordmary size. On the death of Prince 
 Charles Edward, in 1744, it became subject to 
 the king of Prussia. It was taken possession 
 of by Buonaparte, in 1806, and at the general 
 partitioning of Europe, subsequent to the peace 
 ot 1 aris m 1814, it was relinquished by Prussia, 
 and coded to Hanover. Emden is the principa! 
 seaport ; and the principal towns in the inte- 
 rior are Aurich, Essens, and Friedeburg. The 
 aggregate population is estimated at 120 000 
 spread over a surface of about 1150 square 
 miles. ' 
 
 Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brazil, in the 
 province of Rio Janeiro. Long. 41.31. W. lat. 
 22. 54. S. 
 
 Frisch Haff, a lake or bay of Prussia, from 
 •J to 9 miles broad, and extending 70 in length 
 along the Baltic Sea, with which it communi- 
 cates by a narrow passage, at Pillau; it receives 
 the Pregel at the N. E. end, the Passarges from 
 w '^ *'"' ^- ^'■""'^^ "''the Vistula at the 
 end; the principal seaports within the HafF 
 are Elbing, Braunsbcrg, Brandenburg, and Ko- 
 nigsberg. "" 
 
 Fritzlab, a fortified town of Germany in 
 Lower Hesse, with two colleges and a convent- 
 seated on the Eder; 20 miles S. W. of Cnssel 
 
 Fhiuli, Austrian, a district of Austria, 
 comprising about 400 square miles ; bounded on 
 the N. and E. by Upper and Tuner fiUTiiol-i 
 
 3U 
 
 FRO 
 
 and W. by Venetian Friuli, while a strip of the 
 Venetian territory shuts it in from the Gulf oi 
 I2S00 "'"''^ " ^^° '^'^'^^ Population, 
 
 Friuli, a province of Italy; bounded on the 
 N. by Caiinthia, E. by Camiola and Austrian 
 t null, S. by the Gulf of Venice, and W. by the 
 Irevisano and BoUunese. It is rich in timber, 
 cattle, silk, wine, and fruit. It is watered by 
 the Tagbamento, and several other rivers falling 
 into the Gulf of Venice, and contains about 
 370,000 inhabitants. Udina, in the centre of 
 the province, is the chief town. 
 
 • C''.'""' "'■ ^'^^ °' Friuli, a town of Italy, 
 in Friuli, with a collegiate church, and five con- 
 vents. It stands at the foot of the mountains 
 which separate Friuli from Camiola, on the 
 river Natisone ; 15 miles N. E. of Udina. 
 
 Frodsham, a town in Cheshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Wednesday. Here is a graving dock and 
 yard for building and repairing vessels. It is 
 seated on the Weever, near its entrance into 
 the estuary of the Mersey; 11 miles N. E. of 
 Chester, and 192 N. N. W. of London. It has 
 some extensive salt-works in the town and 
 neighbourhood, and partakes partially of tho 
 cotton manfacture. 
 
 Frome, a river which rises in the N. W. 
 part of Dorsetshire, near Beaminster, flows by 
 Frampton, Dorchester, and Wareham, and en- 
 ters the bay that forms the harbour of Poole. 
 There 13 another river of the same name, 
 which rises on tho border of Worcestershire, 
 and falls into the Lug, a little above its en- 
 trance into the Wye, near Hereford; and 
 another, rising on the border of Wilts, flows 
 through Somersetshire, and falls into the Lower 
 Avon, near Bath. 
 
 Frome Selwood, a borough of Somerset- 
 shire ; seated on the banks of the last of the 
 preceding rivers, over which is a bridge of five 
 arches; it has three churches, one of them an- 
 cient and elegant, another erected in 1817 
 several schools, almshouses, five meeting- 
 houses, new market-house, &e. Frome is the 
 seat of an extensive manufacture of fine woollen 
 cloth, there being about 50 establishments en- 
 gaged therein, 6 extensive dealers in wool, as 
 many dyers, 3 dressers, 4 wire-drawers, and 7 
 tor the manufacture of cards; its markets on 
 Wednesdays and Saturdays are well supplied. 
 It is 12 miles S. of Bath, and 104 W, by S. of 
 London. It returns one member to parlia- 
 ment, ' 
 
 Frontignan, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Herault; celebmted for its musca- 
 dine wine, generally called Frontignac. It is 
 seated on the Lake Magulcone: 12 miles S S 
 W. 01 Montpelier. 
 
 Froyen, an island in the North Sea, near 
 the coast of Norway; about 35 miles in cir- 
 cumference. Long. 9 0. E. lat. 63. 45. N 
 
 iROZKN Ocean, or Icy Sea, washing the 
 northern shore of Asia It is frozen over dur- 
 mg the greatest part of the vcar, and its shores 
 are covered with drift-wood, brought down by 
 the river Kovima, and other rivers ofmamituae, 
 wtiich iliBc.firge themselves into it. There are 
 
I 'i 
 
 I 
 
 FRU 
 
 BO sensible tides, but violent currents are at 
 Th 'Ju' ^""J "'? *''eaking up of the ice. 
 ihe delta of the nver Lena conaists of turf 
 hUl^ on a foundation of ice, and the numerous 
 isles composing it are inhabited by rein-deer 
 and bears. Farther E. off the ccaat he the 
 large islands of Kotelnoi, Fadeetskoi, &c.. col- 
 lectively caUed New Siberia. On the shores 
 ot the lakes m these islands are found i"nu. 
 merable remains and entire skeletons ot e'e- 
 phauts, rhinoceroses, and other inhabitants of 
 tropical regions, imbedded in soft friable earth 
 the ivory of which is perfectly white and fresh.' 
 Fbutingen, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Bern; 30 miles S. of Friburg 
 
 *i,*'"f!f' ?"*^"* ^^^ ^"Pe Verd Islands, in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, with a volcano, which 
 burns continually. It ia much higher than 
 any of the rest, and seems to be a single 
 mountain, at sea. but on the sides there are 
 deep valleys. It has no river, and is almost 
 destitute of fresh water; but is fertile in maize, 
 gourds, wild figs, oranges, and apples, and has 
 a great number of wild goats. It is 300 miles 
 w. ot Cape Verd. Long. 24. 30. W. lat. 14. 
 64. N. 
 
 FuEN-TCHEOu, a city of China, in the pro- 
 vince of Chan-si. Here are hot baths, which 
 attract a great number of strangers. Its dis- 
 trict contains one city of the second, and seven 
 of the third class. It is seated on the river 
 
 fo E".'2"3".t.'N^-^'^^'^«- ^°''«- ^^^• 
 FuENTE Duenna, a town of Spain, in New 
 Castilej seated on the Tagus; 35 miles S. E 
 of Madnd. 
 
 FuENTE GiNALDO, a town of Spain, in Estra- 
 madura. In 1734 it was taken and plundered 
 by the Portuguese. It is 16 miles N. W of 
 Coria. 
 
 FoEsSEN, a town of Suabia, in the princi- 
 paoty of Augsburg, with an ancient castle, and 
 a Benedictme abbey. It commands the pass 
 into Bavaria and Tyrol, and is seated on the 
 Lech; .50 miles S. of Augsburg. Long. 10. 45. 
 
 FuLA, or FouLA, the most western of the 
 Shetland Islands; supposed to bo the Ultima 
 Ibule of the ancients. It is 3 miles in length 
 and half as much in breadth, and affords pas-' 
 turage for sheep. The only landing-place, 
 which 18 called Ham, lies on the E. side. Lone 
 1. 37. W. lat. 60. 27. N. ^' 
 
 FuLDA, a bishopric of Germany, in the elec- 
 torate of Hesse, circle of Upper Rhine; 
 bounded on the E. by the county of Henne- 
 berg and Wurtzburg, and on the other sides by 
 Wetteravia and Hesse. This country, con- 
 taining 760 square miles, is very bleak and 
 mountainovs, but contains numerous towns 
 and villages, and an aggregate population of 
 about 65,000. The river Fulda, running from 
 b. to N., intersects the N. VV. port of the dis- 
 tnct, and foils into the Weser, about 3 miles S. 
 of Cassel. 
 
 FuLDA, a town, capital of the preceding 
 bishopric, contains aeveral very fine buildiiiiis 
 among which are a palace, three churche8;a 
 
 313 
 
 FUR 
 
 college, and a university. It is seated on the 
 E. bank of the Fulda; 65 mi'es S. by E. of 
 Cassel; in the lat. of 50. 34. N. and 9. 48. of E. 
 long. Pop. 8800. ■« . * «!. 
 
 .v *'x/''?**'' "■ "^^^^Sc of Middlesex; seated on 
 the N. bank of the Thames; 4 miles W. by S. 
 of Hyde Park Comer. Here is a wooden 
 bridge over the Thames, erected in 1729, at an 
 
 XT*^."(, •^'^?',f'v '" ^^^'""y the inteiest of 
 which a toll ,s still levied. Fulham has been 
 the demesne of the bishops of London ever 
 smce the conquest; here they have a palace 
 and very fine ^rdens, and in the churchyard 
 are the tombs of several of the prelates The 
 situation of the village is rather secluded, and 
 as such has been selected for the residence of 
 a number of the retired tradeis of the me- 
 tropolis. 
 
 FuLNEK, a town and castle of Monvia, on 
 the frontiers of Silesia; 26 miles E. N. E of 
 Prerau. 
 
 FuNCHAL, the capital of Madeira; situate 
 round a bay, on the gentle ascent of some hills 
 m form of an amphitheatre. An old castle, 
 which commands tlio road, stands on the top 
 of a steep black rock, called the Loo Rock 
 surrounded by the sea at high water : there 
 are also three other forts, and several batteries. 
 Ihe streets are narrow and dirty, though 
 streams of water run through them. The 
 houses are built of freestone, or of bricks; but 
 they are dark, and only a few of the best are 
 provided with glass windows; all the others 
 have a kmd of lattice work in their stead, 
 which hangs on hinges. The beams and roof 
 ot the cathedral are of cedar; but the chief 
 curiosity here is a chamber in the Frfmciscan 
 convent, the walls and ceiling of which are 
 covered with human skulls and thigh bones 
 said to be the relics of holy men who have 
 died on the island. The town contains about 
 11,000 inhabitants. Long 17. 6. E. lat. 32. 
 38. N. 
 
 FuNDY, a bay of North America, between 
 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; remarkable 
 for Its tides, which rise from the height of 30 to 
 60 feet, and flow rapidly. It extends about 
 200 miles in an E. N. E. direction; and, with 
 Vert Bay, which pushes into the land in a 
 W. W. direction from Northumberiand Strait 
 forms an isthmus of only 12 miles wide, which 
 unites Nova Scotia to New Brunswick. 
 
 FuNEN, an island of Denmark; 150 miles in 
 circumference; separated from Jutland by a 
 strait called the Little Belt, and from Zealand 
 by the Great Belt. It is fertile in pasture and 
 gram, and exports to Norway, barlev, oats, rye, 
 and peas. Population about 1 1 0,000. Oden- 
 see, on a bay at the N. end of the island, is the 
 capital. 
 
 FUNFKIRCHEN, or FivE Churches, an cpiV 
 copal town of Hungary; situate in a fertile 
 country, between the Drave and the Danube: 
 85 miles S. S. W. of Buda. Long. 18. 13. E. 
 lat. 46. 12. N. Pop. 10,000. 
 _ FuoRLi, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Cite- 
 riore; 21 miles S. S. E. of Solomona. 
 
 Fi'UNEs. a town of Belgium, in Flanders 
 
FUR 
 
 313 
 
 seated near the German Ocean, on the canal 
 from Bruges to Dunkirk. It wasoneoTihl 
 barner town,, but in 1781. Emperor Joseph 
 lilTv'"^ '^.»"t«=h ««rtson. It was taken 
 ttrfc '""^ "" ^^^^= '' " ^2 miles E of 
 
 terSt^r^'Sh!!' " T" "f Hindostan. in the 
 trie aW?? '^"- ' rP'*?*' "f « «"'«11 dis- 
 of iCr u?V" '''"g"'. on the W. bank 
 
 Patan te' ^•k'' ^t^ *° ^ '^hicf of the 
 latan Rohilla tnbe. Holkar was defeated 
 here by the British in 1004. It is seated on 
 the Ganges; 70 miles E. of Agra and Vl N 
 J; ''f Lucknow. Long. 79. 30. V lat? 27. 28: 
 
 FuBSTENAn, a town of Westphalia in tho 
 
 atv ^""'^"^^' '' "^^'- ^- °^ 
 
 •, T? . ^ mountain, near the Danube- 27 
 «.^y S. Of Fribu^. Long, n^k £ 
 
 FuBSTENBEEO, a town of Upper Saxony in 
 
 of'KCrt!'^ "-«'^-' 'l-Ies S.^b];'^'! 
 
 FuRSTENBEuo, a town of Lower Saxonv in 
 
 miles E. by S. of Gratz. "ungary, 6 J 
 
 thlluMt^M^l" town of Brandenburg, in 
 the Middle Mark ; seated on the Soree • ^19 
 miles E. a E. of Berlin. ' ^^ 
 
 ♦hf n't™''Ar'?°^f' *» *°^ of Brandenbu«f. in 
 the Ucker Mark; 12 mUes N. W.of Prento. 
 
 GAI 
 
 FuRTH, a town and castle of Lower Bavaria, 
 on the river Cham; 10 miles N. E. of E 
 
 pamro/'AV""."' ^"'"'=°"'«' '" "he Pnnci. 
 
 prevent Lm'L"-"" P"'^*'Ses of Nuremberg 
 PonoS73,Jor """'^ '"^ ^" *'>"* "'^• 
 FuTTEHADAD, a town of Hindostan in the 
 f°^'"=f of Ajmeer. It has a fort and is sur! 
 rounded by lofty brick walls. It is seated fn a 
 country infested with lions and phatTy thieves 
 who inhabit the jungle. Pop. 5000. ^ ' 
 
 FurrEiioHirR, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 pronnce of Agra. It has an arsenal, f^rt? and 
 th«»tre, and a manufacture of tents 
 
 FuTTEHPouR, or Fattipoor, a town of Hin- 
 dosten, in the province of Agra; 24 miles W 
 of^he^tyofAgra. It was'a fevourite pla'S 
 Fyers. See Foyers. 
 
 Fyne, Loch, in Scotland, an inlet of the 
 Atlantic, in Argyleshire; neariy 40 mUes Y^ 
 length. It receives and returns a tide on en, H 
 side of the Isle of Arran. which b opposite S 
 entrance. It is indented with bays; a^dn the 
 hmin^g season,is the resort of nu^e'rous fishing 
 
 Fyzadad a city of Hindostan, in the terri. 
 tory of Gude, of which it was onc'e "he capiSr 
 Here are the remains of a vast buHdiS the 
 palace of the nabob Sujah Addowlah whiVh «? 
 he time of his death, L said to Ke'eoS: 
 1000 women and upwards of 50 of his childr" n 
 The city IS populous; but, since theremova?of 
 the court of Gude to Lucknow. it Went U 
 declined in wealth. It is seated on the Goall 
 76 miles E. of Lucknow. Long. 82. 26. eZ'. 
 
 (!i 
 
 I 
 
 G. 
 
 me?t nf 7' ^^^'^ of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lnndes; seated on the Gelisse- 16 
 miles W. of Condom. ' 
 
 Gabel a fortified town of Bohemia, which 
 
 S? TzittaV ^^ '"'" ^"''■'""" " ^ " '""^'' 
 
 Gabes, or Gabs. See Cabes. 
 
 Gabian, a village of France in the depart- 
 ment of Herault ; 9 miles N. W. of Ueziers^ It 
 has a mineral spring ; and near it is a rock from 
 winch issues petroleum. 
 
 Gadon a county of Guinea ; bounded on the 
 
 LVk^"!^^"'* f '^y ^"^'ko. S. by Loango! 
 and W. by the Atlantic It has a river of the 
 Bame name, which enters the Atlantic a iittlo 
 N.^of the equinoctial line. The chief town is 
 
 Gadamis, a town of Barbary, in Biledulgerid • 
 capital of a country of the s<,me name. ^I L* 
 
 Inters. N.'^-°'''"P°"- I^-g- 10-40. K 
 Gadeduscii, a town of Lower Saxony, ;„ 
 
 Mecklenburg, near which the Swedes defeated 
 Na'^kT'i^Terrrf- t"^" °" '^' W. coast of 
 
 ed. It was taken by the Austrians in 1707 bv 
 
 H=v^fe^^rSaS 
 ^jte^^h-Sf-rr/SS 
 
 Koeher ; 13 miles W. of Elwungen 
 
 IxAiLLAc, a town of France in thn ,]p^„r* 
 ment of Tarn, celebrated for it «i„e Itt 
 
 Pre^fect, and contains 7310 inhabitants. 
 •»a;uo.n- u town of Fruuco in the depart- 
 
G AI 
 
 314 
 
 GAL 
 
 ment of Euro, with a magnificent palace, be- 
 longing to the archbishop of Rouen. It is 
 1 1 miles N. E. of Evreux, and 22 S. S. E. of 
 Rouen. 
 
 GAiNSBOROUon, u town in Lincolnshire, with 
 a market on Tuesday; seated on the Trent, over 
 which is a handsome stone bridge. It is a river- 
 port of some consequence, being accessible to 
 vessels of sufficient size to navigate the sea; and 
 serves as a place of export and import for the 
 N. part of the county, and for Nottinghamshire. 
 It is 17 miles N. W. of Lincoln, and 149 N, 
 by W. of London. 
 
 Gairloch, a large bay of Scotland, on the W, 
 coast of Ross-shire, which gives name to a tract 
 of land near it. The fishing of cod, iind other 
 white fish, is here very considerable, 
 
 Galacz or Gala, a town of European Tur- 
 key, in Moldavia. In 1790 it was taken by 
 the Russians, after a bloody battle. It is seated 
 on a lake, near the conflux of the Pruth 
 with the Danube ; 55 miles W. of Ismail, and 
 120 S. S. W. of Bender. Long. 2a. 24. E. hit. 
 45. 24. N. 
 
 Galashiels, a town of Scotland, in Selkirk- 
 shire, with a manufecture of woollen cloth known 
 by the name of Galashiels grey. It is seated 
 on the Gala, near its conflux with the Tweed ; 
 5 miles N. of Selkirk. 
 
 Galata, a suburb of Constantinople, (which 
 Bee.) 
 
 Galicia, a late province in the S. W. part of 
 Pobnd, lying between the lat. of 4!i.and 51. N., 
 and 19. and 26. of E. long. It is bounded on the 
 S. in a direction W. by N. by the Carpathian 
 mountains, which divide it from Hungary; the 
 W. end jets upon Silesia; the Vistula river forms 
 part of its northern, and the Bug jiart of its 
 eastern boundary; the S. E. extremity is divided 
 by the Bukowine district from Moldavia, and 
 the Dniester river intersects the S. E. part. 
 This territory was forcibly seized by the Aus- 
 trians in 1772, and incorporated into the Aus- 
 trian dominions, under the appellation of the 
 kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. The moun- 
 tainous parts produce fine pasture ; the jjlains 
 are mostly sandy, but abound a forests, and 
 are fertile in corn. The principal articles of 
 traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and honey ; the 
 country also contiiins mines of copperj lead, 
 iron, and salt, of which the latter are the 
 most valuable. Its limits comprise upwards of 
 32,000 square miles ; the population about 
 4,600,000. It is divided into East Galicia and 
 West Galicia, of which the capitals are Lemburg 
 and Cracow. 
 
 Galicia, a province of Spain, forming the 
 N. W. extremity of the peninsula ; bounded on 
 the N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. 
 by Asturias and Leon, on the S. by the Portu- 
 guese province of Traz-os-Montes, and on the 
 S. W. by the river Minho, which divides it from 
 the Portuguese province of Entrc-Douro-e- 
 Minho ; its extreme length from the mouth of 
 the Minho rive^ in-ll.oi., to Cape Ortega!, 
 the extreme northern limits of .Spain, in 43. It;. 
 N., is 133 statute miles; and its extreme width, 
 {rem the frontier of Leon ;o Cajic Finisterre, 
 
 the extreme western limit of Spain, in the 'at. 
 of 42. 56. N., and 9. 17. of \V. long, is about 
 120 miles, but the mean length and breadth 
 does not much, if at all, exceed 100 miles ; its 
 area, therefore, comprises about J 0,000 square 
 miles; the population about 2,000,000. It 
 is one of the most mountainous districts in Spain, 
 yielding abun'iance of fine timber, and various 
 minerals. The whole extent of its coast ia in- 
 dented with fine bays and harbours. Ferrol, 
 25 miles S. S. W. of Cape Ortegal, is one of 
 the principal stations of the Spanish national 
 marine ; the port of Corunna is on the S. W. 
 side of the same bay in which the harboi'r of 
 Ferrol is situate : the most important hari..ur 
 on the W. coast is Vigo Bay, about 50 miles S. 
 of Cape Finisterre, and a few miles N. of the 
 mouth of the Minho. Santiago, or St. Jago de 
 Compostella, 35 miles S. of Corunna, and 300 
 N. W. of Madrid, is the capital of the province; 
 the other principal towns are Mondoneda and 
 Betanzos, in ilie N. E.. Lugo, 35 miles E. of 
 Santiago, Orense on the S., and Ciudad Tuy on 
 the N. bank of the Minho, and Bayona on a 
 southern inlet of Vigo Bay. 
 
 Galitsch, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Kostroma, on the S. side of a lake of its 
 name ; 56 miies E. N. E. of Kostroma. l,ong. 
 42. 54. E. lat. 57. 56. N. 
 
 Gall, St., a small but populous canton of 
 Switzerland ; the E. end bordering on the lake of 
 Constance, between the cimtors of Thurgau and 
 Appenzel. Its population amounts to 134,000 ; 
 its quota of trorps, 2630. 
 
 Gall, St., or St. Gallen, a town of Swit- 
 zerland, capital of the canton of St. Gall. It 
 lias a rich abbey, whose abbot formerly pos- 
 sessed the sovereignty of the town. The town 
 is entirely pi -testant ; and the suljjects of the 
 abbot, whose territory is distinct, are mostly 
 catholics. The abbey is situate close to the 
 town; and in its library are many curious man'- 
 scripts. The town has an extensive trade, arisin^j 
 chiefly from its linen and cotton manuliicturos 
 and bleaching grounds. It is seated in a narrow 
 valley, on two small streams ; 35 miles E. of 
 Zurich. Long. 9. 1». E. lat 47. 21 . N. Poi>. 
 about 10,000. 
 
 Galla, an extensive territory of Africa, com- 
 prising all the S. part of Abyssi lia: the limits 
 on the S. and W.are very undefined : the inha- 
 bitants are among the rudest and most uncivi- 
 lized of any in Africa. 
 
 Gallam, a town of Negroland : capitil of a 
 kingdom of the same name, on the river Sene- 
 gal. The French built h fort here, which was 
 ceded to the English in 1763. During the 
 American war it was taken by the French, but 
 restored in 1783. Long. 10.0. W. lat. 14.35.N. 
 Gallapagos, a number of islands in the 
 Pacific Ocean, discovered by the Spaniards, t(> 
 whom they belonged. Tliey are not inhabited; 
 but the South Sea fishermen touch here for 
 fit'r-h wntrr and provisions. Here are a great 
 lumiber of birds, and excellent tortoises. They 
 lie under the equator, the centre island in long. 
 !i5. :.i). W. about 9 degrees W. of the coast of 
 CiiiumbiH. 
 
GAL 
 
 31S 
 
 (Jatxatin, a county of Kentucky ; bounded 
 on tiie N. for nbout 35 miles by tl.o Ohio river, 
 which divides It from the state of Indiana 
 Popuintion 4,003. Port William, on the B. bank 
 of t..o Kentucky river, at its entrance into the 
 town °^ Frankfort, is the chief 
 
 Gallatin is also the name of another county 
 in the state of Illinois. Population, 10 760 
 It IS celebrated for its salt springs, from which 
 vast quantities of salt are made. Shawnee 
 town, on the W. bank of the Ohio, 12 miles 
 below the junction of the Wabash, is the cLicf 
 town. 
 
 Galiatin's River, one of the head water 
 streams of the Missouri, rising in the lat. of 44 
 N. and 1 10, 5. of W. long., upwards of 3000 
 miles, by the course of the river, above the en- 
 trance of the Missouri into the Mississippi. 
 
 Gallia, a county on the S. E. border of the 
 bti. e of Ohio ; bounded by the Ohio river 
 where it receives the great Kunhawa from Vir- 
 ginia. Population, 13,444. Gallipolis, on the 
 bank of the Ohio, 104 miles S.S.E. of Columbia 
 IS the chief town. ' 
 
 Galle, or Point de GALLE,a seaport on the 
 b. coast of Ceylois in a rich and beautiful dis- 
 trict, with a strong fort, and a secure harbour 
 It IS populous, and, in point of trade, ranks next 
 to Colombo. The chief branch of its traffic 
 consists m the exportation of fish to the con- 
 tiiient ; but a great part of the products of the 
 island are also shipped here for Europe. It is 
 . "l''f ? by E. of Colombo. Long. 80. 10 E 
 lat. C. 0. N. 
 
 Gallipoli, a strait between European and 
 Asiatic Turkey-the ancient Hellespont. It 
 torms the communication between the Archipe- 
 lago and the Sea of Marmora, and is defended 
 at tlie b.W. entrance by two castles. Jt is here 
 2 miles over, and is 33 miles long. See Dar- 
 danelles and Hellespont. 
 
 Gallipoli, a town of European Turkev 
 which gives name to the preceding strait is 
 seated next its opening into the Sea of Mar- 
 mora. It ,s the residence of a pacha, and 
 n m T ? Greek bishop. It contains nbout 
 10,000 lurks nnd 3500 Greeks, besides a great 
 
 "nnAo'"''!;^''"'''' ''""°""t'"g together to about 
 -0,000 Jt IS an open place, with no other de- 
 tence than ii sorry square castle. It was the first 
 place in Eurofie possessed by the Turks ; 100 
 miles S. W. of Constantinople. Lomr ''(! so 
 E. lat. 40. 26. N. *"" " 
 
 Gallipoli, a seaport of Naples, in Terra 
 d Otranto, and a ))ishop'a see. This place is a 
 great mart for olive oil, and has a manufacture 
 of musliim. It is seated on a rocky island, on 
 the L. shore of t lie I\, , T.irento, ..d joined 
 to the main kml,. bri.'^. protected br a fort ; 
 
 40. 20. N. Pop. abr JOOO. 
 
 inf^TT'"'''," w *'"'' of Scotland, now divided 
 into Jr.-i'^t mid West Galloway, or Kiukcud- 
 muGiminuR and Wiotonsuibe. It mn ta- 
 nious for a particular ijreed, of small hoi^es 
 willed galloways. 
 
 GAN 
 
 GalLOWAV. 1\T"" -1!' fb" -^.-i 1 " II- 
 
 4 50. of W. long. It forms the W. point of 
 en ranco to Luce Bay, and the E. point of 
 entrance to the North Channel, betw^e^n the 
 Irish Sen nnd the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 . .-r'"''!?'^*,!'; ^.''^' * ''"<'"«'' of Scotland, in' 
 ^v.rkcudhr;ghtshire, on the river Kenj 18 miles 
 N. of Kirkcudbright, and 80 S.W.of Edinbun/h 
 In conjunction with Wigton, &c. it sends one 
 member to parliament. 
 
 Galmier. St., a town of Franco in the de- ' 
 partment of Loire, with a medicinal spring of a 
 vinous taste ; 18 ;.iiles E. of Montbrison. 
 
 Galston, r. populous village of Ayrshire. Scot- 
 land ; seat^ on the biinks of the river Irvine ; 
 3 miles fe. S. E. of Kilmarnock. 
 
 Galtee Mountains, in the county of Tip- 
 pernry Ireland; the highest of which", Galtee- 
 more, is 3000 feet high; vxauee- 
 
 Galwav a maritime county, in the province 
 abouu"oo?^'.' °- "''^ ^^- '"'''''' Irelaifd. bdng 
 tne W. part, projecting into the Atlantic Ocean 
 s a mountainous and dre.ry district, but the 
 inland par is in general forcile both in grain and 
 pasture. Next to Cork, it is the largest countjS 
 Ireland, comprising 1,255,362 acres. It iS 
 boundeu on the E. by the' river Suck, which 
 
 tltV/-T ^r"^^'"--' the Shannon on 
 the S. E. dividos it from Tipperary; Louch Cor 
 m divides the W. from the K p^ct^of ^000^: 
 Beside the county town, of the same name, t^fe 
 
 LouKr^ "' "' '''^'"' ''^"""^^' '^"^ 
 
 Galwav, the chief town of the preceding 
 
 county, IS seated on the banks of the outlet of 
 
 Z'.f f^'"\ ^' '"'''' ^"'"""'^y surrounded by 
 s rong walls; the streets are l.irgo and straight. 
 •> d the houses are generally weil built of stone 
 ^he harbour is defended by a fort. Here is a 
 coarse woollen and linen manufacture, and a 
 
 herring fishery is also considerable. It is divided 
 into three parishes, and is a county of itself 
 having a sepprato jurisdiction. The principal 
 e Jl'< ' '^ Jf'^ " ^""^gi'^'e, is a spacious Gothic 
 ed hce ; It has several catho'ic establishments of 
 triars and nuns, a county infirmary, exchanire 
 and several other public buildings.^' It rim 
 two members to parliament. 
 
 W^toT!. ^^•'T'''":'' "''""' 20 miles from 
 VV. to K, and is from 7 to 10 miles wide ; the 
 South Arran Isles stretch across the entrance 
 thoAfi"";- ''""We river of Africa, falling into 
 he Atlantic Ocean by several channels between 
 he hit. of 12. and 13. 45. N. Cape St. Marv 
 tlic K point of entrance to the main channel' 
 « ni the lat. of 13. 8. N., and 16. 33 of w' 
 
 mou'tb ni' ^ ' *r "^°"' 1"" "»'^'« fr^m the 
 mouth, are low and swampy, but, higher up 
 
 the river lows through a delightfully fer^ fe 
 vZ J' •"'T'^^'^^fJ ^ith numerous toins and 
 villages. At a distance of about 400 miles 
 from Its mouth, the navigation is impeded by 
 
 Gamuron. Sec Gombroon. 
 
 Gan, a town of France, in tho department of 
 
OAN 
 
 316 
 
 GAR 
 
 I I 
 
 Lower Py-enees ; 3 miles S, of Pau. Pon 
 
 Gan/ , Ganaua. See Ghana. 
 
 Ganatt, n town of the empire of Cnssina, in 
 tlie interior of North Africa ; 200 miles N. by 
 K. of Ag-.ides. Long. 14. 30. E. lat. 24. 40. N. 
 
 Gandersiibim, a town of Lower Siixony, in 
 the duchy of Brunswick- Wolfenbuttlo, with a 
 colobnited convent; 17 miles S.W. of Goslar. 
 » Uandia, u town of Spain, in Valencia, with » 
 small university; seated on a river near its ea 
 tniiica into the Gulf of Valencia; 32 miles S. 
 by E. of Valencia, and 48 N. by E. of Alicant. 
 Population, about 6000. 
 
 Candicotta, or Wandicotta, n town and 
 fortress of Hindostan, in the cir.ar of Cuddii|)a, 
 near which is a diamond mine. It is seated on 
 a lofty mountain by the river Peminv , 33 miles 
 W. N. W. of Cuddapa. 
 
 Ganoapatnam, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 Carnatic, at the mouth of the Pennar : 94 
 miles N. of Madras. Long. «0. 12. t. lat. 14. 
 24. N. 
 
 Ganqea, or Ganja, a town of rTsia, in the 
 province of Erivnn ; lOfl miles c, bv E. of 
 Teflis. Long. 4!i. ;,0. E. lat. 41. 10. N," 
 
 Ganofs, a rc'jbrated river of Asia, winch 
 has its source in iwo springs, on the VV. side of 
 Mount Kentaitfe.in Tibet, in the Int. of 34. N. 
 and 82. of E, long. '! he two streams take a W. 
 direction for 300 miles, when, meeting the ridge 
 of Himmaleh, they turn S., unite their waters, 
 and form what is' properly called the Ganges, 
 from the Hindoo word ganga, which signifies 
 a river ; a term given it by way of eminence. 
 The great bodv of water now forces a passage 
 through the ridge of Himnv.eh, at the distance 
 of 400 miles below the place of its first approach, 
 and, rushing through a cavern, precipitates 
 itself into a vast basin, at the hither foot of the 
 mountain. The Ganges thus appears, to in- 
 curious spectators, to have its source from this 
 chain of mountains. Superstition has given to 
 the mouth of the cavern the form of the head 
 of a cow, an animal held by the Hindoos in great 
 veneration ; and it is therefore called the Gan- 
 gotri, or the Cow's Mouth. From this place it 
 takes a S. E. direction through the country of 
 Sirinagur, until, at Hurdwar, it finally escapes 
 from this mountainous tract, in which it has 
 wandered 800 miles. From Hurdwar, where it 
 gushes through an opening in the mountains, 
 and enters Hindostan, it flows 1200 miles with 
 a smooth navigable stream through delightful 
 plains to the Bay of Bengal, which it enters by 
 several mouths, that form an extensive delta, in 
 the lat. of 22. N. and between 88. and .91. of 
 E. long. In its course through these plains, it 
 receives 1 1 rivers, some of them larger and none 
 BBaaller than the Thames, besides many of in- 
 ferior note ; the principal of which are the 
 Gogra, Coosy, and tl.j Burrampooter, from the 
 N., and the Jumna, Sonne, and Dummooda, 
 from the S. In the annual inundation of this 
 river, which on an average rises 31 feet, the 
 country is overflowed to the extent of more than 
 1 00 miles in width. The Ganges is, in e\eTy 
 respect, one of the most beneficial rivers in the 
 
 world ; diffusing plenty immediattlv, by means 
 of its living productions, and, by enriching the 
 lands, aftbriling an easy conveyance for the pro- 
 duction of its borders," and giving employment 
 to many thouwind boatmen. It is no wonder, 
 therefore, that the Hindoos regard this river as 
 a kind of deity, that they hold its waters in high 
 veneration, and that it is visited annually by a 
 prodigious number of pilgrims from all parts of 
 Iluidostan. See Hooai.Y. 
 
 Ganootri, a town of the country of Sirina- 
 gur, 10,073 feet above the sea, and a celebrated 
 place of pilgrimage ; seated on the (ianges, 
 whore that river rushes through a cavern of the 
 Himmaleh mountains ; 170 miles N. N. W of 
 Sirinagur. Long. 7<). 3,5. E. lat. 38. (i. N. 
 
 GANGPouu.a town of Hindostan, in Orissa • 
 capital of a circar of its name. It is .50 miles 
 N.N. E. of Sumbulpour, and KiO N. W. of 
 Cuttack. Long. 84. 10. E. hit. 22. 2. N. 
 
 Ganjam, a town of Hindostan, in the circar 
 of Cicacole, on the Bay of Bengal, at the mouth 
 of a river which is rarely navigable ; near the S 
 end of lake Chilca, 110 miles N. E. of Cicacole. 
 Long. 8,5. 20. E. lat. 19.22. N. 
 
 GANNAT,atown of France, in the department 
 of Alher ; 30 miles S. of Moulins. It is the 
 ■eat of a prefect. Pop. 5000. 
 
 Gap, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Upper Alps, and lately a bishop's see. 
 It has a fort called I'uymore, and is seated on 
 the sitiall river Bene, at the foot of a mountain, 
 m which some mineral waters are found • 340 
 miles S. S. E. of Paris, and 82 N. N. W of 
 Nice. Pop. 9000. 
 
 Gapsal, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Hevel, on a smallgulf of the Baltic; 36 miles 
 W. S. W. of Revel. 
 Garak. See Karek. 
 
 Gard, a department of the S. of France, in- 
 eluding part of the late province of Lnnguedoc. 
 It has its name from a rapid river, which rises* 
 in the department of Lozere, flows S. E. through 
 this department, and enters the Rhone, above 
 Bcaucaire. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Rhone ; the S. point jets upon the Mediterra- 
 nean ; it partakes, however, more of the cha- 
 racter of an interior than a maritime district. 
 It is rich in mines of lend, calamine, antimony 
 manganese, gypsum, &c. The vine and olive 
 and especially the latter, flourish luxuriantly! 
 Pop. :i34,164. ' 
 
 Gakda, a town of Italy, in the Veronese • 
 seated on the E. shore of a lake of its name : I/' 
 miles N. W. of Verona. 
 
 Gakda, Lake of, one of the largest lakes in 
 Italy, lying between the territories of Verona 
 and Brescia. 1 1 is 30 miles long, and 1 where 
 broadest ; but not above 4 towards its iiorthern 
 extrcmity.whichentersthc principality of Trent: 
 its outlet is by the Mincio, which runs past 
 Mantua into the Po. 
 
 Garukfan, or Guardafui, a cape in the 
 Indian Ocean, the most easterly point of Africa. 
 Long. 51. lo. E. lat. II. 40. N. 
 
 Gaudkleben, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Old Alark, with manufactures of cloth, and a 
 trade in hops and exoclient beer; seated on 
 
CAR aiy 
 
 Hio tivor Boisoj 15 miles W. of Stemlnl. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 GAnniNKR, n town of the United State*, state 
 of Miiiiie, on tlie Kennehpck river, oppoaito 
 Piltstown. Here is im cstiil.lishment for iii- 
 structioM in natural science. Pop. 504-2. 
 
 Oauc.nano, a town of the Dresciano ; seated 
 on tlio W. shore of Lake Oarda; 26 miles N. E. 
 of JJrc'Hcia, 
 
 (JAiiMODTif, a town of Scotland, in Murrav- 
 sliiro, at the mouth of the Si)ey, with a good 
 harbour. Great quantities of ship-timber are 
 floated down the river to the town, and many 
 small vessels are built here. Wood is also a 
 considerable article of commerce. It is 8 miles 
 E. of Elgin. 
 
 ^, Garonne, a river of France, which rises in 
 the Pyrenees, and flows N. N. E. of Toulouse, 
 and from thence N. W. past Valence, Agen, 
 Marmande, and Bordeaux, into tlie Day of 
 Biscay, receiving in its course from the E. the 
 lam, Lot, Vezere, and Dordogne; fVom whence 
 It IS called the Gironde, and is united with the 
 Mediterranean by a canal from Toulouse, called 
 the canal of Languedoc. 
 
 Gauonnk, Uppeii, a department of the S. of 
 France, containing jiart of the late province of 
 Languedoc. The S. end extends to the Pyre- 
 nees, and it is intersected its whole extent (Vom 
 S. to N. by the Garonne. It is fertile both in 
 tillage and pasture ; the vine is also cultivated 
 to a great extent. It is divided into four arron- 
 dissements, of which Toulouse (the capital), 
 Villefmnche, and St. Gaudens are the chief 
 towns. Pop. 391,000. 
 
 Garsis, a town of tho Ivmgdom of Fez, sur- 
 rounded by wails, and the houses are built with 
 black stone. It stands in a fertile country, on 
 the Muhi ; -,() miles S. E. of Melilla. 
 
 Gahstano a parish and t-.>rporate town of 
 Lancashire, with a market on Thursday. Here 
 are the ruins of Grcenhoiish Castio ; and in the 
 neighbourhood are several cotton works. The 
 town is seated on tho river Wyre; 10 miles S 
 of Lancaster, and 229 N. N. W. of London, 
 
 Gabtz, a town of Hither Pomerania ; seated 
 on tho Oder ; 1 3 miles S. by W. of Stettin. 
 
 Gasoony, a late province of France; hounded 
 on the W. by the Bay of Biscay, N. by Guienne, 
 h. by Languedoc, and S. by the Pyrenees. The 
 inhabitants are of a lively disposition, famous 
 for boasting of their exploits, wliich has occa- 
 sioned the name of (/asconade to be given to all 
 bragging stories. This province, with Arniag- 
 nac, now forms the departments of Landes, 
 Gers, Upper Pyrenees, and parts of the Upper 
 Garonne, and Arriege. 
 
 Gaspe, an extensive district of Lower Canada, 
 lying between the river St. Lawrence on tiie N 
 and Bayof Chaleur on the S. ; bounded on the 
 Ji. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is at pre- 
 sent but thinly inhabited (pop. about SOOO) ; 
 the population is, however, progressively in- 
 creasing along the shore of the Bay of Chaleur 
 which supplies abundance of fine timber. The 
 Bay of Gaspe ia at tho eastern extremity of the 
 
 Gabtein, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of 
 
 GAY 
 
 Salzburg, near tho frontier of Carinthifi ; cele- 
 brated for Its warm baths, and mines of lead, 
 iron, and gold. It is 45 miles S. of Salzburc 
 
 Gastouni, a town of Greece, in the Morea 
 opposite the Island of Zante, and 1 1 miles E* 
 from Clarenzn. Pop. about 3500, employed in 
 raising cotton and wine. 
 
 Gata, Capk, a i)roniontory of Spain, on tho 
 coast of (Jrannda, consisting of an enormous 
 rock of a singular nature and appeamnce, 24 
 miles in circuit. Long. 2. 22. W. hit. 3(). 43. N. 
 
 GATEHousK,atown of Scotland, in Kirkcud- 
 brightshire, near the mouth of the river Fleet. 
 Here are considerable cotton works, and an ex- 
 tensive tannery. It is 9 miles N. W. of Kirk- 
 cudbright, 
 
 Gates, a frontier county of North Carolina 
 bordering on the Great Dismal Swamp, and 
 bounded on the \V. by the Chowan river • it 
 coniprises about 200 square miles. 
 
 Gateshead, a borough in the county of Dur- 
 ham, seated on the Tyne, over which is a hand- 
 some bridge to Newcastle. It appears like a 
 suburb to Newcastle, and is celebrated for its 
 grindstones, which are exported to all parts 
 
 ^^nK7°f''^- J''" '^ miles N. of Durham, and 
 2G9 N. by W. of London, and returns one 
 member to parliament. 
 
 Gatton, a village in Surrey. It is 2 miles 
 N. E. of Ryegate, and 19 S. by W. of London. 
 
 Gaudens, St., a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Garonne ; seated on tho 
 Garonne ; 13 miles E. N. E, of St. Bertrand • 
 It w the sent <>( a prefect. 
 
 Gaukauna, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Canara, on the so.!. coast, and principally 
 occupied by Brahmins. Pop. 2000. 
 
 Gavi, a town of the territory of Genoa ; an 
 important frontier jilace toward Montserrnt and 
 the Milanese ; seated on the Lemo ; 22 miles 
 JN. W. of Genoa. 
 
 Gaub, or ZouF, a city of Usbec Tartary • 
 capita of the province of Gaur ; seated on tho 
 
 "r'.^'T.^ .^^" '"■''-''' ^- ^y W- "f Balk. Long. 
 o4. 40. W. hit. 35. 5. N. *^ 
 
 Gauts, stupendous mountains of Hindostan 
 ex ending along the E. ai.d W. coasts of the 
 ivn.nsula. The W. ridge, called by the natives 
 Uie mountains of Hukheim, extends from Cape 
 Comorin t.. the river Taptv, in the lat. of 21 N 
 at the distimce of from 40 to 70 miles from the 
 shore except a gap opposite Paniany, about 
 1 () miles m breadth, chiefly occupied by a forest. 
 Ihey rise abruptly from the low country, sup- 
 porting, in the nature of a terrace, a vast extent 
 of fertile and populous plains, which are bo 
 elevated as to render the air cool and pleasant. 
 Oaut, according to the original import of the 
 word, signifies a pass through or over moun- 
 tanis ; and, by an extended sense, is applied to 
 the mountains themselves. 
 
 Gawelohue, a town of Hindostan j capital 
 of a fruitful district of tho same name, in the 
 province of Berar. It is a strong fortress and 
 was taken by storm, in 1803, by Gen. Wellesley. 
 
 Gaya, a city of Hindostan ; the modern ca- 
 pital of Berar ; 55 miles S. from Patna. It is 
 divided mto two parts-. It is one of th- most 
 
>i I 
 
 i It 
 
 ; I 
 
 U 
 
 !l f 
 
 If 
 
 G AZ 
 
 31B 
 
 celebrated places of Hindoo pilgnmnce it Iinv- 
 
 ief,nin "'" '^■■':'»'l'''"="<'f j'"<ll.r»?,?h'o has a 
 te iple hero, vnth «„ in;„go very rudely carved 
 
 priests, and are very numerous. It has also a 
 cantonment for native troops, 
 
 fromMm M T "^ ^'^"''"' '" I'nlMtine , 2 miles 
 So ^•'l'"'-'"''"'-'*" i with a harbour and « 
 castle. It IS now very small ; but, from the 
 appearance of the ruins, it was formerly a c6n 
 su erablo place. Here are manufactures of 
 cotton . but the pnnc.pol commerce is furnished 
 by the caravans between Egypt and Syria. It 
 stands m a fertile country ,^§ mHes S W. of 
 Jerusalem. Long. 3.1. 45. E. lat 31. 28. N 
 
 .1«M f ^T' f"^"'"' "^ " *■"»"« «nd populous 
 district of Hmdostan , seated on the n! bank of 
 the Ganges ; 45 miles N. E. of Benares. 
 
 Pn^f.^''"*''- ''\'^'^i«'N. a town of Persia, in 
 Farsistun, m whose territory the best dates of 
 Pe«ia are produced. It i/so miles S. by E 
 of Shiras. Long. 51. 17. e. Int. 28. 15. N 
 
 Geauga a county in the N. E. of Ohio •' the 
 N end borders on Lake Erie: it comprises abou? 
 cm square miles. Pop. 15,813. Chardon, in 
 the centre of the county, 145 miles N. E. of 
 Columbus, IS the chief town. 
 
 InnH^'^fiT'"'''! ":'""«?,'" King's County, Ire- 
 land ; 65 miles from Dublin 
 
 trini^'"'^'*"i^^P'"*°*'^^^'^«" : capital of Ges- 
 Iwi,' ^^ °*u "" "'" •'*■ t'^^ Gulf of Bothnia, 
 
 Si l.n « '' ''"' *°''"' ^"-^ *»™« two islands.' 
 Ihe exports are principally iron pitch tar «nH 
 deals. It is 90 miles N. N. W of Stockhota 
 Long. 17. 20. E. lat. 60. 40. N. Pop 6000 
 
 tar?'".-th "' f'''"''^ ^ town'of S;S;r. 
 tary, with a large palace, and a magnificent 
 temple of Budha. Here the emperor Sf Chfna 
 receiyed the British embassy in 1793 It i, 
 136 miles N. of Peking. ■>'"''''•>• "is 
 Geldeuland one of the provinces of Hoi- 
 and, and the largest of them all. It lies be- 
 ween the Zuyder Zee. the provinces of K 
 ^nd. Utrecht, and Overyssel. the principaliS of 
 Munster, the duchy of Cleve, and Dutch Bm- 
 bant; and is divided into three quarters or 
 counties, called Nimeguen, Amheim, and Zut- 
 phen, from the principal towns. It is f-rtile in 
 frurtand com, and in many parts abounds i^ 
 
 Gelderland, Upper, a territory of the Ne- 
 therlands, lying in detached parts, on both sides 
 
 n ^u ''7i ^^^'° '' '""'l*-"'' into Austrian 
 Dutch, and Prussian Gelderland. The Austrfan 
 part includes Ruremonde and its dependencies • 
 the Dutch comprehends the lordships of Velno 
 and Stevenswert ; and the Prussian contSSs 
 the capital, Gueldres, and its district, which"' 
 reckoned as a p^ of the circle of Westphalia 
 he Austrian and Dutch part, at the peace of 
 18 4. were included in the kingdom of the 
 S? remainder assigned to 
 
 Gelhers. a town of Prussia, in the province 
 
 GeldlT'r^ f""'^'"''" the c-apital of Lissl 
 Gelderland. Here is a palace, the residence 
 of the former dukes. It was taken in 1702. by 
 the km« of Prussia; and in 1713 the town knd 
 
 GEN 
 
 its district was ceded by France to that prince 
 m exchange for the pri'ncipality of Orang^ In 
 
 it Lllr a"'' f"'i^ *" ""> *''■«'"«=''• who restored 
 nnd in m./ -f '•'r'^olishing the fortifications J 
 at th» nJ ' 'i If.'" »»"en'J"ed to them, and 
 I s irn'Jf 1 c 'i' ^^^ •^K"''d to pA«sia 
 
 clectoi^t^^Ti"' " ^°^^ °^ Germany, in the 
 KintzT it "-r-M 'l*? " ""tie ; seated on the 
 ivintzig, 18 miles N. E, of Hanau 
 
 Oemappe, a town of Belgium, in 'the province 
 of Hainault j 3 miles from Mons. A'dedsive 
 victory was gained in the revolutionary war on 
 
 S,T\'' ^"'' 'J^'^' ^y t''" ^'rcneh army over 
 the Austrinns. It also was the site of somo 
 
 Po?"oa '" '""°'' "''•'^ battle of Vaterloo! 
 
 Gemarke a town of Prussia, in the province 
 
 Tn hnen' 5^'"'i „^* 'T *" ^^'^'""^"^ --n^^-- 
 
 Vop!m ' "" '"' ®' ^- "^ ^^"^eworf- 
 
 Brll?f °"*'l' * ^'""' "^ t''^ Netherlands, in 
 Brabant, with an ancient abbey j seated on the 
 
 to'^Cir '*'"'' "*• ^- '' ^'^^'«' «" t"" o"«' 
 Geminiano, St. a town of Tuscany, in the 
 
 Florentine; seated on a mountain, in which s 
 
 a mine of vitriol ; 25 miles S. S. W. of FlorenU 
 Gemishkhana. a town of Asiatic Turkey in 
 
 f^^:n^!^^.R'^^^^ its i^m-e 
 
 (Silver House) from7n;ighb;u;rngX"S ; 
 m Trebisonde. Pop. 6500. 
 
 45 miles S. from ...„„„„„«. xop. 0500. 
 
 riv^r^'pT' ** '""'" S^ ^'"'y- '" *'""". near the 
 
 river Tagliamento ; 20 miles W.N. W. of Friuli 
 
 Gemund. a town of Suabia; seated on the 
 
 Gemund, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Juhers J seated on the Roer ; 24 miles S. W 
 01 Cologne. 
 
 Gemund. a town of Upper Carinthia, will, 
 Tf Villach"'"^' '"*'" ''" "'''''' ' ' " ""'^"^ ^- W- 
 Gemunden, a town of Franconin, in the 
 pnncpality of Wurtzburg. on the rivcJ Mainel 
 22 miles N. of Wurtzburg. ' 
 
 Gemunden, a town of Austria, famous for its 
 salt-works ; seated at the N. end of a lake of the 
 samf- name, on the river Traun : the outlet of 
 Damibe! '" '"'"'' '^' ^^ ^^ "^ ^''"t^ o" the 
 . Genessee, a river of the United States, which 
 rises on the N. border of Pennsylvania, and 
 runs N. N. E. through the state of New York 
 into Lake Ontario. It has three fells, which 
 furnish excellent mill seats ; and on its borders 
 are the Genessee flats, 20 miles long and 4 broad, 
 tlie soil rich, and clear of trees. 
 
 Genessee, a county in the st<ite of New York • 
 the N. end of which borders on Lake Ontario • 
 it comprises about 1600 square miles, and is 
 intersected by the canal from Lake Erie to the 
 Hud«,n„ver. Pop. 59,587. Batavia, 225 miles 
 ^ . of Albany, is the chief town. 
 
 Geneva, a fortified city, capital of a territory 
 of the same name, surrounded by the duchy of 
 Savoy, of which it was forraeriy a part, and the 
 
GEN 
 
 sc(. of a bishop, now resiUont at Annccy. I„ 
 15 U Crunevn concluded m alliance mtl, Zurich 
 
 S»L 7"'.''^ ;':'"•:'' '' ""^ "" ««od«to wt 
 ml T^- *^"""« 'ho greater part of tie 
 Iflth century there were frequent conte.ts be- 
 t«rten the aristocratic and the popular parties 
 
 .11 ?"'"T? l^""' ^7»2. ir89"a„^d 17.'lCere' 
 listiMguLshed by great revolutions. Th^ l„s? 
 was effected entirely by the influence of the 
 I'rcnch i n,.d, not long after, this city and its 
 or itory was made a department of France 
 under the name of Leman ; but in 1814, aftT; 
 the expulsion of the French, it was anneied to 
 Sw t/orland. Geneva, which stands partly on 
 a P am at the W. end of a lake, and pa^S on a 
 
 arsenal, and a university, founded in 1360 The 
 houses are lofty; and m^ny in the trading par^of 
 even t^ 'X«"f«ades of wood, which are rai ed 
 
 estimated at Ofif.fr ''""''• '^''^ '"habitants, 
 esiimated at 26,000, carry on a great trade ■ and 
 
 among others, the watchmaking busincMia par 
 
 SSs3lS"^P '''' .PopulationrtHio 
 uistrict 18 41 560. Geneva is 40 miles N. E of 
 Chambery 135 N. VV. of Turin, and 256 SE. 
 byh. of Pans. Long. 6. 0. E. lat. 46. 12. N. 
 
 JxENEVA. a town of New York. 
 
 Geneva Lake op, or Lake Leman, a lariro 
 expanse of water, between Savoy and SwiS- 
 hmd. in a valley which separates the Alp^from 
 Moun Jura. Is length, from the city of Geneva 
 to Vi leneuve, is 54 miles, and the breadth in 
 the widest partis 12. The water near Geneva ia 
 hallow: in other parts the depth is varfeus 
 the greatest yet found by sounding is 160 "«: 
 
 he E't„ n'° T' '"'°"'^ '•""« "'rSugh it from 
 tlie h. to the \V. extremity. 
 
 Genevieve, St., a county in the state of Mi*, 
 souri, on the W. bank of the Mississ^ppfrher 
 
 tne fet. irancis river intersects the S. W part 
 
 "'o'crrKitr"' '"" "■' '""^^' 
 
 ,i;.f;n ■"""l" f''i'''^ra'e<l "ty and seaport of Italy 
 
 bSs the 1 1th ''' \'^'"« ™P«rt"nce, as £ 
 rack as the llth century, about which period it 
 began to take under its protection the towns 
 and territory of the adjoi^ning coast but The 
 most celebrated period of its history is from the 
 close of the 13th to the middle of tL iScen! 
 
 tmns the exclusive commerce of Europe in th^ 
 productions of Asia. Their succej however in 
 commerce and banking, excited thejeZusy of 
 the Venetians, and ultimately involved them Tn 
 open host lities ; and in 1740- it su,^^^ dted o 
 the Austrian power, whose oppression of the 
 nhabitants was such, that the latter suddenly 
 
 cff-ect Tn ?7on\., n"''"! J''^*'"' hut without 
 tWs citv Xt ^"•'"'•^ .became masters of 
 
 .tarved, and was ovacuafed ^I^S^^ 
 
 319 
 
 GEO 
 
 soon afterwards it was again delivered up to th« 
 
 t rench, on their victor/at Marengo. Cy •' 
 
 1014 It was taken by th« British.' under ^ 
 
 Bontmck , but at the general partitioning o 
 
 tu oi.e, which followed the pence of Pari! in 
 
 that year, the city and territory of Genoa wm 
 
 aesigned to the king of Sardinil.. and ^ncorr 
 
 rated as a state into his dominions. The 1.^ 
 
 hour IS comrnodious, protected by two moles of 
 
 considerable length; the city is about six m £ 
 
 n circumference, surrounded on all sides by a 
 
 strong wall and on the land side is defended by 
 
 a double fortification; most of the streets are 
 
 narrow and irregular, but the Balbi, New Street, 
 
 w.rU ^''Z\^^''F'""'^ revolution it had up- 
 
 hree theatres, and several other public build- 
 ings. Many of the houses in the principal 
 
 ^v?mVo7rh'"T*'r''' -""'hie porticoes, and 
 severnl of the churches are beautiful specimens 
 of arclntecture, and their interior decoraUons 
 exceedingly tasteful and rich. The Zk of 
 
 terded'.T'fh"'"'"^ •" ^'''' considenSy ex 
 
 cen?un- n fTriTl?'"**""?"' °' 'he following 
 ceiitur) J in 1751 it becam ■ insolvent for a larce 
 amount and in 1798 was finally abolishedT 
 f^rTor'"''*'^ .^^"'"Vgh Genoa now holds an in- 
 ferior rank, from its relatively advanta«eou8 
 local position and maritime aecommocS 
 riont „?.'«"",- "•'^ '1'''"** *"°' 'he whole of Pied-' 
 a pwri ''"^'•'."•'m'"".'' necessarily continue 
 the «eL/ ''°"«"[t'.''hle importance. Genoa is 
 the see of an archbishop, and the seat of a uni- 
 
 othTrVhr " r'T''^^. library, a nautic'la'd 
 of «MI..r !? ■'^°?'' h""* ««^eral manufactures 
 tL • ^ ?r J^.'^«'"e^y. and is particularly dis- 
 tinguished for its manufacture of silk velve a. 
 It IS seated at the head of a spacious gulf of 'he 
 Mediterranean, in the lat. of 44. 25. N and 
 
 S F 'J T*"-'""?- "" T^'' •" ■■» meridional lino 
 ; »V^ I ""n, about the same distances bvW 
 
 Nice '"l-hA' ^; ''■ f J-^^'^"'"' '' N.i of 
 INice. The territory which formed the republic 
 
 about7KHe?"'°"« "" shore of the gl for 
 
 cip?iUy"n'W/*r^"-'*' '^° '^P'^^l °f a P""- 
 cipality of Hindostan, province of Benffal and 
 
 Sroftt-' -^r-* "' ^'">^*- I'he clS'po 
 ivorv t ? '"" '" '""^ ""'^ «°"°". find sime 
 CL °'«° exported. The natives are bar- 
 barous, and their religion Brahminiam. 
 
 rSh'ltll:V"'""-f ^'■'""'=*'' 5 "'"^^ S. of 
 
 of F^nfe.X! 5oS"" °' '""^ *"^^"" ^'"S' 
 
 George, Fort, a fortress of Scotland in In- 
 
 ofTr^W^'^'lr!' """^^^^«1 handsome strel 
 of barracks. It is seated on the point of a 
 
 ro^=rE.^i\;-ir^^"-~'^ 
 
 Ve?fcrto 'tlfJ'4 " . v*"' '■^'^"'^ '" 'he Gulf ot 
 iect Hnr f «^ T-""' *° ^'"■'=h it is sub- 
 ■il u-"^ '* " Benedictine monastery, whose 
 church IS one of the finest in Italy ^' 
 
 George, St.. one of the Azores, which pro- 
 duces much whe-t Tn '"«" '-"'/'""*-'; P™" 
 wi«.„c. in urOo a volcano Droke 
 
GEO 
 
 320 
 
 GEO 
 
 M 
 
 i ■ ! 
 
 out here, which destroyed the town of Ursuh'na, 
 Mveral forming-houseg, Ac The chief town i« 
 Vellas. Long. ?.8. 0, W. Int. 38. 3!'. N. 
 
 Georob ukl Mina, St., or Elmina, a fort of 
 Guinea, on the Gold Coast, an;l the principal 
 settlement of the Dutch in thoiK) parts. The 
 town under it, called by thu natives Uddcnnii, in 
 very long, and pretty broad. The hoii'ies ore 
 built of atone, which ia uncommon, for la other 
 places they are composed only of clny and wood. 
 It is 10 miles W.S. W. of Cape Coast ('luitle. 
 Long. 0. 8. W, lat. 4. 66. N. 
 Georob Fort, St. See Maduas. 
 Georob, Lake, in the state of New York, 
 lies to the S. W. of Lake Champlain, and is 
 35 miles long, but is narrow. The adjacent 
 country is mountainous, presenting some beau- 
 tiful romantic scenery; the valleys are tolerably 
 fertile. The remains of Fort George, 4U miles 
 N. of Albany, are at the S. end of the lake, and 
 those of the fort of Ticonderoga at the N. end, 
 at its outlet into Lake Champlain. 
 
 Georqe, St., the largest of the Dermudas 
 Islands. It is in the form of a hook ; about 40 
 miles in length, but seldom 2 in breadth. It has 
 a town of the same name, containing 500 houses 
 built of freestone ; it is the capital of all the 
 islands. Long. (ji. 35. W. lat. 32. 45. N. 
 
 Geoboe, St., the capital of the island of 
 Granada, formerly culled Fort-royal, which name 
 the fort still retains. It is situate on the W. 
 coast, not far from the S. end of the island, and 
 has a safe and commodious harbour. Long. 61. 
 45. W. lat. 11,50. N. 
 
 Georoe, St., an island of the United States, 
 in the Strait of St. Mary, which forms the com- 
 munication between Lake Superior and Lake 
 Huron, 
 
 George, St,, an island in the Gulf of Mexico, 
 opposite the mouth of the Apalachicolu. Long. 
 84, 60. W. lat. 29. 30. N. 
 
 Geobqe's Key, St., a small island in the Bay 
 of Honduras, on the E. coast of Yucatan. It is 
 likewise called Casina, or Cayo Casigo. By a 
 convention in 1786, the English logwood-cutters 
 were permitted, under certain restrictions, to 
 occupy this island. Long. 88, 35, W. lat. 17. 
 40. N. 
 
 Georgetown, a maritime district of South 
 Carolina; bounded on the S, by the Santee river, 
 which divides it from Charlestown district: it 
 has 34 miles of sea coast, indented with several 
 small inlets. Black River, Cedar and Lynches 
 Creeks, the Great and Little Pedee, and the 
 Waccamaws river, all unite their waters in this 
 district, which comprises a surface of about 
 900 square miles, exceedingly fertile in rice and 
 cotton, 
 
 Georgetown, a town of the district of Colum- 
 bia, county of Washington, with a college for 
 the promotion of general literature, founded by 
 the Roman Catholics, It is situate on the E, 
 bank of the Potomac, opposite Mason's I^ and, 
 and on the W. side of Rock Creek, which sepa- 
 rates it from the city of Washington ; 3 miles 
 W, N, W. of the capital, and 46 S. W, of Balti- 
 more. Georgetown may be regarded as a suburb 
 and the commercial quarter of the city of Wash- 
 
 ington, It owns about 7000 tons of shipping 
 The populiit oil io 7312. 
 
 Geoh(]khi 'i, n town of the state ,,f Maine, 
 and the oldest in Lincoln county. It ia the spot 
 where the English first attemi)tod ( coloniz" 
 New England, iu 1607, and stand: ear the 
 mouth of the Kennebec j 16 miles S. by W. of 
 Wiscnssct. 
 
 Georoi TOWN, a small town of Van I)icmen'» 
 I^ind, in Dorset county, near the mou > of the 
 Tamar, or Port Dalrymple. Ithasdeclu, 1 since 
 Launceston has become prosperous: 82 miles N. 
 of Launceston, and 152 from Hobart Town. 
 There are several other towns named Geirrge- 
 town in diti'crent parts of the United bUitei 
 of North America. 
 Geoiioia, a country of Asia, called by the 
 Persians IvHrdistim, and by the Turks Gurtshi. 
 It is one of the seven Cauci in nations, in the 
 countries between the Black Sea and the Cas- 
 pian, and the lat. of 39. and 43. N., and com- 
 prebends the ancient Iberia and Colchis. It is 
 bounded on theN. by Circassia, E, by Daghestan 
 and Schirvaii S. by Armenia, and W. by Cubjm, 
 or the new Itu nian government of Caucasia. It 
 is divided into nine i)rovince8. Of these, five 
 form what is commonly called the kingdom of 
 Georgia ; and four the kingdom or principality 
 of Imeritia. The last reigning prince, Ilerac- 
 liuB, ceded this country to Russia on his death, 
 which happened in 1800. The hills of Georgia 
 are covered with foreste of oak, ash, beech, 
 chesnuts, walnuts, and elms, encircled with 
 vines, growing' perfectly wild, but producing 
 vast quantities of grapes, from which much wine 
 and brandy are made. Cotton grows sponta- 
 neously, as well as the finest European fruit 
 trees. Rice, wheat, rnillet, hemp, and tiaxare 
 raised on the plains, almost without culture. 
 The valleys atford the finest pasturiio-e, the 
 rivers are ftiU of fish, the mountains abound in 
 minerals, and the climate is healthy. The 
 rivers of Georgia, the principal of which is the 
 Kur, falling into the Caspian Sea, being ffld by 
 mountain torrents, are always either too rapid or 
 too shallow for the purposes of navigation. The 
 Georgians are Christians of the Greek commu- 
 nion, and appear to have received their name 
 from their attachment to St. George, the tute- 
 lary saint of these countries. Their dress nearly 
 resembles that of the Cossacks ; but men of 
 rank frequently wear the habit of Pe ia. They 
 usually dye their hair, beards, and nails with 
 red. The women employ the same colour to 
 stain the palms of their hands. On their head 
 they wear a cap or fillet, under which their 
 black hair falls on their forehead ; behind, it is 
 braided into several tresses : their eyebrows are 
 painted with black, in such a manner as to 
 form one entire line, and the face is coated 
 with white and red. They are celebrated for 
 their beauty; but their air and manners are ex- 
 tremely voluptuous. The Georgians have grent 
 skill in the use of the bow, and are deemed 
 excellent soldiers ; but the men have no virtue, 
 exjept courage : fathere sell their children, and 
 sometimes their wives. Both sexes are addicted 
 to drunkenness, and are particularly fond of 
 
of shipping 
 
 te of Maine, 
 It is the spot 
 I ' I'olonizf 
 idh unr the 
 i S. by W. of 
 
 an Diemen's 
 aou''i of the 
 lectiii i since 
 : 82 miles N. 
 irt Town, 
 med Oeiirge- 
 Jnitcd a tales 
 
 illed by the 
 irks Gurtshi. 
 it ions, in the 
 iind the Cas- 
 ^., nnd com- 
 jlchis. It is 
 )y Daghestan 
 V. by Cuban, 
 Caucasia. It 
 )f these, five 
 i kingdom of 
 ' principality 
 ince, llerao- 
 )n his death, 
 is of Georgia 
 
 ash, beech, 
 circled with 
 t producing 
 li much wine 
 ows sponta- 
 ropean fruit 
 and tlaxare 
 out culture, 
 isturns^e, the 
 IS abound in 
 ilthy. The 
 which is the 
 being ffld by 
 too rapid or 
 gation. The 
 eek commu- 
 
 their name 
 je, the tute- 
 dress nearly 
 but men of 
 cj sia. They 
 1 nails with 
 ic colour to 
 1 their head 
 which their 
 uhind, it is 
 yebrows are 
 nner as to 
 :e is coated 
 lebrated for 
 ners are ex- 
 } have gre'it 
 are deemed 
 e no virtue, 
 lildren, and 
 ire addicted 
 rly fond of 
 
 01 , 
 
 found «irTi:";f ^™«'""'"«- These ln«t are 
 
 tent, has fl-i 31? ;>'«•''" "" V^^i^nt ex- 
 ■ I, nas J., miles of sea-coast, betwcpn ♦!,» 
 
 4S Tf '",'"• ^^"'y'' ^'^'^^ in the lit. of 30 
 
 • XT ..,' '• • 'P® savannah river 1915 ™ji». 
 m a N.W. direction, divides Georgu. UoSuth 
 Carohna: on the N. the line of the 35th cle^^S 
 
 the Flint, in'the'l^o '30.'4? Se's^Ger" 
 195 mil's The S Ki""'' ",'^'"" '"•«'«'th of 
 
 i)ZJ\' *• P""^' ^^ ""o s'nti^^ '8 divided in f n 
 
 iZT T""P'' ^PP'''"K' Early, and 1^ ^^ 
 Hhich as cultivation is extended, will 3 
 be subdivided; the remainder of the ,.fe i^ 
 dmded into 44 other counties, averagir about 
 
 lS,.ri ',''"'.'°«»", "iPPly abundnnce of Hoe 
 
 sSi:s;i%;SLftir 
 
 321 
 
 ER 
 
 rj^' US productions. Georgia hoKU thJ' il'ri" 
 in tho Ln on of the North American m ■ >. .k 
 value of the cotton and rir Txp^j^^:*^'^'!'' 
 
 principally through NowVork l^d H . 
 The population i, 51(J,n2;i, f whom "80 n i 
 are s aves and 2,753 free bla. k, n.'SJ't „ f 
 the legwlative assembly is „t Mil Un lie 
 nearly in the cenfro of the sfat,. U tthl ■ ' 
 eipal town is Savannah. Late 1 on the s'' W 
 bank of the river of the same name ^• 
 
 Edth ' V T^'" ,'""«• ""•' 30 in L g ei'." 
 
 S\hetr':sSti:^S^^l5!'--' 
 
 cesiible the greatest ,,art of the venr n 
 
 height, like those of Spitzbergenj froni whth 
 pieces »vere continually breaking off nn,lfl!^» 
 ing out to «,«. The valleys wefe cove^^d wkh 
 snow; „„., the only vegetation observed wS 
 bladed g .», wild burnet, nnd a plant Hl^ 
 .Tr7*n"'f , '"'"^ '^°™ 'ho rockf "Not „" 
 
 Sho coi/r ' ""'" '^'^ "^ ^^ -n on th: 
 
 P-^ifi""?*' ^u''" °''' * «»"■ of the North 
 
 T'acifie icean, between the continent of N^rfl. 
 
 menca and ^^uadra and Vancouver LE« 
 
 to%'o"Ss""iT " ? • "'"■"^"^ p"^'« '-- « 
 
 iBland^'^r-birSlntoTSle^Sr;^^ 
 ot ca,«,K most of which were Siin"^ W 
 Captain Vancouver and his officers ^ 
 
 ri^ T?'h *'"™ "f Upper Saxony', in Thurin- 
 Pa. It has a castle about a mile from tl?„ 
 ^wn, on a mountain, in a wood, and sTal ed 
 
 Gerbstadt, a town of Upper Saxonv ;„ n 
 oTMrefr«^'^' ^^"*.' Sn'.^ • 
 
 cas«:s!rdra;T:„^P-t«.«^f^ 
 
 siderable lak^sl mHe S W T ■ V""" 
 Gpumaiv «J^ "^^ "'lies o. K of Konigebcrir. 
 
 on Friday '^■'1*°"'" m Cornwall; farke^ 
 "u rriuay. it was once the larocst town i„ 
 the county, and a bishop's see It stLl 
 the sea; IC milf>« W if 01 ■':5"""* "•^"'' 
 W. by S. of Londo^ "^ ^^^■'"°""'' ""'^ 22a 
 
 fled to France, itlsseaf^ o7tb ""i ^'''" ''^ 
 a fine forest; 10 miles Nw .f i,''^^^'"^' "^nr 
 there is a railroad? ' °^ ^""'' *° ^^^ich 
 
 Geuman, and German Towv tj,«. 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 

 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 
 €^, 
 
 
 " KiS 122 
 
 Ui 
 
 u 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I f^llM 
 
 11.25 
 
 \A. 11 1.6 
 
 <^ 
 
 /; 
 
 
 
 ^ '^W '% 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 ^% 
 
 w 
 
GER 
 
 Gbuun Ocean, or North Sea, is the sea 
 between the E. coast of England, from the 
 Straits of Dover to the Shetland Isles, and the 
 coast of Jutland and Norway : it comprises 
 about 8 d^ees of latitude, and 10 of lonei- 
 tude. ° 
 
 Germano. St., a town of Piedmont, on the 
 River Naviglio; 9 miles W. of Vercelli, on the 
 Ime of the canal to Ivrea. 
 
 Germano, St., a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro, at the foot of Monte Cassino: 17 miles 
 S. S. E. ofSora. 
 
 Germ ANT, an extensive country of Europe, 
 lying between the 45th and 64th degree of N. 
 lat. and 6. to 19, of E. long.; the mean length, 
 however, from N. to S. does not exceed 630 
 British statute miles, and the mean breadth 
 460 miles, comprising an area of about 245,000 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Hungary and Poland, N. by th^ Baltic Sea 
 mid Denmark, W. by the Netherlands and 
 France, and S. by Switzerland and Italy. The 
 extreme S. point jets into the Gulf of Venice. 
 Prior to the French revolutionary war, which 
 commenced in 1793, Germany had geogra- 
 phically been divided into 9 circles, politically 
 subdivided into 206 archbishoprics, bishoprics, 
 principalities, dukedoms, marquisates, lord- 
 ships, provinces, &c., under thp government of 
 nearly as many sovereign potentates; but the 
 whole of them formed a great confederacy, 
 governed by political laws, at the head of 
 which was an emperor, whose power in the 
 collective body, or diet, was not directive, but 
 executive. The western Roman empire, which 
 had terminated in the year 475, in the person 
 of Augustulus, the last Roman emperor, and 
 which was succeeded by the reign of the Huns, 
 the Ostrogo'ihs, and the Lombanls, was revived 
 by Charlemagne, king of France, on Christmas- 
 day, in the year 800. This prince being then 
 at Rome, Pope Leo III. crowned him em- 
 peror, in St. Peter's church; and Nicephorus, 
 who was tlien emperor of the east, consented 
 to this coronation. The French kept the em- 
 pire under eight emperors, till the year 912, 
 when Louis III., the last prince of the line of 
 Charlemagne, died without issue male. Conrad, 
 Count of Franconia, the son-in-law of Louis, 
 was then elected emperor. Thus the empire 
 went to the Germans, and became elective, 
 having been hereditary under the French 
 emperors. The emperor was chosen by the 
 princes, the lords, and the deputies of cities 
 till the year 1239, when the number of the 
 electors was reduced to seven; one more was 
 added in 1649, and another in 1692; these 
 nine electors continued to the year 1798, when, 
 in consequence of the alterations made in the 
 constitution of the empire, under the influence 
 of France and Russia, they became ten in 
 number; namely, the elector and archbishop 
 of Ratisbon, the elector and King of Bohemia, 
 (the then emperor,) the elector of Bavaria, the 
 elector of Saxony, the elector of Brandenburg, 
 (king of Prussia,) the elector of Hanover, 
 (kmg of England,) the elector o*' Wurtzburg 
 (late Grand Duko of Tuscany,) whe elector of 
 
 322 
 
 GER 
 
 'A ,1 
 
 Wirtemberg, ihe elector of Baden, and the 
 elector of Hesse. On the death of Charles VL 
 of Austria, in 1740, an emperor was chosen 
 Jrom the house of Bavaria, by the name of 
 Charles VII. On the death of this prince, in 
 1745, Francis, grand duke of Tuscany, was 
 elected emperor; whose grandson, Francis II. 
 f?r?o *'^^ dignity of emperor of Germany 
 t'U .806, when he formally resigned the title 
 and office, transferring his title of emperor to 
 Ills hereditary dominions of Austria. At the 
 close of the Saxon race, in 1024, the preroga- 
 atives of the emperor were v<?iy considerable ; 
 but m 1437 they were reduced to the right 
 of conferring all dignities and titles, except the 
 privilege of being a state of the empire; of 
 granting dispensations with respect to the age 
 of majority; of erecting cities, and conferring 
 the privilege o? coining money; of calling the 
 meetings of the diet, and presiding in them. 
 But, after all, there was not a foot of land 
 annexed to this title; for, ever since the reign 
 of Charles IV., the emperors depended en- 
 tirely on their hereditary dominions, as the 
 only source of their power, and even of their 
 subsistence. To prevent the catonities of a 
 contested election, a king of the Romans was 
 often chosen in the lifetime of the emperor, on 
 whose death he succeeded to the imperial 
 dignity, of course. The emperor (always 
 elected and crowned at Frankfort on the 
 Maine) assumed the title of august, and pre- 
 tended to be successor to the emperors of 
 Rome. Although he was chief of the empire, 
 the supreme authority resided in the diet, 
 which was composed of three colleges— the 
 college of electors, the college of princes, and . 
 the college of imperial towns. The diet had 
 the power of making peace or war, of settling 
 general impositions, and of regulating all the 
 important affairs of the empire; but the deci- 
 sions had not the force of law till the emperor 
 gave his consent. When a war was determined 
 on, every prince contributed his quota of men 
 and money, as valued in tl ? matriculation roll; 
 t.iough, as an elector or prince, he might 
 espouse a different side from that of the diet. 
 All the sovereigns of Germany had, and still 
 have, an absolute authority in their own do- 
 mJiiions, and can lay taxes, levy troops, and 
 make alliances, provided they do not prejudice 
 the empire. They determine all civil causes 
 definitely, unless in some particular cases in 
 which an appeal may be made. These appeals 
 were to two courts', called the Imperial Cham- 
 ber, at Wetzlar, and the Aulic Council, at 
 Vienna. The three principal religions are the 
 Roman Catholic, the Lutheran, and the Cal- 
 vinistic; but Christians of all denominations 
 are tolerated, and there is a multitude of Jews 
 in all the towns. Germany is watered by 
 numerous rivers, the three principal of which 
 are the Rhi. e, the Danube, and the Elbe; the 
 first of these rises in Switzerland, and forms the 
 S. W. boundary of the empire, dividing it from 
 Switzeriand and France; it'afterwards intersects 
 the N. W. part of Germany and Holland, and 
 fells into the Meuse, near Rotterdam. The 
 
GER 
 
 Danube rises In Suabia, the S. W circle nf *),-. 
 tZ2 „T^V'^ "'^"' and ee^;artrib?ti ; 
 bWf.?- '"^T*" """*' ^"t«"«<=te » great por- 
 tion of the southern part of Germany- it aftpr 
 
 n^r 'L Sn « n^^^'' ^^- ^^'« ^^^ ""«« 
 runsinaN W ^- *^-^ *^?**^™ ^o^ti^'. and 
 ThL rfj ••. • ^""ection into the North Sea 
 
 mnv fndl'r^ "" '^^ N. E. part of S 
 
 tains Sthe souSiTll.- ^J ?'*■ '^^« '"°""- 
 
 abundance of Se W tiS/"!l^^ '^PP^J' 
 ohve. and mniw «»aber, and the vine, 
 
 attention to yfeW^"Ln'^{ 'T^''"'' """"""^ 
 plains of the nortl. ?• ,^" abundance, while the 
 
 «nlv^''f"V'''.^®^'™"'c Confederacy was dij- 
 
 tttintSK" S'^^P^^' -d --^^ 
 under the^fU nf^f' ""i" * "*^ confederacy. 
 
 res^tfv^ &4 dotSo^rrrV")!' 
 general pacificationfEuror'inlftfs ^ 
 RJen«h confederacy was dis^lv'ed. a^J tha^'ij 
 
 isaroSfsfSftn^t^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Lubec,andFiBnkfor of Hamburg, Bremen, 
 -elves more doSf 'to Jl/^'F^^.^PP >' *''«'«- 
 Germans, and /^f & t -"^ ^^^^'^ ^^'an the 
 rallv Cr^fr *h."^''''"' " no '^here so gene- 
 raiJy learnt, or better understnntl PrH:*; • 
 
 ^ost extensively enco^gS? e'ver^ mn^of 
 who hu B„l p„blf.b.d o,e di,p„l.tfo™ri2l' 
 
 coal nnHK '* eontauis a Strata of pit- 
 
 coaj and has manufactures of wool, linen ard 
 
 89S 
 
 GHA 
 
 Gebteuydenboiio, 8 fortified town of South 
 HoUand. with a good harbour and salmon fiBherv 
 «Lni"'r ''^^,«=alled Bieabosch TtZs S 
 often taken; the last Ume by the French i^ 1 70^ 
 but soon recovered. It i/j mH^ N bv F ff 
 Breda. Long. 4. 52. E. lat. 51. 42 N**^ ^- "^ 
 Gerumenha, or Jurumenha, a town of 
 seS'Sa%n''"''J'*'.'^''' « strong*°^tle1 
 
 paSS^f?uVn,?e7l?m^rr'iJr^^ 
 tagne. Pop. 2450* * *"™ ***"*' 
 
 Gessenay. ^cSaj^j. 
 
 and the Gulf of S^L^'^T'S «»» the W. 
 miles long and fiObrn^ *?• *''M" " " 100 
 rocks, hifb and dir^kkt'S^^^^'"^"^' 
 ; We^numeroua ^.^^d f-t^-^GX^ 
 
 itSajiSTo^^^priZr'-s-'-^iadnd. 
 
 Pop. 5250. ' "" th« «»d to Toledo, 
 
 miles W. by S. of York ^ ^'^^^ ^O 
 
 foot of Mount St aiS fc ' """^^ «' the 
 
 Gezira, a town of AsiaUc Turkey inn- u , 
 on an island foitned by the riv?; t- ^"^^ 
 miles N. W. of M^.l ^ t ?-f ^"S^s '> 70 
 37. 16. N. ^- ^""g- ^0- «0. E. lat. 
 
 copped. ThelSitenT^e^m.^"'"'""^** 
 considered as the most «np,rf numerous, and 
 they live in tente Ti ? ^"* P^P'^ of AfHca : 
 they are^rSher the anL^K ^jn'Jependent that 
 emperor Siocco'" '^""^ '^' ""''J^*- "^ the 
 
 of ?rn^ro?rh:'e:;^'?°?^^°l-«l. capital 
 
 -"Itan. It^atands^nTs^SofrClaL' 
 
 Y 2 
 
mmmm 
 
 ii ■' 
 
 GHA 
 
 at hi out'et, which separates the city into two 
 parts, and soon after joins the river Niger, which 
 18 here called Neel il Abeed, or K lb of the 
 Negros. It is 100 miles E. by S. of Cassina. 
 
 Ghauts. See Gauts. 
 
 Ohkelkn, a towH of Belgium, in the province 
 of Antwerp; 7 miles E. from Turnhout. Here 
 are extensive distilleries and lace manufactures. 
 Pop, 7350. 
 
 Ghent, or Gand, a city of Belgium, formerly 
 
 the capital of Austrian Flanders, now the capital 
 
 of the department of East Flanders, and a 
 
 bishop's see. It contains 60,000 inhabitants; 
 
 but it is not populous in proportion to its extent, 
 
 being 15 miles in circumference. The city is 
 
 intersected by many canals, which divide it into 
 
 26 isles, and over the canals are 300 bridges. It 
 
 has also two navigable canals; the one to Sas 
 
 /an Ghent, the other to Bruges and Ostend. 
 
 Here are several linen and woollen manu- 
 
 fectures, and it has a great trade in corn. The 
 
 cathedral of St. Bavon, and the abbey of St. 
 
 Peter, are magnificent edifices ; in which, as also 
 
 in the churches, are some capital paintings by 
 
 the best masters: the cathedral in paiticular 
 
 contains one of the most magnificent collections 
 
 of works of art in fresco, mosaic work, painting, 
 
 and sculpture in the world. Charles V. was 
 
 bum here ; but the inhabitants have no reason 
 
 to respect his memory ; for he repeatedly loaded 
 
 them with heavy exactions, and built a citadel 
 
 to awe them. Here, in 1 576, was concluded the 
 
 famous treaty, called the Pacification of Ghent, 
 
 the first commencement of the separation of 
 
 seven provinces Trom the seventeen which then 
 
 formed the Netherlands; and it was ths seat of 
 
 the negotiation of the treaty of peace between 
 
 England and the United States of North America, 
 
 in 1814-15. Ghent was often taken and retaken 
 
 in the warsof 1793 — 1015. It is seated on the 
 
 Scheldt, at the influx of the Lis, Lieve, and 
 
 Moeze; 26 miles N. W. of Brussels. Long. 3. 
 
 44. E. Lit. 51. 3. N. 
 
 Gheroono, a city and formerly the capital of 
 the kingdom of Assam. It is seated on the 
 Degoo, near its conflux with the Burrampooter; 
 400 miles N. E. of Calcutta. Long. 93. 36. E. 
 lat. 25. 36. N. 
 
 Ghbiuah, a seaport of Hindostan, on ti j 
 coast of Concan. It was the capital of Angria, 
 a famous piratical prince, whose fort here was 
 taken by the English and Mahrattas, iir 1756, 
 and his whole fleet destroyed. It is 165 miles 
 S. by E. of Bombay, Long. 73. 8, E. lat. 16. 
 
 45. N. 
 
 Ghilan, a province of Persia, on the S. W. 
 side of the Caspian Sea ; supposed to be the 
 Hyrcania of the ancients. On the W. side aid 
 high mountains, which are covered with many 
 sorts of trees, and in the highest parts of them 
 are deer, bears, wolves, 'eopards, and tigers. It 
 produces abundance of sulk, oil, wine, rice, 
 tobacco, and excellent fruit. This province W.-.8 
 ceded to Russia, by a treaty concluded at Peters- 
 burg in 1724, but not possessed by Russia till 
 1780. Reshd is the capital. 
 .. Ohuni, or Ghuznbe, a town of the country 
 
 324 
 
 GIB 
 
 of Cabul, once the capital of a powerful empire 
 of tho same name. It is called the second 
 Medina, from the great number of illustrious 
 persons who have been interred here. It is 
 54 miles S. of Cabul. Long. 68. 20. E. lat 
 38. 40. N. 
 
 Ghourdond, a town of tho country of Cabul: 
 42 miles N.W. of Cabul. 
 
 Giant's Causeway, a remarkable basaltic 
 headland in the county of Antrim, Ireland; pro- 
 bably a continuation of a similar formation on 
 the opposite shore of Scotland. 
 
 GiBELLO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 Parma, on the river Pj; 16 miles N. W. of 
 Parma. 
 
 Gibraltar, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 near a mountain of the same name, formerly 
 called Calpe, which, with Abyla (now Ceuta), 
 on the opposite shore of Africa, were called the 
 Pillars of Hercules. Tarick, a general of the 
 Moors, built a fortress here, which he called 
 Gebel-Tarick, that is. Mount Tarick. Since 
 that time a town has been built at the foot of 
 this rock, which is strongly fortified. It can bo 
 approached only by a narrow passage betwet-n 
 the mountain and the sea, across which the 
 Spaniards have drawn a line and fortified it, to 
 prevent the garrison from having any communi- 
 cation with the co\mtry. The rock abounds in 
 partridges: and on the E.side, amid the broken 
 precipices, is a stratum of bones, belonging to 
 various animals, encased in a reddish calcareous 
 stone. Gibraltar was taken from the Moors in 
 1462, and in 1704 it fell into the hands of the 
 English. The Spaniards attempted to retalie it 
 tlie following year ; and they besieged it again, 
 in 1727, with as little success. It sustained a 
 siege from July, 1779, to February, 1783, when 
 tlie siege was finally niised, on advice being 
 received that the preliminaries of peace were 
 signed; but it may be considered as terminatec^ 
 on September 13, 1782, on the failure of a grand 
 attack made by the Spaniards, whose floating 
 batteries were destroyed by red-hot shot from 
 the garrison. The number and strength of tho 
 military works, and the vast galleries opened in 
 the calcareous rock, excite admiration; and the 
 fortress, in the opinion of most engineers, is 
 absolutely impregnable. The garrison here ia 
 cooped up in a very narrow compass, and in a 
 war with Spain has no provisions but what are 
 brought from Barbary and England. The Strait 
 of Gibraltar is 24 miles long, and IS broad, and 
 a strong current always sets into the Mediter- 
 ranean through the strait to the Atlantic Ocean. 
 The rock at the foot of which the town is situate', 
 forms a promontory, and the E. boundary of 
 a spacious bay, which affords tolerably good an- 
 chorage for the largest ships of war. The English 
 garrison generally consists of from 2000 to 3000 
 men, and the population of the town amounts to 
 about 1 2,000, who carry on an extensive com- 
 merce. The value of the merchandise exported 
 from England to Gibraltar during the 10 years 
 1816—1825, averaged about 1.700,000/. per 
 annum, about two-fifths of which amount is 
 reimbui-sed by bills drawn against fniit, wine, 
 
a powerful empire 
 called the second 
 iber of illustrious 
 erred here. It is 
 ig. 68. 20. E. lat. 
 
 country of Cabul; 
 
 marknble basaltic 
 
 rim, Ireland ; pro- 
 
 )ilar formation on 
 
 d. 
 
 ■, in the duchy of 
 
 I miles N. W. of 
 
 tin, in Andalusia, 
 e name, formerly 
 byla (now Ceutii), 
 a, were called the 
 a general of the 
 , which he called 
 t Tarick. Since 
 lilt at the foot of 
 rtified. It can bo 
 passage between 
 across which the 
 md fortified it, to 
 ng any communi- 
 erock abounds in 
 , amid the broken 
 nes, belonging to 
 'eddish calcareous 
 rem the Moors in 
 i the hands of the 
 npted to retalie it 
 besieged it again, 
 1. It sustained a 
 ■uary, 1783, when 
 on advice being 
 ;s of peace were 
 red as terminatec^ 
 failure of a grand 
 s, whose floating 
 id-hot shot from 
 i strength of the 
 illeries opened in 
 niration; and the 
 lost engineers, is 
 garrison here ia 
 mpass, and in a 
 ons but what are 
 land. The Strait 
 nd IS broad, and 
 nto the Mediter- 
 ! Atlantic Ocean, 
 e town is situate, 
 E. boundary of 
 tlerablv good an- 
 'ar. The English 
 )m 2000 to 3000 
 town amounts to 
 1 extensive com- 
 landise exported 
 ing the 10 years 
 1,700,000/. per 
 'hich amount is 
 liiist fniit, wine, 
 
 GIB 
 
 nnd wool from Spmn, and the remaander by 
 merV;ge?ts"" *'^ ^""^^ '^^^"'^ ^ «-em!: 
 
 vi.STS *,*r",5 u^"'*""''^' •" Ihe pro- 
 The^r U .1' u""^^ ^y "'""*' fortifications. 
 
 ^^o£:'^!:;;s%r °' ''^ ""-'^ -'» 
 
 T oi?l^'''T^ to«'n of France, in the department of 
 40 1'l I 'V'l^*^ °" ^^^ N. bank of the Loire- 
 aprS.'^-'^^^-"'"^'-^--- ItistheseTtof 
 
 eluded n the ktgdl^f Wi°r[emfe"°'' '"■ 
 «^n7«T ^' * '""'""f Naples,in Calabria Ultra- 
 
 rN'ro^^S"'''"*^'"''^-^^^-"- 
 
 '$35 
 
 OIR 
 
 GiEssEN. a fortified town of Germany in 
 Ui^per Hesse, with a citadel and a u™"e«ity 
 ; 'V'^'ed on the Lahn; 16 miles W. S. W of 
 Marburg. Long. 8. 43. E. lat. 50. 35. N 
 
 Hebrides, lying on the W. const of Scotland 
 
 Orbite.-ro"'' " '^'^'' ^^ -""« W. S. W. of 
 of SS " '".r °f France, in the department 
 
 GiHON. See Amu. 
 Giles, an interior county in th*e W nart nf 
 
 i^^'"";e'°t1o°r-'* \'' th: JA1"5 
 
 .. va river, it contains about 2000 sauaru 
 
 neslee LT "' '°""*^ ^" ">« "teto of Ten- 
 th e Elk Hvl'"",^- ei,'^'^*"™^' intersected by 
 tiie lilk river, which flows S. into the Tennessee- 
 
 S W ot73' i P^r'.*'"^- ^"'"«'''. b-O miles 
 r ,;5 ^^"^'■e^sboro' is the chief town. 
 
 Down 8?*'..% """^ °^ ^'^^''^' '" t''^ «='""«ty of 
 turrjfhL^'^*''J'°°t ^"''""i Vith manufac- 
 Oi.Vni c • """"^ " » chalybeate spa. 
 
 nuS of rkr^^",n ^T" S^ ^'^"'^^^ '■« the depart- 
 muit of Gard J 1 miles S. of Nismes. Pop. 5600 
 
 of the M.?"' ^ '""^ ^" ^""'' °» tJ-^ E. ink 
 Thames ft r^,V "'"f V'^ ^""•'"'«*' '"to the 
 
 outnortnf 1 '"'i^'j '^^•<'^' fo™i"g the 
 outport of the arsenal of Chatham. It is a nlar« 
 of considerable antiquity. it w a place 
 
 It iTsoV^ ''^r^' *y Ja^gest of the Moluccas, 
 by "everalT ^1°"" ^- ^° ^- •>"' « intersected 
 
 general low, and the inttL risL' i^n'^ Jelk" 
 
 Jeat^leifo/le" ''"{ «-«?-««. tittt 
 great aeal of rice, and abounds with oxen, 
 
 gfirin^ir^r^rs^'K 
 
 S^-aVon^a-^^^-b^^^^^^^^^^ -- 
 
 ofNorrBm&"'7S;S'iS*i^ ^^^^ 
 Pop. 2000 ' *•• -^^ '^°™ ^"^^ 
 
 Of Geri6 S g^S,;"" "'^^^^--"» 
 
 seated on a n,ountain,^whot t„p ^'^'diS'ed 1;^? 
 IS. hlt.l2 15 N ^'"'^"^''"y- l^ong. 79. 35. 
 pea^n°C&lVrr' "^ '°^" "^ Euro- 
 
 iw.o/yuXLt''"^'^^-"''^^^^-"- 
 
 miles N. W. from Munfredonia. Pod 4800 
 
 circ'SSncl^Td^ f «^,^^ "''°"* ^'''^^ -"'les m 
 38. E. lat. 37. UN "'^™''- ^""S" ^3. 
 
GIR 
 
 326 
 
 GLA 
 
 i :■ I 
 
 I! ;' '■'! 
 
 fccture* are in founderies, g' js, earthenware, 
 dye-stutft, liqueurs, (aniseed,) and salt ; it con- 
 tains some seams of pit coal, and beds of peat. 
 It is divided into six arrondissemonts, of which 
 Bordeaux (the capital). Bazas, Blaye, Lesparre, 
 Liboume, and Reole are the chief towns. Pop, 
 522,040. ^ 
 
 GiRONg, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of '.. riege; 4 miles S. by E. of St. Liaier. 
 GiKVA',, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, at 
 the raov ch of the river Girvan,- which forms 
 a tolerable harbour. It is 16 miles S. S. W, of 
 the borough of Ayr. 
 
 GisBORouGH, or GuiSBOROUQH, a town in 
 North Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. 
 It 18 celebrated for being the first place where 
 alum was made, as it was formerly for its fine 
 aobey. It is 22 miles N. W. of Whitby. 
 
 Gisosn, a town of France, in the department 
 of Eure; seated on the Ept; 28 miles S. E. of 
 Rouen. 
 
 GiTSCHiN, a town of Bohemia, which mif- 
 fered greatly during the long war of the Swedes 
 in Germany. It is 22 mUes S. W. of Kon- 
 ingsgratz. 
 
 GiuLA, or GuLiEST, a strong town of Upper 
 Hungary, on the frontiers of Transylvania and 
 the river Keresblau; 30 mUes E. of Great Wara- 
 din. Long. 20. 40. E. lat. 46. 40. N. 
 • GiHLA Ndova, a town of Naplefc, in Abrum 
 Ultenore ; near the Gulf of Venice : 13 miles 
 N. ofAtri. 
 
 GiOLUNi, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara 
 ou a craggy rock; 12 miles N. N. E. of Xacca! 
 or Siacca. 
 GiusTEHDiL, See Kostendiu 
 Gi VET, a fortified and frontier town of France 
 m the department of Ardennes ; divided by the 
 Meuse into two parts, Givet Saint Hilaire, and 
 Givet Notre Dame; the former situate at the 
 foot of a mountain close by Charlemont, and 
 the other on the opposite side of the river. It 
 18 15 miles N. E, of Rocroy. Pop. 3533. 
 
 GxzEH, a fortified town of Egypt, with a 
 palace, several mosques, a cannon foundery, and 
 a manufacture of coarse earthen pots and tiles. 
 A few miles to the S. W. are the largest pyra- 
 mids in the country. Gizeh was taken from the 
 trench, by the British, in 1801. It stands on 
 the left bank of the Nile, nearly opposite Cairo. 
 Gladbach, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Juliers, with a Benedictine abbey. It has 
 manufactures of fine strong luien, and is seated 
 on the Ners; 18 miles N. of Juliers. Poo 
 about 6000. ^ 
 
 Gladenbach, a town of Germany, in Upper 
 Hesse; 12 miles N. of Giessen. 
 
 Glammis, a town of Scotland, in Angus- 
 shire, with manufectures of yarn and linen 
 cloth. Near it, on the banks of the Dean, is 
 Glammis Castle, a laige edifice, in which Mal- 
 colm II. was murdered. 
 
 Glamoroanshire, the extreme S. E. county 
 of Wales; bounded on the S. for about 50 miles 
 by the Bristol Channel, on the E. by the county 
 of Monmouth, N. by Brecknock, "and W. by 
 Carmarthenshire. It contains 792 square miles 
 of sur&ce, or about 506,880 acres; is divided 
 
 into ten hundreds, and 124 parishes; has on* 
 city, and five market towns; and sends two 
 members to parliament. On the N. side it ia 
 mountainous ; but, being more level on the S. 
 side, it there bears largo crops of com and very 
 Bweet grass. Cattle abound in all parts, thera 
 being fruitful valleys among the mountains, that 
 yield very good pasture. The quantity of butter 
 with which it supplies the Bristol market is 
 very considerable. In the N. part of the 
 county are the most extensive iron works in 
 the world, (see Mertuyu Tvdvil;) copper and 
 lead also abound, (see Swansea.) The county 
 is intersected from N. to S. by several rtreams 
 of water, and by three canals, and numerous 
 rmkoads, by which the heavy products of the 
 mines and forges are conveyed to the coast. 
 Cardiff is tue assize town, but Merthyr TydvU 
 is the most populous, and Swansea the most 
 important town in the county; the other towns 
 of note at» Neath, Lantrissant, Cowbridire, and 
 Llandaff. ' ^ 
 
 Glandfordbridob, or fiRioa, a town in 
 Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday, and 
 a good trade in com, coal, and timber. It is 
 seated on the Ancholm, which is navigable for 
 sloops to the Humber; 23 miles N. of Lincoln. 
 Glanworth, a town in Ireland, county of 
 Cork. Five fairs are held here annually. 
 
 GtABis, or Glarus, a canton in Switzerland; 
 bounded on the N. by the rivera Linth, Grisons, 
 and kke of Wallenstadt; E. by the canton of 
 Sarganr^ the canton of Uri, end W. by that of 
 Schweitz. It is a mountainous country; and 
 the chief trade is in cattle, cheese, and butter. 
 The inhabitants, amounting to 22,800, are partly 
 protestants and partly catholics; and both sects 
 live together in the greatest harmony. Glarus is 
 surrounded by the Alps, except toward the N, ; 
 and there is no other entrance but throuah Uiia 
 opening, which lies between the lake of Wallen- 
 stadt, and the mountains separating this canton 
 from that of Schweitz. 
 
 Glaris, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 preceding canton, is surrounded by mountains, 
 and seated on the river Linth. It has manu- 
 fectures of cloth, and a trade in cattin horses 
 cheese, slates, and wooden ware; S2 r s s. E.* 
 of Zurich. 
 
 Glasgow, a large and populous city of Scot- 
 land, in Lanarkshire. From its extent, beauty, 
 regularity, and modem improvements, it is 
 undoubtedly the second, if not the first city in 
 North Britain. The four principal streets, 
 which intersect each other at right angles, 
 divide the city neariy into four equal parts. 
 The high church, the most magnificent Gothic 
 structure -in Scotland, St. Andrew's church, 
 St. Enoch's church, the Tron church, the 
 college, the tontine, and trades'-hall, are some 
 of the principal buildings in Glasgow. The 
 town-house is an elegant building, with a piazza 
 in front ; and opposite to it is the exchange, a 
 square building, with an equestrian btatue of 
 William III. in the centre. The toll-booth, 
 the guild-hall, and the theatre, are also worthy 
 of notice. There are several charitable esta- 
 blishments; particularly the Merchants' Hospi- 
 
 M 
 
1 parishes; has on* 
 ns; and sends two 
 )n the N. side it is 
 lore level on the S. 
 ps of com and very 
 
 in all parts, there 
 the mountains, that 
 e quantity of butter 
 
 Bristol market is 
 I N. part of the 
 live iron works in 
 'DviL;) copper and 
 SKA.) The county 
 by several ctreams 
 tls, and numerous 
 vy products of the 
 yed to the coast. 
 ,t Merthyr Tydvil 
 Swansea the most 
 r; the other towns 
 it, Cowbndge, and 
 
 >Rioo, a town in 
 on Thursday, and 
 ind timber. It is 
 ch is navigable for 
 iles N. of Lincoln, 
 reland, county of 
 re annually, 
 on in Switzerland ; 
 are Linth, Grisons, 
 
 by the canton of 
 ind W. by that of 
 }us country; and 
 lease, and butter. 
 22,800, are partly 
 C8; and both sects 
 umony. Glarus is 
 pt toward the N, ; 
 
 but throueh '.iiis 
 e lake of Wallen- 
 rating this canton 
 
 nd, capital of the 
 9d by mountains, 
 ._ It has manu- 
 in cattiH horses, 
 •e; 82 r s S. E. 
 
 lous city of Scot- 
 a extent, beauty, 
 rov>3ment8, it is 
 t the first city in 
 >rincipal streets, 
 at right angles, 
 JUT equal parts, 
 [ignificent Gothic 
 ndrew's church, 
 on church, the 
 I'-hall, are some 
 
 Gla^ow. The 
 ng, with a piazza 
 the exchange, a 
 estriun utatue of 
 
 The toll-booth, 
 , are also worthy 
 
 charitable esta- 
 erchants' Hospi- 
 
 GLA 
 
 &"^ !5^ f '''" *'"'"' •"'^ * ^'•«« fc«™.ry. 
 Mere IS also a monument. 146 feet hiah L 
 
 the Green of Gla^ow, to the memory ^fth" 
 
 gal ant Nelson, fhe univerdty. Tstkuted i^ 
 
 1450, 18 constantly imreashig i renutetli^ 
 
 It consists of a chancellor, «Sor Cn ^ 
 
 onet' f ''"?"P'^; """^ 1« F°f«»^". of which 
 ♦T» "/"^'a«'. four for theology, five for 
 
 ttre'a lTS!'''^r^ ".bJec^corectS 
 aril uu' u *® °*'*^" fo' the feculty of 
 arts. It has been greatly enriched in the ma^ht 
 
 SSeJTX'be W^ '''"^ °^^"« !''^ 
 ♦,„ 1 .• ^/- Wobert Simson, author of the 
 
 anTl^!^'^"°?' "'^ * '"'""'"on of rare ^oks 
 *"5 "J^nu^cnpts, in everjr department of sci- 
 
 left h's e?to„i,v«^"^ """*^'' '^''" ''«'' "loo 
 Gksff w S "^J?^"" ^ '•'^ university of 
 
 Wn^nt^ i""'' '^ "'«'«»"* building hM 
 neen erected, contains a collection of aLll7 
 coraK insects, and fossils, made by the late 
 Dr. Fothergill, and a caWnet of mXu wid 
 
 oTh^Cdtr' '"°'^T.'*''« "'o^comp^tJ 
 o the kind in Europe. The observatory is well 
 fitted up and supplied with the most imwoTal 
 nstruments tu the use of the profeMor^Dmc 
 
 L SoTti^snt^f "%^ 1 
 
 withniit AiOiZ^i ^-vaaoa, n is not maintamed 
 Tnd lt»? ?-*^:. ^^'^^> next to London 
 the Britliri' "•* •* °""' commercial place i" 
 
 extent anHi^nT'**""' •^l'^ >" raanufacturmg 
 extent and importance, it is only exceeded h» 
 Manchester and Leedn. th^ „,:»» ' *'*'-^«" "Y 
 employ. « la4\ttt,rs? ^T'TZ 
 
 Kc?EC„l^*"'"""«' •'^^'"«'«'-'"« 
 drin, m=„v ™PPOrt numerous iron foun- 
 
 whLh rJ r '"'^'r'^'Z *<'•' '" a^Jd^'ion to 
 nes, &c. Glasgow was originally one narwli 
 but ,s now, for the benefit of the poor and^^' 
 of ministers divided into 12, ^th m many 
 churches, and several chapels of ^ mTnl 
 mero,« meeting houses tor Dissenteis The 
 
 Clvde S^7 "f^^ °" *•>« N. bank of the 
 Clyde, the suburbs extending to the opposite 
 
 stn'e Thf '•' '^ "^. «'^»"t brK of 
 SV T^® ."''®' "" navigable for ves^lg of 
 eight fee water, as far as the bridge; but larger 
 
 thTmouttf.lf'''^ ^'^°''' «« G;eenock?a 
 the mouth of the river, to unload. There is a 
 
 ^^T»r'7' K'lr "''"'•'' *"d Ayr 7t haS 
 S^t .^n„? n*^ • °^*^*' «»"'^''. beside the 
 great canal that joins the Clyde ti the Forth 
 
 S XJp it "^"^ ^- °' Edinburgh, and 60 
 fa o^VLr ^^= ^'ir^" distance from London 
 IS only 348 imles, the route of the mail, 404. 
 Glasgow Poet. See Port Glasgow. 
 
 „ ^L'^?"^'!^''' ? *°^ of Somersetshire, with 
 a market on Tuesday; it ia seated near a high 
 
 t^Lt „?"'•"• ^^^ ^'"■' ""^ ^«"'°»'' fo' «n abbe?, 
 that occupied an area of 60 acres, of which soine 
 
 Sen' wl^ r ^.f " ""''•" ' particu£;Z 
 Jutchen which is the most entire, and of a very 
 unusual contrivance. The George Inn w^ 
 SlS ^^h^'P''^^^^' 'be accom'modaUon of 
 pUgruM who came to the abbey, and to the 
 
 837 
 
 GLO 
 
 iort.h*„f A^'" !t P^'^n-Jed, wa. planted by 
 Joseph of Arimathea, and blossomed on Christ- 
 S Jo^^h „f T- •'^*? P'^^'ended, that the bodies 
 Fdy^A A'T^^^' "* ^^"» Arthur, and of 
 lidward the Contessor, were buried here' The 
 ks abbot of this place was hanged on the Top 
 of the Tor. by order of Henry VIII., for not 
 iS"tZi','«'".? »"" supremacy^ and on this hH 
 IL r\' T^u** ^'T " * landmark to sea- 
 ™!n"«.*:''"*°",'""^ ^ ^^^ «=hurche., and a 
 manufacture of worsted stockings. It is seated 
 
 road to Exeter, and 124 W. by S. of London. 
 
 ULATZ, a sovereign county of Germany. Ivinir 
 ^!:TJ^ l"^"' Bohemia, 'and Moravi^V^u"? 
 
 InH 9^ K*'^."?""'^."'' " » 40 miles long 
 and 25 broad; has mines of coal, copper, an! 
 iron, good quarries of marble and stone and 
 fine springs of mineral waters. In 1742 it wm 
 
 S^le '^'i^'"« "'Z'^^' hy the 4u enTf 
 rf^Z' ""f " T ^**!?"'* « part of Silesia? 
 ULATz, a strong town of SUesia. capital of fh« 
 county of Glatz ; seated on the\Tof a h^U 
 by the river Neiss. On the top of the hill i.' 
 an ancient castle, and a new citlideL In 1 742 
 
 ind bT?^*^^ 't''"^ ""y capituVtion. 
 and m 1760 the Austnans took it by storm 
 
 but restored it in 1763. It is sixt^ mi™s' 
 
 S. S. W. of Breslnu, and 90 E. N. E of 
 
 Prague. Long. 16. 32. E. lat. fiO. 18. N 
 
 Glacchau, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- 
 
 na, with considerable man^actures of coU^ 
 
 milesS. by E.ofLeipgig. ' 
 
 Gleiwitz, a town of Silesia, noted for the 
 
 ruins of a Franciscan friary. ' 
 
 „-^^'','l*i-0''CH, a parish of Ireland, county 
 hl3'f 'Tk- ^^" magnificent glen is cell 
 ^^^ «"-.,'he ruins of its seven churchee, and 
 a noble piUar tower ; for the beautiful sceneS 
 of lake, mountmn and wood, overhung by lofty 
 summits, and the interesUng legendai? histor? 
 Glenelo, a parish in Scotland, shire of iT 
 
 of Gran'tf ""* ^^"^ ""° °^ '^""' *° *''« ^r 
 
 BhS^'^i'^J' u""^/^ Scotland, in Wigton- 
 Bhire, with a harbour for small vessels. 
 Glooau, or Gnoss Glogau, a town of Silesia 
 
 S^- ''^ " P^'^'Pality of' the same name' 
 which 18 very fertile, and produces wine. The 
 
 by the ot/° wK ^f '"^'^'y "'-^ "'o" 
 oy the Uder, which has since chanced its 
 
 cou«e, and now flows above a mile from t. 
 
 Besides the Papists, there are a greal number 
 
 S'^fl.*""* • '".'^ ^''"- " ^as taken Tthe 
 king of Prussia, in 1741. It is 60 miles N, W 
 of Breslau. Long. 16. 14. E. lat. 51. 38 N 
 ULOGAU, Little, a town of Silesia wifh' « 
 
 3S:vS°p;e\r '«^°-'' -™" =» 
 
 Glommen, the largest river of Norway, in the 
 
 NoTl"^ H'^'J"'^'' *'"«»' flow?fnt^the 
 North Sea at Frederickstadt. At least 50 000 
 
GLO 
 
 338 
 
 GOA 
 
 Glomop, a pamh of Derbyihire, which oon- 
 ttiM IB wownships and hamleU. It is 8 milci 
 N. ofChapel-in-le-ftith. 
 
 Olouckstershibe, a county of England ; CO 
 niUes long and 29 broad; bounded on the W. 
 bv Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, N. by 
 Worcesterehire, E. by Warwickuhire and Ox- 
 fordshire, and S. by Wiltshire and Somerset- 
 shire. It contains 805,120 acres; i* divided 
 into 23 hundreds, has two cities, and 23 mar- 
 ket-towns. The air is sharp in the E. or hilly 
 part, called the Coteswold ; but very mild in 
 the rich vale that occupies the centre, through 
 which the river Severn flows. The W. part, 
 which is the smallest district, is varied by hill 
 and dale, and is chiefly occupied by the forest 
 of Dean. Tho staple commodities of the 
 county are its woollens and cheese. Its prin- 
 cipal nvers are the Severn, Warwickshire Avon 
 Lower Avon. Wye, Thames, Coin, and Lech 
 Uie Severn and Thames are united by a canal. 
 Iho principal manufacturing towns are Stroud- 
 ■water, Tewkesbury, and Wootton-under-edge. 
 and the other places of note, besides the capi- 
 tal and city of Bristol, are Cheltenham, Ciren- 
 cester, and Dursley. The county sends four 
 members to parliament for the E. and W. divi- 
 sions. 
 
 Gloucester, a city and capital of the pre- 
 ceding county, with a market on Wednesday 
 and Saturday. It sends two members to par- 
 liament. It IS a county of itself, governed by a 
 mayor, and seated on the E. side of the Severn 
 where, by two streams, it makes the isle of 
 ^u T ,i* V^ fortifiod with a wall, which 
 Charles II. after the Restoration ordered to be 
 demolished. The four principal streets have 
 their junction in the cent'e of the town It 
 once contained 11 churches, but now has 'only 
 two beside the cathedral, in which is a lai«e 
 cloister, a whispering gallery, and the tombs of 
 Itobert, duke of Normandy, and Edward IL 
 it has five hospitals, two free-schools, and a 
 large county jail. It has four extensive esta- 
 blishments for the manufacture of pins, and is 
 a great mart for wool, and there are 12 incor- 
 porated trading companies. Ships come up 
 the Severn to the bridge; but the navigation 
 being circuitous and diflicult, a canal is made 
 hence to Berkeley, with sufficient depth of 
 water for ships of 400 tons burthen, at the 
 head of which is a basin, fit for the reception 
 of 100 vessels. Berkeley is distant from Glou- 
 cester 15 miles. The city and neighbourhood 
 contain many remains of abbeys; and those of 
 Lantony Abbejr, in the S. suburb, are cop- 
 verted into outhouses belonging to adjacent 
 farms. Gloucester is 24 miles N. E. of Bris- 
 tol. and^l04 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Gloucester, a county of the state of New 
 Jereey, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to 
 Delaware River, a distance of 60 miles, and is 
 about 20 in mean breadth, giving a superficies 
 of 1200 square miles. It is divided into 12 
 townships. Fop. 25,438. 
 
 Gloucester, a maritime county of Virginia- 
 bounded on Oie S. W. by York River and 
 Chesapeake Bay. It contains about 300 square 
 
 miles. Population, 10,715. The chief town, 
 of the same name, stands on a point of land on 
 the N. s.de of the mouth of York River; 17 
 miles N. E. of York town, and 70 E. by S. of 
 Richmond. 
 
 Gloucester, a seaport of Massachusets, in 
 £«ex county, and on the peninsula of Cnpe 
 Ann, which forms the N, side of Massachusets 
 •Oay. Ihe harbour is accessible for large ships, 
 and defended by a battery and citadel. I is 
 one of the most considerable fishing tow;is in 
 the United States: it is 16 miles N. E of 
 Salem. Long. 70. 40. W. lat. 42. 36." N. 
 x^op, 6350. 
 
 Gluckstadt, a seaport of Lower Saxony, 
 capital of the duchy of Holstein, with a strong 
 castle. It has a considerable .'oreign trade, the 
 principal branch of which is the whale fishery. 
 It 18 seated on the Elbe, near its mouth; 28 
 miles N. W. of Hamburgh. Long. £>. 20 E 
 lat. 53. 51. N. B- • •" 
 
 Glynn, or Glinn, a town of Ireland, county 
 of Limerick; seated on the river Shanr.oii. 
 
 Glynn, a maritime cou.ity of the ntate of 
 Georgia, comprising about 350 square miles of 
 territory. Brunswick, the chief town, is 70 
 miles S. by W. of Savannah. 
 
 Gnesen, or Gnesna, in Prussian Poland, 
 contains an archbishop's see, whose prelate was 
 primate of Poland. It was the first town built 
 Jn the kingdom, and formerly more consider- 
 fcble than at present. It is 98 miles N. by E. 
 of Breslnu, and 145 W. by N, of Warsaw. 
 Long. 17. 40. E. lat. 52. 28. N. 
 
 GoA, a city of Ilindostan, in the Concan, 
 and the capital of the Portuguese settlements 
 in India. It stands on the N. bide of an island, 
 22 miles long and 6 broad, formed by the river 
 %ndova, which is capable of receiving the 
 largest ships. The viceroy's palace was a noble 
 building; but this, as well as the city at larce 
 is very much on the decline. The inhabitants 
 are contented with greens, fruits, and roots, 
 which, with a little bread, rice, and fish, is their 
 principal diet, though they have hogs and fowls 
 in plenty. Their religion is the Roman Catho- 
 lie, and the clergy are numerous and illiterate. 
 In this pbce was one of the last refuges of the 
 mquisitioii; a description of which is given in 
 Dr. Buchanan's Christian Researches. Goa 
 has few manufactures or productions, the best 
 trade being in arrack, which is distiUed from 
 the sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is 
 defended by several forta and batteries. It is 
 250 miles S. by E. of Bombay. Long. 73. 45. 
 x.. lat. 15. 31. N. 
 
 GoALPARA, a town of Hindostan, at the 
 JN. l!i extremity of Bengal, where the Eu- 
 ropeans have factors, who carry on a great 
 trade with Assam, Bootan, Thibet, &c. It 
 stands on the E. bank of the Brahmapootra- 
 38 miles E. of Rangamatty. 
 
 GoAR, St., a small town of Germany, for- 
 merly the capital of the lower county of Catsen- 
 ellenlogen. It is seated on the Rhine, under 
 the stupendous rock and castle of Rheinfels, 
 which It surrendered to the French, in 1794. 
 It IS 25 miles S. of Coblentz. 
 
 fi 
 
 J I 
 
GOA 
 
 ■ Goats, Oiiand, a town of St. Domingo near 
 LtgaT;:""- '' " '' '-'•- S- S. W of 
 
 the^rVl? ^J"A^' " •*"!'*"* "f S'- Domingo, in 
 the Gulf of Gonaves, and the mart to ^ ch 
 the t^dcrs ,n G«„„l Goave, and other pTnce? 
 
 oTport':rprr '""• " " '' ""- ^ "^• 
 
 coa^t^r/'th*^ aT."'7 "I®"""' ^''"»' «" the 
 coast ot tho Atlantic, between the country of 
 
 dav^s m. Ji f ""^ T" " "'"»'«J "bout 
 oay 8 journey from tho sea. The nrincinnl 
 
 S'UV'^ '"'""'''^'' «•"•"■»• in TpS 
 GoBi.v, St. &eFERE. 
 
 riPv»f "' * It "^ Germany, in the duchy of 
 Cleves, seated on tho Niers; 6 miles S.^of 
 
 GociANo P, town of Sardinia, capital of « 
 county of the same name, with a'c^fe. Lfed 
 on the Chirso; 25 miles E. of Algheri^^' 
 
 )c.?n^fT^' " '":" '" ^"'"'y. with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, and manufactures of stocking 
 
 Ss's W ^Pr'-u? 'i"** wveml streams; 4 
 rn^", o*^ Guildford, and 34 of London 
 GoDAVERy.ariverof Hindostan, which has 
 
 to tiie JV. K of Bombay. In the upper part nf 
 Its course u is esteemed a sacred r^ver by he 
 
 Offirom^'!^: ^rCLtT^fst 
 and, receiving the Bain about 90 mi es fhot' 
 the sea, divides into two principal ™annels a? 
 Rajamundry; and these subdividing Z"n form 
 nltogether several tide harbours, for ve^ks Tf 
 Bw o7n ''"t^'r"/ '■** different mouthsX the 
 aboVe7oo'3i; ^''.'""'^ « estimated to K 
 Timilf . K T^^^' ^"'^ extensive forests of teak 
 nmber border on its banks, within the moun- 
 
 nines S.*E.°of"Brunn.'"' "' *'' ^"^^^^ 3« 
 fi„*l'"""u?'^"^''*^'*' " corporate town in Hun 
 fr Out'' ifr' fr H-« Jon V the 
 which v1!m '^f^'fd "' a rich fertile soil, 
 which yields great plenty of corn. When 
 
 iTt-. -."""^ *'""°"8'^ •' f^om Scotland the 
 inhabitants met him with 70 ploui^hs! dmwn 
 V "\«««"y team of horses; for Which n^I^ 
 •'«'" .''^pnn^ed them a charten HereTa 
 
 eS ?^"1 '!'" ^'^ g^an'niar-school of QuLn 
 El^abeth. It is &9 miles N. by W. of lS 
 
 LondoTTC^"™"'" ^""^^' 20 miSom 
 iionaon. Here is a quarry of freestone 
 
 thedrds" :?,«?f • S 4-" '--"he Ne- 
 iiierianas, m the island South BbvpTitkI i* 
 
 cor •=%£?"? '^^P^rticlrirK; ani 
 com The great churcli was burnt down in 
 
 'ome'rctur^iroS'''- 'T''-" "« ^""d" 
 "''""ure. It communicates with the 
 
 329 
 
 OOL 
 
 Scheldt by a canal, and is 10 miles P «/ mm 
 
 dloburg. Long. 8. «„. E. lat. Tl .I3V ^^ 
 
 GOOARD, a town of Sweden in P "ri I1.1 . 
 
 withTgo^Sh^aL^^t'^h"' '" ^r™'- 
 
 by W. of Ahmedabad. Long. ^7 1. 63. e£ at. 
 
 ftnmT^' r"' ^^R^E^. " ri^er which issuet 
 from LakeLankee. in Tihflt nn,i ''"^".'"".^ 
 
 26.^4 N °^ '^«™- ^°"8. 70. 44. E. lal! 
 
 sirrs^rnt's'^s'-^^'p^^^^^^^ 
 ^tta:;rA"uLS:."re\trh'r"'^ 
 
 revenues, arising f%m the p operties o? Jd 
 customs of merchandises, and provis on. ll h. ' 
 
 ^^■Ks-r^£-^SS 
 
 SM£rK=iSriJ:=fS 
 
 district In some districts th^7nhrbiS"have 
 
 yearly two crops of rice, and several othe? S 
 
 of gram. Hydembad is the capTal ' '""'^ 
 
 GOLCONDA. a fortress of Hindostan in »i,„ 
 
 Gold Coast, a maritime country of Giiino» 
 where the Europeans have sevcml f.Ho 1' 
 S WT-P \' " about"220 mil TLZt 
 
 VX knd^' ^^"''" '^" "^«" Ancobar a'nd 
 Volta ; and includes several districts in which 
 are two or three towns or villazes IvinL nn Ik 
 
 Chang. „,h «h.„ fc, ^. yZ^iZ 
 
GOL 
 
 3S0 
 
 OOP 
 
 torn, and palm oil. Mort of the inhabitants 
 go naked, and thoM who are beat clothed hare 
 only Mme yarda of atuff wrapped about their 
 middle. 
 
 OoLDDCRG, a town of Sile»in, in the prin- 
 cipality of Ligniti. It haa manufucturei of 
 woollen and linen, and in •ented at the foot of a 
 mountain, on the riter Katzbach ; 1 1 miles 
 S. W. of LigniU, and 60 W. of Breslau. Pop. 
 about GOOO. 
 
 GoLDrNOBN, a town of the duchy of Cour- 
 land, with a caalle, formerly the residence of 
 the dukes. It is seated on the Wela, about 
 18 miles from the shore of the Baltic, and 60 
 miles W. of Mittau. Long. 22. 21. E. lat. 66. 
 4«. N. 
 
 OoLRTA, or OouLKiTK, a fortreaa of Tunis, 
 on a narrow channel, between the Lake of Tunis 
 and the sea. In 1636 it was taken by Charles 
 V. when he attempted the siege of Tunis, and 
 kept by the Spaniards till 1674, when it was 
 taken from them by Selim II. 
 
 GoLLiNO, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Salzburg; 14 miles S. by E. of Salzburg. 
 
 GoLNiiz, or GcKLANiTZ, a populous town 
 of Upper Hungary; 26 miles if. N. W. of 
 Raschan. 
 
 CtoLNow, a town of Pomerania ; seated on 
 the Ihna ; 14 miles N. E. of Stettin. 
 
 GoLSPiB, a town of Scotland, Sutherland- 
 shire; principally inhabited by fishermen and 
 manu&cturers of kelp ; 288 miles from Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 GuHBRooN, or Gambroon, a seaport of La- 
 ristan, in Persia, called by the natives Bunder 
 Abbasi. The best houses are built of brick, 
 flat at the top, with a square turret ; but the 
 common people have huts, made with the 
 boughs of palm-trees, and covered with leaves. 
 It is now reduced to a low condition. Long. 
 56. 10. E. lat, 27. 18. N. 
 
 GoHERA, one of tiie Canary Islands; 20 miles 
 long and 10 broad. It has a town of the same 
 name, with an excellent harbour, where the 
 Spanish ships often take in refreshments. Long. 
 17. 8. W. lat. 28. 6. N. 
 
 GoMMERN, a town of Upper Saxony, with a 
 castle, situate near the Elbe ; 7 miles S. E. of 
 Magdeburg. 
 
 GoMHERSAL, a town of Yorkshire : 6 miles 
 W. of Huddersfield. 
 
 GoMAVE, 8 seaport of the island of St. Do- 
 mingo, in the Gulf of Gonaves, with an excel- 
 lent harbour. Here is a medicinal spring, with 
 baths, and accommodatians for visitors. It is 
 30 miles S. E. of St. Nicholas-le-Mole. Long. 
 72. 26. W. lat. 19. 36. N. 
 
 GoNATEs, Gulf of, is formed by two pro- 
 montories, jutting from the W, end of the island 
 of St. Domingo; it is about 100 miles wide at its 
 entrance between Capes St. Nicholas-le-Mole 
 and Donna Maria, and extends eastward about 
 100 miles, terminating in Port-au-Prince Bay, 
 which is formed by the island of Gonave, about 
 35 miles from E. to W. and 5 to 7 wide ; tht 
 N. side into Port-au-Prince Bay is called St. 
 J&rk's Channel, and the S. Gonaves Channel. 
 GONDAB, the metropolis of Abyssinia; situate 
 
 on a hill of considerable height. The palaee of 
 the negui, or king, is at the W. end, flnnkod 
 with squara towers. The houses are chiefly of 
 clay ; the rooft thatched in the form of cones. 
 The inhabitants are estimated at 40,000. They 
 have no shops, but carry on their trade in a 
 largo square, whore they expose their merchan- 
 dise upon mats. There are numerous churches, 
 and the patriarchate depends upon that of Alex- 
 andria It is HID miles S. E. of Scnnaar. Long. 
 87. 33. E. lat. 12, 34. N. 
 
 GoNDEOAMA, or GomLACoinu, a river of 
 Hindostan, which rises near Combam, forma 
 the nominal boundary c' the Camatic, on the 
 N., and enters the Bay f Bengal at Moota- 
 pilly. 
 
 GoNDREcouRT, a town of France, jn the de- 
 partment of Meuse ; seated on the Omain ; 20 
 miles S. of St, Michael, 
 
 GoNDREViLLE, a town of France, in the d»< 
 partment of Meurtho, with a castle and a magni- 
 ficent hospital. It is seated on a hill on th* 
 river Moselle ; 8 miles W. of Nancy. 
 
 GoNESSB, a town of France in the department 
 of Seine-et-Oise; seated on the Crould; 10 miles 
 N,E. of Paris. 
 
 GoMEH, a town of Asiatic Turkey, at the 
 S. E. extremity of the Black Sea, in the lat. of 
 41. 26. and 41. 16. of E. long. 
 
 GoNJAH, a kingdom of Africa, between the 
 coast of Guinea on the S. and Tombuctoo 
 on the N. Gonjah, the capital, is 870 miles 
 W. by S. of Cassina. Long. 6. 10. W. lat. 18. 
 20. N. 
 
 GoNONO Api, an island of the South Pacific, 
 in the Banda group. It has an active volcano 
 with two peaks, 1510 feet high, and is feitile. 
 Goochland, a county of Virginia, on the N. 
 bank of the James river, above Richmond. 
 Good Hope. See Cape of Good Hope. 
 Goodwin Sands, sand-banks off the coast of 
 Kent, between the N. and S. Foreland. They 
 run parallel with the coast for 10 miles, at about 
 7 miles distance, and add to the security of the 
 oipacious road, the Downs ; and on then two 
 life beacons have been erected by Captain Bul- 
 lock, 1840—1842. 
 
 GooMSUB, a town of Hindostan, North Cir- 
 cars ; 60 miles W. of Juggemauth, in an un- 
 healthy district of the same name. Pop. 70,000. 
 GooMTT, a river of Hindostan, which rises 
 in the Robilla country, flows S. E, by Lucknow 
 and Joanpore, and enters the Ganges a little 
 below Benares. 
 
 GooRACPOOB, a town and distriqt of Hin- 
 dostan, in the province of Oude; 65 miles B. of 
 Fyzabad. 
 
 GooTT, a town and fortress of Hindostan; 
 capital of a district of the same name, on the N. 
 side of the Pennar ; formerly subject to the 
 regent of Mysore, but ceded to the nizam of the 
 Deccan in 1796. It is 46 mUes S. S. W. of 
 Canoul, Long. 77, 48. E, lat. 16. 16. N. 
 
 GoppiNGEN, a town of Suabia, in the king- 
 dom of Wirtembeig, with a castle, a woollen 
 manufacture, and a celebrated medicinal spring. 
 It stands on the rivulet Vils ; 22 miles & £. of 
 Stutgard. Fop. upwards of 4000. 
 
GOR 
 
 *^'^"n K'of°M °^"i^'^<«'•". in Bengal , 
 '"iJ- ?J Mo°"»'«lubad. Long. 89:22: 
 
 331 
 
 GOT 
 
 »4mil«i 
 
 E. lat. 25. 14. N. 
 G0BIUL8, a parkh of Scotland, Lanarkihire 
 
 and 11 connected with it by a bridpe """*°*» 
 GoRcuM a town of South Holland, which hiu 
 
 Wahal°2?^iW%?.' ''• junction with the 
 Amlterdal™'" ^^ "' '^"*"^'"' """^ «» 8. of 
 GoEK Island, an iaiand in the Pacific Ocean 
 J» named by Captain Cook, who Sve^t' 
 
 be barren and uninhabited. Cape Upr ght, the 
 
 S. of Cape Verd, of importance onlv as kn 
 almost impregnable mUitary po«°?on tZ 
 
 was takon in January 1804, by the French- ind 
 m"^ r«;« wmpelled to mirender it Sn^n 
 March following , but it wa. given upTthem 
 
 lat.*U.To!N.''''''°"'''- ^*"'»' l^'2fi-^ 
 
 GoREE, or 60EREE. a town of Hnii...j 
 capital of an island of 'the ^2 name Jt the 
 Ts W 7T- f ^« Maese. It ^12 mt 
 
 GoKBr. &« Newborouoh. 
 
 GoRoowA, a small island of Italy ; 16 mile, 
 from the coast of Tuscany, opposite to LeZm 
 near^ which large q-iantlUeJ^Pof anchoZTe 
 
 miies from the coast of Co bmbia. It is hiah 
 land very woody, and about 10 m1l«i?n 1 
 
 GoRiTz, or GoHiHA, a town of tho Ai«»ri„n 
 
 StV „^r,^ «:«M}«den«blemanufac ures of 
 leather, and the environs produce wine fruit 
 corn and sUk. In 1797 it was Lken by ffi 
 
 t?« of 'Fr u^'^o'^m'^J'^'"''' »" "he frSn! 
 40 W nf T i V^ "^'^ ^- ^- °f Palma. and 
 40W.ofLaubach. &« Gradisca. 
 
 ««m»'''^*°A' •'*° *^P'**' °^ " «=»"ntry of the same 
 
 SVwTf'r ^ *''".^"^«" of^NepaulHI 
 miles W. W. of Catmujdu, and 200 N. of Be- 
 nares. Long. 84. 36. E. lat. 28. 25. N 
 GoRLiTz a strong town in Upper Lusatia 
 
 a^ 'abov? Wo "a^?"^- ^he' -"'^nt' 
 ir«^^t V ^ -•""?' """^ **"y on a considerable 
 i^tt "U'"^" '^"'^ '''^"en cloth. It is seated 
 on the Neissa ; 50 miles E. by N. of DreS 
 
 us neighbourhood are the ruins of Kilmacduach 
 monastery, and a pillar tower It hn. t „ • 
 derable trade. ^"^ 'ower. It has a consi- 
 
 GoscHUTz. a town of Silesia, with a cnstl^. 
 n^r the frontiers of Poland ;' iriire^''"!^!':^ 
 
 Goshen, a town of New YorK, chief of 
 
 Onraae county; 56 mil.. N. of th. city of New 
 GosuEN, a town of ConnecUout. in I iphfl«M 
 
 There are two or three other towns of the 
 
 sutLTiS'ltmrL^ "'"'•' ^"''^ 
 
 G08LAR, a c-ty of Lower Saxonr. in th» («m- 
 
 2./ ^T""'"^' " deriv^iC prindS 
 subsistence fom the neighbouring iron min^ 
 
 Mure Ih. art of making gunpowder is .aid to 
 have .x.en discovered by a monk. It i. seated 
 on .he river Gose. at the foot of a mou3? 
 
 WW VoZfr*"?- ''^''' "'P«='''"y in Umi" Jj 
 tZ^I^ contiguity to the naval arsenal at 
 Portsmouth. Here are several brewcrieS. «„ 
 extensive iron-foundry, and Trnvlih^u? 
 called Haslar HospitaMe ScS w'oZS 
 of the royal navy. Itis 15mile!i<? vlta^ 
 ampton, and 73^ W."of Loi®' ^-"'South- 
 
 of ter^— ""t •" GoasMANSTEiN, a town 
 
 «,«„ o ' "' * Pnncipality in Central Ger 
 many, Saxony, comprising the greatest D«rt^/ 
 
 SdVo^ttV^''""^ ""'' "thTrhaeSta 
 order of tho Germanic Confederation. It piXm 
 
 l«n \"I'*'°"' """ganese, iron, cobalL To^? 
 kn stufft. spinning flax, ^d w^ol. ll Cnl 
 
 ^nn\f """^ '"'"'^'y *■"'««. «nd has theS 
 appurtenances of an indep;ndent state m^ 
 exchequer, &c The religion is Lutheran!' Z^ 
 
 dence of the Dukeof Saxe Gotha wh^«« If^" 
 cpntainsa fine library of ISO^Sju^^i'l 
 rich cabinet of coins. Near it i. Th?2 , 
 
 usetul in Germany. Gotha has a foundry for 
 cannon, a porcelain manufacture, and a con«- 
 derable trade in woollens, wood,Md teer It^^ 
 S "" »,\%^«ine, 16 mU^W. "T;* S of 
 I f <A* f.*^ l^ ^'""^ I-^PS'c- Long 10 48 E 
 lat 50. 51. N, Population about 12 000 
 
 thi^^^w' * 'r*' ?f Sweden, which iiues* from 
 
 TrolL^'/f '""?''/ °' ^"^^ Wener, fl^ws by 
 Irolhatta (where it forms a cataract! and nIL?. 
 and enters the Cattegat at Gothenburg" ^"^ 
 „ ?°'h*kd..St.. a celebrated mountain of 
 Switzerland, in the canton of Uri. Ita Xh^f 
 
 sTli^^'Vr 'r *"« '^- 't i?2J'tt 
 
■■ 
 
 GOT 
 
 3a-j 
 
 G U A 
 
 I "I 
 
 !l 
 
 IlvWatlan Alpti fur in iU vicinity riM the rivers 
 Teaino, A«r, liou«t, and Uhone, which flow 
 hsiKW In every direction. 
 
 UuTiiKuuRu, or (toTTRNDURO, a city of 
 Swollen, ca]>itikl of Weit Guthliuid; icitted at 
 the mouth of the (Jothu, which furini un excel- 
 lent harl)our; the h(.u litunted lor foreign trade 
 of any in the kinijiloni, ua it lie* un theCattegut. 
 Here it a conaiilL-ralilu herring Hiihcry, and a 
 Kruut trade in milt, iron, and flr planksi and 
 iVoni this port the SwcdiHh East India ships take 
 tht'ir departure. Tlio inhuhitants are computed 
 at 'JO,U0U, Its environs present a uniform scene 
 uf harrcn rocks, on the sides of which part of the 
 suhurbs are built. The interior of the city re- 
 sembles in some respects the towns of Holland, 
 having canals with lows uf trees along their 
 margin. In lUD'J nearly a fourth part of the city 
 was co:isume<l by a fire. It obtjiined great 
 importance as a commercial dop6t, during the 
 proscription of Uonaparte in )UU7 — Itlll. It is 
 lUU miles b. W. of Urebro. Long. 1 1. 39. E. lal. 
 67. 4i. N. 
 
 Gothland, one of the five general divisions 
 of Sweden; bounduu on the N. by Sweden 
 Proper, E. and 8. by the Italtio, and W. by the 
 Sound and the Cattegat. This country is inluv- 
 Mted by a nation celebrated for their excursions 
 and invasions of other countries, which had its 
 origin from the Ue^ie, or Tartars of the* Crimea. 
 The Uoths had kings uf their own till 1 1 32, when 
 they were united to Sweden. It was formerly 
 divided into East, West, and South Qothland, 
 but now into nine provinces and the isles of 
 Gothland and CEIand. 
 
 GoniLAND, an island of Sweden, in the D.il- 
 ticj 70 miles from N. to S. and '..'5 in its greatest 
 br<>adth. From its form and situation it lias 
 obtained t [iu name of the Jii/e <tf the JJallio. 
 The Ntiil iH fertile, and remarkable fornn excel- 
 lent breed of sheep. Hero are tine woods of 
 oak and pine, quarries of excellent stone, and 
 very good limestone. Wisby is the capital. 
 
 GoTTESUEKO, a town of Silesia, where great 
 quantities of worsted stockings are knit ; 16 
 miles S. W. of Schweidnitz. 
 
 GorriNdEN, a city of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Brunswick. Here George II., of Great 
 Britain, founded a university, which has acquired 
 a very distinguished reputation: and it contains 
 one uf the most capital libraries in Europe. 
 There are also many other literary institutions, 
 and a commandery of the Teutonic order. The 
 woollen manuiactures are the principal support 
 of the inhabitants. It is seated on the Leine; 
 £U miles S. of Hanover. Long. 9. 53. £. lat. 51. 
 32. N. Population about 9000. 
 
 GoTTLENBE, a Small town of Upper Saxony, 
 in Misnia, on a river of the same name; 18 miles 
 S. S. E. of Dresden. 
 
 GoiTORP, a castle of Denmark, formerly the 
 ducal residence, from which the ducal line, 
 formed by Adolphus, son of Frederic I., 
 was denominated Holstein-Gottorp, which still 
 subsists in the person of the emperor of 
 Russia. 
 
 GoTTSCHEB, a town of Lower Caniiola, with 
 a castle; 17 miles N. N. E. of Fiume. 
 
 GovA.N, a town of Scot'and, in Uonfrowshir*, 
 near the river Clyde; A miles >v ' > Ijlungow, la 
 the nianut'actures uf which it particijiutcs. 
 
 GoL'iiA, or Tkuouuw, a strong town of 
 South Holland, /cclelirutcd for its noble church 
 and painted glass winduwii, mijipowtd to be the 
 ftnest ill Europe. Great quuiitiiies uf yum and 
 tow are uiade here, also good checoe, and 
 tobacco- pipes. It is seated un the Issel, at the 
 influx of the Gouw; lU miles N. E. of Uutttr- 
 ditiii. 
 
 GouDUURar, a parish in Kent; 48 milcr fl-om 
 London. It was formerly a market town, but 
 has fallen to decay. 
 
 Goun, the ruins of a city in the province of 
 Bengal; it was the scat uf government of Hin- 
 dostaii, during the Afghan dynasty, fruni 1-J04 
 to 15fi4. It IS un the E. bank of the Gauges; 
 ItiO miles N. of Calcutta. 
 
 GouHDo«f,»a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment uf Lot; '25 miles N. of Cuhors. It is the 
 seat uf a prefect. 
 
 GouRNAY, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment uf Lower Seine; seated on the Eptu; '24 
 miles E. of Itouen. 
 
 GowRAN, u town of Ireland, in thu county of 
 Kilkenny; G(i miles fruin Dublin. 
 
 Guzi, or Gu/zo, an island in tho Mcditcnn- 
 ncan, the ancient Clauda, under which St. i'aul . 
 sailed on his voyage to Ilome. It is '24 untes 
 frum the S. W. cuant of Cundia, and vessels oHen 
 put ii' here for water and provisions Long. '23. 
 41). E. lat. 34.50. N. 
 
 Gozu, a fortified island of the Mediterranean; 
 5 miles N. W. of Malta, and dependent un that 
 island. It <s 8 miles long and 4 broad, and more 
 equally fertile than Malta. 
 
 GuABOW, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Mecklenl)erg, with a castle ; seated on 
 the Elde ; '24 miles S. by E. of Schwerin. 
 
 Graciosa, one of the Azores; 10 miles long 
 and 8 broad. Its produce is wheat, wine, butter, 
 and cheese. The principal place is Plutu. Long 
 27. 58. W. lat. 39. 2. N. 
 
 GRADi8CA,a fortified town of Sclavonia, on the 
 frontiers of Croatia; seated on the Save; 2U miles 
 S. W. of Posegn. Long. 1 8. 39. E. lat. 45. 2 1 . N. 
 
 Gradisca, a strong town of Friuli, on the 
 confines of Corinthia; capital of a county united 
 with Goritz, and a bishop's see. It is seated on 
 the Lisonzo; G miles S. W. of Goritz. Long. 13. 
 32. E. lat. 4(>. 2. N. 
 
 Grado, a town of Italy, in a small island of 
 the same name, on the coast of Friuli; 50 miles 
 E. by N. of Venice. Long. 13. 10. E. lut. 46. 
 46. N. 
 
 Ghapf Retnbt, a district in the territory of 
 the Cape of Good Hope; bounded on the E. by 
 Somerset, N. by that of the Hottentots, S. by 
 Uitenhage, and W. by Beaufort. Population 
 16,000, principally occupied in rearing cattle. 
 
 Grafto.n, a county of the state of New 
 Hampshire; bounded on the W. 56 miles by the 
 Connecticut river, which divides it from the 
 State of Vermont ; it is about 28 miles in mean 
 breadth, and contains a population of 42,311. 
 Haverhill, on the E. bank of the Connecticut, is 
 the chief town. 
 
llonfrowililrt, 
 
 ' lilUKgOW, 111 
 
 i;i|)utci. 
 ng town of 
 nolilu church 
 "hI to Ix' the 
 ■ uf yurii and 
 cht'utie, iiiul 
 u ImvI, lit tlie 
 K of Uuttir- 
 
 18 niilir from 
 .vt town, but 
 
 ) province of 
 
 Dent of iiin- 
 
 f, from l'J04 
 
 tlie Uuugta; 
 
 1 the depart- 
 rs. It in the 
 
 the dcpnrt- 
 Jie Eptuj 24 
 
 thu county of 
 
 10 Meditonii- 
 liich bt. I'liul . 
 t is '2i niiten 
 i vcsaelsotten 
 I Long, 'SX 
 
 cditerrancnn; 
 idcnt on tliut 
 lud, and more 
 
 axony, in the 
 le ; MUtcd on 
 iwerin. 
 
 10 miles long 
 , wine, butter, 
 Plutu. Long 
 
 ivonia, on the 
 iavc;2U miles 
 at. 4.5. 21. N. 
 Viuli, on the 
 county united 
 t is stated on 
 tz. Long. 13. 
 
 nnll island of 
 iuli; 50 miles 
 0. E. lut. 45. 
 
 le territory of 
 on the £. by 
 lentots, S. by 
 Population 
 iring cattle, 
 ate of New 
 5 miles by the 
 it from the 
 miles in mean 
 n of 42,311. 
 Connecticut, is 
 
 OUA 
 
 •«». «nd, iifttT tauin^ f. iv, from the 
 
 '"•J the iX^'JZLXV^T' "",'^« ^• 
 
 <'"to..\n. pZ'linf "S,H''-''"r; ""'"«••". 
 «'") abundant f V • ' '"* "hiof article is 
 
 «ith'*a*L";K;"Tl'* '"'" "' ^^"P- Saxony, 
 
 of cair- ro;r3"Sf""'^°' '"■ '""-n. n. e. 
 •-S"sideT"f rho*°Drder°ff""'i '^""•'' - 
 
 Tournav. ^^tndtr. ].» miles N. K of 
 
 ^.n?tt'hV,[.'„ri„"fr/,''"' •" »*='"■ 
 
 tl'o mountain Be, lnn,n,^' ^\'''f««"on, from 
 
 t-'-Kl. the "outtt'of &h S^'-^t'^' 
 cardme, to Aber<ln«n „ i V ■'^"*f"»> ""d Kin- 
 direction, tImS th: " ■""""' '" " N. W. 
 Bar.tr. and A Sv t^, th?h""r "'I Aberdeen. 
 They like hd m.ml <V '"'''"^ °nnvernoss 
 Moa, Grnrm.il Ta '^""f " «'"«''-' hill, the 
 waited theSoJh of A-r"i''', "''"T ^'«'8''«'"» 
 battle was wTt.o fatal ?'";. ""1^ "'''''" "'° 
 doninns. ^ " ''""' '" "'« brave Calo- 
 
 Londot l^i::irSn.7\ ''' ^^-'J s.?f 
 
 parliament, hut wm d^Wh- 'T° "?'"'*" '« 
 election in] 020. •J^^anchised at the general 
 
 arehbiiy./"^;" ^,^-- I/ungnry. and an 
 *-re8bui;g. Long. 18. 4(7. E. lat 47 \ir k 
 
 ^t! /.J^-r- V"™- X-JAT 
 
 gRANADA. &«GheNADA. 
 
 ki..gdoTrf's;„rpaS°of'7'71' ^"""^rfy a 
 about 270 miles nf L„ '^"Jnlusia, having 
 
 ™nean ; th^SanlorthTf* thr *''«. M^'i'ter? 
 ^ to E. belnK about 9q. • P'°vince from 
 breadth atTheE end i-K ■^'l'". 'be extreme 
 
 W. part not m;,Tthl'?o -tf •""tJi'^"'''''' 
 man dO, Its superfidei not 
 
 333 
 
 ORA 
 
 taino... oonntrr t>.« .I'f ■ .""»'' " '""""- 
 
 '•-•n wcircultZi "^c" tVe'li "'' " •'"• ""' 
 pellod in I4a2 However !»^""7 *""° "'«- 
 wine, oil, suKa «lrZ''J ''"^ ""••• «'"'. 
 
 Rreat numlH-T of silk worn.s. rLr f . ""' " 
 !'•;- ««ll-nuu, |.almt,o?am I'J'r ,'rr 
 
 towns on the coast of.h„ m7". ^ ''" »'""^'l'«l 
 ninir at th« W i,. *''"i"prnine«n. bc« n- 
 
 tho* ^terior G^nadl'"?:;"' "'"' ^"°' ""'' '" 
 HueHcar, and I'urchonn ""'"J'*, liazn, 
 
 i» the palace of .».„ l- .."" ^" another 
 
 Alhambm an "ncent '.!!.? "* Y'"' ""«' ^bo 
 kinm wi»h .„ ^'"*"' palace of the Moorish 
 
 ha. not,;?„'^cSt--;7t^ \,''^ '"'If 
 
 -tstt^r-ostSi'^-^^ 
 
 fc-eWy carn-ed o^ w£r"'^' «>' J its trade is , 
 protection. The^ih^K;, .' ^""'"ragement or 
 66,000, a^d haff ofl^^"*" "'^"•" """« "'un 
 
 South Arric«„r' ^ " "»«"''ive territorv of 
 
 part of^rr^Te^fbKSm? '''^^^^■'•-'"' 
 great river Maranonnr a '"'""' '^<"" tbo 
 
 bean Sea. Snari nf.t °"""' '" '''° ^arib- 
 
 wns fir^t expli^bv O^! i^ '"""/"I" b^misphero 
 
 pucci in I Ann J ? "•''"''* ""'J Americus Ves- 
 
 t^Spam- h »;r' ntra^rtT'^ 
 
 1547. Itl718itwasformJ°'^^'""«f"^«''' •" 
 
 n.to.dt 4rgt-^^^^ 
 itint'ir ij? '^ rrD^^'t'"^^^ ' 'S 
 
 "nion was effected ^ithV*^^'"^'' ^8»». « 
 
 counrorLonS.'":? '''.,^'''^^''' '" tbo 
 Longford ^""^ ' ^^ ""'«" E. N. E. of 
 
 UHANDMONT, a town nf I.'~. ■ 
 
 » » wwn ot 1- ranee, m the do. 
 
■p 
 
 mmmmmm. 
 
 GB 
 
 334 
 
 GRA 
 
 U; 
 
 h I 
 
 'i 
 
 tHtftmeut of Upper Vienne. Near it was a 
 celebrated abbey, suppressed in 1769, after the 
 death of the then professed members. It ia 15 
 miles N. N. £. of Limogca. 
 
 GoslHd Manan, an island at the entrance of 
 the Bay of Fundv, the S. end of which is in lat. 
 44. 43. N. and 67. of W. long.: it is included in 
 .he province of >f ova Scotia. 
 
 GaANDPRE, a town of Jt ranee, in the depmi- 
 ment of Ardennes j seated on the Aj-re ; 32 
 miles E. olf Rheims. 
 
 Gbanoehocth, a village of Scotland, in Stir- 
 lingshire, at the junction of the Great Canal 
 with the river Cpiron ; 4 miles N. E. of Falkirk, 
 in which parish it is included. Upwards of 
 40,000 tons of shipping are annually entered 
 here, belonging either to the foreign or coasting 
 trade. 
 
 Geansek, a town of Brandenburg, in tha 
 Middle Murk; 30 milew N. of BcrUn. 
 
 Granson, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays 
 de Yaud. It stands near the S. end of the lake 
 of Neufchatel; 16 miles W. S. W. "of iLieuf- 
 chateL 
 
 Grant, b newly formed county of Kentucky, 
 E, of the Kentucky river. Pop. 1805. 
 
 Granipah, a borough in Lincolnshire, . ith 
 a market on Saturday. The church is an elegant 
 structure, with a very lofty spire. A canal 
 passes hence to the Trent, at Nottingham. 
 Grantham is seated on le Witham ; 20 miles 
 S. by W. of Lincoh), and 110 N. by W. of 
 London. It returns two members to parlia^ 
 
 ment. . ,^ j .^ 
 
 Granville, a town of France, m the depart- 
 ment of Manche ; seated on the English Chan- 
 nel, in the bay of St. Malo, partly on a rock, 
 and partly on a plam ; 15 miles S. by W. of 
 Coutances, and '26 N. E. of St. Malo. Pop. 
 7030. It cames on a considerable traffic wit' 
 the Island of Jersey. 
 
 Graslitz, a town of Bohemia, m the circle 
 of Saaz; famous for its mrnufecture of brass; 
 15 mUes N. W. of Elbogen. - ^ , 
 
 Grasmerb-water, a small lake of West- 
 moroland, to the W. of Ambleside. Its margin 
 is hollowed into small bays, with bold emi- 
 nences, some of rock, some of turf, that half 
 conceal and vary the figure of the lake. A 
 low promontory projects fwr into the water, and 
 on it stands a white village. ," ,, . 
 
 GatsoN an island in the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 nesr the coast of Sweden; 15 mileii long and 
 2 broad. Long. 18. 20. E. lat. 60. 12. N. 
 
 Grasse, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Var, and lately a bishop's see. It has 
 a trai's in diy fruit, oil, per.uines, and tanned 
 leatli'r, and ifi seated on an eminence; 11 
 miles W. N. W. of Antibes, and 20 W by S, 
 of Nice. It is the oeat of a prefect. Pop. 
 
 Grasse, La, a town of France, m the do- 
 partment of Aude, on the river Othieu. Pop. 
 
 1244. , „ .. , 
 
 Gratz, a fortified town of Germany, capital 
 of Lower Styria, and a bishop's see. Here are 
 many churches, and a fiin" arsenal. The ca.st!o 
 stands on a »ock, and is a strong place. Gratz 
 
 is seated on the W. side of the Muer, over 
 which 's a bridge to an extensive suburb. The 
 iniiabitants are estimated at 35,000. In 1797 
 it vas taken by the French. It is 88 miles 
 S. & . W. of Vienna. Long, 15. 26. E. lat. 47. 
 
 GrAUDENZ, a town o^ Prussian Poland, on 
 the Vi. bank of the Vistula; 18 miles N. of 
 Culm , and 65 S. of Dantzic. Population about 
 8000. 
 
 Grave, a strong town of Dutch Brabant, on 
 the left bank of the Maese, beyond which there 
 is a fort. It has been often taken. It is 8 
 miles S. S. W. of Nimeguen. 
 
 Gravelines, a small seaport of France; 
 seated at the mouth of the Aa, defended by 
 Fort Philip; 12 miles E. of Calais. Pop. 
 
 2570- ., „ , . 
 
 Gpavenmachem, a town of Belgium, pro- 
 vince of Luxemburg; 13 miles S, W. of Treves. 
 
 Pop. 2500. 
 
 GRAVENAU.or Grayenau, a town of Bavana, 
 in the principality of Passau, on the river Sag; 
 16 milesN. ofPassau, , , 
 
 Gravenwert, a town of Bavana, in the 
 upper palatinate; 17 miles N. of Amberg. 
 
 Gravesande, a town of South Holland, 
 where the ancient counts of Holland formerly 
 resided. It is about 4 miles from the sea, and 
 6 W. by S. of Delft. . 
 
 Gravesend, a town in Kent, with markets 
 on Wednesday and Saturday. It stands on 
 the S. bank of the Thames, and is the common 
 landing and embarking place for seamen and 
 passengers to and from London; and here all 
 outward bound vessels stop to be examined by 
 the custom-house officers, and to receive their 
 clearances; and inward bound vessels deliver 
 in their manifests, it being the boundary' of the 
 port of London. A great part of it was burnt 
 down, with the church, in 1727; the latter was 
 rebuilt aa one of the 50 new churches. It is 
 called the corporation of Graveseiid and Mil- 
 ton, these two places being united under the 
 government of a mayor. The latter plr?° 's a 
 mile E. of the otl.er, and has a blockhouse ■ ' ir 
 against Tilbury Fort, They were incoiio.ated 
 by Queen Elizabeth; but, long before, luchard 
 II. liad granted them the exclusive privilege of 
 conveying passengers to London in boats. This 
 p-ivilege, however, since the application of 
 steam, as a propellnig power in navigation, has 
 become obsolete; and since 1825, in conse- 
 quence of the facility of intercourse which 
 steam-boats afford, Gravesend has greatly ex- 
 tended on the W. side, for the accommodation 
 of an increasing number of visitors from the 
 metropolis, the bank of the river being here 
 favourable for bathing, It ia 22 miles E. S. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Gravina, a town of Naples, m Terra di 
 Bari; 32 milea W, S, W. of Bari. It has nine 
 churches, and a population of abo-.t 2000. 
 
 Gray, a town of France, in tne department 
 of Upper Saone. It has a trade in iron, and 
 is seated on the Saone ; 25 miles N. E. of 
 Dijon. It is the seat of a prefect. Population 
 66d4. 
 
- > * 
 
 GRA 
 
 Vfuer, over 
 urb. The 
 In 1797 
 9 88 miles 
 £. lat. 47. 
 
 Poland, on 
 liles N. of 
 Eition about 
 
 Jrabant, on 
 vhich there 
 1. It is 8 
 
 (f France; 
 efended by 
 Jais. Pop. 
 
 gium, pro- 
 , of Treves. 
 
 of Bavaria, 
 e river Sag; 
 
 iria, in the 
 mberg. 
 li Holland, 
 nd formerly 
 the sea, and 
 
 ith markets 
 t stands on 
 ;he common 
 seamen and 
 ind here all 
 xamined by 
 •eceive their 
 ssels deliver 
 idar/ of the 
 ,t was burnt 
 le latter was 
 •ches. It is 
 id and Mil- 
 i under the 
 er plr"° "< a 
 :khouse ■ ■ ir 
 incoiio.ated 
 ore, Richard 
 ! privilege of 
 boats. This 
 iplication of 
 vigation, has 
 5, in conse- 
 ourse which 
 I greatly ex- 
 lommodation 
 )rs from the 
 r being here 
 liles £. S. £. 
 
 in Terra di 
 
 It has nine 
 
 .t 2000. 
 
 i department 
 
 in iron, and 
 
 es N. E. of 
 
 Population 
 
 hna; It ig intersected by New iSver whTt 
 runs from S. to N. into th'e Ohl'^Popurat oj 
 
 H^e rfhf • ' ° 'r"" °^ ««™«"V in Lower 
 cS: ^^ "'"' ^^^' ^2 miles N. N. W. of 
 
 ce.eb.t//poSk o-JSatTu^rteTof ct gS 
 L^r"f ^"*"=«»f""y combated the myriad 
 
 til! in f hi^ 1 etu °y ^^^ ascendancy of Rome 
 
 aid 'depeVdS T'^Vy: " "^'^"'^ ^"""'-m 
 Tiirir= ^^u .""• ^^^ government of the 
 
 T,„)"l •* .. Archipelago. Under thi. 
 
 Turks It was divided into four pachaHc^ vl 
 
 totE'4r"J *^^'/''"'' centuries was subject 
 TosP^f.r """^ oppression, till the Greeks 
 
 rose^Uh one accord against their tyrants in 
 
 * XT "' '"o destruction of the Turl iah «„„* 
 at Navarino, the sultan gave un what L w«,' 
 
 S:r "'^•'^ '° •"»'"'">". and the choice o^^ 
 S3The=^^^^^^ who^ 
 
 been foS 'ej^r •""='«»* boundaries have 
 
 S-^S^c^£^ba?"i.- 
 0f.^t-;pringsr^S=£--;^anum.r 
 
 S35 
 
 GRE 
 
 Quantities of nitre are found in the caves on 
 
 'X^Ar^' "-"^ «^ *•>« settler^': 
 
 te^cf^d^LTv. '"'!"'"■ *'?""*y °^ Kentucky, in- 
 isTs™^-^"^''^!.""^'' '* contains about 
 4o0 sqiiare miles of surface. Population 14 212 
 
 Greonsbury the principal town,^on the N bank 
 
 F^raSfort!"^"'' ""'' -'-S.S.W.*'"of 
 
 There are eight other counties of the same 
 
 tlo^'nV m'-"'' probably in commemo!^! 
 5 7^g'»5 Major-general Greene, who died in 
 
 State. 
 New York 
 Pennsylvania 
 N. Carolina 
 Georgia 
 Alabama 
 Mississippi 
 Tennessee 
 Ohio 
 
 30,446 
 19,147 
 
 6,595 
 ll,6i/0 
 24,024 
 
 1,636 
 16,076 
 
 , Chief Towns. 
 
 iCatskill. 
 
 Weynesboro'. 
 
 Snow Hill. 
 
 [Greensboro', 
 
 .Erie 
 
 Leakeville. 
 (Greenville. 
 
 n I *"" i/,o"-'8 Xenia 
 
 the mtercourse between this coWand C 
 
 cK«,nn^ settlement contained several 
 
 £ na ives; and his benevolent' e^S^hM 
 been 8,nee followed by several miSonarie" 
 The country ,s said to be inhabited as far as 76 
 ^- !«*•' ''"'the Danish and MoraWan settS 
 
 northern lights divL™'e'g Lo^Rw^ntt' 
 which 18 verv Severn T»,o r- • wmter, 
 
 W. Tt "n 38®/' P°'"'' " in long. 42. 4 
 
 Be?ire"'"'^TiSh?.Sarf T*"' '^ 
 inough a small place, here are 
 
>«iiJhM 
 
 if 
 
 M 
 
 I > i 
 
 GRE 
 
 336 
 
 GllE 
 
 the remains of two religious houses. It is 
 seated on the Blackadder ; miles S. W. of 
 Dunse, and 3(5, S, E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Gkeenock, the cliief sea-port of Scotland, in 
 Renfrewsliire, at the mouth of the Clyde, with 
 a fort for the defence of the harbour. Here 
 are several dry docks, and the building and rig- 
 ging of ships is much followed. It has a great 
 trade ; and the fisheries, particularly for lier- 
 rings, and the Newfoundland fishery, are car- 
 ried on to a great extent. It is 24 miles W, 
 by N. of Glasgow, of which it is the port. Loner. 
 4. 47. W lat. 55. 66, N, 
 
 Greensted, a village in Essex, one mile W. 
 of Ongar, remarkable for its little church, (built 
 prior to the Conquest,) the walls of which are 
 formed of the trunks of trees. 
 
 Greensville, a frontier county of Virginia ; 
 bounded on the N. by the great Nottoway Ri- 
 ver, and S. by North Carolina; superficies 
 about 300 square miles. Pop. 6.%'6. Hicks- 
 ford, the chief town, is 69 miles S. of Richmond. 
 Greenup, a frontier county, the extreme 
 N. E. point of Kentucky, with a superficies of 
 about 800 square miles. Greensboro' is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Grkeneville, a frontier county or district at 
 the N. W. extremity of South Carolina; super- 
 ficies about 600 square miles. The chief town, 
 of the same name, in the centre of the county, 
 is 95 miles W. N. W. of Columbia. Popula- 
 tion, 17,839. 
 There are several towns of the same name in 
 
 different parts of the United States. 
 Greenwich, formerly a distinct town, but 
 now an appendage to the British metropolis. 
 It is seated in the county of Kent, on the S. 
 Kink of the Thames, 5 miles below London 
 Bridge. It is celebrated for its hospital for 
 wounded and decayed seamen of the national 
 marine, which is one of the finest architectural 
 edifices in the world. The buildings consist of 
 four distinct piles, two along the bank of the 
 river, with a noble terrace in front, 8C0 feet in 
 length ; between these two piles is a lawn 270 
 feet wide ; the two other piles are built behind, 
 projecting into the square or lawn, so as to form 
 a quadrangle with an opening in the centre, 
 which is terminated by a elegant building, 
 more recently erected, for a naval school ; be- 
 hind this, on the summit of a hill, is the royal 
 observatory, from whence the English mariners 
 reckon their longitude; a beautiful colonnade 
 adjoins the buildings in the interior of the 
 quadrangle, and immediately contiguous is a 
 spacious park, most beautuuliy undulated and 
 planted with trees, affording the most delight- 
 ful promenades and interesting prospects; whilst 
 the liberality and economy of the establishment 
 is in every way worthy of the celebrity it has 
 acquired, and the interest inspired by the 
 beauty and magnificence of the edifice and its 
 surrounding olyecta. Here was once a royal 
 palace, in which Edward VI. died, and Queen 
 Mary and Queen Elizabeth were born : it has 
 long been pulled down, and on part of its site 
 now stands the house belonging to the ranger 
 of the park. Here is a college, called the Duke 
 
 of Norfolk College, for the maintenance of M 
 decayed housekeepers; and another called 
 Queen Elizabeth College. In 1799 the chapel 
 of the hospital, the dinaig-hall, and eight wards, 
 were destroyed by fire; but the whole were 
 soon re-built. The town is irregularly built, 
 and, with the exception of the church, which is a, 
 noble structure, and the hospital, has nothing 
 to recommend it to particular notice. There 
 is a railroad between this place and London 
 Bridge. It is a borough, and retunis two 
 members to parliament. The observatory is in 
 the lat. of 61. 29. N. »Sge Blackheath and 
 Deptford. 
 
 Greenwich, a seaport of Rhode Island, chief 
 town in Kent county. It is noted for making 
 good cider, carries oii the fisheries to advantage, 
 and sends some vessels to the West Indies. It 
 stands on the N. W. part of Narraganset Bay ; 
 16 miles S. of Providence. 
 The are ten or twelve other towns in different 
 parts of the United States of North Ame- 
 rica named Greenwich, but none merit any 
 particular notice. 
 Grieffkn, a town of Switzerland, on a small 
 lake of its name; 9 miles E. S. E. of Zurich. 
 , Greiffenberg, a town of Brandenburg, in 
 the Ucker Mark, on the river Sernitz ; 13 miles 
 S. S. E. of Prenzlo, and 48 N. N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Greiffenbsrg, a town of Silesia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Jauer, with a fortress on a mountain. 
 It is celebrated for its linen manufactures, and 
 seated on the Queiss ; 23 miles W. S. W. of 
 Lignitz. 
 
 Greiffeniiagen, a town of Further Pome- 
 rania, on the river Oder ; 12 miles S. of Stettin. 
 Greifswalde. See Gripswalde. 
 Grew, a tow n of Austria, on the Danube ; 
 28 miles E. of Lintz. 
 Greitz. See Chaitz. 
 Grenada, an island in the Wes Indies, the 
 last of the Windward Carribbees, and 30 leagues 
 N. W. of Tobago. It is 20 miles long, and 13 
 broad, finely wooded, and the soil suited to 
 produce sugar, tobacco, and indigo. It was 
 taken from the French in 1762, confirmed to 
 the English in 1763, taken by the French in 
 1779, and restored to the English in 1783. In 
 1795 the French landed some troops, and 
 caused an insurrection in this island, which was 
 not finally quelled till June, 1796. St. George 
 is the capital. 
 
 Grenadillas, or Grenadines, a cluster of 
 islands in the West Indies, dependent on Gre- 
 nada, and situate between that island and St. 
 Vincent. They are upwards of twenty in num- 
 ber, most of them fertile, and capable of pro- 
 ducing cotton, coffee, indigo, and sugar. The 
 most considerable is Cariacou. 
 
 Grenade, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Garonne ; seated at the junction 
 of the Save with the Garonne; 17 milns N. W, 
 of Toulouse. Pop. 3.025, 
 
 Grenoble, a city of Franco, capit.-il of the 
 dcpiirtment of Isere, and a bishop's see, with a 
 fortified castle. The leather and gloves that 
 are made here are highly esteemed. It is seatiul 
 oil tlie Iseie, over wjiicii are two bridges to pass 
 
 I 
 
nintenance of M 
 another called 
 1799 the chupel 
 and eight wiirJu, 
 the whole were 
 irregularly built, 
 :hurch, which is a 
 ital, hoB nothing 
 ■ notice. There 
 ice and London 
 nd retiimg two 
 observatorj- is in 
 LACKHEAIU and 
 
 ode Idland, chief 
 3ted for making 
 ies to advantage. 
 Vest Indies. It 
 farraganset Bay; 
 
 3wns in different 
 1 of North Ame- 
 t none merit any 
 
 land, on a small 
 E. of Zurich. 
 Sraudenburg, in 
 ernitz; 13 miles 
 '^.E. of Berlin, 
 esia, in the prin- 
 on a mountain, 
 nufactures, and 
 38 W. S. W. of 
 
 Further Pome- 
 les S. of Stettin. 
 
 'ALDE. 
 
 in the Danube ; 
 
 ''es Indies, the 
 , and 30 leagues 
 es long, and 1 3 
 ! soil suited to 
 ndigo. It was 
 !, confirmed to 
 ' the French in 
 ih in 1783. In 
 le troops, and 
 land, which was 
 )C, St. George 
 
 IS, a cluster of 
 mdent on Gre- 
 island and St. 
 twenty in num- 
 «pable of pro- 
 d sugar. The 
 
 in the depart- 
 at the junction 
 l7milo8N.W. 
 
 capital of the 
 ip's see, with a 
 id gloves that 
 }d. It is seatftd 
 bridges to pass 
 
 GRE 
 
 been famous for fh« !.i j ■ ' "* '"'* 'ong 
 fugitive love'rs frU Li; ' V k'"'"'"'^'^ «^ 
 performed by two mftf' "'^'"i' *'^ "«»'»l'y 
 chanicsintheviTLe wh^'l""'' '^'■""''^" ""«- 
 
 ^S^:n^hi°-.t,£p-sas 
 
 caa^e;6mile?^!'yCSs""*''''^^^"''« 
 
 Sa^on^l.tM^Li?:!"!' />*'•"" "^ ^pper 
 thread; and flannel, .pi J'^^'^l" "^«'''' ""^n. 
 «"ile8 S. £ ofTeTps'ie "" '^^ **"''•'" ^* 
 
 -ifcrciS;'"^^- ^---^ I« 
 
 the Humh^r has boon T^**"' ^} ""« """"th of 
 N; E. of & a"K'ofi!'^ r '"■'?" 
 returns one member to parUament "'^""' ^* 
 
 the^SroV^r. a °' «'^''--". in 
 attj,e.otofac:S,;.S:LrrT!SL-^: 
 
 caS'^VmsSfJ^^^^^ 
 Tn'iliJVr'rfo'ur":'''- ^ P'«- ^^<^ 
 
 market on Tli; ^ »'"' ^" i"«««'^- ^^^^ a 
 
 the Swale river of ."'"■ 'o^ ^'"'^ '^«'«« of 
 ker ahout 20 miies^Kf 5^ J"''''^ '''"'^ ^u- 
 
 — -o,orGH..sv^;iT^;ongtow„ 
 
 33;r 
 
 GRo 
 
 ^Pomerama. with a good harbour and 
 
 GmsoNs n „„ ' otralsund. 
 
 bounded on the S b^M^ "^ Switzerland.- 
 and N. by Tvro! In^A^'^fi" «'«' Venice, E 
 Glaris, Uri,2'TSn rf**? the cantons of 
 the Valteline, and Z V ^^^^'^'J^ '"eluded 
 and Bormio now innf 1 r"''f °^ Chiavenna 
 minions. 'Ccoun""^ ^" ^^'^ ^"»'™n do- 
 into three leagues n^ T" {"™^''>^ divided 
 the League of SaH"^^^' *'"' ^'^y I"'ague, 
 the TeTjurldStl,"''"^' '."'' ">« i<^ague of 
 tinet inter^a"t?e"menT "!,"'!'" ^"'^ « ''«- 
 nected as one reDubH^ k ' ""'' '''^^^ «'«'•« '^on- 
 altemately a? the town's ^/r ^"""?' '''^' ''«W 
 Davos. But L^ I Jo, ♦K *^°''^' ."«"'^. and 
 changed by the French aidlhr^'^'f"-'' ""^ 
 an additional canton of Swif,''"!^''*'-'' ™«de 
 habitants, amSL L f^':''*"> '^'^e'n- 
 Partly Calvim^ts a„7partlv 5Lr ''"f ' "^^ 
 forme, are most numerous th?' "* '^'^ 
 subsistence of the peasanh. v ^' k k ^ ,P"ncipaI 
 most of which arespn^^i^i'^^ breeding oxen, 
 is Coire. The Khfn» '° ^^'''n- The capita 
 
 thdrso,irce?n'th?Gris:nt ''' ''^" ""''' '''^« 
 
 ea JXiltff ^^itaj^ -' "'^ 
 a decayed town Pn„f„- • ""^ '"e appearance of 
 
 ed hoW?a"S;,rht^^\"n7'''^'^°'"'^''='>- 
 
 with magnificent «,f^» ' ""^ "^"^d palaces, 
 
 ropair mako fhp „/, » . "abitations in good 
 
 palace, bTlt"by luSrin ' ..^ V''^ "- 
 sometimes held- n«rf^i ,"{•' *''® diets were 
 which wascomDeC „^'^^^ "l« ^'' '" 1793, 
 net, to consenrto thTl'p ^ '"'^"' "^ ^^^ ^ayo- 
 and here, in 1 7fli t:!!''?f P«.'-'"'0'> of Poland; 
 signed h s croit ^S'"' "^' ^°™«"^ '«.' 
 Russia. ItTwated ni," •" ""'^ «»bject to 
 river Niemen. aS Jart^v „^„'" "^ ^ '"^"^ «" the 
 ^iles N.E. of WaraTw V. "^'"itain, 140 
 
 a ~mrt^V:tr'ettr' "^«' '^''-'^ « 
 battle fought hero^^' iT/^^" ?>«'"°'y of a 
 the Weserf 9 mX^^^/^ ;„J„' " -ated o„ 
 
 lise passing ^^'1^^^'^°" «" ""^'chan- 
 
 seatedontheSlink 2nJ,-. ^''^any- It is 
 phen. " ' ^0 miles E. by S. of Zut- 
 
 11?,"°^"'°^. the most NT v 
 Holland; bounded on fht ir u ^ Province of 
 W. by Friesland N ht^" ''^r?'"' Friesland. 
 and S. by Drenthe if ^«^««™an Ocean 
 parts, called Gronin'^pn 'I ^A"'^^^ '•"« two 
 excellency of this cS""'' °'"^''"'''«- The 
 which feed a great numb7r 'fT^' " P*"'"^'^*. 
 
 GuONiNOEN.a city o^ Ho?r"P '■°"««- 
 province of the same namp .' ' '^^''«' "^ ^^e 
 a university. It is sLL^ ' Y,'"' " ^'''adel and 
 and Aa, and has a com m^ °" "'° "^«" ""nse 
 with a b.,y of th^ ^"'"munication. by a canal 
 
 tance of 10 mills ^yTv'V V^'"*"' «' thedis".' 
 butter are exported ^S'^^";■«« 1"«""ties of 
 1 teo- ^ he inhabitants are com- 
 Z 
 

 li 
 
 lis 
 
 1= 
 
 I'llli.' • 
 
 • } .: 
 
 GRO 
 
 puted at 20,000. It is 9(3 miles N. E. of Am- 
 sterdam. Long. G. 35. E. lat. 53. 12. N. 
 
 Grossa, an islandin the Gulf of Venice, near 
 the coast of Dalmatia; 25. miles long, and 2 
 broad. Long. 15. 7. E. lut. 44. 18. N. 
 
 Grossgniiayn, or Haan, a town of Upper 
 Saxony, in Meissin, with manufiictures of cot- 
 ton and woollen cloths, seated on the Roder ; 
 8 miles I\ . of Meissin. 
 
 Grossetto, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien- 
 nese, with a castle, situate near the sea; 30 
 miles S. W. of Sienna. 
 
 Grotkau, a town of Silesia, in the district of 
 Neisse. The forests round this town are the 
 joint property of all the inhabitants. It is 16 
 miles N. N. E. of Neisse, and 30 S. of Breslau. 
 Groyne. See Corunna. 
 Grubenhaoen, a town and castle of Hano- 
 ver. The castle is now in ruins. It is 7 miles 
 S. by W. of Einbeck. 
 
 Grubenhaoen, a principality of Hanover, at 
 theS. extremity of the circle of Lower Saxony, 
 comprising a portion of the Hartz mountains. 
 The principal towns are Osterode, Grund, 
 Clausthal, Cellerfeld, &c. 
 
 Grunberq, a town of Germany, iu the elec- 
 torate of Hesse, where the kings of the Mero- 
 vingian race, and Charlemagne, held their court. 
 It is 10 miles E. of Giessen. 
 
 Grunberg, or Grumbbro, a populous town 
 of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, sur- 
 rounded with vineyards. Hero is a manufac- 
 ture of cloth, and a great trade in vinegar and 
 dried fruits. It is 30 miles N. W. of Glogau. 
 Grunde, a town of Hanover, in the moun- 
 tains of Hartz J 4 miles W. of Clausthal. 
 
 Grunhayn, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia, with a trade in copper and lead; 16 
 miles S. by W. of Chemnitz. 
 
 Grkningen, a town in the canton of Zurich, 
 Switzerland, with a castle on an elevated rock • 
 lOmilesS.E. of Zurich. 
 
 Grunstadt, a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of Upper Rhine, county of Leiningen ; 22 
 miles N. N. W. of Spire, and 25 S. of Mentz. 
 
 Gruyeres, u town and bailiwick of Switzer- 
 land, in the canton of Friburg, with a castle on 
 a hill. It has a great trade in cheese, and is 
 IS miles S. W. of Friburg. 
 
 Gryfe, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 the S. W. angle of Renfrewshire, runs over 
 several precipices into the lower country, fall- 
 into the Black Cart, near the town of Paisley. 
 
 Guadalaxaha, an interior province of Spain, 
 forming the N. W. part of the kingdom of New 
 Castile. Superficies, 1250 square miles, with a 
 population of 126,1 15. The chief town, of the 
 same name, is seated on the banks of the river 
 Henares; 30 miles N. E. of Madrid. It has a 
 wcillen manufecture. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Guadalaxaha, a division of Mexico, bound- 
 ed on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. Super- 
 ficies, 73,628 square miles, with a population of 
 630,600. It is intersected by the Santiago 
 river, or Rio Grande. The chief town, of the 
 wme name, is seated on the W. bank of the 
 Santiago, in the lat. of 21. 19. N.j 70 miles N. 
 
 333 
 
 GU A 
 
 of Luke Cliapala, and 275 N. W. of tlie «ty of 
 Mexico. Pop. about 20,000. 
 
 Guadaloupe, a town of Spain, in Estrama- 
 dura, with a celebrated convent; seated on a 
 rivulet of the same name ; 34 miles E. by N. 
 ofTruxillo. 
 
 Guadaloupe, one of the Leeward Caribbeo 
 Islands, in the West Indies, between Antigua 
 and Dominica. It is divided into two part» by 
 a strait, called the Salt River. At this plnco 
 the land on each side is not above four miles 
 broad, and by this strait the sea on the N. W. 
 communicates with that on the S. E. The 
 S. W. part is 60 miles long and 24 broad ; and 
 the N. E. part is much the same. The soil is 
 exceedingly good, and well watered neai the 
 sea by rivulets which fall from the mountains, 
 and produces large quantities of sugar, cotton, 
 and coiTee. On this island is a volcano, called 
 the Mountain of Sulphur; and on its E. side 
 are two mouths, which open into a pit of sul- 
 phur : the blacks who sell brimstone fetch it 
 from this pit. The French settled on this 
 island in 1635. It was taken by the English 
 in 1759, but restored in 1763; again taken by 
 the English in 1794, but evacuated the next 
 year. The English again took it in 1810, and, 
 in order to allure the Swedes Into the !ate coa- 
 lition against France, gave them this island. 
 It was, however, by the consent of Sweden, re- 
 stored to France in 1814. Basseterre, at the 
 S. W. extremity of the island, is the capital. 
 Lat. 16. N. 61. 48. W. long. 
 
 GuADALQuivER, a river of Spain, which rises 
 in the S. part of New Castile, flows through the 
 kingdoms of Jaen, Cordova, and Seville, and 
 enters the Bay of Cadiz at San Lucar, after a 
 course of about 300 miles. 
 
 GuADARRAMA, a town of Spain, in Old Cas- 
 tile. It has a great trade in cheese, and is 
 seated on the Guadarrama; 25 miles N. W. of 
 Madrid. 
 
 GcADiANA, a river which rises in New Cas- 
 tile, in Spain, crosses Estramadura into Portu- 
 gal, and, separating Algarve from Andalusia, 
 enters the Bay of Cadiz atAyamonte. 
 
 GuADix, a town of Spain, in Granada, and 
 a bishop's see. It contains three parishes and 
 six convents, and is situated in a rich country, 
 on a river of the same name; 36 miles E. N. E, 
 of Granada. 
 
 Guam, the chief of the Latlrone Islands, in 
 the Pacific Ocean; 100 miles in circumference. 
 The Spaniards have a garrison here : but the 
 inhabitants are almost all natives of the coun- 
 try, and reputed to be skilful in building boats. 
 It abounds with excellent fruit, and has several 
 good harbours. Umata is the capital. Lone. 
 143. 15. E. lat. 13. 10. N. 
 
 GuAMANOA, a city ot Peru, capital of an in- 
 terior province of the same name. It is Simons 
 for its mines of silver. It is ISO miles E. S. E. 
 of Lima. Long. 74. 5. W. lat. 13. 20. S. 
 
 GuANAHANi, or Cat Island, one of the Ba- 
 hama Islands, the first land of America disco- 
 vered by Columbus in 1491, and named by him 
 St. Salvador. 
 
 t 
 1 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 r( 
 
 C 
 lo 
 L 
 
 ai 
 to 
 
 .'ifi 
 
W. of tlie city of 
 
 mill, in Estramn- 
 cnt; seated on a 
 i miles E. by N. 
 
 licewnrd Caribbee 
 Ijctwecn Antigua 
 into two parts by 
 . At this placo 
 above four miles 
 ;a on the N. W. 
 the S. E. The 
 ul 24 broad ; and 
 mie. The soil is 
 ivatered neak tlio 
 
 the mountains, 
 of sugar, cotton, 
 a volcano, called 
 d on its E. side 
 into a pit of sul- 
 imstone fetch it 
 
 settled on this 
 I by the English 
 
 again taken by 
 cuated the next 
 
 it in 1810, and, 
 nto the !ate coa- 
 liem this island, 
 it of Sweden, re- 
 asseterre, at the 
 1, is the capital. 
 
 pain, which rises 
 lows through the 
 ind Seville, and 
 \ Lucar, after a 
 
 «in, in Old Cas- 
 i cheese, and is 
 miles N. W. of 
 
 es in New Cas- 
 lura into Portu- 
 rom Andalusia, 
 monte, 
 
 n Granada, and 
 •ee parishes and 
 a rich country, 
 6 miles E. N. E. 
 
 one Islands, in 
 I circumference. 
 
 here: but the 
 ^es of the coun- 
 
 building boats, 
 and has several 
 capital. Long. 
 
 apital of an in- 
 !. It is uinious 
 )iniicsE.S. E. 
 13, 20. S. 
 one of the Ba- 
 America disco- 
 I named by hiai 
 
 GUA 
 
 -S on"; bran?h"rt„eT "' '''''^'^^^'-' 
 nifle««? \nr r^ °' I'le Apnro river- Jgi 
 
 po^e'stiit^ci^na""'^ ''' ''■^'^^^'■ 
 
 MSl^TcSin^g o^Ti8?«'t.L''"t^°^ 
 a population of SlSooTTn ''"''*'"* 
 densely populated rmrtr^e\i '* *•''" ""os' 
 <»nsidercd the most nr„f-'^ "'^""^' ""•! » 
 in Mexico. ThothSTlfT''^^ '^'**"<=' 
 « seated on the eSn d^iKfr V"T' 
 
 statute ,Sn:J/'teft"'L' "'214 British 
 elusive of about SoToom "'"'"*, ^^'OOO- «■ 
 
 mg about 190 miles from V ♦ c"u**' ^''*®"d- 
 Int. of 12. 20. rdl4 30 ?' ^^ -"'r^" ^^^ 
 miles in mean breadfh ?t' f," ♦."'', " "''°"* ^^ 
 TJ.0 chief city, of ?heskmVn ""^^ P^P^lated. 
 nnelevatedglenoftLTn!, ""^^V" ^"^^ '" 
 •5. S. and 74. 35 of W :^^' '^^^^ '«*• "^ I^- 
 of Lima, ^- '°"S-5 '^O miles S. E. 
 
 futetVtirr?'™' •=^^'**' «^« '""-t- 
 
 N. N. E. of LimaT ""^- '* '' ' ^^ """«« 
 
 GuAnco. SeeCxayBiE. 
 bisJo^p w; ' tl "fPortugal. in Beira. and a 
 
 with an anci^K^ed^tl^Sf-^''™"' 
 near the river Po, IS miles N^F JV' '^"'"'^ 
 
 havXXuu'oOmlKV^ «°"th America, 
 
 of the Pacific Oco.T^et^^:Zlrofu'''''. 
 17 N., be nc from so ♦« eT. ."^Jat- of 14. and 
 
 authority irthl^-eSrwoTldlhe ' '"^""'^ 
 ?f this territory have fomJrlfl' , P'o^'nces 
 independent republfc wWch H"""«"'^^« '"toan 
 tbo other republ cs of X« . ^^ guaranteed by 
 
 held at Panama in issf^^r. f,'^' '°P^''' 
 timala is the mlt p«fl ^°^ '"digo ofGua- 
 world. °** esteemed of any in the 
 
 rep'^bT u's^atiS'on'illf 5 ^^'Z ^'^^^'''-S 
 Ocean, in thefat of ?3 Ift ^"VL'^' ^^'^'^ 
 long. A citv nft^ *• N- and .00. 53. of W. 
 
 a".I was allerSrreB'^S;r/"^r'''.'l"'''^«. 
 "fier wh.eh the present eit^ was buiit at s me 
 
 339 
 
 CUE 
 
 distance from the site of ♦!,« r 
 
 contains several churches ° ""^^ .""«• '* 
 
 and a university. Pop 3''o'7"5"'°"°''"'= ^°"'^' 
 
 ™«la. c, Wng Xuf SSr^"''"^ ^"'»"- 
 extending from sea to Z n " A^""'* '"''««. 
 chief city^f The '!„" ^T" ^3^.800. The 
 banks of 'a river MfX'-'l"^^'^ »" ^^e 
 Mexico, in the lat of ?7 fl"^"'" ^^^ ^^'^ of 
 W. long. 450mSe; N w I>^.' "'^'^ °''- ^O- of 
 mala. Pop. 2™000 ^''^ oityof Guati- 
 
 derhg'otiTe' ii"''^"''^ °^<^"'«'»Wa, bor- 
 
 s. w%TrtX'^SubH?"n;r-rr^^''^ 
 
 town, of the same nnmn :» 7 f eaP'tal, or chief 
 of a river famnTrnto a r,f *1,°" ""^ ^^ »>ank 
 name; abou 20 mi£ ^S"" ^^y of the same 
 
 W'.fo^^^e'shore'onTfr • irP^'^^'CoIom- 
 
 Europe; and Z" £ ^XWX V- Tt° V« 
 I?landsj and, although the Wh^ ■' *^ "'^"* 
 "'ent. the traffic is consiiembL Pon 'fioo"'" 
 
 of SnS; ShliSr^' -P'^> '^ «^-'e 
 cenent^d'i"'K!IT.''"''"""^<>fe'^- 
 near its confkx with t,mV-^'*^o''" '^« ^"K 
 of Cotbus. and 68 S F Sr^/.24 "ilea N. E.' 
 
 GuDENSBE„o,arown of r'""'- ^"P" "O^O- 
 Hesse, 10 miles' S.'sVof G>rr' '" ^"'^^^ 
 
 GuEBANBE, a town of F«.!;^f • . 
 pent of Lower lS with^P^^' •!? ^^^'^epart- 
 in salt. It is three mil!,^ *=?"S'<lerabIe trade 
 40 W. by l^Mn:^:%Z%i^^-^io. and 
 
 -^tTllfe a^n^^T^i^r ^? 1^ ^^P-'" 
 Rennes. Pop 3980 ' ^ ""'^ ^- »• E. of 
 
 partmeR'iire'"S'^r:'' f^''"' °^"- <J- 
 Creuse; 35 miles N F „f T •^'^'' °" '"^e ^ver 
 by W. of pSs!' Pop.-S""''^^^' «"d 190 S. 
 
 of the N. coas of France Tf'''P'"r°"'°^3^ 
 the dukedom of No^nt'i ''/o'^ed part of 
 
 England ann'exS SoX2'BriL"^f' I "^ 
 Jt has ever since contimfn.! '^"' *o which 
 although the Cg^tTrL"l,'^^naaso, 
 ^•orm of government of theSnt M°""'"' "'?'> 
 c. atmues. T),e island I ZuTm^7^'^' ''^' 
 . -i.erence, well defended hi "^.""^les m cir- 
 tit '•""aceisconsiderablv vn^L""*'™' ""=^8; 
 tile, and breeds a consSemwr^' «?"^'^'y ^er- 
 cattle. It is divided w^^!l"'»*'«' of small 
 Peter's Port, on the F ^TJ?. P^^^es, St. 
 4y. 33. N. and 2. 40~of W ^„n'" ''•^'"'*'' '" '«*• 
 
 P^ace of the island. colifettS/ 
 
 Z2 
 
CUE 340 
 
 hiiii of the total prpjuilntion. The principnl 
 point of intercourse with Knglaiid is Woymouth, 
 from which it is distant 7-J miles, 
 
 Guernsey, an interior county in the E. part 
 ot'Ohio, contaniing about fi50 square miles. It 
 is intersected hy Will's Creek, o branch of the 
 Muskingum. The population, which in 1810 
 was only 3051, has increased to 27,748. Cam- 
 bridge, the chief town, in the centre of the 
 county, io 8.5 miles due E. of Columbus. 
 
 GuKTA, or HuETA, a town of Spain, in New 
 Castile; 52 nr.ilcs E. by S. of Madrid. 
 
 GuGLiNOEN, a town of Suabia, in the king- 
 dom it Wirtembcrg; situate on the Zaber; 20 
 miles N. of Stutgard. 
 
 Guiana, or Guayana, an extensive territory 
 of South America, comprising the whole country 
 between the two great rivers Amazons and Ori- 
 noko, extending W. from the Atlantic Ocean, 
 through 1 1) dog. of long. Prior to the war between 
 England and France, which commenced in 1 793, 
 this extensive te-ritory was divided between 
 Portugal, Spain, Franco, and Holland ; the Por- 
 tuguese claimed the whole country lying N. of 
 the Amazons, to about 1. 40. of N. lat. By a 
 treaty in 1801, a lino of demarcation was agreed 
 upon between France and Portugal ; this line ex- 
 tended from the island of Carpory, in the lat. 
 a'ove mentioned, through about 8 degrees of 
 long. From this line French GuiaiKt extends 
 along the coast to the Maroni river, in the lat. of 
 5. 44. N. giving about 300 niilos of jcacoast, but 
 westward it is not more than 1 30 miles wide. 
 Dutch Guiana next extends along the coast, 
 from the river Maroni, in .5, 44. of N. lat. and 53. 
 55. of W. long., to Cape Nassau, in 7. 34. N.and 
 58. 54. of W. long., giving about 300 miles of 
 sencoast, and a mean breadth of about 170 miles; 
 and Spanish Guiana comprised the coast from' 
 the river Maroni to the delta of the Orinoko, 
 and all the country W. of Dutch and French 
 Guiana, as far as the 68th degree of W. long. 
 Portuguese Guiana now forms part of the 
 republic of Brazil. French Guiana surrendered 
 to the English in 180!), but was restored at the 
 peace of 1814, See Cayenne. The Dutch had 
 formed four settlements upon their iiortion of 
 the territory, viz. Surinam, Berbice, Demerara, 
 and Essequibo, along the banks of four several 
 rivers of those names, which also surrendered 
 to the English during the war. At the peace of 
 1814, Surinam was restored to the Dutch,and all 
 the rest confirmed to England by treaty. The 
 greater portion of this vast territory is com- 
 prised of extensive swamps, and low lands of 
 unbounded fertility, of which various kinds of 
 animals, reptiles, and insects are the chief 
 denizens, the human inhabitants being very 
 limited, except upon the rivers Surinam and 
 Demepara, each of which see. 
 
 GuiENNE, a late province of France, 220 
 miles long and 85 broad, on the S. W. coast, of 
 which Bordeaux was the capital. It now forms 
 the departments of Gironde, Lot and Garonne, 
 Dordogne, Lot, and Aveyron. 
 
 Guildford, n borough in Surrey, governed by 
 a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is seated 
 on the Wey, on the side of a hill, and had a 
 
 GUI 
 
 castle and a palace, now in ruins; here is aJao 
 part of a monastery, which is still occupied. 
 The summer assizes are altornatcly held here 
 and at Croydon ; but the election of members for 
 the county is always held here. It is a well 
 built town, with two churches, and an elegant 
 town-hall. The Wey is navigable to the Thamcfi, 
 and the trade in timber and corn is considerable. 
 It is 23 miles W. S. W. of Croydon, and 2.9 
 b. W. of London. It returns two members to 
 parliament. 
 
 Guilford, an interior county of North Caro- 
 lina, a square of about 25 miles each way : it is 
 well irrigated by the head wacors of Cape Fear 
 Itiver, and contains a population of 1.4,175. 
 Martinville, the chief town, is 70 miles W. N. 
 W. of Raleigh. 
 
 Guilford, a town of Connecticut, in New- 
 haven county ; situate on a bay in Long Island 
 Sound; 17 miles E. by S. of Newhaven. 
 
 GuiLLAC or Uau.lac, a town of France; 
 seated on the N. bank of the river Tani, in 
 the department of Tarn : it is the seat of a pre- 
 fect. Pop. 7310. It is 35 miles N. E. of Tou- 
 louse, and 15 W. by S. of Alby, 
 
 Gui MARA ENS, a town of Portugal, in Entre- 
 Douro-e-Minho, which has formerly been the 
 residence of its kings. It is divided into the 
 Old and New town; the former situate on an 
 eminence, surrounded by walls. Here is a manu- 
 facture of linen, in high estimation. The public 
 buildings are magnificent, and the collegiate 
 church is said to bo founded on the ruins of a 
 temple of Ceres. It is 10 miles S. E. of Braga, 
 and 25 N. E. of Oporto. 
 
 Guinea, Upper, an extensive region of 
 North Africa, comprising about 1500 miles of 
 seacoast, from Cape Mesurado, in the lat. of 6. 
 26. N. and 10. 30. of W. long., to the Calabar 
 river, in 4. 10. N. and ('. 42. of K long., and 
 from thence S. to the equator. Of the Ulterior 
 parts of this country, either N. or S., very little 
 is known. The coast of Upper Guinea, from 
 Cape Mesurado to Cape Palmas, a range of 240 
 miles, is called the Grain Coast, from the vast 
 quantity ofgrainsof paradise, or Guinea pepper, 
 which it was found to produce, on first being 
 visited by Europeans; further E. for upwards of 
 200 miles is called the Tooth or Ivory Coast, 
 from the large quantity of tine elephants' teeth 
 which are brought to its markets; eastward of 
 the Ivory Coast, to the meridional line, is called 
 the Gold Coast, from the gold dust which is 
 found in its rivers; and eastward of the meri- 
 dional line is called the Slave Coast, from the 
 extensive traffic in sl^es, which was formeriy 
 carried on from thence by the English, Spa- 
 niards, French, and Americans, to the West 
 Indies and America. This extensive tract of 
 territory is occupied by various tribes and com- 
 munities of negroes ; the most numerous are 
 the Fantees, who occupy the coast from Cap-? 
 Mesurado to the meridional line. From a 
 long continued intercourse with Europeans, the 
 Fanlees, have acquired strong trading habits, 
 and among them most of the trading nations of 
 Europe have formed settlements, protected by 
 forts. In the rear of the Fantees arc the Ashan- 
 
GUI 
 
 341 
 
 Ki "'.^ AHhnntees is „ tribe calletl tlio 
 
 mmm 
 
 Engirt, ™a 11,0 »™ii„„ „, ,w. ,„,^^ "y^^l 
 o th ""'•'IT'"'' ""^'f «''mity be^^g eVtended 
 
 ji...n, .b„," M'i'" it 'ptr rf s"'' 
 
 stances of t Lfr f,''P''*'''.' ''"^'-e h"ve been in- 
 their cCsj^tb/K*-'"''!^'^' '" thousands by 
 
 anu jHoductivejn every variptv nf ?,;,„; i' 
 tation; further E, is the own of / ''' ''T" 
 
 mmmm 
 
 •n all the products of aJrtukueF of »'. J^ 
 
 Cits « £ t?f Vt? -- 
 
 Plo from the f. ter or caLd h" ^H«'f ''■ " P^'"- 
 t^afhc ,„ slaves by the English, Jhe'nhLi^i 
 
 GUI 
 
 of this coast have directed tlu.;, „.. .■ 
 
 aKTictdtureandcommecoandnXelno^^ 
 •luatititics of palm oil. ivory and .T^ '"'P 
 
 «*■ 5. 24. S. and 1 " 20 nf i? , "' '"• '''« '"'■ 
 
 of Europeans. Off thL coast Nnf^n '""•'""'^'' 
 "re the inlands of rtanS ^CScTtd' 
 
 ttitr^hti^sr'--^ l-'F^'-'- 
 
 civilization and sociar^'r' ''"' blessings of 
 SoS'lVifiSlean' tolh^rN ^f N^'""!', °^ '"« 
 
 recentIy1n;esSg„tT%C\.^"^^^^^ ^^ ""' 
 Slid to have been discovered 1 v « ^'!'"' " 
 in 1528, whohad Hn l«,7r 17 "'® «J'aniards, 
 
 the Spi^e Isla„dr''A^'" ^''"" '" '^^P'*"* 
 lofty, and, in the interior m'""*'.* are generally 
 mountain; but the whni' """"" '^« above 
 Buch luxuriance o? V^ IZTr''"^ ^^'^ 
 scarcely be conceived Th? ^''^S"' *" «»n 
 fruit, and plaS trp„ K *'?,'°"' *"8°' '''"«'«»- 
 trees shrubs nnrDian?-' ''" """*' "<■ "'« 
 in th'e Sourh Sfi^cl.rrfount/'*'*'"^'' 
 great perfection ThU ,-.i ' ^^ . """^ ^"^""^ "» 
 sidence of t e sin^.ln^K-^'!"''." '""^ «='««'«" re- 
 
 name of the coum.^ Th ''"•"" ' ^'^*'"'='' '^e 
 true Malay comSion ST"? '» have the 
 general ofW^^ 
 
 grass or brushwood rdZvIv''"'" ^'!^ '"'^ 
 axe. while the men arSj'&f^" '"'^^'^ "'« 
 the chace of wildToJ In ?l!. L"""- ""«"S'^'> « 
 called Arafouras wh^"hV« f '"'^""'" '« * "'•^^ 
 
 -endbyanot'heTKyaVin^^^^^^^ 
 
 to prevent surprise r )n th;= .^ ? "'^^'' ^''^'n. 
 
 so favoured by natnrp fh '•''^"'"*' '^"''"'y 
 
 settlement The cS '''^'^ '* "« ^^^^P^an 
 
 Malays and ChiLe Im T^''\ " ^'"> 'he 
 
 Wuo and red cSh • esT • ""^ '^'^ P"''^''"*^ 
 
 struments. l^ej reZ* "'' "^^ "'^er in- 
 
 toise-shell small peS 1 irT^ T'^^'^^^^' *»'- 
 
 other birds. Xoh^Z%^"tf£r't' ""^ 
 
 skil . Some slavp, n,„ " .••P"''"S dry with great 
 
 cai>tives iZ:tt:::£iTr'''' "^'^^^^^ 
 
M i 
 
 G UI 
 
 GuiNOAMP, n town of Frnnco, in tlio depart- 
 ment of Ci.tos (III Nord ; sontod cm tlio Trieu ; 
 J 'I miles S. of Troguier, nn<l 2;j W. by N. of St. 
 liricux. It is tlio sect of r. prcfoet. 
 
 (jjiin-uzcoA, n district of Spain, forminR tho 
 N.W. part of Biscay; comprising ii superficies of 
 5-' square leagues. Pop. 1 04,491. St. Sebastian 
 18 tho capital. 
 GuisDOttouoir. See Gisiionouair. 
 Guise, a town of Fmnee, in the department 
 of Aisne, with a castle; seated on the Oiso i 
 1(1 miles E. of St. Quentin, and 95 N. E. of 
 Paris. 
 
 GuistAiN, St., a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Hainault ; seated in marshy land, on tho river 
 Jliime ; 6 miles W. of Mons. 
 
 GujuNAT, or GujURAT, n town of Iliudostan, 
 in Lahore : fiO miles N. by W. of Lahore, on 
 the road to Ucnares. 
 
 GuMDi.NNKN, a town of Prussia, capital of a 
 government of the same name in Lithuania. It 
 has manufactures of cloth, and is seated on the 
 Pissa, which falls into tho Pregel ; 76 miles E. 
 by S. of Konigsberg. The superficies of the 
 government of Gumbinnen compiises ui)ward8' 
 of (iOOO square miles, with a population of 
 alK.ut 350,000. Population of the town about 
 5000. 
 
 GuMURGrNtA, a populous town of European 
 Turkey, in Rumclia, near tho seacoast ; 190 
 miles due W. of Constantinople. 
 
 GuNDELFiNQEN, a town of Bavaria, situate 
 on the Brenz, near the Danube ; 17 miles 
 W. S. W. of Donawert. 
 
 GuNTooR, a district of Hindostan, formerly 
 the most southern of tho circars, intersected by 
 the rivor Kistnah, on the western coost of tho 
 Bay of Bengal. Tho chief town, of the same 
 name, is seated S. of the Kistnah ; 45 miles W. 
 by N. from Masulipatam. See Circar8. 
 
 GuNTZBURO, a town of Suabia, with a ca.stle. 
 It stands on tho river Guntz, near its conflux 
 with the Danube ; 6 miles W. of Bureau, and 
 14E. ofUlm. 
 
 GuNZENHAUsEN, a towH of Franconia, in the 
 principality of Anspach ; seated on the Altmuhl, 
 near a forest ; 16 miles S. S. E. of Anspach. 
 
 GuKAU, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Glogau, with good cloth manufactures, and a 
 great trade in corn. In 1 759 it was reduced to 
 ashes by tho Russians. It sUrnds on an emi- 
 nence, by the river Bartch ; 19 miles E. of 
 Glogau. 
 
 GuRCK, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, and 
 lately a bishop's see ; seated on the river Gurck ; 
 20 miles N. by W. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 GuRCKFELD, a town of Germany, in Carniola, 
 with a castle on a hill ; situate on the Save ; 
 28milesS. E.ofCilley. 
 GuRoiSTAN. See Georgia. 
 GuRiEP, or Govriev, a to\vn of Russia, in 
 the government of Astracan, with a good har- 
 bour; seated near the Caspian Sea, betwet^n 
 the mouths of the Ural ; 210 miles E. by N. of 
 Astracan. Long. 51. 5t). lat. 47. 37. N. 
 
 3-13 
 
 GZA 
 
 ntRBAi?, a town of lliiidostiin, in tho pro- 
 vince of Allahiilmd ; situate near the river Ncn 
 buddah ; 190 miles S. .S. W. of Allahabad. 
 Long. no. 2.3. E. lat. 2:t. 9. N. 
 
 (iuiiiniMcoNUA, a town of Hindostan, lately 
 subject to the regent of Mysore, but ceded by 
 the nizam to the British, in 1799. It is 7a 
 milesN. E. of Bangalore, and 112 W N W 
 of Madras. Long. 7«. 3'i. E. lat. 13. 47. N. 
 
 GusTHOw. a city of Lower Saxony, in the 
 uucliy of Mecklonburg-Schwerin. The chief 
 courts of judicature for tho duchy are held hero ; 
 and it has an elegant ducal palace. It is situate' 
 on the Nebel ; 29 miles E. N. E. of Schwerin. 
 Long. 12. 13. E. lat. 63. 47. N. 
 
 GuTTA, n town of Hungary, seated on tho 
 Wag, m the island of Schut ; 1(J miles N. W. 
 of Comorn. 
 
 GuzKRAT, a province of Hindostan, which 
 IS a peninsula, 200 miles long and 140 broad, 
 formed by tlie Arabian Sea and tho gulfs of 
 Cambay and Cutch. The W. part is moun- 
 tiunous and woody, and inhabited by a wild 
 hardy race, governed by rajahs of their own ; 
 but the largest and finest part is included within 
 the extensive empire of the Mahrattas. Ame- 
 dabad is tho capital. 
 
 GwALiOR, a fortress of Hindostan, in a dis- 
 trict of tho same name, in the province of Agra, 
 situated on a rock about 4 miles in length, but 
 narrow, and nearly flat on the top, with sides 
 almost perpendicular, from 200 to 300 feet above 
 the surrounding plain. The rampart conforms 
 to the edge of the precipice all around ; and tho 
 only entrance is by steps running up the side of 
 the rock, defended on the side next the country 
 by a wall and bastions. The area within is full 
 of noble buildings, reservoirs of water, wells 
 and cultivated land ; so that it is a little district 
 within itself. At the N. W. foot of a mountain 
 IS the town, which is well built. This fortress 
 IS considered as the Gibraltar of the east ; but 
 ni 1780 Major Popham took it by an unexpected 
 nocturnal escalade, and in 1804 it capitulated 
 alter a practicable breach was made through its 
 walls by Colonel Henry White. It was after- 
 wards given up to the Mahrattas by Lord Corn- 
 wallis. It is 80 miles S. of Agra. Long. 78 28 
 E. lat. 2(i. 15. N. bio. 
 
 Gy, a town of France, in tlie department of 
 the Upper Saone. Pop. 2701. 
 
 Gyfuohn, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Luncburg ; seated near the junction 
 of the Iser with the AUer ; 29 miles N. of 
 Brunswick. 
 GroN. See Gijon. 
 
 GvoNQTos, a town of Hungary; 21 miles 
 W. S. W. of Erlau. Pop. 8000. 
 
 Gyula, or Julia, a town of Hungary; situated 
 on an island in the river Kores, or Korash, with 
 a castle. Population about 2000. It is 92 
 miles W. S. W. of Colosvar. 
 
 Gzat, or GnjAT, a town of Russia, in the 
 government of Smolensk ; 140 miles E. N. E. 
 of Smolensk. 
 
 
 [: 
 
, ill tlio pro. 
 ;lic river Ner- 
 f AUahnbad, 
 
 lostnn, lately 
 Imt ci'ilt'd by 
 0. It is 7a 
 2. W. N. W. 
 13. 47. N. 
 tony, in tho 
 The chief 
 re held here ; 
 It is situate 
 of Schwerin. 
 
 «tcd on tho 
 miles N. W. 
 
 istnii, which 
 1 140 broad, 
 tho gulfs of 
 rt is inoun- 
 I by a wild 
 their own ; 
 luded within 
 ;ta8. Ame- 
 
 in, in a dis- 
 iiceof Agra, 
 length, but 
 with sides 
 Ofecta1)ovo 
 rt eonfbrms 
 id ; and the 
 } the side of 
 the country - 
 rithin is full 
 ater, wells, 
 ittle district 
 a mountain 
 riiis fortress 
 e east ; but 
 unexpected 
 capitulated 
 through its 
 t was after- 
 Lord Corn- 
 ing. 78. 28. 
 
 partnicnt of 
 
 Juy, in the 
 le junction 
 liles N. of 
 
 ; 21 miles 
 
 ■y; situated 
 
 orash, with 
 
 It is 92 
 
 tia, in the 
 9 £. N. £. 
 
 HAA 
 
 943 
 
 H A(i 
 
 H. 
 
 th„"w • ■■* ?"'i' ."'""'' '" "'« North Sea, iicnr 
 
 nf H.*A°' " '"*" °^ ""'"""' «''»Pi»»' "f « CoUMtv 
 
 mil™ pT m'"T«', ^' " "'"""• »" « hill ; 20 
 m.l<^ L. by N. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. K i,.t 
 
 irA^^r*'' °' "*^."'''-"- *« Harlem. 
 
 3 nines E n7r "/'"T "^ ^'^°»"> """''"'' ; 
 luLr: ^™'"'''- * "Pi'lation about 1200 
 
 S?ofUlatz ""' °" ^^^ river Neisso; Smiles 
 
 Hackinsack, u town of New Jersey chief nf 
 Uergen county, with a Dutch and ^eiSconaf 
 
 o?New York '"'"' ""'"*' ' ^0 miles N. W. 
 Hackney, a village and parish of Middlesov 
 an appendage to the mctropoh-g ; 2 Ss N e' 
 bhoreditch church. It 'has seveiS hamiefs" 
 " c principal of which are Upper and Lowe; 
 Clapton, on the N.; Dalston. ShacSell and 
 
 1700 ",'»«"*^<"ne modern church, beeun in 
 1792, and a chapel of ease erected in 010 Th« 
 
 cuince m Well btreet, is said to have been thn 
 residence of the prior of the order of St John 
 of Jerusalem. In this narish «; ^fi n •? " 
 
 Haddam, a tn. of Connecticut in ivi; i!ii 
 
 ilAnDINGTONSHipp nr P>-=, T 
 
 grounds feed man v sheen it ?• .'^'° '"«'' 
 "ck, .Ith . dW«l,on«M'inj ?,"" 
 
 n.™,h,.r„» „„,„„ 3, a'g"4; »„• 
 
 Pop. about 2350 """^ "'^'^' •"'"es, 
 
 N "rwrorCdTnl^"*^'" ^-^^ ^«0 miles 
 
 HS:;;^S'l4^S;J;P-jnce^S^^^ 
 somest cities in V,^r^Ji ■ .1 " '"° hand- 
 
 castle of Itvswicic frn,;; , •V"?'""''"""- Tile 
 
HAG 
 
 mile np luilf S. E. of the town. It 
 
 344 
 
 HAL 
 
 th 
 
 fi 
 
 _ .„.,... », wna, wiu 
 
 Dnusels, thu altcmnte seot of govern munt pru- 
 viou« to tho Uclgic revolution, nnd lias since 
 been the residence of tho king of Holland. It 
 suffered greiitly by tho revolution under Bonn- 
 piirte, but the inhabitants threw off the French 
 yoke in 1813. It is 30 miles S. W. of Amster- 
 dam, nnd 7 S. by W. of Leyden. Pop. 44,550. 
 
 Haouenau, a fortified town of France, in tho 
 department of Lower Kh-no, with a citadel ; 
 seated on tho Motter ; 15 miles N. of Strasburg. 
 There are manufactures of tobacco, madder, 
 and earthenware. 
 
 Hailsham, a town in Sussex, 69 miles from 
 London. Here are the ruins of Michaelhnm 
 I'riory. 
 
 Haimburo, a town of Austria, with a castle 
 on a mountain, near the S. bank of the Danube ; 
 27 miles E. by S. of Vienna. Pop. about 'J700. 
 Haina, or Iaina, a river of St. Domingo, 
 which falls into a buy of the same name; 12 
 miles W. of St. Domingo. 
 
 Hai-nan, an island in the China Sea, to the 
 N. of the (Julf of Tonquin, and to the S. W. of 
 the province of Quangtong, from which it is 12 
 miles distant. It is 400 miles in circumference. 
 The soil of the N. part is level : but in the S. and 
 E. are mountains, among which are valleys that 
 produce two crops of rico every year. " There 
 are mines of gold and lapis luzuli, which lust is 
 carried to Canton, to paint tlie porcelain. There 
 are also several kinds of woods, the most valuable 
 of which is that called by the natives hoali,and 
 by Europeans rose or violet wood. It produces 
 the same fruits as China, beside sugar, tobacco, 
 cotton, and indigo. Among the animals is a 
 great black ape, with features resembling those 
 of the human face ; but the common sorts of 
 apes are grey, and very ugly. 
 
 ir..iNAULT, a province of Belgium ; bounded 
 on the N. E. by Bnibant, N. W. by Flanders, 
 S. W. by France, and E. by the territories of 
 Liege and Nnmur ; it comj)rises an extent of 
 1700 square miles, nnd is intersected by the 
 Scheldt, the Sambre, and tho Haine. Its 
 mineral productions are considerable, and there 
 are several manufactures. The chief towns are 
 Toumay, Mons, and Charetroi, It was formerly 
 divided into Austrian nnd French Hainault, nnd 
 in 1814 was ceded by Austria to the Netherlands: 
 in 1815 it received an accession of Beaumont, 
 Merbe, Le Chateau, and Dour, formerly be- 
 longing to French Hainault. 
 
 Hajosii, a town of Hungary, in Cumania 
 Minor ; C5 miles S. by E. of Pest. 
 
 Hajyi'Oor, the chief town of the district of 
 the same name ; seated on the N. E. bank of the 
 Ganges, at its confluence with the Guxduck. 
 
 Halasz, a town of Hungary, in Cumania 
 Minor; 17 milesE. of Hajosh. Pop. about 8700. 
 Halberstadt, a town of Prussia, in Lower 
 Saxony ; capital of a principality of the same 
 name, which was formerly a bishopric. The 
 cathedral is a superb structure ; here are three 
 regular abbeys, and two nunneries, and tho 
 Lutherans have five churches. It is seated on 
 the Hotheim ; 32 miles S. E. of Brunswick, on 
 tlie road to Lcipsic. 
 
 IIaldknhleben New, n town of Prussia, in 
 Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, on 
 tho river Ohra ; 14 miles N. N. W. of Magde- 
 burg. 
 
 HAtDENSTEiN, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 country of Grisons j seated nwir the Rhine ; 4 
 miles N. df Coire. 
 
 Halen, a town of Belgium, in Brabant ; seated 
 on the river Oeet ; 17 miles E. N. E. of Louvain. 
 Hales, a village in Gloucestershire ; 2 miles 
 N. E. of Winchcomb noted for the remains of 
 its abbey, which formerly was very magnificent, 
 and had great privileges. 
 
 Halesowen, an insulated town of Shropshire, 
 in Worcestershire, with a market on Monday, 
 and a manufacture of nails, nnd pearl nnd horn 
 buttons. The poet Shenstono was born and 
 buried here ; and near it is the Leasows, in the 
 decoration of which his whole fortune wos sjicnt. 
 It is 10 miles N. E. of Kidderminster, iind 127 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Haleswohtii, a town in Suffolk. Market on 
 Tuesday. It has a canal to Southwold, and i» 
 seated near the river Blyth ; 28 miles N. E. of 
 Ipswich, and 101 of London. 
 
 Halibut Island, an island in the Pacifio 
 Ocean, off the coast of Alaska ; so named by 
 Cook on account of the number of fish of that 
 name caught hero. It is 7 leagues in circum- 
 ference, and very low and barren. Long, l(j'4 
 15. W. lat. 54. 48. N. 
 
 Halifax, a borough in the West Ridinp of 
 Yorkshire. Market on Saturday. It returns two 
 members to pnrlinmcnt. It is a very largo parish, 
 and the inhabitants are principally employed in 
 the woollen manufacture. This town is tlio 
 great mart for shalloons nnd worsted stuffs, in 
 great variety. It has a market-house, called thu 
 I'icce Hall, and various others for particular 
 goods. The church is a venerable building, 
 and contains a number of ancient monuments. 
 A handsome new church was built in 1798. It 
 is about three quarters of a mile long, and is 
 seated in a hillv country, near a branch of tho 
 Calder ; 40 miles W. S.W. of York, and 197 H. 
 by W. of London. Pop. 15,382. 
 
 Halifax, a city, and tlio capital of Nova 
 Scotia. It stands on the W. side of Chebucto 
 Bay, which is large enough to shelter 1000 men 
 of war. An island at the mouth of the luirbour 
 is so strongly fortified, as to bid defiance to all 
 attack, and the town is protected on the land 
 side by a fort, and several batteries, which 
 render it impregnable. The streets are parallel 
 and at right aiiglus. At the N. extremity is the 
 king's yard, su|)plied with stores of every kind 
 for the royal navy. The inhabitants are esti- 
 mated at above 15,000. It is UOO miles N.E. by 
 E. of New York, and 90 E. of Annapolis. Lat. 
 44. 44. long. 63. 36. 
 
 Halifax, an interior county of N. Carolina ; 
 bounded on the N. E. by Roanoke, near the 
 northern boundary. The chief town, Halifax, is 
 103 miles N. E. by E. of Raleigh. 
 
 Halifax, a county of Virginia, bordering on 
 North Carolina, and bounded on the N. E. by 
 the Roanoke. Its chief town. Bannister, is Wi 
 miles S. W. bv W. of Richmond. 
 
ir A L 
 
 otLonlwg, withncafllle. Since 177 'J it Z. 
 
 L JXg"* °" ""-" "'"^'"'«' ■' «""»'- «• «■ ^^ of 
 Halland, a province of Svirodcn on thn W 
 
 br, of a^'"' ■ «'• ':; '" «° -ile. along Ihcoan: 
 but no abovo lU u. brendth. Tho country is in 
 
 cester. and 90 N. bj k of lSiS ' "' '^*'- 
 
 orter::^[;f^=S':;^?3sinthed^ 
 
 argo wit works. „„d manufhctur™ of Htarch^ 
 ne„, and flannel. It i, .eated on^oth eid"^tf 
 
 SJ N Va;;.*^ »!---- five bridg^rri; 
 
 MaTdebirg • ' "* ^•"P'"'' """^ *' ». S. K. of 
 
 Hallk, u town of the Netherlands in linf 
 riirS*''°"''^'*^""^'''^^"-s"s"v^ 
 
 Halleksprino, a town of Lower Saxonv in 
 
 containing a bituminous turf. ' 
 
 Halstead, a town in Essex, with a market 
 
 rivefcS' fated on the side of a hin,?,? the 
 
 K ofl'ondon."" ''• "^^^'-'"-f-d, and 46 
 
 Halteren, a town of Westnhnl.t ;,. .», 
 
 teiLd i I "'^^ of Lancaster, which main- 
 
 ^istin and Carlisle railwav; 3,5 niilrs W nf 
 Newcastle, and 315 N.h/W.,fZZ,:,n°^ 
 
 34S 
 
 HAM 
 
 tnule and L exte^ivi' 'bract^; u^:: 
 r^t^rJ-^SsS'l Eld 
 
 Ham, West, a village and parisli of Enclnnd 
 m the county of Eswx, on the river Leu 5 
 miles from London. ' 
 
 Ham, a town of France, in tho department 
 o bomme. with a strong castle, now U8odT» „ 
 
 N N.TofVS!' "" "'" '^"'"'""' '' "'"- 
 Hamaoa;*. See Amadan. 
 
 Ale^Jo among hills, 78 mile. S. s^^. H 
 Hamamet, a town of the kingdom of Timi. 
 
 enters tho town by sluice, fnrm/-' ^^"'^ " 
 aid a handsome exchange. The cJ,Miauh 
 
 ^brary containing about 100 000 .,,1 "" 
 The cathedral of Our Lady is a yirv /"'T^'" 
 ture; it is well fortified and IZ' '*™'- 
 a^ handsome walks,^Vantd" JS TwH 
 trees. On the east is the suburb of St rZ^ 
 S/" the west the Hamburger Ber?'"g"' 
 May 5th and O'th, 1042 the cenirni n i ,r" 
 portion of the cit; was deSoyed "bl fi o l^"" 
 pnsing above CO Streets and looolfouses IT 
 
 the admiralty, exchangrtonk posilf ^'''j 
 
II AM 
 
 S40 
 
 II A M 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 !i 
 
 I 
 
 UMIIMiiy ; 1111)1 lu"Hfi' it io one of tlio immt 
 •owmerfliil plmvn in lOuroiio. Tim niinilivr ol' 
 yvm)]ii Unit fri'<,m-iit it« port i» iilMmt '.'(HKI. 
 It in tliHtiiiKiiinliod tnr ili migiir rt'Hm.ry, mnl it 
 liiw UiHTmlii. turt'ii ol' futlon iito«kiii(jH,"Kol.l nml 
 •jlver iiu'o, hillj, limm, Immiln-rcliiolH, mtil clotlm, 
 thri'iui, rililioim, iitiil vclveln. Tlio <i)iiiiiu'rw, 
 liowovor, riroivftl, u «'\,.ro «litKk in llKl?'; 
 mill tiiKv that, the lity it»oll Im* Ik»«ii iiltiioit 
 roiluetil to ruin. Prcvinun to V,i< ytiir !llO(f, 
 thii city iKcunio tlio doprtt of all tlio toiili- 
 iiontnl coinnurcc, and niiinlNm of niorrlianti 
 flockiil hero JVoni uvcry purl of lluropo, lirin^- 
 inK tlioir proju'rtv along witli tlii-in, a» to u 
 plaoo fri'o from military dway, and HC'curi> from 
 tho warlike comniotionx wliitli tlion aKitalcd 
 Kuropo; but allir tho dofoat of tho rruNHiaUH 
 at tho Imltio of Jonn, tho Frumli took po»- 
 ■uawoii ot It, and alVerwar.U luincxud it to tho 
 i>mpin'. In l(li;i, on tho advanii' of tho Hun- 
 siaiw into Ucrmany, tho Kronth I'vacmilod tho 
 town, anil tho UuHniiuu ininifdiatolv oniorod. 
 In May followiiiK, tlio^'reuth laid iioKo to it 
 »or more tliiin a month, wlion tho Uuiwian*, 
 hmlniK «' imposwihlo to dofiiul it any lonKcr, 
 retired. Tho I'ronch, on ro ei.toritig, he^an to 
 itroiiKthcM tho fortitiialionn j ami, utter tho 
 battle of Leip^ie, and tho commander, Mamlial 
 Kavousf, hearioK of the approach of the allies, 
 imide great preparations for a long Hiege. For 
 thin jmrposo lio destroyed the mihurbs nnd par- 
 dons, and expelled all tlio inhnbitants wlio were 
 not ublo to provide jiroviiiionM for nix months. 
 On tho restoration of tho Hourhons, however, 
 tho French garrison was withdrawn, and tho 
 place delivered up to tho allies in May, lllll; 
 Binco which it has recovered its former inde-' 
 pendenec and activity. It is M niilcB N. i:. of 
 Uremen, nml JO S. W. of I.ubeck. Pop. about 
 ll.'i.OOO. J.nt. 5a. a4. long. f). .'iU: 
 
 IIamklduro, a town of Franconiu, in tho 
 prineipiility of Fulda; seated on tho Siwlej '20 
 miles W. N. W. of Sehweinfnrt. 
 
 Uamkln, a strong town of Lower Saxony, at 
 the extremity of the duchy of Urunswick, of 
 which it IS tho key. Here are maiiufactures of 
 Btiills, silks, nnd stockings. The fortress sur- 
 lemlercd to the French in lllO(i. It is situate 
 at the continence of the Ilaniel with the Wescr- 
 •J)l miles S. VV. of Hanover. 
 
 lU-Mi, a province of Western Tuitarv, sur- 
 rounded by deserts, yet accounted one of the 
 most delightful countries in the world. Its 
 rico and fruits, particularly the melons nnd 
 dried raisins, are in high esteem in China. Jt 
 IS tributary to that country; and its capital of 
 the same name. Long. !)1. 1 t.K, hit. 42. 5,^>. N. 
 Hamilton, a county in the state of Tencssec; 
 bounded on the S. E. by the river Tenessce. 
 Poiiulation })175. The chief town, Bruincrd, is 
 lO-J miles S. E. of Murfreesborough. 
 
 Hamilton, n county in Olio; bounded on 
 the S. by the river Oliio, an- intersected by 
 tho great Miami river, i\ ;. "IJdi. Cin- 
 cinnati, its chief town ;. '••-)' i.^le, S. VV. of 
 Columbus. 
 
 HAMILTON is also tl) • i!i\,-' of a county in 
 Now York, eontaininh Ud,Ut> inhabitants. 
 Iho court-house, in the cuf.ve of tho count v, is 
 
 IMI miles N. W. by N. of Albany. Thoro an 
 x'Vinil towimhipn of tho mime niinie. 
 
 Hamilton, a town of .Scotland, in Lnnnrk- 
 sliire, with a ii.ibli, wat behniging to tho duko 
 ot Unit name. It has a trade in ciibinet-work 
 mid the making of shoesi and tho women aro 
 lunmus for the Hpinning of linen yarn, ami 
 milking thread la.o. It is seated on tho Avon, 
 mar it* conlliu with the Clyde. It has it 
 haniUoine parish church, an elegiint town- 
 house and prison, and a conimodioiw mnrket- 
 Jilace. It was miii'.i a royal burgh in l/il(l. by 
 (iueeii Mary, nnd is contributory, with Lin- 
 lithgow, Ate., in sonding ono member to parlia- 
 iiiant. It is 1 1 mile* S. E. of (ilasgow, and 'Ml 
 W. .S. W. of lO.linburgh. 
 
 IIammkhkiw, a town o» ^orwnv, fiO niiloi 
 ■S. Vy. from the North Cape. It is tho most 
 northern town of Europe, and was founded in 
 _llll.'> by Mr. Crowe, an English merchant. It 
 IS seated on n very sociiro harbour on (inaloen 
 »., and has a coimiderablo exjiort triulo in fish 
 oil, iVe. I'op. -JOO. 
 
 Hammhiwmitii, a large village in Middlesex; 
 seated on the north bank of the Thames, over 
 which is a handsome suspension bridge, and 
 one of tho appendages of the metropolis; .'11 
 miles west of Hyde Park Corner. Hero also 
 18 II nunnery, established originally as a bimrd- 
 ing schiMd for young ladies of tho Koman 
 (Jiitholic porsnasion; ii.ul toward tho river aron 
 number of hnndsonio seats and villas. Hero is 
 a charity school, a workhouse, and several 
 places of worship for dissenters. Tho chnpel is 
 near tho centre of tho town. Hero also was 
 the celebrated villa of Urnndenbiirg House, in 
 which her Into Majesty (iueen Caroline dii'd. 
 
 Hamont, n town of tho Netherlands, in tho 
 Into bishonrie of Liege; 'JO miles W. by N. of 
 Iluremondo. 
 
 Hampsiiihk, or County op Southampton, 
 nmaritimo county of England; bounded on tho 
 N. by llorkshire, E. by Surrey nnd Sussex, S. 
 hy tho English Chniinel, nnd W. by Dorsot- 
 sliire nnd Wiltshire. It is nearly siiimre ex- 
 cept n projection tho S. W.; and cmitains 
 1,'- 1 '2,000 acres. This county has a Rrcnt 
 variety of soils, but tho principnl part is chalk. 
 Iho Dorsetshire border Inis largo tracts of 
 heath; and toward tho sea are great ipmntities 
 of marsh land, but very fertile j and all tho 
 remainder is excellent land. It is ono of tho 
 most fertile nnd populous counties ir ', 'Icud. 
 On tho downs, of which a ridgo runs .Uiiiost 
 across the eounty, are fed jilenty of cI i ,'p; hut 
 tho stock is considerably decrease!. . vi,' lu 
 eiiclo.sure8. JJesiiles wlicnt, barUv, nnd hops, 
 It IS Imnous for bncon, honey, nnd' timber; tho 
 last in particular, on account of its great woods, 
 of whicli tho principal nro the New Forest, nnd 
 tho forest of Here. The principal harbours, 
 of which there aro a great number along 
 tho coast, arc Portsmouth nnd Yarmouth. 
 Southampton is deemed the county town, but 
 the assizes are held at Winchester. It scuds 
 2 members to parliament fbr each of its divi- 
 sions, N. and H., and one for tho Isle of Wight. 
 Hami'siiiiii.;, Ni;\v, one of the United States 
 il north Amcricii, 'joui.ded on tho E. by tho 
 
II A M 
 
 ;"v.'.;t ,„ml li,H, ..x..„.|i„« ,:",,;'*•• -^ '' " 
 
 4^^;:^,;^•T'T'''•."'H'"''^'-•t'"''H^o 
 
 ;i™;.|i,,^,:',;'iv;i-, «-.'«, ,^^ 
 •™ "5 "1:;"'" '"""""""■■ •'"- ™»" 1" 1 
 
 . .), I muitiKniu, Mornmao, Coniu'tliciit II 
 
 -'".rn, of tho Huc^ I, .^'"";"""'«. "cur tlm 
 <U.pear« a. if:,„vo„ll: %, i. "" 
 
 •I'e formor of „ ' ' r"*" "* .^''"'kiagham, of 
 
 347 
 
 II AN 
 
 f\7 I N ^'""""•'""K- !"'"«. 70. \i VV. C 
 
 tilt H,ia. It lam a canal (,. tU,, Mcrriinuc at 
 Mmry and in Ij nnlrn S. \,y W'. ,?r .ortl 
 mouth. Long. 70. 4,',. W. lat, 4-> OA N 
 
 Im. I'nfT' ' ■ '"'r '" '^"'''"^■•^•''. •'•. Iho N. 
 
 Hi, n t"/'r"' "'""•"" '•■• "•""• •^- W. of 
 oa.lo .. It I, r,m,mn f„r a royal palace, callcl 
 
 ..|.M.toM (mrt originally ami ln,«niH«'„t J 
 Imi tl.y ( ani.nal Wolnoy. ^hoKUVo it to llcrj 
 
 •m'i.k tak..n down in Kl.'K), „„d tli.- „reH,.nt 
 IIamiton, hrrrr.K n tnwi. ^., n 
 
 n::.r:ofi':irr.nT"''''"'"^'"''--^'''^'"'''- 
 
 IIanau. a Htrong town of Oormany. in Homo 
 (asHd, capital of a fertilo counly of t In k. ,^ 
 •r-o. t i. divided into tl.0 (.1.1 a^nl N "C" 
 mid ... fla, Jor,,,er m a magniMcct castlo It !>,.« 
 ••"-'"factnroH of woollen «tutfi,, . oS' , ' ' 
 '"'■.,«... lol,„cco; an.l a tn. I« in "on,' ir ,^' 
 I n.1 t.,nber. It i, seated on the Ki,.t2 ; 
 t-con Inx with the Maine, i;i milen l' N I f 
 f™.Mort.,.,..tl,c-iVlainc. ' I'opuJion uL'o.'.f 
 
 It m - miles m tircuniference, excliwivo of if^ 
 iint "• '-•""'"'"» "'"^" than .. .nilli: n .f i I 
 ' «nt«, and ,. the general enii-oriun, o f „ 1 
 . icie, that pa*, between tlio \,ortli er, u" 
 southern provinces. Here arc cxion" vo Uoni 
 nn.l warehon..e8; and it hm ., iirr>t Z, ■ 
 
 Cth:^^:s:;ii;X^;!3a""'i 
 
 " sniall lake called Hee-h ,u 7 w '1^;'"" • ""'.' 
 
 "'•/•eking. Lo..g. ]•.... oi;; ,?;';;,- j-^j/'o;^''-. 
 
 HANovnit, a kingdom in the N of/',", 
 ounded on the N.^;. hy'theri^; K, .^N "i^' 
 
 Woya and DIcmZi,*''. 1?^ ?.«?"• ^^""^■.•'"rfe'. 
 
 ^oya and i;i:;^d :h '^^ SS it'"''!""^' 
 Ver,Ien, Duchy of 1 rernen V?/. '.'"""''.'."-ft 
 
 i^^^j.n.j^Lingl^n.andr'lonU- fe, r 
 Ino chief towns are Hnnovr.r tlw,!, ./ , 'I"-"- 
 Jen, Hihlesheim, L^n:!; J^t Cli'^J^'i' 
 tingen. Ze riimgdMii /• 1 ,,. "'K> dot- 
 
 tl.0 Ilartz/covereS" ' itb /""^'''''''''''^ '"'^^ "^^ 
 except of wh ch the whT"' "'"' ^'"' "'^ 
 
 annually to the revenue nl.n„»?.''nl>.'.;"'f ^'.""S 
 ■rn. princijiai rive.-8 are tholW: Vhe WcfeS 
 
Il 
 
 '^l 
 
 HAN 
 
 thoEmbs, with their tributary streams, and the 
 chief lakes, bteinhcim and Dunimer 
 
 The cor.i cultivated is niucli the same as in 
 ilntam. The extensive heaths of Luncburs pro- 
 duce honey annually to the amount of 40,000/. 
 J lie chief manufactures are thread, linen, wool- 
 lens, paper, and glass. The exjiorts are linen 
 iron, copper, timber, horses, and black cattle.' 
 1 lie imports are linen, broad cloth, silk, and 
 jewellery. 
 
 The revenue of Hanover is about 1,000,000/. 
 The prevailing religion is the Lutheran ; but all 
 deiiotainations are tolerated. The Catholics 
 amount to 150,000, and the CalvinisfH to 40.000 
 In every village elementary schools are estab- 
 Jislied, and m more poi)ulou8 places acadamies. 
 or high schools, which are well conducted ; as 
 well as th' univi .sity of Gottingen. The frank- 
 ness simplidty, and hospitality, mentioned by 
 lacitus as characteristic of the ancient Ger- 
 mans, IS still a prominent feature in the manners 
 ot the Hanoverians, particularly the inhabitants 
 OJ tlie heaths, 
 
 rr!.i't"'iT'^'''-"r^'' "'"''='■ *''^ government ot 
 Great Britain for more than a century, has un- 
 dergone no poLtical mcorj.oration. At the diet 
 of Germany, the King of Hanover occuj^es the 
 fifth rank, and has four votes at the general 
 assembly. The king's power is limited, Eg 
 a counterpoise m the nobility of Wolfenbuttle: 
 the heads of the church, and deputies of the 
 
 Zc:J'- r/^' "r "■■ "^'l^'-ighthood is that of 
 the Guelf, nistituted m 1815. 
 
 Hanover was Uiken possession of bv the kins 
 
 in 1003, and in lUOli partly ceded to the Prus 
 sians; but on the expulsion of the French in 
 If! 13, the whole electorate was restored to tlie 
 king of Great Britain; and the electoral office 
 liaving been annulled, he assumed, in 1815 the 
 title of liing of Hanover. On the accession of 
 our present Queen Victoria, tlie sovereignty 
 passed to Lrnest, Duke of Cumberland, the 
 ba he law not permitting a queen. Population 
 
 1 f ,wm, *" ^^'"^"'y' "'"'"t 1,000,000, of whom 
 about 8000 are Jews. 
 
 Hanoveb, a city of Germany, and capital of 
 the above kingdom. It is built in the form of a 
 iiall-moon, and divided by the river Leine, into 
 the Old and New Town. The Old Town presents 
 fu XT^"^",;!''"' "I'P'-'"'-"";*-'. IJut tlie buildings in 
 the New lown are in a better style. Hanover 
 contains a consid^'rable number o'f public build- 
 ings, among which are the elector's j.alace, and 
 tlio public hbrary; the latter founded by Leib- 
 nitz, to whom an elegant monument has been 
 erectea m the town. Tliere are five Lutheran 
 cliurches, besides the elia,,els of the Calvinists 
 and Catholics, and a Jewish synagogue. Tliere 
 are small manufactures of gold and silver lace 
 printing of cotton, linen, brewing, vinegar i.c' 
 Poj). about •J5,000. 4 1 miles W. by N. of Bruns- 
 wick, and 154 \V. of Berlin. 
 
 Hanover, a town of Virginia, in a county of 
 
 the simic na:He ; situate on the I'aniunky 'the 
 
 .S. branch of York River; •>2 miles N. N. W of 
 
 Kichmond. Poi>. of the county, 14,00'ft. 
 
 11a«ovek, New, a large island in the South 
 
 348 
 
 H AR 
 
 1 aciflc Ocean, opposite the N. W. extremity of 
 New Ireland. It is high and covered with trees, 
 among wuch are many beautiful plantations. 
 Lat. of W. end, '2. 25. long. 149. 6. E. 
 
 Han-san. See Tuuon. 
 
 Hanse Towns, the name of certain free 
 towns of Germany, which, being infested with 
 pirates and robbers, entered into n mutual 
 league for their protection. This association is 
 supposed to have continued from the 13th to tu« 
 . -Cth century. It consisted at first of only two 
 towns, but It so increased in strength and repu- 
 tation, that at last it consisted of CG cities 
 Having at length proclaimed war against Wal- 
 1 ollno 1 ^'"^ "*" I>«"mark, with 40 ships, and 
 l.,000 troops, several merchants were ordered 
 by the princes of their respective kingdoms, to 
 withdraw their effects, and the assoc;i.tion for 
 the most part was dissolved. Seveml toivns 
 in Germany still retain the name, though the 
 laws by which they are governed are disan- 
 nulled, 
 
 Han-tchono, a city of China, of the first 
 class, m the province of Chen-si ; on the river 
 Han; surrounded by mountains and forests, 
 llio articles of trade are honey, wax, musk, and 
 cinnabar. Long; 100. 35, E. lat. 32. 58. N. 
 
 Hanuve, or Hannut, a town of Belgium " 
 Brabant, on the frontiers of Liege and Namur; 
 20 miles N. N. E. of Namur, 
 
 Han- VANG, a city of China, of the first class • 
 in the province of Hou-quang. It is seated at 
 the conflux of the Han with the Kian-ku. Long. 
 113, 44. E, lat, 30. 36. N, 
 
 Hapaee, the name of four of the Friendly 
 Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, They are of si- 
 
 ' - — •- w.»,u.., jiiicj' aie oi si- 
 
 milar height and appearance, and connected by 
 a reef of coral rocks, dry at low water. The 
 plantations are numerous and extensive These 
 islands extend from N. to S. about 19 miles, and 
 he between 174. 24. and 174, 15, W, long, and 
 lat, 19, 39, and 19. 53. S. 
 
 Hapsal, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of licvel ; seated on the Baltic, opposite the 
 island of Diiso; 45 miles S. W. of Revel. 
 
 Hapsuuho, an ancient castlo of Switzerland 
 on a lofty eminence, near Schintznach. What is 
 left ot It IS now inhabitetl by the family of 
 a peasant. This castle was the cradle, as it were, 
 of the House of Austria, whose ancestors may 
 be traced back to the beginning of the I3th 
 century when Rodolph, Count of llapsburg, was 
 elevated to the cinpiie of Germany and arch- 
 duchy of Austria. 
 
 Haiian, or CiiARAN, a town of Asiatic Tur- 
 iicy, m Diarbek, known in scripture as the 
 country of Laban. To this ,,lace Ciassus re- 
 tired after his defeat by the Partliiaus, and not 
 Jar from it he was killed. It is 25 miles E. by S. 
 of Orfa, 
 
 Hakuorougii Maiikkt, a town in Leicester- 
 shire, with a market on 'J'ucsdav. It is seated 
 or. the Welland; 15 miles S. of Leicester, and iJ3 
 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Hakiiuru, a town of Hanover, in the duchy 
 of Luneburg, with a strong castle. It nas manu- 
 factnres of siiks, stockings, wax, and tobacco: 
 and a great trade i„ timber - i'!-. Holhuid In 
 
'f. W. extremity of 
 
 covered with trees, 
 utiful jilantations. 
 149. C. E. 
 
 3 of certain free 
 .'ing infested with 
 1 into a mutual 
 This association is 
 omthel3th toiuo 
 t first of only two 
 trcngth and repu- 
 Bted of 66' cities, 
 war agairst VVal- 
 ith 40 shjjis, and 
 ints were ordered, 
 !tive kingdoms, to 
 le assoc.ation for 
 Several towns 
 lame, though the 
 emcd are disan- 
 
 iiia, of the first 
 -si ; on the river 
 iins and forests. 
 , wax, musk, and 
 iat. 32. 58. N. 
 1 of Uelgium, " 
 ege and Namur ; 
 
 »f the first class ; 
 
 It is seated at 
 
 Kian-ku. Long. 
 
 of tlie Friendly 
 Tliey are of si- 
 nd connected by 
 low water. 'J'he 
 xtensive. Tliese 
 mt 19 miles, and 
 5. W. long, and 
 
 the government 
 ic, opposite the 
 of Kevel. 
 of Switzerland, 
 tznach. What is 
 the family of 
 adle, us it were, 
 : ancestors may 
 ig of the 13th 
 :'iiapsburg, was 
 nany and arch- 
 
 3f Asiatic Tur- 
 ripturo as the 
 lite Cfassus re- 
 thiaiis, and not 
 ) miles E. by S. 
 
 n in Leicester- 
 '• It is seated 
 :icester, and iJ3 
 
 in the duchy 
 It nils niaim- 
 and tobacco; 
 !'.|)!!aiHl. In 
 
 HAR 
 
 iSe veTr'bv "Iho \'i *^° ^'''^"^''' *'»' '''■•^^'" '^o 
 •«me year by the JIanovormns. It is seated on 
 
 he Seeve, at its conflux with the Kibe onnos.^o 
 
 Hamburg, 29 miles N. W. of Luneburg '^''°'"" 
 
 me t'of r T""' f *°T^ ofPrnnce, in the depart- 
 ment of Calvados, 12 miles S. by W. of Caen 
 
 349 
 
 HAR 
 
 11. „ ' ■- ...i.>..T o. uy vv. Of Uaei 
 
 12 miles s'sV V'r" ',f "''""""y- '" ^t r!a ; 
 
 hn!!'"'^*'"''''" *""'" "f the province of Calen- 
 
 ". GeWe'Crrwith ^'"'''^^''^ }o^^ of Holland, 
 ". ueuitiianfl, with a university. It has a trade 
 
 by S of"" a'' ^- ^' ^- "*■ ^"''"^'"'' '^"J 33 E 
 52. fo"^ ^'"^'"Jam. Long. 5. 0. E. Iat! 
 
 Moorficlds, is 228 miles N. W. by N!'of S 
 
 ^si^;X^^trSh:^^„r 
 
 ment of S.r William Gascoyne, who commuted 
 turn «hile he sat admimstering justice Ncaf 
 HaLtr°°'-'"'""' ''"" -We^-at"of S 
 Har,.lel'b, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Seine. Its fortifications have 
 
 of Ih'.'L"™ ■ ° "'™ ?' "'")'>«»<1. 1" » county 
 ■ n'i^^J""'"' • *'""ite on Bush River - '>S 
 
 ctrtytf7;foo°^^''"--- PopulatioroVthe 
 
 HAiuiunA or HuRRYHUR, a town of Hin- 
 dostan m Mysore, with a fort, in which s a 
 
 tt Tol, ' h"?'''"- J'u^'r''^ °" '»"= E. side of 
 the Toomhuddra, which here sej.aratcs Mysore 
 from the country of the Mahrattas. In the^vid- 
 mty much cotton wool is cleaned and spun into 
 thread. It is ] 30 miles N. E. by N. o^f Man- 
 
 Harleigh, or Harlech, a town of Wales 
 capita of Merionethshire, with a market on 
 Saturday. It is a poor j)lacc, though governed 
 by a mayor, and has a castle, built by Edward I 
 almost entire, on a rock projecting into St" 
 George's Channel. It is 26 miles S. E. of C-.cr 
 narvon. and 231 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Haulem. Haaplem, or Haerlem, a foili- 
 fied c. y c "North Holland, memorable for he 
 6 ege It heu out against the Spaniards in 157.3 
 for 10 mnnflis, beibre it capituluU-d. It has 
 broad regular streets, and many canals , and k 
 I* noted for its velvets, damasks, worsted stuflk 
 
 and bleacliing.grounds. A communication h». 
 
 ^,iV J .u * ^^^'"^'^ churches, one of which 
 called the great church, is the largest in Hot 
 land, and hi« the grandest organ in Europe • 
 Jt contains 8000 pipes, and 08\tops tadm 
 IS seacd near a lake of the «ime name^^ 
 nules^W. of Amsterdam. Long. 4.37. KTat.'52 
 
 kJ^tV'wT' ", '""^ '" Norfolk, with a mar- 
 
 f6mires^"''rv''^=-'f'*''' "" ""= Wavenay; 
 iO^miles S. of Norwich, and 99 N. E. of Lon- 
 
 frnm*?"*?' *^*f .' * '°«'" "<■ Norfolk, 89 mile, 
 nXtiredt. '""^"' ''°^''' «""• ^^ - - 
 
 a'"53.iri5.^-*''"^^-''^"-^-S^^^^^^ 
 
 Harlow, a town in Erhpy r»r. „ ., 
 2 mi^s from the tow'n". f^.tJ^sl^^Z 
 Jth of September, called Harlow Bush P»;r 
 
 r.^.sToar'''^"'^'^-^ 
 
 a water ct the E. branch of the Susquehannnh 
 
 Harponellv a town of Hindostan, capital 
 
 eountrv It thi"' Tf-"'"""^' '" the'MyS 
 1799 Hnr^ ^? P'""*'""" °^ this country, i„ 
 
 HAnumcTON a small port in Cumberland 
 
 vesse^sTloo^'t^"'' .^™!^ «-• which adS 
 vessels ot 120 tons burden up to the houses 
 Coal, lime, iron-stone, and fire-clay are sent 
 
 N "of W. -Vf ""'' ""'' ^'"'^^^'^- It^^ 6 mnes 
 N. onVhitehaven, and 8 W. S. W. of CoSr! 
 
 HARnroRPouK, a town of Hindostan in «i,„ 
 
 trkt 0?^^'",!'^''^"™-' "S oT'tbedL' • 
 tritt ot Mohurbunge. It is 90 miles N N E of 
 -at ack, and 130 W. S. W. of Calcutta ' ^ 
 llARHSDi-Ro, atown ofPennsvlvania- capital 
 
 thoS?,!'''''",' '''"I'y^ "^"""^ ontheE hanSf 
 the S,.,uehannah , PS miles W.N. W. of I'hila. 
 
 Harrodsboro, a jown of Kentucky in Mnr 
 
 so "r'tre"h"K- ill'-'' f""'' '■" •'^'■•••'"- 
 
 brat"ed fre^eJioiy- "' '''''''"'• '' »>- « -'«• 
 

 HAR 350 
 
 IIaRiiowoatk, a villaRe in the West Riding 
 of Yorkriiire ; 2 miles W. of Knnresborougii. 
 It is famous for medicinal springs, one of whielj 
 is chalybeate, and the other the strongest sul- 
 phurous water in Great Britain. Here are 
 several large buildings, with a theatre, &c., for 
 the accommodation of the numerous visitants 
 in the summer. It is 211 miles N. b- W. of 
 London. 
 
 Hartenstein, a town and cnoMe of Upper 
 Saxony, in Misnia; 6 miles S. ot .Zwickau. 
 
 Hartfoud, a city of Connecticiit ; capital of 
 a county of its name, and a place where the 
 half-yearly assembly of the state is held in May. 
 It stands on the W. side of the river Connecti- 
 cut, 50 miles from its mouth. The inhabit .iits 
 enter largely into the manufacturing business. 
 On the opposite side of the Connecticut is the 
 town of East Hartford, where are iron and glass- 
 works. The city is divided by a small stream, 
 called Little River, with high romantic banks, 
 over which is a bridge ; and the streets intersect 
 each other at right angles. It is 35 miles 
 N. N. E. of Newhaven. Population of the 
 county, 55,629. 
 
 Hautland, a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, Near it is Hartland Abbey, 
 which includes the site and some portion of the 
 ancient abbey. It is seated near the Bristol 
 Channel, on a promontory calltd Hartland 
 Point ; 28 miles \V. S. W. of Barnstaple, and 
 217 W. by S. of London. Lat. of the Point. 
 51. l.long. 4.30. 
 
 Hartlepool, a seaport in the county of 
 Durham, about 6 miles N. of the mouth of the 
 Tees ; governed by a mayor, with a market on 
 Monday. In the vicinity are several coal-mines, 
 and a large flour manufacture. It is seated on 
 the German Ocean, partly surrounded by rocks 
 and hills ; 19 miles E.S.E". of Durham, and 258 
 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 54. 
 41. N. 
 
 Hartley, a seapo.t of Northumberland ; fi 
 miles N. W. of Tynemouth. Its prosperity is 
 chiefly owing to the mineral productions of the 
 neighbourhood. A haven has been constructed 
 half a mile to the N,, whence coal is shipped 
 to London ; and a canal is cut through a s.lid 
 rock to the harbour. Here are also laige 
 salt, copperas, and glpss-works. About a mile 
 to the N. W. stands Seaton Delavel, a magni- 
 ficent modem structure, equalled by few in the 
 kingdom ; the interior of which was destroyed 
 by fire a few years ago. 
 
 Hartz, a mountainous tract lying chiefly in 
 the S. of Hanover, extending from Goslan to 
 Hartzgerode ; 70 miles long and 20 broad. It ia 
 part of the ancient Sylva Ilcrcvnia, and still 
 covered with large forests, the timber of which 
 is of great importance in supplying the numerous 
 mines and forges with fuel. See Hanover. 
 There are many natural curiosities in the llartz : 
 the caverns of Scharsfeld and Baumann are 
 the most interesting. The magnetic rocks of 
 Ilsenstein, and the Brocken or Blocksberg 
 mountain also deserve notice ; the latter of 
 which cornmaiida a prospect of about 8000 
 square miles. 
 
 HAS 
 
 Hartzoerodk, or Haiizoerode, a town of 
 U()pL'r Saxony, in the principality of Annalt- 
 Bemburg ; situate near the Hartz mountains. 
 It has a mine-office and a castle, and is 23 
 miles S. W. of Brenburg. Population about 
 1800. 
 
 Harwich, a seaport and borough on the coast 
 of Essex, governed by a mayor ; with a market 
 on Tuesday. It has a capacious harbour, in 
 which a great number of the largest ships may 
 anchor, and a convenient dock for the building 
 of men-of-war. Since the advancement of steam 
 navigation this town has much declined, it 
 having been formerly the port from which all 
 Dutch and German packets sailed. The en- 
 trance into the harbour is defended by a battery, 
 and Languard Fort. The town is seated on a 
 tongue of land, opposite the united mouths of 
 the Stour and Orwell, which are navigable 12 
 miles above the town ; 42 miles E. by N. of 
 Chelmsford, and 72 E. N. E. of London. Long. 
 1. 13. E. lat. 51.56. N. 
 
 Haslemere, p. town in Surreyj market on 
 Tuesday; 1 4 miles S. W. of Guildford, and 42 of 
 London. 
 
 Haslinqden, a town in Lancashire, with a 
 market on Wednesday, and considerable majiu- 
 factures of linen, woollen, and cottori. It is 
 16 miles N. by W. of Manchester, and 204 N. 
 N.W, of London. 
 
 Hasselt, a fortified town of Holland, m 
 Overyssel ; seated on the Vecht ; 6 miles N. of 
 Zwoll. 
 
 Hasselt is also the name of a town of Bel- 
 gium, in the province of Liege ; 15 miles 
 W.N.W. of Maestricht. Population about GOOO. 
 Hasser, or Aseerghur, a town and fortress 
 of Hiiidostan, province of Candeish ; 20 miles 
 N. of Burhampoor. 
 
 Hassfurt, a town of Franconia, in the prin- 
 cipaUty of Wurtzburg, on the N. E. bank of the 
 river Maine ; 8 miles E. of Schweinfurt. Po- 
 pulation about 1 300. 
 
 Hasslach, a town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, 
 on the river Kintzig ; 14 miles S. S. E. of Gen- 
 genbach, and 20 N. E. of Friburg. 
 
 Hastenbeck, a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 the duchy of Brunswick, near which the French 
 gained a victory over the duke of Cumberland, 
 in 1 757. It is 6 miles S. E. of Hameln. 
 
 Hastings, a borough on the eastern extre- 
 mity of Sussex ; governed by a mavor ; with a 
 market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is one 
 of the Cinque Ports, and had once a castle, now 
 in ruins. The harbour, formerly of much con- 
 sequence, is now only an indiiferent road for 
 small vessels. The town is commanded by a 
 strong fort, has two churches, and is a fashion- 
 able watering place, which is now the chief 
 source of its prosperity. In 1006 a bloody 
 battle was fought here, between Harold II. of 
 England, and William, duke of Normandy, in 
 which the former lost his life and kingdom. 
 Hastings sends two members to parliament: it 
 IS seated between a high cliff towards the sea, 
 and a high hill towards the land side j 24 miles 
 01 Lewes, and 64 S. S. E. of London. Lone, 
 0. 38. E. lat. 50. 52. N. 
 
:rode, a town of 
 pality of Annalt' 
 Hartz mountains, 
 castle, and is ?3 
 I'opulation about 
 
 rough on the coast 
 r ; with a market 
 :iouB harbour, in 
 argest ships may 
 : for the building 
 icement of steam 
 uch declined, it 
 t from which all 
 Bailed. The en- 
 ded by a battery, 
 V7i is seated on a 
 nited mouths of 
 ire navigable 12 
 liles E. by N. of 
 ' London. Long. 
 
 rrcyj market on 
 ldford,and42of 
 
 ncashire, with a 
 siderabie luwiu- 
 i cottorj. It is 
 ler, and 204 N. 
 
 of Holland, m 
 ; ; 6 miles N. of 
 
 a town of Bel- 
 iege ; 15 miles 
 ;ion about GOOO, 
 iwn and fortress 
 leish ; 20 miles 
 
 lia, in the prin- 
 . E. bank of the 
 iweinfurt. Po- 
 
 in theBrisgau, 
 5. S. E. of Gen- 
 
 ver Saxony, in 
 lich the French 
 )f Cumberland, 
 Hameln. 
 i eastern extre- 
 mayor ; with a 
 rday. It is one 
 ;e a castle, now 
 r of much con- 
 brent road for 
 nmanded by a 
 id is a fashion- 
 now the chief 
 0G6 a bloody 
 Harold II. of 
 Normandy, in 
 and kingdom, 
 parliament: it 
 wards the sea, 
 side ; 24 miles 
 }ndon. Luiig, 
 
 HAT 
 
 and a woollen manufacture. It is seKf J,i Y„' 
 the river Oke j 28 miles N iv nf ^ f "? 
 200 W. by S. of London. ' "^ ^''''''' """^ 
 
 HApERAs, a cape on the coast of \!^^u 
 
 Hattinqen, a town of WestDlmlin ;„ ♦!, 
 ^ounty of Mark ; seated on LS r %2"„ t' 
 h;. "^ ^"^eldorf. Pop. about 2000 
 Hatvan, a town and fort of UoDPr H.ir.; 
 -at^jl on a mountain, 28"Lfe.1j:"R 
 
 Hatzpeld, a town and castle of Germanv in 
 Upper Hesse, capital of a countv of Tn^n,'. 
 seated on the Eder ; 1 7 miles NNwJr ' 
 burg, and 60 N. E.' of CoWentz". ' ^' °^ ^'^'■ 
 
 Hausen a town of .Suabia, It, Brisoau • ot, 
 
 of Traun S W \Zn ■ ^- ^y *'"' l^a^cr 
 
 .uartrofiS;; citSgVsXSicr. ^^ 
 
 ment*"o7u:,L"r ''" °^^™"'=^' '" '^e depart- 
 
 -ge';Ya'^i;frs"7ru/our'^ °" "^^ ^^- 
 
 mrT^'J/r?"' *'' *^'*>'™'^ seaport on the N W 
 
 ff^sss r iS '"ir'^^^^"^' 
 
 mt, built of stone ancUhereareTr.r f ' 
 nchly ornamented, 2 hospUals V ,nni ''^f 
 lazar-^t'f anH -i\ •'yipaaia, a dock-vard. 
 
 hnlfr "ia ' u, "'i'" '""'^^^'^ buildings. Tlie har ' 
 
 351 
 
 HAV 
 
 S.<Uhe'/unt"ar!['? '°^^' •^°"^" "'^ Moro 
 n , 1 ,Vio*f V v.'"/*' ^® n'80 many other forts 
 
 c de? ofT' r' '^'"''^''"' *"■"> artillerj A 
 c2e o^thff '"■'!!?'[' " «'•«'=*«'» near tl^ 
 centio ot the town, which contains the cant-iin 
 
 PoS ' T"'' ".l^r^^^^ *'^« treSureTs X" 
 ho ^n •V'-''*'' ?" ^^^ «•"> tl"*! come from 
 etu^^?o'Snf "'t^^*' .rendezvous T S 
 EnZh Lfc K T'"^'^''y '^'-^ taken by the 
 i^ 1763 At' ''ff «'<"•«> to the Spaniards 
 "1 wbJ. It IS seated on the W. side of tho 
 
 river^^TS r'''"' ''^'^^•' ''^«"«^- "^ t^^ 
 "ver. ihis town exceeds, in point of mrr, 
 
 rnerce, every other town in SpaS Amer^" 
 
 Pop. about 70.000. Lat. of Fo'rt Mor^S^.t 
 
 burg, in the Mnrlr r,e p. ."^"'' ■" Branden- 
 
 denburg. Pop. „bout 2000 ' ' "^ ^"'"■ 
 
 P»ir^,'*^?"''^^^' a borough of Wales fn 
 Wll wSr'"'"' f''^*^'' °" '^^ «We Ta hish 
 
 liamTnt rt' """^ '^"•^^ °"^ '"e'nber to par- 
 S L fLT""' """^ '"'""*y g'""^ «'« kept 
 Ss; tTe lattt buiU fn7," ""^ '^'"^' "*"^ ^n 
 
 .^^^ 
 
 Havebhill, a town of Massachusets in 
 hank^/T^M^''^ '^° churchr^ln theN 
 Se Som?v'"'T' °"^' ^'^''^I' there is a 
 
 London. ^"y' """^ ^^ N. E. of 
 
 coifSarsea^prof-FrrnTe Z'T^^ ''"/^ 
 
 loftv wallQ nn^^i V-- , ^' '* surrounded by 
 Th/hl,h ' , '"'S® *''''=h<=« filled with water 
 „n ';;f:;°"'- ,'-'•'« l'"^ticular advantages aSve 
 
 begin t;;bbtl5°noif/H '"'' ^^^ '''''" ''''««'"ot 
 tidP T* • "","«'"' throe hours after the full 
 
HAV 
 
 353 
 
 I ' 
 
 
 w soatwl at tlie mouth „f the Seino ; 4.'i miles 
 Ki *■'"• "I!'' ' \- ^- W- "*■ •'""-• "<■ ^hicl, 
 N. Pop. 21,000. 
 
 Havuf. dk Guaci;, n town of Marvlaml, in 
 Hartford county, on the W. side of the Susnue- 
 
 ^•'.'"''ki*'^ "IP '"■•"' <'»' "•t'^il'cuko Day J 37 
 miles N. E. of Unltimorc. 
 
 Hawaii. See 0\vjivi;k. 
 
 Hawarden, ft town of Wales, in Flintshire, 
 with n market on .Saturday, a consi.ieral.lo 
 maufueturo of earthenware, and a foundry for 
 cannon. On an rniinencc. between the town 
 and the mer I)ee. are the reranins of an an- 
 
 ro"rAii!-of[v.i""^'^-''^^''^«'^^-"'' 
 
 HAwicii, a town of Scotland, in Roxburch- 
 «h.ro. With manufactures of carpeting, woollen 
 stockings, and tape. It is seated on the Tiviot 
 where it receives the small river Slitridce by 
 which 1 la divided into two parts, ami ovS 
 
 church and three chapels for dissenters. ' It' is 
 21 miles S. W. of Kelso, and 47 S. S. W. of 
 liidinburgh. 
 
 llAWKEsntRr, n river of New South Wales 
 which empties itself into Broken Bay, on the 
 eM.tem coast. It is navigable upwards of 100 
 iiiiles, for small vessels. See BaoKEN Bay. 
 
 ,«n,w ''""II,''' ," '°"'" ^ I^ancashire, witli a 
 market on Monday. Here is a neat town- 
 house, and an excellent free school, founded by 
 Archbishop Sandys, a native of this place. It 
 24 miles N N. W. of Lancaster, and 27G N. N 
 W. of London. 
 
 Hawkins, a county of Tennessee, borderina 
 on Virginia , watered by the rivers of Ilolston 
 and Clinch Pop. 5,035. RogeiBville, its 
 boJougr"' " "" ' ^* ^^ N. of Murf;ee8. 
 
 Haws-water, a lake in Westmoreland. S 
 of Penrith; three miles long, and half a mile 
 
 the middle by a promontory of enclosures ; so 
 th^it consists of two sheets of water, 
 
 Hav, a town of vVales, in Brecknockshire, 
 ^th a market on Saturday, It had a fine 
 castle, now demolished ; and, about two miles 
 below, ,s the nun of Clifford Castle, where fair 
 Rosamond w,« born. Hay is seated on the 
 
 IN. *fc of Brecknock, and 15C W. N W of 
 i"— don. 
 
 Have, a fon-n of France, in the department 
 of Inure and Loire, It is the birth-place of 
 
 S of Toure "" ^ °" *'"' ^'^"*® • ^^ ""*" 
 
 Havn. See Grosseniiayn. 
 
 Haynieiien, a town of Upper Saxony ; 30 
 mi cs W. by S. of Dresden. Pop. about 2450. 
 
 Havti. See Domingo, St, 
 
 Hazedrouck, a town of France, in the de- 
 
 ll E D 
 
 partmcnt of No.d ; IS miles W. of Lisle, and 
 1!) S, ofDunkirh. Pop. 7000 
 
 He,vdfort, ,- town of Ireland, in the county 
 ofGalway; 12 miles N. of Gal wav 
 on V*^"' " '?-'*'" "*' '''""'li'in, on the river HotI : 
 Gnif ' f' "• ^^•.'''^■"<--l'"o. and tiO .N. W, of the 
 t»ult of lontjuiu. 
 
 Hkiuuiies, or Wkstekn Islands, a ivge 
 cluster of islands, situated in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, on the W. coast of Scotland, cxteudiiiK 
 from the hit. of 55, 1 7. N. to 50. 2.0. They are 
 olTn^'J* "*' *^^*' "' ""mber, and contain about 
 ^,000,000 acres. The chief of these are Lewis 
 and Its circumjacent islands, belonging to Ross- 
 shiro ; Harris, N. and S- Uist, Benbecula, St, 
 Kililn, Bara, Sky It^mza, and Egg, attached to 
 Inverness-sure; Canna, Rum, Muck, Coll, 
 lirey, Mull, Jura, Colonsay, Isla, Gigha, and 
 Cnra, belonging to Argyleshiro; and Buto.Arran. 
 Greater and Less Cambray, and Inchmarnock, 
 which compose the shire of Bute. The ancient 
 history of the Hebrides is involved in much 
 uncertainty. They were governed by indepen- 
 dent princes of their own, until the destruction 
 of the Picts by Kenneth II., and for several 
 centuries were tl 3 resort of pirates ; and their 
 chieftains were long lawless and seditious, till 
 they were at laat brought under the control of 
 the royal power. The influence of the inde- 
 pendent chieftains of the Western Isles was 
 completely destroyed by the act of parliament 
 in 1740, which abolished all heritable jurisdic- 
 tions. About 00 are inhabited, 
 
 Hebrides, New, islands in tb-^ South Pacific 
 Ocean, lying between 14, 29, and 20. 4. S, lat 
 and 1 66. 4 1 , and 1 70, 2 1 . E. long. They were 
 discovered by Quiros, in 1606, and considered 
 as part of a southern continent under the 
 name of Tierra Australia del Espiritu Santo, 
 Bougainville visited them in 1768, and found 
 that the land was not connected, but composed 
 ot islands, which he called the Great Cyclades. 
 Cook, in 1774, ascertained the extent and situa- 
 tion of the whole group, and gave them the 
 name they now bear. The principal islands are 
 lierra del Espiritu Santo, and Mallicollo, beside 
 several of less note, some of which are from 
 18 to 25 leagues in circuit. In general they 
 nro high and mountainous, abounding with 
 wood, water, and the usual productions of the 
 trojpical islands. The inhabitants are of very 
 different appearances at different islands ; but 
 are chiefly of a slender make and dark colour, 
 and most of them have frizzled hair. Their 
 canoes and houses are small, and poorl' con- 
 structed ; and, except their arms, they have 
 scarcely apy manufacture, not even for clothing 
 They are, however, hospitable ,ind good-natured, 
 vvhen not prompted to a contrary conduct by 
 the jealousy which the unusual appearance of 
 European visitors may be supposed to excite. 
 
 Hebron, a town of Syria, in Palestine, with 
 a Christian church, said to contain the tombs of 
 Abraham and Sarah, to which the Mahometans, 
 as well as Christians, come on pilgrimage, 
 tonstantine built a church here, the wails of 
 which are still standing. It is 25 miles S, of 
 Jerusjilem. 
 
 IIeciiingem, a town and castle of Suabia, 
 w-luch gives name to a branch of the family of 
 Hohenzollem, and is the residence of the iirince. 
 It 13 seated on the Starzel ; 4 miles N. of 
 ^•o'^enzollern, and 30 S. of Stutgard. Pop 
 
 Hecla, Mount. See Ici:i,and, 
 Hedkmora, a town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia 
 
HED 
 
 «Sind^CT„„ ^» -'^ Mecca, th^ 
 
 in "th^"*"""?' °' """'«™''. *. river of Persia 
 "eMeri, S^;, J?-, which, aft^ 
 
 theLak'eofTeretor Dui;; ""^•^' '^''' '"'» 
 It hM I ^ !' '"'" * celebrated university 
 
 great tun, which held 800 homheadi. it I 
 
 was''™- ,^rt/" «7^. - whfch theTastlo 
 dence ti tanheim ^ ThTrSlolk'" '"'- 
 "on of this town in 1800. and in 18?^ T'^ 
 given to the elector of Baden It iLL^n 
 
 »• i!-. of Manheim, and 62 S nf P^.tw' 7 
 Pop. about 10,000. Fmnkfort. 
 
 derives peaVSL^^'^^ «S ^l^' "^^ 
 stands on the Necka? 26 mUe. N n^« ? 
 gn-jd. Pop. about 6000 ' "^ ^'"*- 
 
 pri^dS^'^f V„rch' ""^r""' - '"« 
 
 n-ili""^^^ ^^- orL^cr''^"' 
 
 pr."inrrai„'"7,^f,P™«S«n the 
 beer and whltete^d.'and iaS^ ?' '",? 
 
 • MeJ"oenhapen, a town of Lower <?»rn- 
 m Holsteinj seated on th« nJift ■ ° • 
 
 1.7 «» B^u.rsft,'.".tt5ir.s 
 
 353 
 
 HEL 
 
 Sthl^'l'rii'of Tr' ?""«"•"''-' 'o tho-n. 
 
 W «p A_.T , ^' of Alcmaer, and 46 N bv 
 W.^of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 84. E.V'bI 
 
 •27^^^T^-' ^^:' "". "'*"^ '" ">e Atlantic Ocean 
 
 Ifinn JI '"^" were m possession of it till 
 
 wood to the very ton Th *'°''°'f' with 
 also, which'bJaTevl'nt "^^ZsTf a't? '"" 
 
 ce«l qnnA • , ,. *• "•habitants do not ex- 
 16?offis'"wtt! "^'i?? »oWie«:'a"d 
 
 which theto^ isent,.,^ V*"^ ^^'^way by 
 a small theTre SL ftr'* ?ear it there i 
 celebrated foTha'vinfbeSr " P'^^'-'Ir 
 
 Paris, OctoW 1840 S ^°- J*"-" ^"valid;. h^ 
 
 S^^ofSi.^'^^C^is:^- 
 
 E. enTo7ihe'isre;f f i2«"'"P?''''«. -^^^^^^^ 
 
 Brading. It Hm ! S.„ *^' ; 2 mile. N. E. of 
 
 «g. "h«sabayorroad,calIedSpithead, 
 
 A A 
 
H F. L 
 
 354 
 
 HEL 
 
 \< ! i 
 
 of considereblo note, aa a rendezvous for ships 
 that are outward bound. 
 
 Helens, St., a town in Lancashire, 3 miles 
 N. E. of Prescot, on the Liverpool and Man- 
 chester railway. In and near it are a variety 
 of manufactures, particularly an extensive cop- 
 per-work, and a still larger one at Ravenhead, 
 for casting plate-glass. The Sankey canal be- 
 gins at the coal mines )iere, and takes a cir- 
 cuitous course by Newton to the Mersey, below 
 Warrington. 
 
 Helier, St., the capital of the island of 
 Jersey ; seated on the £. aide of the Bay of St. 
 Aubin, with a harbour, and a stone pier. It 
 lias of late rapidly increased {rota a small vil- 
 lage to a respectable town. The inhabitants 
 are computed to be 10,000, and have manufac- 
 tures of woollen, stockings, and caps. At the 
 top of the market-place is the statue of George 
 II., and in the church, where prayers are read 
 alternately in English and French, is a monu- 
 ment to the memory of Major Pierson, who 
 fell here in the moment of victory. Besides 
 the church, there are chapels for dissenters. 
 There are three gazettes published weekly in 
 French, and one in English. Long. 1 . 58. W. 
 lat. 49. 11. N. See Jkrsev. 
 
 Helier, St., a little island near the town of 
 the same name, in the Bay of St. Aubin, on 
 the S. side of Jersey. It took it« uume from 
 Elerius, or Helier, n holy man who lived in 
 this island, and was slain by the pagan Nor- 
 mans. His cell, with the stone bed, is still 
 shown among the rocks; and, in memory of 
 him, a noble abbey was founded here. On the 
 site of this abbey now stands Elizabeth Castle, 
 the residence of the governor, and garrison of 
 Jersey. It occupies the whole island, which is 
 near a mile in circuit, and is surrounded by the 
 sea at every half flood ; and hence, at low water, 
 is a passage to the town of St. Helier, called 
 the Bridge, half a mile long, formed of sand and 
 stones. 
 
 Heligoland, or Helqoland, a group of 
 small islands in the German Ocean, oil' the 
 coast of Denmark, to which they formerly be- 
 longed; but now to Gre.it Britain. They are 
 situated about 28 miles from the Weser, the 
 Elbe, and the Eyder. The principal island, 
 which is divided into the Cliff and Lowland, is 
 about 2J miles in circumference, and on it is 
 erected a lighthouse, which is visible nearly 30 
 miles distant. Heligoland has two good har- 
 bours, and to the £. of the smaller island, 
 called the Downs, is good anchorage in 48 feet 
 of water. The number of inhabitants is about 
 2000, who live chiefly by fishing and acting as 
 pilots. Lat. of the lighthouse, 54. 11. N. long. 
 7.55. 
 
 Heliopolis, or MAXEREA.a village of Egypt, 
 4 miles E. N. E. of Cairo, where the French 
 gained a decisive victory over the Turks in 
 1800. Here is a celebrated spring of fresh 
 water, said to be the only one in Egypt; and, 
 according to tradition, the Holy Family came 
 here on their flight from Herod, and bathed the 
 child Jesus in this fountain. 
 
 Helleb, or Hillah, a town of Asiatic Tur- 
 
 key, in Irak Arabi, situate on bntn sides of the 
 Euphrates, with a bridge of communication. 
 The surrounding gardens are so covered with 
 fruit trees, particularly palms, that the town 
 appears as if seated in a wood. From the ex- 
 tensive ruins around, it appears to occupy the 
 site of the ancient Babylon. The most re- 
 markable of these is what at first appears to be 
 ;i hill, but is in reality the ruins of a pyramid 
 of sun-dried brick, cemented with bitumen. 
 It is called the Mujelibah, and is about 6(H) 
 feet long, 450 broad, and 170 iiigh. South 
 from this is the kasr, or palace, of fine bricks, 
 cemented with lime, 2100 feet square; near this 
 is another mound, 55 feet high, .'i3U0 feet long, 
 and 2250 feet broad, called the Mound of Am- 
 ran; another, called the Birs Nemrood, an ob- 
 long mound of the finest bricks cemented with 
 lime, of a pyramidal form, and 200 feet high, 
 surmounted by a tower 40 feet high. These 
 are the only vestiges remaining of the once 
 powerful Babylon. It is 72 miles S. by E. of 
 Bagdad. 
 
 Uelloate, a strait near the W. end of Long 
 Island Sound, 8 miles N. by E. of New York. 
 It is narrow and crooked, with a bed of rocks 
 extending quite across; but, at proper times of 
 the tide, ships of any burden may pass through 
 this strait. 
 
 Hellin, a town of Spain, province of Mur- 
 cia, 44 miles N. W. of Murcia. Pop. about 
 6000. 
 
 Hblmbrshavsen, a town of Germany, in 
 Lower Hesse, on the river Diemel ; 20 miles 
 N. of Cassel. 
 
 Heluont, a town of Dutch Brabant, with a 
 strong castle; seated on the Aa, 17 miles S. E. 
 of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. about 2500. 
 
 Helmsdale, a town of Scotland, in the shire 
 of Sutherland. It stands rn the river Helms- 
 dale, which issues from several mountain lakes 
 in Sutherlandshire, and rolls over its rocky 
 bottom to the Ord of Caithness. At its mouth, 
 in the German Ocean, is a good salmon fishery, 
 Helmsley, a town in the North Riding of 
 Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It has 
 the remains of a castle, and is seated un the 
 Rye; 20 miles N. of York, and 218 N. by W. 
 of London. 
 
 Helmstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Brunswick, with a university; 22 
 miles E. of Brunswick. Pop, 5300. 
 
 Helsinuukuh, a seaport of Sweden, in Scho- 
 nen, seated on the Sound, nearly opposite Elsi- 
 nore. Hero is a ferry across the Sound to 
 Denmark. It has manufactures of ribbons, 
 nats, and boots. It is 5 miles N. E. of Elsi- 
 nore, and 32 N. W. of Lund. Pop. about 
 2500. Long. 12. 48. E. lat. 5G. 3. N. 
 
 Hei.sinofo»s, a seaport of Russia, in Fin- 
 land, and the chief town in the provmce of Ny- 
 land. It haa a commodious harbour in the 
 Gulf of Finland, and an immense fortress. It 
 is 110 miles E. S. E. of Abo. Long. 25. E. 
 lat. 60. S.N. Pop. 12.725. 
 
 Helsingia, or Helsinoland, a province of 
 Sweden, in Nordiand, 210 miles iu iengtli, bn- 
 tween Dalecarlia and the Gulf of Bothnia, and 
 
HEL 
 
 from 60 to 1)0 in breadth, and coniprisos a su- 
 perficiea of n bout 4470 square miles. It has 
 extensive forests, and many iron mines. Tho 
 articles of trade are iron, flax, linen, tallow, 
 
 v" nnA ""^u™'' .""^ *'"'^"- PopulBtion about 
 5^,000. The principal town is Hudwickswald. 
 
 nn w'^'i'"'' '','"''°"«'» in Cornwall; market 
 on Monday. It stands on the river Loe, near 
 Its entrance into Mount Bay, and is one of the 
 towns appointed for the coinage of tin. A 
 ittle below It IS a harbour, where vessels take 
 n their lading It sends one member to par- 
 „n? o",; w u ^a '""''' S- W. of Falmoith, 
 
 Saflo^'r.Sf.'-"'^""''""- ^°"«-^-^^' 
 
 Helvetia. See Switzerland. 
 
 Helvoetsluys. a strong seaport of South 
 Holland, on the S. side of the island of Voorn. 
 Here some of the Dutch men-of-war are laid 
 up in ordinary; and it was the general port for 
 the Enghsh packets from Harwich to HoUand 
 It sur.-endered to the Frencli in 1795. It is 7 
 
 fl'^lh^y ^- "^ ^"^'- ^""S- *■ 0- E. lat. 
 01. 46. N. 
 
 Hempsted, or Hemel Hempsted, a cor- 
 porate town in Hertfordshire, with a market on 
 Ihursday; seated among hills; on the river 
 Oade; 18 miles W. of Hertford, and 23 N.W 
 of London. 
 
 Hesi, a city of Syria, surrounded bv walls 
 three iniles in circuit ; but the present build- 
 ings only take up about a quarter of the area 
 m the N. W. quarter. To the S. of the town 
 18 a large nuned castle, on a high round mount, 
 taced with stone. It is seated on a small river 
 which runs into the Orontes; 100 mDes S of 
 Aleppo. 
 
 Hendehso.n, a county of Kentucky, North 
 America, on the S. E. bank of the Ohio, and 
 intersected by the Green River. Pop. 9548 
 Its chief town, of the same name, is 183 miles 
 W. by S. of Frankfort. 
 
 Heneaoas, or Inagua, Great and Little 
 two of the most southern of the Bahama 
 Islands Lat. of the former, S. W. point, 20. 
 Sfi. N. long. 73. 40. W.; lat. of the latter. W 
 point, 21. 29. N. long. 73. 6. W. 
 
 Heng-tcheou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, m the province of Hou-quang. The chief 
 manufacture is paper. It is seated on the river 
 Heng; 265 miles N. by W. of Canton. 
 
 Henin Leitard, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Pas-de-Calais; 6 miles N W of 
 Douay. Pop. about 2400. 
 
 IIenley-upgn-Thames, a town in Oxford- 
 shire, governed by a miyor; with a market 
 on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. The 
 church 18 a large ancient building, the tower of 
 which was built by Cardinal Wolsey • the 
 houses are modern, and the streets spacious. 
 1 he principal trade is in corn, flour, malt, and 
 beech wood. It is seated on the Thames, over 
 which IS an elegant stone bridge; 24 miles S E 
 of Oxford, anu 35 W. of London. ' ' 
 
 Henley, or Henley-in-Arden, a town in 
 Aarffieksiurc, with a market on Tuesday 
 seated on the Alne; 16 miles S. by E of Bir' 
 niingham, and 101 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 355 
 
 HER 
 
 Henlopen. Cape, tlie S. W. side of the 
 
 louTlt 12 w'"'™"' ""^* ^"*- ^^- ^^- ^' 
 Hennebero, a town in Upper Saxony, in a 
 county of the same name. Some ruins of the 
 ?f- 'lo ''? a"cient counts are yet to be seen. 
 It is 12 miles S. S. W. of Meinengen. Popula- 
 r H.n *''° county, which comprises a surfece 
 ot «50 square miles, about 100,000. 
 
 IlENNEnoN. a town of Franco, in tho de- 
 partment of Morbihan, with a great trade in 
 corn, iron, honey, &c. It is seated on the 
 
 af io'oo"."'" ""• ^- '' '''^"^"*- ^"J-'"""" 
 Henrichemont, a town of France, in the 
 department of Cher; seated on the Saudre; 16 
 miles N. N. E. of Bourges. Pop. 2907 
 ♦»,-."« w*^k' %«=°""ty of Virginia; bounded on 
 V y H- i' ^"^"^ ^'^^'■' N- by Hanover, and 
 E. by Charles City. Population 33,076. Its 
 chief town. Richmond, is 123 miles S. S. W of 
 Washington. 
 
 Vn^r'^r' " .''°""*y of Virginia, bordering on 
 
 Smit^ s River, and the N. and S. branches of 
 Mayo River. Population 7335. Its chief 
 town. Martmsville, is 135 miles W. S. W of 
 Richmond. ' 
 
 fhi^M ''Tir" v°""^y "^ Kentucky ; bounded on 
 Snfn\^B^^ the Ohio, and on the E. by 
 Kentucky River. Population 10,015. New- 
 
 IVankfort *^^'^^ *°^' '^ ^^ "'"^ ^' ^- "^ 
 Henry is also the name of a county in Ala- 
 
 fe' v"k'^^'' "" '''^ ^- ^y Chattahooche 
 Kiyer, which separates it from Georgia, and 
 
 lTtn7 *^° ^^'''^r ""•> Yellow Water. 
 « & IA\ ^P"*'® °^ '^^ «o"ntv, 190 miles 
 o. ill. of Cahawba. 
 
 Henry, Cape, the south cape of Viisinia, at 
 
 lat^ 36 5^^ of Chesapeake Bay. Long! 76. 21. 
 
 Heppenheim, a town of Germanv, in the 
 crcle of Lower Rhine; situate on the Eilbach^ 
 12 miles E. of Worms. Pop. 3200 
 
 Hewonstall, a township in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire ; 8 miles W. of Halifax. ^ 
 
 rS^^^^^'^^' " *""'"*'"'P '" Yorkshire, West 
 
 Heuakli. See Erekli. 
 
 Herat, a city of Persia, in Chorasan. or Kho- 
 
 Ihe neighbouring country produces excellent 
 
 XA «" '?f ' "'^ \" *"*=•» PJ^^^ty. that it is 
 Tt S»'g" t^a^ or the City of Ro^ : it has 
 a considerable manufacture of carpets. It is 
 situate on a river of the same name. 300 miles 
 
 to SindoSf "'' "" ''' '^■^' ''"' ''"•" ^'^ 
 
 sn n,fmTZ' * """l^^^ ^^epartment of France, 
 so named from a river which runs into the Gulf 
 of Lyons, in the Mediterranean. It is part of 
 the late provin-e of Languedoc, and the Capital 
 
 Pop. .SS "'"'^"' *^^^"^ "^"^^ ""^ 
 
 Herbemont, a town of Belgium, in Luxem- 
 burg, with a castle on a mountain, near the 
 river Semoy ; 3 miles N. N. W. of Chinr 
 
 A A2 
 
HBR 
 
 356 
 
 HEN 
 
 .=Vi 
 
 li' -I 
 
 HnBiKBfl, Lm, a town of France, in the 
 dupwrtment of La Vendee ; 25 miles N. E. of 
 La Roche. 
 
 Hekbobw, a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of Upper Rhine, with a celebrated Calvinist 
 academy, and manufactures of iron; seated on 
 the Dille; 8 miles S. S. E. of Dillenburg. Pop. 
 about 2000. 
 
 Hebculaneum, an ancient city of Naples, 
 totally overwhelmed by an eruption of Mount 
 Vesuvius, in the beginning of the reign of the 
 emperor Titus. Its situation was long doubt- 
 ful, till 1711, when something of this city was 
 discovered by a peasant digging a well in his 
 garden J and, from 1738 to the present time, 
 researches being frequently made by digging, a 
 great number of manuscripts, paintings, statues, 
 busts, domestic utensils, instruments of hus- 
 tendry, &c., have been found. The village of 
 Portici now stands on part of its site. It is 5 
 miles E. by S. of Naples. 
 
 Hercyna, a river of Greece, in Boeotia, with 
 two streams, the larger called by the ancients 
 Lethe, and the smaller Mnemosyne. 
 
 Herefordshire, a county of England, bor- 
 dering on Wales, and bounded on the N. by 
 Shropshire, E. by Worcestershire, S. by Mon- 
 mouthshire and Gloucestershire, and W. ^y the 
 counties of Brecknock and Radnor. It con- 
 tains 556,400 acres, and is divided into 11 
 hundreds, and 221 parishes. It has one city, 
 Hereford, and seven market towns, Leominster, 
 Ross, Weobly, Ledbury, Kingston, Bromyard, 
 and Pembridge, and sends seven members to 
 parliament; two for the city of Hereford, two 
 for the borough of Leominster, and three for 
 the county. Herefordshire is almost entirely 
 an agricultural county. About nine-tenths of 
 the land are in a state of cultivation, and it 
 excels in almost every department of hus- 
 bandry. The face of the county is rich and 
 picturesque, the climate is mild, and the soil is 
 extremely fertile, which arises from the subsoil 
 of lime-stone on which it rests. Hops are cul- 
 tivated, and the apples producing the cider, 
 for which Herefordshire is celebrated, grow in 
 greater plenty than in any other county. Red 
 and yellow ochres are often met with ; fullers'- 
 earth is dug near Stoke, and on the borders of 
 Gloucestershire iron ore is found. It is watered 
 by several streams, the chief of which are the 
 Wye, the Monnow, and the Lug. Before the 
 invasion of the Romans, Herefordshire was 
 inhabited by the Silures, a brave people, who 
 long checked the progress of the Roman arms ; 
 but being at last overcome, they retired into 
 the fastnesses of Wales. It was a part of 
 Mercia, one of the kingdoms of the Saxon 
 Heptarchy. 
 
 Hereford, an ancient city, and chief town 
 of Herefordshire; seated on the N. bank of 
 the Wye, over which there is a stone bridge of 
 «x arches. It has manM&ctures of gloves, 
 flannels, and hats. It was anciently defended 
 by a castle, which is now destroyed, and only 
 part of the walls remain. It has four churches, 
 the principal of which is the cathedral, a Inr™ 
 «i»«i venerable structure; and there are also 
 
 several places of worthip for dissenters. It 
 has also an ii.firmaiy, a county gaol, a hous* 
 of correction, h lunatic asylum, and a trea 
 gnimmnr school. The city is in general well 
 built, the streets wide, and the environs de- 
 lightful. It ia governed by a mayor, six 
 aldermen, a common council of 31, a high 
 steward, and a recorder. It sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. Hereford, from iu situa- 
 tion on the borders of Wales, suffered much 
 from the wam between that country and 
 i-ngland, and, in later times, from the contests 
 between the houses of York and Lancaster 
 and the civil broils in the time of Charles I 
 It has SIX fairs, and a market everj' Wednes- 
 w''' «"«/• "'"^ Saturday. It is 135 miles 
 W. JV. w, of London, and 30 N. W. of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 Herenthals, a town of Belgium, in Bra- 
 bant, on the river Nethe ; 20 miles N. E. of 
 Louvam. 
 
 Herford, or Herforden, a town of West- 
 phalia, m the county of Ravensberg, with a 
 nunnery belonging to the Protestants of the 
 confession of Augsburg. It has a trade in ale 
 and bnen. It is seated on the Werra, at the 
 mflux of the Aa; 20 miles S. W. of Minden. 
 and 11 miles E. N. E. of Ravensburu Pod 
 about 6000. "^ ^' 
 
 Hericourt, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Saone; 15 miles S. E. of 
 Lure, and 27 E. of Vesoul. 
 
 Herjadalen, a district on the N, of Sweden, 
 now included in Gefleborgstten, and bounded 
 on the W. by Norway, and N. by Jamptland. 
 It consists of nn extensive valley, watered by 
 the Ljusna and Ljunga. It is mostly covered 
 with wood, and abounds in cattle, game, and 
 bsh. Territorial extent, 3200 square miles 
 with a population of only 4000. ' 
 
 oolll^*'^'***' * **""> *"^ So"'*> Brabant, with 
 3300 inhabitants; 17 miles S. W. of Brus- 
 sels. 
 
 Herisau, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Appenzel, with manufactures of fine 
 linen and muslin ; 12 miles N. W. of Appen- 
 zel and 8 S. W. of St. Gall. Pop. about 
 oouO, 
 
 Heriura, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore; 
 seated on the Vedawati; 22 miles W. N. W. 
 of Sera. 
 
 Herkimer, a town of New York, chief of a 
 county of the same name ; situated on the N. 
 side of Mohawk River ; 81 miles W. N. W. of 
 Albany. Population of the county 55,869. 
 
 Hermanstadt, a strong city of Transylvania, 
 and a bishop's see. It has a large church, 
 bmit by Maria Theresa, with a globe and 
 steeple not easily described. In the great 
 square is the house of the governor, in the 
 best German style, containing many good pic- 
 hires. It IS seated on the Szeben; 230 milea 
 
 P • ,^' f/n®"*^' ^'^ ^' S- S- E. of Colosvar. 
 Pop. 13,500. 
 
 Hkrmsdorp, two large villages of Silesia, 
 the one 38 miles N. by W. of Breslau, and the 
 --... .. ..,...,„ „ , ,jj ^^ u, jiuj gajuQ place. 
 
 Hermstadt, a town of Silesia, in the prin- 
 
 Pa 
 
HER 
 
 "f BrwlkiT' ^™*''"'"'*'»' ""d 38 N. by W. 
 
 Hekmund, or Hklmund, a river of Central 
 
 A«n province of Afghanirtan, CaUl. lui 
 
 fordnble during the summer, but in winte! 
 
 of 350"^S. ^" ^ °' ^'"-^ ^' » W. course 
 
 cou"?v''o'ffe''Tit*'" '''" P""'' "f ««'"«. 
 county of Kent, at the mouth of the river 
 
 Thames, which has arisen, in a few years. nZ 
 
 an attractive watering place. A oier wn! 
 
 erected in 1831, uplarSs of sJoo'^LT 
 
 length; and other accommoiations, re^isi e 
 
 ?kh Zf ''"'i?. P^'P?'"."""' f-^^ W P 
 terbu^!"* ''"^"^' " " « •""«• N. of Can- 
 
 Un^rH**™"' " "««««N0RUND, a town of 
 
 Srric?3JV'*"'*^ """""S '"»""'«""• 
 with rich mines of copper; 26 miles N. by E. 
 
 ^eM ' '"'* * """ N- N. W. of 
 
 N n"w^*7J'"'*%/" ^r'«' '2 mile, 
 r*. XM. W. of Zittau. It was founded in 1722. 
 
 by some persecuted Moravian brethren, in the 
 
 fields belong..^ to Count Zinzendorf, whom 
 
 they considered as their bishop and father; and 
 
 thi^jr ^'"'r'^^'T "'"^ Hemhuttersras 
 this place continued their principal nursery. 
 
 Hebnosand, a seaport of Sweden, in Anger- 
 
 mania; situated on an island in the Gulf of 
 
 Bothnia, which 18 joined to the continent by a 
 
 bridge. It waa formerly a staple town, and ha^ 
 
 Itlhin'^ ^■JV^'^ •'""'«' ^y "'« Russian": 
 
 Hernosand is also the name of an extensive 
 
 rZ"!^'-^?^^^'^'''' °f '^hich the prSng 
 18 the capita^ , comprising the provinces of An? 
 
 faTnTnr« ni-^^^P"""*^' ""^ Medelpad, con- 
 
 r „!/"??.' ^°,''T« »nd South, two Lknds in 
 Lake Champlain, North America, 
 in T ,^f '"• "/ "^«'STAL, a town of Belgium 
 L4e!«'C47Vo? ''^^'"^"^ ^•""-N.'Sf 
 HKRTFOBpsHiRE, an interior county of Ene- 
 
 St1fmn«' '" ? "»«h.ea8terly^direcS„^ 
 k1 lu u""'*i ' '«"Kth, and 16 in mean 
 breadth ; bounded on the S. by Middlesex P 
 
 W ITbuI •'^,^'«"''^«'«« a'd BedSd?aifd 
 W. by Buckingham, and part of Bedford It 
 contains 337.920 acres, is*^ divided inTeiKht 
 hundreds. 135 parishes, and has 19 market 
 towns the chief of which are St. AlbansrHerl 
 tord. Ware and Royston. It sends seven niem^ 
 bers to parhament. three for the county and two 
 for each of the two boroughs. The N.^i?^ 
 hUly. forming a scattered part of the chalkv 
 ndge which slopes towards London. A „um£ 
 of clear streams take their rise from the s"^dl 
 Flint stones are scattered in tn^^t nr^fiS 
 over the iace of this county, and beds'oTS 
 
 •ver, with the aid of orooer culture, is favour- 
 
 35r 
 
 HE8 
 
 ^rfiS"''?* '"'• •»"«/. ''hidli come to ai «rt 
 Thet'^Lr- " '" ""^ P"" "^ the ki"gS5 
 
 o^fSTou^^^nS^^^^^^^ 
 
 on. The manufactures are inconsiderable 
 
 Hertford, or Hartford, a boroueh and 
 the capital of Hertfordshire, 'with a mafj^t "n 
 Saturday. It is seatbd on the Lea/wWch"" 
 
 ?nTg t '^"n'*'*"'' "' ''"" once for Sp^ 
 securUv Jf .?r"".-"^*t^ ''"' ^'""' ^ere. f^ 
 ^u^ Vth« w •'"P"' ^"* ^''■'^ '"">ed the 
 course of the nver, so that their vessels were 
 
 Afr^ ^'..g^und. Edward, the eSUTf 
 Alfred built a castle here, which has C„^L„ 
 a royal residence. The town is TveS bv 2 
 
 oTtwo"' nttrP 'r "^-'h-but nL" 
 ChrLrW T, V ^"® J'O'pital, belonging to 
 hal Ld^T^"*'' ^"""^''" • «'«' « n°wf shire 
 the E il bl"T J'"'"*^ «""'• A*^"* « niile to 
 L th; W^^ "?^ ""i.*" «*"^ Chadwell, which 
 
 It ^nds two memben, to pariiL^Jnt"' '"""'°" = 
 Hertford, a county of North Carolina bor 
 dering on Virginia, and bounded on the k r 
 by Chowan River. Pop. 7484 
 
 mountains; 21 miles S. a W of Gost ^"^ 
 »i f ^°''?°' * '°*n of the duchy of sLonv 
 
 28 S. E. of WiltoS^"- "' ^'^'^ "»■ 
 
 Hbsse C.!,bl, an electomle in th« W i^ 
 
 ovT are Caivinista. ' = ""*' 
 
 ffif^' 
 
/ 
 
 HKS 
 
 3M. 
 
 H IM 
 
 i i 
 
 pact } being divided by a itrip of land into two 
 I»rt«, .tretchind from K. to W. It cntninu 
 about 4000 square miles. The chief towns 
 are Darmstadt and Gi(wcn. Its acquisitions by 
 the iTench revolution were considerable. It is 
 mountainous, like Hesse Cassel, and is equally 
 productive of minerals. The principal rivers 
 are the Rhine, Maine, Lahn, Niddu, and the 
 letir. Pop. 7B 1,900, of whom the greater num- 
 bev are Lutherans. 
 
 Hessb HoMDirao, a small principality of 
 Germany, near Frankfort, belonging with the 
 title of landgrave, to the younger branch of the 
 House of Hesso Darmstadt. Pop. 21 ,000. 
 
 Hetton-lk-hole, a township in the parish 
 ot Houghton-Ie-Spring, county of Durham : it 
 contains extensive collieries. 
 
 Hettstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, on 
 the Wipper ; 9 miles N. of Eisleben. 
 
 Heukelem, or Hoekelun, a town of South 
 Holland ; seated on the Linghe; 5 miles N E. 
 of Oorcum. 
 
 Heusden, a strong town of South Holland : 
 seated on the Meuse ; with a castle. It was 
 
 «, w. of Bois lo Due. 
 
 Hexham, a town of Northumberland, with a 
 market on Tuesday, and a trade in tanned 
 leather, shoes, and gloves. It had formerly a 
 famous abbey, some parts of which yet remain, 
 Wear this place, in 1463, was fought a battle 
 between the Houses of York and Lancaster, in 
 which the latter was defeated. Hexham is 
 seated on the river Tyne, a little below the 
 junction of the North Tyne with the Sputh, 
 and on the Newcastle and Carlisle railway • 2' 
 miles W. of Newcastle, and SBo N. N. W of 
 London. 
 
 Hkydenheim, a town of Suabia, in the duchy 
 of Wirtemberg, with a castle; on the river 
 Brenz ; 16 miles N. N. E. of Ulm. 
 
 Hkvdensfeld, n town of Franconia, on the 
 river Maine ; 3 miles S. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Heymertsen, a town in the circle of Lower 
 Khine ; situate on tlie Erfft ; 1 1 miles S. of 
 Cologne. 
 
 Heyst-ob-den-Bero, a town of Belgium, in 
 bouth Brabant ; on the Nethes ; 11 miles N E. 
 of Mechlin. Pop. 5300. 
 
 Hettesbury, a town of Wiltshire, England • 
 17 miles W. N. W. of Salisbury, and 92 from 
 London. The town consists of one well-built 
 Street, and has a large woollen manufacture. 
 
 Hickmans, a county of Tennessee; bounded 
 on the N. by Duck River. 
 
 HiELMAR, a lake in Sweden, 40 miles in 
 length, 
 
 ^ Hikres, a town of France, in the department 
 01 Var ; seated near the Mediterranean Sea ; but 
 Its harbour being choked up, it is now much 
 decayed. It is 9 miles F. of Toulon. Lat. 43 7 
 N. long. 6. 7. E. 
 
 Hieres, a cluster of islands in the Mediter- 
 ranean, on the coast of France, opposite the 
 town of Hieres. The four principal ones are 
 Sn ^*""''"®'"''"^' Poftwos. Bagneau, and 
 
 UiBRO, See Ferro, 
 
 HioHAM Ikrukrs, a town in Northampton- 
 shire ; market on Saturday. It had formerly a 
 castle, now in ruins ; Ifi miles E. N. E. of 
 Northampton, and 65 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 HiauoATE, a village in Middlesex, contiguous 
 M «? metropolis ; seated on a hill 5* miles 
 i^u-^'J*^ ^'- ^'""'^ Cathwlnil, Here Lord 
 Veio ?'^." Cholmondely built a free school in 
 1562, which was enlarged in 1570 by Sand vs. 
 bishop of London, who also added a chnpel In 
 the vicinity are several elegant villas, the resi- 
 dences of wealthy citizens. 
 
 HiaBi.ANDs, nn appellation applied to the 
 mountainous ti, in the N. and N. W. part of 
 Scot and, by which it is distinguished from the 
 Lowlands in the E. and S. E. It is divi led 
 into W, and N. Highlands; the former com- 
 prehending the shires of Argyle and Bute, and 
 part of Perth and Dumbarton, with the islands 
 
 "i^ u- '" ''""" ' """^ '"i" '""*'*' fontaining 
 the shires of Inverness, Ross, Sutherland, the 
 districts of Atholl, Rannoch, and the isles of 
 J 1, "''*' """^ ""•** annexed to Inverness, 
 and Ross. Its extent is 200 miles in length, 
 and 90 in mean breadth. The proportion of 
 arable land is small, and is found chiefly on the 
 borders of the lakes and rivers, 
 
 HiOHwoRTH, a town in Wiltshire; 77 miles 
 from London ; situated near the vale of the 
 White-horse. 
 
 HiouBY, a city on the E, part of the island 
 ot bt, Domingo; formerly of some importance, 
 but now greatly decayed. It is situated on a 
 Hver of the same name; 90 miles E. by N. of 
 St. Domingo. 
 
 HuBLLEE, the chief town of a district of the 
 same name m Bengal; seated on an island near 
 the western bank of the river Hooglv, near its 
 mouth. It has ap extensive salt mohufUctory, 
 Lat, ai. 61. N. and long, 88, 7, 
 
 HiLBUROHAUsEN, a town of Upper Saxony 
 in the principality of t'ohurg. It is subject to 
 the Duke of Saxe-Hilburghausen, who has a 
 palace here: it is seated on the Werra • 20 
 miles N, N, W, of Coburg, 
 
 HiLDESHEiM, a city of ilanover; capital of a 
 principality ot the same name. It was lately 
 an imperial city, and a bishop's see. It L 
 divided into the Old and New town: it is 
 seated on the Imeste ; 20 miles S, E. of 
 Hanover, 
 
 HiLLAH. See Helleh. 
 Hillsborough, a county of the United 
 States of North America, in New Hampshire; 
 bordering on Massachusets. Pop. 53,884. 
 
 Hillsborough, the chief town of Orange 
 county, North Carolina ; 41 miles N. W. of 
 Raleigh. It is also the name of several town- 
 ships. 
 
 Hillsborough, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Down; 20 miles S. W. of Belfoet. 
 
 iliMMALEH, Himalaya, or Snowy Moun- 
 tains, a vast chain of mountains, extending 
 from the 73rd degree of E. long, to the borders 
 of China, and sepa,-ating Hindostun from Tibet 
 and Tartary. They are the Imaus and Emodua 
 of the ancients, and are said to exceed the 
 Andes in height, in some places. The highest 
 
HIN 
 
 n Northampton- 
 t had formeriy a 
 es E. N. E. of 
 '. of London, 
 esex, contiguoiu 
 a hill 5^ miles 
 I. Hero Lord 
 a free achool in 
 570 by Siindyii, 
 cd a ciianel. In 
 villus, tliB rcsi- 
 
 applied to tho 
 I N. W. part of 
 lished from tliu 
 It is divl '.cd 
 e former com- 
 
 nnd Buto, and 
 vith tho islands 
 tter containing 
 Sutherland, tho 
 id the isles of 
 i to Inverness, 
 dies in length, 
 
 proportion of 
 I chiefly on the 
 
 hire; 77 miles 
 le vale of the 
 
 of the island 
 le importance, 
 
 situated on a 
 « E. by N. of 
 
 district of the 
 an isluiid near 
 oogly, near its 
 manufactory. 
 
 ^per Saxony, 
 t is subject to 
 1, who lios a 
 i Werra; 20 
 
 '; capital of a 
 It was lately 
 B see. It is 
 town ; it is 
 es S, E. of 
 
 the United 
 Hampshire; 
 , 53,UU4. 
 1 of Orange 
 18 N. W. of 
 everal town- 
 
 and, in the 
 3f Belfjiet. 
 
 JWY MoUN- 
 
 9, extending 
 I the borders 
 1 from Tibet 
 ind Emodua 
 exceed the 
 The liighctit 
 
 359 
 
 ^5.,500 foetj tho Letghur jioak,24,'261 feet, and 
 wverul above 22,000 feet. Tho general forma- 
 tion of them 18 gneisp. 
 HiNciiiNnnooK Islr. an island on tho W. 
 
 i^rn ^rT"' !" ^'""™ VVilliam-s Sound. 
 i^t. 00. 24. N. and long. 145. 36. to 1 46-. 10. 
 
 HiNciiiNDRooK IsLB, One of the New He- 
 la" 1 /."jfl.*'"''*^'' Ocean. Long. iSs 38 E. 
 
 vnrVlT'K''"''' " '"''" '■" Leicestershire, go- 
 
 itnas aV """r- T'"* " '""''*«' "" Monday. 
 It nas a large church, with a lofty spiro ; and 
 
 nmuSt,," ';.'^""- H"^*' '• -» consideml.lo 
 
 miles S VV nV t'*-"''' °" "" eminence; 12 
 
 HiNnELOPEN, a town of tho Netherlands in 
 
 coui'trv of t"hl°:" "*■ "'■">'«'«". » c'Pital of a 
 on ,„Vh t^"^."". """"'' '" t^'nndeishi situate 
 
 N!to^-i'i"n!p;!;r,^-^"^^'»' »•>-•'- N. 
 
 IIiNBON, a town in Wiltsl.ire, England- mar- 
 al,l,',;r""''"'"r'»"'»>''l"l'..nd,(a», 
 
 feus'Si,LV"a°'^wr.r\r 
 
 which comprises all the countrief between hJ 
 Bootan. A^„m,, and the Day of Bengal on he 
 
 o^^afan? .rsiartVr^Vtr^T^^ 
 m,.t be con,Uered"uide?;he f ^anTdiS 
 tTePe*: insula "'h" Proper the De^n, and 
 provinces of M„, "l"^^'"" Proper include the 
 rt?theN of 1 • ?«'»"•;«"'» «11 those that 
 cinal of wv . '"^ ."'.'■''■ Nerbudda; the prin- 
 Smere S,H-' A^'""""'''' ^«^' Allahabad, 
 
 Kira;%?dtan?S;: ^rttecSnti 
 been extended to the whofe region sT^ 
 
 U mTan^o^nT; S'' '" '^'""«' -^^ed'se";" 
 Hi,wio«? u^ "" countries situate between 
 
 i« generally eallft: L^t "llhouK: 
 form does not authorize that appellSi- ? 
 ncludcs a small part of Golcond^'^Myso e and 
 
 twr^th: Hf" '"''r.' .«-' otheTsmafi 
 mstriets; the W. coast being called that of 
 Malabar, „„d the E. that of Coromande The 
 
 ^el,,i; tl'e King of Candahar, Cashmere Cabul 
 
 Sr^nd^lttt'^riT'tr P"* "' ^^'' 
 thp AT,.h™»»o ,' y '" *"^ possession of 
 
 possesses Golconda, port of Dowlatabad. and 
 
 The Biitisli possessions are Beneal Bnhar 
 
 I'lrcars, the Jaghire in the Carnatic, the coun- 
 
 II IN 
 
 trie, north and south of Calicut, Bombay and 
 tho ,.l„n,l of Salsette. The alli^ of tKri^sh 
 are the rajahs of Mysore, Tanjore. M dura 
 Travancore, Trichinopoly. the nabob, o/oudo" 
 and Arcot, and the district of Cochin. Tho 
 principal over, are the Ganges, the Indu., Nor- 
 budda, Pu,hiar, Taptee, Caggar, Mahanuddy, 
 Godavory, Ki.tnn. The chief mountain, aro 
 the Flimmnloh, the western and eastern Gnuts 
 and those which divide Bengal from Ava Tho 
 number of inhabitant, is about 134,000,000 of 
 which the greater proportion aro idolaters, and 
 
 V .'u"'m .'''.'° ''"■^ 8'*"' '«"''8 : the first wor- 
 ship tho Triad, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva ; tho 
 second aro tho followers of Boodh, whoso prin- 
 cipal tenet is the doctrine of transmigratidn: the 
 Jains are the third, who chiefly worehip "^ariv 
 wanath; the other class of inhabital.ts are 
 Mahometan, of whom there are about the 
 eighth part of tho number Hindoos. To riye 
 an Idea of the modern revolution, in the empire 
 of llindostan, it is proper to observe, that from 
 a pure Hindoo government, it became, at last a 
 Mahometan state, and continued to be m. under 
 various dynasties, till the beginning of the 18th 
 century The first irruption of tho Mahometan, 
 was in the year 1000. From this period the pro- 
 vinces of Hindostan were held rather a. tributary 
 kingdoms, than as provinces of the same emoire- 
 and the conquest of the Deccan, in particular.' 
 was for ages an object of considerable import- 
 ance to the emperors. In 1 389 the Mogul Tar- 
 tar., under the conduct of Timur, or Tamerlane 
 invaded Hindostan; but the conquest of the 
 country was not eflfected till 1525, by Sultan 
 Baber, one of hi. descendants, who, from this 
 circumstance, was the founder of the Mogul 
 dynasty; and hence Hindostan has been called 
 
 ML^''*"-iK^M,P'"''*''. ""'^ '^ c'''"'- the Great 
 5?T. J^^ '"uBtrious Acbar, his son, failed 
 »h!nh ^ ^''^ upon the Deccan; an attempt in 
 which many of his successors were equally 
 unfortunae, and which tended, in the s^queT 
 o the dechne and dissolution of the empire. In 
 1615, emperor Jehanguirc, his son, received Sir 
 Thomas Roe. as the fi«t English ambaswdor 
 con«Sl^?'*"«»r had. by this time acquired 
 cons^erable settlements in Bengal and Guzernt: 
 In the reign of his grandson Arungzebe, which 
 
 SIS,? v''' 'f.^^?^' *'^"™P'^»"ai„e5 S 
 lull extent; his authority reached from 10 to 35 
 degrees in lat. and nearly as much in long., and 
 his revenue exceeded 32,000.000/. sterlinl. But 
 in the course of SO years after his death, a sue 
 cessmn of weak princes and wicked m nisters 
 reduced this astonishing empire to veryna"ow 
 liniits, and deprived it of all its power anVspTe.^ 
 dour. In consequence of the intrigues of the 
 nizam of the Deccan, Nadir Shah, the Pers„n 
 usurper invaded Hindostan in 1738. I„ the 
 S °t/''"r.^ Shah, successor of Mahomed 
 nl.n„' *''« fntire division of the empire took 
 place; nothing remmning to the House of Ta- 
 
 S!«TttV.';4'*^-,""'^™^"'-"t-^ 
 
 uVi . •'"i"^'^'"' niTiiy wasacfcatetl bv the Ro- 
 
 fo nded"„''w- •'^^ '^"^' * Hind'ortn^. 
 
 Mahomed Kooli; and the Mahrattas, bcJdo 
 
I 
 
 |l 
 
 HIN 
 
 "wwLT r?"^"" political con«,Huonco 
 
 300 
 
 HIN 
 
 nuiilii n.. „<• k ilr """"" »"" P«r«)M wer« 
 
 imnl^nT ."•'"' '"' "" """•« •"•' P*'*'" of the 
 •mp^ror wtains a coiuidemble degree of vencra- 
 tion amonK the bulk „f the peool7of llSu' 
 Achmod wa. depoac-d in I7fl3. and hi. .ucS^; 
 W.UI doiwjed and murdered in 1760 hTTm 
 •ucceeJed however, by hi. -m ffi. Ah,u" 
 
 l"?.ift ^' "?'' ."""■" particularly upon the 
 Jngluh. who obtained from him a Jrant of the 
 
 Cr,^'''Tf°""^'' ""''"• Ori-Tand he 
 Crcar. Tlu. prince dit^ i„ 1806 «nd wn» 
 •ucceeded by hi. joc„nd .on, Acbar Shah The 
 Mahometan, or Muwuiman., whom theEnBli.l. 
 improperly call Moor., „ro r;pre.ent«rto £ 
 a detestable cluiracter. The Hindoo., or Ge 
 
 n^'T"* " •''"'='* ^'""Plexioni ther hair L 
 long the,r perwn .traight ind elegant, and the ? 
 countenance open and pleawnt: They differ 
 
 djv^ed mto tribe, or ca.tefc The four princioal 
 n^'^tf^K '^^ B^hmin., Soldien., LhS, 
 and Mechan.<», and the.e are .ubdivided {"ro ,' 
 multiplicity of inferior di,tinction.. There are 
 Brahmin, of variou. degree, of excellence who 
 have the care of religion allotted to them and 
 are held sacred by the re.t; «,me of ihwo 
 acknowledge the error, that have crept S 
 heir rebgion own one Supreme Being, and 
 laugh at the idolatry of the multitude, but inS 
 
 n^ZotiZ:^'''' °' Tk"""* "P"" the weak 
 newe. of the vulgar; yet the generality of them 
 are a«>Knomnt a. the laity. Such ak are „^ 
 engaged m worldly pursuit, are a very .upe«tl 
 
 mu"oh „'."".r"* PT'^i*'"' promote charity a. 
 much a. they can, both to man and bea.t ; but 
 those who engage in the world are generaljv the 
 wor.t of all the Gentoo.; but. pereuaded thl? 
 the water, of the Gange. will purify them from 
 their .in, and being exempt WtheutmoS 
 ngour of the court, of justice, (under the Gen- 
 too governments,) they run into much greater 
 exceMes. The soldiers are commonly '^called 
 rajah-poots; that i., descended from^ajah^ 
 Ihey are much more robust than the rest have 
 
 military honour, which consists, among them, in 
 fidelity to those they serve. Fighting is"hdr 
 
 oflTt'h";"',? "^'^'y ""'*>' •'"° 'hf service 
 of any that will pay them, and will follow where- 
 
 offft^^li^'"^'''^'^ «*"" «"'^' »"J they run 
 tion. The English East India Company have 
 many bati^hons of them in their service^ they 
 are called wpoys, and are clothed and are dii^ 
 ciphned m the European manner. The La^ 
 
 tne land. The Mechanic include merchants 
 banker., and all who follow any tr"de th"!* 
 n«ain are subdivided into each nrofL^.-nn ' «f 
 Kuc turn:, are the Hallachore. who rannot'be 
 
 tr bo.. Thoy ara . »( of unhappy wretch*. 
 
 who porm all the vilest office of life, buTy 
 
 I, . . ' ""** *=^? """y '^wy thina that J. 
 
 tinct Sn, ^" i'" r'"'-"' ""^ »- *«1'^ '"• 
 tnct from e«:h other by in.urmountable bar- 
 rier.: hey are forbidden to intermarry, to co- 
 
 .mt I'f .h "*' *'"' "'"■•'' ""'•'' •" «^<^" to drink 
 KvLv • T*');!^' '"'**' on* of another tribe. 
 Lvery deviatioii from thew point, wbjocu them 
 to be rejected by their tribe, render. Ihom po^ 
 
 1^^ !"r'!' *?i' !!''''■«*• then., ftom that in- 
 •tant, to herd with the Uallachore.. The mem- 
 ber. of each carte adhere invariably to the pro- 
 fe..ion of their forefather.; from genoratJon 
 to gonerntion the ume families have followed, 
 and rtiU contmue to follow, one uniform 
 manner of life. To thi. may b<- a^jribed thit 
 high degree of perfection con.pituou. in many 
 oJ the Indian manufactures,- and aim that 
 striking pcculiarifv in the .tate of Hindo.taii. 
 the permanence of it. institution., and the im- 
 mutabilitv m the manner, of the inhabitant.. 
 The Hindoo, vie with the Chinew in respect to 
 the antiquity of their nation. Their instituUon. 
 of religion form a complete system of .upcr- 
 .tition, upheld by every thing which can excite 
 the reverence of the people. The temple, con- 
 secrated to their deitic. are magnificent; their 
 religiou. ceremonies splendid; and the absolute 
 dominion which the Brahmin, have obtained 
 over the minds of the people is supported by 
 the command of the immense revenues with 
 which the hberahty of princes, and the zeal of 
 pilgnms and devotees, have enriched their pago- 
 das. The dominion of religion extends to a 
 thouwnd particular, which, in other coumries, 
 are governed by the civil law., or by taste, cus- 
 tom, and fashion. Their dress, their food, the 
 common intercounwiof life, their marriages, and 
 profewionis are all under the jurisdiction of re- 
 
 ?r. K 1? ^h'«fly »'"<=«. ghee (a kind of im^r- 
 fect butter), milk, vegetables, and orieLl 
 spice* The warrior caste may eat of the flesh 
 of goats, rfieep, and poultry. Other superior 
 castes may eat poultry and fish; but the inferior 
 caste, are prohibited from eating flesh or fi.h of 
 any kind Their greatest luxury consists in the 
 
 wM.f»K "".''**' ■P''^*""' »'"' perfumes, of 
 which the great people are very lavish. Thev 
 esteem milk the purest of food, because they 
 think It partake, of wme of the properties 
 
 ^tei!^ '^h''"' "^ -M:: «'"^''' ""'^ ^'^^'^ they 
 esteem the cow itself almost as a divinity. 
 
 Iheir manners are gentle. They are taught by 
 
 their religion that matrimony is an indispensabli 
 
 duty m every man who does not entirely sena- 
 
 riUe himself from the world from a pSpTe of 
 
 devotion; and as none but male descendant. 
 
 can perform the obsequies to the manes of thtir 
 
 ancestors It i. thought an irreparable calamity 
 
 frl^ ^"^1 i^^rading than that of Hindoo 
 female|i. Till three year* after the nupUal age 
 agirl ..entirely at the disposal of her fathi.' 
 dlJluLTT^'A^^ IS immured in her husbmid's 
 dwelling; her dependence upon him is per- 
 
HIN 
 
 reftuM ot Mil the 
 !happy wretcli*., 
 ficMi of life, burr 
 eiy tiling that (• 
 bm an kept dit- 
 irmountable bnr- 
 ntermarry, to co- 
 )r even to drink 
 I of another trib<>. 
 iti MibjocU them 
 ndera thorn pol- 
 tn, ftoni that in- 
 wee. Themem- 
 iabljr to the pro- 
 Ifom generation 
 I have followed, 
 ■ one uniform 
 f aacribed that 
 ituoiu in many 
 
 and also that 
 > f^f Hindostan, 
 •na, and the im- 
 :hu inhabitants, 
 ■e in reapect to 
 heir inititutiona 
 item of supcr- 
 hich can excite 
 le temples con- 
 jnificent; their 
 id the absolute 
 hnvo obtmnt'd 
 I supported by 
 revenues with 
 knd the zeal uf 
 hed their pago- 
 
 extcnds to a 
 ther counineH, 
 
 by taste, cus- 
 heir food, the 
 marriages, and 
 sdiction of re- 
 >os is simple, 
 (ind of imper- 
 and oriental 
 >t of the flesh 
 ther superior 
 ut the inferior 
 lesh or fish of 
 lonsistB in the 
 perfumes, of 
 iivish. They 
 because they 
 tie properties 
 because they 
 
 a divinity, 
 ire taught by 
 ndispensablu 
 entirely sepa- 
 . principle of 
 descendants 
 anes of thtir 
 ble calamity 
 ily any state 
 
 of Hindoo 
 nuptial age, 
 ' her father. 
 it husband's 
 lim is per- 
 
 .101 
 
 HOA 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 Mtuftl and cntirei iha la not permitted to eat 
 In his presence, and is considered, not as a com- 
 panion to aid him in enduring the evils of hib, 
 but as a slave to bear children, and be subser- 
 vient to his rule. Polygamy is toloroU-d; but 
 the females, except among the Nairn, are not 
 permitted to marry a second time. A husband 
 can dismiss his wife at any time; but there is 
 nothing that can dissolve the wife from her 
 matrimonial engagement. The inhuman cus- 
 tom of women burning themselves on the 
 funeral pile of their deceased husbands has, 
 however, been recently prohibited in the prosi- 
 denciesof Fort Willium and Madras; and the 
 progress of Christianity atfords reason to hope 
 tor the speedy abolition of other revolting prac- 
 Uces. The code of (Jentoo laws, with their 
 •acred books, the Veidam and the Shaster, are 
 written in the Sanscrit language, which is very 
 copious and nervous, although the style of their 
 best authors is wonderfully concise. Hindo- 
 stan, towards the N., is pretty temperate, but 
 hot towards the S.; and it rains almost con- 
 stantly for three months in the year. Its pro- 
 ducts ore diamonds and other precious stones, 
 silks, spices, aromatics, drugs, maize, rice, and 
 Bugiirj and the chief manufactures ore muslins 
 and calicoes. Hut these and various other par- 
 ticijliirs will be found under the names of iU 
 diflerent jirovinces, cities, towns, mountains, 
 and rivers, described in this work. 
 
 lIiNGHAM, a town in Norfolk, with a market 
 on Thursday; U miles W. of Norwich, and 99 
 N. E. of London. 
 
 HiNuiiAU, a town of Massacliusets, in Suf- 
 folk county, with two churches ; seated on a 
 snmll buy; 19 oiiles S. E. of Boston. 
 
 HiNo-HOA, a city of Chhia, of the first rank, 
 111 the province of Fo-kien. The vicinity fur- 
 nishes abunUiiuce of rice, li-chi, and silk. 
 
 HiNTEttaKKSDOP, a town of Saxony, in Meis- 
 sen : miles E. of Freyberg. 
 
 HiNzuAN, Joanna, or Anjouan, one of the 
 largest of the Comorro Islands; situated off the 
 eastern coast of Africa. It is of a triangular 
 form; and the whole island appears to have 
 undergone the action of a volcano, the rocks 
 being every where volcanized. It is entirely 
 mountainous, but is covered with vegetation, 
 which even reaches to the summit of the highest 
 conical hill. The coiwts can be approached 
 with safety. The sovereign of Hinzuan takes 
 the title of sultan, and formerly ruled over the 
 whole group of the Comorro Islands. His sub- 
 jects view him with the most profound respect, 
 and never approach him without kneeling, and 
 touching the earth with their forehead. The 
 nobles are on a familiar footing with the king, 
 and must be consulted on many occasions. The 
 natives are in general tall, robust, and well 
 made ; they have long black hair, piercing eyes, 
 and are of a colour between olive and black. 
 They profess Mahomedism ; but the native 
 African worship of fetiches is still very preva- 
 lent. They are courteous and hospitable, and 
 s.i shipwreekcu mafincrs have been received 
 with the greatest kindness. The pine-applea 
 are most delicioui^ ind the other fruits are ex- 
 
 cellent. Yams uiJ sweet poUtoei m« In abun- 
 dance ; also goaU and poultry. The bullock* 
 are of a moderate aixe, and are excellent food 
 This island is often frequented by Kuropeaus 
 and particularly by English vessels, for the sake 
 of procuring water and provisions. The com- 
 moditiee in deuiand ore arms, toys, looking- 
 ^losMs, shirti, and blue and red doth. Saltam 
 IS the capital. Long. 41. 30. E. lat. 12. 54. S. 
 Hio, a town of Sweden, in Qothland ; seated 
 on the Lake Wettw; 145 miles & W, of 
 Stockholm. 
 
 HioHRiNo, a decayed town ol Denmark, in 
 North Jutland; 27 mile* N. N. W. of Aalborg. 
 HiBSCHBBRo, a town of Truswan Silesia, in 
 the principality of Jaucr; famous for its mineral 
 baths. In the neighbourhood are extensive 
 bleaching-grounds; and, next to Breslau, it is 
 the most considerable trading town in Silewa. 
 It is seated on the Bober; 23 miles S. W of 
 Jauer. 
 
 HiBaoHPKLD, a town of Germany, in Lower 
 Hesse ; capital of a principality of the samo 
 name, depending on a famous abbey, which was 
 secularized in fiivour of the House of Hesse 
 Cassel. It is seated on the Fulda; 34 miles S. 
 by E. of Cassel. Long. 9. 42. E. lat. 60. 50. N. 
 
 HiKscnoLM, a town of Denmark, in the 
 island of Zenlond, with a castle; 12 miles N. 
 oJ Copenhagen. 
 
 HiRSCHoKN, a town of Hesse Darmstadt 
 
 S'^^.?.*^'.'?''''' •*"'''<* °" 'ho Neokar; 7 milm 
 E. of Heidelberg. 
 
 HisPANioLA. See Domingo, St. 
 
 HissAR, a town of Hindostan, in the country 
 
 01 Delhi; capital of a district of the same name; 
 
 W N w'^'/A^u'?"", ^""°°'"> • ^'2 miles 
 W N. W. of DelhL Long. 75. 40. E. lat. 29. 
 
 5. N. 
 
 Hit, a town of Syria, near which is a spring 
 of naphtha and bitumen. It stands on a river 
 o» the same name, wliich soon after joins the 
 Euphrates; 100 miles W. by S. of Bagdad 
 
 HiTCHiN, a town in Hertfordshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday, and a great trade in malt. 
 It has a handsome parish church, and several 
 meeting-houses; 15 miles N. N. W. of Hert- 
 ford, and 34 N. \V. of London. 
 . HoAi-KiNo, a city of China, of the first rank. 
 
 n2"3T."E: £"3fr.S.^-''' ''•'''•"«• ^°"«' 
 
 HoAi-NOAN-Foo, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, m Kiang-nan. It is seated in a marsh, 
 and enclosed by a triple wall. The suburbs ex- 
 tend to the distance of a league on each side of 
 a canal, and form, at their extremity, a kind of 
 port on the Hoang-ho. The canal, being above 
 thelevel of the city, occasions perpetual danger 
 ol inundation; 515 miles S. S. E. of Peking 
 Long. 118. 47. E. lat. 53. 30. N. *" 
 
 ♦». ^^^r**!?'"®' * '"""S® "ver of Asia, also called 
 the Yellow River, from the quantity of clay 
 which It devolves. Its souices are two lakes, 
 situate omong the mountains of that part of 
 llartnry known by the name nf Knknn«, .v, 
 
 to about 42. N. lat., and, after running due E. 
 It suddenly bonds S., penetrating China to a 
 
 
HOB 
 
 362 
 
 HOK 
 
 latitude nearly parallel to its source; and then 
 It pursues an easterly direction till it enters the 
 Eastern Ocean, 100 miles to the N. of the 
 mouth of the Kian-ku. The length of its course 
 IS estimated at 2000 miles. At 70 miles from 
 the sea, where it is crossed by the Great Canal, 
 the breadth is little more than a mile j but it is so 
 rapid and shallow as to be scarcely navigable. 
 HoDAET-TOWN, or HoBARTON, the capital of 
 Van Diemen's Land, in Buckingham county. 
 It is seated near the mouth of the river Der- 
 went, which is here about 2 miles wide. The 
 city, is about IJ mile square; seated at the foot 
 of Mount Wellington, which is 3750 feet high. 
 The streets are straight, and cross each other at 
 right angles, and have a number of handsome 
 houses. The public buildings are numerous, 
 and some of them are handsome. The govern- 
 ment-house is near the harbour, or Sullivan's 
 Cove; it is an irregular building, without archi- 
 tectural pretensions. The other principal build- 
 ings are the court-house, church, colonial hos- 
 pital, barracks, &c. The view of the city, &c. 
 ftom the harbour is magniticent, and the trade 
 is prosperous. Population, about 11,000 or 
 12,000, including 3500 convicts. Lat. 42. 56. 
 S. long. 147. 27. E. 
 
 HocHBERO, a castle of Baden; situate on a 
 mountain ; 2 miles N. E, of Emmeddingen. 
 
 HocHHEiM, a town of Central Germany, in 
 the duchy of Nassau; surrounded by vineyards, 
 and femous for its wine ciilled Hock; IS miles 
 S. W. from Frankfort. Pop. 1910. 
 
 HocHST, a town of Germany, in Ncssau, with 
 an extensive tobacco manufacture; seated on 
 the Maine; 6 miles W. of Frankfort, and 17 
 N. E. of Mentz. 
 
 HocHSTAT, a town and castle of Bavaria, 
 famous for a signal victory gained near it by the 
 Duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the 
 English call the battle of Blen'.ieim, from a 
 village three miles S. ^'l'. of this place. T . is 
 seated on the Danube ; 17 miles S. W. of Do- 
 na wert. 
 
 HocuSTAT, a town and castle of Bavarian 
 
 Franconia, in the principality of Bamberg ; on 
 
 the rivei Aisch; 23 miles S. "S. W. of Bamljerg. 
 
 HocKHocKiNO, a towr. of the United States, 
 
 Ohio, in the county of Fairfield. Pop. 3079. 
 
 HoDDESDON, a town in Hertfordshire, witii 
 a market on Tuesday; seated near the river 
 Lea; 4 miles S, E. of Hertford, and 17 N. by 
 E. of London. 
 
 HoDEiDA, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with 
 a harbour for small vessels, on the Red Sea ; 
 90 miles N. N. W. of Mocha. Long, 43, 30. 
 E. lat. 14. 10. N. 
 
 HoEi-TCHEou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Kiang-nan; famous for its tea, varnish, 
 and japanned wark; 625 miles S. of Peking. 
 
 HoEi-TCHEOU, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Quang-ton; 1010 miles S, of Peking, 
 HoEKELM, See Heukelum, 
 HoFF, a town of Bavaria, in the principality 
 of Bayreuth, with manufiictures of cotton, linen, 
 and fine paper. The adjacent country has 
 quarries of excellent marble. It stands on the 
 baule; 32 miles N. N. E. of Bayreuth. 
 
 Hopp, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Olmutz, vrith a great trade in wool ; 23 miie« 
 N. E. of Olmutz. 
 
 Hoo Island, one of the snjaller Shetland 
 Islands, near the E. coast of the Mainland. 
 
 HoG Island is also the name of several other 
 islands. One in Pamtico Sound, near the coast 
 of North Carohna; long. 76. 36. W. lat. 34. 56. 
 N. On the E. side of Lake Champlain; 9 
 miles long, and about 3 broad. Near the coast 
 of Virginia; long. 75, 42. W. lat, 37. 30. N. 
 In Rhode Island, in Naraganset Bay ; 2 miles 
 in circumference. In the Eastern Sea, near the 
 coast of Palawan; long. 11. 36. E. lat. 10. 18. 
 N. In the Eastern Sea ; 40 miles in length, 
 and 3 in breadth, 60 miles W. of Sumatra; 
 long. 95. SO. E. lat. 2. 30. N. In the Eastern 
 Sea, lying off the N. £. extremity of Java; 20 
 miles in circumference; long. 114. 55. E. lat. 
 7. 5. S. In the Eastern Sea, ..ear the W. 
 coast of Saleyer; 15 miles in length, and 6 in 
 breadth; long. 120, 45. E. lat. 6. 12. S. On 
 the \^', coast of India, not far from Pigeon 
 Island; long. 74. 36. E. lat. 14, 2. N. 
 
 Hoa Islands, a cluster of small islands near 
 the S, W. coast of Ireland, and county of 
 Kerry, between Ballinaskelling Bay and the 
 mouth of Kenmare river; 4 miles from Hog's 
 Head. 
 
 Hogue, Cape La, the N. W. point of Nor- 
 mandy, near which Admiral Rooke burnt 13 
 French men-of-war, in 1692. Long. 1. 62. W. 
 lat. 49. 46. N. 
 
 HoHENBERG, an ancient castle of Suabia, in 
 a county of its name, now belonging to Wir- 
 temberg; situate near the source of the Neckar; 
 10mile8S.E, of Roth well. 
 
 Hohenlinden, a town of Bavaria, near 
 which the French gained a great victory over 
 the Austrians, in 1800. It is 22 miles E. of 
 Munich. 
 
 HoHENLOHE, or HoLACB, a district of Fran- 
 conia, abounding in wine, corn, wood, and 
 cattle. It now belongs to the kingdom of 
 Wirtemberg. The castle of its r ^ent counts 
 stood close by the village of Holach, near Uf- 
 fenheiin. The chief town is Ohringen, 
 
 HoHENMADT, a town of Bohemia, on the 
 river Meyta; 13 miles E. of ChruJdin, 
 
 HonENSTEiN, an ancient castle of Saxony ; 
 situate on a mountain, at the foot of which is 
 the village of Neustadt; 5 miles N. N. E, of 
 Nordhausen. 
 
 IIoHENrwiEL, a fortress of Wirtemberg, sur- 
 rounded by »he county of NuUenburg. Its 
 fortifications were destroyed by the French, in 
 1800, It stands on a mountain; 9 miles E.N,1':, 
 of Schaifhausen. 
 
 HoHENZQLLERN, a tuwn of Germany, in a 
 principality of the same name, with a castle on 
 a mountain, the seat of the ancient counts of 
 Hohenzollem. It is seated on a branch of the 
 Neckar; 16 miles S, by W. of Tubingen. 
 Long, 9. 8. E. lat. 48. 28. N. 
 
 HoHNSTKiN, a town of Saxony, on the river 
 
 \TllWn. 11 milaa V V „f r7_.;_l._.. 
 
 Ho-KiEN, a city of China, of the firet rank, in 
 the province of Pc-tcholi; situate between two 
 
 I 
 
HOL 
 
 363 
 
 HOL 
 
 
 riven; 85 miles S. of Peking. Lonij, 116. 23. 
 E. lat. 38. 40. N. s 6 
 
 HoLA, a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see ; 
 at the mouth of a river, on the N. coast. Lone. 
 19. 20. W. lat. 65. 40. N. 
 
 HoLBEACH, a town in Lincolnshire, with a 
 ujarket on Saturday, and a considerable trade 
 in com and wool ; 12 miles S. by E. of Boston, 
 and 109 N. by E. of London. 
 
 HoLBECK, a seaport of Denmark, in the island 
 of Zealand, with a good harbour, from which 
 great quantities of com are annually exported : 
 30 miles W. of Copenhagen. 
 
 HOLDSWORTUY, a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Saturday; seated near the canal from 
 Bude Harbour; between two branches of the 
 Tamar; 43 miles W. by N. of Exeter, and 214 
 W. by S. of London. 
 Holland, kingdom of. See Netherlands. 
 Holland, an important province of the 
 Kmgdom of Hollam'., which has often given 
 name to the Seven United Provinces; but these 
 appellations have been merged in the title of the 
 kmgdom, and Holland is now, properly, the 
 maritime peninsula of that name. It is divided 
 into two parts. North and South Holland; and 
 18 bounded on the N. and W. by the German 
 Ocean, on the E. by the Zuyder Zee and the 
 ci-devant state of Utrecht, and on the S. by the 
 Mouse and Dutch Brabant; extending from lat. 
 61. 40. to 63. 10. N. ; its long, is about 180 miles 
 E. of London, It contains 90 walled towns, be- 
 sides many others, and above 400 villages 
 Before the Revolution, in 1795, six large cities 
 had seats m the states-general; viz. Dort, Haer- 
 km. Delft, Leyden, Amsterdam, and Gouda. 
 Ihe number of inhabitants wns estimated at 
 800,000. They also reached this number in 1801 • 
 but m 1317 they had been reduced by the war to 
 748,000. The division into the two governments 
 of South and North Holland is recognized by 
 the constitution of 1814; 'he former '"^•^tains 
 J 1 70 square miles, with 438,202 inhabitants, and 
 M divided into the six districts of the Hagu- 
 Leyden, Rotterdam, Dort, Gorcum, and the 
 Briel ; while North Holland, which, in official 
 papers, is called by its ancient name of West 
 iriesland, contains 930 square miles, with 
 39.3,916 inhabitants, and is divided into the four 
 districts of Amsterdam, Haerlem, Hoorn, and 
 Alkmaar. The whole province is a continued 
 flat ; and, but for the constant care in forming 
 ditches and canals, it would be hardly capable 
 of cultivation. Some part of it lies even xower 
 than the sea, from which it is secured by dikes, 
 26 or 30 feet high, and as many broad at top! 
 The climate is moist and variable, and in various 
 places, particularly in North Holland, unfavour- 
 able to health. The winters are severe, and the 
 rivers are almost every season rendered unna- 
 vigable, for several weeks together, by the ice. 
 The soil IS rich, consisting of a deep fat loam ; 
 but, owing to the humidity of both soil and 
 climate, tillage is very limited. Wheat, madder, 
 tobacco, hemp, and flax nre raised hr.t th.-i 
 chief agricultural wealth of the country consists 
 in the pastures, which feed great numbers of 
 cow; the making of butter and cheese being 
 
 a principal occupation. The meadows are gene- 
 rally under water during the winter, and the 
 inhabitants only discharge them from it by mills 
 adapted, as in the fenny parts of England, to 
 this particular purpose. The Hollanders are 
 affdble, industrious, laborious, absorbed in trade, 
 excellent sailors, moderate politicians, and lovers 
 of liberty. Holland is said to have derived its 
 name from the vast and thick forests of wood 
 with which it was at onetime covered; HoUlant, 
 in German, signifying woodland. In the middle 
 ages it was governed by its counts or earls; 
 in the 16th century it became subject to the 
 House of Burgundy; it passed afterwards to 
 Austria; and, finally, joined the other provinces 
 that declared for independence. On the in- 
 vasion of Holland by the French, in the begin- 
 ning of 1795, the stadtholder with his family 
 took refuge in England. Holland was sub- 
 sequently under various forms of French domi- 
 nation. At length the people became weary of 
 this connexion. The events of 1813 had 
 weakened the power that bound them ; the 
 people rose ; their fetters were broken ; and 
 "Orange boven," (up with the House of 
 Orange,) resounded through the country. A 
 provisional government was formed at Am- 
 sterdam, on the 18th of November. William 
 Frederick, of Nassau and Orange, landed from 
 England at the close of the same month, en- 
 tered Amsterdam on the 2nd of December, and 
 was proclaimed Sovereign Prince of the United 
 Netherlands, on the following day. By the act 
 of congress, signed at Vienna on the 31st Mav, 
 1815, the seventeen provinces of the Nether- 
 lands, which had formerly been subject to the 
 dukes of Burgundy, were re-united under the 
 Prince of Orange, as William I., king of uie 
 Netherinnds. See Netherlands. 
 
 Holland, a strong town of E. Prussia; seated 
 near the river Weeske ; 14 miles S. S. E. of 
 Elbing. 
 Holland, New. See Australia. 
 HoLLODALE, a rivcr of Scotland, in the county 
 if Sutheriand, which rises in the mountains on 
 the borders of Caithness, and flows N. into a bay 
 of the North Sea, forming, for several miles, in 
 the latter part of its course, the boundary 
 between the two counties. 
 
 Hollywood, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Down; situate on Belfest Lough; 106 miles 
 from Dublin. " 
 
 Holm Cultram, a town in Cumberiand 
 sometimes called Holm-Abbey, from the cele-' 
 brated abbey that formerly stood here, the 
 remains of which have been converted into the 
 parish church. It is seated near the mouth of 
 
 I'I^^Yt"?"^ *2 '"''^* N. of Cockermouth, and 
 310 N.N. W. of London. 
 
 HoLMswoRTHY, a town in Devonshire ; seated 
 between two branches of the river Tamar- 214 
 miles from London. ' 
 
 Holstebroe, a town of Denmark, in North 
 Jutland; situate on a shallow river which runs 
 into the North Sea. The priiicipui trade is in 
 com, oxen, and horses. It is 24 miles W. ol 
 Wiburg, and 68 N. of Ripen. 
 
 Holstkin, a duchy at the N. extremity of 
 
nJ j 
 
 M 
 ft i 
 
 i li 
 
 H O L 364 
 
 Oeramny, belonging to Denmark; 100 miles 
 long, and SO broad ; bounded N. by Sleswick, 
 E. by the Baltic and the duchy of Saxe-Lawen- 
 burg, S. by the duchies of Bremen and Lune- 
 burg, and W. by the German Ocean. Its prin- 
 cipal rivciB are the Elbe, the Eyder, and the 
 Stor. It is a fruitful country, and well seated 
 for trade, having some considerable harbours, 
 particularly those of Hamburg, Lubec, and Kiel ; 
 and from the latter is a canal to the Eyder, at 
 Rensburg, by which there is a fcee navigation 
 from the Baltic to the German Ocean. Popula- 
 tion, 360,000, most of whom are Lutherans. 
 
 HOLSTON, 8 river of the United States, which 
 rises in the Allegany mountains, in Virginia, 
 and flows S.S. W. into the state of Tennessee, 
 where it takes a more southerly course to Knoz- 
 ville, and 35 miles below that town is joined by 
 the Clinch, when their united waters take the 
 name of Tennessee. It is navigable for boats 
 of 25 tons upwards of 100 miles. On iU banks 
 are several iron- works; and the adjacent country 
 abounds with iron ore, and has sundry lead 
 mines. 
 
 Holt, a town in Denbighshire, North Wales; 
 on the river Dee. 
 
 Holt, a town in Norfolk, with a market on 
 Saturday, and an excellent fi«e school, founded 
 by Sir John Gresham. It is situate in a fertile 
 district ; 24 miles W. N. W. of Norwich, and 1 1 9 
 N. E. of London. 
 
 Holt Cross, a village in Ireland, county of 
 Tipperary ; on the river Suir, Here are the ruins 
 of a beautiful Cistercian abbey. 
 
 Holy Island, an island on the coast of 
 England; 8 miles S. E. of Berwick-upon-Tweed, 
 but belonging to the county of Durham. It is 
 three miles long and two broad; the soil rocky 
 and full of stones; and at low water it is acces- 
 sible by horses and carriages. It has a town 
 called Kilo, and a castle on a high rock, under 
 which is a commodious harbour, defended by a 
 blockhouse. On this island are considerable 
 remains of a stately monastery, called Lindis- 
 feme; and here was anciently a bishop's see, 
 removed, with the body of St. Cuthbert, first to 
 Chester-le-Street, and afterwards to Durham. 
 
 Holthead, a seaport and cape of Wales, in 
 the isle of Anglesey. It derives its principal 
 support from the expenditure of passengers to 
 and from Ireland, being the usual place of 
 embarkation for Dublin, and the station of the 
 government packc to and from that city, dis- 
 tant about 20 leagues. In the neighbourhood is 
 a large vein of white fullers'-earth, and another 
 of yellow. Among the principal objects of in- 
 terest are the venerable ruins of a hermitage, 
 two chapels, and the remains of a Dutch wall ; 
 these, with the Ughthouse and suspension bridge, 
 attract the attention of strangers. The church, 
 near the verge of the cliff, is a handsome struc- 
 ture of the 13th century: here are also four 
 chapels for dissenters, a free school, and some 
 almshouses. Market on Saturday. It is 86 miles 
 W. by N. of Chester, and 267 N.W. of London. 
 
 I ./*..» A An nr i_j. eo nt» iw 
 '"•'B' •*' *?••; TT i .•at. tr-^. iu. n. 
 
 Holywell, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, 
 with a market on Friday considered one of 
 
 HON 
 
 the best in North Wales. It has a neat pulsh 
 church, and four places of worship for dissenters. 
 From its vicinity to the mines, and the extensive 
 manufactures carried on in the neighbourhood, 
 it is become the most flourishing town in the 
 county. Its name was derived from the famous 
 well of St. Winifred, concerning which so many 
 fiibles and superstitious notions have prevailed, 
 but which is certainly a very remarkable spring, 
 bursting out of the ground with great im- 
 petuosity, at the foot of a hill, and discharging 
 upwards of 20 tons of water every minute. The 
 waters have long since lost their reputation 
 for miraculous healing powers, but are much 
 esteemed by the manufacturer, being now ap- 
 plied to the purpose of turning several mills for 
 the working of copper, making brass wire, paper, 
 and snuff, and spinning cotton. It is 10 miles 
 E. of St. Asap'i, and 207 N. W. of London. 
 
 Holzapfel, a tn. of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau. It is situate on the Lahn, at the 
 foot of a mountain, on which is the tower of an 
 ancient castle, the original seat of the princes of 
 Nassau ; 4 miles N. £. of Nassau. 
 
 Holzuinden, a town of the states of Bruns- 
 wick, in Wolfenbuttel, with considerable iron- 
 works. It is seated at the conflux of the Holz 
 with the Weser ; 28 miles N W, of Gottingen. 
 HoHBURO, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Cassel, with an iron forge and a glass manufac- 
 ture ; 20 miles S. of Cassel.— Also a town of 
 Prussia, in the duchy of Berg ; 48 miles S. E. of 
 Dusseldorf. — And a town of Bavaria, in Deux 
 Ponts, seated on a mountain ; 5 miles N. W. of 
 Deux Ponts. 
 
 Ho-NAN, a province of China ; bounded on the 
 N. by the provinces of Pe-tcheli, and Chan-si, E. 
 by Kiang-si and Chantong, S. by Hou-quang, 
 and W. by Chensi. Ad every thing that can 
 contribute to render a country delightfiil is 
 found in this province, that as it is situate almost 
 in the centre of the empire, the Chinese call it 
 Tong-hoa, the Middle Flower. Besides Cai- 
 fong, its capital, it contaim 8 cities of the first 
 class, and 102 of the second and third. 
 
 Ho-NAN, a city of China, of the first class, in 
 the province of Ho-nan ; 360 miles S. W. of 
 Peking. Long. 112. 9. E. lat. 34. 44. N. 
 
 HoNAWERA, or Onobe, a town of Hindostan, 
 in Canara ; seated in an inlet of the sea, which 
 spreads into a lake, and includes a number of 
 islands. It was formerly a place of great com- 
 merce, but was demolished by Tippoo after he 
 had recovered it by the treaty of Mangalore. 
 Here is now a custom-house, and a few shops ; 
 also some merchants who live scattered near 
 the banks of the lake, and sell rice, pepper, 
 cocoa, and betelnuts, &c., to the trading vessels 
 that come from Goa, Rajapura, and Bombay. It 
 is 50 miles N. by W. of Kundapura, and 84 
 £. S. E. of Goa. 
 
 HoNDTCHOOTE, a town of France, department 
 of Nord, near which a part of the allied troops 
 were surprised and defeated in 1793. It is 7 
 miles S. E. of Dunkirk. 
 
 Honduras, a province of tlie republic of Gua- 
 timala; 400 miles long, and 150 broad ; Iwunded 
 on the N. by a bay of its name, E. by the Atlantic, 
 
HON 
 
 365 
 
 I a neat parish 
 for dissentera. 
 1 the extensive 
 leighbourhood, 
 I town in the 
 >m the famous 
 rhich 80 many 
 lave prevailed, 
 irkable spring, 
 th great im- 
 id discharging 
 r minute. The 
 iir reputation 
 >ut are much 
 eing now ap- 
 veral mills for 
 IB wire, paper, 
 It is 10 miles 
 )f London, 
 in the duchy 
 Lahn, at the 
 le tower of an 
 the princes of 
 
 tea of Bruns- 
 iderable iron- 
 ic of the Holz 
 of Gottingen. 
 y, in Hesse- 
 lass roanufac- 
 so a town of 
 miles S. E. of 
 aria, in Deux 
 ilea N. W. of 
 
 )unded on the 
 d Chan-si, £. 
 r Hou-quang, 
 ling that can 
 delighttiil is 
 lituate almost 
 hiiiese call it 
 Besides Cai- 
 ;8 of the first 
 ird. 
 
 first class, in 
 les S. W. of 
 44. N. 
 
 if Hindostan, 
 le sea, which 
 B number of 
 if great com- 
 poo after he 
 ; Mangalore. 
 a few shops ; 
 attered near 
 rice, pepper, 
 ading vessels 
 Bombay. It 
 lira, and 84 
 
 , department 
 allied troops 
 ^93. It is 7 
 
 iiblivofGua- 
 ad ; l)ounded 
 the Atlantic, 
 
 S. by Niwragua, and W. by Guatimala and Vera 
 i-az. The country consists of mountains, val- 
 leys, and plams, watered by numerous rivers • 
 and IS exceedingly fertile, but unhealthy to 
 Europeans. The vineyards bear thrice a year 
 and the soil, m many parts, yields three crops of 
 niaize: other productions are wheat, peas, cot- 
 ton, wool, logwood, with exceUent pastures, 
 noney, wax, and pvo visions of all kinds. Hon- 
 duras was formerly one of the most populous 
 countries in America, but at present, though so 
 ferti e, is almost deierted. The capital is Val- 
 ladoud, or Comayaguas. 
 ^ HoNDHius Bay, is that gulf of the Caribbean 
 faea between the peninsula of Yucatan and Cape 
 Honduras. It is well known, from the colonic 
 settled on ,t by the British for the cutting down 
 of.niahogany and dye-woods. The treesire cut 
 at the wet season of the year, and after beinu 
 dragged from the forest ti. the banks of hf 
 rivers they are made into rails and floated to 
 the shore. The growth of the logwood h«^ k 
 extremely rapid ; so much so, that it is said to 
 attain maturity m five or six yean, when it is 
 cut and sent to Europe in logs. Besides the 
 mahogany and logwood tree, Honduras Bay nro- 
 duces two or three kinds of the mangrove, as 
 the red, white, and black. Cedars are krge and 
 abundant, and are commonly used in ship- 
 building. The palmetto, the sapadilla, and the 
 sea-grape trees, are all found very useful • as 
 are also the buUet-tree, the iron-wood-tree,'the 
 calabash-tree, and the button-wood-tree The 
 althea grows at a considerable distance from the 
 coast, and is generally made into rafts for floating 
 the log-wood to the sea. The tree that exudei 
 the resinous substance called caouchouc or 
 elastic gum, from which Indian-rubber is made 
 grows plentifully in several provinces of Gua-' 
 timala, particularly in various parts of Honduras. 
 In addition to these may be enumerated the 
 locust-tree, the fustic, the cocoa.nut-tree, the 
 
 cabbage.and thesilk-cotton trees; besideswhich. 
 both trees and shrubs of a medicinal nature 
 grow m great variety and profusion. The soil 
 which has been brought under cultivation is 
 extremely fertile, and the climate is superior to 
 a great part of the American continent. The 
 shores abound with aquatic birds of diflferent 
 kinds. Myriads of swallows are found in some 
 parts, particularly in Honduras, during the 
 periodical rains. The humming-bird is s^n in 
 most of its splendid varieties, and the oxilis 
 one of the most minute and beautiful of this 
 el^nt tribe, is very common. The number of 
 nsli, insects, and reptiles, is also great 
 
 HoNPLEua, a seaport of France, in the de- 
 partment of Calvados. The harbour is very 
 capacious, at the mouth of the Seine : and its 
 principal trade is in lace. It is 8 miles N. of 
 Pont 1 Evcque, and 110 N. W. of Paris. Long. 
 0. I6.E. lat.49. 24. N. * 
 
 HoNo KoNo, an island near Canton, on the 
 b. coast of Chma. It consists of high conical 
 mountains, composed of primitive rocks, princi- 
 pally ai trap and basalt; the only produce being 
 a smaU quantity of rice and fruits ; the vegeta- 
 tion coniut of ferns, and some other plants of 
 
 HOR 
 
 small growth giving it, at a distanco, an appear- 
 ance of fertility, though it is in reSiJ^wK: 
 
 and IS described as having been the nxort of 
 Chinese piratM ; thus giving the name of « La- 
 drones, which IS appUed to tho group of which 
 iS?^' f P«t. It was one of the first plac« 
 M~rted to by the Portuguese, and was cededto 
 Brtain as a trading port in 1 842. 
 
 hr^^T^ll ■ ***'T«^ ^^ Devonshire, cele- 
 brated for the manufacture of broad lace. The 
 church u half a mile from the town ; but it haa 
 am? fhi^'' beonging to the Establishment, 
 Bantil «n"?1.'"«:'""^ *" Independents 
 &n '17^ ^'^^J^'^i^ A fire happened 
 hero m 1 747, which consumed three-fourths of 
 i«ok'^!!,? ""•lanotherm 1765, destroyed neariv 
 180 building! It is situated in a delightfhl vX 
 on the river Otter ; 16 miles E. of Exeter rft 
 ^CrdaT? '"""^" '° parliament. Market on 
 HoooHL? a river of Hindostan, formed by 
 the two westernmost branches of the Ganges 
 named the Cossimbazar and JelUnghy which 
 unite atNuddea, Itf.owsby HooghlyfJhiTsura 
 Chandemagore. and Calcutta, to the B^^f 
 Bengal, and is the only branch of the gW^ 
 that IS commonly navigated by ahipa. * 
 
 HoooHLT, a river of Hindostan, in Bengal 
 now nearly m nuns, but possessing many vestifes 
 of former greatness. In the b4innini of the 
 trad. n1-"R '^ ' was the great mJt r.'theexport 
 ivi H IT' ^. ^H™Pe- It « »eated on the 
 nver Hooghly ; 25 miles N. of Calcutta 
 1 "??«STRATEN, a tn. of Belgium, in Brabant • 
 15milesN. ofHerentals. ™«uii , 
 
 l-nlJT^'.u' ?"^''• a.,"^*?*"*, of North Hol- 
 land, on the Zuyder Zee j with manufactures 
 of woollen cloths and carpeto, and a considerable 
 i^^, «'u <?".!«' l'""", cheese, herrings, and 
 other fish It 18 20 miles N. N. E. of Ams^^da^T 
 
 „f PWnf ' ^^^'t V'^S^ 1*".^*'«'' •» tho county 
 of Fhnt ; contributory, with Flint and Caemirie 
 m returning one member to parliament. Here* 
 are the ruins of a ca-Me. 
 
 Hope, a viUage of the United States, in New 
 Jersey. It is 20 miles N. K. of Easton-AIw a 
 Moravian settlement of North Carolina, in Surrey 
 
 Hope, a river of the island of Jamaica, which 
 runs mto the sea, 5 miles S. of Kingston 
 
 StSriO^oresVoYaV'^Uy""^"'' 
 
 NootkrSotd'.''"^''**''^^-^-~™"o' 
 Hope Cape, a cape of Hudson's Bav «t ♦)!« 
 
 entrance of Repulse Bay. ^' ' '''* 
 
 Hope Islands, two small islands on tho 
 
 coast of New Holland. Lat 15. 4lV S. 
 HoRAiDAN, a towTi of Penia, in the province 
 
 of Faratstan ; 76 milen N. W. of Shiras. 
 
 .M T*? ^*"^" °^ Wirtembuig, with a con- 
 
 m"*T ' of'^^V' "r"*" 8ood8 ; seated on the 
 
 Neckar ; 21 miles W. S. W. of Tubingen. 
 
 *» .i.'"i"iT' ~,~Z. — "' -^"suuj rcirea, autll« 
 
 ♦h^^fl^- °^^°""^ S'""i- ««" are two or 
 three fine spnngs, and a great number of fruit- 
 
 I I 
 
II OR 
 
 3fi6 
 
 HOT 
 
 HoHN, a town of AustriH, with a trade in 
 beer made of oats ; seated on tlie Tiffer ; 48 
 miles W. N. W. of Vienna. 
 
 Horn, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro- 
 vince of Liege ; 3 miles W. N. W. of Rure- 
 monde. „ 
 
 Horn, CAPE.the southern extremity of South 
 America, forming part of Hermite Island ; on 
 the coast of Terra del Fuego. Long. 67. 30. W. 
 lat. 55. 46. S. 
 
 HoRNACHOS, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 
 near the river Malachel ; 30 Jiiles S. S. E. of 
 Merida. 
 
 HoRNBERO, a town of Baden, in the Black 
 Forest, with a fortress on a mountain ; seated on 
 the Gutlash ; 12 miles N. W. of Rothweil, 
 
 HoRNBURO, a town of Prussian Saxony, on 
 the Use ; 8 miles S. of Wolfenbuttel. 
 
 Hornby, a small town in Lancashire; situated 
 on the bank of the Wenning; 9 miles N. E. of 
 Lancaster. The principal object of attraction is 
 Hornby Castle . erected, as it is supposed, by 
 Nicholas de Mont Begons, soon after the Con- 
 quest. Here was formerly a weekly market on 
 Friday, which has merged in the fair for cattle 
 every alternate Tuesday. 
 
 HoRNCASTLE, a tn. in Lincolnshire ; situated 
 in an angle formed by the confluence of the 
 Bane and theWuring; with a marketon Saturday 
 It was a Roman station, and part of the wall o*' 
 the castle is still remaining. Here are a churcli, 
 four meeting-houses, a dispensary, &c. It is 21 
 miles E. of Lincoln, and 13C N. of London. 
 
 HoRNSEY, a town in East Yorkshire, nearly 
 surrounded by an arm of the sea, and much 
 resorted to during the bathing season. Near it 
 is a mere, two miles long and one broad, famous 
 for its pike and eels. It is 16 miles N. of Hull, 
 and 193 N. of London. 
 
 HoHNSEY, a village in Middlesex ; 5 miles 
 from London. Here was anciently an episcopal 
 palace, and the manor has belonged to the see 
 o<" London for many ages. 
 
 HoRSENS, a seaport of Denmark, in North 
 Jutland, on the Cattegat, having manufactures 
 of woollen goods, and a considerable trade. It 
 is 20 miles S. S. W. of Arhusen. 
 
 HoRSFOiiTH, a township in Yorkshire, with a 
 manufacture of woollen. 
 
 Horsham, a borough in Sussex. Market on 
 Saturday, noted for fine poultry. Here is the 
 county gaol ; and the spring assizes a-e held 
 here. It returns one member to parliament. 
 It is seated on the Adur ; 20 miles N. W. of 
 Brighton, and 36 S. of London. 
 
 Horstmar, a town of Westphalia, with a 
 castle and. a collegiate church ; seated on an 
 eminence ; 15 miles N. W. of Munster. 
 
 Hospital, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Limerick. The ruins of a castle are still 
 visible, which was built on the site of a com- 
 mandery of the Knights Hospitallers. 
 
 Hottentots, Country of the, or Hot- 
 TENTOTiA, a large region in the S. extremity 
 of Africa, extending N. from the Cape Colony, 
 beyond the mouth of Orange River, and westward 
 to about the meridian of 27. 30. which divides it 
 from Caffraria. The Hottentots are as tall as most 
 
 Europeans, but are more slender; and ths charac- 
 teristic mark of this nation is the smallness of 
 their handsand feet compared with the other parts 
 of their body. Their skin is of a yel lowish brown 
 hue, resembling that of a European who has the 
 jaundice in a high degree. There are not such 
 thick lips among the Hottentots as among their 
 neighbours the Negroes, the Catfres, and the 
 Mozambiques ; and their niuuth is of the mid- 
 dling size, with the finest set of teeth imagin- 
 able. Their heads are covered with hair moro 
 woolly, if possible, than that of the negroes. 
 With respect to shape, carriage, and every 
 motion, their whole appearance indicates health 
 and content. They are excellent swimmers and 
 divers, and practise bathing several times in 
 the day. The women braid or plait their hair 
 as an additional elegance, and adorn themselves 
 with necklaces of shells. Both the men and 
 women generally go bareheaded, and SL-klom 
 wear any shoes. Both sexes wear rings on their 
 arms and legs, chiefly made of thick leather 
 straps, cut in a circular shape ; but rings of iron, 
 copper, or brass, of the size of a goose-quill, 
 are considered more genteel. Girls are n( 
 allowed to use any rings till they are marriage- 
 able. Their habitations are adapted to their 
 wandering pastoral life: they are merely huts, 
 resembling a round beehive, from 18 to 24 feet 
 in diameter, and so low that a middle-sized man 
 cannot stand upright in them. The fire-place 
 is in the middle, and they sit or lie round it in a 
 circle. The low door is the only place that 
 admits the light, and the only outlet that is left 
 for the smoke. The order of these huts, in a 
 craal, or clan, is most frequently in the form of 
 a circle, with the doors inward by which means 
 a kind of yard is formed, whi j the cattle are 
 kept at night. From tho atrocious system of 
 indiscriminate slaughter practised toward them 
 by their oppressors, the Dutch boors, or settlers, 
 their numbers have been much reduced : they 
 do not number more, at present, than about 
 12,000. Their condition has also been much 
 degraded, from their hardships. They are now 
 considered to be admirably adapted for agricul- 
 tural pursuits, and are found dispersed among 
 the British colonists as menial servants. Their 
 appearance has more of the Tartar than of the 
 African race, and their language is very peculiar, 
 differing from all other languages, in the singular 
 clucking sound in most of their words. They 
 are now under the protection of the British 
 government, and their condition is gradually 
 ameliorating. Among the tribes inhabiting their 
 territory is that of the Boschmen, Bosjesmans, 
 or Bushmen, who leads a predatory life, and are 
 thought to be of the same stock as the Caffres. 
 They differ from the Hottentots considerably in 
 their stature and appearance : they are about 4 
 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. 9 in. in height, and are perfectly 
 black. Their principal town is Lattakoo, or 
 Litakun.in lat. 27. 10. S. long. 24. 30. E. They 
 excel the Caffres in their arts, and are accustomed 
 to the chase from their earliest infancy ; and ac- 
 yaire surprising dexterity in the use of the- bow 
 and poisoned arrow. They are governed by 
 hereditary chiefs, who have but little authority. 
 
id ths eharac- 
 s BmallnesB of 
 he other parts 
 llowish brown 
 n who has the 
 ! are not such 
 8 among their 
 ffres, and the 
 i of the mid- 
 teeth imagin- 
 ith hair moro 
 f the negroes. 
 !, and every 
 dicates health 
 swimmers and 
 eral times in 
 lait their liair 
 im themselves 
 the men and 
 , and SL'ldom 
 • rings on their 
 thick leather 
 t rings of iron, 
 a gooBe-quill. 
 Girls are no 
 are marriage- 
 ipted to their 
 e merely huts, 
 1 18 to 24 feet 
 Idle-sized man 
 The fire-place 
 e round it in a 
 nly place that 
 let that is left 
 se huts, in a 
 in the form of 
 y which means 
 the cattle nre 
 3U8 system of 
 1 toward them 
 3r8, or settlers, 
 reduced: they 
 t, than about 
 
 been much 
 They are now 
 ;ed for agricul- 
 persed among 
 rvants. Their 
 ir than of the 
 
 1 very peculiar, 
 in the singular 
 words. They 
 )f the British 
 1 is gmdually 
 nhabiting their 
 I, Bosjesmans, 
 ry life, and are 
 as the Caifrcs. 
 onsiderably in 
 sy are about 4 
 i are perfectly 
 
 Lattakoo, or 
 ,.30.E. They 
 ire accustomed 
 fancy ; and ac- 
 isc of the boW 
 s governed by 
 ittle authority. 
 
 H OT 
 
 IJ" °^''^';*:"'^» .''™ theNamaquas, Griquas. 
 ate. In 1778, Lieutenant Potewon visited a 
 n^° w A?,* ""«8^'n ^-''t'e Namaqua Land, in 
 low • ^J'^ ^® country; it consisted of 
 J J huts, and about 150 inhabitants. The en- 
 BJgii of authority worn by their chief was a ceno 
 with a brass top, given to him by the Dutch 
 fcast India Company. The Hottentots amused 
 them, part of the night, with music and dancing- 
 their visitors, m return, treated thorn with ^o-' 
 bacco and dacka, or hemp leaves, which they 
 prefer even to tobacco. Their music was pro- 
 duced from flutes, made of the hark of trees, of 
 different sizes. Another tribe of Hottentots, 
 near the mouth of Orange River, were observed 
 by Lieutenant Paterson, in his journey to the 
 
 liu •^r''.^?^' """^ ^«™ furnished with 
 stools made of the back-bones of the grampus 
 Their mode of living was in the higheft dXe 
 
 di.ty of all the Hottentot tribes. Their dress 
 w-as composed of the skins of seals and iackalT 
 
 there have been many travellers in most parts 
 ot this regions; particularly Mr. Campbell a 
 
 nTZ/h ''^°. T'^^ ^ '«■•«« portion of the 
 IS. tj. quarter of this territory known to Euro- 
 
 otZ«' A ™M ° '"Tii^' ^y ^'- Smith and 
 othere in the N. j and Sir J. Alexander, who 
 ^^velled along the W. coast of Africa as Jas 
 
 oTomi r"^- ^' '\^-' ""-^ °" the banks 
 ot Orange River, is another tribe, called Koras 
 
 :^tr^,^' ';^'koned to rank higheiThan an^ 
 ot the other Hottentots- known in the S. of 
 Africa. Their features are of a superior cast • 
 they are more cleanly in their appearance and 
 
 tS"hi''^'' ?'^ "'"^ dom'e'struteAsnsI 
 their huts are also constructed with greater 
 care and with a view of being more dfmb e 
 
 S2JTT '" ^^^ ™'''^ ''"'«'• be'vveen th^ 
 Hottentot and CafFre. The Hottentots, in 
 general, are described as a mi' , simple, afFec- 
 .onate and mofffensive race; but ext emely 
 indolent m their habits, and limited in theh 
 [hroSVh^"' Christianity has been introduced 
 through the exertions of the Moravians and 
 other missionaries, who have endeavoured, with 
 some degree of success, to ameliorate the con- 
 dition even of some of the wilder tribes. Of 
 the seventy species of antelope enumerated bv 
 naturalis^, 60 belong to Africa, and near? H 
 are found on the Karroos, or steppes of this 
 territory: they are principally greSu^ and 
 
 t": rnriZf ^J^"*iT 4-o"K th^pe^re 
 the spring-bok, which migrates in countless 
 multitudes in search of pasturage j the gems- 
 bok, which has remarkably long sharp C 
 and when attacked by dogs, will sit on'^^ts S 
 
 ST\T^ ^'^'""^ 't^^'^' the koedcan 
 animal rather larger than a deer, of a mous^ 
 
 Thin "'^ ^^T« "^'y ^"8« "^i«t«J horns 
 dauw 7.7% °^ '''" ^"""^ Senus, the zebra, the 
 dauw, and the quagga, are found on the arid 
 £31' .""° t"e/racerul zerapha, or camelopard. 
 IS occasionally found in small h^rds. feeding on 
 
 867 
 
 HOW 
 
 the prickly acacias of the desert. L-'ons tn 
 abundant and formidable; the leopard and 
 cheetah, the Jynx, and the hy«na. prey on the 
 numerous antelopes, and other animals. Amonit 
 other sjpecios may be enumerated the rhinoceros, 
 horse, domestic homed cattle, common sheep 
 and a pecubar species of sheep covered with 
 hair instead of wool. The hippopotamus, or 
 
 fj,?!:- r^' " f"!"^""^ "^n here. Among 
 the birds are vultures, ostriches, (whose eggs are 
 excellent food,) and the loxia. a species Sf gre- 
 garious bird. Among the insects are a species 
 of termite^s, which do no injury to wood, as in 
 hill fS Indies, but by raising a number of 
 Thi'Ki 7 ""P^''f the progress of vegetation. 
 Ihe black, or rock scorpion, is nearly as veno- 
 mous here as any of the serpent tribe, of which 
 there are numerous kinds. 
 
 ,-«i»"°"fV"J*'°.'* °^ *'""'<^' ^i^eea Belle- 
 isle and the Continent. It is 10 miles in cir^ 
 cumference, and is defended by a fort 
 
 HouDAiN a town of France, department of 
 Pas de Calms; 6 miles S. of Bethune? 
 
 HouDAN, a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Oise; 21 miles W.of VerSeT 
 
 HouGHTON.LE-SrRiNo, a town in the county 
 of Durham , 266 miles from London. The e 
 
 whi^hisrit:Se^"''^^'-^^"^*^'^'- 
 
 HouNSLow. a town of Middlesex with a 
 
 h"^f oTtJ'""^^' "'"'''^ °" the 'dgT of I 
 SL 1i T^ "^^' "" ^hich arc many 
 brs'of LondTn"' ^"'=«°'P™^"ts ; 10 miles W. 
 Hou-QUANG, a province of China, which oc- 
 cupies nearly the centre of the em;ire, and S 
 divided into two parts, the N. and S. bv the 
 nver Kinn-ku. It is a flat, open countrv 
 watered by lakes, canals, and rive« ; Id hTs 
 plenty of wild fowl and cattle. The^oil is 
 remarkably fertile , gold is found in the sands 
 of the rivers ; and there is such a variety of all 
 sorts of commodities, that it is called bv tW 
 Chmese the storehouse of the em,^r'l7con! 
 tains 15 cities of the first class and lU of 
 ca'pitr""' '"' ''"''• ^°"-t^h-g fs the 
 HounN, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the 
 W coas of Scotland, in Inverness-shire ex! 
 gnchng 20 miles inland from the £d of 
 
 ™n^f^^^ " '^''""''e'ablc town of Negro-land • 
 capital of a country of the same name txtpml ' 
 
 mfles^of Tomb'^r' '""'r ^^8- It\f2"oO 
 S ?0 N ^""'•'"'^too. Long. 4. 20. E. lat. 
 
 chlI*"^„^T''' " "'y "^ <^hina, of the first 
 Class, in the province of Tche-ki-ini? tC 
 
 incredible, and it is the ch ef place for mnkini, 
 TH-iting pencils. It stands ne^a large lake 
 SI ?i; \L' ™'- S. E- of Nan-kin^: Long.' 
 
 HowDEN, a town in E, Yorkshire with « 
 market on Saturday. It gives nameT; ail 
 
 I i; 
 
HOW 
 
 3G3 
 
 HUD 
 
 r 
 
 i 1 < 
 
 : i ? 
 i ■« 
 
 
 . ' .? 
 
 
 u .i 
 
 
 district called Howdenshiro. The Miihops of 
 Durham had formerly a palace here, the re- 
 mains of which are now occupied as a farm- 
 house. Here is a large church, like a cathe- 
 dral, part of which is in ruins. It is seated 
 near the Oune, and the Hull and Selby railway; 
 and surrounded by a level country in a high 
 state of cultivation ; 21 miles S. S. E. of York, 
 and 175 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Howe, Cape, the promontory at the S. E. 
 end of New Holland. 
 
 Howtb, a village in Ireland, county of Dub- 
 lin ; seated on a peninsula called the Hill of 
 Howth, on the N.,side of Dublin Bay, and 
 which has a fine harbour for a packet station. 
 
 HoxTER, a fortified town of the Prussian 
 states, on the Weser ; 23 miles E. by N. of 
 Paderbom. 
 
 Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands, situate be- 
 tween the island of Pomona and the N. coast of 
 Caithness-shire. It is 9 miles long and 6 broad. 
 Here is a stupendous rock, called the Beary; 
 and on the W. coast is a great conic hill, called 
 Hoy Head, which is a seamark. Long. 3. 9, 
 W. lat. 68. 46. N. 
 
 HoYA, a town of Hanover, capital of a county 
 of the same name. It is seated on the Weser ; 
 37 miles N. W. of Hanover, '^ong. 9. 20. E. 
 lat. 52. 47. N. 
 
 HoYER, a town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Sleswick ; celebrated for its oyster-fishery; 
 4 miles W. of Tonderen. 
 
 HoYEBSWERDA, a towH and castle of Lusatia, 
 on the Black Elster; 17 miles N. N. W. of 
 Bautzen. 
 
 HoYM, a town and castle of Saxony, in the 
 principality of Anhault ; seated on the Gtodel, 
 at its junction with the Solke ; 7 miles E. of 
 Quedlingbuig. 
 
 Hkadisch, a town of Moravia, capital of a 
 circle of the same name, which produces excel- 
 lent wine. It is a frontier fortress towards 
 Hungary, and stands on an island in the river 
 Moraw ; 30 miles S. S. E. of Olmutz. Long. 
 17. 30. E. lat. 49. 7. S. 
 
 HuAHiNE, one of the Society Islands, in the 
 South Pacific ; 30 leagues from Tahiti. It is 
 21 miles in compass, and has a commodious 
 harbour, called Owharra Bay, on the W. coast. 
 Long. 151. 8. W. lat. 16. 44. S. 
 
 Hdbest, St., a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Luxemburg, with a celebrated abbey; seated in 
 the forest of Ardennes, on the rivulet Homme ; 
 14 miles W. of fiastogne. 
 
 Hubebtsbebo, a town of Saxony, in Meis- 
 sen, with a magnificent hunting-seat, built by 
 Augustus III., then electoral prince. It is 22 
 miles E. of Leipsic. 
 
 HuDDEBSFiELD, a borough in West York- 
 shire, with a market on Tuesday. Here is a 
 laiige circular hall, in which narrow and broad 
 cloth, serges, kerseymeres, Stc., manufactured 
 in the town and neighbourhood, are weekly ex- 
 posed to sale. It stands on the Colne, 3 miles 
 from the Calder, from which it has a canal to 
 Ashton-under-Line. In addition to the parish 
 cbutdi, two otheia have been erected — Trinity 
 
 Church, in 1819, and Christ Church, completed 
 in 1824 ; and there are several meeting-housefl 
 for the different denominations of diwenters. 
 The charitable institutions are numerous, and a 
 mechanics' institute was established in 1825, to 
 which a valuable library has since been at- 
 tached. It returns one member to parlia- 
 ment. It is 41 miles S. W. of York, 25 N. 
 E. of Manchester, and 189 N. N. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Hudson, a city of New York, in Columbia 
 county. The streets are spacious, and cross 
 each other at right angles : and the houses are 
 supplic' 'ate' t.oub'.t in pipes from a 
 
 spring 2 iit. The trade is consider- 
 
 able, and the largest size can unload 
 
 here, it >. . h1 on an eminence, on the E. 
 side of Hudson River ; 30 miles S. of Albany, 
 and 120 N. of New York. 
 
 HnDSON, a river of the United States, which 
 passes its whole course of 250 miles in the state 
 of New York. It rises between the Lakes 
 Ontario and Champlain, flows S. by Lausenburg, 
 Albany, and Hudson, and enters the Atlantic 
 Ocean at New York. It is navigable for ships 
 to Hudson, and for sloops to Albany. 
 
 Hudson's Bay, a bay of North Amerioi, 
 lying between 51. and 69. N. lat,; discovered in 
 1610 by Captain Henry Hudson. The en- 
 trance of the bay from the ocean is between 
 Resolution Isle on the N., and the Labrador 
 coast on the S., forming the extremity of the 
 strait distinguished by the name of its great dis- 
 coverer. . On the S. is James Bay : on the E. 
 side it is bordered by Labrador, on the S. W. 
 by New South Wales, and on the N. W. by 
 New North Wales. In 1670 a charter was 
 granted to a company, for the exclusive trade 
 of this bay. The territories claimed by this 
 company extend from 70 to 115, of W. long., 
 and as far as 49. N. lat.; thus comprehending a 
 length of 1300 or 1400 geographical miles, by 
 a medial breadth of 350 miles. Over this large 
 extent of country are established a number of 
 forts, or hoi , for the purpose of trading with 
 the thinly scattered tribes of Indians, for furs 
 and peltry, in exchange for blankets, ammuni- 
 tion, &c.' These furs, &c. are exported princi- 
 pally to Britain. The Indians, who subsist en- 
 tirely on the produce of the chase, have pre- 
 served their characteristics and habits much 
 more than those of the more southern regions. 
 The Esquimaux are a different and widely ex- 
 tended race, inhabiting the shores and islands 
 of the Arctic Ocean and Greenland. The prin- 
 cipal settlement of the Company is Fort Church- 
 hill, an the W. shore of the bay. In Decem- 
 ber, 1770, Mr. Heame set out from Prince of 
 Wales Fort, to explore the Copper-mine River; 
 he arrived at this river in June, 1771, and 
 traced it to the Arctic Ocean, in long. 119. W. 
 lat. 72. N. In 1789 Mr. Mackenzie explored 
 the Mackenzie river to its mouth, in long. 136. 
 W. lat. 71. N. In 1839-40 the extreme N. W. 
 coast of America, and also the coasts between 
 the Copper-mine aud Back rivers, have been 
 explored for the Company, by Messrs. Dease 
 
HUD 
 
 and Simpson, who have thus completed our 
 coS:^?: "' *'^ """^'"^ boundarWZ 
 chiefTornTH'?'-''-'''''?''''' of SH'cden. the 
 
 irrb"utrJT^'^""-'«^^^^^^ 
 
 W of S„.k''^ ^'•, ^' " '85 miles N by 
 W^of Stockholm. Long. 17. 46. E. lat. 62^ 
 
 with ™^"T"' '''%?P""' "f Cochin China. 
 
 £;.rr.rs.'B-.Et:s.?;??™ 
 
 the^coS ''thnH"^.?''r' '" Andalusia, on 
 ot^n^eltd^S^^^^ 
 
 HuESCA, an old fortified town in the N of 
 Arragon, m Spain ; situated in a pla'n on the 
 
 HuETA. See Gueta. 
 _ HuETiNBERQ, a town of the AnsfrJa^ c. * 
 m Carinthia; 20 miles N. n' E^?c W^' 
 
 HuQHESBURo. ^^e Catawissa. 
 
 W,k.''''Ti; "•' " ,"""• »»*'« »™e •» 
 nllcrmon, Ac; und, mcluding the pariah nf 
 
 £S^'&d'S,„t '^T*7 "^ ^^>"'- 
 
 with ♦),« v„,b^i.- "^f'"^^ '" communication 
 witn the Yorkshire rivers and canah it hi. 
 n^cess also to the Trent, and allTts bmnches J 
 
 369 
 
 HUN 
 
 HuLLEDYPURA, a town of Hindostnn in 
 Canara, seated in a plain of rice-ground to'thS 
 E of a considerable creek, which mnsNfron? 
 
 mi"TE\Vrssr^'^"'"'^"^-''-''IO 
 BrJK!:!'' ? *°^V^?''^ Netherlands, in Dutch 
 
 Fren'ch in 7?* /^""l^ ""^ surrendered to the 
 rrencn m 1747, and t,iken by them iti 17Q4 
 
 loZ/"''i ''" ** Plai.., which may be over: 
 S the""s b"?,." r"' *'"" communi^tes 
 rlerp. '''*"''' 15 miies W. N. W. of 
 
 the'*s'':„f ous'rs i^^'Y ^""^^'°" "^ 
 
 Dauphme county, on the S.sideofUeSwe^ 
 N"of''^fbi^i^n°^"""^«''-«'-''"»^^^^^ 
 
 STvr3i.:tt"5^l^^^^^ 
 
 fourteenth and fifteenth ^centuries Hnn *^* 
 
 rZTijr "' -°^^- PoS a"ndXT 
 ropean Turkey, and was divided intn T1 
 
 BB " 
 
HUN 
 
 370 
 
 HUN 
 
 •inco been Jetacliod from lluiigarj' ; but thnt 
 country hab still a close political and military 
 connexion with the Austrian provinces of Sula- 
 vonia, Croatia, and Dalmntia. This kingdom 
 (for such it is still termed) is surrounded by 
 mountains, except on the S., where its frontier 
 is along the Danube and the Drove. It is 
 bounded on the W. by part of Gcmany N. 
 by Galicia, E. by Transylvania and Wahichiu, 
 and S. by Turkey, Sclavonia, and Croatia; and 
 has a territorial extent of 04,600 sfiuare miles. 
 It was formerly divided into Upper and Lower 
 Hungary; but this division has been superseded 
 by that of the following circles:— 1. Circle 
 this Bide the Danube; 2. Circle beyond the 
 Danube; 3. Circle this side the Theiss; 4. 
 Circle beyond the Theiss; 5. Province of Scla- 
 vonia; 6. Province of Croatia. These are 
 divided into counties, of which there are thir- 
 teen in the first circle, and eleven in each of 
 the others. The principal rivers are the 
 Danube, the Drave, the Marosch, the March, 
 the White Koresoh, the Izamos, the Theiss, 
 the Waag, and the Temes. The chief lakes 
 are Balaton and Nieusicd, W.; PaUtsch on 
 the S. W., and Grunsee, or the Gun Lake, 
 among the Carpathians. There are also several 
 extensive marshes here, as that of the Isle of 
 Schut on the W., and that of Sftxetje on the 
 E. of the kingdom. The climate among the 
 mountains is of course bleak; but in the S. it 
 is in general mild; in the sandy districts ex- 
 tremely hot; on the banks of the rivers and 
 near the marshes there is much humidity : 
 indeed, tliis is a prevailing characteristic of the 
 climate of the level part of Hungary. The 
 country abounds in all the ncccssiiries of life, 
 and the wine, especially that called Tokay, is 
 excellent. There are mines of gold, silver, 
 copper, and iron; and also of opal, at Czerwe- 
 iiiztt, which gem is peculiar to this country. 
 There is such jdenty of game that hunting is 
 allowed to all. The trade principally consists 
 in cattle, hogs, sheep, flour, wheat, rye, wool, 
 and wine ; and these are almost wholly sent 
 to the Austrian provinces. The commerce of 
 the coiintiy is fettered by no internal taxes, a 
 circumstance of whicli the Hungarians are very 
 proud; but the Austrian government has en- 
 vironed it with custom-houses, where a duty of 
 one and one-third per cent, is gathered on all 
 goods that pass into it from the other Austrian 
 Btiites. We may thus see that the encourage- 
 ment of manufactures within the kingdom will 
 never, voluntarily, become the policy of that 
 government. Tlie kingdom of Hungary can 
 lasily raise an army of 100,000 men. The 
 horsemen are called Hussars, and the foot Hey- 
 dukes. The government is hereditary in the 
 house of Austria, and the established religion 
 is popeiy, though there are a great number 
 of Protestants. No country in the world is 
 better supplied with mineral waters and baths; 
 and those of Buda, when the Turks were in 
 possesion of it. were reckoned the finest in 
 Europe. 
 
 HuNORUORD, a town in Berkshire, with a 
 
 market on Wednesday, and a good trade by ita 
 canal navigation. John of Gaunt granted a 
 cliartt-r by the gilt of a brass bugle horn, which 
 is blown annually for the inhabitants to elect 
 the constable, who is the chief officer. It is 
 seated on the Kennet; 22 miles S. S, W. of 
 Abingdon, and iW W. of London. 
 
 IluNiNOUEN, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Rhine; seated on the 
 Rhino. The strong fortress of llui.inguen, 
 which for a long time held out against the 
 allies in 1815, wao afterwards demolished in 
 consequence of a stipulation in the treaty of 
 Paris; '2 miles N. of Basel, and 14 E. of 
 Altkirch. 
 
 HuNMANBV, a town in East Yorkshire, with 
 a market on Tuesday. The town is pleasantly 
 situated on a rising ground, surrounded by a 
 fine wood on the N. W. within 2 miles of the 
 sea, and contains many good houses; 39 miles 
 N. E. of York, and 207 N. of London. 
 
 Huntingdon, a town of New York, in 
 Suffolk county. Long Island. It is situate on 
 a bav, in the sound; 30 miles E. by N. of New 
 York. . , 
 
 Huntingdon, a town of Pennsylvania, capital 
 of a mountainous county of the same name, 
 which abounds with lime-stone, iron, and lead. 
 It is situate on the Junintta, at the mouth of 
 Standing Stone Creek; 23 miles W. S. W. of 
 Lewistown. 
 
 Huntingdon, a borough, returning two 
 members to parliament, and the capital of 
 Huntingdonshire; governed by a mayor; with 
 a market on Saturday, and a great trade in 
 corn, coals, wood, &c. It was once a large 
 place, said to have had 15 churches, which are 
 now reduced to two; and there are the ceme- 
 teries of two other parishes, in one of which is 
 an ancient steeple. Huntingdon is the birth- 
 place of Oliver Cromwell. It is seated on the 
 river Ouse, over which is a stone bridge to 
 Godmanchester; 16 miles W. N. W. of Cam- 
 bridge, and 59 N. by W. of London. 
 
 HuNTiNGDONSHiaF,, a county of England, 
 25 miles long and 20 broad; bounded on the 
 N. W. and N. by Northamptonshire, E. by 
 Cambridgeshire, and S. W. by Bedfordshire. 
 It contains 241,690 acres; is divided into four 
 hundreds, and 107 parishes; and has six mar- 
 ket towns. It sends two members to pariia- 
 ment. The principal rivers are the Ouse and 
 Nen. The S. E. part consists of beautiful 
 meadows. The middle and western parts are 
 fertile in corn, and adorned with woods; and 
 the upland part was anciently a forest, pecu- 
 liarly adapted for hunting. The N. E. part 
 consists of fens, which join those of Ely ; but 
 they are drained, so as to afford rich pasturage, 
 and even large crops of com. In the midst 
 of them are some shallow jjooIs, abounding 
 with fish; and a lake, 6 miles long, and 3 
 broad, called Whittleseamere. The principal 
 commodities are corn, malt, and cheese; and it 
 fattens nbnnd.'ince of cattle. 
 
 Huntley, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen- 
 shire; with a manufacture of linen cloth 
 
 H ' 
 
ood trade by it! 
 lunt granted a 
 <4le horn, which 
 hitunts to elect 
 f officer. It is 
 le» S. S, W. of 
 in. 
 
 lice, in the de- 
 Bcutcd on the 
 of Uuiiingueii, 
 out ngninst the 
 i demolished in 
 n the trenty of 
 and 14 £. of 
 
 Yorkshire, with 
 wn is pleasantly 
 irrounded by a 
 1 2 miles of the 
 ouses; 39 miles 
 London. 
 New York, in 
 It is situate on 
 S. by N. of New 
 
 sylvania, capital 
 the same name, 
 ;, iron, and lead, 
 it the mouth of 
 ilea W. S. W. of 
 
 returning two 
 the capital of 
 r a mayor; witli 
 (I great trade in 
 'as once a large 
 irches, which are 
 e are the ceme- 
 1 one of which is 
 Ion is the birth- 
 is seated on the 
 stone bridge to 
 , N. W. of Cam- 
 london. 
 
 ity of England, 
 bounded on the 
 ptonshire, E, by 
 by Bedfordshire, 
 divided into four 
 jnd has six mar- 
 ■mbers to parlia- 
 are the Ouse and 
 ists of beautiful 
 vestem parts are 
 with woods; and 
 y a forest, pecu- 
 The N. E. part 
 lose of Ely ; but 
 rd rich pasturage, 
 1. In the midst 
 pools, abounding 
 ilea long, and 3 
 . The principal 
 nd cheese; and it 
 
 ind, in Aberdeen- 
 of linen cloth 
 
 HUN 
 
 ■»ted on the Jlogie, near its conflux with liie 
 
 . Doveron; 35 miles N. W. of Aberdeen. 
 
 XT H''''™"i-L, atown in Somersetshire; 7 milei 
 
 N. of Bndgewater.and 143 W, by S. of London. 
 
 HuNTSviLLE, a town of North Carolina, on 
 
 w JIt^?*" ' ^" ""«« N. of Salisbury, and 90 
 W. of Hillsborough. 
 
 HuRDWAR, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Delhi, where the Ganges first enters 
 the country. The holy bathing place, in the 
 
 ,^"iTo* "* '""?'' '^^'^^ *° ^y P^'K""" ! «"d 
 • 1»19 upwards of 400 were crushed to death 
 Jii the struggle to reach it. The fairs for the 
 c^isposal of merchandize are sometimes attended 
 
 N. by E. of Delhi. Long. 78. 23. E. lat. 29. 
 
 Huron, a lake of North America, which lies 
 between ao. and 85. W. long, and 43. an! S. 
 iV. 'r* " {■*" a communication with Lake 
 Michigan and Lake Erie. Its shape is nearly 
 triangular; 2o0 miles in length, and its circum- 
 ference 800 miles. On the W. side is a chain of 
 islands 150 miles long, calledManitouIin by the 
 Indmns, who consider them as sacred ; on the 
 
 V w " SP'"" ^^y' """l a Ji"'e more to the 
 W. IS Thunder Bay, so caUed from the fre- 
 quent thunder that is heard there 
 
 ..i^T'^/^f'?' * ^""^'^^ "^ Hampshire, 4 
 miles S. of Lymmgton. It stands on the «- 
 treme point of a neck of land, about a mile dis- 
 tent from the Isle of Wight. In this castle 
 
 brtS {itol.'""'"'' ^""°"^'^ *" •>" ''-"« 
 
 in M^l:,*"""!?"' " ">^ of European Turkey, 
 in Moldavia ; the see of a Greek bishop. Here 
 Peer the Great made peace with the Turks 
 ^ W V A ",*'*"''*« »n f'e Pruth j 70 miles 
 
 «; x; °^ ^^"''''- ^°"S- 28. 34. E. lat. 40 
 oo. XV. 
 
 HussiNGABAD, a town of Hindosten, in the 
 ^aJT "/Malwah, on the S. side of the Ner- 
 
 7a.'iLr2t^r2.^N!"-"^^««p-- ^-«- 
 
 „f «r™',* '^?."" °^ Denmark, in the duchy 
 
 Kw Z"^ and oxen, and manufactures of 
 leather, cotton, and linen. It stands on the 
 
 •1 ^ *", o,"°' "^" ">« <^e™an Ocean ; 16 
 mil^ W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 20. E. lat 54. 
 
 371 
 
 ICE 
 
 HuTTANT, R toTO of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Visiapour. It is surrounded by mud 
 ramparts, and has a citadel, and a spacious cara- 
 vansera J 30 miles S. S. W. of Visiapour. Long. 
 75. C. E. lat. 17. 5. N. ^ 
 
 Huv, a town of Belgium, in the territory of 
 Liege, with many paper mills, and iron foundries. 
 It 18 seated on the Maese ; 12 miles W. S. W. 
 of Liege. 
 
 Hyde, a township in Cheshire ; 3 miles from 
 Stockport. The neighbourhood abounds in 
 coals. 
 
 HvDERABAD, a populous City in Hindostan, 
 capital of Golconi' •, and the metropolis of the 
 Deccan. The suburbs, which are very large, are 
 occupied by merchants and tradesmen. It 
 stands in a plain, on the river that runs into the 
 Kistna ; 3 1 miles N. N. W. of Madras. Long. 
 78. 52. E. lat, 1/. 16, N. '^ 
 
 Hyderadad, a fort of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince ot Sinde, and the usual residence of the 
 prince of Sinde; situate near the Indus ; 6 miles 
 E. of Nusserpoui, and 62 N. E. of Tatta. 
 
 Hydra, an island of the Grecian archipelago, 
 but little better than a sterile rock, the inliabi- 
 tents of which are all mariners, and derive 
 wealth from commercial enterprise. The port 
 is fortified, and the houses are built on the side 
 of a steep acclivity. Pop, 30,000. It is 11 miles 
 long, and 2 broad, 
 
 Hypolite, St,, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Gard ; seated on the Vidourle, near 
 ito source ; 12 miles S, W. of Alais. 
 
 Hypolite, St,, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Doubs, on the river Doubs: 40 miles 
 E. by N. of Besaiif on. 
 
 Hys, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the Ara- 
 bian Irak, on the Euphrates; 120 miles S of 
 Bagdad. 
 
 H ythe, a borough in Kent ; market on Thurs- 
 day. It is one of the principal cinque ports, and 
 returns one member to pariiament. The church 
 IS of great antiquity, and contains in a vault n 
 remarkable pile of bones, 28 feet long. 6 broad 
 and 9 high, the remains of Danes and Britons' 
 killed in a battle on the beach, i„ a. d 8"4' 
 ihere are extensive barracks adjoining the town* 
 and the remains of Saltwood Castle, about 2 
 miles d«tant It is 12 miles W. S. W. of Dover, 
 and 71 from London. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibarra, the capital of a fertile province of 
 
 Colombia, 18 situated on an extensive and de- 
 ^ghtful plain, watered on the E. by the river 
 
 are wide and convenient, and the buildings 
 Quito. *=°"'*''"'='^«'"5 42 miles N, E. ftom 
 
 waL«rf^Jh«V"-°^''^*/'" "-^ overflowing 
 waters of the Mississippi, during the seasons of 
 inundation, entering Lake Maurepas. 
 Iberia, New, a village of Louisiana, in the 
 
 Orietns,"^ ^**^^^' ' ^""^ "'"*" ^- °f New 
 
 Iberian Mountains, the most extensive 
 
 mountain range of Spain, beginning to the \v" 
 
 MiiSantn,"'^"*""^ '» '"« «'- »^ "- 
 Idiza. See IvicA. 
 
 r.J^^-^% " Tf^ ^***° of Hanover, in the 
 OsnaZrg,^ °' ®''""''"^' ^^ •""«" S- W. of 
 
 n.l'^^^t"?' ^" '^'*°'* °f *^e North Atlantic 
 Ocean, belonging to Denmark j extending, m! 
 
 BB2 
 
ICO 
 
 372 
 
 ILC 
 
 II! 
 
 i 
 
 iif 
 
 . I 
 
 I'? 
 
 cording lo Homlcmon, from int. (i.l. 20. to (i7. 
 20. and bctwoen l.'i. 30. nnd '2_'. 30. VV. long. U 
 is of an irregular oval figure, about 300 milcBin 
 length, and 230 miles in its greatest breailtli. 
 For two niontlis together the sun ""ver sets ; 
 ttnd in the winter it never rises . tlio same 
 space, at least not entirely. Tiu const is in- 
 dented all round with numerous deep gulfs, Imjs, 
 nnd creeks, several of which form excellent har- 
 bours. The island is mountainous, stony, antl 
 barren ; but in some places there are excellent 
 pastures. The chief rivers are in the E. part ; 
 the Skatfanda, Oxarfiord, and JJruna, nil flowing 
 from S. to N. Some are white with lime, others 
 smell of sulphur. The princijial mountains, 
 clothed with perpetual snow, are called Yokuls; 
 and of these SnaHnl, hanging over tno sen on 
 the S. W. coast, is esteemed the highest, being 
 computed ut 0000 feet. Mcmnt Hecla, about 
 5000 feet in height, is the most noted, nnd is a 
 volcano : there are also sevenil other volcanoes, 
 and the convulsions caused by them in 1 7H3 were 
 so dreadful nnd multiplied, tliat it was feared 
 the island would fall to pieces ; the eruptions 
 wore the most tremendous of any recorded in 
 history. The last eruption, which was less ter- 
 rific in its consequences, occurred in December, 
 1821. Hot springs abound, nnd tlic most re- 
 markable are those nbout 30 miles N. W. of 
 Hecla, called the Geysers. The principal of 
 these sends up, at intervals of alxiut G hours, an 
 immense jet or column of boiling water, of about 
 10 feet in diameter, to the height of GO, 100, or 
 even 212 feet. The climate is not extremely 
 cold, but the seasons are variable. The sen, at 
 a small distance from the shores, is seldom 
 frozen ; nnd very little ice is ever seen near the 
 W. coast, notwithstfuuling its proximity to 
 Greenland. Iceland is governed ns n depend- 
 ency of Denmark, and is divided into four pro- 
 vinces, 19shires,and 104 parishes. The iiilirhi- 
 tants were estimated at 50,0!)2, in 1024 Their 
 houses are at a distance from each otiicr, and 
 many of them deep in the ground ; but they nrc 
 all miserable hovels of turf, without windows, 
 and those of the common class are such wretched 
 dens, that it is wonderiiil how any thing in the 
 human form cnii breath in them. The Danes 
 tnido with the natives for hides, tallow, train oil, 
 whalebone, nnd sea-horses' teeth, which are as 
 good as ivory. The established religion is the 
 Lutheran^ and there are 300 churches in the 
 island. The di»tres.sing scarcity of Hiblcs, 
 which had long prevailed, was relieved in liil,'), 
 by a liberal distribution from Britain, which 
 were received with the grciitest thankfulness. 
 The principal school, held at a place called 
 Dossestadt, near the W. coast, has three masters, 
 who teach the classics, theology, nnd the Danish 
 language ; and societies have been formed for 
 the cultivation of literature. 
 
 IcoLMKiLi., or loNA, One of the Hebrides, 
 near the S. W. point of the isle of Mull ; only 
 three miles long and one broad. Here are the 
 ruins of an august nunnery, mnT),",st(TV, and 
 cathedral, said to ha>'e been"founded by St. Co- 
 lumba, about the year 735 ; also a small chaiicl, 
 dedicated to St. Oran, cottaining many marble 
 
 tonib!i*,oncs of tlie great lords of the iilca ; «nd 
 adjoining it is u cemetery, in which many an- 
 cient kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, 
 are buried. Uthcr ruins of monastic and dru- 
 idical edifices can be traced ; and many places 
 are pointed out, noted for particular acts of St. 
 Columbn. This island was the retreat of learn- 
 ing, during the (Jothic ignorance which per- 
 vade Europe, after the overthrow of the lloman 
 empire ; and the seminary whence issued those 
 pious monks and laymen wh again revived 
 learning, and propagated Christianity through 
 many kingdoms of Europe. 
 
 Ida, a lofty and pointed mountain, in the 
 middle of the island of C'andia ; famous in an- 
 cient times ns lieing the place on which Jupiter 
 was brought up, and where there was a temple 
 dedicated to Cybele. 
 
 Ida, a mountain of Asiatic Turkey, in Nn- 
 tolia ; 140 miles to the W. of Olympus. 
 
 Idanha a Neuva, a town of Portugal, in 
 Bcira; 3 miles S. W. of Idimha a Vella. 
 
 Idanha a Vklla, a town of Portugal, in 
 Beira. The French took it by assault, in 
 1704. It is seated on the I'onsul ; 25 miles E. 
 of Costel Branco. Long. U. 14. W. lat. 39. 39. 
 N. 
 
 Idria, a town of the Austrian states, in Car- 
 niola; celebrated for its rich quicksilver mines ; 
 20 miles E. N. E. of Gorz. 
 
 Idstbin, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Nassau, with a castle, the residence of the duke j 
 situate in a district c(nituiniiig Mcveral forests, 
 and iron-works. It is 10 milis N. ul Mentz, and 
 22 S. W. of Wetzlar. 
 
 If, an island in the Mediterranean, on th« 
 coast of France, the most eastern of the three 
 before the harbour of Marseilles, and well 
 fortified. 
 
 Iolau, a fortified town of Moravia, capital 
 of a circle of the same iinnie, with two convents 
 and a college, (iood cloth is manufactured 
 here, and the connnerce in corn and hemp is 
 considerable. It is si-nted on the Igla ; 40 
 miles W. N. W. of Biinn. Long. IS. 32. E. lat 
 49. 21!. N. 
 
 loLKsiAS, a town of the 'sinnd of Sardinia, 
 nnd a bishop's see ; 37 miles W. S, W. of Cag- 
 liari. Long. (!. 39. E. lat. 39. 18. N. 
 
 Igualaua, a town of S])nin, province of Cata- 
 lonia ; 'M> miles N. W. f'lom Barcelona ; with 
 maiiui'acturcs of printed calicoci^, fire-arnas, and 
 pajier. Poj). 12,.575. 
 
 I lion. Sec JoiioRE. 
 
 Ikeuy, a town of Ilindostnn, in Mysore; 
 formerly the capital of a principality. It was of 
 a great size, surrounded by three concentric 
 walls ; but, the court beinf removed to Nagara, 
 the inhabitants willingly lullowed, and devasta- 
 tion succeeded, 
 
 Ila. See I DA. 
 
 li.AK, or Jalak, a town of Nubia, on the 
 Nile, supposed by some to be the ancient Meroe. 
 Long. 34. 30. E." lat. 10. 48. N. 
 
 li.AN?., !•- town of SvvitserUsnil, in thr: Cirl- S 
 
 sons, capital of the Grey League. It is seiited 
 on the Rhine, 23 miles S. W. of Coire. 
 
 Ilchescek, or IviacnESTEr. a town in *!o. 
 
 I! ' . 
 
I LI) 
 
 t)ie iilM j and 
 lich mnny an- 
 nnd Norway, 
 HHtic nnd uru- 
 d many pincos 
 liar nets of iit. 
 litreat of Icarn- 
 co which per- 
 of the lloinan 
 ce iMuud thoHO 
 again revived 
 ianity through 
 
 untain, in the 
 famous in nn- 
 whieh Jupiter 
 was a temple 
 
 iirkcy, in Na- 
 
 ynipus. 
 
 if I'urtugal, in 
 
 I Vcila. 
 
 f Portugal, ill 
 
 hy asoault, in 
 
 1 ; 25 miles E. 
 
 W. lat, 39. 39. 
 
 states, in Car- 
 ksiiver mines ; 
 
 in the duchy of 
 
 ^o of the duke j 
 
 several fnrostH, 
 
 1)1 Mentz, and 
 
 rnncan, on the 
 rn of the three 
 lies, and well 
 
 [oravia, capital 
 h two convents 
 
 manufactured 
 1 and hemp is 
 
 the Igia : 40 
 ',. 15. 3-2. E. lat. 
 
 id of Sardinia, 
 . S. W. of Cag- 
 11. N. 
 
 ovince of Cata- 
 tirceloiia ; with 
 , tire-aroiSj and 
 
 I, in Mysore ; 
 ility. It was of 
 iree concentric 
 ived to Nagara, 
 li, and devasta- 
 
 Nubia, on the 
 ancient Meroe. 
 
 Ill, in thf> nri- 9 
 
 i. It is seated 
 f Coire. 
 a town in ^n. 
 
 raei«,t«hire, market on Wcdi.esday. It i, „ 
 
 m.. port empbj,, ,,,„,,,,„ ,f "•'y;»™- 
 
 of Exoter, o„d 202 W. of London 
 
 conS„T^A""of i"?,?" ""■" "' '■"'"-. 
 WKne Itln>.\. ■. , province oflinj. 
 
 onB. ,1 RtnnS I,,"'"".''?"',";'' """■ "'i* 
 
 Ty " ™. S'u "' ?T"''' -I'"'' '"» i" 
 Si nZuta"* ""■"'"■ ""I >'■»• '!» 
 
 j^o't|.«srro,££'K4^- 
 s;s^lpr£^:^*ri 
 
 admitted mto the Union in 1R18, with a nonu 
 lation of 35,220. Capital. Vandal!^, on 'the 
 
 .173 
 
 INC 
 
 Indiana, S. by Kcnttky W byS'^M*^** 
 «i,.|.i and the s'tate o/Su^; '^^r^ Jft o 
 S(juaro miles. "rw, ou,uuu 
 
 frnfn'f""*?' " '??"*'' "*■ Cornwall. 2G4 miles 
 
 1 1 ,I;!1' " v^l,"^ '5"''""^' "" « river of it, name- 
 o?S:n • °^""'^°'''""ll.«nd 14 S. by E: 
 
 ILMEM, a lake of Russia, in the government 
 rod n„^'''"-'"""^''"'«"'y "f Novogo. 
 
 neWr" N'nn" '7" "'' S"xe- Weimar, in Hen- 
 
 II. «. w. of lu-.jn,,^ ,„j jj yf^ „, £^^_ 
 
 =r;nX"rs.'rof°S£i'" «'■«■■"—. 
 4srr„;;£S.T.5Sp-™e.f 
 
 ni.!r«"'"''u" ^"""'^ "<■ A««. lying E. of the 
 Black Sea ; bounded on the S by Turi^^ev W 
 
 l^Tt"; ?^..by08setia, andE.b7Ge^- 
 Th; ?,,''r.'-'\" "■ P^'P^riy speaking/a par 
 20 «nn i^ "r"'"' '""'"'"'•^ »' "ot nfore fhan 
 
 It is surro«nde?by wa"ls owers ani h'^k^'- 
 
 i<'.;c.„„a. and 45KrE:of"£r:e'' '' **' 
 ai;S:f^^Sr^.^"^Sns..re, 
 
INC 
 
 •74 
 
 I ND 
 
 Inchdratock, h nnall uland of Scotland, in 
 rorfitnhire, within tlie mouth of tho South Eak , 
 near Montroic, with which it communicatos by 
 Ik ilrawbridge. It has also a large and convenient 
 dry dock. 
 
 iNCitcoLM, a imail island of Scotland, in the 
 Frith of Forth, near the village of Aberdour, 
 oi) thecoaat of Fife. Hero in the ruin of a fa- 
 Dioua monaatery, founded by Alexander I., in 
 1 1 'J.t, to commemorute the hospitable treatment 
 he received here fVom n heniiit. 
 
 Inchoahvie, a small island of the Frith of 
 Forth, nearly in the middle of the passage over 
 the Queensferry. 
 
 iNcaKBiTii, n small island of the Frith of 
 Forth, lying midway between the ports of Leith 
 and KingUVn. Iler</is a lighthouse, and also 
 a ruinous lort. 
 
 IncmmVunock, a small island of Scotland, 
 on the S. W. side of Uute. Tho ruins of a 
 chapel dedicated to St. Marnock are still to bo 
 seen ; and on the W, side aro vast strata of 
 coral and shells. 
 
 Indal, a town of Sweden, in Medelpadin, on 
 a river of the same name, near its entrance into 
 the Gulf of Bothnia; 16 miles N. by W. of 
 Sundiswald. 
 Indapoub. See Indrapovr. 
 Inden Hotun, a town of Chineee Tartary, 
 capital of the Mantcheou Tartars; 420 miles 
 E. N. E. of Peking. 
 
 India, or Hind, a contraction of Hindostan, 
 is a name oflen given to that region of Asia 
 lying to the S. of Tartary, and between Persia 
 and China, with its independent islands. It 
 contains, besidea Hindostan, tho Birman Em- 
 pire, Siam, Cochin China, Tonquin, Thibet, 
 Jnpan, and Ceylon, but is now, in its geogra- 
 phical features, more usually, and far moro 
 properly, described under those respective 
 heads, which see. 
 
 Indiana, one of the United States of North 
 America, formed inl816. ItisboundedN. by 
 the N. W. territory, Michigan Lake and terri- 
 tory; K by the state of Ohio; S. by Ohio 
 River, which separates it from Kentucky; and 
 W. by the state of Illinois. The most consi- 
 derable towns are Indianapolis (the seat of go- 
 vernment), N. Albany, the largest town, Ma- 
 dison, Richmond, Vincennes, Vevay, Brook- 
 Tille, and Jeifersonville. All these, with the 
 exception of Vincennes, are new, and have 
 risen suddenly into notice. The principal 
 rivers are the Ohio, Wabash, White River, 
 Whitewater, Tippecanoe, Illinois, Plein, Thea- 
 kiki, St. Joseph's, and St. Mary's. The cli- 
 mate is generally healthy and pleasant : the 
 principal productions are wheat, Indian com, 
 rye, oats, barley, buck-wheat, potatoes, pulse, 
 beef, pork, butter, whisky, and peach-brandy. 
 Population 685,866. 
 
 Indies, East, the name given by Europeans 
 to that vast tract of country in Asia which is 
 situated to the S. of Tartary, between Persia 
 and China (»ee Hindostan), as well as to a 
 •Teat number of islands in the Indian Ocean, 
 extending from the peninsula of Hindostan as 
 tax E. as New Guinea, and from the Cay of 
 
 Bengal and tlie ChinA Sea as Aur 8. ns New 
 Mulland. The most western of them ore tho 
 Maldives, and tho most eastern the Moluccas; 
 between which ore several very largo ones, as 
 Cuylon, Sumatra, Java, Bi)rnco, and Celebes; 
 besides many others of considerahlo import- 
 ance as to riches, though much inferior as to 
 extent. 
 
 Inoirs, Wisst, a denomination under which 
 is comprehended u large chain of islantb, ex- 
 tending in a curve from the Florida shore, on 
 the northern peninsula of America, to the (iulf 
 of Venezuela on the southern. ColumbuM gavo 
 this name to them, under the notion that they 
 formed part of the Indian continent, which it 
 was his object, in his Krst voyage, to Hiid ; and 
 this opinion was so general, that Ferdinand and 
 Isabella, king and queen of Castile, in their 
 ratification of an agreement granted to Colum- 
 bus, upon his return, gave them tho name of 
 Indies. Even after the enor which gave rise 
 to this opinion was detected, and the position 
 of the New World was ascertained, the name 
 1ms remained, and tho appellation of West 
 Indies is given by all the people of Europe to 
 these islands, and that of Indians to the inha- 
 bittints, not only of these islands, but of the 
 continent of America. The principal of these 
 islands ure Cunwao, Trinidad, Tobago, Gre- 
 nada, St. Vincent, Uarbudoes, Mortinico, Do- 
 minica, Marie- Galunte, Guadaloupe, Antigua, 
 Bixrbuda, St. Christopher, St. Eustatius, St. 
 Bartholomew, St. Martin, Anguilln, St. Tho- 
 mas, Porto- Rico, St. Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, 
 and tho Bahamas; a full description of which 
 will be found under their respective denomina- 
 tions. 
 
 Indore, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Malwnh; capital of one of the I'ounah 
 Mnhratta chiefs, who was defeated by the Bri- 
 tish in 1804, and his successor compelled to 
 enter into an engagement to renounce all con- 
 nexion with the enemies of the British, and to 
 furnish, when required, 3000 cavalry. It is 
 seated on a river that flows into the Nerbnd- 
 dah; 28 miles S. S.E. of Ougein. Long 76. 
 11. E. lat. 22. 6. N. 
 
 Indrapour, a seaport on the W. coast of 
 Sumatra ; aipital of a district of the same 
 name. 160 miles N. W. of Bencoolen. 
 
 Indue, a department of France, including 
 part of the ci-devant province of Berry. I» 
 has its name from a river which rises in this 
 department, flows into that of Indre-ct-Loire, 
 and joins tho Loire 4 miles below the influx 
 of the Cher. Its area is estimated at 2860 
 square miles; its population 205,000. Cha- 
 teauroux is the capital. 
 
 Indre-et-Loire, a department of France, 
 including almost the whole of the province of 
 Touraine, and bounded by the department of 
 the Loire-et-Cher, the Indre, the Vienne, and 
 the Maine. It consists mostly of fine plains, 
 interspersed, however, with small hills. Thf 
 principal rivers are the Loire, the Vienne, tho 
 Cher, and the Indre, Tours is the capital, 
 
 Indus, or Sinde, a great river of Asia, having 
 its source i i a range of the mountains of Tar- 
 
INO 
 
 375 
 
 IN V 
 
 flu- S. ni New 
 f thorn oro thu 
 
 the Moluccas] 
 
 largo onci, oi 
 ), And Celciict; 
 eriihlu import- 
 
 infvrior m to 
 
 in under which 
 of uhiiub, ex- 
 )ridu tthoru, on 
 en, to thu (iulf 
 CulunibuH gikvo 
 atiun that they 
 inent, which it 
 ), to hiid i and 
 i'erdinnnd and 
 iiBtile, in tiieir 
 itcd to C'olum- 
 n the name of 
 rhich gnve rito 
 1 tiie position 
 lied, the nume 
 ttion of West 
 • of Europe to 
 ns to the inha- 
 ds, but (if the 
 iicipiil of these 
 Tobflgo, (Jre- 
 lartinico, Do- 
 lupe, Antigua, 
 Eustutius, St. 
 lilln, St. Tho- 
 'amaica, Cuba, 
 tion of which 
 ive denomina- 
 
 in, in the pro- 
 of the rounah 
 ed by the liri- 
 compclled to 
 )unce all con- 
 British, and to 
 fivalry. It is 
 1 the Nerbiid- 
 1. Long 7b'. 
 
 W. coast of 
 of the same 
 coolen. 
 
 ice, including 
 of Berry. 1» 
 1 rises in thia 
 ndre-ct-Loire, 
 3W the influx 
 ated at 28(J0 
 15,000. Cha- 
 
 t of France, 
 le province of 
 lepartmcnt of 
 3 Vienne, and 
 )f fine plains, 
 1 hills. Thf 
 e Vienne, the 
 ^e capital. 
 f Asia, having 
 itains of Tar- 
 
 Ury, between 30, and an. of N. lut From 
 ThiM it Ukes a 8. W. course, and enters Hin 
 dostun in nl)out .l.'S. N. Int. It has nlwnvs been 
 considered as the western barrier of Hindustan : 
 CO miles from its source it is joined by tlie 
 (abul, when it is no longer fordable. lietwecn 
 lat. 25. and 20. it enters the province of Siade, 
 and here we find it »Kain divided into two con- 
 8idernl>le branches j the principal, or western, 
 divides into numerous strcnms, which form a 
 delta snnilar to that of the Nile, or Ganges: 
 they art', however, vorv slmllow, and only nnvi- 
 Knblo by boats. It is said to be 1350 miles in 
 jtiigth, and some parts of it are capable of bear- 
 ing vciwels of 200 tons; but there is very little 
 ec)nimerce trttns|)ortcd by it. I^s water is very 
 wholeSomc. On the E. of tins river is a great 
 •••andy dencrt, extending nearly 500 miles in 
 length, and from GO to 150 in breadth. 
 
 Inuatbsto.vk, a dmall town iu Essex ; 23 
 miles from London. 
 
 Inqlepinobx, a town of Wirtemberg, on the 
 Ivochor; 20 miles S S. W. of Morgentheim. 
 
 I.voELiiEiji, n town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt; seated on nn eminence, on the river 
 Sulva; 9 miles E. of Bingen. 
 
 I.Nai.KBottouuii, one of the highest nioun- 
 fmns of England, in Yorkshire; 8 miles N.N.W 
 of Settle. It is 23G1 fl. above the level of the 
 sea. 
 
 I.NOI.KTOM, a village in West Yorkshire, at 
 the foot of Ingleborough mountain. It is toler- 
 ably well built, and has manufactures of cotton 
 yarn. Near it are several collieries, which sup- 
 ply the surrounding country to a considerable 
 distinco with coals; 10 miles W. N. W. of Set- 
 tle, and 245 N. W. of London. 
 
 Inqlis Isiano, nn island on the N. const of 
 New Holland, near the entrance of th' Gulf of 
 Carpentaria. 
 
 Ingolstadt, a town of Bnvnria. It is one of 
 the strongest places in Germany; surrounded 
 by a morass. The houses nro built of stone, 
 and the streets are large. Hero was formerly a' 
 university, which, in 1000, was transferred to 
 Landschut. It is seated on the Danube; 9 miles 
 E. of Neuburg, and 45 N. by W. of Munich. 
 Long. H. 25. E. lat. 48. 46. N. 
 
 iNflRAHAM Islands, a cluster of islonds, 
 seven in number, in the Pacific Ocean, dis- 
 covered by Captain Ingraham, of Boston, in 
 1791, und named Washington, Adams, Lin- 
 coln, Federal, Franklin, Hancock, and Knox. 
 Federal Island, (or Noohevn,) is considered the 
 largest, most populous, and fertile. They ap- 
 pear generally to be diversified with hills and 
 valleys, and to be well wooded. Most of them 
 are inhabited, and the people resemble those of 
 the Marquesiis. 
 
 Inobande, a town of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Loire; situate on the Loire; 15 miles 
 W. S. W. of Angers. 
 
 iNoan, a town of France, department of the 
 Loiret; 4 miles N. W. of Orleans. 
 
 Ini8iia.\no.v, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Cork, with a considerable linen m.",n5!fhftiir~ = 
 seated on the Bandon; 7 miles N. W. of Kin- 
 enle. 
 
 IwiSTiooK, a town of Ireland, In the county 
 of Kilkenny; f)0 mile* fVom Dublin. Tl«6 luce 
 inanufncture is carried on hero, and it has a 
 luimon fishery. 
 
 Inn, a krge river of Austria, which riiee in 
 the Swiss canton of Orisons, flows N.E. through 
 lyrol and Bavaria, and joins the Danube nt 
 I assnu, where it is nearly 900 feet wide U 
 becomes navigable ut Hall, in the Tyrol,' and 
 its whole course is more than 250 miloe. 
 
 Innaco.nda, n fortress of Hindostan, in the 
 (.nntoor circar ; situate on a hill ; 40 mile* 
 N. W. of Ongole. 
 
 iNsrii, n town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire- 
 20 miles W. N. W. of Aberdeen. 
 
 iNsi-aucK, a fortified town of Austria, capital 
 of Tyrol, with a strong cnstle, formerly the 
 residence of the archdukes of Austria. The 
 principal m.inufiicturo is tli,,t „f cotton, but it 
 has also maufuctures of silk and woollen sliiffs, 
 and all kinds of glass wares; and tho tunsit 
 trade from Germany to Italy is considerublo. 
 Inspruck was entered by tho French, in 1005, 
 and was the scene of several heroic efforts of the 
 f yrolesc against the French and Bavarians, in 
 1009. It is seated in a pleasant valley, on the 
 river Inn ; C2 miles S. of Munich. 
 
 Insteuduuo, o town and circle of East 
 Prussia, on tho Angcrap, in tho government of 
 Gumbinnen. Its chief trade is iji com and 
 linseed. The circle is of great extent, com- 
 prehending a population of 150,000. Part of 
 it is covered with forests; but the soil of tho 
 rest is fertile, and the pastures here are exten- 
 sive: manufactures are hardly known. Tho 
 town is 50 miles E. of Konigsberg. It conUiins 
 5300 inhabitants. 
 
 Inteiilache.n, a town of Switzeriand, capital 
 of a bailiwick of tho same name, in the canton 
 of Bern; 28 miles S. S. W. of Lucern, and 32 
 S. E. of Bern. 
 
 Inverarv, a borough of Scotland, and tho 
 county town of Argyleshire ; situate on the 
 N. W. side of Loch Fyne, at the influx of the 
 Arny. It has some manufactures, and a trade 
 in wool, timber, and oak bark; but its chief 
 support is from the herring fishery. It is con- 
 tributory, with Campbeltown and Irvine, in 
 returning one member to parliament. Near 
 the town is Inverary Castle, the scat of tho 
 Duke of Argylc; and in the neighbourhood is 
 a considerable iron-work. Tho planting around 
 Inverary is very extensive and admirably varie- 
 gated; 45 miles N. W. of Glu^gow, and 75 
 W.N. W. ofEdinbui«h. 
 Lnverbebvie. See Bervir 
 Inveboordon, a village of Scotland, in Ross- 
 shire, at the mouth of the F.ith of Cromarty; 
 « miles S, S, E. of Tain. It has a good har- 
 bour, and a regular ferry over the Frith to the 
 town of Cromarty. 
 
 Lnvebkeitiu.n'o, a borough and seaport of 
 Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a couside.able trade 
 in coal and salt. Before tho entrance of the 
 harbour is a bay, which affords safe anchorage 
 jof ships of .iny buidi-ii, in uli winds. The 
 harbour itself is commodious, and has two 
 quay 8. It is situate on the N. aids of the Frith 
 
INV 
 
 376 
 
 IPS 
 
 ! ;' 
 
 of Forth, 18 miles N. W. of Edinburgh, and 
 contributes, with Stirling, &c. in returning one 
 member to parliament. 
 
 _ Inverleithen, a village of Scotland, on the 
 nver Twed, at the influx of the Leithen; 5 
 miles R of Peebles. Here is an extensive 
 woollen manufacture; and neai it is a sul- 
 phurous spring. 
 
 iNVKawEss, a borough of Scotland, capital 
 of a county of the same name; situate on both 
 sides the river Ness, near its entrance into the 
 Frith of Murray. It has a commodious har- 
 bour, and a good salmon fishery. The trade is 
 very considerable, and the town is rapidly im- 
 proving. The principal manufactures are those 
 of hemp and flax; and there are also woollen 
 and other manufactures, tanneries, brick-works, 
 &c., which furnish employment to manv of the 
 mhabitants. On an eminence are the ruins of 
 the old castle, demolished by the rebels in 1 74G ; 
 and over the Ness is a stone bridge of seven 
 arches. The court-house, nearly in the centre 
 of the town, is a handsome modern building, 
 with a fine tower, terminated by an elegant 
 spire, which sustained considerable injury from 
 the earthquake in 1816. It contributes, with 
 Fortrose, Nairn, and Forres, in returning one 
 member to parliament. Near this town, on 
 Culloden Heath, the Duke of Cumberland 
 gained a decisive victory over the rebels, in 
 1746. To the VV. of the town is the hill of 
 Craig Phatric, on the summi; of which are the 
 extensive remains of a vitrified fort, so tailed 
 from the marks of fusion which the cement and 
 stones exhibit. Inverness is 50 miles N. E. of 
 Fort William, and 156 N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Invehness-shire, the most extensive county 
 of Scotland; bounded on the N. by Ross-shire; 
 E. by the counties of Nairn, Murray, and 
 Aberdeen; S. by those of Perth and Argvle; 
 and W. by the Atlantic Ocean. It also' in- 
 cludes several of the Hebrides. Independent 
 of the islands, it is 80 miles long and 50 broad. 
 It comprehends the districts of Badenoch, 
 Lochaber, and Glenaly, which are subdivided 
 into 31 parishes. The principal towns are In- 
 verness, Fort William, (or Inverlochy,) and 
 Fort Augustus. The N. part is mountainous 
 and barren, and is the most elevated ground in 
 Scotland, Ben- Nevis rising to Ute height of 4370 
 feet above the sea. This county has several 
 considerable lakes, and is divided, in a manner, 
 into two equal parts, by those of Ness, Oich 
 Lochy, and Lochiel, united by the Caledonian 
 Canal, which forms a communication between 
 the two seas. The extensive plains which sur- 
 round the lakes are, in general, fertile; the 
 high grounds feed many sheep and blank cjit- 
 tle, and numerous herds of goats arc found in 
 every district. The mountains and forests are 
 inhabited by great numbers of red deer; the 
 alpine and common hare, and other game, are 
 also abundant. Limestone, iron-ore, and some 
 traces of diflferent minerals, have been found in 
 this county, with beautiful rock crystals of vari- 
 ous tints ; but no mines have hitherto been 
 work — w!t.. isT.srh succfss. The principal 
 rivers are the Spey, the Beauly, the Ness, and 
 the Lochy. 
 
 Invbrugie, or St. Ferous, a village of Scot- 
 land, on the E. coast of Aberdeenshire, at the 
 mouth of the Ugie; 1 mile N. of Peterhead, 
 It has an extensive bleach-field, and a con- 
 siderable brewery. Near it are the ruins of 
 Invcrugie Castle. 
 
 Inverury, an ancient burgh of Scotland, in 
 Aberdeenshire; seated at the conflux of the 
 Don and the Ury. It has much improved 
 within a few years, and joins with Elgin, Banfl', 
 &c., in returning one member to parliament : 
 15 miles W. N. W. of Aberdeen. 
 
 lONA. See ICOLMKILL. 
 
 Ionian Islands, a recently constituted re- 
 public of Europe; comprising, besides a num- 
 ber of islets, the seven principal islands of 
 Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca 
 orThiaki, Cerigo, and Paxo ; of which Corfu, 
 lying opposite to Albania, is the most north- 
 erly. The territorial extent of this small state 
 IS estimated at about 1500 square miles, The 
 climate is in general mild, but the transitions 
 from heat to cold are sudden : hot and scorch- 
 ing winds are sometimes destructive to vegeta- 
 tion ; and, at certain seasons, there are violent 
 niins and thunder. They are all subject to 
 slight earthquakes, which are sometimes con- 
 fined to a single island. The soil in the plains 
 and valleys is fertile in vines, corn, olives, cur- 
 rants, cotton, honey, wax, &c. Pasturage is in 
 general scanty ; goats and sheep rre reared in 
 considerable number; but horses and cattle are 
 brought from the continent. The wild animals 
 are foxes, hares, and rabbits. Prior to the 
 French revolution these islands were subject to 
 Venice, but were ceded to France by the treaty 
 of Campo Formio (1797). After repeatedly 
 changing masters, the republic was placed 
 under the protection of Great Britain, by the 
 arrangements of the Congress of Vienna; and a 
 constitution for this small state was drawn up 
 and ratified by the British government in 
 July, 1817. 
 
 Ips, a town of Austria, near the conflux of 
 the Ips with the Danube; 22 miles W. of St. 
 Polten. 
 
 Ipsala, a town of European Turkey, in Ro- 
 mania, and a Greek archbishop's see. Near it 
 are mines of alum; and red wine is an article 
 of commerce. It is seated on the Marissa ; 
 43 miles S. of Adrianople. 
 
 Ipsara, an island of the Grecian Archi- 
 pelago; 15 miles N. W. of the island of Scio. 
 To the W. is another small island, called 
 Anti-Ipsara. 
 
 IpsiiEiM, a town of Franconia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Bayreuth ; 17 miles N. N. W. of 
 Anspach. 
 
 Ipswich, a borough and principal town of 
 Suftbik; govenied by two bailiffs, a high steward, 
 recorder, &c.; wiih a market on Wednesday, 
 Friday, and Saturday, it returns two members 
 to parliament. It was once surrounded by a 
 wall, traces of which are yet to be seen. It is 
 irregularly built, and has declined from its for- 
 mer consequence : it now contains 12 parish 
 churches, several nieeling-iiouses for dissenters, 
 a library, several hospitals, a free school, a 
 commodious market-place, a guildhall, a cu»- 
 
IPS 
 
 S^^ V^k"^ " *'°""*y J""- Much com and 
 S oi n ''"""^ '"London, and great quanti- 
 ties of timber were formerly sent to the kine's 
 
 coatKr:'. ""^"'^r; ^'^^ •» consfde^b'i: 
 coasting trade a small share of foreign com- 
 
 othl^^^r^' *'"P' *° Greenland. v!Zs 
 
 Sn«r W ,^ *°'?- . ^' » t''^ birthplace of 
 2fi m?i Y°^^y- '' " ^-^ated on the Orwell- 
 
 ^HerrnVoS.'''""^^'"'"*''^-'^^ 
 
 Irabatty. SeelmiAWADOY. 
 «!,» ^"'.^ P^'o^nce of Persia, comprehendine 
 the greater part of the ancient Media. It"! 
 bounded S. by Fars and Khuzistan , E. by 
 Khorassan and the Great Salt Desert : W bv 
 Kurd,stan, and N. by Azerbijan, Ghi Ian and 
 Maznnderan, and divided into five district 
 SnshTh.^"'™""' ^"^"' ^"""«-' ->'' kS 
 
 vince*^f'^'^"i'' ^'^^ r"'"i ^'■«'''^''') » P^°- 
 Mnce of Turkey m Asia ; bounded W. by tlie 
 
 desert of Arabia, N. by Kurdistan and DiarbeckJ 
 
 nn^ ^A , "''"'1"' ''"'^ S- ^y tJ-e Gulf of Persia 
 and Arabia. Bagdad is the capital. 
 
 IRBIT, or Ikbitskaia, a town of Russia, in 
 he goveinment of Perm, on the river Irbit, md 
 he fi-ontiers of Siberia. In the vicinity is a 
 iargc iron-work, which yields nearly 2000 tons of 
 lion a year ; 142 miles N.E.of Ekaterinenburg 
 „„ ,nf "''' " *°^"> '" Cumberland, with a market 
 ot" fh. Pif^' ', a"'"?, "\"i '''"'^y' "t the source 
 
 aii'3^of^:^.'^":?L^do^„-°^'°^^-'"-^''' 
 
 r^"\^}'^ '^""""■'^ <^'''^'»"- It '« bounded 
 V ^^ V • ''^^S: ^y the Atlantic, and on the 
 h. by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and 
 St. Ueorge's Channel, which separate it from 
 ^"^^""■^Jr^' r^'^^^t ^'""Sth from N. E. t^ 
 907 r^;!' •. ""'f: ""'^ ^ts greatest breadth is 
 or ^'fm n.n 't contains IC.484.343 English acres, 
 or J88.8iq square miles. Ireland is divided into 
 tour provinces ; namely, Ulster, to the N • 
 Lemster, to the E. ; Munster, to the S. ; and 
 Connaught to the W , and these are subdividS 
 into 32 counties. Ulster contains the counties 
 of Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Cavan, Antrim 
 
 Londonderry Tyrone,Fermanngh,and'DonegaT 
 Lemster has those of Dublin, Louth, Wicklow 
 Wexford, Longford, East Mcath, West Meath 
 Aings county, Queen's county, Kilkenny, Kil- 
 •lare, and Carlow : Munster includes Clare, Cork 
 Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford '; 
 and ConnnimVif tino T r,;*.;.^ u ., ' 
 
 m 
 
 IRE 
 
 - .„_ „.„.„„i..o^ i„,u iin.sL. into_'4a() parishes 
 Ihe chninte of Ireland is mild and temperate" 
 but mor.. humid than iu England. It is, on thj 
 wilole, oi a mountaiiioua character, but, well 
 watered with lakes and rivers ; and the soil, in 
 most parts, is very good and fertile : even in 
 tjose places where the bogs and moiaEscs have 
 
 been drained, there is good meadow ground It 
 produces com, hemp, and flax, in gr4t plenty 
 and there are bo many cattle that beef and but^ 
 ter are exported to foreign parts ; and not only 
 he English but other ships, frequently come to 
 be victualled here. The other commodities are 
 hides, wool, tallow, wood, salt, honey, and wax. 
 ihe commerce and manufactures have for many 
 years been ^eatly on the increase: the staple 
 branch of mdustry is the manufacture of fine 
 hnen cloth, which is brought to great perfection. 
 This country is well situated for foreign trade, on 
 account ot its many secure and commodious bays 
 and harboure. Its principal lakes are Lough 
 Lean Lough Em, Lough Neagh, and Lough 
 Conbbj and its chief rivers are the Shauno^n, 
 Liffey, Boyne Suire, Nore, Barrow, Blackwater 
 
 Mnq ff ^»'\'"°""t?in8 are Sliebh Donard 
 2809 feet, county of Down : C-oaKh Patrick 
 county of Mayo, 2510 feet; CarraSaSSd ' 
 feet, and Mangerton. 2550 feet, county of Kerry 
 Lagiioquilla. 3070 feet, county of Wicklow; aifd 
 numerous others. The mineral productions of 
 Ireland, which were little known till of late, 
 are now fast rising into importance. The minins 
 companies recently formed are nearly all of 
 them eminently successful : copper, lend iron 
 antimony, and molybdenum, arfnow obtined j 
 and some of the mines are very productive 
 otm.^:T^'' °^. Glendalough, L ?he countv 
 of Wicklow, are two veins of rich lead ore at 
 one of which the lead is raised at an expend 
 ot 1/. 6a per ton ; and, within twelve fathoms, 
 two parallel veins equally rich, were discovered 
 
 Th ?-?^^ !"** ^^^"^ f°""<J '1 this county. 
 
 Ihere are hkewise productive collieries, and 
 quarries of marble, slate, and freestone and 
 
 F^!!!^'■T^."?'",^•™^*P""8«' *='■'«% chalybeate. 
 Formerly this kingdom had a parliament; which 
 wa. subordinate to that of Great Britain but in 
 
 1800 It was deemed expedient, for the weJfare of 
 Irdand, that it should be united to Great Britain 
 Ihe two parliaments passedacts for that purpose 
 and the two kingdoms, at the commencement of 
 
 1801 were styled the United Kingdom of Gre^t 
 Britain and Ireland ; and 32 peere (four of S 
 bishops) and 105 commoner of Wndar^ 
 Ifp r° '^P''^»«"t that country in the Impe- 
 SteniTf" t'T"?"^'^ '" ^"elnnd. The lo^rd 
 aDDoinfpi f ^'■^''t"''' ^ *■"" •« the council, is 
 appointed from time to time, by the kimr 
 General education has been much neglected, and 
 stil continues to be discountenanced by the Ca- 
 thohc clergy. Great efforts have been made for 
 Bome years past, to remove this, chiefly by two 
 societies established in Britain, ;ho have under 
 their patronage a great number of schoolsjn a 
 highly prosperous state. The established reUgion 
 
 h 'ch'^run^'dir S^'*"''- ^'^^ ^™^ P'^tesS 
 cnurch IS under the government of four arch- 
 bishops, viz. of Armagh, primate of a« Ireland^ 
 Dublin, primate of Ireland, Cashel, and Tuam • 
 and eight bishops, viz Meath. DoCKUmoTe .' 
 £.?7u'/4"'^ Limerick. Cloyne. and Killaloe 
 
 an?)' Jt ^"t « were long excluded all civil 
 and mill ary distinctions. This system, how- 
 ever, no longer exists, 
 
IRE 
 
 378 
 
 ISE 
 
 V\ 
 
 •» 
 
 Ireland, New, a long narrow island of the 
 Enstern Seas, N. of New Dritain, extending 
 from N. W. to S. E. about 190 miles, and in 
 general very narrow. The natives are Papuns, 
 who go entirely naked, smearing their faces and 
 powdering their heads with white clay ; their 
 huts have only an opening to cmwl i.. on their 
 hands and knees. Their canoes, however, are 
 neatly formed of a single tree, sometimes 90 ft. 
 long, and ftirnished with outriggers. iSee Bri- 
 tain, New. 
 
 Irishtown. See Kilkenny. 
 Irjab, a town of Afghanistan, in Cabul ; 
 seated near a western branch of the Indus ; 1 10 
 milesS.S.W. of Cabul. 
 
 Irkkn, or Ibrien. See Yarkan. 
 Iri<(itsk, the largest and least populous go- 
 vcrniiient of the Russian empire ; comprising 
 nil the E. part of Siberia, from the Northern 
 Ocean to the frontiers of Chinese Tartary, and 
 from the boundaries of the government of 
 Tobolsk to the Eastern Ocean. This large terri- 
 tory wiis gradually conquered, and appropriated 
 by the Russians in their desultory excursion 
 from Tobolsk. It is divided into the four pro- 
 vinces of Irkutsk, Ncrtchinsk, Yakutsk, and 
 Okhotsk. Pop. 400,000. 
 
 Irkutsk, a town of Sil>cria ; capital of the 
 government of the same name, and the see of a 
 bishop. It is a place of considerable com- 
 mercial importance, from the caravans passing 
 through it, which trade to China, and from its 
 being the scat of supremo jurisdiction over 
 Eastern Siberia. There are several churches 
 and oth" edifices of stone, and tho wooden 
 houses are large and convenient. The inhabi- 
 tants arc estimated at 12,000. It stands on the 
 river Angara, near the Lake Baikal ; 900 miles 
 E. S. E. of Tobolsk. Pop. 20,000. 
 Iroquois. See Lawrence, St. 
 Irrawaddy, or Iradatty, a eonsidcmblc 
 river of Asia, which rises in Thibet, flows S. 
 through the kingdom of Birmah and Pegu, and 
 enters the Bay of Bengal by several moutiis. 
 On its banks are produced great quantities of 
 the finest teak timber, so much esteemed in 
 ship-building. The principal market for this 
 valuable timber is Rangoon, at the most eastern 
 mouth of the river. 
 
 Irtysch, a river of Siberia, which issues from 
 the Lake Saisan, in Chinese Tartary, nnis 
 N. W. between the two countries, above 300 
 miles, then flows by Omsk, Tobolsk, and Sama- 
 rof, below which it joins the Oby. 
 
 Irvine, a river of Scothmd, in Ayrshire, 
 which passes by Newmills and Kilmarnock, to 
 the town of Irvine, below which it enters the 
 Frith of Clyde. 
 
 Irvine, a borough of Scotland, in Ayrsliire ; 
 contributory, with Ayr, &c., in sending one 
 member to parliament. The chief trade ia tiio 
 exporting of coals to Ireland. Here is a dock- 
 yard, a large tan-work, and manufactures of 
 carpets, muslins, silks, lawns, &c. It is seated 
 near the mouth of the river Irvine j 10 miles N. 
 of Ayr, and 24 S. W. of Glasgow. 
 
 Ikwell, a river in Lancosliire, which rises 
 
 above Bolton, flows thence to Manchester, and 
 joins the Mersey, below Flixton. 
 
 Is sua Tille, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Cote d'Or ; seated on the Tille ; 
 12 miles N. of Dijon. 
 
 IsAiiELLA, a town on the N. const of Ilis- 
 pnni.ila: foviiided by Christopher Columbus, in 
 149;i. Lo-ig. 71. 2. W. hit. 19. 65. N. 
 
 IscHiA, I'n island of Naples, 15 miles in cir- 
 cuit, lying i) miles off the const of Terra di 
 liUVOTo. It is mountainous ; but abounds in 
 minerals, sulphur, fruits, and excellent wines. 
 It was taken by a British and Sicilian force in 
 1 807. Fresh water is scarce, and the rain is 
 collected in cisterns ; but the air is healthy ; 
 and there are several hot baths, on which ac- 
 count it is much resorted to by invalids. 
 
 IscniA, an episcopal city of Naples, capital 
 of the above island ; with a strong fort. It stands 
 upon a rock, which is joined to the island by a 
 l)ri<lge, and is like a pyramid of houses piled one 
 upon another. At the end of the bridge, next 
 the city, are iron gates, which open into a sub- 
 terranean \ .ssage, through which tho city is 
 entered. Long. 14. 2. E. lat. 40. 41. N. 
 
 Isendurq, Upper, a principality of Ger- 
 many, on the borders of llanau ; subject partly 
 to llesse-Cassel, partly to Hesse- Darmstadt. It 
 is generally fertile, ond contains 217 square 
 miles, and 47,500 inhabitants. 
 
 IsENBURO, New, a small town in the fore- 
 going principality ; 3 miles S. of Frankfort-on- 
 the- Maine. 
 
 Isco, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, on the 
 S. E. side of a lake of tie same name; 10 
 miles N. W. of Brescia. 
 
 IsER, a river of Bavaria, which rises on the 
 confines of Tyrol, and, passing by Munich and 
 Landschut, joins the Danube between Straubing 
 and Passau. 
 
 IsER, or ISAR (Circle of), one of the mo- 
 dem divisions of Bavaria ; bounded partly by 
 the circles of the Regen and the Upper Danube, 
 and partly by the Austrian states. It comprises 
 most of the southern part of the old duchy of 
 Bavaria, and is divided into 2G districts ; its 
 chief town, Munich, being the capital of tho 
 kingdom. The S. is mountainous, and conse- 
 quently cold J the N. forms a large plain, with 
 few elevations, possessing great fertility. The 
 principal rivers are the Inn, the Iser, and tlio 
 Lech. 
 
 IsERE, a department of France, including part 
 of the late province of Dauphiny. It is so named 
 from a river which rises in Savoy, crosses this 
 department by Grenoble, Moirans, and St. 
 Marcellin, and joins tho Rhone, above Valence. 
 Grenoble is the capital. 
 
 IsERLonN, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 in the county of Mark, with manufactures 
 of iron, tin, velvets, silks, and stuffs. It is 
 seated on the Buaren; 41 miles E. by N. of 
 Dusseldorf. 
 
 IsEttNiA, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 
 at the foot of the AppennineS. In 1)!05 it suf- 
 fered much by an earthquake. 1 2 miles W. of 
 Moiise. 
 
ISl 
 
 m 
 
 1ST 
 
 IsiONY, a town of France, in the deportmeht 
 of Calvados; 16 miles W. by N. of Bayeux. 
 
 Isi3. See Thames. 
 
 IsKENDEROON. See Alexandretto. 
 
 IsLA, or I LA, an island of Scotland, onoofthe 
 Hebrides, to the S. W. of Jura, from which it is 
 separated by a narrow channel, called tlie Sound 
 of Isla. It is 21 miles long, and 15 broad. On 
 the E. side the surface is hilly, and covered with 
 licath, but the greater part of the island is flat, 
 and, when uncultivated, covered with a fine 
 green sward. In the centre of the island is 
 Loch Finlagan, about 3 miles in circuit, with an 
 islet of the same name in the middle, where the 
 great lord of the isles resided; but the palaces 
 and offices are now in ruins. Isla has mines of 
 iron, lead, copper, emery, quicksilver, and black- 
 lead; with immense stores of limestone, marl, 
 coral, and shell-sand for manure. Much flax 
 is raised here, a great number of cattle fed, and 
 a large quantity of whiskey distilled. The prin- 
 cipal village is Bowmorc, which has a convenient 
 harbour and quay. 
 
 Islamabad, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal; 
 capital of the country of Chittigong; ^tuate 
 on the Currumpooly, near its entrance into 
 the Bay of Bengal. Long. 91. 55. £. lat. 22. 
 22. N. 
 
 Islands, Bay of, a bay of New Zealand, at 
 the N. extremity of the most northern of the 
 three islands that go under that name. In 1772 
 M. Dufresne Marion, with two French sloops, 
 jmt into this bay, and, with 28 of his crew, was 
 murdered by the natives. It contains Russell, 
 the temporary seat of government, and several 
 missionary and emigrant stations. 
 
 Isle Adam, a town of France, in the deport- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise ; seated on the Oise; 20 
 miles N. by W. of Paris. 
 
 Isle Bouchard, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Indre-et-Loire ; surrounded by the 
 Vienne; 21 miles S. S. W. of Tours. 
 
 Isle Dieu, a small island of Fnince; 14 miles 
 from the coast of Poitou. It was taken by the 
 English in 1795, but soon after evacuiited. 
 
 Isle de France. See France, Isle op. 
 
 Isle Jourdain, a town of T-anee, in the de- 
 partment of Gers ; seated on an island in the 
 river Save ; 8 miles N. of Lombcz. 
 
 Islewortii, a village in Middlesex; seated on 
 the Thames; 9 milos W. of London. Here arc 
 many elegant villas; and near it is Sion-house, 
 the magnificent seat of the Duke of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 ISMNiiTON, b large village in Middlesex, N. 
 of London, to which it is now contiguous. The 
 New River is received at the S. VV. end of it into 
 a large reservoir, whence its water is conveyed, 
 in pipes, to all parts of the metropolis. 
 
 I.sMAir,, a strong town of European Turkey, 
 in Bessarabia. The Russians took it by storm 
 in 1790; and it is said that the long siege, and 
 the capture, did not cost them fewer than 20,000 
 men. The brave garrison merited the highest 
 honours, but thry woro m3s?r>crcd Hy the Rws. 
 sians; and the city was abandoned to the fury 
 of the brutal soldiery. Ismail is sericd on tho 
 
 N. side of the Danube; 140 mi.'cs S. by W. of 
 Bender. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 IsMiD, or Nikmid, (ancient Nicomedia,) a 
 town cf Asia Minor, on the side of the hill over 
 looking the Gulf of Nicomedia. Long. 29. 34, 
 E. lat. 40. 39. N. 
 
 IsNiK, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 and a Greek archbishop's see. It is the ancient 
 Nice, famous for the general council held here 
 in .325. Nothing remains ofits ancient splendour 
 but an aqueduct. The Jews inhabit the greater 
 part of it; and silk forms the principal article of 
 trade. It is seated in a country fertile in corn 
 and wine; 60 miles S. E. of Constantinople. 
 Long. 30. 2. E. lat. 40. 22. N. 
 
 IsNY, a town of Wirtemberg ; with an abbey, 
 called St. George. It is seated on the Isny; 
 18 miles N. E. of Lindnu. 
 
 Isordskick, or Kroczka, a town of Servia ; 
 14 miles S. E. of Belgrade. 
 
 Ispahan, a city of Persia, long the capital 
 of the Persian monarchy, which is now 
 removed to Tehran, It is situated in the pro- 
 vince of Irac, and was formerly celebrated as 
 the finest city in the East. It stands in the 
 middle of a plain, surrounded on all sides by 
 mountains at 8 miles distance, which rise gra- 
 dually in the form of an amphitheatre. There 
 is no river except a small one, called Sanderut, 
 which supplies almost all the houses with water, 
 and over which are several fine bridges. There 
 are 168 marques, 1800 largo caravanseras, and 
 above 268 public baths. The streets are not 
 paved, but are generally clean, on account of 
 tho dryness of the air; for it seldom rnins or 
 snows here. Tho inhabitants are computed at 
 not more than 200,000, having been greatly do- 
 populated by the intestine broils and civil wars 
 with which this kingdom has been almost torn 
 to pieces. This city is tho emporium of the in- 
 land commerce of Persia, being the medium of 
 communication with India, Cabul, and Turkey, 
 It is 265 miles N. E. of Bassorah, and 300 S, 
 of the Caspian Sea. 
 Issel. See Yssel, 
 
 IssENGEAUx, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Loire; 17 miles N. E. or 
 Puy. 
 
 IssEQUiBo, or EssEftUEBO, a settlement ex- 
 tending along the banks of a river of the same 
 name, in British Guiana, and contiguous to that 
 of Demerara, from which it is separated by the 
 river Borassieri. It was taken from the Dutch 
 daring the late wars, and was finally ceded to 
 Britain in 1814, It is extremely fertile, and is 
 well cultivated. The Issequibo river is 20 
 miles wide at its mouth, and more than 300 in 
 length. 
 
 IssouDUN, a town of France, iu the depart- 
 ment of Indre, wiih a brisk trade in wood, cattle, 
 cloth, hats, and stockings. It is seated on the 
 Theole; 17 miles S. W. of Bourges, and 135 S. 
 of Paris. 
 
 IsTAPA, a town of Mexico, in tho province of 
 viijiaean; 10 'miles E. by 3. of Culiacan. 
 
 IsTRiA, a peninsula of Italy, between the Bay 
 of Trieste, and the Quamaro' Isles ; bounded by 
 
Ml 
 
 ' s 
 u, '^ 
 
 li 
 
 t 
 
 'En 
 
 IT A 380 
 
 PriuH on the W. and Camiola on the N.; being 
 -00 miles in circumference. Tlic nir is iinwholu- 
 Bome, especially near the coast: but the soil is 
 fertile. Oil and wine are abundant, and there 
 are some productive quarries of fine marble. 
 The chief riches of the country, ho«'ever, con- 
 sist in its vast and valuable forests. One jjart 
 of it belonged formerly to the Venetians; but 
 the whole was ceded to the emperor by the 
 treaty of Presburg, in 180,5. In 1009 it fell into 
 the hands of Napoleon, but was reconquered 
 by the Austrians in 1814, and now forms the 
 southern division of Austrian Illvria. The in- 
 habitants (about 140,000) are chieflv occupied 
 in agriculture, rearing bees, fishing, and the 
 manufacture of silk, leather, tallow, .uid salt. 
 
 Italy, one of the finest and most celebrated 
 countries of Europe; lying between 7. and 10. E 
 long, and between 37. and 4B. N. lat. On the 
 N. N. \V. and N. E. it is bounded by franco 
 Switzerland, the county of the Grisons, and 
 Germany; on the E. by the Adriatic Sea;and on 
 the S. and W. by the Mediterranean ; its figure 
 bearing some resemblance to a boot.' Its length 
 from Aosta, at tlie fool of the Alps, in Savoy, to 
 the utmost verge of Calabria, is about 600 miles; 
 but its breadth is very unequal, being in some 
 places nearly 400 miles, in others not above 25 
 or 30. It was formerly the seat of th^ Roman 
 empire, and, afterwards, of that more astonishing 
 usurpation, the dominion of the pope. In the 
 middle ages the kingdom of Lombardy and that 
 of Naples held the two extremes, and the Eccle- 
 siastical and Tuscan states occupied the centre. 
 In more modern times the northern part became 
 divided into a great number of states, differing 
 considerably in their extent and importance. 
 By the treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797, the 
 Venetian territories to the E. and N. of the 
 river Adigf were ceded to Austria; and the 
 remainder f the Venetian states, with the 
 duchies of Modena, Milan, and Mantua, the 
 principality of Massfi, and the three legations of 
 Ferrara, Bologna, and Romagna, in the pope's 
 diimmions, were erected into a government by 
 the French, and called the Cisalpine Republic. 
 This republic was overturned in 1799, but re- 
 stored after the battle of Marengo, in 1800. In 
 1802 it received a new constitution, under the 
 name of the Italian Republic, and Bonaparte, 
 then first, consul of France, was elected presi- 
 dent. In 1805 the Italian Republir was erected 
 into a kingdom, and the emperor of Franco 
 assumed the title of King of Italy. In December 
 following, the Austrian part of the Venetian 
 states was added to iis territories, by the treaty 
 of Presburg. The kingdom was divided into 
 departments, and the city of Milan was the 
 capital. But the subsequent changes which 
 took place in Europe again deranged the poli- 
 tiail situation of this country. The kingdom of 
 Italy was overturned; and the country is now 
 divided into the following states :— The Lom- 
 bardo- Venetian kingdom, the kingdom of Sar- 
 dinia, the States of the Church, or pope's 
 dominions, the kincdom of tbf> two Sicil'e" the 
 grand dur hy of Tiicany, the states of Modena. 
 the states of Parma, the duchy of Lucca, and 
 
 IT A 
 
 the republic of San Marino. Italy, as to climate, 
 has been divided into four separate regions. 
 The first of these embraces the basin of the Po, 
 extending about 2G0 miles in length, and 150 in 
 its greatest breadth; being bounded by the Alps 
 and Appennineson the N. W. and S., and open 
 to the Adriatic on the E. Here the ntinosplicre 
 is uniformly serene and bright; and, being tem- 
 pered by refreshing breezes from the adjacent 
 heights, the climate is altogether one of the 
 most siilubrious and delightful in the whole 
 world. The second region includes the Tuscan 
 dj ' Roman Territories, being screened on the 
 N. by the Appennines,and more exposed to the 
 heats of summer than to the rigours of winter. 
 Frost and snow are here experienced; but tho 
 temperature is sufficient to mature the orange, 
 the fig, and similar fruits. The third district 
 contains Campania Felix, and its dependencies, 
 where the vegetable treasures of nature are also 
 found in the greatest perfection : the air is uni- 
 formly mild and serene, and a peculiar glow of 
 boaufy pervades the landscape. The fourth 
 division extends from tho Appennines to the 
 Adriatic, and embraces tho southern districts of 
 the i)eiiiiisuhi. Here the aloe, the palm, and 
 other productions of u southern climate flourish; 
 but, when the sirocco blows, the heats are 
 overcoming to a stranger from almost any other 
 part of Europe. The climate of Italy also ex- 
 periences much diversity from elevation and 
 local circumstances. The general aspect of the 
 country is highly beautiful and picturesque. 
 The Alps and Appennines diversify this peninsula 
 with almost every possible combination of hill 
 and valley, rivers, lakes, and romantic scenery. 
 Northern Italy is broken into bold and nigged 
 acclivities by the former, from the southern fiice 
 of which descend the streams that form the Po, 
 and various other classical rivers. Towards the 
 southern extremity of Italy, the Apjiennines 
 diverge into two branches, one of which advances 
 eastward to Capo di Leuca, and the other south- 
 ward to the Straits of Messina. Several de- 
 tached mountains, among which is the celebrated 
 Vesuvius, here overhang the Gulf of Naples, and 
 discharge their liquid fires into its waters. The 
 Appennines are, in many parts, clothed with 
 trees to their summits; in other places they are 
 more precipitous, and attain the altitude of ice 
 and snow. The principal rivers are the Po, 
 Tiber, Adige, Brenta, Piavc, and Tagliamento; 
 and there are several fine lakes, as the Mag- 
 giore, Lugano, Como, Garda, Perugia, Bracci- 
 ano, and Celano. The soil, in general, is very 
 fertile. It produces a great variety of wines, 
 and the best oil in Europe; excellent silk in 
 abundance; corn of all sorts, but not in such 
 plenty as in other countries; oranges, lemons, 
 citrons, pomegranates, almonds, raisins, sugar, 
 figs, l)cachcs, njiricots, pairs, apples, filberts, 
 chestnuts, &c. This country also viclds good 
 pasture, and abounds with caUle, sheep, goat!\ 
 buftaloes, wild boars, mules, and horses. Th« 
 forests are well stored with game, and tho 
 minir.trtiiis have nut only min<.8 of iron, lead, 
 alum, sulphur, marble of all sorts, alabaster, 
 jasper, porpliyry, &c., but also gold and silver, 
 
IT A 
 
 381 
 
 with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees 
 
 trurts, and silks, are the principal articles of 
 exportation, and great sums of money a o ex 
 penc ed by travellers i„ the purchase of ,"- 
 CO .ntrri'/„?'"l' '"''?• «"''1"ities. &c. No 
 nns 1 H /'■"''•'""'^ '''•'"'"■ Politicians, histori- 
 nns poets, musicians, painters, and sculptors- 
 
 e . usVe' 7 T '"'r ' "."''^ ^''« and sciS" : 
 exclusne of those of ancient times. The Ita- 
 .ns are generally well proportioned. b« of 
 t cir complexion they cannot boast. With M 
 ^pcct to dross, they follow the fashions of th^ 
 cmnfnes on which they border, or to wh ch 
 1-oy are subject. They are very affi b e co ur 
 teous, ingenious, sober, and read- -wU ed bu 
 extremely jealous, vindictive, lascivious cert 
 nion.ous, and superstitious MXeradet 
 b3; t^rV'.r' -"versatrnr?.^' 
 f-vno • ' , " chief diversions of the Italians 
 excepting religious exhibitions, in which t^iev 
 
 esTl'r hPr',-^^^""'' all othe; nation Th% 
 
 a ottr « ""f ''^'°" '* '^' ^°"'»" Catholic, but 
 nil other sects are now tolerated. The num 
 
 ami t h.rof'thi"''V" ''' ^''°"' --S i"T8 
 fr^L 1 ,^ / suffragans indefinite, as mav be 
 truly, added of the inferior ecclesiastics. Their 
 language a corruption of the Latin, is remark- 
 
 fn its J!%'7°'^"''^> ""'i '« """'l to be spoken 
 'n ts grentcst purity at Florence. Further 
 particulars of this country will be fiunj un le 
 
 Itamauca. See Tamauica. 
 wl.iJh"^^ "lu ^'^'"'' " "»■" '■" Hampshire 
 t«t;rntie''''^"^'°"'''"'P'-'''''^ 
 
 iTZEiioE, a town of Germany, in llolstein 
 
 5utv"f,'"* 'f .^r'^'"'^' ^''h a fortrc^ ' a' 
 duty IS exacted here from all ships coming up 
 
 W. N h. Of Gluckstadt, and 31 miles N. VV. of 
 xlamburg. 
 
 IvANGOROD. See Narva 
 IvANiTz a town of Crojrtia, seated on the 
 Loma ; 4-2 miles N. E. of Carlkadt. 
 
 IVF.LCllKSTEIl. See ILCIIKSTEB. 
 
 „n» J!'^' ^'^'' ^ ''°'"?."S'> '■' Cornwall, sending 
 one member to parliament; seated on a bav of 
 
 nilcha'LTfi r''\ff"-"'"^ '■"^ i'« ^^^-^i^o 
 pilchard fishery. Market on Wednesday. The 
 
 church 18 a handsome building, close toLsc^! 
 
 "d Mom! T' r'''"T''°"^*^* *'"• I'-l'-'Penden? 
 and MethodLsts, and a good grammar-school 
 founded by Charles I. f„ the' vicini"v oY the 
 town ,s Treganny Castle, and one mL from 
 this mansion, on the summit of a lofly hill, is a 
 
 JAB 
 
 pyramid, erected by the lat« T K,>„n ti 
 who died inl8,|, aiil^dUtd.Vw .' fe 
 a the end of every five years 'an^ld won mn 
 and 10 girls under 14 years of age, dressed in 
 white, and accompanied by music! s'houW walk 
 m procession from the market-house to7h^ 
 t'rfih'p'"'', ^''^y «»"'"'J dance, and ^ig 
 certJn fih n"'- ^' *'"" '^^ »>equeathed 
 n?«7l?f I '■'"• ""-^ nested them in the mi- 
 inster to whom, and the port collt.tor, he be- 
 qucathed 10/ for a dinner; 8 miles N. E.^ 
 Penzance, and 277 W. by S. of London. 
 IVES, i>T., a town in Huntingdonshire with n 
 
 "mi£ s eZ%' ' r'f °" "'« """«-" 
 
 of Lond "'^^^""''nSdon, and 59 N. by W. 
 
 mi\^%^'wlf''^^-°^^^^ Mediterranean, 56 
 miles b. W. of Majorca. It is about 60 miles 
 n circumference, and mountainous, but fS 
 in com and fruits. A Rreat quantity of «U is 
 made here highly esteemed for its whitenesl 
 
 the'^nide'f th' -me name, which s?and:^ 
 me b. side of the island, is well fortified hiwI 
 has a^co^venient harbour. Long. l.'S. lit! 
 
 a l^'TT^'^t'''''^l''^''''^'^Shtimshire, with 
 bone it. °l ^"'^'■''"^' ""'^ manufiictures of 
 
 ar3'3"N;>;!o^lfo£!'-^-»'^""«*'*''»«' 
 
 JvREA an ancient town of Piedmont with » 
 
 fort, ctadel, and castle. It is a Sp^ see 
 
 and contains a cathedral, four other churchel' 
 
 the Zf' h'f ^'""' ^''"*^«- It » ««ated on 
 the Dorm, between two hills; 20 miles N. of 
 Turin. Long. 7. 48. E. lat. 45. 22 N 
 ^pi""'^' a.town of France, in the department 
 of Lure with a late Benedictine abbey • seated 
 
 of C,rto'd-or'o ''^■^'TV^ '■" *''«' 'department 
 ot Lc.to d Or ; 9 miles S. E. of Arnay le Du- 
 
 IxwouTii, a town in Suffolk, will, a market 
 on Irulay; 7 miles N. E. of Bury St Ed 
 nuind, and 77 N. E. of London. ^ 
 
 AvSli^'fli^il^^Tv^^^'^l-'-ntof 
 
 nf nlT?^ ".T" "'■'Liberia, in the province 
 of Okhotsk; defended by lofly palisades and 
 wooden bastions, provided wit 1, cannon and 
 mihtary stores. The commerce consist of fu« 
 I tin' S mi,"' r^T- '' '« «™'-' »" "'" 
 of Stsk ' "* ■""""'' ''"'' ^20 N. E. 
 
 pr^rr^/^^--ii^:tt^;^ . 
 
 J.;.Ai.0No, a town of France, in the d^'par*- 
 B.^'.u 01 Manic, 9 miles VV. of Chalons. '^ 
 
 J. 
 
 pi^v^of'Tn?'.^ *'"'" 1^'^""''''' '" the princi- 
 pality of Teschen, on the river Elsa; with a 
 fort near it called Jablunkau SchaAz, wh cS 
 defends a defile towaHs Hungary. iTis^^ 
 
JAC 
 
 382 
 
 IWh^ '"*'' """"'""■' " ""'«• S. S. E. of 
 
 JAQ 
 
 i.< 
 
 , i 1 
 
 -« 
 
 li lit 
 
 Ml 
 
 Jacca, a town in Spain, formerly tho capital 
 
 !L '■"?.""'.."''"''''* "" " "''«'■ of the same name 
 among the Pyrenees. It is a bishop's see, and 
 IS defended by a citadel; 4.5 miles N. by E. of 
 isariigoKsa, 
 
 Jaci o'A<iuii.A, a town of Sicily, in Val di 
 Uomona; 10 miles N. N. E. of Catania. 
 
 Jackson, a county of the United States, in 
 Indmna, Imd out in 1«15. It is bounded by 
 Clark, Jefferson, Washington, Orange, and 
 Indian counties, and watered by White River 
 
 jACKsoNBottouaii, a town of South Carolina, 
 on the E. side of tho Edisto; 35 miles W. of 
 Charleston. 
 _ Jacoksdorf, a town on the Prussian states, 
 
 mid'a rSchan."'^ '* ""- "' ■^"'="'»'"'«""' 
 JAcousHAaAN, a town of tho Prussian states 
 m Pomemma, 14 miles S. of Daber. 
 
 Jacoustadt, a toivn of Russia, in Finland, 
 With a convenient harbour, and a thriving trade 
 SO miles N. N. E. of Wasa. 
 
 JACiriiso, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- 
 tra, 8 miles W. of Squillace. 
 
 Jakn, a province of the eastern part of An- 
 dalusia, surrounded by the provinces of La 
 Manch.1, Murcia, Granada, and Cordova. Its 
 erritorial extent is 4730 square miles, and its 
 population about 207,000. This province, 
 though badly cultivated, produces wine, oil 
 silk, and corn, especially along the Guadalqui- 
 ver, which IS the largest river in the province. 
 Jnen was formerly a kingdom, and the king of 
 bpain still takes the title of king of Jaen, al- 
 though It 18 now included in the government of 
 Andalusia. 
 
 Jaen, a fortified city of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 capitfil ol the above province. It is a bishop's 
 sec, and the residence of the magistracy of the 
 province. It is seated nt tho foot of a moun- 
 tain, on the river Guadalbulon; 36 miles N. of 
 Granada. 
 
 > Jafa. a fertile country of Arabia, N. W. of 
 Aden and of Hadramaut ; it was formerly un- 
 der the dominion of the imam, but in the end 
 of the seventeenth century the inhabitanta made 
 themselves independent, and are now governed 
 by three petty chiefi, who have also conquered 
 a part ot the province of Hadramaut. 
 
 Jaffa, anciently called Joppa, a town of 
 Asia, m Palestine, situated near the coast of 
 the Mediterranean, with a small citadel. It 
 was formerly a celebrated city, and ia frequently 
 mentioned in the scriptures. It has long been 
 inhabited by lurks and Arabs, with a mixture 
 of Greeks, Maronites, and Armenians. The 
 houses are small, and surrounded with the ruins 
 of the ancient walls and towers. The Franks, 
 Greeks, and Armenians have small convonUfor 
 tlie reception of pilgrims of different nations, 
 rhe principal commerce is in grain, particu- 
 larly rice from Egyjit. Jafla was laid waste in 
 the crusiides, and afterwards destroyed by an 
 earth<iuake. In profane histor-y it is said to be 
 the place wliejice Perseus dciivcreu AuUio- 
 
 meda. It was taken by the French under Bo- 
 naparte in February, 1 789, but they held posscs- 
 
 "°? i? 1."^' ""'y- ^* '■ 2^ ""''^ N. W. of Gaza, 
 and 33 W. of Jerusalem, of which it is tho port. 
 Jaffna, a town of Ceylon, capital of Jaffha- 
 patnna, from whence are exported great quanti- 
 ties of tobacco, and some elephants, which are 
 accounted the most docile of any in the world. 
 Ihe Dutch took it from the Portuguese in 
 16.58, and it was taken by tho English in 1795. 
 It IS seated on a river navigable for larce 
 boats, 1 00 miles N. of Candy. Long. 80. 10. 
 ti. hit. 9, 45. N. 
 
 Jaffnapatam, a district in the N. part of 
 Ceylon, fertile in fruits and vegetables, and said 
 to be the most populous and healthy in tho 
 island. Several small islands are politically 
 connerted with this district,and between it and 
 the Candian provinces are numerous woods, 
 inhabited by a savage race called Veddahs, sup- 
 posed to be the aborigines of the country, 
 
 Jaffrabad, a town of Hindostan, in Guze- 
 rat, near the mouth of a river, noted for larizo 
 oysters; 37 miles E. N. E. of Diu. 
 Jaqernaut. See Juggernaut. 
 Jaoerndorp, a town and castle of Silesia 
 seated on the Oppa, 13 miles N. W. of Trop- 
 pau. Long. 17. 44. E. lat. 50. 0. N. 
 
 Jago, St., the most fertile province of Chili 
 extending 45 miles in length from E. to w' 
 and 36 in breadth from N. to S. It is bounded 
 on the E. by the Andes, W. by Melipilla. N. 
 by the province of Aconcagua, and S. by the 
 river Maypo. Corn, wine, and fruits are pro- 
 duced here in great quantities. The mountains 
 abound in the precious metals, and here are 
 also mines of copper, tin, and lead. The pro- 
 vince 18 watered by the Mapacho, the Colina 
 and several other fine streams. 
 
 Jaoo, St., the capital of the above province 
 and a bishop's sec. Besides the cathedral, 
 there are three parish churches, and eight mo- 
 nasteries. The inhabitants, about 46,000, are 
 chiefly native Americans and Spaniards. Here 
 are several canals, and a dike, by means of 
 which they water the gardens and cool the 
 streets. It is seated in a beautiful plain, at tho 
 foot of the Andes, on the river Mapacho, over 
 which 18 a handsome bridge, which connects 
 several sulpurbs with the citv. The commerce 
 18 considerable, and the markets are well sup- 
 plied with all kinds of provisions. 53 miles 
 E. S. E. of Valparaiso. Long. 69. 48. W. lat. 
 33. 15. S. 
 
 Jago, St., a handsome town of Mexico, ca- 
 pital of Veragua. It has an elegant hospital, 
 and stands in a fertile country, which produces 
 maize, plantains, &c., with abundance of cattle. 
 110 miles S. W. of Porto Bello. 
 
 Jago, St., a fortified seaport on the S. coast 
 of Cuba, and a bishop's see, with a good har- 
 bour ; situate on a bav, about 6 miles from the 
 sea. Long. 76. 10. W. lat. 20. 5. S. 
 
 Jago de tos Cavalleros, St., a town of 
 Hispaniola, in a fertile soil ; on the river St. 
 Jngo, 70 miles from its mouth, and 90 N. N-W- 
 of St. Domingo. 
 
ench under Bo- 
 hey held posscs- 
 N.W.ofQazn, 
 ch it is tho port, 
 ipital of Jttffna- 
 id great quanti- 
 ants, wliich aro 
 y in the world. 
 
 Portuguese in 
 •nglish in 1795. 
 able for large 
 
 Long. 80. 10. 
 
 he N. part of 
 ;able8, and said 
 healthy in tho 
 are politically 
 between it and 
 lerous woods, 
 : Veddahs, sup- 
 country, 
 9tan, in Guze- 
 rioted for largo 
 u. 
 r. 
 
 itle of Silesia, 
 W. of Trop- 
 I. N. 
 
 ince of Chili, 
 •om E. to \V. 
 It is bounded 
 Melipilla, N. 
 and S. by tho 
 ruits are pro- 
 ^he mountains 
 and here are 
 d. The pro- 
 , the Colina, 
 
 ove province, 
 le cathedral, 
 ind eight mo- 
 lt 46,000, are 
 liardjj. Here 
 l>y means of 
 nd cool the 
 plain, at the 
 apacho, over 
 ich connects 
 10 commerce 
 ire well sup- 
 s. !>:i miles 
 48, W, lat. 
 
 Mexico, ca- 
 mt hospital, 
 ch produces 
 ice of cattle. 
 
 the S, coast 
 a good har- 
 les from the 
 3. 
 
 a town of 
 le river St, 
 90 N, NM_ 
 
 JAG 
 
 3S3 
 
 JAM 
 
 Jago db Comi'ostbi.la, St, &«Compostella. 
 Jaqo de L08 Valles, St,, a town of Mexico, 
 in the province of Guastecn ; seated on the river 
 I'anuco ; 170 miles N, by E. of Mexico. 
 Jaqo de la Veqa, St. See Spanish-town, 
 Jaoodina, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Servia ; seated on the Moravaj GO miles S. S. 
 E. of Belgrade. 
 
 Jaisza, a town of European Turkey, in Bos- 
 nia, with a strong citadel ; seated on the I'lcuu; 
 fiO miles N. E. of Serai. 
 
 Jajqur, a town and fortress of Hiiidostan ; 
 capital of a district of tho same name, in tho 
 province of Agimerc. The district contains 
 upwards of 80 villages, chiefly inhabited by a 
 predatory tribe of Hindoos called Mccna, 
 Jakutskoi. See Yakutsk. 
 Jalalabad, a town of Hindostan, in tho 
 country of Ciibul ; situate on tho Kameh : GO 
 miles E. S. E. of Cabul. 
 
 Jallindar, a town of Hindostan, capital of 
 H district of the same name, in the country of 
 Lahore ; 80 miles E. by S. of Lahore. Long. 
 74. 10. E. lat. ;30. 50. N. 
 
 Jaloi'fs, or Oualoffs, a people of Africa, 
 who occupy great part of the country between 
 the lower part of the Gambia and that of the 
 Senega;. Their territory is estimated at 4800 
 square miles. They are celebrated as hunters 
 and warriors ; and the cotton cloth which thev 
 manufacture is superior, both in quality and 
 colour, to that of the Mandingos. 
 
 Jalonitza, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Walachia, on a river of the same name ; 95 
 miles S. W. of Ismail. 
 
 Jalour, a tow of Hindostan, in the country 
 of Agimere ; situate on a mountain difficult of 
 access ; 85 miles W. N. W. of Cheitore. 
 
 Jamaoord, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Petersburg ; with a strong fort ; seated 
 on the Jama ; 12 miles N. E. of Narva. 
 
 Jamaica, the most considerable and valuable 
 of the British West India Islands ; discovered 
 by Columbus, in 1494. It lies 30 leagues W. 
 of St. Domingo, nearly tb" same distance S. of 
 Cuba, and is of an oval P miles long and 
 
 40 broad, containing 4,b„ .j acres. An ele- 
 vated ridge, called the Blue Mountains, runs 
 lengthwise from E. to W., whence numerous 
 rivers take their rise on both sides ; and, though 
 none of them are navigable for barges, yet the 
 sugars are carried upon many of them in canoes, 
 from the remote plantations to the seaside : 
 some of them run underground for a consider- 
 able space, particularly the Cobre and Pedra. 
 The year is distinguished into two seasons, the 
 wet and dry ; but the rains are not so frequent 
 as formerly, which is supposed to be owing to 
 the cutting down of the woods. About nine in 
 the morning \t is so extremely hot that it would 
 be almost intolerable if the easterly breeze did 
 not rise to cool the air. Sometimes the nights 
 are pretty cool, and there are great dews, which 
 are deemed unwholesome, especially to now 
 corners. The month?, nf .lu!y, August and 
 September, are called the hurricane .„^nths, 
 because tnon they are tho most frequent ; and 
 tliero is lij^htning almost every night. The best 
 
 houses are generally built low, on account ot 
 the hurricanes and earthquakes; and the negroes' 
 huts, made of reeds, will hold only two or three 
 persons. The valleys are embellished with 
 plantations, so well laid out, and with such a 
 variety of fruit-trees, as to make tho country 
 look like a paradise. Homed cattle, hogs, and 
 sheep are plentiful ; but the servants generally 
 feed upon Irish salt beef, and the negroes have 
 herrings and salt fish. The general produce of 
 this island is sugar, rum, molasses, ginger, cotton, 
 indigo, pimento, cocoa, coffee, several kinds of 
 wood, and medicinal drugs. It has some to- 
 bacco, but not good, and used only by tho 
 negroes ; also maize, Guinea corn, and peas of 
 various kinds, with variety of roots. Fruits 
 are in groat plenty, such as oranges, lemons, 
 shaddocks, citrons, pomegranates, pine-apples, 
 prickly-pears, melons, pompions, guavas, and 
 many others. Jamaica can boast of a botanical 
 garden, containing the rarest collection of curious 
 trees and plants, perhaps in tho world. The 
 whole island is divided into three counties, 
 Middlesex, Surrey, and Cornwall ; and these 
 info 20 parishes, or districts, six towns, and 27 
 villages. Tho legislature is composed of the 
 governor, a council of 12 nominate 1 by the 
 Crown, and a house of assembly consisting of 
 43 members elected by the freeholders. The 
 first settlement on this islimJ was made in 1509, 
 by the Spaniards, who were cruel to tho natives ; 
 but it was taken by the English in 1G56, and a 
 colony soon after formed by disbanded soldiers 
 from the parliamentary army, who were governed 
 by military laws till the restoration. The tran- 
 quillity of this colony has been occasionally dis- 
 turbed by the inroads of the Maroons, or original 
 natives, who, however, were completely quelled 
 in 1 796 ; and since that period the colony has 
 rapidly increased in importance. There is an 
 ecclesiastical establishment in this inland, con- 
 sisting of 19 beneficed clergymen ; but the state 
 of religion has long been deplorable. Within 
 the Inst few years, however, considerable efforts 
 have been made by missionaries and others ; 
 and, tliough t!io principal men of the island 
 have manifested much opposition, yet these 
 efforts have already been crowned with very con- 
 siderable success. The government of Jamaica 
 is one of the richest places, next to that of Ire- 
 land, in the disposal of the crown : the standing 
 Sfilary is 2000/., and the assembly commonly 
 vote as much more to the governor, which, with 
 other perquisites, make it little le.is than 10,000/. 
 a year. Spanish Town is the sent of govern- 
 ment, but Kingston is the capital. 
 
 Jamaica, a town of New York in Queen's 
 County, with three churches ; 12 miles E. by 
 S. of New York. 
 
 Jamalabad, a town of Hindostan, in Canara, 
 with a fort on the summit of an immense rock, 
 which is accessible only by one narrow way. 
 The town stands on the banks of a river ; 30 
 miles E. N. E. of Mnngalore. 
 
 Jamama, a town of Arabia, capital of a dts- 
 triet of the same name, lying W. of the province 
 of Bahrein. It is seated on the river Astan ; 
 140 miles S.W. of Lachsa. 
 
JAM 
 
 384 
 
 name, on the N. E. const of the iglnnd of Su- 
 
 J AP 
 
 l\ 
 
 tnncB. Ihe town w large, and situate inland, 
 
 p' "/o"' ""Va"'>l« f-Jr boats ; ICO miles N. by 
 ■111. of Bcncoolen. 
 
 Jambo, a town of Aral)in Doserta, with a Rijod 
 harbour on the Red Sea ; 72 miles S. S. W. of 
 Aledina. 
 
 James, a river of Virginia, which rises on the 
 W. side o' the Dlue ridge of the Allegany 
 Mountains, and, flowing E. through the state, 
 enters Chesapeake Bnv, near Hampton. 
 James Bay. See Hudson's Bay. 
 James Island, nn island of Africa : 30 miles 
 up the river Gambia, and 3 miles from its 
 nearest shore. Here the English have a fort 
 and factory. Long. 16. 0. W. lat. 13. 1.5 N 
 
 n„ »r « m'-^'^'^V'?," '"'"""^ "'■ S"Utli Carolina, 
 aaSestf. " °^ ^'""•^'-'^ton harbour, opposite 
 
 Jamestow.v, a town of Virginia, seated in a 
 peninsula on the N. side of James River; 5 
 miles S. S. W. of Williamsburg. 
 
 Jamestown, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 
 hi i:" y o' '•'l'^'^ °'; ^^^ S'""'""" : 5 miles S. 
 by E. of Carrick, and 73 N. W. of Dublin 
 
 Jamets, a town of France, in the depe-traent 
 of Meuse; 72miIesS. ofSten.iy, 
 
 Jamtland, a province of Sweden, bordering 
 on Norway, nearly of a circular form j about 
 70 miles m length, and 60 in breadth. The 
 western part is mountainous ; the eastern is a 
 tine champaign country, watered with several 
 iakes and rivers, which abound with fish. The 
 country produces excellent oBts.and abounds in 
 good turnips. The pastures are extensive, and 
 of excellent quality, but aro much neglected. 
 It contains alum quarries, ssindstone, slate, the 
 lapis o larius, fine rock crystal, and lead ore. 
 .■II '"'"'^"tn"t3 carry on a considerable trade 
 with the Norwegians. 
 JANEtKo. See Rio Janeiro. 
 
 . " *> a piovince of European Turkey 
 
 boundeu on the N. by Macedonia, E. by the 
 Archipelago, S. by Livadia, and W. by Albania. 
 It 18 the Ihessaly of the ancients, and Larissa 
 IS the cr.pici.l, 
 
 Janvilie, a town of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loire ; 20 miles S. E. of Chartres. 
 
 Japan, an extensive empire in the most 
 eastern part of Asia ; extending from long. 131 . 
 to 142. E. and from lat 30. to 41. N It con 
 sistt. of three large islands (the superficial extent 
 of which IS estimated at 90,000 square miles) 
 anc several smaller islands. The whole empi/e 
 IS divided into seven principal districts, which 
 are subdivided into 70 provinces; and the popu- 
 lation IS, in proportion to extent, deemed equal 
 to that of China, being about 17,000,000 It is 
 the richest country in the world for gold • there 
 are also rich silver mines, and fine copper is the 
 main source of the wealth of many provinces 
 It produces a great deal of rice, which is the 
 principal article of subsistence ; millet, wheat 
 aiid barley are also cultivated to a small extent, 
 ^"nnpg, earrots, melons, cucumbers, &c., all 
 row spontaneously. Cedars are common, and 
 
 80 large that they are proper for the masts of 
 ships and columns for temples. The mulberry 
 tree, the aurel, the tree shrub, an<I camnhire 
 tree are also common ; but the most remarkable 
 w the varnish tree (rhus vernix), the juice of 
 which IS used to varnish, or (as we call i ) japan 
 their lurmture. The rocks'and most barZ 
 f,T^ T ;"""'»'«J. «"d produce a variety of 
 fruits plants .-.nd roots. The woods and forests. 
 and long ridges of mountains, with which the 
 country is intersected, produce good pasturage, 
 and are stocked with doer, oxen, buffiloes, and 
 a few horses ; but there are no sheep nor goats. 
 Here are large quantiti^-s of fim porcelain? silk, 
 and skins, as also red pearls, which are not in 
 less esteem than the white. The Japanese are 
 ot a yellowish complexion all over ; their heads 
 are m general larr.e, their necks short, and their 
 hair which is naturally black and thick, is ren- 
 dered shming by the use of oils ; their eyes are 
 small, of a dark brown colour, and sunk deep in 
 the head, and the eyelids form, in the great angle 
 of the eye, a deep furrow, which discriminates 
 tiiem from other nations ; their eyebrows are 
 also placed somewhat higher; nn.l their noses, 
 though not flat, are thick and short. They are 
 naturally ingenious, and have a high character 
 tor honesty and veracity. Their common drinks 
 are all hot ; they uncover their feet, out of re- 
 spect, are fond of black teeth, and get on horse- 
 back on the left side. Their houses are of 
 wood, coloured white, and never exceed two 
 stories m height. The interior is divided into 
 apartments, at pleasure, by movable partitions 
 sliding m grooves. They have neither tables, 
 beds, nor chairs, but sit and lie on carpets and 
 mats. The dress consists of trowseis, and a 
 loose robe of silk or cotton, fastened by a girdle • 
 the number being increased according to the 
 coldness of the weather: stockings are not 
 used ; and the shoes are commonly of rice straw 
 ihe mathematical and physical sciences are yet 
 in their infancy, but are highly esteemed among 
 them, and they have several schools at different 
 places, m which are taught arithmetic, rhetoric, 
 poetry, history, and astronomy. Some of their 
 arts and manufactures even surpass those of 
 Europe. They formerly carried on a consider- 
 able trade with the neighbouring countries ; but 
 now all communications are forbidden, except 
 wi h the Chinese and Dutch; and with them 
 only at the port of Nangasaki. The merchan- 
 dise brought by the Dutch are spices, sugar, 
 hnen and woollen cloth, elephants' teeth, and 
 haberdashery wares; for which they receive 
 gold, silver, copper, rice, tea, fine porcelain 
 cabinets and other japanned and lackered 
 wares. Japan was formerly divided into a great 
 many small kingdoms, which still retain their 
 ancient names ; but they were at length swal- 
 lowed up m one, to which all the rest are be- 
 come either subject or tributary. The tributary 
 princes, amounting to between 50 and 60, ara 
 vested with the regal dignity, and are absolute 
 m their respective territories; but they are en. 
 tirely subject to the emperor, who cm depose 
 or even condemn them to death, if he think 
 proper. The laws are extremely severe and 
 
JAP 
 
 385 
 
 cruel; and the people are doubly slavei, first 
 to their own princes, and then to the emperor 
 who hoa power of life and death over them all' 
 Anciently the emperor was likewise soverciun 
 pontiff under the title of dairo, and in fact wor- 
 shipped by all his subjects; but in the civil 
 wars which occurred on the minority of one of 
 them, in 1150, one of the competitors for the 
 crown assumed the ecclesiastical government 
 retaining the same title ; while the other, who' 
 ruled in civil affairs, was called cubo. From 
 that time, the dairo has only been at the head 
 of religious matters, while the cubo, or secular 
 emperor, bears an absolute dominion over all 
 civil and military affairs. The former still lives 
 in great state and grandeur, at Miaco; and the 
 latter pays him a kind of homage, as if he acted 
 only „s his deputy or viceroy ; but, in reality 
 the cubo IS now the real monarch of Japan, and 
 the dairo only his high priest. The Japanese 
 are as fabulous as the Chinese in the antiquitv 
 of their empire; but the certain period beaiA 
 with the hereditary succession of the ecclesi^ti- 
 cal emperors, from the year 600 before the 
 Christiun epoch. The religion of the country 
 w paganism; but there are two different sects 
 lliere was once a great number of Christians 
 in Uifterent parts of the empire; but in ICSa 
 they underwent great persecutions, and all who 
 professed Christianity were either put to death 
 or forced to revert to paganism. The capital 
 of the empire is Jeddo. ^ 
 
 . ,^^^^l\ " seaport on the N. coast of the 
 island of Java, with a good harbour. It was 
 the capital of a considerable kingdom, till the 
 JJutch made themselves masters of it; and now 
 
 tS.^'V"?/ -."'""J ^'& ""'^ * ''onwderable 
 !?o i. i^ ?"'^ ^- ^y S- «f B'^'Hvia. Long. 
 1 1 0. 45. E. lat. 6. 20. S. * 
 
 Jaquemel, a town of Si. Domingo, on a bay 
 ot Its name, oh the S. coast; 32 miles S. S. W 
 ot fort au Prince. 
 
 Jaques, a navigable river of Louisiana, which 
 falls into the Missouri. ' 
 
 Jaques Cartieb, a river of Canada, so called 
 trom the navigator who first explored the St 
 Lawrence into which it falls in long. 71. 4]' 
 W. lat. 46. 38, N. 
 
 mpi T^'- */"'? °^ *'""<'^' •" '•'e depnrt- 
 " , .o^*^ ^*'""^*- I' w«8 tnken by the Enclish 
 in 1438 and retaken by Joan of "krc, the £ 
 
 n.E'.'o^oTell"^"''^^'"'^''"-^- 
 Jabisbeho, a town of Norway ; capital of a 
 aistrict abounding in mines; in the diocese of 
 A^erhuys; 5 miles N. of Tonsberg. 
 
 of rhr*^* '° x?* "' ^'■*"'=''' '" *'»« department 
 of Charente. Near this place the duke of 
 Aju, afterwards Henry III., obtained a vic- 
 tory over the Huguenots, in 1569. It is seated 
 on the Charente; 20 miles W. of AngouSe 
 
 Jaromitz. a town of Bohemia; seated on 
 the Elbe ; 9 miles N. of Konigingratz. 
 
 hJftTf' " l^'^l °^ ^""'■"' '" J^'^^Btan; cele- 
 brated for abundance of palm-trees and their 
 excellent fruit; J!9 niilc/s. by E. of ShS 
 Long. 53. 10. E. lat. 28. 15. N 
 JAEoetAu, a town of Poland, in Red Russia, 
 
 JA V 
 
 Jaroslaul, or Jauoslav, a government of 
 Rassm, formerly a provinco'of the government 
 at at Ti no' '«""°""!,"t«nt fs estim^tS 
 ants at at m nnn "I""™ ??' <-'''. ""d it« inhabit- 
 ants at 800 000. It IS divided into 10 circles 
 
 Jar sir Th*'' •"^•''' r^''^ '"« sleVp- of 
 tZ<l\ " ,P""«='Pal rivers are the Wolga. 
 
 S ?n .„.n ""■ ?'' "'? ^"'"f"- The chief trade 
 « in cattle and wood. The capital, of the same 
 nanie, « a largo commercial place, and a b^! 
 Bhop's see, with numerous manufactures It ^ 
 
 Mr„:."'''^^»^'^^^^^-'-N:iE.'of 
 
 «i^«,^i^Lft^Sr- 
 
 Jas<h;k, a town of Persia, in the prov nee of 
 
 „/»^*^^' "• *"''" °*' European Turkey canitnl 
 of Modavia, and an archbishop's see- SI 
 
 So'w'l'r '"""^ i'''*^'"'' ^ooVwa'^'honev! 
 aJi m '/ • T''^' ^"^K^ quantities of which 
 
 J e t j^iS' """'f "«* "^"^ to ConstantS.- 
 Pie. in 1753 it was destroyed by fire- it wn« 
 
 1788 the fortifications were demolish^ ex 
 
 gken in^hirr^e^wr hTTrk^lit: 
 
 ?~7Smm i^^r/^' ^^ 
 370 N. of cSunSopie'^- "' ^"•='"''^*' '"'^ 
 
 Irll ^ *"™^ "■""«' ^"h a citadel, and a 
 large square, surrounded by piazzas It L. 
 rnanufactures of woollen and'^ToUon. ind a 
 trade in flux and yam. It is seated in » « 
 country, „„ the ri/ulet Jaue " 1?^;^" wX 
 S. of Breslau. Long. 16. 23. E. Int. SI 2 N 
 
 mi nf v"' " *7" ?^ *^™"^«. '" the depart-' 
 ment of Vienne; 6 miles N. of Poitiers 
 
 nnH « p „ •••••»-. o., ana, after a long S. 
 hit Ifi" 9A T"1' ?»"* '"to the Paraguay, in 
 at. 16. 24. S. At its mouth is erecte^a beau- 
 tiful pyramid of marble, bearing script bns 
 commemorative of the treaty h»fwo!„ c " 
 and Portugal, which d:fi;Ke'bordarfr"f 
 their respective territories. On its tanks are 
 E^'" "^^'f*^- ^'••"" ""^^'^ the province of 
 
 jAy> «?• .'^^T^J^e quantities of salt! 
 thP S f R "'""'^ "^ ^^^ ^"^t Indies, lying to 
 the S. of Borneo, and separated, at its \V Id 
 from Sumatra by the Strait of Sunda It is' 
 sometimes «illed Great Java, to distiVuish t 
 from Bah. by some name Little Ja^a I, 
 640 miles „, length, and of various breadth ex 
 tendini? fri>T« 105 tilifl »^ ■ "» "«eauHi, ex- 
 S Inf" vL "1 • V ■^' '°^S- and 6. to 9. 
 h. lat. Ihe .and js low, and in some places 
 
 unnealthy; b< it nses m a gradual slope to- 
 
 C C 
 
JAV 
 
 386 
 
 JED 
 
 wnrdi the interior of tlio country, nilmilting in 
 iti ascent every vnrioty of litiiation nn<l vyr- 
 dure, llico it the rtaplo proiliiction of tlio 
 islanil, and ia exported in considcrublo quantity. 
 Sugar, pepper, cotton, and coffoo aro produced 
 in abundance; indigo, of n very superior qua- 
 lity, id also cultivated J and wheat, baric v, oats, 
 and Bengal grain, thrive well, and might bo 
 produced in great abundance, if duo attention 
 were bestowed on their culture. The N. coast 
 has a groat many commodious creeks, bays, 
 harbours, and towns, with many little islands 
 near the shore. Tho inhabitants aro chiefly 
 Javanese; next to those are tho Malays; and 
 in the sonuorts a considerable number of Chineso 
 are settled. Tho Javanese inhabit all tho inte- 
 rior parts of tho island, and aro in general tho 
 cultivators of the soil. They are described as 
 a barbarous, proud, and tiero peo|)loj of a 
 brown complexion, short, coal-black hair, largo 
 cheeks, small eyes, and large eyebrows. Tlio 
 men aro very robust and strong limbed; tho 
 women are small, but of pleasing countenance, 
 niul in some districts thoy aro really beautiful. 
 Tho men wear a piece of calico, which is tho 
 principal manufacture of the island, wrapped 
 two or three times round their middle; and the 
 women wear them from their armpits down to 
 their knees; but ail other parts aio bare. Tho 
 men have two or three wives, and several con- 
 cubines, according to their circumstances. Tho 
 Javanese appear, from the renains of temples 
 and inscriptionu, to be of Hindoo descent, and 
 their language is quite distinct from that of tho 
 Maloys; but tho professed religion of both is 
 Mahomedism. Tho Malays principally inhabit 
 along the coast ; thoy are not so well featured 
 as the Javanese; but the men aro oflon very 
 muscular and well made. They aro generally 
 indolent, but at tho same time .eitless, vindic- 
 tive, and treneherous. The C'linese are distin- 
 guished by their habits of industry, and gone- 
 rally by their wealth. Many of them carry on 
 a considerable trade with their nat>"- country, 
 and the several islands of the eastern .rchi- 
 pehigo. They intermarry with the .lavaneso 
 and Malays, and purchase femrlo slaves for 
 wives ond concubines. This i^dand has very 
 high mountains, particularly t);e Pepper Moun- 
 tain, on the S. side; it has, likewise, impassable 
 forests and wildernesses; but to the N., be- 
 tween Dutavia and Bantam, is a very populous 
 country, full of rice fields, and plenty of sjilt 
 and pepper, besides most sorts of fruits proper 
 to the climate. Here are also plenty of hogs, 
 beeves, and sheep, with other tame animals; 
 and likewise fowl, both wild and tame, in great 
 abundsnce. In the woods are large tigers, 
 rhinoce -oses, and other wild beasts ; and in the 
 rivers ire crocodiles. The serene season is 
 from May to November; and then tho rains 
 begin, which lay tho lo,v grounds under water, 
 kill the insects, and continue till March, when 
 they commence sowing, and in July the sug .r 
 and rice begin to ripen; but September and 
 October are the best months for all sorts of 
 fruits. Jav.a has .". river which rises in the mouii- 
 tauis, and, dividing itself into many branches, 
 
 waters tho circumjacent country : thrso aftnw 
 wartU reunite, and jiass through Batavin, divid- 
 ing it into two parts. For more than a century 
 Java was under tho dominion of the Dutch. 
 In Kill it was captured by tho British, under 
 Sir Samuol Auehmuty, niid many important 
 improvements were udopti d in its internal ad- 
 ministration. (Jovernment also did much to 
 promote agricultural improvements, and tlio 
 country nrospered and enjoyed tranquillity. 
 Since it has been restored to tho Dutch, thoy 
 appear, however, to have reverted to their for- 
 mer wretched system, as they have been en- 
 gaged in (luelling insurrections, which there is 
 little doubt were provoked by their arbitrary 
 and vexatious exactions. Biitavia is tho capital. 
 Jaxt, one of the four circles, or departments, 
 of Wirtemberg, deriving its name from the 
 river Jaxt ; having Baden on the W., and Ba- 
 varia on tho K, It comprises a superficial area 
 of above 1400 square miles, with a population 
 of about '200,000 : the name was formerly 
 given to a province not half tho extent. 
 
 Jaxt, a river of Germany, in Wirtemberg, 
 which rises in the county of Oettingen, and, 
 after flowing through tho principality of Kliwan- 
 gen, falls into the Ncckar, ojiposito to Wimp- 
 fen, in Hesse- Darmstadt. 
 
 Jaxtdkiiu, a small town of Wirtemberg, on 
 
 the river Jaxt; 10 miles S. E. of Mcrgcntheim. 
 
 Jean, St., a town of France, in the dejiart- 
 
 r.ient of Moselle; seated on the Sarre; 12 miles 
 
 W. of Deux I'onts. 
 
 Jban d'Aniiixy, St., a town of France, de- 
 partment of Lower Charcnte; famous fr.r its 
 brandy. It was taken from the Huguenots, in 
 1C'21, by Louis Xlll., who demolished the 
 fortifications. It is seated on the Bontonne ; 
 17 miles N. E. of Saintes, and 37 S. E. of 
 Itochcllo. 
 
 Jean de Losne, St., a town of France, de- 
 partment of Cote d'C»r; celebrated for the bra- 
 very of its inhabitants in opposing the imperial 
 Count Gnllas, at the head of a numerous army 
 in 163.5. It is seated on the Saone; 15 miles 
 S. S. E. of Dijon. 
 
 Jean db Luz, St., a town of Fiance, in tho 
 department of Lower Pyicnecs — the last next 
 Spain; with a harbour. It owes its opulence 
 to the cod and whale fishery. It is seated on 
 a small river, near the Buy of Biscay; 14 
 miles S. W. of Bayonno. Long. 1, 40 W. 
 lut. 43. 25. N. 
 
 Jean de M^urienne, St., a town of Savoy; 
 capital of the province of Maurienne, and a 
 bishop's see. It is seated on the river Are- 
 as miles E. N. E. of Grcenoble. Long. C. 20.' 
 E. lat. 4.'). 17. N. 
 
 Jean de Pied de Port, St., a town of 
 France, department of Lower Pyrenees ; de- 
 fended by a citadel ; upon an eminence, at tho 
 entrance of those passages, or defiles, in tho 
 Pyrenees, which, in this country, are called 
 Ports. It is seated on the river Nive ; 20 miles 
 S. S. E. of Bayonne, and 30. N. E. of I'am- 
 peluna. 
 
 J:;o, a river of Scotland, in Roxburgiishire, 
 which rises on the borders of England, and 
 
: theio afteiw 
 InUviii, diviU- 
 linii a century 
 f tlio Dutch. 
 UritiHl), under 
 iiy in)portnnt 
 
 intcrniil ud- 
 ilid much to 
 nts, and the 
 
 tranquillity. 
 
 Dutch, they 
 
 to th«ir fi)r. 
 ivo been cn- 
 liich there is 
 cir arbitrary 
 is the cii|)itHl. 
 dcpiirtnicnta, 
 lu from the 
 W., and Bii- 
 perficial arcu 
 i popuhitioa 
 'as formerly 
 tent. 
 
 WirtemberR, 
 tingcn, and, 
 y of Ellwan- 
 
 to Wimp- 
 
 rtenibcrg, on 
 
 [crgcntheim. 
 
 tlie de])nrt- 
 
 Te; 12 miles 
 
 I'Vance, de- 
 lous i'cT its 
 uguenots, in 
 lulished the 
 lluiitonne ; 
 37 S. E. of 
 
 France, de- 
 for the bra- 
 the imperial 
 erous army, 
 e; IS miles 
 
 ince, in the 
 lie liiNt next 
 ts opulence 
 is seated on 
 Biscay; 14 
 1. 40. W. 
 
 1 of Savoy; 
 ^nne, and a 
 
 river Arc; 
 ^ong. C. 20. 
 
 a town of 
 renees ; de- 
 uncc, at the 
 ilea, in the 
 are called 
 B ; 20 miles 
 E. of I'am- 
 
 Lburgimhire, 
 igland, and 
 
 t1 
 
 JED 
 
 Joins the Teviol, a little below Jedburgh. On 
 s bank, are seven.l large cavcm«. which were 
 the hiding-placos of ancient border warriors 
 JK..m;noii a borough of Scotland ; capital 
 
 Hero IS the rum of a lino abbey, part of which 
 has been made the parish churci. A vSJ 
 of w,K)llen manufactures are carried on hero. 
 «n the v,c,mty ui note.l for its orchar.U. It ii 
 
 tTt.V\^'i'T' '"• ^onfl^xwith the 
 ifviot ; 42 miles S. E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 397 
 
 J£R 
 
 faruLt'of .T'V" "'"S-K-oideof Niphon, the 
 largest of the Japanese islands. The city has 
 
 «kS. n^ m '■"""«?, '^'" built of earth, and 
 
 !s^it?;;;^;;;^^rrry^^en 
 
 kind of custom-house, or magazine; for mer- 
 
 bvwnl'u;n?.Vi"'''*"'?lP«'"'^'' '« "urrounded 
 of iUP f „ J'tcl'e-. with drawbridges, forming 
 is '""""^^'f "town, in th„ middle of 
 town^^'n- t'""'^ f^P*'"' '''"''J''' "'« three 
 ^\Zm'J n """f ■'"«''• ♦""='■ •••"V^r'^J with 
 Slr^! n '^'•M ' ""^ "'^ '"*" "fauJienco is sup- 
 ported by piilnrB of massy gold. Near the pala^ 
 are several others, where the relations if the 
 
 ^1„' t- 'he*} are twenty small ones for the 
 ooncubincs; oesides whicl,: ail the pri„te« of 
 the empire who are obliged to make it "holr 
 resKlenco during half the year, have each a 
 palace m the city, with a handsome garden 
 The houses of the common class are fothf"; 
 
 scrS" sJ H ":• l^' ■■•"""« P»"^1 by fSnf 
 screens, so that they can be made Inrcer or 
 smaller at pleasure. Jtdo is seated in a plaL 
 at the head of a fine bay, and a river which 
 
 ^^^ItEt^WT'-''"' •='""'^"- ^'"« 
 
 the'^uS^I'/'"' ""^^ °f "''«« «=o"nties in 
 the Umted States, viz. one in the state of In- 
 diana, one in Kentucky, and one in Ohio. * 
 side oT^lJf""'." »^" "'^ ^"Sinia, on the N. 
 Se^onltrisLdr''"'""^^''^'-*''^ 
 
 St^tTlTV''-''^' " P"'' "''^" "f the United 
 States m Indiana; seated on the Ohio nearly 
 opposite Louisville, ' ^ 
 
 Jegni-Kevi. a town of Asiatic Turkey in 
 Natoha ; 24 ^^^ ^.N. W. of Degniihi ^' 
 
 Jeonipanoola. a town of European Turkey 
 
 m Bulgaria ; 70 miles E. S. E. of Distm ^' 
 
 .'??'.. "^ JouD. mountains in the N. W 
 
 AUocl'ti'nt h"' "r"''"^ eastward fri' 
 
 ritory of ?»,? "f- • ^''"^ ""•" P""-' "^ the ter- 
 
 &r Katrs""'"""" "'"•^'^ ^'•'='"="> ««'- 
 
 Jekyl, a small island of North America on 
 
 stoT "' '^"''^•^ • «• '' *^« inland"' St 
 
 Jellasoee, a town of Bengal ; seated on the 
 
 Sabaureeka; 50 miles S. b^ W. of Cna! 
 
 baiStZ"r' ° ''''^ 2^^'"««> ' «n 'he right 
 bank of the Ganges, where a branch, called the 
 
 JellfnghyRWer.sepsrates from the main stttiain. 
 2.5 m.les E. by S. of Moorsheda»H,r ' 
 
 side'i^-*thl!°.'^' \'?'"»f'"'" of Africa, on the 8. 
 «de o« the (.„n,h,a , about 120 miles from the 
 
 JEMMEi", „'.'""" "": '^'^y Mahomedan. 
 05 .nn;,% f t'"'^" "f Tunis, North Africa, 
 J.5 iniU-s b. of Tunis; -vhero there are the rt 
 
 o'lrrlV""''" '^•"'" -phitheatrtanJ 
 Jena, a strong town of Germany, in the cmnd 
 duchy of Saxe- Weimar, with a cn.tle n^ « 
 "..uersity. Near this place, in 1«0., there 
 was a general action between the French and 
 Prussmns, m which th« latter were defeat^ 
 with immenf-, loss. It seated on the S^ t^ 
 10 miles S. S. E. of Weimar. Long 11 34 ' 
 K. lat. .50. 55. N. I'„p. ClMO. 
 
 JE.SIKAIE. a fortress of European Russia in 
 
 he government of Taurida. it w." S m 
 
 1703, by the Turks, to prevent the Ru«»Ln^ 
 
 entering the Black 'sea.'^ It ommand.the 
 
 narrowest part of Taman Strait. °""'""" ""» 
 
 Jenisa. See Yenisei. 
 
 Jeniskoi. See Yeniseisk 
 
 PaiitT'of'AnblV.V'^"""""^' '■" t^-" P"'nci- 
 Jenitz a town of European Turkey in 
 
 SirtL1'''1rA^'"''« *»''■'='' — 
 
 cates with the Gulf of Salon chi, by a canal 12 
 -l«.Iong. Itis24mileeN.N.'w.Ti/^ 
 
 the'^sZT^," *"''" "",'' "'P^ o" the N. side of 
 Domfnal ^r.''!"'"''"> of the island of St. 
 S? Tortiln?-/'"'" " "/*""'« on an eminence, 
 culture of .nff'' Pf "=."'«^'.v excellent for the 
 
 w^7.?ir^;,ft.'"i'!r4^-/«'-^-'"«- 
 
 Jericho a town of Syria, in Palestine, once 
 a famous city. It is now cillled Heru "i by ?h^ 
 Arabs, and contain, only a few wretdied liuto 
 
 of j'ru^lem!^' "" *''"'""' ""'^ ^' ^' "^^ N. 
 Jericho, a town of Prussian Saxony in the 
 
 and goats that feed around it. and by many 
 01 us ciny-buUt cottages vestiges of ereatnesa 
 
 France and 84 S. of Portland, in D^Sirl" 
 It 18 subject to the English, but is stilWemed 
 by the ancient Norman laws. It is IS S 
 
 S^^t^^^^ntKSJ^^-i 
 rcfof^iTJ:;-^^?^!^^- ^^oToS 
 
 pean nation, and-al'so-ro AmS TL^JZ 
 potatoes, and <aittle; and in return import^ 
 
 §1 
 
JER 
 
 Ml 
 
 J KR 
 
 f i 
 
 «wn, flour, Mi>(1«, coaU, clittli, Ilnrn, rIhwi, ,\c. 
 A mimhrr of *hipt «ro oiikiiki*'! in tlio Ni'w- 
 founillnnd tmhory. In 1012, M vcwmOu, iilto- 
 Rothcr of (iOOO toiii Imrilcn. nml imviKiitc.l hy 
 AAO wnmon, lK<IniiKiiiK to the iNliiiiil. Tlio 
 troni'h Imvo niiiilo viiriotm uinurioiwfiil iit- 
 trmpti to cuptiin' tlu> inlnml : tlio iiiont n'limrk- 
 nhlconc wim in I7.'ll, whon n IkmIv of IVoihIi 
 troopii Inndoil.mirprisi'd tlio lionlfiimitnovfriior, 
 nimlo liiin primnior, ntid nliligud him to Rign ii 
 cnpitiiliition ( Imt tlii'y woro n-piilBciJ, iiml tiim- 
 
 JU'llotl to »urrt'ii<l»'r prinonor* of wiir, hy tlio 
 'JiKliih troop* uikI.t tlui hriivo Mnior TitTwin, 
 who WIM unforfunafi'ly killi'il in llic iiiumunt of 
 victory. Srtf IIki.ikh, St. 
 
 Jkiimhv, Ni.;\v, Olio of tlio United Stiito* of 
 Amorim; I -I A niiloit Iom«, und (ili hroiid ; 
 boiindod on the K. hy llndaon Uivi-r iiiid tho 
 Atliintii-Owmn, S. by Doluwuro lliivuml Uivcr, 
 W. by lVnn»ylvnniii, mid N. hy thu Mute of 
 Now York. It is dividitl into i:» lonntii-n j 
 iiimicly, Caiio Mary, ('unil).rliind. S«loni,tilou- 
 ci-Hti-r, lUirlioKton, llnnliiij{don, Siii.(M'x, Uor- 
 gvn, Kiwex, Middliwx, Monmouth, Somcrgct. 
 Hiid Morris ; the hint two nro mountainoun, and' 
 ono-fourth of tho otliem aro w.iuly and Imrron. 
 It contains A,;i'J»,000 aero*, and the hilly coun- 
 try fcedg ureal qunntiticii of cattle j the" barren 
 parts priKJuco little else but hhriib imks and 
 vellow pines ; and tho wndv lands vield an 
 immense quantity of bog-iron <ire, which is 
 worked up to great advantage in the numerous 
 iron-works in this state ; tho soil in other parts 
 is fertile, producing plenty of corn, and fruits 
 of all kinds common to tho elimnte. The prin- 
 cipal rivers, Midcs the lioundary ones, are tho 
 llackinsuck, Tussjuck, and llariton. Trenton 
 IS tho capit4»l. 
 
 Jkiu'salrm, (mwlorn name /;/ AW*, tho 
 holy city,) nn ancient and famous town of 
 Asim formerly capiul of Judea It was taken 
 by Nehuclmdne«/ar, in the llih year of Ze- 
 ilekiah. when tho Jews were led" captive to 
 Uahylon. It was afterwards taken liy the 
 Komans, and destroyed together witli tho 
 temple, 70 years after 'the birth of Christ, after 
 •ustainiiig one of the most remarkable sieges in 
 Jiistorj'. Tho emperor Adrian built n new city 
 nenr Its ruins. It was taken by the I'eisians 
 In 614, and by the Samcens in (i;ib". In I0!)!» 
 it was retaken by the crusaders, who foundiHJ a 
 new kingilom under Coiifrey of Uouillon, which 
 iBStetl ll« years, inider nine kings. Saladin, 
 king of Kgypt and Syria, obtainetl possession 
 of U in 1 1117. The Turks, who drove away tho 
 Saracens in r.M7, have retained it ever since. 
 It 18 now of an irregular oval form, about three- 
 fourths of a mile in its greatest length from 
 N. E. to S. W., and four-sevenths of n mile in 
 its greatest brcailth, from the mosque of Omar 
 to the Damiwcua gate on the N. W. Tho 
 iiorthern portion of the city is in ruins, from n 
 hre which destroyed it, and 1ms never lieen re- 
 built. The mosque of Omar, (or Great Sahara,) 
 IS the principal building in Jerusalem, and oc- 
 cupies tho S. E. portion of the city. The outer 
 
 Wnlla Arti'l-^a.,^ •%-( .111... i* ' • ■ • 
 
 "-r™ r ~ ^ p'-i^iitrtoKr-""" nicing tHij canii- 
 
 nal points, of 1500 feet from N. to S., and 900 
 
 from K. to W. i in tho western pnrt of thli en- 
 closure is n raised plittform of 4!H) feet by 000 
 feit, with (1 gateways, and on which itanils the 
 splendid riioNcpiu of Omar, a Saracenie liuildiiiu 
 ol c«qiiisito beauty, of an octagonal form, and 
 of gnat height, surmounteil liy a dome. It it 
 built of marble, and it is of a pnio blue colour: 
 the platform on which it stands is of a da//liiig 
 while. Tho interior ii iilain, and contains but 
 few ohjecls of interest, though tho architecluro 
 is of great beauty. It is surrounded by a great 
 number of praying places, and on the S. side 
 of tho enclosure stands the mos(pic el Aksji, 
 once the church of the piirificalioii ; on the W. 
 sitle is an extensive range of luiildings, contiiiii- 
 ing tho eolli>ge of Dervishes, court of justice, 
 &e.| and at the N. W. angle is tho Turkish 
 governor's residence, or I'iliite's lioiis<', accord- 
 ing to the traditions ; and ilio terrace of which 
 ntbtrds a tine view of the mosque. It is pre- 
 cipitous fVoni the walls on the eiuitcrn and 
 ioullicrn sides, and there nro some tiiliter- 
 ranean vaults built with immenso stones on 
 the S. K. side, which aro of great antiquity, 
 prolmhly coeval with the tenijilo of Solomon, 
 tho site of which is undoubtedly occupied by 
 tho jircM'ut mosipie, Tho city is well-built, 
 mid all the houses have Hat roofs, with ii dome 
 over the principal chamber, and on wliich tho 
 inha'iitanls spend the chief (uirt of their time, 
 ami from the piirapcts can view what is passing 
 liel >w. The streets are narrow, and regularly 
 Imilt. Tho Via Dolorosa, along which tmr 
 Saviour passed to Calvary, fs alwut three- 
 fimrtlis of n mile long, fhu Jews live in tho 
 Boufliem quarter, near to the mosque of Omar. 
 The principal object tif vcnenition is tlio church 
 of the holy sepulchre, ii very handsome build- 
 ing, ;t00 feet long and nearly 'JOO broad. It is 
 supposed to comprehend within these limits 
 the scene of all tho great cvenU of tho cruci- 
 fixion, entombment, and resurrection of Christ. 
 The chapel is cut out of the rock, nnd lumps 
 art kept constantly burning in it. Tho wliolo 
 is covered with white marhle, both within uiid 
 without ; and on the outside there are ten fine 
 columns of the 8.inie. It is covered with a 
 platform, the middle of which forms a small 
 dome, six feet in height, covered with lend, and 
 supported by 12 columns of jiorphyry, |>laced 
 by pairs on the platform, nnd forming G nrches, 
 wlich have throe lumps under each. On liood 
 Friday, nil the parts of our Saviour's passion 
 are solemnized in this church. Pilgrims flock 
 here from various parts, and the inhabitants 
 nccomniodatc them with lodging and jirovi- 
 sioiis, which is their chief business; und a 
 IwsliHw, with n guard of janissjiries, always 
 residi-s hero to protect them from the insults of 
 the Arabs. The (i reek convent, of which tho 
 church of the sepulchre forms a part, occupies 
 the sight of Mount Calvary, which is bui n 
 slight elevation, now within tho walls which 
 have been built to enclose it. It lies on tho 
 W. side of the city, und S. of it is the city 
 castle, and the immense building of the Arme- 
 liiaii convent. Mount Sion is just outside the 
 S. wall and ia crowned with the tonib of David. 
 
 I 
 
JE8 
 
 380 
 
 EMtw.ril it the v»lley of Jeh.)«hn|ih«t. in which 
 the M.»l,.mi Mme the world wili |,„ „«„,„,. 
 blwl on the finni diiy, to h« jiKlgud hy Mttliomot 
 f^oia H i|>ot in thu endniuro of the mo«i<|ue 
 • Kivc. riio whole iici((lib<)urhoo(l it (ua of 
 ol.jt'ctii connfftud with incrvd hi.tory, ino*t of 
 winch owe thi'ir r^ronont form to the pioty of 
 the hmproM Ili-lenn, mother of Coii.tHntinc; 
 but wht-thi-r th<-y occupy the titc* Ihcy com- 
 nifmomto, in a matter of conjoctiiro in moiil 
 ."'' mm" V. '.!''!' l"»I'"l«tion mny he Rtitted nil 
 ..), 000 which IH much miKminted iit the time 
 01 the (Ireek Kufitor, by the imniPOHe nuinln-r 
 or pilKrimi who co.no to witnciw the fnrco of 
 the diwcnt of the tainni lire in the (Jruck con- 
 vent, imd from whomgrent p«rt of the Turkish 
 revenue! nre derived. The in.inufMoturt'i of Jc- 
 ruwlcm lire nimott conHned to one hrnnoh, thnt 
 ot l)..iid». cromei,, ■hellit, nnd other olmuti nun. 
 po«.;d to derive their imnctity from their local 
 oriKln. Iheiie nrticlen receive n upecici of 
 laniedution in the church of the sf.u.lchre i 
 nnd they ure houKht even hy tliono who iiro 
 more HcnHil.lo of their inHignificiinco. n« they 
 form Hcceptnble preiients to all the inlmbitiintg 
 of Orcek nnd Ciitholic countriea. Jerumilem is 
 politinilly mcludeii ,.i the pnchnlic of Dnnuw- 
 cu» j 1 12 miles S. W. of Dnmiujcus, 4,5 from the 
 Mo.htorranenn. Lot. 31. 47. 47. N. long. 35. 
 
 JKsr, n town of Itnly, in the stntes of the 
 cburchi seated on the river Eisno j 10 miles 
 w. s. W.of Anconn. 
 
 ln"IZ•*'.'^"" " '^''""'y °*" Kentucky, with 
 10,000 mhnhitimts. Chief town Nicholnsville 
 
 Jassklmkuk, n town of Hindostnti, in n dis- 
 trict of the same name, in the province of 
 Agimcre; governed by an independent chief: 70 
 miles W. by N. of Dicknnccr. 
 
 .rjMso. a largo island, lying between those of 
 Niplmn niul Sughnlicn. It is 1 50 miles in length, 
 nnd from «() to tJ-20 in breadth: the nnrrow part 
 IS in the b. towards Niphon. It is full of woods, 
 ami he natives, who live by fi,hingand hunting 
 nre strong, robust, savage, nnd slovenly, when 
 compared to the Japanese. Hero are some 
 Japanese eolonies, and the island is generally 
 deemed subject to Japan jbut it may be rather 
 coiwdered as a foreign conouest, than as a i.nrt 
 of the civilized empire, katsmai is the en- 
 i 1 ;„ It **• P"'"' " '" '»"«• l'*^. 30. W. lat. 
 
 4U. n{), N, 
 
 Jkbhori:, n town of Hindostan. in Boncnl • 
 capital of a district of the same name. It is 
 8t'ate<l on the river Hoirub, nnd on the high road 
 from Calciittn to Dacca. 
 
 Jkvkr, a small district of Germany j situated 
 
 Letween Last Fnesland and the duchy of 
 
 Oldenburg. Though surrounded by West- 
 
 pha la, It was never included in any circle 
 
 1814° *"'"'"'"*'■ ^' "■"* ''^'^'"^ *" Oldenburg in 
 
 dnrhv ^f !\, f°7' "^ Germany, in the grand 
 
 il£burg!''''"'"«' 34 miles N. by??: of 
 
 Jidda, a seaport of Arabia Felix, or. the Red 
 
 A-o.!. »„.' — ;■"■' •-'"•'.*• ''''"'LI, destitute „t 
 
 n-eth water. A very considerable trade is car- 
 
 JOII 
 
 ried on here, this city being . mart h^rtwem 
 Kgvpt ami India. The ship, from .Sue» K,ldom 
 nrocoed ftirther than this port, and thos« from 
 Imlin were not suffered to advance to Sues. 
 1 lio Knghih nre permitted to trade here • hut 
 111 con««|.,uenco of the numerous enactions to 
 which they are subjected, the trade has Krently 
 declined • M mile. W. .S. W. of Mecca, of 
 which It isthejwrt. Long. 31>. 15. E. hit. 21, 
 ".I, N. 
 
 JtUAVKRK, n town of M'e.t Africa, kingdom 
 of llnna ; near the mouth of the river (iamliia 
 where the duties of the exports and imporU ure 
 levied. 
 
 JiNBALA, a town of Negroland, capital of nn 
 island so called, which is formed by two branches 
 of the Niger, that separate at leaving the Lake 
 I)ihbie,and unite again about 15 miles from 
 lomhuctoo. The town is n resting pl„ce for 
 trade™ la-twccn Toml.uctoo and the western 
 jiarts of tl •( country. 1 1 stanils on the W. branch 
 of the Niger; HO mile. .S. W. of Tomhuctoo. 
 hong. 0. Ki. E. lat. l(i. 4. N. 
 
 Jk.npoihi. a town of llindontan, capital of a 
 cirear ot the same name, in Allalialmd. It is 
 seated on the (Joointy ; and, not far from tho 
 conflux of that river with the (Janges, is tho 
 ort of Jionpour, on a high bank commanding 
 tho bridge over the tioomty. This j.lace w.is at 
 one time the sent of an empire; nnd sultan 
 bliirki built the great muHJud, or mausoleum, 
 which is still remaining. The stono bri.l«e 
 over the Ooomty consists of sixteen pointed 
 arches; and on the top of it ure many little 
 wT,°".'r'"' *'•'•=''• J'"n|>"ur is IH mile. 
 N. W. of Bennres. Long. 02, 55. E. hit. 25. 
 45. N, 
 
 JoACiiiMSTiiAL, n town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Saatz ; noted for its mines and a ma- 
 mihicture of lace ; 15 miles N, by E. of Eln- 
 bogen. 
 
 JOACIIIMSTIIAL, n town of Brandenburg, in 
 the Ucker Mark ; 30 miles N. N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Joanna. SeelhmvKN. 
 
 JOANNINA. a town of European Turkey • 
 capita/ of tho pachnlic of A Ibania. It consists' 
 ot two principal streets crossing each other, nnd 
 contains a palace, and several mosques nnd 
 churches. Its chief manufacture is leather 
 It was the capital of the rebel Ali I'acha' 
 during the early part of the present century 
 who declared himself independent of tho porte 
 about' 3)".I)W."'''^ '"'"'"'''*' ""'^ '^"headed. Pop! 
 
 JorKGRiM.atown of Bavaria, province of the 
 Khine ; sitiiiite on an eminence near tho Rhine- 
 9 miles S. E, of Landau, ^vnine, 
 
 JoiiAN-oEORGEN-STADT, a town of Saxony, in 
 the circle of Erzgebirge; celebrated for its mint>» 
 and for a considerable manufacture of lace It 
 IS 1(1 miles E. S. E. of Zwickau. 
 
 JoiiANNranuRo, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Nassau ; celebrated for tho vineyards 
 in Its environs, which were bestowed by the 
 empororon Prince Mettemich, in 1816. It has a 
 citadel, nnd is seated on the rivnr P^c^ n--"- 
 
 Ik W *?m'"^' »;^mile8S.E.of Konigs'be^r and 
 1 8 W, of Mentz, Long. 22. 39. E. latTsa. 16. N. 
 
 V\ 
 
f 
 
 JOH 
 
 390 
 
 JOS 
 
 E 
 
 
 John, St., one of the Philippine islands, E. 
 
 of Mindanao. Long. 126. 32. E. lat. 9. 30. N. 
 
 John, St., a small island in the West Indies, 
 
 N. of St. Croix, belonging to the Danes. It has 
 
 a town and spacious harbour. 
 
 John, St., or Phince Edward, an island in 
 the S. part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, having 
 New Brunswick on the W., Nova Scotia on the 
 S., and Cape Breton on tlie E. It is 60 miles 
 ]ong and 30 broad, and fertile, with several 
 streams. In 1745 it surrendered, with Cape 
 Breton, to the English. Pop. in 1841, 32,292, 
 The capital is Charlotte Town. Pop. 1965. 
 
 John, St., a river which rises in the N, W. 
 part of the district of Maine, flows N. E. into 
 New Brunswick, where it soon takes a S. S. E. 
 course, and enters the Bay of Fundy, at the city 
 of St. John. It is navigable 60 miles for sloops 
 of 60 ton*), and about 200 for boats; and affords 
 a common and near route from the province of 
 New Brunswick to Quebec. 
 
 John, St., a city of New Bnmswick ; situate 
 at the mouth of the River St. John, in the Bay 
 of Fundy. Long. 65. 15. W. lat. 45. 12. N. 
 
 John, St., the capital of Newfoundland: 
 situate on the E. side of the island. It has a 
 good harbour, entirely land-locked, and de- 
 fended by several forts, in one of which the 
 governor of the island resides. This city has 
 ■ suffered very severely by repeated fires. It 
 IS now the scat of the bishop of Newfound- 
 land and Bermuda. 
 
 John, St., the capital of Antigua. It is one 
 sf the most regular towns in the West Indies, 
 and has the most commodious harbour in the 
 Leeward islands. Long. 62. 4. W. lat. 17, 4. 
 N. 
 
 John, St., a town and fort of Lower Canada, 
 on the W. bank of Chambly or Richelieu River, 
 at the N. end of Lake Champlain. In 1796 it 
 was made the sole port of entry and clearance 
 for all goods imported from the United States 
 into Canada. It is 20 miles E. by S. of Mont- 
 real, and 110 N. by E. of Crown Point. Long, 
 73. 20. W. lat. 45. 25. N. 
 John d'Acre, St. See Acre. 
 JoHNSiiAVEN, a village of Scotland, in Kin- 
 cardineshire, with a harbour for small vessels ; 
 4 miles S. S. W. of Bervie. It was formerly a 
 great fishing town, but is now more noted for 
 an extensive manufacture of canvas. 
 
 Johnston, a town of New York, chief of 
 Montgomery countv; on the N. bank of Moliawk 
 River ; 24 miles W. N. W. of Schenectady. 
 
 Johnstown, a town of Upper Canada, ex- 
 tending nearly a mile on the river St. Lawrence. 
 It is 50 miles N. E. of Kingstown, and 100 
 S. W. of Montreal Long. 75. 10. W. le,i. 44. 
 42. N. 
 
 Johnstown, St., a borough of Irel.md, in 
 the county of Donegal, on the river .^-'cyie ; 5 
 miles S. S. W. of Londonderry. 
 
 JouoR, or JoR, a town of the peninsula of 
 Malaya, destroyed by the Portuguese in 1 603, 
 but subsequently rebuilt : it i» seated near the 
 S. coast ; 150 miles S. E. of Malacca, Long. 
 103. 30. E.!at 1, .^S. N. 
 JoiONr, a town of France, in the department 
 
 of Yonne ; surrounded by thick walls, and seated 
 near tho Yonne ; 17 miles S. S. E. of Sens. 
 Pop. 6750. 
 
 JoiNviLLB, an ancient town of France, in 
 the department of Upper Mame ; situate on the 
 Mame ; 25 miles S. W. of Bar-le-Duc, and 125 
 S. E. of Paris. Long. 5. 20. E, lat. 48. 20. N, 
 Pop, 3350, 
 
 JoLUCAR, a town of Spain, in Granada : 7 miles 
 N, E. of Motril. 
 
 Jonesbobouoh, a town of Tennessee; capital 
 of the district of Washington ; seated near the 
 foot of the iron mountains ; 86 miles E. by N. 
 of Knoxville. Long. 82. 40, W. lat. 36. 8. N, 
 JoNKiopiNo, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, 
 and the seat of justice for Gothland. It has a 
 s'.'ong citadel, and a manufacture of arms. The 
 houses are chiefly of wood ; and on the roof are 
 spread layers of birch bark, covered with turf or 
 moss, many of them producing herbage, and 
 some ornamented with flowere. It is seated 
 near the S. end of the Lake Wetter ; 80 miles 
 W.N.W. ofCalmar. 
 
 JooppoUB, a town of Hindostan ; capital of 
 a district of the same name, in the province of 
 Agimere. It carries on a considerable trade by 
 means of caravans, with Guzcrat and the Dcccan. 
 The rajah is now one of the British allies. It is 
 seated near a branch of the Pudda ; 100 miles 
 W. S. W. of Agimere. Long. 73, 18. E. lat. 26. 
 8. N. 
 
 Jordan, a river of Syria, which rises at 
 Baneas, (ancient Panias,) at the foot of Djebel 
 Essheikh, (Mount Lebanon,) but which is pro- 
 bably derived from Lake Phiala, a round bowl 
 to the northward, which has no apparent dis- 
 charge. It flows southward through the Lake 
 Tabariah, (Tiberias,) and continues its south- 
 ward course to the Dead Sea. It is about 200 
 or 300 feet wide, and the water is turbid from 
 the sand it flows over. It has been supposed that 
 before tho destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, 
 and the formation of the Lake Asphaltitis, that 
 it flowed into the Gulf of Suez and the Red 
 Sea : but the great depth of the level of the 
 Dead Sea below the surrounding country, and 
 the elevation of the valley southward, which has 
 latel/ been asserted, will contradict such a 
 theory. The margin is generally covered with 
 a thicket of oleander and willow, the lurking- 
 place of wild animals. Near Jericho it is clear 
 and rapid, and is much frequented by pilgrims 
 fbr bathing. The Arabic name is El Sheriat 
 (tho river). 
 
 JoREiiALT, a town of Eastern Asia ; capital of 
 Upper Assam. It was made the capital of the 
 province, in 1794. The tea shrub has been 
 found growing in its vicinity, and a manufacture 
 of tea has been established, 
 
 JoRjAN, or Korgan, a town of Persia, in 
 Asterabad ; bordering on the Caspian Sea, It is 
 60 miles E. by N. of Asterabad, and 320 W. of 
 Mcsched. Long. 56. 5. E. lat. 15. 56. N, 
 
 JoiiKAU. a town of Bohemia, in the circle cf 
 Saatz ; celebrated for its breweries. On a moun- 
 tain by the town is the magnificent castle of 
 Eotlieiiitaus ; 5 miics N. of Coumiotau. 
 JossELiN, a town of France, in the dspart. 
 
lis, and mated 
 . E. of Sens, 
 
 >f France, in 
 situate on the 
 Due, and 125 
 at. 48. 20. N, 
 
 inada;7mile9 
 
 essee; capital 
 Rted near the 
 lies E. by N. 
 lat. 36. 8. N, 
 , in Smaland, 
 id. It has a 
 jfarms. The 
 1 the roof are 
 1 with turf or 
 herbage, and 
 It is seated 
 er ; 80 miles 
 
 I ; capital of 
 e province of 
 able trade by 
 I the Dcccan. 
 1 allies. It is 
 t ; 100 milus 
 8. £. lat. 26. 
 
 ich rises at 
 )ot of Djebel 
 vhich is pro- 
 round bowl 
 ipparent dis- 
 ;h the Lake 
 es its south- 
 is about 200 
 turbid from 
 ipposed that 
 i Gomorrah, 
 ihaltitis, that 
 nd the Red 
 level of the 
 lountry, and 
 d, which has 
 lict such a 
 iovered with 
 the lurking- 
 ho it is clear 
 by pilgrims 
 s £1 Sheriat 
 
 1 ; capital of 
 ivpital of the 
 b has been 
 manufacture 
 
 Persia, in 
 n Sea. It is 
 I 320 W. of 
 56. N. 
 the circle at 
 On a moun- 
 ;nt castle of 
 tau. 
 lh«» dapart- 
 
 JO u 
 
 ment of Morbihan ; 25 miles N. N. E. of 
 Vannes. 
 
 JouAKRE, a tn. of France, in the department 
 ofSeino-et-Mame; 10 miles S. E. of Meaux 
 and 35 E. of Paris. Pop, 2570. 
 
 Joi'D. See Jgiiud. 
 
 JouE, a town of France, in the department of 
 Indreet-Loiro ; 3 miles S. of Tours. 
 
 JouE Du Plaid, a town in the department of 
 Orne ; 5 miles S. W. of Argentan. 
 
 JorJouE, a town in the department of Doubs, 
 8 miles S. of Pontarlier, and 22 E. S. E of 
 Sulins, 
 
 JououES, a town in the department of Mouths 
 of the Rhone ; 12 miles N. E. of Aix 
 
 391 
 
 JUG 
 
 JouRA, an island in the Grecian Archipelago. 
 !>. miles m circuit ; 12 miles S. W. of Andros. 
 
 Joey, a town of France, in the department of 
 beine-et-Oise ; 3 miles S. of Versailles. 
 
 JourLECnATEL,a town in the department 
 of Seine-et-Marne ; 10 miles N. W. of Provins 
 
 Jouy BUR MoFJN, a town in the department 
 of faeine-et-Marne ; 15 miles S. E. of Mcaux. 
 
 Joux, Mou>rr. See Jura, Mount. 
 
 JovEUSE, a town of France, in the department 
 of Ardeche ; seated on the Beaune ; 17 miles 
 to. W. of Privas. 
 
 Juan, St., or Desaguadeuo, a river of 
 Mexico, which is the outlet of the Lake Nica- 
 ragua. It flows from the S. E. corner of the 
 lake, in an easterly direction, between the pro- 
 vinces of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, into the 
 Caribbean Sea. 
 
 Juan, St., a tov^n of Mexico, in the province 
 of Nicaragua, situate at the head of the river 
 
 Juan de Fuca, Strait op, a large bay or 
 gulf of Pacific Ocean, on the W. coast of 
 
 r .° »r ^™«"<=«- The ent.-ance is in long. 124. 
 55. W. lat. 48. 25. N. 
 
 Juan de i.a Frontera, St., a town of Chili, 
 its territory contains mines of gold, and a kind 
 ot almonds that are very delicate. It is seated 
 near the Lake Guanacho, on the E. side of the 
 
 ^0 w.'kt §K "a a "^ **'"'^'"''- ^°"s- '"• 
 
 Juan de Porto Rico, St., the capital of the 
 island of Porto Rico; with a good harbour, 
 defended by several forts. It is a bishop's see 
 and IS well built, and better inhabited than most 
 of the Spanish towns. It was taken by Sir 
 Francis Drake, and afterwards by the Earl of 
 Cumberland ; who, losing most of his men by 
 sickness, was obliged to abandon it. In 1615 
 the Dutch took and plundered this city, but 
 could not retain it. it stands on a penins-'a, 
 on the N. coast of the island. Long. 66. 45. W. 
 
 /^ "ii^*?."/ V'-HtJA. St., a small island in the 
 Gulf of Mexico. S e Vera Cnuz. 
 
 Juan Fernanpe ;, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean ; 38 leagues eastward of the island of 
 Massafuero, and 390 W. of the continent. It is 
 supposed to have beci inhabited by a Spaniard 
 whose name it retains ; but it is more remarkal.lc 
 tor having been the lesidence of Alexander Sel- 
 icirk, a Scotchman, whose life and adventures 
 
 furnished De Foe with the ground-work of that 
 adnnrable novel, Robinson Crusoe. The island 
 IS about 30 miles in circumference, and at a 
 distance appears like a naked rock ; but there 
 are intersecting valleys covered with wood, and 
 a great number of goats on the sides of every 
 ^111. In 1766 a settlement was made by the 
 Spaniards, on the N. and highest part of this 
 island at Cumberland Bay, which is defended 
 by batteries. The town is situate in a fine valley 
 between two high hills, and every house has a 
 garden, with harbours shaded with vines. Long. 
 78. 52. W. lat. 33. 40. S. 
 
 Judo, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of 
 Ajnn, with a capital of the same name ; subject 
 W^r Portuguese. Long. 43. 20. E. lat. 0. 
 oO. JV. 
 
 Jucatan. See Yucatan. 
 
 JUDENBURO a town of Upper Styria, capital 
 of a circle of the same name ; with a handsome 
 castle. The public buildings, with the square, 
 are magnificent. This town was taken by the 
 ■ ton,''" V!*^- I' "Offered dreadfully from fire 
 Vn M^ ^""^r '" '• ^' "^ """'ed °" the Muer ; 
 40 miles W. of Gratz. Long. 14. 24. E. lat 
 47. 10. N. 
 
 Judoigne, a town of Belgium, in South Bra- 
 bant, near which are the ruins of an ancient 
 oistle It IS seated on the Geele. 13 miles 
 o. a. Jii.ot Louvain. 
 
 JuGDisPORE, a to.yn of Hindostan, in the 
 province of Bahar ; 20 miles from Patna. 
 
 Juggernaut, a place of Hindoo worship, on 
 the coast of Orissa, district of Cuttack: with a 
 population estimated at 30,000. It is one of the 
 most celebrated places in India. All the land 
 within 20 miles is considered holy ; but the most 
 sacred spot is enclosed with a stone wall 21 feet 
 high, and forms nearly a square, being 656 feet 
 long and 626 feet wide. Within this area Le 
 about oO temples, dedicated to various idols ; but 
 the most conspicuous buildings consist of one 
 lofty stone tower, 184 feet high and 28i feet 
 square mside and two adjoining stone buildings 
 with pymmidical roofs. The tower is occupied 
 by the idol Juggernaut, his brother Buibudra. 
 and his sister Subudra ; and the other buildinS 
 are used for purposes connected with the worship 
 Adjoining IS also a low building on piUars, (with 
 a fabulous animal m the centre) which is 
 intended as an awning to shelter the entrance 
 from the rays of the sup: n. '.after this is anoiher 
 where the food prepa. a .y the pilgrims is dafly 
 brought, previous to distribution. The temple 
 of J„j;gernaut was erected by rajah Anung 
 Bheem, m a. d. 1198: it was taken by the BrU 
 tish, together with the town, in 1803. The roofs 
 are ornamented in a singular style, with repre- 
 sentations of monsters ; the walls of the temples 
 which are not visible beyond the enclosure are 
 covered with statues of stone. Each side of the 
 boundary wall has a large gateway in the centre • 
 but the grand entrance is in the eastern face 
 Ihe idol Juggernaut is made of wood, and ia 
 probably the coarsest imaee in the ionnfry^ 
 
 mmuh " T^^'^' ^^^f "^''' ^''h * •^'^t^nded 
 mouth. -The figure does not extend below the 
 loins, and it has no hands, but two stumps in 
 
 4.t 
 
 t:\ 
 
 M 
 
JUL 
 
 392 
 
 JUR 
 
 lieu of ann«, on which tlie priests occasionally 
 listen hands of gold : a Christian is almost led 
 to think that it was an attonijit to see how low 
 idolatry could debase the human mind. When 
 two now moons occur in Aasaur (part of June 
 and July), which is said to happen about once 
 in 17 years, a new idol is always made. After 
 the wood is made into a proper form by common 
 ciirpeiitci-8, it is entrusted to certam priesfM 
 who are i)rotocted from nil intrusion. The pro- 
 cess is a great mystery. One man is selected 
 to take out of the old idol a small box, 8ai<l to 
 contain the spirit, which is conveyed inside the 
 new ; and the man who does this is always re- 
 moved from the world before the end of the year. 
 On cerUiin festivals the images of Juggernaut,' 
 Hulbudm, and Subudra, are superbly dressed, 
 and placed in an immense moveable tower, which 
 the pilgrims drug to a certain distance, and then 
 return to the temple. During these processions 
 many of the infatuated devotees fall under the 
 wheels of the nuichine, and are crushed to death. 
 There are two principal festivals (the Swinging 
 and Car festivals) and eleven minor ones annu- 
 ally. The concourse of pilgrims to this shrine 
 IS unmensc j and the revenue derived from them 
 ))y tlio llritish government is said to exceed 
 l->,000/. jier annum. A road has been recently 
 completed from Calcutta to Jugpernaut, great 
 part of the expense being paid by a rich Hindoo 
 (riijah Sookmoy Hoy) on condition that the road 
 should be mimed after him. Juggernaut is seated 
 a few miles N. E. of the Chilka Lake ; 300 
 nulesfrom Calcutta. Long. 1)5. 54. E. lat 19 
 
 JuLALADAn. See Doosiiak. 
 
 JuLFAR, a town of Arabiii, in the province of 
 Oman ; situate on a Iwy of the Gulf of Persia • 
 100 miles N. W. of Oman. Look. 66. 14 e' 
 lat. 2:). 55. N. t, . 14. i^. 
 
 Ji/LiAN, Pout St., South America, E. coast 
 of Patagonia. The entrance is dangerous : it is 
 situated at the foot of some high mountains. 
 
 JuLiEN, St., a town of France, in the deiiart- 
 nient of Jura ; 18 miles S. by W. of Lous lo 
 Saulnier. 
 
 JuLiEN Du Sault, St., a town of France, 
 m the department of Yonne ; seated between 
 two mountains, covered with vines, near the 
 river Yonne; 6 miles N. W. of Joigny. 
 
 JuLiE»8,a very fertile duchy of Westphnlin, 
 row forming part of the Prussian province of the 
 Lower Uhine, adjacent to the territories of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, Liege, and Cologne. It contains 
 1600 square miles, and 222,000 inhabitanU. 
 Flax IS cultivated, and made into fine linen, 
 which is sent to Holland, and afterwards sold as 
 the fabric of that country ; there arc also manu- 
 factures of cloth, ribbons, brass, iron, and wire. 
 This duchy was ceded, in 1648, to the palatine 
 of Neuburg, in whoso family it continued down 
 to the peace of Luneville, when it was given to 
 France; but in 1815 it waatransferriHl to Prussia. 
 JuLiEns, a small town of the Prussian states, 
 in the government of Aix-la-Chapelle, and for- 
 merly capital of the preceding duchy ; seated 
 on thejtoer ; 22 miles W. of Cologne. Long. 
 6. 25. li lat. 50. 55. N. 
 
 JuMUSDURQ, a town of Prussian Silesia, with 
 a castle; 4 miles N. of Oels. 
 
 JiiMKLLA, a town of Spain, in the province 
 of Murcia ; 22 miles S. W. of Murcia. 
 
 JuMiKOK, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Seine; with a late celebrated 
 Ueiie<lictino abbey; seated on the Seine, 12 
 miles S. W. of Kouen. 
 
 JoMMoo, or Jumbo, a town of Hindostnn ; 
 capital of u flourishing district of the same 
 name, which is governed by an independent 
 Hindoo chief. It is a place of considerable 
 trade, being seated on the banks of a small river 
 on the high road from Cashmere to Delhi ; 80 
 miles N. E. of Lahore. 
 
 Jumna, a river of Hindostan, which rises 
 in the mountains of Scrinaghur, flows S. E. by 
 Delhi and Agra, and joins the Oanges at 
 Allahabad. 
 
 JuNAouR, n town imd fortress of Hindostan, 
 in Guzemt; 170 miles S. VV. of Amedubad. 
 Long. 70. 33. E. lat. 21. 4d. N. 
 
 J UNI EN, St., a town of Franco in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Vienne ; with manulactures of 
 woollens, leather, hats, &e. It is sealed on the 
 river Vienne ; 20 miles W. of Limoges. 
 
 JuNKSEiLAN, or ] JuNKSEYLON, an island in 
 the Indian Ocean, near the S. W. coast of Siam, 
 about 60 miles long, and from 10 to 20 broad. 
 The soil is luxuriant, and it has a considerable 
 trade in ivory and tin. The principal town, of 
 the same name, is situate on the N. part of the 
 island, and has a harbour capable of receiving 
 vessels of a moderate size. Long. 98. 0. E. lat 
 8. 10. N. 
 
 Jura, one of the western isles of Scotland ; 
 N. E. of the Island of Islay, on the coast of 
 Argyleshire. It is 26 miles long and 7 broad, 
 and is composed of huge naked rocks piled on 
 one another in the utmost disorder. The moun- 
 tiiinons ridges occupy the centre of the island, 
 extending along its whole length, and termi- 
 nating in four mountains, called the Pajis of 
 Jura, which are of a conic form and of stujjcn- 
 dous height. The W. side of the island is unin- 
 habited. The whole of the E. side forms a 
 pleasing scene, and the coast is indented with 
 bays and harbours The only products are oats, 
 barley, potatoes, and flax. A few wild roses 
 are still seen here. 
 
 Jura, a department of France, including 
 part of the late province of Fraiiche Oomte. 
 It contains m^nes of iron of a superior quality, 
 mines of coj)per and lend, and many ([uarries 
 of black nnirble, jasper, and alabaster. It 
 takes its name from Mount Jura. Lons le 
 Saulnier is the capital. Pop. 301,768. 
 
 Jura, Mount, a chain of mountains which 
 begins in the canton of Zurich, in Switzerland, 
 extends along the Rhine, into the canton of 
 Soleure and the principality of Neufchatel, 
 bnmches out toward the Pays de Vaud, sejia- 
 ratcs that country from France, and continues 
 beyond the frontiers of the Genevois, as far as 
 the Uhone. In the Pays de Vaud this chain 
 fonns many elevated valleys, particularly one 
 on the top of that part called Mount Jqux 
 which is watere<l by two picturesijue lakes, the 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 n 
 fi 
 F 
 ai 
 
 •M 
 
 Cil 
 
 fi\ 
 ca 
 en 
 of 
 
JUS 
 
 393 
 
 n Sileaia, with 
 
 the provinco 
 urciH, 
 
 n the depart- 
 ate culubnitud 
 ;he Seine, TJ 
 
 of IlindoRtnn ; 
 
 of tlio Nimo 
 I independent 
 f cunsidemblu 
 fa Hmall river 
 
 to Deliii ; «0 
 
 I, which rises 
 lows S. E, by 
 e Utingeg ut 
 
 )f Hindostan, 
 if Aniedubud. 
 
 in tlie depnrt- 
 
 iiiufiictures of 
 
 seuted on tlie 
 
 loges. 
 
 un iHlnnd in 
 
 coast of Sium, 
 
 to 20 broiid. 
 
 considerable 
 ipal town, of 
 ^. part of tlie 
 
 of receiving 
 98. 0. E. Int. 
 
 Jf Scotland ; 
 
 the coast of 
 and 7 broad, 
 Jcks piled on 
 , The tnoun- 
 fthe island, 
 , and ternii- 
 
 the Pups of 
 id of 8tn])cn- 
 land is unin- 
 lide forms a 
 idented with 
 nets are oats, 
 » wild roses 
 
 e, including 
 iche <Jon>te. 
 srior quality, 
 my (luarries 
 ibuster. It 
 
 II. Lons le 
 68. 
 
 tains which 
 Switzerland, 
 ! canton of 
 Ncufchatel, 
 Vuud, sepa- 
 (1 continues 
 is, as far as 
 d this chain 
 cularly one 
 UU!lt Jqux 
 
 ; lakes, the 
 
 largest cillcd Joux, and the other Brenet. 
 1 hese niountauis liave different names in dif- 
 ferent parts of their course in Switzerland. 
 The highest, Reculet, is 5633 feet. 
 
 JussBV, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Saone; situate on the Amance: 17 
 mile* N. W. of Vesoul. ' 
 
 JussY, a town of France, in the department 
 of Yonne; 5 miles S. of Auxerre. 
 
 Justin, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Landes; 27 miles W. of Condom 
 
 JuTEaBOCK, a town of the Prussian province 
 of Bradenburg, where, in 1813, a battle was 
 fought between the French and the allies. It 
 >s seated on the Rohrbach; 27 miles N. E of 
 Wittenberg. 
 JuTiiiA. See Sum. 
 
 Jutland, a province of Denmark; bounded 
 on all sides by the sea, excej)! towards the S . 
 where its boundary is the duchv of Sleswick! 
 llie name of Jutland was formerly applied to 
 the whole pemnsula forming the mainland of 
 the Danish dominions, but it is now confined 
 to the northern part of the peninsula, extend- 
 ing from 55. to 50. N. lat. It is about 180 
 miles in length, and from 70 to 90 in breadth; 
 and IS divided into four dioceses or districts 
 
 KAL 
 
 The prevailing religion is the Lutheran The 
 country is generally low, and. except the locka 
 on the E. coast, presents little picturesque 
 scenery. In the E. are fine woods of oak. 
 beech, fir &c. The middle part consists of 
 heaths and moors, with some arable Und; it 
 affords good pasture for oxen, sheep, and goatsi 
 Ihe other parts are fertile, and yield large 
 crops of grain, (principally rye,) which, to- 
 gether with horses, are annually exported to 
 Sweden, Norway, and Holland. The air is 
 cold, especially towards the North Sea, but the 
 inhabitants are vigorous and robust. It is the 
 only province of Denmark which contains use- 
 lul minerals; and even here they are confined 
 to iron, limestone, and marble, 
 
 JrENAouR, or Jykpoub, a fortified town of 
 Hindostan, capital of a district of the same 
 name, m the province of Agimere. It is a 
 place of great wealth, being the staple for 
 goods that are brought from the ncighbourinK 
 provinces; and is reckoned one of the hand- 
 somest and most regular towns of Hindostan; 
 kluir.^:^!''-'''"^ Long. 75. 4o: 
 
 K 
 
 Kaats Bann, a town of New York, on the 
 i' \ .""H,."*^ Hudson's River; 7 mik« S. of 
 Kfwts Kill, and II N. E. by N. Esopus. 
 
 Kadhema, a seaport of Arabia, in the pro- 
 vince of Bahrein. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 employed in the pearl fishery. It is seated on 
 n bay of the Gulf of Pei-sia ; 170 miles N. by 
 Wo. Lachsa. Long. 47. 36. E. lat. 28. 
 40. N. 
 
 Kaffraria. See Caffraria. 
 
 Kahla, a town of Germany, in Altenbure- 
 seated on the Saale; 8 miles S. of Jena. 
 
 IvAiiLENDEno, a mountain of Austria ex- 
 tending along the Danube to the W. of Vienna 
 and forming the commencement of the Kah- 
 lengebirge rarge, which ia a branch of the Noric 
 Alps. 
 
 Kahone a town of Western Africa; capital 
 of the kingdom of Bur-Salum. It is seated on 
 a small river which falls into the Atlantic. 
 
 Kaia, a small village of Prussian Snxonv. 
 near Liitzen; celebrated as the scene of much 
 fiKlitirig on the 2nd of May, 1813, between the 
 French and the aUied Russian and Prussian 
 army. 
 Kain. See Kin. 
 Kairwan. See Cairoan. 
 Kaisauieii. or Kaisabfyeh, a town of Asia 
 Minor; the ancient capital of Cnppa.I,)cin, then 
 called Ccsarea. It is surrounded with walls 
 hve miles in circumference, and defended by a 
 castle. The mhabitanta, estimated at 25 000 
 carry on an extensive trade, and it is the resort 
 Ot merclunifii fpnm nil «....»- -n »-• ».<. 
 
 Syria. It is situate at the foot of a mountain, 
 
 oSonid.''^^ "'^^ '"°''' ^^® ""''" ^- N. E. 
 Kaket, a town of the country of Geonria 
 
 a"par'"o7't"he7' -''."r^-' ^hich^oomprSds' 
 a part of the ancient Iberia, it is situate near 
 Mount Caucasus; 45 miles N N F nf 'iVfl^ 
 and 120 N. W. of Derbend ^ ^'*'"'' 
 
 Kai,au, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia ; with 
 LuS. ''"''' '" ""'°'' ^^ «>"«» s'e of 
 Kalouev, an island in the Frozen Ocean. S 
 of NovaZembla; inhabited by a few Samoiedet 
 In the government of Archangel. 
 
 Kaliiat, a town of Arabia, on a river of the 
 Mme name, at its entrance into the Gulf of 
 Ormus; 80 miles S. E. of Mascat. 
 
 Kaijsch, one of the eight palatinates nf 
 Russian Poland; bounded on the W.^ Prut 
 sian Poland, and on the three other sfdes by 
 
 Masovi '"""-'' °^ ^^"*'"'"''' C'«<=°^. and 
 Kaliscii, a city of Poland, capital of the 
 above palatinate, with manufactures of cloth 
 hnen, and leather. It is surrounded by mol 
 rasse., and walls; has a collegiate and Te^ 
 r !r,'*'"u^'r' ^''"' '^"S'""" houses^nnd a 
 Breslai! ' ""^"^^ ' '' ""^ ^. W. o{ 
 Kalka Pira, a river of Chinese Tartarv 
 which gives name to a tribe of Monguls m^d 
 .8 nearly 300 leagues in extent from rfto' W 
 
 islo nf''y"?°:." '^"P'""* "'■ Denmark, in the 
 lifle of Zealand: seated on «„ i^I-t-,' 'hi 
 
 «reat Belt; with the besthaLu ^ ne^t to 
 Copenhagen, on the ishind 55 milU W. b/ 
 
KAL 
 
 394 
 
 KAM 
 
 i !i 
 
 N. of Copenhagen. Long. 11. 11. R laf 65. 
 47. N. 
 
 Kalmccs, a nation of Tartars, inhabiting 
 that part of the Russian government of Cau- 
 casia which lies between the Volga and the 
 Ural, towards the Caspian Sea. They all live 
 in tents, and remove from piace to place in 
 quest of pasturage for their numerous cattle, 
 consisting of horses, camels, cows, and sheep. 
 They neither sow nor reap, nor make hay for 
 their cattle, so that they live without bread, or 
 any sort of vegetable; and, in winter, their 
 cattle fare like the wild beasts. Their food is 
 flesh, (especially that of horses,) fish, wild fowl, 
 and venison; and they have great plenty of 
 milk, butter, and cheese ; but mare's milk is 
 the most esteemed, and from it they make a 
 strong spirit, to which they are partial. They 
 are divided into a number of hordes or clans, 
 each under its own particular khan, and all 
 acknowledge the authority of one principal 
 khan, who is called Orcliicurtikhan, or the 
 king of kings, and derives his pedigree from 
 the great Tamerlane. All of them, however, 
 have submitted to the government of Russia, 
 or live under its protection. They are pagans, 
 and believe in the transmigration of souls. In 
 person, manners, and customs, they resemble 
 the ancient Scythians, from whom they are 
 descended. See Tautary. 
 
 Kalpaki, a town of Morea, Greece; 13 
 miles N. from TripolL^A; with the ruins of a 
 Doric temple, and near the ancient Orchome- 
 nos. 
 
 Kaluga, a government of the Russian em- 
 pire, formerly a province in the government of 
 Moscow. Pop. 1,180,000. Its principal town, 
 of the same name, is seated on the Occn; 107 
 miles S. S. W. of Moscow. Pop. 26,500. 
 
 Kamakura, an island of Japan, 3 miles in 
 circumference; lying on the S. coast of Niphon. 
 It IS surrouiiued with very high and steep rocks, 
 and is used as a place of exile for state pri- 
 soners. 
 
 Kahalia, a town of Ne»;roland, in the coun- 
 try of Mandingo. The inhabitants are partly 
 Pagans and partly Mahomedans, and have 
 manufactures of cotton, leather, and iron. 
 
 Kambala, a ridge of mountains in Tibet, 
 between the Lake Palte and the river Burram- 
 pooter. 
 
 Kamenitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Bechin; 27 miles E. by N. of Bechin. 
 
 Kaminieck, _i strong town of Russian Po- 
 land; capital of Podolia, and a bishop's see, 
 with a castle. When the Russians seized part 
 of the Polish territories, in 1793, this fortress 
 held out a long time, but at last surrendered to 
 their arms. The castle is seated on a craggy 
 rock; 85 miles W. of Braclaw. Pop. 5450. 
 
 Kammtz, a town of Bohemia, with manu- 
 factures of stockings, glass, and linen; also 
 several bleach-fields; 21 miles N. N. E. of 
 Leitmeritz. 
 
 Kamtschatka, a peninsula on the eastern 
 coast of Asia, extending from 62. to 63. of N. 
 l«f., the long, of its extremity to the S. being 
 -r^., ,j, i,,;; istiiiiius joining It to tnecuii- 
 
 tinent on the N. lies between the Gulf of Olu- 
 torsh and Penshink; and its extremity to the 
 S. ia Cape Lopatka. Its greatest breadtn is 
 about 150 miles, being from the mouth of the 
 nver Tigril to that of the river Kamtschatka; 
 and towards each extremity it gradually be- 
 comes narrower. It is bounded by the North 
 Pacific Ocean to the S. and E.; and by the sea 
 of Okhotsk to the W. A chain of high moun- 
 tains from N. to S. extends the whole length 
 of the peninsula, and almost equally divides it; 
 whence several rivers rise, and take their course 
 into the Pecific Ocean, and the sea of Okhotsk. 
 Stunted trees are thinly fjcattered over the 
 whole face of the country, whose bottoms are 
 mossy, with a mixture of low heath; the whole 
 resembling Newfoundland in a most striking 
 degree. The severity of the climate is in pro- 
 portion to the sterility of the soil. Four 
 months, commencing at midsummer, ma/ be 
 considered as forming their spring, summer, 
 and autumn; the rest of the year is all dreary 
 winter. They have great quantities of whole- 
 some vegetables, in a wild state; such as cher- 
 vil, gariic, onions, angelica, and wild celery, 
 with some excellent turnips, and turnip ra- 
 dishes, upon a few spots of ground in the 
 valleys ; and this is the utmost extent of their 
 garden cultivation. A variety of wild berriea, 
 which are gathered at proper seasons, and 
 preserved by mashing them into a thick jam, 
 constitute a considerable part of the winter 
 provisions, serving as a general sauce to their 
 dried fich, the main article of food. Tlio 
 forests abound in wild animals, particularly the 
 bear; and wild fowl are also plentiful. The 
 people of Kamtschatka may be said to consist 
 of three sorts, the Kamtschadales, the Russians, 
 and Cossacks, and a mixture produced by their 
 intermarriages. The habitations of the natives 
 consist of three different kinds, which they call 
 jourts, bnlagans, and log-houses. TJiey inhabit 
 the first in winter, and the second in summer; 
 in the third, introduced by the l^ussians, only 
 the wealthy people reside. The external ap- 
 pearance of a jourt resembles a round, squat 
 hillock; a hole serving for a chimney, window, 
 and door, is left in the centre, and the inha- 
 bitants go in and out by the assistance of a 
 long pole, having notches deep enough to 
 afl'ord a little security for the toe. 'ji he upper 
 garment of the Kamtschadales resembles a 
 wagoner's frock; if for summer wear, it is made 
 of nankeen ; if intended for winter, it is made 
 of a skin, having one side turned, and the hair 
 preserved on the other, which is worn inner- 
 most; a close jacket of nankeen, or other 
 cotton stuflT, is the next under this; and, be- 
 neath that, a shirt made of thin Persian silk, 
 of any colour. They wear long breeches and 
 boots, made of skins, with the hair innermost. 
 They have also a fur cap, with two flaps, that 
 are usually tied up close to the head, but are 
 allowed to fall round the shoulders in rough 
 weather. A species of dog, resembling the 
 mountain or shepherd dogs of Europe, is used 
 for the purposes of labour and draught. None 
 ol liie inhabitants keep fewer than firs of thew 
 
 

 KAM 
 
 dogs, which in winter are fed upon offels or 
 decayed fish : in Bummcr, when their services 
 are not required, they are left to range over 
 the country and provide for themselves; but. 
 on the approach of winter, they return home in 
 the most punctual manner. They are har- 
 nessed to a sledge, two abreast, with one well 
 trained in front as a leader, and are used both 
 for travelling and for conveying all sorts of 
 commodities from place to place. The Rus- 
 sians made themselves masters of the whole of 
 this peninsula in 1706; but the government 
 they have established is exceedingly mild, the 
 inhabitants being permitted to choose their 
 own magistrates^ Skins and furs form the 
 only articles of trade ; in .etum for which they 
 import brandy (the introduction of which has 
 been attended with the most destructive effects) 
 nankeens, and other Chinese stuffs, together 
 with various commodities of Russiah and Eu- 
 ropean manufacture. 
 
 Kamtschatkoi, Niznei, a town of Siberia, 
 capital of Kamtschatka ; with a citadel, arsenal, 
 and barracks. It is seated on the N. side of 
 the river Kamtschatka, 20 miles from it mouth. 
 Long. 161. 60. E. lat. 66. 30. N. 
 
 Kamtschatkoi, Verchni, a town of Siberia, 
 m Kamtschatka, on the river Kamtschatka ; 
 120 miles S. W. of Niznei Kamtschatkoi. 
 
 Kamyschia, a town of European Russia, 
 government of Saratov ; on the Volga, near a 
 canal which communicates with the Don. It 
 has a manufacture of salt. Pop. 2250. 
 Kandahar. See Candahar, 
 Kanem, a town of the empire of Bomou, in a 
 province of the same name, where tre bred 
 multitudes of cattle and horses. It is seated on 
 the Gazel ; 150 miles. N. N. W. of Bomou. 
 
 Kangaroo Island, an island on the S. coast 
 of Australia; it was discovered by Captain 
 Fhnders, and so named from the number of 
 kangaroos found on it, which were extremely 
 tame. Kangaroo Head is in long. 137. 68. E. 
 lat. 35. 43. S. ' 
 
 Kanisca, a strong town of Lower Hungary • 
 capital of the county of Salawar ; seated on the 
 Drave ; 100 miles S. by E. of Vienna. Lone. 
 17. 40. E. lat. 46.65. N. ^ 
 
 Kansas River, North America, a tributary 
 of the Missouri; it is about 1450 miles long, 
 and is navigable for 900 miles. It is salt m 
 some patts of its course. 
 
 Kan-tcheou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Kiang-si. Its district 
 contains 12 cities of the third class, and the 
 soil produces a great number of trees, whence 
 distils a fine varnish, reckoned the best in China 
 It 18 seated on the Kan-kiang; 840 miles S. of 
 Peking. Long. 115. 2. E. lat. 25. 62. N. 
 
 Kao-tcheou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, m the province of Quangtong. In its 
 vicinity is found a kind of marble, that repre- 
 sents, naturally, rivers, mountains, landscapes, 
 and trees ; it is cut into leaves, and made into 
 tables, &c. Kao-tcheou fitands on a navigable 
 river ; 36 miles from the sea, and 1 130 S. S.W 
 •f Peking. 
 Kaposwar, n fort of Lower Hungarj, on the 
 
 895 
 
 KAT 
 
 river Kapos, which washes iu walls. It is 65 
 miles W. of Tolna. Long. 18. 13. E. lat. 46. 
 Ok, Si, 
 
 Karahissar. See Aphiom. 
 Karahania. See Cabamania. 
 
 Kabasubazab, a town of the Crimea; noted 
 for Its nob e antique bath, and an ancient mnnu- 
 fccture of leather from the skins of Tauric goats. 
 It 18 situate on the Karasu, in a delightful valley; 
 34 miles W. of CaflTa. 
 
 Karek, or Garak, an island in the N E 
 part of the Gulf of Persia ; 6 miles long and 
 
 ,,\ V^^^^ *'''P' ''"""d for Bassora gene- 
 rally call for pilots. Long. 50. 26. E. lat 29. 
 15. N. 
 
 Karlebt Gamla, a seaport of Sweden, in 
 ^t Bothnia; with a trade in hemp, salt, and 
 ship-building ; seated on the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 near the mflux of the river Karlcby ; 90 milei 
 
 lat. 63. 66 N "*'""'^*' ^°"^* ^^' ^"' ^• 
 Karleby, Ny, a town of Sweden, in East 
 Jiothnia, on the river Lappojock ; 6 miles from 
 the sea, and 20 S. of Ganila Karleby. 
 
 Kasan, the ancient Bulgaria; a government 
 ot European Russia ; lying on both sides the 
 Volga, between 46. 20. and 49. 40. of E. long 
 and 64. and 57. of N. lat., and bounded by the 
 governments of Viatka, Orenburg, Niznei-Nov- 
 gorod. and Simbirsk. Its extent is 22 000 
 square miles; its population about 850,000 
 partly Russians and partly Tartars, though of 
 very mixed origin. It is watered by the Volca. 
 the Kama, the Sura, the Viatka, and theKa^ 
 sanka, besides smaller streams and a great num- 
 ber of lakes. It was formerly an independent 
 kingdom, belonging to the Kalmucs, to whom 
 the dukes of Moscow, with other petty princi- 
 palities of Russia, were tributary. But in 1 552 
 It was conquered by Ivan Basilowitz II.. and 
 annexed to Russia. 
 
 Kasan, a city of Russia, capital of the fore- 
 going government, and an archbishop's see. It 
 has an antique Tartar fortress, built of stone • 
 several churches, and 11 convents; and there 
 are several suburbs, one of them inhabited by 
 lartars. At one end of the city is a manu- 
 tures of woollen, cotton, lace, and earthenware, 
 with large soap-works and tanneries : it carries 
 on an extensive trade. At a short distance from 
 Kasan is a new admiralty establishment, with a 
 navigation school, magazines, and a dock-yard 
 where galliots are constructed, and sent down 
 the Volga to the Caspian Sea. It is seated on 
 
 .o„"^, *'J^""*"''"' ""^^^^ 't enters the Volga • 
 420 miles E. of Moscow. Pop. 41.304. LoV 
 49. 20. E. lat. 66. 48. N. » "*• l^ong. 
 
 Kaskasia, a town and river of the United 
 btates m Illinois ; one of the first settlements 
 made by the French in the valley of the Mis- 
 sisippi. It has declined from its former im- 
 portance. 
 
 Kataba, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a 
 citadel ; situate in a fertile country, near a river 
 whicn runs into the sea at Aden ; 75 miles N 
 of Aden. Long. 44. 39. E. lat. l.S. A4 AT 
 
 ivAriF, a town of Arabia, in the province of 
 Bahrein. It ig built of rock-salt, and stands on 
 
 If 
 
w 
 
 i 
 
 1 M 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 j 
 
 II I 
 
 'S 
 
 im 
 
 '. • ( 
 
 KAU 
 
 390 
 
 KEN 
 
 the Gulf of Persia ; 95 milea N. of Lachsa. 
 Long. 48. 38. E. Int. 27. 40. N. 
 
 Kaufdeuubn, a town of Germany, in Bavaria ; 
 with manufactures of cotton, linen, fustian, and 
 leather. It is seated on the Wertach ; 38 miles 
 S. by W. of Augsburg. Pop. 4350. 
 
 Kauoa, the capital of a kingdom of the same 
 name, in the empire of Bornou, It is seated on 
 a large lake ; 280 miles S. by £. of Bornou. 
 Long. 23. 30. E. lat. 15. 60. N. 
 
 Kaukedan, a town of Arabia, in Yemen ; 
 situate on an almost inaccessible mountain ; 20 
 miles W. of Sana. 
 
 Kaunitz, a town and castle of Moravia, on 
 the river Igla ; 6 miles S. S. W. of Brinn. 
 
 Kaurzim, a town of Bohemia ; capital of a 
 circle of the same name, which produces much 
 timber. It stands on a river which runs into 
 the Elbe ; 26 miles E. S. E. of Prague. 
 
 Kaye Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 near the W. const of North America ; 30 miles 
 long and 4 broad ; discovered by Cook, in 1778. 
 Long. 144. 48. W. lat. 59. 56. N. 
 
 Kayseuslauteiin, a t.v'vi of Germany, in 
 the palatinate nf the Rhnie. In 1793 it was 
 taken by the French, wlio tlio year following 
 were surprised in their intrcnchments near it, by 
 the Austrians, and defeated. It h snated on the 
 Lauter ; 28 miles S. W. of Woxtm, Ler.g. 7. 
 60. E. lat. 49. 27. N. 
 
 Kayserstuhl, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 county of Baden, with a castle ; seated on the 
 Rhine ; 8 miles S. E. of Zurzack. 
 
 Kayserswert, a town of Germany, in the 
 territory of Cologne ; seated on the Rhine ; 7 
 miles N. N. W. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Kazimiers, a town of Poland, in the palati- 
 nate of Lublin, with a castle ; situate on a hill ; 
 on the Vistula ; 25 miles W. S. W. of Lublin. 
 
 Kazroon, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, of 
 considerable extent ; but many parts of it are in 
 ruins ; 70 miles W. S. W. of Shiras. 
 
 Kesiio. See Casiiao. 
 
 Kedge, or Kej, a town of Central Asia, in 
 the province of Mukran, Beloochistan ; on the 
 River Dustee ; in the midst of an arid, sterile 
 conntry.' The fort is on an eminence, and is 
 very strong. 
 
 Kedleston, a village in Derbyshire ; noted 
 for its medicinal spring, much resorted to in 
 summer, and for the elegant sent of the Earl of 
 Scarsdale ; 5 miles N. N. W. of Derby. 
 
 Keene, a town of New Hampshire, in Che- 
 shire county ; 25 miles S. by E. of Charlestown, 
 and 95 W.'by S. of Portsmouth. 
 
 Keff, or Keffts, a town of the kingdom of 
 Tunis, witn a citadel ; situate on the side of a 
 hill ; with a plentiful source of water ; 70 miles 
 W. S. W. of "Tunis. 
 
 Kefil, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac 
 Arabi ; 14 miles S. of Hillah ; celebrated for the 
 tomb of the prophet Ezekiel, which is auiiually 
 visited by a number of Jews. 
 
 Kehl, a strong fortress of Germany, seated 
 on the Rhine, over which is a bridge to Stras- 
 burg ; it is an important pass between France 
 and Germa.iy. It was ceded by France at the 
 peace of Hyswick, 1607, and conferred on the 
 
 margrave of Baden. During the war with Ger- 
 many, the French repeatedly besieged and tiiok 
 it: in 1798 it fell into their hands, and they 
 retained possession till 1804, when it was re- 
 stored to the Grand Duke of Baden. Pop. 1 000. 
 
 Keioiiley, a town of West Yorkshire ; with 
 a market on Wednesday, and manufactures of 
 woollen cloths, cottons, and lindseys. The town 
 is nearly all built of stone ; and the church, 
 which was rebuilt in 1805,i8a spacious and hand- 
 some structure. Here is a free grammar-school, 
 founded in 1716. The town is well supplied with 
 water from two fine springs to the E. and W., 
 under an act obtained in 1816. It is seated in a 
 deep valley ; 12 miles N. of Halifax, and 202 
 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Keith, a town of Scotland, in Banffshire ; 
 with manufactures of flax ; 12 miles S. S. W. of 
 Cullcn, and 46 N. W. of Aberdeen. 
 
 Kelat, a city of Central Asia, surrounded by 
 a mud wall, with bastions ; in the province of 
 Beloochistan, of which it is the capital : it is 
 inhabited by a mixed race : the Hindoos are the 
 chief merchants ; 80 miles E. from Sarowan. 
 Pop. 25,000. Lat. 29. 0. N. long. 65. 50. E. 
 
 Keldra, a town of Prussian Saxony, near 
 the river Helm ; 1 miles S. of Stolberg. 
 
 Kelheim, a town and castle of Bavaria; with 
 a Franciscan convent, a considerable brewery, 
 and extensive magazines of salt. It is situate 
 at the conflux of the Altmuhl and Danube ; 1 
 miles S. S. W. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Kells, a town of Ireland, in East Meath, 
 on the river Blackwater ; 12 miles N. by W. of 
 Trim. 
 
 Kelso, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire ; 
 with a bridge over the Tweed, below the influx 
 of the Teviot. The abbey, magnificent ruini 
 of which still remain, was founded by David I. 
 Here are manufactures of carpeting, flannels, 
 leather, linen, and shoes. It is 10 miles N.N.E. 
 of Jedburgh, and 20 S. W. of Berwick. 
 
 Kemi, or KiEMi. Sec KiMi. 
 
 Kemmo, a town of Negroland ; capital of a 
 country lying to the W. of Bambarra. It is 340 
 miles W. of Sego. Long. 7. 46. W. lat. 14. 16. N. 
 
 Kempten, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, 
 with a late princely abbey of the Benedictine 
 order. It has a great trade in linen, and is seated 
 on the lUer; 45 miles S. by W. of Augsburg, 
 and 50. S. by E. of Ulm. 
 
 Ken, a river in *Vfstmoreland, which flows by 
 Kendal, and enters the sandy wash of Lanca- 
 shire, called Morecanibe Bay It has a cata- 
 ract near its mouth, which obstructs the navi- 
 gation. 
 
 Ken, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 N. W. part of Kirkcudbrightshire, flows to New 
 Galloway, thence expands into a lake, 4 miles 
 long and a mile broad, and then joins the river 
 Dee. 
 
 Kendal, a borough in Westmoreland ; market 
 on Saturday : it returns one ni?niber to parlia- 
 ment. It is seated on the Ken, over which are 
 two stone bridges, and one ol' wood leading to 
 the castle, which is nuv in iuins. It lias a 
 spacious church, and two chapels belonging to 
 the establishment, a:id no fe . >ur than 10 meeting- 
 
 
KEN 
 
 397 
 
 
 houses for dissenters. Besides the free-school, 
 which IS well endowed, and has some exhibitions 
 to tiueen s College, in Oxford, there is u largo 
 niitional school, and also a school of industry, &c 
 Here are munufactuies of kerseymeres, linsey- 
 woolsey serges, baizes, knit woollen caps, 
 ana jackets, carjietings of various textures, 
 wawtcoatings, &c. ; and in the neighbourhood 
 are gunpowder works, corn and paper mills, dye- 
 w^-rks, &c. It has seven trading companies, 
 who have each a hall j and the trade, notwith- 
 standing the disadvantage of its river for water 
 carriage, is very consideral)le. It is 44 miles S. 
 o Carlisle, and 261 N. of London. Long. 2. 
 62. W. lat. 54. 15. N. '" 
 
 Kenilwoiitii, a town in Warwickshire: with 
 a market on Wednesday. Its church is an 
 ancient edifice; and there am two dissenting 
 meeting-houses, r free-school, and a school of 
 industry Here was a famous castle, the remains 
 of which form one of the most picturesque 
 objects in the kingdom. It is 5 miles N. of 
 Warwick, and 96 N. W. of London. 
 
 Kenmare, a town of Ireland, in the countv of 
 Kerry ; at the head of a river, or bay of the sime 
 name; 26 miles S. S. E. of Tralee. 
 
 Kennebec, a county of the United States, 
 state of Maine; chief towns, Augusta and HoUo- 
 1 ' J^°P- 55,823. The Kennebec river runs 
 through this countv. 
 
 Kennet, a river of England, which rises 
 among the chalky hills in Wiltshire, becomes 
 navigable at Newbury, in Berkshire, and joins 
 the I hames at Sunning. 
 
 ™i!f w^""i.T' ? ""'*8^ '" Middlesex, one 
 mile W. of London. Here is a roval palace 
 which, until the reign of George III., was a 
 lavourite residence of our monarchs : King Wil- 
 liam, Queen Mary. Queen Anne, and George 11 
 died here. The gardens now form a fashionable 
 and extensive promenade, having been gradually 
 augmented to 3J miles in circumference ^ 
 
 »nHOft^ ''j=°"'"^/,^"S'"'"li 55 miles long 
 and 28 broad; bounded on the N. by the Thames 
 
 b. E^nd S. by the English Channel and Sussex, 
 and W. by Surrey. It contains .935,600 acres- is 
 divided into 63 hundreds, and 414 parishes; bas 
 two cities, Canterbury and Rochester, and "4 
 market towns. In the soil and fiice of the 
 country there is a great diversity. The banks of 
 the Ihames are low and marshy, but backed bv 
 a range of chalky eminences, sometimes risin"-- 
 to a moderate height. This kind of hard chalky 
 soil, inclining to barrenness, extends to the N E 
 extremity of the county, and thence round to 
 
 ".';^*"'V^''^^'""" "« ""*"••« '■" the lofty white 
 cliffs which here bound the island, and produce 
 that striking appearance at sen which sjave it 
 
 u "'^T w ^","'""- '^'"^ S- ^^- P'-*--' "f Kent, 
 called the Wcal.l, 13 a flat and woody tract, of a 
 clayey soil, and fertile. The midland and western 
 districts are a mixture of hill and vale, arable 
 and pasture, equal in pleasantness to an v part of 
 England. The minerals of this countv consist 
 dhlefly ot chalk. Iliut, rMgstone, and pvr,tcs;an(l 
 We only mineral water of any note" is that of 
 
 KEN 
 
 Tunbndge Wells. The monufHcturea are fews 
 but every branch of agriculture is extensively 
 prosecuted with ability and success. Besides 
 the usual objects of agriculture, the county pro- 
 duces large quantities of hops, (for which it is 
 famous,) fruit of various kinds (especially cher- 
 ries and apples, of which there are large orchards 
 for the London markets). In the S. W. angle 
 of the county is Romney-marsh, celebrated for 
 its rich meadows, affording pasturpge to vast 
 flocks of sheep. Few counties in Britain abound 
 more in antiquities and noblemen's seats, than 
 Kent. It is divided into the Eastern and Western 
 divisions, each of which returns two members to 
 parliament. The principal rivers, besides the 
 Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour. Crav 
 and Rother. •" 
 
 Kent is also the name of three counties in 
 the United States; one in Rhode Island, on the 
 W. side of Narraganset Bay ; another in Dela- 
 ware, the soil of which is esteemed the richest 
 in the state; and a third in Maryland, on the 
 eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. 
 , Kentucky, one of the United States of 
 America; 328 miles long, and from 30 to 1,00 
 broad. It is bounded on the N. by the Ohio E 
 by Virginia, S. by Tennessee, and W. bv'the 
 Mississippi; has an area of 40,1 10 square miles- 
 and IS divided into 54 counties. The soil is amaz- 
 ingly fertile in the central part; to the E. and W. 
 It IS mountainous, and the S. is principally com- 
 posed o-f the Barrens, a sterile country destitute 
 of water. Tobacco, hemp, cotton, and the differ- 
 ent grains of Europe, but particularly maize and 
 wheat, are cultivated. The trees are numerous, 
 but of comparatively small size : the oak, beech' 
 poplar, sugar-tree, mulberry, and ash are com- 
 mon; and here are also the pawpaw, cucumber 
 black mulberry, wild cherry, buck-eye, and some' 
 other kind of trees not common elsewhere. 
 The mountainous parts produce a great quantity 
 of ginseng. Iron ore and lead are found in 
 abundance; and there are many large aives 
 some of which extend above a mile under a 
 limestone rock, supported by curious arches and 
 pillars. The waters produce plenty of fish and 
 fowl ; especially geese and ducks, t hich are 
 amazingly numerous on the Ohio. The land 
 fowls are turkeys ; a specie of grouse which the 
 inhabitants call pheasants; and quails to which 
 they give the name of partridges. Among the 
 native animals are deer, bears, wildcats, wolves 
 beavers, otters, foxes, rabbits, squirrels, ra- 
 coons, and opossums. Most of the species of 
 domestic quadrupeds, such as horses, cows 
 sheep, and hogs, have been introduced since 
 the settlement. The manufactures of this state 
 which are considerable, consist of cloth and stuffs' 
 bagging for cotton and hemp, iron castings! 
 nails earthenware, glass, leather, cordage, paper 
 diH illed spirits, oil, Kilt, saltpetre, gunpowder 
 and maple sugar. Population, 779,828. in- 
 cluding 182,258 sLives. 
 
 Kentucky, a river in the foregoing state 
 wh.oh ns,.» in the T.p.=-.ro! Mountains, and after 
 a genera N \A . course of 200 miles, enters the 
 Ohio in lat. 38. 42. N. It is navigable for boaU 
 
 
KEP 
 
 808 
 
 KI A 
 
 < i 
 
 160 miles; but the stream in some places is rnpid 
 and dangerous, and its banks may rather bo 
 called precipices. 
 
 Kkppel Bay, a bay on the E. const of Aus- 
 tralia, which communicates with Port Curtis. 
 
 Kerbelaii, or Mesjid Hossein, a town of 
 Asiatic Turkey, pach. of Irno Ambi, near the 
 W. bank of the Kuphratcs. There isu splendid 
 mosque and tomb of Hessein, grandson of the 
 prophet, much resorted to by pilgrims; 55 miles 
 S. W. ftom Bagdad. 
 
 Kercolano, an island in the Indian Ocean; 
 about 80 miles in circumference. The face of 
 the country is diversified with steep hills and 
 extensive valleys, and is everywhere covered 
 with trees and verdure. The inhabitants are 
 Malay. Long. 126. 30. E. lat. 4. 20. N. 
 
 Keroublen Land, an island in the Southern 
 Ocean, which, on account of its sterility. Cap- 
 tain Cook, who visited it in 1779, would have 
 denominated the Island of Desolation, but that 
 he was unwilling to rob M. Kergueler. of the 
 honour of its bearing his name. On the N. E. 
 coast is a good and safe bay, named Christmos 
 Harbour. Long. 69. 30. E. lat. 49. 20. S. 
 
 Kerkuck, a town of Kurdistan; the capital of 
 a government, and residence of a pacha. It is 
 surrounded by walls, and defended by a castle; 
 135 miles S. S. E. of Betlis. Pop. 14,500. 
 
 Kbrman, the ancient Caramania; n province 
 of Persia, lying on the Gulf of Persia. The 
 northern part is barren, but towards the S. the 
 land is fertile. 
 
 Herman, or Sirjian, a city of Persia; capital 
 of the foregoing province; celebrated for its 
 beautiful pottery, carpc.s, and stuffs. It is 
 120 miles N. by W. of Bunder Abbas. Long. 
 55. 15. E. lat. 29. 20. N. Pop. 21,000. 
 
 Kbrpen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in 
 the duchy of Juliers. It has a collegiate church ; 
 it is seated on the Eril; 10 miles £. S. E. of 
 Juliers. 
 
 Kerry, a county of Irelaml, in the province 
 of Munster; bounded on the E. by the counties 
 of Limerick and Cork ; W. by the Atlantic 
 Ocean; N. by the Shannon, which separates it 
 from Thomond ; and S. by Desmond and the 
 Ocean. Its greatest length is about 67 miles, 
 and its maximum breadth 62, comprising about 
 1,040,487 statute acres, or 1639 square miles. 
 The southern part is plain, and fertile in corn; 
 but the greater part is mountainous, and chiefly 
 adapted for grazing. Considerable quantities of 
 beef, butter, hides, and tallow, are exported from 
 its excellent hai hours. Tralee is the capital. It 
 sends two members to parliament. 
 
 Kerry, a parish of Wales, in Montgomery- 
 shire; situate in a beautiful vale of the same 
 name ; 3 miles from Newton. 
 
 Kertsch, a seaport and fortress on the E. 
 coast of the Crimea. The fortress is of great 
 importance, as one of those commanding the 
 passage which forms the communication be- 
 tween the Black Sea and Sea of Asoph. It 
 is 60 miles N. N. E. of Caffa. Long. 36. 24. 
 E. lat. 4.'5. 16. 
 
 Kesii, or Sebs, a town of Usbec Tartary, in 
 Bukharia; once the ordinary summer residence 
 
 of Timur, who surrounded it with walls, and 
 built a new puliioo, in i:i70. It is 30 miles S 
 by W. of Samarcand. 
 
 Kessel, a town of the Netherliuuld, in the 
 province of Antwerp; with a handsome castle. 
 It is seated on the Maesc; 7 miles N. of liure- 
 monde. 
 
 Kt^ssELDORF, a village of Saxony, 7 miles 
 W. of Dresden ; celebrated for a victory giiincd 
 by the king of Prussia over the Ssuxuns, in the 
 year 1745. 
 
 KtawicK, a town in Cumberland, with a 
 market on Saturday j seated in a vale of its 
 name, near the rnpid river Greta. This vale is 
 much visited by the admirers of nature: here is 
 the Lake of Keswick, or Derwent- water; and to 
 the N. of this soars the lofly mountain Skid- 
 daw, one of the most distinguished in England. 
 Keswick has manufactures of cotton, linen, and 
 coarse woollen goods ; and an establishment for 
 making some of tho finer textures has been re- 
 cently opened. About a mile and a half to the 
 S. of the town is a remarkable arrangement of 
 rude granite stones, which form a circle, called 
 the Druids' Temple. It is 25 miles N. W. of 
 Kendal, and J93 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Ketterino, a town in Northamptonshire, 
 with a market on Saturday, and manufactures of 
 woollen articles, &e. It is 12 miles N. E. of 
 Northampton, and 74 N. W. of London. 
 
 Keuschbero, or Kiade, a town of Prussian 
 Saxony; 6 miles S. E. of Mersburg. 
 
 Kew, a village in Surrey; 6 miles W. by S. 
 of London. The royal palace of Kew was a 
 favourite retreat of George III., who enlarged 
 the gardens, and united them with those of 
 Richmond. The botanic giirden, chiefly for 
 exotics, is one of the finest in the world. 
 
 Kkxiiolh. See Wiburq. 
 
 Kexholh, a town of Russia, in Finland, for- 
 merly the capital of the Swedish province of 
 Carelia, and now of a Russian government. It 
 is seated on two islands, in the river Woxon, 
 which here flows into Lake Ladogat i>9 miles 
 N. of Petersburg. Long. 30. 25. E. lat. 61. 
 3. N. 
 
 Keynsham, a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 market on Thursday, and a trade in malt; 
 seated on the Chew, at its conflux with the 
 Avon; 5 miles S. E. of Bristol, and 114 W. 
 London 
 
 KiiARiiOFF, or Ciiarkow, a town of Euro- 
 pean Russia, capital of a government of the 
 same name, seated on the small rivers Khar- 
 koff and Lapan; 400 miles S. by W. of Mos- 
 cow. 
 
 KiioRASSAN. See Chorassan. ," 
 
 KiiuM. See Com. 
 
 KiA-KiNo, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Tche-kiang. Canals are cut 
 through most of the streets, and passengers are 
 sheltered from the sun and ruin by beautiful 
 piazzas. The silk manufactures are very ex- 
 tensive, and the trade considerable. It is 590 
 miles S. S. E. of Peking. Long. 120. 14. B. 
 lat. 30. 50. N. 
 
 KiAKTA, or KiACHTA, a town of Asiatic Rus- 
 sia, in the government of Irkutsk. It has a 
 
 
KIA 
 
 399 
 
 
 ronsuleniblo fur trade, and k tno centre of 
 the Ru«.m„ „nd Chinese con.merce. It stand, 
 on a small river, near its conflux with the Se- 
 
 fr'„I\^\''''? ^; ^- ^- "f Selenginsk. Ln^ 
 10(,..tO. L. I«t./i0.a0. N. Pop. 4000. 
 
 onUm■w''^^•w •"■"""*=*' ^f China, bounded 
 Ki.n«i^.' '^ V.°-T'/''- •'y Tchc-kiang, and 
 Wsi L. by the Gulf of Nan-king, and N 
 
 U ci le" Zh« S' 1 ''T ''^'^"'' -1 -""ini 
 ami ■ 1 u^u"' ™"''' """^ 93 of the second 
 
 U^de it *''r^ "'' "" ?'«'=''' »f «^onsiderablo 
 lakes' ' ';„ J^'ol^, <=<»"nt'-y being intersected by 
 akes. rivers, and canals. Ite silks, cottons, 
 japanned goods, and paper, are in high es eem 
 JVan. king 18 the capital. ^''<-^^m. 
 
 ♦he N ".w'r" P'"'''"*'?, "f China, bounded on 
 Uie JV. by Kiang-nan, W. by Hounuane S hv 
 
 iiio N, part contains the great I'o-yanB Lake 
 and some extensive morasses ; the middle „„d 
 b. parts are mountainous, but intermixed with 
 fertile and well cultivated valleys. It conta na 
 1 J cities of the fir^t rank, and 7« of the 2™ 
 K- ■""."^•, " " celebrated for its porcelain 
 
 empt"'S IT ""^'"°«' valuabinft 
 empire. Nan-tchang is the capital. 
 
 iViAN-Kc. or Yang-tse-kiano. the larirest 
 nver of Asm. It flows E. during the fir t pa t 
 of Its course along the borders of China after 
 ♦h '\".u'"'^™ "'« «"npire, and, p^ 
 
 JrcSf ofT""'' •""'^' ?ro;inces.'fai;3 
 tlie Oulf of Tong-ming, m the eastern sea. 
 
 ♦„n rT'".**"^" °f Switzerland, in the can- 
 
 ThVff fr',' ^''^ " ^'"'"«; "eated on the 
 Thcofl', 14 miles E. N. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Kidderminster, a borough in Worcester 
 shire, with a market on Thursday, and another 
 recently established, on Saturday It h^°?on^ 
 
 which h'^'*'.:!''-'!'""' "» carpet manufacture 
 Ss nw"* '^'l? '"°"6'>* '° S^"" perfection : it 
 t is Sr^S'''"^ Poplinsf crapes, b^m! 
 in^^jlr :• ^^"^ specimen of carpet- weav- 
 ing, dehneating the descent from the crow Is 
 placed over the altar in St. George-s Sd 
 recently erected. The Staffordshi f and Wor-' 
 cestershire canal passes this place. It reUmis 
 one member to parliament.*^ It is seated on 
 
 K»WELLr, a town of Wales, in Caermnr 
 
 on ji uesday. It stands on a creek of the Bris- 
 tol Channel, and haa a canal to some collifrfr 
 whence coal is brought down and exported' 
 Here are also an iron-foundry and a tin"mfll 
 On he opposite bank of the creek, where the 
 
 elstle ""if -rs'^ n "7 '''' remaiW a 
 S'^W. 5 'I rS/ C~the„. and 
 
 tiJA^\"' "Z??*; town of Denmark, capital of 
 ttftv ''if sS°'.''''"' ""''^ ? ™«tle aula ul 
 th?Stic Ld ! °" " P*'"'"*"'"' '" '^ bay of 
 «1 ."nu iiflk , ^"" ^ commodious harbour" for 
 ships of the largest size. It is one of the Los[ 
 
 KIL 
 
 commercial places in Hoistein, and its frudf i. 
 
 augmented by means of the Eydo canal .* 
 
 Uendsburg. Kiel is 37 miles N. W of LubJL 
 
 and 46- N. by E. of Hamburg Lo'ng 1 0^' 
 
 K. lat. .54. 21. N. Pop. 7500 "^""S- *"• »<»• 
 
 KiEN-NiNo. a city of China, of the first rank. 
 
 n the province of Fo-kien. At the time of 
 
 the conque. of China by the Tartars. Usui 
 
 mncd two sieges, and was at l.«t taken and aU 
 
 the inhabitants put to the sword. It w is rter- 
 
 wnrds re-established by the Tartar,, andls no" 
 
 a place of considerable trade. It stand, on the 
 
 river Min-ho. 200 miles S. E. of Nan-kin? 
 
 Long. 117. 2. E. Int. 27. 5. N. *' 
 
 rnnt"'^"T*''°' f* "'>' "'■ China, of the first 
 rank, m the province of Kiang-.i seated in a 
 fertile country, 340 miles S. S. W of Nan* 
 king. Long. 110. 20. E. lat. 27. 35 N 
 
 KiEOU-KiANo, a city of China, of the first 
 rank ,„ the province of Kiang-s, situate on 
 the Kian-ku immediately above the iX"" 
 thePoyong-hou. It is the rendezvous of aU 
 he barks which pass to and from other places 
 m his province, and the provinces of Kiang nan 
 and Hou-quang. It is 250 miles S. W. of Nan" 
 king. Long. IIG. 0. E. lat 29. 54. N. 
 
 Kiev. See Kior. 
 
 w 8ido.of Loch Wmnoch; 5 mik-s S. W of 
 Renfrew. It is inhabited chiefly by weav^™ 
 and has extensive bleach-fields. ■^ '^*"»^e". 
 KiLUEOQAN. a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Westmeath. 56 miles from Dublin ^ 
 
 Kilbride, a town of Scotland, in Lanark- 
 shire noted for its cotton manufactures, and 
 for being the birthplace of Dr. William ilun- 
 er and his brother John, two celebrated anl 
 tomists. It is 6 miles S. by E. of Glasrow 
 
 KiLCALMONELL, a town of Scotland, in Ar- 
 gyleshire, 17 miles N. of Campbelton. 
 
 KitcoNQUHAR, a town of Scotland, Fifeshire 
 The vicinity abounds in coal and lim'estone. 7 
 
 Forth °" ^ ^ """^^ '^°''' "^ "'^ *'"'h of 
 
 to «!eW ®fV°".!wT?''^ Hebrides, 28 miles 
 Ind 2 ZlI f^°"^ ^^'^- ^' » 3 miles long 
 nnt A- f'l^'"'^^ "^""* «"'»» one continued 
 
 S?a't'tS/"'.'°^'''f'^' "fprod'Sio^s height, 
 except at the landing-place on the S. E., where 
 there is a narrow and steep passage to a vilWe 
 
 Dlentv 'nf hit ^""''^°'«"y "hcep. and produces 
 plenty of barley and potatoes. Many of tha 
 
 wild fowls. In the latter employment thev 
 are incredibly adventurous. Being let down 
 by a rope from the summit of the^ ecipUous 
 rocks^ chey clamber along their fronts^, fn S 
 
 K;h« -^If ""'^ "'^''*« "^ ^""O"* birds. St. 
 Kilda IS the most remote of the Hebride^ a^d 
 
 Lr^^'-V^'rlV'''^ the nearest po it of 
 
 lat!T7"43.'N^'°"*'"'^- ^°"8- «' ^3? W 
 
 Hilda RE, a county of Ireland, in the province 
 
 ' , „r. ' ""UisucU on the E bv BnKim 
 and Wicklow, W. by King's coSityiJS 
 Queen's county, N. by East Meath, „Ss.^y 
 
 i 
 
f 
 
 u 
 
 \ 
 
 
 I' ( !' 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 ' !i 
 
 f' 
 
 I:!'' 
 
 ' 1 ' * 
 
 f 
 
 .1.1.-:^ ' 
 
 KIL 
 
 400 
 
 K I L 
 
 Cnrlnw. Tho principal rivcri are tho Liffey, 
 Burrow, and Bnyne. ; is a very fertile and 
 arable country, ni;;ch interspersed with hog, 
 8mountiuj{ to ;j(i,4l)0 .-ncrcs, including the bogs 
 of Allen, Lullymoro, &?, pnrt of which linvo 
 been reclii, ned. It sends two mon ioi,» :o 
 parliament. 
 
 Kii.dahk, a town of Ireland, rrtpitii! o^ tho 
 foregoing county, aid a liisiiop'u m-i?. It if 
 chielly supported by ft-equent horse-races on 
 what is caiiod tho Curnigh, a fine tuify ))lain, 
 containing upwards of 5U0U acres, which feeds 
 a great number of sheep; 27 miles S. W. of 
 Dublin. Long. (i. fi7. W. lat. 53. 9. N. 
 
 KiLPENORA, a small town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Clare, and a bishop's see united with 
 Killaloe. 1 2 miles N. W. of Ennis. 
 
 Kii.iA, a fortified town of European Russia, 
 in Uesstirabia; with a good trade in wool, goats' 
 hair, tallow, wine, corn, &c. It is situated on 
 the most northern branch of the Danube, H6 
 miles S. W. of Bialogorod. 
 
 Kilkenny, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Leii.ster, about 40 miles long and 20 
 broad, i.'ontaining 510,802 acres; bounded on 
 the E. by Carlow and Wexford. W. by Tipiie- 
 rary, N. by Queen's county, and S. by Water- 
 ford. It sends two members to parliament. 
 The surface is in general level, and th« soil fer- 
 tile It is particularly noted for its coal, which 
 makes no smoke in burning. The principal 
 rivers are ilie Barrow, Snire, and Nore. 
 
 Kilkenny, a city of Ireland, capital of the 
 above county, situate on tho river Nore, over 
 which are two bridges. Irishtown, on the E. 
 Bide of tho river, is joined to it, and both to- 
 gether form a large and pleasant place. It had 
 formerly a bishop, and the cathedral, which 
 stands in Irishtown, belongs to the bishop of 
 Ossory. The chief manufactures are coarse 
 woollens and fine blankets. It sends one mem- 
 ber to parliament; 26 miles N. of Waterford. 
 Long, 7. 32. W. lat. 52. 3G. N. 
 
 KiLLALA, a seaport of Ireland, in the county 
 of Mayo, and formerly a bishop's see united 
 with Achonry, now united with Tuam. It 
 stands on a fine bay of the Atlantic, to which 
 it gives name; 24 miles N. of Castlcbar. Long. 
 9. 4. W. lat. 54. 8. N, 
 
 Killaloe, a town of Ireland, in tho county 
 of Clare, and formerly a bishop's 8<'0 united 
 with Kilfenora, now united with Tuam. It is 
 seated on the Shannon, over which is a bridge 
 of 19 arches; 10 miles N. N. E. of Limerick. 
 
 KiLLARNEY, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Kerry, with an extensive manufacture. It 
 is much frequented on account of the adjoining 
 lake; 14 miles S. E. of Tralee. 
 
 KiLLARNEY, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in 
 the county of Kerry, otherwise called Lough 
 Lean, from its being surrounded by high moun- 
 t<iui8. It is divided into three parts, called the 
 Lower, Middle, and Upper Lake. Thi northern, 
 or lower lake, is 6 miles long and 3 broad. On 
 the side of one of the mountains is (J'Sullivan's 
 Cascade, which falls above 70 feet into the lake 
 with a tremeiiduus ruar ; uuJ upiitiaiie this cas- 
 cade is the island of Innisfallcn. The promon- 
 
 tory of Mucrusa divides theuppcrfrnm the lower 
 lake, and on passing round its extremity into 
 the upper lake, there is a celebrated rock, called 
 tho Eagle's Nest, which prmluces wonderful 
 echoes. Tho upper lake is 4 miles long and 2 
 broad ; and from the mountains descend a num- 
 ber of l)cautiful cascades. The islands in this 
 lake are numerous, and afford an amazing va- 
 riety of picturesque viewn. The centre lake Is 
 small in comparison with the other two, and 
 cannot boast of equal variety ; but the shores 
 are indented with bays, surrounded by dark 
 groves of trees. The E. boundary is formed by 
 the base of Mangerton, down the steep sjde of 
 which descends a cascade, visible for 150 yards; 
 this f '!' <" 'viir :• is supplied by a circular lake, 
 leur the summit of i!i(' mountain, called the 
 Devil's Punch-bowl, which is considered one of 
 the greatest curiosities of Killaniey. 
 
 KiLLCULLEN, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Kildarc, on the river Liifey, over which is a 
 bridge; 9 miles E. S. E. of Kildare, and 25 
 S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 K I LMNOLEv, a township of Windham county, 
 Connecticut, seated on the Qumabaug; 18 miles 
 N. E. of Windham. 
 
 KiLLONY, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Sligo, 6 miles S. of Sligo. 
 
 KiLLouGH, or Pout St. Ann, a seaport of 
 Ireland, in the county of Down, to the N. of 
 St. John's Point, in the Irish Sea. A rock 
 btands in the middle of the entrance o.r its har- 
 bour, covered at half flood. Here is a manu- 
 facture of salt; 6 miles S. S. E. of ' »ownpa- 
 trick. Long. 5. 40. W. lat. 64..14. N. 
 
 KiLLRusii> a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Clare, near the river Shannon ; it is a mo- 
 dem town, and has a considerable trade in 
 grain, butter, slates, iVc. 
 
 KiLLYBEOs, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Donegal, with a spacious harbour on the N. 
 side of Donegal Bay ; 12 miles N. W. of Bal- 
 lyshannon. 
 
 KiLLYLEA .H, a town of Ireland, in tho 
 county of Down ; with a linen and thread ma- 
 nufacture. The celebrated Sir Hans Sloane 
 was born in this town; it is seated on an arm of 
 Strangford Lough; 35 miles N. E. of Newry. 
 
 KiLMACTHOMAS, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Watertbrd; 12 miles W. S. W. of 
 Waterford. 
 
 KiLMAiNHAM, town of Ireland in a valley ; 
 about half a mile W. of Dublin. It has a 
 session house, a gaol, a foundling hospital, and 
 an hi. 'ital for invalid soldiers. Here the 
 knights for the county of Dublin are elected; 
 and it was the scat of govet > - ment before the cas- 
 tle at Dublin was appropriated to that purpose. 
 
 KiLMALLxcK, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of 1 merick ; 140 miles from Dublin. 
 It is a place of considerable antiquity, and for- 
 merly of much importance, as its niiinerous 
 ruined mansions, castles, &c. indicate. 
 
 Kilmarnock, a populous and flourishing 
 town of Scotland, in Ayrshire , with a market 
 on Friday. In conjunction with Renfrew, ftco. 
 it Seiids oiie member to p.rriiamcri;. It is I'r.a 
 principal manufacturing town in the county 
 
KIL 
 
 401 
 
 and cwrios on an oxteniive tmde: ita chief 
 
 teni,«nd other Woollon Koods. ^uldlery. leather, 
 &o. Nenr it nro the remain, of Dean Ca«tle 
 he ««t 0. the earl, of Kilmnmock. in thrde-' 
 .olate condition to which it wns reduced by firo 
 ' 173,'). It M seatcil near tlie Irvine on the 
 tilasgo^and Ayr railway ; 11 milei N. N. K 
 of Ayr, and 20 S. S. W, of GloBoaw lL„ 
 *■ 2«. W. lat. M. 40. N. '^ ' ^''"«- 
 
 Kii,> lUM, a town of Scotland, in Ayrihiro- 
 
 KaMORB, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 
 .hii^'^nrfVitftkl'-"-''''"^''^ 
 .).!!i"'*'T''u" '.''"?8'^' "*■ «™tland, in StirlinK- 
 
 bvu.«ruf"*'' "^'i^ ''^ "«"'^«" ^"'Ployed 
 »hl r '''«««0'' n>«"ufi,cturer»i it i. iituite on 
 
 il^'^f ^r"' '^""'' ''«'» EJinburgh and 
 Stirling to Glasgow; I:, miles S. W. of Stir- 
 li"ff. and 13 N. E. of Ulaagow. 
 
 KiLwiNNiNo, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- 
 shire. Here IS the legant seat of the Mon - 
 
 reniains of a inagintuent nir.nastery, which was 
 erected here in 1 1 4.L Tl,- vicinity abou„drh^ 
 iime^tone and coal. It i« seated on the Gar- 
 
 A To^iit:' " ^'-« ''"^^•' * "^^ 
 
 the seat of the Duke ot^ Manchester! wS 
 iueen Catherine resided for some tii^e after 
 
 t™ mto the r;u,f of ..th„ia;'lOmil'::i 
 
 vin^eVti'^/'"' "/""■" "^ ^''''"^ '■" ''«^' Pro- 
 tLfn rn f*""' ^'tu-'tt-nt the foot of a mmin- 
 tainj 60 miles S. S. W. of Hernt. 
 
 ^f .hi n '"; T "'" •^- "''J'' «'■ 'he Istuarv 
 
 S Se S? ' ^r ^'"['•^^lucntly attacked 
 ny the lurks, by land and sea, but without 
 success ; 18 miles S. S. E. of Uczakow, on S 
 opiiosite side of the Dnieper 
 
 Bhife'^'wfthT' " *"''■" '"'Scotland, in Perth- 
 road in fK r T"' ""' '"*""'"^ ""^ » good 
 road in the Irith ror-li. Shin-building is 
 carried on to a ureal exUnt ,i \\1 ?■ 
 anil fnra,^ , J ■ . , ' ' '"® coasting 
 
 anu foreign trade is considenil,., 5 miles S P 
 of Alloa, an.i 22 S. by W. of Perth 
 
 iviNCAuuiNE, n town of Scotland in Ro«. 
 slnre, with a small harbour on the l" ith Tf 
 Dornoch; 14 miles VV. I,y N of Tai^ ^ 
 
 Kincardine O'Neil, a town of Scotian.' in 
 Aberdeenshire; seated on tl„ river Dee- -3 
 miles W. by S. of Aberdeen. ' "** 
 
 Kincardineshire, or M earns, a county of 
 Scotland; bounded on the N. \V. a,..| N bv 
 Aberdeenshire, E. by the Germain O.-ea- '^H 
 b. ana VV by Angusshire. Its length "alone 
 the coast. IS 30 miles and its greates? brea"th 
 
 KIN 
 
 about 24. The N W ^.^ i. 
 and ch,„fly 1%1 Z'X^.^, KS"s'' 
 of the Grampians, the surfaoo is in geneil fe?: 
 8 W ^fV"^ ''""«''"'' Klncnrdfne.TmS^ 
 l.;,»^V I'"""''".'''"' """^ '■"""•"ly the cap a? 
 hut Stonehaven is now the county town It 
 
 wruls one member to parliament. 
 
 KiNDKRiiooK. a town of New York in r„ 
 lumbm county, on the E. sideof duL"!!. 
 ver; 13 nniles N. of the city of Hudson. 
 
 KiNETON. Afe« Kl.VfJTON. 
 
 JuNo Georjie Sound, « harbour on the 
 t„in V "" "^ Australia; discovered by Cap^ 
 tarn Vancouver in I7ai. It i. g„fe. and eZ 
 of access any wh.n- between its outer noinr^^^' 
 entrance, Bald-hea,. and Mount GadneTa^u 
 
 17. KTJTVr ''''"''''' ^'^^«- 
 
 C..S"nfc'S^^^--E|. 
 discovered on the W, coMt of mZi, * • ® 
 inlong^ 120, 48^ VV^ anTLt ^K^"''''C 
 
 Xssj:^ bA^'ftr Ti::Trr 
 
 cou^e nlTo.'; "'""''•'" ^'"'^h Captain Va^ 
 
 Wi;Vl2d«''"'''^~°'<i-''™-«' 
 
 Kin-oan, a city of China, of the first rank 
 
 shiit"""'"/?"' S •''?''*'"8'' "f Scotland, in Fife, 
 shire; on the Frith of Forth, nearly on nositt 
 
 an'dnv ''J"'"»*i"' B"rnti;iand,\irE 
 ment, it has two harbours, one below tha 
 town and the other half a mile' W. at Petrycur 
 1"^, '»-' I'n^'ge-boats between this place and 
 Leith; 9 miles N. by W. of Leith. ' ^ 
 
 KiNd s County, a county of Ireland in «).. 
 province of Leinster; 43 miles longhand abJt? 
 
 into 
 
 52 parishes, contains 
 
 »ion. It isdivi 
 
 n mr.r r. l"">^''Pal "vers are the Shannon 
 It TJ nn? crosses the N. part of the cour.tv 
 
 whtrHenVv^nf ' "^ ''"'*" "' "'^'^'•o'dshire. 
 wnero Henrv III. occasionally resided It ;I 
 
 s^.ated..th..nv,.Gade;5miLs.VV:ofV 
 
 Kingsbridge, a town in Devonshire with « 
 market on Saturday, seated on a branch of the 
 
 m^P'^f^' f to'^n in Hampshire: with a 
 U w;;: Tile "e^lH"^- ""'*/ g'^"' ^^^^ ^n maU. 
 
 ^c;.'iirfe;rofTo„i°-^- 
 
 D D 
 
KIN 
 
 409 
 
 KIN 
 
 KiKoscMpp, ft pnriih In Nortlinronton»ri!rc; 
 yj miloii W. of I'ctM-horouRh. 
 
 KiNo'd LvNv. See Lynn Reoi!i. 
 
 KimjsTKiN, rt itrong forlrws of Norway. See 
 FiiKDEiircsiTAiyr. 
 
 KiNOHTo.v UPON TiiAMKs, n coTpomfo town 
 Jn Surrey, with n mirkct on Sntunlny. At a 
 niitionnl council hold hem in the venr (1311, 
 King Egbert, nnd hin ion Afhclwnlf, were pro- 
 •ontj iinil scvcml of the Snxon inonnrohs wcro 
 crowned here. This town nent two mcml)tr« 
 to parliament in the rcigng of K<Iwftrd II. mid 
 III., but vrnii disfmnchidcd by the diniro of tlio 
 inhnbUnnts. Queen Elizubeth founded hero u 
 free school; nnd the spring nsRi/cn are held nt 
 thiH pliico. It is seated on the il er Thames, 
 over which it had an anc-iont woo. Ion bridge, 
 now replnceil by one of stone. It in 10 miles 
 S. W. of London. The South Western riul- 
 WBv passes near tliis town. 
 
 KiNosTON, n seaport of Jamaica, in the West 
 Indies; situate on the N. side of Port Royal 
 Bay It was built in l{(f)l», after the great 
 «»rthquako which destroyed the town of I'ort 
 Ko^al, and in 180.3 was incorporated as a city. 
 It IS a place of good trade, being much resorted 
 to by ships coming to load and unload their 
 curgoes; and of late years it has been greatly 
 enlarged by tho addition of many handsome 
 houses. I'op. 34,500. It is 10 miles E. of 
 Spanish Town. Long. 76. 40. W. lat. 10. 
 
 Kingston, the capital of St. Vincent, in the 
 West Indies, situate nt the head of a bay of the 
 same name, on the S. W. shore of tho inland. 
 
 Kingston, or Esopus, a town of New York, 
 in Ulster county. It was destroyed by an 
 English fleet, in 1777, but has been rebuilt on 
 a regulur plan. It stands on Esopus Creek 
 near its entrance into Hudson River ; 76 miles 
 N. of New York. Long. 74. 3. W. lat. 41. 
 64. N. 
 
 KiNosTex, a town of Nortli Carolina, chief 
 of Lenoir county; on the N. side of tho Neus • 
 40 miles W. by N. of Newbem, and 50 S. e! 
 of Raleigh. 
 
 Kingston, a town of South Carolina, in 
 Georgetown district ; on the Wnkkamaw; 30 
 miles N. N. E. of Georgetown. 
 
 Kingston, the largest and most populous 
 town of Upper Canada ; with n good harbour. 
 Here the queen's stores are kept nnd guarded. 
 Vessels from Lower Canada go no farther than 
 this place; and hence to York, Niagara, Sec, 
 stores and merchandise are conveyed in boats. 
 It is seated on Lake Ontario, at its outlet into 
 the St. Lawrence; 190 miles W. of Montreal. 
 Long. 76.41. W. lat. 44.8. N. 
 Kingston on Hull. See Hull. 
 Kingstown, or Dunleary, a town in Ire- 
 land, county of Dublin; fij miles from Dublin, 
 i.0 which it is connected by a railway, from 
 which it has derived much advantage. It is nn 
 agreeable watering-place, and possesses an ex- 
 cellent asylum harbour, commenced in 1B17, 
 enclosed by two piers, each upwards of 4000 
 feet in length, and a lighthouse; area 200 
 acNfc 
 
 Kino mtiotr, n city of China, of the (111 
 rank; in the province of Hou mmng. It is 
 considered onn of tho keys of the empire, Sa 
 well fortified, and has n large Tartar garrison. 
 It stands on tho Kinn-kuj (i'iO miles 8. S. W. 
 of Peking. Long. 1 1 1 , 87. E. lat. .^0. 26. N. 
 KiNo-TETciiixo, a town of China, in tho 
 province of Kiang-si ; fomou* for its beautiful 
 IMircelain. It i^ computed to contain nbovo 
 1,000,000 of inhabitants, and extends 4 miles 
 along tho banks of a river, which here forms a 
 kind of harbour ; 65.5 niilps S. of Peking. 
 Long. I l.'i. 54. E. Int. 29. 2.5. .N. 
 
 Kington, or Kineton, a town in Warwick- 
 shire, with a market on Tuesday. King John 
 kept his court in a cnstle he erected here. It 
 is H.5 miles N. W. of London. 
 
 Kington, or Kyneton, an ancit nt town in 
 Herefordshire; with a market on Wednesday, 
 nnd a considerable clothing trade. It is scatt-d 
 on tho Arrow, under Urndnor Mountain; 1!» 
 miles N. W. of Hereford, and 154 W. by N. of 
 London. 
 
 KiN-iioA, a city of China, of the first rank; 
 in Tchc-kiang, on the banks of a fine river. It 
 has A great trade in dried plums and linms; 
 nii'l it is famous for good rice-wine, nnd very 
 white candles : the latter are made of a su»)- 
 stnnce obtained fVom little shrubs with a white 
 flower, not unlike jessamine. It is 190 mile* 
 S. by E. of Nan-king. Long. 119. 10. E. lat. 
 29. 16. N. 
 
 KiNNAiBD Head, a lofty promontory on the 
 E. const of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire ; about 
 a mile to tho N. of the town of Frnserburg. 
 Here is a castle four stories high, on the top of 
 which is a lighthouse. Long. 1. 46. W lut 
 57. 39. N. 
 
 Kinross, a town of Scotland, tho capital of 
 Kinross-shire; sentrd in a plain, 8creenc<I on 
 the N. by tho Ochill Hills ; nnd on the river 
 Leven, before it enters Loch Leven. It hiis a 
 manufacture of cotton and coarse linens. It is 
 23 miles N. N. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 9. 
 W. Int. 56. 7. N. * 
 
 KiNROss-siiiBE, a county of Scotlnnd, sur- 
 rounded by the shires of Perth nnd Fife, nnd 
 almost circular; about 30 miles in circum- 
 ference. It is divided into four parishes. The 
 central part is occupied by Loch Leven, and 
 the country around has a rich appearance. It 
 sends one member to parliament alternately 
 with the county of Clackmannan. 
 
 Kinsale, a seaport and borough of Ireland, 
 in the county of Cork ; returning one member 
 to parliament. It is a maritime arsenal, and 
 has nn excellent harbour, defended by a strong 
 fort. In times of wnr it is very much fre- 
 quented by East and West India fleets, on 
 which account tho leases of the inhabitants 
 oblige them to pay double rent during these 
 sensons. It is seated at the mouth of the 
 liandon ; 1 4 miles S. of Cork. Lone. 8. 28. W. 
 lat. 51.42. N. 
 
 KiN-TCiiiNG, the capital of the island of 
 Loo-choo, in the China Sea, and of all the 
 islands under that npnellatinn. The king's 
 palace, reckoned to be' "four leagues in circuni- 
 
m, of the (111 
 nuAng. It is 
 the rnipirr, ia 
 'nrtar gnrriitnn. 
 Tiilw 8. S. W, 
 lit. 30. 26. N. 
 China, in tho 
 ir its bcnutiful 
 contnin nbovo 
 [tmidii 4 iniica 
 1 here forms a 
 I. of Peliinjf. 
 
 1 in Warwick- 
 . King John 
 ;ted here. It 
 
 dent town in 
 I Wednesdny, 
 It in Dciitcd 
 Mountain; 1!» 
 I W. by N. of 
 
 he first mnk; 
 fine river. It 
 IS and hnms; 
 ine, and very 
 ide of n Rut>- 
 with a white 
 is 190 miles 
 9. 10. £. lat. 
 
 intory on tJie 
 isliirc ; about 
 f Friwerbiirg. 
 on the top of 
 46. W. lut. 
 
 ho cnpitol of 
 screened on 
 on the river 
 n. It hiis a 
 linens. It is 
 Long. 3. 9. 
 
 cotlnnd, sur- 
 nd Fife, and 
 
 in circum- 
 rishcs. The 
 
 Leven, and 
 }arancc. It 
 ; alternately 
 
 of Ireland, 
 one member 
 arsenal, and 
 
 by a strong 
 
 much fre- 
 a fleets, on 
 
 inhabitants 
 luring these 
 luth of the 
 g. 8. 28. W. 
 
 e island of 
 
 of all the 
 
 Tho Vino'. 
 ', - c» - 
 
 i 111 circuni- 
 
 KIN 
 
 
 KIR 
 
 In ll'.""™''?' ** '■'iy "'t'hina, Of tho firs: mnk- 
 iou,Urv''T. r "f r-"-"""- The surrouXg 
 
 100. 40. E. l«t. 24. 30 N ■ ' ^°"«- 
 
 nTaL ? "'«/""'' J>«ni >3 mile, W. by 
 «. of Aberdeen. It sends, in conjunttion witK 
 Elp Ace. one memfK^r to'parli J.^,^ '"" """^ 
 
 "1 junensi. It has always l)een decmc«l ns n 
 »«"i,.r „g„,nrt the ineuwions of tho Tart.Tr. 
 «nd IS strong V fortiflei) T»,» „„. . 'a™'". 
 '■» very fruM.I It il Krn ".""''^ ■"■""""' 
 it king. Long. 107. 30. E. lat, 30. 6 N 
 
 K.N-vi,«.., a city of China, of the firSmnk 
 in Quong-si. It i, .cated on a fine rWer h,,; 
 
 ZlenW Kvij"''?'J" "'''' °' '«"'P'«- It « 31 
 SI5 2^ ^'^""'- ^""S- ^0«- '5- E. 
 emni^' "'>''»''.'> K"vemmont of the Russian 
 rTS' t?« ''"'* "^ ''^'' Ukrnme, or LittiS 
 
 gr^a duke, o"? »'" " ^'''^^' ^^''"<^^« '" »»>« 
 ^dIuI tI- ^*"'*'"' ""'' 1^'°^ 'vas their 
 ffii „„?" '"""""^ T"" ■ "quered by tho 
 th^™i?V"T ?«*""'"*'' "'« possession of 
 hv Z A^"""?' ''"' *"" ''^«'""" «"d possessed 
 
 John fi".'^."-*. ho natives, discontented With 
 Russia rnTh' ■""« "' .^°'""''' '"•'"'itted ; 
 to Z; ^"''*' ^V'' ""''« remained subject 
 Jnt„5li "''•'"'.■ Thi, government is divided 
 
 of ten^'^^'ii '^'?''' ^'^*' °' K'"VA, a town 
 ^Sir^'^Sf'aSa^^^ 
 
 r aji;-a^---oi T - 
 
 .che«k., all connected by intrenchments Hero 
 are catacombs of considerable extent dmr as^? 
 would seem, through a mass of han lened cTav 
 Itissea ejl on the Dnieper; 180 mile^ N "^• 
 
 pop'^4T;4T4":'' "" ''' ^- s- E. of ^L^: 
 
 Kio-FEo. I city of China, in the province 
 of Chan-tong. and district of Yen-tcheou I? 
 
 Tn s'lo wJi'r '^ ^"°"''"""''' -vetTmon" 
 ments to whose memory are sUll to be seen 
 
 ♦hJ^'?""'* V ^"°^' " •«'«P'»rt of Denmark in 
 the isle of Zealand. The English defeXd tl e 
 
 E lat I5 3rN.'''"P'"''^^"' ^°"8- 12. 15. 
 KioPiNo, or KoPiNo, a town of Sweden in 
 
 w!oWrr^,"^^-'«-'^i«-"eS'b; 
 
 on^V,r«''',f town Of Scotland, in Stirlingshire- 
 S?irS,g.^- ''"•' °^ '''*' ^""''' ' '""-^ V of 
 
 lURBK, or KiRKBY Lonsdale, a town in 
 Wertmoreland; w.th a market on TBay" 
 
 and mamifhctuft* of cirpet, and blankets, a 
 mile. S. E. of Kendal, and 242 N. W. of Unl 
 
 Vote "IS"""'' M«K>H«IUR, a town in N. 
 lorKsnire, with a market on Wednesilav 
 There are several interMting ruins in Z 
 m.,gh^urh„od; and in the viXgJ-of 'kI kdale! 
 2 miles hence, many fossil animal remain. 
 
 bywi'oTLo-ndS" ''•'" ''•'"''""'' 221 N. 
 Kmny, or KinKBT Stephkn, a town in 
 We,t„,ore and, with a market on Mo^"l« 
 
 £ It s'so„T"r'";V"'".'» »'"' "^hief tSj 
 
 Lon^ion '^'''''*-'*'^' *"^ ^(iO N. N. W. of 
 
 KmciinEno, a town and castle of Wirtcm- 
 
 tftil'^N'S s^lte" ""•"«' -^•^- 
 
 o^TT^h^ irrhe^'rit'S't^V''^. " 
 S. S. W. of Rot;,nba4 "" 
 
 KiRCiinKRo n town in the Prussian province 
 of tlie Lower Rhine; 41 miles W. of Lnt " 
 
 29tr Krorj^"^"^''^ °" '"'' ^^^^'"^^'' 
 . KiBCiiHAVN. a town of the Prussian state, 
 >n Lusatia; seated on the Dober; irmSs! 
 
 m.^l"'"'".^!,"' " t°*" °'' Wirtemberg, with a 
 
 oTS:r''"*'^""'^-"'-'i-^'«s..^ 
 
 KiRDORP, a town of Gcrmnnv, in ne«,c- 
 Darmstndt ; 42 miles S. S. W. ofCassel! 
 
 KiRouis, a country of West Asia in T.wU 
 pendent Tarta^^; inhabited VtTre^" h^e^ 
 of Cossacks, or Kirguises, considered to b^ tho 
 descendants of the ancient Mongolians; on the 
 
 KtRiN, a government of Eastern Tm^o,,, 
 
 nals banished by the laws """■ 
 
 lat. 43 20 N •""»• ^°"«' ^'^^- 20- E. 
 
 Kirkcaldy, a borough of Scotland in v.f 
 »;;^'7"hagoodharbV. He^are 'a doS" 
 Ih JZ T"" ^^*'«'''' »"d manufactures of 
 thf hV>;''?'"«' '=•'"*'"• ""J leather Thswa, 
 Smif^'*^?,^''"",'"^ *^« celebrated Dr AdZ 
 
 DD2 ^ 
 
KIR 
 
 404 
 
 KIZ 
 
 K'.' I 
 
 \4 
 1 1 (I 
 
 
 &e., in sending ono member to parlinmcnt. 
 The harbour will admit ships of any burden to 
 come up to the town, and yet it hns no con- 
 siderablo trade or manufacture. It is seated 
 at the mouth of the Deej 20 miles S. W. of 
 Dumfries. 
 
 KiBKcuDniUGiiTSiiiRE, or East Galloway, 
 a county of Scotland 45 miles long and 30 
 broad ; bounded un the N. W. by Ayrshire, 
 N. E. and E. by Dumfries-shiro, S. by Solway 
 Frith and the Irish Sea, and W. by Wigton- 
 shire. It is divided into 90 parishes, and sends 
 ono member to parliament. Tlio northern 
 ])arts arc mountainous and uncultivated ; but 
 there is some fertile land on the sides of tho 
 rivers, and it feeds a great number of cattle and 
 sheep. The chief rivers are tho Dee, Fleet, 
 Cree, and Orr. 
 
 KiRKiiAM, a town in Lancashire, with a 
 market on Thursdi'V. The ancient church 
 was taken down in 18'22, except the tower. 
 The manufactures are sail-cloth, cordage, coarso 
 linens, cottons, &c. It is situated near the 
 mouth of the Kibble, on the Preston and Wyro 
 railway; 23 miles S. of Lancaster, and 226 N. 
 N. W, of London. 
 
 KiiiKi.NTiLLOCii, a town of Scotland, in 
 Dumbartonshire, with manufactures of linen 
 and cotton • rented near the junction of tho 
 Lugyie with the Kelvin; 7 miles E. N. E. of 
 Gliuigow, 
 
 KiRKLESs, a nllage in W. Yorkshire; situato 
 on the Calder; 3 miles from Huddersfield. In 
 the park near it is the monument of the famous 
 Robin llocd. 
 
 KiuKoswALD, a town in Cumberland, with 
 a market on Thursday. On an elevated spot, 
 a little E. of the town, are the ruins of a castle, 
 and on another eminence, 3 miles to the S., is 
 the famous Druidiuil moimment called Long 
 Meg and her Daughters. Kirkoswald is seated 
 at the conflux of the Croglin with the Eden; 
 9 miles N. by E. of Penrith, and 292 N. \V. of 
 London. 
 
 KiRKPATRicK, a village of Scotland, in Dum- 
 bartonshire ; 5 miles E. S. E. of Dumbarton. 
 The vestiges of the Roman wall, built by Aiito- 
 nius, extend from the Clyde at this place to 
 Abercorn on the Frith of Forth. It is called, 
 by the country people, Graham's Dike. 
 
 KiRKTON, or KiRTON', a town in Lincoln- 
 «hire, with a market on Saturday ; situate on 
 the top of a hill; 20 miles N. of Lincol::, and 
 147 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Kirkwall, a borougli of Scotland ; capital 
 of Pomona, the iiriiicijial island of the Orkneys. 
 It is contributory in si.'nding one member fo 
 parliament. It is built on a neck of land on 
 the E. side of the island ; and the most striking 
 object is the stately cathedral of St. Magiuis, 
 opposite which is the bishop's palace, now 
 called a castle. The haibonr is excellent, with 
 a good outer ro.id, defended by a fortiliirtion. 
 Here are manufaclurL's of linen and cotton ; 
 and great quantities of kelp are exported. It 
 is 30 miles N. E. of Thurso, in Caithness- 
 shire. 
 
 Kirn, a town of the Prussian province of 
 
 Lower Rhine; situ.MO on tho Nahe; 42 miles lF>. 
 by W. of Coblentz. 
 
 KiRttYMUiR, a town of Scotland, in Forfar- 
 shire; with considerable manufactures of brown 
 and coarso linens. It is .5 miles N. W. of 
 Forfar, and IC N. of Dundee. 
 
 KiftsUEHR, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 Natolia; formerly a considerable city, called 
 I)ioca:sarea. Salt is made in tho neighbour- 
 hood. It is 04 miles N. E. of Konieh. Long. 
 34. 15.E. lat. .^O. 10. N. 
 
 KiRSOVA, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Bulgaria; seated on the Danube; 76 miles S. 
 W. of Ismael. Long. 28. 4. E. lat. 44. 47. N. 
 
 KiSMicii, or KisiiM, a fertile island at tho 
 entrance of ^he Gulf of Persia; 60 miles long, 
 and 12 broad; separated by a narrow channel 
 from the continent of Persia. Its E. end is 12 
 miles S. of Bunder Abbas. 
 
 KissiNOEN, a town of the Bavarian states, in 
 Franconia, in the environs of which are some 
 medicinal and salt springs. It is 32 miles N. 
 of Wurzbu J. 
 
 KisTNA, or Krishna, a river of Hindostnn, 
 which rises in the Sukliein Mountains, not far 
 to the S. of Poonah, flows E. about 500 miles, 
 forming the boundary between the Deccan and 
 the Peninsula, and enters the Bay of Bengal 
 by several mouths, to the S. of Alasulipatnm. 
 Owing to the accumulation of sand at its 
 mouths, it is not navigable for ships ; but its 
 inundations are of the greatest imprrtance to 
 the fertility of the country through which it 
 passes. 
 
 KisTNAOHERi, a town and fortress of Ilin- 
 dostan ; in the province of Barramaid. Since 
 it came into the possession of the British, in 
 1792, it hiis been dismantled, to save the ex- 
 pense of a garrison. I', is situate on a rock 
 nearly 700 feet in height; 54 miles S. E. of 
 Bangalore, and 66 W. S. W. of Arcot. 
 
 KiTTERY, a town of the district of Maine, in 
 York county, on the Piscataqua ; 16 milesS.NV. 
 of York. Pop 2022. 
 
 KiTZDiciiL, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Tyrol, in the vicinity of which are mines of 
 copper and silver. It is seated on the river 
 Acha ; 1 1 miles S. E. of Kufstein. 
 
 KnziNCiKN, a town of Bavarian Franconia ; 
 on the river Maine ; 10 miles E. S. E. of Wurz- 
 burg. Pop. 4100. 
 
 KiL'N-TciiEou, a city of China of the first 
 rank ; capital of the island Hainan, on the N. 
 cost, at the mouth of the Liniou. It stands on 
 a proniontorv, and ships often anchor under its 
 walls. Long. 109. 3!l. E. lat. 20. iN. 
 
 Km TAJA, or KuTAiAii, a town of Asiatic 
 Turkey ; cajjital of Natolia. Near it are some 
 warm baths, nuieh esteemed in severiit disorders. 
 It is situate at the foot of a mountain, near the 
 river Pursiik ; I'M] miles S. S. E. of Constanti- 
 nople. Pop. 55,000. 
 
 KiziL luMAK, the principal river of Asia 
 Minor (the ancient llalys). It takes its rise in 
 the pandjiik of Sivas, and flows westward to 
 long. 34., when it takes a N. course, and 
 afterwards N. E., and falls into the Eusine near 
 Bafru. 
 
fie; 42 miles S>. 
 
 KLA 
 
 4U5 
 
 KON 
 
 Ki.ADRAU, a town of Bohemin, in the circle 
 of I'ilacii, near the r'ver Misa; 20 miles W. of 
 I'ilwn. 
 
 Klattau, a town of Bohemia ; capital of a 
 circle of the same name ; with a considerable 
 woollen manufacture. Tart of it was destroyed 
 by fire in 1819. It is C9 miks S. W. of I'racue. 
 I'op. 3050. 
 
 Klinqnau, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 district of Baden, on the River Aar ; 7 miles N. 
 of Uaden. 
 
 KiNAPDALE, a district of Argyleshire, Scot- 
 land, about 20 miles long, and 16 broad. It is 
 Biiuiite between the isthmus of Crinan and Tar- 
 bert, and is divided into the parishes of N. and 
 S. Ivnapdalo. 
 
 Knarksbououoh, a borough in West York- 
 shire, with a market on Wednesday. It sends 
 two memljcrs to parliament. It is the ancient 
 seat of the linen manufacture, which is now 
 carried on to a great extent. Here is a famous 
 spring, of a strong petrifying quality, called the 
 Dropping Well, which "lulls in drops from the 
 top of a rock. The town is situate at the top 
 of a rocky mountain, at the foot of which runs 
 the river Nidd ; 19 miles W. by N. of York, and 
 197 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Knigiito.v, a town of Wales, in Radnorshire, 
 with a market on Thursday ; seated on the 
 Teme j 10 miles N. E. of R;idnor, and 1 58 N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 KNiGHTsmiiDaE, a village of Middlesex, now 
 forming part of the suburbs of the metropolis. 
 
 Knipuausen, a seaport of Germany, in the 
 grand duchy of Oldenburg ; seated on the Jade- 
 39 miles E. of Embden. 
 
 Knottingley, an extensive and populous 
 village in West Yorkshire ; on the river Aire ; 
 noted for its great production of limestone ■ 3* 
 miles E. N. E. of Pontefract. 
 
 Knoxville, a town of Tennessee; capital 
 of Knox country. Hero is u college, estab- 
 lished by government, called Blount College. 
 It stands on the river Holston ; 22 miles above 
 ita junction with the Tennessee, and 200 S. 
 by E. of Frankfort. Long. 84.8.W. lat. 35.58.N. 
 Knutspord, a town of Cheshire, witli a 
 market on Saturday. Here arc some cotton- 
 nulls, and manufacture of shag, velvets, &c. 
 it is seated on a branch of the Birken ; 25 
 miles E. by N. of Chester, and 175 N, W. of 
 London. 
 
 KoANo-siN, a city of China, of tlie first rank ; 
 m Kiang-si. Here are manufactures of good 
 paper, and the best candles in the empire. It is 
 250 miles S. by W. of Nan-king. Lone. 118. 20. 
 E. lat. 28. 30. N. «» 6 
 
 KoEi-TciiEou, a province of China, near the 
 S. W. extremity of the empire. It is almost a 
 desert, and full of precipitous mountains, inha- 
 bited by barbarous races, whom the Chinese 
 have never been able fully to subdue. In the 
 mountains there are mines of gold, silver, cop- 
 per, and mercury. The horses are the best in 
 China ; and excellent game abound. Stuffs are 
 jsiiwio of a certain herb wiiich resembles hemp, 
 mid are very much suited for summer clothes. 
 The capital is Koei-yang. 
 
 KoEi-TCUEou, or QuEi-cHOo, a citv of 
 
 China, of the first rank ; in Se-tchuen. It is 
 very rich, and carries on a great trade. It 
 stands on the great river Kian-ku ; 637 miles 
 S. S. W. of Peking. Long, 109. 50. E. lat. 31. 
 10. N. 
 
 KoEi-YONO, a city of China ; capital of the 
 province of Koei-tcheou. It is built partly of 
 earth and partly of bricks, and is surrounded 
 by steep mounta'ins. Long. 108. 30. E. lat. 27. 
 40. N. 
 KoGE. See KiooE. 
 
 KoHisTAN, a district of Persia, in the pro- 
 vince of Mecran ; possessed by a powerful chief, 
 who resides at Buiipoor. 
 
 KoiiKELAN, u mountainous district of Ilin- 
 dostan, in the province of Lahore, on the 
 western side of the Jhylum river ; possessed by 
 petty chiefs, who arc subject cither to the Seiks 
 or Afghans. 
 
 KoKONOR, or HoHOiNOR, a country of Tar- 
 tary, on the borders of China; inhabited by a 
 tribe of Kalraiics called Sifims, It contains a 
 large lake, of the same name. 
 
 Kola, a town of Russian Lapland ; in the 
 government of Archangel. It has a good har- 
 bour on the River Kola, near a bay of the same 
 name in the Frozen Ocean. Long. 32. 30. E, 
 lat. 68. 20. N. 
 
 KoLiN, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 K.iurzim ; with a castle. A little to the W. of 
 this place, in 1757, the Austrians gained a vic- 
 tory over the Prussians; 26 miles E. S. E. of 
 Prague. 
 
 KoLivAN, or Kiiolyvan, a town of Asiatic 
 Russia ; capital of a district of the same name 
 m the government of Tomsk. In the neighbour- 
 hood are some very productite copper mines, 
 with some silver and gold. It is seated on the 
 nver Berd.at its conflux with theObv; 480 miles 
 E. S. E. of Tobolsk. Long. 81. 20'. E. lat, 55. 
 28. N. 
 
 Kolomna, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Moscow, and a bishop's see ; with a 
 trade in corn, tallow, salt beef, &c It is seated 
 on the Occa. near the influx of the Moskwa • 65 
 miles S. E. of Moscow. 
 
 KoM. See Com. 
 
 Kong, a kingdom of central Africa, on the 
 borders of Guinea, from which it is separated by 
 a ridge of mountains. The country is populous, 
 and abounds in horses and elephants. 
 
 KoNo, a town of Africa ; capital of the above 
 kingdom ; 230 miles S. S. W. of Sego. Lomr 
 3.20. W. lat. 11.20. N. *' 
 
 KoNGSBERO, a, town of Norway, in the go- 
 vernment of Aggerhuys ; formerly celebrated 
 for the richest silver mines in Europe. It is 
 situate on both sides of the river Lowe • 30 
 miles S. W. of Christiania. Long. 1 0. 0. E 'lat. 
 59. 40. N. 
 
 KoNoswiNQER, a town of Norway, on the 
 frontiers of Sweden, near the river Glomme ; at 
 the foot of a steep rock, on which is a strona 
 citadel ; 42 miles N. E. of Christiania. Tw>n,r 
 I-'. 8, E. lat. oO. 12. N. '^' 
 
 Ko.NG-TCHANo, a city of China, of the first 
 rank ; in the province of Chen-si. It stands on 
 
 %m 
 
KON 
 
 406 
 
 V! i 
 
 the uvet Hoei, surrounded by high mountains, 
 where a tomb is seen, which the Chinese pre- 
 
 9? .1" ^? '•'"' °^ *'•>-'''• I^ong- 104. 20. E. lat. 
 3*. 5d. N. 
 
 KONIEH, or KOINEH. 5fee COONI. 
 
 KoNiGiNORATz, a fortified town of Bohemia- 
 capital of a circle of the same name, and a 
 bishop's see. It has a spacious handsome r ir- 
 ket-place, an elegant cathedral, and many otner 
 handsome buildings. In 1762abody of Prussian 
 troops entered the town, and laid the greater 
 part of It in ashes. It is seated on the Elbe- 44 
 miles E. of Prague. Long. 15. 40. E. lat. 50.10 
 N. Population of the circle, 270,000; of the 
 
 KoNiGSBEKO, a government of the Prussian 
 states } comprehending the N. and W. parts of 
 the province of East Prussia, and corresponding 
 nearly to East Prussia Proper. It comprises f 
 
 ToZlTLZLl'''' ^^"-^ •"''-' ^^^^ 
 
 KoNiGSBERG, the capital of East Prussia • 
 withaimiversity a magnificent palace, and a 
 public hbmry The town-house, the exchange! 
 the royal mint, and the cathedral, are fine struc- 
 tures. The tower of the castle is very hi"h 
 whence there is a beautiful prospect. The wall 
 which encloses the city and suburbs is 9 miles 
 m circumference; but more than half this space 
 consists of gardens and corn-fields, the popu- 
 . Jation of the whole not exceeding 55,000: who 
 are principally of the Lutheran religion. Many 
 of the houses are large and elegant; and the 
 trade is very considerable. No ships drawing 
 more than 8 feet water can pass the bar of the 
 nver ; so that large vessels anchor at Piliau. a 
 small town on the Baltic. Konigsberg, though 
 fortified. IS not capable of making any serious 
 res^tance It was taken by the Russians in 
 1758 ; and m June, 1807, it fell into the hands 
 of the French ; but, since the overthrow of Bo- 
 naparte, It has been under the dominion of Prus- 
 
 Z\ ll ''^^^I^TS'" I'^-^gel. near its entrance 
 into the Frisch Haff ; 170 miles N. of Warsaw 
 Long. 20. 45. E. lat. 54. 42. N """^s^"'- 
 
 Konigsberg, a town of Germany, in llesse- 
 Cassel ; 46 miles N. N. E. of Mentz. 
 . Konigsberg, a town and castle of the Bava- 
 rian states, in Franconia ; 14 miles N. W of 
 Bamberg. 
 
 Ko.NiGSBERO, a town of Hungary ; seated 
 on^the river Gran ; 70 miles E. by N. of Pres- 
 
 KoNiGSDERo, a well built town of Prussia - 
 
 59 miles N. E. of Berlin. ' 
 
 KoNiGSHOF, a town and castle of Bohemia • 
 
 ented on the Elbe ; 14 miles N. of Koni-ia- 
 
 . fatz. ° 
 
 KoNiGSHOFEN, a town of Bavarian Franconia- 
 on the nver Saale ; 30 miles N. W. of Bam- 
 berg. 
 
 IfoNiGsiurrER, a town of Gcrmanv, in the 
 duchy of Brunswick, with a celebrated abbey 
 It IS seated on the rivulet Lutter ; 16 miles E. 
 ot Brunswick. 
 
 Ko.NiGSTi;iN, a town of Sf xony. on the fron- 
 tiers of Boheniia. A garrison is constantly 
 m„.ntainea in tjie fort, which btaiids on a moua- 
 
 KOR 
 
 tarn, and is deemed impregnable. The town hu« 
 manufactures of woollen and linen, and is seated 
 on the Elbe ; 16 miles S. E. of Dresden. Long, 
 14. 14, E. lat. 50, 54, N. 
 
 KoNiGSTEiN, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Nassau ; with a castle on a rock ; II 
 miles N. W. of Frankfort, 
 
 N, VV, of Culm. 
 
 KoNKODoo a county of West Africa, bor- 
 dering on Jallonkadoo, Satadoo, and Dt'ntila, 
 It IS full of steep mountains, which, liowever. 
 are cultivated even to the summit. The streams 
 which aescend from these mountains imprec- 
 nate the sand and earth with gold dust, which 
 the natives separate by a mechanical process. 
 
 Ko0NJ00R,a town of Hindostan ; capital of 
 a circar in the province of Orissa ; 86 miles 
 N. N. W. of Cattack, and 163 W. S. W. of Cal- 
 cutta. Long. 85. 38. E. lat. 21. 52. N, 
 
 KoosHAUB, a town of Hindostan, in Lahore- 
 seated on the Belut ; 88 miles V*-, of Lahore.' 
 Long. 71. 20. E. lat. 30. 55. N. 
 _ KoPYL, a fortified town of European Russia 
 m the government of Mohilef ; seated on the 
 Dnieper ; 28 miles N. of Mohilef. 
 
 KoRDoPAN, a county of Centml Africa • 
 situate to the W. of the Buhr-el-Abiad, between 
 the kingdom of Darfur and that of Sennaar It 
 IS sometimes independent, and sometimes sub- 
 ject to the one or the other of these states. The 
 inhabitants are said to be extremely licentious in 
 their manners, and cherish a most inveterate 
 enmity against Ihose of Darfur, Ibeit is the 
 capital. 
 
 KoRFAKAN, a town of Arabia, in Oman : on 
 a bay of the Gulf of Ormuz; 110 mile? N. by 
 VV. of Rostak, ' 
 
 KORGAN, Sec JORJAN, 
 
 KoRiAcs, a people of Siberia, who inhabit 
 that part of the government of Okhotsk which 
 lies around the Gulf of Penginskaia, and N as 
 iar as the banks of the Anadir. They are divided 
 into two sorts. Those called sim'ply Koriacs 
 have a fixed residence, and the resemblance 
 between them and the Kamtschadales is very 
 striking, 'i'he others are wanderers, and are 
 known by the appellation of Reindeer Koriacs : 
 they roam m detached parties over these vast 
 deserts, and are noted hunters and robbers. 
 Iheir only property consists in their herds of 
 remdeer, which they maintain by conductinir 
 them to those cantons that abound with moss • 
 and. when these pastures are exhausted, they 
 wander m search of others. The number of 
 hxcd Kori^ics scarcely exceeds 900 j and, though 
 U IS not easy to calculate that of the wandering 
 Koriacs, it is imagined that they do not much 
 exceed this amount. The features of the mino- 
 rity ot the Koriacs are not Asiatic ; and they 
 might be considered as Europeans, but tor their 
 low stature, their ill shape, and the colour of 
 their skm. In general the women have sunV 
 eyes, flat noses, and iirominent cheeks ; and in 
 gymg about, they carry their children in a ki.id 
 ot net or basket arched over, in which the infant 
 
 IS placed in a sittiiuy nnoti'i-p .."H -l.-l. J ^ 
 
 the weather. They acknowledge a Supremo 
 
 
The town tiiM 
 1, and is seated 
 readen. Long. 
 
 nany, in the 
 m a rock ; 1 1 
 
 sia; 10 miles 
 
 Africa, bor- 
 and Dentila. 
 ich, liowever, 
 
 The streams 
 ains impreg- 
 
 dust, which 
 ;al process. 
 I ; capital of 
 a ; St) miles 
 S. W.ofCal- 
 i2. N. 
 
 1, in Lahore; 
 . of Lahore. 
 
 pean Russia, 
 ated on the 
 
 ral Africa ; 
 ad, between 
 Scnnaar. It 
 letimcs sub* 
 states. The 
 licentious in 
 t inveterate 
 Ibeit is the 
 
 Oman ; on 
 
 mile? N. b/ 
 
 i-ho inhabit 
 lotsk which 
 . and N. hs 
 are divided 
 )ly Koriacs 
 escmblance 
 lies is very 
 8, and are 
 !r Koriacs ; 
 these vast 
 d robbers, 
 r herds of 
 conducting 
 vith moss ; 
 lated, they 
 lumber of 
 nd, though 
 wandering 
 
 not much 
 ' the miijo- 
 
 and they 
 it for their 
 
 colour of 
 liave sunk 
 8 ; and, in 
 in a kind 
 the infant 
 tered from 
 
 Supreme 
 
 KOR 
 
 Being, the creator of all things. He is st.n 
 posed to inhabit the sun, wh^c bun.il "rl" 
 f% <=°n«Jer as the throne or palace of the 
 Lord of Nature. They neither fear nor woUio 
 hmi : goodness, they say. is his esspnnp „ i ? 
 ".impossible he sh'oulJ' do ?„y inju J The 
 
 drunkenness is become with these"' Zple a 
 
 KoRiNc?:r, a valley in the island of Sumatra 
 behind the range of mountains which forms ™e 
 
 SSoTr"' U ""T^'' •^''^"«'^' S"Sa"d 
 inarapoor. It contains a fine lake which 
 
 KoRsoK. See Cobsokr. 
 KosEL, or KoSTA, a fortified town of Pnissia 
 m^bilesu. ; on the river Oder ; 17 miles K" 
 
 407 
 
 KR A 
 
 vast plain, between two large rivers • 119 -.-i 
 S. of Peking. Long. Us. 20. E lat' !1\T^^ 
 Kous, or Coss, a town of Egypt /the „n- I 
 ApolhnopolisParva,) on theltSltef"* 
 once a place of great wealth ami t^\iu-®' 
 the staple of commerce be ween Jhe Nil. f 
 the Red Sea ; 18 mile, S If n i ''° ""** 
 N. N. E. of' Esne. "^ ^endera, and 45 
 
 « h^iTf"'^* *""" °^ ^"««'«n Lithuania • with 
 a brisk trade, particularly in corn, honev; wax 
 &c. It 18 seated at the conflux of th7 vJlf' 
 
 Win cattle, which are sold to the T)7n r- \^ 
 rnrnfV~°""''v'* *"*"" °f Austrian Illyria in 
 
 KosiE, a considerable kingdom of Western 
 Africa J situated on ihe E. side of the r!-^ 
 
 «S S^h' '' ""^^ '■™'" i^ «"-'!' The 
 exteLt'all -1 T',,"^^'' '« «'''l '» be of great 
 extent, and its bmldmgs are described as m,wh 
 Resembling those of Cooma^e, the^^S^^ 
 
 KOSLOP. «?e ElPATOHIA. 
 
 KosTENDU, orGiusTENDiL, a city of Turkey 
 
 wme"n?n!' *"\«'M'''«1 "f 'he s-iij^ljak of S 
 same name pachalic of Roumelia. Near it are 
 gold and silver mines, and a hot sulphu eous 
 spring; 85 miles S. W. of Sophia. Pop 500 
 
 veriZT„7;h"'"""°'^"*^"' ' '=«Pitalofago: 
 comment of the same name, and a bishop's see 
 
 ChumburT"'" "/, Agi'"'-''^, seated on tTj 
 Ummbul. Long. 75. .19. E. lat. 25. 15 N 
 
 1 15 S S flfl T'-''^'^ 'r''"^'^^' •" <^^-''8"n 
 37 sT N "• ^""8- "^- 3«. E. lat. 
 
 in IV""'"-' " '^"y' of ^'hina, of the first mnk • 
 m the province of Ho-nan. It is seated in j 
 
 , - - .....«,= «. ui uppeien. 
 
 RiSa'Ttf''' ^•'"'^i^hing town of Asiatic 
 itussia. in the government of Tomsk • with a 
 trade m fti,«, and a considerable transit of ^^ 
 modities for the trade with China and Sibert 
 the great road from Tomsk to Irkutsk oaS 
 through It It is seated on a small river^wS 
 fal 8 into the Yenisei. Pop. 3500 
 
 trict hf 'Th^"^"' " '""'" ''"'* ^°P"«' °f » dis- 
 
 S^f tiSK:^tSr^;.£'[j 
 
 .fe^^inni,-nVS 
 
 i-tuimemz. it has considerable tin mine, i,, 
 its vicinity. It is 17 miles W. N W Ti 
 nieritz. Pop. 1750. ^- "' ^'■'»'- 
 
 Krempe, a town of Denmark in H„i » • 
 
 8 uffs, and excellent thread. It is so! 11' 
 
 15. 36. E. lat. 40 oT.n; ^-^^V'""'"- Long. 
 Kro.miero. See Cronenbero. 
 Krotoschin, a town and castle of Prussian 
 
 KRUMtAu, See Crumi.au. 
 
KTE 
 
 408 
 
 KUR 
 
 culled Ooplo, which supplies, the NeU with a 
 great part of ita water ; 28 miles W. of Brzesc 
 Litov. 
 
 Kteipa, a small town of Syria, on the bor- 
 ders of the desert ; supposed to be the ancient 
 Adarisi ; 22 miles E, N. E. of Damascus, 
 
 K'JARA, a province of Abyssinia; situated near 
 the banks of the Bahr-el-Abiad. It is very 
 mountainous and unwholesome, but abounds in 
 gold, which is brouglit from the neighbouring 
 countries. The governor is one of the groat 
 officers of state, and has absolute power in his 
 own province. 
 
 KuBBEES, a city of Persia, in SeistuB, in the 
 midst of a great sandy desert, on the road from 
 Kerman to Herat ; 160 miles S. E, of Yezd. 
 
 KuBiN, a town of Hungary, in the Bannat, 
 opposite Semendria; with 2400 inhabitants, who 
 carry on a brisk trade with Turkey. 
 
 KuDiN, a ti.wn of Hungary, in the district of 
 the Tsaikists. Long. 19. 18. E. lat. 49. 14. N. 
 Top. 2120. 
 
 KuFSTEiN, a strong town of Austria, in the 
 Tyrol, with a aistle on a rock. It surrendered 
 to the French and Bavarians in 1805. It is 
 seated on the Inn, on the froptiers ot Bavaria ; 
 46 miles S. S. E, of Munich, Long. 12. 15 E 
 lat. 47. 30, N. 
 
 KuLLA, a country of Central Africa, to the 
 S. E. of Wangara ; traversed by a river of the 
 same name. It was represented to Browne as 
 an important state, but he did not enter it. 
 
 KuLsiiEiM, or KuLZHEiM, a town of Baden, 
 in the principality of Leiningen j 40 miles E. S. 
 E, of Heidelberg. 
 
 KuMANiA, Gkeat and Little, two dis- 
 tricts in the central part of Hungary, separated 
 from each olhei- by a considerable tract of 
 country, as well as by the river Theiss, Great 
 Kumania comprises a superficial extent of 420 
 square miles, with 13,000 inhabitants. Little 
 Kumania is, however, the more extensive dis- 
 trict, comprising an area of 1000 square miles, 
 and a population of 41,000. The Calvinist is 
 the prevailing religion in both dis'rcts. 
 
 KuNDAPURA, a town of Hindosiun, in Canara, 
 and the chief place in the northern part of the 
 province. It is seated near the mouth of a river 
 of the same name, which here expands into a 
 lake, and form a number of islands. It is the 
 port for all goods coming from or going to Na- 
 giira ; but the bar wil! not admit vessels that 
 draw more than 12 feet. It is 30 miles W, S. 
 W. of Nagara, and 54 N, N, W. of Mangalore. 
 Long. 74, 45. E. lat, 13. 34. N. 
 
 KuNERSDORF, a village of Bradenburg, in 
 the Middle Mark ; 3 miles E. N, E. of Frankfort, 
 on the Oder, Here, in 1759, was fought one of 
 the most bloody battles on record, between the 
 Prussians and Russians, in which the king of 
 Prussia, after a great slaughter of the enemy, 
 for upwards of six hours, was in the end obliged 
 to quit the field, with the loss of all liis cannon, 
 and 20,000 men, 
 
 _ KuNKA, u district of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Orissa ; situate on the seacoast, near to 
 Point Palmyras. Being much intersected hy 
 rivers, the rajan succcoafuily maintained his 
 
 independence against the Mahrattas, but 8Ur«ii> 
 dered to the Brit'sh in 1806. 
 
 KuNKAQUR, the capital of tlie above district* 
 and the residence of the rajah ; situate on the 
 coast. Long. 87. 6. E. lat. 20. 50. N. 
 
 KuNTiNa, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in 
 the principal't/ of Eichstadt, at the conflux of 
 the Schwarzach with the Altmuhl : 12 miles 
 N.E. of Eichstadt. 
 
 KuNNEE, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Delhi, and district of Sirhind. It is 
 surrounded by a mud wall and deep ditch ; but 
 it was taken by the British, in 1809. wit »t 
 resistance. 
 
 KuNo, a fortress of Japan, in the island of 
 Niphon ; 60 miles W. S. W. of Jeddo. 
 
 KuNowiTz, a town of Moravia, on the 
 Olschowa ; 37 miles S. by E. of Olmutz. 
 
 Kuopio, a town of Sweden, in Finland ; 
 capital of Savolax, an'' that part of Carelia 
 lemaining to Sweden. It is situate on the W. 
 side of an extensive lake ; 200 miles S. E. of 
 Uiea, Long. 29. 10. E. lat. 63. 20. N, 
 
 KuPFERBERo, a mine-town of Prussian Sile- 
 sia in the principality of Jauer ; on the river 
 Boher ; 17 miles S. W. of Jauer. 
 
 KuH, (the ancient Cyrus,) a river of Persia, 
 which rises in the Caucasian ilountains, passes 
 by Tefllis, and flows S. E, to the Caspian Sea. 
 At its month are several islets, liable to be over- 
 flowed in the spring. 
 
 KuHDA, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Guzerat, near the iJ. W. frontier ; 
 about three miles S, of Theruud. 
 
 Kurdistan, a country lying partly in Ar- 
 menia, and partly in Persia, along the eastern 
 bank of the r'ver Tigris, and comprehending 
 great part of ancient Assyria. Its limits are 
 not precisely ascertained ; but it may be viewed 
 as bounded on the N. by Armenia, on the E. 
 by Persia, on the S. by Arabian and Persian 
 Irak, and on the W. by Diarbckir, or, as it is 
 sometimes called, Algezira. It is divided into 
 two parts, viz. Lower Kurdistan, or the western 
 division, which is included in the pachalic of 
 Bagdad, and corresponds nearly to the whole 
 of ancient Assyria I'roper: and Ardelan, which 
 extends from the small river Sharook to the 
 Turkish district of Zohaub. The surliice is 
 diversified by mountains and valleys : and the 
 soil is in some places fertile and well cultivated; 
 but it abounds with deserts, and, except in the 
 neighbourhood of the towns, is barren and de- 
 solute. Wheat and barley are the grains most 
 commonly raised. The inhabitants are not 
 subject either to the Turks or I'ersians. Some 
 live in towns and villages, and others rove from 
 place to place, having tents like the wild Arabs, 
 and being robbers like them. The tribes are 
 ruled by a number of their own princes, or 
 chiefs. They are i)roud of their descent, and 
 demand a premium for their daughters, on 
 giving them ifx marriage. Their character and 
 circumstances seem to have undergone little 
 change since the most remot"^ times. Xeno- 
 phou is supposed to refer to tliem under the 
 iiaine of CsrdiichHi a pcouls who o"r>Gssd the 
 retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. Their religion 
 
as, but sumen- 
 
 iibove district* 
 lituate on the 
 I). N. 
 
 Franconia, in 
 ;he conflux of 
 hi ; 12 miles 
 
 1, in the pro- 
 irhind. It is 
 ?p ditch ; but 
 1809, wit: \t 
 
 the island of 
 
 eddo. 
 
 ivia, on the 
 
 Imutz. 
 
 in Finland ; 
 
 •t of Carelia 
 
 te on the W. 
 
 ilesS. £. of 
 
 10. N. 
 
 'russian Sile- 
 
 on the river 
 
 er of Persia, 
 itains, passes 
 Ilaspian Sea. 
 e to be over- 
 
 in the pro- 
 N. frontier ; 
 
 artly in Ar- 
 the eastern 
 oprehending 
 a limits are 
 ly be viewed 
 I, on the E. 
 ind Persian 
 or, as it is 
 divided into 
 the western 
 pachalic of 
 the whole 
 lelan, which 
 rook to the 
 ! surliice is 
 s: and the 
 I cultivated; 
 cept in the 
 ren and de- 
 trains most 
 ts arc not 
 uis. Some 
 i rove from 
 wild Arabs, 
 tribes are 
 princes, or 
 !Bcent, and 
 ghters, on 
 iracter and 
 'gone little 
 ;8. Xeno- 
 under the 
 jposed the 
 :ir religion 
 
 KUR 
 
 409 
 
 LAA 
 
 U partly Christianity, and partly Mahomedism, 
 A Itunkupri is the capital. The chief towns are 
 Kerkc"k, Solymania, Beltis, Erbile, Amadia 
 Sennah, &c ' 
 
 KuRBii, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- 
 lia ; 34 miles W. of Sinub. 
 
 KuRiLEa, a long chain of islands at the 
 eastern extremity of Asia ; extending from the 
 southern point of Kamtschatka to the isles of 
 Jesso, or Matsmai, an island of Japan. They 
 he between 42. and 51. of N. lat., and the 
 whole length of the range is said to be nearly 
 900 miles. Exclusive of the very small ones, 
 they are 22 in number. They are annexed to 
 the government of Irkutsk, and pay a tribute 
 ot turs and sea-calves, which is collected every 
 three years: the Russian autliority, however 
 can only be considered ns extending over 19* 
 the tVree most southerly belonging rather to 
 Japan. The northernmost, called Shoomska, is 
 three leagues from Cape Lopatka ; the next, 
 named Paramousic, is considerably larger than 
 Shoomska. These two islands were first visited 
 by the Russians, in 1713, and the rest have 
 been gradually discovered since that period 
 Some of these islands are fertile, wooded, and 
 abound in fish and game ; while others are 
 destitute of water, and uninhabitaljle, but are 
 occasionally visited by ths islanders, for the 
 sake of hunting foxes and otters. The natives 
 are very hairy, wear long beards, and live en- 
 tirely upon seals, fish, and the produce of the 
 chase. They are hospitable and docile : but 
 pusillanimous, and unable to support misfor- 
 tune with fortitude. ■ Their houses and customs 
 resemble those of the Kiimtschadales. They 
 have some trade with the Chinese, Japanese, 
 and Russians. ' 
 
 KuRNouL. See Curncjl. 
 Kursk, or Kouhsk, a considerable town of 
 European Russia ; capital of a government of 
 tliesame name. It has 17,000 inhabitants, a 
 1 rotestant consistory, and 16 churches The 
 export trade is very considerable, amounting 
 to about 150,000/. sterling per annum. It is 
 seated on the rivprTuskam; 240 miles of Mos- 
 cow. Long. 37. S. E. lat. 51. 40. N. 
 
 KusiSTAN, or Chusistan, a province of Per- 
 sia; bounded on the N. by Irac-Agemi, E. by 
 Farsistan, S. by the Gulf of Persia, and W. by 
 Irac-Arabi, The N. part is mountainous, the 
 b. flat and marshy. Tostar is the capital. 
 
 Ki;ttenderg, a town of Bohemia ; seated 
 ne.ir a mountain, in which are silver mines. It 
 w situate 5 miles N. W. of Czaslau. Pop. 
 
 4? ^If™''^' ** celebwfc" 'i>wt' end f-.rtress of 
 the N. of India ; .: jwta'. oi' a district of the 
 same name, in the .;rov';uM of Cafiristan. It 
 
 M situate on the summit of a perpendicular 
 rock, and was with great difficulty taken by 
 limur, m ihe end of the 14th century 100 
 miles N. E. of Cabul, and 280 N. W. of La- 
 hore, Long. 70. 17. E. lat. 36. 27. N. 
 
 ILvTT, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 
 on the Czetemosz; with extensive manufac- 
 tures of rusnia leather ; 61 miles S. S. E. of 
 Halicz. Pop. 4250. 
 
 KuYNDER, a town and fortress of the Nether- 
 lands, in Friesland; situated on a river of the 
 Mme name, at its entrance into the Zuyder 
 Zee ; 23 miles S. of Lewarden. Long. 5. SQ, 
 
 KuzNECK, E town of Siberia; capital of a 
 province of the same name, in the government 
 ot Kohvan. It has manufactures of iron and 
 stands on the Tom, at the influx of the Kon- 
 
 tT"^.: l?^, ""** '^^ S' ^- o*" Kolivan. Long. 
 85. 50. E. lat 54. 16. N. ^ 
 
 Kyburo, a bailiwick of Switzerland, in- 
 cluding the whole of the N. E. part of the 
 canton of Zurich. It is dividf into 47 parishes, 
 and 18 very productive, particularly in fruit and 
 wme, 
 
 Kylbuhj, a town in the Prussian province 
 of the Lower Rhine ; situated on the River 
 Kyll ; 30 miles N. N. E. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Kyll, a small river of Germany, which rises 
 between the frontiers of Limburg and Juliers 
 and falls into the I.I.selle ; 4 miles below 
 Treves. 
 
 Kymmenegaud, an extensive province of 
 Finland, equal in extent to the half of Scot- 
 land, hut containing only 115,000 inhabitants. 
 It extendt along the river Kymmene. 
 
 Kyn, a small inland in the Baltic, on the 
 c-:!8t of Russia ; about 5 miles in length • 40 
 mi.cs N. by E. of Riga. 
 
 Kyndee, a town of Ilindosta;., in the pro- 
 vince of Bahar, and district of Rameur. Lone 
 86. 5. E. lat. 24. .5. N. **' 
 
 Kyneton. See Kington. 
 KVRAOUR, a town and fortress of Hindostan 
 m the province of Gundwaneh. It belongs to 
 one of the Goand chiefs, who is tributary to the 
 rajah of Nagpore. It is situate near the Luck- 
 now Hills; 95 miles S. E. of Ruttunpore. 
 Long. 81.32. E. lat. 21. 27. N. 
 
 KviiANTY, c town of Bengal, in the district 
 of Cooch Bahar, on the Durlah river. Lone 
 88. 50. E. lat. 26. 45. N. *'' 
 
 KvRAUT, a district of Hindostan ; bounded 
 N. by the Himalaya Mountains, E. by Bootan 
 S. by Morung, and W. by Nepaul. It was 
 conquered by the rajah of Nepaul in 1769, but 
 is very little known to Europeans. 
 
 Kyritz, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 Brandenburg; 46 miles N. W. of Berlin. 
 
 L. 
 
 Laab, a tnwii of r.owtr Austria 
 Teya : 39 niiU^s N. jiv W, of Vie 
 IC. 20. E. lat. 48. 43'N. 
 
 Vienna. Long. 
 
 .l..tA.=; a town of Austria liiy.i'a, in Carniola, 
 with a trade in salt, leather, and horses: 12 
 miles b. of Laubach. * 
 
 iji 
 
I 
 
 LAA 
 
 410 
 
 J;i i! 
 
 Ill 
 
 i;1 
 
 '':f.l I 
 
 ; ! 
 
 ♦hi^*^"""?' "^ ^*sPiiE, a town of Germany, in 
 
 whtw"*' " "'^'r "*■ ""*■«""• '" i'n«nconia, 
 nnn kI'"''! "P^'.Neuniark, and falL, into the 
 i»nniibe, at Sinzmg, above Ratisbon. 
 
 Labes, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania • 
 with majiu&ctures of cloth j seated on the 
 iteca ; G5 miles N. E. of Stanprd. 
 
 Labia a town of European Turkey, in 
 Serviu ; 70 milcS S. W. of Nissa 
 
 Labiai;, h town of East Prussia, with n stronjf 
 <astle ; seated at the mouth of the Doi-u- nea? 
 th^Cunsche Haff; 25 miles N. E. of ivoiiigs- 
 
 Labradou a country of North Ame-ic,, on 
 the E side of Hudson Bay. The general aspect 
 of the country 13 most dreary: the surface is 
 mountainous and rugged. a»d covered with 
 iarge stones, and the soil is poor. Coarse 
 plants, adapted to the nourishment of de^r and 
 goats, and other wild animals, are its chief j-r.^ 
 ductions. The climate, in only lat. 57 N is 
 excessively cold duri.,,, winter. I'he ice begins 
 to disappear ,„ May; and, about the middle of 
 July commences hot weaiicr, whid, at times 
 AWb^ to scorch the fa.ea of the hunters. 
 Alock suns and halos are not unf. .lent ; and 
 the ught IS enhvened by the «u,.r., borealis, 
 which spreads over the whole sky. No coun- 
 
 nient harbours, or supplied with better water. 
 
 w th hLt» f"''"' '"''l'''^' ^«t«>r-fowl, and also 
 
 not numerous ; the most common are reindeer 
 bears, wolves, tigers, foxes, beavers, ottS 
 lynxes, martens, ermines, and wild cats. Ea-lcs 
 hawks owls geese, busbirds, ducks, partridges 
 i*" ^"'k' r^"'"'' '■"^^' '^^ numerous. The 
 fish r,relr!n '"?' "J"""'' ^«' «=°'^' ^^'^ « ^hite 
 and frih w ' '° '''"";8«' «"*^ '» "'« "vers 
 and fresh waters are pike, perch, carp, trout, 
 &c. During the three months of simmer 
 there is a variety in the colour of the severa 
 animals, but in winter every thing, animate and 
 inanimate, is white. The treefof Krador 
 ^."''^'•^ shrubs, with the exception of Se 
 ->lack, white, and red spruce, silver-fir birch 
 and aspen. A few vegetables are pr^ducS' 
 ana various kinds of fruit A beaut«-ul "2* 
 «1W Labrador feldspar, was discovered by'the 
 Srin '"^^,'°"«"'-'''.. *l'o have successfully 
 ^er ed themselves m improving the condition 
 
 meiL „„ ir- -^^^ ^"'^ »°^ three settle- 
 ments on these inhospitable shores, the total 
 population of which is about COO. The na t. el 
 «e called Esquimaux. They have no fixed 
 «bode, but rove from place to place, and some- 
 tones come as far as Newfoundland. They are 
 •f a different race from other native \meri 
 r^S^'th^ °ther tribes have no ErdXt 
 
 aimtult to discover any feature of their faces • 
 
 3 fn'?r '^"''? !'"^ ""^l *"^"«^'« "-»' '^•^ '"ht -•• 
 looa in a raw etate The" — -f 
 
 emit.. xi».j „i-^ ut a IlimUiliig 
 
 LAC 
 
 -Z^-ancf^^X'lS^^hicr'lili^^ll}- 
 nose, long black hair, large shoulders'^and S 
 
 psrtof tVi /''"' ". T^'"« '» ^ "een but 
 part of their faces and their hands. Thev have 
 a sort of shirt, mode of the guts of fish wi ha 
 
 S fc"h •"''••''•-. -J a cap on hdr 
 
 E w^h^K 1'^- ^•''^*^ '''«^'=»'«« made of 
 Skins, «uth the hair inwards, and covered with 
 
 InX of Vh °''° *'^" J"^""^ "-".-« o el 
 another, of the same sort of skins In «.,m 
 
 nier, they have nothing to cover them in tb^ 
 
 night . and i„ winter they lodgTin te^ts maie 
 
 Ts near?; fh " ''"^- J^' "''^ "^ '^e women 
 13 nearly the same ns that of the men. Thev 
 
 IriS %"""""«/ «"d have some soft df 
 
 lents tbJ ^^' '«-''*r''''"'8'= t^" '"Visible 
 essences, the one as the origin of good • the 
 
 the origin of every species of evil. Their chief 
 employment is hunting and fishing. Thev are 
 
 vatT ZTr ' ""** P'y «» ^'"1- u:gard to^ri! 
 vate property as to take every advantace of 
 bodily strength to rob their neighbouS^ not 
 only of their goods, but their wives. In ot er 
 respects they are the mildest tribe, or nntiS 
 
 Bay' Mu'rde?""H' T ^^^ •'-d--n5'sZ' 
 the trihpf f ' .T'"'^'t" '^ ''°"""°" among all 
 the tribes of southern Indians, is seldom heard 
 
 d SVv'aa-t/.T^'^'^"' " ^hurer^nd 
 aetested by nil the tribe, and is forsaken oven 
 by his relations and former friends. The 
 
 mend cm/h'"''' T^ "' ''""^ ^'"^''"'' '"ake or 
 Tnv 1' ^^' ''"'' '"■''P'"'^ the victuals. When 
 Shteriir^""'''^ '■•" ':?ti"g. the wives anS 
 havffnl I "^l^"" "^"'^'J t'" a" the males 
 have token what they think proper. 
 
 ,•„ li""^!'- ^ ^°"siderable town of Western Africa 
 of 2 mS- ""'• °^ ^"/^ •^''"«°- It '« "pw^ds 
 h habSfV" r''"'"''^'^"'=<''a"'l contains 5000 
 ure^^^l-: '^"^^^'^P^'^y^'i in the manufac- 
 
 iron ,'^^"'"''°«^ i^lothB, and various articles in 
 rn 4 '"-J' "'""l' '^"ther, &c.. and carry on a 
 
 month-''" ^''•j Timbuctoo,' which is^ fou^ 
 months' journey beyond. 
 
 ishVds?n°ir'} T- ^*«°'^*s. a g'OfP of small 
 of Mnl. W .''''■'" ^f*' '>■'"« ^^- of the coast 
 1449 SfJ' '^''f;y'''^ hy Vasco deGama. in 
 i 449. They are 32 n, number, and are inhabited 
 by a race of Mahomedans called Moplays wW 
 chief traffic is in the produce of the cZ2l^ 
 m,ch as 0.1. cables, and cordage ; and°^. S 
 hs 1. These are sent to the continent of India 
 
 to Mascat^'ifV'"' k"' '" ?'■"»•■ -•> ''^' 
 to Aiascat, m large boats, wh ch brine back 
 
 dates and coffca Calpeny, one of the lar^st 
 lat. 10 on! ^"''""' ^""S-^S-sLe: 
 
 Laceuoona. St'e Cedogna. 
 
 the N^w""' ^f^Tl' " «'°"P ''f "lands on 
 the N.W. coast of Australia: the largest is 
 about ..) miles long. A long chain of^rocky 
 reefs and great sand-banks proceed from thei^ 
 lermination. Many whales, «e« ^nma.ts »n-> 
 .isiics of different "kinds, are seen ii*. the siir" 
 
LAC 
 
 ^ong. 117. 8. E. Ut, 
 
 16 
 
 rounding ico. 
 43. S. 
 
 .i/*^/??^'*'' ""'"'»""■"» oflrelnnd, on the E 
 itC "°""'^ "^ ^'"y' *2 "^ile. e! of 
 
 of ^^nh^^'* '*"'" "^ Svvitzerland, in the canton 
 of Schweitz, near which are some mineral 
 
 nf^hf «T' " '"I?" T'"«8e of the Bavarian circle 
 
 Lacusa, or Lascha, a division of Arabia, oc- 
 cupy.„g nearly the whole of the southStern 
 const of the Persian Gulf, and extending to a 
 considerable distance inland. Great part of ?he 
 
 fe 'til?rr',?^ "^"f^ P'"'"": ''"'the coast 
 In, il ^ f ""^ ' P^P'^- The chief produc- 
 tions are dates, rice, and cotton. The aiea and 
 camels are esteemed to bo of an e^eltoit 
 breed, andsome thousands of the latter are annu 
 ally exported to Syria. The extensive piracies 
 committed by the inhabitants of this cmmt'y 
 vere so intolerable, that in 1809 the British 
 juted out an expedition for the purpose of chas- 
 tising them. They sailed to Ri s-el Khima the 
 principal port on this coast, which they t^ok by 
 a «aul , burned 70 vessels, and made conside^ 
 able plunder. Lachsa was formerly subject to 
 
 tiie joke, and their sheik is one of the most 
 powerful prir.ces of Arabia. 
 
 Lachsa, a city of Arabia, capital of the above 
 province and the residence of the she k in! 
 well built, and seated on the Astan, whkh flows 
 into a considerable bay of the Gulf of PersL 
 
 irSVo r' "^ '''''''*■''"• ^-g- 48. mK 
 Ladak or Leh, a town of Tibet ; capital of a 
 dwtrict ot the same name, with a considerable 
 t«de in the wool of the Cashmere goat, fo7tho 
 Bhawl manufacture. The religion is Buddhism! 
 soato,rnrrV 'r" °^ Germany, in Baden ; 
 delber ' ° "''"' ^' ^' °^ "«" 
 
 „.^*°o°A. ^ lake of Russia, between the Gulf 
 of Fuiland and the lake Onega. It is HO 
 «^.Ies long and 80 broad. ThI shores of the 
 lake are flat, but the navigation is very dan- 
 gerous on account of quicksands. This induced 
 1 eter I. to cause a canal to be cut from the S. 
 W. extremity of this lake to the river Neva, by 
 Which It has a communication with the Gulf 
 
 1^ m > ■; • ^f.r»^«"" '■' 1718 and finished 
 m 173.' : ,t is 67 miles long, ant 70 feet broad. 
 Ladoga, Nkw a town of Russia, i„ the 
 government of Petersburg ; seated 'on the 
 Vo khot between the lake and canal of Ladoga. 
 Old Ladoga an inconsiderable place, is higher 
 up the Volkhof. New Lado^^ is 'sfi Ses 
 h.ot Petersburg. Long. 31. 42. E. iat. 60. 
 
 ♦Lo^P^TT; *"■ ^f""*^ ^^"'«"S. "lands of 
 Uie lucific Ocean, lying between Ur,. and 148 
 a^. long., and between 13. and 22. N. Iat Thev 
 Avore discovered by Magellan, in ]52i. He 
 ouched hrst at the i,la„d of Guan,, where the 
 naUm stole some of his goods, which ca,«ed 
 
 411 
 
 LAH 
 
 him to name theso islands the Lodronet. or 
 Islands of Thieves. Besides the other^ruiJ 
 natural to the ««l«nd climate, here irthebS 
 fruit tree m abundance. The names of tha 
 prmc^al yand, are Saypan. Tinian" Gu.^: 
 
 .J^n'*-"^''? ." ^^ 'he name of a cluster of 
 small i« ands in the Gulf of Sa, at the southern 
 extremity of China. They we the resort of 
 
 ^Mnrra "«'"'' ^°"r» -^^ *"« nava?pre? of 
 China at defiance. It 180.5 they had acquired 
 possession of the whole island of HainaTL^S 
 the southern part of Formosa. 
 
 Lagnasco, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont ; 24 miles S. of Turin. ' 
 
 Lagny a town of France, in the department 
 "f S^'-'^rfMarno: with a late famous Ben" 
 
 £ o^Pat? ' "''"'' °" ""^ ^'^'"^ ' '« "^"^^ 
 Laqos, a seaport of Portugal, in Alaarva • 
 with a c,«tle. Off the cape, nea^ Ihis ti^Hn 
 1759, Admiral Boscawen defeated a French 
 fleet. It IS 130 miles S. S. E. of Lisbon 
 
 LAQUNA. &e ClIRlSTOPHE DE LaoUNA. St 
 
 Lagunes of Venice, the marshes or la£ 
 m Italy on which Venice is seated. Thev com 
 
 the city. There are about 60 islands in these 
 Lagunes, which together make a bishop's ^ 
 
 o^n-SreLrtlnT '^'^''^^' "^^ '' '•>- 
 Laun, ariv.r of Geimany, which rises in 
 Hesse-Cassel , and, flowing by Marbu'g, Wetlar! 
 and Nassau, falls mto the Rhine abovlcoblente 
 lp«f^ ' * i°T-''^ "'^ Prussian states, in Si- 
 lesia near which is the castle of Lahnhaus: t 
 
 Hirchberg'!""^°'"''^»"''-^-N-W.oJ 
 
 Laholm, a seaport of Sweden, in Hailing 
 with a castle ; seated on the Lag^, "eaVS "n-' 
 tmnce into the Cattegat , 12 mik^ S S. E. of 
 Halmstadt. Long. 12. 56. E. Iat. 56 si N 
 
 .vthTwu'' P™T{=«°f Hindostan j bounded 
 ^n the VV. by Candaliar, N. by Cashmere, E. by 
 &-nn.. ;ur and Delia and S. by Moultan.' It ^ 
 ca-i- >. Panjab, or the country of Five RiverT 
 
 tion%7'T;h ""' '"'"^' aff-dinrin'^aZ: 
 «on to ail the necessaries of life, wine suaar 
 and cotton wool. In the tmct brtween Z' 
 Indus and the Chelum are salt min«! wh kh 
 afford pieces of rock salt, hard enough tote 
 formed mto vessels. &c. See Panjab 
 
 J.AHORE a city of Hindostan, cjjpital of the 
 above province, and of the country of the Seiks 
 It was the residence of the Mahomedan con.* 
 querors of Hindostan, before they had est^^ 
 hshed themselves in the centml parts of U^ 
 country ; and owes its chief improvements to 
 IsTe'siSe'? '•''" '' Acbar,'who mat t 
 re .„ Th. t""^'' P'Y' °^ ^'' ''o"Wesome 
 lerence o. 7 miles. It ,s surrounded by walls 
 of brick and ad.*rned with beautiful ed^t^ 
 and gardens. Here are manufactures otWto^ 
 
 i.trpeis : It IS sitiiotfi o'l th- <= ' £. - i_ 
 
 i^uive.; 210 miles S. of (Sihmerr'"''" 
 Laub, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy 
 
!' I i 
 
 I 
 
 LAI 
 
 »f Baden, which was only a vill.igo In 17aO ; 
 
 but IS now nn netivo nmniifucturing town. The 
 
 manufncturt.8 arc of woollens, linotig, cotton. 
 
 tobacco, and lo.ither; lU niilei. S. S. E. of Stras- 
 
 burg. Pop. 45.S0. 
 
 Laino, 11 town of NiipK-d, in Calnbria Citra ; 
 
 near a river of tlio sumo numo ; l!) miles W. N. 
 
 " . of Cnssino. 
 
 Lai-tciikou, a city of China, of tho first 
 rank, in the provmco of CImng-tong ; with a 
 convenient harbour on tho Yellow Sea It 
 stands on a promontory; 255 miles S. E. of 
 Peking. 
 
 Laland, nn island of Denmark ; situated nt 
 the entnineo into the Riltiu, near the coast of 
 /ioiiland. It is about (>(» miles in length by 14 
 >ii breadth, and is reckone.1 tho most fertile spot 
 in the Danish dominions. It produces peas, 
 ami plenty of all sorts of grain, particularly 
 >*bent. iho climate, however, is considorcd 
 unhealthy, on account of tho damp. Lnland 
 forms a part of the bishopric of Funen. Naskow 
 18 the capital. Pop. ;i),,'iO(). 
 _ Lalano, an island near the N. coast of the 
 island of Sumatra, in the strait of Malacca. 
 Long. 90. 20. E. lat. 1.45. N. 
 
 Lamdacii, a town of Austria, on the Traun : 
 24 miles S. S. W. of Laintz. 
 
 LAJinALLE, a town of Fninco, in the depart- 
 ment of Cotes du Nord ; with a good trade in 
 cjitlle. linen, and parchment ; 1 1 miles E. S. E 
 01 St. Urieux. 
 
 LAMUAYKCiuE, a towu On tho coast of Peru 
 with upwards of 10,000 inhabitants, the gene- 
 rality of whom are poor Spaniards, Muluttoes. 
 and Indians. It is 95 miles N. N. W of 
 
 Po"'«500.''''"«- ''■ ''■ ^- ^"'- '■ ''■ «• 
 Lamdesc, a town of France, in the depart- 
 mcnt of Mouths of the Rhone ; 12 miles N 
 of Aix. 
 
 Lamheth, a parish of Surrey, on the river 
 Ihanu's, opposite Westminster ; one of the me- 
 tropolitan boroughs. It returns two members 
 to parliament. Here the archbishop of Canter- 
 bury has an ancient pnlnce. By the vast in- 
 crease of buildings, Lambeth is liow joined to 
 the metropolis. See London. 
 
 Lambourn, a town in Berkshire, with a mar- 
 keton Iriday; seateil on a river of the same 
 name; 15 miles S. W. of Abingdon, and 65 
 W. of London. 
 
 Lamkgo, a town of Portugal, in Bcira, and 
 a bishop s see ; with a strong citadel, two cathe- 
 dral churches, and four convents. Here the 
 states assembled to confirm the election of 
 Alfonzo Henriquez, the first king of Portugal 
 and enacted the fundamental laws now for- 
 gotten. It is seated on the Balsamao ; 50 
 miles L. of Oporto. Long. 7. 30. W. lat. 41. 
 12. N. Pop. G750. 
 
 Lammermi'I It, a mountainous ridge in Scot- 
 land, which divides the countv of Berwick from 
 that of Haddington, for above 20 miles, and 
 terminates on the W. at Soutra Hill, which is 
 elevated 1 000 feet above the sen level. Those 
 lulls are bleak and barren, affordins but scanty 
 i'osiuri; for siuxp. 
 
 412 
 
 LAN 
 
 ■ 4 { 
 
 Lamlasii, a town of Scotland, on tho S. E 
 const of the islo of Arran j on a bay of its 
 name, which forms an excellent harbour foi 
 vesst'ls of any size. It is sheltered from the 
 sea by a lofty islet, 2 miles long, called Holy 
 Isle, " ' 
 
 Lampa an extensive and mountainous dis- 
 trict of I'eru, in thointendancyofCuzco. The 
 climate is cold, and it is chiefly valuable for itr 
 pastures. The clrief town, of the same name 
 IS 90 mijt^ S. of Cuzco. Long. 81. 44. W. 
 Iftt. 15, 55. S, 
 
 Lampanoui, a lofty mountain of the Chilian 
 Andes, celebrated for its rich mines ; 240 miles 
 from Valparaiso. 
 
 Lampedosa, an island in tho Mediterranean, 
 between the coast of Tunis and the island of 
 Aliilta. It 18 about 21 miles in circuit, and is 
 pleasant and fertile ; but it is uninhabited. It 
 hiis an excellent harbour, sheltered from all 
 winds except the N. Long. 12. 24. E. Int. 35. 
 40. N. 
 
 LAMPEnTHiiiM, a village of Germany, in 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, 2 miles S. E. of Worms. 
 
 Lampon, a town of Sumatra, capital of a dis- 
 trict belonging to the king of Bantam. The 
 Dutch have a resident here. It is situate on a 
 ,},l of tl"! Hfinie name, in the Strait of Sunda. 
 I U) miles S. E. of Bencoolen. Long. 104. 15 
 E. lat. 5. 40. N. * 
 
 Lampsaki, (the ancient Lampsacus,) a town 
 of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia ; celebrated for 
 Its wine ; seated on the Sea of Marmora ; 6 
 miles from the Dardanelles. 
 
 Lamspuinok, a town of Hanover, in the prin- 
 cipii ity of Ilildersheim ; situate at the source 
 of the rivulet Lame; 17 miles S. of Hilders- 
 heim. Pop. 1230. 
 
 Lanark, a borough of Scotland, and the 
 county town of Lanarkshire. It is contributory, 
 wiOi Linlithgow, in sending one member to par- 
 liament. Since the introduction of the cotton 
 nianufacture, many new houses have been built. 
 It 18 seated on nn eminence, near the river 
 tlvdo ; 22 miles S. E. of Glasgow, and 30 S.W. 
 of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 43. W. lat. 55. 42. N. 
 LANARKsiiniE,a countv of Scotland ; bounded 
 ^.and N. W. by Renfrew, Dumbarton,and Stir- 
 ling ; N.E. by Linlithgow and Edinburgh ; E. by 
 1 eebles; S. by Dumfries; and S.W. by Ayrshire. 
 It IS 52 miles in its greatest length, and 33 in its 
 grent_est breadth, comprising a superficial extent 
 of !./ square miles, or 656',800 English acres. 
 On the whole, it is mountainous and heathy, 
 but pleasant, and ngreeab'y diversified, exhibit- 
 ing landscajies intermingled with wood and water, 
 lull and dale. It contui.>s as much curious, 
 romantic, and varied sccnerv, as any in Scot- 
 land ; but the falls of the Clyde are particularly 
 interesting to a stranger. The climate is rather 
 moist, and the S. W. wind is the most prevalent. 
 JJie county is divided into three districts, called 
 the Upper, Middle, and Lower wards, and con. 
 tains 41 parishes. It sends one member to par- 
 liament. The river Clyde nms through the wholo 
 extent of the county, dividing it into two nearly 
 
 •- • ^' -- -- - — ^ in uTio, non, aim coai. 
 
 Lancashire, a maritime county of England • 
 
 IB * / i 
 
in 
 
 LAN 413 
 
 bounded S. by Cheshire, E. by Yorkuliiro, N. by 
 Westinorelniid, mid W. by the Irish Sen. It ia 
 74 niilcH from N. to S.nnd ito grintcut brciulth is 
 44 miles. It contains 1 , 1 5,i),l(40 ncrcs, mid sunds 
 tour members to imrlinment for the northern 
 «nd southern divisions. It is ii county-tmlatino 
 under the title of the Duchy of Lmiuister : tlie 
 only duchy of England (that of Cornwall ex- 
 cepted) which is not merely titular. This county 
 comprises a variety of soil and face of country ; 
 bnt, upon the wh,.le, is one of the least favoured 
 by nature. The Hundred of Furncss, which is 
 separated from the rest by Morecambo Bay, is a 
 M-ild mid rugged region, stored with quantities 
 of iron ore and slate, and covered with a growth 
 of underwood, wliich is cut in succession, and 
 mnde into charcoal. The E, part, between the 
 Kibble and the Mersey, comprising the ancient 
 forests of Wyresdnle and Bowland, is mountain- 
 ous nnd generally barren ; but the S. part of the 
 tract between these two rivers is flat. Much 
 of this is a fertile country, though occasionally 
 deformed by black turf bogs, here called mosses, 
 some of which are of large extent, and impass- 
 able in wet seasons. In the N. E. part of this 
 division are some lofty hills, the most noted of 
 which ia Pendie Hill. The remaining part is 
 varied with hill, dale, and moor. Among its 
 products is a sjiecies of coal, called cannel, 
 highly valuable as fuel, and capable of being 
 manufactured into candlesticks, cups, snuft- 
 boxes, &c. As a commercial and manufacturing 
 county, it is superior to any other in the king- 
 dom. Its jirincijial manufactures are linen, silk, 
 woollen, and cotton goods, shalloons, baize, 
 serges, taj)es, hardware, plate-glass, &c. Of 
 the commerce of this county it may suffice to 
 observe, that Liverpool is the second port in the 
 kingdom. The i)rincipal rivers are the Mersey, 
 Irwell, Kibble, Loyne, Leven, Wyre, Hodder, 
 Roche, Duddon, Winster, and Ken ; and it has 
 two considerable lakes, Windermere and Conis- 
 ton-mere. It has also iiuniernus canals, and 
 had the honour of exhibiting the first regular 
 one in the kingdom, wliich was begun by the 
 Duke of Uridgewater, in 17.00. 
 
 Lancasteu, a boiough, and the capital of 
 Lancashire; governed by a mayor; with markets 
 on Wednesday and Satur<Iay.' It is seated on 
 the Loyne, or Lune, which forms a port ibr 
 vessels of moderate burden. The parish church 
 of St. Mary is a fine structure, on the side of a 
 hill, on the summit of which is n noble castle, 
 serving both as the shire-house and the county 
 gaol. Here are also two chapels belonging to 
 the Establishment, and several dissenting meet- 
 ing-houses. On the top of the castle is a square 
 tower, callec? John of Gaunt's Chair, whence 
 there is an extensive prospect. Among the 
 modern improvements are an extensive quay, 
 with large warehouses, and a commodious and' 
 elegant bridge over the river, in place of the old 
 one, now in ruins. The canal from Kendal winds 
 round the E. part of the town, and is conveyed 
 over the river by an aqueduct of five arches, each 
 of 70 feet span. Besides numerous other chari- 
 ties, tlare is a county lunatie asylum, a hand- 
 some stone erection, on Lancaster Moor, opened 
 
 LAN 
 
 in 1810. It halt n chapel attached, and the ho». 
 pitnl IS capable of accommodating ;J00 jwitients. 
 I'lvo miles from this place in Dunald-mill-holo, 
 n cave at the foot of n mountain, into which a 
 large brook runs and passes two miles under 
 ground before it appears again: some of its 
 vaults are bo high that they resemble the roof 
 of a church, and in other parts so low that they 
 can be passed only by creeping on the hands 
 and feet. Lancaster depends for its support 
 jirincipally on its trade and manufactures, and 
 the county business. The merchants trade chiefly 
 to America, the West Indies, and the Baltic. 
 It is noted for the making of mahogany cabinet 
 ware, and has manufactures of sail-cloth,cordage, 
 linens, Ac. The cotton manufacture is also 
 gaining ground, and ship-building is carried on 
 to a considerable extent. It returns two mem- 
 bers to parliament. It is fl.'J miles N. W. of 
 Manchester, and 240 N. N. W, of London. 
 
 Lancastkb, a handsome town in I'ennsyl- 
 yania ; capital of a county of the same name. It 
 IS a pleasjint and flourishing place, situate in a 
 fertile and well cultivatei^ country ; and contains 
 a court-house, a gaol, two uanks, and nine places 
 of worship. A college was founded here in 171(7, 
 but the buildings are now appropriated to schools. 
 Here are manufactures of guns and other hard- 
 ware ; and about a mile distant is a largo cotton 
 manufactory. The town has considerable trade, 
 which increases with the poinilation of the sur- 
 rounding country. It is seated near Conestoga 
 Creek, which runs into the Susquehanna, 61 
 miles W. by N. of l'hiladelj>hia. Long. 70. 32. 
 W. lat. 40. 2. N, Population of the county, 
 «4,20;j ; and of the town, 8417. 
 
 I-ANCASTER, a towu of Mnssachuscls, in Wor- 
 cester county ; with a large cotton manufactory. 
 In its vicinity is a quarry of excellent stones for 
 tombs, and the best slates for houses. It is 
 situate on a branch of the Nashua, which runs 
 into the Alcrrimae ; 14 miles N. by E. of Wor- 
 cester, and 35 W.N.W. of Boston." Pop. 2019. 
 Lancaster, a town of Fairfield county, Ohio, 
 seated on the Hockhocking ; 50 miles W. of 
 JIariettn. 
 
 Lan^iouota, one of the Canary isles, 30 miles 
 Jong and 1 broad. It is very high, and has a 
 good harbour at the N.E. end. 'Long. 13. 26. W. 
 lat. 29. 14. N. Pop. 10,500. 
 
 Lanciano, a town of Naples, in Abnizzo 
 Citra ; on a river of the same name. It is an 
 archbishop's see, and has a ';ood trade, and two 
 great annual fairs ; 84 mik» N. by E. of Naples 
 Long. 14. 30. E. Int. 42. 10. N. Pop. 9750. ' 
 Landau, a small hut strong town of the Bava- 
 rian circle of the Rhine ; well known in military 
 history. It was formerly imperial, but was ceded 
 to Louis XIV. in KiHO.and afterwards fortilicd 
 by Vauban. In 1702, 1703, 1704, m-d 171:), 
 It was alternately taken by the Austrians and 
 French, but was confirmed to France at the 
 peace of 1713. In 1793 it was attacked, but 
 without success, by the Prussians and Austrians. 
 The French ccnled it to Bavaria in 1815. It is 
 seated on the Queich : HP. miles N V '?. .-.* 
 Strasburg, and 347 N. E. of Par^ LroiK.^a 1. 
 E. lat. 49. 12. N. Pop. 4500 
 
 t i- 
 
I 
 
 LAN 
 
 414 
 
 LAN 
 
 L«?»OAu, n town of Lower Uiivarin ; titunto 
 
 » 
 
 on an eminonw on thu l»or. Lodb. li 37 K 
 
 Landau, n iniHll town of Germ my, in Wcst- 
 phnlm, near tho Wattcr. Long. i). 6. E. lat. 
 ol. 1'2. N. 
 
 Landim K, a town of Pniiwmn Silcsin, in tho 
 county (if Ulati; ; 27 mile* S. W. of Noiwe. 
 
 ijANDKr,i.Ba. n town of Fmnco, in the depin • 
 mot't of CnlvHdoa ; seated on the Viro i 2« miles 
 S. W. of Caen. 
 
 Landkn, n townof nelBium, in South DKibnnt- 
 llimou* for an obrtinato battle fought noar it in 
 IfiyS, in which the French, under Marshal Lux- 
 emburg, defeated the allies, commanded by Wil- 
 liam in. of England ; and also a battle in 1793 
 in which the French were defeated by the Aus- 
 trians. It is seattnl on the river lieckc; 19 
 miles S. E. of Louvain. I'op. 4.'}M. 
 
 Landernau, n swiport of Fmnce. in the de- 
 partment of Finisferre ; with considerable manu- 
 factures of linen, leather, and paper. It is seated 
 at tho mouth of the Elhoni ; 23 miles N. E. of 
 Brest. 
 
 Landero!*, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Neiifclmtel, at tho .S. W. extremity of 
 tho lake Neufchutel ; 7 miles N. E. of Neuf- 
 chtttel. 
 
 Landes, a department of Fmnce ; bounded 
 W. by the Atlantic, and on its other sides by 
 the departments of Gironde, Lot-et-Garonne 
 Gere and Lower Pyrenees. It is divided into 
 the three arrondissements of Mont do Marsan, 
 Dax, and St. Sever, and has an area of 3700 
 square miles, with 250,311 inhabitants. Tho 
 pnncipal nvere are the Adour and the Douze 
 which traverses it from E. to W. To the S. of 
 these rivers the soil is tolerably fertile, pro- 
 ducing wine, fruit, and corn, but on the N. it is 
 perfectly sterile. The forests are extensive, and 
 the climate is generally warm. The exports 
 are wood, turpentine, tar, wax, cattle, wool, and 
 brandy. 
 
 Landrecy, a strong town of France, in the 
 department of Nord. It was besieged in vain 
 by I'rinco Eugene, in 1712. In 1794 it was 
 taken by the allies ; but shortly after evacuated. 
 It was one of the barrier fortresses occupied by 
 the allies after the second treaty of Paris. It is 
 seated on the Cambre; 18 miles E. by S. of 
 Cambray, and 19 S. by E. of Valenciennes. 
 
 Landriano, a town of Italy, in the Milanese ; 
 II miles S. S. E. of Milan. 
 
 Landsderg, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 New Mark ; with a considerable trade in cloths 
 and wool. In !758 it was taken by the Rus- 
 sians. It is seated on the Warta; 23 miles 
 N. E. of Custrin. 
 
 Landshero, a town of Upper Bavaria, with 
 a cnstle ; near the river Leech ; 20 miles S. of 
 Augsburg. 
 
 Landschon, a town and fort of Poland, in tho 
 pahitmnte of Cracow ; 24 miles S. of Cracow. 
 
 Landscrona, a fortified seaport of Sweden, 
 Jn Schonen ; seated on an island, near the 
 Sound ; with a good harbour between the con- 
 tinent and a small island. It is 20 miles N, W, 
 
 of Liind, and 21 N. N. E. of Coponhngon. Long 
 12. fl I. E. lat. 55. .',;(. N. "^ » • 
 
 Lanos-knii, n promontory in Cornwall md 
 the most westerly point of (Jreat Hritain. it is 
 n vast aggregate of morestone ; and on tho outer- 
 most rocks, at low water, are to Iw seen v.ins 
 of lead and coi.i)er. Long. 5. 42. W. hit. 50. 
 
 4. N. 
 
 LANDSiufT, a town of Bavaria ; with n pnlace. 
 a collegiate church, and a beautiful convent ; 
 the last IS now occupied by tho university, which 
 was removed thither from Ingoldstadt, in 1(1(10 
 Browing and distilling arc carried on hero to a 
 considerable extent, and there are manufactures 
 ot cloth, Icatlicr, and watches. Upon an ad- 
 joining innuntain is tho ancient cf"'le of Tmus- 
 nitz. It is seated on an island in the river Iscr, 
 3 J miles N. E. of Munich. LonK. 12. C E 
 lat. 48. .30. N. Pop. 8.350. 
 
 Landsiiut, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 principality of .Sci veidnitz. It has a flourishing 
 linen trade : it is sv.:'cd on the Bober ; 22 milei 
 S. \V. of Schwcidnitr. 
 
 Landsiiut, n town of Moravia ; seated on tho 
 Morau, on tho confines of Hungary and Austria • 
 3« miles S. E. of Brunn. 
 
 Landstraas, or Landtrost, a town of Aus- 
 trian Illyria, in Caniiola ; with a cnstle and a 
 Cistercian convent ; situate on an island in the 
 nver Gurk ; 30 miles S. by W. of Cilley. 
 
 Lane, an island in tho Atlantic; near the const 
 of Maine, a little to the E. of Scuttock Point; 
 l)clonging to the United States. Long. C7. 56 
 W. lat. 44. 18. N. 
 
 Lane, a river of Ireland, in tho county of 
 Kerry, whoso waters, licing confined by a great 
 ledge of rocks, from the Lake of Killamey. It 
 runs from Lough Lane into Castlemain Bay. 
 
 Lanebouro, a town of tho Sardinian states, 
 >n Savoy , in the province of Mnrienne. It stands 
 on the Arve, at the foot of Mont Ccnis, and is 
 «o shut up with hills that tho sun is scarcely 
 visiWe from November to January. It is '>0 
 milesN. N. W. ofSusa. 
 
 Lane-End, a town in Stafibrdshire, with 
 markets on Wednesday and Saturday ; noted for 
 its extensive potteries, by which it has greatly 
 increased of late years. It contains two jiood 
 market-houses, two churches, several mec; ng- 
 ing-houses for dissenters, a catholic chapel, an 
 English charity school, a mechanics' institute, 
 &c. It is 5 miles E. by S. of Newcastle-under- 
 Lync. 
 
 Lanemez.vn, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Pyrenees; 15 miles S. E. 
 of Tarbe. 
 
 Lanepax, a town in the department of Gers: 
 1 1 miles S. S. W. of Condom. 
 
 Lanercost, a parish of England, in the 
 county of Cumberland ; situate in a romantic 
 valley; 13 miles N. E. of Cariisle. 
 
 LANEsnoRouon, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county o: Longford, situate on the Shannon, 
 over which is a fine stone bridge ; 7 miles S. of 
 Longford, and 62 W. N. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Lanoanico, (the ancient Olympia,) a town 
 of Greece, in the Morca; situate on the small 
 
 il 
 
i.AN 
 
 415 
 
 Long 
 
 river C.rlmn, fj,^ „,niynt Alphcm.) It wm 
 oiii-o n y of grout note, neiir which the 
 ami. ympin,, gftn„^ ^j,,^. celubrate<l; and 
 herowa* u fine tt-mple of Jupiter Olvmpus. «ith 
 oelchmtcl .nf.«Ke of that k«.I, 50 '.■„ t« hi„ , 
 .y.ch wfl» reckoned one of tho ntv, , a.ndvni' 
 
 U.e wo, ,1. It i« no* „„ incoiwidtru. ,. p" oo 
 
 1 ^ 32 aulf. S. 8. E.of Chiarenza. mul .,0 Tw 
 Ot ■ oritlth. 
 
 Lanokac. u town o* Vmncr .,. ,rt 
 
 Uliio S ^i'lr '^7™! ••'•'''-■'' n^m U.0 Alli«r, 12 
 miles S. ol iJrioiid. Pop. jy-JO 
 
 „„.nr']-W".T""*' '•'^'"""•."'■" the de-part- 
 
 S'^CSsao ^--'•'-^n.ile.VV.of 
 
 tho^'^nl^H'"?'.!! ''n"'° "''""^ "' Denmark, in 
 the b part ot tho Great Belt. It i- Xi n.iie« 
 
 Si.Sk!^-:«r'^^'''""^- ^»'<'i-cipaito«;^ 
 
 LaN(;k.naii, a f mn of nohomin, in the cirdc 
 of KomgmKratz. on the J.ittle Kibe; with houio 
 extensive nianutaclures of cnml)iic i„ -izo 
 
 Lanoknau, Ui-i-unand Lowi:ii,n '„us 
 
 villages of lVu88ia. in Silesinj 1 1 mik«,-,. ot(;iatz. 
 
 t,AN<(ENAii, a long and straggling villiiKo of 
 
 Lanoknueho n tn. of the Prussian province 
 LS"'-"'-'*''^^^"'''-N.E.of 
 
 LANOE.snuBo, a town of Germany, in Wir- 
 temborg, with a magnificent castle; seated on 
 the river Jaxt. It is 32 miles W. of Anspach. 
 
 f ttures of »ilk. woollen, cotton, &c. It stands 
 on the balza near its conflux with the Unstrut: 
 14 miles VV^ by N. of Erfurt. Long. lo. 42. E 
 iat. ol. 5. W. 
 
 LANOENTHAn, atown of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of born, in the neighbourhood of ',ich 
 are some medicinal springs. It is 1« mik, N. 
 E. of Bern. 
 
 LANOF.^zF.N.v, a town of Germany in Bavaria, 
 on the river Zenn, and near the llednitzj 20 
 miles N. E. of Anspach. 
 
 Langholm, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries- 
 shire; with an extensive cotton manufacture; 
 seated on the Esk, on the borders of England* 
 20 miles N. by W. of Carlisle. ^ ' 
 
 T n!'.?"?,'!'"'' !" ^ITV*" ^'™"'^''' department of 
 Lozere; 21 u les N. E. of Mende. 
 
 Langon, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gironde; with an extensive trade in 
 wine and brandy. It has a good liarbour, and 
 Pf jtiS" <^"°""^J 1<^ miles N. of Bazas. 
 
 Langport, a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 market on Saturday; situate on a hill, by the 
 river Parrett which is navigable for barges to 
 the Bristol Channel. It is 10 miles S. E. of 
 Bndgewater, and 128 W. by S. of London 
 
 «,»- ^"^'Jf ' " Ir" "^ ^"'"'^''' '" t'"» depart- 
 ment of Upper Marne. Its cutlerv ware, ar» in 
 high esteem. It is seated on a mountain, near 
 the source of the Marne; 40 miles N. E of 
 l>i|on. Long. 5. 19. E. Iat. 47. 52. N. 
 
 Lao 
 
 .ituUcona ^''"•" """'8 '^™^* "' EngUnd, 
 side of the harbour of Harwi, },„> withj,, ,1. 
 
 by the sea, and bceom.^ an island nonrlv « milo 
 from tho shore. It was erected for the leCo 
 of he port of Harwich, and has a g,. .^p" 
 under the command of a governor ' 
 
 liviri'Tr'"'T'!""'.'^ "' S- of Franco; 
 
 , tuLr *-' revolution, into the departn.,.„ts 
 ot yiii.orG«ronne,Aude.Herault, (J.r 1. L,„^,r.. 
 an I Ardecho. It ..tends on he 1' t^t « 
 Khone, and W. to tho borders of (Ja«;;ny and 
 comprises a superficial extent of Ifi.ooo smmro 
 miles, and .1 population of about 2,000.000 The 
 
 its cln^itnl "' l'::' ^»"«'"•■do«. h'-l Toulou»e for 
 elkr .; "•" '^'"'.^o'^'-'r. "r Eastern, Mont- 
 Itr u ■ 1 I ''%'=''''•'.»"•«'■'' «-•«""• of Langued.K;, con- 
 struct.d by Loom XIV., is 140 miles lonir iuid 
 connea, tho MedUerranean with the Atl/uS 
 
 a'; Tou,rr "' ^"^•"•'' ^"^ j"">« ^'- «--- 
 
 Lanjan, or Lanciiano, a citv nnd iha 
 Sie\^'' ''T""" ""--' « of cTl.a . 
 
 name The ''"" !'"■•'•• '" .'^'''^'' '' «'ves 
 
 name The , palace is said to be of vast 
 
 larS , ""lilt '"™ "^ "'? 8"mdees are also 
 
 he W *r i ■r"'""^:'}'ed- It is situate on 
 
 N N^W V\'T *»?"»'"''ong; 400 mile. 
 
 me'nt o^P^"' ," '"'"' *'''.,^"«"<">. in the depart- 
 ment of I-inistcrre ; C, miles N. E. of Morlaix 
 
 ment of I- misterre ; 1 9 miles N. of Brest 
 
 Lanniov, a town of France, in the ilenart- 
 ment of Cotes du Nord; with a tra.le in S 
 hemp and butter. In the neighbourhood arJ 
 nmes of ,ron and silver. It is seated on tho 
 
 Lansaroues, a town of France, in the dennrt. 
 
 ?ot naJ!"""'" '' """ '^' "" '^-'^'p'^r] 
 
 Lansdown, n mountain in Somereetshirc; 4 
 miles from Bath ; H 1 3 feet high. 
 
 Lans.ni.uroh, a village of Now York, in 
 Ronnselaer county. It contains four churches 
 a court-house, a jail, and an academy; and is 
 seated on the E side of the Hudson, opposite 
 the S branch of the Mohawk; 9 miles NN E 
 
 IV Sso! ^°"^' ^*- ^- '^- '"'• ^^- ^'^' N.' 
 
 Lanzo a town of the Sardini.-in states, in 
 Piedmcnt, on the river Stura, over which , 
 
 Pop?2V25.^'' ^' " ^' '""'^* ^' ^- °f Turin! 
 
 w'^ifVafZah! '"' "'""' "' ^"•^^ '' -"- 
 ran^**?;"*!^'"'"'" "'^ "'" ^*""«' of the Second 
 
 6T\:V!:if!7T "' '"'"■ ^"''«- '''■ 
 
 i),}'Z't^.tfyf}?^'^ of France, capital of 
 tn.. dGpa,„„ent of Aisne; with a castle. The 
 principal tmde consists in corn and wine. It is 
 ceehratod for a battle fought under its walk 
 between the Frencli and allies, in March 1814 
 

 
 
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LAO 
 
 416 
 
 LAP 
 
 It is seated on a mountain, near Ardon; 77 
 miles N. E. of Paris. Long. 3. 43. E. lat. 49. 
 34. N 
 
 Laos, a kingdom of India beyond the Ganges ; 
 extending from 12. to 18. N. lat., and bounded 
 iy Laktho, Siam, Cambodia, Tunquin, and 
 Cochin-China, to the last of which it is nominally 
 subject. It is surrounded by mountains covered 
 with forests ; but the country is in general flat, 
 and the soil fertile, being watered by numerous 
 rivulets from the mountains, and a number of 
 cunals from the Mccon, which flows from N. to 
 S. through the whole region. It abounds in 
 Tice, fruit, honey, wax, and cotton; and the 
 principal drugs are benzoin and lac. Gold and 
 •Iver are found in certain places of the river ; 
 ind it has mines of iron, lead, and tin. It is 
 very thinly inhabited, the greate. part of the 
 population consisting of migrating tribes, who 
 ivage an almost constant internal warfare. The 
 religion, language, and manners, are nuich the 
 same as in Siam. Lanjan is the capital. 
 
 Lapland, a northern region of Europe, now 
 belonging to Russia and Sweden ; bounded on 
 the N. by the Arctic Ocean, E. by the White 
 Sea, S. by Sweden, and W. by Norway and the 
 Atlantic. It was formerly divided into three 
 parts, Russian, Swedish, and Danish, or (Nor- 
 wegian) Lapland. The iirst, the most dreary 
 region of the whole, consisted of three districts, 
 Bellamoreskoi, Maremanskoi, and Terskoi; but 
 these are now all included in the general appella- 
 tion of the circle of Kola, which includes also 
 the tract on the E. of the Tomeo, called Kemi- 
 Lapmark, which was ceded by Sweden in 1809. 
 Swedish Lapland, or Lapland Proper, is subdi- 
 vided into six provinces, now comprised in the 
 government of Umea. Norwegian Lapland, or 
 !Finmark, the most northerly of all, now belongs 
 also to Sweden. The general aspect of Lap- 
 land is mountainous. The principal rivers are 
 the Tornco, which issues from a lake of the 
 same name, and, after a course of 300 miles, 
 falls into the Gulf of Bothnia ; the Tana, and the 
 Alien, both of which fall into the Frozen Ocean. 
 The lakes are numerous, and many of them very 
 extensive. The maritime districts are of uni- 
 form and rather mild temperature; but in the 
 interior, the winter is intensely cold: in the 
 most northern parts the sun remains below the 
 horizon from the 20th of November to the 10th 
 of January; and the whole country is covered 
 with snow and ice, from the beginning of Sep- 
 tember to the middle of March, In summer 
 the sun continues two months above-the horizon • 
 and in the valleys and plains the heat is exces- 
 sive, favouring the production of numerous 
 insects, particularly musquitocs, which greatly 
 infest the inhabitants. Barley is the common 
 grain, but rye and oats are also cultivated in 
 some places, and a few culinary vegetables are 
 raised. The trees are fir, birch, larch, and 
 small beech, which form vast though not thick 
 forests. Metals and minerals are found in 
 abundance ; gold has been found a: Suappavara; 
 copper, iron, lead, zinc, and plumbage are 
 found in various places; and in the S. of 
 Swedish Lapland several mines are wrought. 
 
 Among the other internal productions of tbk 
 country are limestone, marble, gypsum, rock- 
 crystal, jasper, amethysts, and garnets. The 
 animals of this country are much the same 
 as those of Norway; but the rein-deer may more 
 properly be said to. belong to Lapland. The 
 singular usefulness of this animal in a great 
 measure recompenses the Laplander fur the pri- 
 vation of the other comforts of life. The rein- 
 deer in summer live ujKin leaves and grass, and 
 in winter upon moss, which they dig up from 
 under the snow; yet upon such scanty fare they 
 will perform a journey of inconceivable length. 
 The animal is fixed to a kind of sledge, shaped 
 like a small boat, in which the traveller, well 
 secured from cold, is laced down ; and, taking 
 the reins, which are fastened to the horns of the 
 animal, in one hand, and a kind of bludgeon, to 
 keep the carriage clear of ice and snow, in the 
 other, he sets out, and continues his journey 
 with incredible speed, the animals choosing the 
 road and directing their course with very little 
 trouble to the traveller. Their milk and cheese 
 are nutritive and pleasant ; their flesh is well 
 tasted food, whether fresh or dried; their skin 
 forms excellent clothing, both iur the bed and 
 body ; and their intestines and tendons supply 
 their masters with thread and cordage The 
 Laplanders are rather lower in stature than the 
 more southern Europeans. The men are of a 
 swarthy and dark complexion ; their hair is black 
 and short, their mouth wide, and their cheek 
 hollow, with a longish pointed chin. The 
 women are in general well made, complaisant, 
 chaste, and extremely nervous. In their man- 
 ner of life the Laplanders are divided into 
 fishers and mountaineers. The former, in sum- 
 mer, fix their habitations in the neighbourhood 
 of some lake, from which they draw their sub- 
 sistence, and in winter live in the woods. 
 The latter seek their support on the mountains, 
 and possess herds of re-'n-deer, more or less 
 numerous. They are aci.'ve and expert in the 
 chase; and the introduction of fire arms has 
 almost abolisiied the use of the bow and arrow. 
 Besides looking after the rein-deer, the fishery, 
 p.nd the chase, the men are employed in making 
 canoes, sledges, harness, cups, bowls, &c. ; and 
 the women in making nets, drying the fish and 
 meat, milking the deer, making the cheese, and 
 tanning hides. Liite the Icelanders, they con- 
 sider theii country the finest in the universe. 
 They live in tents composed of several poles or 
 beams of wood, which meet at the top and sup- 
 port each other; the fire-place consists of a few 
 stones, and is always in the middle of the hut, a 
 hole being at the top for the smoke to pass. 
 When travelling, and exposed to the incle- 
 mency of the weather, they throw a covering 
 over the h^ad, neck, and shoulders, leaving only 
 a small opening, through which they see and 
 breathe. In their dress they use no kind of 
 linen. The men wear close breeches, reaching 
 down to their shoes, which are made of un- 
 tanned leather, pointed and turned up before. 
 Their doublet is made to fit their sliape; it is 
 open at the l)reast, and over it they wear a close 
 coat with narrow sleeves, the skirts of which 
 
ductions of this 
 gypsum, rock- 
 1 garnets. The 
 ouch the same 
 -deer may more 
 Lapland. The 
 mat in a great 
 nder for the pri- 
 life. The rein- 
 I and grass, and 
 ly dig up from 
 icanty fare they 
 elvuble length, 
 sledge, shaped 
 traveller, well 
 n ; and, taking 
 he horns of the 
 of bludgeon, to 
 id snow, in the 
 !S his journey 
 a choosing the 
 ?ith very little 
 lilk and cheese 
 r flesh is well 
 ed; their skin 
 ir the bed nnd 
 indons supply 
 iordage The 
 ature than the 
 men are of a 
 :ir huir is black 
 i their cheek 
 I chin. The 
 , complaisant, 
 In their man- 
 divided into 
 irmer, in sum- 
 leighbourhood 
 raw their sub- 
 1 the woods. 
 be mountains, 
 more or less 
 expert in the 
 Ure arms has 
 w and arrow. 
 ;r, the fishery, 
 'ed in making 
 ivls, &c.; and 
 J the fish and 
 e cheese, and 
 ers, they con- 
 the universe, 
 k-eral poles or 
 top and Bup- 
 sists of a few 
 of the hut, a 
 oke to pass. 
 ;o the incle- 
 iv a covering 
 leaving only 
 they see and 
 I no kind of 
 [les, reaching 
 made of un- 
 d up before. 
 - shape; it is 
 ' wear a close 
 rts of which 
 
 LAR 
 
 4ir 
 
 LAT 
 
 Teach down to the knees, and are fostened 
 round them by a leathern girdle, ornamented 
 with plates of tin and brass. To this girdle 
 they tie their knives, instruments for making 
 fire, pipes, and other smoking apparatus. The 
 dress of the women is the same as that of the 
 men, with the exception of a few ornamental 
 peculiarities. All the Swedish and Norwegian, 
 as well as the greater number of the Russian 
 Laplandets, bear the name of Christians; but 
 their religion is full of superstition, and a com- 
 pound of Christian and Pagan ceremonies. 
 Their language has an affinity with the Finnish, 
 but is greatly intermixed with others. They 
 trade with the Swedes and Norwegians, whom 
 they supply with the skins and iiirs of quadru- 
 peds, such as ermines, sables, martens, squir- 
 rels, foxes of various colours, bears, lynxes, 
 and wolves; and receive in return meal, 
 cloth, spirituous liquors, tobacco, and various 
 utensils. 
 
 Lar, a town of Persia, capital of Laristan ; 
 with a castle on a rock ; chiefly celebrated for 
 the manufacture of muskets and coiton cloth. 
 It was once a magnificent city, but is now in 
 ruins. Some handsome houses still reinain, 
 and the bazaar is said to be the noblest struc- 
 ture of the kind in Persia. Pop. 12,600. 
 Long. 43. 40. E. lat. 27. 30. N. 
 
 Laracha, or Laraisb, a strong town in the 
 kingdom of Fez; with a castle, and a good har- 
 bour. Here are magazines for the refitting of 
 vessels, but no docks for building. It is seated 
 near the mouth of the Lucos; 46 miles ;-i, by W. 
 of Tangier. 
 
 Laredo, a town of Spain, in Biscay; with a 
 good harbour i 30 miles W. N. W. of Bilboa. 
 
 Largo, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire; on 
 a bay of its name, at tiic opening of the Frith 
 of Forth, which is a safe roadstead for ships of 
 all descriptions. The town has a manufacture 
 of linen and checks. It is 9 miles S. S. W. of 
 St. Andrew. 
 
 Laros, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire; 
 with a small liarbour on the Frith of Clyde. 
 It is memorable for the defeat of the Norwe- 
 gians, in their last invasion of this country, in 
 1263. It is 15 miles K. W. of Irvine. 
 
 Larino, a town of Naples, in the Molise; 25 
 miles E. N. E. of Molise. 
 
 Larissa, a town of Greece; capital of Thes- 
 saly, and an archbishop's see ; with a palace, 
 and some handsome mosques. It was famous 
 as the residence of Achilles, and retains its 
 ancient name. The inhabitants, estimated at 
 25,000, carry on a large trade in dyeing yam, 
 tanning leather, &c. It was the centre of the 
 military operations by the Turks agpinst Ali 
 Pacha, It is seated on the Peneus ; 7S miles 
 S. by W. of Saloruca. Long, 22. 47. K lat, 
 89, 48. N. 
 
 Laristan, a small province of Persia, ex- 
 tending along the northern shore of the Persian 
 Gulf. The soil is so impregnated with acrid 
 substances, and so destitute of water, that it is 
 the most unproductive province of the king- 
 dom. Those who inhabit the coast arc ad- 
 
 dicted to piracy, and live under their own 
 sheiks, paying the king only a trifling tribute. 
 Lar IS the capital. 
 
 Larne, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Antrim; at the mouth of a river of the same 
 name; 8 miles N. of Carrickfergus. 
 
 Larmca, a town of Cyprus ; the second in 
 the island, and the emporium of its commerce, 
 the bay on which it is situated forming one of 
 the best roadsteads in the island. It has no 
 good water, but is supplied fh>m a distance by 
 an aqueduct. Long 33, 45, E, lat. 34. 56. N. 
 Pop, 5250, 
 
 Larry Bundar, a town of Hindostan, on 
 the N. branch of the Indus, called the Pitty 
 56 miles W. by S. of Tatta, Long. 66. 42. E. 
 lat. 24. 43. N, 
 
 Larta. See Arta. 
 
 Larviqen, or Laurwio, a eeaport of Nor- 
 way, in the bishopric of Christiania. It is a 
 place of considerable trade, and has productive 
 iron-works. It stands at 'he conflux of two 
 rivers, near the sea; 74 miles S. S. W. of Chris- 
 tiania. 
 
 Lasnebourq, a towii of Savoy; on the river 
 Arc; at the foot of Mount Cenis, the passage 
 of which is the principal support of the inha- 
 bitants. The sun is hidden from the inhabitants 
 of this town, by the mountains, during two 
 months in the year. It is 20 miles N. N. W. 
 of Susa. 
 
 Lassa, or Lahassa, a city of Aiia; capital of 
 Great Tibet. It is not large, but the houses 
 are spacious, and built of stone. About 7 
 miles to the E. o'f the city is the mountain of 
 Putala, on the summit of which is the pakce 
 of the grand Lama, the high priest of Tibet ; 
 whose authori s as great over almost all the 
 regions of Ttuu.y and Tibet, as that of the 
 pope was formerly over Europe. Lassa w 
 seated on a spacious plain, on a river that 
 flows S. into the Sanpooj 680 miles N, N. E. 
 of Calcutta, Long, 91, 25. E. lat. 29. 30. N. 
 
 Lassaun a town of Prussia, in Pomerania; 
 on a lake of the same name; 38 miles S, S, E.' 
 of Stralsund. 
 
 L ASSAM, a town of Java, on (he N. coast; 
 through which flows a fine navigable river,' 
 It has a considerable trade; 419 miles E. of 
 Batavia. 
 
 Lassay, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mayenne ; 12 miles E, N. E, of 
 Mayenne, 
 
 Lastres, a town of Spain, in Asturias; near 
 a cape of the same name, on the Bay of Bis- 
 cay ; 35 miles E. N, E, of Oviedo, 
 
 Laswaree, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Pelhi; where a desperate battle was 
 fought in 1803, between the British, under 
 Lord Lake, and the Mahrattas, under Dowlat 
 Row Scindia, in which the latter were totally 
 defeated, ' 
 
 Latacumoa, a town of Peru; capital of a 
 district of the same name. The streets are 
 broad and straight; the houses only one story 
 high, and arched, on account of the frequency 
 of earthquakes, one of which overturned th« 
 
 K K 
 
LAT 
 
 413 
 
 ^iil 
 
 i 
 
 lures of cloth and bnize, &c.,an(l exnorts Xni 
 
 56. s! 4.?iToo. '"'"«• ''■ ''' ^- '"'• 
 Latakia, or Ladikibh, (the ancient Lao- 
 
 J^hn' VTrf '^ ^?""' «"•' •» bishop^ set 
 It has beniitiful remains of antiquitv ni«l „ 
 
 Laubach, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Darm^adt; with a castle, 10 miles E. b"&Tf 
 
 I-AUBACff, one of the two governments of 
 Austrian Illyria, containing nearly "40000 
 S^T^'-v ^' •*. 'Jivided into the^Ses of 
 an"d Vmach!'"''''''''' ''''''''''«' ^^S^^"'^' 
 Laubach or Laybach, a strong '.own of 
 Austrian Illyria; capital of the prececS K^ 
 vemraent. The castle, called the Old KT 
 stands on a mountain, and is now used only for 
 a prison. It has manufactures of silk, leather 
 and excellent cloth. In 1821 a con^S w!^ 
 S '!r«"/f"bemtingon the affairs^ataT 
 
 Austria 1?,-^ '^/™P«'»" of «"«"•« and 
 Austria. It IS seated en a river of the samp 
 
 T'P f ^. ")'?' ^- ^- of Clagenfurt. wT/ 
 35 E. lat. 46. 11. N. Voy. 11,500. ^' ' 
 
 iiAUBAN, a walled town of Upper Lusatia • 
 on the frontiers of Silesia. It h^a goodTwde 
 in cloth, yarn, and linen. It is seated on fte 
 Que,ss; 14 miles E. S. E. of Gorlitz. 
 
 liAUDA, a town and castle of Germanv in 
 WurtzL^g.'"' '"" ^""'^' '' """-^ W. of 
 
 Lwam, an ancient royal burgh of Scotland 
 Haddington. &c.. one member to parliament 
 
 2?tili'^T^ESit^''^^™"^"->- 
 
 ^n^trsrf».t%^£l:-^rnj 
 
 ijambui^, and included, since 1015, '„ the 
 Danish dominions, of which it forms the ^utS 
 em extremity. Pop. 32.000. ^ '"« *»"">- 
 
 ^„T"^T'***' .*''^ «'P''«' of the foregoins 
 duchy. There is only one wing of the aiSt 
 c«tle, where the dukes resided, now remd^S' 
 Great quantities of merchandise are rent henc*'e 
 o Lubec, by means of the Steckenitr T? 
 panels on the Elbe and Steckenitzjsf miles 
 
 Lauenbdbo, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania- 
 on the Leba; 37 miles W. by N. of dS' 
 Long. 17. 48. E. lat. 54. 27. N ^^"tzic. 
 
 SpUk'^'^"' ?u**"" of Austria in the duchv of 
 Laotpkn, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 
 LAU 
 
 extmhv^T^' " "*"•"» *o^" '" the S. W, 
 
 r n^°;o pTrtJ "V" ?'""«' '^'"■^'' •divides 
 not^ foMhrSLty o?thl " """"' S"'"'"^*' 
 
 3w.ofscha«^rr^LiT2^an'7! 
 
 Lauqiiarne, a town of South Wales, county 
 
 CoJ^wn",?^™"'/ ^"'°"S''' """J the capital of 
 day ? L°l"*f °" Wednesday and'^W- 
 <Jay. It had a strong castle, now in ruins but 
 the tower serves as a prison and a liS " wS- 
 out the town stands the old priory ThZ 
 spring assizes are held here • th7 L»l 
 assizes at Bodmin. It rfih.rna' ""mmer 
 
 which falls into the Tamar S,^?i J k /^"''/' 
 town; 28 miles N N W „f p ^^^ ">« 
 214 W bvS of T„.^" t"*^ Plymouth, and 
 SO 38.Ni^ ''''"■ ^""8- ^- 21. W. lat. 
 
 Launceston, a town of Van Die,iipn'« T<.„<? 
 seated at the junction of the Esk and TaT ' 
 
 476, females. 1 12. '^StlSo'^"'""'^"' 
 
 of^B^rkrireo^nS^ssif*^"^ 
 
 Sense, 5 miles S. W.of Bern ^^" *"'* 
 
 lime views in nature. The cathpH«i th \ 
 ana has been the residence of Voltaire, Gibbon, 
 
 fi 
 
 B 
 tl 
 
 Ui 
 
 th 
 m 
 
 N 
 
 of 
 of 
 W 
 
 kei 
 De 
 
Here ig a cele- 
 he petpendicular 
 • feet, and the 
 l>y W.ofSchaff. 
 
 n in the S. W. 
 a cnstle. It in 
 !, wliich divides 
 small cataract, 
 enery; 26 miles 
 '• 2. E. lat, 47. 
 
 Wales, county 
 
 the sea, at the 
 
 IS miles from 
 
 , in the princi- 
 he Danube; 3 
 
 the capital of 
 'y and Satur- 
 r in ruins, but 
 1 a littla with- 
 priory. The 
 the summer 
 ie member to 
 I, founded by 
 ' schools. It 
 I the Attery, 
 les below the 
 ymouth, and 
 t.Sl.W.lat. 
 
 !men's Land, 
 nnd Tamar, 
 liver Tamar, 
 rable burden 
 invigation is 
 government 
 id is a thriv. 
 E. is a race- 
 iful cascade 
 ut a limited 
 lly brought 
 Bs N. from 
 'g. 147. 15. 
 to the last 
 ibitants : — 
 lond males, 
 
 f the river 
 
 the canton 
 ■nnen and 
 
 n the river 
 
 capital of 
 a bishop's 
 on a very 
 ree small 
 nost sub- 
 the town- 
 
 magnifi. 
 12 S. W. 
 
 visitors, 
 , Gibbon, 
 
 LAU 
 
 419 
 
 Pop. "moo. ^''"*' *'• *^' ^- '"*• ^^' *'• N. 
 
 Laut^buho, a town of West Prussia. :n the 
 Curm."*"* *^"''"' " " * """^ E. by S. of 
 
 Lautek, a river which riees in the Vosees 
 
 France and Germany, on the W. of the Rhine, 
 mto which It fells at Ln.terbuig. ' 
 
 Lauterbach, a town „f Bohemia, in the circle 
 of ^,tz, noted for excellent tin mines; 9 miles 
 o. is. w. of Carlsbad. 
 
 Lauterbach, a town of Germany, in the 
 grand duchy of Saxe Weimar, with a trade in 
 linen and woollen cloths; seated on the Vo- 
 gelsbeig, 1 5 miles W. N. W. of Fulda. 
 
 Lauterbrunn, a village of Switzerland, in 
 
 Ui^l^V- ^^"'' '^ '""«' S. of Interlachen. 
 If IS scited m a romantic valley of the same 
 
 b!!cn'' *'*"'^™***^ *°' '^ cataract, called Staub- 
 
 Lauterburg, a town of France, in the Jo- 
 partment of Lower Rhine. It stands on the 
 Lauter, near its conflux with the Rhine: 14 
 miles S. of Landau. ' 
 
 Lauzerte, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lot ; '30 miles S. W. of Cahore. 
 
 m„„**"5'(^*.*S'^'' "*' France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lot-et-Garonne, 1 7 miles N. E. of Mar- 
 mande. Pop. 1250. .^.owuar 
 
 «,i'*^*^ ri°7" "*" *'"'"'"'' c«-Pi'al of the de- 
 pigment of Mayenne. It is surrounded by an 
 
 n^A 7k ' ""u *"*? *"^° "''' •=«»»«». fi^e churches, 
 and three hospitals, with a monastery esta- 
 blished in 1815. Linen of all kinds an^quaU- 
 ties 18 manufactured here, and the neighbouring 
 quarries produce green marble, or black veined 
 ^^' w '% ,J* " *"*«•» «" "'« Mayenne 40 
 kI ?o^' it W?" ^°"^- **• '^- ^■^'' '«• *• 
 Lavamunde, a small town of Austrian Illy. 
 m, in L^er Carinthia, seated on the Drave. 
 23 miles E. of Clngenfurt. ' 
 
 I ij'^^?^?^'" Lafeld, a village of the Nether- 
 M : 'V. P'-'Jvince of Liege, 4 miles W. of 
 Maestncht. In 1747 the French obtained a 
 victory nere over the allies, commanded by the 
 Duke of Cumberland. ^ 
 
 ^. Lavello, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 90 
 miles E. by N. of Naples. 
 
 Lavbnham, a town in Suffolk, with manu- 
 ftctures of hempen cloth and woollen yam 
 Here IS a spacious market-place, with a cross in 
 
 L'^^mt' ''"^ *''« """^^^^ •"« long been dis- 
 used, ihe town IS situate on an eminence, at 
 the foot of which runs the river Breton; 12 
 milCT S.by E of Bury St. Edmund, and 62 
 iV. h. of London. 
 
 Lavenza, a town of Italy, in the principality 
 of Massa, with a citadel ; seated at the mouth 
 of thel^venza on the Gulf of Genoa, 6 miles 
 w. a w. 01 Massa. 
 
 ket^'rSr"°i'' ° ♦^I^i" Wiltshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Monday and Wednesday, 4 miles S. of 
 Devizes, ar.d 90 W. by S. of London. 
 *o 7'A' * *•"!?* °^""' Austrian states, in Ty- 
 
 T^i-f *^ T.S"'' "*■ '''*' ^^w with the Adige: 
 7 miles N. of Trent. ^* ' 
 
 LEA 
 
 Latoro. Terra m, a province In the N. W 
 part of Naples; border^ on theW. by S 
 
 t-ihTsA^Onrt r*^"'"« ^^20 square Lk 
 w'th 625,000 inhabitants. It is proper for tiU 
 Iflge whence it took its name, and is fertile „ 
 excellent wines ai<d fruits. There are also m" 
 neral spnngs and mines of sulphur. Capua ii 
 the capital, and Gaeta is the chief seamTrt 
 
 Lawrence, St., a large river of North Ame- 
 rica, proceeding from Lake Ontario, from which 
 t nins 700 miles to the Gulf of St. Lawi^^Sce. 
 in the Atlantic. Its mouth is 100 miles wide 
 and It IS navigable for ships of war as far as 
 Quebec, which is 360 miles; and vessels from 
 Europe ascend to Montreal, vhich is 180 miles 
 turtJier. In its course it forms a great variety 
 
 are fruitful, and extremely pleasant. The navi- 
 gation of this river is closed from December to 
 
 of communi«ition, by roads being marked on 
 It and Its tributaries; and goods afe then tranj! 
 ported on it, by means of sleighs and other 
 vehicles. See Quebec, Montreal, &c 
 
 twir^r*"^^'.^''" ^"" «"' ^ fo^ed be. 
 tween the western part of Newfoundland the 
 easte™ shores of I^bmdor, the eastern litre! 
 mi y of the pr'>vince of New Brunswick, part 
 
 Atte n '^'""^ I* communicates with the 
 Atlantic Ocean by three different passages. 
 
 Lawrence-kirk, a town of Scotland, in Kin- 
 cardineshire, with manu&ctures of lawn, cam- 
 bric, thread, &c.. and a large bleach-field. It 
 
 of Moisl "^^ """ ^"'''^- « •""«" N. 
 Laxemburg, a town of Austria, with a pa- 
 lace; seated on the Suechat, 17 miles S. of Vi- 
 
 Laybacu. See Laubach. 
 
 „„ T l'^^>* *T" "^ N"'**" ^*^^y> >n Lombardy, 
 ^n J^? 1?""^^ . "^'« » « '^'"e, and a port 
 8500 ' ^ "'""' ^' *•"" ***»'"'»• rop. 
 
 Lu^nl^'in nZ »/ England, which rises near 
 Ljuton, in Bedfordshire, flows to Hertford and 
 
 a 1 ^j^if' '^"'^"'S ^«®* from Hertfordshire 
 and Middlesex, ertere the Thames below Black- 
 Wall. •""»»» 
 
 Leadhills, a viUage of Scotland, in La- 
 narkshire, situate amid mountains, in which 
 are rich mines of lead. It is supposed to be 
 the highest inhabited place in Britain beiny 
 about 2000 feet above the level of "J^s^a. i^ 
 w situate on the road from Glasgow to Dum- 
 fn^, 18 miles S. of Lanark, and 44 S. of Glaa- 
 
 Leamington Priors, a town in Warwick 
 fihire, with a market on Wednesday. Hero 
 are some saline springs, with warm and cold 
 baths a pump-room, and other accommoda- 
 t ons for genteel company. It is seated on the 
 2 mL.Tv"w »'».*i'"'fl"ence with the Avon, 
 l^miles E. of Warwick, and 89 N. W. of Lon' 
 
 Leao-Tong. &»Chen-yano. 
 Leatherhead, a town in Surrey, which had 
 formerly a market. Here is a bridge of 14 archot 
 
 ££2 
 
i K A 
 
 420 
 
 Leatiiks-wateo, or Withbirn, a fino lake 
 .n Cumber and. lying S. E. of Ke.'^rck " is 
 S \"u'' 'r*"""'- »'*°"' * mile, in length 
 •kirting the foot of Kelvellyn. aud recS' 
 nume- -M torrents from that huge mS , 
 The . ngular beauty of this lake* isTbS"« 
 ahnct intersecte*! in the middle bv two nZZ 
 aulas, which are joined by a neat wooden bSe' 
 Ito outlet, at the N. end. joins the river Greto' 
 whieh runs into the Derwent below KmS' 
 
 lake 15 miles m circumference, enters the Baltic 
 
 Sea; IG miles N. N. W. of LuenbuT'" 
 
 Lebanon, a town of Pennsylvania caniti.I nf 
 
 LBBAjroH is also the name of several town 
 »»ps of the United States. 1. A po" town" 
 Blwp ". York county, Maine. 2 irGrafton 
 county. New Hampshire. 3. In WindhZ 
 
 Jereev fi Tn w" """*««!«" "ounty. New 
 Jersey. 6, In Warren county. Ohio. 25 miles 
 S. of Dayton. 7. The capital of Wilson co™v 
 Tennessee. 25 mile, E. of Nashville ^' 
 
 Lebanon. New, a town of New York in 
 
 dO miles N. E. of Hudson. It is also the nanie 
 rfa township m Camden county. North Cam! 
 
 01 iripoli. with a good harbour and an old 
 castle. Here are the ruins of a tempk and 
 other splendid buildings. It is seaW on the 
 Mediterranean. 30 miles S. E. of Tripoli 
 
 Lebrixa, or Ledrma, atown of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, wrth a castle, seated in a territo J 
 .bounding in oliv^trees, that produce the H 
 
 pip!"62ir' '" """ ^- " '^- «" s-'^«- 
 
 .J^^l^'X^''^^^ "' ^™'"'"' '" Brandenbui«, 
 seated on the Oder, 5 miles N. of Frankfort 
 
 LKCA8ELL0. 8 town in the state of Genoa*- 
 23 miles N. E. of Genoa. ' 
 
 Lecce. a city of Naples, in Otranto, and a 
 bishops see. It is the residence of the ko- 
 vemor ef t he province, which by some is called 
 Lecce mstead of Otmntoj 17 miles N. W. of 
 ptran o. and IDS E S. E. of Naples. Pop 
 13^735. Long. 10. 20. E. lat. 40. 36. N. 
 
 .^cco, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Mi- 
 lanese, with several flourishing manufacturer 
 It IS seated on the E. branch of the lake Como 
 
 t "li"\ ^ ^-I- "' Como. Long. 9. 23. E 
 lat. 45. 5, N. Pop. 4250. 
 
 . Lech a river of the Bavarian states which 
 nsesm Tyrol, divides Suabiafrom Bav^irand 
 enters the Danube below Donawert "'^^"''""'* 
 
 eJi'^ht^^'^- u""" L^cHiADE. a town in Glou- 
 CWtetBhire, wrth a market on Tuesday. A canal 
 
 LEE 
 
 from the Severn joins the Thames near this 
 town and the traffic here on both fconsU 
 demble ,n cheese, corn, and coal. It f, S 
 
 N^7 LonW^''""^ «'--'-' -^ 76 W. by* 
 
 proWnTeTb'pper °Ne„7S."t?''"'«' '" ''% 
 St Annenberg^ih S^t'^d^rb;;!^^^ 
 n is^^ated near the Oder. 17 mile. ^.^ of 
 
 hrlfl""' %,""" ",'' *''« Netherlands, which 
 branches off from the lihine at DenrJ^Li^ , 
 enten. the Maese; 10 mS E ^oflTe^dLm"' 
 
 ment Tf" r • " '"'^"u* "*''" "'^ i'Vance, dep^A- 
 IaL /'T'.*'"» manufactures of leatheT 
 and some trade m com and wine. It is sUuate 
 on a mountain near the river Ge« 16 SS 
 ?o;!e'^t ^-«-«-37.E.Iat.43!K!' 
 
 maSon TulJ"''" °^ ""^fo^d'hire. with a 
 market on Tuesday, and a considerable manu- 
 
 tr o^rwS iSaistei r£g 
 
 . Ledesma, a small but strong town of Soain 
 
 con^fin^' " f'T "^ 1'^'*"''' *'"''-'h rises on the 
 int;::rrk1ia' «°- ^- "> ^ork. and falls 
 
 kM^*""*^* ^"'""^^^ '" ^«''' Yorkshire; mar- 
 kets on Tuesday and Saturday. It retur^is two 
 
 Aire, over which is a stately stone bridge. Jt 
 ihiri ^'T'r^ "^ '•'^ *='°"'ing towns in Yo- K- 
 shire and the mart for the coloured ana white 
 broad cloths of which vast quantities are od 
 in Its two cloth halls, within the space of an 
 hour, without the least confusion. Le^s h«S 
 a flourishing manufacture of carpets, also sorn^ 
 
 S erit' 'il tr'"^f ^''S"' ^""^ -^^ "»' 
 pot eries. In the neighbourhood arc numerous 
 
 colheries. and great quantities of cr are s^n? 
 
 to York and Hull. Three miles i. .'I W S 
 
 the town, on the river Aire, stands the remains 
 
 ^i^^ '?"erable pile. Kirkstal Abbey, en - 
 
 bowered m groves of oak. Loeds has seven 
 
 newtc^' ;:h f "''*='' "^"^ ''^''^ -de^Ihe 
 new act; and here are twelve meetinghouses 
 
 hou'rl frL™L7' r .'""^P""'' ^'"^ ""' 
 nouses, a free school, charity school and a 
 
 We national school, opened in 1013. The 
 
 most handsome building in the town is the 
 
 cour^-house and prison, erected in 1812, A 
 
 tTer v^erfbi?'" *° ^'^«'P«<". ^Y which, and 
 theS*;! T.K^'^f" communication with 
 the Irish Sea and the German Ocean ; and it is 
 connected with London. Birmingham', &c., by 
 means of the North Midland milway;'24 miles 
 
 i^ong. I. 34. W. lat. S3. 48. N 
 
 nriil*""^' * P""'!' '" ^«"t' ^'th a castle and a 
 
 don. Maidstone, and 40 from LonI 
 
 « 
 
 V 
 B 
 U 
 
 ? 
 II 
 
["Imrneg near thLi 
 >n both is con«i. 
 Joal. It ia seateJ 
 with the Thnmea, 
 er, and 76 W. by 
 
 ian Sileiia, in the 
 is the convent of 
 il to by pilgrims, 
 miles S. S. E. of 
 
 herlands, which 
 t Deursiede, and 
 of Rotterdam, 
 France, depart- 
 tures of leather, 
 le. It is situate 
 r Gersj 16 miles 
 • lat. 43. 56. N. 
 
 srdshire, with a 
 siderable manu- 
 The navigable 
 sibrd passes by 
 She S. extremity 
 E. of Hereford, 
 
 town of Spain, 
 20 miles S.W 
 
 -h rises on the 
 Cork, and falls 
 
 'orkshire; mar- 
 It returns two 
 ids on the river 
 ne bridge. Jt 
 owns in Yoik- 
 ired anu white 
 Uities are sold 
 e space of an 
 n. Leeds has 
 et«; also some 
 )< and several 
 arc numerous 
 cr are sent 
 i. ;. W. of 
 !8 the remains 
 Abbey, era- 
 ^ds has seven 
 ted under the 
 ecting- houses, 
 , three alms- 
 ;hool, and a 
 1013. The 
 town is tlie 
 in 1812, A 
 y which, and 
 nication with 
 an ; and it is 
 lam, &c., by 
 ay; 24 miles 
 of London 
 
 castle and n 
 still remain > 
 from Lon- 
 
 LEE 
 
 42] 
 
 coiav"!l'„?K*T ^I Y''8'"i«. in Richmond 
 S^S. LVo'f%^-,Attf ^^ Happahannoc; 34 
 Lbbfooo, the most fertile of the Haoaee 
 Islands, m the South Pacific. It is not Z^ 
 7 miles m length, and only 2 or 3 in br<Sth 
 
 nnw^"^' "'■""'" in Staffordshire, With a market 
 on Wednesday. It has a brisk trade, and rna- 
 nufactures of bandana and other handkorchi^ft 
 r bbon,. twwt and buttons. It is seated ill 
 
 NN.'^^inS^-'''^'-'^-^''-'^'^^ 
 
 joins ♦he Lms ,• 14 miles S. E. of Emden. 
 
 SouTTn' "a *"''" "^ *•>« Netherlands, in 
 South Holland; seated on the Linghe- 11 
 miles S. of Utrecht. Pop. 2226. 
 
 Leerort, a fortress of Hanover, in East 
 Fries and; seated at the conflux of the LeX 
 
 LK^t^^V ^" """^ ^- •>/ S. of Emden 
 IlfEBs, or LiEKS, a town of Belgium in the 
 
 takoo tt 900 mil., N. E. of C,^ Tom, 
 
 ;t;forao"f;Kxir™ 
 
 LEI 
 
 ains of Colognole by means of a long and ex- 
 pensive aqueduct, constructed by gofcmment 
 
 i he streets are wide and straight, and aS 
 all the hou«3s of the same height. There are 
 so many canals, that some have given t the 
 
 n ^H ^"^ ^'-'"'«'- A' » little^dTstence i^ 
 a hgh house, on a small island. The trade 
 consists of foreign goods, as cotton, sugar. coS 
 spices sulphur, and alum; and .'. Ce"^,' 
 ductions. as ew^nces, oils. wine, straw hats. 
 sS' C"'-'^'"?. o-^ngeo, Jambs' and goatV 
 skins and coral. In 1741 this city suffered 
 VlL^^ •*" ^^thquake. The ne%hboS 
 marshes have been rendered tit for culture bf 
 means of canals, which have also ^een u^ftd 
 
 w still far from healthy; 140 miles N W of 
 
 te4t/3!5;"^^'~- ^"« '^'^^^ 
 
 Leonano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 
 TheToTn' ir"* "^^"^ regularly coifs'tritS 
 i he town is populous, r.nd carri«i on a consi- 
 derable trade, particularly in grain whkht 
 
 Adige to the Po. It w seated on the Adice- 
 
 22 mile. S. E. of Verona. Pop. 6500 * * 
 
 Leibnitz a town of the Austrian empire in 
 
 sZV^iT'' "^^^ "" *"«' «"""' "'"''« 
 
 Leicester, a town of Massachusets in 
 
 frc3o;n'^'j"V -"-Kbirmani- 
 
 WorcMtel. ' ""*" ^'- ^- ^- "^ 
 
 LeSL^il'^ ".^'•''"K^ ""d the capital of 
 l^icestershire: it is goveme.i by a mayor- 
 
 memborsT"''*,-" ^"'"'^"y' it Returns two 
 wniu ^"J? Pari'ament. I„ the civil wa« tha 
 walls were m a great measure demolished- the 
 castle was also dismantled, the hall and Schen 
 being the only parts that are left entire. thaS 
 6 clnirches, 18 meeting-houses for the dilfere" 
 denominations of dissenters, several hosuital? 
 a free school, and three charity TchooTt' 
 S, Z ^%hT ^^^ /"' ^'8''*'"8 the town 
 of stoddU nf ''k-'k^*' manufacture is that 
 ot stockings, of which, several vears aeo the 
 value amounted to 60,000/. annually, Tndi? 
 has of late much increased. A canal pwses 
 
 the"Mi&Wr«' ',' '''' riverTinS 
 tne Alidlai d Counties railway passes this town 
 At a parliament held here in the reicn of 
 Henry V., the first law was made for the burn- 
 ng of heretics. In the meadows nL the 
 
 28 miS,7bv p' f n"u'^"^ »" ^^e Soar; 
 
 of£r.-tot1.W:ra"t^g£.^N^' 
 
 \l ^^"'^"^'^'^ """^ Staffordshire. I Hboui 
 196 parishes; has 12 murket towns andlnd. 
 
 four memhfira to •virliim-;,' ' ?' -- *^""* 
 
 and Southern divisions. The climate is tlfm- 
 
LBI 
 
 wiioi nvors iiro tho Avon, .S,Hir. Swift Wn.k.. 
 Ankor and W.,||«„d, it ll.m thrU ffiuT £i 
 
 "', ^"""'^ f "■«' <l>'iintitiw of rich Knuiim kn.l 
 
 U..0 in ...0 Sir,;;; v'r/Zi.,ii.';"ffi 
 
 S U «~ '""*'"""' y •«■•"« to London ; an. 
 
 K broi? i" ""'^'' ;'(.>'»P^"ven,ont;h«vo 
 h.« """'«"t to an mtonwhing douroo of cxi-«u 
 
 i. Aat S" "^: r^l.!!!.'.^"?' " ^''-o --oar. 
 
 49a 
 
 LBI 
 
 i''K uf cat o T • "•.»»?' Vr"t to tho roar- 
 fikn hll i . !^ l>"'>«l'nl objwt of tho um- 
 
 n on «i to , n? "? " "'»" '" •«""' P'"c«^^» 
 
 in «l>i» counly ''" '^'''^" "'"«'» '» "'"J" 
 
 nhi'.'^'""' !J '"'^" "' I-niicashiro; with consi.I.^r. 
 
 tor and l-),. N. W. of Lo.'.'.K,^^- "^ *'"'"''»-•'- 
 ford, and 3!) E. of London ' "^ ^^''^'""^ 
 
 About half a milo distant are tho roimuns of n 
 
 IjM.nster, a province of Ireland- uu^ji,. 
 lon^ and 55 broad : it « ' Jjo" S 
 .icres J Iwunded on the E and <? 1... 1 
 Gconje'8 Channel. W. by cLa,S.t „n Ar ^** 
 ster, and N. by Ulster It 3„i ^? **""" 
 tips nf f<„,i ir ■ .. ™ntaina the coun- 
 
 •"•I Wick bw. Dublin i. the cnplf.1. Th« 
 
 . .nci,.a river, arc the Iloyne, the K,w ij! 
 
 l^'ffoy. tho Noir, and the May. ' *"* 
 
 UiN«TK« Nkw. .si., Xkaian... Nkw. 
 tuit. „ ■;, " "1'*" "f ^'"'••'""'"i with nmnufiio. 
 
 Me.«cn S. by that of tho ErKgob mo , ,. tho 
 pnMc.,M.li y of Altenburg. and V^".d N Jy 
 Iho I'ruwan port of &.xony. It comnriwi U 
 
 i-Kii«ic n city of Saxony, in tho drclo of 
 
 ntnuel, called I'loywonburg. It carrioi on 11 
 conaiderahlo trn.le. and ha« three gmft f«i« 
 every year which h«t a fortnight .S ?" 
 "umbcr of inhabitants i. aboutSl.OOO; nd Uo 
 .r.nc.,,al mannfi.cture. an, silk, gild and ^Iver 
 S ''V,^"-"'"' «"tton printing, leather, and 
 pnpor. I hero nro six hundsomo colhws bo- 
 fongrng ,0 the university, besides tho^r"V,5^ 
 c..l.lege. ; and the exchange is a tine structurt" 
 
 nu J 750. Iho Austrian., in I750-, besieueU 
 't in vanij they took it two years after C 
 were soon obliged to »ivo it «,,. Si, ic ! 
 celebrated for two of ttm gm.tJst battle, r^ 
 corticd ,„ history having been foug i?, Z 
 vuMM.ty. between tho F?oneh an.l the a li«I 
 "nMU-8,on the K.th and lltth of October. " 13 
 which were followed by tho capture of tho' 
 
 on tho following morning, and also tho kiin, of 
 Wy „„d his family, who were nmSlrt 
 8 oner*. It is seatc.l i,i a plain, on the river 
 
 Jl r'v'n ","''• ^- ^- Wlof Dresden! 90 S 
 by W. ot IJerlm, and lUO N. E. of Frankfort 
 on-thc-Maine. Long. 12. 21. E. lat. 51 IflN 
 
 andu'l!r;i'''°*"°*'^-",'*"»f*'' '■" Kstremadura! 
 nil u bishop's SCO; with an ancient castle on an 
 cm nence. -op. 4(;00. It is 77 miles N. N 
 
 E. 
 
 eminence. I'op 
 
 of Lisbon. Long. «. a4. W. lat. 39. 4(( N 
 
 LKis^Nio, a town of Saxony, ii, MeisLen • 
 wuli manufactures of cloth, iacts stockilr&V 
 It 18 seatetl on the Mulda ,24 railes E S E of 
 Leipsic, and 32 N. W. of Dresden 
 
 Forth'^'o " ?^"P"rt °f«'--ot'Ht'd. <.n tho Frith of 
 *orth . 2 miies N. N. E. of Edinburgh, of which 
 18 the port. It is situate at tho nrouth of iV 
 ruer Leith, which forms the harbour and diviJel 
 
 ^^!LI '" Jlraw-tadges. The harbour is 
 secured by „ noble stone pier, and it is accom- 
 modated with wet and .iry'docks, and other co" 
 
 on to ?/"'•, "'''Tf""'"'* '^'"^•^ " «'"i^«l 
 on to a considerable extent. Hero are also 
 
 sioes leather, soap, and candles, and scvera 
 »ron forges. There are three churches an 
 
 nCr '''T\''^ ."eeting-hou.:^ Tmal? 
 "^hcent banking-house, an hospital for disabW 
 
 S?; 7.^""'i" '".'''""'' "">n«^ou8ciriti!^ 
 Alittle to the east of the town are the batl,8,which 
 
10 c»P«(«l Th« 
 I the liarrow, tht 
 
 AND, NkW. 
 
 ; with niflimfiie- 
 loth, nnd volttin. 
 
 I. I'op. 4J»a.'j. 
 
 "mvini .itinr th«i 
 t ofOliiiuti. 
 1)00 of tho kin<r- 
 I'y tho circlo of 
 gubiiuo iiiul thv 
 W. mill N. by 
 It i-nmpriaot 14 
 iniiUurublu mo- 
 
 » tho circlo of 
 y, and u strong 
 It carries on u 
 tw great fairs 
 lit j-nch. 'i'ho 
 l,0(/0;Hnd tho 
 told and ailvur 
 U leather, and 
 
 C<)ll«'gi<g, bo- 
 on tho iirivato 
 tine structure, 
 linns in \74t> 
 7M, busiuuod 
 \n after, but 
 ). Li'ipsio is 
 St battles ro- 
 
 fought in its 
 )d tho nlliiHl 
 ctobor, lltl.j, 
 |)turo of tho 
 'rcnch army, 
 9 tho king of 
 'c iHade pri- 
 on the rivor 
 rcsdcii, ao S. 
 f Frankfort- 
 t. 51. 19. N. 
 ^latreniudurn, 
 castle on an 
 ilcs N. N. E. 
 '. 4((. N. 
 n Mcisson ; 
 ockings, Sec. 
 • E. S. E. of 
 
 tho B'rith of 
 i;h, of which 
 outh of th.. 
 and divide! 
 ch commu- 
 hiubour is 
 t is accom- 
 
 1 other con- 
 is carried 
 
 'c are also 
 pets, gloss, 
 nd several 
 irchcs, an 
 ca, a mag- 
 }T disabled 
 8 charities 
 uth8,which 
 
 LBI 
 
 493 
 
 nro constructs upon u grand *calo, and hi n 
 •tyh. of Bn;at elogiuico. Thu imrtx.ur isdefwidud 
 hy a inarlell,, tuwor. a...l t.. th« VV. of th.- .itadu 
 is n lottery for tho |.rotecti..n of tho sl,ip,,i„„. 
 nmf «j"""»«r«« of Let), is very consi-len l,|„ ; 
 nnd the vessols einph.yod in tho I.ond,,,, tr«d, 
 a»s in generMi, of « largo mo , but tho iMrge t 
 
 "••licry. lo foreign parts nro oiportod ka.l 
 glass waro hneii, woollen Mulls.an.l « vari.,'y of 
 other goo,k It returns, w,th I'ortobollo. Ac 
 
 .no nu.m l)or to jHtrliament. Long. 2. M. w' 
 ittt. n!>, tti, N, 
 
 Lkitmkuitz. See LKiiTMRnrrz 
 LKiTOMiHciiKt,. See Lkutmihoiiei,. 
 of fw"'"'. ? '^"""'y of iwlttnd, in tho province 
 of Uiinaiujbt 5 bounded on the N. by Doiiega" 
 ilay, N. L. by Formaiiagh, E. by Cuvan S l/ 
 hy Lonuford. S W. K„ i»„:.„l"'.^"*^" ''.:;• ^• 
 
 Leo 
 
 b go. I u grcatc-st length is about 64 EngllNh 
 
 lies, and its maximum breadth 20. It conSiiiu 
 
 2 parishes, and anareaof 407,2(10 English acres. 
 
 Ihe norlhorn part, aro mountainous and uncul- 
 
 veins of lead, iron, and coj.por ore, and have 
 
 fo tile, fho county is traversed by the river 
 
 bhaMii.,,,. and abounds with small lakes and rivers 
 
 .mHon.o prtHluctivoironworks, and foods grea 
 
 t d, „f ,„tt le. 1 1 returns two momberw U, the 
 
 imperial piu-hament. Carrick is tho cai.ital 
 
 Lkituim, o village of Ireland, from which tho 
 
 rcce,l...g county has Us name. 1 1 is seated on 
 
 ^iw "","{'." I r "'"'-''' N. of Carrick, and 112. W 
 XN. W. of Uublm. 
 
 nfuln'""'' 'l/'J'™ of Ireland, in tho county 
 of Kildar.,. It has a noble eastlo, with largo 
 gardens on one side of which is a fine waterfall 
 c«l C.1 the Salmon Leap. Near it a^o tZ nS 
 of tho Church and castio of Confy. It i, abated 
 on tho Lilly , « miles W. of Dublin. 
 
 Lemuuiw, or Lkopold, a. town of Austrian 
 Poland i formerly the capital of Ited Russia and 
 now of C a icia and Lodomeria. It is well forti- 
 fied, nnd defended by two citadels, one of which 
 18 on an eminence without the city. The cathe- 
 dral, churches, and public building, arc mag. 
 nihcent;ondtheinhabitant8,computedat47 0()0 
 of whom 14,000 are Jow«, carry on a coim'ider- 
 nblo trade. It is tho sec of a Roman Catholic 
 nrchbi8hop,nnd has also nn Armenian and Rus- 
 sian bishop. It 18 seated on tho I'eltan ; 72 miles 
 
 ll^^^'Aor'ul ^- ''''^""°" ^""^^ 
 Lkmoow, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 
 and m tho priiicii.ality of Lippo-Detmold ; with 
 awne cloth and stuff manufactures, and u con- 
 Bidorable trade in printing and booksellinij. It 
 
 PoTs&o" ^^^ ^"^^ ' ^^ ""*"' ^' "^ **'"''*'"• 
 Lkmnos, or Stacimene, an island of the 
 Archipelago, lying „ear the Strait of GallipoU • 
 15 miles long and 11 broad. The poets made il 
 eacred to Vulcan, who was hence called Lem- 
 nius Pater It was also celebrated for its laby- 
 rinth, of which not a trace remains. The air is 
 pure, and tho produce consists of corn oil 
 cotton, and a variety of fruits. It has two' har- 
 
 ■luu on the N, lu capital is of tho same nam<. 
 
 i'S 3 ;:..'.'"""'«"'"'«" '^"- Long. -IS luat: 
 
 „• *^'- V. ''"'^"t*''. *l'wo it is r, nrios -ido and 
 prococling N. N. W. outer, tho !■> . .• , oZ ' 
 Jy jievoral mouths, forming an arV^ S 
 
 Kwtol iHiarsnnd animals valuable for their fur 
 
 .ENczic/, a strong town of Poland, with « 
 
 for toiaroek. It stand, in a mon«s on ," 
 
 i^' by W. of Cracow. Pop. 2;t40. 
 
 Lenii AM, a decayed town in Kent i watcd on 
 
 i.. of Maidstone, and 44 8. E. of London 
 
 J^KNNKi>, a town of tho Prussian statw. in il.« 
 province of Clever and Horg , on a r/vT; Lf S 
 
 J.ENNox. See J)i;MnAiiToN. 
 
 l-ENs, a town of France, donartmont of P.u 
 Jo Calais; 10 miles N. W. of l)ouay 
 
 J.ENTINI an aiK.ient town of Sid'ly. in Val 
 1' N.;to. It is a „„aii reinnin.ler of t ,^'„ "cien 
 Lcontium and situate at the fool of a St o, 
 
 ailed Ll:''V'' S'"'"^",^'- ■'"'" »--''-" 
 called Carlentini. Lontini was greatly damaucd 
 
 by m, earthquake, in IC.03, ItislMte.fo, S 
 Von S "'""" ' '^ ■""•-■• '^^ ^- «f ^'^^"i-- 
 
 nJ:'"'''TJ^' " '""'" "f Switzerland, in tho 
 turJH".'f"l^"'«'"" ^'""»«'«*tlc.a„d maiufl 
 on the An ; miles E. of Aargau, 
 
 HranT?"' " '"*"' "/ "'" ^'""^'"^ I'rovinco of 
 of iSh, *' "*^'*''*'^"«'J 74 miles N. W. 
 
 wl'of gS ' " " °" ""-■ *^"'" ' '"'" ""'** N. 
 „ ti"^'""^' " T" "^P™"!"" Sil««ia ; with 
 JiSindorf^"' " ^'"■" ' ^" •"'''" N- N. Ji. of 
 Leoqane a town and fort, with a good har- 
 bour, on the N. side of the peninsula of"s 
 Domingo t was taken by the IJritish inlVof- 
 
 Leominstkb, a borough in Herefordshire 
 
 nHoS;*^'"'""' "'^' ''"1"'' '«'"'«»•. cider. &c! 
 n sends two members to parliament. The church 
 
 Rutn'""''.?"' '"" ^'^^'"""f"' "'t«' iS bj 
 Rubenr. Here are also four meeting-houses 
 two chanty schools, and two free schoolT^e 
 of them endowed by Queen Mary. S^M 
 
 N. \V°. "^^Z^- ^- ^' ^--'«^ anTm 
 
 Leominsteb, a town of Massachusets, in 
 
 Ki^T o"/^' ""' V '""""f'^^ture of combl; 
 
 liosTon? °fWorce8ter,and46 W. N. W. of 
 
 .m^'"'^''"? '■"'PO'^nt N. W. division of Spain 
 
 Btil rc^imng tho title of a kingdom ; boumTed 
 
 on the N. Iiv A oturiTs W Kv r r • "ounoea 
 
 • ---'^""''s " . ny Uahcia and Portu- 
 
i 
 
 L B O ^a 
 
 int"awi'„'°"«'r''' '^" ^^i<^riA divided 
 into about two equal parts by the river Douro. 
 
 n kfo'ir^'!.'''^?"""' '''"«'• ""<> Valiadolid. 
 « w fortilo, and produces some wino, and in the 
 
 h.m.ntam. copper and iron are fo-Mid. Are"! 
 2 1 ,000 square miles. Pop. 1 ,2 1 6,000 
 
 a bishops see, was formerly richer and more 
 populous than at prc«,„t. fts cnthe*!™? w^ch 
 
 the ?om'»^i°«,'if. '''•«""' "«»""«». «""»«'•"" 
 «.L V ^ "«?' •""«• ■"<* «»"« e>nporor, 174 
 
 iat. 4 J. 36. N. Pop. 6000. 
 
 cnhf^h^":" '"'• *" ^"""'"t"' tract on the S. W. 
 coast of Spain J separated from the mainland by a 
 
 nLill •'"P"': ^''« '••^'■""'^e t*"" "fforded 
 
 rS^»«.?h *"«'"y '? POMOMion of the mainland 
 i^nT^ a>»eofthe French in 1810) is farther 
 
 Lkon, a town on the above island. The popu- 
 
 rnS' *''"«? "^h'ef support arises from the works 
 
 yard^of^«.««s^ y.t^S. E. of Cadi. Long. 
 
 Leon, or Leon db Nicaraqua, a dtv of 
 Mexico ; capital of the province of Nican.gun 
 Jii the vicinity is a mountain with a volcino. 
 Which sometimes occasions earthquakes. It is a 
 commercial place ; seated near the N. W ex- 
 t'hTplfi'n' '"''*' Nicaragua, 30 miles from 
 
 w.tarf2.^8rN. ^'''■''''- ^-«-«7.20. 
 
 Leon, New, a province in the S. part of the 
 X V J^""'^' ''*""« "'« «"'f of Mexico 
 on the w'. '^ °" '''« S., and New Biscay 
 
 Leonard, St., an ancient town of France • 
 department of Upper Vienne; with manufactures' 
 of paper and cloth ; seated on the Vienne ; 10 
 Po^mf' °^^''"°8«' """^ 135 S. of Paris. 
 
 nJ;fTc?'*^'^*'il'* ^''*'" "^'^ town on the 
 ♦n°».®l"r''v'"'j"'"'''8*''« *«"^n of Hastings, 
 to which It has become n suburb, and is mutii 
 frequented by visitors, for sea-bathing 
 
 «f «f If"'^'"*' " **"'" "'■ Maryland, chief 
 of bt. Mary county : situate on Briton Bay 5 
 
 s .f^'^'iST""'' '■" the Potomac; CO miles 
 o. a. K of Washington. 
 
 Leoo-keoo. See Loo-ciroo. 
 
 Leopold. See Leuburo. 
 
 Leopoldstadt, a town and fortress of Hun- 
 gaiy ; seated on the Waag ; 56 miles E. of Vienne 
 
 Lepanto, a seaport of Greece, in Livadia.nnd 
 an archbishop's see. It is surrounded with high 
 walls, and defended by a castle on an eminence. 
 Ifie produce of the adjacent country is wine o" 
 com, nee, leather, and tobacco. It is seated at 
 the entrance of a gulf of the same name j 100 
 miles W. N. W. of Athens, and 360 S. W. of 
 
 Poj!ioor'''^' '''°"*" '^^' ^" '"*' ^°- ^"- N- 
 
 LBS 
 
 the Pacifio Ocean. Long. ICB. 4. E. Iat. Ifl. 
 
 P.h»'"^*' "V^":"""*. « town of Spain, in 
 J-.streuiadurii at the foot of a mountain, and the 
 
 Ts 'n'o^^*'" r'"',' ' *" •"'"» »• «' MeridH. and 
 63 N. of Seville. Long. 5. A.o. W. Iat. 3(1. 7 N 
 
 Lkrid*. (the Ilerda of Lucan.) an ancient 
 
 town of Spain in Catalonia, an.l a bishop's «"" 
 
 TrL th"„ «""""^*"'' *. '-•"'"•»• Nea» this place 
 are the remains of a palace of the kings of Arni- 
 
 r^ili'sTE^Ir " ''"'• "" '"" "^«' «^*«"'' 
 M li 1 , ^' ^' "= '">«'»■«•. Hnd 200 N. W. of 
 Madrid. Long. O.So.E. I«t.41. 82. N 
 
 Lerins. two islands in the Mediterranean, on 
 thecoiMtofl-rancej 5 miles from Antibes. That 
 
 called St. Margaret , the smaller is called St. 
 ilonorat, and has been a Benedictine abbey. 
 
 ^S. S.' of Vut^^. ' ""^'^ "" ""' ^^'"- » 
 
 bou called Brassa Sound. 1 1 is thi rendezvous 
 hlm'L J K* I'UMesand vessels emploved in the 
 S Pni rt'^V:. ^T ^^^ N. end ot^'the to«„ 
 mnr^^n''''"^*''''^'' commands the N. en- 
 ^12. N • ^''"«- "• ^'^' ^^- '«*• 
 
 Inifr'"'*^' " '"''" "'■ ^™""»' department of 
 Lower Pyrenees , seated on a hill , 3 mile. 
 N. W. of Pau, and 42 S. E. of Bayonne. 
 
 An^f'Tl*"'-." «T" «/ J'rance, department of 
 Ande j 1 1 miles W. of Narbonne. 
 
 i^EsiNA, an island in the Gulf of Venice, on 
 he coast of Dalmntia. 6,5 miles long and 14 
 
 ki^rf, of T.*"'"" ?•"** quantities of different 
 kinds of marble, and produces wine, oil. fim 
 iZ"!"' "r^'^'r^'on, aloes. honeV, &oX 
 orco±""''"""M,u"' •*" ^'^' '" the chirf art cle 
 Jmsagood harbour; it contains 1200 inhabit- 
 K lalili.'aS "' '^'"'"'- '"'"«• '"••'«• 
 Leskeahd or Liske.ard, a borough in Corn- 
 Tf IpL^/ , °" Saturday, and manufactures 
 of leather and yarn. It is one of the largest 
 and best built towns in the country, hK- 
 merly a castle, now in ruins, and is one of the 
 coinage towns for tin. Besides the church, 
 which 18 n large and noblo edifice, here are three 
 places of worship for dissenten,. a free grammar 
 schoo, two national schools, and a charity 
 school for poor children. I„ the vicinity a e 
 several extensive sheep-walks. It returns one 
 member to parliament. It is 16 miles W.N. 
 W. of Plymouth, and 225 W. by S. of London. 
 Long. 4. 42. W. Iat. 50. 27. N. ^"nuon. 
 
 fonVnTf'^;",-"*" of B«'Ki»m. inHainault. 
 famous for Its linen manufacture ; seated on the 
 - )ender , 28 miles S. W. of Bniiels. 
 Lestwithiel, or Lostwithiei.. a town in 
 
 on inday, and a tolerable woollen manufocture. 
 
 ,^pL'u1'^""T?"''' ' ^'^ t''" county courts 
 are held here. It is seated on the river Fowev 
 which was formeriy navigable, but is now chok^' 
 
9W HebrldM, (n 
 ft. £. lat. lA. 
 
 n of Spain, in 
 untiiin, and tho 
 of Merida, nnd 
 ^ lat. .10. 7. N. 
 »n,) an ancient 
 a binhop'i Bw ; 
 *Jea» thin place 
 kings of Arni- 
 e river SeRm ; 
 !200N.W.of 
 
 82. N. 
 
 literranean, on 
 Antibes. Tliat 
 trger island, ia 
 
 is called 8t. 
 ine abbey, 
 le province of 
 the Arlanzn j 
 
 capital of the 
 ij)aciou» h«r- 
 e rendezvous 
 ployed in the 
 
 of the town 
 is tho N. en- 
 
 56. W. lat. 
 
 partment of 
 ill ; 3 miles 
 yonne. 
 partment of 
 
 Venice, on 
 ong and 14 
 
 of different 
 le, oil, figs, 
 ley, &c., in 
 chief article 
 Mime name, 
 too inhabit- 
 ing, lb". '20. 
 
 fh in Corn- 
 inufactnrea 
 the largest 
 '; had for- 
 one of the 
 10 church, 
 e are three 
 e grammar 
 a charity 
 cinity are 
 turns one 
 les W.N. 
 r London. 
 
 ialnault , 
 ed on the 
 
 town in 
 a market 
 uihcture. 
 tj courts 
 r Fowey, 
 f choked 
 
 LET 
 
 49S 
 
 N. E. of Truro, ^nd 
 
 up with sand ; 22 miles 
 •i32 W. by 8. of London. 
 
 Lkttkuk, a town of Naples, seated at tho 
 foot of a mounUm ; 1 2 milun N. W. of Salerno 
 
 LKmRKBNNY, B town of Ireland, county 
 
 SublilT "" "'*' '**'"^' '*" '""•' fr""" 
 Lkuuus n town of Prussian Silesia, with a 
 
 celobnuedCwterc an abbey, seated on tho Oder, 
 
 30 miles N. N. W. of Dreslau. 
 
 Lkucate, a town of Franco, department of 
 
 Aude i situate near the Mediterranean, on the 
 
 S* I!, f}}"' '."''« "^ t'lo Mme name j 20 miles 
 N. i!i. of Terpignnn. 
 
 LEucii.orLKUK, a town of Switzerland, in 
 tne Vallais ; much frequented on account of its 
 hot mineral springs. It is .eated on an emi- 
 nence near the llhone; 20 miles E.S.E. of 
 Sion. 
 
 Leuse, a town of Belgium, in ll.dnault; 
 
 seated on tho Dunder; 14 miles N.W. of MonsI 
 Leutkiroh, a town of Germany, in Wirtem- 
 
 berg ; with two suburlw, nnd a good linen trade 
 
 It 18 seated on the Eschach, which runs into tho 
 
 Illcr; 22 miles N. E. of Lindau. 
 LEUTMKaiTZ, or LEiTMEniTz, a town of 
 
 iJohemia ; capital of a circle of tho same name. 
 
 Ihe circle m such a dcliglitful cour^try, that it is 
 ca ed the Bohemian Paradise ; it produces ex- 
 cellent wine, and contains warm baths, tin- 
 jnines. and precious stones. The town is well 
 hiiilt and populous : it is seated on the Elbe • 
 30 miles N. E. of Prague. Pop. 3760 ; of the 
 circle, about 300,000. Long. 1 4. 1 7. E. lat. 50. 
 
 • IjKUTOMiscuKL, a town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Chrudim ; with manufactures of cloths 
 and dyo-stutrs. and extensive distilleries: 20 
 miles E. S. E. of Chrudim. 
 
 Leutscii, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Carniolu ; 8 miles S. S. E. of Idria. 
 
 P.>^.7i?r ?''."\ ^".'■'^ P^'P'^'y '"■8"ifi«8 tho 
 ii-ast ^Italian), but it is used, when speaking of 
 trade, for Turkey in Asia, comprehending Na- 
 tolia, hyria, the island of Cyprus, &c. The 
 Levant Sea means the E. part of the Mediter- 
 ninean. 
 
 Levsk. See Cambodia. • 
 
 Leven, a river in Lancashire, which issues 
 
 trom the S. extremity of Windermere-water. 
 
 and flows into Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Leven, a river of Scotland, in Dumbarton- 
 
 Biiire, winch issues from Loch Lomond, and 
 
 enters the estuary of the Clyde, below Dum- 
 
 oarton. 
 
 Leven, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 ivmross-shire, flows through Loch Leven, and 
 crosses Fifeshire, to the town of Leven, where 
 It enters Largo Bay. 
 
 Leven, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire: 
 with a good harbour, and some share in the 
 coasting and BalUc trade. It stands on the W. 
 8i(lo of Largo Bay. at the influx of the river 
 Leven ; 7 miles N. E. of Dysart. 
 
 Leven, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Kinross- 
 •hire, upwards of 10 miles in circumference, 
 and somewhat of a circular form. It has seve- 
 ral smaU islands, on one of which is a rttirous 
 
 LEW 
 
 castle where Marv, queen of Scots, was con- 
 fiaed by tho confederate lords. «f\„r si,' had 
 
 On hi I'- n'^ v.''"? *' "'*> '""' of a priory 
 On the h. side of f!.. lake, neariu outlet, standi 
 the ruinous monastery of I'ortraoak. 
 Lbvknzo. See .toADKS, 
 
 uliTTi"' 1 '"«" "t ^'"""^' deportment of 
 indre ; 1 1 miles N. of Chafeauroux. 
 
 LEWAnpEN. or Leeuwahden, a strong town 
 of the -.-otherlands, capital of Friesland *It h« 
 several canals in the streets, which, being con- 
 to wn'^iL^'"' '""••""'' '" "•« """« considfralde 
 towns n the provmce are a great assi.t^nce to 
 ite trade. Many of the buildings, as well public 
 
 E. lat aS! it N "'""'"S""- ^""U- «• 48. 
 
 Lkwkntz. a town of Hungary, on a river of 
 the same name ; 2A miles N. E.of (3r..n 
 
 LKWK8 a Iwrough in Sussex, with a market 
 
 T«rJ TJ'"'^'"y **"'*«' P"""'' «=hurcl.es. 
 now reduced to six, including those of the ad- 
 joining villnttcs of Southover and Cliff. It i« « 
 
 castle, and of an extensive priory, still remain. 
 Hero are seven meeting-houses for dissentera ; 
 also a handsome county-hall, a free grammar 
 school, n good eharity school, and several cha- 
 rtHble institutions. On a hill, about a mile 
 from the town is the race ground, which is ac 
 counted one of the best in England. Near this 
 town was fought a battle, in 1263, when Hemy 
 in. and his son (afterward Edward I.) were 
 made prisoners by the Earl of Leicester. Lewfes 
 js situate at the edge of the South Downs, 8 
 miles N. E. of Brighton, and 49 S. of Londin! 
 Long. 2. E. lat. AO. 55. N. 
 
 Lewes, a town of Delaware, in Sussex county 
 situate on Lewes Creek, 6 miles from its mouth 
 town"''" "^' """^ ^^ N. N. E. of George- 
 
 Lewis, one of the most considerable of the 
 Western Islands of Scotland, parted by two 
 arms of the sea into two divisions, the southern 
 of which IS called Harris, and the northern 
 Lewis: the former is annexed to the county of 
 Inverness but Lewis belongs to Ross-shire. It 
 IS about CO miles in length from N. to S.. and 
 from 10 to 15 m breadth. The country in ire- 
 nera is wild bleak, bare of wood, and little 
 fitted for cultivation ; and the poorer inhabit- 
 ants are the most wretched in the British domi- 
 
 are the producta of the soil. The hills are 
 covered with heath, which affords shel er fo^ 
 various sorts of game. The lakes and streams 
 akiund with ^Imon, large red trout, &c., and 
 there are good fisheries on the W. coast, which 
 » annually visited by millions of h^rTin^ 
 
 i?th.„"nTvf '"■''' 'rJ' "'""««'' '^"t Stornaway 
 IS the only town. The promontory at the N, 
 extremity of the island is called the BuU of 
 Lewis. Long. 6. 32. E. lat. 58. 33. N 
 
 Lewis, a county of New York, erected from 
 Oneida county, in 1805. It is .Si a,:uu .^ 
 lenglh, and 33 in breadth, nnd is nearly equally 
 
LEW 
 
 410 
 
 dJjWod h, DIack River. Chluf to,vn. Martln.- 
 
 ..V"*'"' • oiunty of theN. W. pnrt of Vir- 
 ffn 8, formed out of Hnrrison county, i,, |0|«. 
 
 nven of North America. 
 
 Worthumborland county, on tho \V. bmnch of 
 tlio Suiw|uoh;inmi j 1 7 milw N. N. W. of North- 
 umboriaiid. 
 
 Luwisui/no, a town of Virginia, chief of 
 
 SZ '^^A.f ""fy- Z*''"N. .ide of Or«,nbr>ur 
 Itivorj 250 miien W. N. W. of Hichmond. 
 Long. 01 , 1 5. W. l«t. 38. 10. N. 
 
 •hil*'/"**''/ ,''"'"«• •" "'" """"ty "f Kent, 
 wnicJi from it plenwnt situation, and its proxi- 
 mty to tho metropolis, has become the resi- 
 dence of several opulent citizens, who have 
 
 ^'London'"' '"'"'^* '"'"'" ^' " * "''* '*• *^- 
 Lkwistown, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of 
 
 Lewistov, a town of Delaware, in Sussex 
 
 county, with considerable salt-works for ninnu- 
 
 . file unng salt by the heat of the sun. It is 
 
 seatwl on Lewis Creek, 3 milts above its en- 
 
 £n. lighthouse on Capo llon- 
 
 Lexinoton, a town of Kentucky, chief of 
 Jayette county, and formerly tho capital of 
 the state. It has six edifices for public wor- 
 ship, a university, and a large court-house j and 
 has a railway to the Ohio. The trade is con- 
 W?.K ' ""''.ni"' ""•""fi'cturt^ numerous and 
 Siv *v ^\u^ newspapers aro published 
 weekly. Near this town aro to be seen curious 
 sepi.lehres, full of human skeletons, which are 
 fabricated in a method totally different from 
 that now practised by tho Indians. In tho 
 neighbourhood are tho remains of two ancient 
 fortifications, with ditches and bastions : one 
 containing about six acres of land, and tho other 
 nearly three Pieces of eartnen vessels, a ma- 
 nufacture with which tho Indians were never 
 acquainted, have also been ploughed up near 
 Lexington These, with ihe fortifications and 
 tlie sepu chres, have been urged as an argu- 
 ment that this country was formerly inhabited 
 by a people farther advanced in the arts of life 
 thim the present Indians. Lexington stands in 
 
 tikhom River j lM miles E. S. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 LKxiNaTON, a 'town of Virginia, chief of 
 Itockbridge county; situate near the N. branch 
 of James River j 150 miles W. by N. of Rich- 
 
 Lexinoton, a town of Massnchusots, in Mid- 
 (llescx county, celebrated for being the place 
 Where hostilities commenced between the British 
 
 miles N. W. of Boston. 
 
 Iln^i'^'T'''' ? f- ''I'""' N-'tht-rlands. i.. South 
 J loUand, seated on the ancient bed ol the Uiiiiie 
 
 LIB 
 
 which hero almost ex|>lrM In n numb«r of small 
 chui.nol. It is famous for tho long sioT 
 
 wh th (iO 00 of the inhabitant* died of famine 
 
 versity was founded in 1575, colebral^ for its 
 CO leges, botanical garden, a.mtomica tilt • 
 Mtronomical o»x«,rvatory cabinet of LTura 
 h ttory, and valuable library ; i„ 1«07 Tt w^« 
 
 loaueu with 40,000 lbs. of gunpowder Tli« 
 l.r.nc.,«.l church i. . «.perb structur^ and^Je 
 o d ca, le, town.hou«,,eustom-hou«,,m.d 1 ouso 
 fi.r orphans, deserve notice. Here are excellent 
 manufacture, of soap and indigo ; and the vid- 
 "ity produce, the best Dutch butter M^^ 
 h stand, on 50 islands, and ha. 145 bridgrTo 
 
 =,."i!^^E-t.;?..1i.!!'-«'*™-*- 
 
 L.i''*;" '"«"'»'' llohoniia, in tho circle of 
 
 iiN"rof'Lrir "'*'''"''''"' ^^""'- 
 Levta, one of tho Philippine, j about 40 
 ^agnes „ length and 05 in cia-umforence Ita 
 »o.l, on the E side, i. very fertile ; but the high 
 mountains that inte«ect it from E to W 
 occasion .0 great an alteration in the "climate' 
 
 I at, when the inhabitants of one part of the 
 yand reap, the other. «,w, and they have two 
 plentiful harvcsU in the year, to which tho 
 HHi? '''f^r'''"^ '■■"'" '••« mountains not a 
 habh,.';? "^"'"• Tho island contains 0000 in! 
 hnbitat.ts, who ,mv tribute in rice, wax &c 
 Long. 124. 40. y^ \^^^ ,„^ ^^_ ^^ > wax, ace. 
 
 LuM-po. See MiNo-po. 
 
 aIoftv*H,l!;^f L.nAN0N,(DjelH!l el Sheikh,) 
 n lofty ridgo of mountains of Syria, exteiidini 
 
 Jr..-"' 'T^^,"^ T"P°" to the'borde« ^f 
 Palest ne, about 30 or 40 miles from the sea 
 rhe highest point is 9G00 feet above U.e ^a 
 the sunimit being covered with snow « grS 
 part of tho year. It is inhabited by the Dr^es 
 who pay tribute to Ihe emir of /ripoli The 
 cedars, for which it was once so celebmted 
 have now almost disappeared, with the Set' 
 tion of one group, near the village of Eden and 
 which are believed by the Maronites aiul Greek 
 Christians to be coeval with King So ,;non 
 Ihc^ are of great antiquity, and exceeding"; 
 picturesque, and surrounded by a grove of 
 smaller one.. Near Damascus thcre^reim- 
 mense caverns, one of which can contain 400C 
 
 Euba^nus!'" ^' " " P'*""''' ^'-^^ -"^^ 
 
 LiBAiTA, a town of Guinea, in the country of 
 
 Gabon ; seated near the mouth of a river of tho 
 
 O^ETaLKs'?'^^-^-"^^^"^- ^-«- 
 witt'fi!!:,^'"7 ofCourland, on the Baltic; 
 tTc 1 nf ^" '"' '""^" "•''?«• The chief ar. 
 •'i, 1 '""""■'^ "^ hemp and linseed. It 
 
 LiiifiiuA a district on the const of Africa • 
 «o luunod from it. being colonized by libeXl 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 tl 
 C 
 ti 
 
 ai 
 h 
 di 
 in 
 th 
 ot 
 fk 
 CI 
 
LIB 
 
 49/f 
 
 wptlvM and (Vee people of co Under the 
 
 !•.« M 'T I'/»'^««'J«"» t" Africa in IM'J'J 
 tajw Mesurmlo, in ut, (J. lo. N. wna m.r 
 ch««,l of the native., th. plan of .town 
 ajerwnrd. cnllcd Monrovia, wn. f„rmcl , ami! 
 
 «iUionnl trncti of countr/. The Krcnter m.rt 
 of the early «,ttlor. from Arn.rtftZ S 
 of decided piety, and their ju.t, humane, „^d 
 benevolent ,H)licy, haa given them nn Tton".. 
 ••K influence over the native trile.. I^ " ''7 
 thi« wble community had risen comnletelv 
 lir TJTT »'"'«-tnece"„it.r' tt 
 tk2 nn^inT '^ improvrnK in accommoda- 
 Mon. and mcrouwng in magnitude, and icvcral 
 fre.h town, were already ".pringi run The 
 •0.1 I. extremely fertile^ tSo ,fa ,Ver„f the 
 
 nule [Lu'r^r'-'"""' '"*"""' 'Kill ancl w S 
 I tie labour, raising more grain and vegetables 
 
 ey S Z TT ""''• ""''" "«"^ '»•»" 
 inoy am sell. Cattle, sw ne, fowls duck. 
 
 goats, and sheep, thrive without feeing 2 
 
 cine 1, „n ♦.""' *'""^"' '"•"K"' •"«« '"g"" 
 cune, are all the spontane -i growth of tho 
 
 nnvtitr T '"i^""'^"*"' n^plcDsuro. r 
 any extent, by such as aro disposed Thn 
 
 Z" r?; ^ ™'f "^ "•=«• Indian 'crn,OuSa 
 com, millet, and too many species of fruits 
 
 £ 7f !*''^-*" '^ ^^ enumcnitcd Add to a 
 hi , hat winter is here unknownV ho hiS 
 an, plains are covered with perpetual vcrdur" 
 and Nature is constantly pouring her trenlu e»' 
 
 Srt to .h„ ^^ ""'^ commerce extend to the 
 nnT'„f • " '"^•'"°'" P""^" of f'o continent 
 and to foreign vessels, and is alrcndv valuablo 
 and fust increasing. The chief exporU « e ri e' 
 pu m 0.1, ivory, tortoiscshell. dyj-womrs sold' 
 fm.'V"*'"V^' a small amount of coS' The 
 turts ot the four quarters of the world TI.p 
 harbour IS seldom cl.ar of European and" Ami 
 rimn shipping, and tho bustle andThrongin^rf 
 
 vity ot the smaller seaports of the United 
 States. Mechanics of nearly every trade „,« 
 carrying on their various occupations and not 
 a child or youth in the colony but ?s' provided 
 
 £ «T!m '"''7^""'*' '"^'"«''- The piety of the 
 hrst settlers lies continued to spread, and the 
 
 The r/.,!"?"™'' f"^*^'"^'""y '«='««■•"" high 
 Iho Sabbath is carefully regarded and S„ H„J 
 
 schools have been establishfd fc^ th^ be„efi! df 
 
 the native children. Tho cheerful abodes of 
 
 civiLza ion and happiness-the floirisSset- 
 
 tlements-the sound of Christian instruction 
 
 and scones of Christian worship, which are 
 
 heard and seen in this land of brooding pa«„n 
 
 i?1Th~" ""'"'^"^ ^""t^"'**! freemen!imUcd 
 
 n founding a new Christian empire hannv 
 
 themselves and the instrument of Cpinc^'^ 
 
 ^ht.«^while they refresh the heart ,'^caTnS 
 
 ?hislrpri2rX';;^«'>'- 
 
 LiBEHTv, a county i„ the E. part of the state 
 
 LID 
 
 of Oeoij(ln. North America , th« cMrf towni 
 are Sunbury and IlieolKjrough. 
 
 LiBKUTY, a town of Kentucky, in Mason 
 countr, with, ship-yarl; «..atcd on the/'Z 
 I mile above Limestone, and A miles N. N. E. 
 of the town of Washington. There are several 
 townships of this name in the United States. 
 
 LiDKHTiiKN, a town of II angary, with rich 
 nriines of copper and iron, and productive 
 ■Fings ot blue vitriol , 122 miles E. by N. of 
 Vienna. I'op. 1420. 
 
 LinoNoo, a town of Africa : on tho Lufuna . 
 near the sea ; .50 miles S. S. W. of Hombi 
 
 L.nouuNK. a town of France , de|,artmcnt 
 of Oironde , with manufactures of light w(K.llen 
 ■tutts and a trade in wine and bmndy, it is 
 •eated at the contlux of tho Iller with the Dor- 
 
 «52o! ' ""'" ^" ^- ^ "' ""'«!««". I'op. 
 
 LicHPiKLD. See Litciipiicld. 
 
 LicHSTALL, or LiciiTOLLEN, a town ofSwit- 
 ^erland, m the canton of B.we|, seated on the 
 ii-rgotz , 7 miles S. E. of Basel. 
 
 LiCHTKNAu, a to^n of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Cossel , 15 miles S. E. of Cossel. I'op llT 
 
 LicHTEiVAi;, a town of Franconia, in tho ter- 
 ntory of Nuremberg, with a fortress on the 
 IlMel; 6 miles E. of Anspnch. 
 
 LiciiTENDEuo, a town of Franconia, in the 
 pnncipa-.ty of IJayreuth. T,. the neighCr 
 hood are medicinal spri-^s, quarries of marble, 
 and m nes of copper and iron, it is seated on 
 the helbnitz , 18 miles N. E. of Gulmbach 
 . LiciiTENFKLs, a town of Bavarian Frwjco- 
 
 "vi!lj L" -r"'® '" '■'"''«'■ i ''''"ted on the 
 iviaine , 1 5 miles N. E. of Bamberg. 
 
 ofs/'f-Ifr"^'?' ," '"1" 5 '''««*'«« canton 
 
 V If V • ', '^"l*''^ "" *''*' Thnr , 27 miles E. S. 
 
 K of Zurich. Long. 0. 5. E. Int. 47. JC. N. 
 
 . LiCiiTENSTEiN, a town of Saxony, in the 
 circle of Erzgebirgo; with a castle oif a no m! 
 tain ; 6 miles N. E. of Zwickau. Pop. 2000 
 
 LicnTKNvonn a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Guelderlnnd , 42 miles S. of Lcipsic. 
 
 LicoLA, a lake of Naples, formerly famous 
 for excellent fiBh , but, in \m, ,.n earthquake 
 happened, which changed one part of t into a 
 mountain of .«hes, mid the other in a morass" 
 It was anciently known by the name LutrTn" 
 or tho Lucrine Luke. ^"«-nno, 
 
 LiDA, a towTi and castle of Lithuania, in the 
 government of Grodno; 5C miles S. of WiJnt 
 Long. 25. 34. E. hit. 53. 50. N. 
 
 LiDDEL, a river of Scotland, in Roxburith. 
 
 southward T^f^ """i" '.''*' '^''""'^ "'»' «»«" 
 sou hward I forms he boundary with Eng- 
 
 h^nd.for 5 miles, till it enters the Esk, from 
 
 simtrr* ' "'"^■» "'-- ^°"«'--^ 
 
 bo^x^;h^'s^iirs;^rt 
 
 LiDKioi'iNo, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- 
 land on the S- side of the lake Wenner at the 
 mouth of the Lida , «0 miles N. E of G. th^ 
 burg. Pop. 1640. •^•oiuoinfl- 
 
ME 
 
 N of Herlin! "" *'"' ""'•'' » '* ""'" 
 
 rN:\ro;c£' ""'■'' ^'''•'' '«»•""- 
 
 NnKoM ; 17 n-ile. W. by N. of St„Srd 
 
 ^'iKiiRiiosK,atownof Luwitin; with n ensile 
 a.^«.uUHlo„ theSpr^owuKl; io nJk^W of 
 
 LiKi«TADT, a town of W. TruMm- with n 
 ca-tio , 4A miles S. S. K. of MHrienZrff 
 
 the L"r^,!'. V^""'^ "/ IMmm; iH.un.lod by 
 the Kwnd duchy of Lt.xomburB, the JKIlmc 
 
 it i» fi.r.i7 '^'"" '""""*? "^""' ^'»''" Hhino 
 
 "fn;„^,l'ToSuS«!'*'''^^"'•'^'-"- 
 
 thJCh',? '"i"^^' "".'''"'""*• ""•' "troiiK city of 
 lure tlio riv(T Rhmse s dividwl into ♦'irn^ 
 branches, which, after parsing t ^h tl e dlv 
 umor .cveml bridges. Lnito 'aRain. ^Le^ft 
 
 Sm-loTlaTr *"'"/'y« Kf^nt ""'"ber of 
 BupprtMc I. H,e inugnmccnt cathedrnl contains 
 
 viL 1 n • "'" ".""""'-bouse, the hotel de 
 of r^ cttTT'- T'^'"*""' manuCaetures 
 
 took the eity; thev were dWve.Vtl,;, e'in'S 
 
 wants amoxe.1 o France. J n 1 « 1 4, however 
 L ege w„h ... district, was deliverer! 'up to the 
 allied forces. It 60 miles W. .S. W. of C„|l "f 
 
 LiBCNITZ. &.« LinNITZ 
 
 LiKN-TCHKOu, a city of" Cnina, of the first 
 
 rank , m the province of Qu;„,^,. ,o .g. j ,« " " 
 
 .tones . .rder on ihc kinK,i.m, of To, m , 
 
 rom whjch U ,s s..par,.,,d by'ina«..,«,ii,l„ Zm- 
 
 tanis. It ,8 seati-d on the J,icn-kianK which 
 
 LiKURE. a town of Ucl«i,„„. i,, the province 
 of Antwerp; with juanufactui-s of 'woollen 
 
 t litr..., ,.nd a tnide r.i cattle. It h seated at 
 
 S ,"„fr'r"";'r •" '"'"'™ '"■--"" ^^ 
 
 Bort J 7 miles h, of J.aon. 
 
 ^h"^i^.°* W.cklow, runs W. into Kildare. 
 ^ncTe H »a-t a cataract near Lcixlip, and then 
 
 428 
 
 LIM 
 
 c.^.otl>ubhn, below which it on.erUhe Iri!iJ; 
 I-iKi'ORn, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 
 -^4 miles S. of BourKos. Pop. aooo ' 
 
 lV,,Mim,";'i.„^' ^•'""'".T''' " 8ove;,mont ot 
 
 with part of those of Jauer and Upper Lusatin, 
 
 iunsla'.'"JSn''" ";"^ '"'^'' of^LowenSj 
 iJimslau, Goldberg, I,ignitz. Luben. Olonui 
 
 bprottau. Sagan. Friestmlt. rrun'.ui. OorYit,' 
 
 nu ir^""?'"'"' ^""''"•"- 'i'''ocli.iJoism d' 
 multhe sou ,n many ph.ces ferv;'e: it is necot' 
 Bary. however, to import corn. 
 
 LiONiTz an ancient town of Prussia Silesia 
 «..dc„p.ti.I of the government of tlie s^ilni^ 
 With a considemblo trade in cloth and madd... 
 It IS surrounded by an earthen mound," d ha. 
 four gates, but is not fortified. The o d pnlaca 
 of the princes, though within the town is «r! 
 rounded with a distinct moat an.l high wil T .e 
 other reniarkablo objects are the castle tie 
 
 tatho he church of St. John, and the sunerb 
 b S "\TJ'- '1'""' ^'«"''^ ""d «ri.XS 
 J »e|)li I., for th,, education of the sons of 
 .S.lesian gentlemen, whether Protest,, r or 
 Catholics. It is scited at the confluence of the 
 Katzbijd, and the Schwartz wasser , 39.m les W 
 
 ilon 1 '•''"''•.""•* ''" N. K. of Prague 
 9600. Long. 16. 12. E. lat. 5!. 12 N 
 
 LioNy, a viilugo of Uelginm, in the provineo 
 
 of Nnnnir ; celebrated for n siu guinarv enZI 
 
 IwdNv, a town of rVance, dei)artment <n 
 Mcuse ; with ,» ca«tle an.l a collegiate church 
 Ihe ...habitants are estimated at ab.a.t oo" 
 
 Ic l)uo °" ' ^"'"-^ ' ^ ""'^''' '^- ^'- "f »"'•- 
 
 svhiU'lT'^^ '""" ^^ ^'"' ^'"'"y I'eniHHula : 
 suojcct to .Siam ; situate on a river of the saino 
 name. Long. 100. .•{.'i. E. l„t. (t. m. n 
 
 Indr'.I'o?"/"" '"o? «<■. l'>"'<te ; .iepartment of 
 ludre-et-Loire : 21 miles S. of Tours 
 
 LiHONs a town of France ; department of 
 feommc ; IH mi'es K. of Amiens. 
 
 w T"'*'" " *"*" of Saxonv ; on the river 
 
 Warp ; 10 miles N. N. K. of iWrnen 
 Lu.LK. .sVc Lisle. 
 
 Pnl'Il';!'rM'" *""■" '^^ ''"'""' : depa.tment of 
 
 N VV of ArV "■"'."' °" '}' ^''''' ■• '7 mile. 
 i^. W. of Arns. Pop, 4'>,i-,o 
 
 AniSjf "'" ^^'■'''•''" ' '' ""'«^» N. N. W. of 
 Lima, an iiitendaiicy of the republic of Pom j 
 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 ri 
 ei 
 
LIM 
 
 boundea N. I.v Truxillo, E. by tJ.e Am.Ios, S. by 
 Are.|iiip« „„J W. by tho Padfio Oeu«„. ^ 
 
 «i,r .' wf;. '-■"r""'."*' ^'«»'. "'"J «'« urchl.wl,op'8 
 
 . « I,: K '''^""". wl'oguvoittho nmnuofCiudud 
 na, no it r V •'" •^"?; ?'"'" '^'"K"' '1''"- S,..u.i"h 
 
 with rnmimrts lu.d l«ii.ti.,ii». Tlie streets uro 
 band»on.e and 8tmi«nt : tho I,o.,hc« are ko ,• ' ■ 
 lyonlyoMo story l.igh, i„ consequenco « ' . 
 eartluiuukes. They have flat rooft. „m treei 
 
 u e i'r 'i-r" •'' "T' '" ''^•"'' "•»■ »•'" '"-•"^" • 
 
 which ;„„ V "'f ^'."* '="""'" •" "'« "1^'-'''"'. 
 
 water the garden^ &c. The ehurehoH and con- 
 vents are extremely rich ; and nmny imaBos "f 
 he 8<,.nts ..re of gold, adorned with jewe 
 Hero are tho courts of tho viceroy „„,| tlm 
 archbishop, the royal mint, and tho court of 
 ..e municipal body. All tho provinces remit 
 heir ,.roducte and manufactured to Limn. «m 
 
 nii^M r "'''"b'tauts, estimated at .50,000, 
 
 420 
 
 LIM 
 
 .... I i ", "• — •-— ""u Bjiiunuiu retinues, 
 and extremely superstitious. Lima is i)0 miles 
 f on. the CordiUems, and ((,50 S. by K lif 
 
 la" 12 IS '" '"* ''*'''' ^""*^' ''*''• '*"• ^• 
 
 LiMALB, a town of Belgium, in Hrubunt • 
 
 Boated on tho Dylo ; 13 mik^ S. E. of Brus-' 
 
 LiMAVADY, Sen Nkwtown LiMAVAr)V 
 bv IWi'' "''/":'"«««'■ >l«a>"> ; bounded 
 North Brabant, Liege, and Antwerj,. It con- 
 
 -JJ.OUOinImbit,uUs. It has good arable ground, 
 abounds .1, a fine breed of cattle, and LZ 
 
 m5 '""' *'"' '""''• A^"«'t"'=l" " tZ 
 
 LiMBURO.tt town of Belgium, in the provinco 
 of Li.ge i with a castle built of marble; Here 
 i« a manufacture of woollen cloths, and it is 
 famous or excellent cheese. In the neigh! 
 bourhood are quarries of different kinds of 
 marble, and good mines of calamine and coal 
 Limburg was taken by the French, in 1793 j 
 but m 1 !14 they delivered it up to the allies. 
 It IS <|ented on a niouniuiu near the river Weze; 
 20 miles E. of Liege. Long. 0. 3. E. lat. 60. 
 
 LiMuuRo, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nass^iu , withahno cathedral. The Austrians 
 defeated the French on the heights near this 
 place, m 1 79(;. It is seated on tho Lahn : ao" 
 milM N. W. of Frankfort. ' 
 
 RmiT' " '"'''" °^ Dorsetshire. See Lyme 
 Limekilns.. i town of Scotland, in Fifcshiro- 
 or, the coast of the Forth. It i^ famous for' 
 g catlime-works, and has a good tide harbour 
 ior small vessels ; 3 miles S. of Dunfermline. 
 
 *mceof Munster; bounded on the N. by the 
 river Shannon, which separates it from the 
 county of Clare ; W. by Kerry ; S. by Cork, and 
 
 =iob~lfSSuh-.!Ji:S 
 
 members to narlinnient 'I'l... • • **^"*« 'wo 
 are the Deel M^.'Smog!.; ' K'a.t!:! 
 B ackwater, besides tho m>bl e river S^mn no 
 w nch may rather be sidd to flow by the coum v' 
 The surface of" the county is tolerabiyTovel but 
 sheltered on tho 6. E. by a range of ,, „u„t'ah?H 
 called t loGaltees; and the fertility of he Si i, 
 
 t.ac of land denominated, for its fertility tho 
 
 .0. en Vein , and on tho banks of tho Sannm 
 
 1.0 the carlaghs, or swamps, on which a qua t^^l 
 
 So:rro7thorer^'^'^''°-''«'^ ''^ '»'"«- 
 "'f'=vrsie!;s^--^£j£ 
 
 metropolis of tho province of Mun ter. It w « 
 formerly well fortified, and reckoned the "e.md 
 
 Z "a k" foTS' r* ""• '""^^ -- ^^^ 
 itself nn,I..Ki:. ^'"""•"''' "* county of 
 rli . l" r^'''"' •*''*'• «'"' " J'vi'lc'l into tho 
 Irish and English towns, the latter being bum „n 
 an island of the Shannon, called King's »„nd 
 It sends two members to parliament. The£n 
 woollen, and paper manufactures are carredon 
 o a great extent ; and the exports of provisions 
 IS considerable. Besides the cathedral a, 1 
 other churches, it has a mode e "U 
 palace, many hospital., and other ha X no 
 public structures. King William was ob So 
 raise a siege of this city in IGt.0 j but . loy? 
 the garrison surrendered on a vJry honourablo 
 
 lat. 5 ' 4^- N ^" "'"• ^""«- »• ^*- ^ 
 
 in.fee?^£.:'^i:a:f2= 
 B^rS'a-biti'.or'^'-^^^-'--'-^ ^^^ 
 
 iATTm' *"■ ***^«^"''-''. «» town of Ken- 
 tucky, ,„ Mason county; with a glass mnnii- 
 f^ictory, a printing office, &c. It is Zted 7n 
 he S. side cf the Ohio ; 4 miles N. by K of the 
 
 LiMM AT, a river of Switzerland, formed bv 
 
 the junction of the Mat and the Linth tho 
 
 L.Z'w'^m'"^'"?"' '^^ ^^- ^.extremity of the 
 
 t^?s ^M 'T"'"^'' r^ "'•^ '""«' ""^'"8 from 
 
 t le Lake of y""^"/ """'i ^- '^" P'"^" "'rough 
 
 bdow"ir.de„ "'"• ""' ""''^ '^''" '^« ^'' 
 
 LiMTOift, an ancient town of France denart. 
 
 "7 "^'^I'P'-'r Vienne. It is a tradhig pt 
 
 and the inhabitants are esumated at 20 01 o It 
 
 s 8c.ated on the Vien.ie ; 1 1 mil« E. of Bol 
 
 deaux. Long. 120. E. lat. 4.5. .50. N. 
 
 LiMo.sifi, or Limousin, a Into province of 
 France divided into Upper and Lower" A,o 
 sin, the former of which is cold and hih It 
 the latter is tcmner-ito an.l f-rH'- I' r-V. ^ 
 ".inesof lead, dopper, ti-n.^and" iron i't: 
 formMhe departments of Upper ViL-nno and 
 
 LiMoux, a town of France ; department of 
 
LIN 
 
 430 
 
 Audo; witli mnnnfiictiiros of no,)!!,.,., lea hor 
 fe.K of Toulouse. Pop. 5350. 
 
 htates; in the district of Mnino; 200 miles in 
 ^ngth and M in breadth. It is iKiumle.! on the 
 *" by Hancock county, W. by Cumberland, N 
 by Canada, and S. by tlio ocean. Wiscnsset is 
 the chief town, 
 
 Lincoln, a town of Kentucky ; in Mercer 
 county, on the E. side of Dick River, a bran, h 
 
 fi^tr.'s£f„;iV"''-«-^-'-^-vii,e. 
 
 shin!" wfth' " "'^' ^'^ '.l'". *^'*1"'"' «f ^^'■"'=''1"- 
 
 the river Witliam. is divided into the Upper and 
 Lower Town, and has two suburbs. Fonn or y 
 t contained .2 churches, now reduced to 15^ 
 J IS a bishop's see. The cathednil stands on 
 
 «nd hght architecture. The great bell of tlio 
 ca hedral called T„,n of LiLln, required 5 
 
 rtjHiirs, in JiUl. Hero arc several meeting- 
 senTer: '^ ^'.f f '""''"f "' clenomiiir^fS 
 erected n 1814, and several other schools and 
 chamable institutions. Of the cattle, built by 
 Will am L, few vestiges remain ; but the ruins 
 of re igious houses are so numerous, that the 
 very Kirns, stnl.les, &e., are built wi h arched 
 
 lie M . "'•"' """ ^"'"""'«' «»*• '« «"«of 
 left n «1 •""";"•"•" ;" ^*-"'"" architecture 
 lell m IJritain. Lincoln is a county of itself 
 governed by a mayor. The chief tmdo Tl^ 
 2". brought by the Trent and Fossdike /and 
 oats and wool, which arc sent bv the Witham 
 "ere is a small manufacture of camlets. It 
 returns two members to parliament: it is 
 J2 miles N. E. of Nottingham, and LSI n! 
 ^ W of London. Long. 0. 25. W. lat. 53. 15. 
 
 Fn^L'"'?''''?""*^.' ? '"'■«'' maritime county of 
 England ; hounded on the N. bv the Hum"ber 
 which divules it from Yorkshire, E. b^ he 
 German Ocean S. E. by the Wash and Norfolk! 
 S W p'?/'";'S«^?hiro and Northamptonshire 
 fe. W. by K,:tlandsh,re, and W. by the counties 
 fswTflo'" and Nottingham, 'it contains 
 amir,'n "•T' 'r''^"'^-'' '"'" -^'l tiundreds, 
 and 6J0 i)arishes ; has one citv, and 31 market 
 towns: It sends four members to parliament, for 
 
 M tint, and, at low water, may be seen the sub- 
 Tur rtv'''Tr^"-'^'':"V''"^'' '«" 8™' "«t""'' 
 irent. Witham, Welland, and Ancholm This 
 county IS divi,led into three districts, called Hol- 
 land Kesteven, and Lindsey. The air is various. 
 
 part producing com m great plenty, and the 
 
 ens, coleseed and very rich pastures whence 
 
 their breed of cattle is larger than that of any 
 
 thei-r hnT*^ "^ ^,"«'""'^' '""''P' Somersetshire^ 
 
 butareclothed-withabi^iS'.!;;;?^^-;;; 
 
 LIN 
 
 fittetl for the worsted and eonrflo woollen manu- 
 facturers , and many of the unimproved fens are 
 
 to tho?„„7'''''' /"•fu*'"''" in'H'enoe 'quantities 
 1 1"° J-on^on and other markets. In the N. W 
 part, the rivers Trent. Dune, and Idle forai a^i 
 "land, called Axholm, which is « rich traTand 
 produced much flax. To the N E is « l„™„ 
 tmctof heathy land, calla.1 the Wofd^n wS 
 great fl(>ckh of sheep are bred. Tho southern 
 P-irtjo." ». for the m^ost part, eneloSaTd weU 
 inhabited. Lincolnshire has no conSderrWe 
 mnnufnotiiwa nn.l it. ._.j.. • V »-"'«"ueraoi6 
 
 manuf„etu.sr;;;jut™ari:r^^^^^^^ 
 
 to the exchange of its produce for manufactur^ 
 moditier^^""''''' """^ """^ «=«""demble S 
 LiNcoLNTON, a town of North Carolina ; chief 
 of Lincoln county; 33 miles E. by S. of Mor! 
 gantown, an.l 35 W. of Salisbury. 
 
 LiNOAU, a town of Bavaria : with a castle an,! 
 wall, deemed to bo Roman wirks ThTJvenc 
 took possession of this city in 179C ; and it be- 
 came subject to Bavaria in 1005. It'is a tradh^g 
 place ; seated on an island of the Lake of Con- 
 stance jom^ to the mainland by a long bridge. 
 25 miles E. S. E. of Constance, and 76 1. W of 
 Augsburg. Long. 9. 41. E. lat. 47. 32. N 
 
 i^iNDAu, a town and castle of Oermanv in 
 the^prjneipahty of Anhalt-Kothen ; 5 m^^' n! 
 
 LiNDESNESs. See Nazf. 
 
 LiNDENFELs, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt , 22 miles N. N. E. of Manhein^. 
 
 LiNDisPARNE. AV« Holy Island. 
 
 LiNaE.v a county of Germany, in West- 
 phalia; divided into Upper and Lo^er- partlv 
 belonging to Prussia, and partly to IWver ^ 
 
 LiNoEN, a town of Hanover ; with an excel 
 ent Calvmist academy. A little t^ the N of 
 it IS a passage over the Elbe, called the Lingen 
 
 LiN-KEANO, a city of China, of the first rank • 
 
 btS'-CToV'^'^^"'- '' »"'i"y^."m-' 
 nf if. ;•.! Z-^"""? "'""• "" account of one 
 of Us villages being the general mart for all the 
 
 Yu ho 4.0 ^"^^ "^^'r-J' '« ««"'««1 on b" 
 m O.'k Sat."'SN! ^- °' ''""'''"• ^'"'«- 
 
 LiNKiopiNo, a government of Sweden cor- 
 respcMidmg nearly to the old province of'C 
 Go lan.l. It lies along the Baltic, and conSs 
 32 iO square miles, with 160,000 iiihabitants 
 
 L.NK.opiNo, a town of Swclen ; capital of 
 
 H is XT^i^?"'"""™*' """l » bishop's e^; 
 It IS defended by a castle, and stands on the 
 
 of nnm™'*'^.''' '^™"8'' "f Scotland ; capital 
 of Linlithgowshire; seated on a rising ground 
 overlooking a lake at its E. end. It rSs 
 
 ment. It has manufactures of leather and i^ 
 the neighbourhood are an extens ve p rintfield 
 
 oTsc^Sn/r*^.'"'" '^^^'"''"^ Here'the kings 
 ot Scotland had one of th.-ir no>-'-t .>">-p-1 
 
 Xch'^r"' m' '"" roomisstiiTsho^ri^' 
 which Queen Mary was born. Linlithgow is 
 
MN 
 
 IuISIs^n"' K'Unourgh. Long. 3. s;,. V, 
 
 LiNLirHoowsiiiBi;, or West Lothian a 
 county of Scotland, 20 miles long, '^d' V> 
 
 *orth S. L. by Edinburghshire. S. W. by L-i- 
 narkshire, and N. W. by Stirlingshire Itk 
 divuled into 13 parishes. The surface is finely 
 •liversihed with hill and dulet it is fertile n 
 IZ PMt"/e and produces coal, iron, lime- 
 stone „nd lead. It is passed by the Edinburgh 
 and Glasgow railway. The chief rivem are the 
 p'^Xment.^"""''- ^^ -*-« one member to" 
 
 „„^""!-",^* ^.°"'' ■*" *"» °f the sea, on the W. 
 coast of Scotland, which separates the counties 
 ot Argyle and Inverness. It extends in a N E 
 direction from the Sound of Mull to Fort Wil- 
 liam, where it takes a northerly directioi., and 
 acquires the name of Loch Ell. Another brknch 
 in a south-easterly direction, is called Loch 
 Leven. Ihis lake is bounded on each side bv 
 lofty mountains. The island of Lismore lies at 
 Its entrance, and in it are interspersed several 
 smaller ones. 
 LiNNicH, a town of the Prussian stales ; in 
 
 ?^m" }? «'^.'J '*" ' '"'"*^'l °» ^^^ river Iloer ; 
 6 miles N. N. W. of Juliers. 
 
 LiN-TCHEiN, a city of China, of the second 
 rank ; in the province of Chan-tong ; seated on 
 the great canal. Here is an octagonal tower 
 divided luto eight stories, about 135 feet high' 
 «.e walls of which are covered on the outsklo 
 with porcelain ; 187 miles S. of Peking 
 
 i.iNT0N, a town in Cambridgeshire : with a 
 
 LiNTz, the capital of Upper Austria, and a 
 bishop's see : it has two castles, and considerable 
 woo len manufactures. The French became 
 masters of it m 1741, and again in 11)00. Is 
 seated on the right bank of the Danube, over 
 which 18 a wooden bridge ; 96 milep. W. of 
 
 uS "^' ^*- ^^' ^' *"*• '"'• 2^- N. Pop. 
 
 a»n!l'""' /J *'?'^ ""'^ '^'''"'''' of the Prussian 
 states; m he lato elcctornte of Cologne: seated 
 on the Rhine; 23 miles S.S.E. of Cologne 
 
 LiPARi Islands, a cluster of islands in the 
 Meditermnean, lying to the N. of Sicily, to 
 which they- utically belong. They are all of 
 
 of Zh.7'^'"; T*^ '■"'8"'^ '« ^° 'he residence 
 of ^olus and Vulcan, and formerly called 
 ^olian Ishmds. They are 12 in numberraS 
 nearly as follows, in the order of their size- 
 Lipari Stromboli, Volcano. Salini, Felicuda' 
 Alicuda, Panaria, Volcanello, Vache use, L ca' 
 Dattolo. ana Tila Navi. They produced 
 
 most kinds of frmts, particularly raisins, cur- 
 rants, and figs. Some of their wines n"e much 
 esteemed, particularly the Malvnsia. 
 
 Lipari the laigest and most fertile of the 
 P r", ^'iZ^'- f^r* 1^ "'■'^'"■« '-ircumforcnrc 
 rnneous hres for ages past, though it even 
 where bean, the marks of its former voll'u, 
 
 LIS 
 
 0. Jt nbounds with the currant graw 
 
 ton also grows here ; and great quantitie8o< 
 
 IHimico arc exported. It has a town of tho 
 
 N N P ' ^-vt °^ '^? •"'""''• ^' » 26 miles 
 
 LiPNO, a town of Poland j in tlio palatinate 
 of Ploczko ; 3.1 miles N. N. W. of Ploczko. 
 
 LiPouREc, a town of Poland ; in the palati- 
 nate of Cmcow; 22 miles W. of Cracow. 
 
 Lii'PE, a river of Westphalia, which flows W. 
 -0^ Pndcrborn Lippstadt, Ham, and DoiBten. 
 and joins tho Rhine above Wesel. 
 
 in w i'f'P^™"!:''' «,P""«>'pa"ty of Germany, 
 in Westphalia ; bounded by the Prussian states 
 ana Hanover, and containing an area of 430 
 square miles, with 73.000 inhabitants. It is 
 
 iZTf^r f'T' ^''^"Khout, and contains 
 Jorge forests of oak and beech. 
 
 LippspRiNo, a town of Prussian Westphalia- 
 Paderbo™!""''" "^ "'" ^'^^'' ^ ^"''«« n! of 
 
 LiPiOTADT a strong town of Westphalia; with 
 a good trade in timber. It stands on the river 
 E.''lat.'51 ™ N^- °^ ^^'^'^^'^orn. Long. 8. 28^ 
 
 LiQUE, a town of Franco ; department of Piu 
 de Calais ; 1 2 miles W. of St. Oiner. 
 
 Vnlon"*' n'!:''W^ ^P'^"' '" "'o province of 
 ,Yfj?f ';• ('i'.': Ki'«^« of the Carthaginians, and 
 the Edeta of the Romans.) It has manufactures 
 o imen, soap, and earthenware ; also bmndy 
 
 Pop. 9350.' '' ^' ^' ^- °^ ^'^''"""^ 
 
 « ii.^' "/ll*"" "^ ^''°*'° ^"'«'''' ^^''ch rises in 
 a lake of the same name, and falls into the 
 Yenisei. Long. 90. 14. E. Int. 62. 20. N. 
 
 Lis, a river which rises in France, in tho de- 
 partment of Pas de Calais, flows b; Air^! £ 
 vtnant, and Armeiitieres, into i landers, where 
 t passes by Menin, Courtrflv and Deynse and 
 joins the Scheldt at Ghent ^ ' 
 
 of » n?^' ^i!" T'*'*' "*' Portugal, and the see 
 of a patriarch and an archbishop; with a univer- 
 
 10 ml r* ^'^^^^ °" ^^^ N- "'Jo of the Tagus. 
 an ^m h-^'iT"' ""o^'th.and built in the form of 
 an amphitheatre, on seven hills, not broad, but 
 
 rolr,l»?i, w"!f''°^ ^y ^''^^'^- particularly 
 towyds the W., that the old walls now divide 
 ho two dioceses; the E. part under the arch^ 
 bishop, and the W. under the patriarch. The 
 ho_rbour, which IS capable of Containing 1000 
 
 fSif T oI^^^'^m" ""f:'*"'^" '» t''o city is the 
 tort of Belem. Near this is a grand aqueduct 
 between two hills, which conveys water "a 
 
 Ssbon'''7'fK ^' •?,! "^ "'« extremities of 
 ihll% ^" """ '""^'"o of the city, on one of 
 
 wholJ'ni' " \f "'^^'' *'"'='' commands the 
 whole place. The cathedral, on another emi- 
 
 the P'ow ""•='«"' «"*! gloomy; but the riches of 
 the Portuguese have rendered it m.mnifinnnt 
 nn!!" ^J •'«"'"'■"• "^'^'"^ *"'onts the rivcrTis TarcJ 
 and magn.hcent, and contains a libniv col- 
 
 wa amltV"f' "T^ ^^^ Joh,/v."^Lbo„ 
 was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1765, 
 
 w 
 
LIS 
 
 but hat been han'.omely rebuilt. It contnfns 
 many b^utrful cd.licesj 40 parish church"! 99 
 
 inhabitants. There are public walks, two thea- 
 tres, and a circus for the bull-feasts. The 
 manufactures are in a backward state, but the 
 trade 18 very considerable, and many foreiim 
 merchants, both catholic and protestant, reside 
 irere; t.; 8 city being the grand magazine for all 
 goods brought from Bituil, and the colonies be- 
 longuig to Portugal. In December, 1807, it waa 
 entered by the French, who retained p^^S 
 
 thii:.T'".^r'-^''"" '^'y evacuatKXr 
 the battle of Vimiera. in which they were de- 
 
 J^ H ''^ K^?"'"''- ^''^"'''"bitantsofi^slS 
 are d^nbed as supersUtious, vindictive, and 
 
 hy W. of beville, and 255 S. by W. of Madri.l 
 Long. 9. 5. W. lat. 38. 42. N. ^ See PofTuaAL 
 of AntriTrV """'"^'^ °"'^""'''' '" 'h« co"'Uy 
 
 {.i^'f^'^'o"' .f"''* BiANCA, one of the Lipari 
 
 Lis.Eux, a town of France, in the department 
 of Calvados. It has a gocd trade, particX"v 
 m men cloth and is seated on the tJlque 12 
 m^les from the sea. and 40 S. W. of Sn! 
 Pop. 11,250. Long. 0. 14. E. lat. 49. 9 N 
 
 men{''nf 'v T"« ?^y °^ *''«"'=«' •" the depart- 
 ment of Nord, and one of the most coiumerckl 
 
 rtVnnjf! •• i^ "'*'^^' '* suppose*! to be the 
 strongest m Europe, next to that of Turin. The 
 streets and squares are adorned with nob | 
 
 S&r*""!r'^ ""^ ""r' Square and the 
 ie thfl, ;f' "'"^ """"^ "'•^ P"''''^ structures 
 are the exchange, a magazine of vast extent 
 
 rumorSn""^ '•°'^'"^- '^'''« nianufactures are 
 iiumeroufj, eompriaing camlete, serges, cotton 
 linen 8.1k. velvet. lace. &c. Lisle wrteken by 
 
 ?.«f""'fTT.'" l'*?^' •>"' *»» restored by the 
 teaty of Utrecht in 171 3. in consideration of he 
 deu,oh ion of the fortificaUons of Dunkirk, in 
 
 IHaK'^ ^"^■'"^^^'^ bombardment from 
 the Austrians. It is seated in a rich and maSr? 
 
 H5 N '^'S'^h ^? ""r ^- "^ TournaTS 
 
 LiSMOHE. one of the Hebrides of Scotland- 
 Ar^tLhf ™"'?»"^^°/'' Mull, on the coSof 
 
 the\i;if T4yr "~"^ '''^ ''^'^'^"- »' 
 
 of \v!!r^ ? *"*." °^ '■■*'«"*'' ••» the county 
 of Waterford, and a bishop's see united to 
 Waterford. The cathedral is spadous and 
 Jmndsome, but the town is now aTmTll place 
 U Stands on the Blackwater; 26 mile. N.Tof 
 
 LisoNzo, a river of Austrian Italy, in Friuli 
 which enters the Gulf of Trieste. ' 
 
 r^t'^f'A?.^'- "'*/!' f'*' ^"'^°f Venice; on the 
 roast ot Austrian Dalmatic. Here >" •> «;-hp,v 
 
 oi pilchard, and anchovies- anaVI.r^diicesc'x^. 
 
 433 
 
 LIV 
 
 cellent wine, and abundance of oil and almond* 
 
 J7.'ofSS3^;f9.^r"- ^'"•''''- ^"« 
 
 boJii^^VV?"'" of I>rus8ian Poland; near the 
 borders of Silesia. In 1707 it was laid waste by 
 the Russians; but it has been rebuilt, with weat 
 uisZT''^ '^/v'^T'*"' °" " g'eal'trade.*' u 
 
 AL^ri;'^;:!^^''^'''^^-"^"-^^^^^^^^ 
 
 fi.,^'?^'''''"^^?' "' Lichfield, a city of Staf- 
 fordshire, with markets on Tuesday an' Frf- 
 
 Coventrv, forms an episcopal see. It has three 
 pamh churches, besides the cathedra .which is 
 
 Litchfield IS the birthplace of two celebrated 
 
 uarrick. The city is governed by two bailiffs, 
 &c., and cends two members to parliament 
 It IS seated on both sides of a small river' 
 
 miles JV. of Birmingham, and 119 N. W. of 
 London. Long. 1. 44. W. lat. 52. 41. N 
 
 J^iTCUFiELD, a mountainous county of' Con 
 necticut bounded N. by Massachuita/E by 
 Hartford county. S E. by New Haven cott^^ 
 V.^' ^A ^""hfld county, and W. by New 
 feme^ Th»""'?'-V*''f'«'"'^«''''«'>t«.<^»'iefly 
 mrmers. The soil is ferti le, yielding larce croi.s 
 ofwheat and Indian comVand aLdfnVS 
 
 BittZ"^'^''''' "".^ *^P'^^ «f the above county, 
 situated in an elevated plain. It is « Ja^ 
 agricultural town, and contains numerous mS 
 and manufacturing establishments, 8 m l^s N 
 N.W. of New Haven. Pop. 40.38. 
 
 tract"of '''.';!''" 'r*^'' ?""« "' «" ««tensive 
 tract of country lymg between Poland and 
 
 iZ ' ,""„^.f°''»'"« the three Russian govem- 
 ™^?t8 of Wilna, Grodno, and Minsk. It wm 
 
 S^'isl" ^''''"''"••' ^°P-' «"'« Samoii«: 
 
 elect vekW ""^^ "" -'" ^'"'""'^ ""'^^^ ""« 
 elective king. It is a flat country, fertile in 
 
 corn, and produces honey, wood7piS „n3 
 
 hSes'^S'r "' ""°^V »'«» exieC'liS 
 verTh'ar? Tr "^''^^ *'""'• "'«'' ^oufs being 
 ver> hard There are vast forests, in which aro 
 
 comm^?; "•' '^'^ ^^gl^s-nd vultures are very' 
 .«.!:?"' " .*"''" "f Pennsylvania, in Lancaster 
 
 iw^T*n' *.,'*''"' °^ Moravia, on the river 
 £ ' ""''' ^- ^- ^- "^ «"»"tz Po" 
 
 fhi'v *K"t'*P'°"""'=^ «'■ Greece, bounded on 
 the N by Epirus and Thessaly. E. by the Ar" 
 chij>eIago. S. by the Morea. and W. hv fh- 
 xvKauerranean It ig iao miles long, and aboiii 
 40 in mean breadth, and include the Tost 
 
LI V 
 
 433 
 
 celebrated portion of ancient Greece. The soil 
 18 very ))r()ductivo in wine, nil, and fruits 
 J.iVADiA, or LEnADiA, n town of Greece 
 
 It hag a brisk trade in wool, com, and rice 
 S W of aI '^' ""t"'^ of I-epanto. 60 mL 
 30. n[' ^*'"«- ^^- 20- E. lat. 38. 
 
 r„„V''^''!f ' * "J"' "f Austrian Italy, which 
 runs on the confines of Trevisano nmi PVi„i" 
 nnd enters the Gulf of VS"Vtwee? £ 
 mouth of the Piavaand the town of (5210 
 LtvEKPooL, a borough in Lancashire with 
 
 oay. Up to the close of the seventeenth cen 
 tury It was a very inconsiderable p"ace hav7n<; 
 only one church, which was a chapel of Msl to 
 Walton, a viUage 3 miles off. In leSTn ac? 
 was passed to make it a distinct parish and 
 erect a new church. Since this period it haS 
 been gradually advancing in impCce and 
 with respect to population and commerd' ft fs 
 become the second port in the kingdom It 
 
 r?vp? t*^''" •""? '''«"8 *'>« E. bank ^f the 
 river Mersey, and about a mile in averace 
 
 tir&hir^"'.^^ churches and chapeTf^^ 
 the Estabhshment, a much greater number of 
 meeting-hou^s for dissentenf five Cman Ca 
 
 tSfnuhft'^'l- •' "•^\":*'*y"'«''«"«- Among 
 the public buildings, vhich comprise numerous 
 specimens of architectural taste, the mortTr 
 
 Cm wl' T" ''""' --''hange SinS. 
 lyceum, Wellington rooms, com exchanee in- 
 Jrmary, St. John's market, blue coat schoo" 
 dwpensary, asylum for the blind, theatre athi 
 
 and a' h!?rV"*"'. "^^'' ««'». custom-hous^ 
 and a borough gaol on tho Howardian plan 
 The streets are generally spacious, some of them 
 elegant, and lighted with ^s. At the headTf 
 
 iftsTsIhe T' ["/.'"^•^y ""-^ scientific pu?- 
 in lftl7 nf °^°' ^'"^'■P'"'' Institution, opened 
 »n 1817, at an expense of 30,000/, To enu- 
 merate the asylums for the w;etch;d and un 
 fortunate of every description and denominL 
 
 !^^i ; ¥ '"crease and prosperity of Liver- 
 pool have been greatly promoted by the en- 
 terpnse and skill of its inhabitant., by its locSl 
 advantages, commanding the trnd^ of IreCd 
 and America, and by the wisdom of the eor 
 poration m abolishing all exclusive laws and 
 encouraging ev.ry species of industn- anTcom- 
 mecial alent. The principal manufactu?^. 
 besides those connected with the shippW 
 which employ an immense number of pereonf 
 are fine porcelain, watches, glass, iron Lit' 
 copperas, &e The watch movement and tool 
 business is almost confined to this p,,rt of the 
 
 and iron foundries, sugar-houses, &c. are on an 
 extensive scale. Few towns possess acco. 
 
 SrnlT ^' «'"PPi"« «t all comparable %:. 
 Liverpool, ,t has at present, six docks, the 
 Dry Dock. Salthouse Dock, King's Dock 
 Queen's Dock, George's Dock Prince's Dock 
 North Dock, and Brunswick Dock, which S 
 invu cTsms, occupy nearly loo acres of land 
 The eetuaiy of the Mereey may bo properly 
 
 LIZ 
 
 termed an arm of the sen, opening to this norl 
 a ready access to the Westei Sea; and sK 
 of any burden may come up fully laden to tho 
 town; though the sand-banks which enclow the 
 channels are continually shifting, proper ore! 
 
 tion An • ' '"'*' *''° 'y'""" °<" canal naviga- 
 mlT.^" t«=''?""""'cation inland with all 
 parts of the kingdom : and the inland trade k 
 st.l more commanded by the extensive System 
 
 was the ««♦ „ "^ i" •"" *" Manchester, which 
 was the first one of importance opened in the 
 
 St"knd?h*' 'r'V\'' ■' "^y '"^«"« ^ fS 
 
 railway and the Grand Junction it is connected 
 with Birmingham, from whence other lines d^ 
 verge into the N., and to London. This Lrt 
 
 LlZTT^^i°.'^^'''"'f°'''^^ part of the 
 foreign tmde of Britain, a sixth of its general 
 trade, and to fi.mish one-twelfth of thf E 
 pmg : Its customs amount to nearly 4,000 000/ 
 
 pi ' o!:Tf Tr" '''''■ ''""^ «''»'« ^"t«i 
 
 £hnm T^."° «f the few eminent individual to 
 whom Liverpool has given birth, was Legh 
 Richmond, author of the Dairyman's Daurhter 
 and other celebmted tracts. He dK h's 
 nvmg of Turvey, in Bedfordshire, in 1827 
 The town ,s governed by a mayor, and sends" 
 two members to parliament. Itis48mi'rs 
 
 fwSH'^l n!" ^- ^- °^^°"^°"- ^-'• 
 
 NorthMm^h^*'.'" A '*''"" °^ N^'^ S°»th Wales, 
 Northumberland county, 20 miles W. by 8. of 
 
 fliZ' ♦ * ,•"", " '''™«8""« appearance, but is 
 SS " ^ ' ^""^ ^^ several public 
 
 LiVEapoOL, a town of Nova Scotia, in 
 STX" '7^'^' ^'"> a harbour at the mouth 
 of a nverof Its name, 58 miles N. W. of Hali- 
 fax. Long. 64. 15. W. lat. 44. 10 N 
 
 Livingston, a town of New York, in Colum. 
 
 that of Esthonia, has been reciprocally claimed 
 and possessed by Russia, Sweden, and pZnd 
 and for more than two centuries. 'was a peS 
 tual scene of the most bloody ^ars. It wm 
 finely wrested from the Swed'es by Peter Te 
 S.?i«/v '""fi^cdto the Russians by the 
 peace of Nystadt, in 1721, and now forms the 
 government of Riga, or Livonia. It is 250 
 nules long, and 150 broad; bounded on the N 
 
 Co,, l«n/°''^K™,^"', '?^ Esthonia, and S. by 
 Couriand The land is fertile, but is only par- 
 tially cultivated; the products are rye, Kv 
 flax, and Imseed. I„ the forests are wS 
 
 Sor^tf''''-'''T'^'^'' "'"K'' «"'' hares The 
 domestic animals are numerous, but the sheen 
 bear very bad wool. The peas^nt^r are in a 
 "Ate of groat degradation. 
 LivoRNo. See Leohorn. 
 
 wawl?^" m" P^"'"«"''» on the S. coast of Com- 
 wall, and the most southern point of land in 
 
 !Sd "Poin " ■' "1 '"'' ^^■^^'' ^''^^ The . 
 
 LiziEB, St., a town of Fmnce, department 
 
 FF 
 
 
LLA 
 
 I',' ( 
 I' 
 
 ii : 
 I i 
 
 I, I 
 
 of Amege, wated on tho Sniat; SO miles S E 
 of Auch. Long. 1. 9. E. lat. 43. 0. N 
 
 LLANDrDER, a corporato town of Wales in 
 C«r.l,g^n8h.re. with a market on Tuesday and 
 
 Ll eS wS' '"r?^" '". '»""«'' cnttIe7'hog' 
 !^At„j \i' ^"l'"''"«'J ""'J raw hides It is 
 Cae^, l""" J"'''' """' "^'"^ « " bridge nto 
 
 mnall place, and has no narket. Tirbodv of 
 ita ancient cathedral was rebuilt in 1751 l,ut 
 without cross aisles. Near it are some mins of 
 SlTtll.* "'^'tl'ated mansion of the Sn 
 It 18 seated on the Tuafe.and has theberefitof 
 
 -3|;oJV:„Jo„-^-l-.t^^S;- 
 
 intetfe^tfc;;^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 waiM. It 18 seated on the side of a hill on 
 
 B^llX'n g i^ confl"u'^with^\b': 
 191 W. of London. ^ Caermarthen, and 
 
 ♦i.i!!;^-'*^''''." *"'''" of Wales, in Caermar 
 thenshire with a considerable trade in iro ™nd 
 
 ^^ilefs s"e TJ^ °f ''>\Bristol"chanS 
 of Cdon Caermarthen, and 217 W.' 
 
 Llanerch-y-Medd, a town of Noith Wales 
 of snuff%" ^ "f. Anglesey, with a manufSure 
 ot snuff; 253 miles from London. 
 
 Llanpyllin, a town of Wales, in Mont^n. 
 nieryshire. with a market on Thu^ayf seld 
 ma flat among hills, near the river Cain If 
 
 w:'of'"j!rndi:'^ ^- •^^^^-^^o-^y.^^i iS^ 
 
 Llangaddock, a town of Wales in Caerm-ir 
 
 fT V • 7'^ "" ""''^'^' °" Tuesday; 18 Ss 
 don^ Carmarthen, and 195 W. of Lon- 
 
 LtANGOLLEN, a town of Wales in TlAn^.VK 
 
 fcrj^ij^s:L^^!-;-^bea£ 
 
 «tl'/K"i''' ^^- °™' whichisabeauti7u" 
 =8?S^^.^„Sdt„«-W.ofWrS^^^^ 
 
 s^s^^^:nn»;^i^a: 
 
 derable manufecture of fine flannels, le It 
 
 434 
 
 LOA 
 
 is seated at the confluence of the Severn an,9 
 
 b idlSVr '''•' ^"r-^y' over wWchTa 
 ormgo into Caernarvonshire ; 20 miles W S 
 W of Denbigh, and 220 N. W. of London' 
 
 Llantrissaint, a tow,, of WoIm n ri«- 
 morganshire; with a market on Fn& ul 
 
 the^8hrre"^w^h'' *"''" ?^ ^"'^''' ^-^ Caermar- 
 
 inensnire with a market on Saturday Tt 
 
 tends at the mouth of the Towy, wS^^, «* 
 
 63 mrN.'oVdlf '^'^"^ '" Estremadura; 
 
 of w!!{es"°\° n'''''^'^"^'^ '^"'PO'^te town 
 bank o; a river 0? the-- ' ""•"'" ^^'^ 
 
 to£urK3JJre8^.^,Toi?^An^ 
 
 nTho"vir'r2? «t ^"^^-'-^ "-"^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Pop 7600 ' ^ "•""* ^- ^y N. of Paris. 
 
 formed by «;„ A^'f^ /^ g-'Pd harbour, 
 off the coast rZ, ^?ando, lying a little 
 
 Salvador. Long. 13. 15. £. lat SO "s 
 LOANDO. an isllnr? «>•♦». 1.; • **• 
 
 be ve y fin; ^ t?""- ^^ ^""^«*« ^^ ^^i-i to 
 " V nne, ana never sub ort tn i„. .- 
 
 nor even to violent winds H 1 " "-■■'""^'' 
 
 agri. 1 ural skilf or"?^h '''"' /"^ ^^'tt'^ »f 
 millet r; jt The r^to'"'"'', """' "^ 
 abundant ; .MuJXlT"r.7'X'^^'% 
 trees whence palia^vine is-drki?' Vhe wi"„' 
 
 K I 
 
f the Severn and 
 Newton, and 188 
 
 nics, in Denbigh- 
 ny nnU Saturday. 
 I the town is the 
 Vale of Conway. 
 f, over which is a 
 ; 20 miles W. S. 
 W'. of London. 
 ' Wales; in Gla- 
 in Friday. It is 
 unites with Car- 
 one member to 
 , which is nearly 
 r. W. of Cardiff, 
 
 lies, in Caermar- 
 n Saturday. It 
 )wy, where, en a 
 f» ancient castle; 
 river are the re- 
 Laugharm is 7 
 id 223 W. by N. 
 
 in Estremaduraj 
 
 ■ corporate town 
 e; on the left 
 me : it is centri- 
 ng one member 
 ucanim of An- 
 f London. 
 
 department of 
 of serges, shal- 
 vet lace; seated 
 y N. of Paris. 
 
 •tnguese settle- 
 good harbour, 
 lo, lying a little 
 irge and hand- 
 :ontaining 3000 
 Bred with tiles, 
 made of straw 
 S. W. of St. 
 
 ■ 0. 50. S. 
 'Vtlnntic ; near 
 iiiles long, and 
 
 the continent 
 iiul sheep are 
 'in, but yields 
 Jrhood. 
 
 ern Africa; to 
 ^ongo. It ill- 
 le districts of 
 are subject to 
 extend more 
 Tom tl)e Zaire 
 nate Is said to 
 to hi- ricancs, 
 
 TRrely occurs, 
 Rotation. The 
 very little of 
 ree crops of 
 and yarn are 
 at number of 
 The women 
 
 LOA 
 
 435 
 
 cultivate the grmnid, sow, and get in the har- 
 
 anTtraftabir'""'""" "' "'"'■'""'>«' '""''■ 
 LoANGO, the capital of the above kingdom- 
 w.th a harbour, at the mouth of the qS' 
 rhe streets are wide, and lined with palm 
 t CCS, bananas and bacavas. The houses aro 
 oblong and have only a ground floorr^p? 
 rated from each other, and fenced round^kh 
 
 2 S7^ '".'?:*'">' •^'"""' »' bulrushes. In 
 the centre of the city is a large square front- 
 
 S»i K ^ 1"'' ** '">^^ in compass, sur- 
 rounded by a palisado of stately palm-trees 
 lie principal trade consists in ele^han ts' Sh' 
 
 It IS «;do miles Wr N W nf «* c-i.. j 
 Long. 12. 30. E. lat! 4 .40 S. ^^"'^°'- 
 
 LoANo, or LovANo, a town of the Sardinian 
 
 o miles Jj. 8. W. of Finale. Pop. 4000 
 LoBAu, a town of West Prussia : ^ith a 
 
 s^E':TN!':fa^°^^"'™-ide.f45 
 
 linens; 13 miles S. E. of Bautzen. 
 LoBENSTEiN, a town of Sa.-rony; in the circ'e 
 
 S. ?;.!''' ?„tS'o: ^-«-^^-^2.E.lat. 
 
 LoBOA, a town of Spain ; in Estremadum • 
 seated on the Guadiana j 22 mUes E. of Bada-' 
 
 LoBSTADT, a town of Saxony; in (he circio nf 
 
 Meissen; 10 miles S. S. E. of Leipsic °^ 
 
 LoBURG, a town of Prussian Saxony in the 
 
 LocANA, a town of the Sardinian states- in 
 Piedmont ; seated in a fine valley, onTe nVer 
 Oreo; 25 miles S. of Aosta. Pop! 57.92 
 
 „-„u uT'"'.* ^"""^ °^ ^^^y- <»pital of a bali- 
 wick belonging to the Swiss. It contains th?^ 
 convents and a small Fmnciscan monaster 
 Zn^-°'^ °^?'han«ing the valley, and^orZ 
 manding a view of the lake Alaerio"^ -Tr 
 m„es^N^byW. of Milan. Lonrsf L e! lat 
 
 LociiABER, a district of Scotland; in Inver- 
 T^?\^ ' '"'""''^'1 o" the E. by Badenoch 
 ^•y Moydart, N. by GIengary%„d g. by 
 
 tT:^ T? '°""v,'?-" ^^"'^' 'n'>"ntainou8,and 
 rugged. The inhabitants pay little attention 
 to any commerce, except the iile of their Wack 
 cattle; and the only lands cultivated are a few 
 acres around the huts of those who tend the r 
 
 ard in 1745.'' '^' ^'"'''''^'' '''"''^ ^s stand- 
 LocHENiTz, a town of Prussia; in the nrn 
 :''r "JB^denburg; on the river Rando 16 
 miles N. E. of Prentzlo. ' 
 
 Locn.i:R Moss, a morass of Scotland • in 
 Dumfnes-shire; 10 miles long and 3 td 
 extending down by Dumfries to Solway Sth 
 
 Innh 'w'- '"'\''-'^"' 5'^^*^ by a river caS 
 Locher Water, which abounds with excellent 
 Hke. Oak, fir birch, and hazel trees, also 
 
 LOD 
 
 unt°^V'''''''f "^ '^'"'^'' *"=•' '•"ve been du« 
 up in different parts of this moss ^ 
 
 Loc'iES,a town of France; department of 
 
 in tTo"*"^,?"^ ' "''^ " "''""K castle on a rock 
 In the collegiate church is the tomb of the 
 ce eb,ated Agnes Sorel, mistress of Ch„£ 
 mJLU ^^T, P"'""*'" exhortations that 
 sSoVth^^"'"?'"''*'^' ''"8lory. Lochesis 
 stated on the Indre, near a forest; 15 miles S 
 of Amboise. and 20 S. W. of Toure 
 
 LociiRrDA, orOcMDA,atown in the province 
 of Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see i? 
 j:j:«»/°rtified,and seafed on al l,"^',, a 
 lake of Its name; 62 miles S. E. of Durar,o 
 Long. 20. 40. E. lat. 41. 40. N. ^"'"'^'io. 
 
 LocHTA,a seaport of Sweden- seated nn » 
 bay of the Gulf of Bothnia; m SS S of 
 Tomea. Long. 24. 16. E. lat. 64. 20 N 
 
 LocHwiNNocH, a town of Scotland ; ' m "l^n 
 SZ 'it'-"'' a considerable manufacture of 
 6°mi."e;S.^\^'.7pX^^^"^ '^"^'^ ''''''■' 
 LocHV, Loch, a lake of Scotland; in Inver 
 ness-shire; 14 miles long, and from one to Iwo 
 broad. Out of it flows the river Lochyt wh Lh 
 about a mile below, receives the SpLTand 
 
 LocKARTSBURo, a town of Pennsylvania in 
 Luzerne county; situate on the point fom^ 
 by the confluence of the Tioga ,^th the^u^ 
 g^'ehanna; 60 miles N. N. W. of WiK 
 
 LocKERBv a town of Scotland ; in Dum- 
 
 clofV^r^ '"'^ V'l^' '" ^'"^n andwoolkn 
 cloth; and one of the largest lamb fain, in 
 Scotland on the 2nd of August, O.S.; seated 
 near the Annan; 12 miles E. by N of Dnm 
 fries, and 66 from Edinburgh? ^ """" 
 
 LocLE, a town of Switzerland, in an elevated 
 vaUey of the same name, in the .^anton Hm 
 chatel; famous for watchmakers, laceweavers 
 
 'wirfel? ^"-^ ^"-^"-^ ' -'- n: 
 
 LoDDON, a town in Norfolk; with a market 
 
 LODi, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Vn. 
 vernment of Milan; capital of a^prov nceTf 
 
 iL'^'^lt 17"' '^"''Z ''■^'"'P'^ «ee;^with a for. 
 tr^ It has manufactures of porcelain; and 
 the Parmesan cheese made here is esteemed 
 the best of its kind. The French defS the 
 Austrians at this place in 1796; at Xh en! 
 
 TmTSTr- ^P'^'^^-y^^ W^ I'croism. 
 Z th! n ^ ^^'■'l' however, totally defeated 
 
 iBOO. It 13 seated on the Adda; 18 miles 
 
 FF2 
 
LOD 
 
 Long. 0. 30. E, Int. 45. 18. N. 
 
 S. E. of Milnn 
 I'op. 12,000. 
 I'onoMKRu. See Gamcia. 
 UirvmiKS, a town of Germanr. in Uaden- 
 wit;i a modiciiml bath; 3 miles W. S. W. of 
 lluiffengcn. 
 
 LoPKODRN I«iANns, off the const of Norwnv- 
 M»'con lat. 67. 2(1. and fill. 4G. N. They nrJ 
 clovntod, and nro covored with snow. Five of 
 th<-m nro inhabited. Pop. 4.520; engngd i„ 
 thofi,shcrjr off the const. » ««« m 
 
 J.OKSTA. a (own of Sweden, in the province 
 «t Upland; with extensive iron-works. These 
 works were dcstroycii by the Russians, in 17 If) 
 init liavo since Injen again erected. I'on 2'i7o' 
 It IS 3.0 miles N. of Upsal. 
 
 LooiKUAiT, a town of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire ; noted for its distillation of whisky ■ 
 Pertif "" '^"'"'"«' ; '-■- miles N. N. W. of 
 
 LoonoNo, n town of Spain; in the province 
 of Burgos; scntwl on the Ebro, in a country 
 aboundmg with excellent fn.i'ts and g3 
 
 22. N.%1p'Sa ^"'^- '• '"• ^- '"'• '-• 
 
 LoGiWNo, a town ol Chili j capital of Meli- 
 pilla. Long. 71. 16. W. lat. 33. 38. N 
 
 LoiiAOUB, a celebmteil fortress of Iliiulostan • 
 province of Dowlntalwd; now belonging to the 
 British; 20 miles N. W. of Poonah. 
 
 Lohbia, a town of Arabia, in VLincn- on 
 
 in coffee, brought from the neighbouring hills- 
 in the vicinity is a mountain which affords n 
 considerable quantity of mineral salt. It has 
 no li.irbour, and the smallest vessels are obliKed 
 to anchornt a distance from the town : 180 
 
 w''?/;.\r^' °f Mocha. Long. 42. 60. E 
 lat. 10. 42. N. 
 
 LojA. See Loxa. 
 
 Lom-ET^CnEB, a department of France- 
 
 ?*'"'!f'l w*l!" ?• ^- ^y 'h" province of 
 
 Fop. 227,.W7. It takes its name (torn the 
 nyers Loire and CheH; the former of which 
 joins the Sartho above Angers; and the latter 
 nms into the Loire 10 miles below Tours. 
 Blow IS the capital. 
 
 Loire, the principal river of France; which 
 rises in the department of Ardeche, and falls 
 into the Atlantic about 40 miles below Nantes, 
 watering a vast plain of more than 600 miles 
 and dividing France almost into two equal 
 parte By means of the Languedoc canal it 
 establishes a communication between the At- 
 lantic and Mediterranean, and facilitates the 
 commercial operations of the kingdom 
 ♦1 ^°'^/;,u ^'«P«rtment of France, adjoining 
 those of Rhone and Isere. Area, 21.W square 
 miles. Pop. .343,.'i,'54. It has its name frl 
 »if ."f" ^°"«' '''"■ch flows N. through its 
 whole length. Montbrison is the capital. 
 
 Loire, Upper, a department of France 
 
 comprising the Velay and that part of the 
 
 svennes dependent on the former province of 
 
 4S6 
 
 LO M 
 
 Languedoc. Area, 2000 square miles. r„p. 
 
 toiro, winch flowH through it from the S. to tlie 
 
 "• f'. Le Piiy is the capital. 
 
 Loire, Inferikuhr, a .Lpartment of France 
 containing part of the ancient province of Ure-' 
 tnKiio, Area, 3000 square miles. Pop. .300,000. 
 " has Its name from the river Loire which 
 crosses it fVom E. to W. and then enters ho 
 ocean. Nantes is the capital. 
 
 Lo.RET, a department of France, comprising 
 part of the former province of Orlennois. Area 
 27.50 .qimro miles. Pop. 291,3.04. It has 
 
 Loire"""'o^r " -""f ''''■' '^"^ '""" '"to the 
 t.oiro. Orleans is the capital. 
 
 LoiTz, a town of Prus.sia; in Pomomnia- with 
 
 Strakmd'^'"^"""'" ^'"™''' '^ miWs's.ot 
 
 onU?nTp VT "^''/ortrcKiof Ilindostan; 
 on the N E. border of the province of Delhi 
 and on the river Pattereah, miles above iU 
 conflux with the Ganges, and 100 N. N E ol 
 Delhi. Long. 78. 38. E. lat. 29. 47 N 
 
 LOKERE.V a large town of Belgium; in Eiist 
 Flanders; with various manufactures, and a coii- 
 siderabk, trade. It is seated on the Darme'T' 
 miles N. E. of Ghent. P„p. 1.5,000. ' " 
 
 Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, or Aus- 
 trian Italy a kingdom of Italy, belonging to 
 
 iy II vria' iYu":,, "i« '?«""ded on^thf E? 
 ^y lllyrin; S. E. by the Adriatic; S. by the 
 States of the aurch. Parma, and Modena; w! 
 by Piedmont; and N. by Switzerland and Austria 
 and IS divided into the governments of S 
 and Venico. Pop 4.06.5,000. The country ^ 
 
 2t-^o!}*^^y; " *"» ejected into a king- 
 dom in 1815; and though declared to b^^a 
 monarchy inse,,arable from the Austrian cm^re 
 
 the imperial family at its head, who has the 
 
 title of viceroy, and resides at Milan. 
 
 of Ge™ ^^l? ?'"''",'5'^'> "f/rance ; department 
 
 l'i>rfou!it;t.!^ro;."iS,>^*'' ^^ '-"-«• 
 
 « 18 very mountainous, but covered with wood 
 and verdure. At the town of Bally on the E 
 «de,in the Strait of Alias, and in the many 
 flourishing villages of the eoait. European ?S 
 parsing to the E.. are well supplied!^ The „- 
 
 retfn""r!''' ri?-"*l"^ ''"'«'^"'* fr"*" Hindosta^, 
 retain most Hindoo customs. ' 
 
 Pon^^v''' ^ "'."''' '■'"™*"^ ^y the island of 
 Bally W and that of Lombok E. The S -n 
 trance IS in long. 115. 43. E. and lat, 8. 45. S. 
 
 to the W. of which there is no passage. Owing 
 to the extreme rai>idity of the tidesfnavigaTm 
 «s hero extremely dangerous. """'gaiion 
 
 Lomond. Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Dum- 
 bartonshire ; 30 miles long, and from I'to 9 wWe. 
 It contains several islands, some of which are 
 inhabited, and adorned with antique rufn .'co? 
 
 SracZ^V'TlT' ""'^ ""'ers rise into 
 Jugh rocky cliffs, the habitat on ,",f the osorcv 
 On the E. side is the mountain BenloTondi 
 
 ' I- 
 
LON 
 
 487 
 
 iro mflos. Pop. 
 ) from tho river 
 roin tlie S. to tl»e 
 
 tmont of Fmnce, 
 province of Hre- 
 I. Pop. 300,000. 
 sr Loire, wliich 
 then ontt-rs tho 
 
 nee, comprising 
 )rIcnnoig. Arcii, 
 h'Mi. It hns 
 t runs into the 
 
 'omomnin;with 
 25 miles S. of 
 
 of Ilindostnnj 
 'inco of Delhi, 
 niles nbove ita 
 •0 N, N. E. 0/ 
 . 47. N. 
 Igiiini; in East 
 res, nnd a con- 
 hoDnrmej 12 
 )00. 
 
 M, or Aus- 
 •, belonging to 
 idcd on tho E. 
 :; S. by the 
 Modenn; VV. 
 dnndAustrin; 
 nts of Milan 
 'he country is 
 ho finest lukea 
 d into a king- 
 red to be a 
 itrian empire, 
 id a princo of 
 who has the 
 in. 
 
 ; department 
 27 miles S. 
 
 lies; between 
 nd 45 broad. 
 d with wood 
 ly on the E. 
 n tho many 
 spean ships, 
 i. The in- 
 Hindostan, 
 
 e island of 
 
 The S. in- 
 t, 8. 45. S. 
 itti Island, 
 le. Owing 
 
 navigation 
 
 ', in Dum- 
 I to 9 wide, 
 which are 
 rains, con- 
 rs rise into 
 *ie- osprcy. 
 enlomond, 
 
 which rises to tho height <.f UJIO feci; and tho 
 nvcT Levon issues from its S. extremity. 
 
 liOKATO, n town of Austrian Italy : in tho 
 government of Milan; 12 miles E. S. E. of 
 iiruscio. 
 
 LoNCAKTY, n village of Scotland ; in Porth- 
 
 hirc; signalized by the great victory obtained 
 
 by the bcots over tho Danes, in !>70. It has 
 
 the lay, 5 miles N. of I'erth. 
 
 LoNiJON, tho metropolis of Groat Britain; ono 
 
 world; mentioned by Tacitus as a considcrablo 
 commereml plnco in tho reign of the Roman 
 emperor Nero. I„ it, most extensive view^as 
 the metropolis, it may he said to consist of five 
 gruit portions, viz. : the west end of the town 
 mwlVh^i " ""k' «"'J,°f thoto,v„, Westminster 
 and the borough. The west end of tho town is 
 
 pJtnP Vl^"/"''''™,""'' <■""" St. James'! 
 1 a k to I addington. This is the best and most 
 fu^h.onablo portion of the metropolis, and is 
 ch efly occupied by the town residences of tho 
 nobility and gentry, and fashionable shops. Tho 
 cUy includes the central part, and is the great 
 emporium of commerce. Tho east end of the 
 town 1, also devoted to commerce, ship-building 
 
 ThZ^'r"' n'- J^' Bouthemba".kof th^' 
 Thames, from Deptford to Lambeth, bears a 
 great resemblance to tho cast end of the town 
 
 «al and maritime concerns. London and West- 
 .Th« ? ..,"*'"*"°n^f'^ '" Middlesex, on the N. 
 Bide of the river Thames. Southwark is situated 
 on tho opposite bank in Surrey. Tho extent of 
 
 Sfn "'*',?'"' ^!T ^™«housei«nd Dentford to 
 Milbank and Vauxhall, is about 7 miles the 
 
 this m!.:;"T ^"""^ ^ '» '- Tl.e extenst'n of 
 this metropolis, since the middle of the last 
 
 S7v' ir, ^"^''i'^i with unprecedented 
 rapidity, and covered the fields, gardens and 
 martihes m the vicinity of London, wi?h new 
 equares and streets. The direction of the pri'i 
 
 river Thames from E. to W. ; and the cross 
 streets run mostly in a transvers'e direction from 
 ftom VV f V '^ nre two chief lines of streets 
 
 .mines of r/f' T":'''""'^' '""^''^^'^ «"''«'^'«ive 
 names of Oxford-street, St. Giles's, Holbom 
 fekinner-street, Newgate-street, Cheapside, Corn-' 
 
 n!, « T'""'* ^"^ End, on the Essex road; 
 the other begins at the S. side of Hyde Park and 
 consists of Piccadilly, St. Jame/s-street, 'Pall 
 Mall, Charing Cross, the Strand, Fleet- tree 
 Ludgate-hill, St. Paul's Church.y'urd. Watling-' 
 street. Cannon-street, and Tower-street; whence 
 crossing Tower-hill, it may be said to be fur- 
 ther extended 2 miles along the river side, in 
 Wappmg. The streets near the river, and most 
 of the cross ones m the city, are very narrow ; 
 the broadest and handsomest are to th. N. of 
 Oxford-street and Holborn. They are all well 
 paved with granite stones, and wood, and on 
 each side witli ilag-st..„es, for the convenience 
 of foot passengers. The subterranean works, 
 
 LON 
 
 constructed for tho accommodation of the ij.ha- 
 bitants, consi,tingof sowers, drains, water-pipe., 
 ana gas-pipes, are most oxtonsive. The house, 
 are mostly built of brick of u palo colour. The 
 principal squares are Grosvcnor, Portnmn 
 Berkeley St. James's, Hanover, Manchester.' 
 Cavenduih,Uelgrave, Bedford, Kussell, Tavistock 
 Bloomsbury, Montague, Leicester, Bryanston. 
 and i'inshury-s(iuare8,ond Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 Among the public buildings, St. Paul's Cathe- 
 dral IS the most conspicuous. It is 22U2 feet in 
 circumferenco, and 340 in height to tho top of 
 tho cross, and is inferior to none in Europe 
 cxcci)t St. Peter's at Rome. It contains monu- 
 ments of many illustrious individuals, who havo 
 done honour to their country by their talents 
 or their virtues. Westminster Ablwy is a grand 
 specimen of Gothic architecture, said to hove 
 neon founded by Sebert, king of tho Eiuit 
 Saxons, in 010. Hero most of the English 
 sovereigns have been crowned, and many of 
 them interred. It contains also a great number 
 of monuments, erected to the memory of kings 
 statesmen, heroes, poets, and persons distin- 
 guished by genius, learning, and science. The 
 chapel of Henry VII., adjoining, Loland calls 
 Tlie Wonder of tho World. St. Stephen's, 
 Walbrook, is a small church of exquisite beauty 
 tlie masterpiece of Sir Christopher Wren. Bow 
 Church in Cheapside, St. Bride's in Fleet-street 
 St. Dunstnn's in the East, and several others, are' 
 worthy of notice; but tho far greater number are 
 of plain and ordinary architecture. Tho churches 
 and chapels belonging to the Establishment, 
 m the bills of mortality, including those erected 
 under tho recent act of parliament, amount to 
 above 300. There are likewise a great nuinOer 
 of meeting-houses for Protestant dissenters of 
 all persuasions, 30 foreign Protestant churches, 
 15 Jtoman Catholic chapels, and 6" synagogues 
 for the Jews, Besides the royal palaces, there 
 are many fine liouses of the princes of the blood 
 and of the nobility and gentry. The Tower of 
 London is very ancient, but the founder is un- 
 certain. It is surrounded by a wall, and partly 
 by a deep ditch. Here are the jewels nnd orna- 
 menls of the crown, as well as the other regalia. 
 i<'f, nj."'^.^™'""'^ "'"» destroyed by fire in 
 1 H4 1 . 1 he Mint, on Tower-hill, is a very elegant 
 modern building, of pure Grecian architecture. 
 Ihe bridges are a great ornament to the metro- 
 polls. The most ancient, London Bridge, was 
 begun m 11 70, and finished in 1209. The k'nath 
 of It was 9 1 5 feet. The number of arches was 19 
 ot unequal dimensions, through which, in conse' 
 quence of their narrowness and clumsy con- 
 struction, the current rushed with such force as 
 to render the navigation extremely dangerous. 
 Ibis clumsy fabric is, however, now supplanted 
 by the New London Bridge, a noble structure 
 of 5 arches, which was opened by King William 
 IV. on August 1, 1831. Westminster Bridge vZ 
 commenced m 1739, and opened to tho public • 
 
 Zll^- , 9' '' 'n'-^^ ^'^^ ^° ^''"Sth. and 1ms 13 
 I.irge, and 2 small semicircular arches. Black- 
 friars' Brid"e hu-'If- hv \Tvir , , . 
 
 i7rH tI I ^1 . ^ W3 int--. WU3 completcvl 111 
 1 708. Its length is 995 feet ; the breadth of the 
 carr..me 28, and of the foot-j.aths 7 feet each! 
 
LON 
 
 438 
 
 It conwNtH of !) elliptical urclm«, iho coiUro ..mo 
 
 « ch .m'Jr i"" ^' *'''"' "■"' '"•"' "'".""J n!" 
 
 Rm « at Vo,„co. VVnterloo Uri^Ke. cou.naMucd 
 
 iJ .V u" I"!^ "'"'"'"' '" "" '•• »" '•'" Hnnivormiry 
 ofthobntilo which it is licmKncI to louune- 
 
 momto isonoofthonohlcst structuro* of the 
 
 kmd in the world. 1 1 consists of arches, each 
 
 1-0 feet apaii, and 3,', feet elevation. The 
 
 other bridgeg arc those of Southwurk and Vaux- 
 
 liall. Among the other ).ul.lic biiildinRS, which 
 
 can be merely bo enuracmted here, are Wostmin- 
 
 •ter Hall, contmning the supremo courts of 
 
 ustice „,ul adjoming to which are tho Houses 
 
 ot Lords mid Commons, the Guildhall of the city; 
 
 U.e tH«ions House, the Horse Guards, the 
 
 Na^S'r'n ^^' Admiralty. at Whitehall the 
 
 National Gallery; the noble collection of public 
 
 oftces winch form that magnificent stricture 
 
 called Somerset Place; the British Mu»oum ■ the 
 
 UoyalLxchangejthe Bank of England , theEx- 
 
 Ho,.^'"f'■'^'^^"*^^'^"'^''' """«*•■' thoMansTon 
 Hou8e,fortholordmayor;the Monument, in com- 
 
 l« '9 tl^r*^^'- J^":'"*'<--«"ind, opene<l in Sep. 
 lU-9, the block Exchange, the new Custom- 
 ousejtho new Corn Exchange, erected on the 
 ?''«"fthe«>ldone, in Mark-lane, in lO-JJ). the 
 Hemld-s Collegejand the halls of the variouidtr 
 companies. The inns of court, for the stuSy o^f 
 the law, the colleges, learned societies, and 
 public seminaries ;.tho noble hospitaU and other 
 c writable institutions, the public places of 
 diversion, &c., are too numerous to be here pa?- 
 ticuarly mentioned, ouch, on a cursory Wew 
 tlL'^n "^ metropolis of Great Britain, to the 
 «ten and opulence of which many causes hare 
 contributed. The broad stream of the Thames 
 flowing between London and Southwark con 
 inually agitated by a brisk current, ra'rap"d 
 tide brings constant supplies of fresh air, which 
 no buildings can intercept. The country 
 around, especially on the London side, is nourlv 
 open to some distance, whence, by the action of 
 the sun and wmdon a gravelly soil, it is kept 
 tolerably dry m all seasons, and affords no lode- 
 ment for stagnant air or water. The cleanliness 
 of London, as well as its supply of water, is 
 generally aided by its situaUon on the banks of 
 the Thames, and the New River, with many 
 good springs within the city itself, further con- 
 tributes to the abundance of that necessary ele- 
 f^r nu •''??. """^ advantages, with respect 
 to health, in which this metropolis is exceeded 
 by few. Its situation, with regard to the circum- 
 stance of navigation, is equally weU chosen • 
 had It been placed lower on the Thames 
 it would have been annoyed by the marshes, had 
 It been higher, jt would not have been accessi- 
 ble, as at presgnt, to ships of large burden It 
 now poMesses every advantage that can be 
 derived from a seaport, and at the same time 
 by means of its noble river, and its canal navi-' 
 gallon enjoys a most extensive communication 
 with the internal parts of the country, which 
 supply It with necessaiies, and in return receive 
 trom It such commodities as they require. It 
 contains several larae wet docks, particular!- 
 
 LON 
 
 hose called the West India, tho f^asi India, 
 tho London, and S*. Cutherine's docks, also dry 
 Uocks for repairing, and slips for building of 
 ■'lips, besides the royal yard at Dei.tford. for 
 building inen-of-war. l,..n(lon, therefore, unites 
 m ilselt all tho benefits orising IVoni navigation 
 and commerce, with those of a melr..|.oli8 at 
 whicli all tho public businesi of a great nation 
 IS tninsiicted, and is thus both tho nien.unlile 
 niiU political emi.orium of these kingdoms. It 
 18 also tho scat of many considerable manufac- 
 tures, some almost peculiar to itself, as ad- 
 ministering to tho demands of studieil splendour 
 and refined luxury , others in which it partici- 
 pates with the manufacturing towns in general. 
 Iho most important of its peculiar manufac- 
 tures 18 the silk-weaving, established in Snital- 
 hclds by refugees IVom France. A variety of 
 works in gold, silver, and jewellery, the engrav- 
 ing of prints, the making of optical and mathe- 
 matical mstrumcnts. are principally executed 
 bere. and some of them in greater perfection 
 tlinn in any other country. Tho porter-brewery 
 a business of immense extent, is also chiefly 
 carried on in London. To its jiort ore likewiso 
 confined some branches of foreign commerce 
 as Uie vast East India trade, and those to' 
 Turkey and Hudson's Bay. Thus London has 
 risen to its present rank of the first city in 
 Europe, with respect to wealth and jiopulation. 
 llio city 18 divided into '26 wards, each go- 
 verned by an alderman; and from the alder- 
 men the lord mayor is annually chosen. There 
 are bkewiso 236 common-councilmen, a re- 
 corder, a common-serjeant, two sheriffs (who 
 are also sheriffs of Middlesex), a chamberlain. 
 
 ^^- -—-"•, """"icocA^. u cimmDcriuin. 
 
 a town-clerk, a city remembrancer, a water- 
 bailiff, and many inferior officers. Westminster 
 IS governed by a high steward, who is gene- 
 rally a nobleman, chosen by the dean and 
 cnapter , and he has an under steward who of- 
 ficiates for him. Next to him is the high 
 bailiff, chosen also by the dean and chui.ter- 
 whose power resembles that of a sheriff. The 
 suburbs are under the jurisdiction of justices of 
 the peace for the county ; and there are also 
 aeveral police offices, where magistrates sit 
 every day for the examination of offenders, and 
 tho determmation of various complaints, in a 
 summary way. Southwark was long inde- 
 pendent of London, but Edward III. granted 
 It to the city. It was then called the village of 
 Southwark, and afterward named the bailiwick. 
 In the reign of Edward VI. it was formed into 
 
 Ward Without. On the death of the alderman 
 of this ward, he is succeeded by tho next in 
 seniority to whatever ward he may belong, 
 this ward being considered as a sinecure, and 
 consequently the most proper for " the father 
 of the city " The city has likewise a high 
 bailiff and steward here. To attempt an enume- 
 ration of the events by which this great capital 
 bas been distinguished, within the limits of a 
 work like this, would of course be absurd, but 
 we cjumot omit to mention the plague, in IOCS. 
 which cut off 68.596 people: and the dreadful 
 conflagration of Kioo, by wjiuh the cathedral 
 
 
LON 
 
 4.1!) 
 
 and many <.lhcr cliurdioi. with i;t,'JOO lioiiarii 
 were .hittroywl. I„„„|„„, j,, it, ,„„^t cxtcn,!,.,! 
 •fiiw, u« ilivi.lod into 7 <liHtritt», culled tlu- Me- 
 tropohtiin borougl.M, of whicii tlio city of l„)n- 
 ! '"' T"':'J "'^•"'''«". '"Hi tho !K,r..,>Klm of 
 ho cityo* Woi.tn.in!,tt.r, So„thw«rk. Marv-lo- 
 |K)no, l-niHlHiry, Towor lluinlftH,.,,,,! l,,,,„lHth. 
 - memhcm each, or l(i n.t.M.lH,T8 ulioKfthfr 
 LoMMm m 'jo/i miles N. N. W. of J'ariH. MK. 
 
 LoHK. 0. 5. 7. W. lilt. r,|..TI. N 
 
 .■.m;,"'!'T' ^'•"'' " ''''"''°" "*■ t^'onnoctifut ; 
 c intHl of a cou.-y of tho B<.me n.m.o, with 
 the best hurlwur in tho state, defended by two 
 ,n?; . ,':"'"'"'>•"''''" port of tho town was 
 I'lrnt by Benedict Arnold, iu 171)1. but w,w 
 
 tbo West Indies: it is seated on the Thames, 
 ntiir Its en ranco into Long Island Sound ; ,'■,4 
 miles E by N. of Nowhaven. I'o.,. M'io 
 Long. 7'2. 3(». W. lat. 41. '2r,. N. 
 
 London, Nkw, a town of VirRiniai chief of 
 Hedford county; 110 miles W. by S. of Iticli- 
 niond Lour. 79. 4/i. W. lat. .37. 20. N. It is 
 a 80 the name of several townships of tho 
 United States, ^ 
 
 provinco of Ulster; 40 Engli.,h miles long, and 
 d^ broad; bounded on tho W. by Doneiml N 
 by tlio Ocean S. and S. W. by Tyrone, ami E 
 by Antrim. It is divided into .31 parishes, and 
 Hcnds two members to parliament. It is n 
 iruitful champaign country; and tho greater 
 part of It was given by James I. to an incor- 
 ponited company of London merchants. Tho 
 linen manufacturo flourishes through every part 
 ot tho county. •' ' 
 
 LoNDONDEHRv, a city and seaport of Ireland 
 and a county of itself ; capital of tho foregoing 
 
 poun^l T'^ ".^'^I'^P'" «><••• It is still^ur- 
 rounded by walls, and celebrated for a lone 
 wcgo it sustained against James II, in lC«y 
 It IS govenied by a mayor, and sends one mem' 
 bor to parliament. The principal commerce is 
 with America and tho West Indies. It is 
 seated on tho river Foyle, over which is a 
 wooden bridge, 10G8 feet in length London 
 
 ST^fi^i.'-"'"""^'^^"'^^''''""'^^!^ 
 
 LoNnoNDKRRv, a town of New Hampshire, 
 n Rockingham county, with a manufacturo of 
 Imon, cloth and thread ; sented near the head 
 of Beaver River, which runs into the Merrimac- 
 38 miles S. S. W. of Portsmouth. ' 
 
 Long Locn, an arm of the sea, in Scotland- 
 which, from the Frith of Clyde, extends 20 
 miles N. between the counties of Dumbarton 
 and Argyle It is from 1 to 2 miles in breadih- 
 and near the middle, on tho Argyle side it 
 sends off a small branch called Locf Goil ' 
 
 Long Island, an island of the state of New 
 York ; separated from Connecticut by Lonir 
 Island Sound. It extends E. from the^ity of 
 
 broad on a medium; and is divided into three 
 counties. King's, Queen 's, and Suffolk II "'ec 
 are exported to the West Indie.. &c., wh^e 
 od, pitch, pine-boords, horses, cattle, flax-seed . 
 
 I. oo 
 
 beef. Ac, The produce of tho middle and 
 western parts of the island, particularly coT 
 is ciirncd to New York. ' 
 
 Long Ihuni. .Soi.nd, a cimnnol in North 
 Amerien. from ;i to 2.'-. miles broad; extending 
 
 from Connecticut. It c.nnm..nin,ti.-s with 
 tl.o Atlantic ut both ends of tho island 
 
 Li»N(( Lakk. Hce Rain Lakk 
 
 Lo.NoKoHD, „ county of Ireland, in tho pro- 
 vince of Leinster; 2,5 miles long. and 20 broad; 
 bounded on tho N. W. by LcitVim N. E. by 
 Cavan h. E. by West Meath, and W. by tho 
 ivcrfelmnnon which parts it from Roscommon. 
 
 IS divided into 25 ,,arishes, and sends two 
 
 1™ 7 .*•? «'";''"■"*"'*• '^''"' 'country i" Kcno- 
 n lis fertile, bui interspersed in so,n„ p„rt. 
 
 a ong tho Shannon are subject to inundation, 
 it contains several lakes, and besides the Shan- 
 "on. IS wa erod by tho Inn,, tho Camlin, U^ 
 J-allcn. and numerous inferior streamlets. OaU 
 form tho chief article of agricultural export. 
 
 LoNfiioiii), a town of Ireland, conital of the 
 above county Mud, hncii is m'anu'ractured n 
 t ie Tf'fl""'' "^-'8''''ourhood, «n,l gr^t c,nan- 
 titicfl of flax sent to other parts. It is seated 
 "" ''•« 9«'nlin; 70 miles (English) W. N. W 
 of Dublin. Long. 7. 40. W. hit. 62. 4« N 
 
 T — "B- '• •*"■ "• nil. ti.1, 4U. N. 
 
 I-(..NGF0R0AN, a town of Scotland; in tho 
 S. L. corner of Perthshire; on the Frith of 
 Tay; 4 miles W. by S. of Dundee. 
 
 LoNo-NAN, a dty of China, of the first rank j 
 E. M. 32!'22T*" '^*^''''"''"- ^""K- '"4- 18. 
 
 LoNOTowN a town in Cumberland; with a 
 
 nules N. of Cariislc, ond 310 N. N. W of 
 London. 
 
 mi;?''^^" *°*"r". ^'■'"*''" '" »'•« 'I'-'Part- 
 mwit of Maine-et-Loire; miles N. of Sau- 
 
 m.iTTM'"' V'^'J,*'^ ^'""'^•' ' '■" '''e ''apart- 
 ment of Moselle. Here is a considerable iron 
 torgeand cannon foundry; 10 miles S. W ol 
 Loiigwy, and 36 N. W. of Mentz. 
 
 n-onrrM*"' " '°*"."[ F"^"''". in the depart- 
 mcnt of Moselle ; with a castle. It is divided 
 into the Old and New Town, the latter of 
 which 18 fortiHed. It is seated on a rocky 
 eminence, on the ri^er Chiers; 32 miles N.N.\^ 
 
 Pop S. ^"^- ^' ^^- ^- ^"'- 4^- 32. n: 
 
 ♦ni^.^fi,''''^®'""''"'"*' " *"'"" Of France ; capi- 
 tal of the department of Jura. It derives iti 
 name from the salt springs in its vidnity • it is 
 seated on the Solvan; 62 miles & E of 
 ?rN. ^°^'^^^^- Long. 6.30. E. lat? 46. 
 
 in^M* "m "^ of Belgium; in West Flanders; 
 10 miles N. N. W, of Ypres. Pop. 1526 
 
 LooDHEANA, a town and fort of North Hin- 
 dostan, province of Delhi; on the S. bank of 
 the Sutlej river: it is the most remote miU- 
 tary station possessed by the Britif.hr 178 miles 
 J>|. W. of Delhi. 
 
 Loo-Koo, Lew-chew, or Lieou-kiou, the 
 general name of 36 islands lying between For 
 
M 
 
 LOO 
 
 440 
 
 LOR 
 
 moM uiiJ Japi'.ii. The (Ircat Loo-lcoo U «0 
 milM loni,, and «Vom TJ to Ij broiulj tho 
 others ore incongidt'rablo. Tliuy wuro vory 
 imptrfoctly known to Euro|H)uni, till vi«itfd 
 by Ciiutuiii Hull and Mr. M'Lood, in their ro- 
 tuni from tho luto eiiilHiM/ to China. Tho 
 climatw und soil seem to (>o among tho happiest 
 on the globo. Tho fruits and vcgetoble pro- 
 duction! are of tho moat e):(|ui«ito description. 
 Thu inhabitants are diminutive in their stature, 
 but strong and well made. Their disposition 
 appears to be peculiarly gay, hospitable, and 
 utfectionate, but they showed that strong aver- 
 sion to receive strangers into their country 
 which is characteristic of China, Japan, and 
 all the neighbouring regions. The king u tri- 
 butary to China, and the government resem- 
 bles that of tho Chinese. The capital is Kin- 
 tching; about 5 miles from iu port of Napa- 
 kiung. Long. 127. 62. E. hit. 2«. 14. N. 
 
 LooE, East and West, Cornwall; sejjarnted 
 by a creek, over which is ii norrow stone bridge. 
 A morket is held at East Looe, on Saturday. 
 It is 13 miles W. of Plymouth, and 233 W. 
 by S. of London. 
 
 Lookout Cape, a cape of North Carolina, 
 S. of Capo Hatterna, and opposite Core Sound. 
 Long. 76. 4U. W. lat. 34. 22. N. 
 
 Looz, or LooTZ, a town of Belgium ; in the 
 province of Liege j 14 miles N. N. W. of 
 Liege. 
 
 LoPATKA, Cape, the S. extremity of Kiimt- 
 schatka. Long. 156. 46. E. lat. 61. 0. N. Hee 
 
 KURILES. 
 
 LopiiAM, North and Soutu, two adjoining 
 parishes in Norfolk; 4 miles S. E. of East 
 Hariing. 
 
 Lopo Go.vsALVE, Cape, a long and narrow 
 peninsula on the coast of Guinea, low, flat, and 
 covered with trees. It affords u good liarbour, 
 and near tho cape is n village, where provisions 
 are plentiful. Long. 8. 30. E. lat. 0. 45. S. 
 
 LoRA, a town of Spain in Seville; on the 
 Guadalquiver ; 28 miles N. E. of Seville. 
 
 LoHBUs, (tho ancient Laribus Colonia,) a 
 town of the kingdom of Tunis; with a castle, 
 and fine remains of antiquity. It is seated in 
 a plain, fertile in corn; 150 miles S. W. of 
 Tunis. Long. 9. 0. E. lat. 35. 34. N. 
 
 LoRCA, a town of Spain, in Murcia, divided 
 into the Upper and Lower Town. The for- 
 mer has narrow, crooked, and ill paved streets ; 
 the latter is regularly ond neatly built. It 
 contains nine churches and several monasteries, 
 und lias extensive manufactures of saltpetre. 
 In 1802 the bursting of an immense reservoir, 
 containing water for the purpose of irrigation, 
 occasioned muoh damage to tho town. It is 
 seated on an eminence near the Sengonera ; 40 
 miles W. S. W of Murcia. Pop- 23,500. 
 Long. 1.22. \V. lat. 37. 25. N. 
 
 Lord Howe's C'r'oi "•> nn extensive group of 
 islands in the Souh 1 uvuc, thi'kly covered 
 with wood, anio'ij^ I'l','; he r*-!; ui-nut is very 
 distinguishable. i'-uj : . iv, .iro of a dark 
 copper colour; the:; hair led in a knot on tho 
 back of tho head; cii they aeem to have some 
 metltod of taUng ott' the beard; for they itp 
 
 pear as clean shaved. Their arms and ihl^h* 
 uro tutoeed in tho niunner descrilicd by Cap- 
 tain Cook, of some of tho natives of th« ii«landt 
 ho visited in these seiw; and some are painted 
 with red and white streaks. They wear a 
 wrapper round their middle. Long, from l.W. 
 l4.tol.5y. 37. E. hit. 5. 30. S. 
 
 Lottu Howe Island, an island in tho PaciHc 
 Ocean ; discovered in 1708 by Lieutenant King. 
 Many extx-llunt turtles have been caught here on 
 a sandy beach ; and it abounds with u variety of 
 birds, which were so unaccustomed to bo dis- 
 turbed that tho seamen went near enough to 
 knock them down with a stick. At its end are 
 two high mountoins, nearly porjiendiculnr fron» 
 the sea, the southernmost named Mount Uowcr. 
 About 14 miles to tho 8. is a remarkable rock, 
 named Ball's Pyramid, which at a distance had 
 much the nj)pearanco of a steeple. Tho ishmd 
 is 34 miles long, and very luirrow. Lonir. \5'J. 
 0. E. Int. 31. 3U. N. 
 
 Lorenzo, San, a town of Mexico, province 
 of New Biscay ; with 600 inhabitants, whoso 
 employment consist in cultivating tho grape. 
 There are numerous settlements ami inconsi- 
 derable islands of this name in South Americn. 
 Loreo, a town of Austrian Italv; in llovigo j 
 on the Adige ; 30 miles E. of llovigo. 
 
 LoRETTO, a fortified town of Italy; in tho 
 papal stat"s. The cathedral contains the Cusa 
 Santa, or Holy House, in which it is pretended 
 tho Virgin Mary lived at Nazareth. According 
 to the legend, it was carried by angels from 
 Galilee into Dalmatia, and thence to the place 
 where it now stands, in 1295. This house, or 
 chapel, is 31 feet long, 15 broad, and 18 high : 
 the inner part very old, but cased with marble on 
 tho outside. The famous I,ady of Loretto, who 
 holds the infant Jesus in her arms, stands upon 
 tho principal altar, in a niche of silver : this 
 statue is of cedar wood, three feet high ; but 
 her face can liarply be seen, on account of the 
 numerous gold and silver lamps around her. 
 She ia dothed with cloth of gold, set off with 
 jewels ; and the child Jesus is covered with a 
 shirt, holds a globe in his hand, and is adorned 
 with rich jewels. Those who go on pilgrimage 
 to Loretto, after having performed their devo- 
 tion, make the Virgin a present ; so that tho 
 treasury of this chapel was immensely rich. The 
 inhabitants of this town subsist principally by 
 agriculture and gardening, and m' 1 / ..rt'iom arc 
 
 shoemakers, tailors, and sellers 01' '•InpU-M. 
 Loretto was taken by the French, ,m t" ;ii, ,■, m' 
 the church despoiled of its tre..' ,1?. even t(,i 
 Virgin was carried away, but restored in 1802. 
 It is seated on a mountain ; 3 miles from tlie 
 Gulf of Venice, 12 S. E. of Ancona, and 116 
 N. E. of Rome. Long. 13. 3C. E. lat. 43. 27. N. 
 
 LoRGiiES, a town of France, in Provence; on 
 the Argons ; 16 miles W. of Frcjus. 
 
 L'Orie.nt, a fortified modern seaport of 
 France ; department of Morbilwin. It is built 
 with considerable regularity ; the streets are 
 wide, the public stiuares spacious and handsome, 
 and the harbour largo, 8ecure,and of easy access, 
 Formerly it was n very flourishing town, the 
 French East Indl.iCuiiii»any luuking it the exclu- 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 c 
 r 
 
 r 
 n 
 
 A 
 
 C 
 
 it 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 U 
 
 ^ 
 
LOR 
 
 441 
 
 OU 
 
 ms nnd t)ilt;li» 
 :ril)c(l by Cap- 
 I of the mlnnd* 
 no nru puintod 
 They woiir ■ 
 i)iig. frum \.VJ. 
 
 i in the PaciHc 
 LHiteiiiint King, 
 caught huro on 
 ith u vitrit'ty of 
 nud to bo di»- 
 uur enough to 
 At its end are 
 ndiculnr »on» 
 Mount GowLT. 
 niirknble rock, 
 u diiitancu Iiitd 
 I. Thu ialand 
 . Long, 15!^. 
 
 xico, province 
 )itanta, whoso 
 ig tlio grape, 
 
 nml inconu- 
 ith Amerjc>». 
 V J in llovigo ,• 
 figo. 
 
 Italy; in the 
 aiiig the Casa 
 t is pretended 
 I, According 
 ' nngels from 
 s to the iilacc 
 ["his house, or 
 and 18 high : 
 fith marble on 
 Loretto, who 
 , stands upon 
 ' silver : this 
 ct high ; but 
 ccount of the 
 around her, 
 , set off with 
 jvered with a 
 !\d is adorned 
 )n pilgrimage 
 I their devo- 
 ; so that the 
 sly rich. The 
 Tincipnlly by 
 / '/.""tl^cn-i arc 
 d" oh'iplets. 
 i'l i" ;ii, tnd 
 I? : even the 
 )red in 1802. 
 les from the 
 ma, and 1 1 5 
 t. 43. 27. N. 
 'rovence; on 
 I. 
 
 seaport of 
 It is built 
 
 streets are 
 d handitome, 
 'easy access, 
 i town, the 
 ittlicexclu- 
 
 ■ive entropAt of their importvtl goodi. U has 
 itill some trade, and ii a place of importance on 
 account of itji ninga^iines for thu navy, Thu cliiif 
 Dianufiicture is of salt. The Uritish made un 
 unsuccessful attempt upon it in 1740. It is 
 seated on the bay of I'urt Louis, at the influx 
 of tho Scorfj :J4() miles W, by S. ' Paris. 
 Long. 3. '20. W. lat, 47. 44, N. Pop. 17,'250. 
 
 LouROCK, a town of Uermany ; in Uaden ; 
 « miles N, K, of Dale, 
 
 LottiuiNR, an extensive district of the N, E. 
 of France, between Champagne and Aliuicc, nnd 
 now forming tho departments of Meurthe, 
 Moselle, and Vosges. It abounds in all sorts of 
 corn, w)>), hemp, flax, and rape-seed, 
 LosTwiTiiiEL, See Lkstwitiiikl. 
 Lot, a rivor of France, which rises in the 
 department of Lo/ere, begins to be navigable at 
 Car rs, and enters the Garonne near Aiguillon. 
 Lot, a department of France ; consisting of 
 the former district of Quercy, in Guionne, It 
 takes its name fVom the river Lot, which crosses 
 it from E. to W. j it is bounded on the N. by 
 Correze, E. by Cantal and Avcyron, S. by Tarn- 
 et-Garonne, and W. by Lot-ct-Garonno and 
 Dordognc. Its pastures feeds numerous flocks, 
 which constitute a great part of the commerce. 
 The climate is mild and healthy ; and the soil, 
 consisting of fat rich earth, is cultivated with 
 horses, and yields more than sufficient for its 
 population, estimated at 276,2!»(i. Cahors is the 
 capital. 
 
 LoT-KT-GAnoNNE, a department of France, 
 including part of the former province of Guienne; 
 bounded on the N. by Dordogno, by E. Tarn-et- 
 Oaronne, S. by Gers, and W. by Landes and the 
 Gironde. It has its name from the rivers Lot 
 and Garonne. Its pastures are but indifferent, 
 and artificial meadows are little known. The 
 land, being much covered with heath, is culti- 
 vated with oxen ; and a large proportion of the 
 department is incapable of cultivation, consisting 
 of rugged hills or sandy deserts. Pop. 330,000. 
 Agen is the capital. 
 
 LoTHUN. See HADDI^WT0NSH1RE, Edin- 
 BunaiisiiiRE, and LiNLiTiiaowsHiRB. 
 
 LouDEAC, a town of Frunce ; department of 
 Cotes du Nord ; 25 miles S. of St. Brieux. 
 
 Loudon, a county of the United States, in 
 Virginia, on the Potomac ; adjoining Fairfex, 
 Berkley, and Faquier counties. It is about .50 
 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. Leesburgh 
 is the chief town, 
 
 LouDo.v, a town of France ; department of 
 Vienne; 30 miles N. VV. of Poitiers. Pop. 5350. 
 LouoiiuORouoii, a town in Leicestershire ; 
 with a market on Thursday. It hns a largo 
 church, with a handsome tower, and seven 
 meeting-houses for dissenters j also a free gram- 
 mar school, and a charity school. Tho chief 
 manufactures are those of cotton-spinning, lace, 
 and hosiery. By means of the Loughborough 
 canal, the river, and Midland Counties rail-road, 
 it carries on a brisk trade, particularly in coals. 
 Many of the houses have an old and irregular 
 appearance, but great improvements have lately 
 taken place : it is seatwl ne.'ir the .Soar; 1 ! r--.i!.-3 
 N. of Leicester, nnd 100 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 LououREA, a town of Ireland, in tho county 
 of Qn]wny, near a lake of the same nam« i 
 15 miles S W. of Gnlway. 
 
 LouHANS, n town of France ; department of 
 Upper Haono, sitimte on a kind of idand between 
 the rivers .Seilles, Vaillere, and Solman i 1 It mile* 
 S. E. of Chalons. Pop. 3550. 
 
 Louis, Four, a barrier fortruss of P'rance; in 
 Alsace, on the Rhine; 1 2 miles E. of I laguenau. 
 LouiH, St., an island of Afitta, at the mouth 
 of the river Senegal ; with a fort, built by the 
 French. It was taken in 17511 by the English, 
 and ceded to them in 17(i.'l. In the American 
 war it was taken by the Fiench, and kept by 
 them nfler the peace in 17U3. It is a (lat, 
 sanily, and barren. Long. 16. 16. W. lat. 10. * 
 O.U 
 
 Louis, St., a seaport nnd fortress of St, 
 Domingo, on the S. VV. coast at the head of a 
 bay of its name. The exports are coffee, cotton, 
 and indigo ; 70 miles W. S. W. of Port au 
 Prince. Long. 73. 32. W. lat. 18. 10. N. 
 
 Louis, St., a town in the state of Missouri, 
 delightfully situate on tho banks of the Mis- 
 sissippi. Most of the houses are of wood; 
 but some are built of stone, and are white- 
 washed. Its situation is more central with regard 
 to the whole territory of the United States than 
 any other considerable town. It is very pros- 
 perous, and bids fair to become a great com- 
 mercial city. It has a Catholic chapel, a 
 theatre, a bank, and two weekly newspapers ; 
 982 miles from Washington, Long, 89. 30. W. 
 lat, 38. 30. N. 
 
 Louis, St., a lake of North America ; formed 
 by the junction of the Ottawa with the St. Law- 
 rence. It is 12 miles long, and o broad. 
 
 Louis, St. a river of North America, which 
 has its source near tho eas'crn head waters of 
 the Mis8is8i]>pi, and falls into Lake Superior, on 
 the west shore. It is navigable 160 miles. 
 Long. 91. 62. W. lat. 46. 44. N. 
 
 Louis DE Maraniiah, St., a seaport of 
 Brazil ; capital of the island of Maranham, nnd 
 a bishop's see ; with a strong castle. It is tho 
 residence of a captain-general, and contains a 
 custom-house and treasury. The churches and 
 convents are numerous, and the houses, though 
 only one story high, are many of them neat. The 
 harbour is tolerably large, but the entrance is 
 difficult. It stands on the E, side of the river 
 Mearim, near the Atlantic Ocean. Long. 43. 37. 
 W. lat. 2. 30. S. 
 
 Louisa, a town of European Russia ; on a 
 bay of the Gulf of Finland: 30 miles E. N. E. 
 of Helsingfors. 
 
 Louisa, a county cf the United States ; in 
 Virginia ; about 25 miles long, and 20 broad ; 
 with 16,151 inhabitants. 
 
 LouisBURO, the capital of the island of Cape 
 Breton, British North America ; with a citadel, 
 and an excellent harbour, nearly four leagues in 
 circumference. It was t.iken by the English in 
 1745, restored to tho French in 1748, taken by 
 tho English in 1758, and ceded to them in .1763. 
 The chief source of trade is tho cod-fishery. 
 
 tJilg. i}:r. :i;). »V. i;il. -10. .■;i. r«. 
 
 LouiSBUUG, a town of North Carolina ; chief 
 
^1 
 
 li ■<* 
 
 LOU 442 
 
 of Franklin county ; situate on the river Tar : 
 
 w. i&ti oO, o, ]S» 
 
 Louisiana, k country of lorth America; esti- 
 mated to extend about 2000 miles in length, and 
 OHO in breadth; bounded on the E. by the Missis- 
 sippi, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, W. by New 
 Mexico, and running indefinitely N. It is agree- 
 ably situate between the extremes of heat and 
 cold ; the climate varying as it ektends toward 
 the N, The timber is as fine as any in the world • 
 and the quantities of oak, ash, m-iiberrv, walnut' 
 cherry, cypress, and cedar, are astonishing.' 
 liie neighbourhood of the Mississippi furnishes 
 tlie richest fruits, in great variety. The sjil is 
 particularly adapter' ftr hemp, flax, and tobacco; 
 and mdigo is a staple commodity. It is inter- 
 sected by a number of fine rivers, among which 
 me the Missouri, Arkansas, the Red river, the 
 VVasluta, &c., which all flow into the Mississippi, 
 liie chief articles of trade are indigo, cotton, rice 
 beans, wax, and lumber. This country was dis^ 
 covered by Ferdinand de Soto, in 1541 ; traversed 
 ^vM.de la Salle, in lU!i2; and settled by Louis 
 Al V in the beginning of the 18th century. In 
 ; ., '™* P""^ ^^ Louisiana lying on the E. bank 
 ot tlie Mississippi wr.3 ceded to England, and the 
 portion to the westward of the river to Spain, 
 ijouisianaliaving been ceded by Spain in 1801 to 
 r ranee, the American government succeeded 
 in purchasing it for 15,000,000 of dollars, and 
 their commissioners took formal possession of 
 It in the year 1804. A small port..n of this 
 country is incorporated into the state of Missis- 
 sippi, the S. E. part forms the states of Loui- 
 siana and Missouri. It is rapidly advancins in 
 population and wealth. 
 
 _ Louisiana, one of the United States, formed 
 lu 1812. It is situated between 31. and 33 N 
 lat., and bounded N. and W. by the Missouri 
 territory, S. by tjie Gulf of Mexico, E. by the 
 Mississippi territory. It is 300 miles in length 
 from E. to W., and 210 broad from N. to S 
 having an area of 48,000 square miles, or 
 31,463,000 acres. The south-western part is 
 generally level prairie, and much of its area 
 very productive; the north- western part, a thick 
 forest, and low alluvial soil upon the rivers 
 which is of great fertility; but at a distance from' 
 «ie streams the land is high, broken, and sterile. 
 Ihat part of West Florida which lies between 
 I earl River on the E., and the Mississippi on 
 the \y. as far as 31. N. lat., has been annexed 
 to this state. Sugar plantations are becoming 
 numerous, and the exports, consisting of sugar, 
 cotton, indigo, rice, molasses, soap, tallow, wax, 
 planks, &c., are rapidly increasing. Population 
 352,411, including 108,452 slaves. The prin- 
 cipal town is New Orleans. 
 
 Louisville, a town of Georgia ; capital of 
 Jefferson county ; seated on the N. side of the 
 Ogeechee ; 52 miles S. S. W. of Augusta and 
 II N. W. of Savannah. Long. 82. 1 7. W. lat 
 32. 42. N. '-".wi. 
 
 Louisville, a flourishing town of Kentucky; 
 capital of Jefl'^rRon county ; seated on tho Ohio 
 just above its rapids, at the head of which is a 
 toit. Louisnlle is a port of entry ; 50 miles 
 
 LOW 
 
 8^: .32. w:"ia[!l8. IT"''""' ''''''• ^°"^- 
 
 LouLE, a town of Portugal; in Algarva: 
 surrounded by antique walls, and seated on & 
 river ot the same name ; 10 miles N. W. of 
 Jcaro. Pop. 5350. 
 
 Lou-NOAN, a cit> of China, of the first rank: 
 
 nnrnf ^l°T"U''^ Chan-sti ; situate near the 
 source of the.Queyho; 270 miles S. S. W. oi 
 Peking. Long. 110. 5o\ E. lat. 31. 46. N 
 
 mpnf°Tff ** 'T °^ ^'^'"'^' "' the depart- 
 ment of Upper Pyrenees ; with a castle in a 
 rock ; 10 miles N. W. of Bagneres. 
 
 LouRisTAN, a mountainous but fertile district 
 ot Irak ; in Persia; bordering upon Khusistan. 
 It IS abundantly watered, and the pastuios are 
 most luxuriant, but agriculture is quite neglect- 
 ed, ihe inhabitants are a barbarous and inde- 
 pendent race, and reside always in tents. The 
 only town is Khorumabad. 
 
 Louth, a corporate town in Lincolnshire ; 
 with markets on Wednesday and Saturday. It 
 has manufactures of blankets and carpets, and 
 also a large soap manufactory. Here is a noble 
 Gothic church, with a lofty spire ; also five 
 meeting-houses for dissenters, a free school, 
 founded by Edward VI., and another founded 
 in 10/7. It haa a navigation, by means of the 
 river Lud and a canal, to the German Ocean, 
 
 ,^f o^^r^'^^r'"' 28 miles N. E. of Lincoln 
 and 141 N. of London. 
 
 Louth, a county of Ireland, in the province 
 of Leinster; 27 miles long, and 18 broad; 
 bounded on the N. by Armagh and Carling- 
 ford Bay, E. by the Irish Sea, W. by Mo- 
 naghan and E. Meath, and S. by E. by Meath, 
 from which It is parted by the Boyne. It is a 
 fertile country, contains 01 parishes, and sends 
 two members to parliament. 
 
 Louth, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 the same name ; containing the ruins of an 
 ancient abbey, founded by St. Patrick • 18 
 miles N. N. W. of Droghcda. ' 
 
 LouvAiN, a city of Belgium ; in S. Brabant ; 
 with an old castle, and a celebrated university 
 Its walls are nearly 9 miles in circumference, 
 but within them are many gardens and vine- 
 yards. The churches, convents, and public 
 buildings, are magnificent. Lai^e quantities of 
 cloth were formerly mede here ; but this trade 
 w decayed, and the town is now chiefly noted 
 
 1740. 1792, and 1794. It is seated on the 
 Doyle ; 14 miles E. by N. of Brussels, and 20 
 53 N '^"^'^^'■P' ^""g- 4. 41 . E. lat. SO. 
 
 LouviKRS. a handsome town of France ; in 
 the department ofEure; with a considerable 
 manufacture of fine cloths. It is seated on the 
 
 c^ '. '" ^''®* N- °^ Evreux, and 55 N. W. 
 of Pans. Pop. 7100. 
 
 Louvres, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise ; 14 miles N. of Pans 
 
 Lowell, a town of the United States;' in 
 Middlesex county, Massachusets ; 25 miles 
 h. \r. iruin Boston : one of , most flourish- 
 ing towns in the United States, being the prin- 
 cipal sent of the cotton manufacture, and also 
 
LOW 
 
 443 
 
 1,210. Long. 
 
 in Algarva; 
 I seated on & 
 ilesN. W. of 
 
 the first rank; 
 late near the 
 8 S. S. W. oi 
 il. 46. N. 
 1 the depart- 
 i castle on a 
 
 8. 
 
 'ertile district 
 >n Khusistan. 
 pastuios are 
 |uite neglect- 
 )us and inde- 
 tents. The 
 
 iincolnshire ; 
 aturday. It 
 carpets, and 
 re is a noble 
 s ; also five 
 free school, 
 her founded 
 neans of the 
 •man Ocean, 
 of Lincoln, 
 
 he province 
 IB broad ; 
 ind Carling- 
 V. by Mo- 
 . by Meath, 
 ic. It is a 
 i, and sends 
 
 i county of 
 ruins of an 
 'atrick ; 18 
 
 5. Brabant ; 
 university, 
 :uniference, 
 
 and vine- 
 md public 
 uantities of 
 
 this trade 
 iefly noted 
 French in 
 ed on the 
 Is, and 20 
 E. lat. SO. 
 
 France; in 
 msidorable 
 ted on the 
 55 N. W. 
 
 le depart- 
 if Paris. 
 States ; in 
 25 miles 
 t tiourish- 
 
 the prin- 
 
 and iilsu 
 
 carpeting, and silk fabrics. Its rise may be in- 
 t.rred from its increase of population, which in 
 
 IB.iO was 6474 ; m 1840 was 20,796. 
 LowENSTEiN, a town of Germany, in Wir- 
 
 temberg ; capital of a county of the same name, 
 /1'}1 ^- /• E. of Heiibron, and 33. N. N. E 
 
 of Stutgard. 
 
 LowENSTEiN, a fort and ancient castle of the 
 Sf ""♦*,' '">''« province of Guelderland j 
 situated at the W. end of the island of Bom- 
 melwert In this cistle, in 1618, Hugo Grotius 
 was confined, and after three years' imprison- 
 ment was conveyed away by a stratagem of his 
 wife, m a returned box used for the purpose of 
 carrying books. It is 18 miles S. E. of Rot- 
 terdam. 
 
 Low^TOFT, a town in Suff-olk ; with a mar- 
 
 S ir„ '^"f ^;7- ^1* '^""'^ « " fi«o Gothic 
 building ; and it has, beside a chapel of ease 
 several dissenting meeting-houses, and two 
 granamar-schools. The chief trade is in the 
 mackerel and hemng fisheries ; and it is much 
 requented for sea- .-thing. Here are forts and 
 batteries for protecting ships in the roads. The 
 coaat being dangerous, here are two lighthouses: 
 and a floating-hght was stationed off^ this port 
 n 1815; and m 1830 a harbour and swing- 
 bridge were added to the Lowestoffe and Nor- 
 wich navigation It stands on a cliff, the most 
 easterly point of Great Britain ; 10 miles S. of 
 Yarmouth, and 1 14 N. E. of London. Long. 
 1. 44. E. lat. 52. 29. N. 
 
 LowES-WATEn, a lake in Cumberland, one 
 mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. It is 
 of no great depth, but abounds with pike and 
 perch In opposition to all the other lakes, it 
 
 lofty Mellbrcak, runs into the N. end of Cro- 
 mach-water. 
 
 Lowicz, a town of Poland, with a strong 
 lortress ; seated on the Bzura; 42 miles W. of 
 Warsaw. Pop. 2550. 
 
 LowosiTz, a town of Bohemia ; in the circle 
 pt Leutmeritz. In 1756 the greatest part of 
 It was burnt in an obstinate engagement be- 
 tween the Saxonf and Prussians. It is seated 
 on the Egra ; 5 uiiles W. S. W. of Leutmeritz. 
 
 1.0XA, or LojA, a town of Spain ; in Granada; 
 with a royal salt-work, and a copper forge 
 
 9« 5. '" w ^''i'A •'"""'^y- °" th'^ "^er Xenil 
 M miles W. of Granada. Pop. 9000 
 
 «fr°J'*'v°'" ^°''*.' "• *'"'" of Quito;' republic 
 Of Colombia ; capital of a province of the same 
 name ; famous for producing fine Jesuits' bark 
 and cochineal. Carpets of remarkable fineness 
 are manufactured here, but the town is much 
 decayed. It stands at the head of a N W 
 branch of the Amazon ; 150 miles E. N E of 
 Paita. Pop. 4500. Long 78. 16. W. lat. 4. 5 S 
 
 LozERE, a department of France, corruspond- 
 mg to the ancient Gevaudan. It is a moun- 
 tainous, barren country, and receives iu name 
 from the principal ridge of mountains. Pop. 
 i4a,lJ0. Mende IS the capital. 
 
 LozzoLo, a town of North Italv: in Pied- 
 mulit, kingaoiii of Sardinia. Pop. (i^jo 
 
 Lu, a town of the Sardinian states ; in Pied- 
 mont; 8 miles S. S. W. of Alexandria. 
 
 LUC 
 
 LuAncA, a town of Spain, in Asturia ; near 
 the sea coast ; 23 miles N. W. of Oviedo 
 
 LuBAR, a town of Russia ; in the govern- 
 ment of Volhynin ; with 3000 inhabitants 
 
 M w '^•,^/?""' "*' P™»«'an Silesia ; 30 miles 
 JN. VV, of Glatz. 
 
 LuBDEN, a town of Lower Lusatia ; seated 
 ontheSpree m a swampy country; 50 miles 
 S. b. E. of Berhn. Long. 13. 55. E, lat. 52. 
 
 LuDEc, or LuBECK, a free city and seaport of 
 Germany; adjoining the duciiy of Holstein. It 
 was the head of tlie famous hanseatic league, 
 formed here in 1164, and the most commercial 
 city of the north ; but great part of its trade is 
 transferred to Hamburgh. The city is sur- 
 rounded with walls, which are planted with 
 rows of trees, but the other defences were de- 
 molished by the French, to whom it was sur- 
 rendered in 1806. The houses are built of 
 stone, m a very ancient style. The town-house 
 18 a superb stnicture, and has several towers, 
 lliere is also a fine council-house, and an ex- 
 change. The inhabitants are Lutherans. There 
 are four large churches, besides the cathedral. 
 I he trade consists in the export of com from 
 the adjoining country, and the import of arti- 
 cles for consumption ; and the manufactures, 
 which uro on a small scale, comprise woollens, 
 Mlks, cotton, tobacco, soap, white lead, copper 
 e «r ^^^^'^ '^ *^"ted on the Trave ; 8 miles 
 S. W. of the B.-'lti-, and 53 N. E. of Hamburgh. 
 Pop. 22,500, Long. 40. 49. E. lat. 53. 
 52. N. 
 
 LuBEC. an island in the Indian Ocean ; near 
 the island of Madura. Long. 112. 22 E lat 
 5. 50. S. 
 
 LuBECK, a seaport of Maine, in Washington 
 <=0""'y; situated on a beautiful peninsula, on 
 the W. side of Passamaquoddy Bay; 365 miles 
 ii. of Boston. It was commenced in 1815, 
 and IS now a handsome and flourishing town. 
 
 LuBEN, a town of Prussian Silesia ; seated 
 on the Katzbach ; 14 miles N. of Leignitz. 
 
 LuBLENiTz, a town of Silesia ; in the princi- 
 pality of Oppeln ; 32 miles E. of Oppeln. 
 
 Lublin, a city of Russian Poland ; capital 
 of a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's 
 see ; with a citadel. Three annual fairs are 
 held here, each lasting a month, which are fre- 
 quented by great numbens of German, Russian, 
 lurkish, and other traders and merchants. It 
 18 seated on the Bistricza; 85 miles S. E. of 
 Warsaw. Long. 22. 45, E, lat. 51. 14. N. 
 
 Lublyo, a town of Poland ; palatinate of 
 Cracow ; 56 miles S. E. of Cracow. 
 .\f^>\^°'^'\ofJt<ince} in the department 
 of Var ; 25 miles N. E, of Toulon. 
 
 LucAN, a town of Ireland ; in the county of 
 Uublm ; with a sulphureous spring, the waters 
 of winch are much esteemed ; 7 miles from 
 Dublin. 
 
 LticANAS, a town of Peru, which gives name 
 to a jurisdiction; containing rich silver mines, 
 and feeding great droves of cattle. It stands 
 near one of the head branches of the Apurimac; 
 «0 miles S, of Guamanga. * 
 
 LicAH, Cai'e St., the S, E. end of tho 
 
LUC 
 
 444 
 
 LUC 
 
 N 
 
 iih 
 
 peninsula of California. It lies under the tropic 
 of Capricorn, in long. 1 11 . 30. W. 
 
 LucAn DE Barameda, St., a seaport of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, and a bishop's see. It 
 has a fine harbour, well defended, at the mouth 
 of the Guadalquiver ; 40 miles S. S. W. cf 
 Seville. Long. 5. 54. W. lat. .36. 58. N. Pop. 
 16,600. 
 
 LucAR DB GuADiANA, St., 8 strong toffn of 
 Spain ; in Andalusia ; on the river Guadiana ; 
 76 miles W. N. W. of Sovilk. Long. 7. 10. 
 W. lat. 37. 28. N. 
 LucAYA Islands. See Bahama. 
 Lucca, a duchy of Italy; lying on the E. 
 coast of the Gulf of Genoa. It is bounded by 
 Tuscany, Modena, and the Mediterranean, nd 
 contains about 430 square miles, and a popula- 
 tion of 137,500, Much of it is mountainous, 
 but it is well cultivated, and produces plenty 
 of wine, oil, silk, wool, and chostnuis j the oil, 
 in particular, is in high esteem. It was for- 
 merly a republic ; was constituted a princi- 
 pality by Napoleon, in 1805, and in 1816 
 erected into a duchy by the Congress of Vienna, 
 and given to the infanta of Spain. 
 
 Lucca, a city of Italy; capital of the above 
 duchy, and an archbishop's see. It is nearly 
 3 miles in circumference, regularly fortified, 
 and contains J 8,000 inhabitants. The state 
 palace, and the cathedral, and other churches, 
 are worthy of notice. Here are considerable 
 manufactures of silk, and gold and silver stufls. 
 Lucca was entered by the French in 1796, 
 evacuated in 1 799, and re-entered in 1800. It 
 is seated in a fruitful plain, near the river 
 Serchio; 10 miles N. E. of Pisa, and 37 W. 
 of Florence. Long. 10. 35. E. lat. 43. 50. N. 
 Luce, a spacious bay on the S. coast of Scot- 
 land ; in Wigtonshire ; lying E. of the pro- 
 montory called the Mull of Galloway. The 
 river Luce enters its N. E. extremity, at the 
 town of Glenluce. 
 
 LucEiNSTEio, St., u narrow pass from the 
 country of the Grisons into Germany; defended 
 by a fort ; 3 miles N. of Mayenfeld ; which 
 was taken by General Massena, in March 1799. 
 LucENA, a town of Spain ; in Cordova ; 32 
 miles S. S. E. of Cordova, and 42 W. N. W. 
 of Granada. Pop. 13,500. 
 
 LucERA, a city of Naples ; capital of Capi- 
 tanata, and a bishopV see. The town is small, 
 but populous, and has a. manufacture of cloth. 
 It is 75 miles N. E. of Naples. Lone. 15, 34. 
 E. lat. 41. 28. N. 
 
 LucEUNA, a town of Piedmont ; in a valley 
 of its name ; 15 miles S, W. of Turin. 
 
 Lucerne, canton of Switzerland, containing 
 a superficial extent of 740 square miles ; and 
 bounded by the cantons of Underwalden, 
 Schweitz, and Zurich. The air is mild, and 
 the soil uncommonly fertile. Freedom and 
 openness of manners characterize the inha- 
 bitants, who are Roman Catholics, and com- 
 puted at 106,500. 
 
 Lucerne, the capital of the above canton, 
 is divided into two parts by a branch of tha 
 Reuss, which here enters the Lake of Lucerne. 
 It has no manufactures of consequence, and 
 
 little commerce, the merchants being prind- 
 poUy engaged in the con-.mission business, upon 
 'j'oods passing between Italy and Germany, 
 over Mount St. Gothard and the Lucerne lake. 
 Pop. 6750. It is 30 miles S. W. of Zurich, 
 and 42 E. of Berne. Long. 8. 14. E. lat. 47. 
 O.N. 
 
 Lucerne, or Waldstadter, a lake of Swit- 
 zerland ; between the cantons of Underwalden, 
 Lucerne, Schweitz, and Uri. It consists of a 
 number of detached parts, forming in a man- 
 ner, separate lakes. It is the largest, as well 
 as the most romantic lake in the interior of 
 Switzerland, being 25 miles long and from 2 to 4 
 broad. 
 
 LucHOW, a town of Hanover ; in the duchy 
 of Luncburg j seated on the Jeatze ; 3G miles 
 S. of Luneburg. 
 
 LucFA, St., one of the Caribbee islands : 27 
 miles long and 12 broad. It consists of plains 
 well watered with rivulets, and hills furnished 
 with timber; and has several good bays and com- 
 modious harbours By the peace of 1763 this 
 island was allotted to France. In 1803 it was 
 taken by the English, and confirmed to them by 
 the treaty of Paris, in 1814. There are two high 
 mountains, by which this island may h. lzT.o:'n 
 at a considerable distance. Its N. erd is 21 
 miles S. of Martinico. Long. 60. 61. W. lat. 
 14. 0. N. 
 
 Lucia, St., one of the Cape de Verde islands, 
 to the W. of that of St. Nicholas. Long. 24. 32. 
 W. lat. 16. 45. N. 
 
 Lucia, St., a town of Sicily, in Val di De- 
 mona ; 16 miles W. of Maasina. 
 
 Lucia, St., a town of Buenos Ayres ; on a 
 river of the same name ; 30 miles N. of Monte 
 Video and 340 N. by W. of Buenos Ayres.— 
 It is also the name of several settlements in S. 
 America, none of which require particular 
 notice. 
 
 LuciANA, a town of Spain ; in Andalusia ; 8 
 miles W. N. W. of Ecija. 
 
 Lucito, a town of Naples ; in the Molise ; 
 1 1 miles N. E. of Molise. 
 
 LucKAU, a town of the Prussian states ; in 
 Lower Lusatia. It is seated in a swampy coun- 
 try, on the Breste ; 65 miles N. of Dresden. 
 
 Luckenwald, a town of Prussian Saxony; 
 seated on the Nute ; 32 miles S. of Berlin. 
 
 LucKFORD, a town of Dorsetshire ; W. of 
 Holme ; on the river Luckford, which fall into 
 the Frome, and forms the W, boundaries of 
 Purbeck Isle. 
 
 LucKNow, an ancient city of Hindostan,and 
 capital of Oude. It is a large, but poorly built, 
 and the streets are narrow and crooked. The 
 palace of the nabob is situated on a high bank 
 near the Goomty, and commands an extensive 
 view both of that river and the country on 
 the eastern side. Adjoining the palace is a 
 cantonment of one of the East India Com- 
 pany's regiments of native infantry ; and in 
 the vicinity is the dwelling of the British re- 
 sident. 
 
 Luco, a town of Naples ; on the W. bank of 
 the lake Celano ; 9 miles S. S. W. of Celano. 
 Li'coN, a town of France ; de]iiirtment of 
 
s being prind- 
 business, upon 
 and Germany, 
 ! Lucerne lake. 
 W. of Zurich, 
 14. E. lat. 47. 
 
 i lake of Swit- 
 ' Underwalden, 
 t consists of a 
 ing in a man- 
 argest, as well 
 ;he interior of 
 ind from 2 to 4 
 
 1 in the duchy 
 tze ; 3G miles 
 
 se islands : 27 
 sists of plains 
 lills furnished 
 bays and com- 
 ! of 1763 this 
 n 1803 it was 
 led to them by 
 e are two high 
 nay h. kr.GV'n 
 ^r. erd is 21 
 0, 61. W. lat. 
 
 Verde islarids, 
 Long. 24. 32. 
 
 in Val di De- 
 
 Ayres ; on a 
 N. of Monte 
 nos Ayree. — 
 lementsin S. 
 :e particular 
 
 indalusia ; 8 
 
 I the Molise ; 
 
 n states ; in 
 ivampy coun- 
 f Dresden, 
 ian Saxony j 
 f Berlin, 
 lire ; W. of 
 lich fall into 
 oundariea of 
 
 ndostan.and 
 poorly built, 
 3oked. The 
 a high bank 
 an extensive 
 country on 
 palace is a 
 India Com- 
 try ; and in 
 i British re- 
 
 I W. bank of 
 of Ct'lano. 
 iiiirtment of 
 
 LUC 445 
 
 Vendee ; seated on a morns3, on the canal of 
 Fontenay; 20 miles W. of Fontenay, and SO S. 
 of Nantes. 
 
 LU90NIA, or Manilla, the chief of the Phi- 
 lippine islands ; 400 miles in length, and 100 in 
 breadth. It is not so hot as might be expected, 
 being well watered by largo lakes and rivers, 
 and the periodical rains, which inundate the 
 plains. There are several volcanoes in the 
 mountains, which occasion earthquakes. The 
 produce is wax, cotton, indigo, tobacco, sugar, 
 coffee, wild cinnamon, sulphur, cocoa-nuts, 
 rice, &c. Gold is found in various parts of tne 
 island ; and horses, buffaloes, and a variety of 
 game abound. The inhabitants are, for the 
 most part, a well disposed people, and, before 
 their subjugation, were distributed into mud 
 villages. Under the tyranny of the Spanish 
 government they have became indolent, and 
 destitute of energy. The interior, however, is 
 occupied by a savage race, whom the Spaniards 
 have not been able to subdue. They carry on 
 a small traffic in gold, wax, and tobacco, in 
 exchange for cattle. Area, 65,000 square 
 miles. Pop. 1,760,000. Long. 122. 0. E. lat. 
 
 LucRiNO. See Licola. 
 Lucr, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Savoy ; 16 miles N. of Chambery. 
 
 LuDAUAK, a county of central Africa ; 
 bounded on the S. by Kaarta and Bambarra, 
 and N. by the Sahara or Great Desert. It is 
 inhabited by a race of Moors, who are almost 
 strangers to agriculture, and depend for sub- 
 flistance on the rearing of cattle. In religion 
 they are Mahomedans of the most bigoted and 
 intolerant character, as was fully proved in 
 the case of Major Houghton, who was mur- 
 dered here ; and of Mr. Park, who was kept in 
 long captivity, and with difficulty made his 
 escape. 
 
 LuDKNCiiEiD, a town of Prussian Westphalia ; 
 with manufactures of iron and cloth ; 28 miles 
 N. E. of Cologne. 
 
 LuDOERSHALL, a village in Wiltshire ; it is 
 15 miles N. of Salisbury, and 71 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Ludlow, a borough in Shropshire ; with a 
 market on Monday. It has a castle, now fast 
 going to decay, where all business was formerly 
 transacted for the principality of Wales. This 
 castle and town were held forthe empress Maud, 
 against king Stephen, and besieged by him. 
 Edward V. resided here at the time of his 
 father's death, and was carried hence to London. 
 Arthur, prince of Wales, son of Henry VII., 
 held a court, and died here. Ludlow has a 
 BtJitoly church, an elegant town-house, a com- 
 modious market-house, several meeting-houses 
 for dissenters, two alms-houses, a free school, 
 a charity school, and a national . school. It 
 returns two members to parliament. It is 
 seated on theTeme ; 21 miles from Shrewsbury, 
 and 142 from London. Long. 2. 42. W. lat 
 52. 23. N. 
 
 LuuwiGSBURO, a town of Germany, in 
 Wirtemberg ; with manufactures of cloth, da- 
 mask linen, and marble pai)er. It is seated 
 
 LUN 
 
 on the Neckar ; 6 miles N. of Stutgard. Pop. 
 4500. ' 
 
 LuDWiosBURo, a town of the Prussian states, 
 in Pomerania, near the Baltic Sea, 6 miles E. N. 
 E. of Greifswalde. 
 
 LuoA. a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Petersburg; on a river of the same name; 9G 
 miles S. of Petersburg. 
 
 Lugano, a town of Italyj capital of the Swiss 
 canton of Ticino ; with a considerable trade in 
 silk. It is built round a gentle curve of the 
 lake Lugano, and backed by an amphitheatre of 
 hills. The principal church is seated on an 
 eminence above the town. It is 17 miles N. 
 W. of Como. Pop. 4500. Long. 8. 57. E. lat. 
 45. 54. N. 
 
 Lugano, a lake in the canton of Ticino ; 25 
 miles in length, and from 3 to 6 in breadth. Its 
 form is irregular, and bending into continual 
 smuosilies. It lies between the lakes Como 
 and Maggiore, but is above 180 feet higher than 
 either of them. 
 
 LuDQE, or LuDE, a town of Prussian West- 
 phalia ; seated on the Emmer, 24 miles N. N. E. 
 of Paderbom. 
 
 Lugo, a city of Spain, in Galicia, and a 
 bishop's see. It was once the metropolis of 
 Spain, but is now chiefly celebrated for its hot 
 medicinal springs. It is seated on the Minho , 
 60 miles E. N. E. of Compostella. Pop. 5000. 
 Long. 7. 32. W. lat. 43. 4. N. 
 
 Luis, St., a town of Buenos Ayres, in the 
 province of Tucuman ; 140 miles W. S. W. of 
 Cordova. Long. 67. 52. W. lat. 32. 10. S. 
 
 Luis DE LA Pas, St., a town of Mexico, in the 
 province of Mechoacan ; 120 miles N. by E. of 
 Mechoacan. 
 
 Luis de Potosi, St., a city of Mexico, in 
 the province of Mechoacan ; situate in the 
 midst of rich gold mines, and all the comforts of 
 life. The streets are neat and straight, and 
 the churches magnificent. It is 180 miles N. 
 by W. of Mechoacan. Long. 102. 54. W. lat. 
 22. 25. N. 
 
 Lui-TCKEOU, a city of China, of the first rank ; 
 in the province of Quang-tong. It is seated 
 in a fertile country, near the sea j 315 miles 
 S. W. of Canton. Long. 109. 25. E. lat. 20 
 58. N. 
 
 LuLEA, a seaport of Sweden, in Bothnia ; with 
 a good harbour. Near it is a mountain of iron 
 ore. It stands on a river of the siime name, at 
 the N. W. extremity of the Gulf of Bothnia ; 
 115 miles N. N. E. of Uma. Long. 22. 12. E. 
 lat. 65. 32. N. 
 
 LuMBERTO.v, a town of N. Carolina ; chief of 
 Robeson county; situate on Drowning Creek ; 
 32 miles S. of Fayetteville, and 65 N. W. of 
 Wilmington. 
 
 LuMELLo, a town of the Sardinian states ; 
 formerly the residence of the kings of Loni- 
 bardy, but now a small place. It is seated 
 on the Gogna ; 44 miles E. N. E, of Turin. 
 Pop. 3250. 
 
 IjUND. a town "f Sweden, in iho. province of 
 Scania. It carries on but little trade, and is 
 principally supported by its university, founded 
 by Charles XL, and from him called Academia 
 
LUN 
 
 446 
 
 LUX 
 
 f >''■' 
 
 Carolina Gothorum. The cathedral is an 
 ancient irregular building. It is 21 miles E. 
 of Copenhagen, and 38 S. W. of Christianstadt. 
 Pop. 3500. Long. 13. 12. E. lat.55. 42. N. 
 
 LuNDEN, a town of Denmark, in N. Dits- 
 marsch ; seated near the Eyder ; 22 miles W. of 
 Rendsburg. 
 
 LuNDV, an island at the entrance of the Bris- 
 tol Channel, about 12 miles from the Devon- 
 shire coast : it has a lighthouse on its summit. 
 It is about S miles long, and 2 broad ; and 
 in the N. part is a high pyramidical rock, 
 called the Constable. Long. 4. 8. W. lat. 61, 
 18. N. 
 LuNE. See Loynb. 
 
 LuNEL, a town of Trance, in the department 
 of Gard ; near the river Ridourle. It has ex- 
 cellent muscadine wine. It is 16 miles E. of 
 Montpelier. 
 
 LuNEN, a town of Westphalia ; in the county 
 of Marck ; situate at the conflux of the Zeziak 
 with the Lippe ; 20 miles S. by W. of Munster. 
 LuNENBuno, or Luneduro, a province of 
 Hanover ; formerly a duchy of the German 
 empire ; lying along the left bank of the Elbe. 
 A small portion, lying on the right bank of the 
 Elbe, now belongs to Denmaikj but Hanoverian 
 Lunenburg comprises a superficial extent of 
 423G square miles, with 265,000 inhabitants. It 
 is watered by the rivers Aller, Elbe, Ilmenau, 
 Oker, Jeetze, Fuhse, and some smaller streams; 
 and part of it is full of heaths and forests ; but 
 near the river it is tolerably fertile. 
 
 Lunenburo, a large fortified town ; capital 
 of the foregoing province. The chief public 
 edifices are the places for public worship, the 
 palace, three hospitals, the town-house, the salt 
 magazine, the anatomical theatre, and the aca- 
 demy. The salt springs near this place an 
 very productive. It is situate on the Ilmenau ; 
 36 miles S. E. of Hamburgh, and 60 N.of Bruns- 
 wick. Pop. 12,000. 
 
 LuNEViLLE, a town of France ; department 
 of Meurthe. In its castle the dukes of Lorrain 
 formerly kept th?u' court, as did afterwards 
 king Stanislaus. In 1131 a treaty of peace was 
 concluded here between France and Austria. 
 Luneville is seiitod in a plain between the rivers 
 Veaoul and Meurthej 14 miles E.S.E. of Nancy, 
 and 62 W. of Strasburg. Long. 6. 30. E. lat.' 
 48.36. N. Pop. 11,250. 
 
 LuNQRO, a town of Naples, in Basilieata ; 
 chiefly inhabited by Greeks; 35 miles N. N. W. 
 of Cosenza. 
 
 Lupow, a town of Pomerania, on a river of 
 the same name ; 1 5 miles E. of Stolpe. 
 
 Lure, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Saone ; celebrated for a late abbey of Benedic- 
 tines, converted, in 1764, into a chapter of noble 
 canons. It is seated near the Ougnon ; 30 miles 
 N. E. of Besanfon. 
 
 LuRGAN, a town of Ireland ; in the county 
 of Armagh ; with an extensive linen manu- 
 facture ; 1 4 miles N. E. of Armagh, and 07 N. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 LiisATiA; n mar<?raviate of Genr.auv: .90 mll.-a 
 long, rnd 60 broad; bounded on the N. by Bran- 
 denburg, E. by Silesia, S.by Bohemia, and W. by 
 
 Saxony. It is divided into Upjjer and Lower Lu- 
 satia, formerly two distinct states, which became 
 subject to Saxony, and formed a province of that 
 power until 1815. The whole of Lower Lusatia, 
 which forms the northern part of thomargraviate, 
 now belongs to Prussia, as does also one-half of 
 Upper Lusatia, which is included in the govern- 
 ment of Leignitz : the part that remains to 
 baxony is computed at 1 170 square miles, with 
 195,000 mhabitjints. Upper Lusatia abounds 
 more m mountains and hills than the Lower, 
 m which are many boggy and moorish tracts ■ 
 yet It is the most fruitful. The breeding of 
 cattle is very considerable, and there is plenty 
 of game; but the products of the country do 
 not supply the necessities of the inhabitants. 
 This want is compensated by its numerous 
 manufactures, particularly those of cloths and 
 linens. Chiei town, Bautien, 
 
 LusiGNAN, a town of France; department of 
 Vienne; seated on the Vonne; 15 miles S. S. 
 W. of Poitiers. 
 
 Luso, a river of Italy, which rises in the 
 duchy of Urbino, crosses part of Romagno, and 
 enters the Gulf of Venice; 10 miles N. of 
 Rimini. 
 
 Luton, a town of Bedfoidshire ; with a 
 market on Monday. The population is prin- 
 cipally employed in the straw plait making. 
 It IS situate on the river Lea; 18 miles S. of 
 Bedford, and 31 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Lutterbero, a town of Hanover ; in the 
 principality of Grubinhagen; seated on the 
 Oder; 15 miles S. of Gozlar. 
 
 Lutterworth, a town in Leicestershire; 
 with a market on Thursday. It has a large 
 and handsome church. Wickliff, the cele- 
 brated reformer, was rector, and died here, in 
 1387. Lutterworth has little trade, being 
 principally supported by the neighbourint 
 opulent graziers. It is seated on the river 
 Swift; 14 miles S. of Leicester, and 88 N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 LuTZELSTEiN, a town of France; depart- 
 ment of Lower Rhine; with a strong castle ; 
 seated on a mountain; 30 miles N. W. of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 LuTZEN, a town of Saxony ; in the prin- 
 cijtahty of Merseherg ; belonging to Prussia- 
 with a castle. Poji. 135C. Near this place, 
 in 1632, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, 
 was killed in a battle, at the moment of victory. 
 Lutzon is also celebrated for the defeat of the 
 unite<l forces of Russia and Prussia, by Bona- 
 l)arte, in May, 1813. It is seated on the 
 Elster; 11 miles W. S. W. of Leipsic. 
 
 Luxemburg, a province of the Netherlands; 
 bounded by the Prussian states on the Rliine, 
 a part of the French frontier, and the Bolgic 
 provinces of Namur and Liege, and comprising 
 a Rupcrficial area of 2400 square miles, with 
 293,600 inhabitants. It gives the title of 
 grand duke to the sovereign. The surface is 
 mountainous and woody, being traversed by 
 branches of the Ardennes; and the climate is 
 cokler than that of the other piuviucos. The 
 principal river is the Moselle. Corn, potiitoes, 
 flax, and some wine are raised; the rearing of 
 
LUX 
 
 447 
 
 rand Lower Lu- 
 9, which bucamo 
 province ofthat 
 :' Lower Lusatia, 
 tliomargraviate, 
 also one-half of 
 il in the govern- 
 hat remains to 
 uare miles, with 
 ^usatia abounds 
 han the Lower, 
 moorish tracts ; 
 ?he breeding of 
 there is plenty 
 the country do 
 he inhabitants. 
 ■ its numerous 
 ) of cloths and 
 
 department of 
 15 miles S. S. 
 
 ch rises in the 
 ' Romagno, and 
 miles N. of 
 
 shire ; with a 
 ilation is prin- 
 plait making. 
 18 miles S. of 
 ondon. 
 
 never ; in the 
 Seated on the 
 
 Leicestershire ; 
 
 It has a large 
 
 liif, the cele- 
 
 . died here, in 
 
 trade, being 
 
 neighbouring 
 
 on the river 
 
 ind 88 N. W. 
 
 ince ; depart- 
 strong castle ; 
 ;es N, W. of 
 
 in the prin- 
 ; to Prussia; 
 ar this place, 
 g of Sweden, 
 ent of victory, 
 defeat of the 
 sia, by Bona- 
 lated on the 
 ipsic. 
 
 Netherlands; 
 m the llliine, 
 d the Bolgic 
 id comprising 
 e miles, with 
 
 the title of 
 he surface is 
 traversed by 
 he climate is 
 viiicos. The 
 )rn, potatoes, 
 le rearing of 
 
 LYO 
 
 cattle forms an important branch of industry 
 and there are manufactures of woollen and' 
 iron; but the chief wealth of the province con- 
 
 !o!;\'r„ ''* ^"7^'*' ^'"'=^» "<='="Py upwards of 
 460 000 acres, f It is divided into the districts 
 of Luxemburg, Dietkirch, and Neufchntenu, 
 In the partition of Europe in 181,5, it was 
 ceded to the kingdom of the Netherlands, and 
 on the separation of Belgium from that kins- 
 dom, It was claimed by them; and the pos- 
 session of It IS still disputed by those powers. 
 
 _ LuxEMDuuo Mm capital of the above pro- 
 vince, and one the strongest towns in Eu- 
 rope. It is divided by the Alsitz into the 
 Upper and Lower Town ; the former almost 
 surrounded by rocks, but the latter seated in a 
 plain. In 1795 it surrendered to the French 
 but was restored in 1814. It is 22 miles w! 
 
 I„,3"r in'T','.""*^ '•■'" S- E- of Brussels. 
 Long. 6. 10. E. lat. 49. 37. N. Pop. 11,500 
 
 LuxEuiL, a town of France; department of 
 tpper baone; near which are some mineral 
 waters and warm baths. It is seated at the 
 foot of the Vosges; 14 miles from Vesoul. 
 1 op. 3250. 
 
 Luxor, a village of Upper Egypt; on the 
 site of the ancient Thebes; and in which were 
 two fomous obelisks, one of which has been 
 removed to the Place Louis XIV.. in Paris. 
 Lat. 25. 41. N. long. 32. 41. E. 
 
 LuYo and Chillaos, a province of Peru ; 
 bounded E. by mountains, N. a)id N. W bv 
 the province of Jaen, and S. E. by that of 
 Caxamarca. It is 54 miles in length, and 24 
 m breadth, and contains 3500 inhabitants. The 
 capital has the same name, and is in lone 77 
 41. W. lat. 5. 33. S. 
 
 Luz, St. Jean db, a town of France; depart- 
 ment of Upper Pyrenees ; 27 miles S. W. of 
 Tarbes. Pop. 2250. 
 
 LuzAUA, a strong town of Austrian Italy in 
 the provmco of Mantua ; where a battle was 
 tought between the Austrians and the French 
 and Spaniards, in 1702. when each side claimed 
 the victory. It is seated near the conflux of 
 the Crostolo with the Po; 16 miles S. of 
 Mantua. 
 
 LuzARciiES, a town of France ; department 
 of Seme-et-Oise; 19 miles N. of Paris. 
 
 Luzerne, a county of Pennsylvania; bounded 
 N. by lioga county, New York; E. and S. E. 
 by Northampton, and W. by Lyco' ing and 
 r«lorthumbcrland counties. It is :.oout 79 
 miles in length, and 75 in breadth, and is 
 rtmded mto 12 townships. Pop. 44,000. 
 Wilksbarre is the chief town. Pop. 1718 
 
 Luzon. See Luconia. 
 
 rn,^^","' ^ '""'" °^ ^^•-'"* ' "''*'i a market on 
 ihirsday. It is a member of the cinque port 
 ot llomney, and seated in Rflmney Marsh • 
 25 miles S. W. of Dover, and 72 S. E. of 
 liOndon. 
 
 Lyge, a town of Norway; near a lake of the 
 same name; 16 miles N. W. of Christiansand. 
 
 Mme, or Lyme Reqis. a borough and seo- 
 port 111 Uursetshire ; market on Friday. It 
 returns one member to parliament. It is 
 seated on the side of a craggy hill, on the river 
 
 Lyme, at the head of a little inlet ; and its 
 harbnur is formed by two very thick walls 
 callid the Cobbe. Here the Duke of Mon' 
 mouth landed, in 1j85, for the execution of 
 his ill-judged design against James II. Lyme 
 IS the birthplace of Thomas Coram, the bene- 
 volent patron and contriver of the Foundlinn 
 Hospital in London. It is 20 miles E of 
 Exeter, and 143 S. W. of London. 
 
 Lymfiobd, a gulf of Denmark, in North Jut- 
 land ; which has a narrow entrance from the 
 Cattegat, and extends l!0 miles across the 
 country, widening gradually, and forming 
 several branches ; the W. end is 20 miles long, 
 and separated from the North Sea only by a 
 narrow bank. 
 
 Lymington, a borough in Hampshire; go- 
 verned by a mayor ; with a market on Satur- 
 day. It is seated on a rive- of its name, a mile 
 from the sea ; and the harbour will admit ves- 
 sels of 300 tons burden. The chief trade is in 
 salt; and it is much resorted to in summer for 
 sea-bathing. Near it are the remains of a 
 Roman camp; .and in 1744 nearly 2001bs. 
 weight of their coins were discovered here iti 
 two urns. It returns two members to parlia- 
 ment. It is in miles S. S. W. of Southamp. 
 ton, and 88 S. W. of London. 
 
 Lynchburo, a town of Virginia, in Campbell 
 county, on the S. side of James River; 166 
 miles W. of Richmond. 
 
 Lyndhurst, a village in Hampshire; on tne 
 N. side of the New Forest, 9 miles W. S. W. 
 of Southampton. Here are the king's house 
 and the king's stables, the latter very large • 
 and all the forest courts are held heie. ' 
 
 Lynn, a town of Massachusets, in Essex 
 county ; with a considerable manufacture of 
 women's silk and cloth shoes. It is 9 miles 
 S. S. W. of Salem, and JO N. E. of Boston. 
 Pop. 9369. 
 
 Lynn, or Lynn Regis, a borough nnd sea- 
 port of Norfolk; governed by a mayor; with 
 markets on Tuesday and Saturday. It sends 
 two members to parliament. By the Ouse. 
 and its associated rivers, it supplies .nost of the' 
 midland counties with coal, timber, and wine ; 
 nnd Jn return, exports malt and corn in great 
 quantities : it also partakes in the Baltic trade 
 nnd Greenland fishery. Lynn has a large 
 market-plflce, with an elegant cross. It is 42 
 miles W. N. W. of Norwich, and 96 N. bv E. 
 of London. Long. 0. 24. E. lat. 52. 40. >f. 
 
 L\oNNois, a former provir.ca of France • 
 lying on the W. side of the Saone and Rhone ; 
 30 miles in length, and 17 in breadth. This 
 province, with Forez and Beaujolois, now 
 forms the department of the Rhone and the. 
 Loire. 
 
 Lyons, a city of France ; capital of the de- 
 partment of Rhone, and the see of an arch- 
 bishop. Many antiquities are still observed 
 which evince its Roman origin. It was Ion' 
 considered as the second city of France, in 
 je.ii!ty, ps^e, and population, nui superior to 
 inns in trade, commerce, and manufactures. 
 Ihe quays were adorned with magnifi-ent 
 structures ; the cathedi-al was a majestic Go- 
 
LYO 
 
 443 
 
 MAC 
 
 thic eJiflce; and the town-houso wna one of 
 the moat heautiful in Europe. Tlio other 
 principal buildings were the exchange, the 
 custom-house, the palace of justice, the arsenal, 
 a theatre, a public library, two colleges, and 
 two hospitals. The bridge which unites the 
 city with the suburb de la Guillotiere is 1560 
 feet long; and there are three other principal 
 suburbs, six gates, and several fine churches. 
 Such was Lyons in June, 1793, when it re- 
 volted against the national convention. Being 
 obliged to surrender in October, the convention 
 decreed that the walls and public buildings 
 should be destroyed, and the name of the city 
 changed to that of Villo Affranchie. The 
 chiefs of the insurgents had fled, but several 
 of them were afterwards taken ; and, of 3528 
 persons who were tried before the revolutionary 
 tribunal, 1682 were either shot or beheaded. 
 In 1794, however, on the destruction of the 
 faction of the jacobins, the convention decreed 
 that the city should resume its ancient name, 
 and that measures should be taken to restore 
 its manufactures and commerce. In 1795 
 the friends of those who were so wantonly put 
 to death in 1793, avenged their fate by a 
 general massacre of the judges of the revolu- 
 tionary tribunal, and of all the jacobins who 
 were then confined in the prisons of Lyons. 
 Notwithstanding, Lyons has begun to resume 
 
 its ancient celebrity, and is now a place of 
 very great trade, which is extended not only 
 through France, but to Italy, Switzerland 
 and Spain ; and there are four celebrated fairs 
 every year. The chief article of manufacture 
 now is that of silk ; the others are gold and 
 silver brocade, plain, double, and striped vel- 
 vet, richly embroidered taffeta, and satin ; also 
 ';oId and silver laces, or galloons, gauze, hats, 
 iibbons, leather, carpets, and coloured paper. 
 The printing and bookselling of this place are 
 the next to Paris in importance. It was the 
 scene of several actions between the French 
 and Austrians in 1814 ; and, on the return of 
 Bonaparte from Elba, in 1815, the princes of 
 the house of Bourbon were obliged to withdraw. 
 The city is seated at the conflux of the Saone 
 with the Rhone; 15 miles N. of Vienne, and 
 280 S. E. of Paris. Pojiulation about 1 86,000. 
 Long. 4. 49. E. lat. 45. 46. N. 
 
 Lyons, a town of North America; state of 
 New York ; an improving place; situated on 
 the Western Canal ; 16 miles N. of Geneva, 
 and 20 N. £. of Canandaiguo. 
 
 Lythe, a village of North Yorkshire, on the 
 seacoast ; 4 miles W. N. W. of Whitby; noted 
 for its extensive alum-works. 
 
 Lythah, a town in Lancashire; 5 miles from 
 Kirkham, and 230 from London. 
 
 M. 
 
 JiJ: ai 
 
 Maadier, a lake of Lower Egypt, between 
 Alexandria and Aboukir, on the coast of the 
 Delta; it is divided from Lake Mareotis on the 
 S. W, by a neck of land, on which runs the 
 Alexandrian Canal, or £1 Kaliss. 
 
 Maalhorie, a promontory and small island 
 of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of the Isle of 
 Islay. 
 
 Maartensdyke, a town of the Netherlands, 
 in the province of Zealand ; on the island of 
 Tholm ; 9 miles W. N. W. of Bergen-op- 
 Zoom. 
 
 Mabba, a town of Algiers, seated on the Gulf 
 of Bona ; 10 miles W. of Bona. 
 
 Macao, a town in China, in the province of 
 Quang-tung, in the Bay of Canton, from which 
 it is distant 55 miles. It is the only settlement 
 possessed by Europeans in the extensive empire 
 of China. The town is situated on a sandy 
 peninsula, connected with the island of Macao 
 by a neck of land, on which is a Chinese fort and 
 wall, and beyond which no European is allowed 
 to pass, and which circumscribes the space to 
 about 3 miles long and 1 wide. The Portu- 
 guese, to whom the town nominally belongs, 
 and who have a custom-house, and who are 
 masters of the strong fortifications, pay an an- 
 nual ground-rent for the town. The British 
 and other European nations have factories in 
 the town, which is 30 miles below the island of 
 Liutin, and beyond which no ship of war is 
 allowed to proceed, and 45 miles below Wham- 
 
 poa, where merchant ships stop, 10 miles below 
 Canton. The first Portuguese settlement was 
 in 1537; but they gradually proceeded to gain 
 a firm footing, till it became the centre of the 
 commerce which they carried on with Japan, 
 China, and the eastern islands, and was then a 
 more important place than at present. After 
 1638 it declined, and is now inhabited by about 
 6000 Portuguese, and the Chinese are estimated 
 30,000. Long. 113. 30. E. lat. 22. 13. N. 
 
 Macarsca, a seaport of Austrian Dalmatia, 
 and a bishop's see. In its vicinity are many 
 subterraneous grottoes. It is seated on the 
 Gulf of Venice ; 36 miles S. E. of Spalatro. 
 Long. 18. 7. E. lat. 43. 49. N. 
 
 Macas, a town of Colombia, the capital of a 
 fertile district of Del Escudor. The town was 
 formerly a rich and flourishing place, but it is 
 greatly decayed. It is seated on one of the 
 sources of the Amazon ; 138 miles S. by E. of 
 Quito. 
 
 Macassar, formerly a considerable kingdom 
 of the island of Celebes. Its princes at one 
 period ruled over almost the whole island, and 
 also over several of the neighbouring ones. 
 Since that time, howevei, the empire has been 
 completely subverted by the Dutch. 
 
 Macassar, the chief settlement of the Dutch 
 in the above territory, called by them Fort Rot- 
 terdam ; with a respectable fort and a good 
 harbour ; but the latter is of difficult access. 
 Chinese junks carry on a direct trade with 
 
 •1 
 
 J 
 
low a place of 
 ;ndcil not only 
 y, Switzerland 
 celebruted fairs 
 of manufucture 
 8 are gold and 
 nd striped vel- 
 find 8utin ; also 
 18, gnuzc, hats, 
 loloured paper, 
 this place are 
 :e. It was the 
 en the French 
 I the return of 
 the princes of 
 ed to withdraw. 
 ; of the Saone 
 of Vienne, and 
 about 1 86,000. 
 
 lerica; state of 
 ;c; situated on 
 N. of Geneva, 
 
 irkshire, on the 
 Whitby; noted 
 
 B; 5 miles from 
 
 10 miles below 
 lettlement was 
 seeded to gain 
 centre of the 
 n with Japan, 
 >nd was then a 
 iresent. Afler 
 bited by about 
 I are estimated 
 2. 13. N. 
 ian Dalmatia, 
 nity are many 
 leated on the 
 ). of Spalatro. 
 
 tie capital of a 
 The town was 
 )lacc,but it is 
 )n one of the 
 les S. by E. of 
 
 •able kingdom 
 )rinces at one 
 )Ic island, and 
 bouring ones, 
 ipire has been 
 ;h. 
 
 ; of the Dutch 
 leni Fort llot- 
 ; and a good 
 ifficult access. 
 ;ct trade with 
 
 MAC 
 
 449 
 
 MAD 
 
 Chma ttoTA this place ; so that the mixed popu- 
 latiou, of Dutch and half-castes, Chinese and 
 natives, amounts to about 100,000. The Por- 
 tuguese settled here about 1525, but were ex- 
 pelled by the Dutch in 1660. The British 
 took possession of it in 1810, but restored it in 
 /v o J} ""eated at the mouth of a river, on 
 the S. W. coast, and at the S. end of the Strait 
 of Macassar. Long. 119. 49. E. lat. 5. 9. S. 
 _ Macassah, a strait which separates the 
 oh" 'm"^ .Ce'e'^e* an<l Boi-nco. It is about 
 d50 miles m length, and from 50 to 140 in 
 m breadth, and contains numerous shoals and 
 rocky islands. 
 
 Macclesfield, a borough in Cheshire ; mar- 
 kets on Tuesday and Saturday. It returns two 
 members to parliament. It has manufactures 
 ot mohair, twist, hatbands, buttons, and thread, 
 and mills for the winding of silk. It is a large 
 handsome town, and contains two churches 
 seven meeting-houses for dissenters, a Roman 
 Catholic chapel, three almshouses for widows- 
 a free grammar-school, founded by Edward VI ' 
 and two Sunday-schools. It is seated at the 
 edge of a forest, near the river Bollin ; 36 miles 
 E. of Chester, and 167 N. W. of London 
 Long. 2. 17. W. lat. 53. 15. N. 
 
 Macduff, a town of Scotland, in Banffshire 
 With a good harbour, on the Frith of Morav- 
 2 miles E. of Banff. ^ ' 
 
 Macedon, or Macedonia, a celebrated pro- 
 vince of Greece; bounded by Thrace, Bulgaria 
 Servia, Thessaly, and the Archipelago. The' 
 soil 18, for the most part, fertile, and the coasts 
 m particular abound in corn, wine, oil, tobacco 
 &.C. Pop. 700,000. Salonica is the capital. ' 
 Maceira. See Maziera. 
 Macerata, a town of Italy, in the Papal 
 States ; it is the see of a bishop, and contains 
 a university, two academies, a public school, and 
 about 1 0.000 inhabitants. The principal gate is 
 built in the form of a triumphal arch. In 1797 
 it was taken by the French. It is seated on a 
 hill by the river Chienti ; 22 miles S. by W of 
 Ancona. Long. 13. 27. B. lat. 4.3. 20. N. 
 
 Machala, a town of Colombia, in the depart- 
 ment of Quito. The environs produce groat 
 quantities of excellent cocoa ; also large man- 
 grove-trees, the wood of which is very durable 
 and so heavy as to sink in water. It stands' 
 near the Bay of Guayaquil ; 86 miles S. of 
 Guayaquil. 
 
 MAciiEnny, a to^vn of Ilindostan, capital of 
 a district of the same name, in the province of 
 Agra. It is 70 miles S. S. VV. of Delhi. 
 
 Mvcui.vN, the most fertile of the Molucca 
 Islniids, which rises like a conic mountain from 
 the sea. It is 20 miles in circumference, and 
 produces excellent cloves. Lone. 126. 55. E 
 lat. 0. 28. N. 
 
 Machias, a seaport of the state of Maine, in 
 
 M aslungton county. In 1792 Washington aca- 
 <Icmy was established here. The trade is con- 
 siderable in fish, lumber, boards, shingles, and 
 hewed timber. It stands on a bay of itsnumt- • 
 65 miles E. N. E. of Castine. Long. 67. 45 W 
 li;t. 44. 40. N. 
 Macfilin, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire ; 
 
 seated on an eminence near the river Avr • 3 
 miles E. N. E. of Ayr. ' ' 
 
 Machynlleth, a town of Wales, in Mont- 
 gomeryshire, with a market on Wednesday. 
 m the vicinity are extensive slate quarries and 
 several productive lead mines ; the staple manu- 
 facture is that of flannel. Here Owen Glendwr 
 exercised his first acts of royalty, in 1402 The 
 toym is seated near the Dyfi, over which is a 
 bridge into Merionethshire ; 37 miles W. of 
 Montgomery, and 207 N. W. of London. 
 
 Mackenzie's River, a considerable river of 
 TVlin ^."f" ' discovered by Mackenzie, in 
 1780. which issues from the Slave Lake, and 
 flows to the Frozen Ocean, in long. 135. W 
 and lat. 69. N. s • " . 
 
 Macon, or Mascon, a city of France, capital 
 of the department of Saone-et-Loire ; cele- 
 brated for Its wine. It is seated on the side of 
 ?. ', r^^*/.'''^^''*'"® 5 ^"^ '"''e* N.of Lyons. 
 1& "'^^°- ^""g- *' '*"• E. lat. 46. 20. N 
 Macquarie Harbour, an extensive land- 
 locked basin, on the W.side of Van Dieraen's 
 Jusnd. On Sarah Island was a penalsettlement 
 tor secondary punishments. 
 
 Macquarie, Port, a settlement in the E 
 coast of Australia, at the mouth of the Hastines 
 river, in lat. 31. 22. S. long. 152. 52. E.-Alfo 
 the name of a large river in New South Wales, 
 nsing W. of the Blue Mountains. It was dis- 
 covered in 1813, and it has since been traced to 
 Its junction with the Darling river. 
 , Macri, or Makri, a town of Asiatic Turkey 
 m Natolia, seated on a gulf of its name, in the 
 Mediterranean. Here are the ruins of an 
 amphitheatre and an old fort, and numerous 
 remains of Greek inscriptions. It is 125 miles 
 h. h. of Smyrna. Long. 29. 24. E. lat. 36. 
 oo. N. 
 
 Macro, or Macronisi. an island of the 
 Urecian Archipelago, near the coast of Livadia • 
 ^7 "^n^Vr^' °^ '^*^^"«- ^''"«- 24. 16. E. lat! 
 
 Macuoom, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 w Cork. It has a handsome court-house and 
 chapel. Macroom Castle is a building of great 
 beauty, and of great antiquity; 191 miles from 
 Uubhn. 
 Mactan. See Matan. 
 Macula, a seaport of Arabia, in the province 
 of Hadramaut ; 150 miles S. W. of Shibam 
 Long. 47. 50. E. lat. 13. 25. N. 
 
 Madagascar, an island lying on the eastern 
 coast of Africa ; about 800 miles in length 300 
 in breadth, and 2000 in circumference. It is 
 intersected throughout its whole length bv a 
 Cham of lofty niouiitiiins, the scenery of which 
 IS m many places strikingly grand and pic- 
 turesque. The climate is healthy, and the soil 
 extremely fertile ; its products are rice, sugar 
 and silk ; also potatoes. The cocoa-nut, the' 
 banana, and other useful trees, flourish here. 
 Ihe island rears no horses, or camels, but large 
 herds of oxen, some of which come to an enor- 
 mous size. The inhabitants are divided into a 
 number of tribes, and amount to about 4,000,000. 
 The natives, called Madagasses, or Malcgasses, 
 are commonly tall and well made, of an olive 
 

 MAD 
 
 450 
 
 MAD 
 
 comploxlun, whicli In «oino in pretty dark. Tlioir 
 liiiir is usually long nnd blnck, curlinji; natursiliy ; 
 their noses are small, though not flut. They 
 Boem to have had a great many Arnlw nmong 
 them, with whom they are mixed ; nnd there 
 iiro some of a yellowish complexion, who have 
 neater features than the rest. Although a po- 
 pulous country, tliey have no cities or towns, 
 but a great number of villages at a small dis- 
 tance from each other, composed of huts, with 
 doors so low that a boy of 12 years old cannot 
 enter them without stooping. They have neither 
 windows nor chimneys, and the roofs are covered 
 with reeds or leaves. Both men and women 
 are fond of bracelets and necklaces, and anoint 
 their bodies with grease or oil. Those that are 
 dresied in the best manner have a piece of cot- 
 ton, cloth, or silk, wrapped round their middle ; 
 but they generally make little use of clothinfj. 
 Their beds are only mats spread upon boards, 
 and a piece of wood or stone serves them for a 
 bolster. They are very superstitious, and jirac- 
 tise circumcision and polygamy. Madagascar 
 is happily exempt from the ravages of the lion 
 and the tiger, but here are great numlwrs of 
 locusts, crocodiles, and chameleons. The French 
 have frequently attempted to settle here, but 
 have always been driven hence ; and there are 
 only some parts on the coast yet known. The 
 chief settlement was at Port Dauphin, on the 
 S. E, const, in long. 47. 0. E. hit. 25. 0. S.; and 
 the place most visited by the Europeans is more 
 to the N., called Fouleponte. Long. 49. 50. E. 
 lat. 17. 40. S. 
 
 Madalena, a river of Terra Firma, which 
 rises in the mountains to the E. of Popnyan, 
 takes a northerly course of above 900 miles, 
 and enters the Caribbean Sea, by several mouths, 
 between Carthngena nnd St. Martha. 
 
 Madeira, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 
 54 miles long and 20 broad, and 250 N. by E. 
 of Teneriff. Area, 400 square miles. I'opu- 
 lation, almost entirely of Portuguese descent, 
 between 90,000 and 110,000. It may be cha- 
 racterized as one mountain, rising in the centre 
 to the height of 5068 feet, and exhibits evidences 
 of volcanic action. The Portuguese discovered 
 this island in 1419 ; but it was uninhabited, and 
 covered with wood, and on that account they 
 called it Madeira ; but it has been asserted that 
 it was visited prior to this, by an Englishman 
 named Macham, who had eloped with a French 
 lady. Prince Henry, the next year, settled a 
 colony here, and not only furnished it with the 
 plants and domestic animals common in Europe, 
 but procured slips of the vine from Cyprus, and 
 plants of the sugar-cane from Sicily ; and the 
 sugar and wine of Madeira quickly became 
 articles of some consequence in the commerce 
 of Portugal. The sugar-works have since been 
 removed, but its wine is now in the highest esti- 
 mation, especially such as has been a voyage to 
 the East or West Indies. It produces from 
 20,000 to 25,000 pipes annually, two-thirds of 
 which are exported. The scorching heat of 
 summer and the icy chill of winter are here un- 
 known ; for spring and autumn reign continually. 
 
 and produce flowers and fruits throughout the 
 year. The cedar tree is found in great abun- 
 ilance, and the dragon-tree is a native of this 
 island. Flowers nursed in the English green- 
 'honses grow wild hero in the fields j the hedges 
 are mostly formed of the geranium, rose, jas- 
 mine, and honeysuckle ; while the larkspur, 
 fleur-de-lis, lupin, &c., spring up spontaneously 
 in the meadows. There are few reptiles to bo 
 seen in the island ; the lizard is the most com- 
 mon. Canary birds nnd goldfinches are found 
 in the mountains. The hog is the food most 
 relished ; they are suft'ered to range nmong the 
 mountains, and are hunted and caught by dogs. 
 Saltetl cod is imported from America, and is the 
 chief diet of the poor. Madeira is well watered 
 and populous. The British factory settled in 
 this island consists of upwards of 20 commercial 
 houses, nnd have considerably more of its trade 
 than the Portuguese. In 11108 it surrendered, 
 conditionally, to tho English. Funchal is the 
 capital. 
 
 Madelt Mabket, a town in Shropshire, 
 with a market on Friday, held at tho foot of 
 Colobrook Dale Bridge. It is celebrated for 
 having afforded refuge to Charles I. afler tho 
 battle of Worcester. Here are some very ex- 
 tensive iron works. It is 9 miles N. of Bridge- 
 north, and 147 N. W. of London. 
 
 Madhugiri, a town cf Hindostan, in My- 
 sore, with a strong hill-fort. In its vicinity 
 much iron is smelted, and a great number of 
 cattle are bred. It is seated amid hills and 
 fertile valleys, 22 miles E. of Sera. 
 
 Madian, or Midian, a town of Arabia Pe- 
 traea, on the E. side of the eastern arm of the 
 lied Sea! The Arabians call it Megar el 
 Schuaid, the Grotto of Schuaid (or Jethro), 
 and suppose it to be the place where Moses 
 tended the flocks of his father-in-law. It is 
 50 miles N. of Moilah, and 80 S. of Acaba. 
 
 Madison, a county of the United States, in 
 New York, erected in 1806.— Also, 2. A 
 county in tho state of Virginia. 3. In Geor- 
 gia, celebrated for its chalybeate springs. Poj). 
 4510. 4. In Alabama. 5. In Kentucky. 6. 
 In Ohio. 7. In Illinois. This is also the 
 name of numerous townships of Ohio, New 
 York, and Virginia. 
 
 Madras, or Fort St. Geoboe, a celebratetl 
 fort and city of Hindostan. It is the capital of 
 the British possessions on the E. side of the 
 Peninsula, and is a fortress of very great ex- 
 tent. It is close on the margin of the Bay of 
 Bengal, from which it has a rich and beautiful 
 appearance, the houses being covered with 
 stucco, called chunam, which in itself is nearly 
 as compact as the finest marble, and bears as 
 high a polish. The Black town is separated 
 from the fort by an esplanade. In common 
 with all the European settlements on this coast, 
 Madras has no port for shipping, the coast 
 forming nearly a straight line; nnd it is incom- 
 moded also with a high and dangerous surf. It 
 is the seat of an archdeaconry, and of missions 
 from diti'erent societies in Britain, in 174G it 
 was taken by the French, but restored by tho 
 
tliroughout the 
 1 in Hroat nbim- 
 i niitivo of thii 
 
 En|;liah green- 
 Ids [ the hedges 
 lium, rose, jas- 
 j the liirkapur, 
 p spontaneously 
 ff reptiles to bo 
 
 the most coni- 
 nches are found 
 
 tho food most 
 ingc among tiic 
 caught by dogs, 
 lerica, and is tho 
 ^ is well watered 
 ictory settled in 
 f 20 commercial 
 lore of its trade 
 
 it surrendered, 
 
 Funchal is the 
 
 in Shropshire, 
 1 at tho foot of 
 I celebrated for 
 rles I. after tho 
 B some very ex- 
 58 N. of Briilge- 
 don. 
 dostan, in My- 
 
 In its vicinity 
 ;reat number of 
 amid hills and 
 Sera. 
 
 I of Arabia Pe- 
 lem arm of tho 
 
 II it Megar el 
 id (or Jethro), 
 e where Moses 
 r-in-law. It is 
 
 S. of Acaba. 
 Jnited States, in 
 —Also, 2. A 
 I. 3. In Gcor- 
 te springs. Pop. 
 
 1 Kentucky. C. 
 liiEi is also the 
 of Ohio, New 
 
 )E, a celebrated 
 is the capital of 
 E. side of the 
 ' very great ex- 
 > of the Bay of 
 h and beautiful 
 ; covered with 
 1 itself is nearly 
 ;, and bears as 
 vn is separated 
 ;. In common 
 nts on this coast, 
 ping, the coast 
 md it is incom- 
 igerous surf. It 
 and of missions 
 in. Ill 174G it 
 restored by tho 
 
 MAO 
 
 431 
 
 peiice of Aix-In-Chtpelle. Pop lift 000 u 
 
 b. of the river Kistnuh, and the extensive i m 
 vinco denominated the Northern CkZVZ'. 
 in these boundaries, however, three imtivo 
 .nnces, the rajahs of Mysore, Trava^core and 
 Cochin, still collect tiieir resources "oxer 
 cise a certain degree of authority witlii, the ; 
 tcrntories The rest of the country is under 
 
 coinui of Madras, and is subdivided into 24 
 J'stncts, over each of which there is a Eu! 
 
 ==^;^srJr:''arS:^ 
 
 a supreme court of appeal, stationar? at £ 
 
 mfi^ ^ '•'"°""'- ^»1'- about 12 
 
 Maure de Dros, an island in the Pacific 
 
 teuSt""'°'^"'"«''-'^«'^^'- 
 Madue de Popa, a town of New Granada 
 
 to bv^thf nM'* -'^ *="!?T'' u '* '" ">"<=h 'Sed 
 .1/ '''« P^'K^ms of South America, and thev 
 
 It ^t^T' ^'"'/•''P't-l «f Spain, in New Castile. 
 It was formerly an inconsidemblo place be- 
 longing to the archbishop of Toledo but tlm 
 purity of the air induced the court ti remo e 
 
 I'i'^'^'i'i "« no* a considerable ciSi? 
 contains 77 churches, GG convents, 15 gates of 
 gmn.te,and about 201,344 inhabitantf The 
 houses are mostly built of stone, and the prin- 
 XrloTT *'" '«"«/.broad, and straight,^and 
 
 founTnfn,"' %T' '^"**"'"'' ^''"^ -'mndsorao 
 tountmns. There are above 100 towers or 
 
 SV • ^ embelhshment of the city. It 
 l^^u '" ^ P^"""' suwounded by mountains 
 and has a high wall, built of mud'; There are 
 pa aces on a l.^.e scale The Palacio £." 
 
 11. : !."''' " '■'""S'y •'^"t. nnJ elegantly or- 
 namented on the outside; tho Bucn Re ro is 
 situated at the E. of the town, and irdieflv 
 remarkable for its large collection of ,«uSgs^ 
 and very extensive gardens. The churche and 
 monasteries contain many paintings by the most 
 
 rots .^1^ fi""*"*."^-*. ^if "1"''^^ a'« n">"^- 
 mVf! f- "?""*''^^''^a '^^a3'or, which is 
 I5J0 feet m circuit, surrounded by houses «ve 
 stones high, all of an equal height, every 'to v 
 b^g adorned with a handsome balcony, a.S 
 vervfino^ «»PPorted by columns, whidf form 
 veiy fine arcades. Here the aulos da fe were 
 fomerly celebrated, with aU their terrihle ap 
 paoitus. In tlie environs are several roval 
 residences, such as the Casa del CampJ where 
 « great many wild animals were formerly kep? 
 
 MAE 
 
 for the chase. Tho manufactures of Madrid 
 are -ery inconsiderable j those for hats andthi 
 royal china and siiltpetre workH nrn lh« • ■ 
 pal. The French took poressk,n of tbP""?- 
 in March. 1808. and on^hT/d "f MaJ'^he i! ' 
 habitants rose up in arms to expel the^nf," 
 the city when a terrible carnage took place for 
 several hours and it was not till ?he ar ival of 
 more troops that order was enforced amon^fh« 
 l^ople. On the 20th of July fo£"g Jolph 
 Bo nuimrte entered it as king of Spain but^»« 
 obliged to quit it soon afterwards? oA the ^'d 
 of December of the same year it was reHken 
 by Napoleon, who reinstated lus brXr on tho 
 ftl''o''\""'>.''° ^^^^ PO«csHion tSlugust 
 1812, when Madrid was entered by he BrS 
 
 Nm. J^l,^°?'".' "«"'" t°»'' POHHc^ion of it in 
 i^g year 't,"' f .""'l^^^vacuated it the ?o,}o:" 
 uUon of IHoa" "'*"''" »»t8 joined in tho revo- 
 
 constitofL f.f"^"'^ ^'^"'^ of restoring tho 
 consutution of tho Cortes of 1 8 1 2. See Spai IT 
 
 ^ll^T""^ ? *°^" ."^ Spa'"' i" OW Castile; 
 miies XN. i,. of Medina del Campo. 
 N.^f Ven£"*"'^ ""'"'^' •" ^""^' 30 mile, 
 Maduooan a town of Africa, the capital of 
 
 JJpen'S' S't'h' r'^^'-^aipafar'^rh? 
 upper part rf the houses is in the shape of a 
 bell. Long. 29. 40. E. lat. 18. 0. S 
 
 a dbWcTof ^hl""^ "^ Hindostan. capital of 
 a oistrict of the same name belonging to the 
 
 dS/"^»'^*^^^*''^J" »''° collecto«hip of 
 Dindigul. It ,s fortified with square towew 
 and parapets, and has one of the most bS 
 pagodas in Hindostan It is 130 mUes rR 
 
 Lo;;2!'^78'''irE':'iaT.vs V- ^' ''^^•^-• 
 
 miles Icng, ..nd 15 broad, and the lil is Ltfle 
 and well cultivated. The chief towns are Sa! 
 manap, Parmacassan, nnd Bancallan 
 
 nJonT'''.''.'"''°°*'^«^<'''e". 80 miles lone 
 and 20 broad, between the provinces of West 
 niania and Sudermania. ft cont^ns seTeml 
 
 S'w£r'^an7'"""^ *'"^''" "'"""« " '^™k 
 rvS^es tfw'""'.^""- '^^ couuKunication, 
 Dy Sledges, between the inter or parts of Swe 
 
 denandthecityofStockhokn. 
 
 coS^^f^v *""' * ^a-'g^'ous whirlpool on the 
 
 Sd of Z7' '" f N-'"*- and n^ar the 
 island of Moskoej whence it is also named 
 
 runs up the country with a boisterous rapidity- 
 but the roar of its impetuous ebb to the sea k 
 
 SI' r^ ''^ \ "'" '°"'^^«' cat^mcrTha 
 wniripooi 13 of such au extent and depth that 
 
 ably absorbed and beaten in pieces against the 
 rocks below; and when the water relaxes thl 
 
 GG2 
 
 Jj 
 
 Hi 
 
 W 
 
MAE 
 
 4. I J 
 
 MAG 
 
 ,f ^1 
 
 frngmeii(« come up again, T)io intcrviili of 
 tmnquillity nro only iit the turn (.f tlio lO.h imd 
 Hoou, nn«l culm woitlier; nixl i\wy liiHt hut n 
 quarter of im hour, it» violciico fjrHilunlly rty- 
 turning. Whfn tlio stream is most boisteroim, 
 and its fury lieightencd by a storm, vciiniIm liiive 
 been rcatlied by it at the distunco of 5 miieti. 
 
 MAl•;B^A, n towrn of Germany, in Tyrol: 23 
 miles W. S. W. of Trent. 
 Mak.sk. See Mkuse. 
 
 Maehkvk, n town of Belgium, in the pro- 
 vince of Licgo, on the river Meuse; 10 miles 
 S. S. W. of lluremonde, 
 
 Maeslandsluvs, a town of South Ilolliind, 
 near the mouth of the Meuse ; 10 miles W. of 
 Hotterdnni. 
 
 Maestiucht, a city of the Netherlands, ca- 
 pital of the province of Limburg, about 4 miles 
 in circumferentv, seated on the Meuse, oppo- 
 site Wyck, with wliich it communicates by u 
 stone bridi,'.;. The number of inhabitants is 
 estmi.itcd.it lft,O00. It has fine Icmg utreots, 
 many churches uiid convents, a college for- 
 merly belonging to the Jesuits, a council-houso 
 Willi its library, and considerable manufactures 
 of cloth, leather, hosiery, and hardware. Near 
 it is the lotly mountain of St. Peter, with a 
 fortress; and n 8t(me quarry, with such a num- 
 ber of subterranean passages as to be capable 
 of containing 40,000 persons. The other for- 
 tifications, and the situation of Maestricht, are 
 euch, that it is deemed one of the strongest 
 places in Europe. The city was besieged oy 
 • the French in 174(t, during the negotiations o'f 
 Aix-la-Clmpello; was unsuccessfully attacked 
 by them in 1793; and they became masters of 
 It towards the end of the following year. In 
 11)14 it was delivered up to the allied forces. 
 It is 14 miles N. N. E. of Liege, and 58 E. of 
 Brussels. Long. 5. 48. E. lat. hO. 49. N. 
 
 Mafr-v, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 with a coUogo, founded in 1772. In a sandy 
 and barren spot near this place, John V., in 
 pursuance of a vow, erected a building of ex- 
 traordinary magnificence, as a Franciscan con- 
 vent. The town is seated near the sea, 18 
 miles N. N. W. of Lisbon. 
 
 Magadi, or Maghery, a town of Ilindostan, 
 in the district of Mysore, seated in a hilly 
 country, abounding in timber-trees, stone, and 
 iron ; 24 miles W, of Bangalore. 
 
 Maoadoxa, the capital of a kingdom of the 
 same name on the coast of Ajan, with a citadel, 
 and a good harbour. It stands at the mouth of 
 a river, which is supposed to have a long course, 
 liaving regular inundations, that fertilize the 
 country to a great extent. The inhabitants are 
 mostly Mahomedans; but there are also some 
 Abyssinian Christians. They all speak the 
 Arabic tongue, are stout and warlike, and, 
 among other weapons, use poisoned orrows and 
 lances. The city is a place of great commerce, 
 receiving from Adel and other parts cotton, 
 silk, spices, and drugs, in exchange for gold, 
 ivory, wax, and other commodities. Long. 46. 
 25. E. lat. 2. iO. N. 
 
 Magdalen Isi,i:s, a group of islets in the 
 
 f i ulf of St. Lawrence, near it* ontrnnce. They 
 are inliid>ited by a few families, whoso dtiul 
 support is derived from fishing. 
 
 Maoiialkna, a large river of New Oranadu, 
 which rises in the province of Popayun, and, 
 after a course of 900 miles, falls into the sea in 
 lat. 11. 2. N. 
 
 Maodalkna, a river in Now Mexico, which 
 runs into the sea between the rivers Floren and 
 Mexicano. 
 
 Maodeburo, a government of the Prussian 
 states in Saxm, v, composed of part of the duchy 
 of Magdebuit,, liat portion of the Old Mark on 
 the left of the Elbe, the principality of I'alber- 
 Btadt, the abbey of (iuedlinburg, the coi- ity of 
 Wcrnigerode, the barony of Schauen, and the 
 bailiwicks of Kloetze, Uarby, and Gommem. 
 It comprises a superficial area of nearly 4400 
 square miles, is divided into 1.5 circles, and 
 contains 4,50,000 inhabitants. The country ia 
 in giMieral level, and the parts which arft not 
 marshy and overgrown with wood are very fer- 
 tile. Its commerce is greatly facilitated by the 
 Elbe, which traverses it through its whole ex- 
 tent. 
 
 Maodeduro, a fortified city; capital of the 
 foregoing government. It has a handsome 
 palace, a citadel, with a fine orsenal, and a 
 magnificent cathedral, which contains the su- 
 perb mausoleum of Otho the Great. The iu- 
 habit.ints are computed at 37,600. Here are 
 manufactures of cotton and linen goods, stock- 
 ings, gloves, porcelain, hats, lonther, soap, and 
 tobacco; hut the principal are those of woollen 
 and silk. It is well situate for trade, on both 
 sides of the Elbe, by which it has an easy com- 
 munication with Hamburgh. In the neigh- 
 bourhood are the monastery of Bergiii, and the 
 Biilt-works of Schoenebeck, producing about 
 ."50,000 tons annually. Magdeburg has sus- 
 tained several sieges. In 1631 it was taken by 
 the Aiistrians, who burnt the town, except the 
 cathedral and a few houses adjacent, and mas- 
 sacred above 10,000 of the inhabitants; but it 
 was soon handsomely rebuilt. In 1806 it sur- 
 rendered to the French, and was not restored 
 till 1813. It is 7.5 miles VV. S. W. of Berlin, 
 and 120 S. E. of Hamburgh. Long. 11. 40. E. 
 lat. .52. 10. N. 
 
 Magellan, or Maoalhaen, a strait of South 
 America; discovered in 1520, by Ferdinando 
 Magellan, a Portuguese, in the service of Spain. 
 It has since been accurately surveyed ; but the 
 passage, upwards of ;J00 miles, being dangerous 
 and troublesome, navigators generally sail round 
 Capo Horn. 
 
 Maggeroe, or Maoeron, a large island on 
 the const of Norway, and the most northern 
 land in Europe. It is separated from the con- 
 tinent on the S. by a narrow channel ; and its N. 
 extremity in an enormous rock, cnlkil North 
 Cape. Long. 2.5. 57. E. lat. 71. 10. N. 
 
 Maghrrakelt, a town of Ireland; in the 
 county of Londonderry; with a considerable linen 
 manuftcture: 13 miles W. of Antrim, and 30 S. 
 E. of Londonderry. 
 
 Maoia, a river "of Switzerland, in tlie canton 
 
MAO 
 
 4sa 
 
 n*,nr'" ' T.'"'-'' '""• ^- *'»»• "»P'J"v, through 
 MvKilOHi.;. a Inko of LTnnor Itnlv g,..mr„»,„„ 
 
 MA! 
 
 ^2}»1^^=S 
 
 iiikI 
 
 in the canton 
 
 Maoinoanao. AVf Mindanao. 
 
 l.i-m-Tr.y '"""' ''*''•"'■'' province of Sa- 
 Sr'. •«; > "m" ■"°""«""' '""nr the rivw 
 
 itli S.T ^- "'"""'"• L<"'8- '2- 35 e' 
 tl,J^p"'"'i li^**'''*' " '°«'" ""J fort of It„lv in 
 
 h«n vrnn j once the capital of the G cek emnire 
 It w better built than the rest ,,f .iw. » ' • 
 
 offe^;.;itJf:;?i!i!S''^?S'^*°'^" 
 
 considerable tniilo j„ ; "™"- " «"T'e8 on u 
 
 «s^t.e^i;s^f/-:.rse:-g 
 
 vinc'eTS,"7SefN"^":;ru T "''' ''^'^ 
 ^■^'0 K. S. E. of Deihr "^ ^"'-'k^ow, and 
 
 of ,li 1 * " '''"' ''"flJour, the entrance 
 
 of whid, IS narrow, and defended by two fort? 
 l;^ ... much used by the British, VZX 
 
 what is called tt Pen'i^sltf Sf^'oTtr 
 accession of Item Rajah in 174,) k» • V'^ 
 
 -weenthe.n/^"iiSr'h;;':e= 
 
 w^trfcaSiitii.nri^tt'irf'"''?.''' -^ '^« 
 
 kingdom in the provnco'fn' '';''"'''"« " ""^ 
 the Ka»torn Mahmtirnml « ' 'T'""'''.""''^'^ 
 
 dependent on\ho riS' in 1 HoJ^","'':" :-''""" 
 ing to «h«ko offhi, dS lenee h ' '' '.'";''"'"■ 
 and depoaed. The M^ U^'^^Cl ''^'■'""',' 
 many of the Bmhmin. „ ^■, """'f">» ; and 
 on. morchnnt! Thn. " T' "'""" ""'' '"^'J'"- 
 »'fir army I;, „&:" r "^' ''"""•• ""'» 
 civalry , they we^e .„! '""'^ con.posed of 
 
 the celeritv of theTr .n?u; ''''"'"""« """re on 
 
 with whicV'th'i^r ?h'ei 'e-'nli""' '"'''""" 
 M*..KB.ua See MAHcn™' 
 
 disS'o'it" rel'lr'"'*"" ' «'P'''»' of « 
 »eated on the ChTn rl''"'' ^TT"'' °*' «"»' i 
 Godavery 140 m ,S w"„^f' V "'"''' '"'" "'» 
 
 Maida a town of Naples, m Calabria Ultm 
 On the plain near this pLce in uuu" • ! 
 
 MAinpviiL... . . ■?• "^^ 0' ssquillace. 
 
 WAJDENHEAD, a town 11 Berkshire- LxnnJ.t 
 by a mayor; with a market on WcSav "!,1 
 a good trade in malt, meaL and ?i„ bor 'i 
 seated on the Thames, ov7r which "s^bridL 
 
 w!l>7N.';frondo^;.'^ ""■ "^'^^^-^'-'^.and .C 
 
 Maidknoi, an island of the Pacific Ocean ■ 
 
 36 miles long, a„d 9 broad. In he N W nnr»' 
 
 Maidstone, a borough, and the county town 
 inursuay It has a brisk trade in exnoifiim »l. 
 
 S the;:7r'"" ^''""*^' p-ti-'-iy ttS 
 
 herenrl r • ""'""O"" PlanUUions around • 
 
 if n^n/'telE "'"'•' ^ 
 
 some edifice Vhln . " '''^''""'' "'"^ ''and- 
 
 Maidstone is seated on the Sway ov^r ' i^l' 
 
 of Hindoo worship. Thelarce tr.mni. ; ^ 
 builrlin.r ,>*• „. i 1- '"-.'orge temple is a snuare 
 Duiiding of great dimensions, mid the jewels bp 
 longing to It arc very valuable. InlVzMlvd!; 
 neartSK:'^' ".^ 'f ''^ MalSu dfe 
 
 Mailliezais, a town of France; departmwt 
 
 m 
 
MAI 
 
 454 
 
 MAL 
 
 ' .,.1 
 
 'I i,' 
 
 Ojf Vtiideei lonted on an Ulnnd fonnetl by the 
 8«ur« and Aulixe j '2'i miloa N. E. of llochcllc. 
 M*iNA, a toaport of Oreoco, in tho Moren: 
 which givci nuino to n di»tfict thnt lies bctwtcii 
 two \M\yt of the Mwlitominonn Sea. The in- 
 huhitiinU of tho diitrict, iMitimateU itt 30,000, 
 could never, even nominnlly, bo lubji-ctod to 
 tho Turks, till tho end of tho eighteenth cen- 
 tury, when they agreed to pay a amnll trihtuo 
 to tho porfe. The town is seated on tho Uiiy 
 
 of Coronj 46 miles S. by W. of Misitra. Lena 
 22. 10. E. lat. ;)G, 34. K " 
 
 Maink, ono of tho U.iitcd States; formerly a 
 district of Mussachuscta i 2fi0 miles long, and 
 1B2 broid. Area 3'2.C28 square miles. I'op. 
 501,793. It is bounded on tho N, W. and N, 
 by Canada, E. by Now Brunswick, S. E. and E. 
 by the Atlantic, and W, by Now Hampshire. 
 It comprises tho counties ot Penobscot, York, 
 Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, Washington, 
 Konnobeek, Oxford, and Somerset. Tho chief 
 rivers aro the i'enobscot, Kennebeck, Saco, 
 Androscoggin, St. John, and St. Croix ; ajid it 
 has several small lakes. Though an elevattHl 
 tract, it cannot bo called mountainous, and a 
 great proportion of tho lands are arable, and 
 exceedingly fertile. Hops are the spontaneous 
 growth of this country. Tho trees are white 
 pine, spruce, maple, beech, white and grey oak, 
 and yellow birch; those, as ship timber, boards, 
 and every species of split lumber, aro the prin- 
 cipal exports of tho country. Tho heat in sum- 
 mer is intense, and the cold in winter extreme; 
 bU Ujo kkes and riTCis aro usually passable on 
 ice, from Christmas till the middle of March. 
 Portland is tho capital. 
 
 Maine, a loii^o river of Germany; formed by 
 two streams called tho Red and White Maine, 
 which rises among tho mountains of Franconia. 
 It joins tho Rhine n littlo above Mentz, 
 
 Maine, Lowku, a circle of tho Bavarian 
 ■tatee; contiguous to Baden, llesso-Cassel, and 
 Hesso- Darmstadt ; comprising a superficial ex- 
 tent of 3000 square miles, with 423,000 inha- 
 bitants. The principal products aro corn and 
 wine. Wurtzburg is the capital. 
 
 Maine, Uppee, a circle of iho Bavarian states; 
 contiguous to Bohemia and Saxony; comprising 
 an extent of 3460 8<iuare miles, with 434,000 
 inhabitonts. Tho manufactures, though con- 
 fined to the productions of tho province, viz 
 tho metals, flax, and timber, are consideruble. 
 Bayreuth is the capital. 
 
 Maink-et-Loire, a department of France ; 
 bounded by the departments of May cnne, Sarthe, 
 and Indre-et- Loire ; comprising an extent of 
 4000 square miles, with 343,819 inhabitants. 
 The soil is in general fertile, producing corn, 
 flax, hemp, fruit, and wine; and the manufacture 
 of linen is carried on to a considerable extent. 
 Angers is the capital. 
 
 Maine and Taudek, a circle of Baden ; com- 
 prising the N. E. portion of the grand duchy, 
 and a small tract on the Maine, insulated from 
 the rest by part of Bavaria. Wertheim is the 
 chief town. 
 
 ^Mainland, the principal of the Shetland 
 l3.es, 13 60 miles loiig, «ud from o to 18 broau^ 
 
 and is divided into eight paroiliiul di»trlcU. Th« 
 face of the country exhibits a prospect of b.'aek, 
 *'"'KKy niimnliilng, and niaraliy pl.ilns, inter- 
 sporMHl with some verdant spots, which appear 
 smooth and fertile. The mountains attound 
 with various kinds «t game j the lofty clilTs, 
 impending over the sen, are the haunts of eagles, 
 falcons, and ravens; the ilecp caverns under- 
 neath nlielter seals and otters; and to the wind- 
 ing Imys resort tiie swans, geese, scarfs, and 
 other aquatic birdj. The sens alniund with fish, 
 such as tho herriii;^, cod, turbot, and haddock, 
 lolwters, oysters, muscles, Ac, aro also plenti- 
 ful ; while the rivulets and lakes ulwund with 
 salmon, trout, ttc. The hills are covered with 
 sheep of a small breed, and of a shaggy appear- 
 ance; but their fleece is very sofl, and extremely 
 fine. Their horses are of a diminutive si/e, 
 but remarkably strong and 1' -dsonie, and aro 
 well known by the name of hhelties. There ia 
 an immeniw store of peat, but no coal. They 
 have some manufactures of li"en and woollen 
 cloth, but their chief employment is derived fVom 
 the fisheries. Lerwick is the ct.pital. 
 
 Mainland, tho principal of the Orkney 
 Islands. St-e I'omona. 
 
 Maintknon, a town of France; department 
 of Eure-et- Loire; seated between two moun- 
 tains; on the river Euro; 11 miles N. by E. of 
 Chartres. 
 
 Maire, Le, a strait of South America; be- 
 tween Terra del Fiiego and Staten Land; about 
 1 6 miles long, snd as many broad. 
 
 Maitlanb, town of considerable import- 
 ance, niKjut 4 miles from the navigable head of 
 the river Hunter, and 120 miles from Sydney, 
 with which city a constimt communication is 
 kept up by steam vessels. It is ki.own as 
 East and West Maitland : the former being 
 the site selected by government, and the latter 
 chosen on the banks of the Hunter by the 
 early settlors. East Maitland contains a Pro- 
 testant church, Catholic clwipel, and court- 
 houso ; also a branch of the Bank of Austraf- 
 Bsia. In West Maitland there is a Protestant 
 church, a Scotch kirk, and a Wesleyan meet- 
 ing-house, also a branch of tho Commercial 
 Bank of Sydney. There are several good inns. 
 Maixant, St., a town of France ; department 
 of Deux Sevres ; with n trade in com, and manu- 
 factures of woollen stuffs, &c. It is seated on 
 the Sevre Niortoise ; 30 miles S. W. of Poitiers. 
 Majohca, the principal of the Balearic Isles ; 
 40 miles long, and 3.5 brood ; situate in tho 
 Mediterranean Sen, between Ivica and Minorca. 
 The whole coast is lined with strong towers. The 
 N. W. part is mountainous : tho rest produces 
 good com, olive-trees, fine honey, and delicate 
 wine. Pop. 181,900, Palma is the capital. 
 
 Makarev, a town of Russia; in the govern 
 ment of Niznei Novogorod ; situate on the 
 Volga; 24 miles E. N. E. of Niznei Novogorod. 
 Makarief, or Makaheu, a town of Russia; 
 in the government of Kostroma. It is seated on 
 the river Unza; 140 miles E. of Kostroma. 
 Long. 44. 14. E. lat. 68. 50. N. 
 
 Malabab, a maritime province of Hindostan: 
 iyiijg between 10. and 13. N. lat.jnow under the 
 
 IV* 
 
M Af 
 
 4S9 
 
 •Jnmlnion of tho Ilritidh. It cotmUti cither of 
 ""' .'"•"' "«»'";'' »•/ tl'o •I'll, or of different r»nae» 
 of 111 . Mten.ling to tho foot of tho mountnin.: 
 uiKl It ii intemcctod by n iiutnlM-r of niountiiin 
 •tronm*. Iti .hiof i)ro<luro ii tinilier, miidnl- 
 wood, cocon-nut, coir, niid binck popjier. Itn 
 
 MAL 
 
 principfti town, nri* Cilicut, Tellichorry, iind 
 C-nnnnore. Tho inhobitnnta Hre i.rincipnily llin- 
 <l"o«; but there are also Jowh, Miil.ometani, 
 
 MAt,Ai:(;A, or Malava, nn cxlensivo country 
 <)t India, b..y,,nd tho «.'an«e.; bounded on tho 
 N. by Sinm t. by tho ocean, and 8. W, l)y tlie 
 Btmit of Muiiiceii, wliieh tiepnratcs it from Sunia- 
 tm. It u, 75 mdcH in length, and l'2r, in Iwndth ; 
 and produces a gnat nmny excellent fruits nnd 
 rooti, popper, nnd othor Bpiceii, with lonie pro- 
 cious guma nnd woodi. There ia but little corn, 
 nnd Bhecp nnd oxen are gearco ; but hogs nnd 
 poultry are ,,lenfi(\,l. Tho Malava nro rather 
 below the middle stature; their limbs well 
 Shaped; their complexion tawny; their eyes 
 large, and their hair long, bhiek. nnd shining. 
 1 hoy nro fond of navigation, wnr, idunder. emi- 
 gration, ndventurcs, ami gallantry; talk incc»- 
 Bnntly of their honour and bravery, and si)e«k tho 
 softest language of Ania; yet they are deemed 
 tlie most treacherous and frrocious people on tho 
 facoof thoglobo. Tho governmJnt is vt^ited 
 inn rajah or sultan, with a great number of 
 ehiefH under him, who generally pay very littlo 
 riWird to his authority. Their religion is a 
 mixturo of Mahoniedism and Paganism. The 
 |»l"nd parts aro posiewcd by a savngo ond bar- 
 Darous people. 
 
 Malacca, tho capital of tho above country • 
 situate on the western coast. Tho Portuguese 
 
 by the Dutch, in IfitO : it was subjected to tho 
 Lnghsh in 17.'»5, restored to tho Dutch in llllH. 
 but IS now under the authority of Great Britain 
 and IS ono of the principal stations of the Lon- 
 don Missionary Society. It is seated on tho 
 strmt of Its name; 4«0 miles S. E. of Achecn. 
 Long. 102. 6. E. lat. 2. 12. N. 
 
 Malaga, a seaport and city of Spain ; in Ora- 
 nada, with a good harbour, capable of containing 
 400 merchant vessels, and 20 sail of the lino! 
 I.I •,'^"r. ''"'' i» a 8tu|.ondou8 pile, begun by 
 1 hihp II. while married to Mary of England, 
 and tlicir united arms aro over tho gate. The in- 
 habitants are about 50.000, who have some trade 
 mrawins and excellent wines, and manufactures 
 of silks, velvets, soap, paper. &c. Malaga was 
 taken by the French, in 1«10, and remained in 
 their possession till 11)12. It is seated on tho 
 Mcditermnenn: surrounded by hills; 55 miles 
 
 ««■ o.* V^' °^ CJrnnada. Long. 4. 10. W. lat. 
 00, .15. N. 
 
 Malahide. a town ond bay of Ireland, in the 
 county of Dublin, famous for its oysters. C miles 
 from the capital. In the vicinity is Malahide 
 Castle, the residence of tho Talbot family 
 
 Malambito, a town of S. America, in tlio 
 province of C'nrthageim, nbout CO miles E. of 
 ^rthagc-nn, On tiiu W. sido of liie river Mng- 
 
 .Mai.amotco, a iniall iilnud nml town of 
 Austiiaii Italy, 5 miles H. of Vonieo. 
 
 Mai.atia, • town of Asia Minor, on tho site 
 of tho ancient Melitone, onco tho cnpital of 
 Armenia Minor; seated 15 miles W. of tho 
 hu|.hrntoi and !)0 W. N. W. „f Diarbokir. 
 Long. H7. 50. E. Int. 37. flo. N. 
 
 Mii,AWi,u.y, or Malavm.lt. a town of 
 Hin.l.M.tHii. Ill Mysore, with n largo mud fort, 
 sepamted into two (Mirts by a transverso wall 
 Here is a fruit-garden of great extent, planted 
 by tlio Into lultani. Tippoo .Sultan was de- 
 feated hero by (ionunil Jlarris, in 17<)!». It ii 
 35 miles E. of Seriiignpatam. 
 
 Malciiin. n town of Oermany, In tho duchy 
 01 Mecklenburg-Schworin; sealed on tho river 
 leene, where it forms tho lake t'amrow: 22 
 niilcH E. of (iuHtrow. 
 
 Malciio, a town of Germany, in tho duchy 
 of Mecklenburg-Hchwerin, l>etwecn tho lake* 
 Calpin and Plnu; 23 miles S. .S. E. of Gustrow. 
 MAiimiiiKM, a town of lielgium. province 
 of East Handem. Pop. 4060. It i. 10 miles 
 E. of lirugcs. 
 
 AIalda. a town of IJengnl. capital of a district 
 of the same name, on tho N. E. sido of tho 
 Ganges. It is the residence of the commercial 
 agent of tho E. India Company, and carries on 
 an extensive tmde in raw silk, nnd manufactured 
 goods. Long. (((t. 4. E. lat. 25. 3. N. 
 
 MALDE.X, a town of Middlesex county, Mas- 
 sachusets, 4 miles N. of Uoston. It is con- 
 nected with Chnrlcstown by a bridge over Mys- 
 tic River, built in 17«7. 
 
 Maldivks, a cluster of small islands in the 
 Indian Ocean; lying S. W. of Capo Comorin, 
 extending from the equinoctial lino to 8. N. lat, 
 and situated between 72. and 74. E. long. They 
 lire divided in 17attolon8, or provinces, each 
 hnviiig its sepamto governor and its distinct 
 branch of industry, tho brewers residing in one, 
 the goldsmiths in another, &c. Tho inhabitant.-! 
 ai)pear to bo a mixturo of Arabs and Hindoos 
 from Malabar. They supply ships with sails and 
 cordage, cocoa-nuts, oil. and honey, dry fish 
 tortoise-shell, and especially cowries. * 
 
 Maldon, a borough in Essex, governed by a 
 mayor, with a market on Saturday, and a con- 
 wdemblo trade, chiefly in com, salt, coal, iron 
 deals, and wine. It lias two parish churches a 
 free school, a library, and a town-hall; and 
 returns two members to parliament. Vessels of 
 moderate burden come up to tho town, but 
 large ships are obliged to unload at a distance 
 below, in Dlackwater Bay. The custom of 
 Borough English, by which the youngest son 
 succeeds to the burgage tenure, is kept up here. 
 It is seated on an eminence, on the river Black- 
 w;iiter, miles E. of Chelmsford, and 37 N. E 
 of London. 
 
 Maldo.vado, a town of Buenos Ayres, with 
 a harljour sheltered by a small island of its name- 
 seated near the N. entrance of tho Plata. Lonir' 
 55. 3(), W. lat. 34, 50. S. 
 
 Maldon'ado. a small river of Buenos A"reB 
 which enters the sea in the bay of "^Maldo^ 
 nado. 
 
 iMl 
 
MAL 
 
 456 
 
 iM 
 
 Western Afcca, 60 miles S. of Loango. ^ ' 
 
 me^t^nfr"^"^'^' * *r" "^ ^™"ce. depart- 
 ment of Loiret ; seated on the Essone/sS miles 
 JN. ii. of Orleans. Pop. 1150 
 
 AIalestuoit, a town of France, department 
 N.Ktnrier^*''^''^^^"^*''^^-'^'^. 
 
 r„,!!?fi'*"' " ''"^Se in W. Yorkshire, sur- 
 
 lT,nf. ''"v'r-^ f '^^ ''^ mountains and rising 
 
 fnd ain./'^i.'-"'' ''^"""^ '" ""'™J curiosities; 
 and among them on a high moor, 'is a circular 
 
 soul „T .* '^"" " ''''^"'^*^'' ^^hich is the 
 
 MALijfEs. ;5fee Mechlin. 
 Malivagonoa, a river of Ceylon whicli ri«P« 
 among the hills to the S. E. of Candy, nearly 
 
 Z'Z^T' "'"* f^' ''"^' ^'' ""any winding 
 nmong tho mountains, enters the sea at Trin- 
 com alee, 
 
 Hil!ri,^';"'°''''?i:°1?**^.*''^ largest of the New 
 Hebriaes, m the South Pacific, extending 20 
 enS»eB from N W. to S. E. The inland m^oun- 
 tams are very high, and clad with fbrestsj but 
 bread fn^t"l^ ""'* *^'"""' P'«J"cing cocoa-nuts, 
 t,Irm J ' ""''"'''' «"S'"-canes, yams, eddoes 
 
 poultry are the domestic animals. The inhabi- 
 tants appear to be a different race from those of 
 
 of fcr '^ '"^'" to correspond with the natives 
 of New Guinea particularly in their black colour 
 and woolly hair. They go almost naked, a" 
 of a slender make, have lively but very irremilar 
 features and «e a rope fast round theii^ J 
 At the & end of the island is a port, named 
 Sandwich Harbour. Long. 1C7. 5a. £. fat. 1? 
 
 Mallino, West, t> town in Kent, with a 
 
 the Rlf if «P""g °/t«P d "'"ter. Itis seated on 
 the Blackwater, 17 miles N. by W. of Cork It 
 retunis one member to parliament. 
 
 T nw«?*Ifr' * *""'" ""^^^^ P'"**'''" Province of 
 ZlJ^A !f ' g?^'""ment of Aix-la-Chapello; 
 seated on the Recht; 20 miles S. of Aix-la 
 Chapelle. Pop. 4575. 
 
 Malmoe, a seaport of Sweden, government 
 
 cLU'^t';?' "''^ " Jfge harbour' a^daTong 
 citadel. It Las manufiictures of woollen and a 
 
 ff 55 3?n' "^^"P™^^««"- I^O"g- 13. 7.E. 
 
 MALMoims, a government of Sweden, in- 
 
 ScanTa* " f.T T °^'^^ """^"' Schone/i, or 
 hcania. It lies along the Sound and the Baltic, 
 
 iaiooosrr^'^'^'^^'^""*^'""-'-'^ 
 
 maSS;::i,,^^^.^f •" Wiltshire,_with a 
 Its castle u, demolished, bnt there are some 
 
 MAL 
 
 remains of its once celebrated abbev. It is 
 seated on a hill, almost surrounded by the Avon 
 over which it has six br.:Iges, 2G miles E. b^ n! 
 of Bristol and 96 W. of London. It returns 
 one member to parliament. 
 
 of TlCf' vm'-" "^"P"? •'^ ^'■«"<'«' department 
 of Ille-et-V,laine, w;th a strong castle: It has 
 a large harbour, difficult of access, on account 
 nfac/nf"'^' '^"^ '""■"""'^ "' ''"d 'is a traaing 
 bv tb« i ^Ti ™P°^^"ce- It was bombarded 
 
 In 1758 they landed in Cancalle Bay. went to 
 the harbour by land, and burntabove 100 ships? 
 bt. Malo IS seated on an island, united to the 
 mainland by a causeway ; 44 miles N. N. W. 
 
 148 3"rN. ^^' ^"'^""- ^°"«- ^' 2- ^- ^t- 
 
 nn^^*"?^' 1 *°"'" '" Cheshire ; with a market 
 on Wednesday. It has a handsome church 
 an independent chapel, a. hospital, a grammar 
 school, and a national school. "^ It is seated on 
 a high hill, near the river Deej 15 miles S. E. 
 of Chester, and 1 65 N. W. of London . 
 
 Malplaquet, a village of France, in the de- 
 partnient of the North ; famous for a victory 
 gained over the French by the Duke of Marl- 
 
 Pop."l225.' ^' '' ^ '"''"' ^- ^- **^ ^^°n«- 
 
 Malta, an island in the Mediterranean ; be- 
 tween Africa and Sicily ; 20 miles long, and 12 
 broad ; formerly reckoned a part of Africa, but 
 Htfl p'l T« to Europe. It was anciently 
 little else than a barren rock, but is now be- 
 come a fertile island. The principal objects of 
 cultivation are lemons, indigo, satfron. cotton, 
 and vines, which produce excellent wine The 
 
 Sonnn' "f '"'"''','*«"*« » «aid to be about 
 80,000, who. speak Arabic and Italian. After 
 the taking of Rhodes, the emperor Charles V 
 gave this island to the grand master of the 
 order of St. John of Jerusalem. It was at! 
 tacked m 156-6, by the Turks, who were 
 ^f -fn nnn '^''""don the enterprise with the loss 
 of 30,000 men It was taken by Bonaparte in 
 
 o!h°"A' °^ ^V^^'i'''"' •" Egypt, on the 
 12th of June, 1798, when he found in it 1200 
 .annons, 200,000 lbs. of powder, two ships of 
 the line, a frigate, four galleys,, and 40.000 
 muskets, besides an immense treasure collected 
 by superstition, and 4500 TurkUh prisoners, 
 whom he set at liberty. It was soon after- 
 wards taken by tho British; was stipulated to 
 be restored to the knights at the peace of 
 Amiens, but ret«iined in consequence of new 
 aggres.-on8 from France. In 1803 the war re- 
 commenced lietween the two nations, and the 
 reaty of Pans, in 1814, confirmed the posses- 
 
 well fortified; the ditches, of a vast size, are 
 a^ cut out of tne solid rock, and extend many 
 miles. Valetta is the capital. ^ 
 
 Malton, New, a borough in N. Yorkshire, 
 returning one member to parliament; with a 
 market on Saturday, and a considerable trade 
 in coals, com, butter, &c. Here are two 
 churches, four diswnting jneeting-ho.ises, a 
 free school, and a national school. It is seated 
 on the Derwent, over which is a stone bridge 
 
ce, in the de- 
 
 MAL 
 
 to the village of Old Malton; 40 miles N, E. 
 "f jMk, and 214 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Malvern, Great and Little, two villaces 
 m Worcestershire. The former is 8 miles W. 
 by b. of Worcester, and had once an abbey, of 
 which not nng remains but the gateway of the 
 abbey, and the nave of the church, now paro- 
 enial ; the latter is seated in a cavity of the 
 Malvern hills, 3 miles from Great Malvern. 
 Hetween Great and Little Malvern are two 
 
 Ifu^lt Tx^?'^^,?'*' «P""e8, one of which is 
 called the Holy Well. 
 
 Malvkrn Hills, a range of hills in the 
 counties of Worcester and Hereford, extending 
 
 tTJ ""^u" '" ^^"8'^> ^"'J fr°™ 1 t° 2 in 
 breadth. They appear to be of limestone and 
 quartz and the highest point is 1313 feet 
 above the surface of the Severn. 
 
 Malwah, a province of Hindostanj bounded 
 u L,u fences of Agimere and Agra, E. 
 by Allahabad and Gundwaneh, S. by Khan- 
 deish and Berar, and W. by' AgimUaTd 
 Guzerat. It is 250 miles in length, by 150 in 
 breadth, and is one of the most extensive, ele- 
 
 TOn'.T''*,''''^'^^'^ *''"='^ >" Hindostan. 
 innately, the whole territorv belonged to the 
 JVlahrattas. ' 
 
 Malzieu, a town of France ; in the depart- 
 
 T^o^V"?'?' u'"""* °^ ^''«'''=«; •" thedepart- 
 
 W !f°n if "'^' '^"'"^ **" "'« D'^'e; 14 miles 
 w. ot Uellesnie. 
 
 ln.^*''',''^'','^"'^J""'*' !"«'> ^^ea. 30 miles 
 ong,and 12 broad. It con*,un8 18 parishes, 
 under the jurisdiction of a bishop, called the 
 bishop of bodor and Man, who is sole baron of 
 ine isle, and possesses other important privi- 
 ^ges, but has no seat in the British parliament, 
 llie air is healthy, and the soil produces more 
 corn than is sufficient to maintain the inhabit- 
 ants, who are a ..lixture of English, Scotch, 
 
 rV'''\ .^l!f '""^"''S^ '■«» dialec't of the 
 Celtic, called Manx. The commodities of the 
 
 mnrht/T /"?'' ^'^^'' ''""^'•' t"lIow, black 
 marble, slate, limestone, lead, and iron. Some 
 
 IWn !!,' m'"' °^ <=<«»"« hats, cotton goods, and 
 Imen cloth, are carried on in different parts : 
 but Its principal trade arises from the herrin^ 
 fll'^-- , Tl'ecluke of Athol was formerly lord 
 of this island, the sovereignty of which he sold, 
 n 176o. to the Crown. The chief towns are 
 Castletown, Douglas, Pcele, Ruthin, and Rim- 
 
 W"i .,n w "i''r^- of Scotland, 40 N. of 
 Wales, JO W. of England, and 26 E. of Ire- 
 land. 
 
 A^ANAAR. a small island in the Indian Ocean: 
 
 k? ^ f ^^\''^'' ''*' ^''-'y'""- FfO'n this 
 island a bank of sand, culled Adam's Bridge 
 runs over to the continent of Jlindostan, whkh 
 can be passed only by boats. The sea to the 
 b. of this, between the continent and the island 
 of Ceylon, is called the Gulf of Manaar. The 
 lortuguese obtained possession of the island in 
 
 lal s! el N ^ *"'•'• ^°"g- 79. 3. e! 
 
 Manapar, a town of Hindostan, district of 
 
 457 
 
 MAN 
 
 Tinevelly; situate on a point of land projecting 
 into the Gulf of Manaar; 40 miles S.E. of 
 Palamcotta. Long. 78. 17. E. lat. 8. 39. N. 
 
 T~ 1,„" '"'"* '" the province of Taniore 
 Long. 78. 30. E. lat. IC. 39. N. ^ 
 
 Manbona, a town of Eastern Africa ; situate 
 
 Ts^il^Td'^rt '■''''''''''''' ^''"«- 
 Mancester, a village in Warwickshire, 
 near Atherstone. It was a Roman station 
 and here several coins have been dug up • 
 seated on an eminence near tlie Anker; 106 
 miles from London. ' 
 
 Mancha, a territory of Spain, lying S. of 
 Old Castile, and N. of Andalusia. It is di- 
 vided into Upper and Lower, and is nearly 
 surrounded by mountains, ,,voducing antimony, 
 vermilion, and mercury. The country is an 
 immense plain, intersected by ridges of low hills 
 and rocks; but it is well cultivated, and pro- 
 duces corn, olives, and wine. Area 8000 
 square miles Pop. 215,000. The inhabit- 
 ants are affable, and great lovers of music and 
 dancing; and it was here that Cervantes made 
 Ins hero, Don Quixote, perform his chief ex- 
 
 Manche, a department of France, including 
 
 .hn f^^nf"* "*' No^^n'Jy. and comprising 
 about 2500 square miles, with 600.000 inhabit- 
 ants. It 18 almost surrounded by the English 
 Channel. St. Lo is the capital, but Cheiburg 
 IS the largest town. ^ 
 
 Manchester, a borough in Lancashire, with 
 markets on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday 
 and {Saturday; seated between the rivers Irk 
 and Irwell. It returns two members to par- 
 lament. It is a place of great antiquity, and 
 iias attained greater opulence than almost 
 any of the trading towns in England. It has 
 ipng been noted for various branches of the 
 imen, silk, and cotton manufactures, and is 
 now principally conspicuous as the centre of 
 the cotton trade. The labours of a veiy popu- ■ 
 Jous neighbourhood are coUected at Manches- 
 ter, whence they are sent to London, Liverpool, 
 «ull, &c. These consist of a great variety of 
 cotton and mixed goods, fitted for all sorts of 
 markets, both at home and abroad, spreading 
 over a grecit part of Europe, America, and the 
 coast of Guinea. Manufactures of tapes and 
 other small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, 
 are also carried on at Manchester. Its chief 
 ornaments are the college, the exchange, the 
 collegiate church, another large church, and 
 a spacious market-place. The churches and 
 chapels of the Establishment, several of which 
 «re recent erections, arc nineteen in number 
 Here are also upwards of forty places of wor- 
 ship for different sects of dissenters, and three 
 .•"■"/X""." Catholics; one of the hitter, opened 
 
 of 10 000/. The charity schools and Sunday 
 schools are numerous. The most important 
 ot the other charitable institutinni. nr<. th- 
 Alancliester General Infirmary and Dispensary 
 the Lunatic Asylum, the Fever Hospital, the 
 Lying-m-llospital, the Strangers' Frfend S,v 
 ciety, the Samaritan Society, the Lock Hospi- 
 
MAN 
 
 408 
 
 MAN 
 
 tal, the Female Penitentiary, and the Siliool 
 for the Deaf and Dumb, instituted in 18-J5. 
 Of the institutions for the promotion of litera- 
 ture and science, the principal are the Literary 
 and Philosojihieal Society, the Society for the 
 Promotion of Natural History, and the Royal 
 Manchester Institution. The Mechanics' In- 
 stitute is in n very flourishing state ; and there 
 are seveml valuable libraries, particularly the 
 College Library, and the Portico. Manchester 
 is governed by a corporation, consisting of a 
 Mayor, Court of Aldermen, &c., and has several 
 courts of law. It has risen to its present con- 
 sequence entirely by its manufactures. By 
 the Irwell it has a communication with the 
 Mersey, and all the late various extensions of 
 inland navigation; and, by means of the vari- 
 ous railways, it communicates with all parts of 
 the kingdom. It is 36 miles E. by N. of 
 Liverpool, and 18G N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Manchester, a town of Vermont; in Bcn- 
 nmgton county ; situate on Batten River, which 
 flows into the Hudson, above Saratoga. It is 
 22 miles N. of Bennington, and 35 S. of Ihit- 
 land. There are several other townships and 
 villages of this name in the United States. 
 
 Mandal, a town of Norway, capital of a 
 province in the government of Bergen ; seated 
 near the mouth of a river of the s<ime name; 
 60 miles W. S. W. of Christiansand. Long. 
 7. 42. E. lat. 58. 2. N. 
 
 Mandan, a fort and Indian village of North 
 An:erica, on the Missouri; where Captains 
 Lewib and Clarke had their winter encamp- 
 ment, when on their expedition to the Mis- 
 souri. Long. 100. 50. W. lat. 47. 20. N. The 
 Mandan tribe is now extinct. 
 
 Mandar, u district of the island of Celebes; 
 on the W. and N. coast ; bounded W. by the 
 Strait of Macassar, and E. by a tract of desert 
 mountains. 
 
 Mandavee, a seaport town of Ilindostan, in 
 the province of Cutch, at the entrance of the 
 gulf of that name. It is the centre of a consi- 
 derable commerce with India, and the neigh- 
 bouring states of Sinde and the Indus; 35 
 miles S. S. \V. of Bhooj. Pop. 35,000. 
 
 Mandinco, a country in the W. part of 
 Negroland, at the sources of the rivers Niger 
 and Senegal. Not only the inhabitants of this 
 state, but the bulk of the people in many 
 other districts in the western part of Africa, 
 are called Mandiiigocs, probably from having 
 originally emigru.ed from this country. They 
 are of a mild, sociable, and obliging disposi- 
 tion : the men are above the middle size, well- 
 ehaped, strong, and capable of enduring givat 
 labour; the women are good-natured, sprightly, 
 and agreeable. The dress of both sexes is 
 composed of cotton cloth, of their own manu- 
 facture. Polygamy is common, but the women 
 are not under that restraint which prevails in 
 many other countries. Most of the towns con- 
 tain a mosque, where public prayers are offered ; 
 and a bentang, or coffee-house, where public 
 business is transacted. The private houses are 
 built of mud. with a conical liamb^^o r^of 
 thatched with grass. The language of the 
 
 ivlandingoes is said to be copious ana refined, 
 and is generally understood in all the regions 
 of Western Africa. 
 
 Mandshoos, or Mantciioos, a Iwanch of 
 the Mongul Tartars, whose ancestors conquered 
 China in the tliirteenth century, but were ex- 
 pelled by the Chinese, in I3G8. They in- 
 habit the three provinces of Eastern Tartary, 
 and retain the customs they brought from 
 China. 
 
 Manfrebonia, a seaport of Naples, in Capi- 
 tnnata ; with a castle and good harbour. All 
 sorts of vegetables are in abundance, and most 
 of the corn exported from the province is 
 shipjiod here. It is seated on a gulf of the 
 same name; 30 miles E. N. E. of Lucera. 
 Pop. 5000. Long. 16. 12. E. lat. 41. 35. N. 
 
 Mangalore, a town of Hindostan ; in the 
 province of Canara; seated between the two 
 arms of a fine lake of salt water, each of which 
 receives a river from the Gauts ; but the bar at 
 the entrance into this harbour will not admit 
 vessels drawing more than ten feet. It is a 
 place of great trade : the principal exports are 
 rice, betel-nut, black pepper, sandal-wood, 
 (from the country above the Gauts,) cinnamon, 
 and turmeric. Here are the ruins of a fort 
 which Tippo Sultan ordered to be demolished 
 in 1784. In this town a eaty of peace was 
 signed between Tippoo and the English, in 
 1704 ; in 1799 it came into the hands of the 
 British, and is now the residence of the judge, 
 collector, &e., of South Canara. Pop. 30,000. 
 It IS 130 miles N. N. W. of Ca/icut, and 190 
 S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 75. 4. E. lat. 12. 50. N. 
 Manqea, an island in the South Pacific ; S 
 leagues in circumference. In the interior parts 
 It rLses into small hills ; and Captain Cook, by 
 whom it was discovered in 1777, represents it 
 as a fine island ; but he did not find a landing- 
 place. Long. 158. 16. W. lat. 21. 27. S. 
 
 Maniieim, a town of Baden, and capital of 
 the circle of the Neckar. The streets are spa- 
 cious, straight, and well paved ; the houses 
 elegant, and uniform. The palace is a magni- 
 ficent structure, with a cabinet of natural curi- 
 osities and a gallery of pictures. The inha- 
 bitants are computed at 21,625. Manheim 
 was frequently taken and re-taken by the 
 French and Austrians, in the late wars : and 
 was finally ceded to Baden in 1802. It is 
 17 miles N. of Spire, and 42 S. of Frankfort. 
 Long. 8. 31. E. lat. 49. 29. N. 
 
 Manica, an inland kingdom in the S. E. 
 part of Africa ; bounded on the N. by Moca- 
 ranga, E. by Sofala and Sabia, and S. and W. 
 b.v unknown regions. It is said to abound with 
 mines of gold, and has a river and capital of 
 the same name ; but it is little known to the 
 P^uropeans. 
 
 Manickdur(5, a town and fortress of Hin- 
 uostan ; in the province of Berar ; 5 miles S. 
 E. of Chanda. 
 
 Manickpatam, a town of Hindostan; in 
 the province of Orissa ; 12 miles S. W. of Jug- 
 gerniiut, 
 
 MAjJiCKronE, a Ut-n of ilindostan ; capital 
 of a district of the same name in the province 
 

 MAN 
 
 of Allahahad ; seated on the Ganges, inlat. 19, 
 40. N. long. 85. 3C. E. 
 
 Manilla, the capital of the island of Luzon 
 ns well as of the otiier Philippine Islands, and 
 the see of an archbishop, who is commonly the 
 Spanish viceroy. It is well fortified, and de- 
 fended by the castle of St. Philip. Population 
 about 175,000. The number of Christian in-' 
 habitants is estimated at 12,000. Most of the 
 pubhc structures are built of wood, on account 
 of the frequent earthquakes, by one of which. 
 i1.oi 'v." '"0U"taJn was levelled; and, in 
 1625, a third part of the city was overthrown 
 by another, when 3000 persons perished. This 
 city 18 seated near the lake Bahia, on the E 
 side of a bay. on the S. W. coast. The bay is 
 a circular basin, 10 leagues in diameter, and 
 pat part of It land-locked ; but the port pecu- 
 
 Z «" w' 'A'^' ""^^"^ ^*'^*^*«' "^« 9 'nile« to 
 the b. W. On account of the pure and mild 
 
 temperature of the air, it is deemed the most 
 healthy of all the European settlements in the 
 East. In 1762, the English took this city by 
 storm, and humanely suffered the archbishop 
 to ransom it for about 1 ,000,000/. sterling ; but 
 Kveat part of the ransom never was paid In 
 1821 accounts were received of a dreadful mas- 
 sacre of all foreigners, except Spaniards, when 
 property was destroyed or carried off to the 
 value of 400,000 dollars. Long. 120 5'> E 
 lat. 14. 36. N. ' 
 
 Manninqtree, a town in Essex, with a 
 market on Thursday. The principal imports 
 are deals, corn, coal, and iron. It is seated on 
 a branch of the Stour. called Manningtree- 
 ■ water 1 1 miles W. of Harwich, and CO E. N 
 h. of London. 
 
 Mannhartsberg, a mountain chain of Aus- 
 tria, beginning at the frontier of Moravia and 
 terminating at the Danube. The products are 
 com, saffron, and wine. The chief towns are 
 C-rems and Kloster-Neuberg. 
 
 Mangsqiie, a town of France ; in the de- 
 partment of Lower Alps ; near the Durance • 
 with a castle ; 25 miles N, k. of Aix. Pop' 
 5400. ' 
 
 Manpurry, a town and fort of Hindostan • 
 in the district of Dooab j seated on Issah • 54 
 miles E. of Agra. 
 
 Manresa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia- 
 witii a castle, and manufactures of silk hats' 
 giinpowdcr, &c. ; seated at the conflux of the 
 tardoiiero with the Lobbregat ; 20 miles N. 
 VV. of Barcelona. 
 
 Mans, a town of France; capital of the de- 
 partment of Sarthe, and the see of a bishop 
 It contains 19,477 inhabitants, and was for- 
 merly much more populous. It has excellent 
 poultry, and its wax and stuffs are famous 
 It 18 seated on a high hill, near the Sarthe • ''0 
 miles S. of Alen9on, and 75 W. by N of 
 Orleans. Long. 0. 9. E. lat. 40. 0. N. 
 
 Mansaroau, a lake of Thibet, from which 
 the southernmost head of the Ganges was lone 
 supposed to issue. It was about 115 miles in 
 nroumference, .-.nd lies about 79 E. long, and 
 34. N. lat. ° 
 
 Mawsfeib, a town of Prussian Saxony: in 
 
 459 
 
 MAN 
 
 thegovemrnentofMerseberg; with a decayed 
 castle on a high rock ; seated on the Thalbach s 
 8 miles N. N. W. of Eisleben. ' 
 
 Mansfield, a town in Nottinghamshire, with 
 a market on Thursday; a trade in con! and 
 malt, and nianufacturea of lace, hosiery, and 
 cotton-spinmng. Here are a commodiouB 
 church five meeting-houses, a grammar-school, 
 two charity schools, and twelve almshouse^ 
 Coins of several Roman emperors have been 
 dug up near this town, and the relics recently 
 discovered afford indisputable proof that the 
 itomans had a station in the vicinity. It com- 
 municates with Pinxton Canal, by a railway 7 
 miles m length. It is seated on the edge of 
 the forest of Sherwood j 14 miles N. of Not- 
 tingham, and 130 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Mansfield, a town of Tolland county. Con- 
 necticut. Population. 2276.-There are seve- 
 re SdSt'i' '"""""'"^ "' ''•^ "«'"« - 
 
 Mansora, u town in the kingdom of Fez • 
 seated near the mouth of the Guir ; 60 miles 
 w. of Mequmez. 
 
 Mansoura, a town of Lower Egypt ; with a 
 
 Sff.^%*™'^" '" "«=« «"d sallammoniae^ 
 built by the Saracens, during the crusades, aa 
 a bulwark against the Christians. It is seated 
 on the h. Side of the Nile : 24 miles S. S. W. 
 of Damietta and 60 N. of Cairo 
 
 Mant^. a town of France; department of' 
 beine-et-Oise, with a bridge over the Seine, the 
 great arch of which is 120 feet wide. The 
 wines of its vicinity are famous. It is 31 miles 
 N. W. of Pans. Pop. 4300. 
 
 Maktua, a province of Italy; contigious to 
 the duchies of Parma and Modena; fertile in 
 corn, flax, fruits, and excellent wine. It com- 
 
 wiirosVi^fl'^f'l-f*™' ''^ 880 square miles, 
 with 239,436 mhabitants; but the former duchy 
 of Mantua was of greater extent. It w.is co- 
 verned by the Gonzago family, with the title 
 
 Frih'-*' U^''".-'"' ^^' ^>^'"« P«rt with the 
 French in the dispute relating to the succes- 
 Bion ot Span,, was put under the ban of the 
 enipire, and died in 1708. Having no heira, 
 tne House of Austna kept possession till 1800 
 when the I< rench obtained it after the battle of 
 Marengo ; but the Austrians obtained posses- 
 sion of It again in 1814. 
 
 Mantua, a city of Austrian Italy; capital of 
 
 In th. 'irr'"/"- ^* '" ««»'^ «» «n "land 
 m the middle of a lake. 20 miles in circum- 
 ference, and 2 broad, formed by the Mincio, 
 and so very strong by situation, as well as by 
 art, that it is one of the most considerable for- 
 tresses in Europe. The only way into this city 
 IS by means of two moles or bridges, each of 
 which IS defended by a fort and other works, 
 ihe city IS well built, and most of the streets 
 are spacious, regular, and well paved. In the 
 rnthedral are paintings by the most celebrated 
 masters ; the church of St. Anthnn^ J- i^.m-,- 
 lor relics: and the Franciscan churSh is one of 
 the most elegant of that order In Italy. Hero 
 are many other churches, numerons convents. 
 
MAN 
 
 ft synagogue for tlio Jews, wl.o Jive in ii drntiiu-t 
 bo nt .fvl?^"^ PHi"ting«.&o. Vir«'il w, « 
 
 ^f O.X n .^ ^\""'"''' '" *7"7 (.Hlor a siogo 
 niul Kussm,, .mny, i„ 179.0. „' j,, j^.,, , , 
 Jmnco m lliOJ, „n<l «n„Ily .iJliv'orcl ,^, 't o 
 
 on a river of the same • nmo j 21 mik-s of 
 Ciudad Ileal. Pop, (JHOO. 
 
 thews'"! Wff"" ?f 'he N«vi„ator'« Islands, in 
 
 wun Ills fii^t fatal accident ; Captain LihibIc 
 
 mrr"ed 1%^ ""'"^'' «"^ "ino'sailors XSg 
 
 MAiucAino, n province of S. America • now 
 »ormn.g part of the Venezuelan prSe of "hi 
 
 "-aiDbean hoa. The soil is in many places ox- 
 
 iv'h,l .1^, \' * ""' •"" '"'' "■''°'« ""'•onlthv. 
 M. , "" y*' estnnnted at about 1 OO.Oob 
 
 MAKACAn.o, the capital of the above pro- 
 vince; with a harbouf which can onlv mC 
 
 r: „rt,*'"'"« "^ ^'-^ -i-tructiin":?', 
 
 ,8^n(-l)ar. It has a nuwi appearance, some '■ 
 
 Kder il "T'/^- '* '?'• ""•^ *•'« «*<''"'« of 
 inuntier and lightning that frequently occur 
 
 lation '4,000. It is seated on the outlet of 
 the hike 01 Its name; CO miles W. S. W of 
 
 pnS.^'i^'i^n^JS:"^,? L^^-,-i" ^'-^ 
 and .00 where broa<Ie«t wlfl, • r * '""8' 
 4M) . nnTi ; "™"Vf '>,«'"> « fircumference of 
 
 burden Th'r'V^t'" *"' ^'^^««'-''« «f the greatest 
 Dun en. Ihe banks are sterile, and the air 
 ins^ilubnous ; but the water is fr^sh, except in 
 
 lorteii into It. It communicates with the Gulf 
 
 IVrC "' '^'' r'""'- "■'"^■'^ » 'iefendcTbl 
 sS *^''*' ""\' '"»« ««veral Spanish towns 
 seated on its borders. 
 
 Mauacav or MoitACAo, a town of Colombia. 
 
 " *'■« P;"^]»™ of Venezuela ; in the neigh 
 
 bourhood of which areplantatons of oton 
 
 1. d go. cottee corn. &c. ; seated on the E. ide 
 
 vinci^nr*;''. V'^""-'''^." "'y of Pen""a; Pro- 
 ' , t „ '^' '^r'^'J"" : ^^ith a spacious baz^r, a 
 
 Su^ted'at h'"""^ 'r^ " '"""'^*""« P"''"« bath^ 
 wtuated at the extremity of a well cultivated 
 
 > am opening to the lake of U ,mea from 
 
 which It IS distant 10 or 12 miles, an!"o8 S 
 
 whl-h^t^"*"'^" "7*'"^'" P™^i"c« °f Brazil. 
 2nd „7";Pr''hends a fertile and populous 
 "land of the same name, 112 niilea in eire un 
 
 460 
 
 MAR 
 
 fi-ronce. The Trerd. settled heroin 1812, 
 
 ht Lum ,1c, Manmham i. the chief town. 
 
 ^Iakano.v. AV-i, Amazon. 
 
 Maiiano, a seaport of Au.strian Italy; in tho 
 Cr- i'"'«'. T"^"' "" tho'uuf of 
 
 tJomJ.^..f..t „,,,,.,,, ,..,,„--;- 
 
 Mauant. or Amaiiant, a town of Persia • in 
 ttjr^'T ".'■/'''-'^I'ij'"' ; contmning 25„"S 
 J ... es. each with a garden ; sit.iate near « 
 
 s V tt N . "'^'«'"""!-l'»''J- The inhabitants 
 
 N- ,;• Tarn .•;'• T '""If' '"-'7- I' i" '^'^ «"!«« 
 i>. ot lauiis. Lung. 47. K.'. E. lut. ;},0. 7 N 
 
 Maiusa, a town of \V. Africa in \Vii.ur,,r,. 
 
 on tl. N. side of the Niger; lor;;,i^I'TE: 
 of Wmnara. Long. 17. lo. E. lat. 15. 50. N 
 
 JMarascii. a town of Asiatic Turkey in 
 Cnramama; the capital of a s,u,giacate.^'„n 
 
 of Ivonich. Long. ;!7. 25. E. lat. 37. 24 N 
 
 MAUAn.oN a village ..f Livadia; forinori; a 
 V«S famous for the victory obtained bv Mil 
 ;|..les, with 10,000 Athenkns. o er . 5^1, Mo' 
 
 iZr "■ '• '""" ^' " -" ""'^'^ N- N. K of 
 SlAiuyi, a lake of Eastern Africii behind 
 
 t>rta(lfl , ami of much greater length. At its S 
 
 extremity is a district with a town of tlu;' ^mfe' 
 
 ""n;o. Long.3.X10.E.lat. i;i.lo!s ' 
 
 on ,1,?*"^:"*' " '■""'"'>■ "f J'''"Iostan, situated 
 on the eastern coast, oppo.sit, ..'eyjon an. 11 . 
 twcon -ir.^ In <■»?.' -i^^yioii, ana lie- 
 
 diktat ttf f "S"""^-^ '« '"^-"2 mSS 
 Uistant, but the town has a chapel of ease be- 
 
 f se-itoir"' T''"»-'r"«^« for'dissentr' U 
 18 seated on Mount Bay, 4 miles E of Pen 
 :^ance, and 27a W. by S.^If London "" 
 
 Maudklla, a town of Andalusia ; seated at 
 themouh of the Kio Verde; with . harSu" 
 SiS.' '^ " ^■'"'"^' "» ""'«« «• W. of 
 
 Makblehhad, a town of Massachuset, in 
 Eesex county; with a harbou ZeS by a 
 soawa.imd defended by a batVry a^'d cL' 
 
 clmset Vay"' V:;;i,:,TF°%''ir'' '" '^"^ 
 
 E.'^"Si^s?::;Ser^"^^'"""-'°^ 
 
 Ain^^TtT;'.")'"? t ^"''■""'=''' ''apartment of 
 2506. " ""'"' ^- "* ^""--g- I'opulation 
 
 Joi^lh^Sn^r'Cia"-' ^"^^" 
 MAKBijito, n town of Germany, capital of 
 
Iioro in 1812 j 
 III' rortiigueno. 
 [it town, 
 
 I Italy; in tlio 
 
 tlio (Julf of 
 
 nn. Long. 13. 
 
 ilppiirtincnt of 
 trade in siilt, 
 tlio Sovic, in 
 lilt'H N. N. E. 
 
 of Persia ; in 
 
 tiiiiiing '2500 
 
 tuato near a 
 
 Coelu'neal is 
 
 inhabitants 
 [t is tyO miles 
 t. 3.0. 7. N. 
 in Wangura, 
 miles N. E. 
 
 . 15. 50. N. 
 
 Turkey, in 
 giuciite, and 
 lies E. l)v . 
 17. 24. N. 
 ; formerly a 
 noil by Mil. 
 or 500,000 
 
 N. N. E. of 
 
 •icu, beliiiid 
 40 miles in 
 
 I. At its H. 
 'f the same 
 '. S. 
 
 m, situated 
 n, and lie- 
 !()' miles in 
 neludcd in 
 chief towns 
 
 1 town ill 
 Jay. The 
 lit 2 miles 
 f ease, be- 
 nters. Jt 
 i. of Pen- 
 
 seated ut 
 I harbour, 
 S. W. of 
 
 liuscts, in 
 Lted by a 
 and cita- 
 a Alassa- 
 
 II. Pop. 
 N. 
 tment of 
 
 tment of 
 jpulation 
 
 J, which 
 
 npital of 
 
 mah 
 
 eieetor of llesse-Cawel. It l,as ,i fortiiC} 
 CHsHo on the to,, of „ n,ount!.i . i nWcS 
 
 ^atS*-"?' 1 '"'"'"""• " falvinist a K 
 la hol.c chnreh nn hos,,ital. two infi mar es 
 
 Fcn^'i^te'""""- ." r ""<••" ""''«' 
 
 7 '"!"«'""/"'«';' l.y the Frcneh in 
 
 W of (Wi " "' "".'>' '^''''" ; *7 miles S. 
 
 ,„ *I*RCKu.N, St., a town of Franco depart 
 
 «, ^'*'"^"' " '"WM in Cambridgeshire • witli n 
 mrke on Friday. „nd a considernbe 'trail in 
 
 urns' ful ''of"1 *'t*-T- ^"'^ "•'- '-'-Mhree 
 urns lull of burnt bones, and m.me small 
 Roman coins, were dug up in 17:{0 It is 
 Ti'^'^^V'" Nen, in the Islo of Ely- "« 
 Sd^,^-''-'^-"*"^'™'^"'^«*'.«»'l«lN.;f 
 
 MAUcnnuiio, or MArmBUHo. a town of the 
 Austrian states, in Styria; capital of a circle of 
 Us name, with two castles. In its vicinity are 
 mi es sTe %r'' ? ^'^ °" ^''^ !>--; ",« 
 46. 38 N." "''• ^°"8- ^ ^- ^"- ^- l«t- 
 
 Marche, a town of France, department of 
 
 «JU miles h. of Neufchnteau. 
 
 Makchkck. a town of Lower Austria ; with 
 m. 0,1 castle; seated on the March, ,n the 
 Wiej. of Hungary; 23 miles E. by- N. of 
 
 MAKcmFNN,.;s. a town of France denart 
 "lent of Nord ; seated in „ mor^s oi? £ 
 c!™.""'" ''■"''' W. N. W. of Valen? 
 
 Marcianisi, a town in Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro; 13 miles N. N. E. of Naples. 
 
 w^of^Miioir "'"■■ "" '"■" ^'''^''' =^- ""•- 
 
 rivJI'of''"tbf' " ""*"''*"■' "'■ ^'"" F'""''». «" « 
 An?) I ,f "","'' "'""«'' "' ''■■' entrance into 
 Apalnche Uayj DiO miles W. N. W. of St A 
 giistin. Long. 84. 38. W. lat. 30 10 N 
 
 CiS^T.V*^''"".^"'^" "^ '^■"1'''^''' >■"' Cilihiia 
 
 of CoLnta °" "• ^' '" - ""''-'^ ^• 
 
 Marcou. St., two small islands in the English 
 
 2rfSz;f^-°"«'°^'^'--^^"'i'-«^ 
 
 of Nrd""'«r\";'"''^*' °^ ^''"'"'=^' department 
 ot «o,d; seated on a canal, to which it pKo, 
 
 name; 4 miles W. by S. of Dunkirk '^'^"^ 
 
 Mareb, the capital of a district of Arabia in 
 
 47 T'p ]\'\T ""''^^ S. E. of Sana. Loi'^! 
 4<. 30. h. lat. 15. 44. N. ^""h- 
 
 Marengo, a village of Austrinr, Italv in th.. 
 
 vE""'"' °/,M"""""'"ous for a-decisS 
 victoiy gained by the French over the W 
 
 4(31 
 
 MAH 
 
 t Hans, Juno 14, 1000. It in n miles <?!!■»# 
 Alessimdria. '" ^' *-• <>' 
 
 Mauenn^s, a town of Franco, department 
 of Lower Charento ; remarkable for tho w^en 
 '.lined oysters found near the coast. ItTas 
 
 Marp,oti.s, Lakr, at the S. of Alexandria 
 E<?ypt. It was formed by the Uritish!ln tl,"^' 
 
 Xel f '''y\ ''^ ?"'"« " -rnniunica 'on 
 liaween the canal and the present lake and 
 winch ,s still open, and affords a consideVZo 
 supply of water to the ancient lake, wh ch had 
 become almost drv. 
 
 nn^h*"w'""' ""'^'""'' in U'o Mediterranean • 
 on the W coast of Sicily; P2 miles in circum 
 ference. It has a castle, with a few farm-hours" 
 
 hu 3KT """' ''"•"^- ^°"«- '"• "^ e: 
 
 Maroarot's Islands, in the N. Pacific • 
 were .liscovere.l by Captain Magee, in the shi.! 
 
 schaitka, in 1780. Long. 141. 12. E. lat. 24. 
 
 Margarita, nn island near the const of Cu- 
 mana; about 40 miles long and 15 broa^l • 
 discovered by Columbus in 14,08. The con 
 tmual verdure renders it pleasant ; but it has 
 no fresh water. The inhabiu.nts are r.rinc pa y 
 mulattoes and the original natives. The pearl 
 fishery was once prosecuted to a great extent • 
 butm IfiOQ the Dutch landed nfd burnt "im 
 towi, and castle, since which it has greatly 
 Iecline.l. Its ports are Pampatar, Pueblo ,le 
 cen^''";""'^ I'ueblo del Notte. "it was the 
 scene of several sanguinary battles between the 
 nide).cndents and the royal troops under 
 General Morillo, who was defeated with great 
 OSS nca, I'ampatar, and obliged to retire to 
 the cont.Ment. Ascension is the capital. Long. 
 G4. toC5. VV. lat. 10. 56. N. ** 
 
 Margate, n town in Kent, on the isle of 
 rhanet; with markets on Wednes.Iay and 
 Saturday, and a brisk tritde in corn, coals fish 
 timber iron, tar, &c. It is a member of the' 
 port of Dover : and, owing to the great resort 
 to 1 , for sca-bathing. for which its situation is 
 well adapted, it has rapidly increased in popu- 
 lation and wealth. The harbour has been 
 greatly improved, and the town is protected 
 from the inroads of the sea by a stone pier 
 It IS situate on the side of a hill; 17 miles E.' 
 !>>. t^. ot Canterbury, and 71 E. bv S. of Lon- 
 don Long, l.o.j. 1,1 lat. 51.24.' N 
 
 MAR.i„KRiTi.;, a small uncultivated island on 
 Uie S. E. coast of Fiance, opposite Antibes ; 
 with a strong castle ; in which "the man with 
 
 1LT7 T^' r """-'^ *■"' ■'*"'"*' tini" confined. 
 Long. 7, 3. E. lat. 45, 31. N. 
 
 Mart Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Ross- 
 Bure; K; miles long, and from 1 to 2 bro act 
 There are 24 small islands in it. 
 
 Maria, a river of North America, which 
 rises m the Rockv Monnt^i,,. and after r 
 course of 5U0 milesi foils into the Missouri; 54 
 miles below the Great Falls. 
 
 Maria, Cape, a tvaall island on the N. coast 
 
 m 
 
 
t! 
 
 MAR 
 
 4G2 
 
 MAR 
 
 % 
 
 of Now Holland, in tlio Gulf of Carncnturin. 
 LonR. 135. 63.E. lat. 14. fiO. S. 
 
 Mahia, St., an island in tlio Indian Ociiin, 
 nenr thu E. side of Madngnitcur. It i« 4.5 
 miles long, and 7 broad ; well watered, and 
 surrounded by rocks. The nir is extremely 
 moist; for il rains almost c\CTy day. It pro- 
 duces rice, sugar-canos, legumes, ))inc-apples, 
 tobiu-co, &c., and on the coasts arc found whito 
 coral and ambergris. Long. 50. '20. E. lat. 1 7. 
 O.S. 
 
 Maria, St., (ho most southern island of the 
 Azores ; which produces plenty of wheat, and 
 has about 5000 inhabitants. It has a town 
 of the same name. Long. 25. 9, W. lat. 3(5. 
 67. N. 
 
 Maria, St., a town of Congo; capitol of the 
 kingdom of Matjimba. It stands on river that 
 flows into the Coanzoj 310 miles E. of Loanda. 
 Long. 18. 0. E. 1>U. 11.50. S. 
 
 ftlARiEOALANTE, one of the Caribbeo Islands; 
 Iwlonging to the French. It extends 16 miles 
 from N. to S. and 4. from E. to W. On the E. 
 shore are lofty perpendicular rocks; and about 
 half its surfiice is barren mountains. It is 
 indifferently watered, but produces tobacco, 
 cotton, coffee, and sugar. It was taken by a 
 British fVigato in 1 008. The S. end is 30 milefl 
 N. by E. of Dominica. Long. 61. 12. W. lat. 
 15. 52. N, 
 Marian Islands. See Ladrong. 
 Marie adx Minu.s, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Upper Rhine; divided into two 
 parts by the river Laber. It is 14 miles N. W. 
 of Colmar. Pop. 4000. 
 
 Marienduro, a strong town of West Prussia; 
 in the government of Dantzic ; with a brisk 
 trade. It is seated on the E. branch of the 
 Vistula; 24 miles S. E. of Dantzic. Long. 19. 
 I.E. lat. 54.2. N. Pop. 7200. 
 
 Marienduro, a town of Saxony, in the circle 
 of Erzgebirge ; near which are mines of silver, 
 iron, vitriol, and sulphur. It is 35 miles S. W. 
 of Dresden. Pop. 2600. 
 
 Mariestadt, a town of Sweden, capital of 
 the province of Scarlwrg; seated on the Lake 
 Wenner; 35 miles S. E. of Carlstadt, and 162 
 S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 14. 25. E. lat. 
 58. 28. N. 
 
 Marienwerder, one of the two governments 
 into which West Prussia is now divided. It 
 is a long tract of very irregular form, lying N. 
 of Poland, and S. of Pomerania and the go- 
 vernment of Dantzic. Area, 6880 square miles. 
 Pop. 302,000, 
 
 Marienwerder, a neat town of West 
 Prussia ; capital of a government and circle ; 
 with a spacious palace, built in the old Gothic 
 tiiste. The cathedral is the largest church in 
 the kingdom of Prussia, being 320 feet long; 
 and, by its strong breastworks, seems to have 
 formerly served as a fortress. In 1709 Peter 
 the Great and Frederic I. of Prussia had an 
 interview at this jjliice. It is seated near the 
 Vistula; 90 miles S. W. of KoniRsberg. Pop. 
 SOOO. Long. IS. 52. E. lat. 53. .-.0. N. 
 Marietta a town of Ohio, in Washington 
 
 county, and the oldest town in tlie state, but 
 liable to inundation ; which, from its situation, 
 is irromediable. Here is a churcli, court-house, 
 public academy, dock-yard, &c. : and in the 
 vicinity were discovered, in 1806, a beautiful 
 tessclatod iiavement, a largo human skeleton, 
 and other curious anti<iues. It is seated on a 
 Jieninsula formed by the Muskingum and Ohio 
 rivers; 240 miles W. by N. of Washington, and 
 159 N. E. of Lexington. Poi>. 1814. Long. 
 81. 1.0. W. lat. 3.9. SO. N. 
 
 Mariqnano, a town of Austrian Italy, in 
 the gov— "nent of Milnv, seated on the Lam- 
 bro , '-\ E. of Milan. Po]). 4000. 
 
 f' I -vn of Italy, in the papal stated; 
 
 with a • , lO miles E. S. E. of llomo. 
 
 Mari. _, oAN, a strong town of Italy, ducliy 
 of Urliino ; capiial of a small republic, under 
 the protection of tho pope. It is seated on a 
 mountain 2000 feet liigh, with a small tract 
 around its hose of about 40 square miles, 
 forming the smallest state in Europe. Pop. 
 of the town, 6000; of the whole territory, 7000. 
 It is 17 miles N. W. of Urbino. Long. 12. 33. 
 E. lat. 42. 54. N. 
 
 Marissa, or Maritz, a river of Romania, 
 which flows by Philipopoli, Adrinoplc, and Eno, 
 into the Archipelago, 
 
 Mark, a territory of Prussian Westphalia ; 
 bounded N. by tho principality of Munster, E. 
 by tho duchy of Westphalia, and S. and W. by 
 that of Berg. Ham is the capital. 
 
 Mark, St., a seaport and jurisdiction on the 
 W. side of St. Domingo. The town is one of 
 tho pleasantcst on the island ; and tho houses 
 arc built of freestone, which is abundant in the 
 neighbouring country. It is situate on a bay of 
 the same name ; 53 miles S. W. of Cajjo Fran- 
 9<)i8. Long. 72. 40. W. lat. 19. 20. N. 
 Market Jew. See Marazion. 
 AlARLnoROUGii, a borough in Wiltshire ; 
 governed by a mayor,with a market on Saturday. 
 It returns two members to parliament. Here 
 King John 'id a castle, in which a parliament 
 was held 1267, when the sUitutc of Marie- 
 bridge, for suppressing riots, was enacted. Tho 
 town contains two churches, several meeting- 
 houses, a free grammar-school, a Lancasterian 
 school, &c. It is seated on thoKennet; 26 miles 
 N. of Salisbuiy, and 74 W. of London. 
 
 Marlhorol'QH, a town of Massachusets ; 
 in Middlesex county; with a manufacture pf 
 Spanish brown, from a kind of loam found in 
 the neighbourhood. It is 25 miles W. by S. of 
 Boston. Pop. 2101.— Also the name of several 
 townships of the United Stales. 
 
 Marj.borough-F<)ut, an English factory, on 
 the W. coast of the island of Sumatra ; 3 miles 
 E. of Bcncoolen. 
 
 Marlborough, Lower, a town of Maryland, 
 in Calvert county, on the I'atuxeat ; 24 miles 
 S. E. of Washington. 
 
 Marlborough, Upper, a town of Maryland, 
 
 chief of Prince George county ; situate on tho 
 
 Hatavisit, a principal branch "of the Patuxent ; 
 
 15 miles E. of Wiiahiaatoa, 
 
 Mabxow, Great, a borough in Buckingham- 
 
tlie state, but 
 its Bituation, 
 , court-liouui, 
 : niul in tliu 
 I, a beautiful 
 (lan skulcton, 
 1 seated on u 
 iim and Uliio 
 sliington, and 
 iU14. Long. 
 
 inn Italy, in 
 on tlie Lam- 
 op. 1 000. 
 impnl Htatcs; 
 f llomo. 
 Italy, dikliy 
 {uiblic, under 
 I seated on a 
 1 small tract 
 quare miios, 
 irope. Pop. 
 ritory, 7000. 
 ^ong. 12.33. 
 
 )f Romania, 
 Ic, and £uo, 
 
 Westphalia ; 
 Munster, E. 
 . ond W. by 
 
 iction on the 
 rn is one of 
 . the houses 
 lulant in the 
 on a bay of 
 Capo Fran- 
 ). N. 
 
 Wiltshire ; 
 an Saturday, 
 iient. Here 
 I parliament 
 of Marle- 
 icted. The 
 al mccting- 
 ^ancasterian 
 et; 26 miles 
 Jon. 
 
 issacliusets ; 
 nufiicture gf 
 ini found in 
 W. by S. of 
 le of several 
 
 factory, on 
 ca ; 3 miles 
 
 ■ Maryland, 
 
 t ; 24 miles 
 
 f Maryland, 
 
 late on the 
 
 Patuxunt ; 
 
 iickingham- 
 
 MAR 
 
 sWre, with n market on Situnlm. ,. i 
 
 London. "'"f Aylesbury, and 31. W. of 
 
 £»&£=? tSS 
 
 "a-w. Lat 3G.'5TKnJ. TT^ "''' 
 ... ."wv. It taKes Its name from n 
 
 463 
 
 MAR 
 
 capital. 
 
 incfudrg%h'?:r'E%froiT* °' ^™"-' 
 
 ChampaJ.onndBrie.'^'lt is Sile'Tnt" "' 
 duces considerable quant^ic" of £/" A^a' 
 
 covered by Quiros in 1 ^on 1 ^"' "'-''■'= '''^- 
 
 and steep, but has many vaJL whk-h w ,'" ' 
 towards the sea nn,I „r-> ^ ' V '^^'^ '*^"''^" 
 
 Iwnanas, plantains, cocoa-nuts scirlp/ hi ' 
 paper-mulberries, (of the bark of wh h ?.""' 
 cloth is made,) c;;sllarina8, S otherrn '"i" 
 plants and trecu The nhil innVl ^""1 
 
 n>ade, strong. „nd active of a tn"''' '''^^ 
 plexion, but look almost bM'rk. k^"^ *="■"- 
 tured over the whS body TlfeirT^ ''""•=" 
 wianner, customs, &c., verv mlZ ^'"•«"'Yf' 
 tl.ojofthe Society Island? '""''* '^'"'"^ 
 
 M.!l^r.re''»i*h'ro"n"i?*" -""'="• ^^^P^^ment of 
 onthclWe ia a nr^ir ff-Z""'^'' '^'^''^ 
 17mU<« E S. E. Vn nV ^ ^'' '''"^' 
 
 .•"<.4.'n'^-p.V.'S:oT« ^-a- 1'^- '^". k. lut. 
 
 ia'::s:;::o>MSr3:ro^'/'«'r' 
 
 n-abayofthoMcditra„r:'3;"ii:/£; 
 
 Mauscii, S,;e MoR*w, 
 cZ':^nul'''f' " """""'""g 'H'aport of Franco 
 iiii-innahitants nro computed at 110 oon il 
 w.u,socelel,rate.l in the time of the Uoman, 
 
 It IS divided into the Old Town and tl o £ 
 
 con^asUotirSlJ^llirE?^:!' " "^■'^^•^■* 
 
 bT eSnt „'T'r?'*=^'*^«"^''''-htTon^^ 
 Eu OD?in M,;,- [ " " ""''^ "ometimes called 
 
 nearly 6000 little cou Try boxes If thJ'T" *'" 
 called bastides. The 3 J^ 1 •^''/'"^^"'• 
 form lA^nr \ i -^"^.PO" " a basjn of an oval 
 
 mencement of every nrocl?" ft "' 'k?u*""- 
 
 . J^I'^nf ICO N, ovo, a town of Naples in Prm 
 cipato Citra, 'Jl miles N N P Zn " "" 
 Pop. (,fiOO. • ^- "'^ 1 olicastro. 
 
 AlAiis.co Vkcciiio, a town of Nanles in 
 
 £rts;ss-ss 
 
MAR 
 
 401 
 
 MAR 
 
 f'i 
 
 '! 
 
 « li 
 
 at Ihe entrance of the Cnttcgnt, ,'»3 miles N. 
 N. W. of Uottoiiburg. Long. II. 3G. K. Int. 
 fi7. 5.H. N. 
 
 M*KTA, a town of Ftnly, in the patrimony of 
 yt. I'etor, scatoii on h river of tho same name, 
 10 milw K. of IJastro. 
 
 MAiiTAnAN, ft province of tho Dirmnn empire, 
 pnrt of which hiis hren ceded to tho British. 
 The wlioio popiiliition nnunmts to nhout •l.'),000, 
 of which about 'JAjOOO belong to Britain. The 
 rt'li^'ion in BuddhiKm. 
 
 Maiitahan, a city of tho Birninn empire, 
 cnpitiil of a province of the mime name, fertile in 
 rice, fruits, and wines of all kinds. It was at 
 one time a rich tnuiing place, hut after it fell 
 into tho hands of the Birmans, they caused its 
 harbour to bo nearly choked up, and it is now 
 of little importance. It is seated on tho bay of 
 Benpil, at the mouth of the Thalnan; I'JO 
 miles S. K. of I'egu. Long. 97. 56. E. lat. 
 16. 30. N. 
 
 MAiiTAPiiaA. Snf Mktaim'ra. 
 
 Martiu,, a town of I'rnnce, department of 
 Lot, seated near the Dordogne, 18 miles li. of 
 Sarlat. I'op. ;.!l!0(). 
 
 Martha, St., a district of the republic of 
 Columbia, in tho territory of New tiranndn, 
 bounded N.by the Caribbean Sea, E. by Marn- 
 caibo, and \V. by Carthagena. It abounds with 
 fruit proper to the climate, and there are mines 
 of gold and precious stones, and salt-works. 
 Hero commences the famous ridge of moun- 
 tains called tho Andes, which runs S. the whole 
 length of S.^ America. 
 
 AIabtiia, St , a town of Colombia, capital of 
 the above district. The har))our is surrounded 
 by high mountains. It was once flourishing and 
 populous, but has of late years much declined. 
 It has been fVe([uently pillaged by tho English, 
 tho Dutch, and the Buccaneers: in 1596 it was 
 rwlnced to ashes by Sir Francis Drake. It is 
 seated on one of the mouths of the Madalcnn, 
 100 miles \V. by S. of Rio de la Hacho. Long. 
 74. 4. W. Int. ll.'J7. N. 
 
 Martha's Vineyard, an island near the S. 
 coast of Massachusots, a little to the W. of 
 Nantucket. It is 'Jl miles long, and from 2 to 
 10 broad, and belongs to Duke's county. The 
 chief products are Indian corn and rye. Edgar- 
 ton is tho chief town. 
 
 Martiialem, a town of Switzerland, canton 
 of Zurich, 6 miles S. of Schatfhausen. 
 
 Maktioues, a town of France, department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone, seated near a lake 12 
 miles long, and 5 broad, which produces excel- 
 lent salt. It is 20 miles N. W. of Marseilles. 
 Pop. 8000. 
 
 Marti.v, Cape, a promontory of Spain, sepa- 
 rating the Gulf of Valencia from that of Alicant. 
 Long. 0. 36. E. lat. 38. 54. N. 
 
 Martin, St., a town of France, in the Isle 
 of Re, with a harbour and strong citadel, 10 
 miles W. N. W. of Uochelle. Long. 1.21. VV. 
 lat. 46. 18. N. Pop. 3000. 
 
 Martin, St., one of the Leeward Caribbee 
 islands, 44 miles in circumference. It hat 
 neither harbour nor river, but several salt-pits, 
 and salt-water lakes. Tobacco is the chief com- 
 
 modity cultivated. It was long jointly possessed 
 by tho French and Dutch, wos taken by the 
 British in 180 1, but subsequently restored. 
 The W. end is 6 miles S. of Anguilla. Long. 
 63. 16. W. lat. 18. 4. N. 
 
 MAitTiNACif, a town of Switzerland, in tho 
 Valais, on the river Dninse, 12 miles S. W. of 
 Sion. 
 
 MARTrNico, one of the Windward Caribbee 
 islands, 50 miles long, and 10 broiwl, belonging 
 to the French. There are high mountains 
 covered with trees, several rivers, and many fer- 
 tile valleys. Tho chief products are sugar, 
 cotton, ginger, indigo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, 
 plantains, and several other tropical fruits. The 
 island is extremely populous, and it has several 
 siife and commodious harbours, well fortified. 
 It was taken by the English, in 1762, 1794, 
 1R09, but restored in 1815. In 1806 it suf- 
 fered great damage by a tremendous hurricane. 
 Pop. 96,41.3, Fortroynl is the capital. 
 
 Mautinsuuro, a town of Virgini.i, capital of 
 llerkclev county, situate in a fertile country, 10 
 miles N". N. W. of Shepherdstown, and :2 N.K. 
 of Winchester. 
 
 Martinsvillk, a town of North Carolina, 
 cni)ital of Ouildford county. Near this place, 
 in 1781, Lord Comwallis defeated General 
 Greene. It is seated on Buffalo Creek, 22 miles 
 E, of Salem, and 45 W, by N. of Hillsbo- 
 rough. 
 
 Martinsville, a town of Louisiana, situate 
 in a well cultivated district, on the river Zcchc. 
 
 MARTorK, a town in Somersetshire, with an 
 elegant church, and markets on Wednesday 
 and Saturday. It is 7 miles S. of Somerton, 
 and 130 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Martorano, a town of Nni>les, in Calabria 
 Citra, and a bishop's see; 18 miles from tho 
 sea, and 15 S. of Cosenza. 
 
 JIartorel, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, at 
 the conflux of the Noya and Lobbregat; 18 
 miles N. W. of Barcelona. 
 
 Martos, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with 
 a fortress. It is 10 miles W. of Jaen. Pop. 
 6000. 
 
 Marit, a town of Persia, in Khorasan, cele- 
 brated for its salt-works ; situate on tho Morga, 
 130 miles E, N. E. of Mcsched. 
 
 Marvao, a town of Portugal, in Alcntejo; 
 8 miles N, E. of Portjilegro, 
 
 Marvejoi.s, a town of France, department 
 of Lozerc; seated on the Colange, 10 miles 
 N, W, of Mende. Pop. 3700. 
 
 Marvii.i.e, a town of France, department of 
 Mcuso ; seatc<l on the Oshein, 3 miles N. of 
 Jamctz. 
 
 Mary, St., a seaport of the state of Georgia, 
 in Camden county, at the mouth of St. Mary 
 River; 70 miles S. bv W. of Newport. Long. 
 80. 52. W. lat. 30. 43. N. 
 
 Mary River, St., a river of the state of 
 Georgia, navigable for vessels of considerable 
 burden for 90 miles. Its banks afford immense 
 quantities of fine timber, suited to the West 
 India markets. It rises in the Okefonoke 
 swamp, and thence forms the southern boundary 
 of the United States to the ocean, which it en- 
 
MA R 
 
 1 
 
 out drnj-r! ' '"'•"•• «^'"' •'"•Imendcl with. 
 
 W. of l)uMln. ^ ''"'J'-town, and 43 S. 
 
 Ainlricrof"' ?°.°'' "'° ^^'"'tcJ States of 
 
 i» divided in o 1 » couXl ^i % \' •«',"'"• ^' 
 tl.e western, and on tl o J *i"''' "'•'' °" 
 
 *'., Cecil. Kent 5j ,1 a !?• *''"*<' "" f'O 
 resembles Virg ni,V ',,Tl Lr.' '". """" ""'f''"'^^- 
 
 or cojistinK tmde ri«J 7''''"' '" ""-'«"«' 
 
 the parish SZ, t r^arrfive^::^;,,,;^'^- 
 and ft national school. Moi v port ^« -??"'*' 
 the mouth of the Ellen i?fh»i- . "^."''* "* 
 
 nic«Lot"eTr'' "'"^""f F^nnce, depart- 
 
 24 miles NWorA"""' "" V"' "^^ ««'""""; 
 deaux. ^«''"' ""'' ^^^ ». E. of Uor- 
 
 onthecfli^seTmilittrritS""'^^ 
 
 ao^^T'^fis-^r-f^r^ 
 
 469 
 
 Mas 
 
 largo as 'I'remogen . """""'"B' it is not so 
 
 having a grer;"n„ /^--Vh!.? "••""'■^' 
 mosques, ft in .,.„i„,i • "'/"?•' houses and 
 
 Mascat, or M(;si{4T „ . 
 
 coastof Ambia. wai"an^x.o,?e!:th ? "'" ^• 
 Ims a oastio on n rock nn!n. """'"■• '* 
 
 hy nature and «r?tC^,'\r^ ""■""«• hoth 
 
 Ruese, who reU^ined Vt for J ". ^^ "'*' ''"rt"" 
 'l'l<e cathedral SbvTh^ century and a half. 
 
 the imaum-rXe^'TliTrr- " ""'' 
 
 i^J^^.^rtrsrr?'^''^'''-' 
 
 the other Tb« .niri' ?"° ""'*' '» those 01. 
 
 Great Britaiit'Se^tZfflr^'''"-- 
 neutral, and in time nf w„ •. i "'^ ^'"'*«'t «» 
 
 ^.e milium oftmrnLTa tion w" ir"h"e ^"^" 
 "lies' ports. It I'a a,..,.„,i '"" ^'}'> *ne eim 
 
 Ambia'n Sea. W. 59 og" VT 'o^?^ "'"'« 
 
 K«ermonde. Pop. 3400 """^ ^- S. W. of 
 
 maSrClr t?m? T"*'''''-^' -■"- « 
 woollen clotJinSonr'n"''"/'*."^''""^ 
 of Middleham and 2l« N 5l (^' l^'^^f- «• 
 
 MaSIIANAgJr, a town of rnn^T^ ^°"''""- 
 
 Of Cabul; situate on Z^f^i'*"""' 1""°*'"™ 
 of Attock and 30 E. S Eof'r' k",'"''?' ^• 
 71. 7. E. lat. 33 .54 N ^"''"'- ^°"S 
 
 the's"rSVvhl\VrVl?""^^^ '■'"'""' - 
 
 »iri^fF«--.^^^S 
 hyte^'p^i-ixi^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 mirand Kalisch and thp V- ♦ "J""^^"*^ ^^"''o- 
 31«,000, T^e;"m;f->-^*?'^ Populatlo,. 
 
 vince of much Ser exS" "^'"''^ ^ P^-' 
 capital. * '"*'• Warsaw is '.he 
 
 Massa, a town of Italy, capital of a duchvof 
 
MAR 
 
 400 
 
 thaMntflnnmo, whiih U fiunmm (l>r il« iinnttU 
 of lino innrl.0. Tim lowi. ,«„l iti. torriLiry 
 bolongiM to IW.„„v, l„„ ,v,„ ^iv,.„, i„ um, 
 to I.uoou. It ii, iK.,,ip,i „„ t|„. riviT Fiiui.lo. 3 
 nuliii IVom till' N'li, itiiil ;i(l N. hv W. of lifu- 
 horn. 1^)11^. 10. 10. K. UU H. •}. N. 
 
 M*iw*, II town of Tun.<Hi.v, i„ tho SionnCM. 
 lloraK iukI lii|iiii Inxnii iir „miiI in llip noigh- 
 bourluMMl. It li moitiMl o. n nionntiiin nciir tlio 
 •e«. iW niil(<« S. W. of Sionnii. Lonii. 1 1. ,1. 
 E. Int. ■<;«. A. N. " 
 
 Maiwaiihiuktu, ono oflho Unitcl Slntw of 
 AmiTuiH. I!I0 niiJM lonK, mul from (iO to loo 
 bn.H.li iMUintlwl on tho N. by Now iliini,»|iiro 
 una Vomiont, W. I.y Now Vork. H. I.v ("on- 
 nwHiout, UIukIo Ulan.l. luul tho Atlantic, nn.l 
 t,. by thnt ooonn nnd MiiiiMchiiHot* H«v. It 
 Ui divi.liHl into U oountiM: Siillolk, Norfolk 
 t.mex, MuUIUwx, IUn)iwhire. Wonimto,'. I'lv- 
 mouthUarimtiihlo. Dukt*. Nnntuokot, llrimol. 
 IWKshin., I'mnklin, mul llrtni,Kli.n. Thorn 
 •ro m-voml railnv»,lii in oporation in thin Htato. 
 from Itoiton to WorocKtor, to tho Miulm.n.an.l 
 thonoo to Liiko Ontario, parallol with tho timml 
 Uuial; to Trovidonoo, to J.owoll, and front 
 Wi»t htiukhrulKo to tho hoiindnry of Now 
 York. This atato ii woll watoroti by a nunil)oi 
 of Miiall rivom. and prodnoos plonty of niaixo, 
 whtwt, flax, honip, ooppor, and inin. ^ailH 
 hnvo iKH-ii made horo in tuoli qiinntiticrt, aH to 
 Ijrevont. in n (jn-at nioamiro. tho importation of 
 tJieni «V.mi (5ro.it Uritnin. Thoro in a nuiihino 
 for cuttniK hiuIh iit Nowbury fort, invont.^l by 
 Mr. Jacob l•erkin^ whiih will tnrii out 'JitO.OOO 
 in n day. Thoro are aliio diuk niamifaotorioH 
 nmnutacti.ri^ of cotton mul woi)llon, paper 
 nu s, wyoral unuff, oil, clmeolato, aiul powder 
 mill., and a nunik'r of iron workH. and HJittiuK 
 nulls bMidM othor niillii in common m»o (6t 
 mwiiiK timber. Krindii.K gmin, and ftilliiiKoloth. 
 in fact, thoro nro few iirtiolon nocossary to tho 
 comfort ami convoiiionco of lifo which nro not 
 BianufaetuaHl in this utato. Urowcrit>N nnd 
 dMti lerics have long been C8tnbli, ,od. niulNliip. 
 building IS prosoculiHl with Kn-at ardour. The 
 literary, humane, and othor societies mo nume- 
 roui It IS estimntwi that more than one- 
 fourth of the shipping of tho Unito.1 States 
 belong to Massachusets. Tho ii.habitanls 
 Miount to ,3, (i!.i,. Slavery is. happily, in 
 this state nb,.|ished. Boston is the capital. 
 
 Massaciiuskw Hay, a Imiv of tho forcgoinK 
 state, botwocii Cape Ann and Capo Cod. It is 
 to nanid, as woll as the whole stjito of Massa- 
 chuseta, from a Iriln. of Indians of tho same 
 name that formerly lived round this Ixiy. 
 
 MAS8AFRA a town of Naples. i„ Term 
 dOtaiuto; K, miles N. W. ofTnnmto. Pop. 
 
 j!t^T'"'' "• *°'"J f ^""S"' '■" Angola, 
 capital of a province of the same name, seated 
 on the Coan,o 100 miles E. S. E. of Loa-igo. 
 Long. 14. 30. E. lat, ». 40. S. ^ 
 
 Massapa, a town of Africa, in Motapa; near 
 
 ^t^J"^!^ """? "i'*"'"^- '^'''« I'orf'guose 
 are settled here. It ia seated on a river. 2,10 
 nnles N. W. of Sofela. Long. .31. 55. E. bt" 
 
 MAT 
 
 M«s,i(i«n4N.>, n town of the .Sardinian ilitUa. 
 in ruHlmont, 40 niiliHi N. N. K. of Tiirlti. 
 I oi>. ;ifioo. 
 
 MAHSKunr., n town of Franco, ilcpnrtment of 
 <"'rs| 14 miles .S. of Audi. 
 
 Masi/aii n town of Abvssiiiia, siti ntn on nil 
 island on thut-oast oflho IUmI .So», with an <'x- 
 
 •vllont harlM.iir,dii.trilMitod i Ihroo divisions. 
 
 Ilio hoiisos in gonoral are built of iiolos and 
 
 »!'. Mi. !•;. lat. 15. ;t5. N. 
 
 Masiii.ii'atam, a rit nnd seaport of llin. 
 d.Milan i„ the district of Coudapilly , with n 
 K<'<«l harbour, ami a considorablo trnilo i-i 
 ehiutsos, painto<l linens. Ac. It formerly bo 
 oiigod to the Fronch, but was taken bV tin. 
 
 llntiHh III I7(i,<». It is seated near o f tho 
 
 mouths of tho Kistna. 7;i inili« H. W. of llaja- 
 nnmdy. Lo„g. (||. I5. K. Int. 10. 10. N. 
 It *^'"'*;*,".''- '» <"»"> "f I'nuioo, dopartnient of 
 t'ppor Uhiiio, at tho foot of tho Vosgos moiin- 
 tnms J 10 mill's N. of llofort. Top. '."JOO, 
 ' Mata, a town of .Spain, in Valencia. Near 
 It IS a lake of tho samo name, noted for the 
 unmcnso (pinntity of salt that it prmluces. The 
 town stnn.ls on the sea coast j VJII miles 8. S.W. 
 ot Alicant 
 
 Mata.a, or Matanza, n commodious bay on 
 the N. eiMist of tho islaiul of Cuba ; ;15 mil.; lO 
 "J llavanna. Long. 111. |(i. w. lat. 2.'t. I'.!. N 
 
 AIatai.a, a town and capo on the S. co«h| <',f 
 the islniul of Cnndia; .'10 miles S. of Candi.i. 
 Long. 24. 51. E. lat. ;U. 4(5. N. 
 
 Matamiia, a country of AlHcn. in Congo, 
 bouiulml on tho N. by Congo I'ropor. E.by 
 parts unknown, S. by HemUi and Ucnguola, 
 nnd W. by Angola. Tho chief town is St 
 Mann. 
 
 AIatan, or MAfTfAN, ono of thosmnllei Phi- 
 Iippinos, on which Magellan wiui killed in 1521. 
 atlor he had con.|ucre<l tho isle of Zebu. 
 
 Matai-an, Cai'i;, tho m.)8t southern promon- 
 tory of tho Moroa, between tho (Julf of C.mm 
 ami that of Colochina. Long. 22. 20. E. lat 
 .>(>. .').>. N. ' 
 
 , Matauah, nlownof ihoialmid of Java It 
 IS strong by situati.Hi, and is sontod in a fertilo 
 «md populous country, suiroumlod by moun- 
 tmiis. Long. 111.55. K. lat. 7. 15. S 
 
 Ma'twu), a town of .Spain, in Catalonia, cclo- 
 bnited for Its gla.ss- works, uml the host re.l wino 
 made in the province 1 lore are al.so manufi.c- 
 tu.v„ of calic). Bilk 8luh\ laces, Kc. It is 
 seated on the Mediterranean ; 20 miles N. E. 
 of Barcelona. Pop. 25,000. 
 
 Matkka a town of Naples, capital of Uasili- 
 cata, nnd the see of an archbishop. It is seated 
 on tl'eCannpro, 35 miles W. N. W.of Taranto. 
 I op 1 2,400. Long. 1 6. 34. E. lat. 4 0. 60. N. 
 Mateuka. See V xiotoj/.s. 
 Matiian, a town of the empire of Bomou • 
 with a royal palace, forming a kind of citjulel ' 
 situate on a small river j 100 milts S. W.of 
 iiurnou, 
 
 Matiiieii, a tow i of France, department of 
 Upper Vieime; 12 miles W. S. W. of St. 
 Junior, 
 
 Mathi;iu, a celebrated town of Hindostnn, 
 
unco, <lc|inrliiioiit of 
 
 MAT 
 
 «nnm,„„.m ,|.M.il«rl,„H (Von, ,.|| puru 7l i , 
 
 "" wiirin Imilm, w|ii,.|, ,„„ „„ | (v„,,,,,,,,. , . 
 "f t^io rlv..r I, „ ,M.tri»>inK "ITinK. 
 
 tho J , i"! ;'.""""• ."•"'"•■ "'" '''"''i"«lio" ..f 
 
 Vr"'"""""' ' "P. HiMHit .'.(),0()((. 
 
 MAm,K„, Kr., n towr„ of H,mln, in V„l»nri,i 
 fj. oi Viiltiiicm. "•I'. 
 
 4"<M,]ill!."s f'-vS" ';'""'"" "'" Atlantic; 
 
 MATriiKWH. a ,.„„„ty of tho «t,.t«ofV,>Kinia • 
 
 Hi, W. I,v (||„t of L,i J.|at„, uiHl K |,v tha 
 l"'>K.. .10.1 lM.tw,.,.n I0.«„,I2;). of S lat It' 
 
 Mat, "'" """"^^ ''^ «^'"^''""y '■'■^til". 
 
 fort • """I""-' "f CVyl"", wiil.amnall 
 
 '•"•I nl.oun.li i„ ..|,.|,|,a„u u in Hrat./ut o 
 mouth o tlu. M..|i,,„, near tl,o Hoath • n "xtt 
 
 Mat.;ha. a town of Ilin.l.mtnn. in tlu. pro- 
 unco of Aura • "•> iniliii IM I.' ,.«• » J - 
 s s. K. of jm'i,,- • '*^ '^«"'' "'"' ^" 
 
 Mau«|.:.;,,k, a forriHcl town of Fmncc .le- 
 >annu.ntof NonI ; with mnnnfacturcs of^i 
 
 formed the hhukade of this place, hat wore noon 
 <lr.ven fron, their ponition. It wn« one of t " 
 for reMcm occ.pie.l hy the „llio, fr„m Kds to 
 I 'in. Se,ite<l on theHmnhro; 13 miles «. of 
 Aloris. Pop. 4))()o. o. Of 
 
 JVfAiJLDAir, a town of Ilindostan, in DenRal • 
 Bituate on a nver that communi«.tc« with tl J 
 ; "'f "• !' .«'•'»'« ""t of the ruinH of (;our 
 winch are m it, neighhourhoo,! ; and is „ p|„co 
 <•« trade, particularly in silk ; 1 70 miles N. of 
 (a L-utte. r,.".ns. VAl u;. E. iat. 2o. ;i. N 
 
 a.,.f plo"'." ''7"'';;;f "'■ ''■'""' '•''- '"il^H long. 
 «.id IJO hroad. The Moil i» fertile, and tho 
 
 487 
 
 MAY 
 
 Th« 
 
 proylnroU well waUmnl I'o„. 12 000 
 ••"/"l"! <"• Tal.n. f,at. :|.J. 47. m. 
 
 JWa 1)1,1., n river of the above "province wl.I.h 
 
 VoUle.;';'""';.'''"''" '" '''""'^''' «l"P«rtm..nt of 
 Vondeoi with an an.ienl eiwll,, on a roek It 
 
 Jl-M-hSI,"""' "'" "'"' "'"' ' ^'-^ •""« N. K. .'f 
 Ma./i K,,^,, a town of Franco, .lepnrtm..nl „r 
 
 MAr/i.K.,!,, a town of Franco, deiMirtnu.nl'of 
 «'lM..-r I'yrene.^, a.l mile. H. R of Tarl„» ' 
 
 »!.« I '"' u^' (""«""" l'«'ucadi«). an i.lan.l in 
 tho lomnn Hea. on tho W. ron«t of <;ree,„, |," 
 
 A mil^. r„ "" '"!•'"' "'<^''"'''«'"""'. '""I"''" t 
 « ml « . '"'"."• "" "'"""•" '" •""""lainon, 
 
 I'lak.*. I|,„ ,.i,u,f prodncf, an. wine, ojiven 
 c tron,, pomeRrmmte.. aln.ond.. nn.l oth t f Ji , 
 1 form, part of tin, Ionian repnhlie. and »^ n |,' 
 fimr d..pnlie, to the «H,eml,ly. |. ,p. 'Mt^'^ 
 i iKTo are several good port', hut no tow of 
 c.nHe.p,enee. exeept the .apilnl, of tho«m,, 
 
 J "p. MIOO. Long. 'JO, w. J,;, |„t. ;,„ 4,, j^ "' 
 
 CautTT' " "T' "'■ '•'"'""•• ''•^^I'artn.ent of 
 tantal ; ta.non*. for exeel|,.nt hor«eH , «.a,e. 
 ncn^the l>or,lo„r.., j '>„ mil.., K. „f r„||„ '"■" 
 
 VuV!;""*'.'''''. '"*■'• " '"*" "<■ «"it!!«'rland, in the 
 Valaw. «tu„t„ on the Rhone, l,etw<vn two 1. 1 
 
 ~taum,|,i,„||,,N.W.;,fAlartlin: "«'' 
 MAuaiTiim. .V<r FaAm;i), I«,,k oi'V 
 M*«'Hi'A oneof thcHmaller ,Soci.,ty JMan.N 
 
 iiiileH N. l.y W.of.St, I'olten 
 
 Fr,1LV"'"lt*V " ""'"/" *':''"""" = •""^'"•t "" 
 ' riday. It has no chnreh, hut a chapel han 
 
 .•'•'' .Tccte. at the expense of the late aV« ,,, 
 llu,.k,MKham. Jt is seated on the K. side of 
 I'ain.outh Haven ; 12 miles .S. .S. W. of Gmm- 
 P..U-..I, and 'JfJO W, by ,S. of London. 
 
 Maxicv, a town of IJpp.r .Saxony, cclehratc.l 
 f.rr victory ohtamed hy thoAustrli.ns over tho 
 
 rendered themselves prisoners of war, U is 10 
 
 miles .S. of Driiiden. "«lil 
 
 MAXiMtN. .St., a town of France, dcpnrlmenf 
 
 of fhe Frit^'l.''';'.'''' ".'■:'^'''!!»"''. "t the mmith 
 01 the I nth of 1. orth, with a lighthouse , « n.,lc« 
 S. ^. 01 Anstruther. ' ^ 
 
 .; 1*' V:,^"'*'"'' "■ '^'"PO °f N. America, on the N 
 
 i.'w-iL'r.ro:';"/""'^^"-"- ^-«75; 
 
 inSr'^^h^nrinnj::^:^'^^ 
 
 Jands at the mouth of the Danna ; 1 mi, ,,' 
 N. W. of Loan«o. LonR. 1 0. '20. F. lat. ,'J. ,0 S 
 
 til a maniif let.iro .,f „„.» .7 , '^'"""^ , 
 
 li 
 
 
MAY 
 
 4(18 
 
 MEA 
 
 ■s 
 
 1.^ 
 
 ':\ 
 
 MtnN, n town in tliu rriiHiimn provrnco of 
 Ii>wer llhinn, with n niRtli' mul n i-ollcKJiito 
 cniirch ; wntod on tlio Nttto j 15 milm VV.Iiy 
 N. orCobluiiti. 
 M*rocic. Slf„ Mnitn!. 
 MAYRNKiicin. n town of rtwllxorlnml, Jn tho 
 Oriwm county; chief phu-o <if tho l.cnguo of 
 tho Ten Jurimlirtioni j with !MM( iiihiiliitnnta ; 
 •oiiti'<l on tho Uhino, in (i rointintic valioy! -JJ 
 miit-ii S. by K. of Ap|ii>n7.ol. 
 
 Mavrnnr. n (lenurtmi-nt of I'rnncc, inchuling 
 pnrt of thi« former province of Mitlmi It tiiktii 
 lU nnme fVoni n river, wliich »h)WH S. hy tho 
 ritie« of Mnyonne nnd Lnviii, tothnt of AnKom, 
 where it receive* the Snrthe, im<l noon after 
 join» tho Loire. Vop. 34,000. Lnviil is tho 
 ctipilnl. 
 
 MArRNKR, tho chief plnco of nn nrromllM©. 
 ment m tho nlM)ve department ; with a iiintloon 
 a rock. It haR mnnufiicturcs of linen, woollen, 
 nnd thread. It in seated on the river Mayinno • 
 4A miles W. N. W. of Mans. I'op. illoo! 
 Long. 0. 4;{. W. lat. 411. 1(1. N. 
 
 Maynootii, a town of Irelnn.l, in tho ronnty 
 of Kiidnre. Hero is a royal college for stu- 
 •tenta mtondwl for the Itominh church ; also 
 a college for lav studenU of the sanio pertiiia- 
 Mon, established in 100-». It is 15 miles W. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Mayo, n county of Ireland, in the province 
 of Connaught ; (!> miles Ioiir, and M broad ; 
 bounded E. by Roscommon, S. l)y Ualway, W. 
 nnd N. by tho Atlantic, nnd N. K. by Sligo. It 
 u divided into 7(! parishes, and sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. Tho W. c(Mwt is moun- 
 tninous, and thinly inhabited ; but tho interior 
 produces excellent pasfurnne, and is wntereil by 
 •everal lakes nnd rivers. Tho fisheries are very 
 productive. Mayo gives the title of earl to 
 the family of Bourke. Tho principal town is 
 t^astlebnr. 
 
 Mayo, a town of Ireland, once the capital of 
 Uie county of its name, but now n poor place : 
 » miles S.E. of Castlebar. 
 
 Mayo, one of tho Cape Vcrd islands; 20 
 miles m circumference. The N. E. end is low, 
 and the land rises gradually till it arrives at a 
 »oIcanic mountain, to the S. W. of which is 
 irregular ground, soon followed by a high peak 
 muoh more lofty than the volcanic cone. Tho 
 ioU in general is barren, and wafer is scarce • 
 but there are plenty of beeves, goats, and asses | 
 M also some corns, yams, potntiws, plantains, 
 ?g«, and water-melons. The chief commodity 
 M ialt. Long. 23. 6. W. lat. 15. 10. N. 
 
 Mayoroa, a t«wn of Portugal, in Estremn- 
 lum; near the Atlantic ; 67 miles N. of Lisbon. 
 Maysvillk. See Limestone. 
 Maywab. See Oodipour. 
 -Mazaoan, a seaport of Morocco, near the 
 -^♦jan'ic; 8 miles W. of Arnmor, and 120 N. 
 of Morocco. It is now almost deserted. Lona 
 8. 15. W. lat. 33. 12. N. 
 
 Mazanderan, a province of Persia, bounded 
 N. by the Caspian Sea, W. by Ghiliin, S. by tho 
 lony mountains of Elburz, which separate it 
 ftom Irak, and E. by Khorassan. It is a fertile 
 «ninwr, and the mouuUtiiuj on ita S. boundary 
 
 aro covered with tini»H!r trow j hut the clIninM 
 is moist and unhealthy. .Sari is the nipitnl. 
 
 Mazaua, a seaport of, Siiily, in Valdi Miwiins 
 and a liiithnp's see. It has a caimcioiis harbour, 
 and is built on tho ruins of tho an«iu:it .Seni- 
 luintnm: 45 miles .S. W, of Palermo. Long. 
 12. .10. E. lat. .V. .M N. 
 
 Maxikha, or Ma<kiua, an island in the Ara- 
 bian .Sen, on tho const of Oman ; (JO miles long, 
 and from 4 to U broad. Long. 4!». 80. E lat 
 20. 30. N. 
 
 Mkaco, a city of Niphon, in Jnpnn, fonnerly 
 the niftnjpolis of tho whole empire. It is NtiJI 
 tho ecclesiastical nipitnl, tho resi<lence of tho 
 ihiiro. or spiritual sovereign, nnd the ceiitro of 
 literature and scieneo. The palace, and some 
 of tho temples, are of extraordinary nnignifi. 
 ccnce. A niinilior of tho tiner nnuinfiictures, 
 particularly japan-work, painting, carving, Nc. 
 are carrie<l on hero. The town is m-iiti il in li 
 fine plain ; KiO miles W. M. W. of .letl.lo. Pop 
 62,'),0()0. Long. ISX 30. i;. lat. 3.-.. 24. N. 
 
 MradTa, a town of Hungary i in theljannnt 
 of Teineswar. It was taken by tho Turks, in 
 17311 ami 17(1.0. It is 23 miles S. E. of Temes- 
 war. Pop. 1400. 
 
 AIrco, one of tho smaller Moluccas \ in tho 
 Indian Ocenn ; with a good harbour. Lonir. 127 
 5. R lat. I. 12. N. 
 
 Mkahnh. Sfe KiNCAnniNKsiiinR. 
 
 Meai'ii, or East Mratii, n county of Ireland 
 
 in the province of Leinster ; 43 miles (KngliMhj 
 
 long, nnd 3(! broad; Iwundetloii tho N. by Cavan 
 
 and Louth, E. by the Irish .Sea, S. by Kildaro 
 
 nnd Dublin, and W. by Westmonth. It isdi- 
 
 videtl into 1(1 Imronies nnd 147 pariHhos, and 
 
 sends two members to parliament. It formerly 
 
 contained several smnll bishoprics, which were 
 
 gradually united into one see, nnd received tho 
 
 name of Meath in the twelfth century. Thero 
 
 is no cathedral, and the episcopal 'palace is 
 
 at Ardbmccan, a village near Navan. Tho 
 
 agriculture of this county is now in a very 
 
 flourishing state. The soil in general is a rich 
 
 fertile loam, i)roducing abundanco of com, anil 
 
 feeding numerous sheep and cattle. Trim is tho 
 
 capital. 
 
 Meath, West, a county of Ireland ; in tho 
 province of Leinster ; 42 miles long, nnd 35 
 broad ; iMJunded N. by Cavnn, E. by Eiwt Meath, 
 S, by King's county. W. by Roscommon (from' 
 v^iich It 18 separated by the Shannon), and N. 
 W. by Longford. It is divided into 1 1 baronies 
 (besides half the barony of Fore)nnd 59 parishes, 
 with parts of seven others. It sends two 
 members to parliament. It is very fertile in 
 com nnd pastimigc, nnd hasi several lakes and 
 nvers. This county gives the title of marquis 
 to the family of Nugent. Mullingnr is tho 
 county town. 
 
 Meaux, a large and populous town of France, 
 department of Seine-et-Mamo. Tho market- 
 place is a peninsula, contiguous to tho town, 
 which was formeriy well fortified. In the cathe. 
 dral is the tomb of tho celebrated Bossueti 
 bishop of Meaux. It is seated on both sides o( 
 
 the Mame ; 25 mil™ N, of Paris. "" 
 
 Long. 2. 53. E. lut. 40. 58. N. ' 
 
 - w^. , — 
 
MEO 
 
 plM-eof MiihomH, It ), scatc<l i„ « Wren 
 
 •1 |'|H.rt of tho ii.hnl.iUinU ii <|„rivo.l from tho 
 HlKn,,,^ who (lock to.l.i. plucofrom ov. y .irt 
 
 o Hal: Y'l '"«•'; ""'•l"«i»Ktl.eH.urcHl .tone, 
 w ... T '^r','"'' " '''"'•'' "f '•""'•k none 
 
 *"'''" r"*"'« ->^n timtHi round tho K.u»l« 
 commoncing at tho wcrwl stono at tho extern 
 
 mro . tT^ J"*' "' venonai'on n.nny aget 
 
 Sm m '*?"''""?«" engmflc..! them into hii 
 Srh/vi" .""'"' I'^""" '"' Mahometan .uper- 
 
 muT,lT' . • i*"" *''»'*' cercnioniM hnvo 
 mu hd I J ^j^ovenemtion of the Mumu" 
 
 nhlitnnt. i» ^ *'T*'''^ *=""''"'"«-'^ ^''^-OOO 
 
 h|Matici|im, and poverty. Tho famous bahn of 
 Mecca m not manufactured in thi. citv hn» ?. 
 
 cr. rr'li}""'"" '"""" f-n theVnSun'd"ng 
 country. Mecca ig governed by n Bhcriwf «h^ 
 »« temporal princefand hi. rSnueSe.^ 
 
 « 34 miles E. N. E. of Jidda, the 8«i„ort of 
 
 c^^Ty^'v'. **V'"*«s. « '-'^n of Belgium • 
 capital of a district in tho province of Antwem' 
 axJ an archbishop's see. The CTthedm fs'« 
 superb structure, with a very hi«h mSt 'ro 
 w a great foundry for ordnance of all kinds • and 
 
 IH.t», and cathcr are made here. Mechlin gnh 
 
 s'ti;:;'t'S"^^*'-L'''""'"«'''''''5or«nd 
 
 17^^ Tu by the French, in l/MJ, Hfl-i and 
 
 UhL^ ? "ll.J'roctions, from Ostond to the 
 Uhine, centres ,n this town, which therefore is « 
 Btartmg pomt for the tmffic of the king C it 
 
 Mkciioacan. &« Valladomd. 
 . Meckenheim, a town of the i'russinn states • 
 
 [S« P r'T'f "•"•« ""'» Cleves ; Bituate^n' 
 the trtft J 8 miles S. W. of Bono. 
 
 N hi^Zn u""' {'-''."''I? of Germany, bounded 
 W. by tho Baltic L. by Pomerania. S. by Bran- 
 
 boadls?«ii K''''l"^'"«''•• ""'l •"•'^he^' 
 ^"r.-. J'lt """""^ ""J*' '^"^ """"y centuries. 
 «leath of tho sovereign, m 1592, it was divided 
 
 40» 
 
 MKD 
 
 •luchy of Mecklenhunr-Schwerin i.„,l .LI 
 younger the duchy orMoc-klenlmr^Srel £* 
 l^oth prnuH.* receive.1 tho title of gmn.l duk. 
 nt tho congress of Vienna. i„ 1|,| * „, iX,; 
 
 towni *''"""■"' *"'' **''«"'» -ro tho chief 
 
 MK<K.RNBUtt„,a county of Virginia. lK,unded 
 N. by Lunenburg, R bv Brunswick. H. by N 
 
 M Si E '""Ji'f'"- ^'"'"f *-" »^»"^'- 
 "iwKi.Ey. iVtf* (Jahsav. 
 
 of liM, flows through tho country of cL- 
 lK.I.«. imd fall, into tho China «e«' by thZ 
 
 Mkchan, or MiTKRAN, a nrovinco of P«».!- 
 bprnule.! on the N by s;^i.i::r«"::^ (LndX* 
 
 W by Kcnnan. The south.n. part is dry. ^d 
 ttio more than a de«,rt ; the northern i. 1^ „ 
 
 Mei>ka, a town of Algicr, on tho sito of th. 
 fruit, and shee,,; 8.5 mile. S. W. of Alaier 
 
 fori! "7*' '", ***'•"•"'*. » •«»l»ort of Tunis- 
 formerly a place of im,H,rtancJ ; M«ted on . 
 
 MKDEnAcii, a town of Prussia • in thi. n«. 
 vince of Westphalia ; 32 ml^J^l'J^'S^i^ 
 
 dum T'^^-u^*" "'Spin; in K^^. 
 nan. A "j^ »"rthpl«co of tKe cilebmted F«. 
 trv l^h'*'^ ^A ".?«''«' in a fertile coun- 
 if Verida: "'" ''""'^"" ' '" "^'^ *=• •'^ & 
 MEi>Bi,i'ADrA, a province of Sweden • h<i. 
 
 s"'n.V'".'^"l^ "^ Bothnia and JamtTa'd.' 7^ 
 » 100 miles long, and 45 broad, very moun. 
 tainous and woody, but interspers^Ml with tak« 
 mers. and fertile valleys. ^undswS" i"lS 
 
 in NnTnT' ? '^"'""^ "' t''^ Netherlands; 
 
 n North Holland ; with a good harbour. The 
 chief commerce IS m Umlwr brought from Nor 
 way and Swe<len ; and the vicinityVreZkabte 
 
 or It, rich pastures. MedenWick was taken ij 
 ^.e hnghsh ,nl7!>!). It is seated on theZ^d^ 
 
 tilul^t^- "^^•-^''^-- w /.Tu 
 
 Medford, a town of Massachusels ; in Mld- 
 desex county; noted for its distilleries and 
 bnck-works. Pop. 2478. It .tands on tho 
 
 Son': ""''" "■"'" '" °'°"'''' ''"•I 4 N. of 
 
 Median. See Mahian. 
 
 Medina a town of Arabia Deserta ccle 
 bmted as the burial place of Mahomet it i a 
 small, poor pl«ce. but is walled round, and has 
 
 the tomb of Mahomet, enclosed with rich cur- 
 ^uns. and lighted by a great number of laZ; 
 
 lllZl r„"!^.*i'l -i^ ?^. ">e Prophet.T 
 whc"n iiTfloVi" *•""" i;'"^"-'---" oy ti,e iulmbitants, 
 
 invcetea with regal power. The time of hia 
 
 Ii 
 
MEO 
 
 4/0 
 
 PU, 
 
 death wng m 637 ; but tho Mnhomolnn epoch be- 
 gins III 022, from tho time of his llight. Medhm 
 IS HCfttcU on a eiindy plain, abounding in r«ilin. 
 trees ; 'JOO miles N. W, of Mecca. Its port u 
 JamlH.. Lon«. 39. 33. E. lat. '24. 20. N. 
 
 Mbdina, tlio capital of the kingdom of 
 woolly, West AfVicii. It contains alwut 1000 
 houses, and is defended In n high wail, sun 
 
 lutl^sJ V "'''''' ''*^'**'"' ^""*^' ^'^' *"• ^• 
 Medina, a town and fort of the island of 
 Dahreiri, nciir which m a bank containing the 
 lincst pearls in tho world. Tho harbour will not 
 admit vessels of more than 200 tons. It is 
 seated near tho Arabiim itliore of the I'orsian 
 
 Mkdina, a town of Sjuun, in Estromadum i 
 seated at the foot of a mouiitaia ; 20 miles W. 
 W. W. of Lerena. 
 
 Mkdina dki. Camto, n town of Spain : pro- 
 vince of Loon ; HI a country abouiidipg with corn 
 
 rop.*ooo' '"'^ ""'"'' '^^ "^^ '^- "^ ^«"'"'''"J- 
 
 Mkdina dkl Rio Skcco, a decayed town of 
 Leon J near tho Sequillo ; 25 miles N. \V. of 
 
 8000 ""'* ^*'" ^" '^^ ^' "*' ^'■"*'"- ^'"P- 
 
 Mkdina Sidonia, a town of Simin, in Anda- 
 lusia ; with a castle ; 24 miles S. E. of Cudix, 
 »nd 60 S. of Seville. To]). 5000. 
 
 Mbditkbrani:an, a sea between Asia, Afriaj, 
 and L-urope; conimunicati.ig with the Atluntic 
 Ocean by tho Strait of Gbraltar, and with tho 
 JJlack hea by tho Strait of tJallipolj, the Sea of 
 Marmora, and tho Strait of Constantinople. It 
 IS of very great extent, but its tides are incon- 
 sidcrab 0, and a constant current sets in from 
 the Atlantic through tho Strait of Gibraltar 
 It contains many islands, several of them larire 
 «3 Alajorca, Minorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily 
 Candia, Cyprus, &c. Tho eastern jimt of it 
 ^ordering on Asia, is soi-etimes called the 
 lierant Sea. 
 
 Medwav, a river of England, which rises in 
 Ashdownl'orcst, in Sussex ; entering Kent, it 
 flows by Tunbridgo luid Maidstone, and thence 
 to Rochester ; below which, at Chatham, is a 
 station of the royal navy. Dividing into two 
 branches, the western one enters the Thames 
 between tho isles of Gmin and Shej.pey.and i^ 
 defended by the fort at Sheernces. The eastern 
 bmnch called the East Swale, [vasses by Queen- 
 borough and Milton, and enters tho Gerann 
 Ocean below Faversham. Tlie ti.le flows up 
 
 UTTunbrid ""' """^ *''*' "*'" '* n"v'8«We 
 
 Mkdwi, a town of Sweden, in Gothland; 
 much frequented on account of its wrters, which 
 are vitriolic and sulphureous. The lo'.lging-houacs 
 term one street of uniform wooden buildinw 
 pamted red. It stands near the lake Wetter | 
 d miles from Wadstena. 
 
 Meelah, a town of Algier ; province of Con- 
 ■tantiim; surrounded by gardens producing abun- 
 dance of herbs and excellent fruit, particularly 
 pomegranates. It is 14 miles N. W. of Coii- 
 •tantina. 
 
 MsGoa-s a town of Greece, in Uio Isthmus of 
 
 MAL 
 
 Corinth , formerly a very laige, but now inoon. 
 wderablc. It has some fine remains of antiquity: 
 80 miles W. of Athens. ^ " 
 
 Mkokn, a town of tho Netherlands, in North 
 HralNint ; seated on tho Muse ; 16 mUes W. S. 
 W. of Niinoguon. 
 Mkona. See Burrahpooter. 
 Mriiam.et kl Kkhbrr. See Maiialeji. 
 Mkhun, a town of Franco ; department of 
 Cher Here nro tho ruins of a castle built by 
 Charles VII. as « pl„co of retirement , and 
 here ho starved himself, in tho dread of beinir 
 poi8one<l by his son, afterwards Louis XI 
 It IS seated on the Yovre; 10 miles N. W. of 
 lioiirges. 
 
 Mkhwas, a district of Guzorat, Iliiulostnn; 
 
 lund r^ " "'*'"° "' mimuders, who hve by 
 
 ■ Mkinau, a small islond in tho middle lake 
 
 of Constance which produces excellent wine: 
 
 5 miles N. W. of Constance. 
 
 Meininokn, a principality of Germany, in 
 hnxony, forming the territory of tho Uuke of 
 haxe-Meinmgen, comprising an area of 44a 
 square miles, with 5(1,000 iidiabiUints. 
 
 Mkininoen. the capital of the forogoinB 
 principality; with a fine castle, a lyceum. a 
 counci -house. &c. The principal manufacture 
 IS black crape. It is situate amongst mountains, 
 on the river Wcrru; 16 miles N. W. of Hild- 
 burghausen, and 21 N. of Schweinfurt. Pop. 
 4500. Long. 10. 43. E. lat. 50. 30. N. 
 
 Mkissicn, or Misnia, a circle of Saxony, for- 
 merly a margraviato. I'nrt of it was ceded to 
 
 1 russiu 111 1815, but it has still an area of KiOO 
 square miles, with 290,000 inhabitants. It is a 
 Jiiie country, producing corn, wine, metals, and 
 all the conveniences of life. It is situate on 
 both sides of the Elbe, having Bohemia on tho 
 ». anil I'russian Saxony on tho N. 
 
 Meisskn, the capital of tho foregoing circle 
 with a castle, and a famous manufiicturo of por- 
 celain. I ho cathedral is tho lmrial-j)lace of the 
 Saxon princes, to tlic year 153!). Tho bri.lgo 
 
 Vr% "1° H^' ''""" **°*" ^y the Prussians in 
 1/57, has been replaced by another of a very 
 ^landsorne construction. Meissen is seated on 
 the rivulet Meisso, at i^s junction with the Elbe: 
 
 2 miles N.N. W. of Dresden. Pop. 400. Long 
 13. 31. E. lat. 51. 11. N. ^ 
 
 Meissenheim, a town of Bavaria, in a di». 
 tnc. of the same name, situate on tho Glan; 34. 
 miles N. by E. of Deux Ponts, and 30 W. S. W. 
 of Alentz. 
 
 Melassa, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- 
 Im, situate on a fertile plain, near a mountiun 
 abounding in white marble. It was anciently a 
 city ndonied with many public buildings, espe- 
 cially teini.los, and is still a large place, but the 
 houses are mean ; (10 miles S. of Smyrna. Long. 
 27. 50. E. lat. 37. ' 5. N. 
 
 Melazzo, AVeMiLAzzo. 
 
 MELUounN, a considerable village in Derby- 
 8h.re, « miles S. by E. of Derby. Ilere nre^a 
 church, four meeting-houses, and the vestigei 
 of dii ancient castle in which the Duke of 
 Bourbon was confinai after the battle of Agia- 
 court. "s«« 
 
MKL 
 
 MiH,normN«, n flourlnhlng town of South 
 Au«tmli«. ut 11.0 homi of I'ort PW^in „e^,h„ 
 ••-.nfluonco of two riven., in l«t. »7 48 s 1^ 
 
 nMy adapted for tho piMturinir of «hc»„ „^^ 
 
 '•"V"'- The population in lail ,^,"434^: 
 of tJio whole territory, JCH], ' 
 
 ni.i^r'*"' ? T" "'■ ^ ""t"". with n Iloncdictino 
 
 w."^f st."ar '• '""^ '"° ^"""•'«" ^« s 
 
 Hito to Wovmouth with »k:..i •» " "-yi "I'l'O- 
 
 ln!i^\oTi{ "'''*" °*'»«'8»"n. in South Bm- 
 iMiit; 10 miles b. E, of Louvain. 
 
 lVlKf.DOKK, a town of Duinmrk in Un1.t..;„ 
 
 MKLi.., a town of Nupleg, i„ ]Ja«i|icnta. and 
 Mewmza, a town of PorturnI In Pn»r-. 
 
 ages and sevoral Imrboura. It is 30 mL , 
 ley !.._ and abounds i„ orHnges. citronsT'wTn"; 
 
 MiiUhn, a seaport of Fez, on t)io coast of 
 the Mediterranean. r„ 14<)«'it wa take^ by 
 
 50 N ^^* ^""^^ ^- ^'^^ '^- '«'• 3<. 
 
 coit" nTy' " ■^T''"'" "f East Africa; on the 
 J^i f /"ngucbar. Its products are gold 
 eephanfs- teeth, ostriches' feathers, wax^and 
 aloes senna, and other drugs, also plenty 
 frm-rs! ' "ocoa-nuts, and other tropical 
 
 Meliwda, the capital of the above kingdom 
 
 Ll^t ""'^ r*''^'"*' P'"*'" surroundedTy' 
 fine gardens It has a good harbour, defended 
 by a fort, but tho entrance is danccrous on 
 account of the great number of sho^K rocks 
 unJer water The inhabitants are ^id to 
 
 E InTlTlS. S.' **"«"'''""*• ^"«- 41. 48. 
 
 «j^f oT."*' ** province of Chili, extendinij 
 about 25 leagues from E. to W.. and abound "f 
 
 8 n|l« w"o°f Lirni!^"''^' ^ ^''^ «" ^oto. 
 
 „*rn ■"''•^*''^^' " *"'''"' "' Russia, govcriiinent 
 of Taurida; Bituateon a lake. 12 mile, from the 
 Sea of Asopb, and 100 S. of Cathorineslafi ' 
 
 *n 
 
 MEN 
 
 ove^y"!;Z*Thui;:7" '•" Wiltshire, wfib a m«rkfet 
 
 iif.7.-s.i.rrbrs^T^';rr"-^» 
 offc"4:^:^r„jrs-^"/„sr- 
 
 "by 'W^ ofTdei,.'"'"' "" '•''' "^•""' *^ ™'« 
 Mrfnick, a town of Bohemia, with a ctutle 
 Its vicmity yields excellent red and white^ne 
 £.oT t ?'""'^f I"" Augustine ^Jven "5 
 
 .«^hVCir;T8^l^ao7C:^' 
 
 ;^£i"^s^iSK?:;.Ko&! 
 
 MuuiosK, a tn. of Scotland, in Roxbumbshire 
 
 of trTwoor'T. '''^ **"'"• "■' ^J^" « »^' 
 Mni, A? u'' T ''"' magnificent remains of 
 
 part ot which wiwused for divine service ti I the 
 new church was erected. Alexander IL is Mil 
 to bo buned under the great altar. AbtotsfS 
 the seat of the late Sir Walter Scott, i. in the 
 mm. y of theabbey. Melrose is .1 mi e^N. w! 
 of Jedburgh, and 35 S. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Mki.ton MownnAY, a town in Leicestershire 
 with a market on Tuesday. The finTchS 
 
 here are two meeting-houses, a charity school 
 « national school, and twelve almshouse, dr' 
 of which were erected in 1827. It is seat^nl"^ 
 a rich grazing country, on tho river Eye. over 
 which are two handsome stone bridges; 16 
 Lon^don' "^ ^-^'^ester, and 106 N. by W. of 
 
 of Sn^; m""" "^ f '""«'• ■■" *''° department 
 of Seine-et-Mame. It haa a trade with Paris in 
 
 «.rn meal, wine, and cheese. It is seaS^on 
 
 u' ^T"'' 1^ •"'■''-'« S. E. of Paris. W 2" 
 35. E. lat. 48. 30. N. Pop. 6700. * 
 
 Mkmei,, a strong town of East Prussia, with 
 a c,«tle. a fine harbour, and an exteScS 
 merce. It .s seate<I on a river of the same nw^ 
 on ttn N r''T% 'i *'•« C"'i»«he Hafn^d* 
 fn?.\rHg^J^^^^^ 
 
 '55!Tfe:l5!lV-"^^-^- ^-^ 
 
 Memminoen, a town of Bavaria, defended 
 by nr^, and surrounded by a morass. It has a 
 considerable trade in fine linen, fustian, cotton 
 pper «.It tolmcco, and hops. Near this S) 
 in 1795, the French republicans defeated tfw 
 ST p"'", *'',''/""'=« «' Conde^^d in' 
 
 MEMPHaAMAooo. a lak° n' v..^u » 
 
 in jCanada and Vermont ; 35 mij;;'lo„g,"^*l| 
 
 Menai, a Btralt which divides the iskuidot 
 
MKN 
 
 4t2 
 
 ri 
 
 Anglesey from the other parts of N, Wales. 
 All elegant suspension briilKo liiis been thrown 
 over this strait, which will allow the largest 
 vessels that pass the stniit to sail Iwneath it. 
 
 Mknan, u river of the kingdom of Siam, 
 Which passes by the city of Sium, and enter* tho 
 uulfof Siam below IJanco!;. 
 
 AIknancabow, a kiiiRdom in the centre of 
 the island of Sumatra, The country is described 
 as a laipo plain, clear of wood, comparatively 
 well cultivated, and abounding in gold. 
 
 MuNnE, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment ot Lozere, and a bishop's see. It lias 
 nianufactures of serges and other woollen sturts. 
 it IS seated on tho Lot, 35 miles S. W. of Puv. 
 
 w .^^'^..^'J'^ ^- "' 1'""* Long. a. 30. E 
 Jat. 44. 31. N. Pop. SOO, 
 
 Mendih Hills, a lofty tract in the N. E. of 
 
 bomersetshire, abounding in coal, calamine, and 
 
 JcaU: copper, manganese, bole, and red ochre. 
 
 are also found. A great portion of these hills 
 
 formerly covered with heath and fern, has been 
 
 brought into culUvation, and produces good 
 
 Mendon, a town of Massnchusets, in Wor- 
 
 ^a^^'rT")^' ^i'«'"""' '^^ S- ^- »f Worcester, 
 and 36 S. W. o*^ Boston. 
 
 _ Mendoza, a city of Uuenos Ayrcs, in the pro, 
 
 vmeo of Cugo, on the E. side of the Andes, in 
 
 n plain adorned with gardens, well watered by 
 
 canals. It contains four convents, a colIoRe. 
 
 and a church. A river of the same name flows 
 
 by this town, and finally enters the Atlantic. 
 
 W 'at 34 o"T °^ *^"'*"""^°- ^°"»' 70- 12. 
 Menprah, a province of the kingdom of 
 tezaan, much of which is a continued level of 
 hard and barren soil; but the quantity of trona 
 a species of fossil alkali, that floats on tho sur- 
 foce or settles on the banks of its numerous 
 smoking lakes has given it a higher importance 
 tlian that of the more fertile districts. It has 
 a town of the same njune; GO miles S. of 
 Mourzonk. 
 Mendeisio, a town of Switzerland; canton 
 
 •, "^IJI?'. «=""'a'n"ig several convents. It is 7 
 miles W. by N. of Como. 
 
 Menehould St., a to»vn of France, in the 
 department of Marne. In 1 792 the French giive 
 the first check to the progress of the Prussians 
 at this place, which in the end comijelled them 
 to a retreat. It is seated in a morass, on the 
 river Aisne, between two rocks ; 20 miles E. 
 JN. bj. of Chalons. Pop. 3400, 
 
 Mengen a town of Wirtembei^, near the 
 Danube; 50 miles S, of Stutgnrd. 
 
 Menoerinohauskn, a town and castle of 
 Germany, county of VValdeck ; 8 miles N, E, of 
 Corbach, and 24 N, W. of Ciissel 
 
 ME.NIN, a town of Uelgium, in West Flanders, 
 It has been oflen taken; the last time by the 
 trench m 1794. It is seatoii on the Lis: 10 
 miles N. of Lisle. ' 
 
 Mentone a town of Nice, with a castle and 
 a small harbour; 5 miles E. N. E. of Monaco. 
 
 AlKNTz. or Mayence. a city of Germany, in 
 the grand duchy of Hesse, and a binhnn'/U 
 it u woii lortified and deemed a barrier fortriss! 
 
 MER 
 
 The city IS built in an Irregular manner, and 
 plentifully provided with churclies. The prin- 
 cipal buildings are the electoral j)alace, (now 
 much decayed,) the house of the Teutonic 
 knights, and the cathedral. Mentz is oiio of the 
 towns which claim the invention of printing; 
 i«:id the growth of the best Khenish wine is 
 .united to a circle of about 6 miles round it. 
 i lie trench took this place bv surprise in 1792; 
 nn-i the next year it stood u long blockade and 
 siege before it surrendered to the allies. It was 
 twice re-attaeked by the French, in 1795, but 
 they were defeated by the Austrians, who also 
 i-i^^'^m/''""' " »''«<^'"'J« of two months, in 
 i/90. Ihe siege was soon after resumed, and 
 continued tUl the signing of the treaty of Udina, 
 m 1797, when the city was taken possession of 
 
 VL,^ •?'*"•'''• ^y *'^« P™ce of Luneville, in 
 1«01, It was formally ceded to France, but was 
 delivered up to the allies in 1014. Mentz is 
 seated on tho Rhine, just below the influx of the 
 Maine; and on the opposite side is the town of 
 C—sel, connected with it bv a bridge of boats. 
 P. p. 27,000. It is 22 miles W, S. W. of Frank- 
 
 K hiS 58%'5 ^' "^ '^'"'''- ^°"«- '' ''' 
 Menup, n town of Egypt ; situate in a well 
 cultivated country, near that branch in the Nil© 
 wfiich flows to llosetta ; 40 miles N, N. W, of 
 Cairo. Pop. 5000. 
 
 Menzaleii, a town of Egypt ; situate near a 
 lake of the same name, 60 miles long, separated 
 froin the Mediterranean by a narrow slip of 
 
 tTm m' 1? ^".!S".^' ^' ^- ^' "*■ D»mietta, and 
 73 N. N. E. of Cairo. Long. 32. 2. E. lat, 31. 
 
 Meppen, a town of Westphalia; capital of a 
 district of the same name ; 62 miles N. of 
 Munstcr. 
 
 Mequinenza, a town of Spain, in Catalonia- 
 with a castle; seated at the conflux of the Secra' 
 
 '"'i ,V,n ^KV'J^ '"'^'^ *=• S- E. of Saragoia, 
 and 180 E. N. E. of Madrid. ' 
 
 Mequinez, a city of Morocco; seated in a 
 delightful plain, having a serene and clear air- 
 tor which reason the emperor frequently resides 
 111 this i>laco, in preference to Fez. The i)al8CB 
 stands on the S. side, and is guarded by several 
 fiiiiulreds of black eunuchs, whose knives and 
 scimitars are covered with wrought silver. In 
 the middle of the city the Jews have a place to 
 themselves, the gates of which are locked every 
 night and guarded. Close by Mequinez, on the 
 IS. W. side, is a large Negro town, which takes 
 up as much ground us the city, but the houses 
 are not 80 high, nor so well built. Tho inhabi- 
 tfintsof Me((uinez, estimated at 112,000 are 
 considc'red more polished and hospitable than 
 iv^r"!^""' «">'""•''•" provinces. It is 58 miles 
 If '''■ ^'"^^' ''• ■**'• W. lat. 32. 40 N 
 Meu, a town of France ; in the department 
 J;""'*^^''*"^'"" • ' ^ ""''■■8 N- N. W. of Blois 
 Mehan, a town of the Austrian states ; in 
 lyrol, of which it was formerly the capital ■ 
 seated near the conflux of the Passar with tho' 
 Adige i^ 12 miles N. N, W. of Botzen. Long. 
 
 • • ■ o, jj. int. lO, S'J, i\. 
 
 MiiHDiM, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diar«. 
 
MER 
 
 b«ck, and nn nrclibisliop-s lee j with a t*^u 
 lhe«ountnr. about it priducca a gr^t d^of 
 ootton. It 18 seated on the unmmiT f "'^ 
 
 AJgfer?'"''" ^- ^- °' ®''««''''''. -d 50 S V 1} 
 
 th«M„ec. and M^'enTaoJlea N of Grodn"' 
 Mekoenthkim, a wel buiU town ^f wSm ' 
 ^.«. rented on the Tauber ; 2oZirtw 
 ot Wurtzburg. Long. 9. 52. E. lat. 49 so M ' 
 Merohkn, or Mkroukn, a e t7of fikst T- 
 
 Mkiiqui, a seaport on the W. coast of S.Vm 
 with an excellent harbour. Itw^jLf ' 
 the Siamese by the mmariZl^KTf !'''"' 
 cedod to Britain in 18™ 5* it is a'oStr 
 
 ingsand good anchorage. ThSa^f^tfrni 
 
 t^borh'tht'' r ''• ''"' -« noT?nhaK7a^ 
 though the 80.1 apjiears fertile. The principal 
 
 «ift™nzsr '''-'^' ^^'•™' «^- ^'"^-^! 
 
 Christ H,.r« ^'"""'•' '^^""^ the birth of 
 
 ipto the hands of the French, but was retaken bv 
 ye" ™ tZ^'* ^"''^^ ""' '" the folfowiS 
 
 yhl^Ttt'' *"*" »f Mexico, capital of a pro. 
 
 Int. 'io J;-^ °f ^'""I'eafhy. Long. 89. 58. W.' 
 MiiRioNETnsHiRE, a county of Wales- 3G to 
 
 N X"''' 1'^'^ 'f '^''^'^'^ broadest bounded 
 V , ^ "'^'^^''""ties of Caernarvon and Denbigh 
 E. by the latter and Montgomery, S. by Cardi 
 ganshirc, and W. by the Irish Sph t* f • 
 nearly Min non „ . ^,. .', '"^"- It contains 
 
 nearly 500,000 acres, is divided into 5 hundreds 
 and a? parishes, has four market towns nnd 
 Bends one member to parliament T le face "f 
 i^Txt'Tof^jnilf '^ "'^•'"8''-^ withirom't^J 
 CuniSno^s rei:or7hr"''"^ '^ ^"'^ "'"^ 
 theDeea.7D!:rr;aer5U7n?''-"rK'^^ 
 «.ou„tains in Wal. is in this ^un^^ '^''"' 
 Mkku-cu, an important town and fortress of 
 
 4/3 
 
 M£R 
 
 Hindostan in the province nf «..u« 
 
 ocean at Newburv 7» • " ^ ^^*^ '"'» "•« 
 of 200 tons on mL * ' ".""^'««Wo for yessel. 
 
 ni.^8, wiU. 471,000 inhabitoTts. "" "^""'^ 
 tne^t^ire'.?: a bi^hS' A'^ """^^ «--"- 
 
 brewing and exportation of strSSf.,, J^^ 
 
 on the Taafe; 24 miles NnW V'rf^^i'i 
 and 180 W. of London ' "^ ^'"'^'^' 
 
 MERTOLA.astrongtown of Portugal ,„ ai 
 tejo; seated near tl.e Guadiana io ^i^" s "f 
 Evora.and 100 S. V. of I ;.)„"' t '"""^**- 2' 
 W. lat. ;J7. 41 N "■ • -^""S- '^- ^''' 
 
 i 
 
 MlaB 
 
 1 
 
 
 ii 
 
 'U 
 
ri !: 
 
 ' 1 
 
 * . 1 
 
 r 1 
 
 '•- ■ f 
 
 I* 
 
 ■ 
 
 r . 
 
 
 flJ 
 
 
 : 
 i ( 1 
 
 ; 
 
 I 
 
 ' ' 
 
 MER 
 
 Horo Ilonry HI. lu,!,! it |wrlinmont !ii l'2.1(i. at 
 wluch wotu ciinctoil tlio l'roviii»i« „f Morton, 
 tho most nnciont botiy of InwH .ifter Miik„« 
 
 S. W of Un^oT'"** °" *''" ^'""""'' ' ""'"• 
 . ^•'""' ?j"*« Jkiian. n town in IVrgiii, pro- 
 vmceot KhonwHin ; fbinuItHl by A lexu.uler tho 
 urciit. It was thu cn|»itnl of miuiy of tho i'or- 
 81HH momirtJiii; but it >ma since dociinoU from its 
 KrwUiieiw. It is 130 niilus N. K. of Mesohcd. 
 
 MKHV1I.I.K, a town of Fmnco, .lopartment of 
 N.jni J soutcd on llio Lyg. 16 niilw N. of Lisle. 
 
 MiacHKD, or MosiiKO, a oitv of ro«i« • 
 cnpitftlol KlwmsMin. It is fortified with sevemi 
 towt^rs, «nd IS fnnioun for tho mngnificeut sepul- 
 chrooJ Imim Uisn.of tho family of A li, to which 
 tho ionuims jMiy Krcat devotion. Hero is a 
 manufucturoof bcautit\.l pottery, and another 
 o« skins. Carav.»na nro oontinuallv passing 
 through this city from Uoitlmm. naikh, Can- 
 .hUiar llindostrtn. and all parts of I'crsia. It 
 IS 1110 miles K. of Astoralmd, and m) N. K of 
 l8|>ahan. Long. All, 30. K Lit. 3,5. flti. N 
 
 iMiaciiRD Am, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 imk-Arabi; lu'iira large lake callctl Ilidiomn. 
 Which communicates with the Kupliratca by n 
 vanai. It stiuuKs on the siwt where Ali, one of 
 the siicccsaors of Mahomet, was interred ; and 
 Ins tomb 18 annually visited by Persian pilgrims 
 It IS 110 miles S. of Uagdad. Long. 44. "o. E. 
 
 MmA, a considcnd.Ie town of Morocco, on 
 
 tho river bus : not far from the Atlantic. It is 
 
 Ki.'imilesS.W. of Morocco. Loiil'. 10. 4(; w 
 hit. 29.60. N. 'V..1U. rr. 
 
 _ MissiNA, a seaport of Sicily; cnjital of nn 
 :ntendancy ot the samo name, in Val di l)o- 
 niona; with u citadel and several forts. It is 5 
 miles in circumference, has four iaivo suburbs 
 and coniaiMs 36,000 inhabitants. The public 
 mnUhngs and monasteries nro numerous and 
 inngn.timit: there nro 60 churches, inclu.ling 
 the cathwlml, which is much ndmirwl. The 
 harbour is one of tho safest in the Mediterranean 
 and h.« a quay above a mile in length. A great 
 trade is carried on here in silk, ail, fruit, com 
 and excellent wine. The city suflered much bv 
 an earthquake in 1780; and also in 1783 when 
 It was half destroyeil. It has since l)een rebuilt 
 witli elegant houses, only two stories high. For 
 several years prior to the peace of ; ii 1 4 , Messina 
 
 474 
 
 M K U 
 
 was the hcnd-qunrtcra of the Itntish troops in 
 Nolly. It IS seated on the Faro, o.- Strait of 
 Jlossina, which separates Sicily from t^nlabria ; 
 1 30 miles L. of i Jermo. Long. 15. 60. E. lat. 
 
 «>u, lU. iN, 
 
 AIkssino, a town of Fninconia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Aichstat. It is 14 miles N. N E of 
 Aichsfat. 
 
 AltSTUR, a town of Austrian luily, in Trcviso- 
 8 miles N. W. of Venice. 
 'M ESI- HA no, a considerable river of Western 
 Africa, which falls into the Atlantic on the 
 Oniin Coast. On its banks is a kinKdom of tho 
 same name, the boundaries of which are very 
 uncertain. ^ 
 
 ^ MeuaitA, a seaport of Tripoli, aud tho teni- 
 
 denco ot a governor, (.'nravang travel honct to 
 l"e«aii, and other interior |iarts of AfVica ; by 
 which they carry on h greirt trailo. It is 100 
 
 Slo i' ^' "' '^'"'''*'"' ^"»' '*• *"• ^- '"*• 
 
 Af KTA, a large river of New Granada, which 
 
 m«l falls mto the Orinoco, about 450 niilea 
 trom its source, in long. 07. 45. W. lat. «. 10 N 
 . Metapuiu, n town of the island of Home.) ; 
 V if ''i"'5^"'l' "♦■ ""njurmaswng ; 7'J milei 
 «. b. of Uaiyornjassing, and 100 S. E. of 
 Negiira. 
 
 Motrlkn, a town of Pmssia. In tho provinoo 
 of Wt'stphaha; seated on tho Veohtn, l!) milea 
 XN. VV. of Munstor. 
 
 Metklin, or Mytiirnk, an island of tho 
 Orocian Archipelago; anciently called Lesbos ; 
 ;? ,, /*• *** ^"'"'' ""^ «t tho entrance ol tho 
 
 II . . '^""""•"■- It is about 40 miles long, 
 and 1 J broad; somewhat mountainous; and has 
 niaiiy hot springs. 'I'he soil is very goo<lj and 
 tho mountains are in many places covered with 
 wood. It produces good wheat, wine, oil, and 
 1 10 iHist figs in tho Archipelago. Mytilono is 
 tlio capital. 
 
 MKriiii,, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshiro: 
 with a safe harbour on tho Frith of Forth, 
 wlunco much coal is exported. It is miles 
 M. K. of Dysart. 
 
 Mctiiven, a town of Scotland, in I'erth- 
 sliire ; where King llobert liruce was defeated 
 by the English in ISOO ; G miles W. N. W. of 
 1 erth. 
 
 AIktmno, or MoTTi.iNo, a strong town of 
 the Austrian states, in Carniola; seated on tho 
 jvulp; 13 miles N. W. of Carlstndt, and 40 S. 
 t^. <>l Laubach. 
 
 Alirrao, a river of Italy, which rises on tho 
 trontiers of Tuscany, crosses tho duchy ot 
 Url'Mio, and enters the Gulf of Venice near 
 rano. 
 
 MuniopoM, a town of tho island of Candia; 
 on tile site of tho ancient Gortyna, of which 
 iiiaiiy vestiges remain ; 2'2 miles S. S. VV. of 
 Candia. 
 
 Mktz, a towni of France, in tho department 
 ot Moselle, of which it is tho capital. Tho 
 fortiheations are excellent, and it has three 
 citadels and noble barracks. The cathedral is 
 one of the finest in Europe. Here are maim- 
 factures of cotton, linen, gauiie, chintz, fustian, 
 Acc; and a considt-rable trade in leather, wine, 
 brnndy, &c. Tho sweetmeats made hero ai« 
 m high esteem. Metz is the seat of the do- 
 I'artmental administration, and a bishop's see 
 and contains nearly 4J,0(t0 inhabitants. It i^ 
 (k'ated at the conHux of the Moselle andScille; 
 210 mile^ N. E. of Fans. Long. 0. 10. E. lat. 
 
 iJ. 7. IN. 
 
 Mkudon, a village of France, with a mngni- 
 hcent royal palace and park ; seatetl on the 
 lett bank of the Seine, and on one of the Ver- 
 smiles railroads, «i miles S. of Paris. 
 
 Meulan. a town of Fninee, department of 
 Seme-et-Oise; seateil on the Seine, over which 
 IS a stone bndge of 21 arches; 2<> milej N. W. 
 ot I'aris. 
 
MBU 
 
 F«?"vi *"?""' ? ."'*^, "^ "'•'«'""•' province of 
 W l.|uudo«8 14 milea S. of lirugoa. Pop. 
 
 ■wtM , c«pltnl of a gmnll iirinciimlitv of the 
 J«,r! '^',**'^??I''» *>"' '" fortiflciition. were 
 
 nnrt oHI-V ''«l'«rtnicnt of Fmnco, including 
 Vo«riS S' "'" •'"'"♦rt-ont. of Mo.olle 
 
 Jlio clann o is tcniporato, and the .oil in 
 general fertile. Nancy is tho cu,,ital. 
 
 Meurtiib, n river of Fnu.co, wlndi rises in 
 
 villo iiml Nancy into tlio Moselle. 
 
 Mkusb, Maesic, „r Maa8, a river which rises 
 
 It cnterji J»el«n.m nt (iivot, Hows to Cl.aX 
 
 " c um rwr* '''r' ^':'"<--"''"% It'viestein, 
 ij<)rciim, (wliero it receives the Waal.) and 
 
 cipnl hrnnches. the most northern of winch is 
 
 Y«8e mondo, Voorn.and Overnackeo, and enter 
 t..ewn.n Ocean below line.,IIelvoetsi:^ 
 
 Mkrsk, n department of Franco, inclndins 
 t e former duchy „f !,„, It is bounded b? 
 tlio grand duchy of LuxemburK, and tho dt^ 
 
 Anenni' "'■*'"-"«. Vosgesf Mame. and 
 Ar.lcnnes and comprises nn area of 2,000 
 8 |u..re in.les, with .'10(i.339 inhabitants. Bar 
 Bill Onmin is tlio cutiital. 
 
 Mmvat, n hilly „n,| „,„(,,, j ^ , ,j. 
 ««"': lyniRon the S. W. of Delhi ; conf Fn™ 
 
 J nnna, to a comparatively narrow slip, „nd 
 
 X onding westward 1 ItO miles. From N. to S 
 
 s 90 miles. Its inhabitants, tho Mewatti 
 
 i 1 '"i T' f'^"™«t"«''d as tho mos 
 
 «ji ago and brutal, and are still noted as 
 
 some strong fortresses on steep or iimccessil.lo 
 of Macherj;."""""""^ ^'"^ ^'^ "'" "'J"'' 
 Mrxioano or AnAvra, n river of New 
 Mexico on the confines of Louisiana j which 
 runs into tho Gulf of Mexico 
 
 fnJ!!f '"*'"' " .""""'■■y "' ^"rth America, now 
 lorming an independent republic ; situated be- 
 
 from the Pacific Ocean to tho Caribbean Sen 
 tho Gulf of Mexico, and the Sabino rivTr It 
 
 VS 
 
 MEX 
 
 «„^ • ""*.».", mm uio onoino river. It 
 
 comprises an area of 1 .700,000 square miles, 
 with about 7,500.000 inhabitants. In general 
 Jnn'l" l""""*"';"""' '^""ntry, intermixed with 
 
 m,vo"wh? •''>''' "r »''«''«" mountains, 
 mai y of which are volcanoes, are near the 
 
 Ta V„t"" ^f""^ ^'^'i"- ''^'^ easteTshore 
 
 with tr„:;!f^ei.i •T"^'? ^°"'^'' 
 
 nunyse^„;whicVis->;;SATAtpt™i:^" 
 Although a consUemble portion of SoSo L 
 
 within tho torrf. «ono, tlie climate in gonerr.! 
 is temperate nn<l lioalthy. No country abS. 
 more with grain, ihiits. «K,ts. a, K^^^^^^ 
 many of them peculiar to the cointJ! or at 
 least to America. Jt is also celebmted for iu 
 mine, of gold and silver, and ha. q,«r£ 'J? 
 sper, porphyry, and exquisite marble? vZS^ 
 eal IS ijlmost peculiar to this country ; iu n- 
 .1 go ami cocoa are superior to any i.uVmeri^, 
 
 nrtic le of commerce. Among the quadruiHHls 
 "ro the puma, jaguar bears, elks, w/.IvesXr 
 ^.mtniJl '"""•'* ""? J"«"" "-"ve been i„„„: 
 tkei but'"r'""'"''' ^y ^^".roi""*"-. lio- «"«! 
 courage of the former, nor the ravenous cruelty 
 of the lat er The domestic animals of Ku- 
 
 Piieu hero almost with incredible raniditv 
 Numbers of these, hrving been suHl^rerK; 
 wilclL now mngo over tho vast plains, in herds 
 of from 30.000 to 40,000, tiey , rL Wed 
 merely for tho sake of thei^ hides, which are 
 •""..nilly exported, in vast quanUt ies to 
 Juro,,e. The inhabitants consist of nitiJo 
 Spaniards; Creoles, who are descendanU of 
 Kurcieans, Mulattoes, the issue of whiC.u 
 ncR oos; Mestizoes, descendants of whitt^ J 
 Indmns ; Zmnl>oes, descen.Iants of negroes ad 
 
 ci'id"' '";:'• "^^'"1 "««'"-. with ^zz 
 
 classed n mixed extraction from Europeans 
 Africans. Indians, and Malays, or o K «f 
 Asiatic origin. The whole country wWToni 
 under tho dominion of Spain, and gover"? 
 a viceroy. The first attimp to iiinimo i jj^ 
 pcndence took place in IBIO. iTwHn 
 federal government was estabhshed. Numer- 
 ous disturbances have since arisen, ni.d tho 
 country 1, still far fVom being in'aTttfi 
 suite. A considerable degree of niercnntil., 
 activity h.is lately prevailed, and the SS 
 ouses ,n Mexico have been unable to mm. l! 
 the dmand. The separation of these r ,li£ 
 f'om he domination of Spain is certuinlv a 
 deeded triumph for liberty j and the S„! 
 tbropist cannot but look forward with picash,™ 
 anticipations of prosperity to a state the an,^ 
 versary of whose independence was signal 
 by « nobea.t of m.tional justice- the nnS 
 diate ana c.tire abolition of slavery, I.v a dT^ 
 of tho president, September 1 fl, 1 829 ' 
 Mkxico the capital of the above country 
 
 In/ "".^."""""'""K '=''y *'*^'"'« the Spaniards 
 entered the country. It is seated in a marehy 
 plan.. Instead of an "interior sea," T for 
 merly, the lakes Tezcuco and Xochbiilco 
 which originally insulated the city, h .ve btn 
 gradually diminishing. It is ele;ated 7200 
 feet above the sea. Pop. about 1.5.5,000. The 
 c^cumference of the city, exclusive of the 
 Buburbs. was formerly above 10 miles- and f? 
 contaned at least «0.000 houl S ^"em 
 large temples, and three palaces. ' It was t«£ 
 
 SLJlfr"*^" ^"T''"" '•^'••^'. after alge to 
 nearly three monthR nn.j „« .i._ ^, ? " 
 
 defended themselves-'from'8t';;et U, TtreT it 
 was almost ruined, but was afterward rSi 
 I'y tb.^ fa,>aaiards. TI.o streets arc Btmigh 
 

 MBX 476 
 
 and BO cxm-tly «li«po«otl, that, in point of ro- 
 giilftrity, it is tlio tinest city in tho world. Tlie 
 grcnt B(|uure, in the centre of tlio city, and 
 tho jniblic buildings, nro mngnificcnt. The 
 Mtimtion of Mexico ii highly Aivouniblo for 
 cnrrying on commerco both with Europe and 
 Asia, being nbout fif) lengticii diHtiint from Vera 
 Cruz on the one hand, and {mm Ai-apuico on 
 tho other. The working of gold and silver hiM 
 long been carried to great j)crfeetion here, and 
 lioro are also nianufiiitures of enlieo, cloth, 
 Bonp, and tobacco. This city has been fVo- 
 quctttly inundated by the overflowing of tho 
 lakes in its vicinity, particulnrly in l(i2!), when 
 40,00() persons nro said to have Ihjcu drowned. 
 lo prevent tho recurrence of such calamities, n 
 vast conduit was constructed, to turn the course 
 of the waters, which formerly flowed into tho 
 lake Tezcuco, through the mountains. It is 
 200 mill's E. N. E. of St. Juan de Ulhua. 
 Long. 101. 25. 30. W. lat. .•). 2,').4A. N. 
 
 Mkxico, nn im.ncnsc gulf of North Americn, 
 lymg Ijctwcen the S. coast of East Florida and 
 the N. E. point of Yucatan. 
 
 Meyahoun, a city of Pegu; with numerous 
 gilded temples and sinuious monasteries. Its 
 vicinity is uncommonly fruitful in rico ; and 
 here are cajmcious granaries, always kept filled 
 with grain ready to bo triingportcd to any part 
 of tho emjiire in which there happens to be a 
 scarcity. It stretches 2 miles on the S. W. 
 Ivink of tho Irniwaddv, and is 85 miles N. W. 
 of IVgu. Long. 95. il. E. lat. HI. 111. N. 
 Mktknfikld, Si'e Mavknfiki.d. 
 Mkvuvies, n town of France, department of 
 Lorere; 23 miles S. of Mende. 
 
 Mk/emna, a seaport of Fei:, on tho coast of 
 the Me<literninenn ; HO miles E. of Tetuan 
 Long. 4. 1. W. Int. 35. 22. N, 
 
 MuzrEREs, n town of Fnmce, department of 
 Anienncs ; with a citadel; seated on an island 
 in the river Meuse; 12 miles W. by N. of 
 Swlan. 
 
 Mezin, n town of France, department of 
 Lot-eUUuronne; 9 miles N. W. of Condom. 
 
 MoLi.N.a town in European Uussia, governed 
 by Czernigov. It has a eonsidemble trade in 
 hemp. Pop. 5000. 
 
 MiiENDWAUT, a town of Ilindostan, in the 
 province of Agra; on the W. bank of tho 
 lianges. Long. 79. 57. E. lat. 27. 3. N. 
 Mi ACQ. See Meaco. 
 
 Miami, Little and Great, two rivers of tho 
 st.ite of Ohio, which run S. into the Ohio, the 
 former just above Columbia, and the latter 21 
 miles below Cincinnati. The little Miami is 
 60 miles to its source, but generally so sballow 
 as to afford no navigation. The (ireat Miami 
 has a navigation, like the Muskingum, that 
 approaches near the navigable waters of Lake 
 Erie. The country between these two rivers 
 is calletl tho Miamis, and is reckoned among 
 the richest belonging to the United States. 
 
 Mi ANA, a town of Persia, in Aderbcitzan. 
 
 Here the celebrated traveller M. Thevcnot died, 
 
 on his return from Ispahan. It is 57 miles s! 
 
 E. of Tauris. 
 
 Mieiu a cape of Daluiatia, which advances 
 
 MIC 
 
 into tho Gulf of Venice, near tho town of 
 /ura. 
 
 MioiiAKL, St., tho most extensive and popu- 
 lous island of the Azores. It is 64 miles long 
 and from (i to 1 5 broad, and contains nearly 
 00,000 iiiliabitants. In u valley on the east- 
 ern sido are a number of boiling fountniiM ; 
 also many sulphureous sjynngs, some of n hot, 
 and others of a cold temperature. Tho prin- 
 eijial towns are I'unUi dul (hidn (tho capital of 
 the island) and Villa Franca. Lon«. 25. 42 
 W. lat. 37. 47. N. 
 
 MiciiAEi., St., or Midshall, a town of 
 Cornwall ; (I miles S. W. of St. CoJunib, and 
 250 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Michael, St., a town of France, department 
 of Meuse; with a fine hospital, and tho rich 
 librHty of ft Uonetlictine abbey. It is surrounded 
 by mountains. It is seated on the Meuse • 20 
 ■lilcs N. E, of Bar le Due* 
 
 Michael, St., a town of Mexice, ii> the pro- 
 vince of Nicaragua; on the river St. Michael; 
 1 10 miles N. W. of Leon.. Long. 87. 45. W. 
 lat. 12. 25. N. 
 
 Michael, St., a town of Mexico, province 
 of Culiacan ; near the mouth of the Siguatlan* 
 .'»() miles E. S. E. of Culiacan. Lonii. 107.' 
 40. W. lat. 24. 10. N. * 
 
 Michael, St., n city of Tueuman, situ !o in 
 a fruitful valley, at the foot of a range ol rug- 
 ged mountains; 150 miles N. W. of St. Jago 
 del Estero. Long. (i«. 45. W. lat. 27. 0. S. 
 
 Michael de Ihauka, St., a town of Colum- 
 bia, in the presidency of Quito ; capital of a 
 jurisdiction of its name. It has a large and 
 elegant church, a college, and several convents. 
 It is 70 miles N. E. of Quito. Long. 77. 30. 
 
 Michael de Piura, St., a town of Quito, 
 seated near tho mouth of tho IMura; 325 
 miles S. S. W. of Quito. Long. 80. 40. W. 
 lat. 3. 10. S. 
 
 Michael, Gulp of St., to the E. of Panama- 
 that part of the Pacific Ocejm which was first 
 discovered by the Spaniards, after their marcK 
 across tho Isthmus of Darien. 
 
 Michioan, one of the United States; bounded 
 on tho N. by Lake Superior, E. by the lakes 
 Huron, St. Clare, and Erie, S. by Ohio and 
 Indiana, and W. by Lake Michigan. Thq 
 country possesses immense advantages, result- 
 ing frtnn navigation and fisheries; but the soil 
 IS marshy and poor, and part of it iiuindated 
 for six months in the year. Tho chief exports 
 are furs and peltries, dried hides, bees'-wax. 
 jiot and pearl ashes, fish, &c. There are 557 
 miles of railroad intended in this state, 40 ol 
 which, from Ann Arbor to Detroit, tlie capital, 
 is in operation. The population, which hoa 
 rapidly increased, is now 2r2,27(;. 
 
 MiciiiQAN, the largest lake which is wholly 
 within the United St;Ues, being 280 miles long, 
 and from 50 to (iO broad. It is navigable for 
 vessels of any burden, and communicates with 
 the N. W. end of Lake Huron, by the Strait of 
 Micliilimackinac. 
 
 MiCHiLiMACKiNAC, 8 stmit of North Am^. 
 nca which unites tho lakes Michigan aua 
 
)ur tho town of 
 
 onsivc nnJ popu- 
 
 is 64 mili-B long 
 
 contninH neiirly 
 
 Ivy on the eiwt- 
 
 liliiig fountiiii ~ ; 
 
 , some of II li.)t, 
 
 tiiro, Tho prin- 
 
 n (tho capital of 
 
 Long. US. 42. 
 
 LL, a town of 
 >t. Colunib, and 
 
 nco, department 
 I, nnU tho rich 
 It is surrounded 
 the Muuso i 20 
 
 [k;», in. tho pro^ 
 or St. Michael; 
 ng. 87. 45. W. 
 
 Bxico, province 
 tho Siguatlan; 
 • Long. 107. 
 
 mnn, Bitiinto in 
 » mngo ot rug- 
 iV. of St. Jagtt 
 lat. 27. 0. S. 
 uwn of Colum- 
 > ; capital of a 
 lis a largo and 
 troral convents. 
 Long. 77. 30. 
 
 own of Quito, 
 } Piura: 325 
 
 'iura; 325 
 80. 40. W. 
 
 E. of Panama; 
 rbich was first 
 )r their marcK 
 
 Atcs; bounded 
 by the lakes 
 by Ohio and 
 chigan. Thq 
 itages, result- 
 ; but the soil 
 ' it iiuindated 
 chief exports 
 J8, bees'-waXj 
 L'lifc're are 557 
 i state, 40 ot 
 t, tlie capital, 
 n, which has 
 
 lich is wholly 
 iO miles long, 
 navigable for 
 unicutes with 
 ' the Strait of 
 
 North Ani3. 
 lichigon aua 
 
 MIO 
 
 47r 
 
 ll\JZ ,^i '"u '""''".'^'''''; «"■> in Its S. R. 
 sale. 1 1 Lnk.. Huron, h an island, with a f„rt 
 
 m.lo. above It. junction with the MisHisii ^i " 
 in nvmmith'"'"""/ " '•"*" "'■ '^••""^^•iHlHcts. 
 
 tl.S'Jr'''.""*!'' " ''."■'f*' fommrmHl town of 
 t e Nether IimuIh, capital of tho iHl,„„I „f w"u 
 
 IL «',"'' ">"«"ifiLTnt; piirticularly 
 
 «o ow„l,„uso, formerly „ cclobrateil nZy. 
 
 iiitaiion with Hiisliiiig by a ciiiml whi.li «„ii 
 bear the lar«..t vcsci'. Mi.l.nZ g"wt' ..k" 
 
 K hir^rlT-N ' "••• '''"""• Long. a. 37. 
 
 Mn„„,K„„„y^ „ t„^,, ^f Vermont, chief of 
 AddiHoii county; seated on tl.i, Otter Creek 'i? 
 •n'les S. of Hurlington. I'op. ^uili. ' '^^ 
 
 Minni.KiiAH, a to.vn in North Yorksl.;™ 
 
 Se ^^" Jl • u r.^'^" "'""' "<■« "'"^^ "f'tflv 
 iTe o' i:',"''"'-;\'^''""J in. was born, and 
 
 taken ,!n^ "'''' -^^l .^"^ '^""fi"^"' """ '-tMng 
 the F..r''"n''" "!. ''"'o'^'""P- Jt is seated n 
 
 nnd Kent, and W. by Thukinghamshi e It 
 CHIOS (London and Westminster,) and seven 
 
 Hameft Tlf- '"!' •'"■'."'* '^^° "lemU" o r 
 liament. The air is Iieulthy ; but tho soi in 
 general, being gn.veily, i. W .ZrX b i le 
 though, by m«.ns of I. y "„ t o mr r^' 
 
 g«, many ,„.,« of, ..,, ..n^^rt/ 'LoS 
 beds of manure, clothed with almost perpetual 
 
 whicH-ro J:f ''' !'"'• '''"""'^«' L*-"' -^ Col 
 wnich nro its boundaries to the S., K., and W 
 
 Middlesex ,s watered by several 8;,al streams-' 
 
 one of which, called the New Ilivcr is artTfi' 
 
 cudly brought from near Hertford, for the Jur-" 
 
 pose of supplying London with water. ^ 
 
 homl7Tl' V 'T^y "'■ M"««"chu«ets; 
 DounUed N. by New Ilamps i re, E, by Esgov 
 county S. E. by Norfolk count;, an.l\v by 
 Worcester county. Pop. lOR.OlI Tho ci.iS 
 towns are Charlctown, Cambridge, and Con- 
 
 Mjddi,eskx, n maritime county of Connec- 
 t^^ut; bounde.1 N. by Hartford county S by 
 
 the IpitS ""pop^s'sT" '^- ''•'"'^'°^" '^ 
 MiDDLESEx, a county of New Jersey 
 bounded N. by Essex county, E. by Sm 
 Bay, and part of Statca Island, S E. by Mou 
 
 MID 
 
 town. •" ^"^ ^^""'•'^'^•'« « tho chief 
 town. Urbimiwi is tho chief 
 
 coS;, n": •yo;:i; ^'"' " '"""• '" "'"«"" 
 
 edifi.e- ftM.l « !• ;' '"'"■'' '" "" ""«i«'iit 
 
 "irts ot Hilk, and extensive dye-works It 
 
 ands on the Jlodulalo canal, (i „TS N by 
 
 J;f Manchester, and 1.00 N.N. W. of ij,;" 
 
 MinniKToN IN Tr:r.snAr.R, a town of n„r 
 
 &ji:'="i;:r™" »"'■■"'■•'•■''-'; 
 
 l«l. 4i.Ss! N """"• '■'"* «. 51. w: 
 
 MiDDLKTowN, a town of New Jersey in 
 Monmouth county, on the S W m,!,. ,.f m 'i 
 within .Sandy Hoo^k; 14 nnlj, Ni^!;^';' ^! ^ «^^ 
 bury, and 52 E. N. E. of Trenton "'^"''""'^ 
 
 MiDDLEwicir, a town in Clieshire with a 
 market on Tuesday. The tmde offh!: ,V ■ 
 
 chieflyderiyedfromthes.^Si:g' i£,;- 
 hood which IS a great farming dintricf • o S 
 may be added the extensivt Si.t works S 
 
 i^^i^ei-wJirtiKi^S 
 
 of Chester, and W N. W. of London " 
 
 pLLlt""'""- " ''''"™ one'memberTo 
 capital of a dmnct of the same name It in 
 E lat. 22. 30. N?" ^"'*'"''"- ^^"8- 87. 25. 
 
 If 
 
 iM 
 
 m 
 
MIE 
 
 .' ti'J 
 
 478 
 
 MIL 
 
 'U 
 
 i I] 
 
 fill 
 
 Mies, a town of Uohdmfa, fn tho circle of 
 Pilsen, on the river Mira; 10 miles W. of 
 Pilsen. 
 
 Mifflin, n county of Pennsylvaiiin, bounded 
 by tho countiea of Cumberland, Northumber- 
 land, Dauphin, and Huntingdon. Pop. 13,002. 
 Lewistown is the capital. 
 
 MiKALiDA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nn- 
 tolia; with a fort ; situate on a river which runs 
 into the Sea of Marmora ; 55 miles W. by S. of 
 Bursa. 
 
 Milan, or the Milanese, n country of Italy, 
 bounded on the N. by tho Alps, E. by the Vene- 
 tian territory, S. by the Apennines, and W. by 
 Piedmont. The soil is every where fertile in 
 com, wine, fruits, rice, and olives ; and there 
 are also plenty of cattle. The rivers are the 
 Seccin, Tesin, Adda, Ogiio, and Po. There are 
 likewise several lakes, the three principal of 
 which are those of Mnggiore, Como, and 
 Lugano, Milan, with other countries in Italy, 
 was long comprised under the general name of 
 Lombardy, In the fourteenth century it became 
 a duchy. The campaign of Prince Eugene, in 
 1706, put itin possession of the House of Austria, 
 to whom, with the exception of the Sardinian 
 Milanese, it continued subject during 90 years, 
 until the victories of Napoleon in Unti. In 1797 
 it was formed into four departments, as tho 
 Cisalpine republic; but in lfil4, after several 
 other changes, the part belonging to the king of 
 Sardinia was restored, and the remainder incor- 
 porated with the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, 
 or Austrian Italy. The Austrian Milanese foi-ms, 
 along with the duchy of Mantua, and the Valte- 
 line, the government of Milan. It is divided 
 into eight delegations, and contains 7700 square 
 miles, with 2,280,0()3 inhabitants. The Sar- 
 dinian Milanese, which lies to the W. of the 
 Austrian, is divided into nine districts, compris- 
 sing an area of 3300 square miles, and con- 
 taining 560,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Milan, a city of Italy, capital of the Lom- 
 uuido- Venetian kingdom, and the see of an 
 archbishop. The city is 10 miles in circumfer- 
 ence; but the garden grounds are so extensive, 
 that it does not contain above 124,(547 inhabi- 
 tants. It stands in a delightful iilain, between 
 the rivers Adda and Ticino, which communi- 
 cate with the city by means of two canals. Tho 
 cathedral, in the centre of the city, is a splendid 
 epecimcn of Gothic architecture, and, next to 
 St. Peter's at Rome, is the most considerable in 
 Italy. This vast fabric is built of white marble, 
 supported by SO colunms, and adorned, within 
 and without, by a prodigious number of marble 
 statues. The other public buildings are the 
 university, several colleges, the convents, the 
 hospitals, the theatres, the mansions of the 
 minister of finance, of the minister of the 
 interior, and of the archbishop, and the former 
 ducal palace, now the residence of the Aus- 
 trian viceroy. In the Piazza di Castello is 
 an arena, in imitation of the amphitheatre 
 of Verona, which is capable of containing 
 30,000 spectators. The college of St. Ambrose 
 luis a library, which, besides a pro<iigioua num- 
 ber of manuscripts, contains 60,000 printed 
 
 l>onks; and Its superb gallery is ndometl with 
 rich i)ainting8. Tho chief trade of Milan is in 
 grain (especially rice), cuttle, and cheese ; and 
 the manuiiictures, of silk and velvet stuffs, 
 stockings, handkerchiefs, ribbons, gold and 
 silver lace and embroideries, woollen and linen 
 cloths, glass, porcelain, &c. It has been many 
 times taken in tho wars that have desniatc'd 
 Italy. The French took it in 1796. It wiis 
 retaken by the Austrinns and Russians in 1 799, 
 but again possessed by the French in inoo, and 
 retained by them till the fall of Napoleon in 
 1814. It is 2!)0 miles N. W. by ^. of Home. 
 Long. 9. 12. E. lat. 46. 20 N. 
 
 MiLAZzo, or Melazzo, a seaport of Sicily; 
 in Val di Demona. It is divided into the Up- 
 per and Lower Town ; the former stnnda on a 
 promontory, and is fortified ; the latter has a 
 fine square, with a superb fountain. It stands 
 on a rock, on the W. side of a bay of the same 
 name ; 20 miles W. of Messina. Long 15. 
 24. E, lat. 30. 12. N. 
 
 MiLBonN-roRT, a town in Somersetshire, 
 which has no market. It has manufactures of 
 woollen cloth, linen, and hosiery. It is seated 
 on a branch of the Pnrret ; 2 miles E. by N. of 
 Sherborn, and 114 W. by S. of London. 
 
 MiLDENUALL, a towu in Suffolk ; with a 
 market on Friday; seated on tho Larke, a 
 branch of tho Ouse ; 12 miles N. W. of Bury, 
 and 70 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 MiLETO, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra; 
 nearly destroyed bv an earthquake in 1783. It 
 is 8 miles N. E. of Nicotera. 
 
 Mii.FOUD, a town of Wales, in Pembroke- 
 shire. It is elegantly and uniformly built, and 
 stands on the N. side of Milford Haven, a deep 
 inlet of the Irish Sea. The haven branches off 
 into so many creeks, secured from all winds, 
 that it is esteemed the safest and most capa- 
 cious harbour in Great Britain. At the en- 
 trance on the W. point, called St. Ann's, is an 
 old lighthouse, and a blockhouse. Here th(» 
 Earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII., 
 landed, on his enterprise against Richard III. 
 A quay and several good buildings have been 
 constructed by a company of Quakers from 
 Nantucket, who have formed an establishment 
 here, for the southern whale fishery. It is (J 
 miles W. N. W, of Pembroke, and 262 W. by 
 N. of London. 
 
 MiLFORD, a town of Pcnns) Ivnnia, in 
 Northampton county; on the W. side of De- 
 laware River ; 120 miles above Philadelphia. 
 
 Milford, a town of Connecticut ; in New- 
 haven county; situate on a creek of Long Island 
 Sound ; 10 miles S. W. of Newhaven. There 
 are a great many townships of this name in tlio 
 United States. 
 
 Milford, New, a town of Connecticut, in 
 Litchfield county; on the side of the Ilousii- 
 tonic ; 20 miles S. W. of Litchfield. 
 
 MiLHAU, a town of France ; department of 
 Aveyron ; seated on the Tarn ; 20 miles N. W. 
 of Montpelier. 
 
 MiLiiAUD, a town of France ; department of 
 Gall! ; seuleii on tiie Vistre. It is d miles S. 
 W. of Nismcs. 
 
MIL 
 
 M tfwcn, a town of T'niMmn Silwia • teaM 
 
 llL "?■■ "",'***='' ' 27 milt* N. N. E. of 
 Drwlau. Long. 17. 2.3. E. Int. 51. IW. N 
 
 coJJt'v'oTlf V,"'"' ■ ""'" '■" North Am'cricB. 
 county of Baldwin, state of rjeorgia, of which 
 
 i« litw,!.' otherwise it is inconsidurnble. It 
 
 a «eTlL"'" "I'l'^ny to which place affords 
 ITalZr "' '=»"""""'-"■- »-tweeu it 
 
 G,Si«^'i"'f •""f"''"' **^'"''') «" »'«"<! "f the 
 
 KiathoM r."^'^'" ''^' '""' l"'ge«thnr. 
 tiful cm.« ^'''''"'"»"«'»n- It produces plen- 
 tiJuI crops of com, excellent fruit, and wino • 
 abounds,,, very good cattle, especia ly gZ ^ '. 
 and has mines of iron and sulphur? ^if. his 
 o?of wh,- r°"' •"^'''^n^- gBllerie^ the 
 
 rock, filff w-.,"'"""' ""'^ '^"^ '''«^'«<^'' «f the 
 
 the Wi'n T "u ""'"'•"-"k, and the other of 
 thL^l"£'r''\ ^' '»>« commencement of 
 the eighteenth century, the inhabitants amount- 
 ed to above 20,000; but since that period U 
 
 irTn?, ""''"• .""' >""*« »f TurHi" del 
 &'it In" •^°"»"'^"''''« time must elapse 
 
 splendour Tk""'" "", '■''""''' "?"'''"«='' •»"'• 
 ,•£)!. ^.''^ population of the whole 
 
 he E S ft"'- r"**'"' *'«^'l I200.-On 
 name 60 miles N. of Candia, and 100 S. by E 
 of Athens. Long. 05. 0. E. lat. 36. 41 N 
 
 G J^fiV^ .u^'l?i'>'''"5 with a aistle on a 
 AlSnt"^/'''' *"""^ ' 2« """- «• S- *=• of 
 
 a mrket Tp' • /""'" '" Westmoreland ; with 
 
 a market on Friday; seated on the Betha near 
 
 he mouth of the Ken. It is the only port fn 
 
 «t anJ' r.^ ^""'' '^' «"« Westn.oreTand 
 The manlfi.^ " commodities are expected, 
 wine «n,? '^ ?"*"" •=''''-'fly of «»cking, 
 
 £^tethiS--,;^S:'tS 
 
 a-^'^^'.^.TN-.V^ffLLi'^^^^^ 
 
 and much com, &c. is shipped here for the 
 London m^ukets. It is a place of great ant t 
 quity, and was the residence of thi kin^of 
 ?tTs li"''-,''^ ^Ifred, who had a palace fere 
 Londil" of Maidstone, and 40 E. of 
 
 ,„.*^"'T' "m*"'^" of Mnssachusets, in Norfolk 
 county; 7 m,Ies S. of Boston. Pop. mT 
 
 count'rjtnaf««"^*."^X''«'"'"' '■" Albemarle 
 county, situate on he R.vanna ; 76 miles W. 
 
 ni ^n*Z^.^ K,""'^-"^''^ the name of seve- 
 StLt,- ^"'''^ 'o^^nohips in the United 
 
 In DoIil'J!'.^"''*!' °r, Abbey Mti.tov, a viU.age 
 In Doraetsliire; 7 miles S. W. of Blandford. It 
 
 470 
 
 MIN 
 
 formerly h.id an abboy, founded by kino Atlwl 
 .tan; but the whole w«, swept aV^xcept 
 the church in 1771, by the Earlof DokSer 
 who erected on its site a large Gothic mansion 
 
 i i"uf T^ "" '*""'''' '"'«' aim-house 
 were built by the same nobleman. 
 
 MiLVKHTON, a town in Somonictshire : 1,V2 
 miles from London : an ancient town, Tho 
 population are employed in tho manufacture 
 of Hannel, druggets, Ace. 
 
 MiNA a town of Persia, province of Kirman : 
 surrounded by a wall with towers, and seuto.l 
 on the Ibrahim, near its entrance into the tiiilf 
 
 t /n""if 5 ^"" ""'^'' ^- of I^o^nn- Lo"«. 
 ftfi. .50. E. lat. 2(i. 40. N. 
 
 MiNAs, a town of S. America ; in But-nos 
 Ayres; seated near the source of the river St 
 Lucia, 34 miles N. E. of Maldonado. Long." 
 55. 5. W. lat. 34. 21. S. ^ 
 
 M1NA8 (;««*►.,.« province of Brazil ; bound- 
 ed N. by Bahia, W. by Goiaz, and S. by tho 
 laraibuna. It extends COO or 700 miles from 
 i'^. to s. and nearly the same from E. to W 
 and contains 600,000 inhabitants, one-third of 
 Whom are slaves. This vast territory produces 
 gold and diamonds in aliundance ; also iron 
 antimony, bismuth, platin.i, chromato of !e;..l.' 
 fi-c. The soil IS likewise rich, producing i„ (ho 
 valleys sugar, cotton, &c. ; and in tho hi«hcr 
 grounds wheat, and generally all kinds of Euro- 
 pean gram. 
 
 MiNcH, an arm of the sea, on tho W. coast 
 ot bcotland, whic), separates the Isle of Skv 
 irom Long Island. '' 
 
 MiNCHiNo IlAMPToy, a town in Gloucester- 
 shire, with a market on Tuesday, and a consi- 
 erablo manufijcture of cloth. It is pleasantly 
 sit.mtcd on adcchvity. 10 miles VV. of Ciren- 
 cester, and 98 W. of London. 
 
 MiNcio a river of Italy, which flows S. from 
 the lake Gana, forms tho lake and marshes 
 that surround the city of Mantua, and after- 
 ward runs into the Po. 
 
 MiNcKENDOKP, a town of Austria, on tho 
 Triessing, C miles E. N. E. of Hmlen. 
 
 MiNLANAO, an isLand in tho Eastern seas 
 and one of the Phihppines ; atout SOO S 
 long, and 1 08 broad The coast is indontc™ y 
 numerous bays and the interior is intersected 
 by chains of lofty mountains, with intcrven n" 
 plains that afford pasture for im,r.ense herd „f 
 «sittle. The sules of the hills and vallevs „ie 
 
 knojrn in Europe. Some of the mountains 
 y.ed very good gold; and the valleys a "we 
 watered with rivulets. Rice is produced Vi 
 abundance; as are also plantains.'^ cocoa-.uits 
 sweet potatoes, and all the fmits comnm S 
 
 tigers; but horses, beeves, buffaloes, goats 
 Sru^^r""' *'•' "'" ""-"^'ous. The fuwls arc 
 1.^.^1^ '"''^."«T*' """ots, parroquets, and 
 turtle-doves, besides .nany small birtls. The 
 
 uSht : ""rbf 1 ^ '' « '7 «*»'"-• -ti> 
 
 m— ne.i!is „jns!i bhtck cyes, short noses and 
 large mouths. Their hair 'is black andTtriight, 
 
 ?o veUowT'''?/°r "^r^' ''"* ""ore inclin^i 
 to yellow than that of other Indians. The 
 
 iMi* 
 
M liV 
 
 4S0 
 
 M I R 
 
 cnief trttilM nre RoUUmitlw. hlacksmltliri, nnd 
 carpoiiUTii, wlio can IniilU prtlty good vcmvI». 
 rolvKiiiny !■ pnictiscd. The Kovcrnmoiit j« 
 jwrtly ffiidal otid partly iiioiinrtliital. The pre- 
 vailing religion in Maliomi'diHin, but tlit- Sjiani- 
 ardij liavc hecii in iiosdomion u*" n largo portion 
 of tlio (ien-coa»t, to tho VV., N., mid JN. K., 
 where lliey have planted tolonie* of Christiang. 
 Mindanao, tho capital of the above ioland, 
 iind the rcsidenco of the «ultan and hi» court, 
 ia about (i miles up the I'elangv. Opposite 
 «t«nd« tho town of Selangiuu Lona. PJ4. 40 
 E. lat, 7. 9. N. H -••• » • 
 
 MiNDKMiKiM, atown of Bavaria, with a cnstio 
 on a mountain ; situate between the rivers 
 1 Her and Lech: 25 miles S. W. of AuKHlnirj?. 
 
 MiNDKN, n govprnment of the I'russian 
 states ; comprising tho N. E. part of the pro- 
 vince of WeBti)halia, and tho former princi- 
 pnhties of Minden, Paderborn, llittberg, and 
 Corvey, tho bailiwick of IlcckebcrK, and the 
 lordsliip of Uhcdn, It has area of 2000 8<iuare 
 miles, divided into 13 districts, with 330,000 
 inhabitants. The soil in general ia fertile, and 
 the pasturage good. 
 
 MiNDKN, the capital of the above govern- 
 ment, ia one of the oldest towns of Germany, 
 and, while the see of a bishop, formed a petty 
 republic. Its convenient situation for trade 
 and navigation, its breweries, 8ugar-hou8t>8, and 
 wax manufactures, are great advantages to the 
 inhabitants. Near tliis towi, prince Ferdinand, 
 of Brunswick, defeated the French, in 17.51). 
 It was occupied in UiO() by tho French, and 
 finally ceded to Prussia in 11)14. Pop. 6800. 
 It 18 seated on the Weser, 43 miles E. of 0»- 
 iiaburg. Long. H. 56, E. lat. 52. 19. N, 
 
 -MiNDOuo, one of the Philippines; separated 
 from Luconia by a narrow channel. It is 
 mountainous, and abounds ,\ palm-trees and 
 all sorts or fruits. The inh-.bitiiiits are pagiins, 
 and pay tribute to tho Spaniards. 
 
 MiNEiiEAD, a seaport ia Somcrsctsltirn • mar- 
 ket on Wednesday. It has n^,....(l Imrliour 
 on the Bristol Channel, and carries oi a trailo 
 in wool, coal, and herrings. It i» .'J5 miles N 
 of Exeter, and 160 W. by S. of London. Long! 
 3. 34. W. lat. 51. 12. N. 
 
 MiNOHKLiA, a country of Asia ; bounded W. 
 by the Black Sea, E. by Imeritia, S. by the 
 river i'hasis, and N. by Georgia. It is governed 
 by a prince who is tributary to lluswia. The 
 face of this country, its pnxlucts, and the cus- 
 toms and manners of the inhabitants, are simi- 
 lar to those of Georgia. 
 
 MiNHO, a river of Spain ; which rises in the 
 N. E. part of Galicia, passes by Lugo, Orense, 
 and Tuy; and, dividing Galicia from Portug;;!, 
 enter 1 the Atlantic at Cnminha. 
 
 MiNiEii, a town of Egypt, on the left bank 
 of the Nile ; 90 miles S. of I'avoiim. 
 
 MiNOBViNO, a town of Naples ; in Terra di 
 Ban ; 24 miles, W. S. W. of Trani. 
 
 Minorca, one of the Balearic islands, lying 
 fiO mill* to the N. E. of Majorca. It is 30 
 miles long, and 12 broad ; and is a mountain- 
 ous country, with some fruitfi!! vallevs. Some 
 com is raised, but the principal protlucU of the 
 
 island are wine, wool, cheese, luiil vari«nu 
 fruits. It has been frccp'ently in tho hand* of 
 tho British, by whom it was taken without the 
 loM of a man, in 179H, but given up by tho 
 PJ'nt'o «f "»>2. Ciudadella ia the cajiital ; but 
 Mahon claims greater consequence, on account 
 of its excellent harbour, I'ort Mal.oii, which ia 
 defended by two forts. Population, 31,000, 
 3. 4H. E. lat. 39. 51. N, 
 
 Minsk, an extensive province of European 
 Russia, coin prebend iiig the <(ld j)alatinate of 
 Minsk and portions of Polotzk, Novogrodek, 
 and Wilna. It extends from the Dwiiia, N. 
 to the province of Volhyiiia, comprises an area 
 of 37,000 sipiare miles, is divided into ten 
 circles, and contains 9.50,000 inhabitants. Tho 
 surface, productions, 8tc., are the same as in 
 Lithuania. 
 
 Min.sk, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 with two citadels, seated on the Swislocz : 110 
 miles S. E. of Wilna, and 310 E. N. E. of 
 Warsaw. Long. 27. ,5f). K lat. 53. 46. N. 
 
 MiNTAON, an island in the Indiim Oceiui, 40 
 miles long, and 14 broad ; on the W. coast of 
 the ishind of Sumatra, Long. 97. 3)t. E. lat. 0. 
 
 Mios.s, a lake of Norway, in tho province of 
 Iledemarke, 90 miles in circumference. It is 
 almost divided by a peninsula, and contains a 
 fertile island 10 miles in circumference. 
 
 Mi(iUELON, a small desert island, S. W. of 
 Cape Mary, in Newfoundland, ceded to tho 
 French, in 1763, for drying and curing their 
 fish. They were dispossessed of it by tho 
 English, in 1793, but it was rcstorci' to liiem in 
 1«02. Long. 56, 10. W. lat. Iti. 42. N. 
 
 MiRA, a town of Portugal, in Iteim, 16 miles 
 N. W. ofCoimbra, 
 
 Miranda, a town of Portugal, in Tras lo8 
 Monies, seated on a rock, on the river Douero, 
 32 miles E. S. E. of Braganza. Long. 6. 32. 
 W. lat. 41.46. N. 
 
 Miranda de Corvo, a town of Portugal, in 
 Beim, 13 miles S. E. ofCoimbra. 
 
 Miranda di: Euro, a town of Spain,*in the 
 province of Burgos, with a castle, seated in an 
 excellent wine country, on the river Ebro, over 
 which is a haiulsome bridge. It is 34 nn'les N. 
 E. of Burgos. 
 
 MiRANDB, a town of France, department of 
 Gcrs. Wool, down, and the feathers of geese, 
 are its principal articles of trade. It is seated 
 on an emine'ice, near the river Baisc. It is 13 
 miles S. W. of Auch. 
 
 MiRANDFLA.a town of Portugal, in Tras los 
 Monies, 22 miles S. W. of Bragaiizn. 
 
 MiRANDOLA, a city of Italy, in the Modenese, 
 capital of a province of its name, and a bishop's 
 see, with a citadel and fort. Besides tho 
 cathedral, it contains manv tine churches and 
 convents. It is 11! miles N. N. E. of Modena 
 Pop. (1200. Long 11. l.<). E. lat. 44. 52. N. 
 
 MiiiAVKi,, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 with a strong castle, seated i n the side of a hill, 
 16 miles S. by W. of Placentia. 
 
 MiREUKAii, a town of France, department 
 ..I ........ Tiviiiivj ii JUUC3 ri. 0/ w, o: 
 
 Puitiets. 
 
MIR 
 
 MUKMO.MT, a town nf Pr»„ I 
 
 Dordogne. Near Tt ,•.„"""• ['"P'-rt'ncnt of 
 
 of Foix. and 43 S. S kZ'tJ, ''"" *'' ^- *!• 
 
 Mmow, a town of«„' "'^ ^•'".'''"''o- 
 mile. W. of Stro^L '^"""^' *'"> " «^"«. 1 1 
 
 It Wtts formerly a v„rl .^ • ,'""• """» « «i8tlo. 
 
 it hud mucl Sod I, ^^"™' •'^ '^"'koy 
 fourth of the hSar«L"" -r^*? "'"" «"^ 
 
 "^Lep«°n"o'Ll,^"!|:>"'^r^ T t^^' ^■^' 
 M.S.U. *.;^-.- ,1- E- ^^- 37. le. N. 
 
 Am*;SXuJl?^£%^''^'JSt„teaof 
 Alabama S hv t •'• ^ Tennessee, K. |,„ 
 
 It i. 312 mJes iZ and 1% f^'T'''*'' "^''"• 
 ?u area of abou 45^350 Jfi'^,'' ' comi.rises 
 into 56 countie. „n,i T-^ ""'^''' '» '"'viJ^l 
 
 '»'7. into ZTT^F ''^""<"y "'as divided, i„ 
 
 enstern forming the t«^fi.'*""ii'P'' "'"^ "'o 
 
 •liver«ifie<| with Mis 2t. V '* "8'«'ably 
 ^•'imat.. is mile. a„5' tS""'|, ""J. »""«>'« i th^ 
 ceedingly fertile in cS TuLr /" «™'=™' "- 
 vc«ot«blt.8, cotton and ^nr?^ '.'•''l^''' K^'^Jen 
 (ottoniMhesteDlnnr^. V"^ '""•^'' "'■'■'"it. 
 tl'e cipitnl b„f m! P'O'luction. Monticello is 
 
 wi.SSa*'TXn»r^-th America, 
 i'-t. 47 40 NT „„ ,"^ ? Lake, in long. 95. 0. W 
 
 «>Iled the BaS ' h » ^'i""''"'' «' ^^ich is 
 
 ti-eportofthti ;. I'SmtsTromTh ^"^'*"''' 
 country is not h«h;f„Ki • "" "*« *«». the 
 
 'Toughontthest^itf ot- foS'na Xt ^^ 
 
 £s:wh^^ir=-£'«n^'^ 
 
 ^-rlf^^at^S™"^^ 
 
 current, biarinf a .,«?» *■ ^""°'"> '"rbid 
 torn fr^r the* LVZ^h''^.'''''' &<=• 
 
 Arkanl's a^SlfeSir Tr'° ^'P "'«' 
 
 the Mississippi ^^^f~j^ ^0 s^'rrlfr"^"^ 
 
 "»flux of the Ohio if ;« 'i-^"' ^'''"' the 
 
 «nrt Jt ;t ., ® ""'" 't " exceedinKlv cronV^ 
 
 thi river fS't^j??^ f-d". The wate^ol 
 » wear till it receives the Missouri. 
 
 411 
 
 MI8 
 
 L'nited sJ^e. "'^ "" *''"'" '-""^itory of the 
 lOml!^'w"„'f'V* i"'^ "'Western Greece: 
 
 j-trn«^L;rthi'3:f?::;«"pf '"-"•. roi 
 
 by the Turks in inor i!^'" ''' '"'" 'aken 
 inhabitant, we/o Sh.^^T "?"^ «" "'o 
 died here on ^^HlSfS'- '^"'^ ^^'"» 
 
 •ulesof the MiJuVrfver It fs'?h«"? ''""' 
 •tnto, cxcfi)t Vinfima nnA oJt ■ "* '"'»^»' 
 fi<»,000 square mX and 3fl-i?«.^"K "u" '^*'» "^ 
 "'horn 5a 240 lue 1 vi T. '"''"'"'""'-. of 
 the «t«te consLu ,? ^m ^ *''*"1''"' face of 
 
 ;•"»•"« the .rmcr haTruTlff"; """■^"• 
 tlio population iH rh; «„ ,1 "® *'"' ^ ""d 
 
 Tlic capital is s/ I ''■• '"*" 35 counties. 
 
 "ipi-i. 13 m les SlolZ """"•" •"' "'« *''««i^ 
 souri! "'^ ""^ J""*-'""" of the Mis- 
 
 Missouri a river of Vnr»i, a 
 "«-.s in the Rockv aI . • Amerim, which 
 theMissis^ppM.Lt!°,""'i"»'''.»"J fall* into 
 
 United States it w^. ^ Kprernment of the 
 by Capt^Ss Lewrrtfij''^ -bole length 
 names of Jefferson '^"',>''"'<o. who gave tho 
 the three Cchrin^ wr."'."''!^''''"''"' to 
 miles from Ts confln .n 'V,' "! «^'^iJ«d. 2858 
 
 numerous rivers inf, . ^^' '""' '"'-"coives 
 
 considemble exTent ThT' '"•""^ "^"""" »' 
 deemed good for oirii^i '"u-,gation maybe 
 cataracts' rende" « iX^'of iSr'T 
 necessary. AbovoH,«.<. ♦• 11 "' ""^"t 3 miles 
 are frequent and a X '•'' «''.""'« ""^ lipids 
 Rocky AJo,;tu"n9 ulu T^l '*"'^* ^<"» the 
 
 miles are Xt""n' ^ •■''''' "'^" ^ 
 tremendous rock whJ^ • "^'■'' ''^ "'" "«>«* 
 to the height o" n;;i '■ U'^eerTliet'''!'^ 
 except a sterile district uZJtl: f, ""'"» 
 general rich and b • u iL 1^^ '^"''' "'" i" 
 extensive meadows, wih h IN T"" P?"*' °^« 
 covered with trees • i.rim ? ^^-''""'^ them 
 
 long chains of hlTh'hi 1 of J'h" f*^!"*'"^- «'« 
 MrssoiTBt Ti "'""Of a dark colour. 
 
 Unilers,: es 'whir'' ^ *=°"""7 "' the 
 sense. includ«'«l7?''" '^ """" <'=*tcn.lod 
 the stkte of St name The cvl.'^''™'^"'^'* '" 
 Madrid, Girardeau ^T rl ^ '' '""'"'' "« New 
 MistIken Spe thil^"^''."'^'""'^ St.Louis. 
 most of the Hpr^if ??• ''!""' "' 'be eastcrn- 
 N. E. of Ca^e fc' ^"'»"'^. ^bout 9 miles E. 
 
 ofCa'^'Cat'S^S^""""*"'^- '^'^ W- 
 of Newfo^dknl ' ^^ J"""' "' 'be island 
 
 lyin?Ro1«,eV''nVf'"^ °^ ^ew Britain. 
 -n^^edr^ot&^irJe^^J;-^^ 
 
 21 
 
 ' a 
 
 OBII 
 
 it 
 
■<^ 
 
 M IH 
 
 4H2 
 
 MOP 
 
 tawint. It In above 2A0 niilr* in eimiit, of a 
 v«ry irrogulor »liui)0, being much iiitt'r»fctid 
 by long uiid imrrow projoititms of lunil, niul 
 coiitttiiw »*!Voml Ulnndi. It i» formud of tlio 
 Mwtiuinin and other rivorn firom the mounUiiiix, 
 and its outlet ia the river Uupcrt. 
 
 MiBTftKTTA, u town of Sicily, in Vnl <ii 
 Demona, 50 niilet E. S. E. of Piilornio. I'op. 
 
 6000. „ ; ^ ,,, 
 
 MiTCiuM, a villiige in Surrey, 7 miles S. W. 
 of London. It i» Bcnted on the Wandlc, on 
 which are some »nuff-mill» and calico-iirinling 
 manufactories. 
 
 Mitch KLDEAN, a town in (Jlouccstenihiro, 
 with a market on Mondiiy, sented at tlio N. 
 extremity of the forest of Dean, V2 mi'.eii VV. 
 of Ulouco»ter, 116 W. by N. of London. 
 
 MiTCHELSTOWN, 0, town of Ircliuid, in the 
 county of Cork, with a college for I'J decayed 
 gentlemen, and 10 gentlewomen. It is '23 mile* 
 N. E. of Cork, and '.!(> S. S. E. of Limerick. 
 
 MiTTAU, a town of Kuwia, capital of the 
 government of Courlnnd, tlie renidenco of 
 Louis XV III. for several years during his exile. 
 The walls and moats of the town are decayed ; 
 the houses, for the most part, have no particular 
 elegance, and a great many gardens and open 
 places are contained within its circuit. Hero 
 are two Lutheran churches, a Ixautiful Calvin- 
 ist church, and a Catholic church. It is seated 
 on the Aa, 4.5 miles E. of Goldingcn, and 'J70 
 N. N. E. of Warsaw. Pop. I'i.OOO. Long. '23. 
 6 ). E. lat. 50. 40. N. . 
 
 MiniNWALD, a town of Bavaria, capital of 
 the county of Werdenfcls, seated on the Iser, 
 12 miles N. of Inspruck. 
 
 MiTrERBUiio, a town of Austrian lUyria, 
 with a castle ou a rock, 30 miles S. E. of 
 Trieste. 
 
 MoniiE, a town of the United States, m Ala- 
 bama, formerly in West Florida. When it came 
 into tlie possession of the United States, in 1 B 1 3, 
 it was a poor mean place, but has since been 
 rapidly increasing in population and commercial 
 importance. It is a great shipping port for 
 cotton. It has a regular fortress, and stands at 
 the mouth of a river, and at the head of a bey, 
 of the same name; I7P miles E. of New Orleans. 
 Pop. 3914. Long. 88. J8. W. lat. 30. 37. N. 
 
 Mobile, a river formed by two main branches, 
 the Alabama and Tombcckby, in the S. part of 
 .the state of Georgia. After flowing 4 miles S. 
 it separates into two streams, which soon after 
 enter into West Florida. The river to the VV. 
 retains the name of Mobile; that to the E. takes 
 the name of Tensaw ; both arc e<iually navi- 
 gable, and tliey run nearly parallel into Mobile 
 Bay, which extends 11 leagues S. to the Gulf 
 of Mexico. 
 
 MoCARANOA, or MoCARA, a kingdom on the 
 E. coast of Africa, mistakenly called Mono- 
 motapa, which is the title of the monarch. It 
 is bounded on the N. by Monomugi, E. by the 
 Mosambique, S. by Sofala and Manica, and W. 
 by unknown regions. It has several rivers, of 
 which the Zambezi is the chief; is fertile in 
 rice, tniiiet, and sugar fitiies, which last gro^^ 
 •without cultivation ; and the pastures feed vast 
 
 muUltiulen of cattle, especially of tho larger 
 sort, but not any horses. There are a great 
 mnny ostricheK, wild hoaits, and elephants ; and 
 several mines of gold and silver. The native* 
 possess all tho chanictoristics of the African 
 negro. Their liouses are built of wood, and 
 covered with phwter ; but thoy have few towns 
 MiKlrogan is tho capital. 
 
 MocAUMPODH, or MocicWANPouK, ft town of 
 liindoHtan, capital of a district of iho sanu' 
 name, subject to the rajah of Ncpanl. It is 
 situate on tho E. siilo of tho Nepaiil, 48 miles 
 8. S. E. of Catmandu. and 136 N. of I'atim. 
 Long. 85. V'O. E. lat. 27. 30. N. 
 
 MociiA, or MoKA, a town of Arabia, In Ye- 
 men; seated on a small bay of the Red Sea, 
 near tho Strait of Uiibelmandel. On each of 
 the points of land which enclose the road is a 
 fort, but they are wretclied structures The 
 town is of a circular form, surrounded by a 
 wall, in which arc six gates, and has a haiul- 
 some appearance from tho sea. It stands in a 
 dreary plain, bounded by mountains, and con- 
 sisting entirely of arid sand. The Engli-ili, 
 from llindostan, at present engross almost ex- 
 clusively the trade of this place, which is very 
 considerable, espeeuilly in coU'eo; 140 miles 
 S. S. W. of Sana, anil (i30 S. S. E. of Mecca. 
 Long. 44. 'J5. E. hit. 13. 10. N. 
 
 MoDUUiiv, a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Thursday, and a manufacture of 
 l>lu8h. It has a spacious church, and two 
 inecting-housos. It is seated between two hills, 
 30 miles S. S. W. of Exeter, and 208 W. S. W. 
 of London, 
 
 MoDENA, or MoDENiSB, a duchy of Italy, 
 bounded on tho W. by Parma, N. by the Po, 
 E. by the Papal states, and S. by the Apen- 
 nines. It now includes tho principalities of 
 M,is.sa and Carrara, and contains an area of 
 2(100 B<iunro miles, with 370,000 inhabitants. 
 The soil is fertile in com, wine, oil, and fruit,* 
 of different kinds. It also feeds a great num- 
 ber of cattle. 
 
 MoDENA, tho capital of the Modenese, and a 
 bishop's see, with a citadel and a magnificent 
 college. The cathedral, several of the churches, 
 and some of tho monasteries, are handsome 
 structures. The ducal palace is richly furnished, 
 and contiiins fine paintings. The inhabitanto 
 of Modena, estimated at 27,000, carry on ma- 
 mifactures of hemp, woollens, glass, leather, &c. 
 It is seated between the rivers Secchia and 
 Fanaro, 30 miles E. S. E. of I'arma, and 60 
 N. N. W. of Florence. Long. 11. 12. E. lat. 
 41. 34. N. 
 
 MoDicA, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, 
 capital of a district of its name; seated near the 
 river .Seieli, 10 miles W. of Noto. Pop. 23,500. 
 
 MoDON, a strong town of the Morea, and a 
 bishop's see, with a safe harbour. It is seated 
 on a promontory projecting int« the sea o( 
 Sapienza, 15 miles W. of Coron. Long. 21.31. 
 E. lat. 36. 63. N. 
 
 MoER."}. See Meuiis. . 
 
 MoESKiECU, a town of Bavaria, 18 miles N. 
 
 Moffat, a town of Scotland in Dumfties 
 
MO F 
 
 •''''•, near (he rivor a„.. 
 
 'V K. of Dumfr.' . f'""''""^! '■*" "•'''■" N. 
 
 •hire. UartrJ n, ^- ^""'^^ "• I>iiinfri,.g. 
 "hovo tl u ev," • J' " r"' "'«'»'r'. '■" -'3<"> feet 
 fo... flock, of ),eep „„r; ^''.7 '"^'"J """"-'" 
 
 ^".mn, ,.«'„":; "'" ^:^''-"'- t'Odc. an. 
 from cch other '* "'^ ''"' ""'" 'J'"'""' 
 
 f»roi«n,a„di,Je,V'j/'"'-'"'P°"»'n of «11 tl,o 
 town i, «urro„mi ? "'"OO iiiliubitanta. Tho 
 
 s™. The a teetV 'i".I i""r™'r'^'' ^^ »''" 
 contain n c cat nnn ' i' > "''*^' ''"''"• ""^ 
 
 irilonuth. It i, i„ ."'",''""'. "'"Jvea niib 
 
 under Soli^^nTltr/hl. '"/''''> """' '''"'"** 
 and, utter to liV.r "A? '<»«"f •-'-'."OO.nen. 
 J"" J'on^ ira"^ ,"', *'f '"'t<--'l 'V the fall of 
 Tin k» wort deLted^ 'T""'^- J" l''»7 tho 
 ruin, with thn!^':? ^^^^^ f 'f ^'^ "f Lor- 
 
 CWassowUUho Da.nl 'o'^ '''•'; *•''"'""" "'■"'° 
 
 Voile's wL7'!o" "r f.' ^"^ «'"'« "f N- 
 
 "'"'. nfteecw,,t "'''■' l^- . of Luke Ontario, 
 enters Hud.o. ^ 7"'^;, "^utary «trean>. 
 
 About 3 miles «l.„vl;»- "'?* '*'^'«' Albany. 
 «on it hasacat/^!'""^ 
 > ards wide falls, T' r'T "'" '"™'"i. '00 
 Mohawks 1 ^'''''"•^'^•"'''f'y about 70 feet. 
 
 Krated in 1770 into r,.^,„", ^"',' "'*'"-'•" •^"i'" 
 "-'"■•■ in the Uni^i'sStes ' ""' "*'"'' ""'^ '^ 
 
 tinent of Afr en 5 . ,'"*^'"^'" "'"' "'« <-'on- 
 tainous and wood? /;''',""* '""'^ "^^ "'"""- 
 
 vomment'of' th'e h""""' " ^^--^'^^lo go- 
 
 t-.e govtnl?of"iSk " 'ir- '" ?"?/°'- 
 square miles and ;♦..;, .• '" '"■'■'" " "'-500 
 
 o^-hom th:\n"]is;r'rZ"'°"' """•"^"• 
 
 menus' th:'ae';Uof"ff'" '''''*"'^°^'' «— 
 file residence of „ r," f ^'^"'ment offiees, and 
 
 ''i'-hop, and hnl a c„Im'' ""'* '^ C"t''°''« «'-ch- 
 
 carthen mound Thffnb'h?""''^''' ^""^ "» 
 
 483 
 
 M L 
 
 vemmont of Ko.Lbor^ "f I'ru.„„, i„ the go- 
 "'" ""'"o name w&' ',"""'""" " '"k» of 
 Here is an Z caS. f "''""f "'"•''"'"d* it. 
 
 '■« conHc.,ue„ro ofVlo « mjT'T """'"• 
 
 AlOIIU.NS. a town nf 1.'" 
 
 n.ent of I.Jro " ^^mn L s T'<''V'"' *'^•''"^'■ 
 
 M0IS8.U-. a town , f l.v "' ^"'""'^^• 
 •"ent of T,rnetG"rol ':'■"• "' ""-' ''•'I'art- 
 
 «"j flour; ^tiuV-rr' e T I" ',:"'"':"-> 
 
 ;lit!:\::tS^::',::,'^-^ Naples, iu Terra 
 
 diW.J'^Ued'^^.J'r"'^'""'^^''" Terra 
 of t.-Het«. Pop oooo ""^ '"" • ^ ""'<-'" N. E. 
 
 -«SrS4^^^^^^'r'int«'.ire.with„ 
 
 Sercth. The W ,mrf ;l „ y"^"' ^ ''""', and 
 are some une. hir o I dn ""."'"V'''"'''"'''' ">ero 
 i"g"odj,asture vwi/f':^'''' "^"^ '' "bounds 
 l'or.es, oxen, ami "been 7^ ? ^''"* """^'^^' of 
 1'ul.e. honey w X te; ii" M,|"f "T -"'' 
 and fowls. The sovZi-. i' ^ ^ "* «"'"« 
 I'odar. is tribui n. to tSn! ': •" ''''"'^ ''"- 
 " tbe princi,,al tmvn *= '' '"'«'""'• "^assy 
 
 parsing beneath ii..x I li 1 i^ ^^V'/''^'/.'^' ""'J. 
 'n Us vicinitv, and to r in „ • '" ''"'"PPear 
 I'ea.I, and eiUerX Ti, """" "'""'" i-wther- 
 Court. "'^ -^''"""^ "Pl'osite Hampton 
 
 ^MoLK, a port of St. Domingo. &.N.c«o.. 
 
 B^rS'o: tt^Jlf S"^'. - Terra di 
 VV.byN.ofDarpi^.fljor"'^''""^'' 
 
 IWronnrU mi£T•f'^T"""-' "^ 
 Mor.rsp ,. ...,:,!:..' "I" i? N- of Montauban. 
 
 a triangle";v^,ose «T" °' '"^.n^'"'"' '" »^<^ 'orm of 
 betweerTerrdiW. A^^"''^ '""«' 1>'»« 
 tanata, and rrtStT'ut^^?,S:^'i57^«i'/ 
 
 112 ' * 
 
 ^^1 I ? 
 
 ■1^1 
 
"w J.. • ■■•iuni»#i 
 
 MOL 
 
 484 
 
 MON 
 
 «(; 
 
 ii 
 
 It is n mountainous country, but fertile in corn, 
 wine, saffron, and dilli. It suffered much 
 damage by an earthquake in 1U06, when up- 
 wards of '20,000 of tiie inhabitants perished. 
 
 MoLisE, tlie capital of the foregoing pro- 
 vince, with a ciistle. It is 50 miles N. N. E. 
 of Naples. Long. 14. 43. E. lat. 41. 36, N. 
 
 MoLLEN, a strong town of Denmark, in tho 
 duchy of Lnuenburg; seated on the Steckenitz, 
 8 miles S. of Lubec. 
 
 MoLSiiEiH, a town of France, in the depart- 
 HiOnt of Lower Rhine; seated on the Brusch, 
 10 miles W. of Stnisburg. Pop. 2500. 
 
 MoLTON, SouTir, a town in Devonshire, 17S 
 miles from London, on the river Moule, with a 
 manufacture of serges, &c. 
 
 Moluccas, or Si-icE Islands, a number of 
 ishmds in the Indian Ocean, lying E. of Celebes. 
 They include those from Mortay in the N. to 
 Banda in the S., and from Mysol in the E. to 
 Bouro in the W. The other principal ones are 
 Gilolo, Cerara, Amboyna, Ouby, Ternate, Ti- 
 dore, Motir, Rlachian, and Bachian. Except 
 Gilolo, they produce neither corn, rice, nor 
 cattle; but they have oranges, lemons, and 
 other fruits; and are most remarkable for spices, 
 especially cloves and nutmegs. On the shores 
 there are large rocks of coral, of great variety 
 and beauty. They were discovered in 1511, by 
 the Portuguese, who formed some settlements, 
 but were driven out in 1607 by the Dutch, to 
 whom the islands are at present subject. 
 
 MoLwiTZ, a town of Prussian Silesia, in tne 
 principality of Brieg ; famous for a victory 
 gained by the Prussians over the Austrians in 
 1741. It is 4 miles W. of Brieg. 
 
 MoMBAZA, a city on the coast of Zanguebar. 
 It was .-eated on a peninsula, which has been 
 since turned into an island, by cutting a canal 
 through the isthmus. It is defended by a strong 
 citadel, has a commodious harbour for large 
 vessels, and carries on a great commerce with 
 the islands and kingdoms adjacent, in gold, 
 ivory, rice, flesh, &c. The king of Melinda, 
 being a Christian, had a quitfrel with the Por- 
 tuguese governor, took the castle by assault, 
 turned Mahomedan, and murdered all the Chris- 
 tians, in 1631. In 1729 the Portuguese again 
 became masters of this territory; but since that 
 time the natives have regained possession of it, 
 and have treated in the most treacherous and 
 hostile manner all Christians who have attempt- 
 ed to land. Mombaza is 75 miles S. S. W. of 
 Melinda. Long. 39. 30. E. lat. 3. 15. S. 
 
 MoMFi^OT, a town of Egypt with manufac- 
 tures of linen ; seated on the left bank of the 
 Nile, 20 miles N. N. W. of Siout. 
 
 MoKPOX, a town of New Granada, repub- 
 lic of Colombia, in the province of Cartha- 
 gena, on the left bank of the Madulena; 112 
 miles S. S. E. of Carthagena. 
 
 MoNA, an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, 
 to the S. W. of the island of Zealand, from 
 which it is separated by a narrow channel. 
 Stege is the chief town. 
 
 MosAco a fortified seanirt "f ItalVs capital 
 of a small principality of the same name, be- 
 tween the county of Nice and the duchy of 
 
 Genoa. The harbour is good, but not deep 
 enough for large vessels ; the principal export 
 is olive oil. It is seated on a craggy rock that 
 projects into the sea, 12 miles E. N. E. of Nice. 
 Long. 7. 30. E. lat. 43. 44. N. 
 
 MoNAOHAN, a coimty of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Ulster; bounded N. by Tyrone, E. by 
 Armagh, S. E. by Louth, S. W. by Cavan, and 
 W. by Fermanagh. Its area includes 179,600 
 Irish acres part of which is occupied by woods 
 and bogs, and a third part taken up by Lough 
 Y.me, A great part is, however, in a high state 
 of cultivation. It contains five baronies, is 
 divided into 27 parishes, and sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. 
 
 MoNAOiiAN, the capital of the foregoing 
 county, was fortified with a castle and a fort, in 
 the reign of Queen Eliziibeth. It is 40 miles 
 S. W. of Belfast, and 60 N. N. W. of Dublin. 
 Long. C.49.\V. lat. 54. 16. N. 
 
 Monaster, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, 
 seated near the sea ; 70 miles S. E. of Tunis. 
 Long. 11. 6. E. lat. 35.50. N. 
 
 Mo.VASTEiiEVAN, a town of Ireland, in tho 
 county of Kildare, situate on the Barrow, near 
 the Grand Cnnal ; 19 miles N. of Carlow, and 
 32 S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 MoNBLANC, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on 
 the river Francoli, 17 miles N. of Tarragona. 
 
 MoNCAOMERi, atown of the Sardinian states, 
 in Piedmont, seated on an eminence near the 
 Po ; 5 miles S. E. of Turin. Pop. 7300. 
 
 MoNCALVo, a town of Piedmont, province of 
 Montferrat, seated on a mountain ; 12 miles S. 
 W. of Casal, and 30. E. of Turin. Pop. 3500. 
 
 M0.N9AON, a town of Portugal, in Entro 
 Douro e Minho ; with a strong castle ; seated 
 near the Minho; 24 miles N. of Bragn. 
 
 MoNCiiABOU, a city of Birmnh, and during n 
 short period its capital, is surrounded by a wall 
 and ditch, but is chiefly celebrated as the birth- 
 place of Alompra, who afterwards became the 
 deliverer of his country, and the conqueror of 
 Pegu. It is 40 miles N. of Ummerapoora. 
 
 M0N90N, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a 
 castle ; 6 miles S. of Balbastro, and 50. N. E. 
 of Saragossa. 
 
 MoNCONTOUB, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Cotes du Nord ; 12 miles S. S. E. 
 of St. Brieux. 
 
 MoNCONTOUR, a town of France, department 
 of Vienne ; 27 miles N. W. of Poitiere. 
 
 MONDEOO, a river of Portugal, which has its 
 source mar Guardo, crosses Beira by Coimbra, 
 and enters the Atlantic near a cape of the same 
 name. 
 
 Mj.vdonedo, a town of Spain, in Galicia, and 
 a bishop's see ; 60 miles N. E. of Compostella, 
 and 115 N. W. of Leon. Lorg. 7. 10. \V. lat, 
 
 i.*!. :;o. :j. 
 
 MoNDOvi, a fortified town of Piedmont, capi- 
 tal of a province of its name, and a bishop's 
 see. In 1796 the French gained a victory 
 here over the Austrians, which made them 
 masters of the state of the king of Sardinia ; 
 and in 1799 they abandoned this place to a 
 general pillage. It is seated on a numntnini 
 near the river Ellero ; 14 miles E. of Coni. 
 
but not deep 
 ncipal export 
 iggy rock that 
 N. E. of Nice. 
 
 Ill, in the pro- 
 Pyrone, E. by 
 by Ca van, and 
 hides 179,600 
 pied by woods 
 I up by Loug)i 
 in a liigh state 
 e baronies, is 
 nds two mem- 
 
 the foregoing 
 and a fort, in 
 It is 40 miles 
 
 y. of Dublin. 
 
 .dom of Tunis, 
 
 1. E. of Tunis. 
 
 reland, in the 
 ! Barrow, near 
 f Carlow, and 
 
 I Catalonia, on 
 f Tarragona, 
 trdinian states, 
 lence near the 
 9p. 7300. 
 It, province of 
 I ; 12 miles S. 
 I. Pop. 3500. 
 igal, in Entrc 
 castle ; seated 
 Braga. 
 
 , and during n 
 nded by a wall 
 d as the birth- 
 ds became the 
 B conqueror of 
 tnerapoora. 
 Lrragon, with a 
 and 50. N. E. 
 
 ce, in the de- 
 
 niilcs S. S. E. 
 
 ;c, department 
 'oitiers. 
 which has its 
 a by Coimbra, 
 ,pe of the same 
 
 in Galicia, and 
 
 if Compostelln, 
 
 7. 10. \V. lat. 
 
 'iedmont, capi- 
 ind a bishap's 
 ined a victory 
 li made them 
 ig of Sardinia ; 
 this place to a 
 :i a nuiuntnini 
 les E. of Coni. 
 
 MON 
 
 485 
 
 Long. 8. 3. E. lat. 44, 
 
 Population 20,000, 
 25. N. 
 
 MoNGHYR, a celebrated town and fortress of 
 Hmdostan, capital of a district of ita Tnm^ ?„ 
 
 he Provmceof Bahar; seated on [he sTnk 'o"f 
 the GangM which in the rainy season fonns 
 here a prodigious expanse of fresh water Thl 
 
 rdV'il'"^* ^™" ""^ fortrtrctn«Jof 
 oyef!~^T\'' "'-ket-places, scaUered 
 
 • onn «• ?.o^ P^Pu'at'on " estimated at 
 JO.OOO. Since 1816 this has formed one of the 
 etations of the Baptist Missionary locietv 
 whose exertions here have been attended wlth^: 
 ples^mg degree of success j 80 miles E bv S 
 of Patna, and 300 N W nf r. Vl t ^ ^" 
 8tJ. 36. E. lat. 25. 24 'n ^'""'"^ ^""S" 
 
 and occupying most of the space between rS 
 
 Altai.and otl^^ioS^n Ss SZm" tt 
 
 .l!r"'"^i°"/f'- The inhabitants are dec! llv 
 d.^tingu,«hed both from the Turks and Tartar 
 1 hey have neither towns nor houses, but wander 
 in hordes, and live under tents, which they rt 
 rn^no from one place to another, acc^rdiS ^ 
 
 wan s'"„?7'" V^""^ '^'«"'''«"' aeaso^ ror'tl^ 
 wants of their flocks require. Thev nisi ♦ ! 
 
 atTrfo"'; '^J """''^ "^ --' "l^h'e wint 
 at t le foot of some mountain or hill which 
 shelters them from the piercing N. wind tS 
 deas of honour, perhaps lesf ridiculous t Jan 
 those of our contemporaries, in.'.ce them rather 
 to be content with the food which thr^^ fl^t 
 supply them, than eultivate the tth. DuS 
 tl e summer they live only on milk, u ing w h^ 
 out distinction, that of the cow, mare ewe' ~oa 
 and camel. Their ordinary'3 r'wui- 
 water, m wh ch a little coa«e tea has been n-' 
 fused ; with this they mix cream, milk! orTutte" 
 according to their circuinstances. They have 
 also a method of making a kind of sStuou! 
 
 They nr?de tt ^1 * "'X^-'P "i"-'"' «"•> ^'"^'''e- 
 
 j^-l-J.'anahunting^liaa-SS.;:; 
 M permitted among them j but thev iTenL.rnnv 
 
 MON 
 
 they give the most valuable of S'«ffJL°" 
 return for prayers, which tSey go Shout Sin^ 
 
 8|rrof]^r;er?^™"'«-"^««^"'«^ 
 
 in NortlfHoZ"'^ " '"^^°'^ "' "'^ Netherlanas. 
 and sifk -^S*^ ' '""^ manufactures of soap 
 8 miles N T^ T '? "."" "^ *'"' Zuyder Zee j 
 lat 62! ?8 N ^'"*»«''^*'»- Long.'4. 30. E.' 
 
 St.Etienne. Pop. 4000. *""'«&. w. of 
 
 tricUrLa.?'. ^^^ ^"c^ ^^^> »" ^'''ensive dis- 
 wict m Lanar' shire, Scotland, which is oha «F 
 
 ETs";f "f^'^^.r"" -»nuttur"e"::.d 
 I'uSem fr! """I- ^''^ ^"^^ abundance of 
 Its mineral treasures have advanced it nnu}]„ i,, 
 population and importance. " The soKS 
 
 It 18 12 miles distant from Glasgow 
 
 MoNMOUTU a town of Mabe; 'in Lincoln 
 W" tsTf'fCt' Androscoggin ? ,5 m£ 
 Boston """'"St"". »nd 125 N. by E. of 
 
 Monmouth, a borough of England caoifcil nf 
 Monmouthshire, with a market on' ffl'a"/ 
 It 18 governed by a mayor, and joins with Usk 
 and Newport in sending oie member to par^l' 
 ment. It was formerly defended by a wall and 
 ditch, and contains the ruins of a castle 'a "i°"h 
 the warlike Henry V. was born, hence^ri 
 rnT'^ ? • ,*I°"'"°"th ; his eradie, and tre alJ 
 rnour which he wore at the battle of Acin^n.,,1 
 are still shown at Troy House, the self 7S 
 Duke of Beaufort, about half a mile from the 
 town. Here are two ..ncient churches both 
 curious structures. t.,„ inhabitants ^/ryo.. 
 some trade by me> ..j of the Wye, and there 
 are iron and tin-worVs in the neighboi-rlS 
 Monmouth is seated at the conflux of the Wye 
 S wT'n ' fl'"."^- of ^•o'^ester.Z 
 lat. 5l"49^N ^"'"^°"- ^""S- ^^ ^^' W- 
 
 MoNMoiiTiisiiiRE, a county of England • 24 
 
 ^vH^7^^"^ ^l'^''""^' »'°"n^edonthe N^ 
 by Heietordshire E. by Gloucestershire. S. by 
 the be» em, and W. and S. W. by the c^unti^s 
 of Brecknock and Glamorgan. "^ It coiS 
 318,720 acres IS divided into six hundreds and 
 1^7 parishes, has geven market towns andsc-nda 
 two njembers to parliament. Besid^^the Wye 
 (which parts It from Gloucestershire), the Mon- 
 
 aZlTpP, ^'^^P'"-"**^'' " fr<"n Herefordshire;, 
 and Mie Rhyncy, or Rumney, which dividt^ 
 
 Ml 
 
 liii 
 
 31. 
 
MON 
 
 486 
 
 MON 
 
 I 10 
 
 It from Glamorganshire), this county has, almost 
 peculiar to itself, the river Usk, which divides 
 it into two iiiieqiml portions. The eastern and 
 largest part is n tract fertile in com and pasture, 
 well wooded, and abounding with limestone. 
 The western portion is mountainous, and, in 
 great part, unfiivoumble for cultivation ; whence 
 it is devoted to the feeding of sheep and goats. 
 Monmouthshire was formerly reckoned one of 
 the counties of Wales ; and, from the names of 
 its towns and villages, its mountainous rugged 
 surface, and its situation beyond the Wye, 
 which seems to form a natural boundary between 
 England and Wales in this part, it certainly 
 partakes most of the character of the latter 
 country, though now comprehended in the civil 
 division of the former. The higher ranks 
 generally speak English, but the common people 
 iise the Welsh language. The chief wealth of 
 the county arises from its agricultural and 
 mineral products. During the last century a 
 great number of iron-works have been estab- 
 lished, and some tin-works ; and the inland in- 
 tercourse has been greatly facilitated by the 
 Brecknock and Monmouthshire canals, as also 
 by the several railwayek 
 MoNOMOTAP.t. See MocAaiwoi. 
 MoNONGAHELA, a river of the United States, 
 which rises in Virginia, at the foot of Laurel 
 Mountains, flows N. by Morgantown, where it 
 becomps navigable, then enters Permsylvaiiia, 
 and passes by Redstone to Pittsburg, where it 
 meets the Allegany, and their unit^ streams 
 assume the name of Ohio. 
 
 MoNOPOU, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Bari, on the coast of the Gulf of Venice ; 28 
 miles E. S, E. of Ban, Pop. 15,600. 
 
 MoNPAZiEK, a to^vn of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, seated on the Drot ; 1 B miles 
 S. W. of Sarlat. 
 
 MoNQUEGNA, or MoNQUEQUA, a town of 
 Peru, in the bishopric of Arequipa ; capital of 
 a territory of its name, adorned with large vine- 
 yards. Its whole commerce is in wine and 
 brandy, which are greatly valued ; 100 mJles 
 S. E. of Arequipa. Long. 71. 40. E. lat. 17. 
 34. S. 
 
 MoNREALE, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara. 
 It is an archbishop's see, and the cathedral is an 
 admired specimen of Gothic architecture, 3 
 miles W. S. W. of Palermo. 
 
 Monrovia, a flourishing town on the coast of 
 Africa, capital of a district named Liberia. It 
 contains a public library, a court-house, meeting- 
 houses, school-houses, an infirmary, &c. The 
 houses are constructed of the same materials 
 and finished in the same style as in the towns of 
 America, In the vicinity good building stone, 
 shells for lime, and excellent clay for bricks, 
 abt^und. Timber of various kinds, fit for all 
 the purposes of building and fencing, is also 
 plentiful. See Liberia. 
 
 MoNS, a strong town of Belgium, capital of 
 Hainault. The most remarkable buildings are 
 the castle, the arsenal, the town-house, and the 
 great church. It is a place of good trade, has 
 considerable Uiauufactures of woollen stuffs, 
 cottons, lace, earthenware, &c., as also iron- 
 
 foundries and salt-works, and contains 25,000 
 inhabitants. Mons has been several times taken 
 by the French, Dutch, and Austrians. It stands 
 partly on a hill and partly on a plain, on the 
 river Trouille ; 30 miles S. S. W, of Brussels. 
 Long.3,57, E, laf,50.27,N. 
 
 Monsaraz, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 
 seated on the Guadiana, 25 miles S. W, of 
 Elvas. 
 
 MoNsoL, a town of Guinea, in the country of 
 Anziko, the residence of the micoco, or king ; 
 380 miles N, E, of St. Salvador. Long. 17. 16. 
 E. lat. 0, 40. N. 
 MoNSTiERs. See Moustiers. 
 Mont Blanc, a stupendous mountain of the 
 Pennine Alps, in Savoy; so called from its white 
 appearance. It is supposed to be the highest in 
 Europe, being 15,673 feet above the level of 
 the sea, 
 
 Mont Dauphin, a town of France ; depart- 
 ment of Upper Alps; »ieated on a craggy moun- 
 tain almost surrounded by the Durance; 1 6 miles 
 S. of Brianyon. 
 
 Mont de Marsan, a town of France ; capital 
 of the department of Landcs ; seated on the 
 Midouse ; 30 miles N, E. of Dax. Long. 30 
 W. lat, 43. 55, N, 
 
 Mont St. Michel, a strong town of France; 
 department of Manche ; built on a rock in the 
 sea, which is accessible at low water ; 1 miles 
 S. W. of Avranches, Long. 1. 30. W. lat. 48, 
 37. N, 
 
 MoNTABACR, a towu of Germany ; in the 
 duchy of Nassau ; with a fine palace ; 7 miles 
 N. of Nassau. 
 
 Montagu Island, one of the New Hebrides, 
 in the South Pacific ; near Sandwich Island. 
 Long, 168. 31. E. lat. 17. 26, N. 
 
 Montagu Island, an island in the N. Pa- 
 cific ; 60 miles long, and 12 broad ; near the 
 W. coast of North America, at the entrance of 
 Prince William Sound. Long. 147, 30, W. lat 
 60, 0. N, 
 
 Montaiou, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vendee ; 18 miles S, S. E. of Nantes. 
 MoNXAiGU, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Puy de Dome ; 33 miles N. N, W. of 
 Clermont. 
 
 MONTAIQUE, or SCHERPENHEUEL, a town of 
 
 the Netherlands ; in South Brabant ; famous 
 for an image of the Virgin, visited by a great 
 number of pilgrims. It is 14 miles N. K of 
 Louvain. 
 
 MoNTALEGRE, a town of Portugal ; in Tras 
 los Montes; 25 miles N, L. of Braga, and 42 
 W. of Braganza. 
 
 Montalvan, a town of Spain, in Arragon ; 
 with a strong citadel ; seated on the Rio Martin; 
 44 miles S. of S.wngossa, and 92 N, by W. of 
 Valencia. 
 
 MoNTALVAO, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo; 
 on the borders of Spain ; 18 miles N, N. E, of 
 Portalegre, and 108 from Ijabon. 
 i MoNTAROis, a town of Franco ; department 
 of Loiret ; adjacent to the river Loing ; from 
 which a navigable canal proceeds to the Seine. 
 It is seated near a fine forest ; 15 miles S. of 
 Nemours, and 62 S. by E. of Paris. Pop. C400. 
 
contains 25,000 
 !ral times taken 
 ians. It stands 
 1 plain, on the 
 IV. of I3rus8el8. 
 
 il, in Alentejo, 
 niles S. W. of 
 
 the country of 
 
 icoco, or king ; 
 
 Long. 17. 16. 
 
 lountain of the 
 li from its white 
 I the highest in 
 e the level of 
 
 ranee ; depart- 
 craggy moun- 
 ance; 16 miles 
 
 rancc ; capita] 
 seated on the 
 ;. Long, 0.30. 
 
 wn of France; 
 a rock in tlie 
 ter ; 10 milea 
 
 0. W. lat. 48. 
 
 lany ; in the 
 lace ; 7 miles 
 
 evf Hebrides, 
 Iwich Island. 
 
 i the N. Pa- 
 id ; near the 
 e entrance of 
 7. 30. W. lat. 
 
 n the depart- 
 
 1. of Nantes, 
 n the depart- 
 N. N, W. of 
 
 L, a town of 
 
 mt ; famous 
 
 by a great 
 
 les N. K of 
 
 ;al ; in Tra» 
 aga, and 42 
 
 in Arragon ; 
 Rio Martin ; 
 V. by W. of 
 
 in Alentejo; 
 N. N. E. of 
 
 department 
 loing ; from 
 3 the Seine, 
 miles S. of 
 Pop.C400. 
 
 MON 
 
 MoNTAuaA^f, a town of France ; department 
 
 SS" 'A- "- - -rfalres'ofsl' 
 
 stockings, stuffs serges, shalloons, &c. This 
 
 and the for^fir.^*"" '^' «"8"^"°'« '" 1629 
 r!;„ ""-72f"fi«»"ons were demolished. In the 
 reign of Louis XIV. it was depopulated by he 
 dragonnades, and in 1815 it suffered muclfron? 
 a persecution raised against the Protertar 
 by an infuriated rabble. It is sealed ran 
 eminence on the river Tarn ; 20 r^S N ""f 
 Toulouse, and 30 S. of Cahora. pZ. 24 600 
 
 ment of Doubs ; with a castle on a rock It hm 
 a good rade in linen, leather, and cut'wv • and 
 at Thi' " »„'=''"«'»«"'ble iron mine. Itls-seaUd 
 at the confluence of the Savoureuse with thn 
 
 Srs s' s' w*"". ff ^°'- "" ^-'5' 
 
 lu miles S. S. W. of Befort, and 47 N. E of 
 miy- ^""^^ ^- ^'^- ^- ^'- "7. 30. N. Pop. 
 
 fi,„*!l*""!f' ^''' ? *°''" "f France ; capital of 
 c f,.f?'»'^'"'"T*'^?'°''^' *='-'''^'^'«'«dforitKX 
 34.' N.'^Po.rim ^"^ '"'"«• '• '■ ^- ^'- ''■ 
 MoNTDiDiER. a town of Prance • in the 
 
 PuriJ! °"^"^' """^ •'" N. by E. of 
 
 MoNiE Alcixo, a town of Tuscany • famous 
 
 of Sieni»I '""• '* ^24 miles S. S. E. 
 
 ..«^T7. FIASCONE, a town of Italy; i„ the 
 
 N N W 'ofVT/"' Y' ^''^"^ '12 miles 
 
 \t ■ • ?f »^'terbo. Pop. 3000. 
 
 Monte iossoLi, a town of Tuscany ; j.. the 
 Pisano ; 18 miles E. by N. of Leghorn.' 
 
 Monte Leone, a town of Naples in Oil. 
 bna Ultra ; and a bishop', see ; 12^^ N.N 1 
 ofNicotera. Pop. 8000. 
 
 ,.; *!°7m ^^°'"^' " '•'*^" "f Naples, in Prin- 
 c-ljo Ultra ; 9 miles N. of Benevento. Pop. 
 
 cinS''uh5'''*'"'\1 '"^!'" "f N"P^^«' '" P""- 
 HfBentlitr"''""'^'"''"'^'*"™"- 
 
 catf " rea/'ft''°'- • " \T"- °^ ^"^"l''*-^^ ' "' ""«"'- 
 Acer^nza "'"' '''"■''"° ' ^^ '"''^'^ ^^ "'' 
 
 Monte Santo. See Atiios. 
 Monte Veude, a town of Naples, in Princi- 
 imto Ultra ; 10 miles N. E. of CW. """ 
 Montevideo, a seaport of Buenna Avrcs • 
 republic of La Plata ; Jith a fort. The ^nvn iJ 
 urrounded by a strong wall, and the pr cip- 
 trade consists in hi.lcs. I't was takerbv i 
 tnglwh, in Februnrv Km?. K,,f ,,..3^" ,-*^, ."^ 
 IJptember. It iV seated ^Utirftf if'" 
 mtr I lata, 00 miles frmn its moLith. ami 1 10 
 
 487 
 
 MON 
 
 Long. 63. 25. \V. lat. 34, 
 
 E. of Buenos Ayres. 
 o5. S. 
 
 thi^r!i"^'"'*i« ^""^ »' Austrian Italy • ia 
 £f ^l a'T °1^ Brescia; near which the French 
 
 atof'itlir™""'"'^^^- ^'^^«-"- 
 
 MoNTEoo BAf, a seaport, on a bay of the 
 Bame name; on the NVside of the Wand cf 
 Jama,(/a. Long. 78. 0. W. lat. 18. 30. N. 
 
 me„t''n7n"'*'''"' V'"''" "f Fmnce; depart- 
 ment of Drone ; with an ancient citadel, and 
 
 m less „f v',"'''''"°'.""" t''^ I^h^ne; 25 
 
 E;rrnr55to?r^^i^"^"-^-*of 
 
 MoNTEMoE o Veliio, a town of Portucnl in 
 
 fought here, on the 17th February 1814 b^ 
 twcen the allies and the French, ^' which tht 
 
 Nc^S;^£^^,^^-P-of 
 ^o'o r f' "r*^ ^' comprehei^s'an Xof 
 nas a fort. It stands on the S. E. part of a ann 
 -us bay of its name. Long. 12l! 34. W.Tat." 
 
 MoNTESA a town and fcrt; jss of Spain in 
 
 £^.1 * ""^ ^- «• W- °f San Felipe. 
 
 Mo^TES<iulEp, a town of France; in he 
 Jcpartment of Upper Garonne; 15 n^e^ ^s E 
 of Toulouse. Pop. 2800. 
 
 Montesquieu, a town of France • dpnnrf 
 nrcnt of Gers ; 1 1 miles W. S. W of Au?h 
 
 Montferiund, a town of France : now form 
 ing a suburb to Cleemont (which s^e). 
 
 part of the Sardinian states, and bound bv 
 Piedmont, the Milanese, and Genoa from 
 
 It 18 very fertile a»d well cultivated, abound- 
 ing m corn, wine, oil, and silk. Pop 186 000 
 MoNTFOUT, a town of France, in the T 
 TZt ^'""^'-^'"^J 16 mUes W. of 
 
 IllSTr"'' *^o*°.?'"^«""=«; department of 
 Ille-et-ViIaine; 12 miles W. of Rennes. 
 
 AIONTFORT, a fortified town of the Neth t- 
 
 £t:'o"fte'i!r'^°"'''^^-'''-'- 
 
 mr^°wXf f ?' ^^"'"'"^«' " **°*° °f Hun- 
 gary, with a fortress, composed of three castles- 
 seated on a craggy rock. It is encompaS by 
 a great morass ; and was defpn<l«d ♦>.~r7„ "^ 
 by the wife of Count Tekeli, the"lcade7of'tho" 
 Hungarian malcontents, near the clo^ of the 
 seventeenth century. It is 162 miles E. S. E 
 of Cracow. Long. 21. 55. E, lat. 48. 26. N. 
 
•■cs^ss 
 
 MON 
 
 488 
 
 If . 
 
 Hi: 
 
 MoMTooMKaT, the name of the following 
 countie. of the United Stales :— 1. In the cen* 
 •«1 part of New York. 2. In the & E. part of 
 I'ennsylvania. 3. In Maryland. 4. In Ohio. 
 o. In the S, W. part of Virginin. e. In the cen- 
 tral part of North Carolina. 7. In Kentucky 
 on the river Licking. 8. On the N. side of W.' 
 Tenncnaee. And, 9. In the central part of 
 (jreoigia,760 miles' from Washington.— Also, of 
 various mconsiderable townships. 
 
 MoNTOOMERY, a borough of Wales ; capital 
 of Montgomeryshire; with a market on Thurs- 
 day ; Jt returns one member to parliament. Here 
 are the rums of a castle, which was destroyed in 
 the civil warn. Of late years the town has 
 received considerable improvements, the mar- 
 ket-house has been enlarged, and a new county 
 jail erected ; many of the buildings are laige and 
 handsome. It stands on the side of a hill, at a 
 Short distance from the Severn ; 24 miles S.W. 
 of Shrewsbury and 168 N.W. of London. Long. 
 3. 5. W. lat. 62. 26. N. 
 
 MoirraoMEHYSHiiiE, a county of Wales : 36 
 miles long, and 34 broad : bounded N. bv 
 Merionethshire, and Denbighshire, N. E. and 
 E. by Shropshire, S. by Radnorshire, S. W. by 
 Cardiganshire, and W. by Merionethshire. It 
 contains 491,000 acres, is divided into nine hun- 
 dreds and forty-seven parishes, has seven 
 market towns, and sends one member to parlia- 
 ment. Though barren and mountainous in 
 many parts, it has a greater mixture of fertile 
 vale and plain than se>reral of the Welsh coun- 
 ties. Its nches proceed from its sheep and 
 wool, the hilly tracts being almost entirely 
 ' Bheep walks ; and the flocks, like those of Spain, 
 are dnven from distant parts to feed on them 
 during the summer. This county also affords 
 mmeral treasures, particularly lead; and it 
 abounds with slate and lime ; but there is no 
 coal. Its principal rivers are the Plynlimmon, 
 Severn, Vymew, and Tannat, all of which are 
 noted for affording a variety of fish, particularly 
 salmon. •' 
 
 MoNTouvoN, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Lower Charente ; 43 miles S. S. E. 
 of Saintes. 
 
 MoNTiKL, a town of Spain, in New Castile ; 
 22 miles W. of Alcaraz, and 70 E. S.E. of Cala- 
 trava. 
 
 MoimoNAC, a town of France, in the depart- 
 "|on<' of Dordogne ; on the Vezere ; 21 miles 
 E. S. E. V " Perigeux, 
 
 MoNni.LA, a town of Spain, in Cordova : 18 
 miles S. S. E. of Cordova. 
 
 MoNTiviLLiARs, a towH of France, depart- 
 ment of Lower Seine, on the small river Lazarde; 
 6 miles N. of Havre. 
 
 MoNTJOY,a town of the Prussian province of 
 Lower Rhine ; with a fortified castle on a hill ; 
 situate among rugged rocks ; 16 miles S. S. E. 
 of Aii-la-Chapelle. 
 
 MovTLiEu, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Charente ; 40 miles S. S. E. of 
 Saintes. 
 ^^MoNTLOuis, a town of France ; department 
 
 - ;-j— • ^jrrcjiccs; vniti a reguiai' i'uirtretMi on a 
 rock, at the foot of the Pyrenees, for the pro- 
 
 MON 
 
 tection of the frontiers. It is 40 miles W. by &. 
 of Perpignan, and 430 S. of Paris. Long. 2. & 
 E. lat. 42. 30. N. 
 
 MoNTLUjON, a town of France ; department 
 of Allier ; with manufactures of lace, ribands, 
 Mige, &c., seated on the Cher; 35 miles W.S. 
 W. of Moulins. Pop. 5700. 
 
 MoNTLUEL, a town of France, department of 
 Ain, on the Seraine; 9 miles S. E. of Trevoux. 
 MoNTMARAULT, a town of Fmnce; depart- 
 ment of Allier; 28 miles S. W. Moulins. 
 
 MoNTMEDY, a town of France, department of 
 Meuse; seated on the river Chiers, which divides 
 It mto the Upper and Lower Town; 21 miles 
 N. of Verdun. Pop. 2000. 
 
 MoNXMiREL, a town of France, department 
 of Mame ; rendered memorable for two severe 
 battles fought in its vicinity, between the French 
 and the allies, on the 1 2th and 14th of February, 
 1814. It is 33 miles W. by S. of Cnalons sur 
 Mame, and 55 E. of Paris. 
 
 Montmorency, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise ; 1 miles N. of Paris. 
 
 MoNTMORiLLON, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Vienne ; seated on the Gartempe; 25 
 miles S. E. of Poitiers. Pop. 4100. 
 
 MoNTONA, a town of Austrian Illyria, in 
 Istria; 16 miles E. S. E. of Umago. 
 
 MoNTPELiER, one of the largest, richest, and 
 most beautiful cities of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Herault, and a bishop's see, with a 
 university, in which is a celebrated school of 
 medicine, and a botanic garden, the first esta- 
 blished in Europe. Here are also one of the great 
 provincial schools, a special school of medicine, 
 erected in 1801, an anatomical theatre, an exten- 
 sive library, a literary society, &c. The town- 
 house is remarkable for its halls, which are 
 embellished with fine paintings. The number 
 of inhabitants is computed at 33,000. lU trade 
 consists in silks, blankets, carpeto, cotton 
 goods, gauzes, hides, &c. The air is extremely 
 healthy, and a great number of invalids flock 
 hither from all parts, thoug it is unfavourable 
 to consumptive patients. Montpelier is the seat 
 of the departmental administration, and is 
 situated on an eminence between the small 
 rivers Lez and Merdanson; about 5 miles from 
 the Mediterranean, with which it communicates 
 by the Canal de Grave; 30 .uiles S. W of 
 Nismes, and 47 N. E. of Narbonne. Long. 3. 
 58. E. lat. 43. 37. N. 
 
 Montpelier, a town of Vermont, in Wash- 
 ington county; the permanent seat of the state 
 government, and a county town. It is a flou- 
 rishing town, and has considerable trade. 
 Seated on the Onion river; 38 miles E. S. E. 
 of BurUngton, and 160 N. N. W. of Boston.— 
 Also, a town of North Carolina, in Richmond 
 county. 
 
 MoNTREAi,, a district of Lower Canada, 
 comprising the counties of York, Effinghan^ 
 Leinster, Warwick, Huntingdon, Kent, Surrey 
 Bedford, Richelieu, and Montreal. 
 
 Montreal, a fertile island and county of 
 Lower Canada; on the river St. Lawrence; -50 
 miles long, and lo broad; surrendered by the 
 French to the English, in 1760. 
 
■mmtir^.J^^mb^. 
 
 MON 
 
 489 
 
 Montreal, a city on tlie S. side of the above 
 Wand From the nver there is a gradual ascent 
 ^Jth^A^-''^ the Upper Town, in which 
 are the Cathohc cathedral, cpablo of holding 
 10.000 personsj the English church, and the 
 government-house ; and being the grand depdt 
 
 lidfh^li "^u""'^'''^ "' North America, 
 and the chani.ei through which is carried on thJ 
 commerce between Canada and the Unite! 
 Tit oKiif t" ?P-*"^ ""proving in extension. 
 
 Montreal, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 
 rof^rL'in!^''*'^""'''^^"-'^^"^- 
 
 nvulet ; 5 miles W. of Palermo, and 60 N. E 
 of Mazara. 
 
 mouth oftheCanche; 20 miles S. E. of Bou- 
 logne, and 36 S. of Calais. Pop. 3400 
 
 MoNTREuiL Bkllay, a town of France : de- 
 
 SesTaV'^oTl.l'uf' ''" ''' ''»"^'' '' 
 MoNTRiCHARD a town of France; depart- 
 
 Se ^hl^?9"*'^F'''I' V'^ * «•""«' "eited near 
 the Cher; 12 miles S. E. of Amboise. 
 
 MONTROSB, a town and seaport of Scotland ; 
 
 in Angiis-shire, at the mouth of the S. E»k 
 
 2. %20 A* rJl? ''"»P^»«°n b'Wg« was erected 
 in 1820. A little above the town the river ex- 
 
 & »K ^'^'''1^ '"''" """"l t''" »«"!", into 
 the Join i'"^", "T ' *" *''"» «t J"«h ;ater 
 the town is almost surrounded by the sea. 
 Fine quays have been erected, and two light- 
 
 t^T^ ^^A ^^'\°''' '■" ''^y commodious, and 
 hM a dry and wet dock. Here are considerable 
 manufactures of canvas, ropes, sheeting, linen 
 lnit!Tt ^^' ^^Imon fisheries onVN.' 
 TnA ^-^h,*^™ a valuable branch of commerce, 
 and also the exportation of corn; and the town 
 
 IZZi^ •"' "'Jt'^""" «^t improvement^ 
 and extensions witlun these few years. At this 
 place the Pretender landed on the 22nd of De- 
 cember, 1715, and embarked on the 14th of 
 
 f^-^L"*"^.^"' w'"?*' 2« '""«" N. E. of Dundee. 
 Long. 2. 22. W. lat. 56. 41. N. 
 
 idoNTSAUCHE, a town of France, department 
 of Nievre; 15 miles N. E. of Chat^u-En 
 
 MoNTSERRAT, a mountain of Spain, in Cata- 
 lonia, on which is a monastery, with a chapel 
 dedicated to the Virgin, resorted to by num- 
 bers of pilgrims. It is 26 miles N. W of 
 Barcelona. 
 
 MoNTSERUAT, One of the Leeward Caribbee 
 Islands, discovered by Columbus, and so named 
 by him from its resemblance to the mountain 
 mentioned ill the preceding article. It is about 
 9 miles m length and breadth; and the hills are 
 covertMl with cedar and other trees. It belongs 
 
 MOR 
 
 N 
 
 to the English, and is 30 miles S. W. of An- 
 tlgliR. Loiig. 6l. 7. W. ittt, 16". 4S. N. 
 
 MoNZA, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 government of Milan ; famous for the treasury 
 
 of St. John the Baptist; where, among other 
 things, IS the iron crown of the kingdom of 
 
 with ,t in 774 and Napoleon in 1805. It™ 
 ■eated on the Lambro; 8 miles N. E. of Milan 
 Moon, Mountains op the, (Gebel ei 
 Kumri) mountains of Africa; extending from 
 West Africa, through Abyssinia, to the Indian 
 
 A^' t^^l ""■" "'^ ^ ^ •'■K*'*' tha" those of 
 Atlas, but have never yet been visited by Euro- 
 peans. 
 
 Moorfields, a town of Viiginia ; chief of 
 Hardy county, on the Potomac; 45 miles W. by 
 S. of Winchester, and 180 N. W. of Richmond. 
 Long. 79. 20. W. lat. 39. 8. N. 
 
 Moorshedadad. a city of Hindostan. the 
 capital of Bengal before the establishment of 
 the Eng ish power. It is seated near the western 
 arm of the Ganges; 112 miles N. of Calcutta. 
 Long. 89. 15. E. lat. 24. 12. N. "'^"'"^ 
 
 Mootapilly, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 Uuntoor circar, at the mouth of the Gondeeama 
 Long. 80. 10. E. lat. 15. 35. N. 
 
 MoQUEHUA, a province of Peru, bounded by 
 those of Lampa, Pano, Chucuico, Arica, and 
 Arequipa. The chief products are win<?, fruits, 
 and olives. The capital, of the same name, is 
 Mtuate in a fertile valley, at the foot of the 
 Cordilleras; 70 miles S. of Arequipa. Pop. 
 
 Mora, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, on 
 the Odivor; 29 miles N. W. of Evora. 
 
 Mora, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the 
 Ebro; 18 miles of Tortosa. 
 
 Mora, a town of Spain, in New Castile- 18 
 miles S. E. of Toledo. 
 
 Morant Point, a promontory on the E 
 coast of Jamaica. Long. 75. 66. W. lat 17 
 66. N. 
 
 MoRAT, or Murten. a town of Switzerland 
 canton of Friburg, with a castle. This town 
 sustained a siege against the Duke of Burgundy 
 m 1476, in which his whole army was destroved' 
 It is 10 miles N.E. of Friburg. * 
 
 Moratalaz, a town of Spain, in New Castile- 
 22 miles E. of Ciudad Real. 
 
 Moratalla, a town of Spain, in Murcia- 34 
 miles S. S. W. of Chinchilla. 
 
 MoRAVA, a large river of Servia, which risea 
 '". Bulgana, and, running through Servia by 
 Nissa, joins the Danube at Semendria, 
 
 Moravia, a province of the Austrian empire ; 
 bounded N. and W. by Bohemia, E. by Hungary 
 and S. by Austria Proper. With Austrian 
 aiiesia now annexed to it, its area is upwards of 
 
 10,000 square miles, and its population 1 ,680,000. 
 It 18 intersected by mountain ranges, but tlie 
 most lofty ridges are diversified with fertile 
 valleys and extensive plains; and it is watered 
 by a great number of rivers and brooks. More 
 corn IS grown than the inhabitants consume 
 and much hemp and flax are raised. The prin- 
 cipal manufactures are woollens, linen, cotton 
 iron, glass, paper, and gunpowder. From this 
 country a sect of rihrifttinna falr^. it„ _„_„ .-...• 
 doctrines having been first taught here ; who 
 have migrated to other countries, in con8e<iuenc8 
 of the intolerance of the government : the inha- 
 
 I i 
 
MOR 
 
 ii>t.i 
 
 %:■ 
 
 *..i 
 
 Km! ^. oT. '" *''" raountain. between 
 l^ohemia and Silesia, and. receiving the Teva, 
 on the conhne« of Austria and Hungary, wpn- 
 mtes these two countries as far as the Danube. 
 >nto which it enters; 15 miles above PresburK. 
 
 MOUAV. &tfMuBB*V. 
 
 MoimKONo, a town of Austrian Italy, one.of 
 the handsomest and most commercial towns in 
 t^^ie Milanese; «atod on the Adda; 12 miles 
 
 E. laVle 8*Nr"* ^"P- ^"""' ^''"«- *• 3'*- 
 
 MoBBBYS orbMMiBABiH,a rfver of Barbarv 
 
 emDtTM"^^*"""'^'""' ''»*• through the 
 
 MoBBiHAN a department in the N. W. of 
 and S^^r'^^ N by that of Cotes du Nord, 
 hit L ^ ® r- " '«'""' 'ts name from a 
 bay between Vannes (the capital) and tho 
 lakindof Bellisle.. It h'as extenS fisherS^ 
 and contains a pop.-J,»tion of 403,500. 
 
 MoBCONE. a town of Naples, province of 
 MoLse; 19 miles S. S. E. ofMoU 
 
 .„i„ ?!t' ^'i''*' "i"''^"' Peloponnesus.) a penin- 
 sula of the kingdom of Grts-ne, to which it s 
 joined by the Isthmus of i.a.imh. I isVo 
 
 SaT it "f.l'^'^ ^'^^' ""-^ ^<'™» «'« P"n- 
 cipa port of he new kingdom. The soil is 
 
 fertile, except m tho middle, where there are 
 
 many mountains; and it is watered by several 
 
 nvers, of which the Alpheus, Vasili^rtlmo 
 
 ar"o TrSlr: *'' T'' ^'^^ P""^^"' "owns 
 arc fripolitza, Argos^ Putras, and Nauplio; but 
 the trade is inconsiderable. It was taken by 
 the Venetians from the Turks, in 1687 and tI 
 S^J^JV^^'i ^ It remained in their Lnds tm 
 
 r^?.!i^"^r ''»"^« "i"'"" of inhabitants, now 
 
 t'^^i '^' •""•' *» ''^'^ '•"'» -""'-^ 
 
 MoRELLA, a town of Spain, in Valencia; 
 
 vSc^"""^ '"gh mountains; 80 miles S. of 
 
 <^,wTvf " **""* of France, department of 
 SSfMeiJr"'"'"^ ^^'' 12 miles S.S. 
 MoRETON Hampstead, a town in Devon- 
 siure, with a market on Saturday, and a con- 
 
 f-lT-^v t ,^' 1^"^ meeting-houses, and a 
 charity school. Here are tho vestigerof two 
 ;.-a8Ues, or forts; and in the vicinity,are a Druid- 
 ical temple, a large rocking-stone, and a crom- 
 
 _ MoBKTTA, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont; seated on a small river which runs 
 into the Po J 1 8 miles S, of Turin. 
 
 MoaoANTowN, a town of North Carolina, in 
 Burke county, near Catabaw River; (JS miles 
 W. of Sabsbury. Long. 81. £3. W. kt. 35. 
 
 MoRGANTowH, a town of Vii^-nifl, chief of 
 Monongahela county, on the E. side of the 
 Monongaiiela; 76niili*S n* p;»t-bvr« ".1 
 CO. iO. W. lat. 3.9. 34.' nT '^' *^"^'- 
 
 490 
 
 MOR 
 
 MoROKS, n town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 
 LauKinne " *^"*'' * *"'**' ^' ^- ^' *^ 
 
 Mil^f'T^'!' '"•*" "'■ l''"""=e' department of 
 Moselle; 21 miles S. S. E. of Mentz. 
 
 2 S'm''*<i'*w *".»'■ "*""^«'. °» the Mohr;. 
 -J imles N. N. W. of Gottingen. 
 
 GrUo?.'"'?K'''i'"'" "*'*''« S"''" """ton of 
 
 SrN;N^loVs:„~''^'^"«'^^ 
 
 MoRLAciUA, a mountainous country, lyina 
 between, and forming part of, the provikcw of 
 £ii .If "1'' .P-l'^-tia. The inhabitant, aro 
 called Morlnchi, or Moro-blassi, and are said, by 
 wme, to be of Walluchian extraction. SegZ 
 18 the capital. "ct,iiu 
 
 MoRLAix, a town of France; department of 
 J msterre , with a castio and a tide harbour, 
 r le church of Notre Dame is a singular struc 
 ture, and the hospital is very handsome. It 
 nas n considerable trade in linen, hemp, and 
 tobacco: It is seated on a river of the same 
 name , 30 miles E. N. E. of Brest. Pop! 
 10^00. Long. 3. 45. W. lat. 48. 33. N. ^ 
 MOROCCO, or Marocco. an empire of Africa, 
 comprehending a considerable part of the aii- 
 
 N hv^?" m"'!-? ' '^""''^'' W- ^y tho Atlantic, 
 hv '^ *''\Mediterrnnenn, E. by Algier, and S 
 by the Sahara.. It greatest length is above 590 
 nines ; but It IS nowhere more than 260 broad, 
 lop. between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000. The 
 801 though sandy and dry in some places, is 
 fertile in othen,; and the fruits, as well asihe 
 pastures, are excellent; but the country is not 
 properly cultivated. The inhabitants are Ma- 
 homedans: of a tawny complexion, robust, 
 and very skilful in managing a horse and wield- 
 ing a lance ; they are jealous, deceitfiil, supcr- 
 
 of Sr*^ ?""'• ^''"« "'« « great I'lumter 
 of Christ an slaves, and some merehants, upon 
 the coast ; besides a multitude of Jew^, who 
 Un7 °\^^T^ "" tho trade, especially by 
 and. with the negroes; to whom they send 
 large caravans, which travel over vast deserts. 
 
 goods, their commodities are morocco leather 
 1S'/"''^1"''?'V""'* ostriches' feathers; in 
 return for which they have silks, muslins, ^li- 
 S ?P^'^','^^ drugs. In the desert^ are 
 
 Wnds ^* 'Ph T -f^"' ""•!. '^'•P«"'« "' ^^''™l 
 lemon, „ ""'" "'^ ^''^' "««' "''"Ond., 
 
 otH • T^"^"^' r'^^g^rxatoB, and many 
 others. There is also much flax and hemp 
 
 lute, his will being a law ; and he often exer- 
 cises great cruelties. He can bring 100 000 
 men mto the field, half of whom are\oot 'and 
 
 know little of the art of war. The occupation 
 of Algier by the French will ao .ioubt Tanga 
 
 MoRx)cco a city of the foregoing emniro: 
 seated m a beautiful va'h-, tUnned by n cS 
 
 tt's'and E°"'^H^ \ '•'" '^-^ "^AtlL"^ 
 ti<e h. and E. ThouKh no* equal i« Fez ." 
 
 i?S"it."'"' Pr^Puhuion, it U generalfy con-" 
 wdered the capital, being t iie -«.># usud re«- 
 
MOR 
 
 491 
 
 robust, 
 
 denco of the emperor. It Ims notliing to re- 
 commend it but its great extent, nnd the roynl 
 I)Rlace. It is surrounded by strong walls • 8 
 miles in circumference. The mosques are very 
 numerous, and some of them magnificent. The 
 best houses are enclosed in gardens; but the 
 genernhtyof them serve only to impres. the 
 triivc ler with the idea of a miserable and de- 
 Bcrted city. The Jews, who are numerous, 
 h.ive a separate town, walled in, and under the 
 charge of an alcaid, appointed by the emperor. 
 It has two gates, which are regularly shut everv 
 evening at nmej after which hour no person 
 can enter or depart. Morocco is 90 miles E 
 ol Mogodor and, 400 S, of Gibraltar. Long. 
 7. 35, 30. W. lat, 31, 37, 31 N 
 
 wif^T^'H *"''" "• ^P"'"> '■" Andalusia; 
 with a caste; near it m a mine of precioufl 
 stones. It i« 30 miles S.E. of Seville, 
 
 MoROTOi, one of the Sandwich Islands • 7 
 milesW.N.W. of Mow<.. Yams ^e Vs 
 principal produce ; but it ha.* little wood The 
 const, on the S and W, s^dcs. forms several 
 bays. Long. 117. J4, W. lat, 21. 10. N. 
 
 MoKPETH, a borough in Northumberland • 
 market on Snturday. It stands on the N 
 bank of the Wnnsbeck j and on the opposite 
 side are the parish church nnd ^hc ruins of a 
 
 Komnn Catholic chnpel. two meeting-houses, 
 a free grammar-school founded by Edward VI • 
 an English free school, erected in 1702 • a di^' 
 pensary, opened in 1017 ; nnd a mechanics' 
 institute commenced in 1025, The other prin- 
 cipal buildings are the town-hall, and the new 
 ' county gaol, house of correction, &c. It re- 
 turns one member to parliament. It is 15 
 miles N. of Newcastle, and 209 N. by W of 
 London, ' 
 
 Morris, a county in the state of New Jersey • 
 bounded by Bergen, Essex, Somerset, Hunter- 
 don, and Sussex counties. Pop. 2.5,844. 
 
 MoRRisTowM, the capital of Morris county 
 lias two churches, an academy, &c. It is 28 
 miles N. W, of New York. 
 
 MoiwoNA. a town of Naples ; in the Molise ; 
 14 miles N. E, of Molise. 
 
 MoRTAONE, a town of France; department 
 
 t! • ,';f ' m""""* '*"■ '*'* merges and tanneries. 
 It IS 19 miles E, N. E. of Alencon, and 70 W. 
 S. W. of Paris, Pop, 5800, 
 
 MoRTAONE, a town in the department of 
 Nord I seated at the conflux of the Scarpe and 
 Scheldt ; miles S. E. of Toumay. 
 
 MoRTAONE, a town in the department of 
 Lower Charente ; on the Gironde; 24 miles 
 o. o. W. of Snintcs. 
 
 MoRTAONE. a to»vn in the department of 
 \ endee, where a battle was fought between the 
 royalists nnd republicans, in 1793; in which 
 the former are said to have lost 20,000 men 
 It 18 36 miles N. of Fontenay le Compte 
 
 MoRTAiN, a town in the department of 
 Manche; on the rivulet Lances; almost sur- 
 rounded by craggy rocks ; 18 miles E. of 
 Avranches. 
 
 M08 
 
 MoRTAY, or Marikro, an island in the East- 
 em Seas; formerly subject to the sultan of 
 Jcrnate, It » 80 mile, in circumference, and 
 thmly inhabited, but full of sago trees, which 
 are cut by the people of Gilolo. Long, 128, 
 23. E, lat. 2, 16. N, 
 
 MoRTLACii, n village of Scotland ; in Banff- 
 shire, The ancient cathedral is now used ai 
 the parish church, 6 miles S, W. of Keith. 
 
 MoRviEDRO, a town of Spain in Valencia ; 
 on the site of the ancient Saguntum ; with the' 
 ruin of a Komnn amphitheatre, &c. It is 
 seated on a river of the same name ; 16 miles 
 N, of Valencia, 
 
 MosA, a town of Arabia ; in Yemen : 25 
 miles N, by E. of Mocha. 
 
 MosAMBKiUE, a strait or channel of the 
 Indian Ocean : between the E. coast of AfVica 
 and the island of Mndagasciir. It is narrowest 
 '" i» mi'lille, where it is 240 miles over, 
 
 MosAMniQUB, a city and seaport ; the prin- 
 cipal settlement of the Portuguese on the E. 
 coast of Africa. It stands on an island of the 
 same name, not more than 3 miles in length, 
 nnd half as much in breadth, and about 2 miles 
 from the continent. The city is handsome, 
 and the buildings well constructed, especially 
 the churches and conventa ; the fort, or castle, 
 18 aliout a musket-shot from the city. The 
 Portuguese have generally a good garrison 
 here, a well-stored magazine, and a large hospi- 
 tal for sick sailors. Their ships always call 
 here in going to the East Indies; and the har- 
 bour IS so commodious, that whole fleets may 
 anchor and provide themselves with all neces- 
 saries. Pop, 2800, Long. 41. 8. E. lat. 15, 
 5. S. 
 
 MosBAcii, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Biiden ; with a castle, and manufec- 
 tures of cloth and salt; seated on the Necknr • 
 18 miles E, of Heidelberg, 
 
 MosBURO, a town of Bavaria ; seated at the 
 conflux of the Amber with the Iser ; 24 miles 
 N. E. of Munich. 
 MoscovY, Sec Russia. 
 Moscow, formeriy a duchy, but now a go- 
 vernment ofKussia ; bounded on theN, by the 
 government of Tver, E, by that of Great Volo- 
 dimir, S, by the government of Kaluga and 
 Resan, and W. by those of Tver and Smolen- 
 sko. It is a fruitful country ; and a consider- 
 able portion is laid out in gardens and orchards. 
 Area, 10,000 square miles. Pop, 1,126,000. 
 
 Moscow, the capital of the above govern- 
 ment, and formerly o the whole empire. Pre- 
 vious to the entry of the French, it was the 
 largest city in Europe, the circumference within 
 the rnmpart that inclosed the suburbs being 20 
 miles : but its population did not correspond 
 with Its extent. It contained within the mm- 
 parts 300,000 souls, and was the most popu- 
 lous city in the empire, notwithstanding the re- 
 sidence of the court was at Petersburg, Mos- 
 cow is rendered memorable in history, for one 
 of the most esfmordinary events t!i:it ever took 
 place. In June, 1812, the French entered 
 Russia with such an immense armv, that thev 
 threatened to sweep everything before them 
 
 li'i I 
 
MOS 
 
 m 
 
 1 j 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 !w ir.K"'"!!' ' *"•' /* '''" feenerallv expected 
 that if they Once reached this city, wfiich would 
 
 comfortable quartan for the winter, the object 
 
 ^l «!.*']; r"'** *"♦*« »^" completed. On 
 the Bth of September, the battle of Borodino 
 took Place; victory decided in fovour of the 
 French; and the Russians retreated off the 
 fteld, living Moscow to iU fete. The road 
 being thus eft open, the French entered this 
 city on the I4th of the same month, with little 
 
 S^^L •*^"^ P'***""! the Russian em- 
 AJ of the French military power' over Europe. 
 th« hL?'"/'^''""? *^® go'^emor, had formed 
 fire . ThiT '"*""*'"" °^ "^"'"K *»'« «ty on 
 Tff!;* ^^? T^ ■" completely carried into 
 S'nl«'lK"°' t''0Ff«'"=h had taken pol! 
 session, that they were foiled in their last re- 
 •ource, and compelled to uttempt their retread 
 
 Srilv p^r'",,* }H^ thought themselves se-' 
 curely entrenched for the winter. Nothing 
 now remained but to offer terms of peacr d 
 theRiwsians, which were rejected; they next 
 on ?^o?v. "?'?!'**• ^^'"^ '^'« «fl^4 and, 
 ■ ^ J^ f • °^, °*?**'^' following, they com- 
 Thr.lfl^"" f?'«"'ito»» 'etreat from Moscow. 
 
 niL of t^ r" ^"*T*^ "P'^"^' of three 
 parts of the town; and, shocking to relate 
 
 more than 30,000 .rick aid wounded soldie™ 
 
 flame:"WeoS^-^'''^!f' perished tt"e 
 diSns ^i i *u V" •^'''tributed into five 
 dimions, all of which, not excepting the sub- 
 
 greater uniformity m the private dwellings; 
 and the population has nearly reached its 
 former magnitude. The division^ aJT-l The 
 
 dtri'" ^^ITu"*'^.^'* '"K^'"' part of the 
 bricl '""ounded by high walls of stone and 
 bnck, two miles in circumference. This divi- 
 
 Terrsr^tt rr »"'«•=« °^ ''"''^^' 
 
 ^th^ml w;*J ^'^* *■*" horn; also the 
 2uS^ th^tr'^\ ,^"'?"' ^'^^ other 
 na^ 'rh'« i^"*""*^*"*' P"'«oe, and the arse- 
 1812 bift ,tt^ "^^J^ '^^ conflagration of 
 lp«vr„'„ ^ " damaged oy the French on their 
 leaving Moscow ; it has since been rebuilt with 
 improvements. 2 The Kh^»«3 ' u 
 Wor fhnn ♦»,„ irJ: 1. ••'"itagorod, much 
 Iftv th« „„• f • r°''"' ''ontaine.l the univer- 
 SdSl^ 1k«"''?1^' '^^ ""any other public 
 3 ThP^.v.r"'.,"" i?^ tradesmen's shops 
 iLit ®'^'8orod, or White Town, ran round 
 the two preceding divisions, and toik its name 
 from a white wall, by which it was Keriy 
 an7h"e"ot?eV th' '^' SemIainogon,d envS 
 
 whicK ir " "'«^'ar rampart of earth by 
 linn. „ V^v ^"*=o"'Pa'»ed. The last two divi- 
 
 convenS .!lf "^'k^^T^^^^P "f church^, 
 convents, palaces, brick and wooden houses 
 and mean hovels. 5. The Sloboda/or suburb' 
 formed a vast exterior circle round 'all tSLS 
 already describe.!, and were invested by a^ow 
 
 beside, buildings of all kinds, orchards, iranlpn. 
 
 rak^'which""-' "''^" P^'"^' "•"» "oinVsmaU 
 """*» *'"«''' Pve rue to the Neglina. The 
 
 MOS 
 
 Moskwa.from which the city Ukes iU name. 
 flows through It in a winding channel j but! 
 excepting in spring, is only navigable for rafts 
 
 .i/T'^t; ' '.* "^'*""« '» the Sembtinogorod, 
 and the Neglina at the western extremity of 
 he Kremhn ; but the beds of both these rlvu- 
 leta are nearly dry in summer. Moscow exhi- 
 bJted an astonishing degree of extent and va- 
 nety irregularity and contrast; some parta 
 had the appearance of a sequestered desert; 
 others of a populous town ; some of a v-on- 
 tempUble villoge; others of a great capital, 
 i be streets, in general, were very long and 
 br«)ad : some of them paved ; others, particu- 
 larly in the suburbs, were formed with trunks 
 of trees, or boarded with planks like the floor 
 Of a moor. The places of divine worehio, in- 
 cluding chapels, amounted to above 1600: of 
 these, 484 were public churches, some built of 
 brick, stuccoed or white-washed, but the greater 
 part were of wood, painted red; some had 
 domes of copper, others of tin, gilt or painted 
 green, and many were roofed with wood. They 
 were nchly ornamented within; and the pic- 
 tures of t^e saints were decorated with gold 
 silver, and precious stones. Some of their bells' 
 were of stupendous size : they hung in belfries 
 detached from the church, were fixed immova- 
 bly to the beams, and rung by a rope tied to 
 the clapper. In the cathedral of St. Michael 
 the sovereigns of Russia were formerly in- 
 terred, their bodies being deposited in raised 
 sepulchres, m the shape of coflins, above the 
 pavement. The cathedral of the Assumption 
 01 the Viigin Mary was the most magnificent 
 in the city, and had long been appropriated to " 
 the coronation of the Russian sovereigns. The 
 foundling hospital, founde<l by Catherine II 
 was an immense pile of building, of u quadran- 
 gular shape, and capable of containing 8000 
 found ings. Since the fire, the churches and 
 chapels are less numerous than before, but 
 those which hav3 been rebuilt occup' Jhe for- 
 mer sites. Moscow is the centre of t.ie inland 
 commerce of Russia, particularly connecting 
 the trade between Europe and Siberia. The 
 principal manufectures are those of silk, linen 
 cotton, paper, leather, and sugar. The naviga- 
 tion to this city is formed by the Moskwa. 
 which flows into the Occa, near Kolomna, and 
 that n. , communicates with the Volga and 
 also by a canal to the Don, which river com- 
 municate with the sea of Asoph; 425 miles 
 h ?; « £«t««burg. Long. 37. 33. E. lat. 
 65 46. N. Pop. 349,068. 
 
 Moselle, a department of France, including 
 part of the former province of Lorrain. It 
 takes its name from a river which rises in the 
 Vosges, waters Epinal and Toul, receives the 
 Meurthe below Nancy, and, passing by Meti. 
 Ihionville, and Treves, enters the Rhine at 
 Coblentz. Pop. 409,000, Metz is the capital 
 MosENiA, a town of Peraia, in Khusistan ; 
 22 miles S. W. of Suter. 
 MosKiRcii a town of Germany; in the grand 
 ,7 "'.""at", where the Austrians sustained 
 a defeat in 1800; 22 miles N. of Stutgard. 
 MosKoE, nn island on the coast of Norway, 
 
MOS 
 
 •oparated from the mainlnnU by tlie Vestfi.ir.l 
 
 &?^ ""■••"'■"'«'«"«- 
 
 MowjuiTo Shore, a tract of country on th« 
 c>a.temc:«.t of Honduras. It i. w" Kered 
 by navigable nvem and lake.; abound, in fi^h 
 
 ciuued in the Mexican repubbc. See Mexico 
 
 msnt of Aggerhuy,, „t the mouth of a river of 
 
 Here TS 1" ""* ^^ "''^ "^ C''"»"»"'« »«? 
 Here are many saw-mills, and a larce iron 
 
 MossuLA a town of the kingdom of Conan 
 at the mouth of the Onzo, 220 miles S. W*of 
 St. Salvador. Long. 12. 10. lat. 7. 50 S 
 « J.K? l*"*. " "^l""^ °^ Dalmutio. and a Greek 
 3, t^E Tf^'^"*''' on theNaLzJlS 
 K 43.^48. N.°' ^"'"'"- ^''"8. 18. 37'. E. 
 
 Mosul, a town of Asiatic Turkey in Di«r. 
 
 brVrr"'^' ^^ »>'■«'' '^""^ »"d' defeS 
 aovoir"! '^ ""'' '=''«*'«'• The houses are b 
 several places gone to ruin ; but it has a great 
 tmde, particularly in cloth, and all sorts of 
 
 8UI 18 a mosque, m which they pretend tho 
 Piophet Jonah lies; on the opposite tank of 
 
 on "'''\^ *^^ ''""S^ °f Nuni,, Jrobably oc- 
 cupymg the site of the ancient Nineveh It ;. 
 mted on the Tigris; 130 miles SEo> hl^l 
 
 Long. 127. 0. E. lat. 0. 10. N ^ 
 
 Mom, a town of Austrian Italy. In tho 
 Tre;.8ano; at the conflux of the MottLno 
 and Livenza; 18 miles N. E. of TreWso. ^"'^ 
 
 MoTTUNo. SeeMEiLim. 
 
 ton^ST"'/ ^^T "^ S^'it^erland, in the can- 
 ton of Vnud,- with a castle on the summit of a 
 mountain; 12 miles N. N. E. of Lausanne 
 
 MouLiNs, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Allier. Its mnnufacLe of cul 
 £n'l^** «"f "^J «nd the houses of the 
 ilL r^r'"' """^ ?' **"« Visitation, are mag- 
 .".««• K u" '^"i'^ °" *^« A'"«'. over which 
 
 mpn^f"".?*}?? ^^ ^"'1'='''' * *"«'» "' the depart, 
 went of Nievre at the foot of the mountains of 
 Morvan ; 5 miles S. W. of Chateau ChiZ! 
 _ ftlouLTAN, a province of Hindostan . h«..„^«H 
 ^.iL k"w' ^*8h""»tan, Agimere, slnd'eTand 
 Beloochistan. Its products are ^tton, sugar. 
 
 493 
 
 MOU 
 
 MouLTAN, the capital of the above «,«,»„-- 
 jurrounded with a L wall 40 fS hg^SS 
 four milc ,„ circumference, is strongly fortifiSl 
 
 £„L '"'""' ("' '" ""*• »""J «»'P«t«. and k 
 
 Jil:ir2?.^",2V*°'^*'-' ^-^?» 
 
 P„^ S. coast of Cornwall, between the Land's 
 
 End and the Lizard Point. Within rises aloftv 
 
 ESf'*' 'ock. called Mount sHlkhaSj 
 
 S^i ?T M""«'on. to which there is a S 
 passage at low water. ' 
 
 of Jherto^n"? M^'- " ^^^'^ "l«"d on the coast 
 01 the state of Maine; m Hancock county 15 
 miles long, and 12 broad. "'uniy, is 
 
 Mount HoLty, a town of New Jersey; capi- 
 t«l of Burlington county; on the N ^dHo „* 
 Anocous Creek; 7 miles S E of BuVlinrton ' 
 
 Mount VERNON the capital d^oXniy 
 Ohio; seated on Owl Creek— A Un tu^ ^' 
 of several township, and S^ge.^"" '^' ""™« 
 
 MouNTMELLicK.a town of Ireland.in Queen's 
 county, inhabited principally by QuakeS The 
 
 Man-boreugh, and 42 W. S. W. of Dublto 
 
 MouNTsoRHEt, a town in LeicestershiiB • 
 
 attheZ?1'"\,^r''«y' seated oTiheS^; 
 at the foot of a high mount or rock, of a sor- 
 «!-«»'oured stone, with which the town k 
 chiefly bmlt and paved. It i. 7 miles N rf 
 Leicester, and 102 N. W. of London "' 
 
 MouRzouK, the capital of Fezzan • with « 
 
 situate on a rivulet, and suppli^ with wate^ 
 from a multitude of springs MdwX ThI 
 medley which it presents to the eye ofthe v«,f 
 S o"f ="* Y^'Tl andTe'ilS: Lt 
 ^es of earth and sand that form the dwellinra 
 of the present Arab inhabitants, is singSwl^ 
 C^"n " •.^V™"8"- "««u^undTbya 
 Jlax oi 'Jir'' '^'^8ates. at which is collSed 
 
 Which. is%ide"rabt cSts l^C^^^l 
 vfi««ui3c orougni by the caravans from (ii;; 
 tmder ^^«"''' V?*^ other smalleTt^^f 
 traders. Mourzouk is 290 miles S. of Mmu- 
 
 iii 
 
 if 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 !1 
 
 ili* 
 
 li 
 
 ■#>i 
 
 : IS 
 
mmm 
 
 MOU 
 
 rntn, nnd 700 N. W. ot Bomou. Long. 15. 
 85. E. Int 27. 54. N. 
 
 MousTiens, a town of France, in the de- 
 pnrtinoiit of I iwer Alp«; with a manufacture 
 of pnrculain ; scatoil Setween two craggy moun 
 taint; !) miles E. of Iliv>2. 
 
 Mouzo.'*, a town in tlio do| nrf'Tiitit of Ar- 
 dennes; with n manufecturo of iicrj; ;k, m^U:f 
 on the Mousu; 9 miles 8. V, of fivdan, 
 
 MowKK, or Maui, oiu >t' ti ' ^sundtcich 
 islands, '(i°} miles in ciicinitference. A low 
 isthmus divides itintotmi circular peninsulns, 
 of which the eustrru is double the sixo of the 
 western. The mountnins in both rise to a great 
 height, but the country prcsonts an nppearaneo 
 of verdure and fertility. Near the W. point of 
 the smaller peninsula is a spacious bay, with a 
 Bandy bench shaded with cocoa-nut trees. Long. 
 175. 56. W. Int. 'JO. 5;». N. 
 
 MoYALi.KN, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Down, with a manufacture of linen; .3 mi!<.>'' 
 from Portadown, and G.3 from Dublin. 
 
 MoTRNVir, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe ; noted for its salt spring ; 
 2 miles E. S. E. of Vic, and l(i E. of Nancy. 
 
 Mozt'R, n town of llussian Lithuania, in the 
 government of Minsk ; on the river Pryne ; 
 150 miles S. S. E. of Muisk. Long. 2.0. 30. 
 E. lat. 52. 10. N. 
 
 Moscisu.w, a town of Russian Lithuania, in 
 the government of Mohilef; formerly the cnpi- 
 tid of a jinlatinate. It is seated on tho Sofz; 
 30 miles S. of Sniolensko, and Gl E. by N. of 
 Mohilef. Long. 32. 32. E. lat. 54. 2fl. N. 
 
 MuciDAN, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Dordogne; on tho river Ille ; 18 miles 
 S. W. of I'crigueux. 
 
 Muck, one of the Hebrides of Scotland ; 4 
 miles S. W. of that of Egg. It is 3 miles long, 
 and a mile broad; the soil in'general is good, 
 nnd the black cattle thrive well. Kelp is burnt 
 on its shores, and much oil extracted from tho 
 livers of the sunfish. 
 
 MuDANiA, or MouDANiEH, a town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Natolia; on a gulf of the sen of 
 Marmora. The commerce is very considerable 
 in grain, fVuit, wine, sjvltpetre, silk, and tho 
 manuftctures of Brounsa, which are brought 
 here for exportation. It is 17 miles N. of 
 Brousaa. Long. 29. 10. E. lat. 40. 27. N. 
 
 MuGBLN, New, a town of Saxony, in Meis- 
 sen ; with a castle, called Rugethnl; 18 miles 
 W. by N. of Meissen. 
 
 MuoiA, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on the 
 W. coast ; 40 miles W. N. W. of Compo- 
 Btclla. 
 
 MuoLiA, a town of Austrian Illyria; in Is- 
 tria, with a castle, and a harbour for barges ; 6 
 miles S. E. of Trieste. 
 
 MuGLiTz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Olmutz ; 22 miles N. N. W. of Olmutz. 
 
 McntBERQ, a town of Prussian Saxony, in 
 the government of Mersebcrg. wit 'i a castle ; 
 situate on the Elbe; 30 miles N. W. of Dres- 
 den. 
 
 MuBLDORF, a tovm of Bavari6, on the lun; 
 25 miles S. S. E. of Landachut. 
 MuiKKiRK, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 
 
 49 1 
 
 MUN 
 
 with manufitcturea of iron and coal tar; on (he 
 river Ayr ; 2(i miles K. of Ayr. 
 
 MujAXAH, a seaport of Spain, in Omnada | 
 with a strong cnittlo on a mountain; seated on 
 a bay of tho Mediterrnnean; 40 miles N. E. of 
 Almeria. Long. 1. 55. W. lat. 37. 7. N. 
 
 Miii.»A;t, or MoLDAU, a river of Dohemin, 
 which risen on tho confines of Kavnria, and, 
 after receiving a number of rivers, enters tho 
 Elbe, opposite Mehiick. 
 
 MuLiiAUSKN, a city of Prussiiin Saxony, in 
 the governineiit of K.rl'urt. It wns formerly nn 
 imperial city, bul t'-II to Prunsia in 1002, and 
 WIS confirmed to that power in IBM. Hero 
 are variou.1 manufactures, and some fionrishing 
 schools. It ii seated in n fertile cm. ntry, on 
 ". I iirtiut ; :.) I miles N. W. of Erfurt. Pop. 
 i»40<t. Long. 10. 37. ii.. lat. 51. 10. N. 
 
 Mi'LiiAVSKN, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Rhine; with manufactures 
 of printed linens .-mil cottons ; scuted in a fer- 
 tile plain on the IIIu, 24 miles S. of Colmar. 
 
 MuLiVAUDY, a river of Ceylon, which rises 
 nt the foot of a high mountain called \ dam's 
 Penk, about CO miles N. E. of Colombo, flows 
 westward, nnd enters the set: by several branches, 
 3 miles from Colombo. ' 
 
 Mull, one of tho Hebrides of Scotland, 28 
 miles in length, and in some places of equal 
 breadth, separated from the mainland of Ar- 
 gyleshiroby a narrow passage, called the Sound 
 of Mull. There are many good n'ltural har- 
 bours, and Uio ruins of several ancient elastics 
 are to he seen. The soil is for tlit; most part 
 roclcy and barren, but the hills abi.i.nd with 
 springs, and .ire covered with sheep and cattle; 
 these, with the fishery, nnd a considerablo 
 quantity of kelp, are the articles of commerce. 
 The only town is '('Dberjnory. 
 
 MuLLiNOAB, a town of Ireland, capital of 
 West Meath. It is a place of good trade. 1 1 
 stands on the river Foyle, 38 miles W. of l>ub- 
 lin. Long. 7. 60. W. lat. 53. 30. N. 
 
 MuLLuviA, a river which rises in Mount 
 Atliis, diwdes the empire of Morocco from 
 Algier, nnd runs into the Mediterranean seai 
 
 MuLRosE, a town of the Prussian province 
 of Brandenburg, seated on a canal cut between 
 the Spree and Oder ; 1 miles S. W. of Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 McNciiBERO, a town of Bavarian Franconia, 
 in the princi|)ality of Bayreuth, 16 miles E. of 
 Culmbach. 
 
 Mi'.NCHENBERO, a town of Prussia, in Bran- 
 denli % with silk and woollen manufactures; 
 34 miles E. of Berlin. 
 
 MuNDA, a town of Snain, in Granada, 30 
 miles W. N. VV. of Malaga. 
 
 MuNDEN, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of 
 Brunswick situate on the VVerra, at the influx 
 of the FuUla, where thiir united streams form 
 the Wescr. Good millstones are found in the 
 neighbourhood of the town. In the war of 176(i 
 it was several times in tho hands of the French, 
 by whom it was again occupii >! in 1805. It is 
 10 miles N. E. of Cassel, and 13 S. W. of 
 
 Mu.NDEaKiNOEM, a town of Germany, in Wii^ 
 
MUN 
 
 493 
 
 liuc& '*"'**' °" tholJnnulioi mile. N. of 
 
 .r,^^M'"i\^ *"*" "' "'"''««t'«n, cnpital of a 
 
 oMMi^". '""'.'' """"o. oxtonding from 22. 
 
 10 «. N. Int., Jn the province of Malwnh. It 
 
 wa. then 22 mile. /„ circuit, .uVl contilined 
 
 iTTfi'!!?""""'"'!!''^''""''^"' maKniiiccncoj but 
 
 top of a lnr«o and lofty mountain, 25 n.ilc S. 
 
 iJJ '*-;l"'.rl'I" ^- N- W.of Burhanpour 
 J^riK. 7A. 47. E. lot. 22. fiO. N. 
 
 McwLonB, u town of Afgllnnigtnn. in tlio 
 
 34 15 N ^^"'- ^•'"«- ^'- •*• *=• '*'• 
 
 n„fo.?*""''^''^' * *"'" "'■ Bengal, with a mn- 
 
 contain, nearly 70,000 inhabitant.. The hou«... 
 
 fn miL*l • ^n ""' "Jr"'" *'"'^'""''> '''"' <■•"""''• 
 nrZZ ♦, ""; ^^'"' P"''"^*' '» » -tupon.lou. 
 and tb« ; "'^ ""'■"'>'. mnKnificently adorned; 
 
 nl „f^l '^ ^""*' ^""'" ^o"''*'"" tlie l"'nb .f 
 onoofthecmpor„re,ol black mr.rble, adorned 
 
 I IT"' °^ ^'T"- I"'*'"'""'""- for chari- 
 
 ?),JT K* ^""^^ markot-placo, in which i. 
 
 tures of « k, velvet, woollen cloth, and tnncMrv 
 are earned on Near the city are two'otfi 
 palace.. Nyn,pl,enb„rK and Schleshoi.n. Ma- 
 s' rno^''"5To' '" '''«'^«" ofGormanv, 
 vLll '','^V'*"'^ 180" it '^n. taken by the 
 
 E S V i." r'*^' "" "'*' l«-'' •■'•■» -niles 
 ft. a. ii. of Augsburp and 62 .S. by \\ of Ra- 
 
 tiBbon. Lon,'. 1 1. nu i;. l„t. .(». ilo. n 
 
 MCNKACS. .Si.ff Mo rOATZ. 
 
 MuNNERsiADT, a town of Germany, in Fran- 
 
 SiSr "" "'^ ^'""^'' '^ ">''- N- o^ 
 
 MuNNYPODR a town of nirmnhj capital of 
 the province of CoMov; 210 miles N.N: W. of 
 
 i.onfl:, 94. 40, E. lat. 24, .^O N 
 Mi;n8inoe.v. a town of Germany, in the 
 
 MuMSTKR, M , ince of Ireland, 135 miles 
 long, and 120 ad; hounded on the N. by 
 Connaught, E. by Leins;. md S. and W. bv 
 the Atlantic It contains , , counties of Claro 
 ripperar.v Wnterford, Cork, Limerick, and 
 is Cork" " ''""'"''^ ^'"' rrincipal place 
 
 MuNSTER, a government of the Pruwian 
 province of Wedtphalia. It contaii- 2820 
 Bquare miles, and is divi.i ' into 10 circle, or 
 
 T^X' n"?*" ^?P*'' *'e«kl«nburg, W«h- 
 rendorf, Beckum, Ludii,ghau.en, Kocfeld, 
 R«ck>inRhausen. Berken, Ahan. and Stein- 
 furt. Pop. 328.000. The . uef nven. nrn Hi- 
 turns n.id Liippe. The country is level, with 
 some agrwnble lu ght., but no mountains; and 
 
 MU R 
 
 it h.u fruitflil p|„in.. fine wood*, o,fc„siv» 
 
 S of 1 :l''"'..,'^"^"' "'""'' """ ^-"-^ n.mr' 
 re. of .tone. I In. gorernmeht con.i«t. for 
 the greater part, of the ancient bishopric of it. 
 name, which, on the wculnrization of church 
 property n, 1002, wa. <livided betwi>en PruiH 
 *in. the duke of (Jldonburg, and wveral other 
 lu 'i 8 n " " **""" '*™"'" •"'•J"*^' '" ^rii r» 
 MuwEit, the capital of the foregoing govern- 
 ment. The cathedral, th. library of the ch„T 
 lir, and many antiquitic., are worthy of notiw- 
 In 1...J,,, a ttulor, called John of Leyden, king 
 o» the anabaptists, made himsi-lf master of the 
 city; but It WMs retaken in ]5;ifi, after 14 
 months siege, wl .-n John and two of his asso- 
 ciiUe. were tortured to ,lc-ath with red-hot pin- 
 cer». The famou. treaty, called the Treaty of 
 Westphalia which ended the .'JO years' wa 
 77?/."),"''"^'^ here in IC40. I„ ^tho w„r of 
 1756 this city Hiistamed scvornl siogos. and was 
 taken in 17.V'). In IHOt; the French laid Z' 
 inhabitants under a heavy contribution, and 
 stripped the churches of tl,. ir plate. Munstcr 
 19 seated on the An; 50 .niles E. N. E of 
 We«,l, and 52 W. N. W. of Paderborn. i»o- 
 pulanon, 13,000. Long. 7. 36. E. lat. 61. 
 
 MuNSTRR, a town of Switzerland ; in the 
 canton of Lucerne; 12 miles N. N. W, of Lu- 
 cerne. 
 
 MuNSTFR, a town of Swit«erlnnd; in the 
 canton of Grisons ; 15 miles N. of llom.io 
 
 mJnfTn''' * «r" "^ *""""^*'' '" "'•' depart, 
 ment of Upper Rhine; 6 nnles W, of Colmar. 
 
 „J^J''"'V'Vf''f' " '"''" "f "'« P'"«ian 
 Jtato., m Westphalia; 10 mile. S. S. W „f 
 
 Cologne. 
 
 Mu.NSTER MEiNFEr.D. a town oftho Prussian 
 province of Lower Rhine; 12 miles S. W. of 
 Coblentx. 
 
 Mi'NSTER, New. See Zealand, New. 
 
 Ml-nsteriiero, a town of Prussian Silesia • 
 in the government of Reichenbach ; rich in 
 grain flax,! up „nd hops. It is seated on 
 
 17!3!a^ "llrN.-'"-"'^^*''^- ^'"'«- 
 MuH, or Ai ,iR, river which rises in the 
 duchy of Salzburg, crosses Styria.and falls into 
 "'6 l^ra^f. near Canisclm, in Hungary. 
 
 MoR DE Badrez, a town of Fmnce, in the 
 department of Aveiron; 32 miles N. by E. of 
 Rhodt'ic. ■" 
 
 Mun.No, a town of the Lombardo- Venetian 
 kingdom ; on an island of the same name; one 
 of the largest of the Lagunes 01 enice. Hero 
 
 the famous Venetian looking-glasses are u de 
 It IS 3 miles N. by E. of Venice. 
 
 mn„»"'V*J.' " 1°"" "^ *''™"*=«' *" tJie depart- 
 ment of Cantal; seated on the Alaignon, near 
 the source ; 13 miles N. W. of St Flour 
 1 , ^l^^'^' ".,l""°;;'"ce of Spain ; bounded N. 
 by ^ew Castile, E. by Valencia, W. by Anda- 
 Jusia and Grenada and S. by the M^itcrra- 
 nean. It ,s 90 miles long, and 50 broad ; and 
 -■ pr5nf:j-.a! nver is the Scgura. Tiie soil is 
 «lf mid it produces little corn or wine- but 
 on. s, citrons, lemons, olives, almonds, mul- 
 
M 
 
 MUR 
 
 henfw, rice, pulM, nnd luaar nro plentiAil. It 
 hM alM a great deal of silk. The vale of 
 Murcia u ccl.-hniti'.l for the yariety ami rich- 
 iiuM of it! culture. I'opulntion, 384,000. 
 
 Muncu, the capital of the foregijiiig pro- 
 vincoj and a bi»liop'» ice. The inhahiunti are 
 computed at 60,000. A number «if handa are 
 employed in the working of liaaawoed, and there 
 ii also nn exteniive cRtablithment for twirting 
 ■ilk, and a refinery of saltpetre. There are 
 fine giirdtMu about the city, in which are the 
 l)e»t ftuiU in Spain. It ii leated on the So- 
 gura, over which it a bridge; 27 milei N. of 
 Carthagi-nn, and '2\2 S. E. of Madrid. Long. 
 1. 1«. W. lat 37. 50. N. 
 
 MuRPURisaBORoudii, n flourishing town of 
 Tennessee; in Kutherford county; seated on 
 an emincnrp in a fertile district; 32 miles S. E. 
 of Nashville. Pop. 1000. 
 
 Mutto, It town of Naples, in Bnsilicatn ; 
 •onted at the foot of the Apennines ; 12 miles 
 S. E. of Conwi. 
 
 MuRoa, a town of Spain, in Galicia, at tho 
 mouth of the Tambro; 29 miles W. by S. of 
 Compostella. 
 
 Murray, or Moray Frith, a considerable 
 inlet of the sea, on the coast of Scotland, be- 
 tween Tarbetncss, in Ross-shirc, on the N., and 
 Brough-Hcad, in Murrayshire, on the S. It 
 extends in a S. W. direction as far as Inver- 
 ness, and thence W. to the town of Beaulie, 
 whore it receives the river of that name. 
 
 Murrayshire, or Morayshire, or Eloin- 
 BHIRK, a county of Scotland; 50 miles in 
 length, and 20 along the coast; bounded on 
 the N. by the Frith of Murray, E. by Banff- 
 shire, S. by Inverness-shire, and W. by that 
 county and Nairnshire. It is divided into 18 
 liarishes. The S. part is mountainous, and oc- 
 cupied by forests; but the greater part is rich, 
 and produces wheiit, barley, oats, and flax. 
 The chief rivers are the Sjicy, Findhom, and 
 Lossie. The county town is Elgin. Elgin and 
 Nairnshire* return one member to parliament. 
 MuRTKN. See Morat. 
 MusA, a walled town of Arabia, in Yemen : 
 18 milesE. of Mochiu 
 
 MusKA, a town of Prussia, in Upper Lusa- 
 tia; with a castle; seated on the Neisse; 25 
 miles N. N. W. of Gorlitz, and 52 N. E. of 
 Dresden, 
 
 MusKAT. See Mascat. 
 MusKiNOUH, a river of the state of Ohio, 
 which runs S. into the Ohio, at Marietta, 
 where it is 280 yards wide. See Cayahooa. 
 
 MussELUUROH, a seaport of Scotland, in 
 Edinburghshire, near the mouth of the Esk, 
 oyer which are three bridges to the suburb of 
 Fisherrow. It enjoys manv privileges, and has 
 7 incorporated trades. IJesides the parish 
 church, here are an episcopal chapel and four 
 other places of worship. The principal manu- 
 fectures are of salt, sail-cloth, hair-cloth, and 
 netting. It is 5| miles E. of Edinbui^h, to 
 which it is connected by a railway to iu sub- 
 urb of Musselburgh, It unites' with Leith 
 and Portobello in sending 1 member to par- 
 iiament. 
 
 m 
 
 MYS 
 
 MimTAOAM, or MosTAaANSH, a seaport of At 
 gier, in the province of Tremecen, with thro* 
 caatlcs ; 140 miles W. 8. W. of tho city of 
 Algier. Long. 0. 80, E. lat. 36. 20. N. 
 
 MirsuKLA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia; 
 nituate on the river OuAdalquiver, 7 mile« 
 N. K. of Joan, and 50 N. of (iranada. 
 
 MuTBUDU, a town of Hindmtan, in Mysore; 
 noted for iu manufacture of the glasa used for 
 making the rings which are worn on the wrists 
 of the native women. It is 34 miles W. of 
 Sorn. 
 
 MuYDKN, a fortified town of tho Netherlands, 
 in S. Holland; seated on the Zuyder /ee, ut 
 the influx of the Vccht. It is 6 miles E. 8. E. 
 of Amsterdam. 
 
 MvcoNi, an island of the Grecian Archi- 
 pelago ; 80 miles in circumference . The soil 
 IS dry, and the mountains are of great height. 
 Here are plenty of partridges, quails, wood- 
 cocks, turtledoves, rabbits, and whentears; also 
 excellent gra|)es and iJga. The harbour is open, 
 and deep enough for tlio largest ships to ride 
 secure from tho N. wind. Long. 25, 21. E. 
 lat. 37. 38. N. 
 
 Mysol, one of the Moluccas, of a triangular 
 form, with a bold shore. The villages are built 
 in the water upon posts ; and there are forests 
 visited by the birds of panidise, which are ciiuglit 
 in great numbers. Long. 1 30. 0. E. hit. 2. 0. S. 
 Mysorb, an extensive province of Hindos- 
 stan, lying between 11. and 15. N. Int., and now 
 surrounded by the British territories of the At a- 
 dnui Presidency, while the existing rajah is aUo 
 dependent on British protection. The country 
 is in general dry, rugged, mountainous, and 
 barren ; but there are several rivers and moun- 
 tain torrents, which by artificial means, serve 
 to water rice-grounds, gardens, &c. In the 
 forests are many elephnnts, and tigers are com- 
 mon. Oxen, buffaloes, nnd goats are numerous, 
 and in the N. E. part many sheep are bred ; 
 but horses and asses are few. The chief pro- 
 ducts are rice, cotton, pepper, cocoa, and betel- 
 nut ; sugar-cane, butter, and oil. The whole of 
 this country, with some other territories to the 
 N. and E., and the provinces of Coimbetore, 
 Malabar, and Canara, were subdued by Hyder 
 Ali, a mussulman, who usurped the throne of 
 Mysore, in 1759, and made Seringapatam hia 
 capital. He was succeeded by Tippoo Sultan, 
 who continued his father's state of warfiire. On 
 the termination of a war, in 1 792, Ti]ipoo agreed 
 to pay thirty lacs of rupees, and to cede one 
 half of his dominions to the English and their 
 allies, the Mahrattns and tho nizam of the Dec- 
 can. I n 1 799, a new war taking place, his capital 
 was taken by the English on the 4th of May, 
 nnd himself killed in the assault. A partition 
 of his remaining territories took place, and on 
 the 30th of June following, Kistna Rajah, then 
 only five years old, was placed by the Britbhon 
 tho throne of his forefathers. The dominions 
 of the rajah of Mysore are now divided into 
 three great districts ; Patana, to the S., Nagara, 
 to the N. W., and Chatmknl to the N. E.; so 
 called from the three places where the chiuf 
 officers are aituate. The Putana district is Ic' 
 
yw rtiine.1 by Ti^.pT Su Ln k"'? '*.'«''"'««. 15. N, '*''^'*"- Long. 7e. 40. £. ,^1. 
 
 1^ - »e.t of Kove,.u.c„t, the {owu AwCllh" '"'" '" ^- '''"^i^. 2 milo. fi„« 
 
 n"»> ■vauiretl 
 
 ""•doitUicnyali 
 
 K.K. re wrthl^ •"'""''• '" *''«' «'""ty of 
 with AtlyuiJ^rnr" '"-'"'' "'ten-tely 
 
 N. 
 
 sen, 
 E. 
 
 32 mile. S sT f'T •'"^^' "^'"^ "m 
 iHt. 53. 13. N. ' "^ ^""'•- Long. 10. 10. _. 
 
 NabBHIUJ, n tnvm nf T>„ 
 
 cient kinX o s r„r'^rir tV^" *^'' ""- 
 
 ofnsfheik whn fw,!l ,, !' "'no residence 
 of Dami,*''*'„t^? " *'""'!'•' "'^ P«^''-« 
 tho manufactures flnlT'"*"'*""^'^ ''"•'^' "'"J 
 
 country i. ?ert e „nd n'"' "*^"'" """ounding 
 corn, cotton ov'e«"mr''"''?n" S'^"' ''««' o^ 
 
 NATO, tt tow„*^'o? V ; • '•'• •'-• 2<>- N. 
 50 miles' N. Wr^ftLd^""' '" ^**^«-' 
 
 orG^r^^;^St^!-'^'" the canton 
 
 trinns. Inmemo In^r ^ °^" ^^'""" Aus- 
 clmpel was Timon tl I." 'r'^^l-'-'^^vement. 
 
 in S.^?Sd^t;;;c?/"^" f V'^ Netherlands, 
 
 massacred. I„ c;-" l *l",'' r* '"'"''"««"»« were 
 
 |.nd retaken llytJ^PriSS ''t ^'>"'''' 
 iiiK year. It i« .!,„ , of Orange, the ft.Ilow- 
 mili Pal x??*"'' °" "'0 Zi'yder Zee 14 
 
 fiod with mm w, Sr In t ' "T""^' ''""^ «"•"■- 
 
 "treet extends Trould witT . 'TT' '^ "■'''° 
 
 each side of the outt"r ami t """■,', ^""•'" "" 
 
 f..rt are two la-^e ten „ J^ „m fr '"*"• ^" *''«' 
 ItisJmi,o.N^fS^;i --Pniuce. 
 
 liAQARA, or Hvni-'n v.^/„ 
 
 aoara,*, «.(.ital ot the district-of ' B;dnoi ""'i; 
 
 "-iTa„t'.t,^^™. and by E„„. 
 •" l?"'.-*, on beinat^kenhv If ''/''' J"-o»o"tnnmo 
 '"« PrincipalSm ^J V. r'"'' ,*'"' '"»'»o 't 
 nitudoand corn^Se T? il""*' °' S"*"' ""Hi- 
 being neithorthl ^t i' "'*''"^""''' declined, 
 public works\.»,L^K •" <^ourt nor of any 
 
 T«PPoo , but on W. final If. "^■1,''""" ""o' 
 ce<led by the EnXh / .f "'• '" '7^»''' wnt 
 
 N- W. of Seriiapntam f '"8"'ore. and 1«0 
 13. 4«. N. """"P"'"™- Long. 75. 0. E. lat. 
 
 ''"'^"n th:c"o::;;,°[,^^"''»!'r'r.^'nce of Ca. 
 took, and mTlfliZr'" ^' "^ ^- '^ At- 
 
 with*« fort'j^a m^esN S?""^':^ Pi'' Castile. 
 13B N. of Madrid "^ ' .^- "^ Calahorra. and 
 
 "vcrof the ^.monam^Tt ^"^^" -^^^^^^^ "» « 
 Naciore, a citv of u; , . •"'"""'ingen. 
 district of the sTL nn^"^"""".' ""P""' of a 
 Agimero, Mm^'N''^\l\'^.'> P'^^ince of 
 74- 15. K. Jat. 27 9 N^- "^ ^&rnere. Long. 
 
 'ho^'CtrM^hrXti;';"'^''''"?' ^-p'*-' of 
 
 and populous llu^^trS^^ " » "*-«/vo 
 n small ctadel iaonennni !• ' and, excepting 
 
 f'np of ll.nngh .r It -8 'o '^V''! ^''o. col lector- 
 
 it is 30 mild N E o^yL"'"''"^ '? ""'"'^ ^oro. 
 li. lat. 4(1. ION "*^^"'""»''- Long. 22. 54. 
 
 tc^:>:^'.:^?;^^^S"-r.wMch rises in the 
 the Hhine at ulng'.;,'''"' " ^^'^'^''"«-'lJ, ana enten. 
 
 of ^d!"rict TZ I'Jf ' "'■'"'"'♦""' -p'-to> 
 
 con.si.]erable «tro uX J T!,' «"J.a place of 
 llin.loo chief. friS arv t' th."'"- r"^^''"^'' o*"™ 
 Long. 77. «. E. laStK 41 N "'•""' °^ ^''P""'- 
 
 Nairn's.".;;':: slWr'' """ -p'*-^' of 
 
 at the mouth of a rf™ ' o tb"""- ^' ^' "^''•^'I 
 the Murray Frith. " 8^ i^'^*^ *""o nan,e,on 
 and 1<)4 N. N. \V „f p"^, ' ?" of Inverncsat 
 VV.- lat. 57. 38 n' '^'"'"'^"'•gn. Long. 3.? 
 
 NAmNs„mK.„-co„„ty of Scotland. 15 mile, 
 
 K K 
 
mm 
 
 II 
 
 NAK 
 
 498 
 
 NAN 
 
 long, and 10 broad, bounded N.by the Munny 
 Frith, and enclosed on every side by the coun- 
 ties of Inverness and Murmy. It is divided 
 into four parishes, and sends one member to 
 parliament in conjunction with Murrayshire. 
 The S. part is mountainous, but towards the N. 
 it is level, and the soil abundantly fertile. 
 
 Naksivan, or NASiicmvAN, a town of Per- 
 sian Armenia, formerly a large city, but ruined 
 by Abbas I. who removed the inhabitants into 
 the interior parts of Persia. Here are now 
 some considemble bazaars, caravanseras, baths, 
 and other public buildings. It is 85 miles S. 
 E. of Erivan, and 250 E. of Erzerum. Long. 
 45. 30. E. lat. 38. 40. N. 
 
 Namaquas, a people of South Africa, a 
 branch of the Hottentot race. See Hottentots. 
 
 Namslau, a town of Prussian Silesia, with 
 a castle. It is situate among morasses, on the 
 river Weyda, 29 miles E. S. E. of Breslau. 
 
 Nahur, a province of Belgium, 30 miles 
 long, and 20 broad, bounded by the French 
 frontier, and by the provinces of Hainault, 
 South Brabant, and Liege. It is pretty fertile, 
 and has several forests, marble quarries, and 
 mines of iron, lead, and coal. The rivers Meuse 
 and Sambre divide it into three parts, nearly of 
 equal extent. Before the French Revolution of 
 1789, tlw greater part of this province belonged 
 to Austria, and the remainder to France. In 
 1794 the whole was seized by the French, and 
 constituted for 20 years part of the department 
 of Sambre-et-Meuse, and was incorporated with 
 the kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. 
 
 Namub, the capital of the above province, and 
 a bishop's see. It has a castle in the middle of 
 The town, on a craggy rock, and several forts. 
 the inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. Fire- 
 arms, swords, knives, and nimiy other kinds of 
 cutlery are made here. This city was the scene 
 of a sanguinary conflict, between the allies and 
 the French, in June, 1815, and is noted in his- 
 tory as the scene of many early battles. It is 
 Mated between two mountains, at thi; con- 
 fluence of the Maese and Snmbre ; 24 miles W. 
 S. W. of Liege, and 32 S. E. of Brussels. Long. 
 4. 45. E. lat. 50. 29. N. 
 
 Nancy, a city of France, cai)ital of the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe and a bishop's see. It is 
 dirided by a canal into the Old and New Town. 
 The former, though irregularly built, is rich 
 and populous, and contains the palace of the 
 ancient dukes of Lorrain ; and their tombs are 
 in a rich saloon, which adjoins the church of the 
 late Cordeliers. The New Town, whose streets 
 are perfectly straight, was one of the fines*^ in 
 Europe, even before the magnifir'snt works with 
 which Stanislaus I., titular king of Poland, and 
 duke of Lorrain enriched it. The cathedral is 
 a superb structure, and there are several other 
 elegant churches. It was occupied by the allies 
 in 1814. Nancy is seated in a delightful plain, 
 near the river Meurthe; JO miles S. of Met/, 
 and 230 E. of Paris. P >p. 30,000. Long. C. 
 10. E. lat. 48. 42. N. 
 
 Nandidrooo, a b^.ong fortress of Ilindo- 
 Si&n, iii Mysore. Siisee tlic rediofiition of the 
 n\jah, ill 1799, it has been garrisoned by English 
 
 troopg. It k 9,f, miles N. by E. of Bangalore, 
 and 64 E. S. H. of Sera. 
 
 NANFio.an island of the Grecian Archipelagos, 
 a little to the E. of Santorini. It is 16 miles in 
 circumference, but has no harbour, nor springs 
 sufficient to water the fields. The hihabitants 
 are all Greeks, and their chief trade is in onions, 
 wax, and honey. The ruins of the temple of 
 Apollo are yet to be seen, and consist chiefly 
 of marble colums. Long. 2C.10. E lat. 36. 15. N. 
 
 Nanoasaki, a city of Japan, in the island of 
 Zimo. with n good harbour, and the only one in 
 the empire in which foreign ships are permitted 
 to anchor. The inhabitants carry on a great 
 trade with the Chinese and Dutch. Long. 129. 
 46. E. lai,. 32. 32. N. 
 
 Nanois, a town of France, in the department 
 of Seine-et-Mame; 12 miles W. of Provins. 
 
 Nan-kano, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Kiang-si ; seated on the lake 
 Po-yang ; 637 miles S. of Peking. Long. 113. 
 58. E. lat. 29. 3.3. N. 
 
 NANKisa, a city of China, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Kiang-nan. It is 17 miles in circum- 
 ference, and about 3 miles distant from the 
 great river Yang-tse-Kiang, from which canals 
 are cut, so large that vessels may enter the 
 town. It was formerly the imperial city, whence 
 it is called Nanking, which signifies southern 
 court; but, since the six grand tribunals have 
 been removed to Peking, it is called Kiang-nan 
 in all public acts. The place is greatly fallen 
 from its ancient splendour ; for it had a magni- 
 ficent pnhice, which is quite destroyed, as well 
 as many ancient monuments ; and a third part 
 of the city itself is desolate. The streets are 
 narrow, but handsome and well paved ; and on 
 each side are shops neatly furnished. The 
 ]niblic buildings are mean, except a few temples, 
 the city gates, and a tower of porcelain 200 feet 
 high. The inhabitants were formerly estimated 
 at 2,000,000, the city being above 30 miles in 
 circumference. The number at present is said 
 to be 1,000,000, without comprehending the 
 garrison of 40,000 men. They have several 
 manufactures in silk and wood. Here the phy- 
 sicians have their principal academy. Nanking 
 is seated on the Yang-tse-Kiang river, 600 
 miles S. S. E. of Peking. Long. 119. 25. E. 
 lat. 3-2. 46. N. 
 
 Nan-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Kinng-si. It 8t4\nds among plantations of 
 sugar-cane, near the source of the Kan-kiang, 
 and the foot of the mountain Me-lin ; 200 
 miles N. E. of Canton. Long. 113. 38. E. lat. 
 24. 48. N. 
 
 Nan-ninq, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Quang-si ; 1 145 miles S. S. 
 W. of Peking. Long. 1 07. 45. E. lat. 22. 44. N. 
 
 Kan-tchano, a city of China, capitr.l of 
 Kiang-si. It has no trade but that of porcelain, 
 which is made in the vicinity of Jaatcheou, 
 The country is so much cultivated, th.it the pa»- 
 turcs are barely sufficient for the flocks. It is 
 seatea on the Kan-'.:;ang, which flows hence 
 into the lake Poyang ; 69.) miles S. of Peking, 
 Ljiig. 11,7.30. E. lat. 2c). 36. N. 
 
 Nanti-s, a city of Francoj «miiital of t'.ie de- 
 
II 
 
 of Bangalore, 
 
 Archipelagos, 
 ig 16 mileii in 
 ir, nor springs 
 ie inhabitanta 
 le i» in onions, 
 ;he temple of 
 sonsist chiefly 
 lat. 36. 15. N. 
 I the island of 
 he only one in 
 are permitted 
 y on a great 
 I. Long. 12.9. 
 
 he department 
 of Provins. 
 the first rank, 
 ed on the lake 
 ;. Long. 113. 
 
 tal of the pro- 
 iles in circum- 
 tant from the 
 which canals 
 nay enter the 
 il city, whence 
 nifies southern 
 ribunals have 
 led Kiang-nan 
 greatly fuUou 
 ; had a magni- 
 royed, as well 
 d a third part 
 he streets are 
 lavcd ; and on 
 rnished. The 
 n few temples, 
 celain 200 feet 
 erly estimated 
 ve 30 miles in 
 present is said 
 rehending the 
 ' have several 
 Here the phy- 
 ny. Nanking 
 ng river, .500 
 Ig. 119. 25. E. 
 
 the first rank, 
 plantations of 
 tie Kan-kiang, 
 Me-lin ; 200 
 13. 38. £. lat. 
 
 the first rank, 
 15 miles S. S. 
 .lat. 22.44. N. 
 ina, capit'il of 
 lit of porcelain, 
 of Jaatcheou. 
 i, that the pa»- 
 e flocks. It is 
 h flows hence 
 s S. "f Peking, 
 
 pital of t'.io de- 
 
 N A N 499 
 
 t^artment of Lower Loire, and a bishop's see, 
 with a university. It was formerly the residence 
 of the dukes of Bretagne, who built a strong 
 ^tle on the side of the river, which still exists. 
 The cathedral contains the tombs of the ancient 
 dukes, besides which there are a collegiate 
 church and 11 parish ci.urches. The bridges 
 over the Loire, in which are some islands, are 
 illmcst a league in lengtli. The suburbs exceed 
 the city m extent. A great quantity of salt is 
 made in the territory of Nantes, boili at the 
 tay of Bourgneuf anci in the salt marshes of 
 «uerande and Croisic. Large vessels can come 
 tio higher than Port Laubai, which is 12 miles 
 from Nuntes. Ths inhabitants are computed 
 at nearly 80,000. It was here that Henry IV. 
 promulgated the famous edict, in 1598, in favour 
 ^ the Protestants, which was revoked by Louis 
 AIV. m 1C85. Nantes is 68 miles S. by E. of 
 H«nnes, and 21 7 S. W. of Paris. Long, 1. 33. 
 W. lat. 47. 13. N. * 
 
 Nantua, a town of France, department of 
 Am ; with manufiictures of gauzes, taffetas, 
 chintzca, &c.; situate on a lake of the same 
 name ; 18 miles E. of Bourg. 
 
 Nantucket, an island and county of the state 
 of MassachuseU, which lies 8 leagues S. of Cape 
 Cod. It is 15 miles long and 1 1 broad, includ- 
 ing Sandy Point, which makes a fine road for 
 ships. A considerable whule fishery is carried 
 on here ; and there are several spermaceti 
 works and a duck manufacture. It has also 
 one town, now called Nantucket, but formerly 
 Sherburne ; 93 miles S. E. of Boston. Lonir. 
 70. 30. W. lat. 41. 20. N. 
 
 Nantwich, a town in Cheshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday. It has an elegant church, six 
 meeting-houses, a free school, charity scliooi, 
 &c. f he manufacture of salt was formerly 
 conMderable, but it is now confined to a single 
 ^tablishment ; and the chief trade consists in 
 ^e manufacture of shoes for the London and 
 Mhnchester dealers. The principal dairies of 
 Cheshire are about this town ; and it has a con- 
 siderable trade in cheese. It is seated on the 
 Weaver, and by the Chester Canal, which hero 
 forms a broad basin ; 20 miles S. E. of Chester, 
 ana 164 N.W. of London. 
 
 Nan-yano, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 m the province of Ho-nan, seated on a small 
 river, and surrounded by mountains ; 1(J0 miles 
 S. of Ho-nan, 
 
 Nan-yong, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 m the province of Quangtong, seated on the 
 Peikiang, near its source ; 170 miles N, N. E. 
 of Canton. 
 
 Naples, or the Two Sicilies, a kingdom com- 
 prehending the S, part of Italy, bounded on 
 the N, W, by the Ecclesiastical States, N. E. by 
 the Gulf of Venice, and every where else bv the 
 Mediterranean. It is 300 miles in length by 
 100 in breadth, and is divided into 13 provinces; 
 namely, Napoli or Naples, Terra di Lavoro (the' 
 ancient Campania Felix), Principato Citm and 
 Ultra, Molise, Basilicata, Calabria Citra and 
 i-ii..., ,,nn,r.cu '^nra :tnu Lura, capitanata, 
 lerra di Ban, and Terra d'Otmnto ; the last 
 three forming the ancient Apulia, now called 
 
 NA P 
 
 PugUa, on the E. side of the kingdom. The 
 climate in general is extremely hot, esneciallr 
 in July, August, and Sept-^raber, and is said to 
 be one of the most inconstant and unfavourable 
 to valetudinarianB. In some seasons it rains 
 every day for six or seven weeks together • but 
 the most disagreeable part of the climate is the 
 sirocco, or S. E. wind, which is very common in 
 May, and extremely relaxing. In winter there 
 18 seldom any ice or snow, except on the moan, 
 tains. The country abounds with grain, the 
 finest fruits and vegetables, rice, flax, oil, wine, 
 saffron, and manna, and affords alum, vitriol, 
 sulphur rock-crystal, marble, minerals, and fine 
 wool and ailk. Besides the manufectures noticed 
 m the account of the city of Naples, waistcoats, 
 caps, stockings, and gloves are also made of tha 
 hair or filaments of a shellfish, which are warmer 
 than those of wool, and of a beautiful glossy 
 green. Ihe principal mouniains are the Apen- 
 nines (which traverse this country from N. to S. 
 branching out to the two extremities), and the 
 celebrated volcano, Mount Vesuvius. The rivers 
 are numerous, but inconsiderable ; the cliief are 
 the Garigliano and Voltarno. One of the 
 greatest inconveniences to which this kingdom 
 IS exposed is earthquakes. The established reli- 
 gion IS the Roman Catholic ; but Protestants 
 and Jews are allowed to settle here. 
 
 Nai'les, a large and rich trading city of Italy 
 one of the finest in the world, capital of the 
 above kingdom, with a university. It is situate 
 at the bottom of a bay, and is biiilt in the form 
 of a vast amphitheatre, sloping from the hills to 
 the sea. Although the style of architecture is 
 inferior to what prevails at Rome, and it cannot 
 vie with that city in the number of palaces, or 
 in the magnificence of the public buildings, yet 
 the private houses in general are better" built, 
 wid the streets are broader and better paved. 
 No street in Rome equals in beauty the Stmda 
 d! Toledo at Naples ; nor can anv of them he 
 compared with the beautiful streets which lie 
 open to the bay, where the excessive heat of the 
 sun IS often tempered with the sea breezes and 
 gilcs waf mg the perfumes of the Campaeni 
 Felice. The houses in general are five or six 
 stories high, and flat at the top ; on which nre 
 placed numbers of flower vases, or fruit trees in 
 boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agrees 
 able effect. On the mountain St. Elmn, in a 
 most pleasant situation, is a convent oi Car- 
 thusians, on which much expense has beea 
 lavished, to render the building, the apartments 
 and the gardens, equal to the situation. Naples 
 IS admirably situated for commerce, and has all 
 the necessaries and luxuries of life in great pro- 
 fusion The chief articles manufactured here 
 are silk stockings, soap, snuff-boxes of tortoise- 
 shell, or of the lava of Mount Vesuvius, tables 
 and ornamental furniture of marble. They are' 
 thought to embroider here better than in France • 
 and their macaroni is preferred to that of nny 
 part of Italy. They excel also in liquors aid 
 confections. The number of inhabit:ints U .-nn,- 
 puled at 350,000, which is very probable ; for. 
 though Naples is not one-third of the si/e of 
 London, yet many of the streets here are more 
 K K 2 
 
 i! i I 
 
 1 1 
 
■ P 
 
 NAP 
 
 fiOO 
 
 NAR 
 
 ri. : J 
 
 \1 
 
 crowded than the Strand, and a great proportion 
 ot the poorest sort aro obliged to spend the 
 night ill them, as well as the day, for want of 
 habitations. Although the churches and con- 
 vents of Naples are not to be compared with 
 those of Homo in point of architecture, they 
 surpass them in rich jewels, and the qu^intity of 
 silver and golden crucifixes, vessels, ah i other 
 ornaments. The cathedral is a grand Gothic 
 eilifice ; and of all the palaces that of the king 
 is not only the most magnificent, but in the best 
 style of architecture. The harbour, which is 
 spacious, is protected by a mole, llie bay of 
 Naples is one of the finest in the world, being 
 almost of a circular figure, about 30 miles in 
 diameter, slmt out from the Mediterranean by 
 the island of Cai)roa, and three parts of it shel- 
 tered by a circuit of woods and mountains. 
 Naples was taken by the French in January, 
 17t>!), but retaken by the British fleet under 
 Lord Nelson, in the June following. In 180(5 
 it was again taken possession of by the Frciich, 
 under Masscna ; soon after which Joseph Bo- 
 naparte was here crowned king of Naples ; but. 
 on his removal to Spain, in 1 808, the crown was 
 conferred on Murat. In May, 1815, Naples 
 was surrendered to a British squadron ; and in 
 tlie following month, king Ferdinand entered 
 his ciipita' amidst the acclamations of his sub- 
 jects. In 1803 the city suifered much damage 
 by an earthquake. It is 110 miles S. E. of 
 Home, lot N. E. of Palermo, and 300 S. by E. 
 of Venice. Lcng. 14. 20. E. lat. 14. 55. N. 
 
 Nai'om de Romania, or Nauplia, a seaport 
 oftlic Moroa, and an nrchbishop's see; seated 
 on a peninsula, at ihe head of a bay of the 
 Siinie name. It has a large harbour, with a 
 narrow entrance, defended by a citadel. This 
 town Wiis taken by the Turks in 1715, and re- 
 mained under the government of the Porte till 
 the recent dismemberment of Greece. It is 20 
 miles S. S. W. of Corinth. Long. 22. 44. E. 
 lat. 37. 44. N. 
 
 Napoli di Malvasia, a seaport of the Morea, 
 capital of the island of Malvasia. It has a fine 
 harbour, defended by a good citadel, and a long 
 wooden bridge, which joins it to the mainland. 
 It gives name to that excellent wine called 
 Malmsey ; and was the ancient Epidaurus, famed 
 for the temple of yEsculapius. It is seated on 
 a rock, at the entrance of the bay of Napoli de 
 Romania ; 38 miles S. E. of Misitra. Long. 
 
 22. 58v E. lat. 30. 53. N. 
 
 Nara, a town of Japan, in the island of 
 Niphon, with a magnificent castle ; 25 miles N. 
 W. of Aleaco. 
 
 Naraingunoe, a town of Bengal, in the dis- 
 trict ot Deeca ; with manufactures of nmsliii, 
 and a trade in grain, salt, tobacco, &c. It is 
 seated on the Luckia. Long. 00. 35. E. lat. 
 
 23. 3G. N. 
 NAiiASiNoiiAruRA, a town of Ilindoslan, in 
 
 Mysore, with two considerable temples. It is 
 well built, and stands in a fertile country, on 
 the Cavery, immediately below tlie influx of the 
 Kapini ; 20 miles E. S. E. of Mysore. 
 
 Narbeutii, a town of Wales, in Pembroko- 
 Bhirc, with a market on Wednesday ; seated on 
 
 a hill ; 12 milee N. E. of Pembroke, and 242 
 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Narbonne, a city of France, in tho depart- 
 ment of Aude. In the time of the Romans it 
 was the capital of that part of Gaul called 
 Gallia Narbonensis; and here the emperor 
 Marcus Aurelius was bom. Some Roman in- 
 scriptions, in different parts of the city, are still 
 visible; and the canal from the river Aude, 
 through the city to the Mediterranean, was cut 
 by the Romans. Narbonne is famous for its 
 honey; and the cathedral is remarkable for its 
 noble choir. It is 6 miles from the Mediter- 
 ranean, and 80. E. S. E. of Toulouse. Pop. 
 9000. Long. 3, 0. E. lat. 43. 1 1. N. 
 
 NARnoROuoii, an uninhabited island in the 
 South Pacific, on the coast of Chili ; where Sir 
 John Narborough refreshed his men when sent 
 to the South Sea, in the reign of Charles II. 
 Long, 74. 35. W. lat. 45. 0. N. 
 
 Nardo, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto; 
 22 miles N. by W. of Otrnnto. 
 
 Narenza, a town of Dalmatin, and a bishop's 
 see ; seated on a river of tho same name j 42 
 miles N. N. W. of Ragusa. 
 
 Narim, a town of Siberia, in the govern- 
 ment of Tobolsk; surrounded by palisades and 
 wooden towers. Tho environs abound with 
 foxes, ermines, and sables. It is seated at the 
 conflux of the Ket with the Oby; 400 miles E. 
 by N. of Tobolsk. Long. 81. 15. E. lat. 59. 
 10. N. 
 
 NiRNALtA, a town and fortress of Ilindo- 
 stan ; province of Berar ; 33 miles W. N. W. of 
 EUichpour. 
 
 Narni, a town of Italy, in the states of the 
 Church. Here are the ruins of a marblo 
 bridge, built by Augustus ; and also of an 
 aqueduct that brought water from a spring at 
 the distance of 15 miles. It is seated on the 
 Nera ; 20 miles S. S. W. of Spolef o, and 40 N. 
 of Rome. 
 
 Naro, a town of Sicily, in Val do Mazara : 
 on a river of tho same name ; 1 1 miles E. of 
 Girgenti. 
 
 Narova, a river of Russia, wliich issues from 
 the lake Peipus, flows to Narva, and enters the 
 Gulf of Finland, 8 miles below that town. It 
 has two cat'iracts, pompously described by tra- 
 vellers; but they are tar inferior to that of the 
 Rhine at Lauffen. 
 
 Narraganset Bav, in North America, makes 
 up from S. to N. between the mainland in tho 
 state of Rhode Island. It embosoms many 
 fruitful and beautiful islands, the principal of 
 which are Rhode, Canonicut, Prudence, Pati- 
 ence, Hope, Dyer's, and Hog Islands. This ca- 
 pacious bay affords plenty of lobsters. 
 
 Narraouaous, a town of the state of Maine; 
 in Wiishington county ; situate on ^ bay of 
 the same name ; IG miles N. E. of Golds- 
 borough. 
 
 Narsingapatam, a town of Hindostan, in 
 the territory of Cattack, near tho coast of the 
 Bay of Bengal ; 44 miles S. of Cuttack. 
 
 Narva, a strong town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Pelersburgh. The houses are built of 
 brick, and stuccoed white, and it has more che 
 
 I 
 
 ti 
 
■ P 
 
 oke, and 242 
 
 I tho depart- 
 he Romans it 
 ' Gaul called 
 tho emperor 
 e Roman in- 
 ( city, are still 
 
 river Aude, 
 lean, was cut 
 imous for its 
 rkable for its 
 
 the Mediter- 
 ilouse. Pop. 
 N. 
 
 island in the 
 li ; where Sir 
 en when gent 
 f Charles II. 
 
 •rnd'Otranto; 
 
 tnd a bishop's 
 ic name ; 42 
 
 the govern- 
 palisndos and 
 ibound with 
 seated at the 
 400 miles E. 
 . E. lat. 59. 
 
 !S of Ilindo- 
 W. N. W. of 
 
 states of the 
 f a marble 
 also of an 
 a spring at 
 !ated on the 
 0, and 40 N. 
 
 de Mazara .: 
 miles £. of 
 
 1 issues from 
 id enters the 
 it town. It 
 ibed by tra- 
 I that of the 
 
 erica, makes 
 nland in tho 
 isoms many 
 principal of 
 dence, Pati- 
 ils. This ca- 
 rs. 
 
 ie of Maine; 
 I 4k bay of 
 . of Golds- 
 
 indostan, in 
 const of the 
 tack. 
 
 , the govem- 
 nre built of 
 
 US more che 
 
 NAR 
 
 appearance of a German than of a Russian town 
 In the suburb called Ivangorod are the stuZ?" 
 dous remams of an ancient forti^L, bunt bv' 
 Ivan Basilowitz the Great, which Impend over 
 
 cfarSll'n??, V^'J"''''"^ In 1700 
 
 oveTpeW tl,/ r'"^''/" °^.'*'"«'l « ^'•''"'y hero 
 
 cza/took thl f ^'"f *'™ y^*" "fte'. the 
 czar took the town by assault, and by his own 
 
 marcr^'^^t""' ^^?^" ''''"' P'C «nS 
 Zjc tlmbPr „„!i P"""P?' ^'^P^'^' are hemp, 
 Narnvn n ' •i"'' ^f ™- " " "'"'ited on the 
 S W o/ Kk '^""J '*^ """"'h. and 85 w! 
 18. N ^^'^''•'"S- ^°n&- 27. 52. E. lat. 59. 
 
 ferWeScfofT"^ Hindostan ; capital of a 
 ofAart.{^^^ "^""^ name, in the province 
 of Agra ; seated near the Sinde; 115 miles S 
 of Agra. Long. 78. 17. E. lat. 25. 40 N 
 T ;ma ^A"*'"'"''' "^ P*'™' •" the audience of 
 
 601 
 
 NAV 
 
 a tem-torv T,^-. • "•^^°°^^' »"" stands in 
 
 miesS J'p ^f ?•" '"'"t" ""'' «"8'''>"! -^^O 
 14 45 S. """• ^°"S- 75- 10. W. lat. 
 
 „,n^f/"J.: ","!'*^® '" Northamptonshire fa- 
 mous for the decisive victory gained by the army 
 of the parliament over that of Charles Hn 
 1645 ; 12 miles N. N. W. of Northampton 
 
 Imfd RivL 17?,''''","'''^?.'^' «''•■''«• °" Cun.bcr- 
 
 Naskow, a town of Denmark, in tho island of 
 Laaland : with a convenient har'hour ; sea ed o„ 
 mZC!"' "™^ "^-"^ ' '' -"- ^ "y N^of 
 
 Nassau, an independent duchy of Gcr innr 
 
 SeTboet'^"-''^';'"''''''''"^^^^^^^^^ 
 raerij bore this name. It is bounded bv thn 
 
 siaies ot the pnnces of IIpssp Tf ^«.,* • 
 mines of iron, copper, anil "a.rand i,e " S ": 
 fertile in some places, but thesnrfaco i5 fur 1 o 
 most part woody and mountainous. The rear i^ 
 of cattle and the culture of the vine ai^f 
 pnncipal occupations of the inhabitants. IrS 
 2186 square miles. Pop. 340,000. ThoDiW 
 
 MiSiuit-X™" ' "' "" ^™ '"''' 
 
 duc^hf'o'ilS h"*",^'*^™""^' "' ^'"^ »hovo 
 the riv'er SLn 1 . 'f '°'"'' "" """' °"'er side of 
 kLI V "" " high mounta n, formerlv stood 
 
 0^ Sue^'t" ?'r "J «""' -'t''iuit;.'a:,? th 
 
 32 miles W N W ^/;?'"' /;'"">• Nassau is 
 E. Eo l"c n! •°^^*''"''^^"'- ^«"g-7.52. 
 
 .hJ^w^**!' "!? "'""'^ '"" the Indian Ocoan on 
 the W. Side of the island of Sumatra • al.out'l -0 
 m' es m circumference. It abound , if ..tu 
 and presents an enchanting vcnlure Tho i^.h-,' 
 
 NaSSUCK. a fnurn «f li:...i.„, . ,, 
 
 < Nata, b seaport of Terra Fi;ma. in the pro- 
 
 th«Zf f «"•""= "^"^^ '■" ^ fertile country on 
 Ltr8f.%Tat:^«%t'^«-^-^^'"« 
 
 miles m length, and near the middle is a river 
 
 Eir29':&'*'^'"™°~- w^s 
 
 Natchez, a town of the state of MississipDi- 
 m Adam's county; with a strong fort It il 
 seated on the Mississippi, 520 miles W of S- 
 vnnna, and 320 miles above New Organs' ifl 
 
 Tnrkr"*' "^ A'''^''""' « P'-ovince of Asiatic 
 lurkey; comprising the W uartof A«;.. lu- 
 
 the whole.of Vhich is somet'Ss called Jl'u.:' 
 n„%"l^' "'^""t 400 miles in TengtMrSi N 
 E. to S. W.,and 370 miles from E. to W ' i' 
 
 18 at Kutaiah resiutnce of the bey 
 
 Naumbero, a town of Germ.inv ;„ ir 
 gi^oUtuateonthoEidofrS^.^I:^? 
 
 ot a duchy of the same name ThSa g^S 
 citadel anditscathedml is remarkable for ^ 
 Thorl^f ' l"""i'"g'"'""l subterranean chaje 
 
 NAUMnuRca town of Prussian Silesia in flm 
 
 JJ,%^;"'^-,*'^'«N^^oui;r Romania. 
 Ar.f!fY ' ? *,"'? ."'^ ^'■^■''""'. in the county of 
 S fi:o'n'"^ "' the conflux .if the Blackwater 
 
 SUs^Ctt^l^tK^k 
 I! rentn, and Russians, in i ((07 "^ t. . ^» °"; 
 
 on a hill ; 10 miles N hv P ;«• i , ^"''^'"^ 
 88 S W ftf r,.,' 7u T y ^■'- °' Moilon, and 
 6. n! "'■'• ^°"g- 21. -'5. E. iJt. 37. 
 
 NAVAUnE. a nrQvin/>/» «/■ o--? i - - , 
 
 CTeatcr mrt nf f^o ■ fP'""' containing the 
 iTi, 7^'^ -. , """''"* kingdom of Navarro 
 
 " area of oaJr^' ""'^ '" '^''''''' «""'-« 
 an area of 2475 square miles. Poi>. 230 000 
 
 lh„u«h a mountainous country, ablimldS ?„ 
 
 ^ i 1 
 
■■■ 
 
 If 
 
 if I 
 
 lUi 
 
 I 1' f 
 
 
 Hi 
 liii i 
 
 f- 
 
 NAV S03 
 
 gHftie and iron mines, some valleys produce 
 good corn and exccUont wine, pmnpel-na is 
 tiie capital. 
 
 Navauhe, New, a former province of Mesico, 
 now divided into various modern intendancies. 
 Navabrkins, a town of Fronce ; dei)artment 
 of Lower i'yrcncHJB, on the Gave d'Oleron ; 36 
 miles S. E. of Uayonne. 
 _ Navjqator's Islamw, a cluster of ten islands 
 m the Pacific Ocean ; discovered by Bougain- 
 ville, and exploreil by Perouse in 17»7. They 
 are called by the natives Opoun, Leone, Fan- 
 foue, Muouna, Oyalava, Calinasse, Pola, Shika, 
 Ossamo, and Ouero. Opoun thi, most southerly 
 Wideasterly of these islands, lies in long. 169, 
 7. W, lat. 14. 7. S. Maouna, Oyalava, and 
 Pohi, may be numbered among the largest and 
 Wost beautiful islands of the South Pacific. 
 Ihey combine the advantages of a soil fertile 
 without culture, and a climate that renders 
 clothing unnecessary. The inhabitants are a 
 strong and lusty race ; scarcely a man is to be 
 seen among them less than six feet high, and 
 the women are in i)roportion. In disposition they 
 are thievish, treacherous, and ferocious Their 
 villages areaituate on creeks, by the seaside, and 
 have no paths between them ; so that thev pass 
 from one to another in their canoes : and thus 
 they are almost constantly on the water. Their 
 canoes, houses, &c., are well constructed ; and 
 they are much more advanced in internal 
 Hlicy than any of the islands in this ocean. 
 oee Maouna. 
 
 Naxia, or Naxos, an island in the Grecian 
 Archii)elago, 15 miles in length and 50 in cir, 
 cumference. It is fertile in grain, wine, oil, 
 cotton, and silk, and its phuns abound with 
 orange, ohve, lemon, cedar, citron, jjomegranntc. 
 fig, and mulberry trees. It is inhabited both 
 by Greeks and Latins, and has e great many 
 viUagcs : but the population of the whole island 
 does not exceed 10,000. The highest moun- 
 tem IS Zla, which signifies the mountain of 
 Jupiter ; but there are no antiquities, ex- 
 cept some small remains of a temple of 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Naxia, the capital of the above island, and 
 one of the most beautiful places in the Archi- 
 pelngo. It hiui two archiepiscopal sees, the one 
 Greek and the other Latin. Here is no harbour 
 but the trade is considerable in barley, wine' 
 Pil, figs, cotton, silk, flux, cheese, si.lt, oxen! 
 sheep, and mules. It stands on the S. side of 
 the island, and is defended by a castle. Lone 
 85. 3.>. E. lat, 37. 8. N. "* 
 
 Navakanaiiully, a large square town of 
 Hindostan, in Mysore, with a citadel in the 
 centre, both strongly fortified witii mud walls. 
 Jn the town a wide street extends alt round, and 
 has short lanes on each side. It has a manuluc- 
 ture of coarse cotton cloth, and in the vicinity 
 are many palm gardens, It is 34 miles S. W, 
 of Sem. 
 
 Nazaheth, or Naszera, a town of Palestine 
 celebrated as the residence of Christ, in the ea'ly 
 part of his life. The Latin convent is sjxicious, 
 and the church is, after that at Jerusiilem, the 
 ^p.i^t in L/.Ia. Fail, about 3000. oO uiUei* N. 
 si.h. of Jerusalem. 
 
 NEE 
 
 NASARETH,a town of Pennsylvania, in North 
 ampton county, and a settlement of the Mora- 
 vians, 10 miles N. of Bethlehem, and 63 N. by 
 W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Naz^, or LiNpENE»s, the most scathem pro- 
 ""•"t^ny of Norway. Lon;^. 7. 20. E. lat, 67. 
 
 Neaoh, Lough, a lake of Ireland, 20 miles 
 long, and 15 broad, lying in the counties of 
 Armagh, Down, Antrim, Londonderry, andTy. 
 rone, The river Bann flows through it. 
 
 Neath, a corporate town of Wales, in Gla.^ 
 morganshire, with markets on Wedni 'ny and 
 Sat ;mhiy, In the neighbourhood are iron forges, 
 smelting works for popper, and coal mines, and 
 on the other side of the river are the extensive 
 remains of an abbey. A great quantity of coal 
 js exported hence in pmall vessels. It is seated 
 on vhe river Neath, near the Bristol Channel ; 
 27 miles S. W. o*" Brecknock, and 190 W, of 
 London. 
 
 Neath, a river of Walei, which rises in 
 Brecknockshire, and runs through Glamorgan- 
 shire, by the town of Neath, into the Bristol 
 Channel. 
 
 Neb, a river in the Isle of Man, whjph runs 
 into the Irish Sea at Peel Castle. 
 
 Nedra, a town of Prussian Saxony j in Thii. 
 ringia ; on the Unstrut ; 12 miles N. N. W. of 
 Naumburg, 
 
 Neck Alt, a river of Germany; which rises 
 in Wirtembcrg, flows by Ilothwiel, Tubingen, 
 Esslmgen, Ileilbron, an ) Heidelberg, and en- 
 ters the Rhine at Manheim. Tliis river gives 
 name to three departments of Wirtemberg, 
 Upper, Lower, and Middle, and also to the 
 two following circles. 
 
 NecKab, a circle of the grs.nd duchy of Ba, 
 den ; comprehending that part of the Lower 
 I'ulatinate lying to the E. of the Ithine. Man- 
 heim is the capital. 
 
 Neckar, one of the four circles of Wirtemr 
 berg ; comprehending the W. nart of the kingr 
 dom, according to the division made in 18ia. 
 Pop. "Jiao. 
 
 Neckargemund, a town of Baden ; on the 
 Neckar ; 5 miles E. of Heidelberg. 
 
 Neckahsulm, a town of V'irtemberg ; seated 
 at the conflux of the Neckiur and Sulm ; 5 
 miles N. of Ileilbron, 
 
 Nedroma, a town of Algiers j in the pro- 
 vince of Mascara ; surrcunded with magnificent 
 ruins. It is 50 miles W, S. W, of Oran. Lone. 
 0. 38. W. lat. 35, 40. N. 
 
 Nedsjed, an extensive province of Arabia; 
 bounded N. by the desert of Syria, E. by 
 Lachsij, S. by Hadramaut and Yemen, and \V. 
 by Heilajaz. The soil is various, and in many 
 parts very fertile, The Bedouins inlinh'> ^ 
 great part of this province; the remainder is 
 mountainous, and contains a great number of 
 towns, almost every one of wliich has its own 
 chief. 
 
 Needham, a town in Suffolk, with a market 
 o'l Wednesday; stated n the Orwell; 9 miles 
 N. W. of Ipswich, and 74 N. E. of London. 
 
 NekBI^M. a cluster of roeks in thn Enff!i«U 
 
 Channei, at the W, end of the isle of Wight ; 
 Bo called from their height uud aliurp cxtremi- 
 
Ivania, in North 
 nt of the Morn- 
 n, and 63 N. l>y 
 
 st Bcathem pro- 
 . 20. E. lat, 57. 
 
 <?l|ind, 20 miles 
 the counties of 
 nderry, and Ty. 
 rough it. 
 Wales, in Gla» 
 Vedni 'ay and 
 1 are iron forges, 
 coal mines, and 
 i the extensive 
 uantity of conl 
 Is. It is seated 
 rjstol Channel ; 
 jnd 190 W. of 
 
 rhich rises in 
 gh Glamorgon- 
 ito the iiristol 
 
 an, whiph nin8 
 
 xonyj in Thiu 
 ffl N. N. W. of 
 
 fi which rises 
 iel, Tubingen, 
 Iberg, and cn- 
 his river gives 
 Wirtemberg, 
 id also to the 
 
 duchy of Ba» 
 of the Lower 
 Ilhine. Man- 
 es of Wirtemr 
 rt of the kingr 
 lade in 1818, 
 
 aden ; on the 
 
 nberg; seated 
 and ISulm ; & 
 
 J in the pro- 
 ih nagniticcnt 
 Oraiu Long, 
 
 te of Arabia ; 
 Syria, E. by 
 jmcn, and T/. 
 and in many 
 ins inhobi* < 
 remainder is 
 ut number of 
 I has its own 
 
 vith a market 
 tvell i 9 miles 
 if London. 
 1 the English 
 sle of Wight ; 
 lurp cxtremt- 
 
 ifEE 
 
 S03 
 
 NEI 
 
 ii.?" Kn".T S " ''^''thouse. Long. 1. 33. W. 
 lai. 50. 44. N. 
 
 • f^««'?=Enow, one of the Sandwich Islands, 
 in the IV. Pacific ; 6 leagues W. of Atooi. The 
 *-. coMt u high, and rises abruptly from the 
 «ea ; the rest of it consisU of low ground, ex- 
 cept a round bluff head on the S. E. p^int. 
 Long. 160. 15. W. lat. 21. 60. N. 
 
 Neerwinden, a village of Belgium ; in N. 
 Brabant j a little N. by W. of Landc-n. Hence 
 the two celebrated battles of Lnnden are some- 
 times called by the name of Neerwinden. See 
 Landen. 
 
 9A^''T' c? ^"^r °^ *''« kingdom of Tunis ; 
 ^^^'^"^ S. by W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 25. E. 
 
 ^i ^??*^/r3;**' ^ "^''y <>f Hindostan ; in the 
 district of Tanjore, on the coast of Coromandel. 
 ihe port IS not extraordinary; but most, of the 
 diffm nt nations in India are here settled, and 
 trade under the protection (,f the fort. It is 
 50 miles E. of Tanjore, and 106 S. by W. of 
 Madras. Long. 79. 56. E, lat. 10. 46. N. 
 
 Nkgaka, a town of the isle of Borneo ; capital 
 ot the kingdom of Banjermassing ; situate on 
 the K side of the river Banjer ; 60 miles N. of 
 LU 1*0 "s ^"•'®'™*«*'"S- J^°»S- 114. 0, E. 
 
 . ,^*°"""p' a *«»Port on the W. coast of the 
 isle ot Ceylon; with a fort built by the Portu- 
 guese. It was taken in 1640 by the Dutch 
 who evacuated it to the English in 1 796 It i^ 
 7 20 N ^' "*" ^"^'"°'"'- ^""K- 7^- 55- E. lat. 
 Neorais, an island on the E. side of the Bay 
 Jrf Bengal ; at the mouth of the Bassien river 
 the most western branch of the Irrawaddy:' 
 with an excellent harbour. Long. 94. SO. E. 
 lat. 16. 0. N. It gives iu name to a district 
 adjoining, containing 9000 square miles, and a 
 population of 80,000. 
 
 Negril Point, the most westerly promon- 
 
 w^.^f 1 ,f f l"";l "^ ■^"•"ftica. Long. 78. 23. 
 ". int. in. 17. N. 
 
 Neoko, Cape, a promontory of Africa; on 
 the coast of Benguela ; being the most southerly 
 country to which the Europeans usually resort to 
 purchase slaves. Long. 1 1. 40. E. lat. 16. 15. N. 
 
 Negroland, or NiouiTiA, a large country in 
 the interior of Africa, through which the river 
 Niger flows from W. to E. it is called by 
 the Arobs, Soudan, a word of similar import 
 to the iMiropeau appellation, signifying the 
 Land of the Blacks. It extend'? from lont'. 10 
 W. to 27. K., and from lat. 10. to 25! N • 
 being bounded on the N. by the Zahara, and 
 the mountains which 8->;. ,,r jf fr„n, the states 
 of Bnrbarj-, on the F. 1 . jN i- i i and Abyssinia, 
 
 ""/ai? .^' ^7 p°"»''' ■"' "-' -own .ind Guinea, 
 and W. by Guinea, Fou i- , ..;ui Zahnra. Of this 
 vast country little is Known, more than the 
 iiaraesof snmeof the towns and great kingdoms 
 of w.uch It IB composed. Some parts, piticu- 
 larly on the river Niger, aie sjiid to be exceed- 
 ingly fertile ; other parts are represented as 
 sandy and^ desert. The principal territory 
 Tinor.ii 13 ijuroou. Titc gi-nerui ciiaracter of 
 Uie negroes, who are the iuimbitants q! this re- 
 
 gion fa that of levity. They do not appear to 
 want the feelings of humanity, nor arc thev 
 more destitute of sagacity than other people of 
 an equal degree of education ; but, as their 
 ojuntry supplies them with food by a very 
 sUifit degree of industry, and there is little ot' 
 casjon for dothingamid the heat of their cli- 
 mate, they have a general habit of seeking pre- 
 sent pleasure, and no care for the future The 
 only necessary of life that appears to be defi- 
 cient, IS salt, which is the more wanted amonir 
 them, in consequence of their subsisting chiefly 
 on vegetable food ; and it is a proverbial ex- 
 pression of a man's riches, to say that he eats 
 salt with his food. This important article thoy 
 ?'^il^ ^ml" ^'"*"'' ^y ca-avans of trading 
 Arabs. They also receive arms, hardware, 
 glasses, and trinkets from the W., by the Euro^ 
 (Srnvt '" *''«,'?terior,bythc caravans of 
 Uxiro, lexzai), and Morocco. For these thev 
 
 teeth. The kind of government that exisU 
 among the negro nations is by no means uni- 
 torm. Many districts are governed by a num- 
 ber of independent petty chiefs, who are en- 
 gaged in frequent wars with each other. In 
 other p.aces, the talents of individual chieftains 
 have been able to reiluce considerable tracts of 
 territory under their dominion ; and hence 
 some flouruhmg towns have sprung up. Many 
 of the towns are fortr^od with ditches and high 
 walls. Domestic slavery prevails in a very 
 great degree among oil the negro states. When 
 the tropical niins fall, or o'e so deficient that 
 the sun bums up the face of the country, it is 
 not uncommon for parente to sell their chil- 
 dren, and even themselves, for bread. A tree 
 man may also lose his liberty by being taken 
 i' wner m war, or on account of the crimes of 
 murder and sorcery; and also 'n consequence 
 of insolvency. The knowledge of the negroes, 
 with regard to religion and all speculative sub^ 
 jectc, IS extremely limited ; but they have much 
 superstition, and are implicit believers in witch- 
 craft and magic. 
 
 Negropont. or Egripos, an island in the 
 Grecian Archipelago ; 100 miles in length, and 
 18 m breadth ; anciently called Eubcea. It is 
 near the N. cojist of Livadia, and separated 
 from It by the strait of Eurijius, over which is a 
 bridge. It abounds in com, wine, oil, and 
 fruits. Pop. 60,000. 
 
 NegroponT; a strong city; capital of the 
 above island, and an archbishop's see ; with 
 a good harbour. The walls of the city are 
 24 miles in circumference, but the suburbs 
 are much larger. It is seated on a strait of the 
 f«,')J''^name; 30 miles N. E. of Athens, and 
 
 Pop. 16,000. 
 
 260 S. W. of Constantinople, 
 Long. 24. 8. E. lat. 38. 30. N. 
 
 Neiiavend, a town of Irsk, in Persia ; famous 
 for a battle fought near It, between the caliph 
 Omar and Yex Degerd, king of Persia, in 638, 
 when the latter lost his life and kingdom. It 
 IS 200 miles N. W. of Ispahan. Long. 48. 10. 
 E. lat. 34. 20, N.. b ' 
 
 Neioenderg, a town of Pmssia, in the go- 
 vcnimcnfc of Koaigsburgs with a castle on a 
 
 •'rut 
 ""•'I ii 
 
■K« 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 
 m ^f 
 
 NEI 
 
 504 
 
 NET 
 
 Long. 20 
 
 monntaln ; 75 miles E. of Culm 
 20. E. lat, 53. 21 S. 
 
 Nkidenstktn, a town of Germany, in Hcaao 
 CasBel ; 9 milca S. S. W. of Cnflsel, 
 
 Neira, one of the Banda Islands, and the 
 seat of their government. It has a gpacioua 
 harbour, but difficult to be entered ; and ships 
 anchor under the cannon of two forts. Lone. 
 129. 30. E. lat. 4. SO, S. 
 
 N>!issE, a city of Prussian Silesia, in tho go- 
 Ternment of Oppoln. It is a place of great 
 strength, and one of tho finest towns in Silesia. 
 Tlir inhabitants carry on a considcrablo trade 
 in Imens and wine. This plnco -vas taken in 
 1741 by the Prussians ; in 1807 it aurrendered 
 to the French; and was finaHv ceded to 
 PrusBia in 1814. K is seated on a'liver of tho 
 same namej 48 miles S. by E. of Breslau. 
 Long. 17. 20. E. lat. 50. 24. N. 
 
 Neitra, a town of Hungary, and ti bishop's 
 Bee ; with a castle and a college. It is situate on 
 a river of tho same name, 34 miles N, of Grnn 
 
 Nelisuram, a town of Hindo8t;iru on tile 
 W. coast, 33 miles N, E. of Mangaloro, and 40 
 •N. W. of TeliirVjrry, 
 
 Nkllenbijho, a former landgraviate of 
 Suabia ; now belonp'ng to Baden. 
 
 Neilenburi), a town of Wirtemberg; for- 
 merly the capital of b land^raviatc) of Suabia, 
 with a citadel on a mount i.. r 22 miles N. of 
 Constance. Long. 9. 6. E. lat. 47. 57. N. 
 
 Nellore, a town and fortress of Hindostan, 
 In the Carnartic, near the Pennar ; 85 miles N by 
 W of Madras. Long. 79. 57. E. lat. 14. 26. N. 
 Nem^, a village of Greece, in the Morea : 
 20 inilej; S. W. of Corinth j anciently cele- 
 brated for ita gamesj now a miserable place. 
 
 Nemours, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Mame j with an old castle • 
 seated on the Loing, between two hilU; 45 
 milfcs S. S. E. of Paris. Pop. 3800. 
 
 New, a rives which rises in the W. part of 
 Northamptonshire, becomes navigable at North- 
 ampton, and runs into the Lincolnshire Wash. 
 
 Nenaoii, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 TipperaTy; with a castle, seated on the branch 
 
 .^'ifn^r"""''" ' ^^ °"'<'« N. E. of Limerick, 
 an 1 23 N. of Ciishel. ' 
 
 Neocastr*, a town and fort of Romania ; on 
 
 the Strait of Constantinople ; 12 rules N. of 
 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Neot's, St. a town in Huntingdonshire, with 
 
 a market on Thursday, and a considerable trade 
 
 m coal ; seated on the Ouse over which is a 
 
 strong bridge ; 9 miles S. S. W. of Iluntine- 
 
 don, and 50 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Neoundoh, a town of Birmah ; with manu- 
 
 neturea of japanned ware ; seated on the Irra- 
 
 waddy; 4 miles N. N. E. of Pagahm, 
 
 Nepaul, a kingdom of Northern Hindostan • 
 
 bounded N. by the Himalaya Mountains, S. by 
 
 the provinces of Bahar, Oude, and Delhi, E. by 
 
 JBootan and the territory of the rajah of Si Kim. 
 
 The soil is productive, and in some jilaccs 
 
 yields two crops in the year. The mountains 
 
 of Nepaul contain mines of copper and iron ; 
 
 and, although commerce is not encoumced. it 
 
 genja ♦« 11 1 -• . .° ! 
 
 tKt, boatura cmnamon, cardumums, wuluats, 
 
 &c. ; and takes, in return, muslins and silk< <rf 
 Bengal, carpets, spices, tobacco, nnd European 
 goods. In 1814, in consequence of tho re- 
 peated encroachments of tho Nepaulero, tho 
 British invaded their territories, and dictated 
 to them a treaty of peace in 181C. By this 
 treaty Nepaul is limited on the W, to the river 
 Uogra ; the British have gained possession of 
 the province of Kumaon, and a British envoy 
 constantly sesides at Katmandoo, the capital 
 of Nepaul. Pop. 2,000,000. 
 
 Nepean Island, a small island in the South 
 1 acific, opposite Port Hunter, on the S. coast 
 of Norfolk Island. 
 
 Nepi, a town of Italy, in the papal states, 
 remarkable for some Roman niins, and a fine 
 modern aqueduct, seated on tho TriKlia : 20 
 miles N. of Rome. 
 
 NzRAC, a town of France, department of Lot- 
 et-Garonne, divided by the river Baise into 
 Great and Little Nerac. In the feudal times 
 this was the residence of the lords of Albert, 
 whose stupendous castle is now in ruins. It i« 
 16 miles W..S. W. of Agen, and 67. S. E. of 
 Bordeaux. 
 
 Nerbudda, a river of Hindostan, which 
 issues from a lake on the S. confines of tho pro- 
 vince of Allahabad, flows W. for 700 miles, and 
 enters the Gulf of Cambay below Baroach. 
 
 Neresiieim, a town of Wirtcmburg, with a 
 iate Benedictine abbey, on a mountain, whose 
 abbot was a prelate of the empire. It is 15 
 miles W. N. W. of Donawert. 
 
 Nerici\, a province of Sweden, bounded by 
 ^5udermania, Westmania, Wermlimd, and W. 
 and E. Gothland. It .is now included in the 
 government of Orebro. 
 
 Neronde, a town of .France, department of 
 Loire ; 24 miles W. of Lyons. 
 
 Nerondes, a town in the department of 
 Cher; 19 miles E. S. E. of Bourges, 
 
 Nertsciiinsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a 
 province of tho same name, in the government 
 of Irkutsk, with a fort. The adjacent country is 
 mountainous, but yields excellent pasture for 
 cattle, and there are some considerable lead 
 and silver mines. It is seated at the confluence 
 of the Nercha with the ShiJka ; 440 miles E. of 
 Irkutsk. 
 
 Nesle, a town of France, department of 
 Somme, on the Lingon ; 25 miles E, S. E. of 
 Amiens, and 66 N. by E. of Paris. 
 
 Ness, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Invemcss- 
 Bhire, 23 miles long, and from one to two broad. 
 J-iie depth is very considerable, and the high 
 hills on each side present a delightful view of 
 wood, pasture, cultivated lands, and rugged pre- 
 cipices. It was agitated in an extraordinary 
 manner during the great earthquake at Lisbon, 
 in 1 755. Its outlet, at the N. extremity, is tho 
 river Ness, which runs into Murray Frith, below 
 Inverness. 
 
 Nestved, a town of Denmark, in the island 
 of Zealand, 38 miles S. W. of Copenhagen. 
 
 Netherlands, or Holland, a kingdom' of 
 iiurope, bounded on tho W. and N. by the 
 ucrman Ocean. E. by Hanover, nnd S. by Be!^ 
 Kium It 18 divided into ten iirovinccs, vii. 
 North and South Holland, Zealand, Utro^sht, 
 
 I) i 
 

 NET 
 
 505 
 
 IS nnd sillu ot 
 md European 
 CO of the re- 
 epaulese, tho 
 nnd dictated 
 lie. By this 
 f. to the river 
 possession of 
 [iritish envoy 
 , the capital 
 
 in the South 
 the S. coast 
 
 papal states, 
 
 9, nnd a fine 
 
 Triglia ; 20 
 
 ment of Lot- 
 ' liaise into 
 feudal times 
 la of Albert, 
 niins. It is 
 67. S. E. of 
 
 Stan, which 
 8 of the pro- 
 
 miles, and 
 aroach. 
 )urg, with n 
 itain, whoso 
 . It is 15 
 
 bounded by 
 nd, and W. 
 ded in tho 
 
 partment of 
 
 artment of 
 
 capital of a 
 ;overninent 
 t country is 
 pasture for 
 erable lead 
 confluence 
 miles E. of 
 
 irtment of 
 E, S. E. of 
 
 Inverness- 
 two broad. 
 
 1 the high 
 il view of 
 Jgged prc- 
 riordinary 
 at Lisbon, 
 ity, is tho 
 ith, below 
 
 the island 
 agen. 
 igdom of 
 r. by the 
 
 ices, vi7, 
 Utrotiht, 
 
 Oelderland, Overyssel, Drenthe, GroninRcn 
 Jriesland, nnd North Brabant. The cup t" Us 
 
 wZl'^^^i, ''"' ^^°- "^"^ «f«"vernment Lt the 
 Hague. The nrea u 11.61(1 square miles, and 
 the number of inhabitants 2,445,650. The sur- 
 &ce of the country is uncommonly level, and ^ 
 
 aows of the freshest verdure. The maritime 
 provmces have undergone great physicaTrevX! 
 
 ments of the sea, along with the changes in the 
 ^urseof the Rhine. So lately as the'llth en! 
 f^^'A ^^'" salt-water hike was suddenly 
 formed to the S. E. of Dort, which overwhelmed 
 72v,llages,andl00,000 inhabitants aresuppo^el 
 if ,S drS'*^- , ^? •P'''^*^"' the recurrence 
 Scure tte !"' c.ilamuies, the Dutch began to 
 
 Treat riS™ wTl "' "'"^ ^^^ "^""^s of the 
 great rivers, by dykes or mounds of earth the 
 erection of which has been justly S'ered 
 one of the greatest efforts of ^^^"1^ 
 The chma tern the maritime provinces is humid 
 
 ine summers are warmer, and tho winters 
 colder than in England. Tile soil is i^ g^enem" 
 
 wUh^„ T'"""'' ^Z^"" longpros^ecuted 
 with care and success. TJie principal produc- 
 tions are corn, flax, hemp, tobLco, hops^mad: 
 der, and fruit. Cattle are reared in Kre!.t num 
 bers and vast quantities of excellent butter a^d 
 cheese are made for exj)ortation. The principal 
 
 nn^TV^" ^'""°' ^^i'h its different bmnches 
 and the Maese. These rivers and the rnuiu' 
 
 acted it "'"' ""•'^'', "-^ -untfy'lT,: e : 
 sected, afford an easy and safe navigation nnf 
 only to all parts of the kingdom, but" o u"; W 
 of Germany, the N. of France, and even to 
 Switzerland. The lakes are c-om nar^frv . u 
 mcon.ider.bIe , the principal is thrf'Erot 
 which It 18 proposed to drain. Burin-' scveri 
 centuries the Netherlands took theL ofll 
 the neighbouring states, both in tra<le and manu- 
 SLtTe'i?^''""'"/ "«"""•'. t"e lace of Brus- 
 sels, the leather of L.ego, tlie woollens of Ley- 
 den and Ltrecht, and the silks of AmsterdS^ 
 
 the mi f"'"^'^- ^''"" *'"''^ situation,!? 
 
 trade ""t„^' '*=""?»' '■»;• «" -'.Tly and extensive 
 1^, w • *, "i' u '":' "* '"•^'^^'■'' emploved by the 
 Dutch in the fisheries, particularly the herring 
 
 rest ^^ F*^'^ '" ''■'•^''^ '''''"^'^^ t''"t "f H" thf 
 rest of Europe At a later dute came their 
 
 iZt^ ''"T?/ °" ^"''-"'"'ive transactions with 
 America and tho coast of Guinea. The com- 
 
 w„T,°f 'r'' 'T'^y' h°*^'-'^'-'^ experienccTa 
 woeful dechne after its connexion with France! 
 me new constitution resembles, in manv re- 
 spects, that of Great Brifiin ; though iUilso 
 
 JJuZTl"' V^° ^'^'""^ government of the 
 
 United States of America, m consequence of the 
 
 ong existence of provincial customs, particu- 
 
 larly among the Dutch. The royal power l 
 
 of'V.rt"-^""'i'^'^f^'«'^"-oie,wXthe 
 title of the King of Holland. The pari iamen is 
 divided into two houses, the uppe? l^Zcl 
 
 NEU 
 
 house the memben of both being pn!d for their 
 ^^"•Jan^?;^ The supreme courts 1 at tl^ 
 Hague. The Dutch have been lonK d stin! 
 f,Tf «!« « Jaboriou. and pcn«vering^Se 
 ^LiT^ of enterprise, but led much moro 
 "r^'y th'»n the English and Americans into 
 mi^mble speculations of doubtful succe^ 
 Calvinism IS the established religion , but there 
 are no political disqualifications on account of 
 of fJTl.'^r''- ?e earliest account, we have 
 n^rn f°^l °^ *•"" *=°"n''y "e from the 
 Komans, by whom all the southern and central 
 part was conquered,andcaned by them Belgium. 
 
 came into the possession of the House of Bur- 
 ?f Au.?nf' Z?""2«^P""^ '" Maximilian 
 unlttd th^iT***^''-"^ "^"'^ V. The latter 
 hUrlii }l provinces into one state; but the 
 Sril^f., ""^ *^™"."^ °f ^^ «>" Philip II. pro- 
 
 unde?fJ,„ « °'^' *^"' *"'^*'^«^ continued 
 under the Spamsh crown till 1702,'when Louta 
 
 of Rlm^n'"^'^ possession ; but after the battle 
 
 bL^h? 'f '".u'^"^'*''^ Netherlands were 
 brought under the power of the allies nnd 
 
 Kh? V'i^7.,^.rr' ^ "- J-- "' 
 
 utreclit. In 1741 the French, under Marshal 
 Saxe. recovered what the preceding geneSn 
 had lost, but at the peace of AixiSSe 
 
 79oTh«'ir'"r«"'" ''''°''^ *» Austria'^ In 
 lands ''i^^"'-'^ T-'™" *'"' ^""t""" Nether" 
 i70^h f ^.'"''''/"'^" ""' °^ the country i„ 
 1793 but returned in 1794. and subdued ever? 
 part of It; and m 1795 decreed it, with the te^ 
 mones of Liege and Upper Gelderiand an 
 "ntegralpartof the French republic. To thS 
 country they gave the name if Belgium and 
 divided ,t mto nine compartments; but, in I0T4 
 
 all tliat part which formerly belonged to Aus- 
 tria and Holland; and the 17 provinces were 
 united, and formed into an indepenln state 
 In November, 1815, the French al^ cedet some 
 run .er districts, and two fortresses, toThe C 
 tntr!a.ds,- and in ]830. the southern orC ,ho^^ 
 pr.>s..ices threw off the yoke they had a wavs 
 borne w.tl, uneasiness, and formed a new kT/ 
 
 (Xhte) •'"-' """™' "-'' "^ ^--- 
 
 G|^!S;s^.^'ifliSr^. - ">e 
 
 Nettuno, 3 town of Italy, in the states of 
 he church, near the ruins of the ancient If 
 
 £'E:o'ftr"'°''''^"°^"""^-^-"e^s: 
 
 Neubuho, called also the Younger Palatf 
 me, ftrmerlyaduchyofthe German empire' 
 but now incorporated in the Ba-arian circles of 
 Upper Danube and Regen * *** 
 
 Neuiiuro, a town of Germany, in Bavaria 
 
 decaV Th. f"f":i';at.ons are chiefly gone to 
 £ a lud of V " l^^' huilding, „^.i con- 
 S por ri ts ,??'75'^'"fy «i=^e, embellished 
 
 a 13.K.I..t;i«"7i 1&- i^op-^OuO. i.ong. 
 
 i 13. E. lat. 48. 43. N. 
 
 HI 
 
 f 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 Jl 
 
 til 
 
 ' li M 
 
 11114; 
 
NEU 
 
 506 
 
 NEU 
 
 I IV 
 
 'H 
 
 Nkbbdro, a town of Bavarin, seated on the 
 Schwana ; 19 miles E. S. E. of Amberg. 
 
 Nkuchateau, a town of France, department 
 of Vosges ; seated in a soil fertile in corn mid 
 Cood wine, on the river Meuse ; 25 miles S. W. 
 of Nancy. Pop. 2700. 
 
 Nkuchateau, a town of Belgium, in Luxem- 
 buig 16 miles S. W. of Bastogne, and 30 
 W. N. W. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Neuchatel, or Neupciiatbl, a canton of 
 Switzerland, between the lake of Neuchatel and 
 the borders of France. It is a hilly country, and 
 is watered by several lakes and rivers. The soil 
 is not equally fertile ; but there are largo vine^ 
 yards that produce white and red wine of excel- 
 lent quality. The pastures on the mountains 
 feed a great number of cattle, and there are 
 plenty of deer in the forests. The inhabitants 
 are Protestants, except in the two districts of 
 Landeron and Crcssier, where the Catholics are 
 predominant. This district, along with that of 
 Vallengin, was formerly a separate principality. 
 On the death oftheduchess of Nemours, in 1707, 
 the sovereignty was claimed by Frederic I. of 
 Prussia, as heir to the Prince of Orange, and his 
 right was acknowledged by the states of the 
 country, whose privileges and alliances he con- 
 firmed. In 1806 Neuchatel was ceded by the 
 king of Prussia to the French marshal Berthier, 
 and the grant was confirmed by Napoleon. In 
 1814 it was rescued from this subjection, and 
 the Congress of Vienna acknowledged it a Swiss 
 canton, though the nominal sovereignty of 
 Prussia was preserved. Area, 340 square miles. 
 It contains 60,000 inhabitants, who use the 
 French language. 
 
 Nkuchatel, the capital of the above canton, 
 situate partly on the plain between the lake of 
 Neuchatel and the Jura, and partly on the side 
 of that mountain. Tlie chief article of exporta- 
 tion is wine, produced from the neighbour- 
 ing vineyards, and much esteemed ; and it has 
 manufactures of printed linens and cottons. It is 
 25 miles N. E. of Lausaime, and 25 W. of Bern. 
 Pop. 5000. Long. 7. 0. E. lat. 47. 5. N. 
 
 Neucuatei,, a town of France, department 
 of Lower Seine, noted for excellent cheese ; 20 
 miles S. E. of Dieppe. Pop. 3000. 
 
 Neuchatel, a lake of Switzerland, about 20 
 miles long, and 4 broad. At the N. E. extre- 
 mity it has a communication with the Lake of 
 Biel, by a narrow outlet. 
 
 NEUFFEiN, a town of Germany, in Wirtem- 
 berg ; with a fortress called HoheneuiTeji ; 17 
 miles S. E. of Stutgard. 
 
 Neuhaus, a town of Bohemia, with a castle ; 
 27 miles E. by S. of Bechin. 
 
 Neuhaus, a town of Hanover, in the duchy 
 of Bremen, near the mouth of the Ostc. It 
 was once a place of great trade, but a sank-bank 
 arising in the harbour, at the entrance of the 
 Oste into the Elbe, it is now much less frc- 
 quented. It is 19 miles N. W. of Stade. Pop. 
 6200. 
 
 Neuhausel, a town of Hungary, seated in a 
 marshy plain, on the river Neitre ; 43 miles 
 E.S.E.ofPre8buig. 
 
 NEUKincHBN, a town of Germany, in Hesse 
 Cassel, on the river Fulda ; 32 miles S, S. E. ot 
 Cassel. 
 
 Nkumaoei», a town of the Prussian province 
 of Lower Rhine; seated on the Moselle; 17 miles 
 N. E. of Treves 
 
 Neuhark, a town of Bavaria ; on the river 
 Roth J 17 miles S. E. of Landschut. 
 
 Nkumahk, a town of Austrian Illyria; in Car- 
 niola; 2« miles N. W. of Laubach. 
 
 Neumahkt, a town of Bavaria, where the 
 French, in 1796, met with the first of that series 
 of defeats which led to their retreat across the 
 Rhine. It is seated on the Sulz; 19 miles S. 
 E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 2400. 
 
 NisuMARKT, a town of Prussian Silesia; near 
 which, at the village of Leuthen, the Prussians 
 gained a decisive victory over the Austrians, in 
 1767 ; 20 miles W. by N. of Breslau. 
 
 Neurode, a town of Prussian Silesia; in the 
 county of Glatz, on the river Wolitz; 10 miles 
 N. N. W. of Glatz. Pop. 3000. 
 
 Neus, a river of North Carolina, which enters 
 Pamtico Sound below Newborn, where it is a 
 mile and a half broad. 
 
 Neusatz, a strong town and fortress of Hun- 
 gary, formerly called Peterwardein Schanz. It 
 is the see of a Greek bishop, and stands on the 
 Danube, opposite Peterwardein in Sclavoniiw 
 Pop. 13,400. 
 
 Neuseidler, a lake of Hungary; 26 milet 
 long, and 10 broad, and 16 S. S. W. of Presbui^g. 
 It is almost surrounded by fens. In its vicinity 
 is the castle of Esterhazy, said to rival the palace 
 of Versailles in pomp. 
 
 Neusol, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's 
 sec, with an old castle, in which is a church 
 covered with copper. In the adjacent moun- 
 tains are extensive copper mines. It is seated 
 on the Gnm; 22 miles N. by E. of Schemnitz, 
 Pop. 10,000. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Austria, with a castle, 
 and an arsenal. I^ has the staple right over all 
 goods coming from Italy.. It stands on the 
 frontiers of Hungary;, 28 .miles S. by W. of 
 Vienna. Long. 16. 18. E. lat. 47. 60. N. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of 
 Lower Maine, formerly the capital of the lower 
 part of the principality of Bayreuth; with a 
 castle. The library belonging to the church 
 contains many curiosities. It stands on the 
 river Aisch; 32 miles E. S. E. of Wurtzburg, 
 Long. 10. 43. E. lat. 49. 38. N. 
 
 Neustatd, a town of the Bavarir.n circle of 
 Lower Maine; formerly in the pri .icipality of 
 Wurtzburg ; seated on the Saale; 16 miles N. 
 by E. of Schweinftirt. 
 
 Neustatd, a town of Wirtenburg; seated on 
 the Kocher; 12 miles N. N. E. of Heilbron. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, 
 capital of a circle of the same name. It has a 
 castle, two churches, and a mine office, and on a 
 mountain near it is another castle, called Arn- 
 shaug. It is seated on the Oria; 46 miles S. S. 
 W. of Leipsic. Long. 1 1. 49. E. lat. 50. 5, N. 
 Neustadt, a town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 vince of Brandenburg. Here are extensive 
 
any, in Hesse 
 ilea S. S. E. ut 
 
 ssian province 
 lello; 17 miles 
 
 on the river 
 
 t. 
 
 Ilyria; in Car- 
 
 I. 
 
 A, where the 
 
 t of that series 
 
 :at across the 
 
 !; 19 miles S. 
 
 Silesia; near 
 he Prussians 
 ^ustrians, in 
 lau. 
 
 iilesia; in the 
 itz; 10 miles 
 
 which enters 
 vhere it is a 
 
 resB of Hun- 
 Schanz. It 
 stands on the 
 n Sclavoniiu 
 
 y; 26 miles 
 of Presbui^g. 
 1 its vicinity 
 al the palace 
 
 id a bishop's 
 is a church 
 acent moun-' 
 It is seated 
 ' Schemnitz, 
 
 dth a castle, 
 ight over all 
 inds on the 
 1. by W. of 
 60, N. 
 the circle of 
 of the lower 
 ith; with a 
 the church 
 nds on the 
 Wurtzburg, 
 
 inn circle of 
 .icipality of 
 6 miles N. 
 
 ;; Seated on 
 ieilbron. 
 in Meissen, 
 i. It has !i 
 :e, and on a 
 called Arn- 
 miles S. S. 
 t. 50. 5. N. 
 in the pro- 
 3 extensive 
 
 NEU 
 
 kr"i?r„^°'"""C"*=*r« "' cloth and cut. 
 feoViS"" "•''""'' '^"»'' simile. 
 
 of Mnir-"^' • i"*" "^ Denmark, in the duchy 
 
 Njsustadt, a town of Germany in thn irmn-i 
 Neustadt a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 
 1 6 miles E. by N. of Ingolstadt. ' 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Bavaria, with a castle 
 
 Ambe,^" "'^' ^''^' 2' ™'^ N. N.T of 
 
 Neustadt, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Moravm; 10 miles N. W. of Olmutz. ^ 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Prussian Silesia in the 
 ;""f'P""y of Oppeln, with manufactues of 
 ln.en and woollen, and a trade in wines, seat^ 
 on the Prudnitz ; 14 miles S. E. of NeL^ 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Pilsenj 35 miles W. by S. of Pilsen 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Bohemia : 13 miles N. 
 Ji. of Konigmgratz. ' 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 TdS "' **"'•'■ ^'^ '°"«' ^- S- E of Dus! 
 
 N.'EiTra'Se.' *°"" "^ B^h^""-! 66 >"««« 
 Neustadtel, a town of Hungary, on the 
 
 Waag ; 52 miles N. N. E. of Presburg 
 Neuville. a town of France, depiStment of 
 
 Loiret; 11 miles N. N. E. of Orleanr 
 
 N. E.^'oTN^uchalr °' '"*"''"''' ' '"^- 
 Neuwied, a town of WestphaUa, capital of 
 the lower county of Wied; with a fin/^ le 
 lentz. ''"''^^^^''"^e; 7 miles N. W. ofTot' 
 
 Neva a river of Russia, which issues from 
 a Lake Ladoja, flows to Petersburg, where U 
 
 GuSnf V*1 'Ti'^ >™"'^'"^^«' ""'1 ^»'«" the 
 Suabi^ " ^^" ^' ^^" »^ii"'lein 
 
 Nevers, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Nievrc, and a bishop's see. It 
 18 built m the form of an nmphitlicatrc, and 
 contmns several fine buildings. TJie chief 
 manufactures are cliina, glass, and works of 
 
 *'??I?'*'xT- ' " ^'^^^ "" *''*-' ^""e, at the influx 
 of the Nievre, over which is a handsome bridge 
 
 pLp. 12.00^ ""^'^ ^' ^' '^' °^ **°"""»' 
 
 Nevi^, one of the Leeward Caribbee Islands. 
 
 m the West Indies; divided from the E. end of 
 
 ht. Christopher by a narrow channel. It has 
 
 hilt. nriA m/\.<..^«.V — !--• i • • -L ■\-- 
 
 ,."";""- •■"'". "•"'-•" w m the midUie. verv 
 
 high anu covered with largo treoa ud to the toil 
 
 SOJr 
 
 NEW 
 
 S?.!! 'V «''?i ^"% '""''*' "f '*"» """o nature a> 
 those of B.,th, m England. 1 1 i, a small island 
 
 rop. 10 000. Charleston is the capital on th« 
 
 w.i.t.srN"'^''^''^""- ^'S'«^.io! 
 
 Nevvn, or Newin, a town of Wale^ in Cuer- 
 narvonshirej with a market on Saturday. Here 
 
 c^^VVV?"*- ''«''» »"» triumplf on tl^ 
 conquest of Wales It is seated on St. Geowe^ 
 
 ?Wk^';^''„-fLir"^^-™™-^ 
 
 £:hSrs^bS-?^2rpti"s 
 
 «nH A • "k" ^1°"- " » 20 miles in length, 
 and 15 ,n breadth; and has advantages of sit^ia-' 
 tion. with respect to conveyance i^ water m^. 
 «age and vicinity to the dock-yardsi tupeX 
 
 ^ve'Ltf'S't' ^r«'-^ neUruToid 
 Btyeral places for shipping timber. It wm 
 
 ttriolnW"'^ t{;y (fonqueroJ and Z^ 
 win- ^ "^^^f '°"8e' than it is now. His son 
 W,lham Rufu« was killed in this forest Kn 
 
 glanced against a tree, the site of which is now 
 pointed out by a tiiangular stone. Several con^ 
 fiiderable towns and villages are now indud^ 
 m he forest The lord wSden is appoinS b^ 
 le ters patent, during the king's pleLre and 
 alUhe courts of jurisdiction L held at Lynd- 
 
 New River, an artificial river of England 
 originally brought from Amwell. in Hertford 
 
 SrwUhtf""' t 'h%-PP'y of the met 1 
 pons with water. It was finished in 1613 bv 
 Sir Hugh Middleton, a citizen of London who 
 expended his whole fortune in the undeKg? 
 It has since been carried up to a spring ne^ 
 Hertford, cal «1 Chadwell. where the strim^ 
 also incre_a8ed by a cut from the river Lea The 
 river, with all its windings, is 42 miles in kn^h 
 and is under the manag!^ent;S"oiratft 
 called the New River Company 
 
 N cZf ^„^«,^'''*"^^* good harbour on the 
 
 s::iLtritr'^""^«-^^-'-^'-^a 
 
 New Youk. See York, New. 
 
 £ro.t^„')^,tT'' * ^"'■""^'l '" Nottinghamshire; 
 go erned by a mayor, wit' a market on Wed- 
 nesday. It returns two members to parh-anVent. 
 Near the r ver are the splendid S of ita 
 ancient castle. The church, erected b^Henr? 
 
 dom Sr"^ T "f '^^ fi"^«t '» the king^ 
 dom. There are also three meeUng-houses for 
 di^ente™. and a catholic chapel. 'tLsSoo; 
 are a free grammar school, and subscripUon and 
 national schools. Here, in the midst of h^ 
 troubles, died King John and here Charli 1 
 
 Snus of £t ".' ^'^'^' P"' ''™«^^ ^" "the 
 £ nn / , ^'''°*''' '™^' ^^'^ afterwards gave 
 
 i t?J •"' ""T *'"'°^''^ Newark liHs a 
 goou trade m malt nr.^., „,.-1 -- • 
 
 jactures of .coars^-'li„7ns' a^llf lacriJoraTi 
 brasH foundries, extensive roperies, &e. Gyps^ 
 
 I I 
 
NKW 
 
 508 
 
 NEW 
 
 of • luperlor quality is found In tlio nelghfmur- 
 homl. It is wntod on tho Trent, over which is 
 a bridge; 17 miles N. E. of N(r inghnm, and 
 I'iO N. hy W. of London, l.oj.c. 0, 45. W. 
 lat. 63. 6. N. 
 
 Newark, a town of Now Jersey j cni>itnl of 
 Essex county ; with five churches and im ncn- 
 demy. It is colebrntwl for its cider, nnii Ims a 
 considerable mnnufucturo of sliocs. It stands 
 on the W.side of Pnssniek River, near its mouth 
 In Newark Bay; miles W. of New York. 
 Long. 74. 10. W, lat. 40. 40. N. 
 
 Newbkrn, a town of N. Carolina; in Craven 
 county; capital of a district of its name. Jt has 
 a considerable trade in Uir, pitch, turpentine, 
 timber, com, &c., and stands on a sandy point of 
 land, formed by tho conflux of the Neus and 
 Trent; 96 miles E. S. E, of llaleigh. I'oi). 'M'JO. 
 Long. 77. 3. W. hit. 35. 20, N. 
 
 Newburn, n maritime district of North Caro- 
 linn; comprehending tho counties of Carteret, 
 Jones, Craven, Beaufort, Hyde, I'itt, Wayne, 
 Glasgow, Lenoir, and Johnston. 
 
 NKwaoBouoH, or Gorey, n town of Ireland, 
 in the county of Wexford : 25 miles N. by E. 
 of Wexford. 
 
 Newduroh, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshiro; 
 with a good harbour on the Frith of Tay. Hero 
 tho largo vessels belonging to Perth unload 
 their goods into lighters. The principal manu- 
 facture is linen, and there is also a considerable 
 export of grain. It is 10 miles S. E. of Perth. 
 Newbuimjh, a town of Wales, in the isle of 
 Anglesey; governed by a mayor ; with a market 
 on Tuesday; 12 miles S. W. of Beaumaris, and 
 250 N. W. of London. 
 
 Newburoii, a town of New York, in Ornngo 
 county, on the W. side of Hudson River. Ships 
 of considerable burden may unload at the wharfs, 
 and many vessels are built here It is 32 miles 
 S. of Kingston, and 54. N. of Ne .v York. Popu- 
 lation, 8933. 
 
 Newbury, a town in Berkshire, governed by 
 a m.iyor; with a market on Tiuiiwlay. The 
 manufactures of druggets, shalloons, and broad 
 cloths, formerly very extensive, are greatly de- 
 clined; but a considerable trade is carried on by 
 means of the Kennet and Avon ciinal. Here is 
 a handsome parish church; also five mwting- 
 houscs, a charity school, and (i5 aimsiiouscs. 
 Two battles were fought near this town, between 
 Charles I. and the jmrliament, in 1R43 and 
 1644. It is seated on the Kennet; 20 miles S. 
 of Oxford, and 50' W. of London. 
 
 Newduiiy, a town of Vermont, in Orange 
 county; situate on tho Connecticut; 50 miles 
 N. N. E. of Windsor, and 00. E. S. E. of Bur- 
 lington. I'op. 257fi. 
 
 Newbury I'ort, a seaport of Massachuscts, 
 in Essex county, with seven churches aii'' a 
 court-house. Large quantities of rum are ins- 
 tilled here, and the inhabitants have a consider- 
 able trade with the W. Indies and the southern 
 states. The harbour is safe and commodious, 
 and the business of ship-building is carried on 
 largely. In 1811 the town suffered severely by 
 fire. It is situate on the river Alcrtimac; 2 roilca 
 
 from the son, md 35 N. N. E, of Ilosloii. Long. 
 70. 50. W. lat. 4 J. 48. N. Pop. 7101. 
 
 Newcastle in IImi.vn, a town of \' iles ; in 
 Caerniurlhenshire; with a market o "riday. 
 It had a fine castle, now in ruii^ It ih seated 
 on tho Tivy; 18 miles N. N. VV . of Caormar- 
 then, and 'J29 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Newcastle, a town of Ireland, in tli' ounty 
 of Dublin; 10 miles W. 8. W. of Dub!,, 
 
 Newcastle, a town of Delaware; capital of 
 a county of tho same name; with two churchesi 
 It was settled by tho Swedes, in 1627, and 
 called Stockholm ; afterwards taken by tho 
 Dutch, and called New Amsterdam; and, fall- 
 ing into the hands of the Miiglish, it was called 
 Newcastle. !t is the oldest town on tho river 
 Delawan-. It is 35 miles . W. of Phila- 
 delphia. Pop, 2737. Long, 75. 38. W. lat. 
 39. 37. N. 
 
 Newcastle, a town of Virginia, in Ilanovor 
 county; seatc' on tho Pomunky, a branch of 
 York River; ( miles N. E. of Richmond. 
 
 Newcastle, .. town of New South Wales, in 
 Northumberland county ; on the entrance of 
 Port Hunter. It is prettily situated, and has 
 several public buildings; but has declined, pre- 
 ference being given to Maitland, at the head oi 
 the navigation of the river Hunter; but is now 
 rising rapidly. Near it is a productive coal mine. 
 Newcastle under Ltne, a borough m 
 Stattbrdshiro; Roverned by a mayor; with mar- 
 kets on Mondiiy and Saturday, and a considcr- 
 al)lo manufacture of hats. It returns two 
 members to parliament. The throwing of silk 
 is a very considerable branch of trade, and hero 
 are also n cotton mill, tanneries, malt concerns, 
 &e., and in the neighbourhood aro some iron- 
 works. The villages around aro entirely oceu- 
 pieil witli the manufactures of porcelain, stone- 
 ware, &e. Tho principal streets arc broad, 
 well iiaved, and lighted with gas, and the 
 general aspect of the town is much improved 
 of late years. Jt had four churches, now re- 
 duced to one : and the castle, whence it had its 
 name, is <juite demolished. Another church 
 has been erected, and here are several meeting- 
 houses, a free-school, and 20 almshouses. It 
 stands on a branch of the Trent ; 1 5 miles N. 
 by W. of Stattbrd, and 149 N. N W. of 
 London. 
 
 Newcastle uroN Tyne, a borough and sea- 
 port in Northumberland; governed by a mayor; 
 with markets on Tuesday and Saturday. It is 
 situate among steep hills, on the Tyne, which 
 is here a fine and deep river, so that sliips of 
 300 or 400 tons burden may sjifely come up to 
 the town, though the large colliers are stationed 
 at Shields. Tlie haven is so secure, that ves- 
 sels, when they liave jinssed Tynemouth Bar, 
 are in no danger either from storms or shallows. 
 The town rises on the N. bank of the river, 
 where tho streets upon the ascent are exceed- 
 ingly steep. Many of the houses are built of 
 stone; but some of timber, and the rest of brick. 
 Through this town went part of the wall which ■ 
 extended from sea to sen, and was built by tho 
 Romans, to defend the Britons agaiust the 
 
NE W 
 
 v-.ith hml b..on <lra«r iVoni the kingdom to 
 rwruH tu> arnnV. „f their conqucr-.r^n o 
 <-Mt e, wliitl, IS old and niinouH '.vorlooks I o 
 wholo tow,,. There an. four ,„ ,h c" u^.ho' 
 «^o chapoi. of eaK,, five chapel, rthe S 
 «^Ud,l,.hmont, one f.,r lU>,Lx Cnthc.'^.^ Id 
 «c-v „toen mceting-h.,u»«. l».i .,^-„„ f. ",,,t 
 
 other pu,.,icbuiIdinK,. ... cagait ' a'„VS 
 quay for londjng goods is long nnd InrKC Hero 
 
 -uZ 5' !°" "■ ""' j'^':'"'^". ^- the LZ 
 
 several charii (oundulions. This tow i 1„>, 
 
 '"'dcTgono 8,„„ .mprovementH With n tSlL w 
 W t hat it may rank with gome o( the m^T 
 •logiuit ly Iniilt in KnKland. TIhh imnr vemLM^t 
 
 z^T'^f ^•'"".^-r'^ ''y the e,;"Er:, J 
 
 g<-n us of one md.vidual. It has a railway to 
 Carhsle. NeweoMlo is nituate,! in tli.. cento 
 o.the collieries, wlud, have for nturies s",^ 
 piled London, ull the eastern. ostof X 
 
 "':"""•' '""„^'"">-" l-rts'.. tnc kingdom 
 '^^ tl coal Th.8 trade has lK;on the Hourcc of 
 gu.U opulence to Newcastle; which, hesides, ex 
 
 8 large quanfjtiesof lead, s<dt,8,ilmon. buter. 
 t. ,w, and gru,.l8t.n,esi nnd imports wiV . „„, 
 
 £ ,. &V'"f ^- "^ ^'"'"-' -^"'l '''"''-. """ 
 blips are sent hence to the Greenland fislu 
 It also possesses manufactures of steel, iron 
 and woollen cloth; and in the town a, 1 I ni v 
 are sever.il glasshouses. The first ehire^ 
 wlm.h was granted to the townsmen for diS 
 
 the u of ^ ' 7^"/- "> l--'"! l*"* in 130« 
 ,1T T' ^"'' ^''"-'^ ''"^ prohibited in Lon- 
 
 ijured the sale of wood for fuel <Teat nna„t; 
 
 but this uiterdiction did not long continue a.id 
 we may cmsider coal as having be "uV k 
 
 jtars. A handsome stone bridge of r loarches 
 eonr,..cts this town with the ancient U.rough of 
 Giiteshead. It ,v.« erected in 1781, in ^6 
 of the old one, which was carried away bV an 
 cxtraordniary flood in 1771. It sends ^two 
 members to parhament. Newcastle is 14 miles 
 
 by jV.ot London. Long. 1. 14. W. lat. 64! 
 
 oni^T '^^ai'ANn. a district of North America; 
 once ca, «1 by that name; now comprising tlio 
 mx states of New Hampshire, Mn^c £« 
 Maine. "*' ^^^""^^ ^'^'^' Vermont. Sd 
 Nkwenium, Cape, a rocky point of consider- 
 able height ; on the W. coast of North Amerk^. 
 
 2iT.tt iri' V"'' "• ''''■ ^°"«- '«^- 
 
 W-Tiv^TSnl^-^^'— .andu'^ 
 
 Newfane, a town of Vermont • .-hief "f «'•- -1 
 ham county; situate on West liiver; 28 raiS 
 
 sog 
 
 NEW 
 
 R. N. fi. of nennlnaton, and flO W 'w w 0/ 
 Hoiton. Pop. 140a. ■• "^''^ 
 
 NKwrouN,„.*m,, an ,,n.i on the E. coast 
 or«. America; lictweon J7. and A2. N lat ' 
 was discovered by Sebastian Ul. -t, iii ] f . 
 imd, aOer many disputes with th. Frtincl, t 
 was ceded to tho Knglish in 171a. It. ti,rm 
 H triangular; the N. poi. • is wparated i,„m 
 Labrador by tho Strait ol Jlelleislo, nnd from 
 this apex It IS 3,50 miles in hngth to tho base 
 which.s.-)()0.nbre..dth. It, mountiunZ^ 
 woody country, ami very cold, being covered 
 with snow five months in tho year. The settle- 
 ments of the Itritish are chiefly confined to the 
 mrbourB,the country near I'lacentia, nnd alo.iK 
 the bays L. toward Cape Ruce nnd thence to 
 Cape llonijviatn. In tho fishing scwon, which 
 *>rM.ns ,n May and ends in September, t is re- 
 
 of the o"r ;-t « ''?'«' •"•!;»«0 P-Plo. on account 
 ot the great fishing-banks to the S. E. of tho 
 island ; for here they cure tho cod, which is 
 fame,! not only to England, but to the Mcdi- 
 ii rranean and the West Indies. Within a few 
 years Newfoundland has rapidly increased in 
 population nnd industry. In 1789 the number 
 
 nt 1 00,000. The cutting down of wood still fur- 
 niH ..8 a largo portion of employment duri,,. 
 the winter There is great plenty of game, fish! 
 and t vl but very httle com, fruit, or cattle. It 
 rBfo^lu ■? ""?'"''•«' n^ailo n bishopric in 
 tK-st'r'^ "'''••'"''"''• ^•"«'''«^t»' 
 
 of the Ouse ; with a small harbour. The en- 
 ^mce of the river is defended by a batterj. 
 feh p-building IS airned on hero to some extent. 
 It 18 , miles S. by E. of Lewes, and 57 S. S E 
 ot l^ondoii. • 
 
 Nkwhaven a seaport of Connecticut ; capital 
 
 of a county of its name. The half-yewlv al 
 
 «embly of the state is held hero in Octobw 
 
 Near the centre is the public squ.ire, in which 
 
 are the sUjte-house, two college edifices^ L d a 
 
 chapel ; three churclies for congregntion^-gt, 
 
 and one for episcopalians. Here*' are Cnufac-' 
 
 un^of c..rd.tec.h, linen, butter. cotto7and 
 
 a ' ?■ , ? "'■^°"' ''"* eooil anchorage and 
 
 13 defended by a fort. It carries on a insider- 
 
 able rude with New York and the West Ka 
 
 elands, and stands nt the head of a bay, 4 m£ 
 
 N of Long Island Sound, and 78 N. E of New 
 
 47! N. '^' ''^^^- ^°"«' ^-- ^^- W. lat 4L 
 
 ♦bn^n1Tl''°™M'.",.*^''e''"* "°<lern suburb of 
 the e d town of Edinburgh. It consists of o "e 
 
 sttht/ttelit;:""^' "''' ^""- "- -t'-o 
 
 k^f^o^Tr"^''' * *^^".«f Suffolk; With a mar. 
 ket 0,1 f liursday. It is the most celebrated 
 place m England for horse-races, which are held 
 several times every year, chieflj; i„ spr^g and 
 in the months of July and October; and here 
 Charles II. built a house for the sike of tW> 
 diversion. It is 13 mUes W. of Burv anVri' 
 
 i',. tjy r,. 01 Loudon. ' 
 
 Newmarket, a town of Vii^Liia, in Amherst 
 
 I 
 
 ;>ii- 
 
 i :^ 
 
 '1' '■ 
 
 ' ' 
 
 , , lf 
 
 i' '■ 1' 
 
 ,'. ', i 
 
 '< i I' 
 
 l , i,i 
 
^, 
 
 ^ wv> 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 M.^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 / 
 
 Ni 
 
 u. 
 
 fA 
 
 ^ 
 
 III 
 
 LO 
 11.25 
 
 ■^521 
 
 lis 
 
 2.5 
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 WEBSTER, K'^*. MS 80 
 
 (716) 872-4533 
 

 
 I/. 
 
 ^ 
 
NEW 
 
 SIO 
 
 NEW 
 
 county; on the N. side of James River, nt the 
 influx of the Tye; 100 miles above Richmond. 
 Newnhav, a town in Gloucestershire ; with 
 a market on Friday, seated on the Severn ; 12 
 miles W.S,W. of Gloucester, and 120 W.N.W. 
 of London. 
 
 Nkwpobt, a borough of Hampshire; i«tuming 
 two memben to parliament; and the chief town 
 in the Isle of Wight; governed by a mayor; with 
 markets on Wednesday and Saturday, and a 
 manuikcture of starch. It is seated on the river 
 Cowes, which is navigable for small vessels ; 17 
 miles & by E. of Southampton, and 91 S. W. 
 of London. Long. 1. 16. W. Ittt. 60. 42. N. 
 
 Newport, a town in Shropshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, and a handsome free- 
 school. The church is of gr^t antiquity, and 
 was formerly collegiate: the other places of 
 worship are one for Roman Catholics, and two 
 for Methodists. Here is a spacious market-hall; 
 and in the neighbourhood are productive mines 
 of coal, iron, and limestone. The surrounding 
 country is very fertile, is enriched by many seats 
 of note, and affords delightful views; 17 miles 
 E. of Shrewsbury, and 139 N. W. of London. 
 Newport, a village of Cornwall, 3 miles N. 
 of Launceston, and 214 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Newport, a town of Monmouthshire, vith 
 a market on Saturday. It was formerly called 
 round, and defended by a castle, considerable 
 remains of which are yet in being. Near it are 
 the vestiges of a camp. It is seated on the 
 river Usk, 19 miles S. S. W. of Monmouth, and 
 118 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Newport, a decayed town of Wales, in Pem- 
 brokeshire; governed by a mayor; with a market 
 on Saturday ; and the ruins of a castle. It is 
 seated at the foot of a high hill, on a bay of the 
 same name; 18 miles N. £. of St. David, and 
 320 W.N. W. of London. 
 
 Newport, a seaport of Rhode Island; chief 
 town of a county of the same name, and the 
 semi-metropolis of the state. It stands on the 
 S. W. end of Rhode Island, about 5 miles from 
 the sea; and has 1 1 edifices for public worship, 
 a flourishing academy, an elegant state-house, 
 and a handsome public library. Its harbour is 
 one of the finest in the world; and to the W. 
 of ihe town is Goat Island, on which is a fort. 
 Newport has a considerable trade. It is 80 
 miles N. E. of New York. Pop. 8333. Long. 
 71. IS. W. lat. 41. 30. N. 
 
 Newport, a town of the state of Georgia, 
 in Liberty county; situate on a navigable creek, 
 8 miles above Sunbury, and 34 S. S. W. of 
 Savanna. 
 
 Newport, a town of Kentucky, chief of 
 Campbell county; seated on the Uhio, opposite 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Newport, a town of Delaware, Newcastle 
 county; on the N. side of Christiana Creek; 31 
 miles S. W. of Philadelphia. — There are several 
 inconsiderable townships of this name in the 
 United States. 
 
 • Newport Paonel, a town in Buckingham- 
 shire; with a market on Saturday, and a consi- 
 derable manufacture of bonolace; seated on the 
 
 Ouse; 14 miles E. N. £. of Buckingham, and 
 60 N.N.W. of London. 
 ■ Newport PRArr, a seaport of Ireland, in 
 ttie county of Mayo; near the mouth of the 
 Boatta; 8 miles W. of Castlebar. Long. 9. 
 21. W. lat. S3. 63, N. 
 
 Newrt, a borough of Ireland, in the county 
 of Down; situate on the side of a steep hill, by 
 a river of the same name, which enters Car- 
 Imgford Bay, 2 mUes below the town of Newry. 
 Vessels of 200 tons burden can come up to the 
 town; and, by means of the Newry Canal to 
 the river Bann, it has a communication with 
 Lough Neagh. Newry was burned by the Duke 
 of Berwick, in 1689, but is now become the 
 laigest town in the county; and the trade and 
 manufactures are rising rapidly in importance. 
 It sends one member to parliament, and is 49 
 miles N. of Dublin. Long. 6. 20. W. lat. 64. 
 16, N. 
 
 Newton, a village in Lancashire; S miles 
 N. of Warrington, and 193 N. W. of London, 
 Newton, a town in the Isle of Wight ; go- 
 verned by a mayor ; 6 miles W. of Newport. 
 
 Newton Bushel, a tovn in Devonshire; 
 with a market on Wednesdiiy, and a manufac- 
 ture of woollen cloths, seated on the Teign; 15 
 miles S, by W. of Exeter, and 188 W. S. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Newton Douglas, or Iiewton Stewart, a 
 town of Scotland, in Wigtonshire; situate on 
 the Cree, which is navigable for small vessels 
 to within two miles of the town. Here are 
 manu&ctures of cotton and carpets, which 
 have much declined, and several tan-works. 
 It is 8 miles N. of Wigton, and 28 E. by N. 
 Port Patrick. 
 
 Newtown, a town of Wales, in Montgo- 
 meryshire; with markets on Tuesday and Sa- 
 turday; seated in a beautiful vallev, on the 
 Severn. It is the principal seat of the fine 
 flannel manufacture n Wales, and is now in a 
 very flourishing state. A new bridge has been 
 erected, and the town is rapidly extending 
 itself on the opposite shore. An eytensive 
 pottery, established in 1823, is carried on with 
 great success. The church is an ancient edi- 
 fice ; beside which there are several meeting- 
 houses, and a free-school; 9 miles S. W. of 
 Montgomery, and 176 W, N. W, of London. 
 
 Newtown, a town of New Jersey, the seat 
 of justice in Sussex county; 60 miles N, of 
 Trenton. Long. 75. 2, W. lat. 41. 3. N. 
 
 Newtown, a town of New York, in Tiogn 
 county ; where the judicial courts are held in 
 February. It is situate near Tioga River ; 60 
 miles W. by N. of Union, and 70. S. E. of 
 Williamsburg. 
 
 Newtown, a town of Connecticut, in Fair- 
 field .ounty ; 9 miles E. by N, of Danbury. 
 and 26 N. W, of Newhaven. 
 
 Newtown Ardes, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Down; with a considerable linen 
 manufacture. It is situate on the N. point of 
 Strangford Lough; 8 miles E. of Bdfijst, and 
 16 N. of Downpatrick. 
 Newtown-Barry, a town of Ireland, in tho 
 

 NEW 
 
 ffliles N. W. of Enniscorthy. ^' 
 
 New York. «?« York, New. 
 
 ^ Noiy-cHAN, a city of China, of the f5«t 
 «.'.k; m tl,e province of Koeitcheou sItuS 
 
 NoAN-KiNoi a city of China, capital of the 
 7J ^".f »''« P™^i"ce of Kiang-nan. I fe 
 
 NoAN-Lo a city of China, of the finit rank- 
 
 fomi^^hr*'""''"."^ ^""^^ America, which 
 forms the communication bet. , en the lakes 
 ?™ ","f O^t^rio. and flows from S to V 
 about 36 miles. At the head of this river on 
 Its western shore, is Fort Erie; and 18 mil " 
 ^low thu. are those remarkable falls; whicrar^ 
 
 Thl fc T* •; . ® "''^'" '* '''ere 740 yards wide 
 The half mile immediately above the cataracte 
 
 dnin i''™'")' ""'^^ astonishing grandeur 
 doK^ a stupendous precipice of 176 feet ner 
 
 Sm^e rfln'n * "L^"^ 'hat extends to the dis- 
 m^^ T? • '^ ^'""'' '^"o nearly as much 
 mf J^'' r"r *''^" fl'"^" '" a deep chS 
 till , enten, Lake Ontario, at Fort Niagara 
 
 AiAOARA, a town and fort of New York in 
 a county of the same name ; on the E? sTde of 
 thenyer Niagara, at its e;;trance into Lake 
 
 22"%^ r°"'^ ^^""*' '■" Upper S 
 nada. The fort was erected by the French, in 
 
 &r WUham Johnson. In 1796 it was suT 
 rendered to the United States; it wJa^n 
 
 stroyed but it has since been rebuilt, and is a 
 and Sn' ^"•^^i?-,?'''"^"''' the^cataracts! 
 
 the^ltf;;d\f'"«" "!*"''' ?^' *''« w- ««««t of 
 
 the island of Sumatra. Long. 97. 0. E. lat. 0. 
 
 NiBIANO. n t,i.v.. nf T«~i- -" -t- - - 
 
 I'arma, J6 milesS. W. oF'^ia^'ei' """^ "' 
 
 511 
 
 NIC 
 
 w. to S. It ;s well watered by lakes an" 
 
 Sed ih^ «nd abounds in fishes, but is in- 
 Sv!^ 5^7*"*"^''"*, ^'^ ^' W- extremity 
 "nd fhe i i"^"^ '"^^ *^« P«eific Ocean, 
 ana the t,. E. end commun cates with the 
 Atfentic Ocean by the river St. J„an. 
 
 raw wL^'L"'""*^ 1 ;•?* ^'«=«" Archipe- 
 Sria TI^°'m"'^.^"'*' ""^'e-'My called 
 icaria. It u 60 miles in circumference and 
 full of rocks. Long. 26. 30. E. lat. 37 40 N 
 
 TTif ""^^r- * *"^ °f Naples, in Calabri,; 
 Tntra. with an ancient castle ; 17 miles S-sS 
 ofCosenza. Pop. 10,000. ^o.o.iu. 
 
 V^'^tb/w'^J^ "^ ^,"""^5 '^""ded by the 
 Var, the Maritime Alps, the territorie. M 
 Genoa, and the Mediterranean. iT was „n 
 c ently an appendage of Provence in Franc^ 
 
 Nice, an ancient, handsome, and consider 
 
 SStlro^ Z *; ^'""^"^ "^ Fince and"lJ« ; 
 capital of the foregoing province. It has a 
 
 P «;/r - »f '"*^ ? *"" «"«' ditch. On the 
 
 S; from ' T""- '" ""^ ''»'*^'"-' «•"«! L'-n.- 
 pia, from mall nver that runs into it Th^ 
 
 inhabitants export oil, silk, wine, conlial's rioL 
 
 oranges lemons, and all 'sorts if dried S 
 
 It was taken by the French in 1792, reSen 
 
 ated; 4 miles^from 5L' m^^h 77X% 
 
 Nice, a city of Natolia. See Isnic. 
 
 NicHADURo, a town of Persia, famous for « 
 mine of turquois stones in its neighbourhood 
 It 18 37 miles S. of Mesched. """^o^- 
 
 length and is the residrc^ oJ'the bSiop oah'e 
 Mies. Long. U. 10. W. lat. 16. 32. N*^ 
 Nicholas, St., a town of France 'in the 
 
 uTh !a '"l"' ?''«"■»' formerly resorted. 
 Nancr "" ""■'* ' ^ """^ ^- ^- "^ 
 
 Nicholas, St., or Mole, a town, harbour 
 and cape, at the N W. exiremitrof St D^' 
 mingo ; commanding the strait called the Wind^ 
 ward Parage. The harbour is strongly forti- 
 fied by nature and art; and ships of any buXn 
 may ride at anchor in the basin, even du n« a 
 hurricane. It was taken hy *h2 v__L" "? ? 
 by the French royalistj i£i793. b;re;;;c3 
 in 1 , 9f). Long. 73. 30. W. lat. 19. 49. N. 
 
 : a 
 
NIC 
 
 sia 
 
 NIE 
 
 ■ ' 
 
 
 Nicholas Island, a brib'^ island on the N. 
 coast of the island of Cuba. Lone. 79. 40. 
 W. lat. 83. SO. N. 
 
 NiooBAR Islands, a group of 19 islands, on 
 the £. side of the Bay of Bengal. They are 
 almost entirely uncultivated: but the cocoa- 
 nut, the mellori, or lerum (a kind of bread- 
 fruit), and other tropical fruits, grow spon- 
 taneously; there are also yams and sweet 
 potatoes, and the edible birds'-ncsts, so much 
 esteemed in China. Dogs and hogs are the 
 principal animals. The inhabitants . are tall 
 and well proportioned, with black eyes, black 
 lank hair, and dark copper-coloured skins. 
 They live in little huts, having no towns, and 
 go quite naked, except a cloth about the waist 
 with a small string hanging down behind. 
 These islands extend northward, from the N. 
 point of Sumatra. The largest, which gives 
 name to the rest, is 25 mSes long, and 10 
 broad. Its S. extremity is in long. 94. 3. E. 
 lat. 6. 39. N. 
 
 NiccLAS, St., a town of Belgium, in the 
 province of East Flanders; a handsome town, 
 hnd has a considerable trade in com, cattle, 
 and horses. Pop. 11,500. It is 12 miles S. W. 
 of Antwerp. 
 
 ItTiooLATEF, a city of Russia, in, the govern- 
 ment of Catherinenslaf; founded by Catherine 
 II. : on the S. side of the Ingul, in its conflux 
 with the Bog. The public buildings, and a 
 number of private houses, are constructed of a 
 white calcareous stone, but the rest of the 
 houses are of wood. This place, being of easier 
 access by water for vessels than Cherson, is 
 now the capital of the naval establishment of 
 the Black Sea. The admiralty, with a long 
 line of magazines, workshops, wet and dry 
 docks, and every necessary department for 
 shipping, are placed along the bank of the 
 Ingul. It is 30 miles N. N. E. of Oczakow, 
 and 45. N. W. of Cherson. Long. 30. 46. £. lat. 
 46. 68. N. 
 
 NicoLO, St., the most %>nsidei i Ae of the 
 isles of Tremeti, in tht Gulf of Venice. It has 
 a harbour, defended by a fortress, in which is 
 an abbey with a church. Long. 15. 37. £. lat. 
 42, 10. N. 
 
 NicoLSBUBO, a town of Moravia, with a cas- 
 tle on a mountain ; 12 miles L. N. E. of Laab. 
 
 NicoTOLi, a town of Bulgaria ; famous for the 
 first battle fought between the Turks and the 
 Christians, in 1396, when the Emperor Sigis- 
 mund was defeated, and had 20,000 .nen killed. 
 It is seated on the Danube, at the influx of the 
 Osma ; 60 miles S. S. W. of Bucharest, and 
 150 N. N. W. of Adrianople. Long. 25. 43. 
 E. lat. 44. 16. N. 
 
 NicoPOLi, or Glanish, a town of Turkish 
 Armenia, built by Pompey, in memory of a 
 victory gained over Mithridates. It is 15 
 miles S. of Erzerum. 
 
 Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, seated near 
 the mountain Olympus. From the time of 
 Constantino the Great, till 1567, it was 9 miles 
 in circumference; but the Venetians, finding it 
 too extensive, reduced it to 3, and fortified it 
 with 11 bastioni* and three gates; all the 
 
 they rased to the foundation, demolishing tcm- 
 pies, palaces, and the most beautiful monu- 
 ments. In 1570 it was besieged 45 days by 
 the Turks, and then taken by a general assault. 
 The church of St. Sophia is a fine old Gothic 
 structure. The bazaar is extensive, well sup- 
 plied with provisions, and remarkably clean. 
 Long. 33. 26. E. lat. 35. 14. N. Pop, 15,000. 
 
 Nicosia, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona: 
 12 miles S. of Cefalu. 
 
 NicoTERA, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ultra, near the coast of the Mediterranean ; 35 
 miles N.N, E. of Reggio, and 135 S.E. of 
 Naples. Long. 16. 30. E. lat, 38. 34, N. 
 
 NicoYA, a town of Guatimala, in Costa Rica, 
 situate on a small river, which runs into the Bay 
 of Salinas, where there is a pearl fishery. It is 
 98 miles W. N. W. of Cartage. Lonjr. 85. 49. 
 W. lat. 10. 40. N. 
 
 NicsAiiA, a town of Turkey, in Caramania . 
 and an archbishop's see ; 10 miles N. of Tocat. 
 Long, 36.9, E. lat. 39. 25. N. 
 
 NiDAU, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, with a castle, situate on the Lake of 
 Biel ; 15 miles N. W, of Bern. 
 
 NiDDA, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darm- 
 stadt, seated on a river of the same name ; 20 
 milesN.E, of Frankfort. 
 
 NiEBLA, a town of Spain, in Seville ; near 
 which is a considerable copper mine ; seated on 
 the Tinto ; 11 miles N. N. W, of Mogner, and 
 40 W, ofSeviUe. 
 
 NiEMECK, a town of Brandenburg, on the 
 river Ada ; 16 miles N. of Wittenberg. 
 
 NiEUECz, a strong town of Moldavia, situate 
 on a mountain, on a river of the same name ; 
 76 miles W. S. W. of Jassy. Long. 26. 10. E. 
 lat, 46. 58. N. 
 
 NiEMEN, a river which rises in Lithuania, 
 and passes by Bielica and Grodno ; it then runs 
 through part of Samogitia and East Prussia, 
 and enters the Curisch HafI by several mouths, 
 of which the principal and most northern is 
 called the Russ. 
 
 NiENBURo, a strong town of Hanover, capital 
 of the county of Hoya, with a considerable trade 
 in com and wool, seated on the Weser ; 37 
 miles S. S. E. of Bremen. Long, 9, 25, E. lat. 
 62. 29. N. 
 
 NiENBURG, a town of Prussia, in the govern- 
 ment of Munster, seated on the Dinkel ; 33 
 miles N. W. of Munster. 
 
 NiENBURo, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Anhalt-Kothen, seated on the Saale ; 8 miles 
 N.W.ofKothen. 
 
 NiENiiAus, a town of Hanover, in the district 
 of Paderbom, with a castle, formerly the resi- 
 dence of the prince ; seated on the Lippe ; 2 
 miles N. N. E. of Paderhorn. 
 
 NiEPER. See Dniefer. 
 
 NiESTEB, See Dniester. 
 
 NiEUPORT, a seaport of Belgium, in West 
 Flanders, at the mouth of the Yperlee, Hero 
 are sluices, by which the country can be laid 
 under water. The inhabitants principally sub- 
 sist by the herring fishery, and by making nets 
 and ropes. It is 9 miles S, V/, of Ostend. 
 
 rest Long. 2. 45. E. lat. 51 . 8. N. 
 
lishing tem- 
 tiful MonU- 
 45 days by 
 eral assault, 
 old Gothic 
 e, well Bup- 
 kably clean, 
 'op, 15,000. 
 di Demona; 
 
 in Calabria 
 rranean ; 35 
 35 S.E. of 
 S4, N. 
 Costa Rica, 
 into the Bay 
 ihery. It is 
 long. 85. 49. 
 
 Caramania 
 ti. of Tocat. 
 
 n the canton 
 the Lake of 
 
 lesse Darm- 
 ename; 20 
 
 eville ; near 
 ) ; seated on 
 Mogner, and 
 
 uTg, on the 
 )erg. 
 
 lavia, situate 
 iame name ; 
 g. 26.10. E. 
 
 1 Lithuania, 
 
 it then runs 
 
 last Prusfia, 
 
 oral mouths, 
 
 northern is 
 
 lover, capital 
 
 ierable trade 
 
 Weser ; 37 
 
 9. 25. £. lat. 
 
 thb govem- 
 Dinkel ; 33 
 
 in the duchy 
 ale ; 8 miles 
 
 nthe district 
 riy the resi- 
 >e Lippe ; 2 
 
 m, in West 
 srlee. Hero 
 can be laid 
 icipally sub- 
 making nets 
 of Ostend. 
 
 NIE 
 
 It tS^^. / °/ *''® province of Nivernoii 
 
 NZ,2^r«fe/"'^ """• '"'o *e Loire?^ 
 
 S» ? *^**?'^ °^ *'"» department, 
 the Knk^"*; '?' °^. AJ««». wWch riUs in 
 
 »:£Ti?>l5o^vrbS- 
 
 t«eds to the 4 V » J J ,7 '.wng.-when it pro- 
 OSS' faffi?' """l »» »<«« "iT 
 
 bTS K ^ u^ "'«' '■«»'« Yaoorie, 
 
 NioniTiA. S„Hmmi^«ir^ 
 niLE, a great river of Aftipa »l.i«k i . . 
 
 receive a single tribitarrn Ik foeo not 
 
 Khnl!« «,h „h ," -- ™,'''F^ «. " ««''a'. called 
 ph,.,,^' . Vi ' ^P'^i'"! vrncn tt.e water is hiah 
 CToi-gh; thence it is conveyed into reservoS 
 
 613 
 
 NIO 
 
 Ih^ai^'^jiaens^-^.'l^tributed into 
 remarkable for urteau^J l.A '•"^""^""'^ « 
 
 «ivS"nre"t: rcL^rr '^'^•)^''^ 
 
 Brieir It hm. « ««.t^ *"® pnncipality of 
 
 manufecfure of papef mlde'n'f""'"^ ^"' '^ 
 
 mlksmanufactured here are mStS^ed S„^ 
 tpreign countries, especially in TnnoZT u 
 they are exchang^Hl b^ th^ c'hineiT'cole? 
 gold and Sliver. It is seated on the ErcoS!t 
 SPP*""? Japan ; 660 miles S. S. E. of PekW 
 long. J 20, 18. E. lat. 29. 58, N, ^• 
 
 Nino jTA, a city of Eastern Tartarv in th^ 
 provmceofKirin.^ithconsidemblSS par! 
 ^S^i^l^^eSll^S^rfJT-^ 
 S"4ri/li:» S'^- °^«^'^ W 
 .hi^p'^l^UK' ^'•'%''>'^ Of Scotland, in StirLng- 
 
 35 mites m circnmference, and fertile in rorn 
 but has very little wood or "il. The refX; 
 tnanners of the inhabitants, who are all Grtfs 
 revives an idea of the simplicity of the DrimHv« 
 
 E Xt'""" trea?menLf Sgr;" 
 
 h'o^^tJi^ty'^ '^:,nzr ""^"^ «^ --^ 
 
 NioN, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 
 nJ, *""'^ ?■ ''y ^- of Geneva. 
 
 DrS^Vh :Z °^^™■''^• '^^Partment of 
 iJ^rome, with a mineral spring called Pontais 
 
 cloth "l! P^""^'"^es of Lp and wooirn 
 
 E. of Monteirm'art,""" "'''"''• "'^ '"""^ ^^^' 
 NiOET, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 
 L L 
 
NIP 
 
 514 
 
 NO N 
 
 partmont of Deux Sovret, with manufactures of 
 druggotn, gorges, and other coarse woollen goods. 
 It is seated on the Sevro Niortoise ; 31 miles 
 E. N. E. of Roohelle, and 46. W. S. W. of 
 Poitiorfc Pop. 15,000. Long. 0. 33. W. lat. 
 - . 20. N. 
 
 NtPHON, or NiPTON, the largest island of 
 Japan ; 7£0 miles long, and firom 150 to 300 
 broad ; containing £5 provinces. It was dis- 
 covered in 1542, by the Portuguese, who were 
 cost ashore by a tempest The chief town is Jedo. 
 NiscHNRi-NovooonoD. See Novoqorod. 
 NiiUBiN, or NiSBiN, a town and fortress of 
 Asiatic Turkey, in Uiarbock, now greatly de- 
 cayed. It is seated in a vast plain, 78 miles 
 S. E. ofDiarbekir. 
 
 Nisid/., a small isknd in the Gulf of Naples, 
 very fertile, and laid out in slopes and terraces, 
 like a large garden. It has a harbour, called 
 Porto Pavone, 6 miles W. S. W. of Naples. 
 
 NisHESt a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Card, and a bishoji's see. Here 
 are numerous monuments of antiquity, of which 
 the amphitheatre, built by the Ilomans, is the 
 principal. There are likewise the ruins of a 
 temple of Diana, and a grand tower. The 
 Maison Quarrde, or the Square House, is one 
 of the finest pieces of architecture of the Co- 
 rinthian order in the world. Here are manu- 
 fiictures of silks, stuffs, s.tockings, cloth, leather, 
 &c., and a considerable trade in silk, corn, dried 
 fruits, oil, and wine. It is seated in a plain, 
 abounding in wine and oil ; 76 miles N. E. of 
 Narbonne. Pop. 40,000, including 25,000 Pro- 
 testants. Long. 4. 19, E. lat. 43. 60. N. 
 
 NisSA, a strong town of Servia. It was taken 
 by the Ilungarinns, in 1737, but retaken by the 
 Turks the following year. It is seated on a 
 river of the same name ; 20 miles E. of Precop, 
 and 120 S. E. of Belgrade. Long. 22. 32. E. 
 lat. 43. 32. N. 
 
 NiTH, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 Ayrshire, flows through a part of Dumfriesshire, 
 to which it gives the name of Nithsdale, and 
 enters Solway Frith a little below Dumfries. 
 
 NiVELLB, a town of Belgium, chief place of 
 an extensive district in Brabant, with a manu- 
 facture of cambrics, ieated on the Tliienne ; 15 
 miles S. of Brussels. 
 
 NiVERNOiS, a late province of France, be- 
 tween Burgundy, Bourbonnois, and Berry. It 
 is pretty fertile, contains mines of iron, and is 
 watered by a great number of rivers, of which 
 the Loire, Allier, and Yonne, are the principal. 
 It now forms the department of Nievre. 
 
 NiXABouR, a town of Persia, in Chorasnn ; 
 80 miles S. E. of Mesched. Lo-g. 61. 32. E. 
 lat. 36. 40. N. 
 
 NixAPA, a to.,"n of Mexico, in the province 
 of Guaxaca, with a rich Dominican convent. 
 The country near it produces a great deal of 
 indigo, cochineal, and sugar. It is 30 miles 
 S. E. of Antioqiiiera. Long. 97. 16. W. lat. 
 16. 42. N. 
 
 NixoNTON, a town of North Carolina, chief 
 of Pasquotank county ; 28 miles E. N. E. of 
 Edenton. 
 . NizAUPATAM, a town of Hindostan, in tho 
 
 circar of Guntoor, at the mouth of the Kbtnah ; 
 84 miles S. W. of Masulipatam. 
 
 NizzA DELLA Paolia, a town of Sardinia, in 
 Piedmont ; seated on the Belbo ; 14 miles S. 
 £. of Aiti. Pop. 6000. 
 
 Noacotb, a town of Hindostan ; capital of 
 a district of its name in Nepftul. It has a cele- 
 brated temple dedicated to Bhavany. Lonit. 
 86. 30. E. lat. 27. 40. N. 
 
 Noaillbs, a town of France, department of 
 Vienne, 6 miles S. S. E. of Poitiers. 
 
 NoANAOUR, a town of Hindostin, inGuzerat; 
 capital of a district of its name on the coast of 
 the Gulf of Cutch. The chief of the district, 
 by »< treaty with the British, engaged to prevent 
 his subjects fVom plundering British vessels. 
 1 1 is 1 90 miles W. S. W. of Amedabad. Long. 
 69. 30. E. Ir.t. 22. 22. N. 
 
 NocEBA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 Spoluto ; seated at the foot of the Apennines ; 
 18 miles N. £. of Spoleto. 
 
 NocKiu DBLLi Paoani, atown of Naples, in 
 Principnto Citra ; 8 miles N. W. of Salerno, 
 and 20 S. E. of Naples. Pop. 6800. 
 
 NooARA, a town of France ; department of 
 Gers ; 21 miles S. W. of Condon. 
 
 NoGABcOT, a town of Hindostan, in Nepaul • 
 with a celebrated pagoda ; 60 miles N. K. of Cat- 
 mandu. 
 
 NoGENT LE RoTROr', a town of France ; de- 
 partment of Eure-et-Loire, seated on the 
 Uuisne ; 35 miles N. E. of Mans. 
 
 NoGENT 3UB Seine, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Aube, seated on the Seine ; 26 miles 
 N W. of Troyes. Pop. 3200. 
 
 NoiB Cape, a promontory at the S. extre- 
 mity of Terra del Fuego. Long. 73. 33. W. 
 lat. 64. 32. S. 
 
 NoiBMouTiER, an island qf France, in the 
 Bay of Biscay; S. of the mouth of the river 
 Loire. It is 12 miles long and 3 broad ; and 
 has good pastures. Pop. 6500. The principal 
 town, of tho same name, is defended by a fort. 
 Long. 2. 10. W. Int. 47. 0. N. 
 
 NoLA, a town of Naples ; ir '^erradi Lavoro; 
 once a rich Iloman colon-' .d still n hand- 
 some place. The silk spun .n its neighbour- 
 hood is much esteemed. It is 14 miles B. N. E. 
 of Naples. Pop. 8000. 
 
 Noli, a town of Sardiuia, with a fort and a 
 good harbour, 30 miles S. W. of Genoa. Long. 
 8. 41. E. lat. 44. 18. N. 
 
 NoMBBE DE Di09, a town of Guatimala ; in 
 the province of Darien, 30 miles E. of Porto 
 Bullo, to which its once flourishing trade is now 
 transferred. 
 
 NoMBRE DB Dies, a town of Mexico, the 
 most populous in the province of Zacatecas. 
 It is 170 miles N. of Guadalaxara. Long. 
 104. 16. W. lat. 24. 0. N. Pop. 6800. 
 
 NoMEHV, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, on the Seille, 16 miles N. of 
 Nancy. 
 
 NoN, or Nun, Cape, a promontory of the 
 kingdom of Sus, opposite the Canary Islands. 
 The Portuguese, in their first attempts to ex- 
 plore tho W. coast of Africa, long considered 
 this promontory ^s an imp.T8sab!e boundary. 
 
 on 
 
NON 
 
 W 16. 12. E.K 2 N°' btroem.holm. 
 
 ^io'i"r""« K^^^^^ the Xe, 
 
 fromfttu«tron"'""rf"' ?^F«'"«^.•o named 
 
 PlandeiB. and CamS. "?'"'»"It. French 
 department nexrtoTri""'' " •^''^ P""«P«1 
 and revenue. Ar^ fejl" P"'"*."^ "^«''*'' 
 962,648. •*'*"' 2«20 square miles. Pop. 
 
 9 mil. ^.^r^.^lX'"' " ^""^' 
 
 has « c^nsSrable tS"'-* orphan-house. It 
 rnpe and hS S ^„H '" T' ''™"''y. «»<» 
 
 miles N"fVoul?geT""" ''"'» ^''^ ^eina. 10 
 
 land."" It riTmn«rr ^ "' ^''^^"' '" ^oth- 
 houses are scatS „nTr'^-'"l"l".'^"' *he 
 not exceed Togo 'Th««-^ '"habitants do 
 throughlhetoZ formJn"''^'" ^'S*"'" ""'^s 
 and is diWd^d^^n^ 7 * '^"^l of cataracts, 
 
 with buildines • but at «./ ..' '^''"^^^ 
 town it is nfvigaS ?or tg^S? "^S 
 are manufactures of wooII«n mJu ^^'^^ 
 
 by lh« Gulf of BMhnI, s i.V S{.i»l'''J''- ^ 
 on the B. BwetJish Lapiaiiu 
 
 S15 
 
 NOR 
 
 InSrarermannlTlferftrr"' '*"«««^ 
 Ave western <nS of A f '^«.'«»«ue of the 
 
 ch,ded in 1702 In ?79e It wTf^'^^u '«"■ 
 French. It i, \ ^Sii,' Ze'^^litSS *„'• 
 
 miles S. W. of Uma, and 70 N. E. of Hemo: 
 
 1, .u v.. n stands on the E. mdp nf p»{.» 
 
 LL2 
 
warn 
 
 mmm 
 
 1j 
 
 NOR 61(1 
 
 perfect gnrdon. The whole iiland li covered 
 by a thick foroet, but has not much undorwoo.l; 
 and the principal timber-tree is the pine, which 
 IS very useful in building, and seems to bo 
 diimble. The island is supplied with many 
 streams of sood water, which abound with very 
 fine eels. The cliffs round the coast arc 210 
 feet high, quite perpendicular : and ancliorago 
 is safe all round the island, on t«iking tho Ice- 
 side ; but there is no harbour, and, from the 
 heavy seas which constantly beat upon the 
 shore, there is great difficulty' in approaching it. 
 It was abandoned for New Norfolk, in Van 
 piemen's Land, but was again colonized, and 
 18 at present a pciinl settlement. Lone. 100. 
 2. E. lat. 29. U.S. 
 
 J^OUHOLK, Nbw, or EUZADETHTOWN, a town 
 
 of Van Diemen'8 Land, in Buckingham county; 
 on the banks of the Derwent, 22 miles from 
 Hobart Town. It was founded by the settlers 
 from Norfolk Island, and the name was after- 
 wards changed to Elizabeth town, but the ori- 
 ginal name is tho one in use. 
 
 NoRHAM, a village in the detached part of 
 Durham, called Norhamshire. Its castle, on 
 the edge of a rock above the Tweed, hoo been 
 many times taken and destroyed by the Scotch, 
 and as often rebuilt by the English ; 6 miles 
 S. W. of Berwick. 
 
 NoRHANDY, a former province of Franco, 
 now forming tho departmcnU of Cnlvados, 
 Eure, Manche, Ome, and Lower Seine. Tiio 
 Normans, a people of Denmark and Norway, 
 having entered France, under Rollo, Charles 
 the Simple ceded this country to them in 912, 
 which from that time was called Normandy. 
 Rollo, the first duke, held it as a fief of the 
 crown of France, ns did several of his successors 
 after him. In 1066, William, the seventh duke, 
 having conquered England, it became a j)rovince 
 of that country, till it was lost in the reign of 
 King John, and reunited to tho crown of Fmnce. 
 It is one of the most fertile provinces in France, 
 and abounds in all things except wine, which 
 defect is supplied by cider and perry. It con- 
 tains iron, copper, and a great number of rivers 
 and harbours. 
 
 NORRIDOEWOCK, a town of the state of 
 Maine, capital of Somerset county, situate on 
 the Kennebeck, over which is an elegant bridge, 
 10 miles W. by N. of Canaan. Pop. 1865. 
 
 NoRRisTOWN, a town of Pennsylvania, capi- 
 tal of Montgomery county. It is seated on the 
 Schuylkill, 16 miles N. W. of Philadelphia. 
 Long. 75. 24. W. lat. 40. 10. N. 
 
 NoRTELOA, or NoE Tkloe, a seaport of 
 Sweden, in the Baltic. Near it is a forge for 
 making fire-arms ; 30 miles N.E. of Stockholm. 
 Long. 10. 32. E. lat. 60. 44. N. 
 
 Northallerton, a borough in North York- 
 shire, with a market on Wednesday ; it returns 
 one member to parliament. Near this place 
 was fought the celebrated battle between the 
 English and Scots, called the Battle of the 
 Standard, in 1138. It is seated in a delightful 
 viiUcy, wotered by the river Wisk : 32 miles N 
 N. W. of York, and 222 N. by W. of London. 
 North Cape, an enormous rock at the N. 
 
 NOR 
 
 end of the Islnna Maggeroe, on the coast of 
 Norway, and tho most northern promontory of 
 Europe. Long. 26. 67. E. lat. 7 1 . 1 0. N. 
 North Sea. Se« German Ocean. 
 Northampton, a town of Massachusets ; 
 capital of Hampshire county. It has a consi- 
 derable inland trade, and is situate <r\ tho Con- 
 necticut, 98 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 NoRVHAMPTON, a borough, and tho capital of 
 Northamptonshire, governed by a mayoi, with 
 n market on Saturday; returning two members 
 to parliament. It was formerly surrounded by a 
 wall, and had a castle, of which there are still 
 sonio remains. In 1675 it was almost entirely 
 destroyed by fire, but was soon rebuilt. The 
 houses are uniformly built of freestone, and 
 chiefly slated ; the streets pre regular, and the 
 town is lighted with gas. It has four churches, 
 eight dissenting meeting-houses, a spacious 
 market place, a good free-s(;hool, a general 
 infirmary, and a county gaol, on the principles of 
 Mr. Howard. The principal manufactures con- 
 sists of boots and shoes, chiefiy for exportation. 
 In the meadows below the town a buttle was 
 fought in 1460 between Henry VI. and tho 
 Yorkists, in which tho former was defeated and 
 made prisoner. Two miles to the S. is a fine 
 ancient Gothic structure, called Queen's Cross, 
 erected by Edward I., in memory of his queen, 
 Eleanor. Northampton is seated on the Nen ; 
 20 miles S. E. of Coventry, and 66 N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Northamptonshire, a county of England, 
 65 miles long, and 24 where broadest, bounded 
 S. by Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, W. by 
 the latter county ar.d Warwickshire, N. W. by 
 Leicestershire and Rutlandshire, N. by Lincoln- 
 shire, and E. by the counties of Cambridge, 
 Huntingdon, and Bedford. It contains 646,810 
 acres, is divided into 19 hundreds, and 33(J 
 parishes, has one city and 1 1 market-towns, and 
 sends four memb-srs to parliament for the N. 
 and S. divisions of the county. In the N. E. 
 part, near Peterborough, commences a fenny 
 tract, extending to the Lincolnshire Wash. 
 With this single exception, Northamptonshire 
 is said to contoin less waste ground, and more 
 seats of the nobility and gentry, than any other 
 county. Its greatest defect is a scarcity of fuel, 
 which is but scantily supplied by its woods; end 
 though coal is brought by the river Nen, it is at 
 a very dear rate. This county, however, possesses 
 some considerable remains of its old forests, 
 particularly those of Rockingham, on the N.W., 
 and of Salcey and Whittlebury, on the S. Its 
 product* are, in general, the same with those 
 of other farming counties, but it is particularly 
 celebrated for grazing land. Woad for the dyers 
 is cultivated here, but the county is not distin- 
 guished for manufactures. The principal rivers 
 are the Nen and Welland ; besides which it is 
 partly watered by the Ouse, Leam, Cherwell, 
 and Avon, and the inland trade is greatly faci- 
 litated by the construction of canals, and bv 
 the Birmingham Railway, which traverses this 
 county. 
 
 NoRTHFLEET, a village in Kent, seated on 
 the Thames ; 2 mUes W. of Gravesend. 1 he 
 
NOR 
 
 St^TJui"''""^"'- of monument, «. 
 
 of eZZT'TT'^^' •""'" ""rthem county 
 DBrt of .h i" '!'" ^*'»" fceptnrchy it was u 
 
 extreme pJth £S ^ ^""^bftr 
 ianTTdten'j ttt W^^-^- 
 ward, and 4jJShn«"l2^''''!' '"'» "« 
 
 nvera • hnf >h» u/ _. • oanKs of the 
 
 mines. Limestone and iron ore ahnim^ j„ 
 various nartg Ti.» «..• . , . "Oounti m 
 
 w ands in thn Snnft. t> -i "*' " <='«»" of 
 coast ^Au^tSr^SflVoT AV- 
 
 the'SuTfTstT*'"' ^'^"' t£ s!-'ptf-„f 
 
 J^nctii:a7ht\^Sr1 ^SX^N'^'^S 
 Ch^ter. and 174 N. W. of London ^ °^ 
 
 cou^^v'^'k^J^T" "' Massochusets, i„ Bristol 
 W «;^ ^iP^"* 'l"*"'"y «f nai's are made 
 
 ro.,- ««>•• »ojfBge. ine cntmnce is betwpon 
 
 krl ' ^""^ ^^^ ^""«'" >n long. 162. 65 W 
 NoawALK, a town of Connerticut; f„ iS^ 
 
 ^. lat. 41. 9. N, Pop. 3863. 
 
 517 
 
 NOR 
 
 and N hv K V "*: ^' '• »*""'1«^ on 'he W. 
 and N by the Northern Ocean, E. by SwedW. 
 Lapland and Sweden, and S. by the CatT^f 
 extending from the N«e intet^? sS Kj 
 North Capo in lat. 71. 10. I', b'e«Ith, whkh iS 
 very unequal, is from 40 to . JO miC It ! 
 natumlly fonned into two dvilns namely 
 Northern and Souther„,or Proper C;ay.Sa-' 
 vince of Hemdahl. It is divided into the four 
 
 DomL? ! "'"' ""'*'?''"' f""''"". Norway i, „„t 
 K?nK 'r.r?°rtion to its extent. The num- 
 ber of mhabitanta .s calculated atl.OOO.OOO.who. 
 
 attfirW* Ti* °"""'t«">eew. are exceedingly 
 attached to their country. In Norway tl.Pv h.rZ 
 a.partuiular code, called the NorwIyW com 
 PJW by Grieffelfeld.. at the commanVoTchr 
 
 this law-the palladium of Norwny_tho p^- 
 Tre fnTh'^^"^'^'""- '^''"^ P**"*" '»"«'' 'P'rit u^Td 
 
 Dav wfnJ '"°''"'^'*"'' never fawning, vet 
 Zul^i!hr'J''P''': Their principal mSdo o. 
 i^Svl^^/**J-'r"»*'"'^'' '"""J •• ""'l ^hen they 
 
 nunas with gr^t frankness and cordiality. The 
 waTo^l^.t'"*^ *"■''*=' I:''*' P^P"'*""" °f No"! 
 r^?L Pf^*^ likewise on the state of tillage ; for 
 
 weeks ve^S/^T "I"^ ""»*" -^ «" •«v«' 
 
 dent ™™ / '^I'""'^ '^°^ ""» P"'*'"*'^ ""ffi- 
 tient com for its own consumption. It is 
 
 TuZv'"'^'^'"*'^ "'='' '" pastuCand c^ " 
 s-quent y produce* much cattle. The horses 
 are small, but strong, very acUve. and iZ^ 
 1 he fisheries, particuliarly on the W. coast, find 
 
 B pply the finest sailors for the Danish fleet, 
 llieprmcipal fish are salmon, cod, W S 
 
 *jZ iw • ^?" "* *'"*«' '^'>«Jer to the cattle. 
 
 im J^'*""'^ ^°'^'« »*^ '^^ «'»«1 P'no produce 
 timber, spars beams, a.Tl planks, besides, char- 
 
 a^'th«TK"f',*^'^'""^'' »"d«ven manure; 
 and he birch (the bark of which is used as a 
 
 ^ZW^u ''^, '""''' "'■ ''°"«*) "ot only sup 
 plies fuel, but also a kind of wine. The general 
 exports are tallow, butter, dried fish' tfXr 
 Pranks horses homed cattle, silver coI^Il 
 1° Z'esZr- '''"'''^"Pr.and i«,„. It'abound 
 in lakes and n vers; the formerso large that the v 
 sppear like inlets of the sea ; but the rivers «% 
 ingeneralofashortcouise, except theG^ormen 
 ^ofh.^""'!^'"" "® numerous, and generally 
 clothed wi h pines and firs ; the grand Sandi 
 navian chain, which, mnsfroi S.t^N .isk^own 
 o^L^S Wf ?"^' ""^ chirfare (he r dg^ - 
 l-UiZ^ \ ^"'^'"5"'' ^°'«". and Sevemoi. The 
 
 animals proceed in yast-n^mi;; t^^,'^^. 
 
NOR 
 
 518 
 
 N OT 
 
 of Kolon to the ion, devouring ovory produce of 
 tho lull in their course, and nt loit Mem to 
 devour eoch other. Norway was formerly go- 
 Yonied by iU own hereditary sovereigns. On 
 the demise of Huen V„ in 1319, without male 
 Mue, his grandson, in the female line, Magnus 
 Smek, united in his person he kingdoms of 
 Sweden and Norway. Magnus was succeedtil 
 ta the kingdom of Norway by his son Hogen VI. 
 husband of the celebrated Marpuet, and at his 
 deoeose.in 1880,Norwaywas united to Denmark 
 by their son Olof V., who dying without issue, 
 Margaret herself was raised to the throne by the 
 unanimous voice of the nation. On hw death, 
 It dewended, with Denmark and Sweden, to her 
 nephew Eric. Sweden was afterwards separated 
 from Denmark by the valour and address of Uus- 
 tavus VasB. By the treaty of Kiel, in Jan. 1814, 
 Norway was ceded by the king of Denmark to 
 Sweden; but the people not approving of this 
 cession, had recourse to arms, in order to resist 
 tho entrance of the Swedish troops into their 
 TOuntry ; and tho Diet elected Prince Christian, 
 tho king of Denmark's son, who was then go- 
 vernor, to the throne. However, on the conclu- 
 won of the war with France, the allied powers, 
 who had previously promised this country to 
 Sweden, if she would take an active part in the 
 coalition against tho French empire, how did all 
 in their power to enforce the cession. For this 
 purpose a considerable body of their troops was 
 marched into the Danish territories on the con- 
 tinent, to watch that power, and all tho ports of 
 Norway were blockaded by the Swed&h and 
 English aeets by sea, while the Swedish army, 
 under the crown prince, entered Norway by 
 land. Amidst such united efforts, it was not 
 to be expected that the brave Norwegians 
 could hold out long. After the capture of 
 Frederickstadt, and the passage of the Glom- 
 men by the Swedes, Prince Christian proposed 
 to resign his crown into the hands of the Diet: 
 and on the 20th of October, 1814, tliat assem- 
 bly came to the resolution that Norway should 
 be governed by the king of Sweden, but as 
 an integral state, preserving its constitution and 
 laws; to which the Sweden assented. Christiania 
 is the capital 
 
 Norwich, a city and county of itself; the 
 capital of Norfolk, and a bishop's see ; witli 
 marketo on Wednesday and Saturday. It is 
 governed by a mayor, recorder, &c. ; and sends 
 two members to parliament. It was formerly 
 surrounded by a strong wall, of which some 
 ruins still remain. Many of the streets are still 
 narrow and ill-disposed, though, during the last 
 ten years, considerable improvements have been 
 effected. Besides the cathedral, which is one of 
 the most spacious and elegant in the kingdom, 
 here are 32 parish churches, two churches for 
 the Flemings, a number of dissenting meeting- 
 houses, and two Roman Catholic chapels. In a 
 hill, co mm a n d in g an extensive view oi^' the city, 
 is tiie castle, an ancient and stately edifice, 
 occupied as a shire-house and county gaol. It 
 has recently undergone considerable iteration 
 and enlargement AJnong the other public build- 
 ings are tho Guildhall, St. Andrew'ls Hall, the 
 
 ««sembly-room, the theatre, the Norfolk and 
 Norwich Hospitnl, the Norwich Dispensary, tho 
 Blind Hospital, Lunatic Asylum, and Uoughty's 
 Ilosmtal. Hero nre also a good gramniur-«chool, 
 a pulihc library, a literary institution, a musuem, 
 a society of artisU, and other scientific and chnri- 
 tabloiimtitutions. Tho market- place is a spacious 
 area, with a gradual descent. It is occupied on 
 market days by an immense number of moveable 
 shambles, and contrivances for displaying the 
 neatly-trussed poultry, and other provisions, 
 brought fl-om a'l parU of the county, and has a 
 very striking ap ^aranoe. On the upper part, 
 but separated by a range of shops and dwelling- 
 houses, is a good fish market, which is well 
 supplied. Near this city, on Mousehold Heath, 
 are the ruins of the castle of Rett, the tanner, by 
 whose rebellion, in tho reign of Edward VI, , the 
 city was reduced to a ruinous state. Norwich 
 has extensive manufactures of crapes, bombo. 
 lines, and stuifk of various kinds, and a consider- 
 able trade. It is seated on the river Yare; 22 
 miles W. of Yarmouth, and 1 10 N. E. of Lon- 
 don. Long. 1. 20. E. lat. 62. 40. 
 
 NoRwioa, a city of Connecticut, in New 
 London county; with five churches. It is in 
 three divisions, namely, Chelsea, the Town, and 
 Beau Hill. The executive courts of law aro held 
 at this place and New London alternately. 
 Here are made paper of all kinds, stockings, 
 buttons, stone and earthenware, and all kinds of 
 forge work. It is seated at the bead of naviga- 
 tion on the Thames; 12 miles N. of New Lon- 
 don. Long. 72. 12. W, lat. 41. 34. N.— Also, 
 the name of numerous inconsiderable townships 
 ofthe United States. 
 
 NossEN, a town of Saxony; on the Muldau; 
 18 miles W. of Dresden. 
 
 NoTEBuaa, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Petersburg ; seated on an island in the 
 lake Ladoga, at the place where the Neva 
 issues. It has a good citadel, and was capital 
 of Ingria, before Petersburg was built. It is 
 25 miles E. of Petersburg. Long. 31. 9. K 
 lat. 59. 56. N. 
 
 NoTO, a town of Sicily, capital of Val di Woto. 
 It wasruined by an earthquake in lC93,and near 
 it another town wns built, called Noto Nuovo. 
 It is 22 miles S, W. of Syracuse. Long. 16. 19. 
 E. lat. 36. 60. N. 
 
 NoTTiNOHAM, a town of Maryland; in Prince 
 George county; situate on the Patuxent; 26 
 miles S, E. of Washington. 
 
 Nottingham, a town of New Hampshire ; 
 in Rockingham county; 14 miles N. N. W. of 
 Exeter.— Also, the name of several townships 
 in the United States. 
 
 Nottingham, a borough and the capital of 
 Nottinghamshire ; governed by a mayor, with 
 markets on Wednesday and Saturday. It re- 
 turns two members to parliament. It is situate 
 on the side and summit of a rock, of a soft, sandy 
 nature.outofwhichmany of the cellarsand vaults 
 ofthe town are excavated, and from which the 
 name of the town is derived, i. e. " the town of 
 the caves." To the W. ofthe town, on a rocky 
 eminence, is the castle, a nmgnificent modem 
 structure, now destroyed by fire, belonging to 
 
NOT 
 
 tlio Duko of NewcMtle, built on the uto of «n 
 
 nlidJnoUV^K <'Onq.ieror. ni.d naerw«r,l« the 
 kTw!^ ri ' "T. P"*'"'^"'' l*'!^"". queer, of 
 It I^TL 7 '^'^ '"T Pft'^-noiir iloRer Mortimer. 
 It wu made a gnrriwn by the i«rlianiorit«rmn» 
 in the reign of Charles the I., but wn. taken by 
 tl.e «x.y«lwt.j «ft«r the dvil war, it nX 
 man ed by onler of Oliver CromwolJ and wm 
 rebuilt bv William Cavendi.h. Duke'oTNeT 
 ^ u .i.- * '""•''f'ne toim, diatinguijhed 
 by Its spaciou. market-place, and noted for 
 
 LroSr-.f- /' '• oneof theprirciS 
 iwe' I? W,r"""'''T •• "'•'" very exton- 
 
 C .^ r ' «. chnpel of ease, above 15 meetinu- 
 house, for dissenters, two for Roman CathoU^ 
 
 .ufuUoT*°«"" ^' '^*""- ThocharhalS 
 iUtutions are numerous, and manv of th««. 
 
 fhT*"" "k"2^ in extent and utility of de«gn I™ 
 the neighbourhood are many coal.pit.,*^hich 
 affortl plenty of Aiol at little oxpen.^ aT this 
 town Charles Is, t up his stanclird, a the com" 
 
 river wh?h°"- Nottingham is seated on a 
 rivtr which communicates with the Trent I 
 
 M:57: K "''°"' ^""ff- '• »• W. lat. 
 
 NoTTiNOHAiUHiM, a county of England 48 
 
 miles long, and 25 broad; bounde.1 N. by York- 
 
 ""1 ;• *"?. ?eri'y«'hit«. It contains 538,680 
 Si\ "'-^ •"'*' "* hundreds, and 168 
 
 sTon^ n7!h« P»''T«I" fo' the N. nnd S. divi- 
 
 tureof i5f.r/*r- 'i ^^W-'uchatempera- 
 luro ot soil and climato as to render it on^ of 
 
 t:ni7il! «nd healthful countllnTngf 
 lanu. The pnncipal rivers are the Trent Idio 
 
 ami wSnati'"?*^ "'''''> of th^Se 
 (Kcupied by the extensive forest of Sherwood 
 the only royal forest N. of the TrentV but^o 
 greater port is now enclosed and cov;r«l with 
 
 ^1 of JmM'u^' Pr»*l"«t» of this county are 
 coa , of which there is a great plenty. KVDsum 
 ead, grain of all sorts, cattle, inalt, LpY wod' 
 hquonce and wood. The m'anufactSchX' 
 
 Nova SJcotia, a British province of North 
 
 province of New Brunswick. It is bounded on 
 the fe. and S. E. by the Atlantic, E. by the Gut 
 ofCanso^ N. by Northumberland Stmit.andN 
 W. by New Brunswick nnd the Bay of Fundv 
 It. length is 235 miles from Cape ^ble on th"^* 
 b. W. to Cape Canso on the N. K Its extiemH 
 breadth is 88 miles, but the mea^of the p^n^ 
 
 area of 15,617 square miles. It has several 
 lakes, and a vast number of small rivers. Ttl^ 
 a peninsula, lymg S. E. of New Brunswick, and 
 joined o It by a narrow isthmiw, at the N. E 
 extremity of the Bay of Fuudy. The French 
 
 filO 
 
 Nov 
 
 •ot l«J here before they made any ewaoiunment 
 •n Unada, and «.lWd It Acadia. Tlw fl«?S 
 o. land. w« made to Sir William AleTaff 
 ly Jume. I ot England, fh,m whom It «eoived 
 the name of Nova Scotia. Since iu flr.V^ tS 
 ment U has r.o.e th«. once changed ruler, and 
 proprietor,, nor was it confirmiS to Enjlaml 
 nil the r-eace of Utrecht in 1713. The inhabi 
 
 ."ile hJ^^'*"" " '" "'•nyP*rt. thin and 
 tl ;h!'Ki^*,*'T,"'l,'**'"« *"•«*■ n«t inferior 
 the c^puSl. "^ *^"»'''"''- ""'"^ *• 
 
 in Jlw ^'•''°^' " ^°''"* ^«»"-'*. «n Wand 
 nent of Kuiiia by the Strait of WaigaU. Thto 
 
 coast, the crew were obi ged to winter hniw 
 and «^th great difficulty p^re^-^el'ttrr fe 
 
 1 7r^J.^ ^'S.T"' *"" ^"* ""^^ i" 1742, from 
 IIJJ'^A *?'® "" expedition to these i»l«'„d^U 
 on record, between 1819 and 1824 the W coarts 
 ^ere explored in five expeditions, by orde „?S 
 Russian government, the eastern coa't w«! 
 
 «« en, half of the i.land., a. fonnorly rep«! 
 sented ha.no exi.tcncoi and that, beyond the 
 lat. of Capo Na«au. 76. 17. N., noth ,.g isknown 
 It stretches in a N. N. W. direction Sbout 400 
 geographiail miles, with an average breadth of 
 
 H f^E '"ThV'- f ■'•'""«• '''^- ^■""•"«« 
 o*. I u. bj. The country is extremely desolate 
 
 anSsS""'"^' ""f *"y vegetabk/buTTnl; 
 and some few arctic plants. It is inhabited by 
 
 Tlk. ^A P'"^'«l'«''y.rW'e bears, white foxe., 
 eucs, rem-deer, and rabbits. 
 
 NovALLB, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 Trevisano, 10 mile. S. W. of Treviso '^ 
 
 NovABA, a town of Italy , capital of a prbvince 
 of Its name, in the Sardinian Milanese. "^It^^ 
 
 ^lir "''"'■"'"^' ^'''^^ the cathedral : and w 
 BOTted on an eminence, 25 miles W. bv & oJ 
 Milan. Pop. 13,000. "^«» « • "X S. of 
 
 NovELLAiu, a town of Italy, in the Mode- 
 
 mountain. It is the principal deposit for goods 
 coining from the Levant, which {ass into S 
 trmn Italy and thence into the sTf GennanT 
 f?Z tf 1'"?!! '»Ji799. the Austrians and uj^ 
 81US defeated he French, who lost their general 
 
 1 w'''*il""'' "^'^ 10.000 men; 25 miles N 
 by W. of Genoa. Pop. 5400. ""'««• 
 
 .K„ a"';" ''"''^^^ *<•'"" <»f Croatia, taken by 
 SnkoTrn'" ''^^- ""««tedontheright 
 
 St 16.l3"rif45"W ^- ''''^'^'- 
 
 Novi Bazar, a town of &;rvia, seated near 
 
 the Oresco; 72 miles W. of Nissa/and ^ S. of 
 
 43 tt. ^'''- ""*'• ^°"«-21- 1. E. lat: 
 
 Noviobad, a town of Hungary, capital of a 
 
h 
 
 NOV 
 
 county of the iitmo nnme ; with a cutle i«nto<i 
 on « „you„t«i„. n^ the D«>ub„ M K n! 
 
 ^iSiTJ^it"' •*?*"«' Aurtrinn I).Im.li«, 
 WW ?h?t^;r^'^ "■? • '"''«' "'"'" •"«»• "•«"• 
 
 .n7i'"N"";';/f LT' •' ""'- ^- •"'*•'"•' 
 
 .ovIrnZT"/ .1 '"^ "' ""•^' «•?"•' "f » 
 called Qroat Noyogorod, to di.tinguiih .t from 
 other towni of the «rne .pi,ell«lion. It wwfor 
 
 « I^^ 1 ''"'!'"■'• "'"'«" "'« J"ri*li«^«i<.n of a 
 Wrn'?;*""'*"- '"'"»hogr..at martoftrado 
 ^LLJ*"""" "".'• "^ "«"»e«i'o cities, and 
 made he moat rapid advance, in opulence and 
 population. lu power wu. .,> gr«t, and ita 
 
 proverb: Who can roaiat the gods nnd Groat 
 Novogorod P" But in the Ifith ce^ry "hi. h.do- 
 pondent republic wa. oblige.1 to .ubn^i to van 
 li«..l«w.t,I grand duke of Uu«ia. It con" 
 me^lil "7*"*''*''«". tl'e '«•««-•« nnd moat com- 
 SnL""{! 1!? ^"""'' ""-^ contained at lea.t 
 t»u?'!n irVbitan"- It was first dewlajed by 
 the cruelties of Ivan IJa.ilowiti 11., hut it. 
 
 ?W h"-,r?f ""' ^'''^''y <"="r««' «"til Peter tho 
 Ureat built Petersburg, to which he tmnsfemnl 
 
 ^IL!^iT'"*'"'f "'""' ""'tic that liad before 
 entered here. It now contains acnrcely 8000 
 •ousi and n vast number of churches and con- 
 vents stand aa melancholy monum-^nt. of its 
 former magruficence. The tovn stretches on 
 both «desof the VollcofT, a river of con.iderub°o 
 dfj !Ll "''"l"^' T*''"'' "T^'^tes it into two 
 
 ff f ?[ ^'' .H*""' ^" the fatter are tho 
 ruins of the cathednil, in which several princes 
 of the ducal family of Russia «,« interred. No- 
 vogorod is situate near tho N. end of the lake 
 
 NovwwROD, NizifBi, a city of Russia, capital 
 ^Ikk-^k'*?""^"' "^""' «""« name, anJ an 
 
 by stone walta ; also two cathedrals, 28 parish 
 churches, and five con venta. Tho trade iscon - 
 •iderablo, and the shops richly fUmished with 
 all kinds of foreign and home goods. It is 
 •«Ued at the confSux of the Occa wfth the Volga: 
 250 miles E. by N. of Moscow. 
 
 Novogorod, Severskoi, a town of Russia • 
 government of Cjernigov, seated on the Desna 
 86 miles E. N. E. of Czemigov. 
 
 NovooRODEK, a town of Russian Lithuania, 
 government of Grodno ; seated on a hill in a 
 
 KE.".;t'"5S^^;.'^^•"^^^•"-•^-«• 
 
 NovoMiGOBOD, a town of Russia, in the 
 R(.vernment of Catharinenslaf ; 160 miles N. 
 N. W. of Chenon. Long. 31. 44. E. lat. 48. 
 40. N. 
 
 NouTRA, a town of Austrian Poland, near 
 which are mmes of gold and silver j 30 miles S 
 of Cracow. 
 
 NoYA, a town of Spain, in Galicia. The 
 chief trade is m ship-building. It standi at the 
 
 5'iO 
 
 NUN 
 
 NovoN, a town in the department of CHiCi 
 tho birthplace of the celebrate<l Culvln. It ia 
 
 iA^m.le. h W. of Sois«,n., and 70 N. by E. of 
 
 witll^^rH'" *""" '" *•"• «l«Partmont of Jura, 
 Slin* °" ■ ™°""t«'"' '-^O >n"e» »• E. of 
 
 N.by Egynt, E. by the Red Sea, a by Abya- 
 •mm and barfoor, «nd W. by Domou 1 1 k 
 Bbout 600 miles in length, an'd 45oTbreadti 
 
 which it s fni tful, but in other place, barren, 
 Z&T- t'^T" °' ''"'"'• Tho inhabitant. 
 ..Si "'I';'""' «"''.,'•""'' »' « -mall round 
 .« <Ml called durrn, or dliourra, a kind of millat. 
 Ihei, houees have mud walls, are very low. 
 and covered with reeds. The drew of tho 
 better sort, is a vest without .leeves, and thev 
 hove no covering, for hcAd, legs, or feet. Thi- 
 
 about them, and tho children go quite naked 
 
 ni?in.'^'*"'^'^"'V*"P''* ""^ debauched 
 people, but profess to be Mahomedan^ The 
 producUons of the country are gold, elephanta' 
 ^th. civet, and sandal-wood, and a great 
 many slaves are sent into Egypt 
 
 Tp!!'"'''' Ik'T ^^ ^J!.'!"' '" the province of 
 Leon, on the borders of Portugal, ffi mile. E. 
 of Brngania, and 4)| VV. of Zamoiii. 
 
 ^vv^""i' ■'"*'i "f .f"""*"*. department of Cote 
 a "r, famous for ita excellent wines. It is 
 
 rrw^f'L^ij^r'''"""""'^"*'""- 
 
 .AZ' °' )^*,"."J00N, an extensive country 
 ot Afhca, of which the emperor of Morocco 
 arrogates to himself the sovereignty, but his 
 i!J!li"K'''^'!i^ " extremely feebleT it is inh a? 
 bited by different tribes 6{ Arabs, whose camps 
 are scattered over such interior parts of tho 
 country as are capable of cultivaUon. It has a 
 river of the same name, which enten the At- 
 lantic on the N. side of Cape Non. 
 
 NuNDTDRooo, a town and fortresa of Hin- 
 dostan, m Mysore. It is built on the sum- 
 mit of a mountain, 1700 feet in height, the 
 gr«iter part inaccessible ; but was beaiWed 
 *"f.**^™,JjX.*''® English,.under Lord Corn- 
 wallis, in 1792. It is 70 miles N. of Seringa- 
 patam. ° 
 
 Nuneaton, a town in Warwickshire, with 
 a market on Saturday J and manufactures of 
 wool en cloths and ribbons. It was formeriv 
 noted for its nunnery : it is seated on the river 
 
 NW?o?Londo;::'^^°'^™"*'^' -«>''« 
 NuNjiNAooDu, a town of Hindostan. in 
 Mysore, with a rumoua fort, and a lai«e square 
 temple. It i» situate in the fork formed by the 
 junction of the Kaundini with the Kapini , 13 
 miles S. by E. Mysore. 
 
I W. el Com- 
 
 lepurtment of 
 tlivSc-rini Itf 
 
 lent nf Oiw j 
 L'ulvln. It ia 
 w the OIm : 
 ON.b/E.or 
 
 nont of Jura I 
 >Um S. £. of 
 
 inded on th« 
 8. hy Ab/i- 
 mou. It ii 
 ) in breadth. 
 he biinka of 
 lacea barren, 
 ) inhnbitanta 
 small round 
 >d nf millet. 
 very loir, 
 Ireaa ot the 
 *, and they 
 feot. Thi- 
 linen cloth 
 uito naked, 
 debauched 
 dana. The 
 , slephanta' 
 id a great 
 
 province of 
 ifi milea £. 
 
 ent of Cote 
 ice. It ia 
 ; 15 milea 
 
 re country 
 ' Morocco 
 r, but hia 
 [t is inha- 
 oaecampa 
 rto of tho 
 Ithaia 
 n the At- 
 
 lof Hm- 
 
 the sum« 
 eight, the 
 beaieged 
 »rd Corn- 
 ^ Seringa- 
 ire; with 
 ctures of 
 formerly 
 the river 
 , and 98 
 
 «tan, in 
 (e square 
 h1 by the 
 pini; 13 
 
 NUR 
 
 N.m«ii»tM.atownc' /aria, in the cirolo 
 HiJh ' ; •""?"'»''«^ oy •" old rail and 
 
 t^^,r/.!''"">ru "'"» ^"^ *"»'"■; ""•> through 
 the m.adle of the town flows the river IVuniu 
 
 3* Th^i'lf .•'""• '"*•'««•• -"'^ •"'«"«' 0^ 
 Md ih-l, ™ '"''•»"'«"'• •»«• very industrious, 
 •nu their maps and prints, aa well as their 
 n^iujica and mathomatical lnstn.me„ur«re in 
 high e,teem, „o, ,„ they loss curious i,'. dock- 
 
 rt^I ' Unl IT"'''^} "'»""««=<""« of iron, 
 •teel, ivory, wood, and nlBbiuter. The tovi 
 
 SubHo '.-."fT •'*' ""^'' ''"«»• Among tho 
 pubUo iiatitutiona are a famous academy for 
 
 JiDiWT. The ancient cast e, or nalaco i« .till 
 Jtand ng at tha extremity of'th" !;?tyr;nd the 
 •rsenni i. one of the best in Oerma ,y. The 
 house..,, bunt of freestone, and^'^^ur or 
 five stor^ high. Nuremberg was given to 
 Bavaria by ...o treaty of Tilsit, in 1007. It ta 
 of Vl£.^* Vn^l^^'^'i^' 240 w: N. W 
 49. 27. N.' 
 
 All 
 
 • OBA 
 
 It stands on a narrow channel, opposite the l.lo 
 
 of Uland, 60 miles S. a W. oTCoAiSin 
 
 I-ong. 1 1. 58. E. lat. i4. «0. N. »^"H»"" 
 
 Niritopimj. a government of Sweden: com- 
 
 CooO ' '**• ^- ^ "' 8"'^«nn.nij:' Pop: 
 
 NrKOPiNo, « neat town of Sweden, capital of 
 
 Hudermania, with a harbour, and the renfain. " f 
 
 a strong caHle It is tho most ancient town n 
 
 the kingdom and wa. formerly the residence of 
 
 rive, ifV '*"''"™""^ ltl.««tedon, 
 
 T? -27 vl ? M "^.''.''"iJ"- * "P- 2400. Long, 
 w. J7. E. lat. 60. 8ft. N. 
 
 NvLAND, a province of European Russia, in 
 J inland i lym. on the Gulf of Finland, to the W 
 
 to 60 brondi "nd ia a fertile pleasant country 
 being better peopled and cultivated tCffi 
 neighbouring provinces. The i,d,.biU«U (about 
 
 i»o miles W. by W, of Munich, 240 W N W 1 1 A nn" * P™*""^ The 
 of Vienna. Pop. 27,000. Lonirll 4 V Z' . 'l /• ^^^ °" *«'"«' ^ra. 
 49. 27. N. *• "• *• *^ '"»• I'Janks, bnen, and dried fish. 
 
 NuMiKoiiif a town of WiHemberg, with an 
 hospital, founded in U. «id to bo ?he rich^t 
 
 Weckar; 14 miles S. E. of Stutgard. 
 „f S?"?'." *°*" °^ Hindostan, capital 
 ct^in^'^'Sf '^" •"™'' """"'' •" ""e province 
 N. E. of Tatta. Long. 69. 10. 'i. Int. 25. 28 N. 
 Wtbom, a seaport of Denmark, on the E. 
 coast of the Isle of Funen. The remain, of the 
 o^d palace, ,n which Christian II. was born, now 
 •ervo for a mngnzine and arsenaL It is Kated 
 on a bay of tfie Great Belt ; 10 miles E. of 
 ?6 sTn. ^°P'2"°"' ^°"8- 10- 40- li- 1"°. 
 
 T Jf'^'!.""'"'.*'; " '"*'" °f Denmark, in North 
 Jutland i with a good harbour; on tlie Gulf of 
 Lymford. It stands on the E. side of the island 
 
 ^.:^°?,\ "YKif I""^""^ ^y brunches of the 
 gi If ; 4 miles W. by S. of Alburg. Lone 8 
 36. E. Int. 56. 62. N. ^' 
 
 NrKOFiNO, a seaport of Denmark, capital of 
 
 115,000) ca'r^y on some"tlido in com. catUe 
 anks, bnen, and dried fish. ' ' 
 
 me ,t ot VViburg, on the LaSce Saimfc fj^ 
 castle, which stands on a rock in a river, near 
 ♦ VTl" 'I.'""?'^ '■•''"««' hy nature and ^ 
 twastakuMbytile Russians in 1714, restoM 
 .0 he hweues at the peace of Nystadt. but 
 nf A •' *•'""? ,"P ^ "■*• Russians, by the t Jty 
 ofAKml743. Iti.50mile.'N.W.ofWil^ 
 
 NviLOT, a town of Russia, in tho government 
 
 NaJ'vr""' " •*•"*" '^ "'''^'' ^- ^y^-^f 
 
 Nystadt, a town of Russia, in Finland • with 
 
 Tn rwS""? ""''?"'• •''HUconsiderable'trndS 
 in all kinds of wooden vessels. In 1721 o peace 
 was concluded here between Russia and SwX 
 
 K lat.'Jl.VN!'"- '^''- ''''' ^'"*21.8J. 
 NrsTKD, a town of Denmark, on tho S V 
 coaat of the Ule of Laland. It c«rie? in a Jofj 
 sidcrable trade with the province, of GerSiS 
 It IS 22 miles E. S. E. of NaJiow. "*""""^- 
 
 o. 
 
 O. or St. Mabtij* d'O, a town of France 
 departmeut of Ome, 6 mile. S. of Argentan. ' 
 !„f!:tK »«! " "^^^ °^ Lousinna, which fella 
 into the Mississippi, from tho N. W. in lat. 39 
 1 0. N. and 7 miles N. of Riviere au Beauf 
 
 Oahoona, one of the Ingraham Isles, which 
 18 Mid to be the northernmost of all this cluster 
 It he. about 10 leagues N. E. of Nooheva. To 
 this island Captain Robert, gave the name of 
 
 JJiltSf •^w^. ^P'"^" '"S^h""* had l^fore 
 called It Washington. 
 
 Oakham the chief town of Rutlandshire 
 r^ .K "J"*""^ •"• Saturday. Near the church 
 are the decaying walls of an old castle; and ! 
 1749 four silver pennies of the later Mercian 
 kings were found here. It is seated in h" 
 
 centre of a fertile valley, called the Vale of 
 Catmore; 28 mile. S. by E. of Nottincham 
 S'l. ^i%^">'^^'^^on. Lonro;t"w: 
 
 Oakhampton, a town in Devonahire, market 
 on Saturday. It has a manufecture of serjtes 
 aiid the remams of a castle, dismantled by' 
 Henry VIII It stand on the river Oak; 24 
 
 lSo7' '' '^^ ^^^ ^- ^y ^ «»f 
 
 Oakinoham. See Wokinohak. 
 Oaxaca. See Quaxaca. 
 Oban a village of modem importance in 
 Scotland, in Argyleshire; seated 3 milea to the 
 
 excellent harbour, capable of containina ud- 
 
O B D • 622 
 
 wnrda of 600 merchantmen, defended from 'ho 
 wcrterly winds by the islands of Ker-er.i and 
 Mull. It is 33 miles N. W. of Inverary and 
 1 36 W. N. W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Obdach, a town of the Austrian statet, in 
 Styria, at the conflux of the Achza and Traim; 
 !) miles S. E. of Judenburg. 
 
 Obbrkircii, a town of fladen ; 15 miles I , of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Obkrnbkro, a town of Bavaria, with n castle 
 seated on the Inn; 12 miles S. S. W. of Passau. 
 Oberndorp, a town of Wirtemberg, seated 
 on the Neckiir; 8 miles N. N. E. of Rothweii. 
 Oeidos, town of Portugal, in Estremadura; 
 with the remains rf a castle on a rock. It is 
 13 miles E. of Peniche, and 40 N. N. E. of 
 Lisbon. Pop. 300. 
 
 Obollah, 3 strong town of Persia, in I.ac- 
 Agemir soati.'d on a branch of the Tigris, near 
 liassora. 
 
 Obskaia, a gulf or bay of Siberia, in the 
 Frozen Ocean; abotat 360 miles from N. to S. 
 and 45 to 60 in breadth. The S, W. ex- 
 tremity, where it is entered by the river Oby, 
 is in long. 6a. 15. E. lat. 66. 55 N. 
 
 Obvinsk, a town of Russia, i,i the govern, 
 ment of Perm; situated on the Kama; 60 miles 
 N. of Perm. Long. 56. 0. E lat. 58. 44. N. 
 
 Oby, or Ob, the laijiest river of Siberia. It 
 issaes from I ke Altyn, in the desert of Iscliim- 
 ska, runs N. W. and W. by Kolivan, Nnrim, 
 and Surgut, till it receives the Irtysh from To- 
 bolsk, when its flows N. and N. E., and, after 
 a course of 1900 miles, enters the Gulf of 
 Obskaia. It is a large smooth stream, abounds 
 in fish, and is navigable almost to its source. 
 In its course, especially after the influx of the 
 Ittysh, it forms a groat number of islands. 
 
 CcANA, an ancient town of Spa.,!, in La 
 Mancha; formerly fortified, but now in a state 
 of decay. In 1810 a battle was fought in its 
 vicinity, between the French and Spaniards. 
 Fop. 5000. It is 30 miles S. S. E. of Madrid. 
 OcANA, a town of the republic of Columbia, 
 in the province of St. Martha ; on the Rio de 
 Oro, which flows .o the Mudalena. It is 240 
 miles S. by E. of St. Martha. Long. 73. 26. 
 W. lat. 7. 40. N. 
 
 OcfiANicA, an expressive name given by 
 Maltc Brun and other modern geographers to 
 th;it division of the globe which cannot well be 
 classed with the other quarters. It includes 
 Australasia, or the continent of Auatralia, and 
 its surrounding islands, and New Zealand, and 
 Polynesia, or the numerous groups of islands 
 which are spread over the Pacific Ocean, and 
 which cannot scarcely be cftlle<( either American 
 or A8iati<\ Ths t>irm, however, is not univer- 
 sally recognized. 
 
 Ochsenfubt, a town of Bavarian Franconia, 
 seated on the Maine; 10 milos S. E. ofWurtz- 
 burg. 
 
 OcHSENHAUSEK, a town of Wirtemburg, 
 capital of a petty p> incipality (formerly the 
 territory of » rich abbey) which was given to 
 prince Mettemich in 1803. It is 14 miles S. 
 01 Ulm. 
 OcKEB, a river of Saxony, which rises in (he 
 
 ODI 
 
 Harti, flows by Goslar, Wolfenbuttel, and 
 Brunswick, and joins the Alter, E. of ZelL 
 OcHiDA. See LociiRroA. 
 OczAKow, or Otchahof, a decayed seaport 
 and fortress of Russia, in the government of 
 Catharinenslaf. It has been frequently an ob- 
 ject of contest between the Turks and Russians, 
 many thousands of whom^ on both sides, have 
 fallen in its different sieges. The Russians took 
 it by storm in 1788,and it was confirmed to them 
 by the subsequent peace. Tnis important place 
 is the key to both the Bog and the Dnieper, 
 rivers of great conseijuence to this part of the 
 empire. It is seated near the Black Sea, on the 
 N. side of the estuary of the Dniepf r, opposite 
 Kinbum, 50 miles W. of Cherson, and 190 N. 
 by E. of Constantinople. Long. 30. 30. E. lat. 
 46. 35. N. 
 
 Odenbach, a town ot Germany, in the duchy 
 of Deux Fonts, seated on the Glan ; 34 miles 
 S. W. ofMentz. 
 
 Odensee, a town of Denmark, capital of the 
 isle of Funen, and a bishop's see. It supplies 
 the greatest part of the army wit** a. I their 
 leather accoutrements, and is particularly 
 famous for gloves. Here are also manufactures 
 of cloth, sugar, and soap. It is situate in a river, 
 6 miles from the Bay of Stegestrand, and 90 W. 
 by S. of Copenhagen. Pop. 6000. Long. 10. 25. 
 E. lat. 65. 30. N, 
 
 Oder, a river of the Austrian empire, which 
 rises in the mountains of Moravia, and flows 
 through the Brandenburg and Fomerania. Below 
 Stettin it forms a large lake or bay, called Gross 
 Haff; and then enters the Baltic Sea by three 
 channels, called Feene, Swin, and Diwenow ; 
 between which lie the islands of Usedom and 
 VVoJlin. 
 
 Odekbero, a to'.vn of Moravia, on the con- 
 fines of Silesia with a castle ; seated on the 
 Oser, at the influx of the Elsa ; 18 miles N. N. 
 W. ofTeschen. 
 
 OoERBERo, a town of the PriT'^ian proTince 
 of Brandenburg, situate on the C. j ; 26 miles 
 N. W. ofCustrin. 
 
 Odeunheih, a town of Germany, in Hesse 
 Darmstadt, on the Seltz ; 14 miles S. of Mentz. 
 Odern'heim, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Deux Fonts, seated on the Glan, near 
 its conflux with the Nahe ; 28 miles S. W. 
 of Mentz. 
 
 Odessa, a fortified seaport of Russia, in the 
 government of Catlierinenslaf, founded in 1 792 
 by Catherine II. The town is well-built, and is 
 rapidly increasing in size and importance. The 
 population is estimated at about 60,055, who 
 carry on a good tmdc and have manufactures of 
 woollens, silks, gunpowder, soap, &c. It is 
 seated on the gulf of the Black Sea ; 44 miles 
 W. by S. of Oczakow, and 99 E. of Cherson. 
 Odeypore. See Oudi 'ore. 
 Cdeypore, a town o^ Hindostan, capital of 
 Jushpour, in the province of Orissa. It is 60 
 miles N. E. of Ruttunpour, and 220 N. W. of 
 Cuttack. Long. 83. 22. E. lat. 22. 37. N, 
 
 Odiham, a town in Hampshire, with a market 
 on Saturday. Here are the remains of an an- 
 cient casUe, and of a royal palace, bams, &e. 
 
enbuttel, and 
 1. ofZelL 
 
 myed senport 
 overnment of 
 uently an ob- 
 and Russians, 
 :h sides, have 
 Kusaians took 
 irmedtothem 
 iportant place 
 the Dnieper, 
 is part of the 
 sk Sea, on the 
 pfr, opposite 
 , and 190 N. 
 
 0. 30. £. lat. 
 
 in the duchy 
 EUi ; 34 miles 
 
 (^pital of the 
 It supplies 
 It** a. I their 
 particularly 
 nanufactures 
 ito in a nver, 
 
 1, and 90 W. 
 Long. 10.25. 
 
 Tipire, which 
 1, and flows 
 ranio. Below 
 called Gross 
 Sea by three 
 I Diwenow ; 
 [Jsedom and 
 
 on the cou- 
 nted on the 
 miles N. N. 
 
 ian proTince 
 ; 25 miles 
 
 Y, in Hesse 
 S. of Mentz. 
 my, in the 
 3 Glan, near 
 niles S. W. 
 
 issia, in tlie 
 dedin 1792 
 3uilt, and is 
 ance. The 
 0,055, who 
 utactures of 
 &c. It is 
 1 ; 44 miles 
 Cherwn. 
 
 1, capital of 
 \. It is 60 
 N. W. of 
 37. N, 
 th a market 
 s of an an- 
 bams, &c. 
 
 OEB 
 
 mk^NTorw'!'\®'^"«'''''''«Ca,«l; 24 
 Tundoi: ^^'^'^^' '"d 42 W. by S. 
 
 miles long, but not more than 9 b>^i' Th! m 
 part has fine formif. o„-i oroau. ihe N, 
 
 freestone .theT^Lnf ,'*"^'^ "^ excellent 
 
 ,.: ^^ **• •'' Calmar. Pon oo nnn V .T^ 
 
 50. E. lat. 60. 48 N ^' ' '^''"S- ^^• 
 
 priSairtv'of thf ^""^" ^"^"' «'1'''»' "f a 
 Dar^ nf thiV ^ """"^ ""•"^' '^hich now forms 
 
 rdr:ferk«'?ai'tT"«" 
 tre''jii''tt"«iT'a%""nTi?'^, *•' 
 
 Long. 17. 31. E.lit.Sl2 N •"^^'^'""• 
 eSr^y^^rrf^t^r^'-'^^^^ter; 
 
 Obsbl, en island in the Baltic on the r>u..f 
 
 Ofkn. &«, BUDA. 
 
 Ofpanto, a rivM of Naples, which rises in 
 
 he Appennines, and enters the Gulf of V^le 
 
 "ear Barletta. It is the ancient Aufidu*' 
 
 Da™^."/'"'/ *"^ «f Gennany.t Hesse 
 
 t^rX; rt '•'" P'-]"''''''' "'anufac turW 
 
 n.i?esTofL^orer "*■''«'*'•'" ^'--^ 2a 
 
 .-.oTh^eTrrnSr^Xt^"^^""'"'^"^ 
 
 "f S' en^e« tI"/'^ 'T ^" '='« principality 
 
 823 
 
 OIC 
 
 at the N.L.point of theGuif of Siam ; 66mS 
 S. E.of suim. Long. 101. 28. E.' lat"S 
 
 pHmKROA, an island in the S.Pacific. li 
 indes m circuit. It has no harbourrrd^'nli 
 
 thersopopuousnor fertile as the islands to UieN 
 of I s but Its manufactures ar« of a superior 
 J'°'''tho cloth isof a better dye, and the ,S 
 and clubs are better carved and polish^ ^h^ 
 people are lusty and well made, and rather 
 
 w.TaT2n!'r •*' '"''''' ^-"'^" i'^: 
 
 . *^"'o» a/iver of N. America, formed bv thn 
 atP ttsburg. It bounds the states of 0^3 
 
 ad v"„S 1? '^ ''^°'« '*'"^!' ' "«'» the onlj d£ 
 ville ^^ * M*" ". " r'P^' J""* below LouS^ 
 viae, one mile and a half long. In this nla™ 
 
 ya^rbroad"" T."" '"I'^y botfom, Xe ??o^ 
 yards broad; and when the stream islow.emptv 
 boats only can pass, but when high, boate of any 
 burden may pass in safety. The OhT^ra 
 great uniformity of breadth, from 400 i^Too 
 
 «00 to 900 yards. After a courea of 1 Ihh 
 niil«|, in which it receives mTy larL 2 
 
 36.l8."r '' ^"'^" ""^ Missis^PPri^ Zt 
 
 ereSin°?8()f ?■ ^H'^ ^^^ "^ America, 
 erected in 1 802. lymg between 38. 30. and 42 2 
 
 N. la . and 80. 18. and 83. 53. W. long It t 
 
 th^X^ ' ^1 ^y Pennsylvania, S. E. and S bv 
 
 affi™ ^'/k*^ Y- ^y '"^'«"«- This couniiy^ 
 affirmed to be the most healthy and fertile spit 
 
 Noiuw'^'. ''r^''^^"^ '■"'" «^« distrfctsVK 
 North- West, Cincinnati, Chilicothe, Marietta 
 
 tZ m'' ^>""e«t'<'"t- Its principa ri v^ are 
 the Muskingum, Hockhocking, and &iot^ 
 which runs into the Ohio ; and the CaySS 
 which runs into Lake Erie. There are no sla^ 
 W tv- .^''^^-f-^^t^es of coUon ij,1^ 
 Hemp, flax, iron, earthenware, &c., are pros*, 
 cuted with great success, shiplbuildi^ i^'^ 
 ried on to a considerable extent, and the in^ 
 
 weS °"l„T8l!-,h"""r«-'" --^' and 
 ?'4 07b . ,• "^': population amounted to 
 the It LfX I "• T ''^l^'^G?. Columbus is 
 S5«l town.^'^^^^^^^^ '"' ^'"*=^"«" » '^^ 
 Ohlait, a town of Prussian Silesia ; with a 
 fine castle Great quantities of tobawo are 
 
 oTt'ohla'*' ,f«'''r''2f'"^- 1°^"^*-" 
 Pop. 280? ' '' ""**^- ^' "fB-«lau. 
 
 wit^'Tc-litlV* *°*? of Saxony,in Saxe-Gotha, 
 with a cnstle, and numerous manufactures ' 
 It 18 8 miles S. S. E. of Gotha. Pop. iS 
 „,^«^'?'°»?''. a town of Wirtemburg, capital 
 of the district of Ilohenlohe, with anlt'cademy 
 In the vicinity of the town many Rcann ant^* 
 quit.es have been found since 1741. "ds 
 
 „"n':/!:r!.r^'„!?]>'".-r'".^»> t'-'^s it mto thToS 
 
 hermV"Lo;^9: 42.rrat'4?: iT' ?f '*^'«^"*- 
 
 OicH, Loch, a lake of Scotland. InvemeM- 
 
 Bhu-e, extending 4 miles from E. to w! andhJ^ 
 
OIR 
 
 524 
 
 OLO 
 
 ' 
 
 ■'if 
 
 talning some little wooded islands ; its outlet at 
 the N, end is the river Oich, which (lows by 
 Fort Augustus into the S. extremity of Loch 
 Ness. 
 
 OiRB, a town of Naples in Terra d'Otranto ; 
 with an old caatle, seated at the foot of the 
 Appenniues ; 20 miles N. £. of Tarento. 
 
 OiSE, a department of France, including part 
 of the former provinces of the Isle of France and 
 Picardy. Area, 24,000 squaremiles. Population, 
 390,000. It takes its name from the river Oise, 
 which has its source in the Ardennes, and joins 
 the Seine below Pontoise. Beauvais is tlio 
 capital, 
 
 Okotsk, or Okhotsk, a town of Siberia, 
 capital of a province o' the same name, in the 
 government of Irkutsk. It is seated at the 
 mouth of the Okota, in a bay of the Puciiic 
 Ocean, called the Sea of Okotsk ; 420 miles £. 
 S. E. of Yakutsk. Pop. 1500. Long. 143. 
 12. E. lat. 69. 20. N. 
 
 Oldenburg, a grand duchy of Germany, 
 consisting of several scattered portions, con- 
 taining together 2620 square miles, and a popu- 
 lation of 240,000. Oldenburg Proper was for- 
 merly a county, united with Delmenhorst ; and 
 when the line of its counts became extinct, in 
 1 667, it devolved to the royal fiimily of Denmark. 
 In 1773 it was exchanged by Denmark with the 
 grand duke of Russia, for the district of Kiel, in 
 Holstein ; and in 1777 the emperor of Germany 
 raised it to the rank of a duchy. The reigning 
 duke was expelled by Napoleon in 1810, but 
 was restored in 1813, and at the congress of 
 Vienna received the title of grand duke. He 
 now possesses, besides Oldenburg Proper (in- 
 cluding Delmenhorst and the lordships of Vnrel, 
 Jever,and Kniphausen), the principality of Eu- 
 tin (formerly the bishopric of Lubec),in Holstein, 
 and the lordship of Birkenfeld, ceded by Prussia 
 out of the territory on the Rhine. The inha- 
 bitants are of the Lutheran religion. 
 
 Oldenburg, a fortified town of Germany, 
 capital of the foregoing duchy, and the residence 
 of the grand duke. The church of St. Lambert 
 contains the tombs of the last counts of Olden- 
 burg, which are very curious. It is seated on 
 the Hunta ; 22 miles W. of Bremen, and 76 S. 
 S. W. of Hamburg. Pop. 5000. 
 
 Oldenburg, a town of Denmark, in the 
 duchy of Holstein, seated near the Baltic ; 28 
 miles N. of Lubec. 
 
 Oldrnsael, u town of the Netherlands, in 
 Overyssel ; 30 miles K of Deventer. 
 
 Oldeslohe, a town of Denmark, in Hol- 
 stein, with extensive salt-works, seated on the 
 Trave ; 17 miles W. of Lubea 
 
 Oldham, a borough in Lancashire, built on 
 high ground, on a branch of the Medlock, and 
 near the Irk, whose streams give motion to the 
 machinery, &c., of numerous manufactures. 
 In consequence of the great increase of popula- 
 tion and wealth, a chapel of ease was erected 
 by voluntary contributions, in 1766, and en- 
 larged in 1804. The ancient parochial chapel 
 lijia been replaced by a new church, and an- 
 other is built under the late acts of parliament. 
 Hero are also seven places of worship for dis- 
 
 senters, and a free gramma^8Chool. It returns 
 two membprii to parliament. It is 7 miles N. 
 of Manchester. 
 
 Oldtown, a town of Maryland, in Allegany 
 county, on the N. side of the Potomac. It is 
 14 miles S. E. of Cumberland, and 140 W. by 
 N. of Baltimore. 
 
 Oleron, a populous and fertile island of 
 France, 5 miles from the W. coast, opposite 
 the mouth of the Charente. It is 20 miles 
 long, and 6 broad, and belongs to the depart- 
 ment of Lower Charente. Pop. 19,000. This 
 island was formerly in the possession of the 
 Crown of England; and here Richard I. com- 
 piled the code of maritime laws called the laws 
 of Oleron, which are received by all nations in 
 Europe, aa the ground and substruction of all 
 their marine constitutions. 
 
 Oleron, a town in the department of Lower 
 Pyrenees, on the Gave; 10 miles S. W. of 
 Pau. Pop. 5600. 
 
 Olika, a town of Poland, in Volhynia; with 
 a citadel ; 20 miles E. of Lucko. 
 Olinda. See Pernambuco. 
 Olita, a town of Spain, in Navarre; for- 
 merly the residence of the kings of Navarro, 
 but now much reduced. It is seated in a fer- 
 tile country; 20 miles N. of Tudela. 
 
 Olita, a seaport of W. Prussia, where a 
 peace was concluded, in 1660, between the em- 
 peror of Germany and the kings of Sw3den 
 and Poland. It is situate on a bay of the 
 Gulf of Dantzic; 10 miles W. N. W. of 
 Dantzic. Long. 18. 32. £. lat. 54. 24. N. 
 
 Oliven^-a, a town and fortress of Spain, in 
 Estremadura, which, with its territory, for- 
 merly belonged to Portugal, but was ceded to 
 Spain in 1801. It is 16 miles S. S. W. of 
 Badajoz. Pop. 4500. 
 
 Olmeoo, a decayed town of Spain, in Leon ; 
 seated near the Adaja. It is 25 miles S. of 
 VaUadolid. 
 
 Olmutz, a district or circle of the Austrian 
 province of Moravia, containing 2000 square 
 miles, with 347,300 inhabitants. The N. part 
 is mountainous, but the S. level and fertile. 
 
 Olmutz, the capital of the above district, 
 and formerly of Montvia, is an archbishop's 
 see, and has n famous university. It is forti- 
 fied, well built, and almost surrounded by the 
 river Morau. In 1741 it was taken by the 
 king of Prussia, who attempted it again in 
 1 758, but was obliged to raise the siege. The 
 emperors of Russia and Austria met here in 
 1805, previous to the battle of Austerlitz. It 
 is 80 miles N. by E. of Vienna, and 97. S. of 
 Breslau. Pop. 11,000. Long. 17. 16. £. lat. 
 49. 33. N. 
 
 Clnet, a town in Buckinghamshire, with a 
 market on Monday, and a manufacture of 
 bone-lace; seated on thv, Ousc; 12 miles S. £. 
 of Northampton, and 65 N. N. W. of London. 
 Olonetz, a government of Russia, formerly 
 included in the government of Novogorod. In 
 this district are mines of copper and iron. 
 Area, 57,500 square miles, rop. 282,000. 
 The capital is Petrozavodsk. 
 
 Olonetz, a town of the foregoing govern- 
 
1. It rctiirnii 
 u 7 miles N. 
 
 1, in Allegany 
 tomac. It 18 
 (1 140 W. by 
 
 iile bland of 
 mst, opposite 
 is 20 miles 
 n the depart- 
 19,000. This 
 ssaion of the 
 hard I. com- 
 illcd the laws 
 nil nations in 
 uction of all 
 
 ent of Lower 
 js S. W. of 
 
 Dlhynia; with 
 
 Navarre; for- 
 of Navarre, 
 ited in a fer- 
 la. 
 
 isia, where a 
 ween the em- 
 8 of Sweden 
 I bay of the 
 N. W. of 
 I. 24. N. 
 of Spain, in 
 erritory, for- 
 vaa ceded to 
 S. S. W. of 
 
 din, in Leon ; 
 miles S. of 
 
 the Austrian 
 2000 square 
 The N. part 
 id fertile, 
 love district, 
 archbishop's 
 It is forti- 
 mded by the 
 aken by the 
 it again in 
 siege. The 
 met here in 
 isterlitz. It 
 ind 97. S. of 
 . Ifi. Klat. 
 
 ihire, with a 
 lufacture of 
 I miles S. £. 
 , of London, 
 da, formerly 
 rogorod. In 
 r and iron, 
 ip. 282,000. 
 
 )ing govem- 
 
 OLO 
 
 near it« entmnco intoThe LaVi^ "/«J ' '' 
 miles, across ih.Ske^vV^^?^ ' ^'^O 
 Pop. 2800. ' "• ^- "^ Petewbuig. 
 
 direction almoKue N T^.V ''^'"^ ™"» '» « 
 miles, forming part rftf'^^T'^"^ 100« 
 this country anJ^SweSn' *^""'''*^ ^'"""^ 
 
 VeSd^TssVr/o^r!' ''^'^'"«"» of 
 
 The a;S;l„';;;tStr"'"''l,"i N"'""- 
 vens, and from that J top reached the hea- 
 
 residence of the S. th^'^T P''«'«' "-e 
 
 T.^r/4^rs-fi;^^^^^^^ 
 
 "J the ocean and « aw u V . "" "• ■*'• 
 It isposseS hv-f; ^- ''^«*'ensive deserts. 
 the m^nSidemht f "."^P^."y sovereigns, 
 
 ne2,"rtTe mS of .J'"^"^' '" »••« ^ien- 
 mileiaof g"S. ^' "'" ^•°''™"«i 5 
 
 vin?e"TNo'v!r"o"„''Jf ^^^i"'"" '"^'''' P-'O" 
 deX^?-'o? S'Je tL? ^ir' •■" ''' 
 
 = ir^tiri£?*'f-^^^^^ 
 
 The cathed^laWh: hurch S w'"'^' 
 Ktl rg^aTmoi? '^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ?;;:^^'^^o ^-«^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 OMMIHABrH. ^C^rMoHBEYS. 
 
 Omsk, a town and fortress of Ruggk ,•„ .i,„ 
 government of Tobolsk • mfnatl ^"f"*' '" the 
 
 62S 
 
 ONT 
 
 produces plenty of van.. j 
 
 called tee." LonVlen.Vt^'.Tn ^ 
 
 Oneoa, r town of Russik in iKl" • **• N- 
 of Archangel; on the ri^V n^*'*'''*'™™^"* 
 White Sea, 80 rl^ili s"^^^/^ *« 
 Long. 37. 54. E. i^uel 53. N ^""^K^'- 
 
 Onega, a river and iakn „f *n • . 
 government of Olonetz Th„ f ^^"?"f ' '" *^« 
 long, and 40 broad and Z ^''^ " "" «»"«« 
 with the lake L^ia? Tho^v" «'?»nunicaUo„ 
 
 t^a.u^.y^Uof^wJS,rnjl"- 
 
 in ^So^?;^;Su^„VeVt Sfr/***-' 
 
 Genoa and the sea U .h' ^ .terntory of 
 
 fruits, and wine'. ^Pop.'L^°S"'' " °"^"°''' 
 
 Oneoua, or Onfiiii. . 
 mont; capital of thll^t' * •^P*"* "f P'ed- 
 the FUch took it bvS?olP™*^"'=«- In 1792 
 in several places l/J^l!'''^ f » i' «n fire 
 the ImperialeT55 miK«*J''«r"*»»" 
 Pop. 5000. Long. 7 57 fI,^.\ of Genoa. 
 
 Oneida, a town of NeJ S ^^- f ' /• 
 county of the mn,-. "'l^' chief of a 
 
 peekVytiri-^f'^-'g^ on Oneida" 
 
 W 75.20. W.,„t.43:iO°V°%fXr 
 
 meSoio'^e^^.^'lo^^ipT'^-n '"e goven,. 
 It contains Sei.;Si'"°"^"^*' ^« "'oad. 
 
 Es-twVa maTeVon S^l^^^ '' ''^^ i" 
 
 W. of Chelmrd,t'd 2" gSt^oVL' "f"'" 
 Onoole, a town of wLa. ^'•.•'r London. 
 
 ratio, capita? o^Tdt^lSrofT"' '" "L" <^«'- 
 
 Condnpilly, and 166 N. by W Jm^ "^ 
 Long. 79. 56. E. lat. 15 20 N ^"''"^ 
 
 -o^HhicTi'^Zt?^^^^^^^^ "^ Ver- 
 Onolzbach. SeeAysPAcn. 
 
 and extends westward nbmjt 20 \^» ^J"*' 
 it8 outlet, the river On.mTl ""^ ^^^re 
 Ontario, kt Osw^L Tt heN™ F ^"^'^ ^-^^ 
 the lake is WoodCr9ov\!iA .1^' ''""'^r of 
 ner is Oneida Creek * °* ^^^ ^' ^- «°'- 
 chiJfT''"*' ^*'^''^' a t«>vn of New York 
 of Al£,j;°""'^<'^''« nan^ej 145 miJt; 
 Onore. &«Honaweba. 
 
 by the BriS "*°""^ ''"'* •"• <l=«™jS 
 
 N Int i»l 1 Ml" . • '°"g-' and 43. and 44 
 
 fathoP- T^^'.-' l^ -4?Pth M from 15 to .100 
 waters'^ LakrErie )L 'J^'^ '•* "^'"^ '^o 
 and near the S E he oL5^ "'• ' ^*'*^)- 
 
 «.eN.E.isits^ouS:XteT^-L^o? 
 
 I 
 
ONT 
 
 026 
 
 ORA 
 
 ■I 
 
 St. Lawrence. It is 600 miles in drcun-.fer- 
 ence, and abounds with fish, among which are 
 the Uswego bass, weighing three or four pounds. 
 The inlands are principally at the eastern end. 
 The chief harbours are Toronto and Kingston, 
 belonging to the British, and Sackets' harbour, 
 belonging to the Americans. 
 
 Ontario, a county of New York; bounded 
 N. by Lake Ontario. It is fertile and well 
 watered, and contains 1777 square miles, with 
 43,501 inhabitants. 
 
 UoDAMALLY, a town of Hindostan, in Coim- 
 betore; 30 miles S. S. E. of Coirabetore. 
 
 OojKiN. See OcoEiN. 
 
 OoNALASHKA, one of the islands of the 
 Northern Archipelago, visited by Cook in his 
 lust voyage. The natives are described as very 
 peaceable. Fish and other sea animals, birds, 
 roots, berries, and even sea-weed, compose 
 their food. They dry quantities of fish during 
 the summer, which they lay up in small huts 
 for their use in winter. Their clothing is 
 chiefly composed of skins. The upper gar- 
 ment, made like a waggoner's fVock, reaches 
 down to the knees. Besides this, they wear 
 a waistcoat or two, a pair of breeches, a fur 
 cap, and boots. They manufacture mats and 
 baskets of grass, which arc both strong and 
 beautiful ; and there is a neatness and perfec- 
 tion in most of their works, which shows that 
 they are not deficient in ingenuity and perse- 
 verance. Long. 165. 0. W. lat. 63. 6. N. 
 
 OosTBOBCB, a town and iurt of the Nether- 
 lands, in the Isle of Cadsand ; 4 miles N. E. 
 of Sluys. 
 
 OosiENBT, a town of Sweden, in the Isle of 
 Oeland ; 27 miles S. of Borkholm. 
 
 OoTATOBE, a town of Hindostan, in the Car- 
 natic ; 22 miles N." N. W. of Tanjore, and 80 
 S. W. of Pondicherry. 
 
 Opiibim, a town of Norway, in the province 
 of Bergen; 45 miles N. N. E. of Beigen. 
 
 Opokto, or Porto, a city and seaport of 
 Portugal, in Entre Douro e Minho, and a 
 bishop's see. It is by nature almost impregna- 
 ble; and is noted for its strong wines, of which 
 large quantities are exported to England ; 
 vrhence all red wines from Spain or Portugal 
 are called Port wines. The other chief ex- 
 ports are oranges, lemons, oil, sumach, and 
 linen cloth. Its commerce greatly increased 
 after the earthquake at Lisbon, in 1765; before 
 that time the population w.is estimated at 
 20,000, and it is now said to be 70,000. Oporto 
 was in tl.e hands of the French during part of 
 1808, and the spring of 1809. The inhabit- 
 ants readily joined in the late revolution of the 
 kingdom. It is seated on the side of a moun- 
 tain, near the river Douro, which forms an 
 excellent harbour; 172 miles N. by E, of Lis- 
 bon. Long. 8.22. W. kt. 41. 1 O.N. 
 
 Oppeln, a province of the Prussian states, 
 comprising the greater part of Upper Silesia. 
 It consists chiefly of hills and mountains, 
 abounding with extensive forests, and contain- 
 
 550,000. The district called the principality 
 of Oppeln, including more than half of this 
 
 promce, was formerly governed by iti own 
 duke. 
 
 Oppeln, the capital of the above province, 
 with a Catholic collegiate church. It has a 
 great trade in wool, and stands on the Oder, 
 150 miles S. £. of Breslau. Long. 18. 0, E. 
 lat. 50. 39. N. Pop. 3200. 
 
 OppENHEiM, a town of Germany, in Hesse 
 Darmstadt. The vicinity pivduces excellent 
 wine. It is seated on the side of a hill, near 
 the Rhine, 12 miles S. S. E. of Mentz. Pop. 
 1700. 
 
 Oppido, a ioyin of Naplef., in Calabria Ultra, 
 at the foot of the Apennin'(», 26 m:\es N. E. of 
 R«^o. Pop. 8000. 
 
 Oppido, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 6 
 miles S. S. E. of Acerenza. 
 
 Oppurg, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 
 Meissen, with a castle, 4 miles W. S. W. of 
 Neustadt. 
 
 Orach, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Bosnia, near the river Drino, 60 miles S. W. 
 of Belgrade. 
 
 Oran, a city and seaport of Algier, in the 
 province of Tremecen, with an excellent har- 
 bour, almost opposite Carthagena. in Spain. 
 It was taken by the Spaniards in 1509, and re- 
 taken in 1708. In 1732 the Spaniards became 
 masters of it again. It is now in the posses- 
 sion of the French. In 1790 it was destroyed 
 by an earthquake, little besides the exterior 
 walls being left standing, when 2000 persons 
 perished ; 225 miles W. N. W. of Algier. Long. 
 0. 5. W. lat. 35. 58. N. 
 
 Orange, a city of France, in the department 
 of Vaucluse, and a bishop's see. It was an 
 in\portant place in the time of the Romans, but 
 at present is remarkable only for its antiquities. 
 A triumphal arch, 200 paces from the town, 
 was formerly within its limits ; and here are 
 also the remains of a fine amphitheatre, some 
 aqueducts, &c. The fortifications were demo- 
 lished by Louis XIV., in 1682. The chief 
 mauufectures are linen, serge, and paper. 
 Orange was the capital of a principality of the 
 same name, 17 miles long, and 12 broad, given 
 by Charlemagne to William au Cornet, as a 
 reward for his military services. It was pos- 
 sessed successively by the Houses of Buux, 
 Chalons, and Nassau ; and, on the death of 
 William III. of England, in 1702, Frederic 
 William of Prussia claimed the succession, but 
 in 1713 it was ceded to France. The city is 
 seated in a fine plain, on the river Aigues ; 12 
 miles N. of Avignon, and 57 S. of Valence. 
 Long. 4. 49. E. lai. 44. 9. N. Pop. 7300. 
 
 Orange, a county of the state of New York ; 
 bounded N. by Sullivan and Ulster counties, 
 E. by Hudson, S. E. by Rockland county, and 
 S. W. by New Jersey and Pennsylvania. — 2. A 
 county in the central part of Virginia. — 3. In 
 North Carolina.— 4. In Indiana.— 6. In Ver- 
 mont. — Also, the name of various townships in 
 the United States. 
 
 Orange, a river of Africa, which falls into 
 the .\t!.°.ntie. Lat. 28. 30. S. 
 
 Orange, a river of Jamaica, which runs into 
 the sea 4 miles £. of Montego Bay. 
 
ORA 
 
 C.S.CclpV^dii"'?,'' *'«'rict of South 
 river Wto^'^S,^^'''tN•''«nch^thf 
 
 W.ofPetersbuig ^"" °*^ ^^^land, 20 miles 
 Havel. 18 n^Ies" N^^PaH-^' """«»« «" the 
 
 of ?c„^'riff:::ndTh7c"S„Y- "■'r^"''' '■'"-<» 
 
 seated at the bottom rf ^""^ "' ^^'^^ l'« 
 mountains, out of wh;I " '""Phitheatro of 
 TenerifFe. ItrportisItSmr'!,'^ ^^^ of 
 1«. 24. W. latf 28. 23 N '"""'• ^°"«- 
 
 ->SK:rmLl.i!^S'S-''> 1700 
 V^p2-K»^«r^-«',iMhePa^^ 
 
 torSrfCtr:^:,?r.r;''*"^^ ^'ec. 
 
 26mile,RF«Sor' '"''' '^'-''-^"' 
 
 lat. 42. 28. N ^ ^""^ ^l- 6. E. 
 
 Ce?ere^:fl^t"b;'Berr'aS'*=\'^« '» ^^e 
 of Lyons at Sen£n * "** ^"'^" ^''^^ ^"1^ 
 OacADEs. See Orkneys. 
 
 ment"ofN"rd^%"LS"sE' V" '^?<^«P"rt. 
 2600. ^ *• **• E. of Lisle. Pop. 
 
 CaSS s;„"g"!f °f "'"«" i<""nds in the 
 Long. 65. 21 E!^a?it'oT °''''™ ^''""»- 
 
 4 oS^Sb^urittTh V'^ '-'•- 
 
 miles N. of Sedan " *^* ^^"oy, 18 
 
 eie?tS;:f%:i.°LlTr'/^^ '^^ '«'« 
 
 36 mile, N. N. E?of 6oW "'" ^''^ «''"'« ^ 
 miles S. ^. of'^ff %i;:«'^oTo""'^"^' ^'^ 
 
 100.000 inhSnte ^^ "^"^ ""«■' ^''h 
 
 m_£rff;.:iLaL?Ll^l.^^^^^^^^ 
 
 v"nHand;:J-;?;e:^ns„!:;<'t«B 
 
 527 
 
 ORI 
 
 formerly a royafSdfnT' St'^^lf""«' 
 *he W. extremity of the I«lci u T*"*^ "«»' 
 -iiles W. bv .S n/c. IV . ® "'e'mar: 100 
 0w<^7|e^'^C?,'^:^°""- P»P-4000. 
 
 j-land of Gi^sot 5t M^^f* *^ """" 
 'ron, ftom the long celeb^J^T^*''? ^''l'°'*«l " 
 mora in it, vidnitv* If !. rn^-,°";f of Dam., 
 holm. Lo„,lJ^. l^llrriV"^^- 
 
 vn^S tl.eTvTrreLtt''rr' "^^ » P- 
 about 1.000,000. n'capitat^S'^- ^"P" 
 name, is seated nn Vh V?P'*al, of the same 
 
 milesS S. W of M^* ^'^a and Owl. 2or 
 lat. 53. ON. ^'"'- ^""fr 35. 20. E. 
 
 28 mXT;/£K'«l«^. l-Estremadura; 
 
 bou'iS^riurfSaTE "'^«'»"«' R^-a -• 
 mentof To'boIsrTop''^r426' ''^ «°^^™- 
 
 merce. and is iLted 1 ./ ^^''jlenible com- 
 
 S. S. E. of Ufa.^Pop.7o 000 '^t' ^'^°"'«'' 
 E. lat. 61. 46. N ^"."00. Long. 56. 4. 
 
 bishopT.^" tif i^^"' '" ^'^""a ; and a 
 gComp^l£-£^^MmV^^^^^ 
 
 The wauTare 3 mil4 ;^ •''^ ^!:*'^"'« Chalde^s 
 by square to4« and ?'"""^'f """' ''^'"''"''ed 
 S. ira stately^ue U I '"'''^ ^^^ '» *''« 
 particularly i„^cS"«ni ^!k" «*^ t™<l«^ 
 canal to the EuStThf ""''/'"* '"" « 
 fertile in com and fmf; u- To"**^ """«! « 
 of Aleppo, and 10(1^ W'l'^ ^^ """<» N. E. 
 SOjOOo!"^ Long' 32."2a E^-fa "Sf/o'^ ^'''' 
 
 OaPORD, a town in (sT.ff i * •.^*'- ^• 
 on Monday Hrr" niLl"*^"'''' V^^ a market 
 which, with th "church L '""'""", °^a castle, 
 miles N. by E of iSii- 1 *^°T'''- " « 18 
 London. ^1"""''''» and 88 N. E. of 
 
 miles N. N R of H °" ''^^ Connecticut : 11 
 S. E. coast oflufforil?/ ^"^'^f °° ""o 
 
 rir5t4V^-"--'&^^^^^^^^ 
 
 a^Uet^/.Slil-^ff/'^ao^ewC^tile.^^^ 
 
 4Tsvrs^;.,^"i;,«'T^^^^ of 
 
 miles S. S. W. of &»r ^^ ^"'""'«' ^0 
 
 Orient. See L'Oa..«»T " 
 
 a bSop's"!^ ? Su °^ ^P*^' '" M"'«a. and 
 built on^ rock The inTl"/'^' ^"^ « «i«ad"1 
 ^a-resofS.b^iVilSS,t^^ 
 
if.ffvr ^''fc w I .r- u ». . fc.^ 
 
 ORl 
 
 598 
 
 ORL 
 
 ntt)tetn> wotka j and here are mode curious 
 •nuff-boxw, with the rootu of tho torebinthus, 
 much esteemed for preserving Spaninh snuff. 
 It is seated in n very fertile country, on the Se- 
 gura ; 12 miles N. E. of Murcin. Pop. 20,000. 
 Orissa, a province of Hindostan ; bounded 
 on the N. by Bohar and Bengal, W. by Berar, 
 S. by Qolcondo, and E. by the Bay of Bengal. 
 The greater part o' tho province now belongs 
 to the British. It is divided in o the districtt 
 of Cuttack, Mohurhgunge, and Konjeur. 
 
 Oristano, a fortified town of Sardinia, and 
 nn arohbishop's oce, with a good harbour. It 
 is seated on the W. const, on a bay of the same 
 name ; 42 miles N. W. of Cagliari. Long. 8. 
 .51. E. lat. 39. 63. N. 
 
 Orizaba, a town of North Amerca, republic 
 of Mexico ; seated in a rijh valley, 120 miles 
 E. by S. of Mexico, and producing great (juanti- 
 ties of tobacco in its neighbourhood. Pep. 8,000. 
 Orkbned, a town of Sweden, in Schonen j 
 24 miles N. of Christiunstadt. 
 
 Orkney Islands, the ancient Orcades, a clus- 
 ter of islands to the N. of Scotland, from which 
 they are separated by Pentland Frith. They 
 lie between 54. 47. and 59. 20. N. lat., and are 
 about 38 in number, of which 29 are inhabitetl, 
 and besides a very large numb* of rocky islets 
 or skerries. Tho la.^iest is sometimes dignified 
 with the appellation of Mainland, but is more 
 frequently called Pomona. Beyond this island, 
 to the N. E., are seen, among others, Rowsn, 
 Eglisha, and Westm j Shapinsha and Eda ; 
 Stronsa,Sanda, and North llonaldsha-, and to the 
 S. appear Hoy and South Ronaldsha, with others 
 of inferior note. The currents and tides which 
 flow between these islands are rapid and dan- 
 gerous, and near the small isle of Swinim are 
 two whirlpools, very dangerous to mariners, 
 especially in calms. The sea-coast swarms with 
 seals and otters, and is visited by whales, cod, 
 ling, haddocks, herrings, and other fish ; and 
 on the shores are found large oyjters, muscles, 
 cockles, &c. The islands are visited by eagles, 
 fidcons, wild geese, and ducks in great variety, 
 herons, hawks, gulls, &c. Springs of pure water 
 are found in all the mountainous parts, and there 
 are numerous lakes and rivulets abounding in 
 fish. The heath on the mountains shelters 
 grouse, plovers, snipes, &c., but there are no 
 partidges, hares, nor foxes. There are great 
 numbers of small sheep and black cattle, swme, 
 rabbits, and red deer. The producto of the 
 valleys and plains are chiefly big and oaU. 
 Except juniper, wild myrtle, heath, and a 
 shrub celled cyorhordon, there is scarcely a tree 
 or plant to be seen ; but this nakedness cannot 
 have been their former state, as many trunks of 
 large oaks are to be found in all the mosses. 
 Tha climate in summer is moist and cold, but 
 in winter there is very little snow, an '. that lies 
 only a short time. Preceding the autumnal 
 :iquinox, dreadful storms of wind, rain, and 
 thunder occur. For about three weeks in mid- 
 summer these islands enjoy the rays of the sun 
 almost without iiilermissicn ; but, for the same 
 space in winter, that luminary hardly rises above 
 • the horizon, and is commonly obscured by clouds 
 
 and misti. In this gloomy season tho abienctt 
 of day is supplied partly by moonlight, and 
 partly by tho radiance of the aurora boreaiis, 
 which hero gives a light nearly equal to that of 
 a full moon. The coasts afford numerous bays 
 and harboum for the fisheries. The chief ex- 
 ports are linen and woollen yam, stockings, 
 butter, dried fish, herrings, oil, feathers, and 
 skins of various kind and kelp. The English 
 language prevails in all these islands, although 
 there are many words in the Norse or Norwegian 
 still in use. The inhabiwnts have tho general 
 character of being firugal, sagacious, circum- 
 spect, and hospitable ; but the common people 
 are superstitious. The Orkney and Shetland 
 Isles unite in sending one member to the im- 
 perial parliament. . 
 
 Orlamunda, a town of Germany, in Saxe- 
 Gotha. seated on the Sanle, opposite the influx 
 of the Orla i 40 miles W. S. W. of Altenburg. 
 Pop. 2000. 
 
 Orlando, a capo on the N. coast of Sicily, 
 15 miles W. by N. of Patti. Long. 15. 4. E. 
 lat. 88. 14. N. _ 
 
 0RLKAN8, a city of France, capital of the 
 department of Loiret, and a bishop s see. It is 
 seated on the Loire, and has a canal thence to 
 ;he Loing, near Montargis. Under the sons of 
 Clevis it was the capital of a kingdom. In 
 1428 it stood a memorable seige against the 
 English, which was raised by tho celebrated 
 Joan of Arc, called the Maid of Orleans. It is 
 now considered one of the largest and most 
 pleasant cities in France. The principal public 
 buildings are the cathedral, town-house, court 
 of justice, mint, and theatre. The trade con-' 
 sists ill stockings, sheep skins, wine, brandy, corn, 
 crocery, and particularly sugar, which is brought 
 raw from Hantes and Rochelle. The fiiuxbourg 
 of Paris is of a prodigious length, and that of 
 Olivet, on tho left side of the Loire, has a com- 
 munication with the city by a bridge of nins 
 arches. Near the city is a forest, containing 
 94,000 acres, planted with oak and other valu- 
 able trees. Orleans is 30 miles N. E. of Blois, 
 and 60 S. S. W. of Paris. Pop. 42,000. Long. 
 1.64. E. lat. 47. 54. N. 
 
 Orleans, a county in the state of Vermont, 
 bounded on the N. by Canada. The chief towns 
 are Irashurg, Craftsbury, and Brownington. 
 Pop. 13,364. 
 
 Orleans, an island and town of Lower 
 Canada, on the river St. Lawrence, a little to 
 the E. of Quebec. Long. 69. 60. W. lat. 17 0. N. 
 Orleans, Nevit, a city and the capital of 
 Louisiana, built in 1720, under the regency of 
 the duke of Orleans. In 1788 seven-eighths of 
 tho city were destroyed by fire ; but it is now 
 rebuilt on a regular plan, principally in tho 
 Spanish and French style, -he houses covered 
 with stucco, and is one of the handsomest towns 
 in the union. It is seated in a swampy pl»in, 
 about 7 feet below the level of the Mississippi, 
 from which it is protected by an artificial em- 
 bankment called the Levtfe, 60 miles in length. 
 
 T\...;-» tko y,nt mnntha if ia varv iinhpjilthv. but 
 
 is one of the most important ports in North 
 America, with an immense export trade in sugar 
 
ORL 
 
 Md cotton. It i. fortified on the ude. expm^ 
 i *''«'""''. »"d ha* n railrond from the ciVto 
 L«ko t>ontc)mrtr«i„. where there i. o fort ?'he 
 
 greiit variety of manneri, language, and com- 
 P^exion ; about one-half are blHckfor coloured • 
 whiti'"'£f"^'' f",'. P'^Jominnt; among tJe 
 If «f I'gion is little attended to ; there are 
 
 not more than eight placei of worship .trade 
 ongrowes the whole attention, andthemoS 
 
 the BrSth^'^- ^" '''' '"''«' «t^»k^ by' 
 the Britwh, who were repulsed with great loss 
 Ituseatedon the Mi«ii«fppi, los milKmlS 
 mouth. Long. 90. 9. W.lkt. 29. «8. N 
 
 n,onr';T?*i ". i"*"."^ ^"^. '" th« govern- 
 S N of"'i\t'n" °" '^' Lena; 235 
 56 0. N." ^""8' ***** *"• E. '«"• 
 
 PiSmT; * *?!? "^ *'"' Sardinian states, in 
 
 niS^rif'M'llvir"*''^"^"^'"-"'*^ 
 
 «,.?if^**"^V " '•"'" '" Lancashire, with a 
 «t ^l* ^," J'^".™*'''/- The parish church is 
 
 guous ; one a tower and fhe other a short 
 ■pire ; a second church ha« been erected under 
 
 fouIT'? Z^"' "1^ ^""^ "« "'^ *»"«« meeting- 
 nn,^ 1 u^T"*S.V*' * grammar-school, and a 
 nat onal school. The chief branch of trade is 
 cotton-smnning ; coarse thread is also made for 
 
 „-™f ""AV" •"?" '''''*"*^ '" » »t"""t 0' the same 
 
 miles S. of Qombron. In 1505 the Portuguie 
 were pemitted to form „ settlement herefa^ 
 It was afterwards frequented by a nnmbir of 
 nch merchant. In 1622 the Persians, bythe 
 assistance of the EngUsh. exi,elled the Portu- 
 PWM, and demolished the buildings. Some 
 
 IhT wf'*'"' f.«™«"» '^l"^" the fort, and! 
 though they could never bring it to be a pikce of 
 trade as before, it is still the key of the Gulf of 
 
 f^lT't,*"* "**^T°"?* <*^ the commodiousness of 
 the harbour. It is almost deserted ; for it pro- 
 duces nothing but salt, which sometimes is two 
 
 r'lfn J^o^ 'if"" ^■^^ '^^^^ of the earth. 
 Long. 56. 25. E. lat. 27. 20. N. 
 
 Ornans, a town of France, department of 
 Doubs ; seated on the Louvre ; 10 miles S.E. 
 of Be8an9on. Pop. 3100. 
 
 Ornb, a department of France, including the 
 old provmce of Pcrche, and part of that of Nor- 
 mandy. It takes its name from a river which 
 nses in the department, and runs into the Eng- 
 hsh Channel 8 miles be'ow Caen. Pop. 434.300 
 The capital is Alenyon. 
 
 Obonoco, or Orinoco, a majestic river of 
 Swuth America, which issues from the small 
 
 f ^i 1^*0 • '•" ^"*- *• *• N-. flows E. and S. E. to 
 the lake Panma, from which it runs towards the 
 
 W.; but, after receiving the Guaviari, it bends 
 N., then N. E. and E., till it enters the Atlantic 
 ^LZV^^'i ^t^*^ of mouths opposite the 
 isle of Trinidad , but the principal one is con- 
 Bldemblv tn fha S ^ o' tH-' -!- .i • " - 
 1ft M 't' I'll' . '" . ■" "land, in lat. II. 
 
 <JU. xv. In this singular winding course, esti- 
 mated at 1400 miles, it receirw ma>^'ir4e 
 
 529 
 
 ORV 
 
 nreri ; and iu chief estuary is so deep and im. 
 
 tTpZZ!""'"' ""' ""•^ p"-"-^' tidS: 
 
 „-°'^^u*'..*J"?'"" '■"'^"e '•'«"«« of Scotland 
 one of the Hebrides, to the 8. of Colonsa, Cm' 
 which It IS separated by a narrow channe tha^ 
 
 IbS^'r *"*«'• "*'« "« the ruin, of an 
 abbey, with many sepulchral rtatue., and wme 
 curious ancient sculpture. 
 OHOWTna. SeeAkazu 
 
 r«ZT!^' ' '"'J^ ?*■ SP"'"' '" Valencia, on a 
 F N P J"v^/ '" ^''•' Mediterranean, 55 mile. 
 Jh-. «. K of Valencia. Long. 0. 5. E. lat. 40. 
 
 ^hS^twu-^" "f Scothmd, inKirkcudbright- 
 5 N«I n^"""^ ***"" " •"«'" '«l«e to the E. 
 FrirhHt D^So!""' '"''• '"'^ ""^ ^'-^ 
 Oesova, a town and fortress of Huncnrv on 
 he confine, of Servia, seated on the nS of 
 
 75 E T& ^^""^1 ^'^- °' Tameswar. arS 
 10. N *'*'**'*• ^""K- 22. 40. E, lat. 46. 
 
 onVKv **^!I„°'*.*"' ^">"^n "tates, seated 
 on the Rhine ; 20 miles S. E. of Clever 
 
 „«v«™^*' ? ^w .*?' European Russia, in the 
 government of Mohilef, with a castle, seated on 
 th^ Dnieper; 38 Miles N. of MohiJef. Pop! 
 
 stafeS^t^ti^"''" "M!'"'^^'" the ecclesiastical 
 
 Orta, a town of the Sardinian states, in the 
 
 Long. 7. 50. W. lat. 43. 46. N. 
 ORTEfniBRO, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 
 {7*^£s:Kf Sn"*"-**"" ^"^ '"''''''■' 
 
 . Ortbnburo, a town and citadel of Bavaria 
 in a county of the same name, seated near «fe 
 nver Vills j 10 miles W. of Passau 
 
 in fSw"^' ?,.**r! *^ **■« ^»»trian states 
 m Cannthu^ on the S. bank of the Drave. opn^ 
 
 cKi^nfii^ •" "f the Li«r , 32 mH^ W^.^^^f 
 
 Orthbs, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Ppenees. celebrated for a victo^^in^ 
 here by the allied army over the FrenchWl^ 
 It IS sosted on the side of a hill, by the river 
 Pau ; 20 miles N. W. of Pan. ^ 
 
 Oeton, a town of Westmoreland, with a 
 market on Wednesday, 10 miles S. W o7 A J^ 
 pleby, and 276 N. N. W. of London. ^ 
 
 Ortona a Mare, a town of Naples, in 
 
 E.'7c^vS'^S.^"''"^^^"''^^''«'^'« 
 Ohtrand, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 
 
 OaviBTo, a fortified town of Italy, in th* 
 
 M M 
 
 ;l 
 
 f i 1 1 
 
 u I 
 
O R W 630 
 
 pBpal ttntca, capitul of a territory of the same 
 nnmo, and n bi»liop'« see, with n mngnificont 
 PrIqcc, and a fine Gothic cathcdnil. It is seated 
 on a craggy rocic, near the conflux of the Pagha 
 and Cbiana ; 60 miles N. N. W. of Rome. 
 Long. 12. 20. E. Int. 42. 42, N. 
 
 Orwell, n river in StifFolit, which runs S. E. 
 by Ipswich, and, uniting with the Stour, forms 
 the fine harbour of Harwich. 
 
 OsACA, a city of Japan, in the island of Ni- 
 phon, defended by a magnificent castle. It has 
 a harbour, and is one of the most commercial 
 places of the empire. It stands on the Jedo- 
 gawa, over which are several bridges of cedar ; 
 30 miles S. by W. of Miaco. Long. 136. 5. E. 
 lat. 35. 5. N. 
 
 OsciiATz, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 
 Moissen, with a college and some manufactures 
 of cioth ; seated on the Chemnitz, 16 miles N. 
 W. of Meissen. 
 
 OsKRO, an island in the Gulf of Venice, 
 having on the N. that of Cherso, to which it is 
 joined by a bridge. The capital is of the same 
 name. Long. 15. 30. E. lat. 44. 66. N. 
 
 OsMA, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, and a 
 bishop's see, with a university. The cathedral 
 and episcopal palace ore at fiorgo d'Osma, a 
 little to the E. It stands on the Douro, 48 
 miles S. E. of Burgos. Long. 2. 62. W. lat. 
 41. SO. N. Pop. 2000. 
 
 OsNABURO, or OsNABRUCK, a province of 
 Hanover, lying between the grand duchy of 
 Oldenburg and Prussian Westphalia. It is 40 
 miles long and 20 broad ; produces much corn 
 and flax, and plenty of turf, coal, and marble. 
 The most beneficial manu&cture is a coarse kind 
 of linen, which is exported to distant parts. 
 Area, 920 square miles. Pop. 126,000, chiefly 
 Lutherans. 
 
 OsNABURO, the capital of the above province, 
 with a castle and a university. It is celebrated 
 for the peace of Westphalia, concluded here in 
 1 648. The Catholics and Prof stants have each 
 two churches and a gymnasium. It is seated on 
 the Hase ; 26 miles N. by E. of Munster. Pop. 
 9300. Long. 7. 54. E. lat. 62. 18. N. 
 
 OsoRNO, a town of Chili, seated on Rio 
 Bueno, in a territory where there are mines of 
 gold ; 80 miles S. of Valdivia. Long, 73. 20. 
 W. lat. 40. 58. S. 
 
 OsBUSBNA, a town of Western Tartary, in 
 Turkestan, capital of a province of the same 
 name. It is 80 miles N. N. E. of Samarcand, 
 and 260 S. of Taras. Long. 66. 20. E. lat. 40. 
 40. N. 
 
 OsSETiA, the country of the Ossi, or Osseti; 
 one of the seven Caucasian nations, between 
 the Black Sea and the Caspian; bounded on the 
 N. by Great Cabarda, E. by the Lesguis Tartars, 
 and S. and W. by Imeritia. It is divided into 
 19 districts of very unequal size; some con- 
 taining only five, and others 60 villages, each of 
 which comprises from 20 to 100 femilies. Their 
 language has some analogy with that of the 
 Persians. Their history is entirely imknown. 
 The Circassians and Tartars call them Kusha. 
 
 OssoRY, the western division of Queen's 
 sounty, in Ireland. It gives name to a bishopric, 
 
 OST 
 
 but the cathedral is now at Irishto^m, in tho 
 county of Kilkenny. 
 
 Ossu.vA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia. It 
 was formerly strong, but less by its ramparts 
 than by a fountain in the middle of the town, 
 which Aimished the inhabitants with water, 
 while the country for 8 miles round was totally 
 deprived of that necessary article ; 60 miles 
 E. N. E. of Seville. Pop. 16,000, Long. 6. 8. 
 W. lat. 87. 22. N. 
 
 OsTALRiG, a town of Spain, in Catalonia. It 
 had a strong castle, taken by the French, and 
 demolished in ) 695. It is seuted on the Tor- 
 dera ; 28 miles N. E. of Barcelona. 
 
 OsTBND, a fortified seaport of Belgium, in 
 West Flanders; seated among a nun.bor of 
 canals, and almost surrounded bv two of the 
 largest of them, into which ships of great burden 
 may enter with the tide ; and connected, by 
 means of railroads, with Mechlin, Antwerp, 
 Brussels, &c. It is famous for the long siege it 
 sustained from the Spaniards, from July ICOl to 
 September 1604, when it capitulated on ho- 
 nourable terms. On the death of Charles II., 
 of Spain, the French seized Ostend; but in 1706, 
 after the battle of Ramillies, it was retaken by 
 the allies. It was again taken by the French in 
 1745, but restored in 1748. In the war of 1756 
 the French garrisoned this town for the empress 
 queen, Maria Theresa. In 1792 it was once more 
 captured by the French; evacuated in 1793, and 
 repossessed in 1794. In 179R abody of British 
 troops landed here, and destroyed the works of 
 the Bruges Canal ; but, the wind shifting before 
 they could rc-embark, they were compelled to 
 surrender to the French ; 10 miles W. of Bruges, 
 and 22 N. E. of Dunkirk. Pop. 10,600. Long. 
 2. 66. E. lat. 61. 14. N. 
 
 OsTEEiioFEN, a town of Bavaria; seated on 
 the Danube ; 20 miles W. N. W. of Passau. 
 
 OsTEROOE, a town of Hanover, with a manu- 
 facture of woollen stuft's; also a magazine for 
 corn, which is delivered out to the miners of 
 Harz Forest at a fixed price. It is seated on the 
 Saale; 18 miles N. N. E. of Gottingen. Popu- 
 lation, 4200, 
 
 OsTERODE, a town of Prussia ; with a castle, 
 situate on the Dribentz j 46 miles S. E. of Ma- 
 rienberg. 
 
 OsTERSUND, a town of Sweden, seated on 
 the E. side of the Lake Storsio ; 76 miles N. 
 W. of Sundswald. Long. 16. 10. E. lat, 63. 
 10. N. 
 
 OsTERWicK, a town of Prussian Saxony, in 
 the government of Magdeburg ; with good wool- 
 len manufactures ; situate on ^he Use; 17 miles 
 W. by N. of Halberstadt. 
 
 OsTiA, a decayed seaport of Italy, in the papal 
 states, and a bishop'b see. In the neighbour- 
 hood are extensive salt-works. It stands near 
 the eastern mouth of the Tiber, 12 miles S. W. 
 of Rome Near it was the ancient Ostium, the 
 first maritime establishment formed by the 
 Romans. 
 
 OsTiAKS, a people of North Asia, forming a 
 considerable portion of the inhabitants of Si- 
 beria, and residing principally on the hanks of 
 the Obi. They are rude.uncivilized, and idola- 
 
OST 
 
 &«Ii?'l "'''"". *u" "^ ""»t«<l to the Pin. 
 of Constantino^. Pop. 4eoo ' ^' "^- 
 
 OsTCNi, a tomi of Naples, in Term d'Otmn»« 
 of Baxi • ^- "^ ^™'""' «nd fiO S. E. 
 
 Yo?rSd%*„xwi';'srro°??w 
 
 at the mouth of a river nf Tj.?. ^® Ontano, 
 
 W. iat. «. 25. N. °^ A"»»y- I-°ng. 76. 16. 
 Oswestry, a town in Shropshire Bovem«l 
 
 Of ]a"te"l«"L%'^"t' '""k« "-« deShed" 
 
 StS S "^ f""' places of worship for 
 London of Shrewsbury, and 179 of 
 
 Padfif 7^' "' ^^"'"' «" '«'""'' in the South 
 facihc; discovered in 1767 bv Cantjiin w.ii- 
 
 tr^iSv?""^ '•'^^Z'" ^768 to observeX 
 transit of Venus, sailed round the whole island 
 w a boat, and staid thrpn mo"**,- j^ ---•"- 
 twice afterwards by that ?eleit^ "nStoT 
 It consists of two peninsulas, about 30 1^ 
 
 631 
 
 OTR 
 
 *n circumference. Great luiw ^ . 
 
 with wopd^ coUSrS^f^^r?"^ 
 
 trees, pa mi. cocoa n.i» f.^ i • ; . '"«'»d-frmt 
 
 malJrrie..'suZcan^^l''''r'*'"''' *'""«""• 
 the climate, particS atind^f '^'^"'^ *» 
 and the diWon tr^ tL , **' P'"*-"PP'«». 
 found on tHanTiv^ Jk ""L^ 1"adrupeda 
 
 provisions are chieflv fi.h .TI^ ^ "^"^ 
 
 bread-fruit, and tenant. ' Jf. «oooa-nuts, 
 •ea water as a saVc" Toth f„ «'^^ 5"^'°^ 
 Nothing can cL"7thei-r a Jfty t s^^^ 
 
 mii.ii. ^ • *"®®*> a nne white cloth, like 
 
 wi^KTu i' "' c?n8Wted only of a roof, thatched 
 With the long prickly leaves' of the Jain? tree 
 and supported by a few pillars made of the 
 bread-fruit tree. The natiJe cloth b made of 
 ^e fibrous bark of the mulberry-tree which i. 
 beaten with a kind of mallet ; and a^ul made 
 of the hibiscus esculentus, is emplo-S to make 
 the bark cohere. Some of these piec^«r^f-f 
 or three yard, wide, and 60 ^aWon? ^ml" 
 L^"*r^'*''^ "'*"''• was brought over to En^-' 
 
 n hlY ^P**"* ^'^^' ""<* «^'«d back by him 
 m his last voyage. In 1799 king Pomare ced,S 
 
 he T A *^ ""r- "^ *''« «»'«ionaries belonging to 
 the London Missionary Society, through whoM 
 
 lalwursalthe inhabitants of Otoheite.andmX 
 of the neighbouring islands, have been led W 
 nounce idolatry. The sovereign himselfbec^ 
 a decided convert to ChrisUanity. A gS 
 reformation of manners has been effecl^ « 
 
 introduced, and civilization is rapidly advanc- 
 1 7^*29 r "* "^" '°"«- ^^^' 36. W. lat 
 
 Otchakof. &cOczakow. 
 
 Otlev, a town of West Yorkshire with a 
 market on Friday, seated on the Wh^.'under a 
 
 Bn?™<?*i?^' *" H*""^ "^^"th America, m the 
 Bay of Panama. Long. 80. 10. W. lat. 8 10 N 
 
 „f v^'^"'*?;."' '^^^'^ d'Otranto, a province 
 
 ota%%-s'rc?i^dt^^^^^ 
 
 232,000. ^&"lS. ^' ""** '''""• ^°P- 
 
 nio?'*""-^"', I m """"S «t7 and seaport of Na- 
 pes, capital of Terra d'Otranto, and an arch- 
 bishop's seej with a harbour and a citadel. It 
 
 M M 2 
 
OTR 
 
 S99 
 
 OUR 
 
 hu a coniiderable tnulc, and is leated on the 
 Gulf of Venice ; 140 miles S. E. of Ban. Ton 
 2400. Long. 18. 35. E. lat. 40. 20. N. 
 
 Otbar, a town of W. Tartary, in Turlcestan, 
 near the river Sirr; 70 miles W. S. W. of 
 Taraz. 
 
 Otricoli, a town of Italy, in the papal 
 ■tateo ; seated on a liill, near the Tiber; 7 miles 
 N. by E. of Magliano. 
 
 Oneoo, a county in the state of New York, 
 containing 93.5 square miles, with 49,628 inhabi- 
 tants. Cooperstown is the capital. 
 
 Otskoo, a lake in the above county, 9 miles 
 long, and little more than a mile broad. Its 
 outlet, at Cooperstown, is the E. branch of the 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 OriAWA RivKB, Canada; flowing from Lake 
 Huron, and falling into the St. Lawrence; 25 
 miles W. N. W. from Montreal. It has many 
 rapids, but is used for navigation, and was the 
 boundary between the provinces of Upper and 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Ottendorp, a town of Prussian Saxony; 
 with a castle, situate near the mouth of the 
 Meden; 27 miles N. W. of Stado. 
 
 OrrKNHKm, a town of Austria, on the N. 
 ■ide of the Danube; 5 miles W. N. W. of 
 Linti. 
 
 Ottebbbbo, a town of Qavaria; in the circle 
 of the Rhine; 5 miles N. of Kayserslautern. 
 
 Ottebbukn, a village in Northumberland, 
 on the river Reed, noted for a battle in 1388, 
 between the English and Scotch, when Henry 
 Percy, sumamed Hotspur, was taken prisoner, 
 and Douglas, the Scotch general, killed. On 
 this battle the ballad of Chevy Chase is founded. 
 It is 21 miles N. of Hexham. 
 
 Ottebsbero, a town of Hiinover, in the 
 duchy of Bremen, with a foit; 17 miles N. E. 
 of Bremen. 
 
 Otteby St. Mabt, a town in Devonshire, 
 with a market on Tuesday. It has a largo 
 church with two square towers, and manufac- 
 tures of flannels, sei^ges, &a It is seated on 
 the rivulet Otter; 10 miles E. of Exoter. and 
 161 W. by S. of London. 
 
 OmucHAU, a town of Prussian Silesia, in 
 the government of Oppeta, with a castle ; 
 seated on the river Niease; 7 miles W. by S. of 
 Niesse. 
 
 OrrwEiLtER, a town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 vince of Lower Rhine, with an ancient castle, 
 seated among mountains; 16 miles N. N. E. of 
 Sarbruck. 
 
 Ouby, one of the Molucca islands, lying to 
 toe S. of Gilolo, and subject to the sultan of 
 Bachian. It abounds in clove trees. The 
 Dutch have a small fort on the W. side. Lonir 
 126. 60. E. lat. 1. 30. S. *" 
 
 OunE, a province of Hindostan, to the N. of 
 Al'ahabad. It is subject to a nabob, whose 
 dommions lie on both sides of the Ganges 
 occupying (with the exception of the distoict 
 of Rampour) all the flat country between that 
 nver and the northern mountains, as well as the 
 pnncipal part of that fertUe tract lying between 
 the Gangesand Jumna, known by the name of 
 _ons„, to Triih=a 40 miles of the city of Delhi. 
 uuae and its dependencies are estimated at 360 
 
 miles in lei.gth, from E. to W., and in braMlth 
 flrom 150 to 180, and to contain 3,000,000 in- 
 habitants. The nabob is in alliance with tho 
 British, and a brigade of the Bengal army is con- 
 stantly stationed on iU western frontier, which 
 answers tho purpose of covering Oude as well ns 
 Bengal, and of Icoeping tho western states in awe. 
 Tho capital is Lucknow. 
 
 OuDK, a decayed city of Hindostan, in tho 
 pro ince of Oude, said to have been the capital 
 of a great kingdom 1200 years before the Chris- 
 tian era. It is frequently mentioned in the 
 Mahaberat, a fhmous Hindoo work in Sanscrit, 
 under the name of Adjudiah. But no traces of 
 its former magnificence aro left. It is seated on 
 the Gogra, nearly adjoining Fyzabad. 
 
 OuDENABDE, a towu of Belgium, in E. Flan- 
 dors, in the middle of which is a fort. Here aro 
 manufactures of very fine linen and of curious 
 tapestry. This town was besieged by the French 
 in 1708, but the Duke of Marlborough entirely 
 routed their army. In 1745 it was taken by 
 the French, restored by the peace of 1748, 
 again surrendered to the French in 1794, and 
 finally ceded to the Netherlands after the fall 
 of Napoleon. It is seated on both sides of 
 the Scheldt ; 12 miles S, of Ghent, and 29 W. 
 of Brussels. 
 
 OuDENBUBO, a town of Belgium, in West 
 Flanders, 8 miles S. E. of Ostend. 
 
 OuDENWATEB,a fortified town of the Nether- 
 lands ; in the province of Utrecht ; the birth- 
 place of the celebrated James Arminius, seated 
 on the Little Yssel ; 10 nules W. S. W. of 
 Utrecht. 
 
 OuDipouR, the capital of the territory of 
 Oudipour, Hindostan, is seated on the Banass; 
 134 miles S. S. W. of Agimere, and 175 N. E. 
 of Amedabad. Long. 74. 4. E. lat. 25. 28. N. 
 OuEN-iCHEOC, a city of China, of tho first 
 rank, in Tche-kian, at the mouth of a river, 
 with a good harbour ; 300 miles S. S. E. of Nan- 
 king. Long. 121. 10. E. lat. 28. 2. N. 
 
 OuoEiN, or OojEiN, a city of Hindostan, in 
 the province of Molwa; the residence of one of 
 the Western Mahratta chiefis. It is 6 miles 
 in circumference, surrounded by a strong wall, 
 with round towers. Here are four mosques, 
 •everal Hindoo temples, and a modem palace. 
 It is seated on the Sippara, which flows into the 
 Chumbul ; 150 miles N. by W. of Burhampour. 
 Long. 75, E. lat. 23. 26. N. 
 
 OuLZ, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont ; seated in a valley; 12 miles S. W. 
 ofSusB. 
 
 OcNDLE, a town of Northamptonshire, with 
 a market on Saturday ; seated on the Nen, 
 over which are two bridges ; 26 miles N. E. 
 of Northampton, and 78 N. by W. of London. 
 OuBAL, or Ural Mountains. See Ubai. 
 OuREM, a town of Portugal ; in Estremn- 
 dura ; seated on a mountain ; 12 miles W. of 
 Tomar. 
 OuBFA. See Obpa. 
 
 OuBiQUK, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 
 celebrated for a victory obtained by Alphonso 
 king of Portugal, over five Monn<>h kings, in 
 1139. The heads of these five kings are the 
 arms of Portugal. It is 26 miles S. T^of Beja. 
 
 i.H). N. 
 
OU8 
 
 933 
 
 tC^ .*"'"• *'"'='• ''■» "««' each othor in 
 
 York t^^''^.^"'•-'«^• " «•""• 'hence th ough 
 «ta 'anlTftlV* ""T'>»'>'"'o' «'on«iderabIe vT 
 Ai« ""''«"«' receiving tiie Wharf. Dcrwant 
 
 ;ff Kf ^k""' " ?'''' »^"' Trent on h. Cei' 
 uj^"?"- « rivw ^" SuMex, formed of two 
 
 nm^r^'i ^'**^*''' * "*'«'• which rise* in North 
 
 n«2"?;ir^iJ^I'"' " '*»«'' *Wch rises in the a 
 
 town. Sommerdyck is the principal 
 
 8ea?Jd'^IfK"V t!"'° "'Belgium, in Brabant 
 
 bo?nS''rt'h„ Vk "S'? °/ ">« Netheriands ; 
 oounaed on the N. by Friesland and GroninBen 
 
 ZwoUe 18 the capital, ^ '«/."uo. 
 
 OriDopoi,, a town and fort of Russin in 
 
 ilfr"""'"^ of Catherinenslat I^Tad U 
 
 ^Thn^^.u '""°"'' «""1"« tomb/supposed to 
 be that of the poet Ovid, discovere'l in 1795 It 
 « seated at the mouth of the Dnielt« , 60 *^^' 
 S. W. of Oczakow. Long. 30. 22. E. lat?l^ 
 
 Crtni^::g^S^4« 
 
 S ^*J''!.!1«- of thoott'dMJa" 
 
 r ,;•■ '•"" Asia ; 00 miieu N N W «♦• 
 
 W Pop. 7500. Long. 5. 53.Viarb 
 
 OXP 
 
 OWKoo. a town of New York l„ n 
 county ( on the K. bmnchof iL « ?'^™' 
 170 mile. W. of Albion * S"»quelmnn., 
 
 two of which, on the N E li '" '^"'""'•• 
 b.v « '"ount.inrwht^L, i'n tl.'rrnlSirlr' 
 
 nf I.- u . .""* """'"tain, the coast consirtu 
 
 TothTs h-.'^'*-^.' """^ bread-fruit trL^ 
 10 the S. the ground in covered with cinders 
 
 on« -n„r ""^y "^'^'' P"«d irreguUTon 
 m aSlt'th^*^ terminating in sh^ poX.t^" 
 
 « Vj oaro'iUJy laid out in p antations. Thn 
 field, are encfosed by stone fenc^ ^d a« 
 
 fSy-E tX'^th^^^^^ 
 
 wolatry, and some American misirionaries we 
 
 S^'^^ii:- '"*'"'.'>'• '^'^ hospitable to strnni 
 fr^« n -f ••"".» """^ •chiefs ceded this island to 
 
 coXT^WlesTE^f^rnior- ^ ^'°«- 
 hi«hn''„''"'"'' ""«. ?«P'tal of Oxfordshire, and a 
 bishop s see i with markets on Wednesday m,S 
 baturday. It is seated at the conflux of the 
 Cherwell with the Thames, and ha. a ^L to 
 
 w^^k""' i" Northamptonshire. ThTdt? 
 with the subur^ is of a circular form! tS 
 T A '■? «"«"«nfcrence. and was ancient y,u!* 
 
 yXVZ '^^' "f "'"^•" «»"« remaSS^ are 
 yet to be seen j as also of its extensive castle 
 the tower of which now serves fora countrgao? 
 It has, besides the cathedral, 13 parish churS' 
 
 bSe' 1"°^ e.market-place, and a magnificent 
 Dndge The university is generally supposed to 
 tt' ^/!"\««°''"«'yfo? leaning Eihe 
 time of Alfred, although it owed its%evivd and 
 consequence to his liberal patronage. Here t^S 
 20 CO leges and four halls, several of which 
 
 ZT^T'^- ^''« ^^olleges are provided with 
 
 master f,i''""°''/°' '^^ ««intenanco of a 
 roaster fellows, and students. In the hall, the 
 
 o:^T^^2' ^tlJ^^^^y - 'il vert, at ti^ 
 
 il ^?[t"',^*^''^^"^'' Q"^'''^. New Ua. 
 C Irlin rlf • ^'^^"S^.^^"' B™^e" Nose, Corpua 
 thr..,t., Chr:st Church, Trinity, St. John Bap! 
 
OXF 
 
 Wit, Jmui, Wnillinin, PemhroVe, Worcettcr, 
 and Hertford. Of llicic, tho iiiott ancient u 
 ITnivcrsity Collogo, foumlod before the yonr 
 072 ; nnd to Chriit Church Coilcgo, i><>Kun by 
 Cnrdiwftl Woliey, »nd flninhod by Henry VIIl., 
 belonj^ the aitheilml. Tho hall* are Allmn, 
 Edmund, N<fw Inn, nnd St. Mnry Mnf(dalon. 
 Among tho lilimriea in tho univnnity, tho mo«t 
 didtinKuiBhed i» the Uodleian (founded bv Sir 
 Thomiiii Hodley), thow of All Souli College, 
 Chriiit Church, (iuM«n'», New, St John, Exeter, 
 nnd Corpus Chriiti. Among other public build- 
 ings aro the theotro, tho Ashmolcim museum, 
 tho ("liirendon printing-house, tho Kadcliffo iii- 
 flrmnry, and an obaervatory. Magdalen liridge, 
 besides tho beauty of its architecture, has this 
 •ingularity, that more than half of it is on dry 
 ground, and the rest cover* two small strips of 
 the Cherwell ; this bridge is 5'2(i feet long. At 
 Oxford, King John, compelled by his barons, 
 ■ummonetl a parliament to meet in 1258, the 
 proceoditigs of which were so disorderly that it 
 was afterwards known by the name of the Mad 
 Parliament. Charles I. assembled a parliament 
 here in 1625, in consequence of the plague then 
 nging in London ; and in 1644 he summoneil 
 nieh of tho members of both houses as were de- 
 voted to his interests ; these were seeeders from 
 the parliament then sitting at Westminster. 
 This city was distinguished for its attachment to 
 that unfortunate king, who here held his court 
 during the whole civil war. Without the town 
 are many ruins of tho fortifications erected in that 
 WOT. Oxford is governed by n mayor, dependent 
 on the chancellor and vice-chancellor of the 
 university, and sends four members to parlia- 
 ment, two for the university and two for the 
 city. It is 50 miles S. by E. of Coventry, and 55 
 W. N. W. of London. Long. 1.16. W. lat. 6 1 . 
 46. N. 
 
 OxFORDSHiaE, a county of England, bounded 
 E. by Buckinghamshire, W. by Gloucester- 
 shire, S. by Berkshire, and N. by Warwickshire 
 and Northamptonshire. The extreme lengthis48 
 
 634 
 
 PAC 
 
 miles, nnd breadth 38, but its form is vsry trr» 
 Hular. It contains 4(i7,.1ll() acres, is divided into 
 14 hundreds and 207 pariuhcs, has one city and 
 12 market towns. The soil, though various, ia 
 furtilo in corn and grass. Tho M. part, esp*. 
 cially on the Iwrders of Buckinghamshire, is 
 hilly and woody, having a cniitimmtii>n of tho 
 Chiltem Hills running through it. The N. W. 
 part is also elevated and stony. Tho middle ia, 
 ni general, a rich country, watered by numerous 
 ^.trcams nmning firom N. to S., and tenninnling 
 in tho Thames. Of these the most considcrabi* 
 aro tho Windrush, Evenlodc, Cherwell, and 
 Tame ; the last, although an inconsiderable 
 rivulet, has obtained some importance from 
 having been supposi-d to give name to the 
 Thames. Tho pro<luct8 of Oxfortlshire aro 
 chiefly those common to tho midland fanning 
 counties ; and a great improvement has taken 
 place of late years in the agricultural system. 
 Its hills yield ochre, pipe^clay, and other eartli' , 
 uset^l for various purposes. Corn and ma!t .1 
 conveyed from it by the Thames to tho metro- 
 polis ; and the Oxford Canal atfords a direct 
 water communication with Liverpool, Man- 
 chester, and the Wednesbury colleries, as well 
 as with London and Bristol. It retiuns three 
 members to parliament. 
 Oxc8, or JiHON River. See Ami;. 
 OvB, a town of France, department of the 
 StmiU of Calais, 7 miles N. E. of Calais. 
 
 Otonnas, a town in the department of Ain ; 
 8 miles N. of Nantua. 
 
 OzAMA, a river of Hispaniola, formed by the 
 confluence of two streams, which unite about a 
 .eague above the capital. In rainy seasons it is 
 of considerable size, and is very convenient for 
 bringing down tho produce from the interior. It 
 runs into the sea below St. Domingo. 
 
 OzwicziN, a town of Poland, covered on one 
 side by a green morass, and on the other de- 
 fended by a castle, whose walls are of wood. It 
 is situate on the Weichshel j ,34 miles W. of 
 Cracow. Long. 19. 10. K lat. 60. 10. N. 
 
 P. 
 
 11 
 
 Pacajes, a town of Buenos Ayres, capital of 
 a province of its name, with a great trade in 
 cattle ; 10 miles S. W. of La Paz. 
 
 Paceh, a town in the N. part of .Sumatra, 
 capital of a kingdom of the same name; 120 
 miles S. E. of Acheen. Long. 07. 15. E. lat. 
 5. 0. N. 
 
 Pachamac, or Pacuacaha, a town of Peru, 
 in thu province of Cercade ; situate in a valley 
 of itj nume ; formerly beautified with a magni- 
 ficent ii.ni 't. tiuilt by the incas, in which the 
 Sparijc' (.h, Al'in the-' conquered Peru, found 
 imu«t ■ -,i >. \» is 18 miles S. 8. E. of 
 Lima. 
 
 Pac irr.E, li :own and fort of Bengal, formerly 
 the capit; 1 of a district of its name, which is now 
 
 inciudeit in tlip crnyernnipnt nf TtiirfKvnn It 
 
 Stands near the Dn-iiiiootla ; 10 miles N. E. of 
 Rogonatpour. 
 
 Pachuca, a tov;, r,f A'cif . noted for ;!; 
 rich silver mines * i its > cliuty , 56 miles N. by 
 E. of Mexico. Long. 100. 41. W. lat. 20. 
 44. N. 
 
 Pacific Ocean, otherwise called the South 
 Sea, lying between Asia and America. It is the 
 largest ocean in the world, extending over more 
 than one-third of its whole surface, and being 
 upwards of 10,1 00 miles in breadth. When Ma- 
 gellan entered this ocean, through the dangerous 
 strait that bears his name, he sailed three months 
 and 20 days in n uniform direction to the N. W. 
 without discovering land. In the distiiss he 
 suffered in his voyage, before he discovered tho 
 T_-wlron«« Islands he had the voiisolaiion of enjoy • 
 
 ii 
 
PA C 
 
 wwien from N. to »., nt th« tint di.coverv nf 
 thi. ocean. n«me<l it th« South S«a Jn.t Wi h 
 "•I'oct ,0 America, it i. mor.> proTTrly ho w!,i 
 
 7 Vi ""'wnin l7«l,nniJ aen n in 1704 • t..,» 
 l.m ly .urre^ulorod to the u'lftch i"n 10 1.' ' 
 
 mMmnol . f "'"ptt"". i' « no«r joined to the 
 
 Junction Canal, near Urentford, and the UrTixt 
 Western railway commences hero. 
 
 DhA^hflT"^."' ? ""•''''"* P"'"^^ip"Iity of Wv»U 
 
 Ki<! " ""•* '*'"'~"- '' »°^ ''^long. to 
 
 ^''^uT""' " '■"'•"■fl'^ town of Prus8i,». 
 
 Westphalm; formerly capital of « princSitv 
 der iLTl"","""- ''''« "vulet I'a.ler S „n^ 
 der the high altar of the cathclrai. and in tho 
 collegiate church are the remain, of S Blai 
 lege fo^erTvT^"'"? °^ '"e convent, i, tS cl 
 Ruo n le^hif^''"^ '" ^^^ Jesuits, and here 
 E S V nf M , "n'versity. It ia 53 miles 
 
 oi/tile Unk" *.T" -^ IP*"""' '■" Ga''"«. seated 
 on lie Ulla j 12 miles S. of Compostel a. 
 
 I AOSTow, a town in Cornwall, with a market 
 
 ^asSfie" r''"'^"i hnrbour.an-Ti 
 coasting trade. It is seated at the mouth of tim 
 Camel, on the Bristol Channel ; ao m k-s W of 
 Launces on.and 243 W. by S. 'of London 
 rxDUA, a province of Austrian Italy in th« 
 
 ArL Lft^ """■* ^f "« '=°""»"«'» m Italy 
 Area, 860 square miles. Pop. 270 000 
 
 Padua, a fortified city of Italy, capital of the 
 above province, and a bishop's sJe It s 7 miE 
 n circumference, but much less eo"sidemE 
 than formerly, for great part of the area wit hin 
 he wa Is « unbuilt, and .ho town inTneml o 
 
 wE ih J^ "^ ?'^ ''"'" °" Pia^^as, which, 
 When the town was in a flourishing state may 
 
 statue of the celebrated Petrarch, who Was a 
 
 iZTy"' Thetr"''-""'' '^t '' " « P«^ o"hi: 
 to St^Anfn • ^'""*=««»» Church is dedicated 
 llri' Antonio, the patron of the city, whose 
 S^-:M"_'=!!??1.^" ? sarcophagus. u'n'd:r"a^ 
 , .„,um;. ot j,jg chttoeL iVear this 
 church « the school of St. Anton'^^o, where rainy 
 
 631 
 
 PA I 
 
 moMt. T»,e hnll of tho tow, hou j, t o^T/ 
 ''':'"'?f' "Kurope. a„.l containT the ceno 
 t«| h of Livy, who was a native of P., |„« Th." 
 university, once so ,-eMmtl.i i. J ^'" 
 
 Ufcline. hut wn. remodS T„f',i'u""Ti"" "'" 
 manufacture, of clotl^ l^k.'ri "bin', "nTr 
 or, all on a small scale. Padua w,^ takentr" 
 tno I'rench n I79fi it i. . "" "'""n py 
 
 It ; '"7 'tmpiw, and tho vcstiaes of n «•»♦ 
 
 The ch ef ^n[„ i, f ^r ''"^*' '*'"'^" ""'^ '""•ey. 
 
 10. E hit. 44. 40.1i " '""'' ""•"*• ^°"«- «'■ 
 
 Paiiano, a reduced seaport on tho K rn..f ««■ 
 
 lucca. Long. 103. 30. E. lat. 3. 55. N 
 iienco all tho ship, belonging to Nantes tnk« 
 
 STSmr^.t/^^^^^ 
 
 4300. Lo„g.l.5<).w!j;;.47.t7N" "' 
 n^arkTo^Tu'e^dr KtblrV'^'^'^'' 
 
 Paishawur. &^ Peishawur. 
 townln'n'' f '^TH*'' '■" Scotland, the lanrest 
 
 topar faif 7,t"^ 'V^^"™» onemeiLr 
 of Z.r J Ithas considerable manufactures 
 01 shawls of various descriptions, particularly of 
 
 Thr^'.. "" communicate by three bridaea. 
 rhe latter stands on tho E. (ide o7 the riveT 
 S J "J"! °^v ""'"y handsome build,"« 
 It nlw contains the magnificent remain X 
 
 fi)™Lvr'''!!i'^ "'^ only one which pSsC 
 v°™!;to'";«^.' «"d <=>««? by this is a smal^ 
 
 of thTM""^'' "*"'?.^ ^"* ^'""y burial-place 
 ot the Marquis of Abercom, which is femou, 
 for a surprising echo. Paisley i, 5iWd5"|°?S 
 
PAI 
 
 S36 
 
 
 
 three parialies. hu« .ix churche. belonging to 
 the csUiblishment. and 10 for diwwnters. beeidoa 
 sovenil meeting-houses. By means of the river, 
 una a cttn.1 vessels of 40 tons can come up and 
 un uad at the quay j and the Glasgow and Ayr 
 JBilway passes this town. It is 79 miles W. of 
 Glasgow, and 52 from Edinburgh. Louk. 4.23 
 W. laU 55. 67. N. «»•«•• 
 
 Paita, a seaport of Peru, with an excellent 
 hurhour. It has frequently been plundered by 
 buccaneers : and in 1741 it was burnt by Com- 
 modore Anson, LecnuHo the governor relbsed to 
 ransom it. Long. 80. 49. W. lat. 6. 12. S. 
 
 Palachy, a town df Hindostun, in the district 
 of Coimbetore, with a small fort. lu its vicinity 
 n . ot was dug up a few years since, containing 
 Itoman silver coins of Augustus and Tiberius. 
 It stands in a well cultivated country; 14 miles 
 b. of Coimbetore, and 37 W. of Daraporam. 
 
 «,iu^ «*'"'?« "-r" "^ ^P"^' '" Andalusia ; 12 
 iKiles o. of Seville. 
 
 ^Palauos, Mown of Spain, in Leon j 32 miles 
 
 Palais, a town of France, capital of the 
 island of Belleisle. It has a strong citadel, which 
 stood a long siege against the English in 1761 
 and then surrendeied on honourable terms. It 
 stands oil the N. E. side of the island : 30 
 
 r7!'w.ikt^;?K!"*- ''"'•''''^•^°"«- 
 
 Palais, St., a town and district in the depart- 
 aient of Lower Pyei.-,, which, with the town 
 and district of St. Jean Pied de Port, formed 
 nearly the whole of the former province of 
 Lower Navarre. It is seated on the river 
 
 4.1rraL43.tl!"N^-^°'^^"'^'- ^°"«- '• 
 Palambuan, or Bai.ambuan, a town on the 
 *-. end of the island of Japan, capital of a terri- 
 tory of lU name, which abounds with cotton 
 rice, maize, fruit, horses, antelopes, buffaloes! 
 and oxen. It stands on a bay in the Strait of 
 Bah. Long. 114. 25. E. lat. 8. 10. S. 
 
 Palamcoxta, a town of Hindostmi, in tlie 
 province of Tinevelly. Long. 77. 4G. E. lat. 
 o. 42. N. 
 
 Palamos, a strong seaport of Spain, in Cata- 
 lonia, seated on a bay of the Mediterranean; 18 
 miles N. E. of Barcelona. 
 
 Palamow, a town of Bengal, capital of a well- 
 cultivated district of its name, seated on the 
 Coyle, 140 miles S. S. W. of Patna. 
 
 Palaos. See Pklew Islands. 
 
 Palatinatk of the Rhine and Bavaria. 
 Ate KiiiNE and Bavaria. 
 
 Palawan. See Paraooa. 
 
 Palazuola, a town of Austrian Italy; in 
 
 Palemdang, a district or king, jm of Suma- 
 tra on the N E. coast; conquered by the 
 British m 1812. The chief articles of export 
 are gold, tin pepper, silk, ivory, wax, rice, &c. 
 Pop. about 75,000. 
 
 Palembang, the capital of the above district- 
 and the emporium of the inland commerce of 
 unj.-i.i-s. ihe iiiiiabitants consist of Malays, 
 
 PAL 
 
 tlunese. and Arabs. The town is seated on 
 
 river of its name, about 60 miles from the sea. 
 Long. 104. 54. E. lat. 2. 69. S. Pop. 26,000. 
 1 ALENciA, a town of Spain, in Leon; capital 
 ot a district of its name, and a bishoi.'s see; 
 with hyc chi-rchcs, U convents, and two hospi- 
 a i- V ,'^ *'-'*"''*^ "" *•"» Carrion ; 70 miles 
 , ; ;,"^^''*°"- I'OP'8300. Long. 4.28. W. 
 lat. 41. 59. N. 
 
 9 ^n':tiTofiS:i: '" ^''--^''-' 
 
 Palenzuela, a town of Spain, in Old Cas- 
 tile; seated on the Arlanza, a little above the in- 
 flux of the Arlanzon ; 30 miles S. W. of Burgoa. 
 
 Palermo, a fortified city of Sicily, in Val di 
 Muzarn; cajirtal of the island, and an arch- 
 bishop's see. It standi, en a bay of the same 
 name, on the N. const, near the extremity 
 of a kind of natural amphitheatre, formed 
 by high and rocky mountains. The country 
 between the city and the mountains is one 
 of the richest plains in the world; the whole 
 appearing a magnificent garden, filled with 
 fruitful trees, and watered by fountains and 
 rivulets. The two principal streets intersect 
 each other in the centre of the city, where 
 they form a handsome square, called the Ot- 
 tangolo, from the centre of which is seen the 
 whole of these noble streets, and the tour ele- 
 gant gates which terminate them, each at the 
 distance of half a mile. The Porto Felice 
 opens to the Marino, a delightful walk, which 
 
 u °u **"* "'^'^ ^^^ *'"" °*" ^^^ "'/' ""d "" 
 the other the sea } and in the centre is an ele- 
 gant kind of temple, frequently made use of as 
 an orchestra. The churches of Palermo are 
 upwards of 300, and many of them very rich 
 and magnificent. The cathedral is a large 
 Uothic structure, supported within by 80 co- 
 lumns of orienliU granite, and divided into a 
 great number of chapels, some of which are 
 extremely rich, particularly that of St. Uosolia, 
 the patroness of Palermo. The relics of this 
 eaint are preserved in a large box of silver, en- 
 "j j"**** precious stones; and they arc con- 
 sidered as the greatest treasures of tlie city. 
 Here are also found the tombs of several of the 
 ancient Norman kings, and of the emperors 
 Henry VI. and Frederick II., of the finest 
 pwphyry. This ciky has suffered greatly at 
 ditterent periods by earthquakes and inunda- 
 tions. The harbour, defended by two castles, 
 18 dangerously open to the sea, from the N. E.; 
 anu, even at the anchoring place, ships are in 
 danger when a westerly wind rushes through 
 the valley of Colli, between the mountains. 
 About the middle of the 11th century, the 
 Worman king, Iloger, established silk manufac- 
 tures m this city, by means of prisoners taken 
 in his war with the Greeks, and they still flou- 
 rish, though not so lucrative since the manufac- 
 ture has extended to Italy. Oiio mile from 
 i-alermo is a celebrated convent of Capuchins, 
 m which is a vault, made use of as a receiJtacle 
 tor the dead. It consists of four wide piissjiges, 
 each about 40 ft in length, with arches along 
 the sides, in wind, the boUie.-i .-iro set upright. 
 Clothed in coa',>se garments, with their heads, 
 anus, and feet bare. On the floor arc hand- 
 
PA L 
 
 Mme trunk., containing the bodio. of persons 
 of .liBtinction, the keys of which are kept by 
 the relations. In 1799, when the French 
 made themselves masters of Naples, Palermo 
 became the residence of the court; at present 
 
 linment, and of the chief boards of the, island 
 administration. It is 130 miles W. of mT 
 
 • m'ooo T ®- ''i^,^i°^N"P'«''- POPE'S 
 
 l()U,000. Long. 13. 23. E. Int. 38. 7. N 
 
 fJmtCvT'vl ^'""'t/y.of Syria; so called 
 from the Philistines, who inhabited itsseacoast. 
 lif the scriptures it is styled the Land of Ca- 
 iman, and the Promised Land : it is also called 
 H„1v1* ^°"? "'^.PatriarJ. Judah ; ^^lid the 
 it\ ^K "'' ■'^'^ '*» •'^""8 been the scene of 
 If ;. 5^-'. "?'J«"'-y. "n*^ ^^"^^ "<■ Jesus Christ. 
 th„ M k'^^h/''*"" *•"» ""'e'" P"*" °f Syria, on 
 the N. by Mount Libanus, and on the K. by 
 
 Pnf."'^' •^fu'^S ""'* **>« ^ead Sea, Arabik 
 
 fho w °"T.*^^ ?•' ""'^ *»»» Mediterranean on 
 
 K .•■ ^' ." '" general a fertile country. 
 
 aiS^^'^^M"'"'"^' '^''' corn, wine 
 and oil; and ,t mlfeht supply the neighbouring 
 country with all these, as it anciently did! 
 were the present inhabitants equally indus- 
 tnous. The parts about Jerusalem are the 
 most mountainous and rocky; but they fp-i 
 numerous herds and flocks, and yield plenty of 
 honey, with excellent wine and oil; and the 
 vaueys produce large crops of corn. This 
 country has been conquered and occupied by 
 such a variety of foreign races, that it is diffi- 
 cult to say which forms the basis of its present 
 population. It now belongs to the Turkish 
 empire, and is included in the pachalics of 
 Acre and Damascus, tho tbrmer comprehend- 
 ng the seacoast, and the latter extending over 
 the interior. The name of Palestine is not 
 known in the country itself, but is applied to it 
 on^ by Luropeans. See Syru. 
 cnIl,w.''?J'"?*' """ °^'*'*' ''»'«est of the islands 
 town nf 1^ ^"«""^' """ Venice. It has a 
 town of the same name, 6 miles S. of Venice 
 P..LESTE,NA, (ancient Praeneste.) an episco- 
 
 slnM ♦ i"*^" P"ncipality. Here formerly 
 stood a temple dedicated to Fortune, the ruins 
 hv «'"'i'tr''^ y''^ ^'^ "^en. It is 25 miles E. 
 5 E i ^52. n!'''"'"''""' '"""• ^°"«- '=*• 
 Palhampoou, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 province of Guzerat; caj.ital of the district of 
 I a hampoor. The inhabitants are uncivilized 
 mid amount to about 40,000. It is 80 miles 
 i^-liy VV. of Amedabud. 
 
 Paliano, a town of Italy, in the papal 
 states, situate on a hill; 20 miles E. of Iloma 
 ; i'^V u"*^' '"' ^ALicAui), a fort of Hindostan, 
 11 Malabar; bmlt by Hyder, on his conquest of 
 ti/_^t province. Around it are scattered many 
 villages, which contain a considerable popula- 
 tion, mid have some trade. It was taken by 
 the British m 1783, and again in 1790. and 
 was conhrmed to them at the pence of 1799 
 It Blauds between two rivulets, near their junc- 
 tion, at the foot of the southern extremity of 
 
 637 
 
 PA L 
 
 andSt'b^^»^^-^^»^'"^to«, 
 
 Ca^rwi^h tVrem-ain: SS^^^hS 
 « a considerable temple. It is sS;^"o*^S 
 Paliar, 25 miles W. of Arcot. 
 Paumdan. See Palkmbano. 
 
 }„i J "/j!!'**."' * ■'"*'' "' 'he N. end of the 
 iHland of Ceylon, in the Bay of Bengal, wh ch 
 scpames that island from the co.«t ofS 
 
 n!.?rl fiK^' " '^'f*'"'*^** *■•" '^ extensive 
 
 Ptnrl fishery earned on in it, on both shores 
 
 formerly by the Dutch, and niw by the Britkh' 
 
 lALLisEii Islands, a group of islands in the 
 
 «n,l u k' ^^ '"/«"" '* "'^"* ^^ "''«» long 
 and^lO broad. Long. 146. 30. W. lat. 15, 
 
 Palma, one of the Canary islands, to the N 
 
 tir''u^ '"'T'" eircumference,and ve^; 
 lertUe. It has a town of the same name mLl 
 
 ftequented for its excellent winS and s^fe har 
 
 M^mtT" " '''"ng city, capital of the island of 
 Majorca, and a bishop's see. The oublie 
 squares, the cathedral, and the royal See 
 are magnificent. It contains 4000 hoS 
 ^■iilt after the antique mamier; a uniS' 
 more ancient than celebrated; and22 churS 
 besides the cathedral. Po^. 30,000 iS 
 
 thexl^il " '*"'" "^ ^P*'"' '" Andalusia; or. 
 tbe Xenil, near its conflux with the Guadal 
 quiver ; 30 miles S. W. of Cordova. 
 
 yALUA, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura 
 on the river Cadoan ; 20 mil^ K. of St^uval ' 
 JAUIA, a town of New Granada, republic of 
 Sjogota " "• '" '"''** ^- ^- «^ Sl Fe de 
 
 It«Vv'''?n fJ^^^r' ''•''*™"8 '^""tier town of 
 ita y in the Venetian province of Udina • 
 seated on a canal which communicates S 
 the Lizonzo; miles S. E. of Udina. Pop 
 4500. Long. 13. 15. E. lat. 40. 2. N ^ 
 
 lALMA Di Solo, a seaport of Sardinia, on the 
 S. W coast; 38 miles S. W. of Cagliari. 
 
 I'ALMAS a river of Mexico, formed by the 
 junction of the Nassas and Sauceda/in New 
 Biscay whence it flows E. about 200 miles b7 
 
 LTor^sx^---'^^-^-^ 
 
 IeaSiTsV"„r/r"i' ^'^ilippino islands; 16 
 1X33 N.' *^'"'^''""*'- ^""g- 127. 0. E. 
 
 coast*'n/ r.r'"''^' * /'■omontory on the Ivory 
 coast^of Gmnea. Long. 6. 34. W. lat. 4. 
 
 N t' r^\ ?. ?«"e on a rock. It is 8 miles 
 
 Palmersion Isle, an island in the S. Pacific 
 discovered by Cook, in 1774. It consist .rf 
 
 / 1^ I 
 
 ! i i 
 
PAL 
 
 638 
 
 PAN 
 
 about 10 islets, connected by a reef of coral 
 rocks, and lying in n circular direction; the 
 principal one not exceeding a mile ia circum- 
 ference, nor more than three feet above the 
 level of the sea. It abounds with cocoa-nuts, 
 ■curvy-grass, and the wharra-trce, but has no 
 inhabitants. Long. 162, 57. W. lat. 10. 0. S. 
 Palmtha, or Tadmob, once a magnificent 
 city of Syria; originally built by king Solo- 
 mon, m the midst -«• a sandy desert, bounded 
 on three sides by a vJiain of high mountains. 
 On the decline of the Macedonian empire in 
 the E., it became the capital of a principality, 
 under the name of Palmyra; and it declared 
 for the Romans, on Adrian marching his army 
 through Syria to Egypt, Tl)0 city flourished 
 and increased to the time of Aurelian, when it 
 resisted the Roman power under queen Zeno- 
 bia, who was at length taken captive, and led 
 in triumph through the streets of Rome, Soon 
 afterwards the inhabitants massacred the sol- 
 diers who had been left in garrison ; this occa- 
 sioned the return of Aurelian, who, having 
 made himself master of the place, caused the 
 inhabitants to be destroyed, ant gave up the 
 city to pillage. Its stuperJous ruins were 
 Visited, in 1751, by Mr, Wood, who i>ublished 
 a splendid account of them in 1763. The in- 
 habitants consist of about 40 Arab families 
 living m mud cottages, erected within the spa- 
 cious court of a once magnificent temple. It 
 18 100 miles S. E, of Aleppo. Long. 38. 50. 
 E. lat. 33. 20, N. 
 
 Palos, a seaport of Spain, in Andalusia; 
 with a tolerable harbour; celebrated as the 
 place whence Columbus sailed on his first ad- 
 venturous voyage, in 1492. It is seated at the 
 mouth of the Tinto; 60 miles W, by S. of Se- 
 ville. Long, 6. 52. W. lat. 37, 10, N. 
 
 Palos, Cape, a promontory of Spain, in 
 Murcia; 19 miles E, of Carthagena. Lonir. 
 0, 40. W lat, 37. 37. N. * 
 
 Palota, a fortified town of Hungary, 40 miles 
 S, W, of Buda. Long. 18. 0. E. lat. 47, 0. N, 
 Palotza, a town of Hungary, situate on the 
 Popmh; 64 miles N, of Cassovia. Long. 21, 
 20. E. lat, 47. 42, N, 
 
 Palte, a famous lake of Tibet ; lying to 
 the S. W. of Lassa, about 12 miles S. of the 
 river Sanpoo. It is represented as a wide 
 trench, of about 6 miles broad, surrounding an 
 island 30 miles long, and 20 broad. On the 
 W, shore of this island is a monastery, and the 
 seat of the Lamissa Turcepamo, or the Great 
 Regenerate, in whom the Tibetians think that 
 a divine spirit is regenerated, as it is in the 
 Great Lama, The word lamissa is the femi- 
 nine of lama, which signifies a priest. 
 I Pamiers, a town of France, department of 
 Arriege, and a bishop's see. In the vicinity is 
 a mineral spring. It is seated on the Arriege ; 
 36 miles S. by E. of Toulouse, Long. 1. 35 
 E. lat. 43. 6. N, 6 • 
 
 Pampelonne, a town of France, department 
 of Tarn ; 15 miles N. by E. of Alby. 
 
 Pamplieqa, a town of Spain, in Old Castile : 
 
 1 ^- miitra o, tt , ui ourgos. 
 
 Pamplona, or Pampkluna, a ciiy of Spain • 
 capital of Upper Navarre, and a bishop's see J 
 with a strong citadel, and a univereity. The 
 squares are handsome, and adorned with shops 
 it was taken by the French on their invasion 
 pt hpain : but surrendered to the allied forces 
 c i „ • ^* " "®**^ °n the Ai«a; 47 miles 
 r: f «?"yi""^' and 1 97 N. E. of Madrid, Pop. 
 14^00, Long. 1, 42, W, lat. 42. 49. N, 
 
 Pamplona, a town of New Granada, in the 
 republic of Colombia ; femous for mines of 
 gold, and numerous flocks of sheep in its vici- 
 nity. It is 150 miles N. by E, of St, Fe de 
 Bc^ota. Long. 71. 30, W. lat. 6. 30. N. 
 
 Pamtico Sound, a kind of inland sea, on 
 the coast of North Carolina; 100 miles long 
 and from 10 to 20 broad; separated, in its 
 whole length, from the Atlantic by a beach of 
 sand hardly a mile wide. It has several inlets, 
 but that of Ocrecock, in lat, 35. 10, N. is 
 the only one that would admit vessels of 
 burden, 
 
 Panagia, a town of Romania, in European 
 Turkey ; 14 miles N. of Gallipoli. 
 
 Panama, a city and seaport of Colombia • 
 capital of a district of tl » •■"•"o name in the 
 governrjent of New Granada. It stands on a 
 fine bay of Us name, on the S. coast of the 
 Isthmus of Darien, and contains a handsome 
 cathedral, and a number of chuiches, convents 
 and monasteries. Before the abolition of the 
 trade by the galleons, it was the emporium for 
 all the merchandise of Chili and Peru intended 
 tor Jiurope See Porto Bello. The trade 
 and commerce have much declined, and in the 
 harbour is a fine peari fishery. The city is 
 surrounded by a wall and other fortifications, 
 
 So o', ^i?"'}^ ^- ^y ^- "'^ P°rto Bello. Long. 
 
 80. 21, W, lat. 8. 49, N. See Dakjes. * 
 1 ANARAGA, a town of the island of Java 
 
 capital of a kingdom of the saine name • 60 
 
 miles E. by N. of Mataram, 
 
 Panarucan, a town on theN. coast of Java, 
 formerly the capital of a principality, but now 
 subject to the Dutch. The chief export is long 
 pepper. Long, 113, 25. E. lat. 8. 0. S, 
 
 Pana, one of the Philippine islands, between 
 those of Paragoa and Negros. It is of a trian- 
 gular form, 250 miles in circumference, popu- 
 lous and fertile, and watered by a great num- 
 ber of rivers end brooks. The chief commo- 
 dity for exportation is rice. Iloila is the 
 capital, 
 
 Pancras, an extensive parish in Middlesex. 
 2 miles N. W. of London, The old church 
 and churchyard have long been noted as a burial 
 place for Roman Catholics, An elegant new 
 church has been erected ; and here also are 
 several chapels of ease, a Roman Catholic 
 chapel, and several meeting-houses. The Vete- 
 rinary College, established in 1791, for the im- 
 provement of farriery, the Foundling Hospital, 
 and the Smallpox Hospital, are in this parish. 
 
 Pancsova, a town and fortress of Hungarv, 
 seated near the Danube ; 10 miles E. N. E. of 
 Belgrade. 
 
 Panoasena, one of the Molucca islands, in 
 
PAN 
 
 539 
 
 WnS?fip.'l!'?''/u ""^ '""8' """^ 10 broad, 
 jying between Celebes and Bourton. 
 
 .a^.*?*^; * '**"'" "f ^^^ kingdom of Coneo • 
 
 of St. Salvador. Long. 14. 46. E. lat, 4. 20 S 
 vince!!ffi K *""'" "^ Hindostan, in the pro! 
 600 If ,« l"^"' containing above 40 mosques, 
 fnhi K ''![*'T"8 '" ^"'^e". «">d 1000 huts 
 mhabitedby the lower orders of people. The 
 port w frequented by small ves^ls from d^! 
 exnortriT "" *«/=»««'; ana much rice is 
 
 thr,^"?,;^ 'f " "^''^^^ '" a «»"''y plain, near 
 r«1,W r"^","'^'' 32 miles S.byE. of 
 Cahcut. Eong. 76. 58. E. lat. 10. 47. N. 
 
 vinrinfTk" *"'? »f Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vm^ of Delhi ; celebrated for a battle, in 1761 
 
 Abir^*" fr^f 200,000 Mahmttas. ana 
 feoSSo M^'^'^o^^^""^^"' «t the he^d of 
 wp,l ♦ * Mahomedans, in which the former 
 were totally def^ted. Paniput is situate in 
 
 LonfreTK S-'T' l^ ""«■ N. W. of Delhi. 
 LiOng. 76. 65. E. lat. 29. 13. N 
 
 ofSShi." ^"'^ "^Macedonia; lemilesS. 
 
 ♦i,f ^v**'*' °'' P^NTEUAHiA. an island in 
 the Mediterranean ; belonging to Sicily and 
 
 S?" ir^n" *•'•?* ">"^ «"** the cLt of 
 iw^j • 3*i "I'es m circumference, and 
 abounds m cotton, fruits, and wine. 'Pop" 
 
 Panuco, or GuASTECA, a province of Mexico ■ 
 
 W "bv •'r l"' ^' "y '^' ^"'f '' MexS, and 
 W. by Mechoacan and New Biscay. The 
 
 ITh°^,^^"T *'.'r''^«' '* '" two pa;ts; the 
 Sins^f S"*^7"^ provisions, and has some 
 
 fepooSb^^i!"'"" «''«"' ""* ^"^ °^^- 
 
 ».rtTu' ^J*® '^P'^^ "f the above province, 
 and a bishop's see, is situate near a river of the 
 
 ^ ft ^r^'i^ m'^.^"" '"to the Gulf of Mexico ; 
 W.'laTS.^bY-'"*'^'^"''- ^-«-««'^0' 
 ,-n fvi'*''"''?' " •'jty Of China, of the first rank, 
 W n/oT*'^ of Hou-quang ; 030 miles S. S 
 W^of Peking. Long. 111. 0. E. lat. 27. 
 
 S'3i'itti'r3^/-°'^^^^"«- ^-«- 
 
 ^„^^ p'' -f® 5 ^'"' ^^'^ Hebrides, in the 
 
 Pao-ting, acity of China, of the first rank, 
 the most considerable in the province of Pe- 
 tcheli. next to Peking. The countiy around 
 18 pleasant, and as fertile as any part of China • 
 78 miles S. S. W. of Peking. Long. 15 25' 
 E. lat. 38. 54. N. *" ^* 
 
 Papa, a town of Hungary, in the county of 
 Vespnn ; 45 miles W. of Buda. ^ 
 
 PAPOUt, St., a town of France, in the de- 
 partnicnt of Aude, on the Lande: I.'? mii;. v 
 W 01 Qircassone, and 35 S. E. of Toulouse' '" 
 
 PrL^r?'"'^?' " '''^" of Hanover, in East 
 Friesland, with two churches, and numerous 
 
 PAR 
 
 yards for ship-buildinit. It is ii«.f^i 
 
 27mi,S'' f-munic^tes iith^thrri^, e"S.s" 
 ^amilesS.ofEmbden. Pop. 3400. ' 
 
 ty^e^STofa^J^nZ tf ^hrrme'"™"'^ 
 ^W on a hill near tHeVtmuhl Ts mK' 
 KofDonawert. Pop. 2000. "•"«»«• 
 
 Papua. &« Guinea, New. 
 nn .^'"■^'^"'^ city of Brazil, capital of 
 ^th » "T^f ,«°^^"""«"t of the Mme^name 
 with a citadel and castle. The chief busL^M 
 w cultivating tobacco and sugar-canes, and 
 
 Beated on the estuary of the Tocantin ; SO miles 
 from rte oc^n. Pop. 10,000. Lon^. 49 2T 
 
 sm^n^S "'/«*?=¥•• a ^ast multitude of 
 off thl '.""r T^? '" the China Sea. lying 
 off the coast of Cochin-China. They extend 
 300 miles ,„ ie„gth by 60 in breadthTaTd the 
 
 I2m1S'^;oUreg?^°''"««^''"««-^ 
 
 thete:'?f-,r^,j; r8rmTeitnr 
 
 king of Borneo and the Spaniards, with some 
 independent natives in the interior Zts who 
 
 The if *• "f.^'""' "° «^«* placeKbTde! 
 The Spaniards have a garrison at the N. end of 
 
 ^rKfiro^/^N"""^^"^^- ^-«-"»- 
 
 Paraouat, an extensive country of South 
 I?v bS T^^^r *^° N. by Amazonia, 1? 
 PeiS i;!™r ?«*««*""»' and W. by ChiU Lnd 
 „/^" 7 L "."**"l' numerous lakes and rivers ■ 
 of the latter, the three principal are the Par^"a' 
 Paragmyr. and Uruguay, the united rtreamTof 
 which form the celebrated Rio de la Plata 
 These nvers annually overflow the^? tanks' 
 The cUmate is in general moist and temperate' 
 
 iera"t?n^T ^'T-" " ''^^' '" the^ S 
 perate parts the soil is extremely fertile nro- 
 
 ducng grain, beans, peas, cotton, toS a^ 
 ie^ulTa to V!:f"' "^f"^ Paraguay, which'"^^ 
 K 1^ ^ w" ?"",*'y> «"«^ the infusion of 
 
 varied of^S*™*^*'"''*^. He'^a'ealsoa 
 variety of fruits and very rich pastures • but 
 the country is destitute of woods. Cattle 
 sheep, horses, and mules are in ereat ahnnH 
 
 ^!n * J •. ^" ^^^ mountain towards Tucu- 
 man, the condor, the laigest bird of the vuUure 
 fou^di^r .""frequent, and the ostrich s 
 
 trS nf Inl ^^^ Pr""": S^^^™' independent 
 trbes of indigenes live in the interior, on the 
 Rio Grande; one of them, called Abipons axe 
 a warlike race and, by a novelty in C^i "n 
 ZJZ' ,«'''««y.«»valiy, securing and t^mi^J 
 
 In ll sM^r '!^''?'^^^^ ^y the SpaniTrT 
 in 1515 the Spaniards discovered this countrv 
 by saaling up the Rio de la Plato, and in 153^ 
 f;!!:l'!::...*^« town of Buenos Ay;es. in lllo 
 ^inn."""!," T'^^^'aaniitleU into these fertile re- 
 gions, and in the next century founded th„ 
 femous missions of Paraguay. In 1757 Snnin 
 exchanged the colonies ofth'; E shore ofTho 
 
 
PAR 
 
 640 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 Uruguay for the Portugueie colony of St Sn 
 
 t^^o S„. t' TSP^^^J^ poweasion. of the 
 jLuitT-n^i .i" 1767 the court expelled the 
 «.m^ <•• ?"^ th?, natives were put upon the 
 
 SnliJ'^^"'' f^" ">« «th" Indian, of hi 
 Spanish p«; of South America. The country 
 w now included m the republic of the United 
 
 of^^i^u"r^«^^^^^^^ 
 
 TZchTr' »'""»:*r'. tobacco, and cot on" 
 The chief town which i> of the same name i« 
 
 D^S IV^^'T' ^"^^ !>• 4000 The 
 ■Uutch obtained posaession of it in ifi^e „-Vj 
 fortified it with «^°l,part bu the'pTr 
 tuRueso retook it booh after. 
 
 oln^^n^'fi?' *i!?,<»P«taI of Surinam, in 
 nT^' s J/^A**'*^ P'"** °f the Dutch coIo- 
 Btrong citadel, and a noble road for shipping 
 
 loading coffee, sugar, cotton, and indigo. The 
 
 f^ » r. "'"^8'''' «nd "ned wiH^* orange 
 shaddock, tamarind, and lemon trees, in con' 
 '"y«l bloom. It surrendered to the M "h 
 '" 5»» f"d i? 1803. It ia situate on the £ 
 «de of the river Surinam, 16 miles from i^ 
 mouUi. Pop. 6000. Lon^. 55. 25. wTt. 5 
 
 Pabamythu, a town in the kingdom of 
 Greece, in the province of Albania; cfS of 
 a district, but without any regular government 
 
 at Comentes, and, afterwards joining the Uru- 
 guay, forms the river Plata, 
 
 Parchwitz, a town and castle of Pmssinn 
 SUesia, with a considerable manuLtr'of 
 
 „f ^|t"-'"»"Z; atown of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Chrudin, with a fortified castle, and a manu! 
 
 fn re Efrir'r'^ ''"''^- I'^^"^ 
 Por, lono 'i ^ "J'^" ^- ^y S- of Prague. 
 Fop. 3000. Long. 15. 41. E. lat. 49. 51. N 
 Parechia. SeePARos. 
 
 in Sie'culfVv'*"?^'*"'.^''*""' °" " peninsula 
 vessels. It « 28 miles S. by W. of Capo 
 d Istna. Long. 13. SO. E. lat. 45. 18. N. '^ 
 lAROA, a seaport on the coast of Albania 
 Wte to the southern point of the iSind o^ 
 ?,«f ' "«"»°~We as the only place which 
 
 d!,^ ' *J*- *''°'" '* '^"s eventually surren- 
 dered on condition of his paying an indemnity 
 
 remain The evacuation took nlace in 18]<) 
 rnost of the inhabitants removing to the Ion an 
 Isimids. It .8 30 miles S. W. of Joannina. 
 1 ARIA, a district of South America, province 
 
 oI?h"»r ,^yT'^^'"8*° '^^ S. E. of Cumana! 
 on the bankfi nf fVio n— i ■_- , ,. I ' 
 
 delta of that river. On the N. of this proWnce 
 
 PAR 
 
 between Cumana and the island of Trinidad is 
 a largo bay called the Gulf of Paria. ' 
 
 ni^""*' ***° **P"*' •>' the above province. 
 intZ ^ ""T "''«' '"'"''■J and its cheeses, 
 
 are in high esteem. It is 140 miles W. N. W 
 of Plata, Long. 68. 32. W. lat. 18. 30. S. 
 bo^Z'Tn"'." '"??» *°*" °^ Tibet, on the 
 Sot ' " •* ^- •^- ^' "f T"»- 
 
 Parilla, or Santa, a town of Peru, in the 
 province of Lima, at the mouth of a riv^r of the 
 
 ZTw ;/? •"'"^'' r^- ^' ,»' Truxillo! and 
 56. S ^"*- "• ^0- ^- ^"t. 8. 
 
 boid«« nf'A* ^"''^ .°' ^"i'*'' America, near the 
 ft^ fln Amazonia and Guiana, of a square 
 &-^ "V'*^ '"."K *"*^ 4<> »»»«d. It seems to 
 for fK 1 "• •"""•^*''°n formed by tho Oronoco; 
 the W JIZ T'r, °" *''° N. anu issue, on 
 F,!>m;K 1°^."'®,'*''^' "^ '^ N, W. angle. 
 &, n!i^-/^ '?"" ^"^^ ^"«» the White 
 f„ fV 'ifl^'f^T,?^ ""« P"™"' ^hich flows S. 
 to the Black River, and thence S. E. to the river 
 
 ml"?' ^** i''t ^- "*■ *•'« !'»»««. before th" 
 main stream of the Oronoco turns to the N 
 
 SThHil''- "n-" '"»?'**" that flow from it 
 to the BlacK River. Hence there are three 
 communications between those two great rivers, 
 the Oronoco and the Amazon. ^ 
 
 uJ^\^\ "^^'^^ "' *''*"«=«' one of the 
 SnI °^k' °."'^ """t populous cities in 
 Europe. The river Seine, wlich crosses it 
 
 ST'r.rvT" i^'*"'''' "^'«1 !"'« dn Palais 
 w« i^ ^•*'! ^"•"«' *•"> f''""^' ef which 
 was the ancient city of Paris. Paris has 16 
 gates, and IS 17 miles in circumference, including 
 the suburbs. That part of it which is called thi 
 ville IS situate to the N., the univpnuty to the 
 
 ^;iit"!^f r^ '"!^ "" "'^ **""«• The houses are 
 built of freestone, many of them seven stories 
 higb. and often contain a different family on 
 every floor. The number of inhabitanta la 
 estimated at 720.000. There are nine principal 
 Si^ T Paris, but only three of them occupy 
 the whole breadth of the Seine, which is not 
 half so large as the Thames at London. There 
 are a great number of public fountains, and 
 some triumphal arches. Of the squares, the 
 finest IS the Place de Louis Quinze, of a^octi 
 gon form m which was an equestrian statue in 
 bronze of that monarch. This square was the 
 tatal scene of the execution of Louis XVI. of 
 his consort Marie Antoinette, and of his sifter 
 the princess Eliznl^th. Besides the cathedral 
 ot Notre Dame, which is one of the largest in 
 Europe, and contains 45 chapels, Paris has 
 many fine churches. The abbey of St Genevieve 
 iWnu"!^ ^y King Clevis, whose monument 
 
 of 24,000 printed books and 2000 MSS. ; also 
 a valuable rabmet of antiquities and natural 
 curiosities. The pantheon,^r new church of 
 bt. Genevieve, has a front adorned with elegant 
 sculpture, and with colossal pi!lars. It is the 
 place of interment for illustr>'nu" ^v»^'-'" -'la 
 
 tl'^'pT. '■^^^- ""'^i>»5''y. founded by (^huries 
 the Fat. consists of five faculties ; i,aroe!v di- 
 
PAR 
 
 541 
 
 ine sciences ; lU head is the rector, whu it, 
 
 N-Ln. n°'i'^? "l/""' •» 'hat of the Fou; 
 Natmns called also Mazarin, from the cardinal 
 Its founder. Among the pubUc libraries that 
 Sh toTh?"^"/ hold* the'first rankTn re'spec 
 Doth to the extent of the buildinm and the 
 
 SSf ftL?'""^. ^«J°y«l ob^rvSr^ i^ 
 multof fteestono, and neither iron nor wood ha« 
 b^n employed in the.erection. The Ctonic^ 
 ^Ue worthy of its appellation of toZ. 
 
 PAR 
 
 --. .->.. t^wMvijiai paiaceg are the Louvre thn 
 Tu. enes. the Palais Royal, and the Lxembui! 
 In the Louvre is deposited the finest collection 
 of paintings and statues in the world, the min- 
 l£ °V^'">'«'«8ht from various' pXof 
 Italy. The garden of the Tuileries, in front of 
 the palace, and on the banks of the Seine is th« 
 finest public walk in Paris. The LuxmCj^^ 
 famous for Its gallery, in which are 20 exquSte 
 painungs by Rubens. The hospital geSr 
 which also goes by the name of la SalfetS 
 (snlpetre being formerly made here) is a molf 
 noble foundation for the female sex. n^i^i; 700? 
 of whom are here provided for, aid live under 
 Uie inspection of 60 sisters. To this founcktion 
 
 sMesTv a w^"' "^ ^'T'"' defended on all 
 sides by a wall ot considerable circuit, which 
 contains within it many lai^e buildi'nM and 
 
 ^nr„f?h'" ^Ir" ' ""^ ^'^' nearl^ 4^0 per 
 sons of the other sex are maintaied. The 
 hospital de la Pitie, where poor chiUren are 
 
 HoMn-J^ ^^'^ foundations, with the 
 to fll ?000 tn Tv '"'"'"*'" ^"""J' amounting 
 
 r-di5fAtun^:,-ai^^^^^^ 
 
 Nair"^^^^''^''^^ «« the Theatre de ta 
 Nation and the Italian Theatre • which in 
 
 Kel'-frr '^'^ conve„ience,*arrworthy 
 of the capital of a great nation. The monnoie 
 
 of the"s'efn« ""We building, situate on that dde 
 ot the Seme opposite the Louvre. The Sama- 
 h^r " \^"tif»l edifice, at thee.d of The 
 en,2feJ!;"^"'^'">''°i'°""«' «"d contain, an 
 afCf 7*T''^^/,"8*h« '^^t^' of '»>« Seine to 
 mir'XL l^^^t ""."^V ^''^ *'''t«J de Ville, me. 
 morable for having been rep atedly taken and 
 
 fSr^'nf P • """" i"te'«'ting of the manu- 
 tactures of Pans are those of plate ghas, and 
 
 Zdlhnn ? ^ ?"""" "^ «*•=«"«"' freestone 
 
 of Jut ,fl,r»f ^^r."?- ^" '^^ '^^olution 
 01 July, 1830, the inhabitants of Paris distin- 
 
 «^Si'tr•'^'^'!,''^*^'^^ ''""'^^ii^aV film- 
 "ess, and their moderation ; and in three davs 
 achieved a victory over priestcraft and tvranT 
 unparalleled in the annals of histor- ^^ 
 ?«*'«^«- Pari' now forms, with a sm ill £ 
 
 It IS 210 miles S S. E. nf London, 625 W, of 
 
 Pauis, a town of Kentucky, chief of nourlK,ii 
 county; «tu..te in a fine plain, wate "d £ 
 small nver, 30 miles E. of Frankfort ^ 
 
 I ABKOATB, a village in Cheshire, situate on 
 the estuary of the Dee ; 12 miles N. W of 
 ?»?!.'' ^ae.l'tboats frequently sail hence to 
 
 J^ml"fl""\".''." '^<=""'« a frequented and 
 commodious bathing-place. 
 
 Parma, a duchy of Italy, under which name 
 are included the duchies of Parma Propor! 
 
 Ami S ^ V^'' Milanese, E. by theModcnese, 
 and S. by Tuscany and Genoa. The soil iii 
 tertile in com, wine, oil, hemp, and pasturage : 
 and there are some inconsiderable mines of 
 copper and silver. The celebrated Parmesan 
 cheese ,8 no longer made in this country, but at 
 Lod 1, m the MiL;nese, and some other pl"c« 
 
 given to the er-empress Maria Louisa. Area. 
 2300 square miles. Pop, 380,000. 
 Parma, an ancient, rich, populous, and hand- 
 
 d?X r,, "^ ^'"y' ^^P't*' "f t^'e foregoing 
 H»r • }\l'^ ? university, a magnificent cathc- 
 orai, and the largest opera-house in Europe. 
 
 I^'l^^v'^'u' ^I" ^^^^ P^'Ple. The dome 
 and the church of St. John, are painted by the 
 inraous Correggio. who was a native of this place. 
 I he other most remarkable places are the ducal 
 palace, with its gallery and collection of artificial 
 curiosities ; the large Benedictine convent, in 
 which 2,000 soldiers were quartered in 1724" 
 with ftf*"^ Giardino, a ducal palace, connected 
 with the town ; and the promenade between the 
 town and citadel. Charles, king of the Two 
 SicJies, earned away a library from this place 
 to Naples, which contained 18,000 volumes.and 
 a very valuable cabinet of curiosities, with a 
 nch coUection of medals. The inhabitants 
 
 ?j°,"7,f 'T' M^ '" "'•' ''"d siirsSn^': 
 
 In 1734 a bloody battle was fought here ^ 
 tween the Austrians and the French and Sar- 
 dinians, in which the former were defeated. 
 
 ^vT.,"-^'*"".'^ "" " "™' °f tl'e same name, 
 which divides ,t mto two pnrts, united by thre^ 
 
 IPVJ^ """? ^•'^- "' Me^lena. and 60 
 S. *-. of Milan. Long, 10, 30. E, lat. 44. 50. N 
 Paknassus, or Parnasso, a celebrated moun- 
 tain of Greece, in Livadia. It has two heads, 
 one of which was famous for being consecrated 
 to Apollo and the Muses, and the other to 
 Bacchus. It M the highest in Greece, and has 
 a fine fountain, suppoF«d to be the ancient 
 u^tf-T. }\-' " """^^ N. of Livadia. The 
 Mu"h"fac?^^ ' "*"' '""^'^ ^°'""' """" °" 'ts 
 
 «n^,^»? V ???'!°^~'?' "" t"'^ "f Hindostan, 
 Mpital of a district of ite name in the province 
 of Bootan ; with a castle, the residence of a 
 gcvomor. It is famous for the manufacture of 
 id0i«, and the forging of swords, dag^^rs, and 
 arrows. It stands on the Patchieu, in a fertile 
 valley; 20 miles S. by E. of Tassasu^.on 
 
 nnf ^"Jl''' ^ '^'^."'^ '" ^^^ <^'ecian Archipelago, 
 one of the Cyclades. to ths W. of Vaxia. u .-. 
 10 uuies long and 8 broad, and th... soil is well 
 cultivated. The trade consists in y heat, barley, 
 wme, and pulse, and in calicoes. Pop. 2000. 
 
 V 
 
 (i 
 
 'I '» p 
 
; 
 
 1- 
 V. 
 
 
 PAR 549 
 
 It fomierly produced a great deal of oil, but 
 the Vcnetjnn army burnt all the olive-trees. 
 Ihis wlanu was anciently deditated to Bacchus, 
 on account of its excellent wines ; and has been 
 so famous for its marble, that the best carvers 
 would make use of no other. The celebrated 
 statuaries Phidias and Praxiteles were natives 
 of this island ; and the famous Arundelian 
 marbles, at Oxford, were brough from this 
 place in 1667. 
 
 Paros, or Parechia, the capital of the Isle 
 of Paros, ond a bishop's see. It was anciently 
 the largest and most powerful town of the 
 Cyeladcs, but is greatly decayed. The walls oi 
 the castle are built of ancient pieces of marble, 
 and most of the columns are placed long-wiso • 
 some of them, that stand upright, support cor- 
 nices of amazing size. The natives build their 
 houses of marble, which they find ready cut to 
 their hands ; but they take no care to place 
 the pieces in a regular manner ; their fields, 
 likewise, are enclosed with friezes, altars, and 
 basso-rehevos. The present inhabitants are so 
 Ignorant, that instead of great sculptors, and 
 skilful architects, they hove nothing but carvers 
 of mortars and salt-cellars. Pares is situate on 
 the W, coast of the island. Long, 26. 44. E. 
 
 PAimAMATTA, a town in New South Wales, 
 with a curious church, witti a double steenio, 
 an observatory of great repute, a government- 
 house, court-house, hospital, orphan-house, gaol, 
 &c. ; the soil in most places is remarkably good. 
 It 18 seated at the head of the harbour of Port 
 Jackson : IS miles W. by N. of Sydney. 
 
 Pabret, a river which rises in the S. part of 
 Somersetshire, receives the Ordred, Ivel, and 
 Ihone, and enters the Bristol Channel, at 
 Bndgewater Bay, 
 
 Partenkircu, a town of Bavaria ; 48 miles 
 S. S. W. of Munich. 
 
 Parthenay, a town of France, department 
 of Deux Sevres ; with a considerable trade in 
 • cattle and com, and manufactures of serge, hats, 
 leather, and earthenware. It is seated on the 
 Thoue ; 21 miles S. of Thours, and 28 N. N. E 
 of Niort. 
 
 -,.?*'^™'"^'^'°> * ferry-town of Scotland, in 
 Fifeshire; near the mouth of the Frith of Tav • 
 9 miles N. N. W. of St. Andrew.- ' 
 
 Paru, a town and fort of Brazil, in the juris- 
 diction of Para; situate on the N. side of the 
 head of the estuary of the Amazon ; 200 miles 
 from the ocean. Long. 54. 20. W. lat. 1. 50. S. 
 
 Pas, a town of France, department of Pas de 
 Calaisj 12 miles S. W. of Arras. 
 
 Pas de Calais, a department of Fnmce, 
 containing the provinces of Artois and Bou- 
 lonnois. It comprises a superficial area of 2500 
 square miles, with 670,000 inhabitants. The 
 climate is humid and changeable, several dis- 
 tricts are marshy, but the soil in general is fertile 
 in corn, hemp, flax, &e. Arras is the capital. 
 
 Pasewalk, a town of Prussian Pomerania ; 
 near which are some iron-works. It stands on 
 the Ucker; 28 miles W. of Stettin. 
 
 Pasqua, a town of Mexico, in Xalisco; 1000 
 «>»ile» S. S. W. of Compostella. 
 
 PAT 
 
 PA8(iUARo, a town of Mexico, in Mechoacin; 
 24 miles S. W. of Mechoacan. 
 
 Passaob, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Cork. It is situated about midway between the 
 city of Cork and Cove, and is much frequented 
 during the summer season j 173 miles from 
 Dublin. 
 
 Passage, a seaport of Spain, in Biscay : be- 
 tween those of Fontarabia and St. Sebastian : 
 3 miles E. of the latter. 
 
 Passamaquoddy, a town of the state of 
 Maine, in Washington county; on a bay of tho 
 same name; 20 miles N. N. E. of Machias. The 
 nver Passamaquoddy, felling i„to the bay, is 
 the division between the United States and the 
 British territory. 
 
 Passao, Cape, a cape of South America, in 
 Quito, Long. 80. 50. W. lat. 0. 60. S. 
 
 Passaro, Cape (anciently called Pachinum), 
 the most southerly point of Sicily. It has a fort 
 to protect the country from the incursions of 
 the Barbary corsairs. Off this cape Sir George 
 Byng defeated a Spanish squadron in 1735. 
 Long. 15. 22. E. lat. 36. 35. N. 
 
 Passarowitz, a town of Servia, where n 
 peace was concluded in 1718 between Charles 
 VI. and Achmet III. It is situate near the 
 river Moravia ; 33 miles E. S. E. of Belgrade. 
 Passaruan, a town of the island of Java, 
 capitiil of an extensive principality; with a trade 
 m cotton and rice ; 30 miles W. of Pananican. 
 Pop. together, 109,000. 
 
 Passau, a fortified city of Bavaria, capital of 
 the circle of Lower Danube, and formerly of a 
 principality of its name, which in 1815 was 
 divided between Bavaria and Austria. It stands 
 on the Danube, where it receives the Inn and 
 Ilz, and by these rivers is divided into four 
 parts ; namely, the town of Passau, Instadt, 
 Ilstadt, and the fortified castle of Oberhaus, on 
 the mountain of St. George. This city is cele- 
 brated for the treaty, or religious peace, con- 
 cluded here in 1552. In 1662 the cathedral 
 aud greatest part of the town were consumed 
 by fire, but they have been handsomely rebuilt. 
 It is 65 miles E. S. E. of Ratisbon, and 136 W, 
 by N, of Vienna. Long. 13. 32. i!. lat. 40. 34. 
 N. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 Passenueim, a town of Prussia, in the go- 
 vernment of Konigsberg ; 73 miles S. of Ko- 
 nigsberg. 
 
 Passignano, a town of Italy, in the papal 
 states ; 17 miles N. W. of Perugia. 
 
 Passy, a village of France, department of 
 Paris, near the town of St. Denys, Here is a 
 manufacture of considerable extent for speedily 
 bleaching cotton and linen cloth. Pop. 3000. 
 
 Pasto, or St. Juan de Pasto, a town of 
 Colombia, in New Granada, capital of a district 
 of its name ; seated in a valley, 120 miles N. 
 by E. of Quito. Pop. 7000. Long. 76. 56. 
 
 Pastrana, a town of Spain, in New Castile. 
 32 miles E. of Madrid. 
 
 Patagonia, a country in the most southern 
 part of South America, bounded on the N by 
 Mu(;!in?. Ayr.-s, and extending 1100 miles on 
 the eastern const, from Rio de la Plata to the 
 
PAT 
 
 543 
 
 papal 
 
 Straits of Mngfllnn. This country bos no tim- 
 ber in the S. parts, thouglj the N. contains an 
 
 rTnr'^^-r?"''?."'^' ""'* numerous flocks of 
 cattle. The E. coast is generally low. The 
 natives are tall, stout, and weU made, some 
 of them ux feet five inches in height ; but 
 their hands and feet are remarkably small 
 Iheir colour is a kind of bronse. They have 
 no other clothing than skins, which they wear 
 Whi r^r '"''?"^''' ""*• » ^"le apron of 
 St Julian P""'''P''^ ^"'•'O"' " that o^ Port 
 
 ..„if *'*"'? ^"'^ °^ Hungary, with a Protestant 
 college , situate on the Latoreza, 25 miles S. S. 
 ■ii" ot CasBovia. 
 
 SeuiCpIt^^'^""^'^*"*''"^**^''''''- ^'' 
 Patani, a town on the N, E. const of the 
 peninsula of Makya, capital of a district of the 
 same name, with a well defended harbour. The 
 qftn"^f '''xl'V^ ^"'^ i""*« '''"» '»>« Chinese ; 
 To'lttl 6^N.' °' ^'"^- ^»"«- '''' 
 Patay, a town of France, department of 
 Aioiret, where the English were defeated in 1429 
 by Joan of Arc ; 15 miles N. W. of Orleans. ' 
 
 PaTELI. ^cPuTAtA. 
 
 Paterno, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona. 
 built on the ruins of Hybla, so celebrated fo^ 
 Its honey; 16 miles W. of Catania. 
 
 Patmos, or Patinos. an island in the Grecian 
 Archipelago, lying 26 miles S. of the Isle of 
 bamos, fomous for being the place where St 
 John wrote the Apocalypse. It is 25 miles in 
 circumference, but produces very Uttle, only a 
 few valleys being capable of cultivation : par- 
 tridges, rabbito, quails, turtles, pigeons, and 
 snipes abomid. In the midst of the island 
 nses a mountain terminated by the convent of 
 bt. John, the abbot of which is the prince of 
 the country. The hermitage of the Apocalypse 
 IS situate on the side of the mountain between 
 
 l„ *i,*'°"u*"V*"'^ *^^ P^rt of Scala. It leads 
 to the church of the Apocalypse, which is built 
 against a grotto in a rock, pointed out as the 
 asylum of St, John during his exile. The in- 
 habitants are chiefly sailors or ship-builders, 
 and have some trade in cotton and stockings of 
 then- own manu&cture. Long. 26. 24, E. lat 
 37. 24, N. 
 
 Patna. a city of Hindostan. capital of Bahar. 
 seated on the right bank of the Ganges, opposite 
 the influx of the Gunduck, and fortified with a 
 wall and citadel. In the citadel were confined 
 the British prisoners taken in 1764. by Meer 
 Cossim. nabob of Bengal, by whose order they 
 were brutally massacred. This occasioned the 
 storming of the city ; since which period it has 
 acknowledged the British sway, and is the resi- 
 tlence of the provincial courts, &c. The build- 
 ings are high, but the streets are narrow. It is 
 a place of considerable trade ; 320 miles N,W. 
 
 lat. 2*5 35% ^°^' ^^^'^^'^' ■^°"*- ''^' ^"' ^• 
 Patius, a seaport of Greece, in the Morea. 
 and an archbishop's see. The Jews, who a-e 
 one-third of the inhabitants, have four syna- 
 gogues, and there are several handsome Greek 
 
 PAU 
 
 *=!?""-■•'«»■ The principal articles of trade are 
 SI k. leuther, honey, manna, pomegranates, 
 citrons, and oranges. It is seated on the side of 
 a hill near the entrance of the Gulf of Lepnnto; 
 14 miles S,W, of Lopanto, Pop, 8000. Long 
 21, 45, E, lat. 38. 17. N. 
 
 Patkia, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro. 
 situate near a lake of the same name ; 13 miles 
 IN. W. of Naples^ 
 
 Pathica, a town of the papal states, in Cam- 
 pagna di Roma ; 13 miles S. of Rome 
 
 PXXBIMONT OP St, Peter, a province of 
 Italy, m the papal states ; 43 miles long and 30 
 brodd; bounded N. by Orvietto, E. by Umbria 
 w u T' ®- **^ Campagni di Roma, and S, 
 W. by the sea. It was granted by the em- 
 peror Constantino, to support a church he had 
 built m honour of St. Peter, and for the use of 
 the bishop of Rome. The country is fertile in 
 corn and fruit, and produces much alum. 
 
 Patrinoton. a town in East Yorkshire, with 
 a market on Saturday, Here the Roman road 
 from the Picts wall ended. It is seated near 
 the mouth of the Humber; 18 miles E. S E 
 of Hull, and 188 N. of London, 
 
 Patscukau, a town of Prussian Silesia, on 
 the river Neisso j 13 miles W. cf Neisse. 
 
 lA -r^' "" "'""'* "" th^ ^oast of Zanguebar, 
 10 miles in circuit, inhabited chiefly by Arabians' 
 seated at the mouth of a river of the same name.' 
 Long. 43. 0. E. lat. 1. 66. N. 
 
 Paotan, a town of Hindostan. in Nepaul 
 containing several temples, and about 24 000 
 houses ; 40 miles E. S, E, of Catmandu. ' 
 
 Pattknsbn, a town of Hanover, 7 miles S. 
 by Ji, of Hanover, 
 
 Paiti. a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 
 and a bwhop's see, seated on the Gulf of Pattu 
 In "l 1 N *'^""' ^""8- 5 5, 22, E. lat. 
 
 Paitiary a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 ^'"ce of Oude ; 65 miles N. W, of Canosue 
 and 65 E, N. E. of Agra. *-«nogue. 
 
 di«frt7"f\^ ^°^ °' Hindostan, capital of a 
 district of the same name, in Guzerat, It is 
 seated on the Surswatty; 48 miles N. of Ame- 
 dabad. Long, 72, 30. E. lat, 23. 45. N 
 
 Iatuxent, a navigable river of Maryland 
 whichflcws into the W. side of Chesapea^Bay j 
 30 miles S, of Annapolis. '' 
 
 Patzow. a town of Bohemia, in Bechin, with 
 a Carmebte convent, and manufactures of cloth • 
 1 7 miles E, of Tabor. ' 
 
 Pau, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle 
 where Henry VI, was bom. It was the anient 
 residence of the kings of Navarre; and, Ke 
 the revolution, the capital of Beam. Here are 
 manufactures of cloth, linen, &c,, and the en- 
 virons are productive in wine and fruit It is 
 seated on an eminence by the river called the 
 ^rfnn /*" J 97 mite S. of Bordeaux. Pop. 
 9000. Long. 0. 23, W, lat. 43, 7 N 
 
 JAMSTSnA^ ""^"^ " '''' '"'^•^ «--• 
 
 Fill., St., a town of Brazil, in a district of 
 
 Its name ; founded by a colony of Jesuits and 
 
 Indians, m 1570. The inhabitants are esti- 
 
 i; 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
!■• 
 
 PAU 
 
 mated at 20,000, the greater part of whom aru 
 farmers. The town is plcasniitly sitimtod on 
 an eminence, surrounded on three aidra by low 
 meadow-land, and washed at the base by rivu- 
 leta which almost insulate it in rainy weather. 
 It is 36 miles fVom the sea, and 190 W. of llio 
 Janeiro. Long. 45, 56. W. lat. 23. 26. S. 
 
 Paul, St., n town of France, department of 
 Pas de Calais; 18 miles W, N. W. of Arras. 
 
 Paul, St., a town in the department of Up- 
 per Viennc; 10 miles S. E. ofLimoges. 
 
 Paul, St., a town in the department of Var; 
 7 miles W. of Nice. 
 
 Paul db Fknouilhbt, St., a town in the 
 department of the Eastern Pyrenees: 18 miles 
 W. N. W. of Perpignan. 
 
 Paul de Lbon, St., a town in the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre; seated on a bay of the 
 English Channel-, 30 miles N. E. of Brest. 
 Long. 4.0. W. lat. 48. 41. N. 
 
 Paul db Omaouas, St., a town of Amazonia, 
 on the S. side of the river Amazon, and on the 
 borders of Peru. Long. 69. 20. W. lat. 4. 
 10. S. 
 
 Paul Tboix Chateaux, St., a town of 
 France, department of Drome; on the side of a 
 mil; lemilesS. ofMontelimar. 
 
 Paula, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra; 
 1 2 miles W. N. W. of Cosonza. 
 
 Pauloorad, a town of Ftussia, in the govern- 
 ment of Catharinenslaf J 32 miles E. of Cutha- 
 rinenslaf. Long. 35. 54. E. lat. 47. 10. N. 
 
 Pausa, a town of Saxony, in Voigtland ; 7 
 miles N.N.W, of Plauen. 
 
 Pausilippo, or Posilippo, a mountain 5 
 miles W. of Naples ; celebrated for a grotto, 
 which is a passage cut through the mountain, 
 nearly a mile in length, 20 feet in breadth, and 
 SO in height. People of fashion drive through 
 this passage with torches; but the country peo- 
 ple find their way by the light which enters at 
 the extremities, and at two holes pierced 
 through the mountain, near the middle of the 
 grotto. On this mountain is the tomb of Vir- 
 gil; and its N. and E. sides are covered with 
 villas and gardens. 
 
 Pauzk, a town of West Prussia, in Pomere- 
 lia; near the W. coast of the Gulf of Dantzic; 
 25 miles N. W. of Dantzic. 
 
 Pavia, a province of Austrian Italy, in the 
 government of Milan ; called, for ita fertility, 
 the Garden of the Milanese. It Is bounded by 
 Parma, Milan, and Lodi, and comprises an 
 area of 320 square miles, with about 117,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Pa VIA, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 and a bishop's see ; with a celebrated univer- 
 ■ity, and a citadel. Besides the cathetiral, 
 there are 18 churches, and numerous convents. 
 The chief articles of commerce are corn, hemp, 
 cheese, and wine. It was once the capital of 
 Lombardy, and has undergone various changes. 
 In 1706 it fell into the hands of Austria; in 
 1796 it was taken by the French, and retained 
 till the peace of 1814. It is seated in a beau- 
 tiful plain, on the Tesino, near its conflux with 
 Po; 17 miles S. of Milan. Pon. 23,350. 
 Long. 9. 16, E. iat. 45. 13. N. 
 
 544 
 
 PED 
 
 Pavoasan, the capital of the isle of St. Tho- 
 nias, on the coast of Guinea; and the see of a 
 bishop, with a fort and a good harbour. It lies 
 under the equator, in long. 8. 30. W, 
 
 Paxo, one of the Ionian islands, a little S, of 
 Corfti; about 15 miles in circumference; inha- 
 bited by about 6500 Greeks, It produces wine, 
 oil, and almonds. Long. 20. 20. E. lat. .39.21. N. 
 
 Patkrnb, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Bern, on the river Broye; 22 miles S. W. 
 of Born. 
 
 Paymouo, a town of Spain, in Andalusia; 42 
 miles N. by E. of Ayamonte, and 73 N. W. of 
 Seville. 
 
 Pays db Vaud, a canton of Switzerland, ex- 
 tending along the lake of Geneva, and rising 
 gradually from the edge of that lake. It is 
 richly laid out in vineyards, corn-fields, and 
 meadows, and chequered with many villages 
 and towns. The prevailing language is the 
 French; and it contains 160,000 inhabitants. 
 Area, 1500 square miles. Lausanne is the 
 capital, 
 
 Paz, La, a city of Bolivia, capital of a dis- 
 trict of its name, and a bishop's see. Besides 
 the cathedral, it contains four churches, an 
 hospital, a college, and several convents. It is 
 seated at the foot of a mountain, in a valley 
 abounding in wine and fruite; 220 miles N. W. 
 of Plata. Pop. 20,000. Long. 68. 60. W. lat. 
 17, 0. S, 
 
 Pazzy, a town of Romania, and u bishop's 
 see; 8 miles S. W. of Gallipoli. 
 
 Peak, a mountainous tract in the N. W. part 
 of Derbyshire, which abounds in lead, iron, 
 millstones, marble, alabaster, coal, and a coarse 
 sort of crystals. It is much visited on account 
 of its extraordinary caverns and other curiosi- 
 ties. The " Wonders of the Peak," which 
 have been celebrated both in prose and verse, 
 are noticed in this work, under the articles 
 Buxton, Castlbton, Chatsworth, and TinEs- 
 
 WELL. 
 
 Pearl Islands, islands lying in the Bay of 
 Panama. The inhabitants of Panama have 
 plantations on them. 
 
 Pearl River, a navigable river of the state 
 of Mississippi, which, riler flowing through a 
 fertile territory, falls into Lake Borgne, a little 
 E. of Lake Pontchartrain, 
 
 Pechlarn, a town of Austria, on the right 
 bank of the Danube. The river is very wide; 
 and here the Romans, who called it Praeclara, 
 had a harbour for their navy. It is 14 miles 
 W. ofSt. Polten. 
 
 Pedee, a navigable river in the United 
 States, which rises in North Carolina, and is 
 there called Yadkin River. On entering South 
 Carolina it takes the name of Pedee, and flows 
 into Wynyaw Bay, at Georgetown. 
 
 Pedena, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria; 
 25 miles S. E. of Capo d'Istria. 
 
 Pederneira, a town of Portugal, in Estre- 
 madura, on the seacoast; 33 miles S. W. of 
 Leiria. 
 
 Pedir, a town of Sumatra, on the W, coast; 
 40 miles K. S. E nf Ache^n ~ 
 
 lat. 5. 22. N. 
 
 Long. 96. 36. E. 
 
PED 
 
 Pedraz*. a towrn of Spnin, in Old Cfl.tiio. 
 with a ca«tle, i„ which the two sons of Kanl' 
 
 the Wand S"; *'"' """" northern point of 
 
 "urg i-astio. It 18 22 miles S, of Edinbunrh 
 
 «re the Tweed nmlT™ fuP"i'"P"' "^ers 
 
 M«n^!^' *^'^" °" ">« W- '=on»t of the Isle of 
 Man, situate on a spac. --m bav A t ♦ ),» a 
 
 fEENEMUNDE, a town and fort of PruwJnn 
 
 dence of the governor of the island n „„ 
 mands the entrance and mouth of th„ p ""' 
 near which it stands, 6 mZN. by e\Pw7 
 gast. Long. 13. 55. K. L«t A4 a \j "^ "^°' 
 Fkbb, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 
 S4S 
 
 PEI 
 
 Ercht' '''■'"•'"'«' '' -"- N. N. W. of 
 -f^Ts^V^o-f Cs^' - ^''^ «'^'. '0 
 
 Gmt«r """■ " ^*'"'' '^ "'"«' N. N. W of 
 
 ArJa™n'."n?T"'"'^°'^™"''' >«»'"«'«<' N. by 
 ™iT^ p u^c^ ^- """^ S- by the bay of Ben- 
 
 ll^w*^ 1 V'"*^*^""' '*» products are teak 
 
 -m^ftr aliT""^' ' 'r '^S; anJ'hre" 
 
 nTrme^^ 'Th« .r " *"'"*=' "»=« <■«»" the 
 mer.^;!, t^f "T"" "" ""'^h fei'M than the 
 flat i,art if ♦!, * ''*'" proportioned. In the low 
 
 ovoXJeS tbA'"""''^'^''.'"'' *- liable to bo 
 overnowed, the houses are bui t upon stakes nnd 
 
 r«t«1!-.K'^'""J"'"'''" *''« inhabitants communt 
 cato with each other by boats. Pcjru wm lonl 
 an independent kingdom.andin ifsTcoZuS 
 
 S sonn^ "^ continued as chief at Moncha- 
 60U soon afterwards revolted, and in 1757 «. 
 duced Pegu to a dependent prlivince 
 
 the sZAfVh V^"'^"^''''^P'<'"n«=«. ejected on 
 tne site of the former city, which was ruined bv 
 
 !^Zr ' K ^?i'- '^'•^ »'«='«"' city WM a luaS^ 
 
 ftfJtifi .• "™""^*^ hy strong walls and other 
 fortifications, now in ruins. Thn «,n^,« J 
 
 temple of Shoemadoo sS JL^'SS 
 of Its ancient greatness. The present ciTv ^.,7 
 
 tWan"] V'-^T^ '' theE"er al°"on 
 and^'frn^J- ''"'*^ I' ^"•«" *>" the old ^al" 
 
 on a rivSr"''''^'' ''"''''''''«• Itisseated 
 on a nver of the same name; 300 miles S of 
 
 H"'nrr4o''??.- '^^"* ^^fioo.'t^X 
 
 jn ^Kl wS^^r^^af^U^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ftaS'""^ -"•""«'««'' »''« «at count^ oil' 
 nP H^i'i'*'u**°'^ "'' "anover, in the prindDalitv 
 
 , Peishore, or Pkshawub, a town of Afohnn 
 rn'a2'%f. ■*• fi^Kr'' P^P"'"- ^'^tfc 
 iUO,000. Here the Hon. M. S. Elphinstone had 
 
 lat.^3. 32 N.- ^- ''^ ^''"'- ^»"8- ^0. 37. E.* 
 
 Peiskreischam, a town of Prussian Silesia 
 m the government of ODDflln- ao t^:iz!o^"'. 
 Uppeln. ' "" "^^ "• -■ °r 
 
 Peitz, a town of Prussia, in the Ucker Mark 
 
 NN 
 
 ": 
 
 ■ 
 
 ii 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
PKK 
 
 M« 
 
 PEL 
 
 '■ 
 
 n I 
 
 of BnnJenburg, with tnanufiicturei of clotli and 
 ynm, and in tlio neighbourhood are iron-worki. 
 It standi on the Maukse, which runs into the 
 Spree; 10 niilua N. N. E. of Cotbus, and 37 
 8. S. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Prkino, the capital of the empire of China, in 
 the province of Po-tche-li. Ita name »igiiifies 
 the Northern Court, to diatinKuiah it from Nan- 
 king, the Southern Court, where the emperor 
 formerly resided. This capital forms an oblong 
 square, and is divided into two cities; one inha- 
 bited bjr Chinese, the other by Tartars. Those 
 two cities, exclusive of the suburbH, are nearly 
 14 miles in circumference. The walls of the city 
 are 28 feet high, 24 thick at the base, and 12 at 
 the top; and there aie spacious towers at 70 feet 
 distance from each other. The gates are high, 
 and well arched, supporting buildings of nine 
 stories high, the lowest of which is for the 
 soldiers when they come off guard : they are nine 
 in number, three in the S. wall, and two in each 
 of the other sides. The middle gate, on the E. 
 tide, opensinto the Tartar or imperial city, which 
 is a space within the general enclosure, about a 
 mile from N. to S. and three-quarters of a mile 
 from E. to W. with a rivulet winding through 
 it. A wall of large red polished bricks, 20 feet 
 high, covered with a roof of tiles painted yellow 
 and varnished, surrounds this space, in which 
 are contained the imperial i)alace and gardens, 
 the public offices, and lodgings for the ministers, 
 the eunuchs, artificers, and tradesmen belonging 
 to the court. Between the two other gates in the 
 S. wall and the opposite ones on the N. side of 
 the city, run two straight streeto, each 4 miles 
 in length, and 120 feet wide. One street of tho 
 same width runs from one of the eastern to the 
 corresponding western gate, but the other is 
 interrupted by the imperial city, round tho walls 
 of which it is carried. The other streets branch 
 from these main streets at right angles, and are 
 very narrow. The houses have no windows nor 
 openings to the street, except the great shops; 
 most of them are poorly built, and have only a 
 ground floor. It is astonishing to see the con- 
 course of people in the main streets, yet not one 
 Chinese woman among them, and the confusion 
 occasioned by the number of horses, camels, 
 mules, asses, waggons, carts, and chairs; with- 
 out reckoning the several mobs which gather 
 about the jugglers, ballad-singers, &c. Persons 
 of distinction have always a horseman to go 
 before them and clear the way. All the great 
 streets are guarded by soldiers, who patrol 
 night and day with swords by their sides, and 
 whips in their hands, to chastise those who make 
 any disturbance, or take them into custody. 
 The minor streets have lattice gates at their 
 entrance into the great streets, which are shut 
 up at night, and guarded by soldiers, who suffer 
 ao assemblies in the streets at that time. The 
 emperor's palace and garden, which occupy two- 
 thirds of the Tartitr city, is surrounded by a brick 
 wall, 2 miles in length, with a pavilion at each 
 comer, encompassed by galleries supported by 
 columns : the architecture of the stupendous 
 pile of buildings of which the palace consists is 
 entirely dittereut from that of the Europeans, 
 
 The temples and the towers of I'eking aro so 
 numerous that it is difficult to count them. Tho 
 surrounding country is simdyand unproductive, 
 but provisions of all kinds aro exceedingly plenti- 
 ful, being brought, as well as the merchandise, 
 fW)m all parts by canals from tho rivers, which are 
 always crowded with vessels of different sizes. 
 An earthquake, which happened here in 1731, 
 buried above 100,000 persons in the ruins ot 
 tho houses. The inhabitants are estimated at 
 2,000,000; 60 miles S. of the Great Wall. Long. 
 116,27. E, lat. 39, 64. N. 
 
 Prlaonisi, an island in the Grecian Archi- 
 pi <), about 8 miles in circumference. Long. 
 24. 1-'. E. lat. 39, 30. N. 
 
 PELEOaiNO, a mountain oi the N, coast of 
 Sicily, nearly 2 miles W. of Folermo. On this 
 mount is a cavern, in which is tho image of St. 
 liosolia, the patroness of Palermo, who is Said 
 to have died here: and round this cave a 
 church is built, where priests attend to watch 
 the precious relics, and receive the offerings of 
 the pilgrims. 
 
 Pexbw Islands, or PAL>o8,agroupof islands 
 in the Pacific Ocean lying between 134. and 136, 
 E. long, and 6. and 8, N. lat. They are encircled 
 on the W. side by a reef of coral ; and i\re 1 8 in 
 number, of which the principal opes are Oruo- 
 long, Emungs, Emillcgue, Artingal, Coroora, 
 and Pelelew. They are well covered with trees 
 of various kinds and sizes; and every part of i 
 that called Coroora bears the marks of industry 
 and good cultivation. Captain Wilson, of the 
 Antelope East India packet, who was wrecked 
 here in 1783, found the natives simple in their 
 manners, delicate in their sentiments, and 
 friendly in their disposition. The astonishment 
 whic'h they manifested on seeing the English 
 plainly showed that they had never before seen 
 a white man. They had no idea of the nature of 
 powder and shot, and were exceedingly amazed 
 on seeing its effects. Their principal arms con- 
 sist of bamboo darts, f^om five to eight feet long, 
 pointed with the wood of the betel-nut tree; but 
 there are short ones for different marks, which 
 are thrown by means of a stick two feet long. 
 The chieh wear a bone round one of their wrists, 
 in the form of a bracelet, which being a mark of 
 great honour conferred by the king, is never to 
 be parted with but with life. They are not all of 
 the same degree, as appeared from the difference 
 in the bone they wore. Captain Wilson was 
 invested with the highest order of the bone. 
 With respect to property, in these islands, a 
 man's house or canoe is considered as his 
 own, as is also the land allotted to him, as 
 long as he occupies and cultivates it; but 
 whenever he removes to another place, the 
 giound reverts to the king. The natives make 
 canoes out of the trunks of trees, some large 
 enough to carry 30 men. Yams and cocoa-nuts, 
 being their chief articles of subsistence, are 
 attended with the utmost care, and the milk of 
 the latter is their common drink. On particular 
 occi'sions they add to their ordinary fare certain 
 sweetmeats, and a sweet beverage, obtjiined by 
 the aid of a syrup extracted either from tb.e 
 palm-tree or the sugar-cane. Their houses are 
 
PEL 
 
 together, and fcrtened by wooden 1.?.*^.'*' 
 mediate .p.ce being cl.Ll,"?, e"d" jVJh '£" 
 
 b««keJ^th coveVil'l.H'""'''''*'' ."""' "'«"'«"' 
 with shells Z^ "^""^ '=""«'• ""d 'nlaid 
 
 Seville kfnH. thL il ., *''*'*' "™ a few of the 
 
 to tie aatd^""Thetwr^"e'^^''"'^ 
 
 tortoiseahnli . «!!j * • n»"ing-nook8 are of 
 
 they boil the^^ fi.h^^,''^""']' ^°'<'"''' "> which 
 nut hu ksTrve, thPm f ''■ i^ »'""'' ie of cocoa- 
 bamboos, wTth'^r'fiv^ " ^'"-"^i """^ thick 
 
 shells. The Pe ewkn^fn '"""I*' '"''"■'' ''"h 
 an ear-nng of mlaid tortoise-shell R«»», . 
 
 .Xerers^'T'"^'?'-"'^^^^^ 
 
 thekinlT**. "^''"1' "P'"'"" '««1 Abba ThuUe 
 that on .K ^^"''""*'' ^"tertained of the EnS' 
 ~i L^ &o ^''"'■'•'■•'P^^'tt^dhisseS 
 
 where heart;e?in7787?^ V^*"" '" ^"«'''"''. 
 
 th^hoperSS;^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 s:rtuti„teXti^rcV^^^^^ 
 
 interview tT*Sci'bI;.w^J°^fl:i«.^lf-«"? 
 the Felewans; 4„d the goodAbb; Thu Ue bo"r« 
 the intelligence of the death ofleeBioSh 
 
 tar 
 
 PEM 
 
 great fortitude. When the present, were landed 
 c«.nsisting of caltlo, sheep. jioaU nlJf^l ' 
 together with am,s. 'grindsL^'^hovT'.a;.' 
 ind other utensil,, the native, ware stmcicTth 
 amnzement, and the king himself waslr JmJ 
 £ t\ "" ''*"' «oexpre«ihis gratitude. ^fTe 
 Icng. in return, made a pre«)nt of one , f th« 
 Wand, to the English, which was taken pLiS, 
 J^n of with the usual fbrmalities. cSn 
 M'Cluer. leaving one ship behind to superintend 
 
 L'dKth'.j:'""!"^"^ r'* "^« "S p- 
 
 ceeded wi h the other to Canton, some of tho 
 nativM voluntarily accompanying him He ro^ 
 turned to Pelew in June ; butthinki"g his be, ^ 
 voent mission not yet completed, ho iailed wUh 
 r^tumS'" *" New Guinea' and BencSen, a 5 
 ^Ste^^e'a-nd'ir SCtS '"" 
 
 ng two abundant crops every year. A Si 
 
 «f ^"!^*'"5! ". *""'" "f F'"»ee, department 
 of aJx "^' '* "•''*■ W- N w! 
 
 Lofe .\uaroiVe''LitS?Lr 
 
 ♦h/*"^*' ■" "'""•I »n the Indian Ocean, near 
 the coast of Zanguebar; about lOO miks n d" 
 cumference. Long. 41. 10. E. lat. 4. 50. s! 
 i;EMBA, a town of the kingdom of Conco 
 capital of a province of the same name Itk 
 ^ted on the Loze; 90 miles S. S E of S 
 Salvador. Long. 14. 40. E. lat. 6. 46 S 
 
 Pembroke, a town of Massachusets. in 
 
 ^1"/^*"?"*^' "''""t^"" North Rver .^ 
 markable for ite depth of water, though in siZ 
 places not more than 50 feet wide. Wis of 
 ILT'n^ ''?i" ^"^' -"'J <J«'«=end toTaLa 
 StSoslon!"""'^"*-"*- ^'^^'"^ 
 
 Ppmhri!"'^?' " *^'°"e'' "f Wales, capital of 
 Pembrokeshire, governed by a mayor- with a 
 market on Saturday. It returns one member 
 
 reerorMnf /^ "'"""' "" ^"^ '"-'™"^ 
 
 bridVes bu^ K^r"' •"'!'■ '"''''''' "'« t'^o 
 nridgesj but the harbour is become injured bv 
 
 nn?T t wns anciently surounded by walls 
 mndeur ^Herl "" "^r ™"f °^ uncommon 
 
 l^.^LTo!\S^eL„tt^?Srr;iJo'^^^ 
 oyrv. of London. Long, r^s:' W.' irsl: 
 
 PEMBBOKESHfEE, a county of Wales, 37 
 
 NN2 
 
 I : 
 
 
 
PEN 
 
 544 
 
 V K N 
 
 m IM long, Mil '20 bromi, •urroundod on nil 
 »l*lw by tim MH. oxuoiit on the E., where it ia 
 bounded by CftcminrtI.enihire uiul C«r.liuan- 
 •hiro, Itct)ntaii:a33,'),(i00acri*. i. .lividud into 
 •even hundredi and 145 r>ttfi»h«^ ha. one city 
 nnd »ev«n iimrktt-towni, mid aendi one iiicin- 
 ber to imrlwinont. The riven are inconii- 
 domblt'. A great part o» the county ia plain an.l 
 tolerably fortilo, lontisting of rich meadow and 
 arable land, "'he N. E. part alone ia moun- 
 tmnoua, which, however, yiolda gooU i)naturuKe 
 for ahoep and cattle. Thia county abouiida with 
 objecta o» antiquarian intereat, auch aa IJruidicnl 
 circles and cromlecha, ainglo stone moiiumcnta, 
 OMuee, &e. 
 
 iJ^y,*' «" !''^."*''^ * '°*" "' SP«". in Leon; 
 27 milea 8. 8. E. of Ciudud Jtotlrigo. 
 
 r«NAFiKL, a town of Spain, in Loon, with a 
 
 pulacc and a atrong caatle. It i. aeatcd at the 
 
 33 N " ^"""•1"1'<1' ^ong. 4. 0. W. lot. 41. 
 
 dura, at tho mouth of the Mongolaj 3(i miles 
 «. IN. w. of Liabon. 
 
 « ^^1"*"^' t, 'T" "*■ ^»'"'"' •« Aaturias, 
 seated 00 the Previa ; 8 milea N. W. of Ovie.lo. 
 
 n.!i w'^"'A""!'n "' ^P"'"' '" Andaluwa; 48 
 milea N. E. of Seville. 
 
 Pknaoakcia a town of Portugal, in Beira: 
 36 miles E. of Coatel Hranco. 
 
 PKNAMAcon, a fortified town of Portugal, in 
 Beira,witha castlej 31 milea E. N. E. ofCaitel 
 Brnnco. Long. 6. 52. W. lat. 40. C N 
 
 •40 •i*"*a"^' * *^'^ "' SP*"". '■" 01 J Caatile; 
 iirN'>?w^ £■ of Durgo,.-Anothcr, 33 
 ni.lea N. N. W. of Avila. 
 
 r!„^?'"7^;i" *'"^" of Bavarian Franconia, on a 
 
 Ss'ofBa^^uth"™^' ""'"•""-«''» 
 
 Penon dk Velkz, a aeaport and fortreas of 
 Morocco, aeated on a rock in the Mcditerro- 
 nean. near the town of Velez. It was built by 
 he Spaniards m 1508. taken by the Moors in 
 i"2. and retaken m 1664. It is 73 miles 
 ». b. of Ceuta. Long. 4. 16. W. lat. 35. 12. N 
 
 Pknano. See Phincf op Wales Island. 
 
 1 ENAUTiER, a town of France, department of 
 Aude ; 4 miles N. of Carcassone. 
 
 Pbndennis, a castle in Cornwall, on a hill of 
 
 hv^^V'vU^i °!J ^«'°>«>"^'» B«y- It was built 
 by Henry Vlll. for the security of the const; 
 
 ™ll«S"«» M '''"""'V''^ "^ ''•« ^y " ""Other 
 called St. Maws. It is a little to the S. E. of 
 Falmouth, the harbour of which it defends. 
 
 mil^w'^\r"' '^f """K® '•> I-ancashire, 2 
 miles W. N. W. of Manchester. The inhabit- 
 ants we principally employed in the trade and 
 manufectures of the various Manchester goods 
 1 ENicHE, a strong seaport of Portugal, in 
 Eetremadura; with a good harbour and a cita- 
 del; seated on a peninsula, 48 miles N W of 
 las^n. Pop. 2800. Long. 9. 20. W. Jat. 39. 
 
 T.wfV"'' ",*ri of.Sa'co;iy, and the chief 
 place of one of the lordships forming the county 
 of Schoraburg; with a manufacture of woollcii 
 
 atuflannd a pottt-ryj aculcd on the Mul.U. 11 
 milea N. W. o» ChemniU. Pop. fldOO. 
 
 Pkniscola, a town of Spain, in Vnlmdn 
 •eatcU on a high point of /4ml, aurrounded im 
 three aidea by the aea, and of diUlcult ncceaa by 
 
 i'!I «* 1^ ^" "'"•* ^- ^y ^- "•■ '''orto«i, and 
 no N. N. E. of Volencia. I'op. 2200. Lona 
 0. 24. E. lat. 40. 24. N. *' 
 
 PKhiisiiKHR, a town of Afohoniatan, capital 
 of a datrict in the province of Cabul ; 16 milea 
 N. of Cabul. 
 
 Pknihtone, a town in West Yorkahire, with 
 a market on Thuraday, and a amall woollen 
 manufacture. It haa a handaome pariah church, 
 three meeting-houaes, a grammar-school, and 
 three other achoola free to the whole pariah. 
 The environa, eapecially to the W., have rather 
 a dreary and bar. 0.1 appearance. The town ia 
 seated on the right bank of the river Don, 13 
 miles S. S. E.of Hudi'eraficld.and 177 N.N.W. 
 of London. 
 
 Penkhidoe, a decayed town in Staffordahiro; 
 aented on the river Penk, 6 milea S. of Staf- 
 ford, and 129 N. W. of London. 
 
 Pknki/M, a town of Pruaaian Pomerania, 
 aeated on the Ilandow, between two amall 
 lakea; 15 milea S. W. of Stettin. 
 
 Pknmaenmawu, a mountain of Wales, in 
 Caernarvonshire, overhanging the sea, and ris- 
 ing to the height of 1540 icet. It ia 4 miles 
 W. by S. of Aberconway, and the road to Holy- 
 head crosses it on the side of a dreadful pred- 
 pic, from which it is defended by a wall. 
 
 Pknnah, a river of Hindostan, which rises in 
 Mysore, flows by Gooty, Gandicotta, Cuddapa, 
 and Vellore, and enters the Bay of Bengal at 
 Gangapatnam. 
 
 PawNSYLVANiA, One of the United States of 
 America, 288 milea long, and 166 broad, bound- 
 ed N. by New York, E. by the river De'aware, 
 S. by Deloware, Maryland, and Virginia, W. 
 by the latter and Ohio, and N. W. by Lake 
 Erie, on which it has a considerable front and a 
 good port. It is divided into 50 counties, sub- 
 divided into 647 townships, contains three in- 
 corporated cities, and sends 23 representatives 
 to congress. The climate of this state is change- 
 able; the heot of summer is seldom oppressive, 
 except in low situations; in all the hilly parts 
 the air is healthy, but near the seacoast the tem- 
 perature of winter is severe. The country is 
 well watered by the Delaware, Schuylkill, Sus- 
 quehanna, Monongahela, Allegany, and other 
 navigable rivers. It is intersected from N. E. 
 to S. W. by the different ridges of the Allegany 
 mountains, some of which admit of cultivation 
 almost to their summits; nnd between the nu- 
 merous ridges there are delightful valleys, with 
 a very rich soil. The other parts of the state 
 are generally level, or agreeably diversified with 
 bills and valleys. Wheat, Indian corn, buck- 
 wheat, rye, bariey, oats, flax, hemp, beans, 
 peas, and potatoes, are extensively cultivated. 
 Cherries, peaches, apples, and cider are abun- 
 dant. Wood is plentiful; in the western parts 
 are found the oak, chestnut, beech, sugar maple, 
 
 ash. black wnlnnf Kniu. nr^^.i »i_ u:-}- 
 
PEN 
 
 mo 
 
 V V. n 
 
 wWte iwh, butternut, henilwik, antl lociut. 
 Mttle mid sheep arc nuiiicroiisi tl.u merino 
 hrwHii of theup have Iwcn introduced, iind 
 thrive well. There are mineral waters in dif- 
 rcrent |Hirta of the atnte, and aim salt iiprinn 
 Iron ore it di.tribut«l in largo <|uantitioi, and 
 111 eomo nlacee copper, lead, and alum are 
 round. Here are also numeroui limectono 
 quarriei and variou. kind, of marble, and coal. 
 Ilie princi|Mil manufacturoe are iron, copper 
 
 «in, leather, paper, mnipowder, hnti, cotton. 
 •"Bar. and tobacco. The canal, are the Union 
 «u«iuehanna, Schuylkill. Chewpoako, I»itt». 
 bu%and Pennsylvania; total length, 4'JH mile.: 
 and the railrwul. are the I'hiladelphia and Nor- 
 mtown, pniwing Qermnn-town; and the Colum- 
 bia railroad from Philadelphia to Columbia a 
 distance of BS mile* The name was given to 
 t by Charlee II. in honour of admiral Sir Wil- 
 Uara Penn, ftithor of the illustrious founder of 
 
 T^nl'"'^' ^'"'*'" ^«'""- A""» •><■ ">e state, 
 4<),000 souare miles. Pop. 1,734,03.3. Phil- 
 Hdelphia is the capital. 
 
 PIU.NVOANT, one of the highest mountains 
 of England, in Yorkshire, 7 miles N. of Settle. 
 Its summit is 3930 feet above the level of the 
 ■ea. On its sides are two awful orifices, called 
 Hulpit and Huntpit holes; through each of 
 them runs a brook, both of which run under 
 ground for about a mile, and cross each other 
 m the bowels of the earth, without mixing their 
 waters. " 
 
 Penobscot, a capacious bay of the state of 
 Mame, at the mouth of a river of the same 
 name. Its E. side is lined with a cluster of 
 itmall islands. 
 
 Pknrice, a town of Wales, in Glamorgan- 
 •hire; with a market on Thursday. Here are 
 the rums of a Norman castle, and 3 miles to 
 the J\.,on a mountain, is a Druidicnl monu- 
 ment, railed Arthur's Stone. Penrice is seated 
 on the Bristol Channel, 20 miles S. E. of Caer- 
 marthen, and 220 W. of London. 
 
 Penrith, a town in Cumberiand, with a 
 market on Tuesday. The parish church is a 
 neat plain structure, partly rebuilt in 1722; in 
 the churchyard is a singular monument of an- 
 tiquity, called the Giant's Grave. Here are 
 meeting-houses for Independents, Presbyte- 
 nans, Quakers, Methodists, and Ranters ; also 
 n free grammar-school. The ruins of the an- 
 cient castle overtook the town from the W 
 and on the heights to the N. is a square stone 
 building called the " Beacon," well situated for 
 giving alarm in times of danger. The ascent 
 to It is difficult, but the prospects from the 
 summit of the hill are extensive and beautiful 
 Penrith is seated under a hill, near the river 
 Eamont j 1 8 miles S. of Cariisle, and 283 N. N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Penrtn, a borough in Cornwall, governed by 
 a mayor; with markets on Wednesday, Friday 
 and Saturday, It returns two members to 
 parliament. Here are large warehouses for 
 flnur^ and ^grain imported from the Isle of 
 •' ig.rt, and 3C•ve^aI good breweries, which sup- 
 ply the shipping at Falmouth ; and it has a 
 great trade in the pilchard and Newfoundland 
 
 n«herie.. It is .oate.! on a ortuk of Falmouth 
 
 ll,"?"'.^ '""** ^- W- °' t'almouth, and 2«3 
 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Pknsacola, a city of West Florida, seated 
 on a bay of the Gulf of Mexico, which forms a 
 Mfe and commodious harbour. The entrance 
 into the bay is defended by a small fort and • 
 buttery. It was ceded to the United States 
 along with the rest of the country, in 1821, 
 Pon. 2000, Long. 87. 14. W. lat. 30. 24, N. 
 
 Pknsforu, a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 market on Tue«lay, and a manufacture of hats: 
 seated on the Chew: 6 miles S. by E. of Brit- 
 tol, and 117 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Pkntland Frith, a strait which divides the 
 Orkney Islands from Caithness-.hire, in Scot- 
 land. It is 20 miles long, and 10 broad, and 
 dangerous to those who are not ac(iualnted 
 with lU tides and current., especially in passing 
 the Pentland Skerries, a cluster of rocks at th« 
 E. end of the frith. On the largest of these 
 rocks are 2 lighthouses. Long. 2. 42. W. lat. 
 68. 33. N. 
 
 Pkntland Hills, a ridge of hilU in Scot- 
 land, 4 miles W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Pknza, a government of Russia ; formerly a 
 province of Kasan. Pop. 800,000. lu capital, 
 of the same name, is seated on the Sum, where 
 It receives the rivulet Ponsa ; 220 miles B. W, 
 m'sT'n ^°''' *"'"""• Long. 46. 38. E. Ittt. 
 
 Penzance, a seaport in Cornwall ; governed 
 by a mayor ; with markets on Thursday and 
 Saturday. It was burnt by the Spaniards in 
 1693, but soon rebuilt, and made one of the 
 tin coinage towns. In the town is a chapel of 
 ease to the mother church of Madron, which is 
 nearly 2 miles to the W. ; and here are meet- 
 ing-houses for Independents. (Junkers, Baptists, 
 and Methodists, and a synagogue for the Jews j 
 also a gram mar-school. The trade of Penzance 
 18 considerable, and consists chiefly in pilchardi 
 and other fish, and in shipping lead, tin, and 
 copper, which abound in the vicinity. In con- 
 sequence of the mildness and salubrity of the 
 air, and the agreeableness of its situation, Pen- 
 zance is much frequented by invalids, for 
 whose accommodation there are cold and hot 
 seawater baths, &c. It is seated on a creek of 
 Mount Bay, 10 miles N. E. of the Land's End. 
 and 280 W, by S. of London, Long. 6. 35 
 W. lat. fiO. 11. N. 
 
 Pequiony, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Somme ; memorable for an interview 
 and treaty between Louis XI. of France and 
 Edward IV. of England, in 1475. on a bridge 
 built for that purpose It is seated on the river 
 Somme ; 15 miles S. E. df Abbeville. 
 
 Pkrac, a seaport of Malaya ; capital of a 
 kingdom on the W, coast. It is seated on a 
 nver of the same name, 180 miles N, W. of 
 Malacca. Long. 100. 0. E. lat. 4. 23, N. 
 
 Peray, St., a town of France j in the depart- 
 ment of Ardeche ; noted for its wines. It is 
 seated on the Rhonn. nnnooi^a v„i„„-_ o.-> 
 
 miles N. of Viviers. ' "'' -i'^, "- 
 
 Perdu, Moi;nt, a lofty mountain of the 
 J yrenecs, with a double summit, of which tho 
 
 
 5 I 
 
 il 
 
PER 860 
 
 higher IB computet! at 11,000 feet above the 
 sea. It IS of very difficult access, as the cnlcn- 
 reous rock often assumes the form of perpendi- 
 cular walls, from 100 to 600 feet in height- 
 SaL*']""®" increase the difficulty. About 
 2000 feet frcm the summit is a lake, which 
 throws its waters to the E,, into the Spanish 
 valley of Beoussa. 
 Pbbecop. See Precop. 
 Febqa, a town of Albania, on the Gulf of 
 Venice, 25 miles W. N. W. of Arta. 
 
 PERGAMAn, a town of Romania, and a 
 bishops see; 60 miles S. W, of Adrianople. 
 Long. 25. 65. E. lat. 41. 10. N. 
 
 PiSROAMo, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in tlie 
 pachahc of Natolia, and a bishop's see ; with 
 a palace and a castle. It is not so considerable 
 as formerly, but has 9 mosques, and occupies 
 an oblong cttcumference of 3 miles, at the fliot 
 ot a mountam. Here parchment was invented. 
 It 18 seated on the Germasti, 15 miles from its 
 mouth, and .37 N. of Smyrna. Lon ,27 27 
 E. ht. 39. 5, N. c «• ^'. 
 
 Peria, a town of Persia, in the province of 
 Irac ; 90 miles W. of Ispahan, Long. 51. 25 
 E. lat. 32. 20. N. * 
 
 Pkhiac, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aude ; celebrated for its saltworks. 
 It IS seated on a lake of its name, 6 miles S. 
 V» , of Narbonne. 
 
 Periapatam, a town of Hindostan, in My- 
 sore, The environs are rich and beautiful, and 
 abound in sandal- wood. It is 40 miles W. by 
 S. of Keringapatam. 
 
 Periers, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Manche; 9 miles N. of Coutances. 
 
 Perigord, a former province of France, now 
 forming the department of Dordogne. 
 
 Periouehx, a town of France, capital of 
 the departmenv of Dordogne, and a bishop's 
 see. ilere are the ruins . ; a temple of Venus 
 an ampliitlieatre, &c. It is seated on the river 
 Ille, 50 miles S. W, of Limoges. Pop, 6200 
 Long, 0. 43. E, lat. 45. 1 1. N. 
 
 Perinda, a town of Hindostan, capital of a 
 district of its name ; in the province ot Dowla- 
 tabad, 188 miles N. W. of Hydrabad. Lone 
 7o. 50, E. lat, 18, 33. N. ^ 
 
 Perindura, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 province of Coimbetore j 12 miles S. S. W. of 
 Bhawanikudal. 
 
 Perlebero, a town of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg, with consideruble cloth manufactures. 
 It is seated on the Stepenitz, 42 miles W N. 
 W. of Ruppin. Long. 12. 3. E. lat. 63. 8.' N. 
 Perm, a government of Russia, in Europe 
 and Asia, formerly a province of Kasan. It is 
 divided into two provinces, Perm and Cathari- 
 nenberg ; the capitals of which are of the same 
 names. It has mines of copper and iron, and 
 contains an area of 116,000 square miles, and 
 1,100,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Perm, a town of Russia; capital of a govern- 
 ment and province of the Kjne name. It is 
 ^bI^ on the Kama, at thejnfli'jc of the Zego- 
 hVa'p'^i! ^2^ ni'" ^- ^'^' "• "^ Moscow, and 
 ► 1 ,a J?-°U^*^"''"''8- Pop. 3800. Long. 
 ''S. 10. E. lat. 67. 55. N. 
 
 PER 
 
 Permacoil, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 Camatic ; it is situate on a mountain, 20 miles 
 N. N,W. ofPondicherry, 
 
 Pernella, a town of Hindostan, in Guzerat: 
 38milesS. ofSurat. 
 Pernambuco, a province of Brazil ; bounded 
 ,"2, ^- ^y '''® Atlantic Ocean, S, by Bahia, 
 and E. by the desert territory. It is about 470 
 miles from N, to S., and 370 from E. to W., 
 and abounds in sugar-cane, cotton, and Brazil 
 wood. 
 
 Pernambuco, capital of the above province 
 consists of three divisions, Recife, St. Antonio 
 and Boa Vista. The two former are situated' 
 on two flat sand-banks, surrounded by the sea 
 and connected together by a bridge, partly of 
 stone and partly of wood ; the other division is 
 connected with Boa Vista, situated on the con- 
 tinent, by a .larrow wooden bridge. The 
 greatest part of the extent of sand between 
 OJinda, a town about a league distant, on the 
 same sand-bank as Recife, and the latter, re- 
 mains uncovered, is open to the sea, and the 
 surf IS very violent. The tide enters between 
 the bridges, and encircles the middle compart- 
 ment. The first division of the town is com- 
 , posed of brick houses, of three, four, and even 
 hve stones in height ; most of the dtreets are 
 narrow, and there are no public buildings that 
 require notice. St. Antonio, the principal divi- 
 sion of the town, is composed chiefly of large 
 houses and broad streets. It contains the 
 governors palace (formerly the Jesuits' con- 
 vent), the treasury, the town-hall and prison, 
 the barracks, and the Franciscan, Carmelite, 
 aiul lenha convents. It comprises several 
 squares, and has, to a certain degree, a gay and 
 lively appearance. The river Capibaribe dis- 
 charges Its waters into the cljannel between St 
 Antonio and Boa Vista. The harbour belong- 
 ing to Recife, called the Mosqueiro, situated 
 on the outward bank, is formed by a reef of 
 rocks, which runs parallel with the town, at a 
 very small distu . .e. Pernambuco is daily in- 
 creasing in opulence and importance, and 
 |^^"'"0P«an fashions prevail. Pop. 20,000. Long 
 
 Pernau, a fortified town of Russia, in Livo- 
 nia, with a castle ; seated near the mouth of a 
 river of the same name ; 95 miles N. of Rica. 
 Long. 24. 30. E. lat. 58. 30. N. 
 
 Pernes, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vaucluse ; noted as the birthplace of 
 the celebrated orator Flechier, bishop of 
 N^smes ; 1 2 miles E. by N. of Avignon. Pop. 
 
 Pepnes, a town in the department of Pas de 
 Caiais; seated on the Clarence, 17 miles N. 
 vv . of Arras. 
 
 Perno a town of Sweden. i„ t^e province 
 of Nyland, on the coast of the Baltic ; 36 miles 
 A. ot Helsmgfors. 
 
 Peronne, a strong town of France, in the 
 department of Somnie. It was called Pucelle, 
 because never taken, though often beai«r«l. fill 
 llio 2gth of June, 1815, when it was slorrned 
 by the British. Charles the Simple was im- 
 prisoned in the castle, where he miserably «Ued • 
 
 '^ 
 
PER 
 
 551 
 
 PER 
 
 nnd the duke of Burgundy detained Louis XI. 
 here three days, till he consented to sign a dis- 
 advantageous treaty. It is seated on tlie 
 Somme, 27 miles S. W. of Cambray, and 00 E 
 by N. of Paris. Pop. 3700. Loni;. 3. 2. E 
 lat. 49. 55. N. b . ". c.. 
 
 Perousa, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 i'ledmont ; seated on the river Cluson ; 6 miles 
 N. W. of Pignerol. Pop. 2300. 
 
 Peupiqnan, a fortified town of France- 
 capital of the department of Eastern Pyrenees • 
 with a good citadel and a university. The in- 
 habitants carry on a trade in com, wool, iron 
 and wine, and have manufectures of silk, wool- 
 len, soap, liqueurs, &c. This town was the 
 scene of two battles between the French and 
 Spaniards, in 1793, It is seated partly on a 
 gentle declivity and partly on a plain, on the 
 let, near the Mediterranean ; 97 miles S. E 
 of Toulouse. Pop, 20,000, Long, 2. 64 E 
 lat. 42, 42. N. 
 Persaim. See Bassien. 
 Perry, a county in the state of Ohio ; formed 
 in 1818. Pop. 19,344. Somerset is the capital. 
 Persepolis, anciently the capital of the Per- 
 sian empire. It was taken by Alexander the 
 Great, who set it on fire. Its magnificent ruins 
 are 50 miles N. E. of Shiraz. 
 
 Pershore, a town in Worcestershire, with 
 a market on Saturday. Here are two churches, 
 and that of Holy Cross contains several an- 
 cient monuments. It is seated on the Avon • 
 9 miles E. S. E, of Worcester, and 102 W, n' 
 W. of London. 
 
 Persia, a large kingdom of Asia, consisting 
 of several provinces, which, at different times, 
 have had their particular kings. It is bounded 
 on the N. by the Caspian Sea, Russian Tartary, 
 and the mountains of Caucasus ; W. by the 
 Euphrates and Tigris ; S. by the Gulf of Per- 
 sia ; and h. by Cabool and Beloochistan : in 
 its most extended sense it embraces these last 
 also. It is about 1225 miles in length from E, 
 to W., and 900 in breadth from N, to S. The 
 chief river is the Tigris. In the N. and E. 
 parts it is mountainous and cold ; in the middle 
 and S. E. pp.rts, sandy and desert ; and in the 
 S. W., level nnd fertile, though for several 
 months very hot. The soil produces various 
 sorts of pulse and corn, and cotton in great 
 abundance. In several places, naphtha, a sort 
 of bitumen, rises out of fre ground, and here 
 are numerous mines of gold, silver, iron, tur- 
 quoia stones, and salt ; but the first two of 
 these are not worked, on account of the scarcity 
 of wood. This country produces all the van- 
 ous sorts of fruits, excellent wine, nnd a great 
 number of mulberry trees; likewise dates, 
 pistachio-nuts, and trees which produce manna. 
 Sheep and goats are abundant; as are also 
 camels, buffaloes, and horses. The principal 
 niaiiutiictures are silks, silks mixed with cotton 
 or with camels' or goats' hair, brocades, gold 
 tissues, gold velvet, carpets, calicoes, oamJets. 
 &c. The Persians are subjected to a des- 
 potism similar to that which presses upon all 
 oriental nations; yet their character is mate- 
 rially different. They are more gay, lively, 
 
 and active. They are said to be extremely 
 ostentatious, and to surpass all other nations 
 in politeness, if the most profuse and hypocri- 
 tical flattery may be so called j while falsehood 
 18 proverbially their characteristic. Their dress 
 IS less graceful than that of the Turks ; sombre 
 colours predominate, and the head-dress of all 
 from the sovereign to the meanest subject, is a 
 cylindrical cap of jet black lamb-skin. The 
 beard is held in high estimation, and every art 
 employed to render jt thick and tufted, they 
 are, however, the most learned people of the 
 east ; poetry and the sciences may even be con- 
 sidered as their ruling passion. In the former 
 their fume is decidedly superior to that of any 
 other oriental nation. The names of Hafiz, 
 l^^erdusi, and Sadi, a, j classic even in Europe. 
 Ihe religion of the country is Mahomedism, of 
 the sect of Ali, or Sheeahs. In the beginning 
 nt the last century Persia was overrun by the 
 Afghans, who carried fire and sword through its 
 remotest extremities, and reduced its proudest 
 capitals to ashes. The atrocities of the Afghans 
 were avenged, and the independence of Persia 
 vindicated, by Nadir Shah j but though the 
 victories of this daring chief threw a lustre on 
 his country, after his death the country was 
 almost torn to pieces by civil war, till the for- 
 tune of arms gave a decided superiority to Kur- 
 reem Khan. His death gave rise to another 
 disputed succession, with civil wars as furious 
 as before. At length, Aga Mahommed, a 
 eunuch, raised himself to the sovereignty, and 
 not only retained it during his lifetime, but 
 transmitted it to his nephew, who assumed the 
 title of Futteh Ali Shah. He is represented 
 as an accomplished prince; and his son Ma- 
 hommed is the present shah. The seat of go- 
 vernment is Teheran. The other principal 
 towns are Ispahan and Shiraz. 
 
 Persian Gulp, a sea or inland lake between 
 Persia and Arabia ; which receives the united 
 streams of the Euphrates and Tigris, under the 
 name of the ohat el Arab. The entrance near 
 Ormus is not above 30 miles over ; but within 
 It IS from 120 to 250 in breadth, and the length 
 from Ormus to the mouth of the Euphrates is 
 500 miles. The southern side is particularly 
 celebrated for its pearl fishery. 
 
 Perth, a borough of Scotland, capital of 
 Perthshire ; with two parish churches, one of 
 which formerly belonged to a fine abbey. Here 
 IS also a Gaelic chapel belonging to the estab- 
 lishment, and the dissenters have places of 
 worship in almost every part of the town. The 
 grammar-school is accounted one of the best 
 in Scotland ; and there is also an excellent 
 academy, with other literary institutions. One 
 of the chief ornaments of the town is the beau- 
 . oi n^"''*^'"* for county courts, &c. erected in 
 1819. It has been the residence of the sove- 
 reigns of Scotland, and the seat of the pariia- 
 ment and of the supreme courts of justice. It 
 sen(.s nn^ rr.embef to parliament. Near Uie 
 ^wn are some saline springs, called Pitcaithly 
 Wells, deemed beneficial in scorbutic cases. 
 Perth IS beautifully seated on the S. W. side of 
 the Tay, which is navigable for small vessels 
 
P E R 
 
 552 
 
 PER 
 
 F/ 
 
 but the largest vessels are obliged to partly un- 
 load at Newburg, Over the river is a modern 
 bridge of 10 arches, to the town of Kinnoul. 
 Here are several incorporated trades, some of 
 which have halls. The salmon fishery is a 
 great article of trade, shipbuilding is exten- 
 sively followed, and the manufactures of linen 
 and gingham are considerable. It is 39 miles 
 N. by W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. (>, 20. W 
 lat. 66. 24. N 
 
 Perth, a delightful village in Van Diemen's 
 Land, on the South Esk River, 12 miles from 
 Launceston, in Cornwall county. Here are 
 some flour mills, barracks, &c. 
 
 Perth Amboy, a city and seaport of New 
 Jersey, m Middlesex county; seated on a 
 iieck of land between the river Rariton and 
 Arthur Kail Sound. It lies open to Sandy 
 Hook, and has one of the best harbours on the 
 continent. It is 35 miles S. W. of New York 
 and 74 N. E. of Philadelphia. Long. 75. 0.' 
 W. lat. 40. 35. N. s ' • 
 
 Perthes, a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Marne ; 6 miles S. VV. of Melun. 
 
 Perthes, a town in the department of Up- 
 per Mame ; 6 miles N. W. of St. Dizier. 
 
 Perthshire, a county of Scotland, 76 miles 
 long, and 68 broad ; bounded W. by Argyle- 
 Kliire, N. by the shires of Inverness and Aber- 
 deen, E. by Angus-sliire, S. E. by the Frith 
 of Tay and the counties of Fife and Kinross, 
 and S. by the Frith of Forth and the counties 
 of Clackmannan, Stirling, and Dumbarton. It 
 contains 4,068,640 English acres, is divided into 
 76 parishes, and returns one member to parlia- 
 ment. The country exhibits scenes of rugged 
 and striking magnificenie, contrasted with the 
 most beautifiil ones of cultivation. The Gram- 
 pian mountains cross it from S, W. to N. E. 
 the highest of which is Benlawers. The coun- 
 try N. W. of this ridge is mountainous, and 
 contains several lakes; but the opposite side, 
 though not free from hills, is more low and 
 fertile. There are no canals in the county, and 
 but one short railway, that from Dundee to 
 Cupar- Angus, which passes one of its districts. 
 The principal rivers are the Forth and Tay. 
 Perth is the capital. 
 
 Pertigf, a town of the island of Sardinia • 
 
 19 miles S. E. of Castel Aragonese. ' 
 
 Pertuis, a town of France, department of 
 
 Vauc'-\8e; near the Durance; 11 miles N. of 
 
 Aix, and 38 S. E. of Avignon. 
 
 Peru, an independent state of South Ame- 
 rica, the largest of the former Spanish vice- 
 royalties; bounded on the N. by the republic 
 of Columbia, W. by the Pacific Ocean, S. by 
 Chih, and E. by Brazil. It is 750 miles in 
 medium length, from N. to S., and about 500 
 . in breadth. Rain is unknown in the C. parts • 
 but in the N., where the mountains are not so 
 high, it often rains excessively. There are 
 large forests on the side of the mountains, 
 which advance near the sea; but none of the 
 trees are like those in Europe. Peru has been 
 
 Inner ^ololtpnfoil IV>»* !f« n^in^^i. r^f — i i — .1 m 
 
 Which are the chief or oni.v source of its riches. 
 
 Besides the produce of the mines, the com- 
 modities exported are sugar, Vienna wood, 
 cotton, Peruvian bark, copper, and cocoa. 1 he 
 fiercest beasts of prey in Peru are the puma 
 and jaguar, inaccurately called lions and tigers 
 by Europeans; for they possess neither the 
 undaunted courage of tho former, nor the 
 ravenous cruelty of the latter. The lama, and 
 another species of American camel, inhabit the 
 cold districts, and the elk, bear, deer, armadil- 
 loes, monkeys, &c., are numerous. Among 
 the birds, the most remarkable is the condor, 
 which is entitled to pre-eminence over the fly- 
 ing tribe, in bulk, strength, and courage. The 
 river Guayaquil abounds with alligators, and 
 the neighbouring country swarms almost as 
 much with snakes and vipers as that round 
 Porto Bello does with toads. When the 
 Spaniards landed in this country, in 1530, 
 they found it governed by sovereigns called 
 incas, who were revered by their subjects as 
 divinities; and the inhabitants were found to be 
 much more polished than the natives of other 
 parts of America, those of Mexico excepted. 
 These were soon subdued by the Spaniards 
 under the command of Francis Pizarro. After 
 the assassinati.m of Pizarro, in 1541, the coun- 
 try continued a prey to civil contentions and 
 insurrections, till about the year 1562, when 
 fupac Amaru, the son of Manco Capac, who 
 had taken refuge in the mountains, was attacked 
 by the viceroy, Toledo. The inca surrendered 
 himself, and was led to the scaffold amid the 
 *^"™ of the people. The royal authority, thus 
 established, continued without interruption till 
 1781, when a descendant of Amaru began an 
 insurrection. After two years of varied suc- 
 cess, he was, however, surprised and taken pri- 
 soner, together with his family, who were all 
 executed. Peru now remained in subjection 
 to Spain, and in a comparative state of tran- 
 quillity for some time; and in 1809, when 
 juntas were established in La Paz and Quito, 
 Peru sent out troops which suppressed their 
 rising efforts. In 1817 the Peruvian army was 
 compelled to evacuate Chili; and Chili, in re- 
 turn, sent an army into Peru, under General 
 ban Martin, who, in 1821, in conjunction with 
 the fleet under Lord Cochrane, succeeded in 
 liberating it from the Spanish yoke. By the 
 latest accounts, it appears that the country is 
 fiir from being in a settled state. Lima is the 
 capital. 
 
 Perugia, a province of Italy, in tho pope's 
 dominions; comprehending the ancient pro- 
 vince of Perugino. It is 25 miles long, and 
 24 broad, and is bounded W. by Tuscanv, S. 
 by Orvieto, E. by Spoleto and Urbino, and N. 
 by Citta di Castello. The soil is fertile in corn 
 and good wine. Pop. 182,000. 
 
 Perucia, the capital of the above province, 
 and a bishop's see; with a strong citadel and a 
 university. The churches, and many other 
 buildings, public and private, are very hand- 
 some. It is seated on a hill, near the Tiber : 
 85 miics N. of Home. Pop. 16,000. Lonfc 
 12. 20. E. lat. 43. 6. N. * 
 
 ^i. 
 
PER 
 
 553 
 
 . Perugu, a lake of Italy; « miles W, of the 
 city of Its name. It is almost round, 5 miles in 
 tliiimeter, and in it are three islands. 
 _ Pesaro, a seaport of the ecclesiastical states 
 .n the delegation of Urbino, and a bisSp w! 
 I he cathedral is magnificent, and it has several 
 handsome churches, with exquisite paintings 
 Ihe environs are remarkable for producinK 
 olives and excellent figs. It is seated on an 
 
 YtI- °^ ^,S""'**- I* » ^7 miles E. N. E of 
 Urbmo.^Pop. 10,000. Long. 13. 2. E. la? 
 
 Pescara, a strong town of Naples, in 
 Abruzzo Citra ; at the mouth of a river of the 
 
 =rN^:rofc\2tf °^^^"^^^- "^^ 
 
 in n,Tv'^**' " ^*T°"« *°^ of Austrian Italy, 
 
 in yat,; and the garrison surrendered to the 
 Austrians in 1799. It is seated on the ri er 
 Mmcio, where it proceeds from the Lake Garda- 
 16 miles W. of Verona. Pop. 2600, 
 Pescia, a town of Tuscany, in the province 
 
 Hpm^i?*"' *.,,*°"'" °f„F'«"«=e, department of 
 Herault; on the river Herault; 12 miles N. E. 
 of Beziers. Pop. 7000. 
 
 Pesth, a town of Hungary, capital of a 
 pala mate of the same namefwith a fortres^, a 
 royal palace, and a university; the only one in 
 the kingdom Pop. 42,000.' Here are many 
 
 t^r .™?1"''"'"'*' ''''° '=«n^"''t the Levant 
 trade to Germany and the northern nations, 
 ine town was nearly destroyed in 1839, by the 
 eruption of the Danube, which did i^mens^ 
 mischief; but it has been rebuilt, and someTf 
 «„ f^ V^^"T •^*' handsome. It is seated 
 on the E. Bide of the Danube, opposite Buda ; 
 
 E 1ST7. 30 N "^ P'^^^^'S- ^'""g- 19. O! 
 P^To.a town of Naples, in Principato Citra; 
 seated near the magnificent ruins of the ancient 
 Pffistum; 20 miles S. E. of Salerno. 
 
 Petapa, a town of Mexico, 25 miles S. E of 
 uuatimala. 
 
 Petaguel, a province on the N. const of 
 Wrazil, between the provinces of Seara and Rio 
 urande. It contains mines of silver. 
 
 Pe tche-li the principal province of China, 
 bounded on the N. by the Great Wall and j,ar 
 of Tartary, E. by the Yellow Sea, S. by Ching- 
 tong and Ho-nan, and W. by the mountains of 
 i^han-si. It contains nine cities of the first 
 class, which have many others under tlieir iu- 
 nsdiction Although Pe-tche-li extends no 
 further than 42. N. lat,, yet all its rivers are so 
 much trozen during four months in tlie ^ear 
 that waggons with the heaviest loads may safely 
 pass them. The soil is sandy, and produces 
 very iittie rite; but it abounds with all other 
 kinds of gram, and with the greater part of the 
 mut-trees common in Europe. But what 
 
 PET 
 
 renders this province the most considerable is 
 that the riches of the whole empire are^rouKh" 
 hither the southern provinces furnishing it S 
 every thing they produce that is most^'uncom 
 mon and dehdous. The inhabitants, in geneTl 
 are reckoned not so polite, nor so apt to learn 
 the sciences, as those of the southern provinces- 
 but they are stronger and more warlike. Their 
 number is estimated at 38.000,000. Pekinc is 
 the capital. ° 
 
 Peter Botte, a remarkable mountain in the 
 Mauritius, near the coast of Madagascar be- 
 tween 2000 and 3000 feet high. 
 
 Peter and P^vur.. St., or Petropaulonskoi, 
 a seaport of Russia, in Kamtschatka. The 
 town consists of some log-houses, and a few 
 conical huts. Captain Clerke. who succeeded 
 
 hZ, T.^""'"' f!? ^'"^ "^ ^«' ^"s interred 
 here. It is seated on the E. side of Awatska 
 Bay. Long. 158. 48. E, lat. 53 1 N 
 . i^^^i-^ Po»T. St.. a market-town in the 
 island of Guernsey; with an excellent harbour, 
 defended by two castles, 
 
 Peterborough, a city in Northamptonshire 
 governed by a mayor; with a market on Satur- 
 ^^\ i '*,.* bishop's see, but has only one 
 parish church, besides the cathedral, which was 
 formerly a monastery. The market-place is 
 spacious, the streets regular, and many of the 
 buildings extremely neat. The manufacture of 
 stockings IS extensive, and considerable trade 
 18 earned on m corn, coal, and timber. It 
 sends two members to parliament. It is seated 
 on the Nen, over which is a bridge into Hun- 
 tingdonshire ; 42 miles N. E. of Northampton, 
 and 81 N. of London. Long. 0. 4. W. lat. 52. 
 
 Peterhead, a seaport of Scotland, in Aber- 
 aeenshu'e; situate on a peninsula, about 4 of a 
 mile S. of the mouth of the Ugie. It has two 
 harbours defended by piers,\ consfdemWe 
 trade m the whale-fishery, and in the export of 
 gra," and butter. Here is a small fort and a 
 tottery. A mineral spring, of a powerful 
 diuretic quality, and the 8ea-br.thing, bring a 
 great resort of company, for whose accommoda 
 tion there u a ball-room, and many elegant 
 houses. It stands a little to the \V. of Bu- 
 channew, the most eastern promontory of Scot- 
 
 Petersburg, a town of New Hampshire, in 
 Hillsborough county ; 18 miles E. of Keene 
 and 73 W. by S. of Portsmouth. ' 
 
 Petersburg, a town of Pennsylvania in 
 
 Petersburg, a town of Virginia, in Dinwid- 
 die county. It has a considerable trade, parti- 
 cdarly in tobacco and flour. It is seated on 
 Richmond Appomatox ; 25 miles S. of 
 
 Petersburg^ a government or province of 
 i-ussia, a. the u. extfeniity of tho Uuif of Fin- 
 land. The greater part of this prov'-noe was 
 formerly called I.igermanland, or Ingria It 
 comprises an area of 18,000 square milts.'with 
 
 II 1 
 
 u 1 
 
 1! 
 
PET 
 
 554 
 
 einSr.-r.?"'' '''" •"•^"•"P"''" "f the Rnwian 
 f.T : ? ''" P^«;'-"ment of the name name, 
 w situa ed on the nver Neva, near the Gulf of 
 
 inlh ' °"i ".^1"'" P"'"J' "P"" ""'"e islands 
 in the mouth of that river, and partly upon the 
 cou inent So late as the beginning of The last 
 century, tlie ground on which Petersbuiw now 
 stfinds was only a vast morass, occupied by a 
 few fishennen's huts. Peter the Great first 
 
 In "■V^'^lf' '*"'* wnie wretched wooden hovels. 
 ho„«.. if . •\^''"i"u^°'''"'""» b""t tl.e firs 
 Ihhht *'"'=''' ""V'^f."^"* y^"' the emperor, 
 h, Inffh'™ '"'"•^' '"'^ »•'« foundation of a 
 house of the same material. From these small 
 
 and TnTJT "'" ^'"P'"*' '^y »*" I'^^'ersburg 
 n.d,m less than nme years after the wooden 
 hovels were erected, the seat of empire was 
 t rnsferred from Moscow to this place. The 
 s reels, in general, are broad and spacious; and 
 
 iXJi the admnnlty, are at least two miles 
 n Ip! nf K •■^- ^ n'ansions of the nobles are vast 
 piles of building, furnished with great cost, in 
 the same elegant style as at Paris or London 
 and situated chiefly on the S. side of the Neva' 
 
 urbs of Lnonia and Moscow, „ ich are the 
 finest pmls of the city. The vie«s upon he 
 banks of the Neva exhibit the grandest a„d 
 most lively scenes imaginable. That river s 
 rnnn""^ Pl'\ces as broad as the Thames at 
 
 !lrU [T ^-1"'' ''"'' ''" hanks are lined on 
 each side with a continued ran^^e of mnnd 
 buUdmgs. On the N. the fortress, the academy 
 of sciences, and the academy of arts, are t^e 
 most stoking objects. On the opposi e Ml 
 are the rrnp.rud palace, the admiralty, the 
 mansions ot many Russian nobles, and the 
 English line, so called because it is mostly 
 occupied by English merchants. In the fro,S^ 
 whil huildmgs, on the S. side, is the quav 
 which extends three miles, except where it is 
 interrupted by the admiralty ; Ld the Neva 
 dunng the whole of that spac^, has been em- 
 banked by a wall, parapet, and pavement of 
 hewn pnite. There are no fewer than 35 
 great churches, (almost every sect of Christian* 
 
 •SwTd'f '^il"''.''^^ ""'^''^^ of inhaS 
 IS estimated to be about 470,202. It is wid 
 
 tW 3000 one-horse sledges kre emplo.ll7o? 
 
 passengers m the streets, in winter. From its 
 
 low and marshy situation, it is subject to inun- 
 
 datons. which have sometimes risen so h-Vh as 
 
 to threaten the town with a total submereion, 
 
 Ihe opposite divisions of Petersburg, situated 
 
 on each side of the Neva, are con^cted by 
 
 two bridges on pontoons, which, on account of 
 
 fr,LTt'"1*^J' "^ '"^ "^"^^^ '''"^n the stream 
 
 rom Lake Ladoga, are usually removed when 
 
 these masses first make their appearance; and, 
 
 enou.h*!:;'''^'' "' '^' "^-^^ » frozen hard 
 
 enOUgn to i«>!ir ,-nrr!..,r^^ 41, ; 
 
 Amol .h 'r "PP"''*" parts Of th,. town. 
 
 Among the noblest oM.amcnts of Pucrsburg 
 
 PET 
 
 is an equestrian statue of Peter the Great in 
 bronze, erected by Catherine II. in 178o ' u 
 
 lal nr'^T' r' *"" '""'"^« o" a huge Mel 
 w.u- '"'^^' hrought there at great expense 
 Within the walls of the fortress i^ thecX^i 
 
 PosLS^' ""• ^\ ^""'' '" ^hich are de- 
 M.o,l '""""' "^ ^''"»" 'he Great, and of 
 ■ho successive, sovereigns, except Peter II 
 
 sc?entT«o ^" i-^"' ^'"^''^- Th« literary and 
 scientihc institutions are numerous; but the 
 most im^^ortant is the university. f;,undld*;: 
 loiy. A ilible society is established on an 
 extensiye scale, having'upwards of 200 aux- 
 ^mries ,„ different parts of the empire. Of "he 
 char, able institutions, the principal are the 
 foundlin;,- hospital, the sailor's hospital he 
 huaretto, the asylum for the blind, the asVlun! 
 for the deaf and dumb, the humane' socie^^ &" 
 
 them of considerable extent j and the commer- 
 ml intercourse is important from its extend, 
 communication with the interior, this being^'Iu 
 Tnn^ ^'^^u """^time outlet in the „lf of Fm- 
 lanu. ihe pnncipal exports ar, iic-mp. flax 
 skins, leather, iron, tallow, &c. : the imports' 
 sugar, coffee, cotton, indigo, dyewood.Tces • 
 
 ♦h„ r'^' ^"^ '^^^ """'>^^ »f «hips that S 
 the Neva annually, of which nearly half are 
 British, varies from 1000 to 1700. Peter bure 
 IS 355 miles N. W. of Moscow, 430 N.E of 
 Stockholm, and 1400 K N V ^r t J 
 Long. 30. 20. E. ill 59. 56 k' "' ^•'"^°"- 
 
 Petemdorp, a town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 vince of Samland; 24 miles S. of Konigsberg 
 
 Peterspield. a borough in Hampshire- 
 
 u. n' Z i"'"''' "' '^''^^^ °" the Loddon- 
 lii miles N. E. of ortsmoufh, ami 54 S. W of 
 London. It returns one member to parliament 
 Petershagen, a town of Prussian West- 
 phalia; with a castle; seated on the Weser • 
 7 miles N. N. E. of Minden. ' 
 
 Petebsium, a town of Massachusets, in Wor- 
 cester county on the E. branch of Sw ft River- 
 28 miles N. W. of Worcester. Pop I77T ' 
 Petei«hausen, a town of Germany, in Baden • 
 
 stance! "^ '^' ^'''""> °PP°'^^ ^on- 
 
 Peterwardien a town of Sclavoniaj one of 
 
 he strongest frontier places the House of Aus- 
 
 na has agamst the Turks, over whom, in 1716 
 
 1 rinc^ Eugene here gained a great victory. It 
 
 IS seated on the Danube, opposite the fortress 
 
 of Neusatz. in Hungary; 40 miles N. W. of 
 
 45 2T.N. ^^- ^^^^- ^°"«- 2»- 30. E.Iat! 
 
 Petherton, South, a town in Somersetshire, 
 with a market on Thursday, and a maru&t' 
 ture of dowlas; seated near the Parret, over 
 ^h'ch isa bridge; 24 miles S.S.E. of Wells 
 and 1 30 W. by S. of London. ' 
 
 Petioliano, a town of Tuscany in the 
 
 sienna''' ^ """'' ^' °^ ^'"*"'' "^^ ^« » ^ °? 
 
 Petit Giiave. a seaport of St. Domingo , 
 
 konn °"," ^!^' "i V'^ ^- «"'> «^ the island.*^ It 
 ! ," "^.'i''* f- °^ Jainaica. Long. 72. 52. W. 
 
 Tr 
 
PET 
 
 555 
 
 Pkxoune, a city of Eastern Tartary. in the 
 province of Kirin, inhabited principXby C! 
 iTi/iS '^/Chinese condemned to exi". 
 It 19 Mated on the Songari; 160 miles N. by W. 
 of Kinn. Long. 126. 65, E. lat. 45. 10. N. 
 
 Fetrblla, a town of Naple^ in the Princi- 
 pato Citra J 1 1 miles E. of Moliie. 
 
 ofDrrmo"'"*"'""''^'^'*"'"'"' 26mi]e8S.E. 
 
 tinST»"'°^'" ^''^T" °^ P'''"'"^' »nd fo' wme 
 SesS W tf"f;;''''''°^ '^^ ^°"*'' '"^"'5 80 
 51. 12: N ^"^'^- ^<"'S- J^- 46. E. lat. 
 
 of CaSdt. °" *''" ^"'P*' ^7 •""«"• E- 
 
 Petrozavodsk, a town of Russia, capital of 
 
 the government of Olonetz; with miiufacU^res 
 
 of stoneware, leather, lead, &c., and a found^ 
 
 SL^To/iiir'^-^^^'^^'^^ 
 dif|o&-^J?ia^?^S! 
 
 gal ; 38 miles S. S. E. of Condavir, and 48 N E 
 or Ungole. 
 
 Pettaw a town of the Austrian states, in 
 totyna; with considerable manufecturesj seated 
 on the Drave; IS miles S. E. of Marchburr 
 
 Pbttycue, a harbour of Scotland, in Fife- 
 Foni U^- T °^ ^?8'*'^'"' i° the Frith of 
 Je^ Ln, t".k* "'^e^ landing-place of passen- 
 ge« from Leith, on the opposite shore. 
 
 Petworth, a town in Sussex; with a market 
 on Saturday. In the centre of the town is a 
 very handsome market-house of stone j and in 
 t he church are mterred the remains of many of 
 the Percies, earls of Northumberland; seated 
 raV8l^r^fK-.^-^-<'^^''i«''estet 
 
 Pevensev, a village in Sussex; 14 miles 
 w. j> w. of Hastings; situate on a small river 
 which mns into a bay of the English Channel, 
 
 castle, which belonged to Robert, earl of Morton, 
 and IS smd to be the largest and most entire 
 remain of Roman building to be seen in Britain. 
 Pevensey was anciently a famous haven, though 
 now it 18 nearly 2 miles from the sea! Here 
 bweyn landed in 1049, when he carried off his 
 cousm Beorn and murdered him; and here 
 
 vTde'EngETnd''""'^""" '''"'"'' "''^'^ ""' '"- 
 Pfafkenhofen, a town of Bavaria, with a 
 Benedictine monastery at a small distance. It 
 18 seated on the Ilm ; IS miles S. of Ingoldstadt 
 -Als^a town of Wirtemberg, on the Zaber; 18 
 mi es N. of S utgard.-A town of the Austrian 
 states, m Tyrol, seated on the Inn; 15 miles W 
 
 ii^sT&m.' " ""^^ '' ^'^^'^^ «■ 
 Pfalzel. a town of Prussia, in the province 
 of Lower Rhine. It has a convent, which was 
 formerly a palace of the Wngs of the Franks 
 Svl'^'^ 0^ the MoseUe; 3 miles N.E. of 
 
 Pfeddersheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse 
 wT/wormr^^'' on the river Prim; 5 miles 
 
 PHI 
 
 -n^'^'VS*"'.' ^ '*"'" °*" Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Zurich; 12 miles E. of Zurich 
 
 «»J;„'?^"' ■ *"*". '*'■ ^'*''"'"'> »" » river of the 
 
 iT^-r"^' ^^^J ^^ *=""""* ''•th the Danube • 
 14 miles E, by S. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Pfinz-and-Entz, one of the ten circles of 
 
 rivers Pfinz and Entz, from the Rhine to the 
 frontiers of Wirtembeig. Bruchsal is the chief 
 
 GuSn"""*' ** '°*° °^ I-UMtia; 10 miles S. of 
 
 Pforzheim, a town of Germany, in Baden 
 with a castle; a considerable trade in wood, and 
 manufactures of cloth, stuffs, stockings, jewel- 
 
 i/^r;,?" Vf^'T , ^' " ««ted on th; Entz; 
 16 miles E. by S. of Durlach. ' 
 
 seaTed'fJ'J^!' " ^7" °i ^.*™'^' '''^^ « ««t!e; 
 seated at the conaux of the Pfreimbt with the 
 
 JN^; lOmilesE. ofAmberg. 
 
 ihF^A^A^^°°^' " **"'» of Baden; seated on 
 J^Andalspach; 22 miles N. by E. of cC 
 
 S. &S5en.*"'" °' '^''^-^^■. 8 -il- 
 
 ♦hi'^''"!^'"'' ® ^""^^ t""^ »f t^nnce, in 
 the department of Meurthe, neai- the VoLes 
 mountains; 27 miles W. N. W. of StrUS 
 
 o{TJ^T^■l^^ ^°T "^ ?'^^' '■" 'he "land 
 ot laman; with a strong fort. The ruins stiU 
 Bhow that ,t has formerly been laige and maL- 
 sl'^"7-n ^^ ^ ^^"^ °° « gulfTthe Blade 
 4tk7at."]i!',f;i^^-^C''«^- ^0"«.36- 
 
 Sr'"."'u'''" '"'/ '^^ continent foras a^'^x! 
 tensive harbour. Long. 31. 1 1. E. lat. 30. 24 N 
 
 r,F^.^'^-^',ru'"''^?^^y Pharsalia, a town of 
 Oieece, inThessaly; famous for the decisive 
 
 Philadelphia. See Alla-Shehb. 
 i-HiLAPELPHiA, the capital of Pennsylvania 
 
 ot America; situate m the county of its namp 
 
 Tit Y- "1"^ f '""^ Delawaref is uT.^ 
 a mile broad. It was originally laid out by 
 
 from e"^.?'"."' '" }^^^' •^•* ^"1^ by a colony 
 influx oft ' ""^ 7'^ '""^^ ^y « "^'"tont 
 1= *K ^<''^'«"en' to so great a degree that in 
 lew than a century, and in the lif^ime of the 
 first person bom in it of European parents it 
 was computed to contain 6000 houses and 40.000 
 
 attn^"*" K ""^ "ty ^«* ""»'"'»». The pipu- 
 lation has been constantly increasing. i,d is 
 now estimated at 228.991. The streets ktTrsecl 
 each other at right angles ; the principal S 
 Broad-street, 113 feet wide, runLg N^ai^d S 
 rxtLtirft^-'^"'«'-''^'^t' iOOfeeHide; 
 
 and have -broad brickedi;o\ia?s.'"areruS 
 buildings are numerous, and many Ythem 
 
 Sn fof Sr^- '• 5" '^ PlBcrofpubl" 
 worship for Christians of various denominations, 
 
PHI 
 
 S56 
 
 PIC 
 
 and a synagogue for the Jews. A university was 
 incorporated hero in 1791 j its funds partly 
 given by the state, and partly taken from the 
 old college. Among the other literary and 
 DK^r J *^ institutions, the principal are the 
 ool AA P, " '^''•■"'■y. containing upwards of 
 -^,UUO volumes, a museum, philosophical appa- 
 ratus, &c.; the American Philosophical Society 
 the Society for Agriculture; the Athensum, 
 incorporated in 1015; the Academy of Natural 
 bciences ; and the library of the Society of 
 b riends. The benevolent institutions are hiehly 
 honoiviable to the inhabitants. The Pennsyl- 
 vam» Hospital, established in 1752, is the m' , 
 respectable institution of the kind in the unio 
 
 r «,.?,!"*" '" *« ^""ont « a handsome statue 
 of Wi Lam Penn ; and in 1817 a buildinc was 
 erected for the celebrated painting of West 
 representing Christ healing the sick, which is a 
 source of considerable income to the hospital. 
 1 he manufactures of Pennsylvania surpass in 
 excellence, variety, and extent, those of all 
 other towns in the United States ; and printinjt 
 IS here carried on most extensively. The city 
 contains 5 markets, which are well supplied 
 with provisions. It is connected with Columbia 
 hy the Columbian railroad, 83 miles in length. 
 It IS governed by a mayor, recorder, &c. In 
 August, 1793, it WM visited, by a maUgnant 
 fever, which carried off nearly 5000 of the inha- 
 bitants in the course of three months. It is 95 
 miles S.W. of New York, and 130 N.E. of 
 Washington. Long. 75. 8. W. lat. 39. 57. N. 
 
 Philip, St., a town of Spain. See Xativa. 
 
 Philip, St.. a town of Brazil. See Louis de 
 
 AlARANUAM, St. 
 
 Phiup Islands, two islands in the South 
 Pacihc, discovered by Captain Hunter in 1791 
 They are 5 miles asunder, but almost joined by 
 a sandy spit above water. They are covered 
 with shrubs, have few tall trees on them, and 
 
 , . A o"i" ''"'• ^°"8- of the eastern island 
 140. 3. E. lat. 8. 6. S. 
 
 Philippeville, a fortified town of Belcium- 
 SS miles S. by W. of Namnr. ** ' 
 Philippi, a town of Macedonia, and an arch- 
 bishop's see. Near this place, commonly called 
 the plains of Philippi, Cassius and Brutus were 
 defeated by Augustus and Mark Antony, in 42 
 B. c. It is greatly decayed, but an amphitheatre 
 and several other monuments of its ancient 
 grandeur remain. It is 60 miles E. of Salonica 
 Long. 24. 18. E. lat. 40. 40. N. 
 
 Philippine, a strong town of Belgium, in 
 * landers. It was taken by the French in 1 747 
 and again in 1794, but restored in 1814. It is 
 seated on an arm of the Scheldt ; 15 miles N 
 by W. of Ghent. 
 
 Philippine Islands, a large cluster of islands 
 said to be 1 100 in number, in the East Indian 
 Ocean. They were discovered by Magellan in 
 1519, The principal is Luzon, or Luconia. 
 Ihe air is very hot and moist, and the soil 
 fertile in rice, &c. The trees are always green 
 and there are ripe fruits all the year. There 
 arc many wild beasts and birds, nuitfi unVno»'R 
 HI Europe. The inhabitants are aitable, hos- 
 pitable, and honest. They cultivate the land 
 
 with considerable skill, and rear pigs.fowls, goati, 
 and buffaloes, under the same roof with them- 
 selves. The houses are of bamboo, covered 
 with palm leaves, raised on pillars to the height 
 of nine feet. The chief food consists of rice, 
 cocoa-nuts, and salted fish. The total popula- 
 tion 18 about 2,250.000. Further particulars 
 nre pven under the name of their respective 
 islhnds. "^ 
 
 PHiMPPOPOLi,atown of Macedonia, founded 
 
 by Phihp, the father of Alexander the Great 
 
 f Q, o"* t"''?'"'^ destroyed by an earthquake in 
 
 J«J«. It 18 seat.d on a small island formed by 
 
 M^iiiiza ; ys miles W. N. W. of Adrianople. 
 
 LiPSBUBO, a town of New Jersey, in 
 
 - county; 41 miles N. W. of Trenton. 
 
 .. HiLipsBUKQ, a town of New York, in 
 
 IJuchesa county, near which is a mine that yields 
 
 virgin silver. It stands on the E. side of Hudson 
 
 Iliver ; 28 miles N. by E. of New York. 
 
 PiiiLipsnuRG, a town of Germany in the 
 grand duchy of Baden, formerly fortified, and 
 considered as one of the bulwarks of the empire 
 It was taken by the French in 1734, when the 
 duke of Berwick was killed at the siege ; but it 
 was restored the year following, by the treaty of 
 Vienna In 1799 it was four times blockaded 
 by the J-rench republicans, and was at length 
 completely dismantled. It is seated on the 
 Khine ; 17 miles N. of Durlach. Pop. 1100 
 
 PiiiLiPSTADT, a town of Sweden, in Werme- 
 land, seated in a mountainous country, abound- 
 mg in iron mines, between two lakes, and 
 watered by a nvulet ; 29 miles N. E. of Carl- 
 stadt, and 160 W. by N. of Stockholm. 
 
 Philipstown, a town of Ireland, capital of 
 Kfng's county; 40 miles W. of DubUn. Long. 
 7.13. W. lat. 63. 18. N. ^ 
 
 PiACENZA. See Placenza. 
 Pianezza, a town and castle of the Sardinian 
 states, in Piedmont ; seated on the Dora ; 6 
 miles W. of Turin. ' 
 
 Pianoza, an island off the coast of Tuscany 
 6 U'8 b. of that of Elba. It is level and low! 
 
 T.. »r """*' imports. Long. 10. 34. E. lat. 42 
 
 40. N. 
 
 • ?u*^^'," "''F °^ -^"Strian Italy, which rises 
 m the delegation of Feltre, flows through the 
 Venetian territory, and fells into the Gulf of 
 Venice ; 16 miles N. E. of Venice. 
 
 Piazza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Note- 
 situate almost in the centre of the island ; 38 
 miles W.N.W. of Lentini. Pop. 13,500. 
 .),» ^^^r^l; "/"'""f province of France, on 
 he Enghsh Channel, now chiefly included in 
 the department of Somme. 
 
 Pickering a town in North Yorkshire, with 
 a market on Monday. It had a strong iistle 
 in which Richard II. wasconfined, now in nS 
 Iho parish church is an ancient and spacious 
 building, with a fine lofty spire, and here are 
 S?^ Tfi. *?' Independents, Wesleyans, 
 Irimitive Method,«ts and Friends; 26 mile 
 V,nf ^°'^' ""'^ '^^^ N. by W. of London. 
 i.lT^'^'"''''^' «» *°*n «f South Carolina, in 
 :,^:'l^,^T^ ^1^ of Washington dis- 
 
 trict ; 52 miles W. N. W. of Cambridge. 
 1 ICO, one of the Azores, or Western Ii 
 
 Islands. 
 
PIC 
 
 657 
 
 on 
 
 
 IV,!^J^ volciiiiic mountain, cnlled Pico, nbout 
 SOOO feet m pcrpendieulnr height, from tJie sur- 
 tace of tho neii to the summit of the pcnk • on 
 Its 81(108 aro numerous craters, several of which 
 ore now almost concealed by trees. Tho last 
 eruption of tho peak happened m 1718. and 
 T'^yj'^ 'f^®'"' vineyards. The island is 
 nbout 80 miles m circumference, and produces 
 a great deal of wine. Long. 28. 26. W. lat. 38. 
 
 PiCTOu, a small island, between that of St. 
 John, and tho continent of Nova Scotia, at the 
 h "lir P^ Northumberland Strait. Long. 62. 
 15. W. lat. 46. 60. N. 
 
 P:cT9' Wall, in England, a famous barrier 
 against the Picts, of which some remains are 
 lett It began at the entrance of Solway Frith 
 m Cumberland, and, passing E. by Carlisle, was 
 continued across the island to Tynemouth 
 
 PiDAunA, a town of the Morea, tho ancient 
 Epidnums. It IS situate on the W. coast of 
 the Gulf of Engia ; 26 miles E. of Nnpoli di 
 Romania. Long. 23. 22. E. lat. 37. 40. N. 
 
 Piedmont, a principality of Italy, 150 miles 
 long, and 90 broad, bounded on the N by the 
 Valais, E. by the Milanese, S. by the county of 
 Nice and the territory of Genoa, and W. by 
 France. Area, 13,000 square miles. Pop 
 about 2,250,000. It contains many high moun- 
 tains, among which are rich and fruitful valleys 
 as populous as any part, of Italy. In tho moun- 
 tains are nch mines of several kinds, and the 
 torests aflFord a great deal of game. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Po, Tanaro, Sturia, and 
 iJoria. This country has a great trade in raw 
 »ilk, and it produces com, rice, wine, fruits. 
 Iiemp, flax, and cattle. It belongs to the king 
 
 ?o, . '■'^'-S"'' "•'"'^ authority was restored in 
 1814. Turin is the capital. 
 
 PiKNZA, a town of Tuscany; 25 mUes S.E, 
 of Sienna. 
 
 PiERBE. St., a small island, near Newfound- 
 land, ceded to the French in 1763, for drvin-* 
 and curing their fish. They were dispossessed 
 of It by the English in 1793. Long. 56. 0. W. 
 lat. 46. 39. N. 
 _ Pierre. St., a town of the island of Marti- 
 nico, situate on a round bay, on the W, const : 
 15 miles N. W. of Fortroyal. Pop. 10 000 
 Long. 61. 21. W. lat. 14. 44. N. 
 
 Pierre le Moutier, St., a town of France, 
 department of Nievre ; 15 miles N. W. of Mou- 
 lini, and 150 S. of Paris. 
 
 PiETOLA a village of Austrian Italy, near 
 Mantua, the birthplace of Virgil, to whose 
 memory an obelisk was erected in 1797 bv 
 Bonaparte. ' ' 
 
 PiETRO, St., an island in the Mediterranean; 
 16 miles long and 3 broad, near the S W 
 coasts of Sardinia, taken by the French in 1793* 
 but retaken soon after. ' 
 
 PiGNEROL, or PiGNEROLA, a town of Pied- 
 mont, and a bishop's see; with manufactures of 
 woollen, silk, paper, and leather, and a trade 
 m corn, wine, spirits, &c. It is seatPd op 
 
 1 0^000*""" ' ^^ ""^ ^' '^^ °^ ^"""- ^°P- 
 PiLOttAM, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 
 PIN 
 
 otTlhor^ *''*' '"*""'' °^^^"' ^8'"" ' '■'^ '""«' *^ 
 
 Th^^ k' »?"P*""' "' P™«Bia, on the Baltic. 
 Iho harbour is good, and it is well fortified 
 being considered as the bulwark and key of tho 
 kingdom. Here is a magazine for military 
 stores; and below the gate of tho castlo is a 
 stono equestrian statue of Frederick William 
 the Great. The streets are broad and straicht. 
 and the houses built in tho Dutch taste. In 
 1807 It was taken by the French, and retaken 
 by the Russians in 1813. It is 20 miles W. by 
 o;^A Konigsberg, of which it is the port. Pop. 
 3000. Long. 20. 20. E. lat. 54. 38. N. 
 
 FiLNivz, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with 
 a royal palace, celebrated for a treaty entered 
 into by the princes of Europe against France, 
 m 1792. The palace was burned down in 1818, 
 but has since been rebuilt. It is 7 miles S. E. 
 01 Dresden. 
 
 PiMEN, a town of Bohemia, capital of a 
 circle of the same name, which is particularly 
 nch in sheep, and noted for excellent cheese 
 and contains 170,000 inhabitants. The town 
 is fortifietl and well built. It is seated at the 
 conflux of the Radbuza and Walta ; 65 miles 
 h. W. of Prague. Pop. 7400. Lon. 13. 39. 
 E. lat, 49. 42. N. 
 
 PiLSNo. or PiLzow, a town of Austrian 
 i^oland, seated on the Wisloka ; 60 miles E. of 
 Cracow. 
 
 Pilten, a town of Russia, in Couriand, capi- 
 tal of a fertile district of its name; seated on 
 the river Windau ; 18 miles N. N, W. of Gol- 
 dingen, 
 
 PiNCKNEY, an island district of South Caro- 
 lina, comprehending the counties of York, 
 Chester, Union, and Spartanburg. 
 
 Pincknevville, a town of South Carolina, 
 
 1 Union county, capital of Pinckney district. 
 
 1 IS situate on Broad River, at the influx of the 
 
 Pacolet ; 75 miles N. W. of Columbia. Long. 
 
 81. 40. W. lat. 34, 52. N. * 
 
 Pines, Isle op, an island in the South Pa- 
 cific, ofl* the S. end of New Caledonia ; 14 
 miles in >ngth. It is a pointed hill, sloping 
 toward the extremities, which are very low, and 
 on the low land are many tall pine-trees. Long. 
 167. 38. E. lat. 22. 38. S. ^ 
 
 PiNEY, a town of France, department of 
 Aube ; 12 miles E. N. E. of Troyes. 
 
 Ping-king, or P.-.g-yuen, a ci'ty of China, of 
 the first rank, in the province of Koeitcheou ; 
 930 miles S. S. W. of Peking. Long. 107, 28. 
 
 PiNG-LiANG, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Chen-si ; seated on the rivet 
 Km-ho ; 550 miles S, W. of Peking. Long, 
 106. 26. E. lat. 35. 36. N. 
 
 Pinhel, a strong town of Portugal, in Bcira, 
 capital of a territory of the same name, and a 
 bishop's see. It is seated on the Coa ; 28 miles 
 N. by W. of Guarda. Long. 6. 40. W. lat. 
 40. 46. N. 
 
 PiNNEBRR.-?, a town of Hanover, in the duchy 
 of Holstein, capital of a small province of its 
 name, with a castle. It is seated on the Owe : 
 lOmilesN.W. of Hamburg. 
 
 i' i 
 it I 
 
 10 
 
 ti i 
 
PIN 
 
 PiNoa, an islmid of the Wert Indiea, on the 
 8. Bide of CulMi ; 'ifl miles long, and 16 broad, 
 mounUinous, and covered with pines. Lonir. 
 B2. 33. VV. lilt. 22. 2. N. 
 
 PiNSK, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the 
 government of Minsk. There are many Jews 
 ttitiong the inhabitants, and the Greeks have a 
 bishop. The chief manufacture is dressing 
 Russian leather. It is surrounded by morasses, 
 and stands on a river of the same name ; 90 
 miles E, of Brzesc. Pop. 4500. Long. 26. 
 20. E. lat. 52. 18. N. 
 
 PiOMDiNo, a small principality of Italy, on 
 the const of Tuscany, to which was annexed 
 the island of Elba, separated by a channel 7 
 
 VU^ J"'"'**'- ^'^"' ^""^ »1"«'e mi'M. Pop. 
 i 0,000. * 
 
 PiOMBiNo, a seaport of Italy, capital of the 
 above principality. It has a good harbour, de- 
 tended by a citadel, and is seated on a penin- 
 
 5nl' ^ T "'"^ ^- ^- E- ''f Leghorn. Pop. 
 4000. Long. 10. 23. E. lat. 42. 57. N. 
 
 PiPERNO, a town of the ecclesiastical states, 
 in Campagna di Roma, built out of the ruins of 
 the ancient Privemum, and seated on a moun- 
 tain ; 9 miles N. N. W. of Terracina. 
 
 PiPLEV, a town of Bengal, seated on the 
 hubanreeka, not fer from its mouth j 63 miles 
 S. of Midnapore. 
 
 PiRANo, a small seaport of the Austrian 
 
 o "«?' "i i*'""' '^"^^'^ °" * peninsula, d miles 
 a. W. of Capo d'lstria. Pop. 6200. 
 
 PiRiTz, a town of Pomeranin, seated near 
 the lake Meldui ; 12 miles S. by W. of Now 
 Stergard. 
 
 PiRMASENS, a town of Bavaria, in the circle 
 of the Rhine. Near this place, in 1793, the 
 French were defeated by the Russians. It is 
 13milesE. ofDeux Ponts. Pop. 3200. 
 
 PiBNA, a town of Saxonv, celebrated for a 
 battle fought in its neighbourhood, between the 
 albesand the French, in 1813. It has a castle 
 on a mountain, called Sonnenstein, which was 
 almost destroyed by the Prussians in 1756 and 
 1758, and is now an asylum for invalids, &c 
 It is a place of considerable trade, situate on 
 the Elbe; 12 miles S. E. of Dresden. Podu- 
 lation 38,000. *^ 
 
 Pisa, a city of Tuscany, capital of the Pisano, 
 and an archbishop's see, with a famous univer- 
 s.ty, and three forts. The river Amo runs 
 through Pisa, and over it are three bridges, one 
 of which is constructed of marble; and there is 
 a canal hence to Leghorn. This city formerly 
 contained 100,000 inhabitants; but there are not 
 at present above 20,000. The manufactures con- 
 sist of steel, jewellery, embroidery, damasks 
 velvet, taffeta, and c.i.ico. The cathedral is a 
 magnificent structure, and on the riglit side of 
 the choir is a leaning tower, built of marble, 1!!8 
 feet high, and 15 feet out of the perpendicular. 
 There are upwards of 80 other churches : that of 
 St. Stephen, belonging to an order of knights, is 
 particularly deserving of notice. The other re- 
 markable buildings are the palaces of the grand 
 
 558 
 
 PIT 
 
 moved to Leglmrn. It is seated in a fertile 
 plain, at a small distance from thu Meditor- 
 w*^" 'c ' ' ""''" ^- N. E. of Leghorn, and 42 
 43' 43 N ^*''"""'=*' ^""K- ^"- 23. E. lat. 
 
 ^i?*""' " territory of Tuscany; lying N. of 
 the Florentine, on the Mediterranean. It is 47 
 miles long, and 25 broad, abounds in corn, oil, 
 and wme, and is well cultivated. Pop. 295.640 
 Pisa IS the capital. 
 PiscADORES. See Pono-hou. 
 P18CATAQUA, a river of New Hampshire, the 
 mouth of which forms the only port in that state; 
 and at its entrance is a lighthouse, in long. 70. 
 41. W. lat. 43. 4. N. 
 
 PiscATAWAY, a town of Maryland, in Prince 
 Ueorge county, on a creek of ita name, which 
 flows W. into the Potomac; 14 miles S. of 
 Vvashington. 
 
 Pisco, a town of Peru, in the province of 
 Jsca, with a good road for ships. It is seated in 
 a country fertile in excellent fruits and good 
 wine; 130 miles S. S. E. of Lima. Long. 75 
 55. W. lat. 13. 36. S. 
 
 _ PiSEK, a town of Bohemia, capital of the 
 circle of Prachin. Bohemian diamonds are 
 found here. It is seated on the Wotawa, near 
 its conflux with the Muldau; 68 miles S. S W 
 of Prague. Long. 14. 0. E. lat. 49. 21. N. 
 
 PisToiA, a city of Tuscany, and a bishop's 
 see, with a citadel. -There are several fine 
 churches, magnificent palaces, and handsome 
 streets; but it is almost deserted, in comparison 
 to what it was formerly. The Austrians de- 
 feats the Neapolitans here in 1816. It is seated 
 near the river Stella; 20 miles N. W. of Florence 
 1 op. 10,000. Long. 11. 29. E. lat. 43. 55. N* 
 I itcairn's Island, an island in the South 
 Pacific, where the mutineers of the Bounty re- 
 sorted after they left Otoheite. One of them 
 was found to be alive in 1008, and there were 
 several of their descendanta who inhabited the 
 island. Long. 133. 21. W. lat. 25. 2. S. 
 
 PiTCAiTHLY, a village of Scotland, seated in 
 a sequestered vale; 5 miles S. of Perth. Ita 
 mineral waters have been long famed in scor- 
 butic complaints, and it has good accommoda- 
 tion for invalids. 
 
 Pitha, a seaport of Sweden, in West Both- 
 nia, seated on a small island, at the mouth of 
 a river of ita name, in the Gulf of Bothnia. It 
 IS joined to the continent by a wooden bridee 
 It IS 95 miles N. N. E. of Uma. Long. 20. 68.' 
 t,, lat. 65. 15. N. 
 
 Pjtchen, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 government of Breslau, on the frontiers of Po- 
 land; 50 miles E. of Breslau. 
 
 PiTTENWEEM, a town of Scotland, in Fife- 
 Bhire, with a harbour on the Frith of Forth. 
 In the vicinity are coal mines and salt-works. 
 
 ir '?,^*','^''''* ^- ''>' ^- «*■ St- Andrew, and 24 
 N. E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Pittsburg, a town of North Carolina ; chief 
 of Chatham county. It is famous for pure air 
 
 duke and archbishop: th^^S^^ S a'd^^eU ' uratd"run1rl"^^^^^^^^^^ i** 
 
 pital, and the maunificent exchanw. wh.Vh last o*" ni'-Jgh ^"'"'^"^^'^ country; 16 miles W. 
 « almostsupertiuous, as the trade of Pisa is re- PirrstuRo. a city of Pennsvlvania, capital of 
 
P I T 
 
 559 
 
 'llegany county, titimte on a point of land 
 
 andatthe termination of the great Penn.ylvaninn 
 canal, about «00 mile, in length. It is the sta " 
 cinT'"'"'^ '?' »'j'"«delphia with the we«tirn 
 country, and alw for the numerous ctablis " 
 
 whTch h"""* °-l *''" '7° "*"" "^^^ 'nentioned, 
 wh eh hero unite and take the name of Ohio: 
 
 ?™ .' ^.'u'? "*.*'■ """^ *''« MiMissippi, it ha. a 
 trade with Louisiana and New Orleans. iZ^ 
 
 tCp, u ^I'^n"' *^'''^^'' «"" «l»ndoned by 
 ForSi ?\'V^^*' »"'»'« «PProach of General 
 torbes, and its name changed to Fort Pittj but 
 It J. now gone to decay. Fort Fayette, a recent 
 .tmcture, stands on tL bank of [he XfleganT 
 shSullTn""-"^*'''^'^®'-''""^'^ ^"^ madehere, 
 extent «„f K '^"''^ °," '° " considerable 
 ^Im! n« r 1 ''««'»'« alw manufactures of 
 
 lAflnn „f "oi f,^'''»''e'P^«. and contains a popu- 
 la on of 21,115, or, including the suburbs of 
 
 ^o'Tn •' ^'''^"^- ^°"» «•*■ «• w^«*- 
 
 B-J.'i^"^'''''.'' *?"'" °^ Mawachusets, in 
 Berkshire county, situate in a rich vale, on the 
 
 fctlltLn'.^'-lii-T^r/N-^^-Pton 
 
 te&t;^«sr^Kf &;!"«-- 
 
 Lincoln county situate on Z^ennebec River: 22 
 miles N. by W. of Wiscassot. 
 PiURA, a town of Peru; capital of a province 
 
 setlemTn'^' "p""*' J^is was the fin,t Spanish 
 .ettlement in Peru being founded by Pizarroin 
 ia.}l. ltia25mile8S.E. ofPaita. Pop 7000 
 Long. 80. 29. W. lat. 6. IS. S ^ 
 
 Pizz.oHETONB, a town of Aimtrian Italy 
 wuh a strong castle, in which Francis 1., of 
 
 IZTt' ""f,^//* P".*'"^'- If ^"S taken by he 
 French in 1733. again in 1796, and retaken by 
 the Austrian, and Russians in 1799. It is 
 wtuate on the Adda j 10 miles N. W. of Cr^ 
 mona. and 30 S. E. of Milan. 
 
 ?v^^^' ,". '"'"' "^ Naples, in Calabria Ultra 
 
 ^.•t?M t"'^°i'^''""°""«^^**^y mountains; 50 
 miles N. E of Alcantara, and 110 W. S. W. of 
 Madrid. Long. 5. 55. W. lat. 40. 6. N. 
 „n fh* n'""'o'\"''^" of Spain, in Biscay, seated 
 on the Deva; 25 miles E. by S. of Bilboa. 
 
 the P IT'/i^^Pu"* "^ Newfoundland, on 
 
 island' Thf^ ^?!?' '^y "" *''" S- P«^* °f 'he 
 island. Ihe harbour is capacious, and de- 
 fended by a fort, called St.' Louis It is 60 
 
 J^t. 47!^S V" "^ ®'- '^"''"- ^""^^ ^^- -^^^ ^' 
 Placenza. a fortified town of Italy; capital of 
 «^uchy,ncludedinthatofParma,an'dabK^^^^ 
 ^. with a good citadel, and a celebrated univer- 
 sity. Ihe churches, squares, streets, and foun- 
 
 place the Austnans gained a decisive victory 
 
 PLA 
 
 over the Spaniard, and French in 1746 In 
 I/9C 1 was taken by the French, ™ y,^^ 
 
 S n Kii'r8u"^f ."'" I'>«nch, and w^e. 
 lainea till 1814. It i. of greater extent than 
 Parma, and m seated in a well cultivated 
 country, near the river Po ; 38 miles W N VV 
 PAunr"* ^""»'»-3».Klat.45.*.N. Hee 
 
 Imi'';* "'^"^°' "^'^ of Connecticut, in Wind- 
 10 n,^?""'^;' °S ^^f ^' "'''' "' the Qiinabanw ; 
 l.r.T? *" ^••^' 0* Windham.-Also, the 
 Cted Stair '"'=""'"''''"''"« '"'^""'•ips i'n the 
 
 Pii«« "' vi!"'^" "''. Bohewia, in the circle of 
 Pilaen; with a castle; 20 mile. S. E. of Egra. 
 
 NudS''' " '"*" "fBensal. i" the district of 
 
 i/h n fV^'";^' ^^'^^ °^«' 'ho nabob Sura- 
 ffbaS ^^- " " ^* ™"^'' «• of Moorshe- 
 
 Plata, or Chuquisaca, a rich and populous 
 c. y of Peru capital of the province'^of Los 
 
 « ty""' S ""."^hbUhop/see. with a un"! 
 vtrsity. The cathedral is large, and finely 
 
 T^k'^'"' Pai"ti"g« and gilding;. It « ^ated 
 
 Plata, or Rio de la Plata, (Silver River "> 
 
 unf„T„r.r "^^''"V'' America formed b^the 
 union of the great rivers Parana and Uruguay 
 It was discovered in 1515 by J„„n Diaz d™S" 
 
 aSpamsh navigator, who was slain by the natSs 
 in endeavouring to make a descent into the 
 country. It forms the S. boundary of Brazil 
 and enteiBthe Atlantic between the cTpes o7st 
 It iS^'^f ?• ^r ••'''« latteHn laK t 
 Video eo^Z'"'^*!'" ■ '' "'?*'', and at Monte 
 Video. 60 miles up the nver, the land is not to be 
 discerned on either shore when a vessel is in 
 hemiddl^fthechannel. This riverS many 
 islets and shoals, whic!. cause adverae curr™?,^ 
 
 S n!!i^"" ' V "1"«"*'°" '■"*"''*'«! and the oS 
 £dPn .^M '^'f?'/""' "h'P' »f considerabe 
 burden. IS Monte Video. The Argentine re! 
 
 C'lT.r" """""" '"-"»'■ * 
 
 Plate, a town and castle of Pomerania- on 
 
 p™^''^' i' TH^ ^- "^y s- of cS "" 
 
 S F Jft 'f '* It^ of. Hungary ; 60 miles to the 
 b. KofthatofNeusidler. It is 46 miles in 
 length, from 3 to 8 in breadth, and abouS with 
 
 SaJI^'^M %*'""• of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 
 of aC: '""*'^" «^ S--.V ■> 14 -i'e. N. 
 
 Plattsbuko, a town of New York, the chief 
 
 of^M^IeVb-^ 
 
 of the same name ; 20 miles S. S. E. of Gu^ 
 
 Iant;KS.°^'.\T^e'^-r°r?^'- 
 
PLA 
 
 r,Co 
 
 PO 
 
 Plaobn, a town of Prussin, in Brandenburg, 
 on a lake formed by the Huvel, from which in ii 
 canal to the Elbe. It hoa a manufacture of 
 porcelain. It i* 5 miles W. N. W. of Bran- 
 denburg. 
 
 PtKSCOF. See Pskof. 
 Plksse, n town of ' ' ussian Silesia, in the 
 government of Opf . ; capital of a lordship, 
 with a One castle, it is surrounded by walls 
 flanked with towers. It is seated on the 
 Vistula ; 36 miles £. S. £. of Ratibor. Lons. 
 19. 3. E. lat. 49. 57. N. 
 
 PLETrENBBRo, B town of Westphalia, with 
 an ancient castle, situate on the Else end Oester: 
 1 3 roilefe S. S. W. of Arensberg. 
 
 PiBYBERO, a town and castle of Austria, in 
 Carinthia, seated on the Feistez, at the foot of 
 a mountain ; 20 miles E. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Plock, a town of Poland, capital of a palati- 
 nate of the same name, end a bishop's see, with 
 a castle. It is seated on a hill, near the Vistula. 
 75 miles N. W. of Warsaw, Pop. 3000. Lonir. 
 i9. 29. E. lat. 52. 46. N. 
 
 Ploen, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of 
 Holstein. It has a castle on a mountain, and 
 is seated on the N. side of a lake; 24 miles N. 
 H. W. of Lubec. Long. 10. 30. E. lat. 54. 
 11. N. 
 
 Ploermel, a town of Fnuice; department of 
 Morbihan, on the river Ducj 27 miles N. E. of 
 Vannes. Pop. 4500. 
 
 Plotzkau, a town of Saxony, in the prin- 
 cipality of Anhalt, with a castle, seated on the 
 Saale; 10 miles W. of Kothen. 
 
 PtUDENz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, capital 
 of a lordship of its name. It is seated on a 
 plain^ on the river Ille; 12 miles S. S. E. of 
 Felkirch. 
 
 Pluustbad, a town of Pennsylvania, in 
 Bucks county; seated on Delaware River; 36 
 miles N. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Pluviees, or PmiiTiERS, a town of France, 
 in the department of Loiret 20 miles N. N. E, 
 of Orleans. 
 
 Plymouth, a borough and seaport in Devon- 
 shire, governed by a mayor; with a market on 
 Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. It is seated 
 at the mouth of the Plym, and, uext to Ports- 
 mouth, is the most considerable harbour in 
 England for men-of-war. There are, properly 
 speaking, three harbours, called Catwater, Sut- 
 ton Pool, and Hamoaze. The first is the 
 tnouth of the Plym, pnd is a commodious har- 
 bour for merchant ships, but is seldom entered 
 by ships of war. The second, frequented by 
 merchant ships only, is almost surrounded by 
 the houses of the town, and further secured by 
 an extensive pier. The third is the mouth of 
 the Tamar, and is the harbour for large ships, 
 having moorings for 02, and a good anchorage 
 for a much greater number. These harbours 
 unite in a capacious bay, called the Sound, 
 which affords fine anchorage for ships, particu- 
 larly since the construction of the magnificen', 
 breakwater across its entrance. The other 
 buildings connected with the port are the Na- 
 val Hospital, one of the finest in Britain, and, 
 opposite* to the Military Hospital, extensive 
 
 barracks and a magnificent victualling office, 
 built of mitrblo, at the entrance to the Ha- 
 moaze. The theatre, assembly-rooms, and 
 royal hotel, together form the grandest archi- 
 tectural ornaments of Plymo:<th. There is a 
 railway, 24 miles long, to L'artmoor. The 
 Eddystone lighthouse is off this town, at a dis- 
 tance of 16 miles S. S. W. Plymouth is the 
 fishery for pilchards, which extends no further 
 E. than this port, whence great quantities are 
 exported to Italy, and other catholic countries. 
 Plyinouth cent' as two parish churches, various 
 meeting-houses, and a Jews' synagogue, and car- 
 ries on a considerable foreign and domestic 
 trade. The charitable institutions are nume- 
 rous; and, among those for literary purposes, 
 are the Athennum, and a public library, con- 
 taining several thousand valuable books. The 
 town is well supplied with fVesh water, first 
 brought here fh>m a place 7 miles off, by the 
 famous Sir Francis Drake. It carries on a 
 considerable trade, but lus no manufactures of 
 any consequence. It returns two members to 
 parliament. It is 43 miles S. W. of Exeter, 
 and 216 W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 7. W. 
 lat. 50. 23. N. 
 
 PLTiiourn, a seaport of Massachusets, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name. It is the 
 oldest settlement in New England; and the 
 rock on which the first settlers landed was con- 
 veyed in 1774, from the shore to a square in 
 the centre of the town. The principal busi- 
 ness of the place is the cod fishtry, in which 
 2000 tons of shipping are employed. It is 
 situited at the S. end of Plymouth Bay; 42 
 miles S. S. E. of Boston. Pop. 5281. Long. 
 70. 45. W. lat. 41. 68. N. 
 
 Plymouth, a town of New Hampshire, in 
 Grafton county, situate on the Pemigcwasset; 
 at the mouth of Baker River; 46 miles N. of 
 Concord. Pop. 1281. 
 
 Plymouth, a town of North Carolina, capi- 
 tal of Washington county, on the S. side of 
 Roanoke River; 4 miles above Albemarle 
 Sound, and 23 S. S. W. of Edenton. 
 Plthouth-dock. See Devonpokt. 
 Plyhpton, a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. It is one of the stannary 
 towns for tin. It is seated near the Plym; 4 
 miles E. of Plymouth, and 218 W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 Plinlihhon, a vast niountam of Wales, 
 partly in Montgomtryshure, and partly in Car- 
 diganshire, 2463 fetit high. The Severn, the 
 Wye, and other rivers, have their source in 
 this mountain. 
 
 Po, the principal river of Italy, which has 
 its source at Mount Viso, in Piedmont, flows 
 N. £. to Turi" and thence proceeding in an 
 easterly course, it divides Austrian Italy from 
 the states of Parma, Modena, and the pope's 
 dominions, and enters the Gulf of Venice by 
 four principal mouths; in its course it receives 
 several rivers, and often overflows its banks, as 
 most of those rivers descend fVom the Alps, 
 and are increased by the melting of the snow. 
 It ia crossed like the Rhine hy fivin** hrid'^ss. 
 Po, n river of China, in the province of 
 
POO 
 
 Kiang-«i ; which runs into Iho Po-vamr-ho,. . 
 imall d«tanc« from Ja(^tchoou. "^^'^«^''""' » 
 ,.A,^*''"'«TO''. « town in Ewt Yorkihirfl 
 
 ii from MoMi„™',h2''= w"*", rr's'" 
 i,33o.ooo?h,;LS "" ■'"'" °'""' •'"■ 
 
 bv tho F«ST J '^^i ''"' afterwarda taken 
 
 Poitiers, a town of France canitni «<• ♦!,-, 
 department of Vienne, and^ bihTw It^ 
 
 rSr." ""' •" proportion to?t ^Jt 
 font includea a number of garden, and fields 
 withm Its circuit. It has several Rom^ anti 
 
 demoLshed, and a triumphal arch, which Serves 
 Ma gate to the great street. Here in nifi 
 tI.e"S n'Jh ^^ ^""?« gained a'ctVovl; 
 his Jn Pi^V'*^';!^ P'T"^" king John and 
 Jlis son Phihp, whom he brought to England 
 The principal manufactures are stocC' 
 rt^^n'^PV?'"^?. «"d combs. It^S 
 
 Pop. 21.600. Lin2. O.' 2^' ilj^" .tstT' 
 
 001 
 
 POL 
 
 on thnTV* 'n"*" •;°""''>' of Europe, bounded 
 on the N by Vtunia, Courland. Livonia a^ 
 
 Slc^a's b.'^f/'"' "•""''• B^ndenbuiS'a'^J 
 bv «!?• •'J' """g"--/ and Moldavia, and I] 
 JJIT^ ""^ '''« territories wrested by that 
 S i„?„™f "■" '^'"■.'"'- It '^•» formerly d? 
 
 lS PoUnd"T."T''P"'^> ««">' ^'ol^ni 
 1 770 *^°"'"."j l^^d Husaia, and Lithua Ja In 
 
 narch^S 1 ^""!'*' *"" «'«"«c'«<l by that ml 
 narch, n conjunct.on with the empress of R^i^ 
 •«a and the emperor of German vUvthU 
 ffr ""^I'l!''' "f '"^^ count^was wLS 
 
 InrrS-""-. '" ^^«'' hoKer.teTing 
 moMsllr '''"•'..!" concurrence. n!mo.t unan^ 
 S^hcdJn!:!^'"'"' any foreign intervention, 
 excen inn^.?""^' constitution, and one so un- 
 by Mr Burtr''^ *"y' "!"* '' *«» 'Celebrated 
 conditLs nf 'i."" " '•^^"'"tion whereby the 
 ,^K. r °^ "" ^cre made better, and the 
 ^* X°Uv"°"' '"'■"?«^ % •■' the' brSs of 
 ^mo t ^v^ 'Monarchy, by which Poland on 
 
 &edi,X''^"'=^-^^'''; throne, had C 
 
 ^^£P5^f^»:isSo^- 
 
 D^ ^.h? '.''^ ambitious views of the em- 
 
 Sxt „f ?!•* "" """y '"'° Poland, und"r 
 
 ofTzA f?"8 8"««"'*^°' '^« constitution 
 01 1/7.}. Her interference was too Dowerfnl 
 
 iverth/oTn'^'W f'lt '''" "cwconsUtuCwai 
 
 ST^'^pSit^ns'tri^ 
 
 S ^^ *P'"', *»'' ""^ "»''""• General Km- 
 msko appeared, in 1794, ,t the he^ oft 
 
 SuntV^d f^"" the independency of hi^ 
 fe.m f?^' h1 '^'"'''" '•'^ provinces wrested 
 
 b^-^iw ^ * T "' '*"«*'' overpowered 
 
 dLiared"^" Arsni;r nd tsrH^ 
 
 ants masked hi crowdTSTe'bSetSt 
 
 numbeTof o^!r Pr"^'^ ■»>«* '^"t ^^'^ 
 pr„K,.„ °'i>cr patriots into confinement at 
 
 naTvec:;^tr;^rna?g;1,^^^^^^^ 
 king fonnally resigned his c^wTarGrodno 5n 
 1795, and was aflerwt.da removed to S.^ 
 
 O 
 
r o I. 
 
 aOi 
 
 •onor, 1. 1 hiH doath. in 17!)«. Tho whole of 
 ho country wa. divided among the thrco parti- 
 
 t nin« powers. Au.trin hnl LiiHo J Jand, 
 nd tho jrroatou part of llcl UuMi,, nn.l I'o.lo. 
 
 •n.i .' Vn" '•"".";'"•<' '"■'W'"m offjniicin, 
 I n MJa had Ona I'ola,.,|, j.oH.h iVu^wa, a 
 
 T \ 1"". n' ^'"'"'»"'«. «'"i I'ohichint and 
 ilu»!.ia liad SamogKia. tho remainder of J.ithu- 
 nnia, Vol.ynia, and I'o.h.lia. In tho war with 
 lru.»m, ,n lUOfl the French ncnotrated in K 
 Poland, and proclaimed their .Lrc to roBtoro 
 nn„.^ ■"• ""'•"PonJcneo. wlion, treaties of 
 
 POL 
 
 1 ruwia, tho project «as f..r tho most part 
 nlmndone.!. iV the neaco of Tilsit, tho kinR 
 f Ir«,«m ronounccl tho i-ossoseion of tho 
 Kreater part of hi, Polish /.rovinccs. when tl oy 
 were erected into the d.,kedo.n of Wa^w in 
 fiivour of tho king of Saxony. In 1«0!) A,* 
 
 luJ;n'*,.n'r''^'-i '" ""'." '""■' "f Gnlicia to 
 lint „n h "/'"^^S '','"'"'" '° »'"' •«'>^ "tntcs. 
 Jiut on the re rent of the French army out of 
 
 loland.m I..13,U,o Russians took po^sse ion 
 
 V^onnn '"^ i ^"T"' "'"' "'" ''''"8'<"SS o) 
 
 tl.„ p^m"' only confirmed to that power all 
 
 £,™ iroC",'' /^'"r'.""." P>-"vi..ces'aequire.l 
 MoTo 1705 but added tho sovereiRntv of tlio 
 central prov ncos. On tho downfall of I on^ 
 
 l»I5, a jinrt of tho territory of Poland, com- 
 l':.«.ng tho central portion, with an n;ea^f 
 
 3)' onnoT"'"*'f""''^' ■'''"' " population of 
 ^MoX\T ^"'""^ '"ton separate kingdbm, 
 wibject to tho emperor of Uussia, but Rovomc* 
 by lU own laws, with such modem improve- 
 ments m legislature as tho liberal policy of tho 
 emperor Alexander thought nccisnry to tho 
 «;elh.ro of the kingdom, which w, J^verned by 
 1.18 viceroy. On tho accession of Nicholas hl^ 
 despo .0 conduct towards tho conquered nation 
 roused them agam to resisfcrncc; in lJ!;i;j thev 
 ow to arms, and made a noble effort to gain 
 t loir independenco, but which only ended in 
 their entire destruction; and the i.olicy of Rus- 
 sia now seems to bo tho total annihilation of 
 »ho unfortunate Poles, as a people, in language 
 and ehamcter; and Poland, once ,,ow-crful, 
 and contninmg a population of 15.000,000 
 has been annihilated from among the nations of 
 the earth, and oven its name almost obliter- 
 ated from the map of Europe. The religion 
 was Ilcman Catholic, but the Protestants near"? 
 equalled them m numbers; there were also K 
 great number of Jews, who lind many import- 
 ant privileges. Tho towns of Poland aro for 
 the most part built with wood; and thO vil- 
 lages consist of mean cottages, or huts. The 
 country IS so fertile in corn, in many places, 
 that It Bu|)plics Sweden and Holland with 
 hjrge quantities, and it has extensive n;«tures. 
 lent, ochre, chalk, agate, chalcedony, carnc- 
 iians onyxes, jasper, rock crystals, amethysts, 
 Riirnets, topazes, sapphires, and even rubies 
 and diamonds, arc found in Poland; also talc 
 spar lapis calaminaris, coal, iron, lend, and 
 
 flnv ilir'"; "'^^^' " """='' ^^'^i^er, fur, hemp, 
 flax, saltpetre, alum, manna, honey, and mix] 
 
 nnd hero arc mines of mlt, of great dm.fh, out 
 of whKh IS dug r,Kk-i..lt, Horse, aro numo- 
 
 horned cjittlo are bred in immcnso numbers. 
 Warsaw n tho principal city. 
 
 I'OMciiotf. Aie P(K.i.onooN. 
 
 1 oi.KMiA, a name coinmonlv given to tho 
 palatinate of IJr.e.e, in Lithuania. 
 
 Pas "do ^CnC '"*". i K'^?" » ''•'P'»rtment of 
 I as do Calais ; noted for its mineral waters 
 It w 10 miles N. W. of Arms. 
 
 PoLiCANDUo, an island In Iheflreclnn Arehl- 
 pehigo , one of the Cyclado. ; 20 mile, in cir- 
 cumference. Here nro a few villago^ a castle 
 and a harbour , but it consists, in genenr of 
 hnrren rocks nnd mountains. It li,„ between 
 Mil.^nnd Paros. Long. 25. 81. E. lat. 80. 
 
 PoLicASTno, a town of Nnnles. in Principato 
 
 tho Mediterranean ; IIA miles S, E. of Nat lo«. 
 Long. 1,5. 40. K. lat. 40. U. N. ' 
 
 PoMOffANo, a town of Naples, in Term di 
 llari ; seated on n oraggy rock, nenr tho (Julf 
 of Voiiico , 16 miles K. of Hnri. Pop. 7000 
 
 I OLioNv. n town of Franco, department *of 
 Jura; seated on a rivulet, 23 miles S. S. W. of 
 Rcsanyon. Pop. A 100. "• ".oi 
 
 Diio*' " '"*" "* >^lhania, 12 miles S. of 
 
 ^'"'■'J?,' " '?"'" of Pomcmnin, in tho govern- 
 men of Stettin ; celebrated for its l.oj.s.^ It i, 
 miles N. of Stettin. 
 
 • ^"'"'Ji^'J*' *.^™"wl town of Bohemia, in tho 
 
 Siii s' F'"'?Vr *^ '■^''""•=" of Moravil!, 
 ^<^ miles S. L. of Chrudim. 
 
 nf fj.l'f''^'' V?u" °*'S'<^"y. '*n Val di Maznm ; 
 at the foot of tho mountain Madonia, 20 mile^ 
 t>. i'j. of I'alormo. 
 
 JiZ^'fi^r""' " {"o'" "^ S''*'"'". '"n the princi- 
 pality of Glogau, 13 miles S. of Glogau. 
 
 f,.lT'°"'^"*'^,^' ",*"*" of Scotland, in Ren- 
 
 w.t';^: oTc^ot''"'''^""''^ ■»'•'- 
 
 ♦l.J,°''''V *r" °!;i'""«'''>. in Pomcmnin, on 
 tho river Ombow ; 30 miles E. S. E. of Colbcrir 
 
 nnf;!"'T' «} '°r «f"in<lo«tnn, in tho Car-' 
 
 W.'^^^USrfy.''^-^'-''^^-*'-''^^^- 
 
 P0I.01SK n Strong town of Russia, in tho 
 
 bcr of battles having been fought in its vicinity 
 between the French and Russians, in 1812. n 
 is seated on the Dwina, at tho influx of tho 
 
 jroa of 16,000 .„«„emiK ,i,h I.soo.no"™ 
 
 Poltava, tho capital of tho foregoing goyom- 
 ment with a considerable trade in cattle, corn 
 
 XTJ.^!h^i^r^?l\'A^^9'^'?^«"d Charle^ 
 
 tally defeated , 737 miles S. E. of PctersbuS 
 Population, 0000. "cnwurg. 
 
POL 
 
 PotTKN, St.. a town of Austria, tho rm- 
 Uonco „ n grout numlK,r of tho nobi it; '^o 
 
 K 4a00 ""'''",\' •^•1 '"."'«' ^- »f Vienna. 
 
 near S l^Z" y^- ^r*"^.' '" ''""'•"nnia. 
 «0 nule. N. E. of Slnrgiir.!. ' 
 
 tfio M^ ««o«™phcn, to n..n.orou. i.l„n.L i„ 
 
 Mt 
 
 PON 
 
 (ilinn. P f ""'i''"' Kroup. aro the La.lronc., 
 
 hZTZlu:""'' ''^•"'«''"'' ""'i ^"0 Mai:* 
 
 CoimL. It;, mk °^^^"""' ""'• '^l S. of 
 rM^v? °f ."'''"'"' Stml«.nd la'co. " 
 
 s^^ss:^.ite;„S'SdeS' 
 
 feXofT"^^:*''^'u^"' componsntcd by tho 
 
 mS corn o ' w^',: ""^"^ '''^""'''' '" P"''*"'^' 
 T ,« ^^ '. ■ ^i^^"^ " K«"»t <'«"»! i" exported 
 
 wni te.!'.™"' •"•? T*'"'' good harbours. I 
 Corm^r^^- "" '".''^'pendent duchy of the 
 S,dTurth.7r' ""'' ""- '^''^^'^ intol it£ 
 
 ^ in htpnm '"'"'""• '^''«' '»"•''' ""d port 
 
 01 uither I'omerania, were seized by tho kinir 
 of PruMw, nn.l confirmed to him in 1720 -ho 
 
 w„v K.* * '^«®"™''*« '" exchange for Nor- 
 
 ten^?nTw"f*' "f.!"'"."' »' WertPmssia j ex- 
 tending W. from tho river Vistula to tho duchy 
 of Pomerama, of which it was formerly a nnrt 
 
 ^ "iPm' " '""'■•'et town of Ireland in tho 
 'ToL°«^^'T' ^er'o- from Dublin "'' 
 1 OMFRKT, a town of Connecticut in Wfn.l 
 
 roZ:i''JV'' N- N- e! of"k"dhTm '■ 
 
 1 OMONA, or Mainiand, tho Inraest of tho 
 Orkney Islands, being 24 ^iles lon^d from 
 anis o?thri' ''"' '■»'«'^«ted by numeroTs 
 arms of tho sen, Tho general appearance of 
 
 8. nTo nZ. k' .^"' ""; '?°'' " '"O'e fertile, and in 
 
 w^th lln.,?! ^"T'"'' *'"<''' ^°« destroyed 
 w th Herculaneum, by an eruption, in 79 a d 
 The volcanic matter in mn^h L= i.^." it- : 
 
 S2 ?nt!rZ^°'^,- ^"^ '"^" excavated, and 
 many mterestmg di8coveric8 have been made 
 
 Jelating to tho domortic mnnnom of the ancUl 
 lloman.. It once stood on tho soa-shore. Ct 
 ii now a considcrnblo Jistnnco IVom It. 
 
 Carnatic. It wa. first settled by the' French 
 m 1074, and, proviwusly to thu war of I75(f 
 was a fino city. It extended along the icn- 
 coast above • mile, was three-quarters of a n.ilo 
 in breadth, and ha.1 a citadel, then tho boat ot 
 Us kind in India. Tho city has been ropontediv 
 taken by tho Knglish, particularly in 17«| 
 
 i7M r" n'f ''""'^'*'''"«"y ""^ •'. i"' retaliation' 
 Of M. Lally s conduct towards Fort St. David) 
 and the Inst time in 179.3. It was restorwl to' 
 the trench at tho general peace; «5 miles S. 
 
 42 N ** '^' ''*• '*^' ■^ '"'' "• 
 
 Po^fDIco, a small uninhabited island of tho 
 Orocian Archipolugo, near the coiwt of Neuro- 
 pont. Long. 23. '29. K. lat. 3.0. 9. N. , 
 
 I ONPBRBADA, a town of Spain, in Leon, on 
 tho river Sill; 40 miles S. W. of Leon 
 
 loNo-iiou, or riHCADoiiEs, a cluster of 
 j«landH in tho China Sea, which lie almut six 
 leagues from tho W. coast of tho island of For- 
 mosa, rhcy aro only sand-bimks or rocks, 
 ana not a shrub is to bo seen upon them. Tho 
 harbour of I'ong-hou, tho principal island, is 
 good, and was fortified by tho Dutch, while 
 they were masters of Formosa. A Chinese 
 garrison is kept hero, with ono of tho manda- 
 rins called literati, whoso chief employ is to 
 watch tho trading vessels between China and 
 !• ormosa. Long. 1 2 1 . 25. E. lat. 25. 30. N. 
 
 1 oNs, a town of Franco, department of Lower 
 l.harcnte ; with a mineral spring; seated on a 
 hill, near the river Scvigne; 10 miles S. of 
 Saintes. Pop. 4000. 
 
 Pons. St., a town in tho department of Ho- 
 rau t. and a bishop's see. It is seated in u 
 valley surrounded by mountains, in which are 
 
 iZ Tno^ ''?""''' A ^i '""«' N. of Narbonno. 
 Pop. 4700. Long. 2. 47. E. lat. 43. 29. N. 
 
 1 ONT AuDEMEB, a town in the department 
 of Eure ; with manufactures of woollen, linen 
 and leather, and a brisk trade in corn, 'c^We! 
 and cider; seated on thoRiUoj 23 miles W 
 S. W. of Rouen. Pop. 5200 
 
 of MTrfh„**''TfK''ji " *°™ •■" *''<' department 
 ofMeurtho. It had once a univenjity. which 
 
 """.,.'T.°^^ ^ '^""ey >n 1769. It is seated 
 on the Mosolle which divides it into Z^fi 
 miles N. N. W. of Nancv. ^^ ' 
 
 rJ,!i'^t''l ^*"*'*^' ?.*"'™ •" the depart- 
 ment of Avciron ; celebrated for its minwal 
 waters ; 40 .ules S. S. E. of Rodcz. 
 
 Pont DE Ce, a town in tho department of 
 Ma^ne-et-Loire; seated on theLofre; Smiles 
 S. of Angers. Pop. 3000. 
 
 of f!;11 "L^'i'^"^u *rP •" t^o dep.irtmcnt 
 
 of?^rvL'''^''T?''' '"'^ '■" the department 
 of Calvados. It is a trading nlnco. «lnfn«i J 
 
 s" w'""'il n ' ^ """?! *™™ tho'sea, andTo~W.' 
 Mt.^9.l7^Nf"- ^°^- ^fi""- ^°"S- 0. 10. E. • 
 Pom DE Vaux, a town in tho department of 
 
 002 
 
PON 
 
 Am 8«ited on the H^ouze, rear its conflux 
 
 Eo„;'i«o'sr"''«'"''"/-^*i— r»i- 
 
 PoNTDE VEsr.E a town in the department 
 ot Ain, with manufiictures of stufft and tapes- 
 try; seated on the Vesle ; 12 miles W of 
 iJourg. 
 
 Pont du Gaiuj. See Oard. 
 
 Pont Gibaut, a town in the department of 
 Pay de Dome ; 10 miles W. N. W. of Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 Pont St. Esphit, a town in the department 
 l.f.l °« ^''f "y?"" Rhone; over which is 
 one of the finest bridges in Europe, consisting 
 of 19 great, and 4 small arches. To facilitate 
 the passage of the water, in time qf floods, 
 apertures are made through each pier, six feet 
 above the common level of the river and. to 
 8 em the rapidity of the river, the bridge is not 
 biult in a right line, but in a curve. Here are 
 manutactures of silk, and a good trade i« wine, 
 oil, and fruits ; 1 7 miles S. of Viviere, and 55 
 , ; .; «f *lontpelier. Long. 4. 40. E. lat. 44 
 10. N. 
 
 Pont St. Maxence. a town in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise, seated on the Oise • 6 
 miles N. of Senlis. 
 
 Pont-sur-Seine, a town in the department 
 of Aube, with a cattle, seated on the Seine ; 
 20 miles N. W, of Troyes, and 65 S. E. of 
 I'liris. 
 
 PoNT-suBrYoNNE, a town in the department 
 of \onne, seated on the Yonne; 8 miles N. 
 W. of SciiB. 
 
 PoNTA Deloada, a seaport of St. Michael, 
 one of the Azores. It is defended by a citadel 
 and contains about 8000 iuliabitants. Lonir. 
 25. 40. W. lat. 37. 45. N. ^ 
 
 Pontaulier, a town of France, department 
 of Doubs, with a F'rong castle on a mountain 
 it IS seated on the Joubs, and the frontiers of 
 Switzerland ; 22 miles W. of Neufchatel, and 
 35 S. E. of Besancon. Pop. 4500. Long. 6. 
 26. E. lat 46. 55. N. ^ 
 
 PoNTE, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont, seated at the conflux of the Saono 
 and Orcoj 19 miles N. N. W, of Turin. Pop, 
 
 PoNTE DB Lima, a town of Portugal, in En- 
 tre Douro e Minho, seated on the Lima, over 
 which is a magnificent bridge j 1 3 miles N. W. 
 of Braga. 
 
 PoNTE Stdra, a town of the Sardinian states 
 in the duchy of Montferrat; seated at the con- 
 flux of the Stura and Po, 5 miles W. S. W of 
 Casal. 
 
 PoNTA Vbta, a town of Spain, in Galicia, 
 near the mouth of the Lens: 26 miles N of 
 Tuy. 
 
 PoNTEBA, or PoNTE Imperule, a town of 
 the Austrian states in Carinthia; seated on the 
 Fella, over which it has a bridge to Ponteba 
 Veneta, a small town of the province of Friuli 
 It 18 20 miles N. N. W. of Friuli, and 25 S VV' 
 of Villach. 
 
 PoNiEruACT, a borougli in West Yorkshire, 
 governed by a mayor, with a market on Satur- 
 •lay, returning two members to parliament. It 
 
 504 
 
 POO 
 
 \s situate in a very rich soil, noted for its aa. 
 dens and nurseries. Its castle, now in ruins, 
 has been the scene of various tragical events in 
 the Jinglish history, particularly the murder of 
 
 M ^'t."-' ^^ """es S, W. of York, and 175 
 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 • Fu^'T/'!. Islands, a cluster of small islands 
 m the Mediterranean, opposite to the coast of 
 Terra di Lavoro. 
 
 PoNTiANA, a river of Borneo, which enters 
 the ocean by several mouths, iit the W, side? of 
 the island, under the equinoctial line, where the 
 Dutch have a factory, 
 
 -.I'ofJTiVY, a town of France, department of 
 Morbihan, with a linen manufacture ; seated on 
 
 31 0^" ^'''^*'' "^ ™"^* ^' °^ ^*""^'- ^°P- 
 PoNTOiSE, a town in the department of Seine- 
 et-Oise, with a castle. The parliament of Paris 
 was transferred to this place in 1662, 1720, and 
 1763. It is seated on an eminence near the 
 Oise, 20 miles N, W, of Paris, Pop, 5200. 
 Long. 2.6. E. lat, 49, 3. N, 
 
 PoNTORSON, a town in the department of 
 Manche, on the Cocsnon, with a tide-harbour- 
 1 miles S. S, W. of A vranches, ' 
 
 PoNTREMOM, a town of Tuscanv, with a 
 strong castle, seated at the foot of tlie Appen- 
 nines, on the river Magra; 40 miles S, W. of 
 Parma. Pop, 2500. Long. 9. 40. E, lat. 44. 
 25, N, 
 
 PoNTRiEux, a town of France, department 
 of Cotes du \ord, on the river Trieux: 10 
 miles N. W. of St. Brieux, 
 
 PONTYPOOL, a town in Monmouthshire, with 
 a market on Saturday, extensive iron-works, 
 and a manufiicture of japanned ware. It is 
 seated between two hills on the river Avon, 
 15 miles S. W. of Monmouth, and 148 W. 
 by N. of London, 
 
 PoNZA, one of the Pontian Islands, in the 
 Mediterranean; containing a town, harbour, 
 and considerable salt-works. It was taken by 
 the British in 1813. Long. 13. 10. E. lat. 40. 
 63. N, 
 
 PoNZONE, a town of the Sardinian states, 
 in the duchy of Montferrat; 20 miles W. N. 
 W. of Genoa. 
 
 Poole, a borough and seaport in Dorset- 
 shire; with a market on Monday and Thurs- 
 day. It 18 a county of itself, and sends two 
 members to pariiament. It is governed by a 
 mayor, and situate on a peninsula projecting 
 into a capacious bay, which branches into 
 many creeks, and forms several islands. The 
 pansh church, formerly a chapel of ease to 
 Lanford, is a very ancient structure. Here 
 are also various places of worship for dissent- 
 ers, a grammar-school, and several charity 
 schools. The harbour admits vessels of mo- 
 derate size only; but for them it is very se- * 
 cure. Poole rose into some consequence when 
 the ancient town of Wareham fell into decay. 
 The principal brancli of business here is the 
 Newfoundland fishery. It has also a large 
 importation of deals from Norway, a general 
 commerce with America and various parts of 
 liiurope, and a fine coasting trade, particularly 
 
POO 
 
 Kx^nd^rf.! T. ^*' ^""*^"'''' '" ""' "eeks of 
 w. h. W. of Winchester, and 105 W bv S of 
 London. Long. 1. 59. w. l„t. fio. 43 N 
 
 130. 0.' E. L 420 S ^•"»«'J'"«- Long. 
 
 square fie d In !'.,'" •!" "*='"'*y' « « ^"'•ge 
 mjuare new, enclosed with hich briit n„.it 
 
 where the peishwa used to assemble S n™K ' 
 when' Ih '''"'?" ''^ ^''^ alm~he g St Tm 
 Sm fK-\-n"^ ''^«''" terminated. The v5 
 from this hill commands the town, with all it^ 
 
 tlie British residency at the Sungum Th„ 
 town ,8 entirely defenceless, the .trS'ongInd 
 narrow, and the houses very iire^Iar y bu° It 
 The more respectable dwellings are raSed w h 
 
 X fSL^te'u '" '•''''-■Shtofablt 
 Bosed of f imK. i "'^ superstructure is com- 
 posed of timber frames, with slight brick wnll,. 
 
 The affairs of government are under the S* 
 55.^E"a":'^tN.^°P-^^M00. Long. 73^ 
 
 . PooRUNDER, a fortress of Hindoskm in Ho. 
 
 japore. where the archives of PoonSe kent 
 
 Poonl"" " '"°""'^"' '' •-"^•s E.rE.'^''of 
 
 PooTE, a town of France, in the department 
 
 r J^ j^ ' " •"■"^"'ce in the W. part of New 
 Oranada; republic of Colombia. A chain of 
 
 f^m nTs'"", T' ".'^""^^ ^'"^ --try 
 rrom j\. to S., and the soil near the ^lea is flat 
 marshy, and often flooded by the rains ' 
 
 v;n.r*''?'.u''^ *^'*P''"' "'■ tho foregoing pro- 
 vince, and the most ancient city erected'^ J 
 Europeans m this part of America. It con^ 
 ta^nsacathcdral, several churches and convents 
 
 ad th« '-T^-r- '^'"' t""!*^ » considemble; 
 and the inhabitants are estimated at 25 000 
 chiefly mulattoes. It stands in a JaL E' 
 
 E of'"£ ^^' f- ^'f ^'""'" ^''' and' 2 on: 
 ii. of Quito. Long. 75. 55. W. kit 2 S'y N 
 
 trv of Tf ' "'.E'^CLEs'AST.cAL States, a coun- 
 try of Italy; bounded N. by the IV which 
 Bepam es It from the Austrian states, E J he 
 
 h 12ol^-f' ""/ ^"P''^*' ""'^ ^- by Tuscany, t 
 18 120 miles long, and from «0 to 100 broad 
 
 d.videdintothedelegationsofBol„gna,Ferra 
 ^orh, lUvenna, Urbino and Pesfro, ISa' 
 Fermo Pontecorvo, Macemta. PeruLio sj^' 
 
 Civita Vecchia, and Ricti. The papal co^'^rn' 
 
 mr.^p" '•"''"''*'-^' -•' ■•"^^-^ . o 
 
 promote the happiness of its subjects ; the cniu- 
 
 615 
 
 POR 
 
 grow spontaneously, the indolence^ thetb, 
 
 Star" d "Cn^'"' *'^ r''^ »" »•-•""''" 
 linon i'aw J« ♦k'^P^' "''«=o'«J'"8 to the ancieii 
 tanon law, is the supreme, universal, and inde- 
 pendent head of the church, and s "nvS 
 with sovereignty over all Christian overS 
 o?nolv"£r"''5''ii''',l?'*'«- HehastheS' 
 e»ery vacancy from among the cardinals, each 
 of whom IS styled his Eminence. Their num 
 ber was fixed by Sixtas V. at 70, in allusionTo 
 J teaci;^?i; °^ "'?/"'='Pl«» -^nt out by Christ 
 sfni^^H, ^ world-an allusion without any 
 coT. tLP'°P"^*y,'.'" "° ^^^ classes of people 
 could be more unlike. The annual revenue of 
 
 600 OOoiJ'fn f^f }'''«>'' n°^ «duced to*^about 
 conntri« h'"''''!^ the exactions in foreign 
 his nav^fni*" ""l.'^'y force is inconsiderably 
 
 Sat nl£ V ^I!-""" °/* '■^^ 8«"«y''. "tation- 
 ed at Civita Vecchia. In 1798 this state was 
 
 taken possession of by the French, who eve" 
 
 urned its ancient governinent, and erected it 
 
 under%K-"''.?*^H*''° »°'"»° ™P»Wic 
 ^w- L^^ d'rection of five consuls. They 
 
 Uo^f fi""*! nn ^'"^ VI.. to remove from 
 VrZl T '"1° ^H'^^ny. and afterwards into 
 f 799 'in n' ^'t^ at Valence, August 19th. 
 hlhh, I ?^'=^'"^' following a conclave was 
 dfnfi r^^""^' ^'\^ "" *I"''=h 13th, 1800, car- 
 dinal Chiaromonti was elected to the papal 
 
 t^'^^^f"' '''^^"'' ^f P'"* VII.. anSTs- 
 rh^ i *''^^^«feignty. A concordat nas con- 
 cluded for France in J802, and in 1804 Napo- 
 
 1171"^ "T"^'' ^y^^^ P^P^; but in 1807 
 «^e emperor became imperious, while the poi.e 
 
 Mensn^^^'!''°"« ^''^"^ of independence. 
 Measures of violence were resorted to- Koine 
 was occupied by French troops; the pipe was 
 removed mto France and his states traZrm« 
 into a k ngdom, under Napoleon's son. He 
 fnv" r^p" ^''"^- '*; P"*°"" ''" the allies had 
 o mnj /r^. '" ^"'*' '''"•"" be was restored 
 o most of his former prerogatives. He died in 
 1823, and was succeeded by «,rdinal Hannibal 
 delia Genga, under the the title of Leo XII 
 
 baverio Castiglioni was elected to the papal 
 
 Poperingiie, a town of Belgium, --n West 
 w! ofTpre"sr "'" "'*'' Banie^nam'e. 6 S 
 
 TheTi;nh''»''"VT ''^^^''"^' *>" tbe slave coast, 
 llie inhabitants have saircely any houses ex 
 
 thTmidst"'f ""'*«^' \^''^" '" - "" iS/f- 
 the midst of a river. Long. 2. 33. E. lat. 6. 
 
 w^°'"'/"J>''"''» '" the Indian Ocean, on the 
 
 g'to'io'w ?"T''''' "* ""'^^ ^°"g. anJ from 
 9 to 12 broad. Long. 98. 30. E. lat^. 1. 10. S. 
 
 cor. ft"' f^T'l ''*■ Hindostnn, in Tnivan^ 
 core, taken by the English in 1795 It is no 
 pulous, and carries on a con»idwabl« trad*. It 
 
POR 
 
 Kl^7^>"-^h it extends GO Sl^/ t Z 
 J 8 name from a mountain, in which is a rj ' ; 
 Bilvor mmo, tho first worked by the Si.nnia -s 
 
 K To 4b S • ^°"K- ^7' -"• '^'• 
 
 loiiENTUui, a town of Switzerland, canton 
 
 roRLocK. a town i„ Somersetshire, with a 
 
 kiiurdmr«f ' S"''' '""I ™.'n"'«ci«l town of tho 
 K iifedom of binm. It is surrounded bv M 
 J^«t,o„s, and s tuute on a Ia,«o river. 300 mile 
 i>i. ol Its mouth in tho Gulf nf «;„«, "" """^^ 
 100. 2. E. Int. 17. 40. N ^""S* 
 
 I'onTABMNUTo.v. a borough of Ireland in 
 I <i« een s eounty; 44 miles from Dublin It co 
 
 iioiimarKet-iiall, 2 churches, and 3 chanela. 
 
 rorx.,T "''"'^' *° P'vrlikment: * ''*• 
 
 seated o.^a Sr''\'; "l^ePort of St. Domingo; 
 
 Long. 7*^ it«:irii, T'"'^ ^" ^''^• 
 
 nf v^n T?'"''"''*"''''^"' " ''«'»«"' on the N. coast 
 of Van Diemen's Land, where a Britkh Jml 
 nient was established in 1«04. ELS'^ 
 
 Port Desire, a harbour on 'he E const of 
 
 fat 4Tio. s! '"'^' ^''""' ^""S- «7. SO. W. 
 of ^Nortf A^?"''' ".''"'\«""-«'' "'0 W. coast 
 
 tl.e wo'lfoHle" N V*' ^rj'"'^""" '" 
 
 Islands, ^covered bC S^' ""'' "'^ ^""''""'^ 
 1765. ^Tho S ^ Commo<loro Byron, in 
 
 here in nnrf^ ♦ ^^ """?" °^ ^"S'""*! "I'Vt iido 
 KSd t "If f '««J"»ent of ships 'is to 
 
 of^Sh^A*"^'*?^' "11'"''°"'' °» "'0 W. coast 
 
 in the n,M n '"■?">' ^""''' "»' ^o be fathomed 
 
 Wns „?l?'''' "".'^ •'"^''"''J by peaked moun- 
 
 S fsT ',^0*=^'? ''^-R'". '■overed with snow. 
 ■"""8. 1*J7. 30. VV. lat. 5«. 37. N. 
 
 freS„^'"''''T' " *°*™ of Scotland; in Ren- 
 l^yi^!5«J ««ar the mouth of tho riv.Io' .re" "l 
 
 g^'who^*r^-"l*!"'P°^°f".ocity'ofGTns- 
 8"w, wiMwo magistrates appoint a 'wiliff for its 
 
 866 
 
 POR 
 
 government. The harbour ie oxcollont, and 
 there are extensive warehouses on tho quav 
 
 " unites wjth Dunbarton, Renfrew. &c in 
 
 n Si o°f rr""^"'^ *"J Parliamenr' It'ls" 
 njilcs fc. of Greenock, and 20 N. W. of Glasgow. 
 
 coast of Now South Wales; 13 miles N. of 
 
 n^ ?i ' '^*"'' """^ PeTondicuIur cliirs; and 
 the harbour is one of the noblest in tho v^orld 
 extending 14 miles in length, with numerous 
 creeks or coves. The name of Port Jackson 
 was g.ven to t by Captain Cook, who observed 
 It in 8,i.l,ng along the coast. See Svdnev 
 ,l«nn*ir ^»""'" strong town of Franco, in tho 
 Sd Im t' "^ ^orbihan; with n citadel and a 
 good harbour. It stimds on tho extremity of a 
 peninsula, at the mouth of the Biavet; 27'milcs 
 W. of Vannes. Long. 3. 18. W. lat. 47.40 N 
 I OUT Lou/fl, the capital of tho Island oi 
 
 rl .nf i*' "'""''■ '" " '""^ ""'> "»t valley, sur- 
 eXiv/'^ '"ountmns. In 1017 it was almost 
 ? S '"'"?* ^'T."' •'"* ^"o "'"CO been rebuilt. 
 It was long tho chief settlement of tlie French 
 m Ins part of the world, but now belongs to the 
 Brush. Long. 57. 32. E. lat. 20. 10. N. 
 
 1 ORT Maiion, a seaport and chief place of a 
 |l.stnot of the island of Minorca, with 'an excel 
 lent harbour. It is built chiefly on lofty rocks. 
 Itd^h !i-V" «'""™i good,andareall pro- 
 
 ono «nl „ K ™? " '"'■«<' •*"'! handsome; on 
 one Bide are barracks capable of containing 1200 
 men The only public walk is tho Alameyda, 
 
 sW^of 'th«T'^ ""• ""''r "^ *'«««• On onJ 
 side of the harbour « a dock-j'ard, and on tho 
 ot^her^a natm«l mole. Long. 4. 5. E. Jat. 3^ 
 
 Port Paix a town on the N. coast of St 
 SZrof' t'w " ^T^ ''"^"'' opposite tho 
 
 ,„?«"' Patrick, a seaport of Scotland, in 
 VVigtonshire, confined by the sea on one side 
 and on the other by overhanging rocks and hills! 
 Jrn^ "™';'y.«PP"«'to Donaghadee. in Ireland 
 from which ,t ,s only 20 miles distant; and 
 racket-boats sail hence for that place eve.; day" 
 The harbour is good, and has one of tho finest 
 quays in Great Britain, with a reflecting h£ 
 
 58. N. ^'^'"''"'Sh. Long. 5. 3. W. lat. 54. 
 
 Port Penn, a town of Delaware; in New- 
 castle county with a secure harbour opposrte 
 Ready Island, in the Delaware. It is the ren^ 
 clezvous of outward-bound ships, waiting for a 
 favourable wmd; 58 miles below Philadelphia. 
 
 X ORI KosiiWAV. &tf SllELBUKNE. ' 
 
 nJSr ^''\''' " ^P""^ *>' Jamaica; once a 
 considerable town, abounding in riches Mid 
 
 
POR 
 
 trndo. I,, 1002 it wni, <»c»troycd by .ui carth- 
 f the «oa, nnd in 1744 l.ya Imrrkano. Aflor 
 
 •untrcHi to bo hold hero m future. 1 1 now con. 
 ».«t8 of about 200 houses, built o., a S of 
 
 Sirt2''?r""^^'^''" ""'^^ into ufe sou 
 . U m guarded by » stronK fort. l',,,,. looo 
 
 1 ho harbour w deep, mid 1 000 Hhio, may ride 
 1'. It Bccuro from every wind, it i^ c „." e^ 
 
 ^TTv.tt^T«;tr-"^'^^''«''--^«"«^^ 
 
 l^iPimhammc, 22 miles S. K.of IvXicsW 
 un<l 6ii ubove Urbutum. '<-utncsuurg, 
 
 ToiiT JloYAf,, an inland on the const of South 
 CarolMja, 8o,.arated f.om tho nelKhbouHLco 
 t. .ent by an am. of the Hca, called Br" mUlive 
 which forms the most conlmodious lurbo i .' 
 the state, at the town of Ucaufort. 
 
 1 OUT St. Annu. See Kii.umm. 
 
 1 OUT br. Jur.M.v, a harbour on the E. cooHt 
 of Patagonia where ships bound for the i>S 
 
 loir&T. Maiiy, ft s,,,,|)ort of Spain in 
 Andalusm, on tho IJay of Cadiz. TIhm^ "jipa" 
 
 ncro III 1 702, witli a des.frn to bcsicL'e Cadiz but 
 without sueeess; 10 miles N. E. of Cmif ' 
 
 1 oaT sutt Saonb, a town of Fmnco n tho 
 Joi-artment of Upper Snono, on tifo iter 
 Saone; miles N. W. of Vosoul. 
 
 1 OUT loWACco, a town of Maryland, chief of 
 Char es county situate on n cre/k of is „ mo 
 
 tow? tT:- ^^''^"'' t "'""« '^''•"^"- 
 
 v I .; „f V ^ !'n!.""^ "'■•' "'" celebrated cold 
 ington. " ""'■^' ^" •""'■" ^- °f ^^"«''- 
 
 PaftmenST;" *T' "^ ^'■""'=«. "» "'C <!•> 
 paitment of Eastern Pyrenees, with a small 
 
 S^"\TA M.f '^rr""' Jef-<'eJ » t o 
 
 if; w ^^ ""'^'' ®' S- E. of Perpignan. 
 of rn?^^"''""• •* '"*" "'■ K^-'t"<^^k;, capital 
 of Gallatin count,, at the confluence of tho 
 Ivontucky and the Ohio. 
 
 of A?!!!'.*?"'^''-'.," *"'?•* ""'•eland, in the county 
 of, H."^^ ' u'"' ".l"""' "^"""fi'cture, situate 
 on the river Baun; IG miles N. of Ne«T v 
 1 onTALEcni:, a strong town of Portugal, in 
 
 Poi). 5G00.' ' """"'*"'"' ^*> '"'''-'« N. of Elviis. 
 PoBTici, a village 4 miles E. S. E. of the city 
 of Naples, on part of tho site of the ancient 
 llerculancnm, near Mount Vesuvius. Ikro is a 
 palace <Jf the king of Naples, enriched v tl n 
 vast number of fine statues, and other ron, ns 
 of antiquity, takon out of tho ruins of llercu- 
 laneum. Pop. 6200. 
 
 nJ^r''!r'!l"P*"'"''"''» in Dorsetsln'ro, con- 
 
 ^n tboS W "i"" «• «'^"="'^'"K "'J"ve 7 miles 
 up the b. \V. coast. Between this bank and tho 
 
 K"litfi" """P^^n™ of the sea, called the 
 t Icet. Portland Isle is 4 miles long, and 2 broad 
 Burroundcd by inaccessible rocks, except al IhJ 
 
 507 
 
 POR 
 
 '"mling-placc, at the N. W. end, where there 
 
 bvVS Vilf' ^''' ^^H ^«"«. bu" 
 el ! ^ , . .'• .^'"' P0'""8ula is noted for its 
 f cestono, which i, n«,d for building the fhieS 
 structures, and about 9000 tons of it a?o annu fly 
 exported It lies on tho S. W. shie of S 
 mouth Bay, and on its S, extremity, called Port- 
 land Point two li«ht houses have been eree S^ 
 Long. 2. 27. \V. Jut. 50. 31. N 
 . Portland, tho cij.ital of the state of Maine- 
 in Cumberland county; with a capacious har- 
 boi r, defended by a fort, a citadel, ond a 
 battery. It was almost laid in ashes by tho Bri- 
 tish fleet m 177.0, but has been entirely rebuilt 
 nnd has three churches. It is situate on a „!!,-' 
 niontory ,n . aaco Bay j with a light-house at the 
 uitrance of the harl)our; 120 miles N. N. E of 
 
 Is! io!'n. '''■ "''"*"■ ^''"«- '"• ^^- ^' '"'■ 
 
 h. \u"'a^'!!' m"'^.^"^' " cluster of small island.s 
 ill the South PaciHe. They are low nnd covered 
 
 Hi' ;;'°":',:"";1"«' centre one is in long. IW. 
 
 PoiiTo, a small seaport of the papal states, in 
 ho patrimony of St. Peter. It is the see of !I 
 bishop, (who IS generally a cardinal,) depen.hmt • 
 
 r { "'r'n,'"' P*!'"'- ^* '" ""'■'fc'l "» tho W. side 
 of ho Tiber ; 1 miles S. W. of Home. 
 
 1 oiiTouEux), tt modem watering place of 
 Seolland, 3 miles E. of Edinburgh, and 2i miles 
 from MuBselburgh, in 17C,5, it consisted of a 
 so itary, humble public-house, called the Porto- 
 bcllo which 18 still in existence in the iliLd,. 
 Btree . Tho present town is nearly a mile in 
 length, nlong the beach, and consists of several 
 streets, which aro thinly lined with detached 
 JiouMca It IS much frequented for bnthhig, and 
 c«nt;ii,is several handsome liouses. There is no 
 accommo'lation for shipping. nn.I it is seated near 
 tliehneot tho Dalkeith and EdinburKh railway 
 Jt unites with Lcith and Musselburgh, in sciid- 
 Jng a member to parliament. 
 
 PouTo JiKu.o, a seaport of Central America- 
 republ.i^t Colombia; on the N. co.-ist of the Isth- 
 nius ot Darien, nearly opposite Panama, on the 
 t>. coast. It IS a very unhealthy place, and the 
 eoiintry around it swarm&with toads and other 
 reptiles in the rainy season. Before the aliolition 
 ot the trade by the galleons, in 1748, and the in- 
 iJrnfr'vi""! f '5'»'<;^8'"'l>8, this place was the 
 Phn- "ru^*"/ ^^'^ "'^'' commerce of Peru and 
 Vhili. Iho town stands close to the sea, oh the 
 aide of a mountain that surrounds the harbour, 
 which IS safe and commodious. It was taken in 
 J742 by Admiral Vernon, who demolished the 
 fortifications; init ,t has since lieen strongly 
 
 lat? f) 33^ Carthagena. Long. 79. 50. W. 
 
 Kni'rr ^*"''^'-0' " seaport of Venezuela, 
 South America; with a good harbour defended 
 by forts It 18 a flourishing place, containinc a 
 population of 0000, and "s the centre of t^ie 
 navigation m,.d commerce of Venc-.uela; 70 miles 
 
 lat. 10.31 n"""' ^°"^-^^- 32- E. 
 
 Porto Farino, a seaport of the kingdom of 
 Tunis. Long. 10. iG. K. lat. 37. 12 N 
 
 Pouxo Fkurajo, the capital of the island of 
 
POR 
 
 5C8 
 
 E!b« with a good harbour, capable of contnin- 
 
 Mav4lKi T/*"t.'?'^""'=" °f Napoleon, from 
 Ba.led on his final expedition to France. Its 
 S.°Hv" **"'"*'> ""e Mediterranean, and it 
 perfectly commands the coast of Italy. It is a 
 verj- pretty town, built on a 8^elving rock, that 
 closes ,n a circular bay, about 2 mil^ deei and 
 
 ^d^L'"''''!^^^ The land all round is\"gS 
 and woody, and the entrance to the bay is high 
 
 Sm"''''- T^'t'^etsandfortrfiSs 
 rioe one above another, like rows o, .eats in an 
 
 ful spectacle to those who approach by wa'er A 
 ^T^T" r^ ^o^'Hiunicates, b/m^ns of 
 
 te?'^''*'K°^f*P''' "'^^ »» the strl^ts. Porto 
 J errajo was builtand fortified by Cosmo I., duke 
 of Florence, in 1548; but the fortifiSs were 
 rem"w?t? a" '''\"''^" Cosmo 'iTcrpS 
 
 tE^L "," ""'^ '^''^'"ed impregnable. 
 
 the r^™ rr/f"-"'*"'' ^'*'« sculpturl/ and 
 the rmgs for fastenmg cables to are of Jarved 
 
 tZ'^il T^^^- ^- »f Piombino, oT2 
 ^2.%. ^'''''''- W.12.17.e! 
 r^^r° •:u''°i " '"1^" *«»Port on the coast of 
 
 Porto Galetb, a town of Spain, in Biscay 
 Soa.*" " '^'^ ^y' 1*^ miles'N. W J; 
 
 PoiiTO Greco, a town of Naples, in the Capi- 
 tminta near the Gulf ot Venice; 16 mile^N. 
 W. of Manfredonia. ""'w ii. 
 
 P-f,r™ ?^"*«0' a to'^n of Austrian Italy, in 
 
 SSal.rvo!'^ '''^™'' '"^ "•"- ^ "iy 
 
 of fh??l^"A^?l!'^' ".'^PO^ on the S. E. side 
 of the Isle of Llbaj with a good harbour, and a 
 
 fl'Z Te «/»^V't''>'''^'»''«' It's 
 
 of OrWf Jii "^ P*"*" Ferrajo, and 35 N. W. 
 
 Porto Marin, a town of Spain, in GaUcia r 
 48 miles E. of Compostella. 
 
 Porto Praya, a town and bay of St. Jajro 
 one of the Cape de Yerd Islands. The tX 
 stands on an elevafr-d plain, and is the residence 
 
 ?n„r9q o"^"^^;-' ^V^"""' °f the islands. 
 Long. 23. 29. W. lat. 14. 54. N 
 
 pn^J'TrT ^^l""'*^ « seaport on the N. 
 coast of Cuba, with a good harbour. Near it 
 
 w. kS. 52'T °^ *''""°'"' ^°"^- ^^- ^^• 
 
 Porto Real^ a seaport of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, on the E. Bide of the bay of Cadiz ; 7 
 miles E. of Cadiz. ' 
 
 POR 
 
 Sf. Juan de Porto 
 
 rn T ^'*'**i. ?." J"'""*^ ®' tJ'e West Indies, 
 60 miles E. of St. Domingo, belonging to the 
 Spaniards. It is 120 miles long, and 40 broad, 
 diversified with woods, valleys, and plains, and 
 watered by springs and rivers, but unhealthy in 
 tlie rainy season. It Drndur<« su"»- — m -:- 
 ger, cotton, maize, and rice ; and'therewe^'^ 
 many cattle that they are often kiUed for the 
 
 sake of the skins alone. 
 Kico is the capital, 
 
 PouTo Santo, an island in the Atlant.j, the 
 least of the Madeiras ; 16 miles in circum- 
 ^IT^t I", -^"^^ ■* Portuguese ahip, coasting 
 along the African shore, was driven out to sea 
 by a sudden squall, and, when they all expected 
 to perish, they discovered this island, which, on 
 account of their escape, they named Porto Santo: 
 and hence they descried the island of Madeira. 
 It produces little com, but there are oxen and 
 wild hogs, and a vast number of rabbits. Its 
 most valuable productions are dragons'-blood, 
 •loney, and wax. It has no harbour, but good 
 ??chorage in the road. Long. 16. 25. W, lat. 
 uJ, 08, N« 
 
 Porto Sequro, a fertile province of Brazil, 
 b. of that of Ilheos, and N. of Spiritu Santo. 
 Ihe capital, of the same name, is seated on the 
 top of a rock, at the mouth of a river that 
 flows into the Atlantic. Long. 40. 0. W. lat. 
 
 Porto Vecchio, a seaport of Corsica, seated 
 on a bay on the E. coast of the island; 38 
 miles S. E. of Ajaccio. Long. 9. 10. E. lat. 
 41. 40, N. 
 
 Porto Vrneho, a seaport on the coast of 
 Genoa, at the entrance of the Gulf of Spezzia. 
 It has a good harbour, and is seated on the side 
 of a hill, at the top of which is a fort j 5 miles 
 S. of Spezzia. Long. 9. 38. E. lat, 44. 5. N. 
 
 Port Patrick, a town in Wigtonshire, op- 
 posite the town of Donaghadee, in Ireland, and 
 18 the nearest point of Britain to Ireland. A 
 magnificent harbour has recently been formed, 
 and the principal support of the place consists 
 in Its being a great international ferry station. 
 It IS 34 Jm. W. of Wigton, and 131 A S. W. of 
 Edinbui^gh. 
 
 Port Phillip, an extensive bay at the S. E. 
 extremity of Australia ; it is 35 miles long and 
 45 broad : the entrance is in long. 144, 36, E 
 and lat. 38, 18, S. At the head of the bay ia the 
 town of Melbourne and the flourishing S. Aus- 
 tralian colony. Western Port is to the east of it. 
 PoRTSEA, an island between Chichester Bay 
 and the harbour of Portsmouth, in Hampshire. 
 It IS a low tract, about 1 4 miles in circumference 
 separated from the mainland on the N. by a 
 creek, over which are two bridges, one for the 
 entrance and the other for the departure or 
 passengers. At the S. W. extremity of it is 
 situate the town of Portsmouth. 
 
 Portsmouth, a borough and seaport of 
 Hampshire, governed by a mayor, with markets 
 on Thursday and Saturday. It sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. It is the most considerable 
 haven for men of war, and the most strongly 
 fortified place in England. Its capacious har- 
 bour is made by a bay running up between the 
 island of Portsca (on which the town is situate), 
 and the opposite peninsula, having a narrow 
 entrance, commanded by the town and forts. 
 Many of the largest ships are always laid up 
 here ; and, m the time of war, it is the principal 
 rcuticzvous of the grand channel fleet. The 
 docks, arsenals, storehouses, barracks, &c„ a»« 
 all of great magnitude, and kept in the most 
 
POH 
 
 5G9 
 
 perfect order. To the S. of the town is the 
 noted ioad of Spithead, where the men-of-war 
 anchor when prepared for actual aervice. Ports- 
 mouth has one spacious church, Portsea, built 
 on what was formerly called Portsmouth Com- 
 mon, 18 now become much larger than the parent 
 town Hero are two chapels belonging to the 
 establisnment, and several places of worship 
 for dissenters. Portsmouth is the birthplace 
 of the celebrated phi-IanthropUt Jonas Hanway, 
 It « 20 miles S. S. E, of Winchester, and 72 
 b. W. ot London. Long, 1 . G. W. lat. 50. 47 N 
 Portsmouth, a town in N. America, the 
 capital of New Humi.shire. in llockingham 
 county, with seven churches. It is the largest 
 town and the only seaport in the state ; seated 
 on the Piscataqua, two miles from the ocean. 
 Ita harbour ,s one of the finest on the conti- 
 nent, well defended by nature, both against 
 storms and an enemy. It jg 56 miles N, by E. 
 of Boston. Pop. 7087. Long. 70, 42. W. lat. 
 
 4J. 5, IN. 
 
 Portsmouth, n town of Virginia, in Norfolk 
 county on the W. side of Elizabeth River, op- 
 posite Norfolk, from which it is one mile distant^ 
 It 13 107 miles E. S. E. of Richmond, 
 
 1 ortsmouth, a town of Ohio, capital of 
 bcioto county, on the E. side of the Scioto, at 
 Its confluence with the Ohio. It has n cou-t- 
 house, and is the dep6t for the merchandise of 
 the settlements of the upper parts of the Sciota. 
 It IS 60 miles S, of ChilUcothe, Pop, 1117 
 Long, 83. 8. W. lat, 38, 22. N, f' " " • 
 
 PoBMoy, a seaport of Scotland, in Banff- 
 shire. The vicinity is celebrated for its minerals, 
 
 POR 
 
 especially for a fine vein of serpentine, called 
 1 ortsoy marble ; a species of asbestos, of a 
 greenish colour, which has been wrought into 
 an incombustible cloth ; and a brilliant kind of 
 granite of a flesh colour, Portsoy stands on a 
 point of land projecting into Murray Frith. It 
 Js 9 miles W, of Banff. 
 
 Portugal, the most western country on the 
 continent of Europe, bounded on the W, and S 
 by tho Atlantic Ocean, and E, and N, by Si)ain, 
 It extends from 36, 56, to 42. 20. N. lat. and from 
 0. J5. to .9. 30. W. long., and is divided into tho 
 provinces of Entre Douro e Minho, Tras los 
 Pontes, Beira, Estremadura, Alentcjo. and 
 Algarve. Though Spain and Portugal are in the 
 same chmate, yet the air of tho latter is much 
 more temperate than that of the former, on ac- 
 count of the neighbourhood of the sea. Agri- 
 culture IS in a very backward state j the imple- 
 ments of industry are of the rudest construction, 
 and very httle com is raised. Indian com 
 imported from Africa, is used by the peasants 
 instead of wheat. Olives, vineyards, oranges, 
 lemons, nuts, almonds, figs, and raisins are 
 plentiful, and m the low grounds rice and maize 
 are cultivated. The inhabitants also make con- 
 siderab e quantities of salt with the sea water, 
 especially m the bay of St. Ubes, whence a grea 
 deal IS exported. Their export trade consists 
 
 ™i"T "'-u°^*''?- "■•^" country, aud the 
 merchandise which they receive from their 
 
 Vn^T P"T*'"'"'' c»"'P"8'"g Madeira, Capo 
 vcrd Islands, sume settlements in Africa, Gon, 
 
 and Macao ; the latter consists of wine, sumr. 
 tobacco, cotton, indigo, hides, and many bmoI- 
 lent drugs. The horses of Portugal were for- 
 merly in great esteem ; but they are now so fond 
 of mules, that horses are scarce. Towards the 
 irontierg of Spain there are mountains, in which 
 gold and silver were formefly found ; and tho 
 river Tajo was anciently celebrated by the poets 
 for Its golden sands. There are also mines of 
 iron, tin, lead, quarries of marble, and some 
 precious stones. The Portuguese are indolent 
 and luxurious. Plays and church festivals, bull- 
 fights, balls, music, &c., engross the whole 
 attention of those who are not compelled to 
 labour for their subsistence. The peasants are in 
 a state of vassalage, and subsist on the hardest 
 fare. In many respects they bear a striking 
 resemblance to the Highlanders of Scotland. 
 The principal rivers are the Tagus, Douro, Gua- 
 diana, Mondego, and Culdao. The government 
 18 an absolute monarchy. Formerly it had its 
 cortes or representative body, but, from 1697 to 
 the recent revolution, they were never assembled. 
 The estiiblished religion is the Roman Catholic ; 
 and there are two archbishops and 13 bishops. 
 Poitugnl appears to have been known at an 
 early period to the Phoenicians andCarthaginians. 
 It subsequently followed the fortune of Spain, 
 and, after being the scene of various military 
 operations, was finally reduced and constituted 
 a Romiin province, under Augustus, The Ro- 
 mans were succeeded by the Goths and other 
 barbarians. The Saracens, or Moors, invaded 
 the peninsula from Africa, and, after the battle 
 of Xeres, a. d, 712, set up several kingdoms, 
 and were not expelled from Portugal till the 
 1 3th century. In 1092, Alphonso VI„ king of 
 Castile and Leon, made Henry of Burgundy, 
 grandson of Robert king of France, count of 
 Portugal, as a reward for assisting him against 
 tho Moors. Alphonso, son of Henry, was the 
 first king. The last of his descendants by the 
 male line dying in 1580, Philip II, of Spain took 
 possession of the throne in right of his mother. 
 The rapacity of the Spanish viceroys was so 
 great, that in 1640 the Portuguese revolted, and 
 made John IV., duke of Braganza, king. His 
 successors were, 1 656, Pedro 1 1. ; 1 706, John V. ; 
 1750, Joseph ; 1777, Pedro III,; 1786, Mary, 
 daughter of Joseph, and widow of Pedro III.; 
 1816, John VL; 1826, Pedro IV,; 1828, Miguel 
 I, The family compact, or the agreement of 
 Fr.ince, Spain, and the Two Sicilies, Parma, 
 and Placentia, to guarantee each others' domi- 
 nions, was concluded in August, 1761. The 
 first effect of this confederacy was an attempt 
 by France and Spain upon the independence of 
 Portugal, and the Spaniards had not only passed 
 the frontiers, but had actually taken several 
 towns, when, by the aid of Britain, they were 
 repelled, and Portugal was delivered from ap- 
 parently inevitable destruction. Upon the death 
 of Pedro 111. the mental faculties of his widow 
 began to decline, and in 1799 her son assumed 
 Ju T^"-''-" "* feo^^'in'ent, as regent. In 1807 
 the British fleet preserved the royal family from 
 falbng into the hands of Bonaparte, and con- 
 veyed them to Brazil, Portugal itself, also. 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
POR 
 
 570 
 
 h 
 
 tr 
 
 " 
 
 Miirch 2 ) 1 Kir^" l"*-*" ''"^ "' l"o Janeiro, 
 .T,r.f '""''-*'' ''''°' "8 800.1 08 thoy were 
 
 John Vrht „","?'"''' '° "8*emble the cortes. 
 Smary ^n.^n"' ''''*='-*'V««»ed at Kio Janeiro 
 
 n.. .T r^.u ^''t '"^'^ constitution. July 4 1 «>l 
 On the l-2th of Octobnr l«o<> \u %, ' ... ' 
 procIaime<l »h„\,!:; ' ""' *''•' Brazilians 
 
 Seror of Bm,n ^ T f^«^"* constitutional om- 
 CL hSTi,'^.^ ""^ inaopcndencoof that 
 rn;,rf „«• f^ v ""*=® acknowledged by tho 
 ??nn M- ^'f "r- <^" tJ'e 30th of April J (I'M 
 Don Miguel, the king's youngest son Kcneml 
 
 make'h?';^,,!:; S"nt'° frf ">' '"'' *» 
 under the pro"eetro„ of fiJf^^ l! man-of-war ; 
 
 a chartPr whinK i! auo^rted as contained in 
 a cnarter which he sent over from Bra/il Tim 
 
 took place under the direction of the mSui of 
 
 with ancient trSefbetw4n Jfe two'ffr'' 
 J^enna returned to Lisbonin the springof 1828 
 
 ireat,„ ixlwccn the two kingdoms Th/ ,^, 
 ft«..on3 of Don Miguel Jo^l'apJearST^ 
 
 POT 
 
 siiccro, and on tho 80th of Juno he assumed 
 tho title of king of Portugid and Algarve A 
 weak resistance w,w mmlo by tho garrison and 
 
 lo Jn^^n- y^'' ^Vt it was soo^n overcome 
 llo WU8 obligea to relinquish Lis sovereignty 
 by tho troops of Ilia brother 1) , Pedro l,v e 
 
 Doit M '''"""8 J>". 'laughter the Infanta 
 
 IWuMNA, o town In Ireland; county Galwnv. 
 
 \L\l\n ''•""'"fi'lft"*. and w irregularly 
 built; 9<J miles from Dublin. 
 
 PosABos, a town of Spain, In Andalusia; 
 seated on tho Guadalquivcr; 10 miles S. W. of 
 cortlova. 
 
 PosATA, o town on tlio E, const of tho island 
 ot bardinia j 45 miles E, S. E. of Castel Ara- 
 goncso. Long. i). 30, E. Int. 40. 30. N. 
 
 1 OSEOA, a town of Sclavonin ; capital of a pa- 
 latinate of the same name. It wastaken from the 
 1 urks Ijy the Austrians, in I y «7. It is seated 
 near the Orlava; 18 miles N.N. W. ofBraJ. 
 1 osEX, Grand Duchy op, o province of tho 
 
 A riissinn states, comprising that part of I'oiand 
 which was restored to Prussio in 1815. On tho 
 *-. it 18 bounded by tho new kin^-dom of Poland, 
 and fe andW. by Silesia and liiandenburg. It 
 Is divided into tho two governments of Posen 
 una JJrombcrg, contains about 12,000 square 
 miles, with 800,000 inhabitants, and is watered 
 
 Dralie" ' "'° ^'"■"'"' "'" ^''"'' "'"^ ^he 
 
 Pose;*, the capital of Prussian Poland, and 
 
 ot the government of the same name, is a 
 
 on m,-,!i *'!• '*"^, •""? " univeraity, and a castio 
 on an island on tho river Wartn. Tho cathedral 
 18 magnificent. Tho suburbs aro extensive, and 
 contain many fine buildings. The river Warta 
 trequcntly inundates the town, but is very bene- 
 
 fim?of"p /'"l^*'-'''!l',^'"™""y- ^y "'^Parti- 
 tion of Poland in 1773, Posen became subject 
 to the king of Prussia. In 180C it was entered 
 
 „L . 1 r f ?'' l!'■'"^ ""«'''' Marshal Davoust, 
 aid addetl to the duchy of Warsaw till 1815 
 when 1 was restored to Prussia. It is seated 
 in tt pleasant plain; 27 miles W. by S. of 
 
 Siirk ^''' ^"'""*** ^""«- ^'- "•^- ^''*- 
 
 n.nt?nf''"A'.f *r" "^ ^"'^""y- '■" tJ'e princi- 
 ?£^ . ^"f"l^"''ff- It has manufactures of 
 cloth and leather. It is seated on the Gams 
 
 SeSr " '"'"^ ^^'^'^''' » "nilesN E of 
 
 Possession Island, an Island in tho South 
 
 HererLrV^'l^-.P""'* "^ ^ew Holland 
 Here Captam Cook hoisted tho British colours, 
 
 of Nowte."^'"." °^" ^^° ^- »' N. E. coas 
 ?Tr \"^ u""''' '" "'0 """ic of King George 
 
 "htt Kla^^r '""''^ ^''^^ ^°"«- 
 
 the^Sn^fh p""!"'' t"''' "" "ninf'abited island m 
 
 d„™ in""/ 1?*';!.' "*■ P"''"g"'. in Estrema- 
 dura; 10 miles N, E. of Santarem. 
 
 Bo^tolf^^l.'.^ '°''" "'' ^''i'^"^' •" iiasilicata; 
 
 rSwroftcrr"'"'^^*^"^"'^'-"- 
 
POT 
 
 Potomac, a river of tho United States 
 wluch rises in tlw N. W. pnrt of Virginb 3 
 Bo,.arate8 that Btoto from Maryland, almost 
 iU whole course, till it enters tho W. 81^ 
 S mZ" ^"^- " " ""''«able for noarly 
 
 PoTosi, o town of Bolivia} capital of n do- 
 imrtment of ts name. Hero ire the be^t silver 
 mines m all Amenca, in a mountain in tho form 
 
 ln„y>^; Silver was as common in thiS 
 pinco as iron is in Europe, but the mines are now 
 much exhausted, or at least little is obtained iu 
 comparison of what was formerly. The country 
 around .8 naked and barren. The town is s^ateJ 
 lii IV X? «,°*^ '.''<' mountnin of Potosi; 260 
 
 Z'-l^iS':Z;1.its. "•'■"'■'""■ ^ 
 
 Potosi, San Luis, See Luis. 
 1 OTSDAM, 8 province of tho Prussian states, 
 m Brandenburg; comprehending tho districts 
 former y termed tho Ucker Mark, the Mark of 
 Pregnitz and the greatest part of tho Middle 
 Mark. It 18 bounded N. by Pomerania and W. 
 Prussia, and S. and W. by Saxony. The city 
 Of Berlin with a small district lying around it. 
 forms a distinct government. Potsdam contains 
 an area of about 8000 square miles, with 400,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 PoTSLAM, the capital of tho foregoing govcm- 
 mentj situ.^ted on an island formed by the rivers 
 bpree and HaveL The public buildings display 
 great magnificence and taste. The roval palace 
 IS an admirable structure; and the hiuses near 
 It are almost all built in the Italian style. In 
 the market-place is a marble obelisk, 75 feet in 
 liei^iit; also marble statues of tho first four kincs 
 ot Prussia The garrison church is large, and 
 has a marble pulpit, under which is the tomb of 
 the Great Frederick,who8e remains are enclosed 
 ma wooden coffin, covered with copper, with- 
 out any ornament or victorious trophies, to 
 recall the memory of his actions. On a hill, 
 near the city, is the royal palace of Sans Souci 
 Which 18 oni- one story high, yet remarkable for 
 ite^ndr Jiagnificencc. Tho inhabitants 
 
 ot 1 ot8da.u ..ve manufactures of silk, velvet, 
 cotton, Imen, &c. It was entered without op- 
 position on the 24th of October, 1005, by tlie 
 *rench, who carried away with exultation the 
 Bword and scarf worn by the immortal Frederick 
 
 w. b W. of Berlin, to which there is a railway. 
 Population, 17,000. Long. 13. 49. E. lat. 52. 
 
 PoTTEHiES, The, a district in Staffordshire, 
 extending about 10 miles in length, and one and 
 a half in breadth. It comprises the towns and 
 vil ages of Burslem, Hanley, Lane End, Etruria. 
 
 n^TlT'I'^''^' '^""f'""' Longport, Shelton 
 Brownhills, &c., situated in a part of the country 
 abounding m coal, and clays of great variety in 
 colour and texture, which, together with the 
 ^eat canal intercourse kept up with all parts of 
 the ki-gdom, furnish a lar. ortion of industry 
 ana wealth. 
 
 IclT"^'." *r" ,^ Bedfordshire, with a mar- 
 
 671 
 
 PllA 
 
 Po-monovE, a town of Pennsylvania, on tlio 
 6chuylk.il; H5 miles N. W, of i'hiladel ',ld 
 
 of nri""""""'"' " *"'"" "f ^^^ York; capital 
 of Duchess county; with five churches,* on 
 
 Zv^^'^%J''r^r i"'""^- It l" «t"ate on 
 
 York.' ""*"""• ''^ ">"" N- "f Now 
 
 PououES, a village of France; department of 
 
 1,' ;J fi ' "°*.?^ ^"iJ 'tj/erruginous mineral spring. 
 It 18 five milee N. W. of Ncvers, ^ 
 
 Irnf ^^m""'," '"*? '" Lancashire, with n mar- 
 ket on Monday. It is much frequented in tho 
 iwthing season, and the population is incrcasiiiK; 
 the pansh church is a plain and commodious 
 edifice, erecteil in 1751, on the site of tho old 
 edifice, which had stood nearly 700 years. Hero 
 
 v,rin„l" I"''!* "C'^P^'^'P ^•"" dissenters, with 
 var 0U8 schools. It is lit miles S. W. of Lan- 
 caster, and 234 N.N.W. of London, 
 
 S w w^^'i'?!' T^"^ °" t'"' Sioulo; 19 miles 
 o. »y W. of Moulins. Pop. 3000. 
 
 PoyANo-Mou, a lake of China; in the N. part 
 of the province of Kiang-si; formed by tho con- 
 fluence of several rivers, which meet here from 
 evcr^ point of tho compass. It is 250 miles 
 in circumference, and surrounded by a most de- 
 solate region. 
 
 Pozzuoto. See Puzzuoli. 
 
 inn"*-?'^V *?^" °^ t''" kingdom of Siam ; 
 K Z^ N. of Siam. Long. 101. 10. E. ht. 
 
 Phacels. SceFAMCEia. 
 
 PiiACiiATiTz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Piachin; 23 miles S. by W. of Pisck. 
 
 Pbachin, a mountain of Bohemia, on which 
 formerly stood a castle of the same name. It 
 gives name to a circle on the W. side of the 
 Muidau, of which Pisek is the capital. 
 _ Pbapes, a town of France ; department of 
 Kastcrn Pyrenees; seated in a fine plain, on the 
 river Tet; 24 miles W. S W. of Perpignnn. 
 
 1 BADEs, a town of Spain, in Catalonia; near 
 winch 18 a magnificent abbey, where the ancient 
 kings of Amigon were interred. It is 39 miles 
 N. W. of Barcelona. 
 
 Pbaoa, a town of Poland, on the Vistula- 
 opi)08ite Warsaw, of which it is considered as' 
 a suburb. 
 
 Pkagilas, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont; 7 miles W. of Turin. 
 
 PiUGUE, the capital of Bohemia, and formerly 
 an archiepiscopal see. It comprehends four 
 towns, the Old, New, and Little Town, and the 
 Hradschm. It is 15 miles in circumforence, is 
 built upon seven hills, and contains 05.000 in- 
 habitants. The Muidau runs through the city 
 separating the Old Town from the New; and over 
 It 18 a bndge of 1 8 arches, with a strong tower at 
 each end. The Old Town is very populous; the 
 houses are high, and the streets narrow. In this 
 part are the remains of a palace, where tho 
 ancient kmgs resided; but the finest ornament 
 18 the university, frequented by a great number 
 ot students: here also is a magnificent coUese. 
 formerly belonging to the Jesuits; and the Jews 
 have nuio synagogues, and aro about 7000 in 
 number. Tho New Towa contains fine struo- 
 
 i| 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 '1 
 
 I 
 
ii 
 
 PRA 
 
 Town which «fr :"'''.'-''"'''''*'• -"'oLittio 
 HmdscWn o„^ i' T'' 'V'^ P»J'"'""«- Tho 
 
 . '"«•'. Long. if. 30. K J.l.Tdr'e N "'^'■''- 
 N. by E. of Misitrn ^"'^"^^ajH,!,; IC miles 
 
 i ",500. It la 1 niileg N. W. of FJoren«, ^' 
 
 PRAVA. AVer Porto PRAYA. 
 R««ir*!n' °,L^'^"«™^ " ^own nnd fortress of 
 
 deen trnn^i, <^ "^"'V,'-'' .'° the continent. A 
 
 IKE 'of; Sd. I iTI' '" *^"S """^ 
 
 eastern estreraity of the Frisch nfff ^^ 
 
 seated on the sTnT;' eS"^!,^"'^" by Wl^'' 
 burg. Long. 21. o! E. lat.Ti) o N ^'"" 
 
 £whr;-f„p;L.frsx^^^ 
 
 Btir%T80?o'"i *" -•'- nI.. ".''ol 
 19?N.' *"f-^'^^®- ^o««.13.55.E.lat.53. 
 
 079 
 
 PKK 
 
 circle o?ih '"*" "^ """'^"'' ™P''«1 of " 
 
 -n. L. Jnt. 49. 23. N. Pop. 2300. *'°"»' "• 
 on the nl"::,' " "''/• 1' *.*''"«'"y- It J» •«'t'^<! 
 liimut .50 yards in breadth. Tho inlab tants 
 nre estimated at 30,000. Us castle, a Sc 
 Oothic structure, was burnt do^rL. the com 
 mencemont of the present centuiy. £ town 
 
 t7v enna ^nX'^' "" ".'=™""' "^ '"• "dnity 
 in iti r.?fh 1 , ^''u ""^^'^'g"" nfe "till crowned 
 in Its cathedral ; but tho principal officers of 
 government reside at Buda, and tlu, d£ and 
 B.y.remo courts of judicature meet a Pesth 
 
 miles i!<. by S. of Vienna, and 95 W. N \V of 
 Buda. Long. 17. 9. E. lat. 4(t. 9. N. 
 
 on TuS 1'? «" '■" f •"«■■«»•"•'■«. with markets 
 0) luesday and Saturday. It is a lone stnur 
 gling town, and may be Lid to l,e alZVB 
 
 ext'em^ r 't"^'""'' .''f'"8 *o'k«J close to ii 
 extremities. The parish church is a spacious 
 edifice, dedicated to St, Marv. In the chaTcel 
 w a largo upright figure of John oSI on^of 
 the captains who 'defended Lathom ' Hous^' 
 Ihe dissenters have places of worship w^ni 
 
 1 shTa?"' " ' T' ''"? '.' " fr--h5cs2 
 iisnta at an early period by tho towi.Rhin 
 M the east entmn'ce of tho t^.wn are rvSmi 
 
 it'T""' '^"^'"^ '" '^""' »'y 01?^" Lyme 
 It 18 estimated that 2000 persons are emplomi 
 
 ciiietly supplied with fuel by the niilwav whicli 
 passes about a mile from ti!,is town. Here^J 
 ZZ^^'"" 1 -ateh-movements. pinSrwi^' 
 small files, and coarse earthenware ; and also 
 «.n^ manufactories of cotton, hats. &c. ? « m"^ 
 pL Jr''""'' """^ '"^ ^- N. W: of Londo 
 
 Pkesteion, a town of Wales, in Riidnorshire 
 with a market on Saturday. It may be Zmed 
 
 Thi!^ i- •'^' ''"'' '" " " the county jjaol 
 r, „ ,'■ I ,1^ *""'*''' "^'"" the source of the Luc 
 
 and 1 n" '^^ V'oT fend- ''• Y' "' ''^^^^^^' 
 lat. 5-2. 15 N ^°"'^°"' ^""K- - 58. W. 
 
 wit^TZ'i*\''*'J'''"".''^ Denmark, in Zer.Iand. 
 St. 55 9 iJ^- °^ C''P«'»hagen. Long. 12. 6. E. 
 
 bv'^a" m?"*' ** '^'"T*'' '" Lancashire, governed 
 Friday rd^'sr": '""^^'^"n WednesdaT^ 
 bP« f^'„ ,• S'*'"'''l«y- It returns two mem- 
 
 pSineof nn °^^•'-•^°U«»^i<^t^ for the county 
 I^e f h« V • ""'T*^'- ^''^ cJ^'ef nianufacturw 
 are the various branches of cotton and musS 
 
to be 
 
 PRE 
 
 which are now cnrriod on to n coiwidemlilo ex- 
 lent Hi>ru uro Hvo clii.rdiei, two aitholio 
 chnpels, eight mcotinK-lioiwes for (lisgciitore 
 nnti Bovenil schools ond other churitjiblo iiisti-' 
 tution*. It in noted for tho defcut of the Pre- 
 tender's adherents in 1715, when most of them 
 were made prisoners ; also for n kind of public 
 carnival, or jubiJco, held every '20 ycurs. the 
 ast of which was in 1822, It is sJnted near 
 tlu) Hibblu and tho Lancaster Cnnal | 22 miles 
 t>. b. fc. of Lancnator, and 217 N. N. W of 
 London. Long. 2. 53. W. lat. 53. 46. N 
 
 raKSTONiMNa, a town of Scotland, in"llad- 
 •ImglonHiire, with a safe harlwur, called Mo- 
 riHon 8 Haven, on tho Frith of Forth. It has 
 manufactures of salt, and a considerable oyster 
 hHhery. At this ,,|„ce tho royal army was 
 defeated ,y the Pretender's adherents, in 1715! 
 B mi' es K. of Edinburgh. ' 
 
 PiiKTScii, n town of Prussian Saxony, with a 
 fine cnstle, seated on tho Elbe • 10 miles 8. of 
 Wittenberg. 
 
 573 
 
 PRI 
 
 PniorrrN, a town of Saxony, on tho Elbe ; 
 lf< miles S. by E. of Wittenberg. 
 
 PuijviiSA, a t3wn of Greece, in Albania, 
 and a bishop's seo. It stands on tho ruins of 
 the ancient Nicopolis, built by tho emperor 
 Augustus, in memory of his victory over An- 
 tony. It was taken by tho Venetians in KJiit 
 was ce.Ied to tho Turks in 1718, taken by thj 
 Ironch III 1798, and retaken tho following 
 yoir by the Turks, in whoso hands it remained 
 till tho recent liberation of Greece. It is 
 seated on a mountain, on tho Gulf of Larta ; 
 70 miles N. W. of Lepanto. Pop. OOOO 
 Long. 21. 5. E. lat. 39. 14. N. 
 
 PuEuii.LY, a town of France, department of 
 indre et Loire. Near it are mines of iron. It 
 stands on ti.e Claise ; 18 miles S. of Loches. 
 
 Priaman, a town on tlic west coast of tho 
 island of Sumatra, where tho Dutch had for- 
 merly a factory. Tho environs produce but 
 little pepper j but the air is healthy. It stands 
 on a small river, in which gold is found. The 
 iinglish East India Company formed a settle- 
 ment here in 1685. Long. 98. 0. E. lat. 1. 
 
 Primke.\uu, a town of Prussian Silesia, in 
 the government of Leignitz • with an iron 
 torgo, and a manufacture of paper ; 16 miles 
 o. W. of Glogau. 
 Prince Edward Island. See John, St. 
 Prince Frederic, a town of Maryland, chief 
 of Calvert county ; 35 miles S. E. of Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Prince op Wales Cape, the north-western 
 extremity of America ; discovered by Captain 
 Cook in 1778. It is on the aide of BehrinK 
 Strait. " 
 
 Prince op Wales Fort, the most northern 
 Bettlemunt of the Hudson Bay Company, on 
 the W 8ido of Hudson Bay, at the mouth of 
 Churchill Kiver. Long. 94. 7. W. lat. 58. 
 
 Prince op Wales Island, or Pulo-Penano, 
 an island two miles from the W. coast of Ma- 
 .acca, 18 miles long, and 8 broad, divided longi- 
 tiiJaially by a ridge of mountains. The chan- 
 
 nt'l to the mainland ia a safe roa.1 for ships. 
 I his IS and was purdiasetl of tho kingof Queda 
 by tho English Eiuit India Company, wh £e5 
 a«,ttloment hero in J 786, and. in «ve ye.« 
 after, Georgetown, its capital, was established 
 as a scaiiort. Tlio inhabitanU wore estimated 
 in 1805, at 14,000, since which time tliey haVj 
 considerably increasoil. Long. 98. 60. E. lat. 5 
 ot>, N, * 
 
 Prince William Henry's Island, an island 
 in the Eastern Ocean, lying W. v W. of 
 lonch Island. It is pretty high, well :vooded. 
 and about 70 miles in circuit. The populr.tioi 
 w es imated at 50,000. It was discovered by 
 Lieutenant Bull in 1790, and a high mountaiu 
 
 itf; ; •• M- 'u- '.' •'■'- S— Also, tho name of an 
 slandin the Pacific Ocean ; discovered by Cap. 
 
 l'7 S ' *^''"'' ^°"«- ^<'- «• W. la't. 
 
 Prince William Sound, a gulf on tho N. 
 
 W. coast of America, discovered bv Cook in 
 
 ; I-,.?"''/"'"'''' ""'* explored by Vancouver 
 IM 1/94. Long. 147. 21. W. lat. 59. 33. N. 
 
 1 ttiNCE'8 Island, an island near tho west 
 coiwt ot Guinea; 90 miles in circumference; 
 discovered by the Portuguese in 1471. It is 
 elevated an.l fertile, and has e town on tho N. 
 lat i "!lO N ^"'^ ^'"^o^f- Long. 7. 40. E. 
 
 Puinck's Island, a small island in the In- 
 <lmn Ocean, near the W. entrance of the stniit 
 ot tjuiuln. It is visited by European ships for 
 wood and water. Long. 104. 30. E. lat 6. 
 10. a. 
 
 Prince's Islands, four small islands in tho 
 hoa of Alaimora, near tho strait of Constanti- 
 no],lo, called Pri,ikii)0, Prote, Kaike, and Anti- 
 gone. The first is tho largest, and has a town 
 containing above 2000 inhabitants. Long. 28. 
 oO. E. hit. 40. 51. N. 
 
 pRiNCKss Ann, a town of Maryland, in 
 boniersot county; situate on Chesaiieako Bay. 
 
 Z o b *"''' "*' "•« Monokin river : 25 miles 
 W. 8. W. of Salisbury. 
 
 Princeton, a town of New Jersey, in Mid- 
 dlesex county. Hero was a college called 
 XNussiiu Hall, which was burnt down in 1803 
 It 18 12 miles N. E. of Trenton, and 18 S. w! 
 of Brunswick. 
 
 Princeton, a town of North Carolina, in 
 Gates county; situate on the Meherrin; 3 miles 
 Ilalif **"''^''^^*''°™"g'i, and 28 E. N. E. of 
 
 Principato, a province of Naples, divided 
 
 Further and Hither Principato. The former is 
 60 miles long, and 30 broad ; the soil is fertile 
 m wine, corn, oil, and saffron ; and it has a 
 
 A ^?L°^ """' """^ ^^^^fal mineral springs. 
 Area, J400 square miles. Pop. 503,000. Sa- 
 lerno IS th capital. Principato Ultra is 37- 
 miles long, and 30 broad ; the soil is not fertile 
 111 corn or wme, but it produces chestnuts, and 
 has evcellent pastures. Area, 1800 square 
 miles. Avellino is the capital. 
 
 Pristina, a town of Romania, and a bishop's 
 see, which was pillaged by the Austrians in 
 
PRI 
 
 674 
 
 PRU 
 
 Ifinff. Il f, !«>,,t«I on tho Iluica; IfiO miles 
 8. hyh. of Dolgrado. Long. '2 1 . 36. E. l«t. 41 
 4.1. N. 
 
 PniTZWAi.K, n town of Pniisin. in nrnmlcn- 
 burg, Roiitcl on thoDomnitzj 13 milea E. N. 
 h. of Perlehprg. 
 
 I'luvAS, n town of Franco, cnpitiil of tho do- 
 pnrtmo/it of Ardoclio. It i« seated on a hill, 
 near tho conJIueiieo of tlireo smnll rivers; fid 
 miles S. of Lyons. I'op. 8000. Lone. 4. 30. 
 E. hit. 41. 45. N. 
 
 PRocfDA, nn iBliind in tho Oulf of Naples, 
 near that of fschiu • fl miles in circumference' 
 and very fertile and pojiulous. Tho ca]>itnl, of 
 the same name, is n small fortified place, on n 
 ln«h craggy rock, by tho sea side. I'on. 1 2.000 
 Long. x4. )). E. lat. 40. 43. N. 
 
 I'aon.vNo, an island in tho Moditennnonn, 
 near tlio W. coast of tho Morea, formcrl v railed 
 Nplmcteria. It is 36 miles H. S. E. of Zantc. 
 Long. 21.24. E. lat. .S7. 15. N. 
 
 Promu, ft city of Dirmali, province of Avn. 
 It was formerly more considerable, having been 
 greatly reduced by frequent wars, ))iit has at- 
 tained something of its former magnitude. 
 Much teak timber is sent lienco to llangoon. 
 It is seated on tho Irrawaddy; 120 miles N. 
 W. of Pegu. Long. .05. 0. E. lat. 1.1. 50. N. 
 
 Pbosi'kct. a town of tho* state of Maine, in 
 Hancock county, on the W. side of Penobscot 
 River; 12 miles N. N. E, of Belfast. Top. 
 
 I'nosrEnons, n village of Ireland, in tho 
 county of Kildaro; 10 miles S, W. of Dub- 
 lin. It has a considerable manufacture of 
 cotton. 
 
 PROSNITZ, n town of Moravia, in tho c'rclo 
 «f ^Imutz ; niiles S. S. W. of Olrautz. Pop. 
 
 PuovENCE, r. former province of Franco 
 which now forma tho dejiartments of Var' 
 Lower Alps, and Mouths of tho llhone. ' 
 
 Phovidkmce, one ' Jic Ilahama islands, and 
 tho best of those plante." by tne Enclish. It 
 was t.akcn by the Spaniards' in 17IS2, but re- 
 • ^on''^ "'^''t yenr. A lighthouse was erected, 
 m 1804, on an omincnee overlooking Ntissau, 
 tho chief town. Pop. 5090. Lonir. 77. 20 W 
 lat. 25. 3. N, ■ 
 
 PuoviDE.NCE, an island in tho Atlantic, 
 which tho bucnnnecrs fortified, but nfterwarda 
 abandoned. It is 150 m-Ies E. of the coast of 
 Nicamgua. Long. 80. 44. W. lat. 13. 2r,. N. 
 
 PnoviDENCK, a river that rises in the st.-ito of 
 Massachusets, and waters the town of Provi- 
 dence, whence it is navigable for ships to Nar- 
 mgansct L.iy, which it enters on Mio W. side of 
 Khode Island. 
 
 Providence, the oldest town of the state of 
 lihodo Island ; chief of a county of its name, 
 and the semi-c.-ii.ital of tho state. It has 
 several manufactures, and a large foreign .nnd 
 inland trade. Here arc eight edifices fo'r pub- 
 lic worship; a 'landsomo court-house, in which 
 18 a bbrary for tho use of the town and county: 
 and a flourishing seminary, called Rhode Island 
 College, I'rovidenrc- h scitted on both sides of 
 tiio nvcr of the s.-imc name; 30 miles N. W. of 
 
 Long. 71. 26. W. 
 
 Newport. Pop. 2.1.171. 
 lat. 41.51. N. 
 
 Pkovinoetown, n town of MassnchusoU, in 
 llarnstftblo county ; situate on tho hook of Cape 
 tod. Its harbour is ono of tho best in tho 
 Mate, and was tho first port entered by tho 
 English m 1020, when they came to settle. ;„ 
 New England. Tho houses are only ono ,u,ry 
 high, and set upon piles, that the driving sands 
 may p„„ „nJer them. Tho Inhabitanta nro 
 Wholly dependent on Uoston and tho towns in 
 tlio vicinity for every vegetable production ; 50 
 miles E. H. E. of Boston. 
 
 PuoviNs, a town of Franco, in tho depart- 
 ment of Seine et Mnmo; celebrated for its 
 mineral waters. It has a considerable trade in 
 corn, and some woollen mnmifiictures, and is 
 seated on tho Vouzie; 00 miles S. E. of I'oris. 
 PiitrcK. Sec UnucK. 
 
 PniissiA, ft large country of Europe, occupy- 
 ing a great part of tho N. of Gennnnv, and 
 extending, with little interruption, from tho 
 confines of Lithuania to those of tho Net.ier- 
 lands. It is a very fertile country, producing 
 a great deal of flax, hemp, and corn. There 
 are a great nambcr of domestic animals; and 
 tho sea, the rivers, and lakes, supply abundanco 
 offish. Game abounds; and elks" wild nsses, 
 and uri, arc found in tho forests : these last aro 
 of a huge size, and Imvo some resemblance to 
 beeves; their hides aro extremely thick and 
 strong, and they nro sold to foreignera at « 
 great i)rice. One of tho most remarkable pro- 
 ductions of this country is yellow amber, which 
 IS found along tho seacoast. There aro two 
 large lakes, besi.ies tho rivers Vistula and 
 Prcgel. The inhabitants are generally of a 
 good constitution, laborious, and robust. There 
 are a great number of mechanics; but the prin- 
 cipal business is husbandry, with the feeding of 
 cattle. In the 13th century Prussia belonged 
 to tho knights of the Teutonic order. In U54 
 that part since denominated 1 jlish, or West 
 1 russia, revolted to Cusimir IV., king of 
 I'oliind, and was incorporated into tho do- 
 minions of tho republic. At tho sjmie time 
 the knights were constrained to hold the re- 
 maining part, called Ducal or East Prussia, as 
 a fief of the crown of Poland. In 1525 Albeit, 
 the gr.ind mastrr, betrayed the interests of his 
 fraternity, and concluded a treaty with Sigis- 
 mund, king of Poland, by which East Prussia 
 was erected into an hereditary duchy, and given 
 him as a Polish fief. Having adopto<l tho 
 tenets of Luther, he married a princess of Den- 
 mark, and transmitted this rich inheritance to 
 his descendants; one of whom, Frederic Wil- 
 liam, was tho duke that threw off' his depen- 
 dence on Poland. The foundation of tho 
 J russian monarchy was ostabUshed by him, 
 between 1040 and 1088. His son and suc- 
 cessor, Frederic, in 1701 assumed the title of 
 lung of Prus.sin, which was soon after acknow- 
 ledged by nil tho Christian powers, except 
 loland, which did not acknowledge it tiJl 
 J/ 64. In 1742 Frederic II. acnuired the 
 tUi-'iy of Silesia from tho house of Austria ; 
 tt' by his wonderful victories, and tho Still 
 
PKU 
 
 S75 
 
 
 inofo woniLrflil rcsotir.-co hy whioh ho ronnired 
 «.c«wio„ul ,left.«(« h., Iw,e;,me tlio miniiration 
 of tho ago. In 177J ho c.inpclloJ ll.o Polos 
 r^i"". % n "I ^^'*"7"j;'"«»''». excepting tho 
 aUos of Dnntzic a„.l Thorn. Jfo eultivatcl 
 tho nrU of pcnoo lu well «., wnr, digtinguishini? 
 
 nnd expending largo anms In tho improvcmon 
 of ho country Ilo w.w Rucccedcd by hia 
 nephew, Frederic Wilh-.un II.. i„ UOfi who 
 
 w£.h',,r » ."71'"' .^'"""'dwnblo provinces, 
 I," '\ 'l" "'^''r'' «""thcra I'mssin. Ho hm 
 
 ru K 
 
 trance, in tho_ early part of tho rov.,l„tion; but 
 made pence with tiiat country in April 17,0,5 ■ 
 
 Willinm IH., continuod on amicable terms 
 With I-ranco, 1. 1 tho dissolution of tho Ger- 
 mamc body m inoo, „,ul the consoquent for- 
 nation 01 the Confederation of the Rhine, 
 when, thinking him.self nRgrieved, ho declared 
 jar against Franco. This war was of short 
 dunition, but of rnost disastrous consequences 
 
 ot the lolish dominions belonging to rriissia 
 With a few exceptions noticed under tho article 
 l<.land, were transferred to another prince; 
 hi, ribt 1""' IruBjin had further to renonnco 
 '■» right o all the territories, without excep- 
 ion, Situated between tho Elbe and tho niiine. 
 to hoso belonging to Saxony nnd tho house of 
 Anhal on the right l«,nk of tho Elbe; and 
 lastly, ,0 tho circle of Uothus, in Lower L usatia 
 which was ceded to Saxony. Thus was PrussT-; 
 reduced to tho lowest rank among tho poZs 
 of Europe, an event solely owing to her acnui- 
 cscenco m tho projects nnd policy of Fnu.co 
 ngiunst Austria, nnd her absurd system of nou- 
 trality miring those great political contests, bv 
 which she hoped to raise herself to tho rank of 
 ho first power m Germany, while she was in 
 tact degra( cd to a situation among tho weakest 
 ot tho weak. On the memorablo retreat of the 
 I'rench nrmios from Russia, and tho arriv;.l of 
 tho Russians within tho territories of Pru-M'-i 
 she, however, threw off her nl'ianco wt'ii' 
 I' ranee, joined Russia in the war, and made 
 siich extraordinary efforts to retrieve her lost 
 chamctor, by the magnitude of her armies and 
 he counigo which she maintained in tho field, 
 that, on tho conclusion of the war, ail the 
 countries which had been wrested from her by 
 tho treaty of Tilsit were restored, Tho king- 
 dom is now divided into 10 provinces, n.nmely 
 E.T8t Prussia, West Prussia, Brandenburg, Pq. 
 merania, Westphalia, Cloves and Rcrg, Silesia 
 Poson, Saxony, and Lower Rhine; which nro 
 subdivided into 2)1 governments. For military 
 purposes, tho kingdom is divided into five 
 great parts, viz., Prussia, Brandenburg and 
 Fomeranin, Silesia and Prussian Poland, Sax- 
 ony, and, finally, Westpbalia with tho Lower 
 llhine. Area, 11. 5,7.05 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1 2,.552,27iJ. Berlin is tlic Capital of all 
 Prussia. 
 
 PnussiA PnopEn, an extensive division of 
 the Prusaian stiUes, Ijctwcen tnu nortlicrn fron- 
 
 rr of Poland nnd tho Baltic. It compri-e. 
 tlic i.r,,»mcc9 of La«t and Wost Prutoia, dividwl 
 former y by tho Vistula, and now by'a!i,oa 
 few miles to tho E. of that river. East Pruiwi I 
 bos between 19. 20. nnd 21. 15. of E "S 
 and r,-2. 32. and SG. 3. of N. Int., nnd d' 
 
 1,000,000 inhabitants. It h divided into tho 
 governments of Konigsberg and Oumbinnon. 
 west 1 russin m a less extensive country, its 
 
 ?'mnoo"*r!"''^?^'''?'"° *""«»'"» Populiifion 
 MO.OOO. It IS divided into tho governmenU of 
 Uantzic nnd Maricnworder. 
 
 Pni TIC, a river th.it rises in Marmarosch, in 
 Hungary, crosses part of tho palatinate of Leni- 
 burg. flows through Moldavia, ond enters tho 
 Uiiiubo above Rcni, in Bessarabia. 
 
 Pni/VM, a town of tho Prussian province of 
 Lower Rlnno, with ,» princely ahbcy, seated on 
 the river Pruym ; 30 miles S. S. E. of Aix-la- 
 Chnpello. 
 
 PnzraMiRLiA, n town of Austrian Poland, 
 capital of a circle of its name, with a castio 
 seated on tho river Sanj 51 miles W. by S. of 
 Lcnibcrg. Pop. 7400, 
 
 I'uziiiruM, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 ot llcraun, with a siver mine, and an iron- 
 toundry, seated near tho river Mulduu ; 28 
 miles S. S. W. of Prague. 
 
 PsKOP, a government of Russia, lying be- 
 tween those of Livonm and SmolenskoT It 
 
 TooKof ? ?"."'*'" "^ -■•^''^'^'^ "l"*'" "''l"-^*. with 
 700,000 inhabitants. 
 
 PsKOF, tho capital of the above government 
 and an archbishop's see, with a strong castlo! 
 It IS seated on tho river Welika, at iu ontninco 
 into the lake Tchudskoi, fiO miles S. of Narvn 
 and 170 S. by W. of Petersburg. Pop. 7000 
 Long. 27. 52. E. lat. 57. .'iK. N. 
 
 PuccuLOK, a town of Bengal, 40 miles N W 
 of Dacca. 
 
 PucKiiOL!, a town of Hindoslan, in the nro- 
 vinco of Lahore ; flC miles S. W. of Cashmere 
 
 Q^'*?r'*'\T^- ^- °^ ^^'"°' ^""K- ?*• «• E. lut.' 
 «J.>. 45. N. 
 
 PuDDA, a river of Hindostan, which rises in 
 the S. W. part of Agimere, divides the i.ro- 
 vinces of Cutch and Guzerat, and runs into tho 
 Gulf of Cutch. 
 
 PuDooA, a town of Russia, in tho govern- 
 ment of Olonetz; situate on the E. coast of the 
 Lake of Onezkoo, 108 miles E. of Olonotz 
 Long. 36. 30, E. lat. 61. 36. N. 
 
 PuF-BLA, •» town of Spain, in Galicia; sente<l 
 n-ar tno Atlantic; 20 miles S. S. W. of Gom- 
 postella. 
 
 PuEDLA DR L03 Anoelos, tt city of Mexico, 
 capital of a province of its name. The streets 
 nro broad and straight, nnd the buildings, in 
 general of stone, lofty and elegant, In tho 
 centre of the city is a large square, adorned on 
 three sides with uniform porticoes, where are 
 snops tilled witli rich commodities, and, on tho 
 other, with the cathedral, which haa a beautiful 
 tront, and two lofly towers. Besides the cathe. 
 r.rai, tnero are several other churches and con- 
 vents, well built nnd finely adorned. A small 
 nvcr runs through the town, nnd the adjacent 
 
PUE 
 
 676 
 
 PUT 
 
 .? 
 
 valley prmliicM vincii nnd nil lortcof Kurnp4>iin 
 fruits. It it 110 iiiilua K- M. K. nl' Mcxito. 
 ro|iulutioii of tho proviiice, 1 ..tOa.OUO ; uf th« 
 town, 100,000. Long. iH). ±2. W. ku lU. 
 30. N. 
 
 IHiEHi.A NtiKVA, n town of Mexico, In tlio 
 province of Vern|{tiii; (MiHtod near tliit I'ucilic 
 l>i-ran; 101) inilo* W. of St. Jitgu, Lung. U3. 
 0. W. Int. II. :U. N. 
 
 I'uKiu.A UK Sanahru, a town of Spiiin, in 
 the province of Loon ; ii inilM U. W. of 
 Aitorgii. 
 
 I'uKNTE, atrwn of Spnin, in Nn^nrro, on tho 
 river Agrii; II niiles S. S W. of I'liniplunu. 
 
 I'uKiiTO Ukli.a, I'uEiiTU Kico, &Ci See 
 
 I'OUTO. 
 
 I't'ui.fA, tho iincivnt Apulia, contitining tho 
 three provinces of Cupituniitn, liari.nnd < >trunto; 
 on the K. side of the kingdom of Nii]>leit. 
 
 1'uLiiKi.Y, or l'wi,i.»Ki.i, n tcwn of WhIcs, 
 in CiiernnrvonBhire; with n innrki^t on Wedncs- 
 day ; si-ntcd on nn inlet of Cardigan Hay, be- 
 tween two rivers; IG miles S. of Caernarvon, 
 and 'J43 N. W. of London. 
 
 PtlLO CoNIIOIlK, «(<tf ('ONDORK; And SO with 
 
 other islands that have Bometimcs i'ulo (island) 
 prefixed. 
 
 PuLLicATK, n town of Ilindostnn, in tho 
 Cnrnatic; on the soacoiiHt, ami at the S. end of 
 a large Inke to whicl'j it gives name; '23 miles 
 N. of Madras. 
 
 Pui.TENEYTOWN, a suluirh of tho royal burgh 
 of Wick, in C'aithnctts-shirc; which it outvies 
 in extent nnd architecture; and is tho principal 
 scat of its fisheries nnd trade. 
 
 PuLTOUSK, a town in tho interior of Poland, 
 where in 1007 a battle was fought between the 
 French and Kussians, in which both sides 
 claimed the victory. It is seated on the Narew ; 
 30 miles N. of Warsaw. 
 
 PlJLTOWA. See I OLTAVA, 
 
 Puna, an island in the Pacific Ocean ; 35 
 miles long, and 12 broad; lying at the entrance 
 of the bay of Guayaquil. It has an Indian 
 town, of the same name, on its S. side. It ia 
 11,') miles N. of Paita. 
 
 PuMiETE, a town of Portugal, in Estrcma- 
 dura; at the conflux of the Zczcre with the 
 Tajo; 6 miles N. W. of Abrantcs. 
 
 I'l'NJAun, or Punjab, a territory on tho 
 N. W. frontier of India; comprised between 
 the Indus, on the W., and Sutlej River, on 
 the E. Its name signifies " the country of 
 five waters," from the number of the rivers 
 which intersect it, and which all fall into the 
 Indus. It is the country of the Sikhs, an ex- 
 traordinary sect of India, combining tlie prin- 
 ciples of Hindooism and Mnhometanism. It 
 was founded in the 1.5th century, and first be- 
 came powerful in the last century, when they 
 fiivoured the Mnhrattas ; but, on the downfall 
 of that nation, their sacred city, Umritzir, was 
 entirely destroyed; they, however, quickly re- 
 covered, and Runjeet Singh, one of their go- 
 vernors, took possession of the whole kingdom 
 wf Lahore, or the Punjaub, which he retained 
 •intil his death, and was succeeded by his son, 
 who was soon deposed in favour of his grand- 
 
 son, who was unpopular; which render* It not 
 improlMkble that it may fall into the hand* of 
 tho liritish ultimately. Lahore is tho capital. 
 As a frontier country, this Is of sreat import- 
 ance, as it i* tho only side from which It can !>• 
 menaced with invnsion ; and, were tho Uus- 
 siitn* to advance to the Indus, their succesa 
 would depend chiefly on their having the Kikhi 
 for enemies or allies; and to the liritish it in 
 tloubly important, as it lies l>etwoen their ter- 
 ritory and that of their now allv, in (.'ubul. 
 
 PiiNTA UEL CiuiiA, tho Capital of St. Mi- 
 chael, one of tho Azores, with u strong castle. 
 It is situnto on tho S. side, and contains 10,UOO 
 inhabitants. Tho streets aro regular and of 
 convenient width; and tho churches, religious 
 houses, and public edifices, may he deemed 
 elegant. Thero is no harbour in the vicinity 
 of tho town, and vessels usually anchor at it 
 diKtance from tho shore, in an open roud. 
 Long. •J,'). 42. W. lat. 37. 47. N. 
 
 I'iMuiKcK, Ihi.e ok, a rough and heathy 
 tract ill Dorsetshire, to tho S. of Poole Hay. It 
 is insulated by the sea and rivers, nnd is fa- 
 mous for its stone quarries, tho principal part 
 of which lie at its eastern extremity, near 
 Swanage, whence the stone iscxporte<l; it is of 
 the calcareous kind, but distinguinhed into nu- 
 merous sorts, tho finest of which deserves tho 
 name of marble, and is used fur chimney- 
 pieces, hearths, &c, ; while the coarser kinds 
 are made use of in paving. Tobacco-pij)e clay 
 is dug up in several parts of tho island, the 
 finest near Corfe Castle, of which much is ex- 
 ported, particularly fur tho Stafi'urdshiro pot- 
 teries. 
 
 PunciiENA, a town of Spain, in tho province 
 of (irnnada; 70 miles E. of Granada. Long. 
 2.2.5. W. lat. ;I7. li'. N. 
 
 PuuFi.KET, ft village in Essex, situate on the 
 Thames; 4 miles W. of Grays-Thurrock. It 
 has extensive lime-works, and a largo maga- 
 zine for gunpowder. 
 
 PuKiKicATioN, a town of Mexico, in tho pro- 
 vince of Xalisco; !)0 miles S. by E. of Com- 
 postella. Long. 106. 30. VV. lat. 19. .5(1. N. 
 
 PuRMEREND, a Strong town of the Nethtr- 
 lands, ill N. Holland. It is 10 miles N. by E. 
 of Amsterdam. 
 
 PuRNEAH, a town of Bengal, capital of a 
 fertile and populous district of its name ; seated 
 on the Seriiw; 125 miles N. N. \V. of Moor- 
 shcdabad. 
 
 PuRYSHuno, a town of S. Carolina, in Beau- 
 fort district ; built by a colony of Swiss, with a 
 view to the culture of silk. It is seated on the 
 river Savanna ; 20 miles N. N. W. of tho 
 town of Savanna. Long. 81. 6. W. lat. 32. 
 12. N. 
 
 PuscHiAvo, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Grisons; 3 miles N. from a lake to 
 which it gives name. It is 17 miles W. S. W. 
 of Uormio, and 20 £. of Chiavenna. 
 
 PuTALA, or Patelf, a mountain of Tibet, 
 
 near the banks of the Burrampooter; 7 miles 
 
 E. of Lassa. On its summit is the palace of 
 
 the grand lama, the high priest of Tibet. 
 
 I'uiLiTz, a town of Prussia, in the province 
 
PUT 
 
 677 
 
 of DrandenburK. with an old rMtle, 1 1 milct 
 N, N. E. of Perloborg. 
 
 PuTNRr. a villiige in Surrey, mted on the 
 Thsniej. over which ii . wmxlcn bridge ; i 
 mile. W 8 W. of London. It w... the birlh- 
 place of rhoma. Cromwell, enrl of Kmox. 
 whoje fHthcr win a hiack.mith ; and of Nicho- 
 iM Wet, bLihop of Ely, hi* contompornry, a 
 
 *J*"nir^'''*T'"';,*''°*» "•""" *"• * '^korj and 
 or Oibbon the Roman historian. 
 
 PuTTAN SoMNAUTir, or Plttan, a town of 
 Hindostan, near the southern extremity of the 
 Uuicrat pcninsuJn. Somnauth in one of the 
 twelve imago, of Soeb, which are mud to have 
 dewendod from heaven to earth; and the great 
 »mo of t. temnio attmcted the cupidity, while 
 It .timulate.1 the bigotry of Sultan Mahmood. 
 01 Uhuni. According to Mnhomcdan author., 
 the image wo. destroyed, but the Hindoos as- 
 •ort tliat the god retired into the ocean. Tho 
 wmbol placed in tho temple is deemed pccu- 
 iwrly propitious to those who desire offspring. 
 It 1. visited by pilgrim, from every quarter, 
 Who pay a trifling duty to tho nabob for per- 
 mission to nerform their devotions at this fa- 
 vou.ito shrine. The Bombay Presidency is 
 stated to have used its influence with the 
 Junaghar State, in 181(5, to secure greater free- 
 dom of pilgrimage to I^ittan. It stands near 
 
 io' K ^rlj^'N.' "^ ^°*""^'- ''°"«- "'"• 
 
 „ ^"\\^^y °^ France, capital of the depnrt- 
 !k . , PP®' ^°'™> *"*^ « bishop's see. Tho 
 cathedral is famous for a prodigious quantity of 
 relic; and Our Lady of Puy is celebrated in 
 the annals of superstition. Puy has mnnufac- 
 tuies of blankets, linen, lace, silk stuffs, and 
 •toneware. It is rented on the mountain Anis. 
 ''TAo"^"^"'''*" 45 miles N. E. of Mcnde. 
 TJ^'y^- "/Clermont. Poj). 12,000. Long. 
 3. 68. E. lat. 45. 68. N. 
 
 Put DE Dome, a department of France; 
 containmg part of the former province of Au- 
 vergne. It has its name from a mountain, 
 situate to tho W. of Clermont, tho capital of 
 the department. Pop. 666,000. 
 
 Puv EN Anjou, a town in the department of 
 Main».et-Loira It is 10 miles S. S. W. of 
 baumur, 
 
 PuY L'EvKdUE, a town in the department of 
 Lot; 16 miles W, by N. of Cahors. 
 
 Pur LA Ro(iDE,a town in the department of 
 Tarn-et-Garonnej 18 miles S. S. E. of Cahors. 
 
 Ivy Moisson, a town in the department of 
 Lower Alps; 15 miles S. of Digne. 
 
 PurcERDA, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 capital of the county of Cerdagna; seated at 
 the foot of the Pyrenees, near the source of the 
 
 -n*^V^ «?""*/ ^- ^y ^- °f Perpignnn, and 
 / R by W. of Barcelona. It was taken by 
 the French m 1794. Long. 1. 50. E. lat. 42. 
 3b. N, 
 
 i.S"'''*!^^^^' * *°'^" °^ Frnnce, department 
 ot Tarnj 28 miles S. by W. of Alby. 
 
 PuzzuoLi, or PozzuoLO, a celebmted, but 
 now inconsiderable city of Italy, on the Bav of 
 lyipics. ilere are the remains of the teniplo 
 •r Jupiter Serapis, an interesting monument of 
 
 PYR 
 
 nntiqui y. being different fVo„, tho Roman and 
 Urwk tempha. a„d built i„ tl.o manner of tho 
 Asiatic; prolmbly by tho l-:«vptian and Asia- 
 tic merch<»n«. Mttlod at Pu«uoli, which wo. 
 the gri-at emporium of lUly. till the Roman, 
 built Oitia and Antium. It ho* been converted 
 into a Christian catliciral, and m much mo- 
 dem work added, that at i)re.ont only the 
 Oont of tho ancient edifice is visible. Many 
 other remain, of temple., amphitheatres, and 
 other public building, in this city, afford con- 
 vincing proofii of it. former magnificence. The 
 ruins of Cicero's villa, near this place, are of 
 such extent as to give a high idea of the wealth 
 o that great orator. It is 9 miles W. of 
 Naples. 
 
 i'YRAMiDs, a range of ancient and stupen- 
 dous Egyptian momiments, extending north- 
 ward from Cairo for alwut 20 leagues : but on 
 the opposite side of the river. 
 
 PvRDAUM, u town of Bavorin, capital of a 
 lordship of its name; situate on the frontiers of 
 l-ranconia; 13 miles S. E. of Nuremburg. 
 
 PTBRNEEa, a range of mountains which di- 
 vides trance frons Spain, and the most eel©, 
 brntcd in Europe, except the Alfw. They 
 reach from the Mediterranean to tiie Atlantic 
 about 212 miles in length, and have different 
 names, according to their different situations. 
 The pamages over them are not so difl^cult aa 
 those of the Alp*. One of the most fre- 
 quented IS that from Pampeluna to St. Jean de 
 Pied do Fort, by which the French under 
 boult marched to attack the British before 
 Pnmpeluna, in July 1813. These mountains 
 contain iron, copper, lead, silver, gold, cobalt, 
 and zmc; they also furnish great quantities of 
 timber, for ship-building, and an abundance of 
 pitch and tar. The highest summits are N». 
 thon 10,722 feet, Mont Perdu, 10,676 feet. 
 
 SIaa^'," ''" ^''^'' ^^*8 ^^^^i "t 'he height of 
 7200 feet, .now is perpetual. See Perdu. 
 Mount. ' 
 
 Pyrenees, Eastern, a department of France 
 containing the provinces of Roussillon, Cer-' 
 •logne, and part of Languedoc. Its area is 
 estimated at 1650 square miles, and the popu- 
 lation at 151,500. Although great part of the 
 country is mountainous, yet it is fertile in 
 corn, excellent wine, olives, oranges, &c. Per- 
 pignan is the capital. 
 
 Pyrenees, Lowrr, a department of France 
 comprehending the provinces of Beam and Na-' 
 varre. The principal products are com, wine 
 flax, chestnute and other fruita; the manufac 
 turc woollen, linen, leather, and recently cot- 
 QAnn ^^ province contains an area of about 
 3000 square miles, with 383,000 inhabitant!. 
 Pau IS the capital. "i«uiM. 
 
 Pyrenees Upper, a department of France 
 including the province of Bigorre, and com- 
 
 200,000 inhabitants. Here are excellent horses, 
 and good partridges. The valleys are very 
 
 fla"! 'tk™!!*''"*^/--'' ?'"et, Spanish com. and 
 -X. . he tr.n;!n4siri5 have .-liincs of iead. iron, 
 and copper, and quarries of slate, marble, and 
 jasper. Tarbes is the capital. 
 
 PP 
 
 j 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
PYR 
 
 PrRMONT, n town of tho N, V/. part of »ltr 
 many, capitnl of a small district of tho sanio 
 name, belonging to tho prince of Wniiluik. 
 Near it ure rnineml waters, well known to nil 
 Europs, and A-equontcd by persons of tho 
 highest mnk. It is seated in a delightful val- 
 
 678 
 
 Q U E 
 
 k\v, between hiKli inountninsi 30 miles S. W 
 of Ilnnover. Pop. 2000. Long. 0. 'JO. E. lat 
 fil. f>7. N. 
 
 PvsTiii.v, a town of Bavnriii, in tho prir.ci- 
 pality of Passau, insulated in Austria. It is 
 10 miles N. W. of Lintz, and 22. E. of Passjiu. 
 
 Q 
 
 QuACKKNBBucK, a town of Hanover, in the 
 pnncipality of Osnaburg, seated on the Haso; 
 28 miles N. of Osnaburjj. 
 
 Quadra and Vancooveb's Isl/.ad, an 
 uland on the N. VV. coast of America, on the 
 S. W. Bide of which ia Nootka bound. U was 
 80 named by CapUiin Vancouver, in cohipli- 
 ment to Senor Quatlra, the Spanish command- 
 ant at Nootka. It is about 300 miles in length, 
 and 80 in its greatest breadth. 
 
 QvADRELLo, a town of Nuplcs, in Terra di 
 Lavoro; 20 miles E. ]\. E. of Naples. 
 
 QuANo-PiNO, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, m the province of Pe-tche-Ii; 212 miles 
 S. S. E. of Peking. Long. 114. 30. E. lat. 20. 
 47. N. 
 
 QuANO-si, an inland province in the S. of 
 China. It produces plenty of rice, being wa- 
 tered by several largo riVers. The southern 
 part 18 a flat country, and well cultivated ; imt 
 the northern is full of mountains, covered with 
 trees. It contains mines of all sorts, ami par- 
 ticularly a gold mine. Here is a tree called 
 quang-lang, the pith of which is made into 
 bread; and a small species of insect, which 
 produces white wax. Quei-ling is the capital. 
 QUANO-TONO, a province of China, boundetl 
 on the E. by Kiang-si and Fo-kien, on the S. 
 by the ocean, and on the W. by Tonquin. It 
 u diversified by valleys and mountains, and 
 yields two crops of com in a year. The 
 northern frontier consists of a range of lofty 
 mountains, which abound in gold, jewels, tin, 
 quicksilver, copper, and iron ; ebony and seve- 
 ral sorts of odoriferous wood are produced in 
 Mils province, as well as various sorts of fruit. 
 There is a species of lemon as large as r, man's 
 head; and another sort which grows out at 
 the trunk of the tree, whose rind is very hard, 
 and contains a great number of little cells, full 
 of an excellent yellow pulp. A prodigious 
 number of ducks are brcl in this province, 
 their eggs being hatched in ovens. The moun- 
 tains are covered with a kind of osiers, which 
 creep along the ground, and are so tough that 
 they make baskets, hurdles, mats, and even 
 ropes of them. Here is also a tree, the timber 
 of which is remarkably hard and heavy, and is 
 thence callei^ iron wood. Canton is the capital, 
 but the viceroy resides at Chao-king. 
 
 QuANQTONo, a town on the N. borders of 
 iiirmah ; in the province of Ava, with a fort, 
 seated on the Irrawaddy; ISO miles N.N. E. 
 of Ummerapoora. 
 
 QuARiTZ, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 goverameut of Leignitz; lO miles W. S. W. of 
 Glogau. 
 
 QuARRR, a town of France, department of 
 Yonne; 6 miles S. of Avallon. 
 
 Quarto, two towns of Naples, in Capitanat.f, 
 the one (i miles W. and the other 1 2 S. W. oi" 
 Salpcs. 
 
 Quauten, a town of Switzerland, near Wal- 
 lenstadt Lake; 5 miles E. of Glaria. 
 
 QuATRE BiiAS, a hamlet of the Netherlands ; 
 which was the scene of an obstinate conliict 
 between the British and the French, on the 
 Kith of June, liilS. 
 
 QuEAUx, a town of France, department of 
 Vienne; 21 miles S. E, of Poitiers. 
 
 QuEUEc, the capital of Canada, and of British 
 America, is situated at the confluence of the 
 rivers St. Lawrence and St. Charles, (or tho 
 Little River,) about 320 miles from the sea. It 
 is built on a rock, which is partly of marble and 
 partly of slate, and is divided into Uj)per and 
 Lower. Near it is a fine lead mine. At the 
 time it was founded on the site of the Indian 
 villaao of Hocheluga, in 1608, the tide, it is 
 said, reached the foot of the rock ; but bince 
 that period, this river has sunk so far that a 
 large spot of ground is left dry, and on this an 
 extensive suburb is built, styled the Lowor Town, 
 which stands at the foot of a rocky precipice, 
 about 48 feet in height, and is chiefly inhabited' 
 by merchants. The houses in both towns are of 
 stone, strong and well built. The fortsiications 
 are extensive, but irregular. Tho natural situa- 
 tion of the town renders its defence easy. If at- 
 tacked by ships from the river, their guns can- 
 not injure the works of the Upper Town, though 
 the ships themselves would be liable to great 
 injury from the cannon and bombs from these 
 elevated nunparts. The Lower Town is de- 
 fended by a platform, flanked with two bastions, 
 which, at high water and spring tides, are al- 
 most level with the surface of the water. A 
 little above the bastion, to tho right, is a half 
 bastion, cut out of the rock ; a little nigher a 
 large battery, and higher still a square fort, the 
 most regular of all the fortifications, and in which 
 the governor resides. The passages which form 
 a communication between these rocks are ex- 
 tremely rugged. The rock which separates the 
 Upper from tho Lo'"er Town extends, with a 
 bold and steep front, a considerable distance 
 W. along the river St. Lawrence. The Lower 
 Town is well supplied with water, which is 
 sometimes scarce in the Upper Town. This city 
 was erected by the French, in 1608; the English 
 reduced it, with all Canada, in 1629, but it was 
 restored in 1 (I'.i'l, In ! 7 1 ! it was besieged by the 
 English, without success; in 17.'J9 it was again 
 conquered, after a battle memorable for tho 
 
QUE 
 
 death of General Wolfe in the moment of victory 
 nnd was conhrmed to thenx by the pence of 1763 
 (Hill: ''*•" attacked by the Americans, unde^ 
 General Montgomery, who was shiin, and his 
 
 S/k''"''?''- ^J '"*« y^"" great 'improv" 
 men 8 have been effected, and the present popu- 
 lation amounts to nearly 20,000. The chief 
 
 =j:^&t-p£:^.S-^& 
 
 of S^n;„" ^'"Sdom of Asia; in the peninsula 
 ot Malacca. The kmg is tributary to Siam. 
 The principal town is of the same name, has a 
 hnrbour, and w 300 miles N. of the city of 
 Malacca. Long. 100. 5. E. Int. 7. 5. N. 
 
 inSo?,-'""''?^' ",'r" °^ P™'«''"» Saxony, 
 rivpr r'?"'',"'T^^"'"^'t! ^ith a castle. The 
 
 J own. It has a trade in brandy nnd linen. It 
 
 "olKrff.toY""''''"'"'''- ^°"«-^^- 
 
 Queen Ann a county of Maryland, on the 
 i!-. of Chesapeake Bay. Centreville is the chi, 
 town. 
 
 Queen Ann, a town of Maryland, in Prince 
 Geoj^e county; situate at the foot of a hill, on 
 
 KY>£ii;,'gt'^;;!^^«-^-^'^"-p«"-"'i 
 
 «!n?*r« ^"^'"'0"!'; IsLANn, an island in the 
 South Pacific; 6 miles long and I broad: dis- 
 
 ,-„*^r^v^!lK'*T'.1^^'-*'"'«'«8T0up of islands 
 in the North Pacific; explored by Captain 
 Carteret in 17C7. The most considmbTe he 
 named Egmont. but the Spaniards call it Santa 
 i.ruz. It IS CO miles long, and from 20 to 30 
 broad, woody and mountainous, with many 
 valleys intermixed. The inhabitants are very 
 nimble, vigorous, and active; and their weapons 
 are bows and arrows pointed with flint. On the 
 
 TA^E. tS S '"''""'' ^"^- ^""«- 
 
 Queen Charlotte Sound, a sound at the 
 
 N. extremity of the S. island of New Zealand, 
 
 near Cook Strait. Long 174. 14. E. lat. 41 C S 
 
 QUEENBOROUOH, a town in Kent, in tho Isle 
 
 ot Sheppey; market on Monday. It had once a 
 
 strong castle, remains of which are still to be 
 
 seen. The town is seated near the mouth of the 
 
 S"i:7'' ^f°r"^' ^- ^- "f Canterbury, and 1,5 
 
 23. N ^°"d»n- Long. 0. 49. E. lat. .51. 
 
 on^hfC"^""^'*? *^''" °^ ^•'"t'' Carolina, 
 on the W. side of the Great Pedee River- 32 
 miles N. N. W. of Georgetowr. ' 
 
 Queen's County, a county of Ireland, in 
 
 iid ^Q^r'7^^'''"'!''; ' "^'""^ 30 miles long, 
 and 29 broad; bounded on the N. oy Kind's 
 cminty, E. by Kildare, S. E. by Carlow. S ^y 
 Kilkenny and W. by Tipperiry and King's 
 county. It is divided into nine baronies and 55 
 
 ?r'i'^;,;::!^r,j!i'"'' '"'T'' '"r'-^-t. 
 
 wa_ -orm. r,j tul{ „i ,voods ana bogs, but is 
 now much improved in cultivation. Mary- 
 borough is the capital. ^ 
 
 Queen's CouNrr, a county of New York, in 
 
 579 
 
 QUI 
 
 thoW. part of Long Island. Pop 22 276 
 Jamaica is the chief town. '^ ' ' * 
 
 LiShf "^•"*''' " *'?'"°"8'' "f Scotland, in 
 Linlithgowshire ; seated on the Frith of FoVth 
 whore It IS not more than 2 miles wide. It fi 
 a trade m soap, and. a much frequented ferry. 
 In conjunction with Stirling, &c:, it sends one 
 member to parliament. It is 9 miles W. N. W 
 ot Edinburgh. 
 
 QuBKNsi^DT, a town of Prussian Saxony • 
 
 5 miles N. E. of Halberstadt. ' ' 
 
 QuEENSTowN, a town of Upper Canada, on 
 
 fron kLJJ" "T^«"dise and stores received 
 tror.i Kingston, for the upper part of the pro- 
 vince, are sent in waggons to Chippawa, a dis- 
 timceof 10 miles, the falls and broken'couAe 
 
 ciible for that space. It is 7 miles above Fort 
 Niagara, and 20 N. by E. of Fort Erie 
 
 QuEicii, a river of Bavaria, which passes bv 
 Anweiilcr and Landau, and inters tl eThine 
 near Germershcim. 
 
 QuEi-LiNG, a city of China, capital of the 
 province of Quang-si. It has its IZ from a 
 flower called quel, which grows on a tree resem" 
 Wing a laurel, and emits such a sweet odour 
 tliat It perfumes the whole country. It stands 
 on a river that runs into the Ta, but with such 
 rnpidityiis not to be navigable. It is 180 miles 
 W. by W. of Canton, and 587 S. of Pekiiijr 
 Long. 109. 51. E. lat. 25. 12. N. * 
 
 QuENTiN St., a strong town of France, de- 
 partment of Aisne ; with a considerable manu- 
 lacture of lawns and cambrics; also gauze, linen 
 and thread. Near this place, in 1557, Phili pH; 
 ot bpnm gained a signal victory over the French 
 nnd afterwards took the town by storm, but it 
 was restored to France in 1559. It is seated 
 on an eminence, on the river Somme ; 21 miles 
 S. of Cambray, and 83 N. by E. of Paris. Pop. 
 1 IjOOO. Long. 3. 20. E. lat. 49. 50. N 
 
 QuERcv, a province of France; now fonnina 
 the department of Lot. >• "'""ug 
 
 QuERETARo, a citv of North America, re- 
 public of Mexico ; elevated 6347 feet above the 
 sea. It has a magnificent church, and several 
 
 rw.TSco.''"'- '''"""• I'-^^-ii- 
 
 QuEPFORT, a town of Prussian Saxony, in 
 the ro ;rnmcnt of Merseberg; formerly the 
 ca; .. jf a pnncipahty of its name ; with a 
 
 SrE.Sat^T.ta^"'"'^"^'^''^- ^'-«-^'- 
 
 QuERiMBA, a cluster of small islands on the 
 
 coast of Mosambique ; fertile in fruits and pas- 
 
 „"?'• ^^ ,P„""^'I'*''' °"<»' "^ 'he same name, is 
 inlong. 41. 30. E. lat. 11.40. S 
 
 ,v, ^^''^T' t ''"'^'^^ *°™ "^ France; depart- 
 ment of Nord, with an old castle. In 1793 ^ 
 was taken by the Au^rians, but retaken the 
 next year. It is seated in an extensive plain, on 
 the rivulet Ronella It is 9 miles S. E of 
 Valenciennes. »nd 199 v v ^e r>-.j_ t . 
 
 3. 40. E. lat.'50. is: N. ^ "''• ^""^ 
 
 QuiBERON, a town in the department of Mor- 
 bihnn, with a fort; situate at the extremity of a 
 pcmnsula, to the N. of Belleisle. In 1795 it 
 
 PP2 
 
QUI 
 
 580 
 
 QUO 
 
 WM taken by some French royalists in the pay 
 of Great Bntain ; but, owing to the desertion and 
 treachery of some of the soldiers, the repub- 
 licans soon took it by surprise. It was taken by 
 the English in 1800, but evacuated soon after- 
 wards ; 17 miles S. S. E. of Port Louis. Pop. 
 2000. ^ 
 
 QuiCARO, an island in the Pacific Ocean; 
 near the coast of Veragua; about 20 miles long, 
 and 6 broad. Long. 82. 39. W. lat. 7. 60. N. 
 
 QuiLiMANcr, a seaport of Zanguebar, in the 
 
 kingdom of Melinda. It stands at the mouth 
 
 of a river of the same name; 26 miles S. S. W. 
 
 of Melinda. Long. 41. 40. E. lat. 3. 10. S. 
 
 QciLLAN, a town of France, department of 
 
 . Aude; 25 miles S. S. W. of Carcassone. 
 
 QuiLLEBtEUF, a town in the department of 
 Eure, seated on the Seine; 37 miles W. of 
 Rouen, and 42 N. W. of Evreaux. 
 
 QuiLOA, a seaport of Zanguebar, capital of a 
 kingdom of the same name, with a small citadel. 
 This country was for some time in the possession 
 of the Portuguese, from whom it was wrested by 
 the imam of Mascat. It produces abundance 
 of nee, millet, fruits, cattle, and poultry. The 
 inhabitants are Mahomedans, partly black, and 
 partly tawny. The capital is well built, and 
 stands on an island at the mouth of the river 
 Coava. Long. 40. 0. E. lat 8. 38. S. 
 
 Qi'iMPER, a city of France, capital of the 
 department of Finisterre, and a bishop's see. 
 It IS seated at the conflux of the Oder and 
 Benaudet ; 34 miles S. S. E. of Brest, and 1 12 
 W. by S. of Rennes. Pop. 7000. Lone. 4. 6. 
 W. lat. 47. 68. N. * 
 
 QoiMPEELE, a town in the department of 
 Fmisterre, seated on the Isolle; 30 miles K S. E. 
 of Quimper. Pop. 4200. 
 
 QciNCY, a town of Massachusets, in Norfolk 
 county; 10 miles S. by E. of Boston. 
 
 QuiNQET, a town of France, ' the depart- 
 ment of Doubs, seated on the Louve ; 12 miles 
 S. W. of Besanyon. 
 
 QuiN-NONo, or Chin-CHI, a bay on the coast 
 of Cochin-China, much frequented by the ves- 
 sels of the country, being an excellent harbour. 
 The entrance is narrow, and ships of burden 
 <»n get in only at high water. At the head of 
 the harbour is the city of Quin-nong. Lone. 
 109. 15. E. lat. 13. 62: N. '* » 8- 
 
 QuiNsoN, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Alps ; 29 miles S. of Digne. 
 
 QuiNTiN, a town in the department of Cotes 
 du Nord, seated in a valley, on the Gov: 10 
 miles S. S. W. of St. Brieuc. 
 
 QuiapoN, an island in the Atlantic, near the 
 N. coast of Newfoundland. Lone. 53. 22 W 
 lat 61. 40. N. 
 
 QuiSTELLo, a town of Austrian Italy, famous 
 for an action between the French and Austrians 
 in 1734, when Marshal Broglio was surprised in 
 his bed. It is seated on the Secoia ; 15 miles 
 S. of Mantua. 
 
 Quito, a presidency of the republic of Colom- 
 bia, forming part of the new state of Ecuador, 
 
 
 tains called the Andes. The eastern govern- 
 ments arechiefly immense tracts, thinlyscattered 
 with missionary villages. The vegetable pro- 
 ductions vary with the elevation of the ground. 
 The champaign country produces abundant 
 crops of maize ; and the deep ravines, where 
 the temperature is hot, produce sugar-cane. 
 The elevated lands possess a colder climate, 
 and produce, wheat, barley, &c. Immense 
 flocks of sheep are reared in the mountain 
 plains, and their wool furnishes materials for the 
 manufactures of this province. The lands are 
 generally well cultivated, and there are a great 
 number of towns and villages inhabited almost 
 entirely by Indians. The streets are generally 
 straight, and in the direction of the four cardi- 
 nal points ; and the roads are laid out in a line, 
 crossing each other ; so that the aspect of the 
 country is that of a large garden. Although 
 this country is situate on both sides the equator, 
 yet it lies so high, and so near the snow- clad 
 mountains, that the air is very temperate. 
 There are no noxious animals ; for the tigers 
 and serpents are below in the forests. The state 
 of society in this province has undergone con- 
 siderable improvement since its deliverance from 
 Spanish domination, and the manufactures are 
 in a flourishing state. Hats, cotton stuffs, and 
 coarse woollen cloths, are made here in great 
 quantities, and exported to other parts of South 
 America. 
 
 Quito, the capital of the above country, is 
 seated on the skirts of the volcanic mountain of 
 Pinchincha, in a pleasant valley, but on high 
 ground, 9510 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Having no mines in its neighbourhood it is 
 chiefly famous for its manuiactures of cotton, 
 wool, and flax. The town is plentifully sup- 
 plied with water, and enjoys a debghtful climate; 
 but it is subject, together with the whole country, 
 to the awfiil calamity of earthquakes. Of these 
 a very destructive one was experienced in 1755. 
 In 1797 the fece of the whole district was 
 changed by a most dreadful concussion, md 
 40,000 persons were in one moment hurled 
 into eternity. Violent shocks of earthquakes 
 have since been frequently experienced. It is, 
 notwithstanding, very populous, and inhabited 
 by several families of distinguished rank ; 400 
 miles S. W. of St Fe de Bogota. Pop. about 
 70,000. Long. 77. 65. W. 1st. 0. 13. S. 
 
 QuiZAMA, a province in the south part of 
 Angola, west coas*, of Africa. It is mountainous 
 and badly cultivated, but produces abundance 
 of honey, wax, and salt The inhabitants are 
 warlike, and have never submitted to the Por- 
 tuguese. 
 
 QuiNziNA, a chain of mountains in the king- 
 dom of Fez ; 100 miles in length, extending 
 from the desert of Gret, to the river Nocor. 
 
 QuojA, an inland country of Africa, lying E. 
 of Sierra Leone. It is well cultivated, but has 
 uttle commercial intercourse. 
 
 QuovEDo, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria: 
 4 miles S. of Capo d'Istria. 
 
RAA 
 
 98] 
 
 RAI 
 
 R 
 
 Raab, a to wn and fortreas of Hungary, capital 
 of a county of its name, and a bishop's see. It 
 w a strong frontier bulwark against the Turks, 
 R.hnir^/i*''/ *'°"^" "f the Baab and 
 S «^' ??J \' ^™"» '•'« Danube; 38 miles 
 
 vin?/tfT?' " *^'"' °^ Hindostan, in the pro- 
 214 S S W ''f ' I* ""'^ N- ^- °f Ougein.Ld 
 24 2 N ^^ "*■ '^^' ^^- ^- ^*' 
 
 Raasay one of the Hebrides of Scotland 
 wITf,^' "t:'^'"^ "^ «*««-'*''«. «»"" "he 
 
 S^^rt'o "•,*''*, '"""^y of Inverness, and is 
 about 12 nulM long, and 4 broad, rising with a 
 gentle Mcent from the W. side to a great height 
 on the E. side, which is nearly perpendicular. 
 ♦1, "J"?""'?"" "* millstone quarries ; and at 
 the N.E. end stands Castle Brochel, which is a 
 noted sea-mark. Long. 6. 0. W. lat. 57. 32 N 
 KABASTEIN8, a town of France, department 
 Va ?' xT*^* ''^"e, seated on the river Tarn : 
 18 miles N.E. of Toulouse. Pop. 6000 
 
 - J«'^ff*^' ifu P""^ "^ "^'S'^'' '" Treraesen, with 
 a castle. It has fine mosques and handsome 
 palaces. It is seated at the mouth of the Bure- 
 
 W^iat^SoTo. Nf ""^ ^'"^''- ^°"«- '- 2"- 
 
 n»^f ^■'oT""'.',* *?,''° °^ Bohemia, on the river 
 Otteva J 21 miles W. S. W. of Rakonitz. 
 
 Kacca, a town of Turkey, in Diarbekir at 
 the conflux of the Beles with the Euphm 4 
 mZifi T *.^® 'V'"" *'*■ O'*' Racca, once a 
 Sffldr " ^' " "** ""^ ^- •'y W- of 
 
 Rachorb. a city of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Bejapore, capital of a district of its 
 name, subject to the nizam of the Deccan. It 
 18 seated on the S. bank of the Kistna ; 80 
 16 12/' ^^^^^- ^""8- 78. 3. E.'lat. 
 Raconigi, a town of Piedmont, with a mag- 
 nificent castle belonging to the prince of Carig- 
 nano, seated m a plain ; 18 miles S. of Caril- 
 nano. Pop. 10,500. * 
 
 i^^hnT^'^f.'J i*"'" °f ^'''^""y' "ear which 
 fr^T A*^"^ Augustus Bath, discovered in 
 
 V i.' rr^" T*^ °" the Roder ; 8 miles E. 
 JN. ti. of Dresden. 
 
 Radebcro, a town of Saxony, with a castle. 
 It is celebrated for earthenware; seated on the 
 Roder, 14 miles N. of Dresden. 
 
 Radicopani, a town of Tuscany, in the former 
 province of Sienna ; -^ated on a steep hill. 40 
 miles S. E. of Sienna. ^ ' 
 
 Radimpour, or Radunpobr, a town of Hin- 
 f^^'^^A "'« province of Agimere ; situate on 
 the Puddar, 175 miles N. of Surat, and 250 s" 
 W of Agimere. Long. 7 1 . 48. E, lat. 23. 58. N. 
 
 —rr :. •-""• =" '^lougii 01 Wales, in Rad- 
 norshire with a market on Saturday. It is 
 nommally the county town, though a small 
 place, and the assizes are held at Presteign. It 
 
 of i^L oIh p"^' *° parliament ; 3 miles E. 
 of It u Old Radnor, said to have been the 
 Magoth of Antoninus, but now an insiScant 
 village New Radnor is seated neartheSS 
 of the Someigil, at the foot of a hiU. on which 
 a castle formerly stood ; 24 miles N. W7 of 
 Hereford, and 159 W.N. W. of London" 
 
 Radnohshirb, a county of Wales ; 30 miles 
 long and 25 broad, bounded on the E. by Shron- 
 '^'^ ^«d H refordshire, N. by Montgomem 
 ft: \^\^y Cardiganshire, and S. W. and 
 S>. by Brecknockshire. It contains 310.000 
 acres is divided into six hundreds and 25 
 parishes, has four market-towns, and sends one 
 member to parliament. Its principal riven, sS^ 
 the Wye and Tend, the former dividing it from 
 Brecknockshire, and the latter from Shfopsh^ 
 Ihe E. and S. parts are tolerably level and 
 productive of com. The other parts are rude 
 and mountmnous, devoted chiefly to the rearing 
 of cattle and sheep. ^^ 
 
 Raiwm, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Sandomir; 60 miles N. N. W. of sTdomS 
 „f R^DOMSK, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Siradia ; 50 miles S. E. of Siradia. 
 
 of the Ens ; 35 miles E. S. E. of Sakbunr. 
 Long. 13. 26. E. lat, 47. 18, N. '^^"<««- 
 
 Ragivolo, a town of Austrikn Italy, in the 
 provmce of Mantua ; 19 miles S. of Mantua. 
 KAOLAND.a village in Monmouthshire, femom 
 tor Its castle, w^ere Charles I. passed much of 
 nis time, and hved in a magnificent style. This 
 castle was the last, in Cromwell's time, which 
 surrendered to General Fairfax ; 6 miles N E 
 of Usk, and 8 E. of Monmouth. 
 
 Ragnit, a town of Russian Lithuania, with 
 a very ancient castle, in which is a large roval 
 magazine for provisions, &c. It is situate on 
 the Niemen ; 56 miles E. N. E, of Konigsberg 
 Long, 21. 30. E, lat 55. 30, N. '^°'"«*'^* 
 Ragooguh a town of Hindostan, in the pro. 
 aT2S°6 S^*'?A VJ "^'^ N--?- "f Oudein. 
 24 23 N "^" '^- ^"- ^- ^t- 
 
 R.AQusA,a district of Austrian Dalmatia. con- 
 taining the territory of the ancient republic of 
 Ragusa, and several islands. It has an area of 
 700 square miles, with 60,000 innabitants. The 
 soil IS so barren that the inhabitants receive the 
 patest part of their necessaries from the neigh- 
 bouring islands and Turkish provinces. The 
 chief rivers are the Drino, Gliuta, and Ombla. 
 Ragusa the capital of the above district, and 
 an archbishop's see. It is two miles in citium- 
 ference, and Mrong by situation, having an inac- 
 
 fo^i *,"" n "J?'2^" '^^ ^"""^ "''«• '^^ a strong 
 f™/ Ik Gulfof Venice. It has a considerable 
 trade with the Levant and Italy. It is 66 miles 
 W. of Scutari. Pod. IftOQO T™.. 17 »» 
 E. lat. 42. 32. N. ' " " '" ''- -""e- " • "''• 
 
 Ragusa, a populous town of Sicily, in Val 
 XV, W. of Noto. Pop. 20,000. 
 
RAI 
 
 58a 
 
 RAM 
 
 lUiATBA, or loRETBA (the UlitcB of Captain 
 Cook), the largest of the Society Isles, in the 
 South Pacific, about 40 miles in circumference. 
 Ihe mountains are lofty and picturesque. The 
 lowland is extensive, and the valleys, which are 
 capable of the i.ighest cultivation, are not only 
 spacious, but conveniently situated for affording 
 to the inhabitants an intercourse with other 
 parts of the island. It is well supplied with 
 nvers and streams of excellent water. On the 
 N. W. is a small but very secure harbour, called 
 Hamanmo, which is sheltered fl-om the strong 
 E. and S. winds by the mountains of the inte. 
 nor Long. 151. 38. W. lat. 16. 45. S. 
 
 Rain, a fortified tovm of Bavaria, seated on 
 the Acha ; 12 miles W. of Neuburg, 
 
 Rain, Lake, a lake of North America, lying 
 E. of Lake of the Woods, and W. of Lake 
 superior. It is nearly 100 miles long, but in 
 no part more than 20 wide. 
 
 Raisin, Market, a town in Lincolnbhire, 
 with a market on Thursday ; situate near the 
 source of the Ancholm, 16 miles N. E. of Lin- 
 coin, and 147 N. of London. 
 
 Rajamundry, a town of Hindostan, capital 
 of an extensive and fertile district ot its name, 
 m the province of the Circars. The principal 
 nches consist in teak timber. It is the residence 
 of the British civil establishment. It is seated 
 on the Godavery, 35 miles from its mouth, and 
 
 JI^r\V' "^ Cicacole. Long. 81. 57. E. lat. 
 17. 0. N. 
 
 Rajapour, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Bejapore ; seated at the mouth of a 
 river of the same name ; 6 miles N. of Geriah. 
 
 Rajemal, a district of Bengal, separated by 
 a range of hiUs from Bahar. It is now annexed 
 to the coUectorship of Boglipore. 
 
 Rajemal, a decayed town of Bengal, seated 
 
 X? «.'' ^;]"*"'^ °^ ^^^ <3""g«' ; 68 miles N. 
 IN. Vv, of Moorsheuabad. 
 
 RAKE1.SBURG, a town of the Austrian states, 
 in btyna, with a considerable trade in wine and 
 won. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary 
 It IS situate on an island in the river Muer • 36 
 milM S. E. of Gratz. Long. 15. 58. E. lat! 46. 
 45. N. 
 
 Rakonitz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a 
 circle of the same name. Very good beer is 
 brewed here, and forms the principal article of 
 t-^de. It 18 seated on the Miza ; 30 miles W. 
 
 -A K^^- ^°P- ^^^^- I-ong- 14. 0. E. lat. 
 t-'O. 5. N. 
 
 Raleigh, the capital of North Carolina, in 
 Wake county. It was named after the cele- 
 brated Sir Walter Raleigh, under whose di- 
 rection the first settlement in North America 
 was made at Roanoke Island. Here is a large 
 and handsome state-house, with several other 
 public buildings. The remoteness from navi- 
 gation is its greatest disiidvantage. It is 95 
 miles W. N. W, of Newbern, the former capi- 
 tal, and 1 45 W. S. W. of Tetersburg in Vireinia 
 Pop. 2244. Long. 78. 52. W. lat. 35. 40. N. 
 
 Rama, or Ramula, a decayed town of Pales- 
 — 7 -•—•—-—,- — .viti;ii3tri r-!insnan cnurches 
 and other buildings, which attest its former mac- 
 mficence; 20 miles W. hy N. of .Jerusalem. 
 
 Rahada, a town of Colombia, in New Gra- 
 nada, ICO miles E. of St, IVIarthu, Lona. 72. 
 20, W. lat. 11. 10. N. " 
 
 Ramaoiri, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore 
 seated on the W. side of the Arkawatti; with a 
 strong fort on the opposite bank, on a large 
 rocky hill, 60 miles N. E. of Seringapatam.' 
 
 Rambert, St., a town of France, department 
 of Ain, with a linen manufacture and consider- 
 able iron-works; seated near the river Albe- 
 line, 24 miles S. S. E. of Bourg en Bresse 
 Pop. 2300. 
 
 Rambert, St., a town in the department of 
 Loire; 12 miles S. E. of Montbrison. Pop. 
 2400. ^ 
 
 Ramderwiller, a town in the department of 
 Vosges, 30 miles S. E. of Nancy. 
 
 Rambouillet, a town in the department of 
 Seine-et-Oise. Here was a -oyal palace, which 
 was demolished in 1793; 27 miles S. W. of 
 Paris. Pop. 2600. 
 
 Rame Head, a promontory on the S. coast 
 of England, the W. point of the entrance into 
 Plymouth Sound. On its summit is a clmrch 
 (a seamark) belonging to the village of Rame. 
 Long. 4. 12. W. lat. 50. 19. N. 
 
 Ramery, a town of France, department of 
 Aube, seated on the river Aube, 18 miles N. E. 
 of Troyes. 
 
 Ramillies, a town of Belgium, in South 
 Brabant, memorable for a signal victory ob- 
 tained by the Duke of Marlborough over the 
 French in 1706. It is seated at the source of 
 the Geete, 10 miles N. of Namur, and 24 S. E. 
 of Brussels. 
 
 Ramiseram, an island in the Gulf of Manarn, 
 at the W. end of Adam's Bridge, and separated 
 from Marawar, on the continent of Hindostan, 
 by a narrow channel. It is 30 miles in circuit, 
 and contains some beautiful trees, a few vil- 
 lages, and a celebrated temple, to which a vast 
 concourse of pilgrims resort. Long. 79. 22. E. 
 lat. 9. 18. N. 
 
 Ramla, a town of Palestine (the ancient Ari- 
 mathea), now in a ruinous state. Hew is a 
 manufacture of soap, which is sent into all parts 
 of Europe; 18 miles N. W. of Jerusalem. 
 
 Rammekens, a seaport of Zealand, in the isle 
 of Walcheren. It w„8 one of i">e towns put 
 into the hands of the English as a security for a 
 loan in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; -i miles 
 S. of Middleburg. Lon^. 3. 40. E. lat. 51. 
 28. N. 
 
 Rammelduug, a lofly and extensive moun- 
 tain of Germany, in that part of the Hartz 
 Forest which lies within the principality of 
 Grubenhagen. On this mountain are several 
 silver mines, and at the foot of it is the city of 
 Goslar. 
 
 Ramnad, a town of Hindostan, capital of a 
 district of its name in the province of Marwar. 
 Long. 78. 49. E. lat. 9. 24. N. 
 
 Ramoo, a town of Bengal, in the district of 
 Chittagong. Long. 92, 15. E. lat. 21, 28. N. 
 
 Rampour, a town of Hindostan. in Delhi: 
 
 32 miles S. of Cossipour, and 105. E. of Delhi.' 
 
 Ramsay, a town of the Isle of Man, situate 
 
 on a large bay on the N. E. coast. Tho bay 
 
RAM 
 
 583 
 
 tment of 
 se, which 
 i. W. of 
 
 afForda good anchorage, but the hBrbour will 
 only admit umall vesseta. Near it is a lioht. 
 house and the entrance ia defended by a fort. 
 
 jn.&t«x^^ Krtr;[?a:t! 
 
 tenwve abbey, of wf,ich only the ruins of a gate- 
 
 ri«'T«"- " '" ''"»*«'^ •" the fens, near t^ 
 mere of Ramsey and Whittlesey ; 12 miles n! 
 E. of Huntingdon, and 69 N. of London. 
 ««nal?f \"* '"]?"'' "" *''e coast of Wales. 
 Zn^ir* fr°!? P^-^brokeshire by a narrow 
 channel^led Ramsey Sound. Near it is a 
 
 ffZ nd''"^^'7l-°^^'' ^"*"^" ^y the name 
 briSn? 1 P " u*^ *"* ^'"'"'' frequented in the 
 
 Ramsoate. a seaport in Kent, in the Isle of 
 Thanet, near the Downs, with a market on 
 Wednesday and Saturday. It was formerly an 
 
 P^IX^k'^"!"^""?' ^""^ '" the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth contained only 25 inhabited houses. 
 His late majesty (George IV.) conferred upon 
 It the rank ot a royal harbour. It has of late 
 years greatly increased in size and population. 
 
 rnnJ? ru*«?°'^™"'''^t-P'«««' »" aisemblyl 
 room, two hbranes, a neat chapel of ease, and 
 places of worship for Methodists, Independents, 
 and Baptists. The harbour is nearly circular 
 and has two fine stone piers, a dry dJck, and a 
 lighthouse. Ramsgate is a member of the port 
 ot bandwich and is much frequented as a bath- 
 3P''!f = 17 miles W. by N. of Canterburv, 
 
 lat?5L 26 N "'^°"" ^°'* ^' ^^' ^• 
 
 Ramteak, a town of Hindastan, in Berar. 
 held sacred to Ram by the Hindoos, who have 
 a temple here ; 18 miles N. N. E. of Nagpore. 
 Kanai, one of the Sandwich Islands in the 
 i^acihc Ocean, about three leagues W. of Mowee. 
 Ihe b. part IS high and craggy, but the other 
 parts have a better asjiect, and are well inhabit- 
 ed. It produces very few plantains and bread- 
 fruit trees, but abounds in yams, sweet pota- 
 toes, and tare. 
 
 Randeradt, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Lower Rhine, seated on the river Worm- 10 
 miles N. W. of Juliers. 
 Randers, a town of Denmark, in N. Jut- 
 
 iJ" ; ?,*;" the mouth of the Gude, 25 miles 
 i!i. of Wiburg. 
 
 RANOAMArrv, a town of Bengal, eaiiifal of 
 a district of its name, in the collectorship of 
 Rungpore. It has a celebrated pagoda. It 
 stands near the Burram pooler, on the confines 
 of Assam and Bootan; 170 miles N. E. of 
 Moorshedabad. Long. 90. 8. E. lat. 26. 10. N. 
 
 Rangoon, a seaport of Pegu, and the princi- 
 pal mart for teak timber in the Birman empire. 
 It was founded by Alorapro, king of Birmah, 
 in 1755, and is the residence of a governor. 
 
 who lives within fho fnj* TI-,>« -■_ - -,,.x-_- 
 
 house, built of brick, but the wharfs and dwell- 
 mg-houses are all constructed of wood. In its 
 neighbourhood are numerous convents, and, 2 
 
 RAS 
 
 miles N. of the town, on a rocky eminence u e 
 veiy grand temple, which i. a'.plendTd objt^ 
 at the distance of many miles. Rangoon suT 
 rendered to the Britirfi, February l" 1825 li 
 w seated on the most eastern branch of the 
 Irrawaddy, which, hence to the «», is called 
 the Rangoon, or Synan River; 18 miles N. ot 
 
 Rannoch, Loch, a laKe of Scotland, in the 
 N. part of Perthshire; 11 miles in length. It 
 receives the waters of Loch Ericht from the N 
 and communicates with Loch Tumel on the E. 
 and Loch Lidoch on the W. On its S. side is 
 a torest of birch and pine. 
 
 Rantampour, a town and fortress of Hin- 
 dostan, capital of a district of its name, in the 
 proving of Agimere ; 96 miles E. of Agimere. 
 Long. 76. 57. E. lat. 26. 9,5. N. 
 
 Rantzow. a town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Iloistem, 24 miles N. by W. of Lubec. 
 
 Raolconda, a town of Hindostan, in Visia- 
 pour, near which is a rich diamond mine ; 20 
 miles N. N. W. of Sollapour. 
 
 Raon l'Etape, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Meurthe, seated at the conflux of 
 the Etape anij Meurthe; 30 miles S. E. of 
 Nancy. 
 
 Rapallo, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 the province of Genoa, seated on a bar of ita 
 name; 16 miles E. S. E. of Genoa. 
 
 Raphoe, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Donegal, and a bishop's see. The cathedral 
 serves as a parish church; 11 miles S. W. of 
 Londonderry, .and 21 N. E. of Donegal. 
 
 Rapolla, a town of Naples, in Basilicata. 5 
 miles W. of Venosa. 
 
 Rappabannoc, a river of Virginia, which 
 rises in the mountains called the Blue Ridge 
 and flows by Falmouth, Fredericsbure, Port-' 
 royal, Leeds Tappahannoc, and Ubanna, into 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Rappebschweil, a town of Switzerland, in 
 the canton of Zurich; seated on a neck of land 
 that advances into the lake of Zurich over 
 which IS a wooden bridge, 1850 feet lone. It 
 13 lit miles S. E. of Zurich, and 20 N. W. of 
 Glaris. 
 
 Rapps, a town of Austria, on the river Teva 
 8 miles N. by W. of Horn. ' 
 
 Rauitan, a river of New Jersey, which runs 
 by Brunswick and Amboy into Arthur KuU 
 bound, and helps to form the fine harbour of 
 Amboy. 
 
 Rascia, the eastern division of Sclavonia. 
 watered by the river Rasca, whinh nms into the 
 Alorave. The inhabitants are called Rascians. 
 
 Kaseborq, a seaport of Swedci. i^pital of « 
 T^°", '^ Ny'""*!- It J8 seated on the Gub 
 of Fniland ; 37 miles S. E. of Abo. Lomr. 23. 
 18. E. lat. 60. 16. N. 
 
 Rastadt, a to>vn of Germany, in Baden, with 
 a nob e castie. In 1714 a treaty was newti- 
 ated here between the French and Austrians. 
 .-ind in I, a 6 Uie former defeated the latter near 
 tills place. It is seated on the Merg, near the 
 
 c^5',- *,""''-'' ^'- ^- »f Ba'Jen, and 24 S. W 
 of Phiiipsburg. Pop. 4200. 
 
RAS 
 
 Rastknbubo, a fortified town of Eait Pru.. 
 Giiher, /SO m.les S. E. of KoniRBbenr. 
 
 of Knd»:^'"r' ",**"7: °"^'»n«'. '" the county 
 M Kildare, 88 mile* from Dublin. 
 
 of DrilTin' "•!'"':i"^ ^,"''""*'' ^ the county 
 or Uublin, 10 niilca from Dublin. 
 
 Rathtokmac, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Wnterford. ' 
 
 Rathdowney, a town of Ireland, in Queen's 
 founty, 75 miles from Dublin. 
 
 of wTlllow "^uk'""" "^ ^'""''' '" the countv 
 
 RaTHPARNHAM, a town of IrelnnH i„ ♦»,- 
 
 co.mtyofDublin/amilJJ'lCmDuSlin: " *'"' 
 
 of T i^i"?'L*'fi? *'"^" "*■ I™'«"'lr «n the county 
 of Limenck, 1 37 miles from Dublin ^ 
 
 meritTt "•/?*!? •"'P™'»'«» Silesia, for- 
 "ame lu'T'"'..''^ « principality of the same 
 house L^lf^'^i ^'"' •^"**'^'»' •»"•' town- 
 Oder T^^-^^l "t""""^- ^t » «««ted on the 
 K of tt^^ V- "fTroppau. and 86 S. S. 
 ii. ot Broslau. Pop. 3600. 
 
 see ofa^Tk." '" '"» "'^^ "^ B"^""». and the 
 this place m 1798. TheribbeyofSt Emme- 
 
 ns?umeS"S« ^"""1'°" of. mathematical 
 amTiu^nii Tk* town-house is magnificent, 
 ana in its hall the general diets of the emnir^ 
 
 •alt, for which It is a depdt, and sends larm 
 
 .'"tat fe w^'f"'".""?'''^ *» V-"^ In te 
 
 AuSinr^nS P*'" T ^^^ V^'^^r '^tween the 
 
 WcSu^ Tf r"''' '" *^•'''' '^« 'atter were 
 victorious. It has nn ancient bridee of 1? 
 
 Sde of "tZ*"-' ^"""^^ '"•^ stands of the s! 
 62 JL V r^'^iS' *l *•'« •"*''« of the Regen 
 62 mile. N. by E of Munich, and 195 W b^ 
 
 Stt^rN. ^'''■''''''- ^-K-i^-eig 
 
 of StlJit^i'a " •rV'" iS^'""''' '" the county 
 of Du£ '"''^' ^- °^^"'"' "nd 12 N. W. 
 
 in ri^1:Jr'°^*K' * '"'"" o' the Austrian states, 
 if&Surtr'*' *"•''"*''•>'""- S. by W! 
 
 Ratsha, or Ratska, a town and fortress of 
 Sclavonia, on the N. side of the Save, opposite 
 w-Sr ' ^O'nilesS.W.ofPeter! 
 
 Rattan. &# RuATAff. 
 
 Rattenbero, a fortified town of the Austrian 
 rtate., in Tyrol, with a citadel. In its vicS 
 
 It M Situate on the Inn ; 26 miles E. N. E of 
 Inspruck, and 44 S. W. cf Solzburg. 
 
 can7»ir„?!'^'-"-'"°f^"'"^ town of Germany; 
 M^^ i " P"5"Pa'''y, subject to the duke "of 
 
 island, in the midst of ., lake 30 miles in cir- 
 :r^I!- J""' !'"'!<'*n8» -^ of brick? Z 
 r^ruL" 'Tyf"^? " ^"•■*"«'^ '^"h « tree. From 
 the lake of R^.tzeburg issues the river Waknitr, 
 
 6B4 
 
 RAY 
 
 which joins the Trnvo near Lubcc. Rntzebuw 
 IS not»J for Its excellent beer. It is 14 mtlcw 
 
 T ^ ,;.°L^1^<'' and 22 S. of Lauenburgb. 
 Long. 10. 52. E.lat. 63.43. N. 
 
 Raudnitz, a town and castle of Bohemia, 
 seated on the Elbe , 20 miles N. of Prague. 
 
 mil o"°' ,"«•"*" of ^"«""' 'n Finland ; 20 
 miles S. of Biorneburg, and 56 N. by W. of 
 Abo. ' 
 
 lUusciiENBERo, a town of Germany, in 
 
 "^i'^tW'oT'i^:^-^-"'^"^-*' 
 
 «..f !^r.K"' « ' ^*\""' » "''«' of Hindostan , 
 one of the five E. branches of the Indus. It 
 rises m Lahore, on the borders of Tibet, flows 
 by the city of Lahore to Toulomba, in the coun- 
 try of Moultnn, and, 28 miles below, joins the 
 Cliunaub. The Rauvee is the Hydraotes of 
 Alexander. 
 
 Ravkllo, a town of Naples, in Prindpato 
 Citrn, and a bishop's see, 19 miles W. of 
 Salerno, and 25 S. E. of Naples. 
 
 Ravenolass, a seaport in Cumberland, with 
 a market on Saturday. It stands on an inlet 
 , .0 In»h Sea, between the Mite and Esk. 
 which, with the Irt, run into this inlet, and 
 torm a good harbour ; but, the adjacent country 
 furnishing little for exportation, its chief trad© 
 18 in oysters J 2 miles from the town, on the S. 
 side of the Esk, ore ruins of 3 miles in circum- 
 ference, called the city of Burnscar, of which 
 no histoncnl documents appear to exist. Ra- 
 venglnss is 16 miles. S. 8. E. of Whitehaven 
 
 W' lat!'64!'*22'!-i?' °' ^'"^''"' '^'^'-''- 
 Ravenna, a city of Italy, in tlie states of the 
 church, and an archbishop's see, with several 
 colleges, a great number of religious houses, and 
 a ruinous citadel. It has a celebrated harbour, 
 but the sea has gradually withdrawn 4 miles 
 from the town. Theodoric, king of the Goths, 
 resided here, and afterwards the exarchs of 
 the Greek emperors. The mausoleum of Theo- 
 done IS still to be seen, and is covered by a 
 single stone, 21 feet in diameter and 16 thick. 
 Ravenna IS seated on the river Mantone ; 37 
 
 P '"'ioo^a"^ ?^™"'' """^ '62 N. of Roraft 
 Pop. 12,000. Long. 12. 6. E. lot. 44. 25. N. 
 
 RAVKNSBEia, a town of Prussian Westpha- 
 im, capital of a county of its name, now in- 
 cluded in the government of Mindcn ; 36 miles 
 o. W. of Minden. 
 
 RAVENSBuno, a town of Germany, in Wir- 
 temberg, with a considerable trade, particularly 
 »n paper, seated on the Cheus ; 18 miles N. of 
 Lmdau. 
 
 Ravenstein, a town of the Netheriands, in 
 North Brabant, with a castle, seated on the 
 Maese; 8 miles W. S. W. of Nimeguen. 
 
 Kavitz, a town of Prussian Poland, near the 
 confines of Silr,i;i, with a considerable manu- 
 800^ • " "'"*'' ^- of I'osen. Pop. 
 
 Rawa, .-! town of Polond, with a strong 
 castle, «^. red ill a morass, and almost sur- 
 rounded bv f,''o nv«>r Pa»» . ee „;i_- c «r . 
 WWW. tony, !9. 65. E. lot. 61. 51. N. 
 Raynhah, a t i>r, of Massachusets, in Bristol 
 
RAY 
 
 oonnty, with manu&cturei of imn, icatud near 
 Taunton River; 4 milei N. N. E. ofTaunton 
 and 32 8. of Doiton. ' 
 
 Uayhour, a town of Hindorton, in Oriaaa ; 
 60 milM 8. of lluttunpour, and 00 W. of Sum' 
 bulpour. 
 
 Be, an island in France j 16 miles long, and 
 4 broad j separated ftom the coast of Lower 
 Charente by the Strait of Breton, olrove 7 miles 
 wide. The products are bitter wine, salt 
 brandy, and the liquor called aniseed. St, Mar- 
 tin is the capital. 
 
 llKADiNo, a borough, and the capital of Berk- 
 shire ; governed by a mayor ; with a market 
 on Saturday. It has three churches, ond seve- 
 ral meeting-houses. The principal manufac- 
 tures are canvas, blankets, gauze, ribbons, and 
 pins J and a great trade in malt, flour, ond 
 tinber. It sends two members to parliament. 
 Here are the ruins of a rich abbey, in which 
 Henry I. was interred. It is seated on the 
 Kennet, near iu confluence with the Thames • 
 20 miles S. S. E. of Oxford, and 37 W. of 
 London, 
 
 Reading, a town of Pennsylvania, capital of 
 Berks county, with four edifices for public wor- 
 ship, and a large one for the public oflSces. In 
 1795 the county votsd 12,000/. for building a 
 bridge over the Schuylkill, on which the town 
 is seated ; 64 miles N. W. of Philadelphia. 
 Pop. U4I 0. Long. 76. 10, W, lat. 40. 22. N. 
 
 Realeoo, a seaport of Guatemala in the 
 province of Nicaragua, with three churches. The 
 chief trade is in pitch, tar, and cordage. It is 
 situate amoiig swamps, near the mouth of a 
 river of its name, 20 miles W. N. W. of Leon, 
 to which It serves as a harbour. Lona. 87. 46. 
 W. lat. 12. 43. N. ' 
 
 Rbalville, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Turn-et-Garonne ; 8 miles N. B of 
 Montauban, and 20 S. of Cahors. 
 Rbccan. See Akacan. 
 Rkccanatf, a town of Italy, in the papal 
 states, and delegation of Ancona. It has a 
 great fair in September, which continues 15 
 days. It is seated on a mountain, near the 
 nver Munsone ; 14 miles S. of Ancona. Pop. 
 
 Reckem, a town of the Netherlands, near 
 the Mouse ; 6 miles N. of Maestricht. 
 
 Recklinohausen, a town of Prussian West- 
 phalia, capital of a county belonging to the 
 duke of Aremberg. It has a strong citadel, 
 seated on the Lippe; 20 miles S. S. W. of 
 Munster. Pop. 1200. Long. 7. 36. E. lat. 
 51. 38. N. 
 
 Reculver, a village in Kent, at the mouth 
 of a small branch of the Stour ; 8 miles N. E. 
 of Canterbury. It is the Regulbium of the 
 Romans, and its ancient church has two spires, 
 which are called by mariners the Two Sisters. 
 
 Red Head, a cape of Scotland, in Angus- 
 shire, the S. point of Lunan Bay. Here are the 
 ruins of a castle, almost surrounded by the sea. 
 
 Red Lake, a lake of North .\t!'.s:t\-— ]— '-.-t 
 S. of Lake of the Woods. It is 60 miles long 
 and 15 broad, and on the N. side is fed by 
 ■•veral small rivers. Its outlet, at the S, E. 
 
 085 
 
 REE 
 
 extremity, in lat. 47. 20., is called Red Rivtr 
 and flows into the Mississippi, a little abov^ St.' 
 Anthony Falls. 
 
 Red Sea, a sea celebrated in holy writ. It 
 extends 1800 miles flrom N. to 8., dividira 
 Africa fl-om Arabia, and is 200 broad in the 
 widest part. It is separated from the Medi- 
 terranean Sea on the N, by the Isthmus of 
 Sues, and communicates on the S., by the 
 Strait of Babelmandeb, with the Indian Ucean. 
 
 Reddriooe, a village in Hampshire, at the 
 mouth of the Tost; 3 miles W. of Southampton. 
 It has a considerable trade in coal, timber, 
 corn, &c. 
 
 Redcar, a township of North Yorkshire ; 
 
 7 miles from Guisborough, and 240 from Lon- 
 don. It has lately become a fashionable batbing> 
 place, and is much frequented. 
 
 Redditcu, hamlet in Tardebigg parish, in 
 the county of Worcester, near Bromsgrove ; 
 famous for its manufactures of flsh-hooks and 
 needles. 
 
 Redon, a town of France, in the department 
 of lUe-et-Velaine. It serves as a mart for the 
 commerce of Rennes. It is seated on the 
 Vilainej 20 miles E. of Vannes, and 62 S.S. 
 W. of Rennes. Pop. 4000. Long. 2. 10, W. 
 ht. 47. 4«. N. 
 
 Redonoela, a town of Spain, in Galicia, 
 with a strong castle. It stands on Vigo Bay: 
 
 8 miles N. E. of Vigo. 
 
 Redonda, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with 
 a castle, seated on the Mondego ; 17 miles W. 
 of Coimbra. 
 
 Rbdondo, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo ; 
 23 miles S. W. ofElvas. 
 
 Redruth, a town in Cornwall, with a market 
 on Friday. It is seated in the very heart of 
 the mining country ; 12 miles N. by E. of Hel- 
 stone, and 263 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Redstone, a town of Pennsylvania, in Alle- 
 gany county, with a manufacture of paper, and 
 a rope- walk, situate on the Monongahela ; i)0 
 miles S. by E. of Pittsburg. 
 
 Reepiiam, a town in Norfolk, with a market 
 on Saturday, and a trade in malt ; situate on 
 the Eyre, over which it has a ford ; 1 1 miles 
 N. E. of Dereham, and 112 N. by E. of 
 London. 
 
 Rees, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy 
 ofCleves, seated on the Rhine; 10 miles N. 
 W. of Wesel. 
 
 Rees, or Rens, a town of the Prussian states, 
 in the province of Lower Rhine. Hard by it, 
 on the Rhine, is the Konigstuhl, or Thronus 
 Regalis, a remarkable piece of antiquity, con- 
 sisting of a round vault, built of freestone, and 
 resting on 9 stone pillars, one of which stands 
 in the middle. The vault is 80 feet in circum- 
 ference, and has two stout doors, the ascent to 
 which is by 28 stone steps. It is furnished 
 with seven seats, agreeably to the number of 
 electors at that time ; and on this regal chair the 
 electors of Germany formerly held consultations " 
 relative to the eiecliou of a king and emperor, 
 and other weighty matters of the empire. Rees 
 IS seated near the Rhine ; 5 miles S. by £. of 
 Coblentz. 
 
REE 
 
 i!to a. K of New Stai:gur(|. 
 
 homm, with the circle of Upper Maine on the 
 «. W. and that of Lower Dunubo on the S. 
 
 „ *,. T 5*»-000- H«ti»bon and Alonbuw 
 nre the chief towns. 
 IIkokn, a town of Bavaria, on a river of the 
 
 "^V.'T"', » '?''*' ^- ^- ^ "' f)ecliendorf. 
 and 40 E. of Ratitlion. 
 
 Rkoknsbebo, n town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Zurich, capital of a bailiwick of the 
 wme name, with a strong cnstle. It is seated 
 of ZuS ^^^ ^Wrbcrg j 9 mile, N. W. 
 
 ItKOKNSDURO. See RATISnON. 
 
 ciilirr^-M"".' " to'^" »f ""variH. in the prin- 
 
 £n!;TK47utal'^™-"^' "' «-°"^' 
 
 llKUBNswALnK, a town of Prussian Pome- 
 ranm, with a castle, seated on theKega, i>4 miles 
 is*, a. b. of Cumin. 
 
 ill!!r°*"°i' * '"■T".'^ "*' ^"l''^"- '■" Calabria 
 Ultra, and an archbisliop's see. The churches 
 convents, and many houses, are built of stoned 
 Irom ancient edifices, and numerous inscrip. 
 tions are to be met with op the walk Tlie 
 environs produce the best silk in Calabria ; and 
 
 (pinna), that yields a kind of wool, of which 
 gloves and stockings nre made. iLggio was 
 nearly destroyed by an earthquake b Wit 
 U « "Mted on the strait of Messina ; 12 miles 
 li. b. ii. of Messmn, and 95 S. by W. of Co- 
 wnw. Pop. 10,600. Long. le. SO. E. Ittt. 3(1. 
 
 Reooio, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy „f 
 the same name, mcluded in that of Modena 
 ?"«J" f "hop's see. with a strong citaE In' 
 S^Le™ 1'h •"'■^^"'"''"SS by the greatest 
 masteni and m the square is the statue of 
 Brenniis, chief of the Gauls. The principal 
 trade ,s in silk. It was taken hySe 
 Eugene in 1706 and by the king of'^Sardina 
 flJiff \^^^^ *''° '"habitants were the 
 «rat Itabans that renounced allegiance to their 
 sovereign, and solicited the protection of the 
 S^ ,^?«gww the birth-place of the poet 
 Anosto. It as seated in a fertile country, on t •' 
 
 K E ^Slri '' "i'" ^' ^- of MoZenrL 
 
 Reohebil, a town of Negroland, in Wnn- 
 gara; situate on a lake at the influx of a branch 
 
 Lontft:l!?at"it.fo:$f^-"^^'^-"- 
 
 Regis St., a town of Lower Canoda, situate 
 on the boundary line that separates Canada 
 from the United States, and on a river of ita 
 name at its junction with the St. Lawrence- 
 f^'I^^^'jS^W. of Montreal. Long. 74. 10. W.' 
 
 neS'tho Tn!,.^ ^""^ °M *^P"?^ ^^^' »«>t«d 
 near the libcr; 17 nule-s N. of Rome. 
 
 SM 
 
 REM 
 
 Rkichrnau, an ishind in the Zeller Zee or 
 ZZ '"'','' "'.^o'-t^co; 3 miles longl^li^ 
 
 Rkichknbach, one of the four govemmcntu 
 into which Pru«i«n Silesia was divided in 18?" 
 
 atdl S^iU-oTth-a"? of S: 
 
 4TioSiXSts!^^^"«''i-™iKa 
 
 Rkiohenhach, the capital of the foregoina 
 government, has considerable manufi.ctures of 
 Jinen, caiivaa. and fustian. It is seated on the 
 
 Rkichknuacii, a tonrn of Saxony, in Voigt- 
 land The inhabitants are principally clotl.ie^ 
 and their method of dyeing, ,wrticul«rly scariet 
 IS brought to great perfection. It is 10 miles 
 ». s. w, of Zurickau. 
 
 . Reiciienduko, a town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Buntzlnu ; with a considerabi; man"! 
 acturo of c oth. It is 28 miles N. of Jung 
 Buntzluu. Pop. 12,000. * 
 
 . Reichenfem, a town of the Austrian states, 
 in Carinthia; 24 miles N. E. of ClngeHfurt 
 . KEiciiENHAiL, a town of Bavaria, with n 
 nch salt spring. Some «.lt is mad^e'reTbut? 
 for want of fuel, most of the brine is carried 
 over the lulls to Traunstein. a distance oM4 
 
 t^Sni^ °o*"f' ""'^ Vip^- I' » «««ted on 
 the balu ; 9 miles S. W. of Salzburg. 
 
 REICH8H0FEN, a town of France, department 
 
 Reifkercheid, a town of the Prussian • 
 states; fomerly the capital of a county in the 
 
 "f Treves. ^^^' '^^ ^^ ^- ^^ ^' 
 
 Reigate. See Ryem jtb. 
 
 Styria ; on the river Save; 25 miles S. sn. of 
 
 Reiner, a town of Prussicn Silesia, in the 
 government of Roichenbach, with a mineral 
 
 rS w.Tatf "' ''"''''' ^^ P"P-' 
 
 niiSrrr^^k^nlSi,!^ ^-' ^™-"' '^ 
 
 Rkmbebvilleu, a town of France dennrt. 
 
 ment of Vosges, 17 miles N. N. E. of S^ 
 
 2oSe^^: EJTLlfX"' " ''' '^'^'"' 
 
 Remiremont, a town of France, department 
 
 of ^Vosges; 11 miles S. E. of EpinJl. PoJ! 
 
 in ^hl"?' ^-r ^ ^''^ "f the Sardinion states, 
 m the territory of Genoa; situate in a fruitful 
 valley, with a good harbour, in the MedUerra- 
 nean. 7 miles E. by N. of Vintimiglia, ondTs 
 to. h. of Genoa. Pop. 7600. 
 
 that of Rothenburg. Goppinsen is the capital. 
 
 
REM 
 
 S87 
 
 70 
 
 
 I 
 
 Rkmy. St., a town of Prance, department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone. A triumphol arch, and 
 a mausoleum, in the neighbourhood, display 
 the taste of the Augustan ago; the former is 
 not entire, but the latter is in the best sU^te of 
 presorvat,on. It U 10 miles N. E. of Aries. 
 1 op. olOO. 
 
 Rbndsduko, a fortified town of Denmark, in 
 the duchv of Holstein, on the frontiers of Sles- 
 wick, and on the river Eyder. It is composed 
 of three parts, the Old Town, the Sohlosskule. 
 and the Now Town; the former of which 
 stands on an island formed by the river. The 
 pnnpipnl manufactures are porcelain, earthen- 
 ware, and gold and silver lace; and the trade in 
 
 RET 
 
 timber, by means of the Eyder canal, is consi- 
 a 2. '^i J' ".'^ "''''■ ^- of Kiel, and 16 S. 
 
 Renfrew, a borough of Scotland, and the 
 county town of Renfrewshire. It sends, with 
 Its contributories, one member to parliament. 
 Iho principal brunch manufacture is that of 
 thread, but many looms are employeil in the 
 silk and muslin. Robert II. had a palace 
 hero. It 18 seated near the Clyde, to which 
 there is a cannlj 6 miles W. by N, of GIubkow 
 and 1 3 E. by 8. of Greenock. Long. 4.26 w' 
 lut. 56. 64. N. " •-".". 
 
 RKNFREwsumE, a county of Scotland, 30 
 miles long, and from 10 to 14 brood; bounded 
 on the W. and N. by the Frith of Clyde, E bv 
 Lanarkshire, and S. by Ayrshire. It is divided 
 into 20 parishes, and returns one member to 
 parliament. In the N. part, towards the bor- 
 ders of the Clyde, the soil is fertile, but the S. 
 part IS mountainous and rather barren. Besides 
 the Clyde, it is watered by the Gryfe, and the 
 White and Black Cart. The largest town is 
 Paisley. 
 
 Reni, n town of European Turkey, in Bes- 
 sarabia ; seated on the Danube ; 1 35 miks S. W. 
 of Bender. 
 
 RENNra, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Ille-et-Vilaine; and a bishop's see. 
 It contains eight parish churches, besides the 
 cathedral, several convents, and a small uni- 
 versity. The streets are broad and straight, 
 but they were narrow before the fire in 1720, 
 which lasted seven days, and consumed 85o' 
 houses. In the great square ore the Palace of 
 Justice, niul the Hotel de Ville. It is seated 
 on the Vilaine, which divides it into two parts 
 It is 190 miles W. S. W. of Paris. Pon' 
 80.000. Long. 1. 42. W. lot. 48. 7. N. 
 Rens, or Rense. See Ref.s. 
 Rensselaer, n county of New York, bounded 
 E. by Vermont and Massachusets, N. by Wash- 
 ington, S. by Columbia, and W. by the Hudson 
 Pop. 60,296, Troy and Lansingburg are the 
 chief towns. 
 
 Renton, a village of Scotland, near which 
 u one of the most considerable printfields in 
 Scotland; also the old mansion of Dalquhum 
 
 whfiro l)r .'Smnlle* "»— ' 1 j -i i ■» ' 
 
 - — _i — i.ic. „,„, ,„.rn, ttiiu uif loity 
 
 column erected to his memory, on the bank of 
 
 the Leven; 4 miles N. W. of Dumbarton. 
 
 Renty.u town of France, department of Pas 
 
 de Calais; seated on the Ao; 12 miles S W of 
 Aire, and 60 N. W. of Arrai. 
 
 Rkollr, a town in the department of Gl- 
 ronde; seated on the Garonne; 30 miles S. E 
 of Bordeaux. Pop. 3800. •"»«» o. l!-. 
 
 RitPAii,r.B, a town of the Sardinian states, 
 in Savoy; famous for the retreat of Amodeus, 
 duke of Savoy, m 1440, when he went to enjoy 
 the pleasures of a country life; seated on a river 
 which runs into the lake of Geneva; 20 milci 
 JN. ti. of Geneva. 
 
 Rkppbn, a town of Brandenburg; 16 miles 
 a. s. h, of Custnn, 
 
 a »f "'?''a° *'""«® '" Derbyshire, miles S. 
 ». W. of Derby; lelebrated as '.he burial-place 
 of several of the Saxon kings of Mercio and 
 tor several antiquities. Hero is a noted free- 
 school, which appears to have been the refec- 
 tory of a pnory, 
 
 REiiUENA, a town of Spain, in New Castile ; 
 
 .. •„" *^I'®' ""^ * considerable manufacture 
 
 of silks. It was taken by the English in 1706. 
 
 and retaken by the French the next year It 
 
 IS seated m, a hill, on the bordem of Volencia : 
 
 lot.'SI) 44 n" ^' °^ ^"°"'*- ^°"8- '• »■ Wi 
 Reshd, a city of Persia, capital of Ghilan. 
 It has n considerable trade, particularly in silk- 
 and much rice grows in the environs. It is' 
 mted on a river; 6 miles from the Caspian 
 Sen, and 100 N. of Cnsbin. Pop. about 10 000. 
 Long. 49. 60. E. lat. 37. 28. N. ' 
 
 Resolution Island, an island in the North 
 Atlantic; 60 miles long and 20 broad ; on the 
 T ■ t.'^i *iP entrance into Hudson Strait. 
 Long. 65. 0. W. lat. 61. 40. N. 
 
 Resolution Isle, a small island in the South 
 Pacific; 160 leagues E. of Otaheite; so called 
 from the ship in which Cook made his second 
 voyage. Long. 141. 16. W. lat. 17. 23. S. 
 
 Retel, a town of Franco, department of 
 Ardennes; seoted on a hill, near the Aisne- 26 
 miles N.E. of Rheims. Pop. 4900. Long. 4. 
 24. E. lat. 49. 32. N. ** 
 
 Retford, East, a borough in NotUngham- 
 Bhire ; with a market on Saturday ; returning 
 two members to parliament. It is in general 
 well built, and consists of three principal 
 streets, disposed nearly in the form of a Ronian 
 r . Ihe market is held under the town-hall 
 where the election of members for the borough 
 takes place. The Chesterfield Canal, which 
 was opened in 1777,18 conveyed by an aque- 
 duct over the river Idle, to the south-west of 
 the town. It has a handsome and commodious 
 church, three meeting-houses, an hospital, and 
 almshouses for eighteen poor women. The 
 chief trade is in molt, ond it has manufactures 
 ot hats and bobbinnet. It is seated on the 
 
 f5?W K^w" ^-T^'^ f- °^ Nottingham, and 
 144 N by W. of London. West RetfoVd is 
 situated on the opposite side of the river, and 
 has a small church, a free-school, and an hospital 
 torie poor men. 
 
 KfciHKM, a town of Hanover, seated on the 
 Al er; 35 miles N. N. W. of Hanover. 
 
 Retimo, a seaport of Candia, and a bishop's 
 see; with a citadel. It was taken by the Turks 
 
RKT 
 
 588 
 
 Ind oil „r«^ ' *' T'- ''"""y' "«". l*uJ"n".n, 
 °". dk '.r*' °^ ''" "'-"'1 i 4'^ mile. W. of 
 
 Hkij*, a towi I i.u.:,, a Catalonia with 
 nwnutactureaof .i/k, .itn'., ■.uther.aTdlmt., 
 and a emu,... ,Ue tr.-..', i„ .vine, brandy. &c 
 
 U S4"s V"oft "* » "•"■" fruitful .£• 
 1 / miles S. W of Tarrugona. I'op. 20.000 
 
 the S^rr "^ ?*''««l««d. ■ -ch ri«, i„ 
 Iv\ , * **' Locendro, on the N W nf vl 
 Gothard; flowsthrough the Lake -o^iutn" 
 
 bdoi'LS "' ''"' ""•""' -*• ^"'- '^" aT; 
 
 ditches, and defended by a cJlS „?h ^"IS 
 bastions. The housIT-,-:™ n k f ""** K""^ 
 fine gardens It rCm7 in.'''' ""^ ^"'^ 
 trade, since the Rwi^,L% ^ 'f^ "^ 8'^«t 
 of it in I7in. ^"fM«ns obtained poBsession 
 
 of Riga, and 220 W. bV S S p f " 7 ^- 
 Population, ,3,000. ioJj. 1^17.^^!^ "sli 
 
 pioT4rtis'T^^ta'?'i" f ^'■•' 
 
 mountain, fortified^ nnh.rl' ".""^ *SP °^ ^ 
 
 of which they may be de^5 ^^^ Marquesas, 
 
 They were d^covTreTin Tr^f \T'T''''- 
 Biderable Hr« R,..,w ^ ./ " '■"^ ^'^^ con- 
 
 aliuflS m"5 S,^/„f^^^ J-"" " 
 
 Bion of in the nam^of Z p "" '?''*^" Po^^^- 
 Captain MarchaT tt^T^T'lat 
 rUwAH. a town of Hi.,d„stan. iu the pro- 
 
 RHE 
 
 S.W "^-^'l-huba.!, the residence of a Hindoo 
 
 ailt?'"'''^""'^^^^-"««-«^^. 
 
 di«S*i!!''.h '"*" "' Hindctan. capital of a 
 ^wtriet in the province of Delhi. It i« the 
 
 I'O'ig. 76. 62. E. lal. 2». 13. N 
 
 "-. onuich uf the Nile, where the t.u,iil of Alex 
 undritt enter, that river. It i. 25 n i « abo^« 
 H««tta, and 58. E. S. E. of Alxandrk " 
 
 noih!*''*"^'"'' ".""^" "' W"'*-'*. i» Rad- 
 norshire, with a market o. Wednesday iTk 
 BUuHte on the Wye, wh. r there ^formerly 
 a cataract, which is now . .Htroyc.i, and a S 
 ..•.dge rrocted,andon an eminence ",.,?r Hi. 
 mnu'in' "'r.r'*".' P"""*-'. "'• which no rl: 
 remain. In th,.- neishbourhood are load and 
 copper minesi ll> mile. W. N. W. of New ilLd 
 nor. and 178 of London. 
 
 Khbua. ,. town of Prussian A\ cstphalia- 10 
 miles N. of Lipstadt. i" p'lmia, lu 
 
 Hheimn, a city of France, deiwrtment of 
 Marne ( and an archbishop's see. The inhabit 
 anu are e,Un-.ted at an.OOO. The n Sa 
 church built before the year 406, il iverv 
 beautifu structure; and that of St Nille ^ 
 
 high altar of the church of St. Remy, the corpse 
 
 Lve^v .r ''° ^'"«' Sf/""''^ '"'^« been m.cc^ 
 
 Cio!is Z7^ f ""i""""' P™»«'"i' be«»»«> 
 Uovis. the founder of tl,, French monarchy. 
 
 t^rithT'^ ^"'"J P^""""' '^•" baptised ^ 
 t'.e cathedral here, in the year 496. The re. 
 
 Dhararl"" '""?»""'«'«''•<'. a ca.Ue.and aSuS^ 
 tt Lnn ' "^"^""g 'he ancient monuments of 
 hSitr'- ^''«'"'««'« are wide and straight. 
 
 of fllnn V'"'^ "^^ '""'• "«'« «'« manufttcturi 
 of flannel, coverle^ and other woollen stuff" 
 This city was taken and letaken several timei 
 by the Frer.ch and allied armies, in 1814. TtZ 
 ated m a pla,„, surrounded by hills that pro- 
 ^uce excellent wine, on the river Vess, ^ 
 
 Long. 4. 2. E. lat. 4.1. 15. N. ' -^ aris. 
 
 Rhein, a town of Prussia, with a lave 
 
 of Konigsbeig. Long. 21. 38. E. lat. 63. 48. N 
 
 llHBiNAu. a town of SwiUerland. in the 
 
 T7f°' ^'';!'"8""' ^'■''^ *" abbey; on is 
 
 ofsctrz:t^''^«^''-^^-'-s-s.w: 
 
 Pr?«ifn'"'.*?' "•' ^J'^NDACH, a town of the 
 Prussian states, m the province of Cleve« and 
 Berg ; 20 miles S. of Cologne. 
 
 RHKiNBEao. a town of the Prussian states. In 
 be government .; Cleves, seated near the 
 
 W.Tf'cifoS?'''"'^^''^^"''"''^^^''^ 
 Rheine, a town of Prussian Westphalia. 
 Heated on the Ems; 18 miles W. N. \V^ of 
 Osnabui;g. 
 
 thJ^ou-"^''^!- " >°*" "'' Germany, seated on 
 the^Rhme; 16 miles N. W. of Col, ,'nfjr. 
 
 liHEiNnvK, n town of Franconiu, capital of 
 a county of the same name, with a cast!*', oa 
 
RIIE 
 
 ^e rlrer Sinn ; 2i milot N. by W. of WurU- 
 
 of the Rheinthal, m the airiton of St. Gnll 
 With « ciutle. leated oa the Rhine; 25 milti S 
 tj. or Conitance. 
 
 the bet of the four foro.t-to*n.. h. ted on the 
 
 S"' "'"'' * " ' ''"''«^* " '"''"• *=• «*■ 
 
 in ^hl"« "•'"• ' "*'""» ^""^"^ «>f Germany. 
 
 imiH.t«ntplac6Hon the Rhine, and stand* on a 
 •tujwndouii crngKy rock, at the foot of which is 
 the fortified town of St. Goar. It was t,iken by 
 the French in 1794; 16 miles S. of Coblentz. 
 
 Rhkinmaobn, a town of the Pruwian statei. 
 in the government of Coblent/. wtuate on the 
 Rhine; 19 mile. N. W. of Coblent?. 
 
 JlHKiOTHAL, a district of Switzerland; in the 
 canton of St Uall. lying along the Rhino. It 
 to a fertile valley, 30 miles long, and from 3 to II 
 broad, and produces excellent wine. Rheineck 
 IS the capital. 
 
 Rhkinzaburn a town of France, depart- 
 ment .f Lower Rhine, seated on the Eribach; 
 10 miies S. E. of Landau. ' 
 
 Rhena, h town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Mecklenbu,g, on the river Radegast; U miles 
 -Ci. o. £j. oi iiubec. 
 
 Rhenev, a town cf Belgium, in the province 
 ™ Utret ht, seated on the Rhine; 20 miles S. 
 *<• 01 . trecht. 
 
 Rhinb, a great and remarkable river of 
 Europe, which rises in Switzerland, in the canton 
 of (•rison^ It IS formed of three streams-the 
 further Rhine, from the head of the valley of 
 DisenUs, the Mid-Uo Rhine, from the valleV of 
 Si°' «" "PP^^'i^gP of St. Gothardj and the 
 , ^L** . PP®' ^'""«^ from the mount Avi- 
 cula. The first two torrents united take the 
 name of Lower Rhine, which receives the Up- 
 ^u' . J?n "' Richenau, ttiul the height is here 
 about 6180 feet above the sea. Flowing by 
 Coire, at the distance of amUe. the Rhine here 
 becames navigable for rafts. It is, soon after, 
 the boun iary between the Rheinthal and a ter- 
 ritory of Austria, and passes through the Lake 
 of Constance from E. to W. Leaving this lake 
 It flows W. by SchaiTliausen, below which it 
 forms a celebrated cataract. It continues in a 
 WMt« , iy course to Basle, when it turns to the N 
 and Iters the Netherlands in which course i't - 
 watc :, many considerable cities and towns, and 
 receives some arge rivers. Below i:mmerick,in 
 theduchy of Cleve8,it divides into two streams. 
 That which bends to the W., and flows by Nime 
 guen, IS called the Waal, but loses that nam. 
 on its junction with the Mouse at Worcum. 
 Below Gorcum, it divides into four principal 
 branches, forr,,ing the is.cs of Ysselmonde. 
 Voom and «/verfla<jkee: the most northern 
 branch ,8 called the Merwe, and, passing by 
 
 RotterdaraandSchiedam,isjoinedby the branch 
 from the S. side of Ysselmonde and enters the 
 vrrriuaji uccau i^low Briel : the otier two 
 branches make their exit at Helvoetsl and 
 uoree. The other stream, which had bra. .hed 
 
 i«« 
 
 RHO 
 
 off to the N. W. holow EmmoricU, retain, it. 
 .Hme; but below Ilue-en, another b,„nrh™ iff 
 to the N.. Uk.« the name of Ym>\, „„d enter. 
 
 n, rZ^ ■r'"'' ^"""P*"- 'i'h« rfl'l river 
 proceed. W. by Amheim to Dueistde. when it 
 again divide, into two stream. : that to the left 
 IS called the Leek, and enters tho M.-rwe above 
 Rotterdam. The branch to ( r.ght, which 
 retains lU name, passos on to Lt. cht, when it 
 Jivide. once more into two .troams the .mailer 
 one IS called the Vecht, which runn V into tho 
 ^uyder Zee at Muyden j and tho otli the re- 
 mains of the noble Rhine, flow. W. by Woerden 
 to Leyden, where it divide, into several chan- 
 nel- and afterward, i. lost among hills of sand 
 near he viiliige of Cntwyck. 
 
 Rhine, a province of the grand duchy of 
 Hesse, to tho N. of the Bavarian circle of tho 
 Uhine ; comprising an area of 1000 square miles, 
 with 165,000 inhabitants. ' 
 
 Rhine, Circle ok, a province of Bavaria- 
 situate to tho W. of the Rhine, between Wei.- 
 wmburg and Worms. It was ceded to Bavaria 
 •n 1814. It contains an area of 1800 square 
 miles, with 30«,oOO inhabitants. 
 
 Rhine Lower, a grand duchy of tho Prus- 
 sian states, composed of territories taken from 
 France and the grand duchy of Berg, in 1814, 
 and assigned to Prussia by the congress of Vi- 
 enna. It ie bounded N. by the province of Cleve. 
 and Berg, E. by Nassau and lleuse-Darmstadt, 
 S. by the French and W. by the Dutch frontier. 
 It has an area of 6700 nnmu- miles, with 950.000 
 inhabitants. Aix-la-Chapelle is the cai.itnl. 
 
 Rhine, Lower and Upper, two divisions of 
 Germany, abolished in I'SOG. 
 
 Rhine, Lower, a department of France, con- 
 taming the late province of Lower Alsace. It 
 has an area of 1900 square miles, ith 440,000 
 inhabitants. Strasburg is the capital. 
 
 Rhine, Upper, a department of France, con- 
 sisting of the late province of Upper A Isace, and 
 containing an area of about 1700 m ire miles, 
 " >th 320,000 inhabitants. Colmar i^ • capital. 
 Rhode Island, one of the Unit*, -tates of 
 If" la, bounded on the N. and E. i,v Massa- 
 .f S. by the Atlantic, and W, by'Conneo- 
 iuut. These limits comprehend what has been 
 called Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 
 It IS divided into the counties of Newport, Pro- 
 vidence, Washington, Brist.,1, and Kent. Area, 
 1350 square miles. Pop. 108,830. The state is 
 intersected in all directions by river , the chief 
 of which are Pawtucket, Providence, and Taun- 
 ton nvers, which flow into Narraganset Bay. 
 Iron-ore and limestone are f<. n,\ in great plenty 
 in this state, which is principa , a . >untry fo. 
 sture. Providence and Newport are the chief 
 towns. 
 
 Rhode Island, an island in the a' ve state; 
 15 miles long, and 4 broad. It is exceedingly 
 fertile, and between 30,000 and 40,000 sheep are 
 fed here, besides beeves and horses, '"liis island 
 IS a noted resort of invaUdsfrom the southern 
 elimi^cen. npincr <ivAaA.i;»»i.. — 1 . . i ..i 
 
 tul. ^ At Its S. W. extremity is the town of 
 Newport. 
 Rhodes, an island of the Grecian Archi- 
 
RHO 
 
 sgo 
 
 pelugo, at the ontmnco of th« Oulf of Macrii 40 
 
 Til Tl "."'L'^ '"""''• The «.ll i. pretty 
 ftrti 0, but Imdiy cultivated. This blind f. 
 much oe obmted in ancient hirtory, having been 
 frequently under the do.nii.ion of ditter™" ma«- 
 tc«. rho Saracena beninio poMc-Mors of it In 
 ^■\i and in I309, it waa taken from thorn by the 
 Knitthta of St. John of Jeruwlem, who after- 
 
 They retained it till 1623, when it waa taken by 
 ;™.n ' 'u ?n"»'^»'n8»e reaistanccj and the 
 ■mall number of knight, that remaine<I were 
 afterward, removed to Malta. IJke the neii,h. 
 bounng wland., it ha. been reduced by the op- 
 P"?"»« "f the Port« to a .tate of Rrcnf t „ verty 
 -nd wretchclnoM. Pop. about 20,000.' ^ 
 
 an a^chhlS;„".""*P"*'' °^ '»""»t'"vo i.l«nd,and 
 an archbi.hop . ««, whh anciently 9 milcii in 
 
 in the world; but the present town occupies 
 I h^a^n^'^r.^^i'^"''**^"' »' theancien X 
 iltw" n fci^v"""'- *iV> « narrow entrani^ 
 
 of broni^70 k/^'I^"""' ^"''"""''' «•»«'"« 
 ■ Mv«^l ' 1 "'M' •"«'•• reckoned one of the 
 
 bt an I7th'" f ""' r"'' = ^' ""^ thrown dow^ 
 By an earthquake; and, when the Saracen, be- 
 
 SlTri'l'l'K" 'l-'. they kSed tt 
 PiecM, ond .old the fbgment. to a Jew of 
 
 TCunS • !"• r P"'K""*''« '■"trew, being .ur- 
 wWch1hav«^'"'",L'''^"» *"«> ''""hie difchea, 
 
 RUODKZ, &tf RODBZ. 
 
 land fn^w" ^? river that rius in Switzer- 
 SdernSn' *"^' """^ "°°" join, a more 
 StSM'^'^u'^™ "" exton.ive glacier 
 the val^^f v*h ^.•"'"«'' After pawing through 
 Genl?a „ 7""^ '* r""" through the Lake of 
 flow. W t r "^J^^trng Savoy from Brewe. it 
 VaTenel" V^- V""*' then S. to Vienno, Toumin, 
 Valence, Viviers, Pont St. E.prit. Avignon 
 
 MwUterranean by wjveral moutha. 
 from ?h!f ' ? '^^1^'nent of Franco, so named 
 £lr T*"''^^ P''"^' ''''•<=h flow, on it. E. 
 Sol An^ t"''"''^ ^^^ '"*« province, of Beau- 
 10?0 r ''^""n''"'. and contain, an area of 
 
 iJon.Tth:^?:!.'"''' '''•''' -''''^'^"»«- 
 
 FrSc^™ ^""^^ °' '""'=' •* department of 
 th^^^fl' " the coast of the Mediterranean, at 
 
 partoft1f« w*''" ^'"'""' ''°''*^"»« the W 
 part of the late province of Provence. It com- 
 
 326 nnn" if' ^ "^ ^^^'^ «l"are miles, with 
 326.000 mhabitant^ Marseille, is the capital. 
 
 cudbSr^' "t?".^« "^ ^"tland, in Kirk- 
 Newt'^'SouV " " """ ''• ""■ ""• °' 
 
 on «!!,''?'^'J^,* *:?'™ "' ^"'«'' 'n Flintshire, 
 o^n • f "uf ^^'^''^5 "n ancient town, now in- 
 considerable; with a noble castle, 
 
 tb«M "''''■ '\^^'^ of Prussian Westphalia, on 
 the Monne; 12 mile. S. .S E nfi^iSJir' 
 
 HurifBECK, a town of New York, in Dudiess 
 
 RIC 
 
 county, on the K. dde of Hud»..n River, oppo. 
 «to Kingston, and lU mile. N. of Wuih- 
 
 RnrNBKHfi, or RiriNsnEao, a town of Bran- 
 •lenbuiif, with a l.andwmu palucc, built by 
 ^red«ric II., when hereditary prince. It j. 
 •eated on tht- Uhyn; 10 mile. N. of Huppin, 
 
 UlirNKY. AW- UUMNKV. 
 
 HiiYNow, a town of Brandenburg, at the 
 conflux of the Ilhyn with tl>« Havel; 9 mile. 
 O. fei. of llnvclht<rg. 
 
 RuzAtf, a government of Russia, formerly a 
 province of tho government of Mowow, It 
 comprises an area of 13,000 square mile., with 
 1,000,000 of inhabitants, and had anciently its 
 own prmco.. The .oil is fertile in corn, hemp, 
 and flax. ' 
 
 RuzAK, the capiul of the above govern- 
 ment, and an archbishop', see, was formerly 
 considerable for its extent and riches, but waa 
 almost ruined by the Tartar., in 15(J8, It is 
 seated at the conflux of tho Trubesh with the 
 Occa; loo miles S. E. of Moscow. Pop. 
 5000. Long. 40. 37. E. lat. 54. 66. N. 
 
 RiHA DK Sella, a small seaport of Spain, 
 in Asturias, on the Bay of Biwaiy; '2i) miles K. 
 by S. of Gijon. 
 
 RiBADAViA, a town of Spain, in Oalicia, 
 seated at the conflux of the Avia with tho 
 Minho, in a territory that produces tho L( 
 wme m Spain ; 16 mile. W. S. W. of Oronso. 
 RinADKo, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia, 
 with a good harbour, defended , v two castlea. 
 It 18 Mated on a rock, at the mouth of the Rio 
 de Mirando ; 45 miles N. by E. of Lugo. 
 Long. 6. 47. W. lat. 43. 38. N. 
 
 RiBAS, a town of Spain, in New Castile, on 
 the river Xarama j 8 miles E, of Madrid. 
 
 RiBBLE, a river which riws in W. Yorkshire, 
 run. acrou Lancashire, and enter, the Irish 
 Sea below Preston. 
 
 RiBEMONT, a town of France, department of 
 
 Aisne, seated on an eminence near the Oise- 
 
 10 mile. S. of St. Quentin. Pop. 2400. ' 
 
 RiBERAc, a town in the department of Don 
 
 dogne; 17 miles E. of Perigueux. 
 
 RiBNiK, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 prineipaLty of Ratibor. It is 20 mile. E. by 
 N. of Ratibor. ' 
 
 RjBNiK, or RiMNiK, a town of European 
 • 1 ro^' '" Walachia,nnd a bishop's see. Here, 
 »n J 789, the Austrians and Russians gained a 
 great victory over the Turks. It is seated on a 
 nver of the same name; 68 miles E. N, E of 
 Tergov,8t.-Another, on the Alth; 60 miles 
 W. by S. ofTergovist. 
 
 R'BNiTZ, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; seated on a 
 nay of the Baltic, near the influx of the Recke- 
 nitz; 13 miles N, E. of Rostock. 
 
 Richelieu, a town of France, department of 
 Pdre-et- Loire, founded by Caixiinal RicheUeu, 
 in 1 037, seated on the Amable and Vide: 33 
 miles S. S. W. of Tour.. Pop. 3200. 
 
 Richmond, a borough in North Yorkshire, 
 governed by a mayor, with a market on Satur- 
 ""^iu ^i." '^^ Tuiuieriy surrounded by a wall, 
 with three gates, and had a rtrong castle, (now 
 
KivOT, oppo. 
 . of i'ougb- 
 
 i)wn of Ilran- 
 c(>, built bv 
 riiico. It u 
 of Huppin. 
 
 lurg, nt the 
 tvulj 9 niilM 
 
 1, form or ly a 
 Moscow. It 
 ) miles, wifh 
 anciently its 
 corn, hemp, 
 
 iovo govoni- 
 os iurmorly 
 les, but wos 
 A(i8. It is 
 sh with th<» 
 !0W. Pop. 
 i. N. 
 
 t of Spain, 
 2i) miles K. 
 
 in Oalicia, 
 t with the 
 ea the Lc f 
 of Uronse. 
 in Galicjn, 
 wo castles, 
 of the Uio 
 of Lugo. 
 
 Castile, on 
 drill. 
 
 Yorkshire, 
 the Irish 
 
 krtment of 
 the Oise: 
 00. 
 t of Don 
 
 ia, in the 
 les E. by 
 
 European 
 ie. Here, 
 gained a 
 ited on a 
 N, E. of 
 SO miles 
 
 he grand 
 ted on a 
 a Recke- 
 
 tment of 
 lichelieu, 
 n<le; 33 
 
 >rkshire, 
 
 n Satur- 
 
 a wall, 
 
 Ie, (now 
 
 RIC 
 
 ftOl 
 
 RIN 
 
 fn a rufnoua condition,) on an Inncccssiblo 
 mount. It is the ui|>i'inl of u distritt .allod 
 Ilichmondshito, fnow ii.cludetl in the duchy of 
 Lancaster,) which abounds in load mines, and 
 was formerly a county of itself. Uichmond 
 has a manufacture of woollen stockings, ca|)S, 
 Ac, It returns two momhors to parliament. 
 It Is seated on the Swale, over which is a 
 bridge. It is 40 niili^s N. W. of York, and 
 230 N. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 35. W. 
 h»t. 54. '2H. N. 
 
 RiciiMONo, n village in Surrey, with an ele- 
 gant stone bridge over the Thames. It wiis 
 anciently called Sheen j but Henry VII. called 
 «t Uichmond, on account of his having been 
 earl of lUchmond in Yorkshire. Hero wiis a 
 palace, in which Kdward III., Henry Vil., 
 and Queen Elizabeth expired. Hero is an ox- 
 tensive royal park, called ttiihmond, or the 
 New Parki surrounded by a brick wall, built 
 by Charles I. It Is 9 miles W. S. W. of Lon- 
 don 
 
 Richmond, a town of New South Wales, in 
 the county of Cuml)erland ; 3G miles from 
 Sydney. It is rapidly increiuing. It is seated 
 on the Nepean river, in an exceedingly fertile 
 district. 
 
 Richmond, a county of New York, compro- 
 honding St iten Island. Chief town. South- 
 field. 
 
 Richmond, a county in the N. of Georgia. 
 Chief town, Augusta. Pop. 11,932.— Also, a 
 county in N. Carolina. Pop. 0900.— And an- 
 other county in Virginia. Pop. 596.5. 
 
 Richmond, the capital of Virginia, in Hen- 
 rico county, on the N. side of James River, at 
 the foot of the Falls. It contains a st<ito- 
 houae, and court-house, jail, almshouse, peni- 
 tentiary, two market-houses, n public library, 
 a museum, and places of worship for Episco- 
 palians, Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, 
 Quakers, and Jews. Here is a floating toll- 
 bridge over the river ; and the Falls above the 
 bridge are 7 miles in length. Vessels of bur- 
 den lie at City Point, 20 miles below, to which 
 goods from Richmond are sent down in boats. 
 It is 90 miles S. S. W. of Alexandria. Pop. 
 20,1 53. Long. 77. 55. W. lat. 37. 35, N. 
 
 RiCKMANswoRTH, a town in Hertfordshire, 
 with a market on Saturday, seated on the 
 Coin ; miles S. W. of St. Albans, and 18 
 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 RiCLA, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on tho 
 Xalon; 20 miles W. S. W. of Sarngossa. 
 
 RiDOFiELD, a town of Connecticut, in Fair- 
 field county; 14 miles N. W. of Fairfield, and 
 48 N. N. E. of New York. Pop. 2474. 
 
 RiED, a town of Upper Austria, circle of the 
 Inn. Here the French had a victory over the 
 Austrians, in 1805. It is 18 miles S. of Pas- 
 sau. 
 
 RiEDLiNOEN, a town of Germany, in Wir- 
 tembeiig, seated on the Danube: 25 miles 
 S. W. ofUlra. 
 
 ^ RiESENOEBiROB, a chain of mountains in 
 veatral Gcnaany, separating iioheiuia and Mo- 
 ravia, and joining the Carpathians; they are 
 
 the highest ui Central Germany, tha loftiest 
 bchneoburg, lieing 6'J70 feet. 
 
 RiKTiiKKd, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 tho goverimient of Minden, caj>iuil of a county 
 of tho same name, with a castle ; situate on 
 the Ems; 17 miles W. by N. of Puderborn. 
 
 UiKTi, a town of Italy, in the papal sUites, 
 capital of a delegation of iu naino, and a 
 bishop's see. Desidos tho cathedral, it con- 
 tains three collegiate and six parish churches, 
 and 12 convents. It is seated on the river 
 Veliiio, near the Lake Rieti; 37 miles N. E. of 
 Rome, Long. 13. 5. E. lat. 42. '-*3. N. 
 
 Riiiux, a town of Franco, departinoiit of 
 Upper (laroniie, seated on tho Re^o: 'I't miles 
 S. S. W. of Toulouse. 
 
 RiKz, a town in the department of Lower 
 Alps, s«Bted in a plain abounding with wiiio 
 and fruits; 'JO miles S. S. W. of Digno. Popu- 
 lation, 2900. ' 
 
 RiUA, a government of Russia. See Livonia. 
 
 RiUA, a Btrong town of Russia, capital of 
 the government of Livonia, and, next to I'utert- 
 burg, tho most commercial place in tho empire. 
 " stands on the river Dwina, 6 miles trom 
 
 Its mouth, in a aulf of tho Baltic, called the 
 Gulf of Riga or Livonia. The trade is chiefly 
 carried on by tho foreign merchants resident 
 here; those belonging to an English iiictory 
 enjoy the greatest slmro of the commerce. The 
 principal exports are corn, hemp, flax, iron, 
 timber, masts, leather, and tallow. The popu- 
 lation of Riga is estimated at 30,000. Here is 
 a flouting wooden bridge, over the Dwina, 
 2600 feet long, and 40 broad; in winter, when 
 the ice sets in, it is removed ; and in spring it 
 w replaced. In 1812, on the approach of the 
 French army, under Marshal Macdonald, to 
 besiege this pkco, the governor of the town set 
 fire to the suburbs, which consumed upwards 
 of 2000 houses. Riga is 220 miles N. E. of 
 Konigsberg, and 310 S. W. of Petersburg. 
 Long. 24. 15. E. lat. 56. 50. N. 
 
 Rimini, a town of Italy in tho papal states, 
 with an old castle, a strong tower, and many 
 remains of antiquity. The sea having receded 
 from this city for some centuries, its harbour 
 will now admit only small vessels. It is seated 
 in a fertile plain, at the mouth of the Marre- 
 chia, on the Gulf of Venice ; 28 miles S. E. of 
 Ravenna, and 145 N. by E. of Rome. Pop. 
 8000. Long. 12. 34. E, lat. 44, 4. N, 
 
 RiNGKiopiNG, a seaport of Denmark, in N. 
 Jutland. It has a- considerable trade with 
 Holland and Norway. It is seated on a gulf of 
 the German Ocean; 43 miles S, W. of Wi- 
 burg, and 55 N. N. W. of Ripen. Long. 8. 
 15, E. lat. 66, 8. N. 
 
 RiNOLEBEN, a town of Germany, belonging 
 to Saxe- Weimar; 6 miles N. of Erfurt, and 26 
 E. N. E. of Eisenach. 
 
 RiNGSTED, a town of Denmark, in the isle 
 of Zealand. It was formerly a city ; and in 
 the great church are interred several kings, and 
 other persons of distinution. It is -30 miles 
 S. W. of Copenhagen. 
 RiNowooo, a town in Hampshire with a 
 
RIN 
 
 market on Wednesday, ft has n manufocture 
 of woollen cloths and stockings, and is famous 
 for its strong beer and ale. It is seated on the 
 Avon ; 30 miles S. W. of Winchester, and 91 
 W. by S. of London, 
 
 Rinte:,n, a strong town of Germany, capital 
 of the district of Schaucnburg, with a univer- 
 sity. It h seated on the Weser; 12 miles 
 S. E, of Minden, and 35 W, S. W. of Han- 
 over, Long. fl. 10. E, lat. 52. 12. N. 
 
 Rio de la IIacha, a seaport of Colombia, 
 in Venezuela, at the north of a river of the 
 same name ; 100 miles E. of St. Martha. 
 Long. 72. 34. W. lat. 11. 30. N. 
 Rio de la Plata. See Plata. 
 Rio de Mirando, a river of Spain ; which 
 rises in the mountains of Asturias, separates 
 that province from Galicia, and enters the Bay 
 of Biscay at Ribadeo. 
 
 Rio del Norte, a considerable river of 
 North America, the source of which is un- 
 known, but it flows from N. to S. through the 
 whole country of New Mexico; and enters the 
 Gulf of Mexico on the N. border of New 
 Leon. 
 
 Rio Grande, a province in the N. part of 
 Brazil, between those of Petaguel and Paraiba. 
 It is watered by a river of the same name, 
 v:.ch runs W. into the Parana, of which it is 
 the pimcipal branch. Pop. 250,000. 
 
 Rio Grande, a river which rises in the 
 Sierra Leone mountains, and flows through 
 the kingdom of Biguba into the Atlantic. It 
 la navigable for boats 400 miles, 
 
 Rio Janeiro, one of the richest provinces of 
 Brazil ; lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on 
 a river of the same name. It produces cotton, 
 sugar, coflTee, cocoa, pepper, indigo, and to- 
 bacco, with abundance of fruit and garden- 
 stuff, but no bread-corn; so that the people 
 here have no wheat-flour, but what is brought 
 from Portugal. As a succedaneum for bread, 
 there are yams and cassada in plenty. The 
 riches of the country consist in its mines of 
 gold, and in precious stones. The latter are 
 found in such plenty that a certain quantity 
 only is allowed to be collected in a year, which 
 is sometimes obtained in less than a month, 
 St, Sebastian is the capital. 
 
 Rio, or Rio de Janeiro. See St. Sebas- 
 tian. 
 
 RiOBAMBA, a province of Quit'"; 9 njiles long, 
 and 4 broad, adjoining that of Latacunga on 
 the N. It produces abundance of sugar-cane, 
 wheat, maize, barley, and various fruits. Cattle 
 are numerous; and, from the wool of the 
 lama, the inhabitants manufacture stockinfis, 
 cloth, &c. 
 
 RiOBAMBA, the capital of the foregoing pro- 
 vince, is situate at the extremity of an extensive 
 valley. The productions and manufactures of 
 its district are superior to any other in Quito ; 
 and in some parts i •{ it are very rich mines of 
 gold and silver. It if 98 miles S. by W, of Qui»o. 
 Long. 77. 20. W. l-.t. 1. 38. S. 
 
 Bjom, a town oi France ; department of Piiy 
 dc pfome, sealed on a hill; 8 miles N. E. 
 
 592 
 
 RIV 
 
 of Cieimont, and 11.5 S. of Paris. Pop. 
 13,500. ^ 
 
 RiONi, or Phasis, a considerable river of 
 Asia, which rises in Georgia, forms the S. 
 boundary of Mingrelia, and enters the Black 
 Sea. 
 
 RiONs, a town of Franco; department of 
 Gironde ; seated on the Garonne ; 18 miles S. E, 
 of Bordeaux. 
 
 RioPAR, a town of Spain ; province of La 
 Mancha ; situate among mountains, in which 
 are some rich mines of calamine. It is 17 miles 
 S. W, of Alcacaz, Pop. 4600. 
 
 RiPA Transone, a town of Italy ; in the papal 
 states; 8 miles S. of Fermo. 
 
 Ripen, n seaport of Denmark, in North Jut- 
 land; capital of a diocese of the same name; with 
 a castle, two colleges, and a public library. The 
 tombs of several kings of Denmark are in the 
 cathedral, which is a very handsome structure. 
 The harbour is at a small distance, at the mouth 
 ?f the Gram, in a country which supplies the 
 best beeves in Denmark. It is 65 miles N. W. 
 of Sleswick, and 78 S. by W. of Wiburg. Long. 
 8. 40. E. lat. 55. 23. N. 
 
 Ripley, a town of West Yorkshire ; with a 
 market on Wednesday; principally noted for its 
 castle, the ancient seat of the Ingilby femily; 
 seated on the river Nyd ; 23 miles W. N. W. of 
 York, and 21 1 N. by W. of London. 
 
 RiPON, a borough in W. Yorkshire; governed 
 by a mayor ; with a market on Thursday. It 
 sends two members to parliament. In its neigh* 
 bourhood is the celebrated park of Studley, 
 including the venerable remains of Fountain 
 Abbey, Ripon was once famous for its reli- 
 gious houses; it has a collegiate church, a 
 church erected in 1827, four meeting-houses, a 
 free-school, and some other excellent charitable 
 institutions. Its noted manufacture of spurs 
 has long since declined, and at present the prin- 
 cipal manufactures are linens and saddle-trees, 
 and a considerable varnish manufacture. The 
 market-place is one of the finest squares of the 
 kind in England, It is seated near the Uro, 
 over which is a handsome bridge of 17 arches; 
 28 miles N, N. W. of York, and 209 N. N. W. 
 of London. Long. 1. 29. W. lat. 54. 11. N. 
 
 RiQuiER, St., a town of France; department 
 of Somme ; seated on the Cordon : 24 miles 
 N.W, of Amiens. 
 
 RiSBORouGH, Prince's, a town in Bucking- 
 hamshire; with a market on Saturday ; 20 miles 
 S. of Aylesbury, and 37 W, N. W. of London. 
 It is called Prince's Risborough, "because Ed- 
 ward the Black Prince is said to have had here 
 a palace and large possessions. 
 
 Ritzebuttel, the chief pl.ice of a bailiwick of 
 the same name, belonging to the city of Ham- 
 burg; with a castle; seated half a mile S. of 
 Cuxhaven, and 54 miles W. N. W. of Ham- 
 burgh. 
 
 RiVA, a town of Germany, in the prin- 
 cipality of Trent; on the river Riva, at its en- 
 hance into the Lake Garda j 17 miles S. W. of 
 Trent. Pop. 3100. 
 
 Riva, a town of Austrian Italy; in the Yalta- 
 
RIV 
 
 S93 
 
 RtVADBO. See RiBADEO. 
 
 ^ RiVALTA a town of Piedmont ; situate on the 
 Sangeon ; 8 miles N. N. E. of Twin 
 
 th,. T It''''*J X,.*"'™ °^ Austrian Italy ; situate on 
 the Lake o. Mantua; 6 miles W. of Mantua. 
 
 ♦kin''*''**!*?' "m'"^" "'^ Piedmont! situate on 
 the Oreo ; 1 5 miles N. of Turin. 
 
 RivESALTES, a town of France; department 
 
 • S^rpSr^''^'«'''"'''«^«'^'«^- 
 
 RivoLi, a town of Piedmont, with a mae- 
 
 n.ficentcastle;9milesW.ofTurin. PopulaUon. 
 
 »j,?r"4'' ° '""*" **"™ °f Austrian Italy, near 
 which Bonaparte obtained one of the mMt 
 «)markable of his victories, in January 1797?^t 
 Ver^^S! °" '''^ ^'^'^^' ^2 mil^N. W. of 
 
 h«»^''**''^ *"■ ^"^o." t<"^ of Italy, in Modena; 
 between Novellara and Mirandola. 
 
 ™. '-^u °*" °' ^P"*"' '" t''^ jwovince of Bun 
 gos; with a castle, and a splendid mansion 
 belonging to the counts of Sizuela, It is situate 
 
 Pop I500T' '' "^^ ^' "^ ^' ''^ ^^^ 
 RoANNE, a town of France; department of 
 Loire; seated on the Loire, where it b^lns to 
 be navigable for barks. Hence the Sal" 
 d^se of Lyons is conveyed to Paris, Orleans. 
 an6^h\% p" ii"^'' ^- N- W. of LvonJ 
 
 the^^irnV aI*^'""*^, °t N""^ Carolina ; on 
 the S. side of Albermarle Sound; famous as the 
 place where Sir Walter Raleigh made the firet 
 UrUish settlement in North Americr 
 
 Roanoke, a river of the United States; formed 
 S^S^W" °f '^^Stounton and Dan, in the 
 b. part of Virginia. It is subject to inundations 
 and on account of the falls, is navigable ?or 
 shallops only, about 60 or 70 miles. It enters 
 
 SXSnT '"'• '"'" ''' '• ^- ^^'' "^ ^^''- 
 T,S°^'* J"''*""' ""•"•^"■mes called Penguir; 
 of i H ""^"^ T^y "'""''' "^''^ the Cape 
 
 r nil i« o'!?^"'/''^ *"""'""=« ">'» False Bay. 
 Long. 18. 22. E. lat. 33. 50. S 
 
 RoBEr,, a town of Gerraany,*in the duchy of 
 
 RoBEHT Bav, a capacious bay of the island 
 
 ofXfp" n^A ^'T'V^ ''"' P"'"^' '^«"'«'l that 
 of the E. part of La Rosa, and that of the W. 
 part of Los Galcones. 
 
 Robin Hood Bay, a bay on the coast of 
 Yorkshire; between Scarborough and Whitbv 
 about one mile broad. Heroes a village of 
 fishermen, who supply the city of York, and the 
 adjacent country, with all sorts of fisl in their 
 
 no."v.^^%vt!t-"- "'''''''■ "-" 
 
 RocA, Cape, a cape of Portugal ; the most 
 a"?'l" A'^^!'";%°^.-^-'-P- On'^ts' sumnS 
 
 Hbo;;^;'^;;;:;:r-^^g':;,-,';,;;2;ij- 
 
 a summer pulaco, of Moorish architecture liere 
 
 ROC 
 
 « also a gma 1 vineyard, that of Gircavella, 
 y elding a peculiar grape; and the environs sup- 
 ply most of the fruits and greens used at Lisbon. 
 Ihis cape is called generally, by the English 
 
 kt 38* 42 N "^ ^"'"'"" ^°"*' ^' ^®^- 
 Rocamadour, a town of France; department 
 
 ofLot; 23milesN.ofCahors. 
 RocBLLA, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra- 
 
 near which is a coral fishery; 10 miles N. E of 
 
 Gierace. 
 
 Rochdale, a borough in Lancashire: with 
 markets on Monday and Saturday, and consider- 
 able manufactures of baize, flannels, serges, and 
 other woollen goods; also calicoes, strong cotton 
 goods, and hats. It has four churches, eight 
 meeting-houses, a free grammar-school, a free- 
 school, and national and Sunday schools. A 
 canal from Manchester passes hence to the 
 Calder navigation, near Halifax. The manor of 
 Kochdale was held for the last three centuriet 
 by the Byrons, but in 1823 was sold by Lord 
 Byron, the celebrated poet, to James Dearden, 
 Esq. The town is seated on the river Roch, at 
 «ie foot of the Yorkshire hills; 11 miles N. by 
 E. of Manchester, and 197 N. N. W. of Londoiu 
 It returns one member to parliament, and is near 
 the Manchester and Leeds railway. 
 
 Roche, a town of the Sardinian atates, in 
 Savoy; seated near a large rock, on the river 
 Borne; 12 miies N. E. of Annecy. 
 
 RcwHE, or RocHKFORT EN Ardennes, a town 
 of Belgium, in the province of Luxemburg; with 
 a strong castle ; seated on a rock near the river 
 Ourte ; 22 miles S, of Liege, and 32 N. W. of 
 Luxembuig. 
 
 Roche Beaucour, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Dordogne ; 22 miles N. W. of Peri- 
 gueux. 
 
 Roche Bernard, a town in the department 
 of Morbihan, on the Vilaine : 22 miles S. K of 
 Valines. 
 
 Roche Guyon, a to\vn in the department of 
 beine-et-Oise; on the river Seine; 21 miles W. 
 of Pontoise. 
 
 Roche Posay, a town in the department of 
 Vienne, with a mineral spring ; seated on the 
 Creuse; 32 miles E. N. E. of Poitiers. 
 
 Roche sur Yon, a town in the department 
 of Vendee; 20 miles N. W. of Luyon. 
 
 RocHECHOUART, a town in the department of 
 Upper Vienne, with a castle uii a mountain; 18 
 miles W. of Limoges. 
 Rochefort en Ardennes. See Roche. 
 Rochefort, a seaport of Franco; department 
 ot Lower Charente; with a commodious harbour, 
 one of the most famous in France. The streets 
 are broad and straight, and the houses low, but 
 fl^'"* u „ ''*^ * magnificent hospital, the 
 nnest hall of arms in France, a noble arsenal, a 
 lounUry for cannon, and all the other magazines 
 necessary for the construction and equipment of 
 ships of war. It stands on the Charente, 15 
 miles from its mouth, which is defended by 
 
 several fortja it ^ in r-:i_- c o T< «,. . ,. 
 
 AH w^,T-"'^'"'''«- IV-l'-i-OOO. Long 
 0. 58. W. hit. 15. 56. N. 
 
 Rochefort, a town "in the department of 
 
ROC 
 
 m 
 
 A o D 
 
 S99 w''S "w '■ ^""''" ® •""<* N. E. of Dole, 
 ond 22 W. S. W. of Besnnyoii. 
 
 RocHEPORT, n town in the department of 
 Muine-et-Loire; on the river Loirct; 10 miles 
 o. o. w. of Angers, 
 
 RocHKFORT, a town in the department of Pu y 
 lie Dome; 17 miles S. W. of Clermont. 
 
 RociiEFOucAULT, a town n the department 
 MUiarente; seated on the Tardoire; 12 miles 
 N. E. of Angouleme. Pop. 2400. 
 
 RociiELLE, a fortified seaport of France- 
 capital of the department of Lower Charenle. 
 and a bishop's see. The houses arc supported 
 by piazzas, and the haven is surrounded by 
 a prodigious mole, 4482 feet in extent. The in- 
 habitants carry on a considerable trade, espe- 
 cially m wine, brandy, sugar, salt, paper, linen, 
 and seiges. Rocheile was the birthplace of 
 Reaumur, the celebrated naturalist. It is seated 
 in a plain at the bottom of a small gulf of the 
 Atlantic ; 78 miles S. by E. of Nantes, and 330 
 
 ^M^^tk ^"'- '^•'""' ''""«• '• ''• 
 
 RociiEMAUB, a town in tho department of 
 Ardeche; seated on tho Rhone; 8 miles N. N E 
 of Viviers. 
 
 Rochester, a city in Kent; with a market on 
 JJnday. It returns two members to parliament. 
 lU castle, now in ruins^ once rendered it of 
 great importance ; and liero also are some re- 
 mains of a priory. Rochester is a bishop's 
 see, and has, besides tho cathedral, two parish 
 churches. The inhabitants are chiefly trades- 
 men and innkeepers, no sort of manufacture 
 being now carried on here. It has two free- 
 Bcliools, cne called the King's, and the other the 
 City School ; an hospital, liberally endowed for 
 I- poor people; and an almshouse for six poor 
 travellers, who are supplied for one night with 
 lodgnig, entertainment, and fourpencc : an in- 
 scription over tho door intimates that rogues 
 and proctors are excepted. Rochester ia united 
 to tho tou-n of Stroud by a stone bridge of 
 eleven arches over the river Mcdw.iv, and is 
 contiguous to Chathnm on the E. " It is ''b" 
 miles W. N. W. of Canterbury, and 29 E. S. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Rochester, a town in North America; 
 United States, New Hampshire. Pop. 431.— 
 Also a town in Jloiiroo county, New York"; 7 
 miles from Lake Ontario, at the falls of Go- 
 nesseo. I'op. 20,1 ni. Hero are some very 
 extensive flour-mills, and an aqueduct over the 
 Genessee.— Also a town in Plvmoutli countv, 
 Massachusets; 48 miles S. of Uoston. Pop. f!()4. 
 RocHFORD, a town in Essex, with a market 
 on Thursday; IG miles S. E. of Chelmsford, 
 and 40 E. by N. of London, 
 
 RocuLiTz, a town of Saxony, with a castle 
 on a rock, and a handsome bridge over the 
 Mulda ; 24 miles S. E. of Leipsic. 
 
 RocKAWAY, a town of New Jersev, in Mor- 
 ris county, on a river of its name ; 15 miles N. 
 by W. of Morristown. 
 RocKBRiP-.E. See Cedar Creek. 
 RocKFouD. a town of North Carolina, in 
 Wilkes county., on tho Yxidkin ; 33 miles E. 
 by N. of Wilkes. 
 
 RocKmoiiAM, a town in Noilhamptonshire.' 
 with a market on Thursday. It is seated on 
 the Welland, 12 miles S. of Oakham, and 83 
 N. by W. of London. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM, a town of North CnroUnn, 
 chief of Richmond county; 46 miles W. N. W. 
 of Fayetteville. 
 
 Rockingham, a town of Viiginia, chief of a 
 county of its name, situate on a brnnch of 
 Shenandoah River; 40 miles S. W. of Wood- 
 stock, and 56 E. N. E. of Bath. 
 
 Rocky Mount, a town of Virginia, chief of 
 Franklin county ; seated near the source of the 
 Staunton, 35 miles S, W. of New London. 
 
 Rocky Mountains, a ridge of mountains 
 which traverse the whole length of the conti- 
 nent of North America, from its southern to its 
 northern extremity, where they terminate in the 
 Icy Sea, in lat. 70. 
 
 Rocky River, a river of Louisiana, which 
 falls into the Mississippi on the E.— Several 
 other rivers of this name also water the Unitetl 
 States. 
 
 RocROY, a town of France, department of 
 Ardennes ; celebrated for the victory gained by 
 the French over the Spaniards in 10"43. It is 
 seated in a i)lain, surrounded by forests 20 
 miles N. of Rethel. Pop. 2900. 
 
 RoDACH, a town of Germany, in the princi- 
 pality of Saxe-Coburg, on a river of its name. 
 9 miles N. W. of Coburg. 
 
 RoDBY, a seaport of Denmark, in the island 
 of Laland. The passage hence to Ileiligenha- 
 yen, in llolstoin, and to the island of Femern 
 IS much frequented. It is 10 miles N. E of 
 Naxkow. Long. 1 1. 45. E. Int. 54. 45. N. 
 
 Rodenburg, a town and castle of Germany 
 m the district of Schauenborg, near which is a 
 mineral spring. It is 1 1 miles W. by S. of 
 Hanover. 
 
 RoDEz, or Riiodez, a town of France, cajii- 
 tal of the department of Avoiron, and a bishop's 
 see. Here are four groat annual fiiirs, and some 
 manufactures of grey cloths and serges. The 
 lofty steeple of its cathedral is admired for its 
 architecture. It is seated in the midst of moun- 
 tains, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the 
 Avenon; 30 miles W. by S. of Mende. Pop. 
 6500. ' 
 
 RoDiNG, a river in Essex, which rises near 
 Dunmow, runs S. to Ongar, and gives the name 
 of Kodings to this ])art of the county. It then 
 flows between E{)ping and Hainault forests to 
 iSarking, below which it johis the Thames 
 
 RoDiNQs, a district of Essex, comprising 
 eight parishes, each of which is called Roding; 
 but they are distinguished by the additional 
 appellation of Bcauchamp, Eythorp, High, 
 Leaden, Wlute, Abbot's, Bernei's, and Marw 
 garet's. 
 
 Rodok, a town of Hindostan, in tho pro- 
 
 ^^^^XT^^P^""' •^*' miles E. of Hissar, and 60 
 W, N. W, of Delhi 
 
 RonosTO, a seaport of European Turkey, in 
 Romania, and a bishop's see, seated on the 
 wde of a hill on the Sea of Marmora; 62 milea 
 rr. or ConsUntiiiopie, Poo. 1600, Long. 27. 
 37. E, lut. 41, 1. N, 
 
 i 
 
ROD 
 
 595- 
 
 which 
 
 noftniouEz. an island in the Indian Ocean. 
 SO mi^ long and 12 broad, lying 100 league. 
 E of Mauritius. The country is mountair^us. 
 
 fh« .'rii"'"'^' P',','^'' '"^''y' *''«"8*' '" """ne places 
 the 80,1 IS exceUent; but the best production of 
 the 18 and la the land turtle, which are in great 
 abundance. On the N. side is a bay, tha^af- 
 fords aecure shelter for ships, and ample sup- 
 
 ?9. 30 s'" ''"'^'■- ^°"«- ^^- **• ^' ^^ 
 
 risS^ln' "-Jr'^f^^r^^ ?™«^'°" «'"'^»' ^hi'^I* 
 SnW.1^ Westphnha, flows by Arensberg, 
 
 tt'E:;aTRt"ort!"'^^"^«''-«'-'^-- 
 KoRROBT, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 
 ^iM !f ''^,?^ ^'^^''*' "* ""= '^'"'fl"^ of 'h« Hoer 
 with the Rhine ; 17 miles S. bv E. of Vesel 
 
 mitt e! oVaC' ''^"«''"'"'' •" «'''"^""' « 
 RoQEiwviLLE, a town of Tennessee, chief of 
 Hawkins county, on the N. side of the Hol- 
 stonj 60 miles N. N. E. of Knoxville. 
 
 RooERuicK, or Port Baltic, a seaport of 
 Russia, in the province of Revel, seated on a 
 hne bay at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland- 
 
 RoGONATPouR, a town of Bengal, capital of 
 the district of Pachete. It is 126 miles N W 
 of Calcutta. Long. 86. 47. E. lat. 23. 32. N 
 
 RoHA, or RouAH. See Orfa. 
 
 Rohan, a town of France, department of 
 Morbihan, on the Aoust; 20 miles N. of Van- 
 nes, 
 
 RoiiiLcuND, or RoHiLLA, a territory of Ilin- 
 dostan, inhabited by the P:)hilla8, and formerly 
 belonpng to the province of Delhi, but now 
 iiichidc'd in the district of Bareilly. It was 
 con(|uered by the nabob of Oude, with the as- 
 sistance of the British, in 1774, But in 1801 
 It Wi.P cejled to the British, and is now governed 
 by n civil establishment. 
 
 RoKiTZAN, a town of Bohemia, with good 
 do h mrmufactures and a trade in iron; 7 miles 
 t!4. by N, of Pilsen. 
 
 Ror.nuc, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 iate duchy of Limburg; 10 miles S. W. of 
 Juliers. 
 
 RoM an island of Denmark, on the E. coast 
 of bouth Jutland. It is 7 miles long, and nearly 
 d broad, and contains a few villages. 
 
 RoMAONA, the former name of a province of 
 Jtaly, in the papal sUitcs; bounded on the N. 
 by the ienarese, E. by the Ciulf of Venice, S 
 by Tuscany and Urbino, and W. by Bologna 
 and luscany. It is fertile in com, wine, oil, 
 nnd fruits; and has also mines, mineral waters 
 and salt-works, which make its principal rcve-' 
 line. Ravenna is the capital. 
 
 ♦i,i p"*'T°7/'"'.' " ''"*''* "^ Switzerland, in 
 the lays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwick, vvith 
 a castle; seated in a narrow vallev, throuirh 
 which flows the river Diaz; II miles S. W of 
 iverdun. 
 
 RoMANi, a town of European Turkey, in 
 fti!!i!i.-!V!;!, and a bishop's sco; scaled on the 
 biret, .10 miles \V. S. W. of Jussy. 
 
 Romania, a province or division of European 
 
 R O M; 
 
 Turkey, about 200 miles long, and 130 broad- 
 
 Black Sen, S. by the Sea of Marmora and the 
 Archipelago, nnd W. by Macedonia, The 
 whole of this fine country, comprising Thraco 
 and Macedon, is at present in a very backward 
 state, owing to the oppression and arbitrary 
 exactions of the Turks. Area, 120,000 square 
 miles. Pop. 6,000,000. 
 
 Romano, a town of Austrian Italy, on a 
 river that runs between the Oglio and Serio- 26 
 miles E. of Milan. 
 
 Romans, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Drome, on the Isere; 22 miles S. W. 
 of Grenoble, and 30 S. of Vienna. Pop. 6500. 
 Rome, a celebrated city of Italy, the capital 
 of the pope's dominions. It is situate on the 
 1 iber, over which it Ins four bridges. The walls 
 are of brick, in which are 15 gates; and its 
 whole circumference, including that part beyond 
 the liber and all belonging to the Vatican, ia 
 upwards of 16 miles ; but not more than a tliird 
 of this space is occupied by the present city, 
 which was almost entirely rebuilt on the ruins 
 of the ancient city at the close of the 15th cen- 
 tury, and is about 14 or 15 feet above the for- 
 mer level, in consequence of the accumulated 
 rubbish occasioned by its destruction. It ia 
 computed to contain 150,000 inhabitants, which, 
 though greatly inferior to wliat it could boast in 
 the days ot its ancient power, is considerably 
 more than it could number at some former pe- 
 riods since the fall of the empire. Some of the 
 princijial streets are of considerable length and 
 jierfectly straight. That called the Corso m the 
 most frequented. The shops on each side are 
 three or four feet higher than the street, and 
 there is a path for loot passengers on a level 
 witli the shops. The palaces, of which there 
 are several in this street, range in a line with the 
 houses, having no courts before them. The 
 Strada Felice, and the Strada di Poit;i Pia, arc 
 also very long and noble streets. Rome exhi- 
 bits a strange mixture of magnificent and inte- 
 resting, and of common and beggiu-ly object" • 
 the former consist of palaces, chr-ches, foun- 
 tains, and the remains of antiquity ■ ihe latter 
 comprehend all the rest of the city. ' The prin- 
 cipal object of attraction is the church of St 
 Peter, which surpasses in size iind magnificence 
 the hnest monuments of ancient architecture. 
 It vvas begun to be built in 1506, finished in 
 1021, and IS entirely covered, both within and 
 TV'itliout, with marble. Its length is 730 feet, 
 the breadth 520, aiul the height, from the pave! 
 ment to the toj) of the cross which crowns the 
 cupola. 450. 'I'he high altar under the cupola 
 18 dO feet 111 height, and of extraordinary mae- 
 mficence. It is approached by a splendid 
 double colonnade, enclosing an oval space, in 
 which stands the noble Egyptian obelisk, and 
 two fountains, upwards of 50 feet high. A 
 complete description of this church, and of its 
 statues, basso-relievos, columns, and various 
 
 otner orimmentSi would <;!! v;-.!:-— ;»= "". . 
 
 thedral of St. John Latemn.'the' Roma'iis'B^.' 
 18 the most ancient of all the churches of Rome, 
 and tiie mother of all the churches in Chrislen- 
 
 QQ 2 
 
 ^l#1 
 
ROM 
 
 596 
 
 ROM 
 
 I i 
 
 aam. It contnins tho Renin Sanfn, of 2a white 
 mnrble steps, hrono|,t /ron, Jciiiwilcm, by which 
 Christ IS Bnid to linve itscemlcd to tho nularo of 
 Camphns. To this church everv new popo 
 constantly goes fimt in n magnificent proces- 
 sion, to take possession of the holv see. Tho 
 Pantheon, which, from its circular form, has 
 obtained the name of tlie Uotiiniln, is the most 
 perfect of the Koniuu temfflcs which now re- 
 main, and, notwithstanding tho depredations 
 It has sustained from Goths, Vnndals, and popes 
 18 still a bcnutifid monument of Roman taste. 
 ihe pnvihcn of the great altar of St. P<-ter, 
 and the four wreathed pillars of Corinthian 
 brass which support it, were formed out of tho 
 K* "^ ^^^ Pantheon, which, after nearly 
 .'000 years, has still a probability of outlivinij 
 Its proud and capacious rii»I. Its height is 1 SO 
 teet, and its width nearly the same. There are 
 no pillars to support the roof, which is con- 
 structed in the manner of a cupola; neither 
 has it any windows, a sufficiency of light being 
 admitted through a central opening in the dome. 
 As the Pantheon is the most entire, the amphi- 
 theatre of Vespasian is the most stupendous 
 monument of antiquity in Rome. About one- 
 half of the external circuit still remains, from 
 which a pretty exa« t idea may be formed of 
 the original structure; and, by computation, it 
 could contain «5,000 spectators. But the an- 
 tiquities of Rome are too numerous to be 
 minutely described; so that the ancient Forum 
 now a cow- market, the beautiful column of 
 Inijan, &c., must be passed over. The Cam- 
 pidogho, built by Michael Angelo, is a beautiful 
 structure, standing on the site of the ancient 
 cipitol, so long tho centre of the empire of the 
 world. The body of this palace is the residence 
 of the senators of Rome, and tho wings are 
 inhabited by the conservators of the city. Tho 
 pope has three superb palaces, of which tho 
 principal is the VaUcan, near St. Peter's church. 
 Ihe library of this palace is the largest and 
 most complete in the world; rich especially in 
 MSS. m all lan^„ages, and of all ages. In 
 Home the connoisseur will meet with innu- 
 merable paintings by the greatest mastera, and 
 with the finest works of sculpture, &c. Be- 
 sides tho university, which consists of several 
 noble colleges, there are numerous academies 
 and literary societies. Tho castle of St. An- 
 gelo serves more to keep the city in awe than 
 to rei)el any foreign attack, Rome was for- 
 merly the metropolis of one of the greatest 
 empires that have ever existed, and may be 
 r«^»rded as the parent of all the cities, tho 
 arts, find states of modern Europe. The an- 
 cient Romans were governed by seven kings, 
 for about 220 years. During tho next 4!)8 
 years they were governed by consuls, tribunes, 
 aeccmvirs, and dictators, in their turns. They 
 were ^flcrwards governed by 60 emperors, for 
 th^ space of 510 years. Their wars with the 
 Carthaginians, Spaniards, Gauls, MithnJates 
 of Pontus, Parthians, and Jews, were *hc most 
 noted. The Roman empire was nfherwards 
 
 'nuch diRtrnct«d bv 
 
 sT-.-a 
 
 in 410 Rome wastektu nnd burnt. Ifi'm"^, 
 
 1627, Rome was investcJ by the army of the 
 emperor Clinrlos V.; and tho general, to pro- 
 vent a mutiny, promised to enrich them with 
 the spoils of this opulent city. Tho general, 
 however, was himself killed, as he was plant- 
 mg a scaling-ladder against the walls; but his 
 soldiers, not discouraged by his death, mounted 
 to the assault with tho utmost valour, and, 
 entering the city, exercised all those brutali- 
 ties that may be expected from ferocity ag- 
 gravated by resistance. In the wars which 
 attended the French rev« '"tion Rome was 
 again a considerable sufferer. Large contribu- 
 tions and severe military exactions were drawn 
 from the inhabitants, and a great number of 
 the most valuable statues and paintings were 
 sent off to Paris. The popo was finally re- 
 stored in 1014. 5fee Popedom. Rome is 110 
 miles N. W. of Naples. 410 S. S. W. of Vi- 
 enna, &n^ 600 S. E. of Paris. Long. 12. 29. 
 E. lat. 41. 64. N. 
 
 Rome, a town of New York, in Herkimer 
 county, near which, to tho E., is Fort Stanwix. 
 It is seated at the head of Mohawk River, 
 8 miles W. N. W. of Whitestown. Pop. 4360. 
 RoMENAY, a town of Fi.mce, in the depart- 
 ment of Soan.vet- Loire j 15 miles N.N. E. of 
 Mayon. 
 
 RoMBBSTADT, a towH of Moravia, n the 
 neighbourhood of which are some iron-mines : 
 20 miles N. N. E. of Olmutz. 
 
 RouFORo, r iown in Essex, with a market on 
 Tuesday for hogs, calves, and sheep, and on 
 Wednesday for cattle, corn, &c.. It is 12 miles 
 E. N, E. of London. 
 
 RoMiiiLD, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Snxe-Meiningen, with a castle j 13 miles S. 
 ot Meiningen. 
 
 RoMKALA, a town of Syria, with the remaiiis 
 of an ancient and strong castle, R..d two churches. 
 It is seated on the Euphrates, at the influx of 
 the Simeren, and is used by the Turks as a 
 place of banishment for great men in disgrace • 
 85 miles N. N. E. of Aleppo. 
 
 RoMNA, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Tchernigof ; 88 miles E. S. E. of Tchemigofl 
 RoMNEV, a town of Virginia, chief of iianip- 
 shire county, seated on the S. W. branch of the 
 Potomac ; 50 miles W. N. W. of Winchester. 
 Long. 59. 5. W. lat. 39. 20. N. 
 
 RoMNEY, New, a town in Kent, with a mar- 
 ket on Thursday. It is one of the cinque-ports ; 
 but, since the sea has retired, it is much re- 
 duced. It is seated on a hill in Ruianey Marsh. 
 About a mile to the W. is Old Romney, tho 
 original port, which is now a smal'. place ; 22 
 miles S. VV. of Dover, and 71 S. E. of London. 
 Long. 0. 56. E. lat. 50. 69. N. 
 
 RoMNEY Maush, a tract in tho .nust soutber.n 
 part of Kent, between Dungeness and Rye 
 Haven, defended from the sea bv a strong em- 
 bankment, called Dymchurch Wall. It is 20 
 miles long and « broad, containing about 50,000 
 acres of firm limd, and some of thy richest pas- 
 tures in England. Vast flocks of sheep and 
 herds of cattle are fattened here for the London 
 ...r.rket. it has two towns and 19 parishes, 
 which wore incorporated in the leign of Edward 
 
ROM 
 
 597 
 
 ROS 
 
 IV., by Ihu name of a bailiff, 24 jurata, and the 
 commonalty oi' Uomiioy Marsh. 
 RoMONT, a town of Switzerlanrl, in the can- 
 
 l?" «, * 'i''^''*' ' "*'*^ °" » mountain, 10 miles 
 N. W. of Friburg. 
 
 RoMORENTiN, a town of Prance, in the de- 
 pnrtment of Loire-et-Cher, with a castle, and 
 manufactures of serges and cloths ; seated on 
 tlio Saudre, 26 miles S. E. of Blois, and 40 S. 
 by W. of Orleans. Pop. 6100. 
 
 RoMSDAL, a town of Norway, capital of n 
 province in the government of Drontheim ; 100 
 miles b, W. of Drontheim. Long. 7. 54 R 
 lat. 62. 28. N. 
 
 RoMSEY, a town in Hampshire, sovemed by 
 a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It has a 
 manufucturo of shalloons, and several uapor- 
 mills. It is seated on the Andover canal and 
 
 , ^o^»?^* 'c? •"""* N. W. of Southampton, 
 and 72 W by S. of London. ' 
 
 _ RoNALDSHAY, NoRTu and SouTU, two small 
 islands of the Orkneys. 
 
 ItoNAY, one of the Hebrides, situate between 
 the Isle of Skye and the mainland. 
 
 RoNCKVALLos. a town of Spain in Navarro, 
 situate zn a valley to which it gives name : 1» 
 miles N. N. E. of I'ampelona. 
 
 RoNciaLioNE, a town of Italy, in the States 
 ot the Church, with a fortified castle. It is seated 
 on the Tereia, near a lake of the samo name ; 
 2« miles N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 12. 32. e! 
 lat. 42. 18. N. 
 
 RoNDA, a strong town of Spain, in Granada, 
 with a castle, situate on a craggy rock, near the 
 river Guadiaro ; 43 miles N. by E. of Gibraltar. 
 It contains but few works of art, but its natural 
 curiosities render it one of the most interesting 
 towns on the peninsula. Pop. 20,00. 
 
 RoNNE, a seaport of Denmark, in the island 
 ot Bornholm, and the residence of fhe governor. 
 The harbour is fortified, but not deep. Lone. 
 14. 55. E. lat. 55. 10. N. r » 
 
 RoNNEBURo, a town and castle of Germany 
 m the principality of Altenbutg, belonging to 
 baxe-Gotha ; 14 miles S. W. of Altenburg. 
 
 iMOPKT, an island in the Straits of Malacca, 
 separated from Sumatra by a narrow channel. 
 Long. 101. .9. E. lat. 3. 0. N. 
 
 RoosEBucKE, a town of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders ; 20 miles S. W. of Ghent. 
 Pop. 4000. 
 
 RoftUE, St., a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 at the entrance of the isthmus which separates 
 Gibraltar from the continent. It stands on tho 
 top of a hill, overlooking the bay ; 17 miles N 
 E. of TnriT. nnd 53 S. E. of Cadiz. 
 
 Ro( ;vo. , a town ot France, department 
 rf Ludiies ; \jated on the Douese, 15 miles E. 
 N. E. uf H', :,i, <le Marsan. 
 
 Haiivt ...ORE. a toftn in tho department of 
 Oard ; 2'J, nnles N. E. of Nismes. Pop. 3200. 
 Ilo(iUfcTA>-, ft town of Spain, in Granada, on 
 the coast of fho Mediterranean; 10 miles S. 
 W. of Almeria, and 52 S. E. of Granada. 
 
 ItoRA.^, a town of Norway, in Drontheim, 
 nntw. tor imjwrtant aiiucs of copper j 60 miLs 
 b. of Drontheim. Pop. 3000. 
 , h^SA, a singular mountaiii of tlie Pennine 
 
 Alps, at the N. E. boundary nt Piedmont, littltf 
 mfenor m height to Mont Ulanc. It forms as 
 it were, a circus of gigantic peaks, round the 
 village of Macugnaga ; and its appearance is 
 supposed to impart the name, from some resem- 
 buknce to an expanded rose. 
 
 RosAMARiNo, a town of Sicily, in Val rli 
 Demona, at the mouth of a river' of its name • 
 22 miles W. by S. of Patti. ' 
 
 RosANA, a town of Russian Lithuania, in tho 
 government of Grodno ; seated near the Zolva, 
 66 miles S, W. of Novogrodec. 
 
 RosARiA, Er,, a town of Aiexico, 400 miles 
 N. W. of Mexico, near tho mines of Copala, 
 now filled with water. Pop. 5600, 
 
 RosBACH, a village of Prussian Saxony, 
 famous for a victory obtained by Prussia over 
 tho French and AuHtrians in 1757; 10 miles 
 S. E. of Merseburg. 
 
 RoscHAD, a town of Switzerlnnc , with a castle 
 on a mountain, seated on the Lake of Constance : 
 7 miles E. N. F. of St. Gall. 
 
 RoscHiLD, a town of Denmark, in the Isle of 
 Zeahind, and a bishop's see. It is now a poor 
 place, but was the residence of the kingd of 
 Denmark for several centuries before Copen- 
 hagen was founded ; and the ciithedml has long 
 been the place of their sepulture, A treaty of 
 peace was concluded here in 165U. It is seated 
 at the end cf a deep gulf; 16 miles W. of Co- 
 penhagen. 
 
 Roscommon, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Connaught ; 60 miles long and 37 
 broad ; bounded on the N. by Sligo and Leitrim, 
 £. by LongfoRl and West Meath, S. by Galway, 
 and W. by Galway and Mayo. It is divided 
 mto 56 parishes, and sends two members to 
 parliament. It is a tolerably level country, 
 producing excellent corn and pasturage, yet 
 there are some extensive bogs. 
 
 lioscoMMON. a town of Ireland, capital of 
 the above county; 80 miles W. bv N. of Dublin. 
 Long. 8. 42. W. lat. 55. 34. N." 
 
 RoscHEA, F. town of I/eland, in Tipperary. 
 Iwo miles to the S. E. are the singular ruins of 
 an abbey, on aw island of about three acres, in 
 the centre of a bog. It is 20 miles W. S. W. 
 of Maryborough, and 32 N. rf Cnshel. 
 Roseau. 5ee Charlotte Town. 
 RosEMARKiE. See Fortr.)se. 
 Rosenburg, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 the prmcijiaUty of Oppeln, with a small castle : 
 25 miles N. E, of Oppeln. 
 
 Rosenheim, a town of Bavaria, seated at the 
 conflux of tho Manguald with the Inn ; 34 miles 
 S. E. of Munich. 
 
 Roses, or Rosas, a Seaport of Spain, in Cata- 
 Kjnia, with a citadel. It was taken by tho 
 French in 1 693, and again in 1 793. It is seated 
 on a bay of the same name, in the Mediterranean ; 
 27mile8N, E.ofGerona. Pop. 2600. Long. 
 3. 7. E. lat. 42. 17. N. 
 
 RosETTA (Raschid), a town of Egypt, #ne of 
 the pleasantest in the country. It^is a great 
 manufacture of striped and other cdnrse linens ; 
 but Its chief business is the carriage of goods to' 
 Cairo; for all Europoan merchandise is brought 
 hither from Alexandria by sea. The rice growa 
 
 e r 
 
hi 
 
 I 
 
 R O S 
 
 In ita ylciiiity, called sultiini, is chiefly sent to 
 Constantinople, and ita exportation to any other 
 place 18 prohibited. Kosetta was taken by the 
 trench m 17.98, und here the English were do- 
 feated by the Turks in 1307. It stands on an 
 iSiand formed by the W. branch of the Nile ; 
 25 miles E. N. E. of Alexandria, and 100 N. 
 N. W. of Cairo. Pop. about 0000. Lone. 30. 
 23. E. lat. 31. 23. N. 
 
 RosiUNNE, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Wilim, tbrmorly the capital of Samogitia. 
 It IS seated on the Dubisse, 70 miles S. of Mittau. 
 Long. 23. 35. E. lat. 55. 30. N. 
 
 RosiBKS Aux Sa<,(ne3, a town of Franco, 
 department of Mourtho, formerly celebrated for 
 Its salt-works ; scutei on the Mourthe, 10 miles 
 b. of r,ancy. Pop. 2200. 
 
 RosoY, a town in vho department of Seine-et- 
 Mnrne with a magnificent ciistle ; IG miles 
 ii N. E. of Melun, and ;U). S. E. of Paris. 
 
 Ross, a town in Ilcreforashiro, with a mnrket 
 on Ihursday. It ow, - most of .ts improvements 
 and charitable institali.ins to John Kvrle, com- 
 monly called the Man ..f Rosh, whose benevo- 
 len' character is so inforesti.ifjjy delineated by 
 Pope. I our miles to the S. VV.' arc the massive 
 Temains of Goodrich Castle ; and near it are 
 the ru:r., of 1 lanesfbrd Priory, the chapel of 
 Which 13 convcrt.'d into a h»rn. Ross is seatotl 
 on an elevatcH? , ck, on the Wye; 12 miles 
 S. E. of Hereford, and 1 20 W. by N. of London. 
 ^ Iloss, or Ross Caui-kry, a seaport of Ireland, 
 in the county of Cork, ii.ul united to Cork as 
 m episcopal see. The liiirl)()ur was formerly 
 tamous, but has been griuluiillv filled up with 
 sand, so that the town is sunk "from its former 
 splendour It is seated on a bay of the Atlantic. 
 20 miles S. W. of Kinsule. Loiii'. «. 5» VV 
 lat. 51. 32. ly. 
 
 Ross, New Town, a borough of Irel.-ind, in 
 the county of Wexford; situate on the Harrow; 
 which IS navigable for large vessels up to the 
 quay. The tow.i has a considerable trade and 
 exports a great quantify of wool, butter, and 
 beef. It returns one meml)er to parliament 
 It w 12 miles N. E. of VVaterford, and 19 w! 
 of Wexford. 
 
 RossANO, a strong town of Naples, in Cala- 
 bria Citra ; and an archbishop's see. The ad- 
 jacent valleys yield cil, ciip<.r8, saftVon, and 
 excellent pepper. It ia seated on an eminence 
 Kirrounded by rocks ; 3 miles from the Gulf of 
 Tarento, and 13G S. E. of Naples. Pop. 7000 
 Long. 16. 38. E, lat. 39.48. N. 
 
 RossLAU, a town of Germany, in the princi- 
 pahty of Anhalt; with a castle; seated at the 
 conflux of the Rosalau with the Elbe; 10 miles 
 S. S. E. of Zerbst. 
 
 Ross-shire, a countv of Scotland; fiO miles 
 long, and ."iO broad; bounded on the N. by 
 Sutherlandshire and the Frith of Domoch, W. 
 . by the Minch, S. by Inverness-shire, and E. by 
 the ♦Vith of Murray and the county of Cro- 
 niarty, mj|jch last it almost encloses. It is 
 dividcil into 30 parishes. It sends, in eonjunc- 
 ^on with Cromarty, one member to parliament. 
 The middle and N. W. parte are monnt-unou- 
 nna dieuryj the E. part is vuiiej-ated-with 
 
 ^018 
 
 ROT 
 
 woods, lakea, and rivers. The hills feed horse», 
 beeves, sheep, and goats, and abound with 
 game; the rivers and lakea teem with fish and 
 water-fowl; and the E. coast is visited regularly 
 by a shoal of herrings. Agriculture has un- 
 dergone great improvements within these few 
 years, and large quantities of corn are grown. 
 The island of Lewis is attached to this county. 
 Tain is the capital. 
 
 RosswEiN, a town of Saxony; with a good 
 trade in wool, flannel, and cloth ; seated on 
 the Muldau ; 23 miles W. of Dresden. Pod. 
 2700. '^ 
 
 RoSTAK, a town of Arabia, in the province of 
 Oman, and the seat of a sovereign prince. It 
 is 120 miles W. of Mascat, Long. 57. 30. E. 
 lat. 23. 30. N. 
 
 Rostock, a fortified town of Germany, ia 
 the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin ; with a 
 university, a good harbour, a strong citadel, an 
 arsenal, and three churches. It is divided into 
 three parts, the Old, the New, and the Middle 
 Town, and carries on a largo trade. It is 
 seated on the river Wiimow, 10 miles from its 
 entrance into the Raltic, and 32 E. N, E. of 
 Wismar. Pop. 13,000. Long. 12. 20. E. lat. 
 154. 10. N. 
 
 RosTop, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of -laroaliif ; and an episcopal see. It is seated 
 on the Lake Nero, or Rostof, which communi- 
 cates with the Volga by the river Kotorost; 96 
 miles N. E. of Moscow. Pop. 5000. 
 
 RosTUENAN, a town of France, department 
 of Cotes du Nord; near the lilavet; 35 miles 
 S. W. ofSt. Brieux. 
 
 RosTRUvoK, a seaport of Ireland, in the 
 county of Down; with a considerable salt- work 
 and a pottery. It is much frequented for sea- 
 bathing, and the peculiar beauty of its situation 
 renders it one of the most delightful summer 
 retreats in the province. Adjoining the town 
 13 Rostrevor Hill, a romantic mountain of ex- 
 traordinary elevation and beauty. The town 
 IS seated on Carlingford Bay; 9 miles S. E. of 
 Newry. 
 
 RoTA, a town and castle of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia; and at the entrance of the Bay of Cadiz- 
 9 miles N. N. W. of Cadiz. Pop. tiOOO. 
 
 Rotas, a town of Hindostim, in the province 
 of Lahore ; 85 miles N, W. of Liihore. Lone. 
 71. 52. E. lat. 32. 4. N. 
 
 Rotas, a town of Hindostan, in the province 
 of Bahar; 108 miles S. W. of Patna. 
 
 RoTENBERo, a town and fortress of Bavaria; 
 capital of a lordship of the same name; situate 
 on a mountain ; 18 miles N. E, of Nurenburo, 
 and 27 S. S. W. of Bayreuth. Pop. 5700. 
 
 RoTENnuRO, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Luccrii; 4 miles N. of Luccrn. 
 
 RoTENuuRo, a town of Wirtemburg, in the 
 county of Hohenburg ; with a castle. Near it 
 IS a famous mineral spring. It stands on the 
 Neckar; 6 miles W. S. W. of Tubingen. 
 
 RoTENBuno, a town of Hanover, in the 
 duchy of Verden ; on the river Wumme ; 15 
 miles N. by E. of Verden. 
 
 RoTENBUHG, a town of Germany, in tho 
 electorate of IIcssc with a palace; seated on 
 
ROT 
 
 599 
 
 ROU 
 
 Hie FuJdaj 2J miles S. 8, E. of Qassel. Pop. 
 
 RoTENPKLS, a town of Bavaria, in the circle 
 of Lower Maine; seated on the Maine: 13 miles 
 N. W. of Wiirtzburg. 
 
 Roth, a town and castle of Bavaria, in the 
 <U8trict of Anspach; noted as the birthplace of 
 the celebrated Gessner. It stands at the con- 
 flux of the lloth with the llednitaj 10 miles S. 
 of Nurenburg. 
 
 Rotuuurt, a town in Northumberkiiid; with 
 a market on Friday j situate on the Cotpiet, in 
 a sequestered and romantic glen, sheltered 
 from the northern blasts by towering hills ; on 
 the S. an abrupt bank rises in a pymmidul 
 torm, the summit of which is crowntnl by a 
 stately tower. The Duke of Northumberland 
 18 Io»J of the manor, though ho possesses very 
 httlo freehold property in the town; 12 miles 
 n. W. of Alnwick, and 303 N. by W, of 
 London. 
 
 RoTHENDURo, a town of Pfassian Silesia, on 
 the river Neissa ; 15 miles N. of Gorlitz. 
 
 RoTiiENnuno, a town of Bavarian Friineonin ; 
 feurrounded by moats and mmpiirts. It stuuds 
 on a mountain, by the river Tuubcr.from which 
 It IS supplied with water by means of n machine- 
 15 miles W. N. W. of Anspach. I'op, 5700.' 
 Long. 10. 18. E. lat. 49. 22. N. 
 
 UoTiiER, a river which rises in Sussex, forms 
 the boundary between that county and Kent 
 for a short space, and enters the English Chan- 
 nel at Rye. 
 
 RoTHERUAM, a town m West Yorkshire; 
 with a market on Monday, celebrated for the 
 sale of cattle. It has a spacious church, four 
 wecting-houses, a charity achool, a free school, 
 a subscription library, an extensive brewery, 
 a central station for the N. Midland Railway, 
 &c. It is famous for the extensive iron works 
 in its vicinity at Masbrough, and has an an- 
 cient cast'e on an eminence near the town. 
 It is seated at the conflux of t!;o Rother with 
 the Don, 32 miles S. of Leeds, and Hi\ N. bv 
 W. of London. ^ 
 
 RoTHEHHiTHE, a suburb of LondoTi. in Sur- 
 rey ; situate on the S. bank of the Thames, 
 and communicates with the northern side bv 
 means of a tunnel, a magnificent work, com'- 
 menced by Mr. Druucl in l!lJ3,an.l completed 
 m 1843. ' 
 
 RoTHSAV, a borough of Scotland, the capital 
 of the Isle of Bute. Here is an ancient castle, 
 once u royal j alace. The inhabitants are 
 actively engaged in the herring fishery, and 
 several cotton- works are also established. Roth- 
 say joins with Ayr, Irvine, Campbeltown, and 
 Inverary, in sending one member to pariia- 
 ment. It is situate on the E. side of the 
 island, and has an excellent harbour and pier ; 
 80 miles W. by S. of Edinburgh. Long. 4. S3, 
 W. lat. 56. 48. N. «> e 
 
 Roth WEIL, a town of Germany, in Wirtem- 
 burg ; seated on the Neckar, near its source ; 
 27 miles S. S. W. of Tubingen. Long. 8. 37. 
 E. lat. 48, a, N= 
 
 BozxBifitAMN, a town of the Awstrian states, 
 
 in Styria ; with a college of regular canons ; 20 
 miles N. N. W. of Judenburg. 
 
 Rotterdam, a city of South Holland ; with 
 one of the finest harbours in the Netherlands. 
 Next to Amsterdam, it is the most considerablo 
 place In Holland, for the beauty of its build- 
 ings, and for its trade ; and the inhabitants are 
 computed at C0,000. There are so many deep 
 canals, that ships may unload at the verv doora 
 of the warehouses. On the E. side of the city 
 is a largo basin and dock, for the purpose of 
 building and launching vessels employed in tlio 
 service of the admiralty of the East India Com- 
 pany. This port is more frequented than Am- 
 sterdam, beaiuse the ice breaks uj) sooner, and 
 the tide, in two or three hours, will carry a ship 
 into the open sea. The town-house, the bank, 
 and the arsenal, are magnificent. Some of the 
 houses are built in the old Spanish style, with 
 the gable ends embattled in front ; but there is 
 a great number of modern brick houses, which 
 are lofty and spacious, iwuticularly on that 
 magnificent quay called the Bomb Tecs. On 
 this quay is a handsome Jewish synagogue. 
 In an open jilace at the head of one of tho 
 canals is a bronze statue of Erasmus, who was 
 born here in 1407. This city wiis in a very 
 flourishing state previously to the admission of 
 the French troojis in January, 17.'>5, and tho 
 war with England, when the commerce of IIol- 
 land was suspended. It hud begun to recover 
 in 1809, when it was again rapidly depressed 
 by the renewal of war. After the fall of Na- 
 poleon, its prosperity greatly increased, and it 
 is thought that the separation of Belgium from 
 Holland will ojjerate favourably on tho com- 
 merce of this town. It is seated at the influx 
 of the Rotte with the Merwe, (the most northern 
 branch of the Meuse.) 30 miles S. S. W. of 
 Amsterdam. Long. 4. 29. E. lat. 51. 56. N. 
 
 Rotterdam, one of the Friendly Islands, it. 
 the Pa.ific Ocean ; discovered by Tasman, in 
 1643. Long. 174. 30. W. lat. 20. 16. S. 
 
 RoTTiNQEN, a town of Bavaria, in the circle 
 of T.owor Maine ; situate on the Tauber ; 17 
 miles S. of Wurtzburg. 
 RouAH, or Roiha. See Orpa. 
 RouBAix, a town of France, department of 
 the North ; miles N. of Lisle. Manufiictures, 
 woollens, camlets, and spinning thread. Pop. 
 8000, 
 
 Rouen, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Lower Seine ; and an archbishop's 
 see. It is 7 miles in circuit, and stands on the 
 N. side of the Seine, over which is an elegant 
 stone bridge. The streets are narrow and 
 crooked, and many of the houses are built of 
 wood ; notwithsianding which, it is one of the 
 most opulent and commercial places in France. 
 Among the public buildings, the most distin- 
 guished are the great hall of the palace, in 
 which the parliament of Rouen met : the old 
 castle ; and the principal church, ornamenteil 
 with three towers. Near this church, which is 
 not tho onlv remarkable one, is the public 
 libiaf}-. Ill the m.-;rket-piace is a statue of tiiu 
 celebrated Maid of Orleans, who was burnt 
 
 
 fi 
 
lr:i|nlf 
 II 
 
 ■r 
 
 
 r i 
 
 Rou too 
 
 here by tlio English ns a witch. The Inhabit- 
 ants Imyo munutiicturcs of woollen, linen, 
 eiitlnn, ironware, |)iij)or, and pottery ; olaj 
 «ii«ur-refinfriiw ui,U uult works, lloucn in tlio 
 birilipluco of the two Comcilles, and of Fonto- 
 xr .w „ " ^" '""'-"» *>• W". of Amiens, nnd 70 
 
 . ; )a ty^^}'^ ^'"l'- "^•*^<>''- Long. 1. 6. E. 
 Jut. -19. 2(). N. 
 
 llouEKuuK, o former province of Franco 
 which now forn)s the depurtmeiu of Aveiko.x* 
 (which boo). ' 
 
 lloiisAv, one of the Orkneys, lying N. W of 
 the miuuluud. It is about i) miles long, and 4 
 
 ItoussELART, a town of the Netherlnnd^ in 
 West 1- landers; seated on the Mondel: 10 
 uiilea N. E. of Ypres. 
 
 HoussiLLoN, a former province of France 
 now included in the department of Eastern Py- 
 renees. AVe I'yuKNiiiis, Easteun. 
 . UovEiiEDo, a town of the Austrian states, 
 in lyrol ; seated near the Adi-e, at the foot 
 pt a mountain, on the river Lens, over which 
 » a bridge, defended by u strong citadel. It 
 lias a very considerable trade in silk, and a 
 great quanUty of tobacco is raised here. In 
 17. )b the Austrians were defeated near this 
 place by the French, who took possession of 
 tiie town ; but they wera obliged to abandon it 
 boon afterwards ; 13 miles S. of Trent. Pop. 
 1-2,000. Long. 10. 55. E. lat. 45. 50. N 
 
 KoviuNo, a seaport of Austrian Illyria, on 
 the coast of Istria ; with two gootl harbJure. 
 IJie inhabitants are estimated at 10,000, who 
 are chiefly employed in the pilchard fishery. 
 ehip-buiMiiig, and the sale of wood. Near it 
 are tiuames of fine stone. It is seated on a 
 peninsula in the Gulf of Venice ; 36 miles S. 
 ot Uipo d Istria. Long. 13. 58. E. lat. 45. 
 
 llovioo.a town of Austrian Italy; capital of 
 a province or delegation of its name, and the 
 raudence of the bishop of Adria, to the decline 
 of winch town it owes its present prosperity. It 
 
 p'*"nin" "'r ^'^'^''' ^7 "'ileB S. W, of Venicc. 
 Pop. yOOO. Long. 12. 4. E. lat. 45. 8. N. 
 
 llowAN, a county in the W. part of North 
 Caroina; with 12,109 inhabitants. Chief town. 
 Salisbury. ' 
 
 Rowley, a town of Massachusets, in Essex 
 county; 28 miles N. E. of Boston. Pop. 1203. 
 
 RoxDououGH. a town of North Carolina: 
 capiUil of Person county. 
 
 RoxDunGHSHiBE, a county of Scotland, some- 
 times called'ieviotdile; bounded N.by Uerwick- 
 Bhire, E. and S. by Northumberland and Cum- 
 berUind, and W. by the shires of Dumfries and 
 oelkirk. It is of an irregular figure, and the 
 greatest extent in every direction is about 30 
 miles. It is divided into 31 parishes, and re- 
 turns one member to parliament. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Tweed, Teviot, and Liddel. 
 Itie lace of the country exhibits a rough aiK 
 peunuice of mosses, hills, nnd mountains, in- 
 terspersed with narrow vullevs, well watered and 
 tortile m corn. The hilifi feed great numbers of 
 elieep and cattle. Some remains ore still visible 
 
 RUD 
 
 of the Catrail, or Picts-work ditch, astupendoiu 
 llritish work, probably constructed in the fifth 
 century, as a line of defence against the Saxons. 
 It appears to have been a vast fosse, 20 feet 
 broua, M ith a rampiurt 8 or 10 feet high on either 
 Bide. In many parts of the county there are 
 sepulchral tumuli, in which coffim and urns 
 have been found. There are alto Druidical 
 circles, and other antiquities. The county had 
 Us name from the once magnificent city and 
 aistle of Itoxburgh, situate between the Teviot 
 and the Tweed, nearly opposite Kelso : of the 
 city few traces are now evident, and the castle 
 near the mouth of the Teviot, is entirely a ruin! 
 At this castle, in 1400, James II. of Scotland 
 lost his life by the bursting of a cannon. About 
 2 miles from the castle, on the banks of the 
 Teviot, is a village called Roxburgh. The pro- 
 sent cajutal of the county is Jedburgh. 
 
 RoxuuRan, a town of Massachusets, in Nor- 
 folk county; 2 miles S. S. W. of Boston. Pop. 
 8089. — Also, a numlier of inconsiderable town- 
 shijis in the United States. 
 
 RoYALSToN, a town of Massachusets, Wor- 
 cester county; 70 miles W. N. W. of Boston. 
 Pop. 1607, 
 
 RoYALTon, a town of Vermont, in Windsor 
 county. Pop. 1997. 
 
 RoYAN, a town of Franco, deiwrtment of 
 Lower Charente. It was fortified by the Hugue- 
 nots, and vigorously defended against Louis 
 XIII. in 1C22. It is seated at the mouth of the 
 Garonne; 18 miles S. W. of Saintes. Pop. 2700. 
 RoYE, a town in the department of Somme; 
 26 miles S. E. of Amiens. Pop. 3100. 
 
 RoYSTON, a town in Hertfordshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday. Part of the town ex- 
 tends into Cambridgeshire. Under the market- 
 place is a kind of subterranean crypt, dug out of 
 the solid chalk, supposed to be a Saxon con- 
 struction; 14 miles S. of Cambridge, and 37 N. 
 of London. 
 
 RuAT/ ;«, an island in the bay of Honduras ; 
 30 miles long, and 9 broad, with a fine harbour. 
 Long. 86. 45. W. lat. 16. 23. N. 
 
 RunicoN, the ancient name of a small river 
 of Italy, which runs into the Gulf of Venice, to 
 the northward of Rimini; celebrated in history 
 as the limit prescribed to Caesar by the Roman 
 senate, when the ambitious views of that com- 
 mander became suspected. 
 
 RucKiNGEN, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Cassel; which was the scene of an obstinate 
 engagement between the J'rench and Bavarians 
 in 1813. It is seated on the Klnzig; 5 miles 
 E. of Ilanau. 
 
 RuDAW, a town of East F.-'ssia, formerly for- 
 tified with a castle, now in ruins. It is remark- 
 able for the victory obt^iined by the Teutonic 
 kiughte oyer Kinstud, great duke of Lithuania, 
 in 1370; i,i memory of which a stone pillar was 
 erected, which is still remaining; 12 miles 
 N. N. W. of Konigsberg. 
 
 RuDKLSTADT, or RuDOLSTADT, a town of Ger- 
 many ; capital of the county of Schwartzburg- 
 Rudolstudt ; with a fine castle on a mountain. 
 It has maniiiactures of flannel and stufik It 
 
 
 I! 
 
 11 ' ; 
 
RUD 
 
 601 
 
 RUS 
 
 Id sciilwl on the Sanlo, over which ia a •tone 
 »)ri<l«c; 22 niilus S. E. of Erfurt, pop. 4000. 
 JiOn){. 1 1. 60. E. Int. 50. 44. N. 
 
 UiiDBLHrADT, a town of Pruisinn Silesia, in 
 tlio pnneipnliiy of Schweidnitj! , with a mine- 
 ohcennd copper-works i sctttoJ on tho Bober; 
 lOmilw W. ofSchwcidnitz. 
 
 UuBESHKiM, tt town of Germnny, in the duchy 
 of Nnssimj celebrated for its wine: 3 mile* N. 
 of linigen. 
 
 llunisTo. See Rodosto. 
 
 RunKiopiNo, a seaport of Denmark, in tho 
 island of Lnngolnnd. It has a considerable 
 traao in corn and provisions. Long. 11. 0. E. 
 lat. 55. 1, N. 
 
 RunoLFSWEBD, a town of Austrian lUyria. 
 in Cnrniola ; with a largo collegiate church 
 eeated on the Gurck, in a country fertile in 
 wine; 45 miles S. E. of Laubach. 
 
 lluK, a towTi of France; department of 
 bomme ; 15 miles N. W. of Abbeville. 
 
 HuFFACH, a town in the department of Upper 
 llhine; 7 miles S. of Colmar. Pop. 3300. 
 
 RuFFEC, a town in the department of Cha- 
 rente; 24 miles N. of Angoulemo, 
 
 RuFiA, (ancient Alphtus,) a river of Greece. 
 In the Morea ; which falls into the Gulf of Ar- 
 cndia opposite the island of Zante. 
 
 RuoDY, a town in Warwickshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, celebrated for its well endowed 
 grammar-school. It has a commodious church 
 and two meeting-houses, and is seated on the 
 Avon, near the junction of the Midland Counties 
 and Birmingham railways. It is 13 miles S. E 
 of Coventry, and 85 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 RuGELY, or RuDOLBr, a town in Staflbrd- 
 shire; with a market on Thursday, and manu- 
 factures ot felts and hats, sheet iron, and of 
 yerdigns. The parish church is a modem erec- 
 tion, standing close to the ancient edifice, which 
 has long been dismantled, and is &8t wasting 
 by the hand of time. The town is rapidly ad- 
 vancing into notice, and two new streets f Albion 
 Street and Church Street) have been built. It 
 IS seated on the Trent; 9 miles E. S. E. of 
 Stafford, and 126 N. W. of London. 
 
 RuQEN, an island in the Baltic, on the coast 
 of Pomerania, opposite Stralsund, the channel 
 between which town and the island is not above 
 a mile in breadth. Including the indentions of 
 the sea, which are considerable, the island is 23 
 miles long, and 18 broad. It abounds in corn 
 and cattle, and contains numerous gardens and 
 plantations. This island became subject to 
 Prussia, with the rest of Pomerania, in 1814. 
 Pop. 28,000. The chief town is Bergen. 
 
 RuQEN WALD, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 In the government of Coslin ; with u castle. 
 Here is a good salmon-fishery, and a trade in 
 hnen. It is seated on the Wipper; 3 miles 
 from the Baltic, and 35 N. E. of Colberg. Long. 
 16. 17. E. lat. 54. 25. N. 
 
 RuHLAND, a town of Prussia, in Upper Lu- 
 satia, with a trade in fish and beer ; seated on 
 the ElBter; 25 miles N. by E. of Dr^en. 
 
 Hum, one of the Hebrides; 7 miles W. of the 
 r — - "^"J "■ akyc. It IS ,1 miic-3 long, and 6 
 broad, tho eurfaco hilly and rocky ; but it feeds 
 
 a considerable number of smnlt sheep, whoM 
 flesh and wool are valuable. The only harbour 
 Is Loch Scresort, on the E. coast. Lone 6 20 
 W. lat. 57. 10. N. B"."". 
 
 RumoNT, a town of France, department of 
 Ardennes; 12 miles S. W. of Rocroy. 
 
 RuMiixY, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Savoy; situatOon an elovntod plain, at the con- 
 flux of the Scram and Nepha; 7 miles W. S. W 
 ofAnnecy. Pop. 3100. 
 
 RuMMBLSDURu, a town of Prussia, in Pome- 
 rania; with mnnufiictures of cloth, sealed on tlio 
 Wipper, 14 miles N, of New Stettin. 
 
 RuMNEY, or Rhyney, a river of Wales; 
 which rises in Brecknockshire, and, separating 
 the counties of Glamorgan and Monmouth, 
 enters the Bristol Channel to the S. E. of 
 Cardiff. 
 
 RuNCOHN, a township In Cheshire. It is a 
 place of some importance, fl-om being the ter- 
 mination of the Duke of Bridgewater's canal, 
 which here joins the Mersey, and is alio fre- 
 quented for sea-bathing. 
 
 RuN0PO!'H, a town of Bengal, capital of a 
 fertile disf.i.i, governed by a judge, collector, 
 Ac, and subservient to the court of circuit and 
 appeal of Dacca. The chief produce of the di»- 
 trict is rice, but there is also much tobacco and 
 some indigo. Tho inhabitants carry on consi- 
 derable trade with Assam, Bootan, and Calcutta. 
 It is 124 miles N. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Pop. 
 of the district, 2,735,000; of the town, 16,000. 
 Long. 80. 4. E. lat. 25. 44. N. 
 
 RuNKEL, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Nassau, with a citadel on a high hill ; formerly 
 the residence of the counts of Wicd-Runkel. It 
 is seated on the Lahnj 14 miles E. N. E. of 
 Nassau. 
 
 RuPELMONDE, a towD of tlio Netheriands, in 
 E. Ftandere; 8 miles S. W. of Antwerp. 
 
 Rupert, a river of the Hudson's Bay territory, 
 which issues from the lake Mistassin, and flows 
 W. into the S. E, part of James Bay, In its 
 course it forms several small lakes ; and at its 
 mouth are the remainsof Fort Rupert, formerly a 
 settlement of the Hudson Bay Company. Lomi. 
 76. 58. W. lat. 61. 3. N. 
 
 RuppiN, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg. 
 It stands on the W. side of a lake, formed by 
 the river Rhin; and on the opposite side of the 
 lake is Old Ruppin, with an ancient castle, the 
 residence of its former counts, whose burial 
 place is at New Ruppin. This town was entirely 
 consumed b> tire in 1787, but is rebuilt in a 
 handsome manner, and greatly augmented. It 
 has a considerable trade, a manufacture of cloth, 
 and noted breweries. It is 33 miles N. N. W. 
 of Berlin. Pop. 4600. Long. 13. 0. E. laU 52. 
 56. N. 
 
 RuKEMONDE, or RoERMONDE, a Strong town 
 of the Netheriands, in the province of Limburg; 
 seated at the conflux of the Roer with the 
 Meuse; 28 miles N. N. E. of Maestricht. Pop. 
 4600. Long. 6.4. E. lat. 51.11. N. 
 
 RuscEK, or RusTSCHUK, a town of Bulgaria, 
 defended by a castle, with mnnufiictures of silk, 
 cotton, linen, woollen, tobacco, &c It was 
 taken by tho Russians in 1810, and a Turkish 
 
 i! 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 :':i 
 
RUS 
 
 «oa 
 
 RUS 
 
 ) 
 
 
 •ntijr WM ilcfcatt'd near it in Ifll 1. H {• gcatcl 
 on tho Diuiube; I3i miles N. by K. of A«lri 
 nnople. Pop, 24,000. Long. 2(i. 50. E. lat. 
 44. 12. N. 
 
 Rt'SH, « town of Ireland, in the county o£ 
 Dublin ; conHinting of one street, parallel with 
 the shore. Tho inhabitants oro onaaged in 
 flailing. 
 
 lli/ss, a town of E. Pruwiia, on the Niemen 
 30 miles S. by E. of Menu !. 
 
 RrssKi., n county in th. S. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia; bounded on tho N. by Kentucky. 
 
 RussKi.vii.iK, a town of Kentucky; capital 
 of Logiin county ; 1(5 miles S. of Louisville. 
 
 Riis8K'j*iiKiM, a town of Oermiuiy, in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, situate on the Maine; (i miles E of 
 Mentis, and l.l N. W. of Darmstadt. 
 
 KussEV, a town of I'rnnii-, department of 
 Doubs; 34 miles K by S. of Uesanyon. 
 
 llussiA, a vast empire, partly in Asia and 
 partly in Europe; hounded on the N. by tho 
 Froxen Ocean, E. by the I'acilie, S. by (Jn-at 
 1 nrtary, the Ciispi.m Sea, Persia, Turkey in Asia, 
 and the HIack Sen, and W. bv Turkey in Europe 
 Poland, the Baltic Sea, and Sweden. There wire 
 three countries that had tho name of lliissiu • 
 namely, lied Russia, which formed the S. part 
 of Poland ; White Russia, which comprehended 
 the K. part of Lithuania; and Black Russia, 
 which included the froveriinipnts of Kaluini 
 Moscow, Tula, Rozan, Volodimir, and Yaroslaf- 
 and hence his imperial majesty takes the title of 
 emperor and autocmt of all the RnsaJHS. It is 
 1 1,000 miles in length, with an averaRC breadth 
 of 1600 miles ; containins an area of 7,000,000 
 wpiaro miles, with a population of 63,000,000 
 This vast territory, forty-two times the extent 
 of trance, has not double its populiition, and 
 the revenue of Great Britain is quadruple that 
 of Russia. A great portion of the country may 
 be considered as the waste land of Europe, and 
 the Asiatic provinces are scarcely habitable. It 
 Ki divided into 51 provinces ; 41 and part of 4 
 are in Eurojje, and 6, and tho remaining por- 
 tions of tho 4, are in Asia. A country of such 
 vast extent must lie in different climates, and 
 the soil and products must be as different. 
 The most fertile part is near tho frontiers of 
 Poland, the inhabitants of which are able to 
 supply their neighbours with corn. The N. 
 part is not only colder, hut very marshy, and 
 overrun with forests, inhabited chiefly by wild 
 beasts. The country affords a variety of com- 
 modities, which, being of great use to foreignem, 
 produce a considerable annual balance of trade 
 m favour of Russia. The home commodities 
 are chiefly sables, blac: furs, the skins of black 
 and white foxes, ermines, hyrenas, lynxes, bears, 
 panthers, wolves, martins, wiiite iiares, &c., red 
 and black juchte or Russian leather, (which for 
 colour, smell, and soilness, is not equalled in 
 tho world), copper, iron, talc, tallow, wax, 
 honey, potash, tar, linseed and train oil, castor 
 isinglass, hemp, flax, thread, sail-cloth, -^ali- 
 manco, Siberian musk, soap, feathers, timi)or, 
 &c. To these commodities may also be added 
 almost all the merchandise of China, India, 
 Persia Turkey, and Bvnie European countries.' 
 
 Iho prinripftl l»wiu. ore St. Peiershnmh 
 Moscow, Riga, Odessa, Tula, Wilna, Ac. Th. 
 r«^lii,'ion is that of the (Jroel< or Eastern 
 Church, which is gov< <(l by a atriarch, un- 
 der whom are the nu lishops and bishooH. 
 Every uriest la called a papa or pope, and of 
 these there were formerly 4000 hi Moscow 
 alone; at present their numk-r is about ()8,000. 
 A considerable numl>er the Russians profess 
 the Mahomcdan rcligioii, und many arc still 
 piigans. 'J'he inhabitants of the Swedish pro 
 vmces arc Lutherans ; and Protestants as wel 
 iw Pnpi-its enjoy full liberty of conscience. 
 1 litre are many convents for both sexes, but it 
 has been wisely ordained that no male can en- 
 ter into a monastic life before be is 30 years of 
 nge, and that no female can take the veil till 
 slie is 50, and , n then, not without the license 
 of the holy syiKHl. The inliubitants in general 
 are robust, well-sliaiiid, and of pretty good com- 
 plexions. Thoy are great eaters, and very fond 
 't bnuidy. They use bathing, but snioko no 
 'baeco, lest the snioko shoulil dishdnour tho 
 iiit iges of the siunts, which they keep in great 
 veneration ; however, they take a great deal of 
 snuli; iniule of the tobacco iMouglit from tho 
 Ukraine. The Russians were formerly wholly 
 employed in agriculture, feeding of cattle, 
 hnnting, and fishing ; and be was thougia a 
 learned man who could read and write. Hut 
 Peter the Great undertook to introduce aria 
 and sciences; and in 17-'4 the first university 
 w.ui founded that ever was in Russia ; there is 
 also an academy of Milences at I'etersburg, sup- 
 plied with eminent professors. With respect 
 to dress, a long beiinl is in high estimation with 
 the people of Russia, notwithstanding tho 
 ctiortsof their monurchs to root it out; and it 
 Js only those depending ii] ii: government, in 
 the army and navy, who liavo yet comj)lied 
 with the custom and wish of the court. Those 
 who retain their beards retain likewise the an- 
 cient dress ; the long swaddling coat, either of 
 skniH, or of coarse cloth lined with skins, in 
 winter, and in summer, with cloth onlv. About 
 their middle they have a sash of any colour; 
 but what they most effect is green or yellow. 
 I heir shirts are fashioned as^ women's; and 
 their necks, lieing exposed to the cold, becomo 
 very hard and impenetraf e from this practice. 
 Oovernment continue to exert every nerve to 
 compel the subjects to adopt the German dress. 
 Ihe clergy alone excepted, none can procure 
 any j)lace, or favour from court, upon other 
 conditions than banishing the Asiatic sheep- 
 skin robes. The worn-out veteran retires with 
 a pension, upon the express terms of never 
 again assuming the habit of his fathers. But 
 so jealously attached are the multitude to 
 former manners, and so honourable do they 
 esteem them, that a Russian, dressed in his 
 beard and gown, acquires the greatest respect, 
 i he dress of tho women is tho reverse of that 
 of the men, both in fashion and colour, every 
 }>art of being as short and tight as ilecencv will 
 allow and very gaudy. It resembles that of tho 
 Highland women in Scotland. The Russian 
 women are, however, for more ridi in their ,it- 
 
.us 
 
 tire I nor is gold laco wanting, any more than 
 the art of painting, to complete tlio Humiinn 
 belle. Tl«i riiiing Kjmoration aro modernizing 
 their antique vestments, the stitF emiiroidered 
 napkin is supplantt-l by one of flowing silk ; 
 tliejaok<t and miiti at aro of muslin, or other 
 fine stutl» j and Uiy i>latd is . Kclianged for a 
 ■ilk or satin cloak, iii the cold season lined with 
 fur. The richer .-lass n^ ''males wear velvet 
 boots. The .! rnnkH is after 
 
 the French ,„ _ and all must 
 
 have a covering oj lur, six months of the year. 
 Thus c<juippcil, the princo nnd the peasant aro 
 drawn in t'uir chnises and sledges through the 
 dr.- ry Scythian winter. The principnl rivers 
 fc the Dnieper, Volga, Don. Dunn or Dwina, 
 B.iJ Oby. The sovfreigng ol Uuaoia are abso- 
 lute. They were formerly called Grand Dukes, 
 which IS still tho title of the heir ai)parent. 
 They afterwards asHumed tho title ot <-znr, and, 
 in tho sequel, that of emperor. The first who 
 Iwre the title of czar wim IJnsil, son of John 
 I3asilide% who free ! his country from its sub- 
 jection to the Tin about tho nr 1470. 
 
 Tho title oiempei „.i., first nsHiim .1 by IVter 
 I., who, by his illustrious nctions, justly an- 
 quired the surnamo of Orenc, He died 
 17'25 ; and perhaps no country ever r vhibiteii, 
 in so short a time, the wonders that my bo 
 effected by the genius aud excrtionn ■>? ono 
 man. Peter tho Great at liis nccossion f tho 
 throne, found his subjects of n'l t ks involved 
 in the grossest i«nornnco and iLunarism; his 
 numerous armits ferocious and undisciplined ; 
 and ho had neither merchaiit ships nor men-of- 
 war; which, added to tho remoteness of her 
 situation, rendered the influence of Russia in 
 the politics of Europe of littlo consideration. 
 Peter civilised his barbarous subjects, disci- 
 plined his armies, built citits and fortresses, 
 and created a navy. These national improve-' 
 ments have been still furtlur prosecuted since 
 his time, and Russia n- -v holds a rank among 
 the nations of tho wor of which human fore- 
 sight, at tho commer.v^^duent of the Iflth cen- 
 tury, could have form, d no conception. An 
 account of the invasion of this country, in 1812 
 will be found under tho head of France. Tho 
 oimpaign of 1815 afforded the Russians but 
 little opportunity to display their military qunli- 
 ties: but these have had full scope in tho more 
 recent conflict with the Turks, whose power is 
 completely, and probably for ever cripiiled. 
 Petersburg is the capital of the whole empire. 
 
 RusTOADEN, a town of Sweden, in the govern- 
 ment of Fahlun ; 23 miles S. S. W. of Fahlun. 
 RusTSCHUK. See Ruscek. 
 RuTCHESTER, a village in Northumberland, 
 (the Vindobala of the Romans), containing 
 some remarkable ruins of its once considerable 
 fort. Severus's wall runs on tho middle of tho 
 E. rampart, and Adrian's vallum passes about 
 the distance of a chain to the S. of it. 
 
 Rutherford, a town of North Carolina, 
 
 chief of a county of the same name ; situate on 
 
 ft branch of Broad River ; 30 miles S. by E. of 
 
 Mormmtown, .ind 60 W, of ClHtrlotte. 
 
 RuTUBuoLEN, a borough of Scotland, in 
 
 6P1 
 
 RYD 
 
 Lanarkshire} on< 
 but now rvUuccd 
 few lanes. Tt « 
 Ac, one mot jor 
 
 near tho Ci^ . • j 
 
 Ruthin, or Kuutiivn, a bo 
 in Denbighshire, with markutii 
 
 a place of eoniidernblo note, 
 )one pri i|„il street, nnd it 
 I'U, w Uhisi(-w, llonfrow, 
 
 Xrluunent. It is seated 
 ) 5. £, of Glasgow. 
 
 «h !>»■ aW 
 Moil. and 
 
 Saturday. It had a si. ng cast now i' ruini. 
 It is seated on an eminence, bv ii,t) river Clwyd- 
 16 miles S. W of Holywell, u.d 205 N. W. of 
 London. In conjunction witli Holt and Den- 
 bigh, it sends ono membtr to parliament, 
 
 lluTioLiANo, a wn of Naplee, in Terra di 
 Bari ; 12 miles S. E. of Ban. Pop. 4300. 
 
 RuTUM, a town of Hindnstan, in tho pro- 
 vince of Malwa; 48 miles W. ofOugein, and 
 13(5 E. of Amcdalmd. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 Rutland, a town of Vermont, chief of n 
 county of tho same name. This town and 
 Windsor are alternately the seat of tho state 
 legislature. It is seated on Otter Cretk j 40 
 miles W. by N. of Windsor, and /i7 N. of Ben- 
 nington. Long. 73. 20. W. lat. 43. 30, N. 
 
 Rutland, a town of MasDachuHcts, in Wor- 
 cester county ; 14 miles N. of Worcester, and 
 SO W. of Boston, Pop. 12G0. 
 
 RuTLAND-siiiiiE, tho smallest county in En- 
 gland ; 18 miles long, and '4 broad ; bounded 
 on the W. and N. by Leicustorsliiro, N. and 
 N. E. by Lincolnshire, and S. .;nd S. E. by 
 Nortliiimptonahire. It contains 95,3G0 ncres, 
 is divided into four hundreds nnd flO parishes, 
 b.iH two market towns, and sends two members 
 to parliament. The soil varies much, but in 
 general is fertile, particularly tho rich va'.o of 
 Catmose ; which runs from tho W. side to tho 
 centre of tho county. The principal rivers are 
 the VVelland ami tho Guash or Wash. Ouk- 
 Iiam is the county town. 
 
 RuTTUNPouR, a city of Ilindostan, in Oriasn, 
 and the capital of a small district of its name. 
 Tt is 210 miles S. by W. of Benarw, nnd 360 
 W. of Calcutta. Pop. 8000. Long. 82. 36. E. 
 lat. 22. IG. N. 
 
 RuTZEN, a town of Prussian Silesia, princi- 
 pality of Wolau ; 20 miles N. of Wolau. 
 
 Ruvo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Ban ; 
 IG miles W. of Bari. Pop. 3300. 
 
 RuzA, a town of Russia, in tho government 
 of Moscow ; 48 miles W. N. W. of Moscow. 
 
 RvAcoTTA, a town and fortress of Hindostan, 
 in .Mysore. It was taken in 1791 by the Bri- 
 tish, to whom it was afler^vards ceded by Tip- 
 poo Sultan. It is 85 miles E. of Seringapatam, 
 and 98 W. S. W. of Arcot. Long. 78. 6. E. 
 lat. 12. 20. N, 
 
 Ryan, Loch, a bay of Scotland, in the N. W. 
 angle of Wigtonshire. The sea flows into it 
 through a narrow pass, and it affords excellent 
 anchorage. 
 
 Rydal, a fertile valley in North Yorkshire, 
 80 called from the river live, which iiasses 
 through it and falls into tho Swale, near Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Rydal-water, a lake in Westmoreland, a 
 little to the W. of Ambleside. It is one mile 
 in length, spotted with little Islands, and com- 
 municates by a narrow channel with Grasmero- 
 
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 Sciences 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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mm 
 
 RYD 604 
 
 Zf!^'x^ A^" ^•' """^ ^^ *''« "'«' Rothay. 
 with Windermere-water, to the S. 
 
 ,^7."?' ».t««'n on the N. E. cowt of the We 
 of Wight, m the county of Southampton. It 
 flag become one of the principal watering-places 
 in the S. of England. It stands on a declivity, 
 and 18 delightfully situated. It has several 
 handsome buildings, and a pier. 
 , Rydbooo, a town and fortress of Hindostan, 
 m Mysore, on the river Hindenny; 60 miles 
 TV .\\r°^ Chittledroog. Long. 76. 52. E. lat. 
 14. 40. N. 
 
 RvK, a borough and seaport iu Sussex, with 
 marketo on Wednesday and Saturday. It is 
 an appendage to the cinque ports ; governed 
 by a mayor and jurats. It returns one mem- 
 ber to parliament. The church is a very laree 
 structure; and there are, besides, -eetin '- 
 houses for Methodists, Baptists, Quakers, &c.. 
 and a chapel for the French refugees settled 
 here dunng the last war. On the edge of the 
 chff IS a small battery, and behind it Ipres 
 tower, a square building, now a gaol. The old 
 port IS so choked up with sand, that it can 
 admit only small vessels. In 1726 a new har- 
 bour was opened, in which vessels of 360 tons 
 burden may safely ride. The exports are com, 
 malt, hops, and other products of Hie county 
 and hence are sent considerable supplies offish 
 to the London markets. It 4s 10 miles N. E. 
 of Hastings, and C3 S. E. of London. Long. 
 0. 44. E. lat. SO. 57. N. 
 
 RvEOAT^ or Reigatb, a borough in Surrey, 
 market oa Tuesday. It letums one member to 
 
 SAB 
 
 purLaraent. Here was formerly a castle built in 
 the time of the Saxons, and called Holmes 
 Castle; some ruins of it are to be seen, particu- 
 larly a long vault, with a room at the end. 
 where, it is said, the barons who took up arms 
 Offunst king John held their private meetings. 
 
 .^'"f'HSu •'*'"*' ''"" *'™eriy a chapel, dedi- 
 caed to Thomas a Becket. It 18 8^11^1^8 
 valley, called Holmsdale; 16 mUes E. of GuUd- 
 ford, and 21 S. W. of London. 
 
 RyMENAUT, a town of Bslgium, in Brabant. 
 
 on the Dyle ; 5 miles E. of MechL. ' 
 
 Rysskn, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 
 Overywel; on the river Regge ; 16 miles E. N 
 
 J!i. ot Deventer. 
 
 Ryswick, a town of South Holland, remark- 
 able for a treaty concluded in 1697 between 
 England, Germany, H Hand, France, andSpain. 
 It w seated between Hague and Delft ; 30 mile^ 
 o. VV. of Amsterdam. Pop. I700. 
 
 RzKczioA, a town of Bohemia;' 52 miles S. 
 £. of Prague. 
 
 RzEMiKN, a town of Poland, in the pala- 
 tinate of Saudomir; 36 miles S. S. W. of San- 
 dotnir. 
 
 RzEVA, a town of, the Russian emj fre, and 
 capital of a province of the same name, situate 
 on the Volga, near its source. 
 
 Rz^zow, a weU built town of Austrian 
 Poland, capital of a circle of its name; with a 
 bmk trade in com and peltry, situate on the 
 Wisloka; 80 miles E. of Cracow, and 70 W. of 
 Lembeijg. PopulaUon of the town, 4600. of 
 the circle, 226,000. ' 
 
 Saaba, a kingdom of Negroland; with a 
 
 rapital of the same name; W. of Timbuctoo. on 
 
 the nver Senegal. 
 Saada, or Saadb, a strong town of Ambia, in 
 
 icemen, aud the residence of a sheik. It has a 
 custom-house, which brings in a considerable 
 
 revenue; and manufactures of Turkey leather. 
 It Ml 40 miles W. N. W. of Sanaa. Long. 44. 
 55, E. lat. 17. SO. N. 
 
 Saalfeid, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Saxe-Cobuig, with a mint, a mine-office, and 
 manufectures o( cloth, and of gold and silk stufls. 
 Unan eminence near the town stands the once 
 celebratea and princely abbey of St. Peter. In 
 1806 pnnce Louis Ferdina.id, of Prussia, was 
 killed here in a skirmish with the French. It 
 -tands on the Saale; 34 miles N. N. E. of Co- 
 buig, and 46. S. W. of Altenbuig. Pop. 3700. 
 Long. 1 1. 32. E. lat. 60. 41. N. 
 
 T I \'*/'^^''' * town of East Prussia; on the 
 Lake Mebing ; 23 miles S. E. of Marienbere. 
 feAAR, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 
 v'^m"' °P.\^^ confines of Bohemia; 42 miles 
 «. W. of Brunn. 
 
 Saar-Louis. a town of Prussia, province of 
 i^ower Rhine, ceded by France in 1815. It is 
 situate on a peninsula formed by the Sa^te: 34 
 miles E. of Thi„nville. Pop. 4100. 
 
 Puns i 6 miJes S. of Potsdam. 
 
 Saaiz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a dicle 
 of the same name, which contains acme of the 
 best com land in Bolnmia, and yields bops of 
 tte best quality. The town if seated on the 
 
 te.^So?"''-^-^-"^^'^- ^oi"- 
 Saba, a fertile island of the West Indies, 12 
 miles in curcumference, inhabited by a tew 
 Uutch femihea, almost aU shoemakera. The 
 island KTis taken by the English in 1781,inl801, 
 and in 1810. It has no port, and lies a little 
 
 w ,!Y^l^x;^''™*<'P'«"- Long. 63. 17. 
 w. lat. 17. 39. N. 
 
 Sabanja, a town of Natolia. Here all the 
 roads from Asia to Constantinople meet. It is 
 situate on a lake which abounds in fish; 60 miles 
 tj. N. K of Bnisn, and 62 E. S. E. of Constanti- 
 nople. Long. 29, 40. E. lat. 40. 30. N. 
 
 Sabatz, or Saboas, a town and fortress of 
 Servia, taken by the Austrians in 1719, It is 
 situate on the Drave; 22 miles S. of Peterwar- 
 dein, and 28 W. of Belgrade, 
 Saw, See Xavier. 
 
 Sabia, a kingdom on the E. coast of Africa" 
 bounded on the N, by Sofala, E. by the Mosam- 
 bique Channel, S. by unknown regions, and W. 
 by Manica. The country is fertile and populous, 
 18 crossed by a river of the san^e name, has 
 mines of gold, and many elephants. MaiUioua 
 18 the capital. 
 
mm 
 
 SAB 
 
 605 
 
 Sawe, n seaport of Denmark, on the E, coaat 
 Of North Jutland, at the mouth of a river of the 
 same name; 23 miles N. N. E. of Alburg. Long. 
 10. 18. E. lat. 67. 20. N. * 
 
 Sabina, a province of Italy, in the pope's 
 donriinions; 28 miles long, and 20 broad ;bounded 
 by the Tiber, the Teverone, the duchy of Spo- 
 leto, and the Neapolitan frontier. It is watered 
 by seveml small divers, and abounds in oil and 
 wme. Magliano is the capital. 
 
 Sabine River, North America, forming the 
 boundary between the United States and the 
 lexas territory; faJlinginto the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Ssabioncella, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, 
 Mtuate on the extremity of a peninsula to which 
 K gives name. This peninsula runs a consider- 
 able way into the Adriatic, having the island of 
 L|eMna on the N., and those of Curzola and 
 Mehda on the S., all separated by a narrow 
 channel. 1 he town is 45 miles N. W. of Ragusa. 
 Long. 17, 40. E. lat. 43. 20. N. 
 
 Sabionbtta, a town of Austrian Italy, for- 
 merly capital of a principality of its name, with 
 
 f ?■ ""^nnj?***'' 2" ""'«» E- of Cremona. Popu- 
 lation, 6000. ^ 
 
 Sable, a town of Prance, in the department 
 ot barte, near which are some quarries of black 
 marble. It is seated on the Sarte; 25 miles N. 
 E. of Angers. Pop. 3100. 
 
 Sable, Cape, the most southerly point of 
 Nova ScoUa, near which is a fine cod-fishery. 
 Long. 65. 39. W. lat. 43. 23. N. 
 
 Sables, d*Olonne. a town of Fiance in 
 the department of Vendee, with a port c^iiable 
 of contaimng vessels of 160 tons. It is seated 
 on the Bay of Biscay ; 40 miles W. of Pontenay 
 le.^a'T ^°^'^^^^' I^ong. 1. 50. W. lat. 
 
 • ,S*fAi. acity and seapon of Japan, in the 
 island of Niphon; with several castles, temples, 
 and palaces, and a mountain on one side, w'lich 
 serves as a rampart; 43 miles S. by W. of 
 Aleaco. Long. 136, 6. E. lat. 34. 68. N. 
 
 Saccania, a province of Greece, in the 
 Morea, comprising the ancient districts of 
 Connth, Sicyon, and Aigos. 
 
 Sachsenbebo, a town of Germany, county 
 of Waldpck ; 1 miles S. V/. of Waldeik. 
 
 Sachsekhagen, a town of Germany, in the 
 principality of Schauenbui^; 13 miles W. of 
 Hanover. 
 
 Saciisenhacsen, a town of Germany, making 
 part of Frankfort on the Maine. It is situate 
 on the S. side of the river, and communicates 
 with the rest of the city by a stone bridge. 
 
 Sachsenhausen, a town of Germany, county 
 01' Waldeck ; 6 miles N. W. of Waldeck. 
 
 Sachsenheim, a town in the kingdom of 
 Wirtembergj 12 miles N. N. W. of Stutgard, 
 ^ ^sACKET's Harbour, a town of New- York 
 in Jefferson county, with one of the best har- 
 bours in the state. It has a dock-yard, with 
 large store-houses, and is strongly defended by 
 fortsand batteries. The Americans have attached 
 much importance to it, and have spared no exer- 
 tion to render it formidable, and it is rapidly 
 increanng in population and impoitanco. It is 
 
 SAG 
 
 wated at the mouth of Black River, on Hungry 
 
 V V* V'! ,?• """^ °*" ^^° ^^ntario. 176 mil« 
 JN. W. of Albany. 
 
 Saco, a considerable town of the state of 
 Maine, in York county, seated on the Saco 
 opposite Biddeford, with which itis connected bv 
 three bridges. It is favourably situate for trade 
 and manufectures; 100 miles N. N. E. of Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 4408. 
 
 _ Saco, a river of the United States, which 
 nses in New Hampshire, and runs into the sea 
 below the town of Saco. 
 
 Sacrament, St., a town of South America, 
 in Buenos Ayres, settled by the Portuguese, but 
 taken in 1 777 by the Spaniards. It stands on 
 the nver Plata, nearly opposite Buenos Ayres j 
 1 00 miles W. by N. of Monte Video. 
 
 Sacbapatam, a town of Hindostan, in Mysora. 
 on the Cavery ; 73 miles N. W. of Sering&Mtam! 
 Long. 75. 52. E. lat 13. 16. N. »'I*«™« 
 
 Saddleback, a mountain in Cumberland, so 
 called from its form. It is upwards of 3000 
 feet above the level of the sea; and on one side 
 18 an immense cavity, once the c»-ater of a vol- 
 cano, at the bottom of which is a lake about 20 
 acres in dimension; 6 miles E. N. E. of Kes* 
 wick. 
 
 ^ SAbRAS, a decayed town of Hindostan, in 
 the carnatic, on tho coast, rtar the mouth of 
 the Paliar. A little to the N. are seven pago- 
 das, hollowed out of a solid rock j 38 milw S. 
 of Madras. 
 
 Sapfi, a 8tron;r seaport of Morocco; with a 
 castle. It was long the centre of the commerce 
 ca-Tied on with Europe, but now has little trade; 
 
 1 . To o^ x/" ^P* ^^*"* ^»"«- 8. 58. W. 
 
 lata o2t 28* Nm 
 
 Saoan, a town Prussian Silesia, capital of 
 a principality of the Mme name. It has double 
 "[al's, a fine palace, a priory of the Augustine 
 order, a Lutheran school, and good cloth manu- 
 factures. It is seated on the Bober; 80 mileb 
 N. W. of Breslau. Long. 15. ?2.E.lat.61. 42. 
 N. Pop. 4700. 
 
 Sagar, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, 
 with a considerable trade in pepper, betel-nut, 
 and sandal-wood. It stands on the Varada, 
 near ita source ; 25 miles N. of Nagara. 
 
 Saoara, a celebrated mountain of Greece (the 
 ancwnt Helicon,) a few miles N. of the Gulf of 
 Corinth. It has a village of its name, formeriy 
 ottUed Ascras, notwl as the birthplace of Hesiod. 
 From its summit may be seen great part of 
 
 Sago Harbour, a seaport of New York, in 
 Suffolk county, at the E. end of Long Island. 
 Ihe whale fishery from this place produces 1000 
 barrels of oil annually; 12miIe8N. W.ofSouth- 
 ampton, and 87 E. of New York= 
 
 Saohalian, or Amour, a river of Chinese 
 rartery, which rises near the Yablonoi moun- 
 ta'ns, where it is first known by the names of 
 Kerlon and Argun, and forms part of the 
 boundary between Siberia and Eastern tartary 
 where it receives the Schi'ka, and takes its pre- 
 sent name. It then takes a circuitous eastern 
 course of 1850 miles, during which it receive* 
 
8AQ 
 
 609^ 
 
 It I ! 
 
 ii 
 
 jnnnj Other rivcre, and ontere the Tea of 
 ^'"||^f/J»PPO"te the N. part of the icland of 
 
 Saohaliam, or Tchoka, a laige island, or 
 peninsula, in the Sea of Okotsk, separated from 
 the continent by the channel of Tartaiy on the 
 
 Vu o "'^ "'""'' ''*"*» V Perouse Strait 
 
 on the S.and is joined to thecontinent by a sandv 
 neck, in lat. 52. N. It extends f^om lat. 46. to 
 
 u *•/ P^' '^ *'""' **® ""es in length, by 
 about 90 of medial breadth. The centr^ ^ 
 mountainous, and well wooded with pine, wil- 
 low, oak, and birch; but the shores are level, 
 and well adapted for agriculture. The naUre^ 
 resemble the Tartars in form, and the upper 1 J 
 IS commonly tattooed blue. The drSs is a 
 
 !?rT„ '^k^^'k'?'*"*'",'""'^ nankeen, with a 
 girdle. Thoir huts are of timber, thatched with 
 gross, with a fire-place in the middle. In the 
 b. are found some Japanese articles; and there 
 sia*n s ' "'"* "** Mantchous and Rus- 
 
 m Mantchouna. It is rich and populous, and 
 very important on account of its situation as it 
 Becures to the Mantchou Tartars the po^ 
 sion of extensive deserts covered with woods, 
 in which a great number of sables are found. It 
 IS seated on the river Saghalian, opposite to the 
 ruins of Ai-holm ; 200 mileii N. N. E. of Tcitci- 
 car Long. 127. 25. E. lat. 50. 6. N 
 
 bAOREs, a strong town of Portujml in Al. 
 garva. with a harbour and a fort; siat^l on a 
 tonr.ueof land at the S. W. extremity of "he 
 
 HT'ia? 3tt H: '' ^- "^ ^»«- ^-«- 
 
 SAOun, a town of Hindostan, capital of a 
 
 d rtnet in the province of Malwa, situate near 
 
 he Bunnas; 87 miles N. W. of Gurrah, and 
 
 45 N ^™* ^°"«- ^^- ^3- E- '"^ 23. 
 
 SAL 
 
 _ Sahaoun, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a 
 rich abbey, seated in a fertile plain, on he 
 river Cea; 32 miles S. E. of Leon. 
 
 Sahar. See Shaiiau. 
 
 Sahaua. See Zahara. 
 
 Sahedouno, or Jessore. a town of Bengal- 
 «.pital of the district of Jessore; seated on u'e 
 Boirah ; n^rly 80 miles E. N. E. of Calcutta. 
 
 said, or bAHiD, a province of Upper E2V)t 
 
 Sr'"t' T ■^r'''*,?'^ "•" ^^^ Sea, (ancifptly 
 called ihebnid) celebmtcd for having been the 
 rareat of a great number of Christians, who 
 Ined here m a solitary manner. It is the least 
 
 of dirtl ^'"^"'°"' ''^' ''^ ^SyP'- ''^'"8 f"" 
 • Saida, a town of Syria, on the coast of the 
 Meuiterranean (the remains of the ancient 
 Sidon); with a fort and castle. To the W. of 
 the castle is a shoal 200 paces long, and the 
 space between them is a road for vessels, but 
 not safe in oad weather. The shoal, which ex- 
 tends along the town, has a basin, enclosed by 
 a decayed pier : this was the ancient port, but 
 It IS now so choked up by sands that boats 
 only call enter its mouth, near the castle. Saida 
 
 n«ti^ "* *?''?' "P^ ^^^ ''^'"f emporium of 
 Damascus and the interior country. The ma- 
 
 m^cture of cotton Is the pnncipnl emplov. 
 f^ • "" "'hn'wtnnts, who are about 7000 or 
 «000 in number; 45 miles W. a W. of Da- 
 mwcua. Long. 35. 20. E. lat. 33. SO. N. 
 ^J^^^^°'^ i""" <>' Cochin China, on the 
 mer Donnai. It consists of two cities, extend- 
 inp about 6 miles along the western bank, 
 umgeh, the modern town, is about a mile fVom 
 ine old town, and contains a citadel built on 
 i-uropean pnnciples, a royal palace, and im- 
 mense magazines of military and naval stores; 
 the houses are of wood, and vbe town poaiesses 
 
 n TatTor"?: k''' '''''''' ^"»- '''• 
 
 Saint George. See GFOsaK, St. 
 Saintes, three of the Leeward Caribbee 
 Islands, in the West Indies, between Guada- 
 loupe and Dominica. The middle one seems 
 nothing more than a large barren rock, but 
 contributes to form a good harbour. Long. 61 . 
 45. W. lat. 15. 52. N. 
 
 Saintes, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Lower Charente. Here are 
 several monuments of antiquity, of which tne 
 most famous are the amphitheatre, the aque- 
 ducts, and the triumphal arch on the bridge 
 ovpT the Charente, The castle, built on a 
 '"fu'i' ,^'"®** impregnable; and the ancient 
 cathedral has one of the largest steeples in 
 1 ranee. It ia seated on the Charente: 40 
 miles S. S. E. of Rochelle, and 76 S. W. of 
 
 Ff '^^'\t ^"P- ^^'^^^' ^o"K- 0- 38. W. lat. 
 45. 4.1. N. 
 
 Sai.wonqe, a former province of France, 
 which now forms the greater part of the depart- 
 ment of Lower Charente, and part of that of 
 Charente. 
 
 _ Sal, one of the Cape Verd Islands, 42 miles 
 in circumference, lying to the E. of St. Nicho- 
 las. It has Its name from the number of salt 
 ponds that from time to time are filled by the 
 sea, where the water crystallizes into a beauti- 
 tul salt, the chief production of the island. 
 Long. 22. 5G. W. lat. 16. 38. N. 
 
 Sala, or Salbero, a town of Sweden, in the 
 government of Westenins, near which ia a sil- 
 ver mine; seated on a river; 30 miles W. of 
 Upsal, and 50 N. W. of Stockholm, 
 . ®*5'*!1''' * "'^er of South America, which 
 rises in Tucuman, about 60 miles W. of Salta 
 and flows S. S. E. to the Parana at Santa Fe. 
 bALAMANCA, a city of Spain, in Leon, and a 
 bishop s see ; with a famous university, con- 
 sisting of 24 colleges. The structure calle«l 
 t.le bchools, where the sciences are taught, ia 
 very large an-] curious. There were formerly 
 7000 students, when the Spanish monarcliy 
 was in a flourishing condition ; but at present 
 , .u"",'v^^'" ^'^^ "<" <'''«eea 400, who are lUl 
 clothed like priests. Hero are 25 magnificent 
 ciurches, a large public square, fine fountains, 
 and every thing that can contribute to the 
 beauty and commodiousness of the city. The 
 cathedral is one of the handsomest in Spain- 
 and there are several fine convents, witii 
 churches belonging to them, adorned with 
 images, and some with curious pictures. The 
 town 18 seated partly on n plain and partly on 
 
SAL 
 
 GOT 
 
 SAL 
 
 hilli, and is mirronnded by n wall. The river 
 Tormet, which washes its walls, hiw n bridge 
 over it 300 paces long, built by the Romans. 
 Salamanca is celebrated for a memorable vic- 
 tory obtained over tho French by the allied 
 army under Lord Wellington, on the 22nd of 
 June, 1812 ; 86 miles S. by W. of Leon, and 
 120 N. W. of Madrid. Pop. 13,600. Long, 
 fi. 48, W. lat. 41. 24. N. 
 
 Salamanca de Balcalar. a town of Mexico, 
 in Jucatan; 140 miles S. i^;. of Campeachv. 
 Long. 89. 58. W. lat. 17. 55. N. 
 
 Salanchb, a town of Sardinia, m Savoy, 
 with a considerable Irade in horses, cattle, 
 cheese, woollen stufs, iron tools, &c. It is 
 situate in a mountainous district, on the river 
 Arve; 30 miles S. E. of Geneva. 
 
 Salankemen, a town of Sclavonia, where a 
 victory was obtained by tho prince of Baden 
 over t. e Turks, in 1691. It is seated on the 
 Danul opposite the influx of the Teisse; 20 
 miles N. W. of Belgrade, and 25 S. E. of 
 Peterwardein. 
 Salberq. See Sai.a. 
 
 Salboe, a town of Norway, in Drontheim, 
 with a copper-mine; 45 miles S. E. of Droa- 
 theim. 
 
 Saldana, a towi: of Spain, in the province 
 of Leon; 37 miles N. W. of Palencia. 
 
 Salecto, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, 
 near which are the remains of a large castle. 
 It is seated near the Mediterranean, 22 miles 
 S. S. E. of Monaster. Long. 11 . 3. £. lat. 35. 
 13. N. 
 
 Salem, a town of Hindostan, in the Car- 
 natic; capital of a district of its name, inclu'^ed 
 in that uf Barramaul. It is the residence of 
 the judge, collector, &o. It is seated on a 
 river that flows into the Cavery; 120 miles 
 S. E. of Seringapatara. Long. 78. 15. E. lat, 
 11. 3/. N. 
 
 Salem, a seaport of Massacliusets, capitjil 
 of Essex county. It carries on a large trado 
 to the East Indies, has some ship-building, 
 nnd the harbour is defended by a fort and 
 citadel. Here are 11 edifices for public wor- 
 ship, and a bridge, 1500 feet long, which con- 
 nects the town with Beverley. It is situate 
 on a peninsula, formed by two small inlets of 
 the sea, called North and South Rivers; 20 
 miles N. E. of Boston. Pop. 16,082. Long. 
 70. 50. W. Int. 42. 30. N. 
 
 Salem, a town of New Jersey, capital of a 
 county of the snme name. It has four edi- 
 fices for public worship. It is seated on a 
 branch of Salem Creek, 3 miles from its mouth 
 in Delaware Bav. and 37 S. S. W. of Phila- 
 delphia. Long. 75. 37, W. lat. 39. 37. N. 
 
 Salem, a town of North Carolina, in Surry 
 county, on the W. side of Wack Creek, a 
 branch of the Cargalis, which flows into the 
 Yadkin. It is the principal settlement of the 
 Moravians in this state; 70 miles W. of Hills- 
 borough. Long 80. 21. W. lat. 36. 2. N. 
 
 Salem, a town of New York, in Washington 
 county; 46 miles N. E. of Albany. Pop. 
 2065.— There are also several inconsiderable 
 townships of this name in the United States. 
 
 Salerno, a fortified seaport of Naples, capi- 
 tal of Principato Citra, and an archbishop's 
 see, with a casile and a university, principally 
 for medicine. It is seateti on a bay of the 
 same name; 27 miles S. E. of Naples. Pop. 
 lO.OOC. Long. 14. 63. E. lat. 40. 35. N, 
 
 Salers, a town of France, department of 
 Cantal, seated among mountains; 9 miles N. of 
 Aurilluc. 
 
 Salford, a borough in Lancashire, adjoining 
 to Manchester. It returns one member to 
 parliament. Market on Saturday. The popu- 
 lation is employed in the manufactures pecu- 
 liar to Manchester. The principal attraction 
 of Salford is the Crescent, commanding a rich 
 view through which the Irwe'I nieanders. 
 
 Salies, a town in the department of Lower 
 Pyrenees, where are springs from which fine 
 salt is made; 7 miles W. of Orthes. 
 
 Salignac, a town of the department of 
 Upper Vienne; 10 miles S. of Li^noges. 
 
 Salina, a town of North America, state of 
 New York; 130 miles W. of Albany. It is a 
 collection of four villages, employed in the 
 manufacture of salt, from the brine ppringa 
 and Onondago Lake. Pop. 11,013. 
 
 Salinas, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated 
 on the Deva, at the foot of a mountain ; 16 
 miles N. N. E, of Vittoria, and 28 S. S. E. of 
 Bilboa. 
 
 Salins, a to 1 of France, department of 
 Jura, with a strong fort and famous salt-works. 
 In the neighbourhood are quarries of jasper, 
 alabaster, and black marble. It is seateid in a 
 fertile valley : 29 miles S. of Besancon, Pop. 
 8200. * 
 
 Salisbury, or New Sarum, a city, and the 
 capital of Wiltshire, and a bishop's see, with 
 markets on TuesJay nnd Saturday. It is dtu- 
 ate in a chalky st.il, almost surrounded by tho 
 Avon, Willy, Nadder, nnd Bourn; and is ren- 
 dered particularly clean by a small stream 
 flowing through every street. It hab a fine 
 cathedral, tho spire of which is the loftiest in 
 the kingdom. The town-hall is a handsome 
 building, and stands in a spacious market- 
 place. Salisbury is governed by a mayor, re- 
 turns two members to pariiament, and has 
 manufactures of flannel, linseys, hardware, and 
 cutlery; 38 miles S. E. of Bath, and 81 W. by 
 S. of London. Long. 1. 47. W. lat. 61. 4. N. 
 Salisbury, a fertile district of North Caro- 
 lina, comprehending the counties of Rocking- 
 ham, Guilford, Montgomery, Stokes, Surry, 
 Iredell, Rowan, Cabarras, and Mecklenburg. 
 
 Salisbury, a town of North Carolina, in 
 Rowan county, capital of the district of its 
 name, 110 miles W. of Raleigh. Long. 80. 
 85. W. lat. 35. 38. N. ^ » 
 
 Salisbury, a town of Massachusets, in 
 Essex county, where some ship-building is 
 carried on. It is seated at the junction of the 
 Powow with the Merrimac ; 3 miles N-, N. W. 
 of Newbury Port. Pop. 2739. 
 
 Salisbury, a town of Maryland, in Somerset 
 county, with a considerable lumber trade; 15 
 miles S. E. of Vienna. 
 Salisbuby Craio, a hill in Scotland on the 
 
Mil 
 
 \i 
 
 Sal ^3 
 
 R Me of Edinburgh, remaAaWe for a great 
 precipice of solid rock, about one mile long, 
 and in Bome parts 100 feet high, which pass^ 
 wiUi some regularity along iU brow. 
 
 Salisbuey Plain, an open tract in England, 
 Which extends from the city of Salisbury, 25 
 miles E. to Winchester, and 25 W. to Shafts- 
 bury, a:,a is, in some places, from 35 to 40 
 miles in orendth. There were so many cross 
 roads ou it, and so few houses to take direc- 
 tions from, thiit Thomas, earl of Pembroke 
 planted a tree at each mile-stone from Siilis- 
 bury to Shaftsbury, as a guide for travellers. 
 Ihat part of it about the city is a chalky 
 down; the other parts are noted for feeding nu- 
 merous and large flocks of sheep. In this 
 plain, besides the famous Stonehenge, are traces 
 of many Roman and British antiquities. 
 
 Sallee, or Sla, a seaport of the kingdom of 
 .K l*" '^^et^ forts. The harbour is one of 
 the best in the country ; but on account of a 
 ™'? ^^Pf of 200 tons are forced to lighten 
 thei. burden before they can enter. There are 
 Uocks to build ships, but they are seldom used, 
 for want of skill and materiijs. It is divided 
 into the Old and New Town, or Rabat, by the 
 nver Guero, and was formerly noted for its 
 pirates; 100 mUsfl W. of Fez, and 150 S. of 
 Gibraltar. Long. 6. 31. W. lat. 34. 0. N. 
 
 Salliez, a town S. of Prance, department of 
 Lower Pyrenees; 9 tailea W. by S. of Orthes. 
 Pop. 6400. 
 
 Salm, a town of Belgium, in the province of 
 Luxemburg, on the borders of Liege; with an 
 ancient castle on a mountain ; 30 miles S. S. E. 
 of Liege, and 45 N. of Luxembui^. 
 
 Salm, a town of France, department of 
 Meurte, with a castle ; seated at the source of 
 the Sarre; 26 miles E. of Luneville. 
 
 Salmunbter, a town of Germany, in the 
 district of Fulda; on the river Kins; 19 miles 
 S.S. W. ofFulda. 
 
 Salo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Bre- 
 Bcian; near the Lake Garda j 17 miles N. E. 
 of Brescia. 
 
 Salobreno, a town of Span, in Granada; 
 *ith a castle. It carries on a great trade in 
 sugar and fish. It is seated on a rock, near 
 the mouth of a river of the same name ; 12 
 mJes E. of Almunecar, and 36 S. of Granada. 
 Salon, a town of France, department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone ; seated on the canal of 
 Craponne ; 20 miles W. N. W. of Aix. 
 
 Salona, a tovn of Austrian Dalmatia, seated 
 on a bay of the Gulf of Venice. It was formerly 
 an important place, and its ruins show that it 
 was 10 miles in circumference; 7 miles N. of 
 Spalatro. 
 
 Saloxa, a town of Greece, in Livadia; and 
 a bishop's see ; seated at the foot of Mount 
 Parnassus, on the top of which is a citadel- 50 
 miles N. E. of Le])anto. Pop. 8000. 
 
 Salonica, (the ancient Thessalonica,) a city 
 of European Tiirkey, capital of Macedonia; 
 and an archbishop's sec. It is 1 miles m cir- 
 cumference, and is a place of great trade. The 
 <»rceks have 30 churches, and the Jews neariy 
 M many synagogues. The inhabitants are com- 
 
 SAL 
 
 puted at 70,000. It is surrounded by walb, 
 and defended on the land side by a citadel, arl 
 near the harbour by three forts. It is seated 
 at the head of a noble gulf of the Archipelago ; 
 310 miles W. of Constantinople. Long. 23. 5. 
 E. lat. 40. 53. N. b • "• 
 
 Salpe, a town of Naples, in Capitanata ; 
 near which are some salt-works. It is situate 
 on a lake, near the sea ; 23 miles & of Man- 
 fredonia, and 92 E. N. E, of Naples. 
 
 Salse, a town and fortress of France, depart- 
 ment of Eastern Pyrenees; seated on the Lake 
 of Leucnte ; 10 miles N. of Perpignan. 
 
 Salsette, an island of Hindostan, lyinK off 
 ttie coast of Concan, to the N. of Bombay, 
 from which it is separated by a narrow channel, 
 across which a causeway was carried in 1805, 
 which has much benefited the island. This 
 island 18 about 16 miles square, and is fertile in 
 nee, fruits, and sugar-canes. It has subter- 
 raneous temples cut out of the rock, in th« 
 manner of those of Elephanta. In 1773 the 
 English conquered it from the Mahrattas ; and 
 It has proved a valuable acquisition to Bombay, 
 which formerly depended on foreign supplies 
 for lU subsistence. Pop. 50,000. Chief town. 
 Tanna. * 
 
 Salta, a town of Tucuman, republic of 
 Buenos Ayres; of great resort on account of 
 the large quantities of com, meal, wine, salt, 
 cattle, and other commodities, which are sent 
 hence to mo«t parts of Peru; 280 miles N. N. 
 W. of St. Jago del Estero. Long. 66. 30. W. 
 lat. 24. 40. S. 
 
 Saltash, a town in Cornwall ; market on 
 Saturday, and a trade in malt. It is seated 
 near the mouth of the Tamar ; 5 miles N. W. 
 of Plymouth, and 220 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Saltcoats, a seaport of Scotland^ in Ayr- 
 shire; with a considerable trade in salt and 
 coal, and also in ship-building. It is situate on 
 f^F"»r °f Clyde; 7 miles W. of Irvine, and 
 Zi ^'n \.; °' Glasgow. Long. 4. 45. W. lat. 
 65, 40. N. 
 
 Saltfleet, a town in Lincolnshire, formerly 
 a place of considerable importance. Abe t 30 
 years ago it had a good market, ansi .' ped 
 large quantities of com, but it is now ai. nsig- 
 nificant place ; situate on a creek of the Ger- 
 
 ?lirx?''f""' ^3 ™''^ E- N. E. of Lincoln, and 
 158 N. by E. of London. 
 
 SALriLLO, a town of North America, republic 
 of Mexico; state of Cohahuila; seated in an 
 and plain. Long. 100. 5. W. lat. 25. 20. N. 
 Pop. 6500. 
 
 Saluzzo, a town of Piedmont, capital of a 
 district of Its name; with a castle. The cathe- 
 dral IS magnificent and rich. It is seated on 
 an eminence near the Pn; 24 miles S. by W. 
 of Turin. Pop. of the district, 120,000; of the 
 town, 10,000. 
 
 Salvador, St., one of the Bahama islands. 
 See GuANAiiANi. 
 
 Salvador, St., the capital of Congo, stands 
 on a large mountain, the summit of which 
 forms a plain 10 miles in circuit, which is well 
 cultivated. The city has 12 churches, besides 
 the cathedral ; also a large palace, in which 
 
nded bj walliL 
 y a citadel, ard 
 )• It is icRted 
 B Archipelago ; 
 Long. 23. 5. 
 
 ti Capitanata ; 
 
 It 18 situate 
 es S. of Man- 
 lies. 
 
 ''ranee, depart- 
 d on the Lake 
 lignnn. 
 
 Stan, lyinjf off 
 . of Bombay, 
 wrow channel, 
 rried in 1805, 
 island. Thia 
 id is fertile in 
 t has Bubter- 
 
 rock, in th« 
 
 In 1773 the 
 ihrattas; and 
 n to Bombay, 
 eign supplies 
 
 Chief town, 
 
 republic of 
 n account of 
 il. wine, salt, 
 lich are sent 
 miles N. N. 
 :. 66. 30. W. 
 
 market on 
 It is seated 
 miles N. W. 
 ['London, 
 ndi, in Ayr- 
 in salt and 
 is situate on 
 ' Irvine, and 
 45. W. lat. 
 
 re, formerly 
 Ab<' t 30 
 msl .' ped 
 )w a». .nsig- 
 of the Ger- 
 ^incoln, and 
 
 ca, republic 
 iated in an 
 25. 20. N. 
 
 npital of a 
 The cathe- 
 seated on 
 1 S. by W. 
 100; of the 
 
 m islands. 
 
 igo, stands 
 
 of which 
 ich is well 
 es, besides 
 
 in which 
 
 SAL 
 
 K'SiS V/rT~ •"■*"? ««ide. It 
 
 Salvador. St., now oalled Bahia. a citv of 
 
 "ViS^"''?''' '^-^ "i^h "^veral fortr'The 
 t^r«f fi" "■«?• *»"* ">« most supeVb stnS 
 
 SilL bum^'^^f 'p'''" «""'' church We~t 
 .!!^ T " "'^ European marble, and the in. 
 
 custom-house, dockyard, storehouses/ &u 
 There are many gardens, full of a grTvarietv 
 of fruit- rees, herbs, and flowers. TheThief 
 commodities are cotton, sugar, tobacco coffin 
 fnZh'rf^' ''Wes, tallo'w, a^d S^r?iS 
 
 Mj,rarSnrK'^yrS 
 
 3»riafl^.|6.r^'««'«^^ ^»i 
 
 rep^uwL* ^ I ^v^T'' ^- " "^^ «>' ^'""""n. 
 S m„ . • ^^'' "*»*'« at the foot of a 
 Sot E toZ'^" ■* river of its name, which 
 N P „/«* t^^TjI^ ^* " 280 miles N. 
 W.fat.Ls.s?^'' ^'*™' I'ong.66.20. 
 Salvaoes, small uninhabited islands, lyinff 
 Mween h. Canaries and Madeim, 27 leaS 
 
 ^llXlT " "'^"^"^^ ^°"«- ''^• 
 
 Salvaterra, a town of Portugal, in Estre- 
 
 Tajo ; 35 miles N, E. of Lisbon. 
 
 hALVATERRA, a Strong town of Portugal in 
 Beira. It was taken by the French in 1 7n4 
 and by the allies in lfo5. it s?a„d oi the 
 frontier of Spain; 12 miles N. N. W of 
 Alcantara, and 37 E. by S. of Castle Branco. 
 
 bALVATiERRA, a town of Spain, in Galicia ■ 
 seated on the Minho; 7 miles N. E. of Tuy ' 
 
 feALVATiERRA a town of Spain, in Leon- 
 seated on the Tormes; 23 mifes S. of S-' 
 
 Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Biscnv. 
 seated at the foot of Mount St.Vdrian'Ts 
 miles E. N. E. of Vittoria. ' 
 
 Salza, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Magdebu.^; famous for'its sail 
 
 rSkSliLgdltg.""''^'^^''^'^''"''- 
 Salzburg, a province of the Austrian em- 
 P re; bounded on the N. by Bavaria ; E. by 
 Styria S. and W. by Tyrol and Bavaria It 
 18 a mountainous country, but pretty fertile 
 and contains mines of copper, silver, and iron' 
 
 was a prince of the empire, and primate of 
 Germany. In 1802 it was ma.le an electorate 
 and given to the Grand Duke of Tuscany ^ 
 .ncorporated with the Austrian states "nTaoe' 
 
 fei?„f"lG'^'T'' '"^ ^^^^ "> Bavaria. On the 
 fall of Napoleon it was restored, with the ex- 
 ception of „ part of its territor'y. to Austrta: 
 
 809 
 
 SAM 
 
 noble palaces. The inhabitants are' J^l*,*^ 
 
 foundeS^iH^q' '^'* *"»""'• The fnivS 
 rounaed in 1623, was converted, in 1810 .'«♦„ 
 
 ^hlT^N ''"L? K*''~''«'«» Sid 'iuVcS 
 "cnooi. Near Salzburg are some verv n^ 
 
 In 1818 upwards of 100 houses were destroy^ 
 
 on both sides the nver Salza; 45 milesTbr 
 W. of Paasau; 155 W. bv S Af V.-on„» t ' 
 i3. 4. E. lat. 47. 46. N.^ of Vienna. L ,ng. 
 
 Salzkomi*, a town ol Prussian Wesf ohaliR 
 ^th a good .JUmine ; 7 miles S.^.TA 
 
 Salzcsten, a town of Oemumv in «i.. 
 
 1^ miles N. W. of Detmold. * 
 
 Salzungen, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Meiningen; with a castle cal 3 
 Schnepfenbuy, on an eminence.^ .e^'.^ 
 sa t-works. It is seated on the WoiT- 10 
 inilesS. of Eisenach. ^'' '" 
 
 Salzwedel, a town of Prussian Saxony in 
 
 tte^„I^°^•^'*'^*'^"•»' wlthmanTC 
 :.M uf ''°°"en, Imen, and cotton, and a con- 
 siderable trade in com, cattle, and hopt It 
 IS seated on the Jeetze ; 72 miles E. of Ham- 
 burg. Pop. eoc. 
 
 thf *M*p^' *? "■■?"? "^ "'^ ^est Indies, on 
 the N. E. side of that of St. DomiWrom 
 which ,t is separated on the W. by a narrow 
 channel. It is 33 miles long and 8 broad, and 
 has a town and bay of the same name on the 
 
 1 n}^«^^ ta'^^" ""y the British in 1808 
 Long. 69. 20. W. lat. 19. 10. N. 
 
 Samandraki, or Samondrachi, an island of 
 
 the Grecian Archipelago; between Stalimeni 
 
 and the coast of Romania, and to the N. of the 
 
 isle of Imbro. It is 17 miles in circumferen~ 
 
 «1 • *" t *r" °' t''^ """« na-ne, with a 
 spacwus harbour. Long. 25. 17. E. lat. 40* 
 
 . Samar. or Tendat, one of the Philippine 
 
 It ?,"ff ' ^\^-^^ '•"** °^ ^"5°"«. fr''"^ wL-ch 
 it IS separated by a strait. It is 320 miles in 
 
 circumference, and is full of craggy mountain? 
 among which are fertile valleys. "°"""»>"». 
 
 miles s. !s. E. of Simbirsk. Pop. 2600. 
 
 bAMARANG, a fortified town in the N. E. part 
 of the island of Java, and, next to Batavia, the 
 Stand, T^r'^'" settlement in the island? I? 
 stands at the mouth of a river of the u„JL 
 name; 290 miles E. by I T^^^i! ^^^^ 
 -0,000. Long. 10. 38. E. lat. 6. 54. S 
 
 hAMARCAND, an ancient city of Asia for 
 -eriy the «.pu^ of Usbec Ta^ary. in Bokht 
 Tht' u-ll ? •''"'"® "»<• a university. It war, 
 
 G^t «Jl T ""'^. T °^ Tamerlane Z 
 Great, and afterwards the residence of a Tartai 
 
 RR 
 
SAM 
 
 810 
 
 SAN 
 
 I' l:i 
 
 111! 
 
 h 
 
 li 
 
 ! li 
 
 pnnco. The city fhllt short of Ita nndent 
 splendour ; yet it h still vorv liirRo, nnd fi.rti- 
 tieU with strong bulwarks of e'nrth. The houses 
 are mostly of hiirdciicd clny, but some nre of 
 stone, from qimriies in the neighbourhood. 
 The Bilk piij)er made here is in grent request } 
 and it hiis a coimidomble trade in cxrollont 
 fruits. It is seated on the Sogd ; I .'{8 miles E. 
 by N. of Bokhara. Long. 65. 15. E. lat. 39. 
 40. N. 
 
 Samauop, a town of Siberia, in the govern 
 ment of Tobolsk ; seated on the Irtysli ; 135 
 miles N. of Tobolsk. 
 
 Samatan, a town of France, department of 
 Gers ; with n cnstio on a mountain ; seated on 
 the Save ; 6 miles N. by E. of Lombez. 
 
 Samda, a 8cn])nrt of Terra Firma, in tho 
 province of Ciirthagena ; .1.T miles N. E. of 
 Carthngcna. Long. 7.5. 16. W. lat. 10. 45. N. 
 SAMBALLAa,a multitude of small uninhabited 
 i^ands, on the N. shore of tho Isthmus of 
 Barien. Most of them are low, flat, and sandy 
 covered with a variety of tree.s, and abound 
 with several kinds of shell-fish ; some few afford 
 springs of fresh water. Long. 78. 25. W. lot. 
 9. 2C. N. 
 
 Sambas, r town of Borneo, near the W. 
 wmst ; inhabited by pirates, ngninst whom a 
 British force was sent out in IH12 and 1813 
 which proved completely successful. In its 
 vicinity aiamond mines are found. Lone. 109. 
 0. E. lat. 2. 20. N. 
 
 Sambor, a town of Austrian Poland, capital 
 of a circle of its name; seatetl on a large plain, 
 on the Dniester ; 46 miles S. W. of Lemberg. 
 Pop. 6400. * 
 
 Sambre, a river which rises in Picardy • flows 
 by Landrecy, Maubege, Thun, and Charleroy, 
 and joins the Meuse at Namur. 
 
 SAMini, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irao 
 Arabi, on the Tigris ; 70 miles N. N. W. of 
 Bagdad. 
 
 Samisat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the 
 Mngiacat of Marasch, on the Euphrates; 30 miles 
 E. of Marasch. 
 
 Samooitia, a country in the N. W. of Prussian 
 Lithuania ; bounded on the N. by Courland, S. 
 by Russia Proper, and W. by the Baltic. It is 
 full of forests and high mountains, which feed a 
 great number of cattle, and produce abundance 
 of honey. Here are also very active horses, in 
 high esteem. The inhabitants are clownish, but 
 honest ; and they will not allow a young woman 
 to go out in the night without a candle in her 
 hand, and two bells at her girdle. 
 
 Samos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 on the coast of Natolia; about 32 miles long and 
 22 broad, and extremely fertile. Pop. 60,000. 
 It contains two ranges of lofty mountains, be- 
 tween which are rich and well cultivated plains, 
 producing abundance of grain, melons, lentil?, 
 kidney-beans, and excellent muscadine grapes ; 
 also white figs, four times as big as the common 
 K)rt, but not so well tasted. The silk is very 
 fine, and the honey and wax admirable. The 
 island abounds with partridges, woodcocks, 
 ■oipes, thrushes, wood-pigeons, turtle-doves, 
 vheatcars, and excellent poultry. It has emery, 
 
 stono, an^ Iron-mines, and most of tho soil fs of 
 a niRty colour. All tho mountains are of white 
 marblu. Their bishop resides at Cora. Tho prin- 
 cipal harbour is that of Vati. 
 
 Samoyrdks, once a numerous and powerful 
 nation of Tartary. They are now (Iis|ier8t'<l ; 
 some of them iire found in sm.iU dctiichcd bodies 
 among the mountains to the W. of Luke Hail alj 
 others are supposed to be withii tho Chi-^»o 
 ftontiera; others are scattered among the dencrts 
 which extend along the Frozen Ocean j and Bomo 
 nearly as far to the W. as Archangel. The 
 Samoyedes havo a large head, a flat iiice, IiIkIi 
 cheek-bones, small eyes, a wide mouth, a yellow 
 complexion, draight black hair, and little or no 
 benr(( ; they still preserve the manners of a jiau- 
 tornl people, and retain the use of moveable 
 habitations, with which they wander from place 
 to place. They neither have, nor appear over to 
 have had, any kind of regular government. 
 Their traditional songs mention only certain 
 heroes, who, in better times, led their a/icestons 
 to battle. These songs fo.m their principal 
 amusements; but the exploits they celebnito 
 are never likely to be renewed. 
 
 Samsob, an island of Denmark ; on the E. 
 coast of N. Jutland ; 12 miles long and 3 broad, 
 and very fertile. It has a town of the same 
 name, and the inhabitants carry on some com- 
 merce in small vessels. Lone. 10. 33. E. lat. 
 66 '.i. N. 
 
 Samson, St., a town of France ; department 
 of Eure; on the Rille; 5 miles N. of Pont 
 Audemsr. 
 
 Samson, St., a town in tho department of 
 Maine-et-Loire; 4 miles N. E. of Angers. 
 
 San, a river of Austrian Poland, which rises 
 m the Carpathian Mountains, in Hungary, and 
 falls into the Vistula near Sandomir. It forms 
 part of the boundary between Austrian Galiciu 
 and Russian Poland. 
 
 Sana, a city of Arabia, capital of Yemen ; 
 with a castle on a hill, in which are two palaces. 
 The city, properly so called, is not very po- 
 pulous ; for gardens occupy a part of the space 
 within the walls, which are 4 miles in circuit, 
 and contain 7 gates. Here are a number of 
 mosques, some of them built by Turkish pachas; 
 also several palaces, 12 public baths, and some 
 large caravanserais. Fruits are very plenteous, 
 particularly grapes ; and the exportation of 
 raisins is considerable, one kind of which is 
 without stones. The city stands near the source 
 of a river, which flows S. into the Arabian Se.i, 
 and at the foot of Mount Nikkum, on which are 
 to be seen the ruins of a castle, said to have been 
 built by Shem. It is 250 miles N. N. E. of 
 Mocha, and 490 S. E. of Mecca. Long. 45. 10. 
 E. lat. 15. 24. N. 
 
 Sana, or Zana, a town of Peru; capital of a 
 province of its name. It is situate in a valley 
 fertile in fruit and corn, and adorned with the 
 most beautiful flowers ; whence it has been 
 sometimes called Mirafloris. It is 90 miles N. 
 of Truxillo. Long. 78. 30. W. lat. 40. 35. N. 
 Sanashyootta, a flourishing town of Bengal, 
 seated on the Mahanuddy; 165 miles N. of Moor- 
 shedabad. 
 
r tiio Mfl fs of 
 
 8 aro of white 
 >ta. T>io prill- 
 
 and powerful 
 )w (lisptTsc'd ; 
 >tncl)cd boiiii's 
 Luke Kail III; 
 > the C'lii".v.ao 
 ng tho (li'Hcrtii 
 ■iin; iindHomo 
 tiHiigel. Tim 
 Hat liicc, tiigli 
 iiith,ii yoilow 
 1(1 little or no 
 ners of n jins- 
 of moveahio 
 ;r from jjlafo 
 ppcnr over to 
 government, 
 only certain 
 eir aaceitors 
 ;ir piineipnl 
 ey celebrate 
 
 ; on tho £. 
 and 3 brond, 
 of the same 
 some com- 
 . 33. £. lut. 
 
 department 
 N. of Pont 
 
 [lartment of 
 ngers. 
 
 which rises 
 ungary, and 
 r. It forms 
 rian Galicia 
 
 of Yemen ; 
 two palaces. 
 )t very po- 
 if the space 
 
 in circuit, 
 number of 
 jsh pachas; 
 ), and some 
 
 plenteous, 
 Drtation of 
 if which is 
 
 the source 
 rabian Sea, 
 1 which aro 
 • have been 
 r. N, E. of 
 ng. 45. 10. 
 
 ipital of a 
 in a valley 
 1 with the 
 has been 
 
 9 miles N. 
 }. 35. N. 
 )f Bengal, 
 LofMoor- 
 
 SAN 
 
 611 
 
 n»U!g N. W. of Novers, and HON. nf iv,^,' 
 
 SiNcrAN, an island of China, on the cnas't of 
 f^""Srt'i' 'k"""'^' '" circ„mVorence;Z',^' 
 wLty l'° ^"^'"8-P'nce of Francis Xavie 
 whose tomb ., to be seen on a amall hilL ' 
 
 bANcoiNs, a town of France, doimrtmont of 
 Cher , -^seated on the Argent ; 1 5 miK w! of 
 
 oK^*/*^ J.* "rSANDAY, one of the Orknov islandii 
 
 1 es N nf ?°'"""/^ve a milo in breadth* It 
 
 Sarlj k""" "^ '^''""""y* fron. which it . 
 separated by « narrow channel. Much keln 
 
 Sanda, a small island on tho W coast a/ 
 Scotland, near the Mull of CantyreT famed for 
 havmg l^en the rendezvous of tho D«nu.rfleets 
 OnTare th "P^''^"",' *° *"« westor«S, 
 
 on^ThCS %**""" \" Ch^'W'e. with a market 
 on ihursday; formerly famous for the manu- 
 fac u,« of worsted yarn, the weaving of S 
 and shoo-maldng. which have now fiven 2 
 to the manufacture of silk Tf .,7,Z ■ "^ 
 
 anJentchurch,severaltSg.hl'uL°3Son"a'} 
 and i,unday schools. &c. In the markot-pC 
 
 Sandbc, New, a town of Austrian Galicia. 
 ipital of a circle of its name, which I covert 
 
 l^op 3700. Six miles ftrther N. is Old Sandee 
 w/iich IS now a small place. ^^anuee. 
 
 . Sandiiamn, a seaport of Sweden, in the oro- 
 vuKo of Upland, where all vessels to aXm 
 Stockholm are examined; 10 miles E. of Stock- 
 
 tow^ «7 fhi **" ^''^ ^' "*""* °*^ Niphon. with a 
 
 ir38?35^Nr""' """'• ^""«- ^^'' 2*- ^• 
 
 Sandomir, a strong town of Poland. caBital 
 of a palatmate of the same name, with a^^tle 
 on a steep rock, and several colleges. iTi! 
 Boa^ on a hill, on the Vistula, 75 mii;, E by 
 
 N.rfCracow,andll?S by E. of Warsaw. Po5^ 
 -JlOO. Long. 22. 0. E. lat. 50. 21. N. 
 
 Sandomir, a palatinate of Poland, bounded 
 rrlica, and the palatinate of Cracow. It con- 
 Si's' "47^'"* '" "'« t«"torial division of 
 
 SANDAaAi, a town of Portugal, in Beira • 
 
 w" **"" ^'^'' '2 '""^« S. sfE! of Qua da! 
 
 vinnl „7a'^' " '"*" "^ ^^'Si'"". in the pro^ 
 
 ^ N. ^oTLiw^^r^ " *'•' '''-''' ' '' 
 
 ..n^^i^'"'^!'' " •^'■""S'' in Kent, with markets 
 on Wedne«lay and Saturday. It is one of the 
 
 SAN 
 
 cinquB-ports, governed by a mavor r» , . 
 
 idZ^Z'"'' " ^"'^ "' Massachusets. in 
 
 in ^hoTadl^ O*""' °"^T "^'^^ N«^ "''brides. 
 17. 41. i '®""' ^""8- If'O- 33. E. lat. 
 
 NortTK" ^i''*'''^' " «™"P of islands in the 
 worth Pacific; discovered bv Cook in 1 77n Ti 
 
 r«W "; /5? «='.™«todifre« little from S„to? 
 the West Indies in tho same latitude • but tho™ 
 
 "he iVr'' "' '\"^ ^^»'^» winds which rS 
 ful ffi„"?°"','"' '" "'^ W^"' I"*^'' "o dread, 
 i les. Th™ ? M """"^ '"'" "' tbo Sandwich 
 1„^» .! vegetable productions are neariv tho 
 
 T^£a!^KSi-^S-S;:i 
 
 r-aroJf^i^t^^^SorgaT^^ 
 
 brow^" ^^ ^•.t-We. There is a'ls^a root of"? 
 brown colour, shaped like a yam, and from 6 to 
 10 pounds in weight, the juice of which is „n 
 oxcellent subsUtute for sug^r. The quipeds 
 are hogs, dogs, and rats. The fowls are of th« 
 common sort; the birds beautiful and numerou^ 
 though not various. Goats pies an,l SwI ^ 
 
 s^LTttf .^^'•'*^" ^Ktuh7pr 
 
 BMSioii Of the goats soon gave rise to a eani^ 
 
 ».4^-,s-aro,i%^ 
 
 vu iiiLir less distant neighbours either nf ♦!,» 
 
 piS^.'s;rt„"/or««i£ 
 
 fine open countenances 5 and the womon^ 
 rarticular. have good eyes and 4th ^t"^' ,'^ 
 en^ng sweetness and sensibi% ^.f' ^^ 
 
 of -mall vancgated .belli T.ttootag tK iS 
 
 Hk2 
 
sm. 
 
 SAN «ia 
 
 nation. The hnnds and annt of tho women were 
 wry neatly mnrkc). nn<l they had the sinKular 
 cuitom of tattooing tho tip of the tongue. They 
 lived in villages, containing fWim 100 to 200 
 nou«e«, built cloicly together, without any 
 
 SAN 
 
 order, and having a winding path between them, 
 lownrds the ton they were genernlly flunked 
 with detached wallB, "intended Iwth for Miolter 
 and defence. Some of the house* were from 40 
 to 40 feet long, and from 20 to 30 broad ; others 
 were mere hovels. The food of the lower cluas 
 still consisU principally of fish and vegetables, 
 to which the people of higher r.ink add the 
 flesh of hogs and dogs. The making of canoes, 
 maU, Ac, formed the occupations of the men ; 
 I V*"""" *'"'* employed in manufacturing 
 cloth, and the scrvanU principally engagetl in 
 the plantations and fishing. They had various 
 amusements, such as dancing, boxing, wrest- 
 ling, &.C.; all of which have now entirely ceased. 
 The bottoms of their canoes arc of a siiiglo 
 piece of wood, hollowed out to tho thickness of 
 nn inch, and brought to a point at ench end; tho 
 sides consist of three boards, each about an 
 inch thick, neatly fitted and lashed to the bottom 
 part. Some of .heir double canoes measure 70 
 feet m length, three and a half in depth, and 12 
 in breadth. The government is monarchical and 
 hereditary. The same system of subordination 
 prevails here as at the otjier islands ; absolute 
 authority on the part of the chiefs, and unre- 
 Bistiiig submission on the part of tho people. 
 So long as idolatry prevailed here, human sacri- 
 fices were frequent; not only the commencement 
 of a war, or a signal enterprise, but the death of 
 any considerable chief, called for a repetition of 
 these honid rites. From their intercourse with 
 Christians, they had renounced idolatry before 
 any missionaries were settled among themj and 
 of late years they have made great advances in 
 civilization. They live in the utmost harmony 
 with each other; and, in hospitality to strangers, 
 they are not exceeded even by the inhabitants 
 of the Iriendly Islands. Their natural cii- 
 pacity seems in no respect below the common 
 standard of mankind. It was estimated by the 
 discoverers, thai these islands contained a popu- 
 laCiOn of 400,000; but from the destructive 
 wars between themselves, the effects of disease 
 introduced by foreign shipping, and, till recently, 
 the consequences of infanticide, the present 
 number is not more than 150,000, of which 
 85.000 occupy Hawaii. They are now in- 
 creasing in importance, in a mercantile view, 
 and are visited by many vessels trading to 
 China and India, as well as by the sperm whale- 
 nahers. 
 
 Sandwich Land, a desolate country in the 
 southern ocean, to the S, E. of the island of 
 Georgia. The mountains are of a vast height, 
 their summits wrapped in clouds, and their 
 bases covered with snow to the water's edge. 
 Thule, the southern extremity of Sandwich 
 Land, seen by Cook in 1775, lies in 27. 45. W. 
 long, and 69. 54. S. lat. 
 
 Sandy Hook, a small island on the coast of 
 New Jersey, formerly a peninsula; but in 1778 
 tho tea broke through the isthmus, and formed 
 
 it Into an island. On the N. point is ■ Ujjht- 
 house, 100 feet high; 7 miles 8. of tho W. end 
 of Long Island. Long. 74. 2. W. lat. 40. 80. N. 
 Sandv Lakb, a lake of North America, aliout 
 26 miles in circuit ; not for from the source of 
 the Mississippi. Lat. 46. 0. N. 
 
 Sandy Point, a seaport of St, Christopher, 
 West Indies; on the N. W. side of tho island, 
 in Figtree Hay ; defended by two forts. Long. 
 C3. 2H. W. lat. 17. 20. N. 
 
 Sandy Rivsn, n river in the state of Maine, 
 which runs into the Kennebeck ; 6 miles above 
 Norridgewock. 
 
 Sandy River, Bio, u river which rises in 
 tho Laurel Mountains, and forms part of tho 
 boundary between Virginia and Kentucky. It 
 falls into the Ohio; 40 miles above the Scioto. 
 
 Sanen, or Gkssenay, a town of Switzerland, 
 ii\ihe canton of Bern, with a castle ; situate 
 on a river of the same name: 20 miles S. W. 
 ofThun. 
 
 Sanfoud, a town of the state of Maine, in 
 York county; 15 mile* N. of Berwick, and 20" 
 N, N, W. of York. 
 
 Sanqebmausen, a town of Prussian Saxony, ' 
 m Thuringia, with a castle ; seated near the 
 Hartz Mountains; 14 miles E. S. E. of Stolberg. 
 
 San'juesa, n town cf Spain, in Navarre ; 32 
 miles S. E, of Pamplona. 
 
 Sanore, a district of Ilindostan ; lying to 
 the S. of Visiapour, and N. of Mysore. It was 
 ceded to the Mahrattas in 1792. 
 
 Sanore, a town and fortress of Hindostan, 
 capital of the above district; seated on the left 
 bank of the Toom, 15 miles before its junction 
 
 with tho Nigoudcn to form the Tungebadra 
 
 On the opposite Iwnk is another town called 
 Sanore Bancapour. It is 1 03 miles N, by W. 
 of Chitteldroog, and 130 S. by E. of Visiapour. 
 
 SaNPOO. See BURRAHPOOTER. 
 
 Sanquhar, a borough of Scotland, in Dum- 
 fnes-shire. with a ruined castle, once the resi- 
 dence of the Crichton family. It has a trade in 
 coal, and manufactures of carpets and cottons. 
 It is seated on the Nith ; 27 miles N. W, of 
 Dumfries, and 66 S. W. of Edinburgh. In con- 
 junction with Dumfries, &c., it returns one 
 member to parliament. 
 
 Sansandino, a considerable town in Central 
 Africa, kingdom of Bambarra, on the Niger, It 
 has a great trade, especially in salt. It is 25 
 miles N. E. of Sego. 
 Santa. See Pariixa. 
 Santaella, a town of Spain, in Andalusia ; 
 24 miles S. of Cordova. 
 
 Santander, a strong seaport of Spain, in 
 Asturias; capital of a small district of its name, 
 and a bishop's see. The harbour is good, and 
 large enough to contain a numerous fleet ; de- 
 fended by two castles, and a mole that advances 
 into the sea. It is 1 1 miles N. E. of Santillana. 
 Long. 3. 47. W. lat. 43. 27. N. 
 
 'lANTAREM, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- 
 dura, with a citadel on a mountain ; seated on 
 the river Tajo, in a country fertile in wheat, 
 wine, and oil; 55 miles N. E. of Lisbon. Pop. 
 8000. Long. 8. 20. W. lat. 39, 18. N, 
 Santee, a river of S. Carolina, the largeet 
 
SAN 
 
 Cl3 
 
 BAR 
 
 and longest fn that itate. It enten the ocnn 
 
 by two mouthB, a little S. of Georgetown. About 
 
 120 lEilca from itt mouth, it bmnchea into the 
 
 Congaree and Wuteree; the latter, which ia the 
 
 N. branch, paasca the Catubaw Indiana, and 
 
 beart the name of Catabaw lliver, from this 
 
 iKtttlement to ita source. 
 
 Saktkn, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 
 a^^'^^fX,'^''^ °" the Rhino. It i, 15 miles 
 o. ill. of Clevcs. 
 
 Santunks, a town of Spain, In Asturinsi 17 
 miles S. S. W. of Oviedo. 
 
 Santillana, a town of Spain, seated in a 
 fruitful valley, near the Bay of Biscay: 96 miles 
 E of Ovicdo, and 200 N. of Madrid. Long. 3. 
 *8. W. lat. 43. 23. N. 
 
 Santohin, (the ancient Them,) an bland of 
 the Grecian Archipelago, to the S. of Nio. It is 
 In the form of a crescent, 10 miles from N. to S. 
 and from one to four in breadth. Between its 
 two iwints, to complete the circle, arc the small 
 Islands of Therasia and Aspronisi; and within 
 these are three other islands, between which and 
 Santorin is a road fur ships ; but it affords no 
 anchorage, on account of its dejjth in some 
 places, and rocky bottom in others. All these 
 islands are of volcanic origin, but the three in- 
 terior ones are evidently of much later date. 
 Santorin, in proportion toils extent, is the richest 
 and most populous island of the Archipelago. 
 There are two bishops; the one Latin, whose see 
 IS Scauro, and the other Greek, whoso residence 
 is at I'lrgos, near tho middle of the island. The 
 soil 18 very dry, and far from fertile; but it pro- 
 duces plenty of barley, cotton, and wine, in 
 which, and the cotton manufactures, its trade 
 consists. Fruit is scarce, except figs, and it 
 has only cistern water. The inhabitante, about 
 12,000 m number, are almost all Greeks. Scauro 
 is the capital. 
 
 Santos, a seaport of Brazil, on an island 
 called Amiaz, on the W. side of the entrance 
 into Santos Bay. It is defended by a rampart 
 and two castles. The town of St. Vincent stands 
 on the same island, which is 18 miles in circuit. 
 It is 10 miles from the sea, and 190 S. W.of 
 St. Sebastian. I'op. 7000. Long. 46. 30. W. 
 lat. 24. 15. S. 
 
 Saone, a large navigable river of France, 
 which rises in the Vosgcs Mountiiiiis, and, after 
 a course of about 200 miles, talis into tho 
 Klione, at Lyons. 
 
 Saone, Uppek, a department of France, in- 
 cluding part of the former province of Franche 
 Conite ; bounded N. by the department of Vos- 
 ges, and E. by that of Upper Rhine. It com- 
 prises an area of 2500 square miles, with 326,000 
 inhabitants. The capital is Vesoul. 
 
 S*ONE-KT-LoiRE, A department of France, 
 including part of the former province of Bur- 
 ^ndy ; bounded by the departments of Jura, 
 Rhone, and Allier, and comprising an area of 
 3500 square miles, with 516,000 inhabitants. It 
 18 named from two rivers, which flow through it 
 la different directions. Mayon is the capital. 
 
 Saoroio, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 the county of Nice; situate on the top of a rock 
 which 11 nearly enclosed by the Roia and the 
 
 Bendola. On the opposite side of the Rote b « 
 sharp rock, completely insulated, with an andwit 
 fortress on the summit ; and near the town k n 
 strong fort. Saurgio was taken by tho French 
 in 1 794. PopuhUoa 8100. It is 19 miles N. Ji. 
 of Nice. 
 
 Sapibnza, three sniAll islands, and a cape, 
 in the Mediterra'.ean, near tho S. coast of the 
 Morea. Tho Iftrgest island was formerly called 
 Sphacteria, anit is famous in ancient history for 
 tt' victory obtained by the Athenians over the 
 Lacedemp.uuis. Long. 21. 35. E. lat. 36, 50, N. 
 SABiCKNs, a people celebrated some centu- 
 ries ago, who came from the deserts of Arabia ; 
 ^>^t, in their language, signifying a desert. 
 Ihey were the first disciples of Mahomet, and 
 Within 40 years after his death conquered a 
 great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe. They 
 kept possession of Spain till 1611, when they 
 were expelled. For a long time they maintained 
 a war in the Holy Land against the Western 
 Christians, and nt length drove them out of it. 
 There are now no people known by this name, 
 for tho descendants of those who conquered 
 Spain are called Moors. 
 
 Sahaoossa, or Zaraooza, a city of Spain, 
 capital of Arragon, and an archbishop's see ; 
 with a university. It is said to have been built 
 by the Phoenicians, and the Romans sent a 
 colony hither in the reign of Augustus; whence 
 It had the name of Caisarea Augusta, which by 
 corruption has been changed into Suragossa. Be- 
 fore this city was taken by the French, in 1809, 
 there were many magnificent buildings; 17 large 
 churches, and 14 handsome convents, besides 
 others less considerable. The Ebro runs through 
 tho city, dividing it into two parts; and on its 
 banks is a handsome quay, which serves for a 
 public walk. Tho Holy Street is tho largest, 
 and so broad that it may bo taken for a square. 
 TJie cathedral is a spacious Gothic building; but 
 the finest church is that of Nuestra Senora del 
 Pilar, and a place of the greatest devotion in 
 Spam. They tell us that the Virgin, while yet 
 living, appeared to St. James, who was preach- 
 ing the gospel, and left him her image, with a 
 handsome pillar of jasper. This image stands 
 on a marble pillar, with a little Jesus in her 
 arms, ornamented with a profusion of gold and 
 jewels, and illuminated by a multitude of lamps 
 and wax lights. The town-house is a sump- 
 tuous structure; and in the hall are the picturea 
 of all the kings of Arragon. Saragossa has no 
 manufactures, and but little trade. It is seated 
 m a large plain, (where tho Ebro receives two 
 other rivers,) which produces all kinds of fruit 
 in great abundance, A victory was obtained 
 here over the French and Spaniards in 1710, 
 but it was abandoned by the allies soon after. 
 Saragossa is also celebrated for the brave defence 
 it made under General Palafox, when besieged 
 by the French, in 1808-9. It is 160 miles W 
 by N, of Barcelona, and 180 N. K of Madrid 
 Pop. 60,000. 
 
 Sahatof, a government of Russia, lying along 
 both sides of the W^olga, and having, on one 
 ado, the country of Astracan, and on the othci, 
 that of the Don Cossacks. The extent ia esti- 
 
BAR 
 
 tJo.. not Mcoe<l,nj, 1.000.000. It k ^ ij^ 
 
 -noiMSSSiil'^''^^'' '''"'"' "•'•-'- 
 
 niont'^l""' •''" ?'»''*"' "^ 'f"" •»»»» govern- 
 bul?t • J' •"""/""''••■^ ''>' " "'•"• ""J *•"••"/ 
 5000) Jmvi, . bruk tmdo in H.h, cuviaJ, Jt. 
 «c. a u aented on the iiJo of a mountiiiii 
 near the Wolgu; 374 n.il,. N. by W of SL 
 •tiBcun. Long. 4«. 1. E. J«t. fil. 32. N. . 
 BAUAiwu Btown and fort of Now York In 
 
 under (Vn 1",."™^' "^ ^'•''"'' '""> "^-iun^ 
 under General Uurgoyne. to tbo American., i^ 
 
 of thB fill" "uT ""' P""«i'«l •"ramor report 
 Sm ' l:'";i'' "'« the Saratog,. and U.tll.to„ 
 
 "iWof VLy- "'•' "' ""•^"" ^^-'' 31 
 
 comaHf^iu' ■ '""'" "^O'™""/. capital of a 
 and „ ^r'""'*'"' " hnndnomo palac„ 
 ^J a n)«gn,(i,.ont Lulhon.n church It U 
 
 10. N. *"'""• '^""S- 7. «. K. iut. 49. 
 
 aiuirt i 40 nnlc» E. by N. of Nancy. 
 I„„ I 1,°' ^**«"A»i, a town of the Nothor 
 
 tandMM North lloll„„'d, whcro there aro vlt 
 n.ng,un,e, of Umbc-r for slip, and navalator™ 
 •ml a Krtat number of hIi pwr'uht? r»T' 
 
 doin nf'^' *'.K*" "T^ '""^ continental king- 
 
 t'i.t?r?^-^^iro\^^^^^ 
 
 oTtSt t* '"* •?'="^ o fM-tftaY/pS 
 Tl>„ „ **•''*!'• ""'^ "'0 t«'ri'ofy of Genoa 
 
 ttular ...?"*V""'''8*' ««arantetHl to par- 
 
 wh.r?''^ .f'om the anciontlouni ' of'^SvoL^ 
 whow dominion, became progreaively extmXd 
 
 iar'lliwh"^: '°"r^'' «««1 donatio/. „th3 
 war ot the J-rench Itevolution, in 1792 tho S i 
 
 ^nt«h .ubsidy; but, on Bonaparte Uumin^ 
 
 ivLthrrr^'./'is '""^. ^-- w-T-^^' 
 
 the kirHf s",•^• *=°"'"«'"'«1 dominion, of 
 rail wfth h?p'!^'""'w''' ""''^ ""'' "'""PO- 
 parcelled out anew anto departments of the 
 I reneh empire. The change, of 1 « 14 rein.tnt«l 
 the king of Sardinia in all hi. continentalfllf 
 •uon., except the duchy of slv^J-aSiim'; 
 ttt "n ."'^ '^"o'-ed. and th/aenoe e ter i 
 SSlo '''' '''"«''r- Tl-etotalareaS: 
 «,uj-,ooo. I or an account of soil, nericulturp 
 comm^ce. &e., see the .everal divSofTh ' 
 
 lGo\'^.'.!!'('l' ■"J'lani '" "'^ Mediterranean. 
 100 milea irom N. to S..and 70 from E. to W.j 
 
 9M 
 
 SAR 
 
 .Maratod from Corrica on the N. by the Mnlt 
 o^ Bonifacio. Thi. i.land h« l^en n.JiS 
 
 tarn., the chief ,«ut of the country may bo r^ 
 
 aremnu^ ,t "Ivor, lead, .ulphur, and alum • 
 
 friiuTi'-'""? "' 'l'""^ ""•' «" "'« made, i^o' 
 fVeiiuon worte. abound with wild ducki. but 
 tho cattle and sheep are not numerouj and the 
 
 TZT' '« t' J'"""'^'""* exhalation.? 0„ S 
 toiut 1. a fi.hery for anchovio. and coral. Tl U 
 
 Vnl h 1 ^'""' '^°"* ""» apaniard. by the 
 t-nglmh, and allotted to theemperorof Uerraany 
 
 tw^«« y ^' *'"*">' «»'liK«d to abandon it 
 
 duke 0/ S<woy, a. an ciuivalent for Sicily. In 
 17J4 the inhabitant, row. again.t their I'ieU- 
 
 oZt^ /"'""'' '""* «»"«Hl the viceroy Ta 
 other, to bo ,ent out of the island , but he w« 
 aftt-wurd. received, on the kii.g p edging hi^ 
 self to assemble the corte. over; ten year* u.^ 
 conhnmng all tho ancient law.andCvileu^ 
 of the inhabitant.. The island conti.r. toT 
 
 „«„ I — "— •"■ * "o jBiuuu continues to bo 
 Boverned a. a province of the kingdom to which 
 
 «JO,000. Cagliari i. the capital 
 
 bARKCTo, a town of North Carolina, chief of 
 DupUn county, 00 miles N. of Wilmington. 
 
 ton of^r?' 1/"''^, "^ «*'f^«''<^d. in the can- 
 tlm »„ '"' •'""' " '="*"" on a rock. Near 
 
 iron mine. It sUmds on the .ummit of a hill 
 
 drew Dona wa. defeated by Barbarowa It", 
 
 Saui, a town of Pcrwa, in Maaanderan tha 
 re«dence of one of the I'enuan princC«t'uZ 
 an a country abounding in rice, orange., cotton 
 »u^r, and mlk ; 25 mile. S. W. of lY-rabad! * 
 
 b*KK, a small island in the Engli.h ChanneL 
 near the coast of France, and about t wo le^eS 
 
 ;fependlf "'""'^ "*' ""^''^y* »« *Wch U i« 
 Sabk, a river of Scotland, which riKS in the 
 central part of Dumfries-shir^, and flow. S into 
 So way Fnth. It. mouth for^. a good hjubiur! 
 Aiini^" ^^^ Sarkfcotj 8 mile? E. by S. of 
 
 Sarlat, a town of France, department of 
 Dordogno , 27 mile. S. E. of I'erigueux 
 
 .f^T^' * ^^'■""8 '"*" in the department 
 of Moseile, seated on the isthmus of a peninsula 
 
 MeTz! ^ "'" ^'"■'^' 3^ ™"e8N.i2*of 
 
 Sarnen, a town of Switzerland, capital of 
 
 the canton of Underwalden, near a kke to 
 
 which It gives name. It is 9 mile. S. of Lu- 
 
 ITn. ^^' ^*^""- ^''"«- ^- "• ^ ^^' <«• 
 
 .nnfL"""' "!r" "f Naples, in PrincipatoCitmj 
 seated near the wurce of a river of ita name , 
 
8AR 
 
 eii 
 
 13 milei N. If. W. of fWemo, .nd «' !., 8. E 
 ofNaplcfc I'op. 20,000. 
 
 Saimw a »trong caatio of llunffiry, In a 
 county of the lame imme , mated on the T.riza. 
 "t tho foot of Mount Krapach j S miles N N W 
 or t,|H>rie«, ' ' 
 
 Hari., or SABPiiff, a town of Nonroy. In the 
 
 8AU 
 
 rrovince of Chri.tianaan.!. Near It 1. a aroat 
 cntariict, the noiae of which ni.iy bo henr.l at tho 
 dwiancv of 'JO mile* Ii U lO miiu. W. S. W 
 of Fri'tlorickdtadt. 
 
 SAuuK*r,. a town of Spain. In Catalonia, near 
 7hil r 1"»;'i«.of «l«l«8ter, so traniparcnt 
 
 *rnncoli j 1 1 mlle« N. of TarrnRona. 
 
 H*nsANA, a town of the Surdininn ntntci, In 
 Oenon, with a fortrew, nn.I near it is a fort in 
 the mountains, r,.lled Snrsnncllo. It stands on 
 the river Mujfm, f, miles fnm Its mouth, and 45 
 *;. S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 3600. Long. 9, 6U. 
 i'. hit. 44. 9. N. 
 
 Saiwina, a town of Italy, in RomnBna ; on 
 the river Snvio. It is 21 miles W. S W of 
 UimiMi. 
 
 Saiit, a town of Asia Minor. It was the 
 nnciunf Snrdis, capital of Lydin, and. under tho 
 Jlomiins, Was n large city, but wt. ihnost de- 
 stroyed hy an earthquake in tho reign of Tibo- 
 rum. Here are many remains of mrjwivo build- 
 iiiss, n mosque (which was formerly n Christian 
 iliureh), and a large caravansera. The inhnbit- 
 nnts lire chiefly shepherds, who feed their flocks 
 111 the adjacent plains. It is 35 miles E N. E 
 of Smyrna. 
 
 Sarte, or SARTim, a dep".rtment of Pmnce, 
 mc iiding part of the ancient province of Maine 
 ami containing an area of 2400 square miles 
 with 44(i,000 inhabitants. Tho climate is mild 
 and salubrious, and the soil in general fertile. 
 1 he manufactures are hardware, woollens, paper 
 leather, &c. It takes its name from a river 
 which flows by Mans to Angers, whuro it joins 
 llie Mayenne. Tho capital is Mans. 
 
 Sarvar, a town and fortress of Hungary, at 
 the conflux of the Guntz with the l^b • 40 
 miles S. S. E. of Presburg. 
 
 Sarum, Old, Wiltohire, now reduced to a 
 single house, and scarcely any thing remains to 
 mdicnte its former importance, though it for- 
 rnei ly sent two members to parliament. It is 
 '-' miles N. of New Sarum, or Salisbury. 
 
 .Sauun, an extensive district of Hindostnn, 
 iti the province of Bahar, one of the most pros- 
 Jierous in the. British territories. It is situate 
 on the N. side of the Ganges, in lat. 20 N 
 Pop. 1.200.000. "w .0. ;^. 
 
 Sarwehden, a town of France, department 
 'w M «"" ' **"'*'' "" ""^ ®'»""<', :n miles 
 W. JV. W. of Hnguenau, and 46 E. N. E. of 
 Nancy. 
 
 Sas van Ghent, a town and fortress of the 
 Netlieriandf., in B'landers, situate on the canal 
 from Ghent to the river Scheldt, and fortified 
 with sluices, by means of which the country can 
 be laid under water. It was built by the inha- 
 bitants of Ghent oa a bulwark to that city, but 
 was taken in 1664 by the Dutch, from whom 
 the French t<v)k it in 1747, and again in 1794. 
 
 rUl!lt'mT"u''V''*'» '"^."^"'o' N. America. 
 rUng in 'ho llocky Mountains. Tho tno princl- 
 iwl streams unite about oO miles K. of Hudson's 
 
 In Wk 7 " n!** ^ ""• ^"^ ^"« ^'""•'*^'«. 
 Sascium a town of Hindostan, In Dahar j 
 ieate.1 at the foot of a mountain, near a lake 
 04 miles 8. E, of Denaroa, and 08 S. W. of 
 Patnn. 
 
 SAHSARr, a city of tho island of Sardinia, ami 
 anarchb-ihop's soo, with n castle and a univer- 
 sity. Here is a fount^iin called llossel. said to 
 be more magnificent than the best at Ilome j 
 ana in tho neighbourhood are mines of gold and 
 silver. It IS seated on the river Torres. 7 miles 
 
 ^nnon''" ,'~' ""'^ ''^ ^- "' Oristagni Pop. 
 
 JO.OOO. Long. H. 46. E. Int. 40. 48 N 
 Sassuou). a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 
 Modena. with a castle ; seated on the Socchia. 
 
 1 miles S, W. of Modena. Pop. 3 1 00. 
 Sataua or Abalia, a strong seaport of Asia 
 
 Minor, m Karamaniiu It is divided into three 
 towns, and is so situate, that from the Imrboiir 
 the streets appear to rise behind each othor like 
 an ami)hithe«tre. Tho country around it. very 
 tortile, and the citrons and oranges are extremely 
 fine. The chief trade is in wool, cotton, goats' 
 hair, agarij, tragacanth, opium, and bees'-wax. 
 It 18 seated ow a gulf of the MoUitorranean. to 
 which It gives name j 150 miles 8. W. of Ko- 
 nieh. Pop. 6000. Long. 81. 21. E. lat. 37. 
 
 Is ll« 
 
 Satoono, or Sataoono, a village of Bengal, 
 formerly an important city, in which the Euro- 
 pean traders in Bengal had their factories. It 
 
 N. W. of Hoogly. 
 
 SATiiMAu,atown of Hungary, on the Szamos 
 river, consisting of two towns on tho opposite 
 sides of the river Sathmar on the N., and No- 
 me hi on the S. The principal tradftis in wine; 
 and in the neighbourhood arc saltmines: 226 
 miles E. of Presburg. Pop. 10,000 
 
 Satimanoalam, a town of Hindostan, in tho 
 province of Coimbetore, with a large s«one fort, 
 and a considerable temple. It has manufacture! 
 01 cotton cloths, and a great trade to Seringar 
 patam. In its vicimty the troops of TipMo 
 bultnn maintained a severe conflict with tho 
 
 a^ufVl's S l^^"'J^'? ^- "f Bh^wanikudal. 
 and 7.5 5. S. £. of Scnngapatam. 
 
 Satriano a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ultra; 8 miles S. of Souillace. 
 _ Sattarah, a town and fort of Hindostan. 
 !1I Vf P'^ov'nce of Visiapour, the residence of 
 the Mahratta prince who was restored by the 
 Britu,h in 818. It is situate near the source 
 of the Kistnah ; 60 miles S. of Poonah, and 77 
 vv . of Vismpour. 
 
 Satteaoala. a towh of Hindostan, in the ' 
 province of Coimbetore, with a fort of consider- 
 able size It stan'ls near the Cavory, which, 3 
 miles below, forms an island 9 miles •ii length, 
 with noble witamcta on each side. It is 36 
 miK!8 o. tj. of Senngapatam. * 
 
 Sauceda, a town of Mexico, in New Biscay, 
 
SAU 
 
 616 
 
 on a river of the same name, which Jotns the 
 
 25. 1 8 N ^^^^^' ^°"8- ^'^^- 36. W. Jat. 
 Sadour Island, an islard of Hindostan, well 
 known as a place of piigrimage. The tempJe 
 ot Kapila Mum, on the S, coast of Gunga 
 buugur IS under tht, alternate charge of aByra- 
 gee and Sunyasee, who levy a tax of 4 annas on 
 «id. person visiting the temple, the amount of 
 
 mS !ff n"'^ •"".?"» ^''-' '^'ff^'""' estiiblish- 
 ments of Ramanandi Byragees in the vicinity 
 
 of £T' • " w"^' •'"""8 "'« "J-ninistration 
 cf SL^"-f " Wf ^'«y. the horrid practice 
 k «pi„ 1 ."^*t ^-^ "Polished on this island. It 
 
 "i'S'&ur.'' °' ''' "°°«'^ '''''' ''' 
 
 ••„ w^f^l! •"■ Sauloau, a town of Germany 
 m W.rtembergj 5 miles S. W. of Buchau ' 
 
 Cot*HY>?' 1 *'^'^ ?^ *'"'"™' department of 
 brated Vaurn"^ T^' birthplace of the cele- 
 of 'he n^?^ ' ? -'^ ''"* anciently a college 
 ot Jie Dru ds, and m n wood where the- per- 
 formed their sacrifices the ruins of a druidical 
 Sc'e v! '"!' '^'^ .\' •' «««ted oiumeS 
 ire^e''C3yo/^'^""'''"^^««-^-f 
 et Loirrwift'""^ "• the department of Maine- 
 tures of woollen, linen, and leather, and some 
 
 SeoveT"h T*^ '''''"^': H-eiBafaZ! 
 bridge over ihe Loire, onsist ng of 12 elliptical 
 mches, each 60 feet in diameter^ Pop. 10 000 
 of Tours.™'''" ®' E- "fingers, and 38 Vs. w! 
 
 Saunder's Island, one of the Society 
 Islands, in the South Pacific, called by t£ 
 natives Tapooamanoo. It is about 6 miles 
 SI!? h "•" t. '^^r ''''''' « °"""^t«in of con 
 30. s. '** • ^°"'^- ^^''- '^O- W. lat. 17, 
 
 Saurunopoub, a town of Hindostan in the 
 province of Malwa; 42 miles N. N E of In! 
 dore, and 43 N. £. of Ougem. 
 
 Gard^^n' fK ^7A °^ ^'^"'=«' 'department of 
 
 Lolt^P ^""^ * *T" '" the department of 
 Loiw Pyrenees, with an old ruined castle 
 
 W. ?f Pa^^' '''''''" *^'^'«~"' 20 "niles w! N.' 
 
 Sauveterpb, town in the department of 
 Aveiron; 15 uvles S. W. of llodez. 
 
 Sauveterre, a town in the department of 
 Gironde; 2(i miles S. K of Bordeaur 
 
 bv w«IU ^/'"^k"^^^"^' '" ^"'^> surrounded 
 
 almo"-/''''",' P«'-''™h«rly pomegiianates and 
 almond.*, and a coreiderable quantity of "-ce 
 
 iIoTTa ^^" ''r''' S.\f cin and 
 
 obouVsfJ?'''''-'''''-"''*"^.'" "■« South Pacific, 
 CWk if l?yi 't."''"'^^T"*=^' <Ji»<"'vered by' 
 niZ «n . -^l • .It'eceived this name from the 
 rude and inhospitable behaviour .-.!th« ;.,ha»>it. 
 
 Sot'^'rr'I.Ja'T. ''""'• r^"-'"'^'' me'n," naked 
 except round th*? wawts; some of them bad 
 
 SAV 
 
 their face, breast, and thighs painted. It Is of 
 a round form, and covered with tRjeo, shrube, 
 &c. Long. 169. 30. W. Jat. 19. 2, 8. 
 
 Savanna, a river of the United States, which 
 Bepwates Georgia from South Carolina. It ia 
 navigable for boats of 100 feet keel, from Au- 
 gus a to bavanna, and thence *br laree vessels 
 Island*" '^ »nto the Atlantic Ocean, at Tybe 
 
 rJjlV'nt'.u **"'* *'^*''« town of Geoigi.1, 
 chief of Chatham county, and formerly the ca- 
 l-ital of the state. More than two-thirds of the 
 town was destroyed by fire in 1796. It is re- 
 gularly built, in the «rm oi' a parallelogtam. 
 It is seated on a high sandy bluff', on the S. side 
 
 St? 31 5?: N °^^°"^'^'"«- ^•^"S. 80. 67. w! 
 
 Savanna la Mar, a towr of Jamaica, in 
 Cornwallis county, with a good anchorage for 
 large vessels. In 1780 great part of the town 
 was destroyed by a dreadful hurricane and in- 
 undation of the sea, but it has sinre been re- 
 built. It IS seated on the S. side of the idand. 
 Long. /8. 6. W. lat. 18. 12. N. 
 
 Savatopoll See Sebastopolis. 
 
 Save, a river of the Austrian empire, which 
 has ,ts source on the N. W. confines of cUioIa, 
 runs ii. through that country, separates Sclavo- 
 
 T^ n "" P""*"*' ^°'"'«' ""'^ Servia, and joins 
 the Danube near Belgrade. 
 
 Savenay, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Loire; 18 miles N. W. of Nantes. 
 
 f ,000*^ f^u""^"' •"■ Severndrooo, u strong for- 
 tress of Hindostan, in Mysore, aituate on the 
 top of a vast rock, rising half a mile in perpen- 
 dicular height, from a base of above 8 miles in 
 circumference, and divided at the summit by a 
 chasm that forms it into two hills ; these, hav- 
 ing each Its particular defences, serve as two 
 citadels capable of being maintained, inde- 
 pendently of the lower works, which are nlso 
 wonderfully strong. Notwithstanding this, it 
 was taken by the English, in 1791, after p ^e 
 ofseven days; 85 miles N. E. of Serii.g -a- 
 
 Savkrddn, a town of Franco, department of 
 Arnege, witn a castle; seated on the Arriege, 
 25 nules S. S. E. of Toulouse. Pop. 3000 
 
 bA VERNE, a town in the department of Lower 
 K'line, seated at the foot of Mount Vosges. in a 
 country which produces plenty of wine; 20 miles 
 .1' . IN. W. of btrasburg. Pop. 4000. 
 • ^^r'-O^ANO. a town of the Sardinian states 
 an Piedmont, with a rich Benedictine abbey, 
 were the French were repulsed in 1799 by the 
 Austrians It « seated in a fertile plain, on 
 thenvcrMaira, .SOmileflaofTurin. 
 
 bAVOLAX, a district of the Russian empire, in 
 the province of Finland, 200 miles long, and 1 00 
 broad; consisting mostly of woods, lakes, rivers, 
 and morasses, and abounding in elki and rein- 
 deer. The inhabitants are thinly dispersed, 
 and subsist by cultivating buck-wheat, breeding 
 cattle, hunting, hshing, and making wooden 
 ware. Huupia is the capital. 
 
 Savona, a strong town of the Sardinian statw, 
 .n the territory of G«noa, witl, a citadel on a 
 
8AV 
 
 617 
 
 SAX 
 
 rotlt, and several fine churches. The Genoese 
 *?"l"*^ that it would hurt their trade, ruined' 
 the harbour, and rendered it unfit for large ves- 
 sels It was taken by the king of Sardinia ir. 
 1740, restored to the republic of Genoa in 1748 
 and taken in 1795 bv the French, who surren- 
 dered it to the Austrians in 1800, through fa. 
 mine. I,, 1810 and 1811 it was the residence 
 ot tlie Pope, during his dispute with Bonaparte. 
 iiy the congress of Vienna it was ceded, with 
 the whole Genoese territory, to the king of Sar- 
 ri'.nia. It 18 seated on the Mediterranean, 24 
 nnles W S. W. of Genoa. Pop. 10,000. 
 Long. 8. 20. E. lat. 44. 18. N. 
 
 Savoniers, a town of France, department of 
 indre-et-Loire, near which ar'5 caverns, famous 
 tor their petrifactions; 8 miles S. W, of Tours. 
 feAvoy, a duchy of Europe, belonging to the 
 kingdom of Sardinia, 85 miles long, and 67 
 broad, bounded on the N. by the Lake of Ge- 
 neva, which separates it from Switzerland; E. 
 by the Alps, which divide it from Vallais and 
 liedmont; S. by the latter and France; and 
 vy by France. The air is cold, on account of 
 high mountains, which are almost always co- 
 vered with snow; but the valleys are fertile in 
 com and wine, and many of the mountains 
 abound with pastures that feed a great number 
 of cattle. The principal rivers are the Isere. 
 Arc, and Arve. The Savoyards, from the na- 
 ture of their country, arc generally very poor, 
 and great numbers of them seek a livjlihood in 
 1 ranee, England, and other countries, in quality 
 
 B 'H'^I^^Hk ^"^ ^''^«' 3800 square miles. 
 Pop. 467,080. The French pubdued this coun- 
 try in 1792, and made it a department of 
 France, by the name of Mont Blanc, which was 
 confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris in 
 1»14; but m 1815 it was restored to Sardinia, 
 with the exception of a small district (the com- 
 mune of St. Julian) ceded to the Swiss canton 
 of Geneva. Chambery is the capital. 
 
 Savu, an island in the Indian Ocean, to which 
 the Dutch have a kind of exclusive trade, hav- 
 ing entfied into an agreement with the rajahs 
 that their subjects shall trade with no other 
 ships. It is 26 miles in length, and very fer- 
 tile. Pop. 5000. Long. 122. 30, E. lat, 10. 
 
 00. o. 
 
 Sax, a town of Spain, in Murcia, near which 
 IS an ancient citadel on the summit of a rock. 
 It IS seated on the Elda, on the borders of Va- 
 lencia; 25 miles W. N. W, of Alicant, and 42 
 N N. E. of Murcia. 
 
 OAx. a town and district of Switzerland, in 
 the canton of St. Gall, with a castle; 16 miles 
 S. of Ilheineck. Pop. 3000. 
 
 Saxenburo, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Carinthia, near which r.re three forts and a tstrong 
 pass. It is situate on the Drave. 38 miles W. 
 of Clagenfurt. Long. 13. 12. E. lat 46. 44. N. 
 
 Saxmunoham. a town in Suffolk, with a mar- 
 ket on Thursday, seated on a hill, 20milea 
 N. E. of Ipswich, and 89 of Londun. 
 
 Saxony, in its mcst com'^rehenfiive su^t^"* 
 denotes a vast tract of country in the N. ^f 
 Germany, extending from the Weser on the W, 
 to the frontier of Poland on the E., but, in con- 
 
 sequence of tht territorial changes to which it 
 has been sutject, the name has been used wth 
 peat latitude of signification. The division of 
 Germany into circles took place towards the 
 close of the 15th century, and the large tract of 
 country known vaguely by the name of Saxony 
 was formed into three circles, Westphalia, Up- 
 per Saxony, and Lower Saxony. Upper Sax- 
 or-y comprised the electorates of Saxony and 
 Brandenburg, the duchy of Pomeranio, and a 
 number of small principalities, forming an ex- 
 tent of about 43,000 square miles, with nearly 
 4,000,000 of inhabitants. It was bounded E. 
 by Poland, Silesia, and Lusatia, and S. by Bo- 
 hemia and Franconia. Lower Saxony was 
 bounded N. by the duchy of Sleswick and the 
 Baltic, and W, by Westphalia and the Rhine. 
 It comprised the electorate of Hanover, the 
 duchies of Brunswick, Mecklenburg, and Hol- 
 stein, the free towns of Hamburgh, Bremen, 
 and Lubeck, with a number of small states! 
 forming an extent o^" 26,000 square miles. In 
 1806 the distinction of circles was finally abo- 
 lished, and the names of Upper and Lower 
 Saxony are now of use only for the elucidation 
 of history. 
 
 Saxony, a modem kingdom of Europe, situ- 
 ate towards the N. E. of Germany, and boupded 
 S. by Bohemia, and N. by the Prussian states. 
 It comprises an area of 7188 square miles, with 
 1,400,000 inhabitants; but previously to 1814 
 it was of much greater extent, having been 
 greatly reduced by the congress of Vienna. 
 No part of Europe, in the same latitude, enjoys 
 a milder climate. The mountainous districts 
 in the S. contain extensive forests, which are 
 kept up with care, as the chief supply of fiiel 
 for the mines. In the southern and moun- 
 tainous parts of Saxony the valleys only are 
 well cultivated, but in the level districts in the 
 N., particularly the circles of Meissen and 
 Leipsic, tillage is general: the products are 
 wheat, barley, oats, and other grain; also some 
 tobacco and hops. Hogs and sheep are very 
 numerous, and the greatest care has been be- 
 stowed on the Merino rams, first imported 
 about 1768. Few countries equal Saxony in 
 mineral riches, and in none has this department 
 of natural history been more fully described. 
 The principal are silver, i'on, copper, lead, 
 limestone, coal, arsenic, cobalt, antimony, zinc, 
 alum, &c. The principal rivers are the Elbe, 
 Uietwo Elsters, the two Muldas, and the Queiss. 
 The manufactures are of considerable extent, 
 and consist principally of linen, cotton, silk, 
 and leather. The machinery used, though in- 
 ferior to the English, has of late years beer 
 much improved. The position of Saxony is 
 not favourable for commercial intercourse. The 
 exports consist of wool (which has long been 
 considered the best hi Germany), minerals, 
 linen, yam, woollens, and lace. The imports 
 are silk, flax, cotton, coffee, sugar, wine, and, 
 jn certain seasons, corn. A great majorit- if 
 the inhabitaiits arc Lutherans, but the rt. .- 
 ing femily have been Catholics since 1697. 
 The institutions for education are numerous 
 and well conducted, and the lower classev ar« 
 
STAX 
 
 fonCrepuS on 1"""^' «"«»,«"«in« all ito 
 turiM Vn oi : • Sanony was for many cen- 
 oSanov ST**'- '';!' '" «»'"^»ence of the 
 
 ofUulw-^^^T""'''"*^'""- This change 
 e««„l^ «• '•''°''^^^'' "ccompanied by any 
 fngTslVrlTeT-'r; the sove^gn conffi 
 Zf« »„H^ ^'"''*e functions with the 
 
 hmZ vi« il '"**^ ""» ^'"'^^ into two 
 Md^h« ' *?*" P'*'*'^ »"«! nobles in one 
 
 and ril^T'^^"' J"'''''''*' l-eBtions, 
 Therountrv^f.-T'?'-'"^ ^"^ ecclesiastical 
 sen. LeiS Wr '"'" ^^^'''^'^ "^^eis- 
 
 rircle has a^,,^'«.*^''.?^PP'='' ^"*"«- Each 
 tranwctl^n T^ «f JU't'ce, and offices for the 
 
 lSryare"ten"''Se'"^"^"\"",' *"«' 
 Plete pe^mal Som "'S,,^"^'"*"* »' com- 
 ber of the rl^"" T''« king, as a mem- 
 
 thrWr «^ 'uf «»«"« «nd four votes at 
 
 m 
 
 8AX 
 
 the Inmr. . "^^''er and four votes at 
 
 sterling and 5« "^^.""^ «?<^'» 1,000.000/. 
 
 ThesL'on.l^*/f°"*'.''^''' " 3,700.000/. 
 
 Ptolem^ wbn^ " u""'"**™«'J '» history by 
 
 160 r^a nS.« **^"^ t^^" ahout thejcar 
 part ^f JuUa„d*"«' "''"k^"'"» ««»«'«'" «nd 
 haveaSvtS^t t£s '"^fi.^^'^ "^^P^"' '« 
 extension of tenSo^" irl^;/, ""'"'""8 "" 
 the migmtion of a Mrf J^k t.*"', **"'"'^' «"» 
 the Sa^ns acJuffifrtW^T''".''''''?''"'. 
 ritorv viz fhl T^. ""^"®' extension of ter- 
 
 duch^' of^^M K °""""^ """^ ^"""'"K the grand 
 PruS«n wi?t"^' "'^^ P"'* of Hanovefand 
 foSenK"-^^"- When the Britons we.^ 
 pliS and L • L^"""* defenders, they ap- 
 SdnsUhe t ."^ Ji?^'""'^ *■'<>'» the Saxon^ 
 S?tnyTe™'r"«'^ After maintaining 
 arms nfPh7i ^ "' * t"™ resistance to the 
 
 volvl^th« ^ '° '"' conditions, which in- 
 
 thei'r c<!n!'^'^''"'"' "^ "" «"""«! tVibute and 
 duke 7^™°" *•* Christianity. The title of 
 their chio?^ 7 '''? ''""'^""'•^ »" Wittikind, 
 time w«f ' '"'*f Z"'""-^' «"" ™lin« «ome 
 Sward b^''^^/''"* »' »^'"""K. "nd 
 
 siib^pn..o„7i ; ^he electoral dign ty was 
 
 o h^jiS oftr- "•■' ^^ ^'"'-••^"^i' "- 
 
 on f ' M A'canm, and, on ts extinction 
 
 e lee or frr*. °f Mci.ssen. with the title of 
 ^he wirliL . ""* ^*'.'^°'' «"'"»"'«» Frederick 
 iho found' r'n/f?" '"' ''^'■«" '■" ^422 : he was 
 ..^xt l"„,nr-.n ^^ ""'yc"ity of Leip«ic. The 
 was the rl^-'^"'.'" "•" history of Saxony 
 
 espouJK...-^''/, P':'"'=«, 'hd not openly 
 him from";;;:'""'.^" ^V'"°'' ''"^' '»>■ protecting 
 mm trom persecution, he contributed much to 
 
 cesser, John Frederick, stvlwl uthJ^ 
 
 swrj" ."I!"* ''^'•«'t'dt'1har/« v"^:,- 
 "tripped of his states . .J dignity; which Tl^ 
 
 MeiTn' tr'*"'^ "? MaurCisarSave of 
 
 ^^.i °f. .the present House of Saxony Mau 
 nee putting himself at the head of X PrS- 
 
 Chtirwh!; rM?,'"" matchlor theartf^ 
 WsSrS^'^ " ^"'*' '""' almost fallen into 
 S, C of P '"^ ?°™pelled to «gn the con- 
 vention of Passau, since considered the bulwark 
 ^x™. ♦"'P"' ^'^*"» "f Germany. The 
 Sr wlWoh\"" *•'*'" .P?^ '» the tlurty yean^ 
 war which terminated in the peace of V^irt. 
 
 fif'LZ 'f'p-, ^" ^«^7 the'trptftion^^f 
 tne crowrp of Poland, vacant by the death of 
 Sobiesk. induced the reigning el^tor! AuS«t.L 
 I V to profess himself « Catholic, a ch«n»8 
 
 undelrt' v't^t*^ ""' P^'P^'- The Swedl.! 
 but £f f ?"•• »°t only conquered Poland 
 unon r. ^I""""^'. •'""eing great distress 
 Sn2 k"T""^ ""1^' ^7"«' ^hen relief was 
 obtained by the march of Charles into Russia. 
 
 of Poti**''™"" '"""i '^'' ''^'=^' the cr^n 
 
 war of 17rKT'"''*^^^"8^t"»- I" the 
 war of 1740 between Prussia and Austria 
 
 Saxony remained neutral. In that of 1756' 
 
 the elector was tempted to take a part by the 
 
 flattering promisrs of Austria: but. instead of 
 
 ravZT'""/' '^"■"°'^' his domUTwere 
 th W' "A^, """y °f ^^ ""hjects ruined in 
 Fmni'"""^^',,'^."'"''- I" the war against 
 S?80? •^^^">'^. P""-* was taken by Sa^nJ 
 to thl fi^M' '^^'" '''^ *^'^'='«>' """t aU his trooi' 
 whSl . i" '" '"PP*"* ofthekingofPrussS. 
 Whose subsequent overthrow enabled Bona- 
 parte to attach the Saxons to his cause, S 
 Pm Jan'pT'7"* "''^"8'^ to that of king! 
 SaT^ /"•"•'^ "^ afterwards adde.^ to the 
 Saxon dominions, and in 1809 was nearly 
 doubled by cessions obtained from Anuria! 
 But these acquisitions, disproportioned tcTtha 
 inherent strength of Saxony, K wlme ,„ 
 
 K.terHT"?- TheRussiaAs^SpS 
 
 bv th« P ^ '•^^•""•ns of 1813, and, joined 
 
 tte If/"*"^.""' ""f' Saxony 'the iene of 
 
 parte%he"tr*"' ^'?^^' "^^'■"'t Bona- 
 l«rie ihe battles of Lutzen and Bautzen 
 
 fi^nt Tf"n ^ ^^'P'"'' ""^""^ ^°"««^ed by the re- 
 Sful «n "'''r^f- *" i''^ ^'"■"«. ""d"^ his too 
 
 anrrstfrii'^aT^"^''^ "^^^^'^^ ^^'^ 
 8^0 noft • u T*^?^' *'°"taining no fewer than 
 «50 000 inhabitants, was separated from the 
 
 k nfoTC"'^ ':''''^'"'^ to Prussia The 
 
 sled h!' , i' '^'^^'^'"g.'nsurrection and blood- 
 capital! ^^ a^q«>e8cod. Dresden is the 
 
 Saxony, a province of the Prussian statPs . 
 V,- -nn!:^',':.^ \Z^ J?"f_'";y «t the congress of 
 nvers Elbe and Havel. It contains an una of 
 
i , 
 
 
 flAX 
 
 Dfl30 square miles, with more than 1,000,000 
 01 iiilmbitantr;, and is divided into the govern, 
 ineuts d; Mngdeburg, Merseburg, and ErfUrt. 
 llio surface u in general level} but the soil 
 varies greatly, being in some places dry and 
 Bandy, and m others a heavy loam. The prin- 
 cipal productions are corn,. hemp, flax, and 
 chicoiTr. The inhabitants, except in the small 
 district called Eichsfeld, are almost all Pitv. 
 testants, and are in general active and industri- 
 ous. Magdeburg is the ch'ef town. 
 
 bAXTON'a RivKH, a river in the state of 
 Vermont, which joins the Connecticut at West- 
 minster, 
 
 Satbrook, a town of Connecticut, In Mid- 
 dlesex county, with a fort. It is the most an- 
 cient in the state, and situate near the mouth 
 ot ConnecUcut River ; 18 miles W. by S. of 
 New London. Long. 72. 26. W. lat. 41. 20. N. 
 &AYCOCK, one of the islands of Japan ; di- 
 Tided ftom Niphon by a narrow channel The 
 Dutch lactors are permitted to reside in the 
 little island of Disnia, which is on the W. side 
 of this. Long. 132. 28. E. lat. 34. 0. N. 
 
 Satn, a town and castle of the Prussian 
 state ; m the duchy of Nassau, which gives 
 name to a sinaU county. It is 6 miles N. of 
 Coblentz, and 60 N. W, of Frankfort. 
 *v ^i^^^^> t^^o Pleasantest and most fertile of 
 the Ladrone islands ; 40 miles in circuit, with 
 a safe port called Cantanhitda, on the W. side. 
 Long. 146. 10. E. lat. 15. 22. N. 
 
 ScAGEN, R town of Denmark, in N. Jutland- 
 on a promontory of the same name, at the en-' 
 trance of the passage from the ocean into the 
 Cattegat. Long. 10. 0. E. lat. 67. 31. N. 
 
 ScALANOVA, a seaport of Asia Minor, near 
 «ie site of the ancient Ephomig, with a castle. 
 I he trade, which is consideri. lo, consists chiefly 
 m wine, raisins, com, and leather. It is 40 
 miles b. S. E. of Smyrna. Pop. about 8000. 
 Long. 27. 31. E. lat, 37. 64, N. 
 
 ScALEA, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 
 formerly a lai^e city, but now greatly decayed 
 It 18 seated on the W. coast ; 25 miles S. E, of 
 Policastro. Long. 16. 54. E, lat. 40. 0. N. 
 &CANDEB00N. See Alexandektta. 
 Scania. See Sohonen. 
 ScAUBOHOuoH, a seaport and borough in N. 
 Yorkshire. It has a market on Thursday, and 
 sends two members to parliament. It is seated 
 on the declivity of a high rock, which has surh 
 craggy sides thn<^ it is almost inaccesaible. On 
 the top of this 1 Dck is a large green plain, with a 
 little well of fresh water, and the remains of a 
 castle, built by Henry II. This town is greatly 
 la-quented on account of its mineral waters, 
 nnd also for sea-bathing ; on which account it 
 IS much improved in the number and beauty of 
 Its buildmgs. The new buildings on the cliff'stand 
 almost unrivalled in extent of prospect, having 
 i'mf?"J ? beautiful terrace, elevaC^d nearly 
 100 feet above the level of the sands. Amongst 
 other improvements are the formation of a re- 
 servoir, covered with a dome, capable of con- 
 tuiiiing 4000 hogsheads of water, tbr the supply 
 pt the town ; and the erection of an elegant 
 iron bridge over the wide chasm through which 
 
 619 
 
 SCH 
 
 ni 
 th 
 
 am called the Mill-beck flows, nnd ton- 
 two lofty dissevered cUfFs. Scarborough 
 nerly four churches, all of which m 
 mohshed, except St. Mary's, and even 
 iHS sustained considerable injury. A new 
 church has been erected ; and here are meeting- 
 houses for Independents, Baptists. Catholi<5, 
 QurJcers, and Methodists, a free grammar- 
 school, a Lancasterian school, several hospitals, 
 almshouses, and other charitable institutions. 
 The harbour is one of the best in the kingdom, 
 with a commodious quay, several ship-yards, 
 and a strong battery. It is 40 miles N. E. of 
 York, and 216 N. of London. Long. 0. 10. W. 
 lat.64. 18. N. * 
 
 ScABBOBOuoH, a town and fort on the S. E. 
 Bde of the island of Tobago. It was taken by 
 the English in 1793. Long. 60. 30. W. lat. 1 1. 
 o. N, 
 
 ScABDONA, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, 
 and a bishop's see, seated on the Cherca : 
 ?^"on^« • "' Sebenico. Long. 17. 1. E. lat. 
 
 ScABLiNo, a town of Tuscany, with a castle, 
 seated on the sea coast ; 7 miles S. of Massa. 
 ScARPANTO, an island in the Mediterranean ; 
 
 Tji, ^ '"?*' °"^ ® "'"^ ' 'y'"8 S. W. of 
 Khodes. It is mountainous and rocky, abounds 
 m cattle and game, and lias quarries of marble. 
 The principal town on the W. coast has a good 
 harbour. Long. 27. 40. E. lat. 35, 46. N. 
 
 ScARPE, a river of France, which rises near 
 Aubigny, in the department of Pas de Calais, 
 passes by Arras, Douay, and St. Amand, imd 
 enters the Scheldt at Mortagne. 
 
 ScARPEBiA, a town of Tuscany, celebrated 
 for Its steel manufectures ; seated at the foot 
 of the Appennines ; 13 miles N. of Florence. 
 
 ScAURo, the capital of the island of Santorin, 
 and the see of a Latin bishop. It stands on a 
 lofty volcanic rock, which projects into the 
 roadstead, on the W, coast of the island. Lena. 
 26. 26. E. lat, 16. 28. N. * 
 
 ScHAFPHAusEN, a canton of Switzerland : 15 
 miles long, and 10 broad, with 32,000 inha- 
 bitanU. The reformation was introduced here 
 m 1529, and the religion is Calvinism. The 
 pnncipal article of trade is wine, and the manu- 
 fectures are inconsiderable. 
 
 ScHAPFHAUSEN, a town of Switzerland, capi- 
 tal of the above canton, is seated on the Rhine, 
 and owes its origin to the interruption of the 
 navigation of that river by the cataract at 
 Lauffen ; huts being at first constructed for the 
 conveniency of unloading the merchandise from 
 the boats, which by degrees increased to a laige- 
 town. Though a frontier town, it has no gar- 
 rison, and the fortifications are weak. The 
 Rhine, which is here nearly 400 feet wide, is 
 crossed by a kind of hanging bridge ; the road 
 not pMsing over the arch, but being suspended 
 from It, and almost level. It was burnt by the 
 French, when tliey evacuated the town, "after 
 being defeated by the Austrians in 1799, but 
 
 •• -• '-iiMf, t<rn,,j jli lite SJIIIIC SCItlO 
 
 as before. It is 22 miles N. by E, of Zunch. 
 and 39 E. of Basel. Pop, 6000. Lone. 3. 41. 
 E. lat. 47, 39, N, 8 • 
 
8CH 
 
 ScHAiHOLT, or Skaiholt. a townol' 1»,}««a 
 
 S,r!wr!?^"'v"'^'« 6000 liou J. having been 
 ^vaUev w ''^ ? earthquake It sta^nds i„ 
 atth^n • "2 *''" mountains ; 24 mile. W. 
 of the Caspian Sea, and 250 N. E. of Tauris. 
 Long. 61. 5. E, lat. 40. SO. N 
 
 «..7Ji"L" ^'"i"' " '?*" °^ ^*'»™. *'* a fortified 
 castle, seated on the Inn ; 7 mileii S. of Passau 
 
 tains, of considerable mportance. It surrpn 
 S.*» '»>« f «nch and B^avTrkn in 805.''^ 
 oSsVrllcf ""'"" "'^«^''"'' ' 12 mile. N. 
 
 in Westphalia. It is mountainous and woodv 
 
 Conner ii^"""?' ^"'l "'"«• "' al"^, coal, 
 25X0' TuTv- ^?^' '72 square miles.' Pop 
 tinct in ir^n ^'"^ •»/'»« ancient counts was ex- 
 
 ScHAUENSTEiN, a town of Bavaria in the 
 Srr "^««y-»''"i« -ile. "N.E.*'of 
 
 ScuAUMBURG, a town and castle of Germany 
 Nn^ P^^* name to a lordship in the duchy of 
 S^TWefZ'"""- ^' ^ 25 miles W.^^^ 
 
 wW?^'"'"'?^"''' " **»*" °f Saxony, near 
 "f ctS.'"" *" "'"' ^'^ ^""^ 22 Lesi: 
 
 FmnT^SiJ"^'^^' * t'^'^Wch rises in 
 r ranee, m the department of A sne; passes bv 
 
 Cambray.Bouchain.Valenciennes.Co'nSi'^ 
 and'-ort r"-n"'' S''"*' ?«"dermond, Antwerp, 
 bmnnhJ^ ^'}l°' ^l""^ *'•''«''' 't divides into two 
 sSt^flo™"t"n"'^' "^"^l »•>« Easter^ 
 
 both f^™ ^'^''^''^V P'"*'^^'''' *» Flushing, and 
 
 S„ I? ^* '^^*'"'' "'""•^'^ «"»«' the German 
 Orean, after a course of 200 miles, 
 
 of P«ni:'^!i*'' "" SCHLETOTAT, a fortified town 
 ot France, department of Lower Rhine, on the 
 
 ^ii^"^'''-^'"'^''*'' » *»«'" of Saxony, frequentlv 
 
 cKhv^fh"", '''^ ?°^"'""' "f SchellenbeiK, 
 8 ^-il^F %'?r- I? ""eated on the ZschopI 
 B miles E, of Chemnitz, ^ ' 
 
 «,v^™**"'''""i*°; ■ t**"" of Bavaria, where a 
 P^^^ ''"f obtained by the allie.,'over the 
 French and Bavarians, in 1704: 12 r^ w „* 
 neubiirg. ' •■ ' "■ 
 
 836 
 
 SCH 
 
 of thi^ J* ^""l ^ broad, lying at the entrench 
 
 hf mf "^r*"" ^'^- ^' *«• t«''«° by the Britidh 
 an 1799. Long. 5. 0. E. lat. 53. 20. N. 
 
 sevp^^j^*""?'- * *"*" "*■ Hungary, one of the 
 wven mountain town., with three castle* It is 
 
 S^Zl fri!"lT ?^"'"" «"«J «tber metal.; a. 
 shi^i?„ i^ bo^baths. Near it is a high rock of 
 SDo^r^f V n **""«'"'«««» with green, and some 
 ^on ^ilff^^'r' "" ""«• E- N. E. of PresbuHf. 
 Pop. 23,000. Long. 18. 56. E. lat. 48. 30. 1? 
 bCHENCK, a fortress of the Netherlands, in 
 RhS^'i'"",'^' ^'^ '" tbe angle where 'the 
 t^Sw«r„f %'»•''*'""''."•"'='■«'•• tbe Rhine and 
 NfmS^n^- ^'»"°''»'«in.; 13„.ilesF.ol 
 
 SCHENECTADT. &ff SKENECTADy. 
 
 land il^*"!?'* *"7".,"' ^*«'«"' '" East Goth- 
 
 du^vT/T"' "J*"'" °^ Germany, in the 
 r^y ? Branswick, near which is a Lutheran 
 
 fenbuttel. ' "•' '"'"'• 1^ """^ *=• °' W™ 
 ScHEPPENSTADT, a town in the. duchy of 
 Brunswick; 12 miles E. of Wolfenbuttel ^ 
 
 bCHEBPENHEUL. See MoNTAIGUE. 
 
 bcHESDURo, a fortified town' of Transvlvanin 
 with a castle; CO miles N. E. of WeSburr' 
 
 lands n"s„f'.K u"".? "I*^ ''"'*»" °^tbe Nethlr- 
 dii? ^"fb Holland, noted for its numerous 
 disUHenes of gm (Hollcnds). It is seated on a 
 with thrM'*^ '"I ®.^'''"' ^'''•'b communicates 
 Pop. Soo^.'""^' °"^'' ^- •'y ^- of Rotterdam. 
 
 th.f a!!'^'*"?*'' " ^'"««« of Bavaria, noted as 
 ™Lrr °/ "," obstinate conflict, general^ 
 S n* •"•"'" ''^ Abensbe.^. i„' ilo9. be^ 
 uTA ,^"?T"^1?'* .tbe archduke Charles, 
 it IS 1 1 miles S. of Ratisbon. 
 
 with^'a T,^/^"';!*'"^ ofPrussian Pomerania; 
 dom of wTrT' "•I"'™ °' ?"™""y' '" the king. 
 
 it'^N:^^.':fXThi'e?^^'«^^"'-«''' '* 
 
 wSgTAiirro^fVXT-*^^'^- 
 ra^F-r"«-— ^^^^^ 
 
 ral waters ; and near it, on a lofty eminence, art 
 I J^!!5 ""^ *^^ *^""'"'' «««tle of HapsbuS It 
 and"Sll5Btr""""^-"^«"«>-' 
 
 SCHIIUS. &eSHIRAZ. 
 
 ScHiHVAW, a province of Caucasia: 150 milea 
 long, and 90 broad, bounded on the N byK 
 heston, E. and S. E. by the Caspian ^Xw 
 
 very fertl'l/"'^ ^- ^" ^^^^^ The' soil k 
 Ua/ Jj ,P'o<>"«"8 abundance of rice 
 
 ri^ttle*^ ^v-"^' """^ 'l^* P"^"'«' '«^ "«m^- 
 ous rattle. Vines are planted along the hedff« 
 
 t°?J:S^"^*4 He,«ar^?astqur' 
 
Netherlandi ; 
 at the entrance 
 by the British 
 20. N. 
 y, one of the 
 
 castles. It is 
 ler metals; as 
 h high rock of 
 «n, and some 
 • of Presbuiw. 
 t. 48. 30. N. 
 therlands, in 
 le where the 
 le Rhine and 
 13 miles F. of 
 
 I East Goth- 
 I miles S. E. 
 
 any, in the 
 a Lutheran 
 E. of Wol- 
 
 B. duchy of 
 luttel. 
 
 ^nsylvaniB, 
 ?issenburg. 
 the Nether- 
 8 numerous 
 seated on a 
 nmunicates 
 Rotterdam. 
 
 I, noted aa 
 generally 
 1809, be- 
 
 :e Charles. 
 
 'omerania; 
 7 miles N; 
 
 the king- 
 iltach; 14 
 
 the river 
 
 d, in the 
 pid mine- 
 lence, are 
 burg. It 
 if Baden, 
 
 50 miles 
 by Dag- 
 a, S. W. 
 e soil is 
 of rice, 
 i numer- 
 3 hedges, 
 8t quan- 
 its; also 
 of the 
 Hilineof 
 ndepea- 
 
 8CH 
 
 621 
 
 SCH 
 
 denee; it has, however, become nominally sub- 
 ject to Russia. Schamachi is the capital. 
 
 ScHLACKENWBLD, a townof Bohcma; with a 
 good tin-mine ; 5 miles S. of Carlsbad. 
 
 ScHLACKENWEBTH, a town of Bohemia, with 
 a fine castle, seated on the Weisseritz; 7 miles 
 N. N. E. ofCarbbad. 
 
 ScHLADEN, a town of Hanover, in the pro- 
 vince of Hildesheim; 28 miles E. S. E. of Hil- 
 desheim. 
 
 ScHLAN, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Rakonitz, with a castle. It is surrounded by 
 walls and vineyards. It is 16 miles N. E. of 
 Rakonitz. Pop. 3000. 
 
 ScHLAWA, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 the principality of Glogau; 18 miles N. of 
 Glogan. 
 
 ScHLAWE, a town of Prussian Pomerania; 
 on the river Wipper j 10 miles W. S. W. of 
 Stolpe. 
 
 ScHLEusiNGEN, a town and castle of Si.xony, 
 in the county of Henncberg; seated on the 
 Schleuss ; 18 miles S. E. of Smalkald, and 19 
 N. N. E. of Schweinfurt. 
 
 ScHLiTZ, a town of Germany, in the princi- 
 pality of Fulda, on a small river that runs into 
 the Fulda ; 7 miles N. N. W, of Fulda. 
 
 ScHLiTz, a town of Germany, in Voigtland ; 
 with a castle; 13 miles N. W. of Plauen. 
 
 ScHLUssELBOBG, a town and fortress of Rus- 
 sia, situate on the Neva, near Lake Ladoga. 
 The^ortress stands on an island in the river, and 
 has frequently been used as a state prison ; 84 
 miles E. of St. Petersburg. Long. 39. 65. E. 
 lat. 59. 55. N. 
 ScuHALKALDEN. See Smaikalden. 
 ScHMALENBERG, a town of Westphalie, on 
 the river Lenne; 14 miles E. of Altendom. 
 
 ScHMiEDEBEBo, a towii of Prussian Silesia, 
 in the principality of Jauer. The vicinity 
 abounds in iron-ore, and almost all the inhabit- 
 ants are smiths. It is seated at the foot of a 
 mountain, near the source of the Bauber ; 26 
 miles W. S, W. of Schweidnitz. Pop. 8800. 
 
 ScHMiEDEBURQ, a towu of Prussian Saxonyj 
 14 miles S. of Dresden. 
 
 ScHMOi-LEN, a town of Germany, in the prin- 
 cipality of Altenburg, on the river Sprotta; 
 7 miles S. W. of Altenburg. 
 
 ScHNEEBURO, a town of Saxony, with manu- 
 fectures of thr'^ad, silk, gold and silver lace, 
 &c. ; and in the neighbourhood are silver mines. 
 It is situate on an eminence near the Mulda ; 
 9 miles S. S. E. of Zwickau. Pop. 4400. 
 
 Schoharie, a towp of the state of New 
 York, capital of a county of the same name. 
 It stands on the Schoharie River, which runs 
 N. into Mohawk River; 40 miles W. of Albany. 
 Long. 74. 42. \V. lat. 42. 40. N. 
 
 ScHONBECK, a town and castle of Prussi.in 
 Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with sou' 
 salt-works, seated on the Elbe ; 9 miles S. fa. 
 E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 6100. 
 
 ScHONBRUNH, a village of Austria ; 3 miles 
 S. W. of Vienna. Here is an imperial palace, 
 the usual residence of the court. It was much 
 improved by the empress Maria Theresa ; and 
 has also a botanic garden and fine conserva- 
 toiiei. 
 
 ScHONEOK, a town of Saxony, in Voigtland ; 
 15 miles S. £. of Plauen. 
 
 ricHONECKEN, a town of Germany, in the 
 territory of Treves, seated on the Nyms; 28 
 miles N. by W. of Treves. 
 
 ScHONEN. or Scania, a province of Sweden ; 
 in Gothla..^ ; almost surrounded by the Sound 
 and the Baltic. It is 70 miles long, and 60 broad, 
 and the most level, pleasant, and fertile spot in 
 the kingdom, producing all the .necessaries of 
 life in abundance. Lund is the capital 
 
 ScHONOAU, a town of Bavaria, surrounded 
 by a plain wall and some towers. The great 
 square is adorned with three fountains of a kind 
 of marble, the product of the country. It stands 
 on the side of an eminence, by the river Lech. 
 It is 14 miles S. of Lansburg, and 40 S. W. of 
 Munich. 
 
 ScHONHOVBN, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 South Holland, with a commo'lious haven. It 
 is celebrated for its gardens, and its salmon 
 fishery, seated on the Leek ; 14 miles £. by N. 
 of Rotterdam. 
 
 ScHORNDORP, a town of ^he kingdom of 
 Wirtemberg, with a strong castle, and produc- 
 tivf) salt-springs. It is seated on the Rems ; 17 
 miles S. S. E. of Stutgard. 
 
 ScHouTEN Island, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, near the N. E. coast of New Guinea; 60 
 miles long, and 20 broad, discovered by William 
 Schouten, a Dutchman, in 1616. Long. 135. 
 50. £. lat. 0. 40. S. 
 
 ScHoawEN, an island of the Netherlands, 
 forming the N. part of Zealand, at the mouth of 
 the Scheldt. It is 15 miles long, and 16 broad. 
 Ziriczee is the capital. 
 
 ScHRATTENTHAL, a town and castle of Aus- 
 tria ; 9 miles S. S. W. of Znaim. 
 
 ScHROBENHAUSEN, a town of Bavaria, on 
 the river Pur ; 16 miles S. S. W. of Ingolstadt. 
 ScHUT, an island of Hungary, formed by the 
 Danube ; immediately below Presburg. It is 
 40 miles long, and 12 broad; abounds in fruit 
 and herbage, and has plenty of game, wood, and 
 fish. The chief town is Com orn. 
 
 Schuyler Fort, Old and New, both in the 
 state of New York, on Mohawk River; the 
 Old 4 miles below, and tho New, 7 above 
 Whitestown. The latter is more usually called 
 For* Stanwix. 
 
 Schuylkill, a river of Pennsylvania ; which 
 rises N. W. of the Kittatinny Mountiiins. It is 
 navigable from above Reading to its entrance 
 into the Delaware; 5 miles below Philadelphia. 
 ScHWABACH, a town of Bnvnria, in the prin- 
 cipality of Anspach, with numerous manufiuL 
 tures. It stands on a river of the same name, 
 which flows into the Rednitz; 12 miles E. by 
 N. of Anspach, 
 
 ScHWALBACH, a towH of Germany, in the 
 •iuchy of Nassau, frequented for its mineral 
 waters, seated on the river Aa j 32 miles W. of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 ScHWALENBURQ. a town of Westohalia. in 
 the county of Lippe; 18 miles N. K of Fader- 
 born. 
 
 ScHWAN, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Mecklenburg, on the river Wamow ; 10 miles 
 N. of Gustrow, 
 
mmi 
 
 «■! 
 
 
 f 5 
 
 sen nsa 
 
 . ^"^ANDOKP.atown ofBavnrin, in the prin- 
 cjpality of Neubung, on the rivor Nab, 21 mile. 
 N. of Ratisbon. »-"»« 
 
 ScHWANKNSTADT, a a town of Austria, near 
 xvhich the l-ren>;h gained a decisive victory over 
 the Austnans in 1800. It is seated on the 
 Ager; 25 miles S. W. of Lintz, 
 
 ScHWAMzuuuo, an ancient castle of Ger- 
 many, which gives name to a district belonttina 
 to the House of Saxony. The district is divided 
 into two parts, the Upper and Lower, each bear- 
 mg the name of county. Are/-, 1166 square 
 mile* Population, about 108,000. Rudolstadt 
 and bondershausen are the chief towns. The 
 castle 18 seated on the Schwartz; 7 miles S. W. 
 of Rudolstadt. 
 
 ScHWARTZKNBERO, a town of Bavarian Fran- 
 coma, m a principality of the same name; with 
 
 Vh/ ' ^^^ <"* '*•« l^eck ; 24 miles E. S. E. 
 of Wurtzbuig, 
 
 ScHWAKTZENBERO, a town of Saxotiy. with 
 wire and lace manufactures. In the vicinity 
 are iron-forees, and mines of tin and lead. It 
 18 10 miles V. S. W. of Annnberg. 
 
 i>cnwAHvzKifBUKa, a town of Switzerland, 
 capital of a baiUwick, in the canton of Bern 
 10 miles S. E. of Fribui^, and 17 S. S. W. of 
 iiem. 
 
 ScHWATz, a town of Austria, in Tvrol; with 
 a Sliver and copper mine ; iseated on' the river 
 inn ; 14 miles N. E. of Inspruck. Pop. 4000. 
 bCHWEDT, a town of Prussia, m Branden- 
 mirg; with a magnificent castle ; seated on the 
 Oder, 24 miles S. E. of Prenzio. Pop. 4700 
 
 bCHWEiDNiTZ, a strong city of Prussia, in 
 the government of Reichenbach ; capital of a 
 P""^'P»'f'>' of the same name ; with a castle, 
 llalt of the magistrates are Cathohcs, but most 
 ot the mhabitiints are Protestants, who have a 
 church without the town, as also a public 
 sthool. All kinds of leather, particularly cor- 
 <lovan,aremanuiactured here. In 17 16 the great- 
 est part of this city was burnt down, but it was 
 rebuilt in an elegant manner. The Austrians 
 took It m 1757, from the Prussians, who re- 
 took it the next year. In 1807 it surrendered 
 to the French. It is seated on an eminence 
 on the river Weistritz ; 22 miles S. W. of Bres- 
 T^^^°P' 8000. Long. 16. 32. E. lat. 50. 
 
 ScHWEiNFURT, a town of Bavarian Fran- 
 coma ; with a palace. The inhabitants carry 
 on a large trade in wine, woollen and linen 
 cloth, goose quills and feathers. This town 
 was taken by the French in 1796, and was 
 given to Bavaria in 1802. It is seated on the 
 Mmne; 21 miles N. E. of Wurtzburg. Pop. 
 5200. Long. 10. 35. E. lat. SO. 6. N. 
 
 bCHWEiNiTZ, a town of Saxony, on the river 
 'iMer; 14 miles S. E. of Wittenberg, 
 
 bCHWEiNsBERG, a town of Germany, in 
 licMe-Cassel; on the river Ohm; 7 mUes S. E. 
 of Marburg. 
 
 . S^'HwEiTs, a canton of Switzerland, contain- 
 ing an area of 466 sijuare miles, and a popula- 
 tion of 30,000; bounded on the W. by the 
 ".•uostadter See, S. by the canton of U'ri, E. 
 by Uiai of Glarus, and N. by those of Zurich 
 
 SCI 
 
 and Zu3. This canton, with that of Urf and 
 Umlerwaldon, threw off the yoke of Austria in 
 1808, and formed a perpetual alliance in 1315, 
 which was the grand foundation of the Helvetic 
 confederacy. The name of Schweitzerland, 
 ^wisserland, or Switzerland, originally compre- 
 hended only these three cantons, but was ntlrr- 
 wards extended to all Helvetia. The whole 
 country, being rugged and mountainous, con- 
 sists chiefly of pasture, raises little corn, and 
 has no wine; but this soil, natur^ 'y barren, has 
 been improved by the natives to a great degree 
 of fertility. The inhabitants made a spirited 
 but unavailing resistance to the French in 1798 
 and they suffered severely in 1799, when Swit- 
 zer'und became the scene of military opera- 
 tions. The Roman Catholic is the established 
 religion. 
 
 ScHWEiTZ, the capital of the above canton 
 is seated near the Waklstadter See; on the* 
 slope of a hill, at the bottom of two high and 
 mgicd rocks, called the Schweitzer Haken. 
 The church is a large magnificent building ; 18 
 miles E. by S. of Lucern. Pop. 6000. Lonir 
 8. 31. E. lat. 46. 66. N. 
 
 ScHWEiTZ, Lake of. See Waldstadter 
 See. 
 
 _ ScHWELM, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 m the county of Mark, near which are some 
 m^icinal sprngs; 26 miles E. of Dussel- 
 dorf. 
 
 ScHWEaiN, a town of Germany, capital of 
 the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 
 It is divided into four parts; namely, Schwerin 
 the New Town, the island of Schelf, and the 
 Moor, which are all nearly encircled by a beau- 
 tiful lake. The principal church is a fine 
 Gothic pile, with a lofty spire. The ducal 
 palace and gardens are on an island in the lake, 
 and have a communication with the town by n 
 drawbridge. This town was taken by the 
 Prusaians in 1759, and in 1806 it was occupied 
 by the French. It is 35 miles W. S. W. of 
 Gustrow. Pop. 8600. Long. 11. 33. E. lat. 
 53. 56. N. 
 
 ScnwERTE, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 in the county of Mark ; on the river Roer ; 7 
 miles S. of Dortmund. 
 
 ScHWETz, a town and castle of Prussia, on 
 the Vistula; 7 miles N. of Culm. 
 
 ScHwiEBussEN, a town of Prussia, in tho 
 principality of Glogau. It has a castle, a 
 Catholic parish church, a Protestant church, 
 good cloth manuiactures, and fertile gardens 
 and vineyards; 13 miles N. of ZuUidimi. 
 Long. 15. 47. E. lat. 52. 2l. N. 
 
 ScHWiNBUHO, a town of Denmark, on the S. 
 coast of the island of Funen ; with the best 
 harbour in the island, and manufactures of 
 woollen and linen; 23 miles & S. E. of Oden- 
 see. Long. 10. 30. E. lat 65. 10. N. 
 SciAccA. See Xacca. 
 
 Scf • Ti. an island of the Grecian Archipehigo, 
 14 miles N. N. E. of Negropont, and almost at 
 the entrance of the Gulf of Salonichi. It is 1 
 miles Innir. nnd 4 hmnd. T./%n<. oa An p i-.. 
 
 39. 24. n': ""•=• ■ '^' ^" ^''** 
 
 ScioMO, a town of Naples; in Calabya 
 
«MI 
 
 SCI 
 
 633 
 
 SCO 
 
 
 
 Ulfm; on the sido of « rocky promontorv, rnlind 
 SoylUi, or Cape Sciglio. In the tcrribfo cnrth- 
 quuke in 1783, the sea was thrown furiously 
 3 miles inland, and on its return swept off 
 about 2500 of itg inhabitants, with the prince 
 of Sciglio, who, hoping to find security, were 
 then on the Scylla strand, or in boats near the 
 shore. It is 10 miles N, by E. of Reggio. 
 
 SciLLY, ft cluster of isles and rocks, at the 
 entrance of the English and Bristol Channels ; 
 lyiiiK almost 10 leagues W. of the Land's-end, 
 111 Cornwall. They are 17 in number. Of 
 these only five or six are inhabited. They are 
 a resort for seafowl, and feed many sheep and 
 rabbits. The inhabitants principally subsist by 
 fishing, burning kelp, and acting as pilots. The 
 . chief isle is that of St. Mary, nearly 3 miles 
 long, and 2 broad, which has a good port, is 
 well fortified, and contains more inhabitants 
 than all the rest put together. In this isle, 
 and in two or three others, are various anti- 
 quities, particularly the remains of a temple of 
 the Druids, and andient sepulchres. On that 
 of St. Agnes is a lighthouse, which, with the 
 gallery, is 51 fett high, and is a very fine 
 column. At the outermost extremity of the 
 isle of St. Martin is a seamark, built with rocfc- 
 stone, and as conspicuous by day as the light- 
 house on St. Agnes, but not so high and large. 
 The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of 
 ships entering the English Channel. One of 
 the most disastrous events of this kind happened 
 in 1707, when three men-of-war perished, with 
 Admiral Sir Cloudestey Shovel and all their 
 crews, St. Agnes lighthouse ii in long. C. 19. 
 W. lat. 49. 54. N. 
 
 SciLLY, a group of isles or shoals, in the 
 South Pacific; discovered by Captain Wallis in 
 1767, and described as extremely dangerous. 
 Long. 156. 30. W. lat. 16. 30. S. 
 
 Scio, (anciently called Chios,) an island of 
 the Grecian Archipelago, near the coast of 
 Natolia ; 36 miles long, and 13 broad. It is a 
 mountainous country; but fruits of viurioua 
 kinds grow in the fields, such as oranges, 
 citrons, olives, mulberries, and pomegranates, 
 interspersed with myrtles and jasmines. The 
 wine of Scio, so celebrated by the ancients, is 
 Btiil IT, great esteem ; but the island is now 
 princii)ally distinguished by the profitable cul- 
 ture of mastich ; it has also some trade in silk, 
 cotton, and figs. Besides the town, of the same 
 name, it contains 68 villages, all inhabited by 
 Greeks ; and those which furnish mastich are 
 the most rich and populous. In 1822 this 
 island became the scene of unparalleled bar- 
 barity, in consequence of the Greek population 
 having joined their countrymen in their strug- 
 gle for liberty. The Turks landed several 
 thousand men, and massacred all the men, and 
 the male children above 12 years of age ; the 
 women and young children were sent into cap- 
 tivity, and the male children were circumcised 
 in token of conversion to Mahomedism. From 
 the nth of April to the 10th of May, the 
 r. umber of alulu amounted to 25,000, and that 
 of captives to 30,000. But the sanguinary 
 proceedings of the Ottoman power were at 
 
 lnn>jth arrested, the oppressed Greeks liberated, 
 and Turkish despoti.-m elfeetually chastised. 
 
 Scio, the capital of the above island, pnd a 
 bishop's see. It is the best built town in the 
 Archipelago ; the houses being commodious, 
 some of them terraced, and others covered with 
 tiles. The castle, an old citadel built by the 
 Genoese, is now in ruins. The harbour is a 
 rendezvous for ships that go to or come from 
 Constantinople: it will contain 80 vessels, is 
 protected by a low mole, and has two light- 
 houses. It Btands on the E. side of the island ; 
 67 miles W. of Smyrna. I,ong. 26. 2. E. lat. 
 38. 28. N. 
 
 Scioto, a county of the United States ; lying 
 on both sides of a river of its name, which rises 
 in the state of Ohio, near the sources of the 
 Sandusky, and falls into the Ohio at Ports- 
 mouth, in lat. 38. 34. N. Pop. 11,192. Ports- 
 mouth is the chief town. 
 
 SciPio, a town of Now York ; in Cayuga 
 county; seated on the E side of Cayuga Lake: 
 95 miles W. of Cooperstown. 
 
 SoiBO, or SciRos, an island of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, to the W, of Metelin ; 15 miles 
 long, and 8 broad. The country is mountainous, 
 but has no mines. The vines make the beauty 
 of the island, and the wine is excellent ; nor do 
 the natives want com or wood. It contains 
 only the village and convent of St. George, 
 both built on a conical rock ; 1 miles from 
 the harbour of St. George. Long. 24. 38. E. 
 lat. 38. 54. N. 
 
 SciTUATE, a town of Massachusets, in Ply- 
 mouth county; situate on an inlet of the sea, 
 which forms a harbour ; 16 miles N. of Ply- 
 mouth, and 28 S. E, of Boston. Pop. 3886. 
 
 SciTUATE, a town of Rhode Island ; in Pro- 
 vidence county ; near which is a foundry for 
 cannon and bells ; 1 1 miles S. S. W. of Provi- 
 dence, and 27 N. W. of Newport Population 
 4090. 
 
 ScLAVONiA, a province of Austria, situate 
 between the rivers Drove and Danube on the 
 N., and the Save on the S.; bounded on the 
 W. by Croatia, from wliich, to tlie conflux of 
 the Save with the Danube, it is 150 miles in 
 length, and from 45 to 25 in breadth ; contain- 
 ing an area of 6600 square miles, with a popu- 
 lation of 650,000. A chain of lofty mountains, 
 covered with forests, extends from E. to W. 
 nearly through its whole length; but the re- 
 mainder is a fertile level country, producing 
 wheat, barley, maize, flax, hemp, madder, and 
 a variety of fruits. The eastern part is called 
 Ratza, and the inhabitants Rascinns. These 
 form a particular nation, and are of the Greek 
 church. The ancient Sclavonia contained many 
 large countries: some have extended it from 
 the Adriatic to the Euxine Sea, and say that it 
 had its name from the Sclavi, a Scythian nation, 
 who conquered Greece and this country in the 
 reign of the emperor Justinian. The language 
 of Sclavonia is the mother of four others; 
 
 namelv. those of Hunmrv. nnViomin Pnlond. 
 
 and Russia. 
 
 ScoNB, or ScooN, a village of Scotland, in 
 Perthshire ; noted for an ancient palace, whei* 
 
SCO 
 
 624 
 
 scu 
 
 I! Ml 
 
 h II 
 
 the kinp of 5lcotland used to be crowned. It 
 ii situate on the E. udo of the rivet Tay ; a 
 mile N. of Perth. 
 
 ScoPBLo, an island of the Grecian Arch!* 
 pelago, 10 miles long and 5 broud. It is very 
 fertile, produces plenty of good wine, and con- 
 tains 12,000 inhabitants; 6 miles S. of SciatL 
 Long. 23. 50. E. lat. 39. 24. N. 
 
 ScopiA, or UsKUP, a town of Macedonia, in 
 European Turkey, and an archbishop's see. It 
 is seated on the Vardar, over which is a bridge 
 of 12 arches; 160 miles N. N. W. of Salonica. 
 Pop. 8000. Long. 21. 46. E. lat. 42. 40. N. 
 
 Scotland, the northern of the two kingdoms 
 mto which the island of Great Britain was for- 
 merly divided. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the North Sea, E. 
 by the German Ocean, S. E. by England, and 
 S. by the Irish Se^. To Scotland also apper- 
 tain the islands on its westem coast, called the 
 Hebrides, or Western Islands, and those to 
 the N. E. called the Orkney and Shetland 
 Islands. From N. to S. it extends 270 miles, 
 and its greatest breadth is 150, but in some 
 places not above 30, and no part is distant 
 above 40 miles from the coast. It contains 
 about 20,000,000 acres, of which only 2,500,000 
 are arable, and about the same quantity is mea- 
 dow-Ian J, and the remainder is barren, or un- 
 cultivated. Scotland is 'divided into two dis- 
 tricta, the Highlands and the Lowlands; the 
 former comprising the mountainous part to the 
 N. and N. W., and the latter the more level 
 district on the E. and S. E. But nature seems 
 to have pointed out three grand divisions in 
 Scotland. The first, or N. division, is formed 
 by a chain of lakes, which crosses the country 
 from the Frith of Murray to the island of Mull, 
 in a S. W. direction; the second, or middle di- 
 vision, is bounded on the S. by the Friths of 
 Forth and Clyde, and the great Canal by which 
 they are united; and en the S. side of this 
 boundary is the third, or S. division. The N. 
 division is chiefly an assemblage of vast drear 
 mountains; not, however, without some fertile 
 valleys on the northern and eastern shores. 
 The middle division is traversed, in different 
 directions, by several ranges of mountains; and 
 though cultivation here is also found chiefly on 
 the eastern shore, yet of this division, as well 
 as of the former, the arable land bears a small 
 proportion to the mountainous and barren 
 tracts. The S. division has a greiit resem- 
 blance to England, and, with respect botli to 
 the general aspect of the country, and to tha 
 progress of cultivation, exhibits every kind of 
 rural variety. The civil division of the coun- 
 try is into 33 counties ; namely, Shetland and 
 Orkney, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Cromarty, 
 Inverness, in the N. division ; Argyle, Bute, 
 Nairn, Murray, Banfl^ Abenleen, Kincardine, 
 Angus, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, 
 Stirling, Dumbarton, in the middle division; 
 and Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Ber- 
 wick, Renfrew, Ayr, Wigtnn, Lanark, Peebles, 
 Selkirk, Roxburgh, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, 
 in the S. division. The principal rivers are tho 
 Spey, Don, Tay, Tweed, Clyde, Forth. North- 
 
 em Dee, Esk, Annan, I^ith, and Southern Dee. 
 The lochs, or lakes, are numerous, and soma 
 of them extensive. The climate is very vari- 
 ous. The northern extremity, which is in the 
 same latitude with some parts of Norway, ia 
 extremely cold ; but, from its insular situation, 
 the flrosts are far from being so intense as in 
 
 farts of the continent equally as fer to the N. 
 ta W. coast is subject to frequent rains in the 
 summer, and to sudden changes of weather. 
 In many places on the eastern shore, and in 
 the whole S. division, the climate is not in- 
 ferior to the N. part of England. The pro- 
 ducts of tiie country are grain, flax, woods of 
 oak and fir, coal, lead, iron, freestone, lime- 
 stone, slate, the most beautiful marble, fine 
 rock-crystals, pearls, variegated pebbles, &c. 
 It feeds vast herds of cattle, and flocks of 
 sheep, which are much valued for the delicacy 
 of their flesh ; and the fleece of the latter emu- 
 lates the finesi. Spanish wool. On the high 
 grounds the cattle are very diminutive; but 
 in many parts of the country, the horses and 
 cows are not excelled in size and beauty by 
 those of the English breed. Among the wild 
 animals are tho roe, stag, fox, badger, otter, 
 h^ge-hog, rabbit, weasel, mole, and other 
 small quadrupeds. Among the feathered race 
 are the capercailzie, or the cock of the wood, 
 the eagle, falcon, partridge, quail, snipe, plover, 
 black game, &c, Scotland was governed by a 
 king before the Romans visited England, and 
 continued an independent kingdom till the 
 death of the English queen Elizabeth, when 
 James VI. of Scotland, the most immediate 
 heir, was called to the throne of England, and 
 constantly resided in the latter ; he and his 
 successors calling themselves kings of England 
 and Scotland, and each country having a sepa- 
 rate parliament, till the year 1707, in the reign 
 of queen Anne, when both kingdoms were 
 united under the general name of Great Britain. 
 The counties send one member each to parlia- 
 ment, except Bute and Caithness, Cromarty 
 and Nairn, Kinross and Clackmannan, which 
 send members in conjunction ; so that the 
 counties send 30 members, which, with 23 sent 
 by the cities and boroughs, make the 53 com- 
 moners sent by Scotland ; and 16 peers are 
 elected to represent the nobility. The estab- 
 lished religion is the Presbyterian, which is 
 modelled principally after the Calvinisticnl 
 plan settled at Geneva, and on a general priii- 
 cijile of an equality of ecclesiastical authority 
 among its presbyters. There are few Roman 
 Catholics, but the Protestant Dissenters are nu- 
 merous. With respect to the trade and man-- • 
 factures, they are noticed under the respective 
 cities and towns. Edinburgh is the capital. 
 
 Scott, a county ot tne United States, at the 
 N. part of Kentucky. Pop. 13,668. George- 
 town is the capital.— Also, a county in the 
 S. W. part of Virginia, formed part of the coun- 
 ties of Russel, Lee, and Washington, in 1814. 
 Pop. 5702. 
 
 Scutari, or Isrendekje, a strong town of 
 Albania, and a bishop's see ; seated on the 
 lake Zcta, near its outlet, the riYe<; Doiana • 
 
scu 
 
 6as 
 
 70 milca N. by W. of Dura«o. Pop. 12.000. 
 Long. 19. 10. E. lat. 42. 33. N. ' 
 
 ScuTAiir, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nnto- 
 l«a, which may be considered na a suburb of 
 Constantirioplo. It stands on the strait oppo- 
 site that city; and presenta itself in the form of 
 an amphitheatre, affording a very picturesque 
 view, from the mixture of trees, houies. 
 mosques, and minarets. This town serves a^ 
 an emporium and a rendezvous to the caravans 
 01 Asia^ and has some manufactures of silk 
 and cotton stuffs. Here are extensive burving 
 grounds, shaded with lofty cypresses. Thi 
 rah Turks of Constantinople p/efor being in- 
 terred here; for they consider Asia as a land 
 belonging to the true believers, and believe 
 that the land of Europe will one day fall into 
 the hands of Christians, and be trodden on by 
 
 !"f Pop Sj^o? • "''"' ^ "' ^•""'«"""- 
 
 ScvLLA, a rock near the entrance of the 
 strait of Messina, on the coast of Calabria, op- 
 posi e the celebrated Charybdis. It foris a 
 small promontory in the narrowest part of the 
 strait, and is the famous Scylla of the ancient 
 poets. It does not come up to the formidable 
 .description given by Homer, nor is the passage 
 so narrow and difficult as he represents it : but 
 It M probable that its breadth is greatly in- 
 
 I'^^.T'^u ''^t™«- The rock is n^rly 
 200 feet high; and on the side of it stands the 
 .own of Sciglio, whence the promontory ia 
 sometimes called Cape Sciglio. 
 
 Sbafoud, a town in Sussex, and one of the 
 cinque ports. Its trade and harbour are now 
 ot little consequence. It is 10 miles S. E of 
 Lewes, and 61 S. by E. of London. 
 
 SEAftA, a province of South America, repub- 
 lic of Brazil, at the N. E. part. It contains 
 a population of 10,000. Seara, the capital, is 
 
 10 ,n"^-K^ K-.^'*- ^- ^'- 3- 31. S., and contains 
 1 .iOO inhabitants. 
 
 Sbaton, a town of Scotland, in Haddington- 
 shire, Here is a ruinous palace, in which Mary 
 tiueen of Scots occasionally kept her court, 
 aftei her return from France. It has a consi- 
 derable trade in salt and coal. It is situate on 
 the B nth of Forth ; 9 miles E. of Edinburgh. 
 Sebaste, a town of Palestine, the remains of 
 the ancient city of Samaria; 34 miles N. N E. 
 of Jerusalem. 
 
 Sebastian, St., a seaport of Spain, in Bis- 
 cay, seated at the foot of a mountain, on the 
 top of which is a strong citadel. The harbour 
 w secured by two moles, and a narrow entrance 
 for the ships. The town is surrounded by a 
 double wall, and fortified towards the sea. It 
 carnes on a great trade, particularly in iron, 
 steel, and wool. St. Sebastian was taken by 
 the French in 1719, in 1794, and again in 
 1608. On the Slst of August, 1813, it was 
 taken by storm, by the allied forces, under 
 Ueneral Graham, after a short siege, during 
 which It sustained a most heavy bombardment 
 which laid nearly the whole town in ruins. It 
 has since been rebuilt. It is .^0 milea E of 
 liilboa, and 60 N. W. of Pamplona. Pop. 
 12.000. Long. 1. 56. W. lat. 43. 24. N. '^ 
 
 8BB 
 
 ?ous f^i' TK "f"^"* ?" •* *""' ""^ nume. 
 rous forts. The city stands 4 miles W. of tha 
 
 i?th wlT'' ^^""^ '* r *"■«»' »""• crown" 
 It 18 3 miles m circumference; the streets are 
 straight, and most of them narrow, intersecting 
 each other at right angles: and the houses in 
 general are of stone, and two storie- high. The 
 churches are very fine, and there is more reli- 
 
 Sr iff p '" *'"5,.'"y' ""»" •" "'"nost any 
 town of Europe. The harbour is very com- 
 modious, with a narrow entrance defended by 
 !.T™ A ^?'® "■* manufactures of sugar, 
 ^rn^and cochineaL The ditterent mochaSS 
 carry on their business in distinct parts of the 
 town, pnrtirular streets being set apart for 
 particular trades. On the S. sWe of a Spacious 
 
 TZJ-" ^"l!^'^ '• """^ '''«'* "° "^^^l other 
 E K ''''"''' I"^ fountains, supplied with 
 water by an aqueduct of considerable length. 
 
 .IT ^?' ".^""^y ^y a double tier of 
 arches. The mint is one of the finest build- 
 mgs existing, and furnished with all the con- 
 veniences necessary for coining with the greatest 
 expedition. A Benedictine convent, and a 
 tort are on the extreme point, jutting into the 
 harbour opposite which is Serpent Island. 
 
 nav7.''''1,'''* ■* '^r'^^""'' magazine., and 
 naval store-houses. In another part of the 
 harbour, at a place called Val Loiigo. are 
 warehouses formerly appropriated for the re- 
 ception and preparation for sale of slaves im- 
 ported from Africa. It is tht principal em- 
 poriunri of South Brazil, and of the mining 
 districts, but 18 considered unhealthy, from it- 
 low situaUon, and the adjacent marshes, any 
 also from the filthiness of the streets and in- 
 habitants, who are devoted to pleasure and 
 indolence, and have the character of beina 
 more immoral than any European capital! 
 J he population consisto of about two-thirds 
 mulattoes and negroes, the remainder of a 
 great mixture of nations, and amount to IfiO.OOO 
 It was founded by the Portuguese in 1565 and 
 was made the capital of Brazil in 1763. It 
 was the residence of the Portuguese court till 
 1821, and in 1831 was the scene of a revolu- 
 tion, m consequence of which the emperor 
 Pedro abdicated in favour of his son Pedro II 
 bt. bebastian is a bishop's see : seated near 
 the mouth of the Rio Janeiro, in the Atlantic. 
 Long. 42. 39. W. lat. 22. 64. S. 
 
 Sebastian Cape, St., a cape at the N. W. 
 latlTio S ^'"''*«'"*^'- ^°"«- ^^- 25. E. 
 Sebastopol or Sevastopol, a seaport of 
 Kussia, and the hrst maritime town of the Cri- 
 mea. It has one of the finest and most secure 
 harbours m the world, capable of containing all 
 the Russian fleets; and it is the chief station 
 of the Black Sea fleet. The city is built on 
 the side of a hill, which divWes two of its fine 
 basins The old Tartar houses are small «n.i 
 jii-buiit; but along the quay are some new 
 buildings in a good taste. It stands on part 
 ot the Bite of the ancient Greek city of Cher- 
 
 S S 
 
f 
 
 8EB 
 
 Wo 
 
 SEO 
 
 IK 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 ion, trhero wiu the famous torrpio of Dtnna 
 Ttturicn; and consitlemblo ruing of thotn are 
 yot discoverable. It is 40 miles S. S. W. of 
 bimferoiml, and 850 N. E. of Constantinople. 
 Pop. 31,15«. Long. 33. 22. E. Int. 4i.-2f>. N. 
 Sbbenico, a strong seaport of Austrian Dal- 
 raatia; and a bishop's see; with four citadels. 
 The cathedral is a magnificent fabric, and its 
 roof is composed of largo flat pieces of morblo. 
 The Turks have often attempted in vain to 
 take this town. It is seated near the mouth of 
 the Cherca, in the Gulf of Venice ; 30 miles 
 S. E. of Zara. Pop. 6300. Long. 16. 46. E. 
 lat, 44. 17. N. 
 
 Sedouro, a town of France, deportment of 
 Nerd ; 6 miles E. of Valenciennes. 
 Sebu. See Zbba. 
 
 Sechura, a town of Pom, inhabited by 
 Indians, who are chiefly employed in fishing or 
 driving of mules. Here commences a sandy 
 desert, which extends southward about 00 
 miles. The town stands on a river of the 
 some name; 3 miles from the ocean, and 180 
 N- N. W. of TruxiUo. Long. 81. 10. E. lot. 
 0. 56. S. 
 
 Skckau, town of the Austrian states, in 
 btyria ; seated on the Gayle. It is 9 miles N. 
 of Judenburg. 
 
 Seckingen, a town of Baden; the smallest 
 of the four Forest Towns. Hero is a convent 
 of noble nuns, whose abbess was a princess of 
 lu ^P"®' ^' " seated on an isle, formed by 
 the Rhine, over which is a bridge. It is 11 
 miles W. of Basel. 
 
 Sedan, a strong town of France, capital of 
 the department of Ardennes, and formerly the 
 seat of a Protestant university. It is deemed 
 one of the keys of the country, and has a strong 
 castle, an arsenal, a cannon foundry, and a 
 monufacture of fine cloth. The famous Mar- 
 shal Turenno was bom in the castle. Sedon is 
 seated on the Mouse; 30 miles S. E. of 
 Charlemont. Pop. 11,000. Long. 4. 68. E. 
 lat. 49. 42. N. 
 
 SKDASiVAOUH,atown of Hindostan, the most 
 northern on the coast of Canara. It is seated 
 on the N. side of the estuary of a river, which 
 entore into a deep bay, sheltered by three 
 Mlands, one of them fortified, and the entrance 
 defended by a fort on a lofty hill. Three 
 miles up the river, on the opposite bonk, ore 
 the remains of Carwar, formeriy a noted place 
 ot European commerce, but totally ruined 
 dunng the reign of Tippoo Sultan. It is 50 
 miles E. of Goa, and 95 N. N. W. of Kunda- 
 pura. Long. 74. 15. E. lat. 14. 61. N. 
 
 Sedbergh, a town in West Yorkshire, with 
 a market on Wednesday, and a manufacture of 
 cotton. It has a parish church, two meeting- 
 houses for Metnodists, and one for Quakers, 
 and on amply endowed free grammar-school. 
 It u seated near the Rother, which abounds 
 MTith trout ; 10 miles E. of Kendal, and 2C9 
 N.W. of London. 
 
 Sbdokfield, a town in the county of Dur- 
 ham ; 251 miles from London. 
 
 SsEHAusE.-, a town of Prussia, in the Old 
 maik of Brandenburg ; nearly surrounded by 
 
 the river Aaland; 13 miles W. of Havel- 
 berg. 
 
 SEKLBuno, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Courlnnd, on the river Dwina; 68 
 miles S. E. of Riga. 
 
 Seblow, a town of Brandenburg, 10 miles 
 S. W. ofCustrin. 
 
 Seer, a seaport of Arabia, capital of a princi- 
 pality in the province of Oman. It has a good 
 harbour, and the navy of the prince is one of 
 the most considerable in the Gulf of Persia. 
 It is 1 00 miles W. S. W. of Julfiir. Long. 64. 
 68. E. lat. 26. 10. N. 
 
 Sbesen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Brunswick; 14 miles S. W. of Goslur. 
 
 Seez, a town of France, department of Oine, 
 and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fine coun- 
 try, near the source of the Ome; 14 miles N. 
 of Alen9on, and 120 W. by S. of Paris. Pop. 
 6500, Long. 0. 1 1. E. lat. 48. 86. N. 
 
 Seobbero, a town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Holstein; with a castle on a high mountain, 
 consisting of limestone, large quantities of 
 which are carried to Hamburg and Lubec. It 
 is seated on the Trove; 15 miles W. N. W. of 
 L'ubec. 
 
 Seoedin, o strong town of Hungary, with a 
 castle; taken from the Turks in 1686. It is 
 seated near the Teisse, opposite the influx of 
 the Maros; 105 miles S. S. E. of Pest. Lonji. 
 20. 36. E. lat. 46. 10. N. 
 
 Seoeswar, a town of Transylvania, capital 
 of a county of the same name. It is built in 
 the form of an amphitheatre on the side of a 
 hill, near the river Kokel; 47 miles N. of Her- 
 manstadt. Long. 24. 55. E. lat. 47. 4. N. 
 
 Seona, a seaport of Morlochia ; capital of 
 Hungarian Dalmatia, with a fort. It was de- 
 clared a free port, and erected into a bishopric, 
 in 1785. It is seated on the Gulf of Venice ; 
 1 00 miles N. W. of Spoleto. Long. 1 5. 2 1 . E. 
 lat. 45. 22. N. 
 
 Segni, a town of the papal states, in Cam- 
 pngna di Roma, and a bishop's see. Organs 
 are said to have been invented here. It is 
 seated on a mountain, 30 miles S. E. of Rome. 
 Sego, a city of Negroland, the ctpitiil of 
 Bambarra. It consists of four walled towns, 
 two on each side of the river Niger, which 
 contain about 30,000 inhabitants ; and, ns tho 
 Moors form a considerable proportion, their 
 mosques appear in every quarter. The houses 
 ore built of clay, of a square form, with flat 
 roofs ; some of them have two stories, and 
 many of them are whitewaslied. The current 
 money consists of cowries. It is 296 miles 
 W. S. W. of Timbuctoo. Long. 2. 46. W. 
 lat. 14. 15. N. 
 
 Segorbe, a town of Spain, in Valencia, and 
 a bishop's see. It is seated on the side of a 
 hill, by tho river Marvedro, 35 miles N. by W. 
 of Valencia. Pop. 15,000. 
 
 Segovia, a city of Spain, in Old Castile ; 
 capital of province of its name, and a bishop's 
 see ; with a castle. It stands on two hills, and 
 the valley by which they are separated, on the 
 S. W. side of the Krasma. It is surrounded 
 by a strong wall, flanked with towers and ram- 
 
V. of Havel. 
 
 urg, 10 milei 
 
 SEO 
 
 parta. It is supplioJ with water by a Roman 
 
 m arches of a prodigious heiglit, in two rows 
 ono ahovo the other. Hero tho "best c"oth in 
 Spam « made The other b,.inch.s of in" 
 
 na^l?n"H ''y^R- »"<1 tho manufacture of 
 paper, po tery and lead. The cnthtnlral stands 
 on one side of the great square, and is one of 
 the ha,.dsome8t Gothic stmctu es in Spain- 
 bejude, which there are 27 other chufcC' 
 
 Tn.lIX* P® .'"r,?'. '^''"I'^l " magnificently 
 fn^ 't!!*' ^l"'«'""*«'l ''ith very fi'ne paint- 
 n^ The mint, for some years the only one 
 
 are nulls, employed m coining. Secovia was 
 occupied by tho French in ISOo'^but w^ 
 evacuated m 1813. It is 43 miles' N.N.w! 
 
 square miles with a population of 171,000. 
 
 Wt 4T ? N '="^' ^''•"""- ^°"«- 412: 
 Seqovia New, a town of Mexico, in Nica. 
 ragua ; seated near tho source of a nver of its 
 S' J ."''J?''?r'"'° ""^ Caribbean sea; 90 
 S 4sf k ^ ^'°"' ^°"8- "7' ^- W. lat. 
 
 nnl^K^l*' New, a town in the isle of Luconia. 
 and a bishop's see, with a fort. It is seated at 
 S. J!* '"o ."/*''■? island, near the mouth of the 
 friTarS.To'rN''-"''''^'"''- ''°"«' ^20- 
 Seoba, a river of Spain, which rises in the 
 Pyrenees and runs S. W. through Catalonia! 
 passing by Puicerda. Urgel, Btlagt.er. and 
 l^erida. to Mequinenza, where it joins the Ebro 
 n,»^f°''?'nf •'""'" of France, f„ the depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire ; 20 miles N. W. of 
 
 Seouha, a river of Spain, which rises in the 
 mountmnB of Segura, in Murcia. crosses that 
 
 fh m'I-?'"' *'"' '^^ I'"^ •'f Valencia, and enters 
 the Mediterranean at Gunrdaman. 
 
 Seguka, a town of Spain, in Murcia, seated 
 '^i'nf mountamsj 34 miles N. E. of Ubeda. 
 and 96 W. N. W. of Murcia. ^ 
 
 Seoura, a town of Spain, in Amwon • 35 
 miles S. E. of Calatajud. and 38 N.^TerdeL 
 
 Sequba, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a 
 
 „/«??"„,•'' """"'T- JJ ''""*>« <"» the frontiers 
 of Spain; 15 miles W. N. W. of Alcantara 
 and 35 E. S. E. of Castel Branco '"*^'*™' 
 Sehauranpour, a town of Hindostan, in 
 Uelhi ; capital of a district of the same name 
 between the Jumna and the Ganges. It is 86 
 
 . Seidenbero. a town of the Prussian states 
 m Upper Lusntia ; with manufactures of cloth 
 and stockings. It is 8 miles S. S. E. of Gorlitz 
 
 i^,n ■ T "^ "'""lostan, consisting of several 
 small independent states, tha* ^-v" '-m-T 
 kmd of federal union, inhabiting the Punirub! 
 The founder of their sect was Narock, who 
 Wed m the beginning of the 15th centur^Jnd 
 
 6if 
 
 SEI 
 
 thoy are the descendants of his discinln. th. 
 
 word seiks, in tho Sanscrit InnguaSe i& „» 
 
 di.c pies. They are in gencrriTrfnSfwef 
 
 made, accustomed fVom their infancy to tho 
 
 most laborious life and hardest fare.'^A ,ak 
 
 of ong blue drawers, and a kind of chequi ^ 
 
 Plajd, a part of which is fastened roimd tho 
 
 wnl.' and the other thrown over the^houlder 
 
 form their clothing and equipage. Tho chie^ 
 
 are distinguished by wearing some heavy S 
 
 bracelets on their wrists, and sometime, a^ha n 
 
 of the same metal round their turbans, and by 
 
 being mounted on better horses , otherwise no 
 
 distinction appears among them. The oovern- 
 
 ment of tho Seiks is a militanr aristocracy. 
 
 1 heir army consists almost entirely of horse of 
 
 into the field ; and it is supposed thev mioht 
 
 ^mfoM?°°;u '^'l^y havS common ytfo 
 ■ome of them three hones each. Thev ind«^ 
 consider this animal as necess-ry to7he"r^ 
 stence ; and. while it is customaVy with them 
 
 brethren they mourn for the death of a hoiS 
 Xhe Seiks are tolerant in matteni of fa'tli. and 
 requ.ro only a conformity in certiun signs and 
 ceremonies; but. unlike the Hindool, they 
 
 The Mr'^'T''"' "'"'""eh those from lunonj 
 the Mahomedans are not much esteemed. The 
 capital IS Lahore. 5i?<? Punjaub 
 
 Seil, an island of Scotland, one of the Ho. 
 from';.^ ">"?« l-'"* and 2 broad; separatS 
 
 ShtaSg'r''^ •'"""'"' ^^'-'>-- 
 
 Seine, a river of Franco, which rises in the 
 department, of Cotes d'Or; fiows by Trov^! 
 
 ithch "7' ? » '*""^"' ""d enten. the Eng 
 liflh Channel at Havre de Grace. ^ 
 
 Seine, a department of France, the smallest 
 
 k"ngdL"° uT' '^' ^"^l '"'P°^"' J» the 
 Kingdom It has an area of ' bout 260 souara 
 
 miles, with 780,000 inhabitants. iCsSco 
 w level, and the soil fertile in corn and Se 
 also fi-uits and vegetables for the supply of 
 Pans, which is the capital. ^^^ 
 
 Seine, LowEB, a department of France in 
 eluding the N. E. part of Normandy. Jt'hM 
 
 haStf p"** "l'?"'?""^"' "'^^ 660.000 i^ 
 habitants. Rouen is the capital. 
 
 Seine-et-Marne, a department of France 
 including the western part of Chamjagne It 
 has an area of 2300 square miles, with 313 000 
 inhabitants. Melun is the capital ' 
 
 Seine-et-Oise, a department ' of Franco 
 comprising the district of Paris, un.lertho 
 name of Department of the Seine ExdusiJo 
 w tKas 000' • 'kT^'"^ 2200 square S 
 Site] ^«habitant8. Versailles is tho 
 
 ?n tTfu-""' ? *°^" °f Bavarian Franconia 
 
 ri^Vo^^crg™^^ ^ 
 
 Ge^rSleUTfrucI"'"^^'''^^"^"'-'"^ 
 
 aV W tj' r I' f •^'^"',^- W-V San! 
 ana w. by Cohestan and Farsistnn. The 
 
 SS2 
 
 I .'I 
 
8BL 
 
 •N 
 
 SEN 
 
 •oaMry h In gorwTni mnunUiinouii. The vnt- 
 lojri are the only Imliitablu pnrt*, for the piniiii 
 tre l)orrim, and covered willi Hue Mnd, which 
 ■ (oraetiiiiM miMd bjr whirlwinds to tuch n 
 deifTM na to overwhelm whole caravani. Doo- 
 •hak ia the capital. 
 
 Sklam, a town of Mexico, in Jucntan, nev 
 Ihe leucoiuti 4A mile* N. W. of Merida, 
 
 Sbuimwob, a town of Norway, in the province 
 of Drontheim; 18 mile* S. E. »f Drontheim. 
 
 Sklbt, • town in Weat Y<.fkahir« ; with » 
 market on Monday. It ia the birthplace of 
 Henry I., whuae father, William the Conqueror, 
 built an abbey here; and the conventual church 
 It now the pariah church. The other place* ol 
 worahtp are a Catholic chapel, and meeting- 
 houae* for Wcaleyan and I'rimitive MethndiaU, 
 CalvimaU, Quaker*, and Unitarian*. Beaidea the 
 free KmmmHr-achool, founded by Edward VI., 
 hero are aeveral charity-achoola, almahouae*, Ac. 
 A canal pnaae* f^om thi* place to Loeda, and 
 taige shipa are built here. It ia arated on the 
 Ouae, over which i* one of the mo*t complete 
 timber bridge* in the kingdom. It ia connected 
 with Hull, Leeda, Ac, by the Hull and Selby and 
 Lecda railwava. It ia 1 4 mUe* S. of York, and 
 1 77 N. by V/. of London. 
 
 Sklknoinsk, a fortified town of Ruisia, in 
 the government of IrkuUk j with a fort, and 3000 
 inhabitant*. The adjucent couniry is moun- 
 Uinoua, but yield* a great quantity of rhubarb. 
 It •tandi on the Selenga, at the influx of the 
 Chilok i ICO mUe* S. E. of IrkuUk. Long. 107. 
 28.E. lat.61. 16. N. 
 
 Sblknti, b town of .^aia Minor, in Caramania, 
 nt he mouth of a river of the aame name: 50 
 mileaW.S. W. ofSeledt. 
 
 Sbupkeh, (ancient Seleucia,) a town of 
 AiiBtic Turkey, in the province of Karamania, 
 at the mouth of the Ghiuk Sooyoo. It is an 
 aaaemblage of wooden and mud huta. 
 
 Seligemsxadt, a town of Germany, in He*i»' 
 Darmatadt, with a Benedictine abbey; scatud at 
 the conflux of the Gemspentz with the Maine; 
 14 mile* E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Sklibeia, or Siuvri, (oncient Selymbria.) 
 a town of Romania, and an archbishop'* see; 
 formerly a large place, but now much decayed. 
 It 1* aeated on the Sea of Marmora; 35 mile* W. 
 of Conatantinople. Pop. 6000. 
 
 Selkirk, a town of Scotland, the capital of 
 Selkirkshire. Its branches of industry are the 
 spmning of woollen yam, and extensive manu- 
 fecturet of woollen good* called " Tweeds," 
 which originated in this town ; stockings, 
 and a manufacture of boot* and shoes. It is 
 Mated on the Ettrick, ,.36 miles S. S. E. of 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Selkirkshikb, s county of Scotland. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by Edinburghshire, E. by 
 Roxburghshire, S. './ Dumfries-shire, andW. and 
 N. by Peebles-shi-e. li 's a hilly country, 20 
 mile* long, and 10 ., .« ' Tt returns one mem- 
 ber to parliament. ')'>,, olief ri era are the 
 Tweed, Ettrick, Wi,«v, ■ i ri-h.. 
 
 Sellbs, a town of v'r >;./>, ia .ae department 
 of Loire-et-Cher, i-;a «:>« iirep Cher; 10 miles 
 9- W. of iiouwreniiu. Pop. 3600. 
 
 fliLTS, a town In the department of Lower 
 Rhine, seated un the Rhine t '25 mile* N. N. £, 
 of Htinaburg, 
 
 Skltzkr, or LowRK Srltibr, a town of 
 Germany, in the duchy of Naaaau ; celebrated 
 for a apring of mineral water, which ia exported 
 in groat ({uantitie*. It i* tituateon the Emabachj 
 80 mile* K. of Coblcnta. 
 
 Skmauat, a town of A*!atio Turkey, in Irac 
 Arab! ; *eatcd on the Euphrate*, where a toll ia 
 collected. It i* 120 mile* N. W. of Doaaoor. 
 Long. 46. 15. K. lat. 82. 2. N. 
 
 Sbmbiw-uhkwn, a town of Uirmhh, from 
 which ia the principal road through the weatem 
 hills intoArracnn. It was entirely destroyed by 
 the Burmeae, in 1826. It aUnda 3 mile* W. of 
 the Irrawaddy, and SO S. by W. of rogahm. 
 
 SBMKOONnA, a town of Negroland, in the 
 country of Wnngara ; aeated on a lake formed 
 by a branch of the Nile ; 830 mile* S. S. W. of 
 Uomou. Long. 21. 80. E. lat. 14. 58. N. 
 
 Sembndria, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Scrvia, with a citadel ; leated on the Danube; 
 20 miles S. E. of Belgrade. Pop. 9000. 
 
 Sbmbnnud, a town of Egypt, on the E. 
 branch of the Nile ; 8 miles & S. W. of Man- 
 soura, and 53 N. of Cairo. 
 
 Sbmioallia, a duchy of European Rusaia, 
 about 100 miles long and 20 broad, forming the 
 K. part of the government of Courland. Mittau 
 is the capitnL 
 
 Sbminari, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ultra, with an abbey belonging to the united 
 Greek church. It suffered severely from an 
 earthrjuake in 1783, but now contain* 2000 
 inhabitants. It is 22 miles N. E. of Reggio. 
 
 Semlen, a town of Sclavonin, in the Austrian 
 empire, on the south side of the Danube; the 
 principal place for carrying on the transit trade 
 between Turkey and Sclavonia. Pop. 8000. It 
 is 4 miles W. of Belgrade. 
 
 Sbmpacb, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Lucerne ; celebrated fur the tmttle in 1386. 
 which established the liberty of the Swiss, and 
 in which Leopold, duke of Austria, was defeated 
 and slain. It is seated on a small lake of the 
 same name; 7 miles N. W. of Lucerne. 
 
 Sehuh en Auxois, a town of France, in the 
 department of Cotes d'Or, with a castle on a rock. 
 It has a manufacture of cloth. It is seated on 
 the Armanfon; 34 miles W. by N. of Dijon, and 
 135 S. E. of Pari*. Pop. 6000. 
 
 Semub en Briennois, a town ' ■» U part- 
 ment of Saone-et- Loire ; 33 miles h'. bv S. cf 
 Ma9on, and 45 S. of Autun. 
 
 Sena, or Marzali, a town c ' - .^a, 
 East Africa; on the river Znmbeze, where the 
 Portuguese have a factory. Pop. 2000. Long. 
 85. 3. £. lat. 7. 40. S. 
 
 Seneca, s lake and river of New York, in 
 Onondago county. The lake is 30 miles long 
 and 2 broad, and lies N. and S. between those 
 of Canandagua and Cayuga. At the N. end is 
 the town of Geneva, and on the E. side, between 
 it and Cayuga Lake, are the military townships 
 of Romulus, Ovid, Hector, and Ulysses. The 
 river rises to the W. of Geneva, nniaea by that 
 town, and receives the waters of the lake. It 
 
nont of Lower 
 milw N. N. f; 
 
 R, a town of 
 a ) cflubrnttxl 
 ich ii exportvd 
 I the Enttbach | 
 
 'urkey, in Irao 
 whoro a toll it 
 V. of DaMoar. 
 
 Uirmhh, fVom 
 {{h the weatem 
 f dettroyed by 
 I 3 milea W. of 
 of I'agahm. 
 eland, in the 
 a lake formed 
 ea S. S. W. of 
 4. 58. N. 
 an Turkey, in 
 the Danube; 
 . 9000. 
 
 ■^ on the E. 
 LW.of Man- 
 
 )pean RuMia, 
 d, formina the 
 rland, Mittau 
 
 , in Calabria 
 to the united 
 rely from an 
 onUins 2000 
 of Reggio. 
 
 I the Auatrian 
 Danube; the 
 
 ) transit trade 
 ?op. 8000. It 
 
 , in the canton 
 nttlein 1386, 
 ie Swisa, and 
 was defeated 
 
 II lake of the 
 erne. 
 
 ''rnnce, in the 
 stle on a rock. 
 t is seated on 
 of Dijon, and 
 
 n tlie ^epart- 
 iW.byS.cf 
 
 te, where the 
 2000. Long. 
 
 few York, in 
 }0 miles long 
 etween those 
 the N. end is 
 side, between 
 ,ry townships 
 lysses. The 
 anea by that 
 
 Jie lake. It 
 
 BEN 
 
 afterwards receirM the waUrs ot C«yu«a Laku. 
 Cttfiandagua Creek, and S-.U Lake, and theij 
 flows into Onandago River. 
 
 SauBCA, a county In the sUte of New York. 
 with 24.074 Inhabitants. Waterloo and 0»id are 
 the chief towns. 
 
 Skneci, a town of Now York, In One. Wo 
 county I situate on the N. side of the fui, i in 
 Seneca Hirer, 14 miles fVom iU mouth, and 28 
 8. of Oswego. Pop. 42H I . 
 
 Sbnbfpb, a town of Belgium, in ihe province 
 of Hainault ; noted for a battle gained by the 
 French over the prince of Orange in 1674. It 
 U 4 miles S. of Nivelle. 
 
 Sbnboal, a large river which rises Ip the 
 mountains oi Kong, in Ncgroland, and flows W. 
 oil the soutlierr confines of Zahara, Into the 
 Ailint; J Ocean i 120 miles N. E. of Cape Verd. 
 Its course i« flexuous, till it arrives witliin 6 
 miles oi the sea, when it takes a sudden turn to 
 the S., and for 75 miles is separated fVom the 
 sea only by a ridge of sand. lu mouth, not more 
 than half a league over, is incommoded by a 
 shifting bar, which renders the passage diflicult 
 and dangerous. 
 
 Sknbo*!., a country on the W. coast of Aflrica, 
 lying on a river of the same name. See Fovu. 
 The French have a fort and factory in an island 
 at the mouth of the river, and are masters of the 
 gum trade. It is called Fort Louis, was taken 
 by the English in 1768, confirmed to them by 
 the peace of 1763, but restored in 1783. Pop. 
 10,000. Long. 16. 81. W. lat. 16. 63. N. 
 
 Sbneoambu, a name applied to the countries 
 on the W. coast of Africa, between the parallels 
 of 8. and 18. N. latitude, and through which the 
 rivers Senegal, Gambia, and Rio Grande flow. 
 It comprises many districts, inhabited by negroes 
 of ditferent languages, and part of it abounds 
 with metals, especially gold. The actual limits 
 are undefined. 
 
 Senez, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Alps, seated in a rough barren country: 
 15 miles S. S. E. of Digne, 
 
 Senptendebo, a town of Prussia. In Lower 
 Lusatia, with a casUe j 36 miles N. N. E. of 
 Meissen. 
 
 Sbnlis, a town of France, In the department 
 of Oise ; seated on the river Nonette, and nlmoat 
 surrounded by a forest; 20 miles N. W. of Meaux. 
 and 27 N. E. of Paris. Pop. 4300. 
 
 Seinaab, a kingdom of Eastern Africa; 
 bounded E. and S. by Abyssinia, W, by Darfur, 
 and N. by Dongola and the independent districts 
 of Nubia. The Nile flows through this immense 
 plain above a mile broad, full to the very brim, 
 but never overflowing. For several miles from 
 the banks of this river, the soil is of verj re- 
 markable fertility; and at the time of the rains, 
 about the end of August and beginning of Sep- 
 tember, the country assume* a most delightful 
 appearance, resembling the pleasantest parU of 
 Holland. Soon after the niins cease, the dhourra 
 ripens, the leaves turn yellow and rot, the lakes 
 putrify, smell, and are full of vermin, all the 
 
 returns, with all its terrors of poisonous winds 
 and moving sands, glowing and ventilated with 
 ■ultrjr blastai the trade consists chiefly in ex- 
 
 629 
 
 8BR 
 
 changing the various prn<|ii«tlona cf fetcricr 
 Africa whh those of Egyot and Arabia. Th« 
 kingdom of Seiinaar was ibundmi by a body of 
 Bhilluk negroes in lft05. The government ir 
 despotic, but the king may lawftillr be put to 
 death whenever the chief officers decide that hia 
 reign is no longer a public benefit. 
 
 Sbnnaar. a city of Nubia, and capital of the 
 above kingdom, is 6 miles in circumference, and 
 very populous. It is said to contain 100,000 
 Inhabitants. The houses are chiefly of one 
 story, with flat roofs ; but the suburbs contain 
 only cottages covered with ruodi. The pnlaco 
 is surrounded by high walls, niid is a copftised 
 heap of buildings. The heats are almost insup- 
 portable in the day-time, except in the r Iny 
 season, at which time the air is unwholesome. 
 The commodities are elephants' teeth, tama- 
 rinds, civet, tobacco, and gold dust. There is a 
 market neai the palace, where slaves are sold ; 
 the females sit on one side, and the mules on 
 another ; the Egyptians buy great numbers of 
 them every year. The merchandise require*) 
 here consists of spices, paper, brass, hardware, 
 gloss beads, and a black drug which is used to 
 colour the eyebrows. The women of quality 
 have slight garments of silk, and wear rings of 
 various metals on their hair, arms, legs, ears, 
 and fingers. Women of a low rank, and girls, 
 have clothes wrapped round them from the 
 waist to the knees. The men g6 almost nuked. 
 Sennaar is seated on an eminence, near the 
 river Nile. Long. 33. 0. E. lat. 13. 4. N. 
 
 Sens, a town of France, in the department of 
 Yonne, and an archbishop's see, with a hand- 
 some Gothic cathedral. Several ecclesiastical 
 councils have been held here ; in thot of 1140 
 the well-known Abelard was condemned. Sens 
 was taken by the allies in 1814, but soon after 
 evacuated. It is seated in a fertile country, at 
 the conflux of the Vanne with the Yonne; 25 
 miles N. of Auxerre, and 80 S. £. of Parii, 
 Long. 3. 17. E. lat. 48. 12. N. 
 
 Sepulveda, a town of Spain, in Old Castiio i 
 80 miles N. E. of Segovia. 
 
 Sera, or Sira, a town of Hindoston, iu 
 Mysore, with a stone fort of a good mie. It is 
 the principal place in the central division of tha 
 rajah's domimons N. of the Cavery, and carries 
 on a considerable inland commerce. The whole 
 of the cloth made here is used in the neigh- 
 bourhood. Since the restoration of the rajah, 
 in 1799, the fort has been garrisoned by British 
 troops. It is 48 miles S. E. of Chitteldroog, 
 and 84 N. of Seringapatam. Long. 76. 63. E. 
 lat. 13. 3C. N. 
 
 SeraI; a town of European Turkey, capital 
 of Bosnia ; and the see of a Catholic bishop, 
 appointed by the king of Hungary. It is a 
 large commercial place, and is seated on the 
 river Bosna ; 130 miles W. S. W. of Belgrade 
 Long. 19. 15. E. lat. 44. 14. N. 
 
 Serahpore, a town of Bengal, belonging to 
 the Danes. The houses are of brick, plastered 
 with^jnortar, and have flot roofs, with balconies 
 ana v csccion wia Juwo. Tiie ii<imbitants carry on 
 some trade with Europe, China, &c. But tha 
 town is principally distinguished as the early 
 seat of Uie Baptist miasion in India, and aa 
 
*WHHP 
 
 II 
 
 8ER 
 
 C30 
 
 SEIl 
 
 !' 
 
 tHe rrai.leiico of British subjects who take re- 
 
 ^fu »? /'■°"' "'*■''' «'"'iJ'''"-8. It is Bented 
 en the W. bank of the lloogly; 12 miles N. of 
 Calcutta. 
 
 SEnnonot, a town of Russia ; in the govern- 
 ??»"}' "fWiburg, on the Inko Ladoga j 60 miles 
 W. N. h of Wibu:^. 
 
 Seiied, or SzEiiED, a town of Hungary, on 
 the river Waag; 30 miles E. N. E. of ProsbuW 
 Skrls, a town of European Turkey, province 
 of Macoilon ; 15 miles N. E. of Salonica. It 
 Jias a number of mosques, and other public 
 eUihces, and a manufacture of cottdu and linen 
 Btuifs. Top. 30,000. 
 
 SfiAFo, or Serfante, an island of thp Gre- 
 *="*"A'i'''"lP^'"8;o; « miles long, and 5 broad, 
 and tuU of jiounuiins and rocks, in which are 
 mmos of iron and loadstone. The inhabitants 
 are a 1 Greeks, and have but one town, called 
 fat Nicholo ; which is a poor place. It is 50 
 
 37 Ts N ''^ ^"'''** ^°"^" ■"^■''- ^"- ^" ^''*' 
 Sekoao, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Niznei Novogorod; 4« miles S. E. of 
 XViznei Novogorod. 
 
 SEaoippE, a province on the coast of Brazil, 
 to the fa, of Pemambuco. It produces sugar 
 and tol)acco in considerable quantities, and has 
 some silver mines. 
 
 Seiioippe, a seaport gf Brazil, capital of the 
 above province, seated at the mouth of the 
 Sergippe; 120 miles N. E. of St. Salvador. 
 Long. .37. 44. W. lat. 12. 10. S. 
 
 Seriqnan, a town of France, department of 
 Herault, at the mouth of the Ombre, in the 
 Gull of Lyon; 8 miles S. E. of Beziers. 
 
 faERiNAGUB, or GuwAL, a province of Hin- 
 dostan, situated chiefly between 30. and 32. of 
 JN. lut. and between 77. and 79, of E, long It 
 IS estimated at 140 miles in length, by 60 in 
 breadth. It is governed by a rajah, under the 
 protection of the British, 
 
 Seiunagub, the capital of the above province 
 is about three-quarters of a mile long, the houses 
 built of rough stone and mud, and covered 
 with slate, but seldom more than two stories 
 hJgh. The streets are narrow and dirty, but 
 there are some good shops. It is situate in a 
 valley on the river Alcananda, which is crossed 
 by a bridge of ropes, .On the ojiposite side of 
 the river, at the village of Ranihut, is a temple 
 sacred to Raja Ishwara, principally inhabited 
 by dancing women, whose lives are devoted to 
 prostitution, as a religious service. Serinagur 
 IS 38 miles from Hardwar. Long. 79. 18 E 
 lat, 30. 10. N. fa « 'o. j:-, 
 
 Sebinoapatam, a city of Hindostan, the mo- 
 dern capital of Mysore, is situate in an island 
 J miles long and 1 broad, formed by the Cavery, 
 which IS here a large and rapid river, with a wide 
 and rocky channel. The streets are narrow an 
 confused, and the generality of the houses 
 mean. The city is strongly fortified ; notwith- 
 standing which Lord Cornwallis, in 1792, hero 
 compelled Tippoo to sign a treaty, by which he 
 ceded half of Jus dominions, and agreed to pay 
 a vast sum of money to the English and their 
 allies ; and, a new war taking place in 1 799, the 
 iSntiah troops carried the fort by an aaauult in 
 
 which T-.ppoo was killed. The city and Iho 
 island have since been retained by the English 
 towards the suiiport of the late sultan's family.' 
 IJio palace is very large, and surrounded by a 
 nriassy wall of stone and mud : it is now the re- 
 sidence of a surgeon. The seraglio of Hydor 
 
 fw JPrnP""^^""'"'^ '"*" "n European hospital, 
 that of Tippoo into a barrack for artillery: the 
 private apartments of the latter are occupied hy 
 the resident, and the public ones by European 
 troops. Without the walls of the city are two 
 gardens and palaces ; and near to one of them 
 13 the mausoleum of Hyder, where rests all that 
 was mortal of this Mahomedan dynasty, con- 
 sisting of Hyder and his wife, and Tippoo, who 
 lie under tombs covered with rich cloths at the 
 expense of the British government ; and the 
 establishment of priests to offer up prayers, and 
 of musicians to perform the nobut, is retained as 
 formerly. In the space between the city and 
 tlie two gardens is the suburb called Shahar 
 Oanjam, which is rapidly increasing on a regular 
 plan. Seringapatam is 10 miles N. of Mysore, 
 and 290 W. by S. of Madras. Pop. 10,000. 
 Long. 76. SO. E. lat. 12. 24. N. 
 
 Seringham, an island in the S. of India ; in 
 the district of Trichinopoly ; celebrated for its 
 Hindoo temple, to which pilgrims from all parts 
 of Hindostan resort for absolution ; and here 
 as m all great pagodas, the Brahmins live in a 
 subordination that knows no resistance, and 
 slumber m voluptuousness that feels no want. 
 At present the allowance made by the British 
 government, for the support of the temple 
 and Its establishment, amounts to about 6240/. 
 sterhng. 
 
 Seronge, a town of Hindostan, in Malwa; 
 celebrated for its manufacture of painted cottons 
 and chintzes. It is situate on the river Cavery 
 half a mile N. of the fortress of Trichinopoly.' 
 and 140 miles E. N. E. of Ougein. Long. 78. 4. 
 E, lat. 24. !>. N. 
 
 Serpa, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with 
 a castle, seated on a rugged eminence, near tiic 
 Guadiana ; 38 miles S. by E. of Evora. I'o- 
 pulation 4000. 
 
 Serravalle, a town of Austrian Italy, in 
 the government of Venice, with a castle. It 
 has c oth, woollen, and silk manufactures, and 
 a trade in corn, wine, and honey. The cathedral 
 contains some fine painUngs, and the church of 
 fat. Augusta IS a noble etlifice. It is situate be- 
 tween two mountains, and at the source of the 
 Maschio; 22 miles N. of Treviso. 
 
 Serues, a town of France, department of 
 Upper Aips; 23 miles S. W. of Gap. 
 
 Servan St., a town of France, department 
 of Ille-et-ViIaine; with considerable mannfnc- 
 
 and 9000 inhabitants. It is seated at the mouth 
 of the river Ranee, about a mile S. of St Malo 
 from which it is separated by a narrow arm of 
 the sea, dry at low water. 
 
 Sebvia, a province of European Turkey 190 
 miles long, and 95 broad ; bounded N, by the 
 Danube and Save, which Rpn.'ir.ifn ,> f,„;„ jj.,j, 
 gary; E, by Bulgaria; S. l , Mac'edon'ia and 
 Albania ; and W. by Bosnia. The climate is less 
 mild than might bo expected in 43. and 44 of 
 
3 city and Iho 
 :)y the Englisli, 
 mltaii's family, 
 irrounded by a 
 is now the re- 
 glio of Hydur 
 ipcan hospital, 
 • artillery ; the 
 re occui)ied hy 
 i by European 
 e city are two 
 
 one of them 
 e rests all that 
 dynasty, con- 
 
 1 Tippoo, who 
 1 cloths at the 
 ent; and the 
 [) prayers, and 
 , is retained ds 
 I the city and 
 Killed Shahar 
 g on a regular 
 ^. of Mysore, 
 Pop. 10,000. 
 
 of India ; in 
 Jrated for its 
 rrom all parts 
 n; and here, 
 nins live in n 
 listaiice, and 
 ;els no want. 
 y the British 
 the temple 
 about 6240/. 
 
 in Malwa ; 
 inted cottons 
 ivor Cavery ; 
 'richinopoly. 
 Long. 78. 4. 
 
 lentejo, with 
 ce, near tiic 
 Svora. I'o- 
 
 n Italy, in 
 castle. It 
 iictures, and 
 !ie cathedral 
 le church of 
 I situate be- 
 lurce of the 
 
 >artinent of 
 p. 
 
 department 
 e manufac- 
 d tobacco, 
 ' the mouth 
 »f St. Malo, 
 row arm of 
 
 'urkey, 190 
 N. by the 
 from Hst?!- 
 idonia and 
 nckie is less 
 and 44. of 
 
 SBS 
 
 631 
 
 SEV 
 
 Illixt, the winter being of coDeiderable length, 
 and spring not beginning till April, This is 
 owing partly to the height of the great ridge of 
 tho Argentaro or Glubotin Mountains, extend- 
 ing along its southern boundary; partly to the 
 number of forests, ond the general neglect of 
 cultivation in^its interior. The soil is in general 
 fertile, but a small proportion of the country is 
 as yet under tillaga The products aro wheat, 
 barley, oats, rice, hemp, flax, and tobacco; also 
 vmes, and fruit of various kinds ; and in the 
 valk-ys, and other warm spots, cotton is raised. 
 Mines of iron have been discovered in 8e''3ral 
 parts ; but they are almost entirely neglected. 
 Ihe only manufactures are of woollen, cotton, 
 and hardware, for home consumption. Servia 
 was formerly an independent kingdom, but 
 yielded to the Turks in 1365. In 180) an in- 
 Burrection took place against their authority, 
 under the standard of Czerni Georges, previously 
 known as the heat of a band of robbers, but 
 now honoured with the name of avenger of his 
 country. In 1814 he judged proper to withdraw 
 into Russia ; and by a convention concluded 
 between his country and the Porte, in 1816, the 
 Servians acknowledged the sovereignty of tho 
 sultan, but preserved the free exercise of their 
 religion, as well as their civil rights. Population 
 1,000,000. Belgrade is the capital 
 
 Sesslacu, a town and castle of Bavarian 
 f ranconia; 16 miles N. of Bamberg. 
 
 Sesto, a town of Austrian Italy; in the 
 Milanese ; seated on the Ticino, where it issues 
 from tho lake Maggiore; 25 miles W. N. W. of 
 Milan. 
 
 Sestre, Grand, or Great Paris, a town of 
 Guinea, on the Grain Coast; near which is Petit 
 Sestre. It is one of the largest and most com- 
 mercial towns in the country. Long. 7. 0. W. 
 lat. 4. 50. N. 
 
 Sestri di Lev ante, a town of the Sardinian 
 states, in the territory of Genoa; 30 miles E. S. E. 
 of Genoa. 
 
 Se-tcheou, a eity of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province o\' Koei-tcheou. It is situate 
 among mountai ss, which yield cinnabar and 
 quicksilver; 980 miles S, S. W. of Peking. 
 Long. 108. 25. E. lat. 27. 10. N. 
 
 Se-tchuen, a province of China, bounded 
 on the N. by Chen-si, E. by Houquang, S. by 
 Koei-tcheou, and W. by Tibet. It is watered 
 by the Kian-ku, and is rich, not only on account 
 of the great quantity of silk it produces, but 
 also in iron, tin, lead, amber, sugar-canes, lapis 
 lazuli, musk, rhubarb, &c Tching-tou is tho 
 capital. 
 
 Seteef, a town of Algier, in the province 
 of Constantina. It was the ancient Sitipha, 
 capital of a part of Mauritania; but scarcely a 
 fragment is left of its former greatness, except 
 the fountains. It is 50 miles S. W. of Constan- 
 tina. Long. 5. 36. E. lat. 35. 58. N. 
 
 S ,TiMO, a town of tho Sardinian states, in 
 Pieamont; seated on tho Po; 8 miles N. of 
 Tunn. 
 Setleob. See Sdtluj. 
 Settb, a town of Western Africa, in a dis- 
 trict of its name, lying between Loango and 
 
 Benk. It has a great trade In logwood, sent 
 in vessels to Mayamba; and stands on a river 
 
 ?; n ^'^7®^'"^' ^^ ""'^ *'™'" '^8 ™""th, and 
 110 W. N. E. of Mayamba. Long. 10. 20. E. 
 
 l&t* ^U» 9« 
 
 >: Settinil, a town of Spain, in Granada. It is 
 situate 8 miles N. of Ronda, and 38 N. W. of 
 Malaga. 
 
 Settia, a town of the island of Candia, and 
 a Greek bishop's see; 48 miles E. S. E. of Can- 
 dia. Long. 26. 2. E. lat. 35. 3. N. 
 
 Settle, a town of W. Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday. About 2 miles to the E. is 
 Attermire Cave, containing numberless chinks 
 and recesses, fluted pillars, and hanging petri- 
 factions. At tho like distance to the N. is Gig- 
 gleswick Well, a reciprocating spring, which 
 will sometimes rise and tail nearly a foot, in a 
 stone trough about a yard square, every ten 
 or fifteen minutes. Settle is seated on the 
 Ribble, 38 miles N. N. W. of Halifax, and 236 
 of London. 
 
 Setuval. 5feeUBEs, St. 
 r^ Seven Islands, a cluster of islands in the 
 Frozen Ocean, lying in long. 18. 48. E. lat. 80. 
 31. N. Here Captain Phipps, with two ships, 
 was surrounded by the ice, from the 1st to the 
 10th of August, 1773, when a brisk wind at 
 N. N, E. effected their deliverance. 
 
 Seven Islands, islands near the coast of 
 Canada, on tho N. side of the mouth of the 
 St. Lawrence, at the entrance of a small bay. 
 Long. 66. 6. W. lat. 60. 10. N. 
 Seven Islands. iS^e Ionian Islands. 
 Sbvenbergen, a town of the Netheriands, in 
 N. Brabant; 8 miles W. N. W. of Breda. 
 
 Sevenoaks, a town in Kent, with a market 
 on Saturday. It coiitains a church, a meeting- 
 house for Baptists, an hospital, and a free- 
 school, first erected by Sir William Sevenoaks, 
 lord mayiir of London in 1410, who is said to 
 have been a foundling, charitably educated by a 
 person of this town. Queen Elizabeth having 
 augmented its revenues, it was called Queen 
 Elizabeth's School ; and the whole was rebuilt 
 in 1727. Near this town is Knole, an ancient 
 palHce of the seo of Canterbury, which arch- 
 bishop Cranmer exchanged with the Crown for 
 other lands, and which was given by Queen 
 Elizabeth to Thcuias lord Buckhurst, afterwards 
 earl of Dorset. In 1450 John Cade defeated th^ 
 royal army near this town ; 16 miles N. W. of 
 Maidstone, and 23 S. S. E. of London. 
 
 Sever, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Landes, seated on the Adour; 20 miles 
 E. of Dax, and 69 S. by E. of Bordeaux. 
 Pop. 9000. 
 
 Severac, a small town in the department of 
 Avciron, on the river Aveiron ; 23 miles E. of 
 Rodez. 
 
 "Seveein, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Walachia, on the Danube ; 6 miles W. of 
 Czemetz. 
 
 Severina, St., a fortified town of Naples, fn 
 Calabria Ultra, and an archbishop's see. It is 
 seated on a craggy rock, on the river Neto ( 
 8 miles from tho sea, and 45 S. E. of Rossanoi 
 Pop. 6000. Long. 17. 14. E. lat. 30. 16. N. 
 
 
J'ivaBKyrTi-iiifr-nn-.MM 
 
 iBsr 
 
 
 S E V 033 
 
 Sevmina, St., ntown of Italy, Jn the papal 
 
 •tales ; 13 miles W. S. W. of Mncerata. *^ 
 
 , Skvekina, St., a town of Naples, in Prin- 
 
 cipato Citra; on the river Sarnoj 10 miles 
 
 W. S. W. of rolieastro. 
 
 Severn, a river which has its rise in the 
 niountnm of Plynlimmon, in Wales. Florving 
 first across Montgomeryshire, it enters 5hrop. 
 ■hire above the Brythen Hills, and is navigable 
 in Its whole course through this -"untry. ft 
 then enters Worcestershire, and ru .s through 
 Its whole length into Gloucestershire. In its 
 course it waters Llanydlos, Newton, Welshpool, 
 bhrewsbury, IJridgenorth, Bewdlev, Worcester 
 Upton, Tewkesbury, Gloucester, and Newnham. 
 Where it begins to widen conciderably ; and, 
 entering the sea, ite mouth is called the Bristol 
 
 .V m'i'*'''' ^'"'* "^^^ •"" •» communiciUion with 
 the Thames, the Trent, the Deo, and the Mer- 
 aey, by different canals. 
 
 Severn, a river of Maryland, which waters 
 Annapolis, and enters by a broad estuary into 
 vnesapeake Bay. 
 
 Severo, St., a town of Naples, in Cnpitanata; 
 wated m a plain, 26 miles W. by N. of Manfro. 
 donia, and 75 N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Severus's Wall, commonly called Graham's 
 Uike, in the W. of Scotland, It is a work of 
 Uio Komans, supposed to bo done by the em- 
 peror whose name it bears, to prevent the in- 
 cursions of the Picts and Scots. It began at 
 r ,'''?'■'?• °" ^^^ ^"^^ °f l''°rth, 4 miles N. E. 
 ot Lmhthgow, and ran W. to the Frith of Clyde 
 ending at Kirkpatrick, near Dumbarton. * 
 
 bEviGNY, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Ardennes ; 12 miles N. W. of R«thel. 
 tJEviLLE, a province of Spain, forming the 
 western half of Andalusia, and still retaining the 
 title of kingdom. It has an area of 9500 square 
 piles, with 800.000 inhabitants. The surfece 
 IS diversified with beautiful plains and hills, 
 covered with vines and fruit trees. Agriculture 
 18 in a very backward state, awl the manufac 
 tares are all on a small scale. The chief towns 
 are Seville (the capital), Cadiz, Ecija, Xeres. 
 Ossuna, and St. Mary's, near Cadiz. 
 
 Seville, a city of Spain, capital of the above 
 province, and an prchbishop's see ; seated on 
 the Guadalquiver, It is fortified by strong walls 
 flanked with high towers, and takes up more 
 ground than Madrid, altliough it now has not 
 above 100,000 inhabitants. The Phcenicians 
 railed It Hispatis, and it is the Julia of the 
 Komans, who embellished it with many magni- 
 ficent buildings. The Moors built an aqueduct, 
 rtiJI to be seen, C miles in length. The cathe- 
 jlral IS by some supposed to be the largest church 
 m the world next to St. Peter's at llome ; the 
 Bteeple is of curious workmanship, and extremely 
 high, consisting of three towers, one above an- 
 other, with galleriesand balconies. The churches 
 and convents are opulent and beautiful ; of the 
 latter, that of St. Francis is adorned with a 
 handsome public square, in the midst of which 
 18 a fine fountain. The university consists of 
 
 manv CulIe^rN • nml tha .,.„f.,25^_. ....:_.. _.• t 
 
 - -«-- . »..^ j....}. (7r^i{^ r-,,j^jy ii;;|J 
 
 pensions. The rojal palace, called Alcazar, was 
 partly built after tlic antique, by the Moors, and 
 
 SHA 
 
 partly m the modem taste, by King Pedro | H 
 w p mile in extent, and flanked by large square 
 towers, built with stones taken from the ancient 
 tf mple of Hercules. Here is a foundry, and one 
 of the largest dep6ts for artillery in the kingdom. 
 Ihe principal manufactures are silk j and be- 
 hind the Alcazar is a royal snuff manufacture, 
 which 18 strictly examined and guarded. The 
 exchange is a square building of the Tuscan 
 order, each front iOO feet in length, and three 
 stories high. The town-house is adorned with 
 a great number of statues, and there is a laige 
 square before it, with a fine fountain in the 
 middle. There are !20 hospitals richly endowed, 
 f he suburb of Triano stands on the other side 
 of the river, over which is a long bridge of boats. 
 In this subuib stood the house of the Inquisition; 
 and there are public walks, where most of the 
 inhabitants go to take the air. The situation of 
 Seville renders it one of the most commercial 
 towns of Spain. All the trade of that kingdom 
 with the New World centred originally in ita 
 port ; but that of Cadiz being found more com- 
 modious, the galleons sailed from that place 
 after the year 1 720. Such vast employment did 
 the American trade give, at one period, that in 
 Seville alone there wero no fewer than 16,000 
 looms in silk or woollen work ; but, before the 
 end of the reign of Philip III., they were reduced 
 to 400. The country around is extremely fertile 
 111 corn, wine, &c., and there is abundance of 
 oil ; for, to the W. of the river is a grove of olive- 
 trees, 30 miles in length. Seville was taken by 
 the French in 1810, but they evacuated it after 
 the battle of Salamanca, in 1812. It is 45 
 miles from the Atlantic, and 212 S, S. W.of 
 Madrid. Pop. 100,000. Long. 6. 69. W. lat. 
 87. 14. N. 
 
 Sevres, Deux, a department of France, in- 
 eluding part of the ancient province of Poitou. 
 It 18 80 named from two rivers that rise here • 
 one, called Sevre Niortois, flowing W. by St.' 
 Maixent, Niort, and Marans, into the Bay of 
 Biscay, opposite the Isle of Re ; and the other 
 named Sevre Nantois, which takes a N. W. di- 
 rection, passes by Clissou, and enters the river 
 Loire, opposite Nantes. The department com- 
 prises an area of 2500 square miles, with 288,000 
 inhabitants, about one-eighth of whom are Pro- 
 testants. Niort is the capital. 
 
 Sevres, a town of France. 4 miles W. by S 
 of Paris ; celebrated for its' glass works and 
 potteries, which are said to produce the finest 
 porcelain in the world. 
 
 Sewalick, a chain of mountains in Hindostan 
 bordering on the country of Serinagur and the 
 province of Delhi. 
 
 Sevssel, a town of France, in the department 
 
 of Am, divided into two parte by the Rhone. 
 
 which here begins to be navigable j 14 miles N. 
 
 by h. of BfUay. 
 
 Sezanne, a town in the department of Mame: 
 
 P "" 'fnn- ^- "^'T'oyes, and CS S. E. of Paris. 
 Pop, 4200. 
 
 Sezza, or Sesse, a town of Naples, in Terra 
 d,^ Luvoro J 14 niiies N. W. of Capua. Pop. 
 
 Shaouh, a town of Egypt, on the W, branch 
 
SHA 
 
 [ing Pedro; H 
 )y large square 
 >m the ancient 
 undry, and onu 
 1 the kingdom, 
 silk ; and bo- 
 P manufacture, 
 [uorded. The 
 f the Tuscan 
 ^h, and three 
 adorned with 
 ire is a large 
 untain in the 
 :hly endowed, 
 the other side 
 idge of boats, 
 c Inquisition; 
 most of the 
 le situation of 
 t commercial 
 ^hat kingdom 
 finally in its 
 id more com- 
 a that place 
 iloyment did 
 iriod, that in 
 than 16,000 
 it, before the 
 rere reduced 
 emely fertile 
 bundance of 
 ove of olive, 
 ras taken by 
 ated it after 
 It is 45 
 S. S. W. of 
 69. W. lat. 
 
 France, in- 
 B of Poitou. 
 
 rise hero ; 
 
 W. by St. 
 the Bay of 
 id the other 
 I N. W. di- 
 rs the river 
 tment coni- 
 
 ith -ioa.ooo 
 
 m are Pro- 
 
 s W. by S. 
 works and 
 the finest 
 
 Hindostan, 
 ur and the 
 
 epartment 
 le Rhone, 
 4 miles N. 
 
 of Mame; 
 .of Paris. 
 
 , in Terra 
 la. Pop. 
 
 V. brunch 
 
 633 
 
 BHB 
 
 Sn'Sr^x^'ll ' *^ """«• S. E. Of Alexandria, and 
 oON.N.W. of Cairo. 
 
 Shaptesduut, a borough In Dorsetshire, with 
 a market on Saturday. It returns one member 
 to parhament. It stands on a hill, where 
 water is go scarce that the poor get a hving by 
 fetchmg it fr«m a great distance. It had for- 
 S?k ^ u P""*** c*'»»'«'«e8, now reduced to four. 
 1 he other places of worship are meeting-houses 
 for Methodists, Quakers, and Presbyterians ; 25 
 milM N. N. E. of Dorchester, and 100 W. by 
 o. of London. 
 
 Shaftsbubt, a town of Vermont, in Ben- 
 
 Po^TbbT""'^' 10 miles N. of Bennington. 
 
 Shahab, or Sahar, a seaport of Arabia, in 
 
 Hadramaut ; 110 miles S. S. W. of Shibam. 
 
 Long. 48. 40. E. lat. 13. 60. N. 
 
 Shahjehanpore, a town of Hindostan, capi- 
 tal of a district of its name, in the province of 
 Malwa; 20 miles N, E. of Ougein, and 196 S. 
 of Agimere. 
 
 Shahjehanpohe, a town in the province of 
 Delhi, district of Bareily. seated on the Gurrah. 
 Long. 79. 50. E. lat. 27. 62. N. 
 _ Shannon, the largest river of Ireland, which 
 issues trom Lough Allen, in the county of Lei- 
 trim, and, running S., divides the provinces of 
 Leinster and Connaught 5 it then turns S. W., 
 passes by the city of Limerick, and enters the 
 Atlantic Ocean between the counties of Clare 
 and Limerick. 
 
 Shap, a village in Westmoreland, at the 
 source of the Loder, between Orton and Pen- 
 rith. It has become a place of some business, 
 from the visitors to Shap Well, a mineral spring 
 in the vicmity. It had once a famous abbey, 
 which stood about a mile W. from the church, 
 of which little remains, except the tower of its 
 church, and the ruins of a bridge. In the vici- 
 nity are some great stones, like pyramids, from 
 10 to 12 yards apart, placed almost in a direct 
 line for a mile together, of such immense weight 
 that carriages now in use could not support 
 them. 
 
 Shapinsiia, one of the Orkney Islands, lying 
 3 miles fram the N, E. part of Pomona. It ia 
 7 miles long and 5 broad. The coasts are level 
 and produce grass and corn, but the middle part 
 18 high, and fit only for sheep pasture. 
 
 Shaepsburo, a town of Maryland, in Wash- 
 ington county; 2 miles from the Potomac, and 
 60 N. W. of Washington. 
 
 Sheerness, a maritime town in Kent, on the 
 point of the Isle of Sheppy, at the mouth of the 
 Medway, 3 miles N. of Queensborough, A fort 
 was built here by Charles II., after the insult of 
 the Dutch, who burnt the men-of-war at Chat- 
 ham in 1G67; and it has since been consi- 
 derably augmented and strengthened. There 
 are also an ordnance-office, a dock-yard, and 
 a chapel. 
 
 Sheffield, a borough in West Yorkshire, 
 With markets on Tuesday and Saturday, and re- 
 — 1._ i..., nic. — rsiOjjtiiiiamcnc; situate on an 
 emmence surrounded by a beautiful valley, with 
 a range of romantic hills in the perspective. It 
 ha! 6 churches, 15 meeting-houses, a Romish 
 
 chapd, a large Infirmary, and numerous chari- 
 table foundations. Here are also a large theatre 
 and an assembly room. The houses are well 
 built, and many of them elegant ; and few places 
 can boast of raore handsome or regular streets, 
 which are well lighted with gas, introduced hero 
 in 1819. This town has been long celebrated 
 for its various hardware manufiictures, which 
 consist particularly of cutlery ware, plated 
 goods, buttons, Ac, immense quantities of which 
 are now exported to all parts of the habitable 
 globe. In the town and neighbourhood are 
 foundries for iron, brass, and white metal ; and 
 numerous works are established on the banks of 
 the rivers, for the purpose of preparing the iron 
 and steel for the manufactures, and the neigh- 
 bourhood abounds in coal. It has received a 
 royal charter for a mayor and corporation. 
 The master cutlers are about 600, incorporated 
 by the style of the Cutlers of Hallamshire. 
 Sheffield is seated at the conflux of the Sheaf 
 with the Don, which is now rendered navigable 
 up to the town ; the North Midland railway 
 also communicates with it ; 53 miles S. S. W. 
 of York, and 163 N. N. W. of London. 
 Long. 1. 29. W. lat. 63, 20. N. 
 
 Sheffield, a town of Masiachuseto, in Berk- 
 shire county; 145 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 Pop. 2322. 
 
 Shelbeville, a town of Kentucky, capital 
 of Shelby county, seated on Brashan's Creek, 
 12 miles above its junction with Salt River. 
 
 Shelburne, a town of Nova Scotia, at the 
 head of a bay called Port Roseway. It extends 
 two miles on the water side, and one mile back- 
 ward, with wide streets crossing each other at 
 right angles. The harbour is deep, capacious, 
 and secure. About a mile from Shelburne, and 
 separated from it bv a small river, is the Black 
 Town, peopled by about 1200 free blacks, who 
 served on the royal side during the American 
 war. Shelburne is 100 miles S. W. of Halifax. 
 Long. 65. 0. W, lat. 43. 46. N. 
 
 Shella, a decayed town of Morocco, which 
 none but Mahomedans are allowed to enter • 
 4 miles E. of Salle. " e«ver, 
 
 SHELLiy, the laiigest river of Algier, which 
 takes its rise in the desert, flows N. through the 
 Lake Titeri, then turns to the W. and enters 
 the Mediterranean to the N. of Mustagam. 
 
 Shepherd's Isles, a cluster of iolands, part 
 of the New Hebrides, in the South Pacific, to 
 the S. of MalicoUi. Long. 168. 42. E, lat. 
 
 Shepherdstown, a town of Virginia, in 
 Jefferson county, seated on the Potomac, at the 
 influx of the Shenandoah; 60 miles N. W. of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Sheppy, an island in Kent, at the mouth of 
 the rhiiines, separated from the main land by a 
 branch of the Medway, called the East Swale 
 It yields plenty of corn, and feeds numerous 
 flocks of sheep. It contains the borough of 
 Queensborough and the fort of Sheerness. 
 
 Shewhjn Mall«:t, a town in Somersetshire • 
 with a market on Friday, and a considerable 
 manufacture of woollen cloth. It has a large 
 handsome church, and mecting-housea for 
 
SHE 
 
 C34 
 
 SHI 
 
 1 . 
 
 Methodists, Quakers, and Presbyterians. The 
 town IS seated under the Mendip Hills; 17 
 miles S. W. of Bath, and. 1 1 G W. of London, 
 
 biiEHDonNE, a town in Dorsetshire; with 
 markets on Thursday and Saturday, and inanu- 
 tactures of linen and silk. It was formerly a 
 bishop's see, and tne pari h church, which was 
 the cathedral, and in which are interred the 
 feaxon kings Etlielbald and Kthelbert, is a mag- 
 tufieent pile of building. Formerly here were 
 tw-o other churches, a castle, and an abbey, of 
 which scarcely a vestige remains. Here are 
 meeting-houses for dissenters, a free-school, 
 tounded by Edward VI., and other charitable 
 institutions. It is seated on tlie Parret; ] 6 miles 
 ^- ny W. of Dorchester, and 116 W. by S. of 
 iiondon. Long. 2. 41. W. lat. 60. ,'>4. N. 
 
 biiKRBRo, a fort of Guinea, seated at the 
 mouth of Sherbro River, which separates the 
 country of Sierra Leone from the Grain Coast. 
 It belongs to the English. It is 100 miles S. 
 r; "rlje'nou'h of the river Sierra Leone. Long. 
 11. 0. W. lat. 7. O.N. 
 
 SiiERnuHN, a town in West Yorkshire, with 
 o market on Friday, seatetl in a well cultivated 
 and fertile district, famous for its fine orchards • 
 on the Werk, which soon joins the Ouse •, 15 
 miles S. W. of York, and 184 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Sherezuu, a town oif European Turkey, in 
 ivurdk^tan; the residence of a pacha ; 160 miles 
 N. by E. of Bagdad. 
 
 SmcRiFF-MuiR, a heath of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire, nerj Dumblane, famous for a bloody but 
 mdecii^ive battle in 1715, between the roval 
 army. under the duke of Argyle, and the rebel 
 forces under the earl of Mar. 
 
 SiinRSEL, atownof Algier, in the province 
 ot Mascara, formerly of great importance. It is 
 said to have been ancientlv destroyed by an 
 cartliquake, when the arsenlil and many other 
 buildings were precipitated into the harbour, the 
 rums being still visible at low water. It is built 
 after the Moorish manner, and is famous for its 
 pottery, and steel (...d iron manufactures: 60 
 ?o ^,\^-^ ®- °^ ^'«'«^- ^°"g- 2. 48. E. lat. 
 
 Oad, 4«(, j\^ 
 
 Shetland, or Zetland, the general name of 
 about forty islands, besides a number of small 
 holms or rocky islets used only for pasturage, 
 lymg 100 miles N. N. E. of Caithness-shire, in 
 brotland, between 59. 48. and 60. ,V„>. N. lat. 
 ^.ne names of the principal are Mainland, Yell, 
 Unst, Bressny, and Fula. The description given 
 of the largest, or Mainland, will give an idea of 
 the others; and the particulars of the climate, 
 mhabitants, &c., are much the same as in the 
 Orkneys. Shetland unites with Orkney in 
 forming one of the counties of Scotland. 
 > Siievaounga, a town of Hindostan, in My- 
 sore; 25 miles N. W. of Bangolore. 
 
 Shidam, a city of Arabia, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Hadnimaut, and the residence of a 
 powerful sheik ; 300 miles E. of Sana. Long. 
 49. 40. E. lat. 15. 25. N. 
 
 Shields, North, a seanort in Nortlium'""- 
 huid, with a market on Saturday, and a consider- 
 able trade in coal and salt. The town extends 
 
 to Tynemouth on the E., and many elegant 
 detached mansions arc erected in the neighbour- 
 hood. It has wide and airy streets in every 
 direction, well paved, and lighted with gas. 
 Besides the church, which is the parochial 
 church of Tynemouth, here are 12 meeting- 
 liouses for dissenters and Catholics, and a Jews' 
 synagogue; also several valuable charities, libra- 
 nes, a mechanics' institute, and a theatre. This 
 town, together with South Shields, may be 
 deemed the port of Newcastle; for the largest 
 vessels are stationed hero to take in their lading, 
 which is brought down in barges and lighters. 
 It is seated on the N. bank of the Tyne, near its 
 mouth, and is connected with Cariisle by a rail- 
 way ; 6 miles E. by N. of Newcastle, and 279 N. 
 by W. of London. Long. 1.4. W. lat. 54. 58. N. 
 Shields, South, a borough in the county of 
 Durham, with , market on Wednesday, seated 
 on the river Tyne, opposite North Shields, with 
 which place it enjoys all the advantages of trade 
 and commerce, in common with Newcastle. It 
 consists principally of one narrow street, two 
 miles in length, with an open square in the 
 middle. Many trading vessels are built here, 
 and it has several salt-works and glass-works. 
 The churcli, situated on the S. "ide of the mar- 
 ket-place, was rebuilt, except the steeple, in 
 1810-11, at an expense of more tlian 4000/. 
 The other places of worship are a chapel of ease, ' 
 (situate on the Sunderland road,) a Scotch 
 chapel, united session chapel, and meeting- 
 houses for Independents, Baptists, Wesleyan, 
 New Connexion, and Primitive Methodists. The 
 societies and institutions, several of which are 
 of recent establishment, reflect great honour 
 upon the inhabitants. It is to a society of gentle- 
 men belonging to this town that the life-boat 
 owed its origin. It returns one member to par- 
 liament, and is connected with Gateshead by the 
 Brandling Junction Railway; 22 miles N. N. 
 W. of Durham, and 281 N. by W. of London. 
 Shifnall, a iown in Shropshire; with a 
 market on Tuesday. It has a handsome church, 
 two meeting-houses, a grammar-school, a na- 
 tional-school, and a subscription library; 11 
 miles N. E. of Bridgenorth, and 136 N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Shin, Loch, a lake of Scotland; in the S. part 
 of Sutlierlimdshire; 15 miles long, and 2 broad. 
 At its S. E. extremity issues the rapid river 
 Shin, which flows into the head of the Frith of 
 Dornoch. 
 
 Shippensduro, a town of Pennsylvania; in 
 Cumberland county, on a branch of Conedog- 
 winnet Creek, which flows into the Susnuehanna- 
 21 miles W. S. W. of Carlisle. 
 
 SinpsTON-ON-STouii, a town in a detached 
 part of Worcestershire; surrounded by Warwick- 
 shire, with a market on Friday, seated on the 
 Stom; 14 miles W. of Banbury, and 83 N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Shiras, or Shirauz, a city of Persia; capital 
 of Farsistan, seated at the end of a spacious plain, 
 bounded on all sides by lofty mountains. It is 
 surro.sinilcd by a wall 5 miles in circuit, with 
 round towers at the distance of 80 paces. The 
 city is built of brick, and adorned with many fine 
 
SHI 
 
 many elegant 
 the neighbuur- 
 reetg in every 
 ited with gaa. 
 
 the parochial 
 ) 12 meeting- 
 9, and a Jews' 
 :haritieg, libra- 
 theatre. This 
 ielda, may be 
 for the largest 
 n their lading, 
 g and lighters. 
 Tyne, near its 
 lisle by a rail- 
 le, and279N. 
 at. 54. 58. N. 
 the county of 
 lesday, seated 
 Shields, with 
 itnges of trade 
 Newcastle, It 
 IV street, two 
 iquare in the 
 re built here, 
 
 gliiss-works. 
 e of the mar- 
 i steeple, in 
 than 4000/. 
 hapelof ease, ' 
 I,) a Scotch 
 nd meeting- 
 9, Wesleyan, 
 thodists. The 
 )f which are 
 ;reat honour 
 ety of gentle- 
 the life-boat 
 imber to par- 
 «head by the 
 miles N. N. 
 . of London, 
 ire; with a 
 ome church, 
 chool, a na- 
 
 library; U 
 36 N. W. of 
 
 !i the S. part 
 
 ind 2 broad. 
 
 rapid river 
 
 the Frith of 
 
 sylvania; in 
 of Conedog- 
 isquehanna; 
 
 R detached 
 y Warwick- 
 ated on the 
 1 83 N. W. 
 
 sia; capital 
 iciousplain, 
 ains. It is 
 ircuit, "»7ith 
 aces. The 
 1 many fine 
 
 635 
 
 mosques and noble edifices. Here aremany good 
 bnzare and caravanserais j also a manufacture of 
 
 Z!l'i*if ^ Vu^ ''■? *''" '^"^ °f government 
 under Kenm Khan, who erected many of the fino 
 buildings m and near this place. In its vicinity 
 «ml 'i^T^^-T •'}""'n«-ho"8C8, with gardens; 
 
 nopf H fi ^*"" -"^ ^^^ *«'""' °f the celebrated 
 
 S^t i"f'*^' ">;" "^ '"'^"' «■«•" the wall; 
 and at the foot of the mountains, in the same 
 Jrect.on, ,s the f ^,, „f Sadi, 175 miles .^b^ 
 
 W.l/irS'37. N." ''''''' ^""^^ '- ''• 
 Shievan. See ScninvAN. 
 
 the coast of New Hampshire They lie con- 
 veniently for the cod-fishery, which >v^ formerly 
 earned on here to great advantage. ^ 
 
 biioGR, Djissr, a town of Syria, with an 
 excellent caravanserai ; seated on the Asi; 18 
 miles S. by E. of Antioch, and 45 S. W. of 
 Aleppo. 
 
 SiiooMSKA, one of the Kurile Islands, three 
 leagues S of Cape Lopatka, in Kamtschatkn. 
 Its inhabitants consist of a mi.xture of natives 
 and Kamtschadales. 
 
 SnooTEB'g Hill, a village in Kent, situate 
 on a hill so called, which affords a very exten- 
 "f fi "". •, ''?''8h'f"' prospect. On the W. part 
 ot the hil 18 a tower, erected to commemorate 
 the reduction in 1 7SC, of Severndroog, a strong 
 fort in Hindostan : it is called Severndroog 
 Castle, and contains some of the arms, orna- 
 ments &c. taken from the enemy; 8 miles 
 •b. b. E. of London. 
 
 SiioREHAM. a borough in Sussex; with a 
 market on Saturday. It sends two members to 
 parliament. It is commonly called New Shore- 
 Jiam. to distinguish it from the Old, which lies 
 near it, and is now of little account. It stands 
 on an arm of the sea, into which vessels can 
 enter with the tide ; and many small vessels are 
 
 •I w\t^*,'"' " niilroad to Brighton; 19 
 miles W. N. W. of Newhaven, and 56 S by 
 W. of London. ' 
 
 Shkewsdury, a borough and the capital of 
 bhropshire, governed by a mayor; with markets 
 on Wednesday and Saturday. It sends two 
 members to parliament. It is seated on a 
 peninsula formed by the Severn, over which are 
 two bridges, and is surrounded by a • all in 
 Which are three gates. Here were forr .erlv a 
 castle and ablicy, both now in niins. It con- 
 tains G churches, a Roman Catholic chapel and 
 meetinghouses for tlie various sects of dissen- 
 ters. Here are 16 incorporated trading com- 
 panies, of which the dressers and mercers are 
 the prncipal. Shrewsbury is the chief mart 
 for a coarse kind of woollen cloth, made in 
 Montgomeryshire, called Welsh webs; and for 
 all sorts of Welsh commodities, which are 
 generally bought in a rough state at Welsh- 
 pool, and finished here. It is also famous for 
 Its excellent brawn and delicate cakes : and in 
 ino envaoim is a large manufacture of coarsi^ 
 linens. Here is a free school founded by Ed- 
 ward VI., and afterwards rebuilt and more 
 
 8IA 
 
 ^Tgely endowed by queen Elizabeth; also seve- 
 ra chanty-schools, and other benevolent insti ■ 
 tutin,,,. In 1283 Edward I. held a pX 
 ment here, when the lords sat in the castle, and 
 the commons in a bam. Another parliament 
 was held here m 1397. by Richard II. In 
 1403 a battle was fought in the vicinity be- 
 tween Henry V. (then prince of Wales) and 
 Henry Percy, nicknamed Hotspur, in which 
 the latter was defeated and slain. James II. 
 held his court here in 1687 ; 40 miles S. S. E 
 of Chester, and 154 N. W. of London. Long. 
 2. 41. W. lat. 52. 43. N. * 
 
 Shrewsbury, a town of New Jersey, in 
 Monmouth county, with three edifices for public 
 worship. It is a place of genteel resort in the 
 summer months, seated near the sea-coasi • 45 
 miles E. by N. of Trenton. 
 
 Shropshire, or Salop, a county of England: 
 48 miles long, and 40 broad, bounded N. by 
 Cheshire, and a detached part of Flintshire, E. 
 by Staffordshire, S. E. by Worcestershire, S. by 
 Herefordshire, S. W. by Radnorshire, and W. 
 by the counties of Montgomery and Denbigh 
 It contains 858,240 acres, is divided into 15 
 hundreds and 230 parishes, has 12 market- 
 towns, and sends four members to pariiament 
 for the northern and southern divisions of the 
 county. The soil is generally fruitful, espe- 
 cially m the N. and E. parts, which produce 
 plenty of wheat and barley ; the S. and W. being 
 mountainous, are less fertile, but yield sufficient 
 pasture for sheep and cattle. This county 
 abounds with lead, copper, iron, limestone, 
 tree-stone, pipe-clay, bitumen, and coal; it has 
 also some salt-springs, numerous iron-works, 
 and manufectures of porcelain and flannel. 
 The principal rivers are the Severn and the 
 leme. The capital is Shrewsbury. 
 
 Shumla, or ScHOUMLA, a strong town of 
 European Turkey ; in Bulgaria. It commands 
 "!e paM over the mountains, and is 120 miles 
 N. N. W. of Constantinople. Pop. 300,000. 
 
 Shusa, atown of European Russia, capital 
 of the province of Karabegh, with 2000 inhabit- 
 ants, 500 of whom are Armenians, and the 
 remainder Tartars ; 225 miles S. E. of Tiflis. 
 
 Shuster, a city of Persia; capital of Kusis- 
 tan, wilh a considerable manufacture of woollen 
 stuffs, which are exported to Bassorah, in return 
 for Indian commodities. The streets are narrow 
 and dirty, but the houses are good, i.nd it con- 
 tains ruins which testify it to have been formerly 
 of great extent and magnificence. Its present 
 population is estimated at 15,000, Persians and 
 Arabs. _ It is situate at the foot of a range of 
 mountains, on an eminence which overlooks 
 the rapid course of the Karoon. Lone. 49. 2 
 E. lat. 32. 5. N. 
 
 Shutesbury, a town of Massachusets, in 
 J^ranklin county. Afler an earthquake, in 
 liiio, a medicinal spring appeared, which is 
 now much resorted to ; 80 miles W. of j3oston. 
 ^ SLtM, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the 
 ... ... hy that f,f Laos. E. by Cochin-Ciiina ami 
 
 Cambodia, S. by a gulf of its name, and W. hy 
 the Bay of Bengal. It is 550 miles in length, 
 and 250 m breadth, though in some places j.ot 
 
SI A 
 
 ^30 
 
 F 'J 
 
 iili t 
 
 f„w«*® i^r*' •" '^'^*"?^ '"*« *'"» "'g'"" and 
 liower. The country is level, and in tho rainy 
 ■eason » overflowed; f„r which reason most of 
 the houses are built on pillnm, and thev have 
 no communication for some months but by 
 Donts. The coil produces plenty of rice, cotton, 
 and a variety of fruits different from those of 
 *-urope. Many authors have extolled it as the 
 nnest and richest country in the world. There 
 are mines of gold, silver, tin, and copper; and 
 P^en y of pepper, aloes, benzoin, and musk. 
 Wild animals roam in the woods, as elephants, 
 rhinoceroses, leopards, and tigers. Their tame 
 cattle are beeves, buffiiloes, and hogs, of which 
 they have plenty about their forms. There are 
 targe and dangerous crocodiles, and serpents 20 
 teet long Ihe inhabitants have large fore- 
 heads, httle noses, plump lips, and black spark- 
 ing eyes. The men are of an olive com- 
 plexion with little beards ; but the women are 
 oi a straw complexion, and some have their 
 cheeks a little red Both sexes go bare-head^' 
 
 t^/T" ''°^®^' ^"''^P' »•'« wealthy, who 
 wear rich garments for ostentation. The king 
 Bhows himself but once a year to the people! 
 He u the proprietor of all the lands in the 
 Muntry and no one can buy any merchandise 
 till he has first had the choice of th»m. He 
 generally keeps a numerous army, besides 3000 
 elephants and can take 25,000 men into the 
 ™i„ „ J f ."«"''»""'». that is, the principal 
 men who daily attend the palace, are 3000 in 
 number, and are whipt very severely with split 
 rattans for the least fault. The temples and 
 pnests are very numerous ; the latter are dis- 
 tinguished from the laity by an orange-coloured 
 gannent, and by keeping their heads, beards. 
 
 ^ji,U^f rr"/'*^ '^^^^- They have 
 schools for the education of their children, and 
 scarcely any are found among them who cannot 
 read and wnte This country has been much 
 oppressed by the Birmans, to whom the king 
 ot biam.after a long and destructive war, ceded 
 • ,^;""i?'""® *<''^"* on the Bay of Bengal 
 in 1793. Bang-kok is the capital * ' 
 
 SiAM, or JuTiiiA, a city, the former capital 
 of the foregoing kingdom. It contains a great 
 number of Buddhist temples, convents, columns, 
 
 some others, differ from the common habita- 
 tions, by occupying a more extensive space. 
 
 height, but they never exceed one floor. The 
 Dutch have a factory here, and merchants from 
 different countries come here to trade. In 
 1766 this city was taken by the Birmans. It 
 IS situate on an island in the river Menan. SO 
 S% p it? niouth, in the Gulf of Siam, and 
 d60 S. E. of Pegu. Long. 100. SO. E. lat. 14. 
 lo. XV 
 
 SiANo-YANa, a city of China, of the first 
 class, m the province of Hou-quang, on the 
 mer Han ; 530 miles S. S. W. of Peking. 
 Long, 111. 40. E. lat 32. 5. N. 
 
 SiASKoi, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Petersburg, near thn LaV» Lndo"° - 
 
 SIC 
 
 SiBKBiA, a large country, comprehending the 
 northern part of the Russian empire in Asia. 
 It IS bounded on the E. by tho Pacific Ocean. 
 
 A J*"*u^^'y' W- ^y European Russia, 
 ana JN. by the Frozen Ocean. It extends 3500 
 miles in length from E, to W., and 1200 in 
 breadth, from N. to S. Area, 6,000,000 square 
 miles, with a population of 2,000,000. The S. 
 r rt produces all the necessaries of life, but the 
 iN. IS extremely cold, almost uncultivated, and 
 thin of people. The principal riches of this 
 country consist of fine skins and furs ; but there 
 are also rich mines of iron and copper, and 
 several kinds of precious stones, particularly 
 toiwzea of a beautiful lustre, magneU of an 
 extraorfmary size, and even whole mountains 
 of loadstone. The inhabitants are of three 
 sorts. Pagans, or the natives of the country, 
 Mahomedans, and Russians. The former dwe'll 
 in forests in the winter, and in the summer on 
 the banks of rivers. Their garments are tho 
 skins of wild beasts. All their riches are com- 
 prised m their bows, arrows, a knife, and a 
 kettle. They make use of reindeer and dogs, 
 instead of horses, to draw their sledges, and live 
 m huts, which they remove from place to place. 
 Ihose in the southern parts are somewhat more 
 civilized. They have horses with which they 
 go hunting, and their houses, though poor, are 
 not shifted f^om place to place. The Russians 
 settled here are much the same as in their nar 
 tive country. It is through this vast tract of 
 land that the Russian caravans travel every 
 
 r-t"'"' '^m" ^^^y "'^"y "'*'' merchandize to 
 China. The principal rivers are the Oby, Lena, 
 ri. ' y^nisei, and Okota, The western part 
 of Siberia is comprised in the Russian govern- 
 ment of Tobolsk, and is divided into the circles 
 of Tobolsk Proper, Tomsk, Yeniceisk, and Ko- 
 lyvan ; all the eastern part is contained in the 
 government of Irkutsk, and divided into the 
 circles of Irkutsk Proper, Nertschink, Yakoutsk, 
 and Okhotsk, which last includes Kamtschatka 
 and the islands. Siberia is the place to which 
 criminals, as well as persons under the displea- 
 sure of the court, are commonly banished from 
 Russia. Christianity has at present made little 
 progress in this country, though considerable 
 ettorts have of late years been made by tho 
 Russian government as well as by the British 
 Missionary Societies. Tobolsk is the capital, 
 and the residence of the viceroy. 
 
 SicAL, a town of Mexico, on the N. coast of 
 Yucatan : 70 miles N. W of Merida. Long. 
 90. 30. W. lat. 39. 30. N. '^ 
 
 SicHEM, a town of Belgium, in South Bra- 
 bant ; to the S. of which is a celebrated monas- 
 tery It is seated on the Demer ; 18 miles 
 E. of Mechlin. 
 
 Sicily, an island of the Mediterranean Sea, 
 about 165 miles long, and 112 broad. lu 
 form IS that of a triangle, terminating in three 
 cajjes ; that which is nearest Italy is called 
 Capo del Faro ; that next the Morea, Capo 
 Passaro ; and the third, which points to Africa, 
 , .npo di Boco. Siciiy is separated from tjiu 
 kingdom of Naples by a narrow strait, called 
 the Faro; but, as Messina is situated on it, it 
 
SIC 
 
 637 
 
 SIE 
 
 b called the Paro of Messfnn. The two king, 
 (loms of Nnples and Sicily hnvo nearly the 
 same climate, and the productions are mnch 
 the same ; but Sicily abounds much more in 
 com, particularly in the valleys of Noto and 
 Maiara. The valley of Demona has more 
 forests and fruit-trees than the two others. The 
 three great divisions of Sicily are named from 
 those yalloysj but since 1815 it has been di- 
 vided into seven intcndancies : viz. Palermo 
 Messina, Cntania, Girgenti, Syracuse, Trapani! 
 and Calatanissetta. The chief towns in the 
 VhI di Mazara are Palermo, Marsala, Trapani, 
 lermini, and Mazara ; in the Val di Noto, 
 Modica, Ragusa, Noto, Syracuse, and Castro 
 Ijiovanna; m the Val di Demona, Messina, Ca- 
 tania, and Nicosia. This country produces 
 corn, wine, oil, silk, excellent fruits, and almost 
 every necessary of life in wonderful abundance, 
 ihe only manufacturing establishments of ex- 
 tent are Palermo, Messina, and Catania ; they 
 consist of silk, cotton, and linen, and some 
 woollens, though the wool of the island is of a 
 different quaHty; to which we may add a few 
 articles, such as haU, cutlery, harness, carriages, 
 and household furniture, made at the principal 
 towns. The commerce of Sicily is compara- 
 tively trifling, though, from the variety of its 
 products, the excellence of several of its har- 
 bours, and the general safety of its coast for 
 navigation, it might, under an enlightened 
 government, become very extensive. In the 
 darkness of their complexion, and the indolence 
 ot their habits, the Sicilians resemble the 
 Italians and Spaniards ; and education is in a 
 very backward sUte, but the new plan of 
 teaching (of Bell and Lancaster) is beginning 
 to be employed with some success. The reli- 
 gion 18 the Qitholic ; and the number of eccle- 
 siastics 18 said to amount to 70,000, exclusive 
 of the monks and nuns. The assembly long 
 dignified with the name of parliament was* 
 until 18 0, merely a feudal institution, possess- 
 ing hardly any marks of the elective franchise, 
 bicily was successively occupied by the Pheni- 
 cians, the Carthaginians, and Romans. In the 
 Bth and 9th centuries it was conquered by the 
 u™?*of'«^"° retained possession of the island 
 about 200 years. They gave way to the Nor- 
 mans, who, attracted to Sicily on their progress 
 to the crusades, made the conquest of the 
 island m the 11th cei.tury. It passed sue, 
 cessively into the possession of France. Ger- 
 many and Spain. By the pence of Utrecht, 
 in 1/3, It was given to the duke of Savoy, 
 with the title of king ; but in 1720 the Austri' 
 ans prevailed on the new possessor of Sicily to 
 excliiinge it for Sardinia, and added the former 
 to the fangdom of Naples. The war carried 
 on by France and Spain against Austria, in 
 1/^4, transferred the crown of Naples to a 
 branch of the royal family of Spain, in whose 
 naiids It remained until the progress of the 
 French revolutionists, in 1799, led to the ex- 
 pulsion of the royal family from Naples. They 
 
 i«ii i^® "^ ^'"^y* "'^"''^ *^^^ remained till 
 i»'o, when the overthrow of Murat, by the 
 Austnans, led to ♦he restoiation of tlie former 
 
 feraily to the throne of Naples, which they e<m. 
 ttnuo to possess. In 1820 the Sicilians made 
 an attempt to establish a fi-eo government, but 
 the country was invaded by the Austrians, and 
 the king re-established in all his former abso- 
 lute authority. Area, 12,600 square miles. 
 Pop. 1,800,000. Palermo is the capital. 
 
 SiCLOS, a town of Hungary, with a castle on 
 a mountain, in which the emperor Sigismund 
 was imprisoned ; 12 miles S. of Funfkirchen. 
 
 SiCNLiANA, a town in the S. of Sicily. It has 
 a harbour, and a trade in sulphur and wheat. 
 Pop. 6000. It is 8 miles N. by W. of Girgenti, 
 SiDAYB, a strong town on the N. coast of 
 the island of Java, with a harbour. Long. 1 13. 
 15. E. lat. 6. 40. S. 
 
 SiDERocAPso, a town of Macedonia, famous 
 for a gold mine in its neighbourhood. It is 
 6 miles from the Giilf of Contessa, and 40 £. 
 S. £. of Salonichi. 
 
 SiDMOUTii, a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. It is much frequented 
 in the bathing season, and was formerly a sea- 
 port, but its harbour is now choked up. It is 
 seated on the English Channel, at the mouth 
 of the Sid ; 12 miles S. E. of Exeter, and 158 
 W. by S. of London. 
 
 SiDRA, or Sydra, a spacious gulf of the 
 Mediterranean, on the coast of Tripoli, an- 
 ciently called Syrtis. 
 
 SiEDENBERo, a town of Hanover, in the 
 county of Hoya ; 9 miles S. W. of Hoya. 
 
 SiEOBERO, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 in the duchy of Berg, on the river Sieg ; 1 5 
 miles S. E. of Cologne. 
 
 SixoEN, a town and castle of Prussian West- 
 phalia, formerly the capital of a principality 
 belonging to the House of Nassau. In the 
 neighbourhood are iron-mines, forges, and foun- 
 dries. It is seated on the Sieg; 24 miles N. W. 
 of Wetzlar. Long. 8. 12. E. lat. 50. 47. N. 
 
 Sienna, or Siennese, a province of the grand 
 duchy of Tuscany, bounded by the Florentine 
 and the territory of Pisa. The soil is pretty 
 fertile, especially in mulberry- trees, which feed 
 a great number of silk-worms ; and there are 
 several mineral springs. It is 62 miles long, 
 and nearly the same broad, and has an area of 
 3000 square miles, with 190,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Sienna, a city of Tuscany, capital of the 
 foregoing province, and an archbishop's see, 
 with a university and a citadel. It is sur- 
 rounded by a wall above 4 miles in circum- 
 ference. The Gothic metropolitan church is 
 built with black and white marble, and the 
 pavement is of Mosaic work. Sienna is not 
 very populous; it once contained 85,000 in- 
 habitants, but it has declined to 15,000. It 
 is adorned with a great number of palaces, 
 fountains, and superb churches. The great 
 area is round, and the houses about it are of 
 the same height, supported by piazzas, under 
 which people may walk in all weathers. The 
 Italian language is spoken in Sienna m its 
 greatest purity. It is seated on three emi- 
 nences, 26 miles S. of Florence, and 120 N. 
 N. W. of Rome. Long. 11. 11. E. lat. 43. 
 
 /I 
 
 f{ 
 
 i 
 
 & 
 
SIE 
 
 ets 
 
 SIL 
 
 >yi 
 
 '1 ^ 
 
 I fill 
 
 III 
 
 1 1 
 
 li"! 
 
 SiBRK a town of France, in the department 
 or Moselle, neiir the river Moselle; 10 miles 
 N. N. E. of Thionville. 
 
 SiEUHA Lrone, a country of Africa, in the 
 Vv. part of Gumea; so named from being moun- 
 tainous, and the mountains abounding in lions. 
 It IS situatetl on the Atlantic, and is distin- 
 guished for the colony formed there by the 
 Uritish nation, from motives of generosity and 
 philanthropy. This country is traversed by a 
 considerable river, derived from the interior, 
 called the Mitomba, or Sierra Leone. Its limita 
 are trom the Grain Coast on the S. E. to Cape 
 Veip on the N. W. ; that is, between 7. and 10. 
 W. lat. In the open and plain parts, on the 
 banks of the river, the heat of the sun, before 
 any breeze arises, is almost intolerable; but 
 a refreshing gale constantly springs up about 
 noon, which renders the country supportable, 
 rhe wet season, from May to October, is ushered 
 m and terminated by stormy weather. It is 
 considered very unhealthy, but probably not 
 more so than New Orleans; and fi.r better than 
 the french settlements on the Senegal The 
 whole tract, on each side of the river, is rich in 
 rice and millet, which is the chief sustenance of 
 the inhabitants; and, upon the whole, it is ono 
 of the best countries on the coast. The natives 
 are in general of mild external manners, and 
 noted for their liospitality; but they possess a 
 great share of pride, imd are easily affected by 
 an insult. Of all the tribes, those who have 
 embraced Mahomedism are the most civilized 
 and respectable; and those on the coast, from 
 their intercourse with the European slave-fac- 
 tors, are much inferior in every thing, except 
 the art of making a bargain, to those who reside 
 higher up the country. In 1791 an act of par- 
 liament was obtained, incorporating a company 
 called the Sierra Leone Company, for the pur- 
 pose of cultivating West India and other tropi- 
 cal productions on the banks of the river The 
 first settlers amounted to 200 white persons. 
 besidw a number of free blacks from Nova Sco^ 
 tia. In 1793 the colonists were all put into 
 possession of small lots of land, and a new 
 town, on a regular and extended scale, was be- 
 gun to be built. The next year a French squad- 
 ron destroyed the settlement, and captured 
 several of the company's ships: from this dis- 
 aster they recovered, and a factory was esta- 
 blished m the Rio Pongos in 179,7. The colony 
 however, still continued to languish, and in 1800 
 It was transferred from the company to his ma- 
 jesty. It was soon after placed uniler the ma- 
 nagement of the African Institution; and, not- 
 withstanding all its disadvantages, the colony 
 has been rapidly advancing in prosi)erity, and 
 the population is continually augmenting by 
 the capture of negroes, on their way to the 
 
 West Indies, by vessels employed to put a stop 
 to the slave trade. The number landed in 1 (V'4 
 WIS 1,5.30; in 102.5, 2337; in 1826, 2727- and 
 in 1027, 28,57. The wjiole population of the 
 liberated Afiicans in the villages (exclusive of 
 25U2 persons resident in Freetown, or em ployed 
 at the timber lactones) is now upwardsof 20 000 
 Independently of Freetown, but including the 
 
 isles de Los and Freetown, the number of settle 
 ments now amount to 14, of which Regent and 
 Wellington are the richest and most populous. 
 Ihe inhabitants are by no means wanting in 
 industry. The markets of Freetown are sup. 
 plied with flruit and vegetables almost excln- 
 siyely by the mountain villages; and from 80 to 
 100 persons aro to be seen daily on the hill 
 leading to Gloucester Town, with the produce of 
 «ieir own farms and gardens. The Church and 
 Wesley an Missionary Societies are aiding by 
 their efforts in promoting the happiness and 
 prosperity of the colony ; education is rapidly 
 extending, and numbers of degraded negroes are 
 nsing into respectability, and even wealth. 
 Freetown is the capital. 
 
 SiEBRA MoRKNA, mountains of Spain, divid- 
 ing Andalusia from Estremadura and New Cas- 
 tile, rendered famous by the wars of the Chris- 
 tians and Mahomedans, and for being the scene 
 where Cervantes has placed the most euterUiin- 
 uig adventures of his hero, 
 SiOETH. See ZioET. 
 SioiLMESSA. See Suoulmessa. 
 SiOMARiNOEN, a town of Germany, with a 
 castle, which gives name to a branch of the 
 House of Hohenzollern. It is seated on the 
 Danube, 18 miles E. S. E. of Hollenzollem. 
 
 hiGNAU, a town of Switzeriand. in the canton 
 of Bern ; 12 miles S. E. of Bern. 
 
 SiGLUNA, a town of Swedp!i, in Upland 10 
 miles N. of Stockholm. 
 
 SiouENZA, a town of Sp.iin, in Guadnlaxarn, 
 and a bishop's see, with a castle, in which is an 
 arsenal. It had formerly a university, consist- 
 ing of several colleges. The most considerable 
 structure is the cathedral. It is seated on a 
 hill, at the foot of Mount Atienca, C5 miles 
 N E. of Madrid. Pop. 5000. Long. 2. 51. 
 W. lat. 40. 5H. N. ^ 
 
 SiHON, a river. See Sinn. 
 SiLAOuTTA, n town of llindostan, in Mysore 
 celebrated for its kitchen-gardens. Coarse' 
 cotton cloths are made here, and some tobacco 
 grows in the neighbourhood. It is 20 milea 
 N. W. of Colar, and 32 N. E. of Bangalore. 
 
 biLBERBEao, a strong town of Prussian Si- 
 lesia. It has its name from a mine of iead and 
 silver, the working of which has been disconti- 
 nues! ; 11 miles N. N. E. of Glatz. 
 
 SiLCHESTEH, a village in Hampsiiire, once a 
 celebrated city, and said to have been the place 
 where Arthur was crowned. There are consi- 
 derable remains of its walls and ditches, enclos- 
 ing an area of 80 acres; and two military roads 
 .u*" *''eS Rate, one to Winchester, and the 
 otfier to Old Snrum. It is C miles N. of Ba- 
 singstoke, 
 
 'SihKsix, a province of the Prussian states, 
 formerly belonging to the kingdom of Bohemia 
 It is 200 miles long, and 170 broad; bounded 
 on the N. by Brandenburg, E. by Poland, S. 
 by Moravia, and W. by Bohemia, from which 
 It IS separated by a long chain of mountains : 
 the highest, called Zotenburg, is in the princi- 
 pal.ty of Schweidnit.T. Thore are mines of caiL 
 load, copper, and iron, and quarries of various 
 stones, besides antimony, sivltpetre, sulphur, 
 
 ; 
 
SIL 
 
 089 
 
 SIN 
 
 I 
 
 alum, vitriol, quJcksilver, ngnto, jaapcr, nn<l oven 
 Borne gems. The principal rivers are the Oiler, 
 Bober, Neisse, Queis, and Oppo. Tlio chief 
 manufacture is linen cloth ; there arc also some 
 woollen manufactures, potteries, iron-foundries, 
 and Rlnss-houses. In this country are a great 
 number of cattle, large studs o^ horses, and 
 plenty of game in tho woods; also a few lynxes, 
 bears, foxes, otters, and beavers. There are many 
 lakes, full of pike, carp, and other good fish ; 
 also plenty of bees, which produce mucli honey 
 and wax. Wheat, maize, barley, oats, millet, 
 anil in some places saffron, are cultivate«. , but 
 Its wme IS bad, and chiefly used for vinegar. 
 Silesia was formerly divided into Upper and 
 Ijower: the former comprie'ng the S. part, 
 where the inhabitants are generally Roman 
 Catholics, and sjjeak the Polish language : in 
 the latter they are almost all Protestants, and 
 speak their mother tongiie. The country of 
 Olatz, and a portion of Lusatia, are now an- 
 nexed to this province, wliich forms a military 
 division along with Posen, and is divided into 
 the governments of Breslau, Liegiiitz, 0|ipeln, 
 and Reichenbach ; containing together an area 
 ot 15,000 square miles, and a population of 
 -,000,000. This country was ceded to the 
 king of I'russia, in 1742, by the treaty of Bres- 
 jau. In 1007 it was overrun by the French, 
 but was restored to Prussia at the peace of Til- 
 sit. Rresliiu is the capital. 
 
 SiLiiET, a town of Bengal, capital of a dis- 
 trict of the same name, seated on the Soorma, 
 120 miles from Dacca. Tho district is sepa- 
 rated from Assam by a range of mountains, and 
 18 boundid on the other sides by Muneepoor, 
 Burmah, and Tipperah. Coal has been found 
 in the lower hills, and it exports rice, oranges, 
 and lemons. It belongs to the British, and 
 contains an area of 2801 square miles, and a 
 I'opulation of 492,945. The town is agreeably 
 situated, and, from its cool situation, has been 
 used as a sanative station by the inhabitants of 
 Calcutta; 325 travelling miles distant. 
 
 SaisTHiA, or D&iSTRA, a town of European 
 Turkey, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see, 
 with a citadel. It is seated on the Danube, at 
 the influx of the Missovo, 155 mile, N. N. E. 
 of Adrianople. Long. 27. 6. E. Int. 44. 15. N. 
 SiLKEDuiio, a town of Denmark, in N. Jut- 
 land, with a cnstlo, 18 miles W. of Arhusen. 
 
 SiLLA, a to of Negroland, in Bambnrra, 
 on the right baniv of the Niger; remarkable as 
 the place where Park was obliged to terminate 
 his first journey, after having penetrated 1090 
 miles in a direct line E. from Cape Verd. It 
 18 75 miles N. E. of Sego. 
 
 SiLLABAH, a seaport on the W. coast of 
 Sumatra, with a good and safe harbour, 30 
 miles S. S. E. of Bencoolen. Long. 102. 10. 
 E. lat. 4. 0. S. 
 
 S1LI.E LE GuiLLAUME, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Sartho; 19 miles N. W. of Mans. 
 SiLLEE, a town of Bengal, seated on the Su- 
 banrecka, 173 miles W. N. W. of Calcutta. 
 _ SiLvis, a town of Portugal, in Algarve, on a 
 nver of the same name, 36 miles W. N. W. of 
 Tttvira. 
 
 SiMANCAS, a town of Spain, in Valladolid. 
 with a strong castle, in which Philip H. ordered 
 the archives of tho kingdom to bo kept. It is 
 situate on tho Douro. 10 miles S. W of Val. 
 ladolid, and GO N. E. of Salamanca. 
 
 SiMniKSK, a government of Russia, formerly 
 a province of tho kingdom of Kasan. It has 
 an area of 30,000 square miles, with 050,000 
 inhabitants, the greater part of whom profess 
 the religion of the Greek church. The capital, 
 of the same name, w seated on the Volga;. 100 
 miles S. by W. of Kasan. Long. 48. 34. E. 
 
 SiMi, or Symi (the ancient Syme), an island 
 in tho Mediterranean, between the island of 
 Rhodes and the continent, in a bay of its name. 
 It has a town containing about 2000 houses, 
 built near the summit of a high rocky mountain; 
 2 miles N. W. of Rhodes. Long. 27. 23 E 
 lat. 36. 35. N. n > o. ^. 
 
 Sfmmern, a town of Prussia, in the province 
 of Lower Rhine, seated on a river of the same 
 name; 25 miles S. of Coblentz. 
 
 SiMOQAY, a town of Ilindostan, in Mysore, 
 district of Bednore, with a manufacture of 
 coarse cotton cloth. Tippoo Sultan was de- 
 feated near this place by the Mahiattas, aided 
 by a detachment of British, in 1790. It is 
 seated on the Tunga, 34 miles E. by N. of Na- 
 gara. 
 
 Simons, St., an island of the United States, 
 on the const of Georgia, at the mouth of the 
 Alatamaha. It is 15 miles long, and 3 broad 
 and has a town called Frederica. ' 
 
 SiMONTiiuuN, or SiMONTORNYA, a town of 
 Hungary, with a strong castle, taken from tho 
 Turks in 16'8C. It is seated on the Sarvita. 
 32 miles S. S. W. of Buda. Long. 18. 62. E 
 lat. 4(;. 45. N. 
 
 SiJiPLON, a celebrated.pass leading from Va- 
 lais into Piedmont, over the Alps. It was 
 formed by Bonaparte, and has been considered 
 his greatest work. It commences at Brieg, and 
 terminates at Duomo D'Ossola. 
 
 SiNAi, a mountain of Arabia Petrea, in a 
 peninsula formed by the two arms of the Red 
 Sea. The Mahomedans hold it in great venera- 
 tion ; and here the Greek Christians Iiave a 
 monastery, surroundeil by a high wall; and those 
 who go in and out are drawn up and let down 
 in baskets. Long. 34. 15. E. lat. 29. 2. N. 
 
 SiNCAPouR, or SiNGAi'OOR, an island at the 
 southern extremity of the peninsula of Malaya, 
 from which it is sej)arated by a narrow channel; 
 and, to the S., it gives name to the narrow sea 
 called the Strait of Sincapour. It has a town 
 of tlie same name. It was ceded to the British 
 in 1824, and was made a dep6t for ships passing 
 to China, &c., and in 5 years became a seat of 
 commerce and population almost unexampled 
 for increase. It is inhabited by Chinese emi- 
 grants, and has a safe harbour. Long. 103. 
 J5. E. lat. 1.10. N. ^ 
 
 SiNDE, a river of Asia. See Indus. 
 SiNDE, a province of Hindostan. hnunflod on 
 the W. by Persia, N. by the territories of the 
 king of Kandahar, N. E. bv those of the Seika 
 E. by a sandy desert, and S. by Cutch. It ex- 
 
 ii 
 
BIN 
 
 640 
 
 810 
 
 
 I'H 'i' 
 
 f l:i 
 
 11 
 
 I f r 
 
 IcikIii along the counw of tho Indui, fi-om fti 
 mouth to the frontiom of Moultan, 300 miles ; 
 and Its brcftdth in tho widest part is 160. In 
 soil and climate, and tho gt-neriil appearance of 
 tho surface, it resomblcs Egyi)t— tho country 
 being an extended valley, confined on one side 
 by a ridge of mountains, and on tho other by a 
 desert, and tho Indus, equal at least to the Nile, 
 winding through tho midst of this level valley, 
 and enriching it by its annual inundations. 
 Durjng great part of the S. W. monsoon, or at 
 least m July, August, and part of SeptemW, 
 (the rainy season in most other parte of India,) 
 the atmosphere is hero generally clouded j but 
 no riiin falls, except near tho sea. Owing to 
 this, and tho neighbourhood of tho sandy do- 
 serU on the E. and on tho N. W., tho hcato are 
 so violent, and the winds from those quarters 
 so pernicious, that tho houses are contrived so 
 as to 1)0 occasionally ventilated bv apertures on 
 the top, resembling the funnels of small chim- 
 neys. When the hot winds prevail, tho win- 
 dows are closely shut, excluding the hottest 
 current of air, and a cooler part descends into 
 the house through the funnels. By this means 
 are also excluded vast clouds of dust, tho en- 
 trance of which would alone bo sufficient to 
 render the houses uninhabitable. Tho roofs 
 are composed of thick layers of earth instead of 
 terraces. Few countHes are more unwhole- 
 some to European constitutions, particularly 
 the lower part called the Delta. The HindooL 
 who were tho original inhabitants of Sinde, have 
 been treated with great rigour by tho Maho- 
 medan governors, and vast numbers have in 
 consequence retired into other countries. The 
 inland parte of Sinde produce saltpetre, sal- 
 ammoniac, borax, bezoar, lapis lazuli, and raw 
 Bilk. Here are manufactures of cotton and silk 
 of various kinds ; and also of fine cabinete, in- 
 laid with ivory, and finely lacquered. Great 
 quantities ofbuttcr are exported , which is clarified 
 and wrapt up in duppas, made of the hides of 
 cattle. Here are large beeves, fine sheep, and 
 small hardy horses. The wild game are deer, 
 hares, antelopes, and foxes, which are hunted 
 with dogs; also leopards, and a small fierce 
 creature called a shiahgush. This province is 
 now governed by three chiefs, called ameers, 
 tributary to the sultan of Kandahar. The 
 Bombay government sent an embassy to the 
 chief in 1808; and the East India Company 
 have now a native agent, or charge d'affaires, re- 
 siding at the fort of Hydrabad, the capital. 
 The area is about 24,000 square miles, with a 
 population of not above 1,000,000. 
 
 SiNDELFiNCEN, a town of Germany, in the 
 kingdom of Wirtembeig; 10 miles S. S. W. of 
 Stutgard. 
 
 Sines, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo ; on a 
 cape to which it given ""n--; 74 ..liles S. W. of 
 tvora. Long. 8. 40. W. lat. .37. 58. N. 
 
 Si.\o, a strong town of Austrian Dalmatia • 
 
 built by the Turks in opjjosition to Clissa, and 
 
 taken by the Venetians in 1686. It is 8 miles 
 
 N. of Clissa, and 14 of Spalatro. 
 
 SiN-GAN, a citv of China, in the province of 
 
 Chen-si, and one bf tho largest and moH beau- 
 tiful in the empire. The walls are 1'2 miles in 
 circuit, nearly s square, and Burroun<lod by a 
 deep ditch i they are well fortified with towers, 
 and some of the gates are very bay and mag- 
 nihcent. It has a great trade, especially in 
 mules, which are bred up in groat numbers and 
 sent to Peking. Here is a strong garrison of 
 lartars in a sejiarate part of the city, from 
 Which It IS parted by a strong wall. It is 640 
 
 lat. .15. 16. N. 
 
 SiNoiLiEP, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Siml, ,, situate on the Volga: 24 milea 
 D. of Simbirsk. 
 
 SiNaon, a town in the peninsula of M».'ncca • 
 s«ite<l at the mouth of a small river, in the bav 
 of Patani. Long. 101. 25. E. lat. 6. 40. N. 
 
 SiNiOAOLiA, a strong seaport of Italy; in the 
 duchy of Urbino, with a castle and two harbours. 
 It IS the see of a bishop, and contains several 
 tine churches and convents, and a mint. An 
 annual fair is held here from tho middle to tho 
 end of July, frequented by merchants from dis- 
 tant parts. It stands at the mouth of the Ni- 
 gola, in the Gulf of Venice; 17 miles S. E of 
 Pesaro. Pop. 6200. Long, 13. 15. E. lat. 43. 
 43. N. 
 
 _ Si-NiNo, a city of China, of the second rank, 
 in the western extremity of the province of 
 Chen-si, It has a considerable trade with tho 
 «r xtT/ Pi^'cu'wly in tea. It is 450 miles 
 W. N. W of Singan. Long. 101. 36. E, lat. 
 36. 45. N. 
 
 SiNOB, or SiNOPE, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey 
 in Natolia; surrounded by walls and doul)le 
 ramparts, but the castle is much neglected. 
 Diogenes, the cynic philosopher, was bom hero! 
 It IS seated on the isthmus of a peninsula in 
 the Black Sea; 280 miles E, of Constantinople. 
 Pop. 6000. Long. 33. 55. E. lat. 41.5. N. 
 
 SiNTziiEiM, a town of Baden, seated in a 
 morass; 12 miles S. S. E. of Heidelberg. 
 
 SioN, n mountain of Palestine, on the S. sido 
 of Jerusalem; of great celebrity in sacred his- 
 tory. See Jerusalem. 
 
 Sign, or Sitten, a town of Switzerland ; 
 capital of Valais, and an episcopal see. It i» 
 situate on the river Sitten, near the Rhone, nt 
 the foot of three insulated rocks, which rise 
 immediately from the plain. On the highest 
 called Tourbillon, is the old doserted episcopal 
 palace; on the second, denominated Valeria, 
 are the remains of the old cathedral, and a few 
 houses belonging to the canons; on Maioria, 
 the thwd rock, stands the present episcopal 
 palace. Sion was formerly the capital of tho 
 Seduni, and some Roman inscriptions still re- 
 main. It is 56 miles E, of Geneva. Pop. 5000 
 Long. 7. 22. E. lat. 40. 9. N. l-^""- 
 
 SiotT, or Es SiouT, a town of Egvpt, which 
 has several mosques, and is the see of a Coptic 
 bishop. It IS surrounded by fine gardens, and 
 palm-trees that bear the best dates in Egypt. 
 Here are the ruins of an amphitheatre, "and 
 some M'pulehres, of the Iloni.-jns. The place is 
 the rendezvous of those who go in the caravan 
 
SIP 
 
 to Senniwr, In Nubia. It itnnds on nn artificial 
 mount; 2 milo. f.„m tho Nile, and 1B5 S of 
 Quro. Long. 81. 24. E. lat. 27. 25. N 
 
 oiPnANTO, the ancient Siphnoi i on« nt ♦!,« 
 b«t cultivated i.I„n,l. of tL GrS ArcW 
 pelago; .ituoto W. of Paros. It ^f^r^^t 
 crcunnferenco, and. though covered wahmSb a 
 and grmuto, produce. co?n .ufficienT fSrXK 
 
 cxtSiir^butnT'"""' ''«-' •=«''""•"«» 
 excelltnt ..Ik but not m any con.ideniblo quan- 
 
 uty The chief article, of commerce are caH- 
 
 coe». straw hat., fig,, „nion., honey wa, ^ 
 
 and caper.. Long. 2.5. 15. e! lara?.' Tn. ' 
 
 e°et in Kf^'""?; '?"'?'"•':' ''^ ^'"""'■" Car- 
 w^h ^ V T ^' '" '""'• '«''«'. nnJ covered 
 
 SiiUDiA. a town of Pruwinn Poland, with a 
 «U^nngea.tlo. It i. .urrounded by a w^lT and 
 seated in a plain, on tho river WaJta; 62 mHe. 
 N. E. of Dresinu, and 10,5 N. W. of Cracow 
 Long. IH. 55. E. Int. 51. 32. N. ^™co*- 
 
 SiiiAP, B town of Persia, in tho province of 
 Lamtan, situate on tho Pe^ian G„,?. 30 mile. 
 S. W. of Lar. Long. 43. 23. E. lat. 35. 20. N 
 
 n.ifcX;;:rorsul?""'' '■"«"-'«"'''« 
 
 Sire, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre ; famous 
 Auzen »f Axum, and 100 W. N, W. of 
 
 SmoAN. See Kermam. 
 
 counrrv'o?'*)!!. "'^ "' Hindostan, capital of a 
 Delhr^ Pr^^ same name, in the province of 
 i^elhi Procopiustakc. notice that in the time 
 
 ftom trr/""' "'■""' ''"''^'y} «"k was bro3? 
 
 30. 15 N • °^ ^^""- ^""S- 75. 35. E. lat. 
 
 the^rZ'J^V'^?'?'* "^^fSu; frequented by 
 the f rench English, and Dutch. It is seated 
 
 S. of I egu. Long. 96. 12. E. lat. 16. 32. N 
 
 Sehinaoiiur, &e Cashmere. 
 in mnT'"" '?'""'' '" **"« South Pacific, about 
 uau in 1790. Long. 162, 30. E. lat 10 A9 « 
 
 SiBMicH, or SmSiuM, a t;w„ of Sefavonia ! 
 neartb^^''"'"' .T' '"''^'^ «" '^^ Bosworth' 
 
 2TirE"i:r4i'i?'??.'- ^' °^^^'^- ^-« 
 
 SiRowv, a town of Hindostan, in a district 
 
 P.uL 7o""i?^'i">-r' "^'^'^^ "«i'S 
 27. E kt. 26 l! N.- ^- "'^«"""^- ^""K- 74- 
 
 Mfwre':' U ^T" v'"'/^'* "'' Hindostan, in 
 ?hSroog.'""'' ''• •" ^^'"' '">'' -'7. S. E. of 
 
 tarv'TtCi^'"""; T "'" "'■ I'^'lt'Pendent Tar- 
 tary. (the ancient Jnxnrtes,) which issues from 
 
 ftnesof Cnshgur, and, taking a N. W courio 
 SisiZAN, a seaport on the E. coast of Lu9onia, 
 
 eit 
 
 81 W 
 
 one of the Phllinni„o l,ia„di,. It fa Jtuato .1- 
 most oppo..t6 Manilla, and in tho"idnUvor 
 very high mountain^ which render the a J « 
 t^m^ly moi.t. Long. 123. 45. E Ja" ^t 
 
 cfiit r/rest^E^^TB '" ''" "^'- 
 
 he influx of the Kulpa, 40 mile. E. of ckri 
 stadt. Long. 16.56. fe. lat. 45. 33. N. 
 bi.hoD-r^'." 1^7 f^ *^'"""'"' »"'' «" *'«h. 
 
 28 9'!l:'l.;t.'42!"3o"N: "'''"""'''""• ^°"«- 
 
 SiMERON, a town of France, department of 
 IZl" '^'Pfi*"''. " ''"^^'^ «" the to'p olTi^ek 
 
 Lo.t 5.l6'.'riar4?:f2t^'^- ''^^'^^- 
 
 SisTOVA, a town of Bulgaria, where a peace 
 
 wa^ concluded between the^Vu.trian. and Cu 
 
 P of li- ,•' "^2.'*'' °" *'"' Danube, 25 miles 
 E. of Nicopoli. Pop. 20,000. 
 
 Situ, a town on the N. coast of the i.le 
 of Candia on a toy of the «me name 58 mS 
 E. S. E. of Candm. Long. 26. 29. E. lat. 35. 
 
 SiTTARD, a town of tho Netherlands in th« 
 
 r.)nr'r.7-T' " '''"''«'' °^ ^Oy'"". "'e chief 
 Sdr Enron "''"'■''^- ^t''''" '^' <^«"'''««"' -""l 
 
 CoTomS! ^ neighbour.; 28 miles E. of 
 
 SivAs, a city of A.ia Minor, and tho aee of a 
 bjshop, with a castle. It i. noted a. theUieatro 
 of the great contest between Timurand BaSt 
 n which the latter wa. finally defeated ^nd 
 teken prisoner It i. 180 miles W. S W of 
 Erzerum, and 210 E. N. E of C,™! t 
 38. 40. E. lat. 38. 55, N. ^^ ^""8' 
 
 nArtm^nV' ? v^""^''' •* *°'"» °f France, de- 
 2rmT.'s?of'?S. '"'^'^ '"^ *•>« ^•'--'<'' 
 
 SivRv, a town of Beleium in TTnm=.,u 
 with 2500 inhabitants; 1 8 ffi srw"of"ci: 
 
 of fcf;„Vp"""y °^ Afri«». on the confine, 
 ot i!-gyptand Barca; mentioned by the ancients 
 under the name of the Oasi. of Ammo^ The 
 fertile part is about 20 mile, in ckcumferenc^ 
 containing several villages, beside, the «S 
 I affords abundance of vegetable producUon. 
 with corn and oil, and is well supplied wUh 
 water from small streams, but none of them 
 
 ated before they reach the surrounding de^rt 
 
 capS of tt ,'*""' '^''- ^°P- ««0» S 
 capita , of the same name. containH tho ruira -f 
 
 in 4t nltUT^''''^"^"^' Amm-on; and 
 in ne neighbourhood are many catacomha 
 
 inhah-7r '\' H»'ying place, of the anck^i 
 inhabitants. It i. the theatre of considemblQ 
 
 TT 
 
aaaBS 
 
 se 
 
 HIX 
 
 643 
 
 SLB 
 
 i 
 
 ft !l 
 
 tmdo, being lituato on the gntA cftmTftn route; 
 'iM mile* li. of Atigilii, ami '200 W. by S. of 
 Cairn. Top. about ibOO, Long. 27. 10. E. 
 lat. 'i'J. I'J. N, 
 
 1^1 X Nations, or lBO«»uor«, a confoilorncy of 
 Ami'ricon Imlinnsj comprising Iho Molmwlj*, 
 OnyugM, Onoidiu, Ononilagn*, LIncciw, and 
 Tmainiwrw. 
 
 Skaha, II town of Swcilon, In W. Ootlilnml, 
 a bishop'i ICO, niul formerly tlie c'ii|iitul of tlio 
 kingiiom of (Jotliiiiml. It wiia totitlly dO' 
 »troycd by firo in 171!>. Tiio riiiim of sovcrul 
 cliurchcs nnd convents nro still to bo seen, nnd 
 it liiw n collogo, n botnniciil garden, n ini'diciil 
 ■cliool, nnd n liirgo citthodrnl. It is seated on 
 the Lidn, in n mornsg, 77 miIo« N. I'-, of Goth* 
 burg. Long. 14. 0. E. Int. M). 10. N. 
 
 Skeen, n town of Norway, in tho govern- 
 nient of Aggcrhuys; noted for its niiiicM of iinn 
 and copper; seated nenr n lakcj '2G mile* S. \V. 
 of KongHburg. 
 
 Skenkctady, or SciiRNECTAnr, i» town of 
 Now York J cu))ital of n county of its name. 
 Hero are four cliurchcs, nnd n seminary intor- 
 porntod in 17.')1, called Union College, from 
 its being C8tabli»licd by various denominations 
 of Christians. It has n considerable trado 
 with tho bock country, and stands on tho W. 
 »ide of tho Mohawk river, nl)ovo tho fulls ; 1 (! 
 miles N. W, of Albany. 
 
 Skiudereen, n town of Ireland, in tho 
 county of Cork ; 219 miles from Dublin. It 
 is ill-built, but is flourishing, and has n consi- 
 derable trade in yarn nnd coarso linens. 
 
 Skiddav;, a mountain in Cuml)erland, near 
 Keswick ; 3270 feet in perpendicular lieight 
 from tho surface of tlio lake Dorwcntwater, to 
 the N. of which it is situate. It is notdiilleult 
 of access, and is almost covered with grass, 
 which gradually grows coarser in tho ascent. 
 The wliolo top is covered with a loose brown 
 slaty stone. 
 
 Skilskueh, n town of Denmark, in tho island 
 of Zealand j situate on a bay of tho Great Dolt; 
 52 miles S. W. of Copenhagen. Long. II. 27. 
 E. lat. 65. IC. N. 
 
 Skipton, a town in W. Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. I^ has a spacious church, 
 three meeting-houses, a free grammar-scliool, 
 and two national schools. The river Aire and 
 the Leeds and Liverpool canal pass through 
 the town, and near it are some cotton works. 
 It is seated in the midst of a rough mountain- 
 ous district, called Craven, well adapted to tho 
 grazing and feeding of cattle. It is 22 miles 
 N. by W. of Halifax, and 211 N. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Skye, an island of Scotland, one of the 
 largest of the Hebrides, being 54 miles long, 
 and from 3 to 30 broad, containing 350,000 
 acres. The S. E. end is separated from Inver- 
 ness-shire (to which it belongs) by a channel 
 called the Inner Sound, in the narrowest part 
 of which, named tho Kyle, cattle arc made to 
 ■wim across. This side of the inland swells 
 gradually from the shore, in a verdant slope, 
 over which are seen the naked hiils of Strath ; 
 and above these rises the rugged top of Cullin 
 
 or CtichulHn. Towards the 8. W, are rude 
 
 mountains, black and red, as if discoloured by 
 firo; and on tho E. a long extent of lolly hills. 
 There is, notwitlistnnding, n great portion of 
 lovol ground, with excellent pasturage ; and it 
 has numhcrg of deer and dilferont kinds of 
 game. It al)ounds with limestone, marble, 
 ^c, but tho liasultic columns, resembling the 
 Ciant's Causeway in Ireland, uru its greatest 
 curiosity. A cnvo in this island afforded an 
 asylum, in 1740, to tho disappointed I'retender 
 nnd his faithful guide, for two nights. Many 
 thousands of beeves and sheep are annually 
 exported hence. Some small horses are bre(l, 
 nnd a great quantity of kelp is manufactured 
 liero. I'ortrco is the principal town. The S. 
 extremity is n peninsula, termini. ,i<ig in a rugged 
 promontory, culled tlio Point of Slate. Long. 
 6. 12. VV, Int. 67. 12. N. 
 
 Slaoelse, a town of Denmark, in tho island 
 of Zealand ; 46 miles W, S. W. of Copen- 
 hagen. 
 
 Slaoudn, a town of Prussian Pomorania, 
 seated on tho Wipper; 10 miles E. by S. of 
 Ilugonwnld. 
 
 Slaitiiwaite, a village in W. Yorkshire, on 
 the Iluddersfield canal ; which has manufac- 
 tures of tho various Manchester goods. It is 6 
 miles S. VV. of Iluddersfield. 
 
 Slane, a town in Ireland, in the county of 
 Month ; .'ID miles from Dublin. It is a hand- 
 some nnd wcll-l<"ilt town, with a mugnincent 
 castle, the seat of the Marquis of Conyngham. 
 
 Slatina, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Walacliia, on tlio river Alautj 60 miles W. of 
 Duehnrest. 
 
 Slave Coast, a name given to a mnritirao 
 tract of Guinea, between the Gold Coast and 
 Benin, comprehending tho kingdoms of Ardra, 
 Popo, nnd Wliidah. 
 
 Slave Lake, a luko of North America, 2.50 
 miles in length from E. to \V., nnd CO to 100 
 in width. It is full of wooded islands, and its 
 outlet nt the W. extremity, in long, 119. 30. 
 \V. lat. 61. 30. N., flows N. W. into the Arctic 
 Ocean. 
 
 Si.EAi'oun, New, a town in Lincolnshire, 
 with a market on Monday. It is a well-built 
 and flourishing town, and contains a handsome 
 Gothic church, three meeting-houses, and nn 
 hospital. It had formerly a castle, now in 
 ruins. It is seated on tho Slen, which is na- 
 vigable hence to the Withiim. It is 18 miles 
 S. of Lincoln, and 113 N. of London. Tho 
 hamlet of Old Sleaford is about a mile distant. 
 
 Sleswick, a duchy of the Danish dominions, 
 bounded N. by Jutland, S. by Holstein, nnd £. 
 and W. by the sea. It is about 72 miles long, 
 and from 30 to 66 broad. Area, 3600 square 
 miles. Pop. 340,000. Having no mountains, 
 and few elevations entitled to the name of 
 hills, most parts of it are fit for tillage. The 
 products are wheat, barley, oats, rye, hemp, 
 flax, &c. It has good pasture, on wliich are 
 bred horses and homed cattle. Woollen and 
 linen are the chief manufactures, which are 
 carried on, not in collective establishments, 
 hut in tho cottages of the manufacturer. Fish- 
 
8LB 
 
 fhg fomn h c6tiii(lofiil)lo occupntlon on tha 
 c<Mitt, M won w i„ tho urmi o/thu ic 
 
 •Inch/ i» tt long irregular town. Ths l.ouwi 
 «ro cfuoHy of wood. «„d few «ro more ihTZ 
 •tory Mgh but very neat. Tl>e inhibrtnnt" 
 drcM iko tho Dutch, Qu,! mnny of thorn ., euk 
 ho>r tongue, though tho u.ual language,' a o 
 
 Thai If .."'"■'" "™ "'" «"""-'J«'l. with it. 
 ultar and tho monument, of the princes, tho 
 
 ci V i." ,1?. „ '," """''«"y »f St. John. Near tho 
 city js tlio old ducal piiluco of (Jottorp. S|m. 
 Wick h,ui mnnufacturcH of refined .uZ enrth- 
 
 onThe'N'':"^""'' """"'""'• ltT'r.1 
 on tho N. aide of an arm of tho UaltiV r«ll,.,l 
 
 t^io Sloy ; 00 „,ile. N. W. of^LuS 'a'^d'S 
 
 Suoo, a county of Ireland, in tho province 
 of Connaught; 3a miles long, and nearly a« 
 many .ro,.d; bounded on tho E. by L S^im 
 «;/ V '^ ""•^•oinmon, S. W. and w: by mZ 
 and N. by tho Atlantic. It i, divided into 39 
 parishes, contains about 260 s<,uare miles, and 
 «onds two members to parliam.nt. The soil s 
 .1. general fertile, but rather boggy towards tho 
 
 Suao, a borough of Ireland, sondintr one 
 member to parliament , capital' of tlo%rl 
 
 trad'e^ ^^T/' ""!!, " P''"^" "^ consider^^bt 
 trade ; seated near the mouth of a river which 
 flows fr.>m Lough Gill into the bay of Sll 
 N w"'of d'oi'?^ ^-f ^-•''""'non, and ?00 
 16. N.' "** • ^^' ^* ^ **• 
 
 Slonim, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the 
 government of Grodno, with a castle /sea ed 
 
 Arl^^'"^"' ^^ ""'*''' ^^- W- Of NovoCTodeck 
 
 won!" "'°'^"''' ^°"«' -*• ^^-^-^^ 
 
 Slotbn, a fortified town of tho Netherlands, 
 in 1-nesland; seated on the rivulet Ee. which 
 flows mto the Zuyder Zee; 8 miles E. of Staved 
 ren and 20 S. S. W. of Lewarden. 
 
 bLucK, a town of Russian Lithuanio, in tho 
 government of Minsk; with three 'Greek 
 churches ; seated on the river Sluck; 52 miles 
 K of Mmsk. Long. 27. 54. E. lat. 62. 80. 
 
 Sluys, a town of Belgium, in Flanders • 
 opijosito tho sland of Cad^nnd ; with a go"d 
 harbour It has its name from its fine sluices 
 by which the whole country may be laid under 
 
 r»? f ■ I T ',".''•'" ^y ""^ Spaniards in 1 587, 
 retaken by the Dutch in 1G04, and taken by 
 the Irench m 1794. It is 10 miles N. of 
 Bniges. Long. 3. 25. E. lat. 51. 19. N. 
 
 bMALAND, a province of Sweden, in Goth- 
 land ; lying between the Baltic and the pro- 
 viiice of Halland. Its area is 7750 square 
 miles; Its population is 315,000. It is well 
 
 P !._cQnsis_'jofrnarshe3, heaths, and barren 
 rocks, in some parts are immense forests of 
 pme and fir; and the approach to the vilWes 
 w announced by groves of oak, beech, and 
 
 043 
 
 8M0 
 
 SMALKALDRr.. a town of Germany. i„ « di.- 
 trict of Its name, belonging to IlJsio Cu«H 
 t 1. iamou. for the leagifo entered irTo t^^ 'j 
 Luthcrnns, against tho emperor, i.. m/i'l^ 
 .lo««n.l their religion and liberties. It hw « 
 fine castle on a mountain, and in the vicinity 
 are «Ut.pit. and mine, of iron. It st^K'i 
 river ol tho »<imo name, which flows into tho 
 
 IIcmo-UmsoI. Long. 10. 47. E. lat. 60. 45. 
 
 .Smitiiheld, a town of Virginia, In Isle of 
 Wigh county; seated on Pagal Creek, which 
 flo«r, into James River, 03 miles S. E. of Rii^. 
 
 cni)ital of Johnson county; seated on the river 
 Neus, in a beautiiUl nlafn; 25 mile. 8 E of 
 ll..iuigh,and 70 W. I^. W.' of NewbernT It i. 
 States ""'"*' "^ "'^'"""' '°"""'''P» »'■ the United 
 Smithtown, a town of the state of New 
 Vork, III buftblk county ; on the N. side of 
 Long Island ; 52 miles £. by N. of New York 
 hMiTiiviLLB. a town Mf North Carolina, iii 
 Brunswick county; seated near the mouth of 
 Capo I- car River ; 25 miles S. S. W. of VVil- 
 mington. Long. 7«. 30. W. lat. 33. 50. N. 
 
 bMoLKNSKo a goveniment of Russia, on the 
 fVontiers of Lithuania. After having been an 
 Object of contention, and reciprocally possessed 
 by I oland and Russia, it was conquered bv 
 Aloxay Michaelovitch, in 1054. and ceded to 
 itussm by tho peace of Moscow, in 1600. It 
 
 1,050,000 mhabitants; and is fertile in com 
 hemj., and flax. Horses, black cattle, and 
 sheep are numerous. Tho principal rive« aro 
 ViLma""' '®^'®'"' ^°"^ ^'''"*' Kasplia,and 
 
 Smolensk, a city of Russia, capital of tho 
 foregoing government, is situate on tho Dni&. 
 per and extends over two mountains and the 
 I"' ,%i^'"'*'?n '»>«•"• It is surrounded by 
 walls 30 feet high, and 15 thick, the lower part 
 of stone the upper of brick, and their circum- 
 ference 4 miles and three quarters. The houses 
 are mostly of wood, and only one story high 
 except a few, scattered here and there, which 
 are dignified with the title of palaces. The 
 city is divided, through its whole length, by 
 one straight paved street , the others are cir- 
 cular, and floored with planks. The cathedral 
 stands on an eminence, where there is a view 
 of the whole city. Notwithstanding its extent, 
 U contains only about 13.000 inhabitants, and 
 Has no considerable manufactures, but carries 
 
 S In flf5' ''^"'P'''°"«y. ^ax, leather, fJrf. 
 fought in fh„ "^'Tu '^l^'^^mee'Ticnls wer^ 
 tought m the neighbourhood of this city, be- 
 tween the French and Russia" -««••-:- o- 
 of which it sustained a bombardment, whi^ 
 
 niiies S>. E. of Novogrodeck, and 235 W. S W 
 of Moscow. Long. 32. 14. E. lat 64. 50. N. 
 
 TTa^ 
 
SMY 
 
 644 
 
 soc 
 
 ^fi f 1 
 
 SniYNHUSEfT, n town of Denmark, In the Jucliy 
 of HolBtein ; l(j miles W. of llendsburg. 
 
 Smyrna, a senport of Asia Minor, and ono 
 of the largest and richest cities of the Levant. 
 The goodness of the harbour has caused it to be 
 rebuilt several times, after having been destroyed 
 by earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of mer- 
 chants from almost all parts of the world, and 
 the magazine of their merchandise. The popu- 
 lation is computed nt 100,000 persons. The 
 streets are more open, better paved, and tho 
 houses better built, than in any other towns on 
 tlio continent. The street of the Franks is the 
 finest in Smyrna, and lies all along tho harbour. 
 Tho imports from England consist of woollen 
 cloths, camlets, lead, tin, und hardware ; these 
 are exchanged for cotton, coffee, mohair, drugs, 
 galls, raisins, figs, &c. The English and Dutch 
 factors have Protestant chapels, and taverns arc 
 ns open here as in Europe. The f()rtiiication8 
 consist of a fort, a castle, a moimtnin, and an 
 old citadel. Smyrna is eight days' journey fnini 
 Constantinople by laud; 25 days from Aleppo 
 by tho caravans ;' six from Konieh, seven from 
 Cataya, and six from Satnlia. It is seated at 
 the head of a large bay; 190 miles S. S. W. of 
 Constimtinople. Long. 27. 7. E. Int. 38. 2fi. N. 
 
 Snaitii, a town in -West Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Thursday; seated on a gentle de- 
 clivity on tho S. bank of the Ayre, 6 miles from 
 its confluence with tho Ouse ; 20 miles S. of 
 York, and 175 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Sneck, or Snitz, a fortified town of tho Ne- 
 therlands, in Fricsland, seated on a lake of the 
 8ame name, in marshy land ; 12 miles S. S. W. 
 of Lewarden, 
 
 Snkirne, a town of Prussia, in the province 
 of Irac ; 67 miles W. N. W. of Amudan. 
 
 Sniatin, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the 
 river Pruth ; 28 m'l "s W. of Czernowit'' Long. 
 22. 50. E. lat. 4(1. 33. N. 
 
 Snowde-n, a mountain of Wales, in the centre 
 of Caernarvonshire, and the most noted in the 
 whole region of the Welsh hills. It has several 
 craggy summits, deep dells, moors, and chasms ; 
 also two lakes that abound with fiah, particularly 
 the char and the guiniard. The height of this 
 mountain, from the quay of Caernarvon to its 
 highest peak, is 3658 feet. It was held sacred 
 by the ancient Britons, aa Parnassus was by the 
 Greeks. Pieces of lava, and groups of columnar 
 stones of vast size, have been found lying in all 
 directions on the summit of this mountain, 
 which commands a delightful and extensive 
 view. In a clear day, and when the mountain 
 is free from clouds, a part of Ireland and of 
 Scotland, the Isle of Man, the mountains of 
 Westmoreland and Cumberland, parts of Lan- 
 cashire and Cheshire, and all North Wales, the 
 Irish and British sens, and a vast number of 
 lakes, may be seen from its summit. 
 
 Snowuill, a town of Maryland, capital of 
 Worcester county, which has considerable tra,de, 
 situate on the Pokomoke, which enters 1 2 miles 
 below into the Che?npoa1<o ; ?.(i miles S. E. of 
 Vienna. Long. 75. 40. W. lat. 38. (!. N. 
 
 So&NB, a river of Hindostan, which issues 
 from a lake on the S. confines of Allahabad, 
 
 the same that is tho source of the Norbudda, 
 and, flowing in an opposii? direction to that 
 river, enters tho Ganges abovo Patna. 
 
 Soar, a river in Leicestershire, which rises 
 from two sources in the S. W. part of the county, 
 flows by Leicester and Mountsorrel, passes a 
 little to tho E. and N. of Loughborough, and 
 then separates this county from Nottingham- 
 shire to its entrance into tho Trent. _ 
 
 SonERNHEiM, a town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 vince of Lower Rhine, seated on the Nahe ; 1 1 
 miles W. by S. of Creutznach. 
 
 SoDiESLAU, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Dechin, with good cloth manufactures ; 12 
 miles E. S. E. of Bechin. 
 
 SoDOTKA, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Buntzlau ; situate 8 miles E. by N. of Jung 
 Buntzlau. 
 
 SociKTY Isles, islands in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, discovered by Cook in 1769 ; situate 
 between l.'iO. 57. and 152, 0. W. long., and 16. 
 10, and 16. 55. S. lat.. They are seven in num- 
 ber i namely, Huaheine, Raiatea, Tahna, Bora- 
 boni, Maurua, Tubuai, and Sir C. Saunders 
 Island. The soil, productions, &c., are nearly 
 tho same as at Otaheite, Nature has been 
 equally bountiful in uncultivated plenty, and 
 the inhabitants are as luxurious and as indolent. 
 They are generally abovo the middle stature ; 
 but their limbs are less muscular and firm than 
 those of the Sandwich islanders, wHom in many 
 respects tiiey resemble. Though more robust 
 than the M.irquesans, they are inferior in size 
 and physical power to the New Zealanders. In 
 person they resemble the Friendly islanders as 
 much as any others in the Pacific. Their limbs 
 are well formed, and they are generally active 
 in their movements, graceful and stately in their 
 gait, and perfectly unembarrassed in their ad- 
 dress. They are remarkably curious and inqui- 
 sitive, and, compared with other Polynesian 
 nations, may be said to possess considerable 
 ingenuity and mechanical skill. Totally unac- 
 quainted, till recently, with 1' use of letters, 
 th'-ir minds could not bo improved by any re- 
 gular or continued culture; yet the distinguishing 
 features of their civil polity, the imposing nature, 
 numerous observances, and diversified ramifi- 
 cations of their mythology, the legends of their 
 gods, the historical songs of their bards, the 
 beautiful, figurative, and impassioned eloquence 
 sometimes displayed in their national assemblies, 
 and, above all, the copiousness, variety, pre- 
 cision, and purity of their language, together 
 with their extensive use of numbers, warranted 
 the conclusion that they possessed no con- 
 temptible mental capacities. This conclusion 
 has been abundantly confirmed since the estab- 
 lishment of schools and the introduction of 
 letters. Multitudes, who were upwards of 30 
 or 40 years of age when they commence I with 
 the alphabet, have in 12 months learned to read 
 distinctly in the New Testament, large portions 
 of which some of them have in a short period 
 committed to memory^ The missionaries, who 
 for a long time laboured in these islands amidst 
 discouragements and disappointments, have at 
 length witnessed the complete abandonment of 
 
 
soc 
 
 645 
 
 ;lie Norbuddn, 
 ectiou to thut 
 ttna. 
 
 e, which rises 
 of the county, 
 irrel, passes a 
 thorough, and 
 Nottingham- 
 It. 
 
 0, in the pro- 
 theNahe; II 
 
 1, in the circle 
 Ltfacturea ; 12 
 
 , in the circle 
 by N. of Jung 
 
 South Pacific 
 1769 ; situate 
 long., and 10". 
 seven in num- 
 Talina, Bora- 
 
 C. Saunders' 
 cc, are nearly 
 ire has been 
 I plenty, and 
 id as indolent, 
 ddle stature; 
 md firm than 
 rKom in many 
 
 more robust 
 iferior in size 
 eaianders. In 
 y islanders as 
 Their limbs 
 inerally active 
 itately in their 
 id in their ad- 
 )us and inqui- 
 ir Polynesian 
 
 considerable 
 Totally unac- 
 iise of letters, 
 ed by any re- 
 distinguishing 
 posing nature, 
 rsiiied ramifi- 
 gcnds of their 
 eir bards, the 
 ned eloquence 
 nal assemblies, 
 
 variety, prc- 
 lage, together 
 ers, warranted 
 ;Bsed no coii- 
 liis conclusion 
 nee tlio estab- 
 itroduction of 
 pwards of 30 
 nmencel with 
 learned to read 
 large portions 
 a short period 
 isionaries, who 
 islands amidst 
 ncnts, have at 
 Mindonniont uf 
 
 idolatry. Christianity is now universally pro- 
 fessed, and the moral character of the iieoplo 
 has been raised by it to a high degree of excel- 
 lence. It is stated that in 1029 not fewer than 
 10,000 persons had learned to read thescrin- 
 tures. ^ 
 
 SocoNusco, a province of Guatimala, 80 miles 
 long, and nearly as many broad j bounded on the 
 N. by Chiapi E. by Guatimala, S. by the Pacifio 
 Ocean, and W. by (iuaxaca. The soil is not 
 very fertile, and, being sheltered from the N. 
 winds by high mountains, the air is exceedinclv 
 hot and unhealthy. 
 
 SocoNusco, or Guevetlan, the capital of the 
 foregoing province, is seated on a small river, 
 near the Pacifio Ocean; 460 miles S. E. of 
 Mexico. 
 
 SocoTORA, or SocoTRA, an island in the Indian 
 Ocean, lying about 46 leagues from Cape Gar- 
 Uefan, on the coast of Africa. It is 00 miles 
 long, and 22 broad, abounds in fruit and cattle, 
 and 18 particularly noted for its fine aloes, known 
 by the name of Socotrino aloes. The natives 
 are chiefly Mahomedans, and are governed by 
 a king who depends on Arabia. Tamam is the 
 capital. 
 
 SooBURT, or CiiirriNo Sodburt, a town in 
 Gloucestershire, with a market on Thursday 
 asated in a bottom near the Downs, 15 miles' 
 E. N. E. of Bristol, and 1 10 W. of London. 
 
 SODERHAMN. See SUDERHAMN. 
 
 SoDOR, a village in the celebrated island of 
 Icolmkill, one of the Hebrides of Scotland. It 
 was formerly a bishop's see, which compre- 
 hended all the islands, together with the Isle of 
 Man ; the bishop of Man is still called the 
 bishop of Sodor and Man. 
 
 SoDus, a town of the state of New York in 
 Ontario county ; situate on the S. side of Lake 
 Ontario, on a bay 7 miles long and 3 broad 
 which forms an excellent harbour when the 
 rest of the lake is agitated by a storm. It is 
 80 miles E. of Niagara. Long. 77. 5. W. lat. 
 43. 10. N. 
 
 SoEnoRO, a town of Denmark, in the island 
 of Zealand, situate on an island in a fresh-water 
 lake ; 15 miles W. N. W. of Elsinore, 
 
 SoKsT, a large town of Prussian Westphalia 
 in the government of Arensberg, with a good 
 trade in com ; 12 miles W. S. W. of Lipstadt. 
 and 30. S. E. of Munster. Pop. 5400. 
 
 SoFALA, a kingdom on the'E. coast of Africa 
 bounded on the W. and N. by the states of 
 Mocarangn, E. by the Mozambique Channel 
 and S. by Sabia. It is about 150 miles along' 
 the coast, and 250 up the country. The country 
 is wild, and thinly^nhubitcd, but contains rich 
 mines of fine gold. 
 
 SoFALA, the capital of the above kingdom 
 with a fort built by the Portuguese, which is of 
 gretit importance for their trade to the East 
 Indius. It is seated on a small island, near the 
 mouth of the Cuania. Long. 35. 40. E lat 
 20. 22. S. o • '^- "11. 
 
 Sofia, or Sophia, a city of European Tsirkrv 
 capital of Bulgaria, and an archbishop's Vce' 
 The trade is considerable, and the inhabitants 
 aro computed at 50,000, but the houses are 
 
 SOL 
 
 meanly built. It is seated at the foot of the 
 mountains of Argentaro, on the river Bogana j 
 
 15?e":'£.T3-.^o.1!;:°'^'^^"°'''«- ^"'■«-^3' 
 
 SoFRor, a town of the kingdom of Fez, noted 
 liir a very handsome mosque. It is seated on a 
 lull, at the foot of a mountain of the same name 
 part of Mount Atlas, and between two riven t 
 12 mika E. of Fez. * 
 
 SooHb, a town of Africa, capital of a pn>. 
 
 vince of the same name, in the kingdom of 
 Congo. The inhabitants are said to be Chrto. 
 tians, converted by the Portuguese, and the 
 Capuchins have a church here. It is seated on 
 the Zaire, near its mouth ; 160 miles W. S W 
 of St. Salvador. Long. 1 1 . 55. E. lat. 6. 0. S. ' 
 boETAOEPouR, a town of Hindostjm, capital 
 ot a district in the province of AH .iiabad -130 
 S", "^o^t"^ Allahabad. Long. 81. 62. E. lat. 
 
 SoHAM, a town In Cambridgeshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, seated on a fen of the same 
 name, near Soham-mere, which takes up 1000 
 aerM of land ; 6 miles S. E, of Ely, and 70 N. 
 by E. of London. 
 
 Sono. a .village in Staffordshire, 2 miles N 
 W. of Birmingham. It was founded by Mr. 
 iJoulton, for the manufacture of every article 
 common to the Birmingham trade, the plated 
 ware usually made at Shefl^eld, and of elegant 
 pieces of silver, both light and massive. Hero 
 are also made the improved steam-engines now 
 adopted in numerous concerns throughout the 
 kingdom. In 1 797 an apparatus for the coinage 
 of copper was employed here by government, 
 and the Bank of England dollars were also 
 stamped at this mint. 
 
 SoiONiEs, a town of Belgium, in Hainault. 
 near a forest of its name, on the river Senne • 
 8 miles N, N. E. of Mons. Pop. 4700. 
 
 SoissoNNoia, a territory of France, in the Isle 
 of France, which, with that of Vermandois, now 
 terms the department of Aisne. It abounds Li 
 corn, wood, and pastures. 
 
 SoissoNS, a city of France, in the department 
 of Aisne, anciently the capital of a kingdom of its 
 name. It is a bishop's see ; and the cathedral 
 has one of the most considerable chapters in 
 the kingdom. Here St. Louis, Philip the Bold, 
 and Louis XIV. were crowned. The castle 
 though ancient, is not that in which the kings' 
 of the first race resided. The inhabitants carry 
 on manufactures of coarse linen, stockings 
 thread, leather, ropes, &c., and some trade in 
 com. SoiBSons was repeatedly taken and re- 
 taken by the allied and French armies in 1814 
 when the town sustained considerable injury! 
 It IS seated in a fertile valley, on the river 
 Aisne ; 30 miles W. by N. of Rheims, and GO 
 
 SoLANTO, a town of Sicily, in Val di Maaim, 
 which gives name to a coj.e and bay on the N 
 coast ; 10 miles E. of Palermo. 
 
 xt^l^^l^-A "*, *")'■" "'' t^russia, in the New 
 Mark of Brandenburg, of which it was formerly 
 the capital. It has cloth and woollen manu- 
 tacturcs, and a trade in hops. It stands on a 
 
I— —rjliil 
 
 IH 
 
 
 K ! 
 
 SOL 
 
 646 
 
 SOM 
 
 lako of the •nme name ; 26 miles N. by E. of 
 Custrin. Long. 15. 7. E. Int. 63. 2. N. 
 
 SoLENOF, a Mlt-water lake of Independent 
 Tortury; 80 miles long, and 20 broad, lying 
 midway between the Caspian Sea and Lako 
 AmU 
 
 SoLEimB, or SoLoniuRN, a canton of Swit- 
 zerland, which stretches partly through the 
 plain and partly along the chains of t^ Jura ; 
 86 miles in length, and 25 in breadth Pop. 
 50,000. The soil, for the most part, is fertile 
 in com; and the districts within tlie Jura 
 abound in excellent pastures. In tins moun- 
 tainous parts are iron, lead, alabaster, marble, 
 and coal. The inhabitants are nearly all Ro- 
 man Catholics, 
 
 SoLEUHG, the (^ital of the above canton, is 
 surrounded by regular fortifications. The church 
 of St. Urs is a noble edifice of a whitish-grey 
 stone, which is a species of rude marble drawn 
 from the neighbouring quarries. The nrscmil 
 and the town-house whicli has two towers, mako 
 a good appearance. Soleure stands in a delight- 
 ful plain on the river Aar ; 18 miles N. of Bern, 
 and 30 S. S. W. of Basel. Pop. 4200. Long. 
 7. 30. E. lat. 47. 9, N. 
 
 SoLFATARA, or Laoo di Baoni, a lake of 
 Italy, in Campagna di Roma, near Tivoli, for- 
 merly called Lacus Alh^lus. In this lake are 
 several floating islands, formed of matted serge 
 and herbage, with a soil of dust and sand blown 
 from the adjacent ground, and glued together 
 by the bitumen and sulphur with which its 
 waters are impregnated. Some of these islands 
 are 15 yards long, and will bear five or six 
 people, who, by means of a pole, may move to 
 different parts of the lake. . From this lake 
 issues a whitish stream, which emits vapour of 
 a sulphureous smell, till it reaches the Teve- 
 rone. The water of this rivulet has a petrifying 
 quality, which increases in strength the further 
 it has flowed from the lake. Fish are found in 
 the Teverone, both above and below Tivoli, till 
 it receives this lake ; after which, during the 
 rest of its course to the Tiber, there are none. 
 
 SoLKATARA, a mountain of Naples, in Terra 
 di Lavoro, surrounded by other mountjiins, in 
 the form of an amphitheatre. It has a kind of 
 cavity, above a mile in diameter, which was no 
 doubt the crater of a volcano now extinct. The 
 eorth here is warm and white, and, if opened to 
 some depth, is insupportable from the lioat and 
 exhalations. Tne ground is almost every where 
 hollow, and is supposed to have a subterrane- 
 ous communication with Mount Vesuvius. 
 Here are manufactures of sulphur, vitriol, and 
 alum. 
 
 SoLiMAN, a seaport of Africa, in Tunis ; 20 
 miles E, S, E. of Tunis. 
 
 SoLiNeEN, a town of Prussian Westphalia. 
 in the county of Berg, with manufactures of 
 cutlery and all kinds of iron-work, seated near 
 the Wipper ; 15 miles E. S. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 SoLKAHSK, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Perin ; famous for its salt-pits and 
 gcrod horses, seateu on the Ussulka, which flows 
 into the Kama ; 430 miles N. E. of Kasan 
 Long. 57. 26. E. lot. 69. 16. N. 
 
 SoLLAPouR, H town of Hindostan, in Visia- 
 pour, capital of a district celebrated for mines 
 of diamonds. It is seated near the Kistna ; 
 130 miles S.E. of Visiapour. Long. 77. 10. 
 £. lat. 16. 23. N. 
 
 SoLMS, or Salms, a county of Germany, in 
 Wetteravia, formerly a principality, but de- 
 prived of that rank in 1815. It is subject in 
 part to Hesse-Durmstadt, and in part to Prus- 
 sia. The decayed castle of Solms, the scat of 
 the ancient counts, is seated on a hill, one mile 
 £. of Brnunfcls, the present capital. 
 
 Solomon Islands. See Danger, Isles of. 
 
 SoLOR, an island of the East Indies; 70 
 miles in circuit, to the S. of Celebes, and W. of 
 Florcs. Long. 123. 63. E. Int. 9. 0. S. 
 
 SoLRB LE Chateau, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Nord; 7 miles S. E. of Mau- 
 beuge. 
 
 SoLSEUiNA, a town of Italy, in the province 
 of Miintua ; 17 miles N. W. of Mantua. 
 
 S01.SONA, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, and 
 a bishop's see ; seated at the foot of a moun- 
 tain ; 51 miles N. N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. 
 3000. 
 
 SoLTAU, a town of Hanover, on the river 
 Bohme; 28 miles N. N. VV. of Zell. 
 
 SoLTCAMP, a town of he Netherlands, in 
 Groningen, with a largo fort, at the mouth of the 
 river Hunse, which is called Groningen Deep ; 
 17 miles N. W. of Groningen. 
 
 SoLWAY Frith, an arm of the sea, between 
 Cumberland in England, and Dumfries-shire 
 and Kirkcudbrightshire in Scotland. It is navi- 
 gable for vessels of 100 tons, within 6 miles of 
 its extremity; and the fisheries, especially of 
 salmon, are very considerable. At its head on 
 the Cumberland side, near the river Esk, is 
 Solway Moss. This was a level tract, about 
 2 miles long, and 1 broad ; but in 1771, being 
 swollen by rains, it burst out at the eastern ex- 
 tremity, and spread over a neighbouring valley; 
 by this means the surface of the moss was re- 
 duced 24 feet, and sunk into its present hollow 
 form. 
 
 Sombrere, one of the Nicobar Islands, in 
 the Indian Ocean ; 30 miles N. of Nicobar. 
 It gives name to a channel nearly in the mid- 
 dle of those islands. 
 
 Sombrf,ri>, a cluster of uninhabited islands 
 in the West Indies, belonging to the English. 
 The most remarkable of them is a league long, 
 and consists of an eminence, to which the 
 Spanish discoverers, finding some resemblance 
 to a hat, gave the name of Sombrero. It is 
 80 miles N. W. of St. Christopher. Long. 63. 
 37. W. lat. 18. 38. N. 
 
 Somerset, a county of Maryland ; to the 
 E. of Chesapeake. Pop. 19,508. Chief town, 
 Princess Anne. 
 
 Somerset, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of 
 a county of its name, situate on the S. road 
 from Pittsburg to Bedford, upon the Cone- 
 maugh river ; 35 miles W. of Bedford. Pop. 
 649. 
 
 SoME^RSET, a town of Massachusets, in isiIhIoI 
 county, seated on Taunton River; SO miles 
 S. by W. of Boston. 
 
SOM 
 
 SomtnsET, n town of New Jenej, chief of o 
 county of ito mime, seated on MilUtoue lUver j 
 23 milM N. of Trenton. 
 
 SoMBB8KT8HtnB, a county of England 65 
 miles long, and 45 broad ; bounded on the N. 
 W. by the Bnstol Channel, N. by Gloucester- 
 ». W. by Devonshire. It contains I .O.OO.ItftO 
 acres ; u divided into 40 hundreds and 400 
 imrwhffl. ; has two cities, five boro.lKh^ and 27 
 other market towns, and send. 4 membera to nar- 
 m.ncnt,for the eastern and weatom divisions of 
 
 ~T^^' ^ '•" "T" '" ^»'« N. E. quarte? is In 
 gtntral stony, and possesses a loRy mineml 
 
 S '"^'^ -^'""^iP ""'* I'o^o'J* the 
 formn;i *r^'''' "5 P"""»"'^ "^'■'"' »nite, were 
 lormcrly fens and marshy moors of vast extent 
 « large portion of which has been divided 
 
 1 e'w VT"^ ^Tt' ""•^•'' cultivation On 
 the W. side are the Quantock Hills, with many 
 downs and open heaths; and in the N. w[ 
 corner is the sterile region of Exmoor. The S 
 
 n f^i'w '* ''"?"8*'='"t tf-e county, especially 
 fer^UitvTi?"'"' •*"■'• "? -"'^^ °^ *'■" K^ca'e*' 
 ivel Ihone, Brue, and Avon. Cattle, nearly 
 equal in size to the Lincolnshire, are' fed in 
 hne meadows, about the head of the Parret. 
 
 -rmnr ft' lul ^^Tl'/ '" " I'"'" ""<1 stronger 
 •quor than that of Herefordshire. It is the 
 universal beverage of the working classesf and 
 the consuinption of it within the county is very 
 considerable ; some is also sent t. distant parts. 
 Ihe chef manufactures are those of woollen 
 
 ZT, ''"t "••""='''"«*' ^'- Il<=hester is usually 
 considered the county town, from its having a 
 goal and county court, and the elections being 
 held there ; but the assizes are held in the 
 
 l^nfi"?* ".'^f'JP'*'"' ""•' '■" th" ""niiner alter- 
 nately at Wells and Bridgcwater 
 
 n.^u"""™^' " ^«^" i" Somersetshire, with a 
 
 dZ J! •"! ^""^T " ^«« '■"""^'IJ' « consi- 
 derable place, and gave name to the county; 
 some of the ruins of its ancient castle now form 
 a part of the Bear Inn. Between this town 
 and Bndgewater is a tract of land, called Sedg- 
 moor, memorable for the defeat of the duke of 
 Monmouth in 1685 ; 13 miles S. of Wells, and 
 U3 W. by S, of London. 
 SoMMA. a town of Naples, in Terra di Lnvoro, 
 
 K %^n"®- ^^^ ^'""''y annually produces 
 above 7000 pounds of silk of the best quaHty! 
 It 18 seated at the foot of Mount Vesuvius ; 10 
 miles E. of Naple". » . *v 
 
 „,5»°T!l * '^^P^rtment of France, including 
 part of the ancient province of Picardy. Iti 
 49^000 " 2380 square miles; its population 
 495,000, nearly all Catholics. It takes its name 
 trom a nver which rises in the department of 
 Afcne, flows by St. Quentin. Peronne, Amiens, 
 Abbeville, and St. Valery, an.l enterL the En- 
 glish Channel. Amiens is the capital. 
 
 inlnllfu^.T""^ ° V'.'*'" °f *'"' Netherlands, 
 m bouth Holland : chief nlarn nf th" is'and -f 
 Overflakkee. It is situate 5 miies E. & E. of 
 Helvoetsluys. 
 
 SOMBCBRFBLD, 8 toTO of Prussia, in Lusatia, 
 
 647 
 
 HO O 
 
 with manufac uros of fine cloths, seatod on th« 
 Lupa; 16 miles 8. a W. of Crossciu 
 
 SoMMERoiiEM, a town of Belgium. In the 
 province of East Flanders, with a'manufacture 
 of luce; miles N. W. of Ghent. Pop. 6400 
 SoMMiEUKs, a town of France, in the depart-' 
 nient of Card, with a manufacture of thick 
 acrgcs, seated on the Vidourle ; 14 miles W. 
 by S, »f Nismeg, Pop. 3400. 
 
 SoMOKHOSTRO, a town of Spain, on the coast 
 of Biscay, with a famous iron-mine ; 14 milwi 
 Pi. W. of Bilboa. 
 
 SoNciNo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 Cromonese; 20 miles N. by W. of Cremona, 
 t^op. 4000. 
 
 SoNDEKBoHo, a Seaport of Denmark, in the 
 islana of Alsen, with one of the best harbours 
 in Denmark, and a royal palace, in which 
 uu-istian II. was confined as a prisoner for 13 
 
 ?.^"ornA " l" "''«« ^' N- E. of Flendsburg. 
 Pop. 2700. Long. 9. 49. E. h»t. 64. 67. N. 
 
 oONDEKSHAusEN, a town of Germany, capital 
 ot the lower county of Sehwartzburg, with a 
 fine castle on a mountain. It is situate on tho 
 Wipper ; 24 miles N. of Erfurt. 
 
 SoNDaro, a town of Switzerland, capital of 
 B district in tho Vnlteline. It stands in a 
 romantic situation, at the extremity of a nar- 
 row valley, and occupies both sides of the 
 Malenco, a furious torrent, which runs into the 
 Adda ; 10 miles N. E. of Morbe^no, and 14 
 a. W. of Tirano. 
 
 SoNEPOUR, a town of Hindostan in Orissa, 
 seated on the Mahanudda ; 45 miles S. of Sum- 
 bulpour. 
 
 SoNo-KiANo, a city of China, of the firet rank 
 in the province of Kiang-nan. It has a largo 
 trade m cotton cloth, which is sent to different 
 parts of the empire. It is situate amid several 
 canals near the sea ; 500 rniles S. of Pekine. 
 Long. 120. 45. E. lat. 31. 0. N. ** 
 
 SoNNEDERo, a town of Germany, in Saxe- 
 Meiningen, with a great trade in looking, 
 glasses, nails, wh^trStoncs, &c.; 11 miles N. N. 
 E. of Coburg. 
 
 SoNNEBERO, Or SoNNENBDRo, a town of Prus- 
 sia, in tho New Mark of Brandenburg, with a 
 castle. It stands on the Lenze, 9 miles E of 
 Custrim 
 
 SoNNEWALD, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia 
 on the river Dober. It is situate 12 miles S. 
 W. of Luckau. 
 
 SoNORA, a province of Mexico, on the E. 
 Bide of the Gulf of CaUfomia. It comprises 
 
 tS^Tn-V?!'*^ '^"'^'"^ leagues, with about 
 1 ^.i.OOO inhabitants, and is divided into the dis- 
 tricts of Sonora, Sinoloa, and Ostimury. Rich 
 mmes ofgold were discovered by the Snaniards 
 in 771, in an expedition against some tribes of 
 Indmns. Arispe is the capital 
 
 SooLOO, a chain of islands in the Eastern 
 Indian Ocean, lying S. W. of Mindanao, almost 
 midwav between that island and Borneo They 
 are said to be 60 in number, and are named 
 jfom iho pnncipai island, which is 36 mile« 
 long and 12 broad, and contains about 60,000 
 inhabitants, who are Mahoraclans. It is bo- 
 verned by a sultan, but the legislative power 
 
soo 
 
 648 
 
 ou 
 
 (l ,1 
 
 I 
 
 . i' 
 
 resides In an assembly composed of the sultan 
 and 16 nobles, the former having two votes. 
 The situation of Sooloo renders it n great mart, 
 partioukrly for pearls, sago, and edible birds'- 
 nests. The chief town is Uewar, on the N. W. 
 part of the island, where the English East In- 
 dia Company have a resident. Long. 121. 16. 
 £. lat. 6. 67. N. 
 
 SooNOA, or ScDRA, a town of Hindostan, 
 in Canara, capital of a district of its name. It 
 was formerly an extensive and populous place. 
 The space within the innrr wall was 3 miles 
 square, and fully occupied by houses. When 
 Hydcr took possession there still remained 
 10,000 houses, but tho subsequent wars have 
 reduced them under 100. It is seated above 
 the Gauts, on the Gangawali; CO miles N. by 
 W. of Nagara, and 75 N. by S. of Kundapura. 
 Sophia. See Sofia. 
 
 SopiiiANiA, a town of Persia, in Aderbeit- 
 inn; seated in a valley, 25 miles N. W. of 
 Tauris. 
 
 SopHiENBKiio, a town of Denmark, in Zea- 
 land, with a royal palace, near the coast of the 
 Sound, 1 3 miles N. ot Copenhagen. 
 
 SoRA, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro. 
 with a castle, seated on the Gnrigliano, 46 miles 
 E. by S. of Rome. Pop. 7200. Lone. 14. 4. 
 E. lat. 41. 54. N. 
 
 SoRAu, a town of Prtissian Silesia, 21 mil -s 
 £. of Ratibor. 
 
 SoRAU, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with 
 mpnufactures of cloth, and a trade in yarn and 
 linen; miles W. of Sagau. 
 
 SoRBON, or SoRDONNE, a village of France, 
 in the department of Ardennes, 0' miles N. of 
 Rethel; famous for being the birthplace of Ro- 
 bert Sorbon, confessor to St. Lom's, who founded 
 the celebrated college at Paris called after his 
 name. 
 
 SoRGL, a river of Lower Canada, which issues 
 from Lake Champlain, and flows N. to the St. 
 Lawrence, which it enters at the town of Wil- 
 liam Henry. 
 
 SoRENTO, a seaport of Naples, in Principato 
 Citra, and an archbishop's see. It is the birth- 
 place of Torquato Tasso, and stands on a penin- 
 sula in the Bay of Naples, at the foot of a 
 mountain of its name; 17 miles S. by E. of 
 Naples. Long. 14. 24. E. lat 40. 3G. N, 
 
 SoRiA, a province of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 bounded on the E. by Navarre and Arragon. 
 Its extent is about 4300 square miles, its popu- 
 lation 200,000. The breeding of sheep forms a 
 principal object of attention, and there are a 
 few manufactures of Imen, woollen, paper, and 
 leather. 
 
 SoRiA, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 stands on the site of the ancient Numantia; 
 near the source of the Douro; 74 miles E. S. E. 
 of Burgos. Long. 2. 10. W. lat. 41. 50. N. 
 
 SoRIA^o, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- 
 tra; 17 milesE. N. E.ofNicotera. Pop. 3000. 
 SoROB, a town of Denmark, in the island of 
 Zealand, with a royal college, endowed with the 
 revenues of a once rich convent" 37 mik'S W. 
 S. W. of Copenhagen. 
 SoBiia, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, 
 
 with a largo fort; 25 miles S. E. of Seringana- 
 tarn. ■ 
 
 SosFBiTo, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 the county of Nice, with a trade in dried fruits, 
 particularly figg, geated at the foot of three high 
 mountams on the river Bevera; 13 miles N. E. 
 of Nice. Pop. 3200. 
 
 SouDicE, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Chareiito; 23 miles W. N. W. 
 of Saintes. 
 
 ScuDAK, a town of the Crimea, with the ro- 
 mains of an old fort on a mountain close by tho 
 shore. It was formerly a considerable seaport, 
 and stands at the end of a valley, which pro- 
 duces the best grapes and wine in the whole 
 peninsula; 20 miles S. W. of Caffa. 
 
 Soudan. See Ne()roi.and. 
 
 SouiLLAC, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lot; seated on the Borese, 32 miles 
 N. of Cahors. 
 
 Sound, a strait between Sweden and Den- 
 mark, through which ships usually sail fix>m tho 
 Catcgat into the Baltic. It is about 4 miles 
 broad, and the Danes take a toll of all merchir t 
 ships that pass through the channel. See Lu- 
 
 8IN0RE. 
 
 Sour, in Syria. See SuR. 
 Sour, a river of tho Netherlands, which flows 
 from N. to S. through Luxemburg, and enters 
 the Moselle, a little above Treves. 
 
 SouRABAYA, a town of Java, capital of a dis- 
 trict of the same name, on the N. E. coast. It 
 is situate within the narrow strait formed by 
 the islands of Java and Madura, and is de- 
 fended by batteries. The houses are good, and 
 some are elegant, particularly the country seats 
 of private individuals. Tht- is a fine arsenal, 
 with other extensive works, c oulated for equip- 
 ments on a very large scale. Vessels also, with 
 their various appointments, arc built and equip- 
 ped at Sourabaya. The French, when in pos- 
 session of the island of Java, intended to have 
 erected Sourabaya into a port of consequence* 
 large suras were expended in the construction 
 of works for the defence of the harbour, and 
 General Daendols was proceeding in his plans, 
 when the island was taken by the British. It 
 is seated on a river which separates the Euro- 
 pean part of the town from the Chinese and the 
 native quarter. Pop. 24,574. Long. 112. 65. 
 E. lat. 7. 14. S. 
 
 SouRi, a town of Persia, in Laristan, situate 
 on the Persian gulf; 115 miles S. W. of Or- 
 mua. Long. 55. 30. E. lat. 26. 18. N. 
 SousA. See Susa. 
 
 Sou-TCHEou, a city of China of the first rank, 
 in the province of Kinng-nan. It is so inter- 
 s-KJted by canals of fresh water, that Europeans 
 compare it to Venice. The country round it 
 is almost unequalled in point of fertility; in 
 consequence of which the Chinese call this 
 city the paradise of the world. The brocades 
 and embroideries made here are esteemed 
 throughout the whole empire. The popula- 
 tion is prodigious, and the commercial inter- 
 
 ....... .,* s'T. Bif ^Mtev, ineti ine Imuu 
 
 of all the provinces might be supposed to 
 centre here. It is seated on the Grand Canal, 
 
 If 
 
!. of SeringaiKi« 
 
 linian states, in 
 in dried fruits, 
 
 ot of three high 
 13 miles N.E. 
 
 in the depart- 
 liles W. N. W. 
 
 la, with the r&- 
 lin close by the 
 erablo seaport, 
 ley, which pro- 
 9 in the whole 
 iffa. 
 
 in the depart- 
 >re80, 32 miles 
 
 ien and Don- 
 
 y sail from the 
 about 4 miles 
 >f all merchai t 
 inel. See hi^ 
 
 js, which flows 
 
 irg, and enters 
 
 I. 
 
 ipital of a dis- 
 
 £. coast. It 
 ait formed by 
 %, and is de- 
 are good, and 
 I country seats 
 a fine arsenal, 
 ited for cquip- 
 laels also, with 
 ilt and equip- 
 when in pos- 
 inded to have 
 consequence; 
 
 construction 
 harbour, and 
 { in his plans, 
 3 British. It 
 les the £uro- 
 linese and thd 
 ong. 112. 65. 
 
 istan, situate 
 S. W. of Or- 
 
 t. N. 
 
 :he first rank, 
 18 so inter- 
 nt £uropeanfl 
 try round it 
 fertility ; in 
 Be call this 
 rhe brocades 
 ro esteemed 
 The popula- 
 ercial inter- 
 
 Biipposcd to 
 iruud Canal, 
 
 SOU 
 
 649 
 
 SPA 
 
 and on a river which communicates with the 
 lake Tai; 660 miles S. by E. of Peking. Long. 
 120.0. E. lata 1.22. N. 
 
 SovTERRAiNE, a town of France, in the de- 
 portment of Creuse ; 24 miles N. of Lirjoges. 
 
 South Sea, See Pacific Ocean. 
 
 SouTiiAM, a town in WarwickBliire, with a 
 market on Monday. Most of the houses are 
 old and meanly built, but the church is a hand- 
 some edifice, with a lofty spire. The only 
 other place of worship is a Baptist chapel. 
 Charles I. slept in this town the night before 
 the battle of Edge Hill. It is situate on a 
 branch of the river Watcrgall, 10 miles S. of 
 Coventry, and 82 N. W. of London. 
 
 Southampton, a borough and county of it- 
 self, and the county town of Hampshire; 
 governed by a mayor, with markets on Tues- 
 day, Thursday, and Saturday. It sends two 
 members to parliament. It stands between 
 the Itchen and Test, which here flow into an 
 inlet of the sea, calletl Trissanton Bay, or 
 Southampton Water. The inlet is navigable 
 almost to the head, tor vessels of considerable 
 burden, and the two rivers admit small craft 
 some way up the country. Extensive docks 
 are constructing in connexion with the South 
 Western railway from London, and which will 
 probably render Southampton a point of great 
 commerce. It contains five churches, 8*iveral 
 meeting-houses for dissenters, free granmiur, 
 national, and Lancosterian schools, Sunday 
 schools, almshouses for 1 1( poor widows, an asy- 
 lum for the orphans of soldiers, &c. South, 
 ampton is a fashionable place of resort for 
 sea-bathing, and has manufactures of silks and 
 carpets. Three miles S. E. are the picturesque 
 remains of Netley Abbey. Southampton is the 
 birthplace of the celebrated Dr. Isaac Wotts. 
 A mail-packet sails from this place every morn- 
 ing at seven, for Cowes in the Isle of Wight. 
 It is 12 miles S. by W. oi iVinchester, and 74 
 W. S. W. of London. Long. 1. 24. W. lat. 
 50. 64. N. 
 
 Southampton, a town of New York, in Suf- 
 folk county, on the S. side of Long Island ; 75 
 miles E. of New York Pop. 0205. 
 
 SouTHBUEY, a town of Connecticut, in New 
 Haven county; 21 miles N. W. of New Ha- 
 ven. 
 
 Southend, a village in Essex, at the mouth 
 of the Thames, nearly opposite Sheerness ; 
 much reoorted to for sea-bathing, and contain- 
 ing handsome accommodation for the company. 
 It is 44 miles E. of London. 
 
 SouTHFLEET, o viUogo in Kent, 3 miles S. 
 W. of Gravesend. Some stone coffins, urns, 
 &c. have been dug up here since the commence- 
 ment of the present century, which evince it to 
 have been a Roman station ; probably the Vag- 
 niaca of Antoninus. 
 
 SouTHOLD, a town of New York, in SuflTolk 
 county, on the N. side of nn inland bay at the 
 E. end of Long Island; 100 miles E N. E. of 
 New York. 
 
 SouTHWARK, a borough in Surrey, sending 
 two members to parliament; which may be 
 considered as part of the metropolis, being 
 
 seated on the opposite side of the Thames, and 
 under the jurisdiction of the corporation of 
 London. It is called the Borough, by way of 
 distinction, and contains six parish churches, 
 several chapels of ease, a Roman Catholic clia- 
 pel, and many places of worship for dissenters, 
 amongst which is that calletl Surrey Chopel, 
 capable of containing 6000 persons. Here are 
 several charitable foundations, particularly the 
 liospitals of St. Thomas nnd Guy ; also the 
 Queen's Bench and Marshalsea prisons, a county 
 gaol, &c. See London. 
 
 Southwell, a town in Nottinghamshire, with 
 a market on Saturday. It is an ancient place, 
 enjoying several privileges different from the 
 county, and has a collegiate church. Here are 
 the ruins of a grand palace, demolished in the 
 civil wars of the 17th century. The principal 
 trade is in malt and hops. The town is seated 
 on a gentle eminence, on the small river Grect„ 
 and in the midst of an amphitheatre of hills, 
 which are fertile, well-wooded, and picturesiiue. 
 It is 13 miles N. E. of Nottingham, and 132 
 N.N.W. of London. 
 
 SouTHwoLD, a seaport in SuflTolk, with a 
 market on Thursday. It is seated on a cliff, 
 near a fine bay, with a harbour to the S., and 
 the river Blythe and a drawbridge on the W., 
 so that it is almost surrounded by water, espe- 
 cially at every high tide. Here a much es- 
 teemed salt is made, and it has also a trade in 
 corn, beer, and herrings. It is sometimes called 
 Sowle, or Sole, and its bay is named Solebay. 
 In this buy was the great sea-fight in 1C72, 
 between the Dutch admiral, De Ruyter, and 
 James, duke of York, in which the victory was 
 undecided. It is 26° miles S. of Yarmouth, and 
 105 S. E. of London. Long. 1. 64. W. lat. 52. 
 24. N, 
 
 SouTO Major, town of Portugal in Beira; 
 UmilesN. W. ofPinhel. 
 
 Souvigny, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of AUier ; seated on the river Quesne; 
 10 miles W. by S. of Moulins. 
 
 SovANo, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy 
 of Tuscany; 45 miles N. N. W. of Rome. 
 
 Sow, a river in Staffordshire, which rises in 
 the W. part of the county, flows by Eccleshall 
 to Stafford, below which it receives the Peak, 
 and soon afterwards joins the Trent. — Also, a 
 river in Warwickshire, which runs into the 
 Avon near Stoneleigh Abbey. 
 
 Sow AND Pigs, large rocks on the coast of 
 Massachusets, I^ing off the S. W- end of Ca- 
 tahunk Island. 
 
 Spa, a town of Belgium, in the province of 
 Liege; famous for its mineral waters. That 
 called the Old Spa consists of miserable cot- 
 tages, and is properly nothing but the suburb 
 to the other. The houses of the New Spa are 
 mostly of wood and plaster ; but the more 
 modem ones are of brick and stone. The 
 church of the Capuchins, and the parish church, 
 are both seated upon^ eminencefL The names 
 of the five principal wells are Pouhon, Geron- 
 flerd, Saviniere, Watpotz, and Tunnelet. The 
 inhabitants are empbyed in making toys for 
 strangers. Spa was taken by the French in 
 
■MiMMa 
 
 m 
 
 \ it 
 
 r!i 
 
 SPA C50 
 
 1794, and afterWarcU annexed to France; but 
 m lau they delivered it up to the allies. It 
 w seated in a valley surrounded by mountain* : 
 17 miles S, E. of Liege. 
 
 Spain, n kingdom of Europe, 700 miles 
 long, and 600 broad ; bounded on the N, by 
 the Bay of Bigcay, N. E. by the Pyrenees, 
 which separate it from France, E. and SL by 
 the Mediterranean, S. W, by the Atlantic, and 
 W. by Portugal and the Atlantic ; with an 
 area of 176,372 square miles, and a population 
 of 13,000,000. It contains iho provinces of 
 Old and New Castile, Andnlusift, Arragon, 
 Lstremadura, Galicia, Leon, Catalonia, Gra- 
 nada. Valencia, Biscay, Asturias, Murcin, and 
 XVavarre, some of which have been separate 
 kingdoms, and still retain the title. The air is 
 dry and serene, except during the equinoctial 
 rains; but excessively hot in the southern pro- 
 Tinces in June, July, and August. The vast 
 mountains, however, that run through Spain, 
 are beneficial to the inhabitants by the refresh- 
 ing breezes that come from them in the S. 
 parts; though those in the N. and the N. E. 
 are in the winter very cold. The soil is very 
 fertile, but there are large tracts of unculti- 
 vated ground; and the superior attention paid 
 to the large flocks of sheop ^xeatly impedes 
 the progress of agriculture. The produce of 
 the country consists in wheat, barley, saffron, 
 honey, silk, salt, saltpetre, hemp, barilla, and 
 even sugar-canes, with the richest and most 
 delicious fruits that are to be found in Franco 
 and Italy; and its wines are in high esteem. 
 Wolves are the chief beasts of prey that infest 
 Spain. The wild bulls have so much ferocity, 
 that bull-fights were the most magnificent spec 
 tacle the court of Spain could exhibit. The 
 domestic animals are horses, (which are to- 
 iimrkably swift,) mules, asses, beeves, and 
 wieep. Spain abounds in minerals and metals. 
 Carnelian, agate, jacinth, loadstone, torquois 
 stones, quicksilver, iron, copper, lead, sulphur, 
 gypsum, calamine, crystal, marbles of several 
 kinds, porphyry, the finest jasper, and even 
 diamonds, emeralds, and amethysts are found 
 here. Anciently it was celebrated for gold 
 and silver mines; but since the discovery of 
 America no attention has been paid to them. 
 The principal rivers are the Douro, Tagus, 
 Guadiana, Guadalquiver, and Ebro. Spain, 
 formerly the most populous kingdom in Eu- 
 rope, is now very thinly inhabited; to which 
 various causes have contributed, as the expul- 
 sion of the Moors, the emigration to the colo- 
 nies, the vast numbers and celibacy of the 
 clergy, the indolence of the natives, and the 
 late desolating war. Here are some consider- 
 able manufactures, especially of silk and wool- 
 Jen, but these are fer short of that flourishing 
 condition which they might attain, being 
 checked by the royal monopolies, which ex- 
 tend to broad cloth, china, glass, pottery, paper, 
 BJiltpetre, salt, sulphur, tobacco, and some 
 others. The Spaniards in general are tall, 
 tiieir complexion swarthy, their countenances 
 expressive. The beauty of the ladies reigns 
 ohiefly in their novels and romances : in their 
 
 SPA 
 
 Serson* they are small aud slender. Jealousy 
 1 no longer the characteristic of a Siwnish hu». 
 band ; the married ladies have here their cor- 
 tejo, or male attendant, in the same manner as 
 the Italians have their cicisbeo. The established 
 religion is popery; and that execrable tribunal 
 the Inquisition has reigned here in all its hor- 
 rora, but hii» been abolished. There are 8 
 arclibwhoprica, 46 episcopal sees, and 24 uni, 
 versities, or rather acadcmieat The Spanish 
 language springs from the Roman, but many of 
 the words are derived from the Arabic used by 
 the Moor-, who for -.ev-n centuries held dorni- 
 "'•"' ' T : their speech is grave, so- 
 
 norou.', melodious. In 1808 Spain 
 
 excited M . „tmi of all Europe by the rapid 
 and extras, uinary revolution which it under- 
 went, in consequence of the domineering influ- 
 ence and intrigues of the court of France. The 
 king of Spain, as the ally of the French em- 
 peror, in the war with Great Britain, was re- 
 quired, in the beginning of 1807, to furnish a 
 body of troops to assist in the campaign then 
 going on against Russia and Prussia. For that 
 purpose the flower of the Spanish army wuj 
 placed at the disposal of France, and marched 
 to the N. of Germany, to take possession of 
 Hie newly acquired territories of that power. 
 However, the war being soon after terminated 
 by the peace of Tilsit, these troops were still 
 detained in garrison at a great distance from 
 their country ; and the views of the French 
 emperor towards Spain and Portugal began 
 now to develope themselves. Towards the 
 close of this year, bo prevailed on the court of 
 Spam to acquiesce in his projects against thq 
 House of Brnganza. and to allow a free passage 
 for his troops through Spain, to take possession 
 of Portugal. A large force, therefore, entered 
 Spain on the 18th of October, to proceed to 
 that country. In tlie meantime, the agents of 
 France were not idle at Madrid; and, in the 
 beginning of 1808, that city was thrown into 
 the greatest elusion, in consequence of the 
 prince of Asturias assuming the sovereignty by 
 the title of Ferdinand VII.. and Charles IV. 
 his father treating it as an act of rebellion. 
 But as the prince was very popular, and had a 
 numerous party to support his pretensions, the 
 Irench ambassador urged both parties to refer 
 their disputes to the mediation of Napoleon. 
 While this was going forward, the French 
 armies kept pouring into Spain; and on the 
 2,}rd of March they entered Madrid, under 
 I rince Murat. The French having thus ob- 
 tained possession of Portugal, and a great part 
 of Spain, succeeded in persuading the roval fa- 
 mily to repair to Bayonne, to lay their case 
 personally before the emperor : but they had 
 not been there many days before they were 
 compelled to sign a renunciation of the crown 
 of Spain in favour of Bonaparte. On the 13th 
 of May they were sent into the interior of 
 France, to the places assigned them by the 
 trench £ovemment,as their future resideiice: 
 and the throne of Spain was transferred to Jo- 
 seph Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon. Th« 
 Ircnch emperor having now the royal femily in 
 
SPA 
 
 6S1 
 
 ler. Jcaluuiy 
 I Sivinish hu». 
 ere their cor- 
 me manner aa 
 'ha established 
 Table tribunal 
 in all its hor> 
 There are 8 
 , and 24 uni^ 
 The Spanish 
 , but many of 
 rabic used bv 
 !S held domi- 
 1 is grave, so- 
 
 1808 Spain 
 by the rapid 
 ch it under- 
 (leering influ> 
 France. The 
 French em- 
 tain, was re> 
 to furnish a 
 npaign then 
 a. For that 
 h army wa0 
 nd marched 
 lossession of 
 that power, 
 
 terminated 
 ps were still 
 stance from 
 the French 
 ugal began 
 owards the 
 the court of 
 against thq 
 free passage 
 9 possession 
 ire, entered 
 proceed to 
 >e agents of 
 »nd, in tho 
 drown into 
 nee of the 
 reignty, b v 
 harles Iv. 
 ' rebellion, 
 and had a 
 nsions, the 
 es to refer 
 Napoleon, 
 le French 
 nd on the 
 rid, under 
 ; thus ob- 
 great part 
 ! royal fa- 
 their case 
 
 they had 
 ;hey were 
 ;he crown 
 I the 1 3th 
 nterior of 
 n by the 
 resiufjiec; 
 ■ed to Jo- 
 eon. Th« 
 femily in 
 
 S PA 
 
 hta power, and a formidable arm/ in the heart 
 of the country, tliouglit he had acquired quiet 
 possession of this vast peninsula : but in this 
 he soon found himself deceived ; for the storm, 
 which had been long gathering, was about to 
 buret forth in all its fury. The Spaniards 
 could not but view with a jealous eye the 
 entry of so many foreign troops into their 
 country, without any reasonable cause having 
 been assigned; and no sooner did they hear of 
 the captivity of their monarch, and tho ap- 
 pomtment of a new one, than their indignation 
 was roused to tho highest pitch. All Spain 
 rose, as if by one consent, on their invaders, 
 Madrid setting the example, notwithntanding 
 the presence of the enemy. A Supreme Junta 
 ♦ ^^.®"""®"' wtw established by the people 
 at Seville, who formally declared war against 
 trance, in the name of Ferdinand VII. The 
 military folPce, being small, was augmented by 
 new levies; and their arms were successful, at 
 the commencement, in several inotances, parti- 
 cularly on the 20th of July, when General 
 Dupont surrendered with nearly 20,000 men 
 to the Spanish general Castanos. The new 
 government lost no time in seeking the aid of 
 Great Britain, who generously sent them both 
 arms and money. The British likewise sent an 
 army into Portugal, wliich, by the decisive bat- 
 u "i,^""'^™' cleared that country entirely of 
 the trench forces under Junot. 'After these 
 successes, the French army in Spain were un- 
 der the necessity of retreating towards the 
 Ebro, where they acted on the defensive for 
 some time ; and the Spaniards entered Madrid 
 in triumph. About this time also 10,000 Spa- 
 nish troops, who were in the N. of Germany 
 effected their escape on board a British ileet, 
 which conveyed them to Corunno, whence they 
 proceeded to join their countrymen in arms. 
 Bonaparte, perceiving that his affairs were in a 
 bad state in the peninsula, drew a large portion 
 of his forces from Germany and Italy, at the 
 head of which he put himself on the 3rd of 
 November; and such was his progress, that, 
 after defeating and dispersing the Spanish 
 armies of Generals Blake and Castanos, he 
 pushed on to Madrid, without further opposi- 
 tion, and entered it on the 4th of December 
 following. The British general Moore also, 
 who had been sent from Portugal with an 
 army to assist the Spaniards, was forced to 
 make a precipiti.te retreat to Corunna, and the 
 army compelled to embark, after sustaining a 
 severe action with the enemy, in which their 
 brave commander was killed. In all proba- 
 bility Spain must now have fallen beneath the 
 power of Napoleon, had not his attention been 
 drawn off by the war with Austria. The French 
 emperor, in consequence, quitted Spain in order 
 •to conduct the war in person against that 
 power; and in the meantime exertions were 
 made by the Spanish and British governments 
 to make head against the enemy. The British 
 sent another army into the peninsula, who dis- 
 tinguished themselves in the hard-fought bat- 
 tle of Talavera, on the 27th of July, 1809; 
 but from the exhausted state of the country. 
 
 and a want of energy in the Spwish gorem. 
 
 ?'M"k^!['""'.*'*'"*'""^ '"" * languishing stttto 
 till 1810, when, the war being closed with 
 Austria, the French began to collect a formida- 
 ble army on the frontiers of Portugal, under the 
 command of MarsliiU Masseno, for the avowed 
 purpose of driving the British army out of that 
 kingdom. But finding it hopeless to attack 
 them in the formidable position which Lord 
 Wellington had chosen, and being unable to 
 furnish subsistence for his army any longer, 
 from the wretched state of the country, Mns- 
 sena at length commenced a retreat, on the 
 5th of March, 1811, followed by the British 
 and Portuguese army. From this time it may 
 be said that the British nation, from auxiliaries, 
 became principals in the war, as the Spanish 
 forces, notwithstanding their numbers, were by 
 no means able to stand against the superior 
 discipline of their adversaries. The govern- 
 ment now underwent several changes, in tho 
 last of which the cortes were assembled, and 
 proceeded to form a new constitution, by which 
 the executive government was placed in tho 
 hands of a regency ; the Inquisition was abo- 
 lished ; the liberty of the press established, and 
 several excellent laws, tending to meliorate 
 the condition of the people, were recognized. In 
 1812 the British army once more ventured to 
 pursue active operations in Spain; and the glo- 
 rious victory of Salamanca, on the 22nd of July, 
 was followed by the most important advantages. 
 Cadiz, which had been besieged by the French 
 for more than two yeare, was abandoned, and 
 Joseph Bonaparte expelled from Madrid. But, 
 towards the close of this campaign, the allied 
 army was again compelled to retire into Por- 
 tugal, through the negligence of the Spanish 
 general Ballasteros, and the failure of the attack 
 on the castle of Burgos. In the following year 
 the British general opened the campaign with 
 a most formidable army, consisting of British, 
 Portuguese, and Spaniards, and amounting to 
 nearly 120,000 men. The progress of the allied 
 army was unusually rapid, and on the 2l8t of 
 June they defeated the enemy's army, of about 
 70,000 men, in the vicinity of Vittoria, which 
 was followed by the loss of all their artillery, 
 baggage, &c. This battle decided the fate of 
 Spain; and Bonaparte, finding his armies driven 
 from the country, and the war carried into 
 France, thought proper to relef ■ j Ferdinand, 
 and send him back to his dominions. The 
 war, nevertheless, continued ; and the allied 
 army, under their illustrious commonder, gained 
 immortal fame in the battles of the Pyrenees, 
 and those of Orphies and Toulouse. After the 
 capture of Toulouse, on the 12th of April, 
 1814, their victorious arms were arrested by 
 news being brought them of the capture of 
 Paris, and the consequent conclusion of the 
 war. Ferdinand arrived at Madrid on the 
 14th of May; but the first acts ,of his govern- 
 ment were to revive the Inquisition, with ail 
 the other abuses against which the new con- 
 stitution had provided, and banish and im- 
 prison those men who, to tho best of their 
 power, had contributed to his re-establiahment 
 
•*MMMIii 
 
 SPA 
 
 OM 
 
 8PI 
 
 The dumtisftiction und iiidjjpiation which this 
 conduct excited, protluced in 1020-21 a rovo- 
 httion, by which tlie constitution of tlio corte», 
 iw cstubiislictl ill 1(112, wna restored. Madrid 
 is thi> ca|iit4tl. 
 Spain, Nkw. See Mkxico. 
 SPAiTLA, n town of liarbary, in the kingdom 
 of Tunis; near which arc extensive and magni- 
 flccnt ruins. It is situate on a rising ground, 
 shaded all over with juniper-trees ; 90 miles 
 S. W. of Tunis, and 100 S. 8. E. of Bona. 
 Long. 9. 15. E. lat. 35. 40, N. 
 
 SPALATno, or Spalatto, a strong acaport of 
 Austrian Dalmatia ; and an archbishop's see. 
 riio harbour is large and deep, and well fre- 
 quented. Without the walls is a sulphureous 
 spring, of great benefit in chronical diseases. 
 Here are the ruins of the palace of Diocletian, 
 and of a magnificent aqueduct. In 1784 Spa- 
 latrj) was nearly depopulated by the plr.gtie. 
 It IS seated on a peninsula, in the CJulf of 
 Venice; 70 miles S, of Zara, and 102 N. W. 
 of llagusB. Pop. about 7600. Long. 17. 31. 
 E. lat. 44. 4. N. 
 
 Spai.«ino, a town in Lincolnshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Wel- 
 land, and from its neatness, and the canals in 
 its streets, resembles n Dutch town. The 
 church is a largo and neat structure of the 13th 
 century, and here are six meeting-houses, two 
 grammar-schools, a charity-school, and two 
 alms-houses. A new house of correction was 
 erected hero in 1824. The inhabitants are not 
 eniployed in manufactures, but derive their 
 chief support from agriculture, and the extcn- 
 sivo grazing carried on in the neighbourhood. 
 Much hemp and flax is grown in the vicinity, 
 and there is a goo<l carrying trade in com mid 
 coal. It is 1 4 miles S. by W. of Boston, and 
 i»ij N. of London. 
 
 Spalt, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- 
 conia, in the district of Anspach. The vicinity 
 produces excellent hops. It is seated on the 
 Retzat; 10 miles E. S. E. of Anspach. 
 
 Spandau, a town of Prussia, in the Middle 
 Mark of Brandenburg; with a fine fortress. 
 The arsenal is in subtorrnnean vaults, and 
 there is a prison for state criminals. Bayonets, 
 ramrods, sword-blades, and sabres, are made 
 here; also musket-barrels, which are sent hence 
 to Potsdam to be finished. It is seated on the 
 Havel, opposite the influx of the Spree ; 8 
 miles W. N. W. of Berlin, and 12 N. E. of 
 Potsdam. Pop. 5000. 
 
 Spangendero, a town and castle of Ger- 
 many, in Ilesse-Cassel; seated on a mountain : 
 28milesS. E. ofCassel. 
 
 Spanishtown, or Jago de la Veoa, a town 
 of Jamaica, where the legislative assembly and 
 thn grand courts of justice are held. It ia 
 seated in a i>!ea8nnt valley, on the river Cobre ; 
 16 miles W. N. \V. of Kingston. Pop. 5000. 
 Spartel, Cape, a promontory on the coast 
 of Barbaryj at the entrance of the Strait of 
 Gibraltar. Long. 5. 56. W. lat. 35. 50. N. 
 
 Spartivknto, Cape, a promontory of Na- 
 ples, at the S. E. extremity of Calabria Ultra. 
 Long. 16. 40. E. lat. 37. 50. N. 
 
 Spkioiits Town, n seaport of Oarbadoes, for* 
 merly much fV«jquonted bv the Bristol traders, 
 and thence called Little Bristol. It is situate 
 on the N. W. cooat of the island, and di^ 
 fended by two fort*. Long. 68. 31. W. lat. 13. 
 16. N. 
 
 Spkllo, n town of Italy, In the duchy of 
 Spoleto. Hero are the ruins of n theatre, and 
 other remains of anticjuity. It is seated on a 
 hill; 13 miles N. of Spoleto. 
 
 Spev, a rapid river of Scotland, which issues 
 from a smftU lako in the centre of Inverness- 
 shire, flows N. E. into Murmyshire, then divides 
 that county ttom Banffthire for more than 20 
 miles, and enters the German Ocean at Gar- 
 mouth. 
 
 Spi'.zzia, or Specia, a town of the Sardinian 
 states, in the territory of Genoa; with a good 
 harlwur. It is seated at the foot of^a hill, on 
 a. gulf of the same name ; 47 miles S. E. of 
 Genoa. Pop. 4000. Long. 9. 37. E. lat. 44. 
 10. N. 
 
 Spkzzia, an island of Greece, 6 miles long, 
 and 2 broad. It has n town of the same name, 
 containing 3000 inhabitants. It is situate about 
 20 miles from Napoli di Romania. 
 Spice Islands. See Moluccas. 
 Si'iELiiEKO, a town of Germany, in the prin- 
 cipality of Oettingen; 8 miles N. E. of Oettin- 
 gcn, and 13 S. S. E. of Anspach. 
 
 Spiktz, n town of Switzerland, in the amton 
 of Bern ; seated on the W. side of the lako 
 Thun; 40 miles S. S. E. of Bern. 
 
 Spioelburo, a town and castle of Hanover, 
 capital of a county of the same name, lying 
 within the principality of Calenberg; belonging 
 as a fief to the king of the Njtherlands. It is 
 12milesE. by S. ofllalem. 
 
 Spigno, a town of Sardinia, in the duchy of 
 Montserrat; with a castle; seatetl on the Belbo; 
 1 1 miles S. S. W. of Acqui, ond 40 S. E. of 
 Turin. 
 
 Spilemueroo, a town of Austrian Italy, In 
 Friuli; seated on the Tagliamento; 14 miles 
 W. ofUdina. 
 
 Spilsdy, a town in Lincolnshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Monday. It has an ancient church, 
 two meeting-houses, a small free-school, and a 
 subscription library. Here is also a town-hall, 
 in which the general quarter-sessions for the S. 
 division of the ports of Lindsey have been held 
 for upwards of 100 years. It is seated on the 
 side of a hill, 31 miles E. of Lincoln, and 133 
 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Spinalonoa, a seaport of the island of Can- 
 dia, with a good harbour and a citadel. It is 
 situate near a cape of the same name; 30 
 miles E. of Candia. Long. 25. 48. E, lat. 35. 
 20. N. 
 
 Spire, a city of Bavaria, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Rhino, and formcriy of a bishopric of 
 its name. In ancient times, the emperors held 
 many diets at Spire, and it was the scat of the 
 imperiol chamber till 1689, when the city was 
 burnt by the French- and it w.ii". not rebuilt 
 till after the peace of Ryswick, in 1697. Most 
 of the citizens are Lutherans; but there are 15 
 Catholic churches and convents, among which 
 
 V ti 
 
8PI 
 
 003 
 
 the oolloge <'ormerly iKjIonglnii to the \m„lu 
 claim, tho lirit place. Hi.iru w.ui .-I 11 
 French in 1734; nnd in 7'?M .u^rS ''^"" 
 the ropuHlican troop, of [^^ XTvStS 
 
 i«i /•?•"" ^""r- ''"' '«-ontorcd it in 1794 In 
 1814 It wns ci'ded to MBvaria U !.!«.,' i 
 
 •» c.»tlo;«nd t/ port 4 „ " uT """'"• ''"" 
 
 g^^.ut^'cS,;'i-:'i/:r-^o 
 
 H-Jvannn. Long. 79/37; E.tt''2 J' ll N °' 
 
 Spithkad a famous road in tho EnKlish 
 Wt wW?^r 1'orl.rnouth and tho iS of 
 
 Sous. " "•^'" ""^^ ^'«i"<^""y '«"■ 
 
 Spitzberoen. a group of dreary ,Mnnd« 
 
 las** 37 n"-. r'.'": ^- "'"«-^'' 7I* 
 
 W I X?' ^- '"*•' •'«»'"« Greenland to the 
 W.aml Nova Zcmbia to the E. The Main 
 
 land or principal islandjs 300 miles in leS 
 It WM discovered in 1.533, by Sir Huch Wil 
 
 to be a I art of the western continent. In 1*95 
 >t was visited by 13„rc„tz and Cornelius two 
 Dutchmen, who pretended to be the oriaLa! 
 discoverers, and called it Spitzborgcn, or shnrn 
 mountains, from the many sharp po ntt 1 and 
 rocky mountains with which it aboun Is T ^ 
 glaciers on the N.E. present a singular anneal 
 ance, being high cMffi, of an emS cTu^ 
 nnpendent over the sea, with c" tamcts of 
 melted snow, and a lackground of black con?, 
 hills, streaked with white. In the winter it 
 "j^°f">"«l "ight for four montlTs The 
 ammaU are deer, bears, and foxes. To thi 
 w; «■ . ^^P "^ """" "'«"• called the 
 coveTed • '^° °""' "'="° ^«"'> y«t dil 
 
 SnuoEN a town of Switzerland, in the Gri- 
 
 srs!rjhSeir°^^''«^^-.-'« 
 «.S^pe;tra^sX:ind^^tS: 
 
 boumled on the N. by Ancona and Urbino e' 
 by Naples, S. by Sabina. and W. by Orv eto 
 and rerugino. It comprises the greatest p„rt 
 
 8TA 
 
 Spoleto, the capital of the foregoing duchy 
 and a bishop's see. The houses a7e inVenerai 
 £'»""'• ^"' .*•''" ""'^ ^'fi«=«« that have any 
 
 :n«"h!n.t:rrrj44':rs'^-'jc''r''' 
 
 bridge, and the cSn: : ^h s eTui.S a' 
 fcie stnicture. Spoleto suffered greS£m 
 earthquakes m 1703 nnd 1767. Ilereare ■ 
 
 a~nXuZr''i?r^ij:,';r^''"'r'''-"'» 
 
 AjrgL wine. nl^^hTri::!. ' Cir 7„ S 
 E of Orvieto. and 60 N by E. of I^m„ pj 
 7000. Long. 13. 0. E. lat. 42. 45. N ' 
 
 Sponiikim, a town of Ourmnny. and tho 
 capital of a county of its name. It i" iea cd 
 
 W by S. of JWontz. Long. 7. 3«. E. lat, 49. ru. N 
 
 Spouabi.>.. the ancient name of those islands' 
 
 of the Urecian Archijielago wbid. are scattered 
 
 irregularly along the shores of Europe and 
 
 Asia,in contradistinction to the Cyclades. which 
 
 are grouped c-vcularly around Dolos. 
 
 fei'orayLVAN.A. a county of Virginia, bounded 
 
 by the Ilni)paliannock, N. W. by OraiiKo 
 
 county, S. L. by CaroUne county, and S. W by 
 
 tho counties of Hanover and Louisiana. " It 
 
 contains U,,101 inhabitants, about one- half of 
 
 wliora are slaves. 
 
 SwiEB. a river which rises in tho mountains 
 of Bohemia, passes through Lusatia into limn- 
 denbui;g, flows by Ijerlin. and joins the Havel 
 opposite Spandau. ' 
 
 . Si'iiEMBEKO, a town of tho Prussian states 
 Jn lusatia; situate on an island formed by the 
 river Spree ; 14 miles S. by E. of Cotbus. 
 
 SPniNOFiELD, a village in tho parish of 
 uretna, Uumfries-shiro, and is notorious as the 
 scene of the inglorious marriage- trade of Ureltia • 
 » miles from Carlisle. ' 
 
 SpiuwaFiBLD. a town of Mussjichuscts. capi- 
 n of Hampden county. It has a considerable 
 inland trade, a woollen manuluctory, a roi.e- 
 walk, two paper-mills, two pul,lic libraries, a 
 very extensive establishment for the manufac- 
 *!"'° "'l"""*- Stc. It stands on tho Coniicc- 
 10%'5."" "'"* "^^ ®- ^- °' i^^-ton 1>. 
 SpmNQPiELD, , town of Kentucky, in Bour- 
 bon county; situate on the Licking; CO miles 
 W. by N. of Frankfort.-There are sevJml 
 
 Kd Si *"""'''" "' ""' "•""« - "•" 
 
 Sprottau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in tho 
 principally of Glogau j on a river of th^ Mmo 
 
 w!"s. w! of Gfo"'"*^ '''*'' ^''° ^°^" ^" '"''^' 
 
 . fr'^'i v"f*u; " promontory on the S. E. 
 coast of Yorkshire, at the mouth of the ilum- 
 
 lat'ss S'n " " ''"*''''"'°"^- ^°"8- »• 15- E. 
 
 TTlf™'"!:,'i,*''^' * **""" ?^ ^"P^^"' '■" Calabria 
 Ultm; which was much injured by the earth- 
 quake of 783., It is seated on the Favelone 
 near a gulf of its name ; 3.5 miles S. W. of St' 
 Severino. Long. 16. 40. E. lat. 39. 3. N 
 ofuZf' ".i!"'" f .B^'gi""!, in the province 
 of Liege; with a celebrated Benedictine abbey 
 Here is a manufacture of leather, and a tmaein 
 
 Th« n M*" k"*?;. ^""' ^'^^ «P«rt; With caiiaK 
 The pubhc buildings are the government^house 
 
 S^L^pTn' ^r-'--. -d colonial";?!' 
 
 the pital. Pop. 8500. 
 
STA 
 
 «M 
 
 STA 
 
 ii it 
 
 Stadi, a town of ilnnovcr, in the duchy of 
 Bremen, with a fortrcgs, a college, and three 
 churche*. It ia the »piit of the regency and 
 chief courts of juHtice of the duchies of Bremen 
 and Verden, and hits mnnufHcturcs of lace, flan- 
 nels, stockings, hnts, and spiri' .is liquors. 
 The foreign trade is chiefly t ..tined to the 
 transit business. It stands on the Swingel, 
 near its confluence with the Elbe; 43 miles 
 N. E. of Bremen, Pop. 4800. Long. 9. 28. 
 E. lat. 6,5. 36. N. 
 
 Stadt-am-IIop, a town of Bavaria ; on tho 
 N. side of the Danube, connected by a bridge 
 with the city of lliitisbon. 
 
 Stadtbebo, a town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 vince of Westphalia ; on the frontiers of the 
 county of Waldeck. Part of it, called Maraberg, 
 stands on the site of the famous Saxon fort of 
 Elmesburg, which was taken by Charlemngno, 
 who built a church hero in honour of St. Peter 
 and St. Paul. Stadtberg is situate on the Du- 
 mel ; 16 miles S. of Paderbom. 
 
 Stadthagkn, a strong town of Prussian 
 Westphalia, in the principality of Schauenberg; 
 with a palace, belonging to the prince of 
 Schauenbcrg-Lippe, in the garden of which is 
 a mineral spring. It is 8 miles E. of Minden. 
 
 Stafabda, a town of Sardinia, in Piedmont, 
 with a rich abbey. In 16D0 a victory was gained 
 near this place by the French, over the duke of 
 Savoy. It is seated on the Poj 3 miles N. of 
 Saluzzo. 
 
 Staffa, a small island of Scotland, one of 
 the Hebrides, on tho W. side of that of Mull. 
 It is the greatest natiiral curiosity in Europe, if 
 not in the world. The whole S. W. end is 
 supported by ranges of basaltic pillars, mostly 
 above 60 feet high, and four feet in thickness. 
 Here is also a magnificent cavern called Fin-ma- 
 coul, or Flngal's Cave, which extends 250 feet in 
 length. Its entrance is a natural arch, 63 feet 
 wide and 117 high, from which the r .vem is 
 lighted, so that its furthest extremity may be 
 seen. It is supported on each side by ranges of 
 columns, and roofed by the fragments of others 
 that have been broken off in forming it. The 
 bottom of the cave is filled by the sea reaching 
 to the extremity, and in very calm weather a 
 boat may sail into it. This singular island is 
 every where supported by basaltic rocks and pil- 
 lars, and so much hollowed by various caves, 
 that its whole surface is shaken in stormy 
 weathc. 
 
 Staffelstein, a town of Bavaria; filuate 
 on the Lauter; 16 miles N. N. E. of Bamberg. 
 
 Stafford, a borough, and the county town of 
 Staffordshire, governed by a mayor ; with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday. It sends two members to 
 parliament. A castle was built here by William 
 the Conqueror, which was garrisoned by the 
 troops of Charles I., and, being taken, was de- 
 molished by order of the parliament. It has 
 two parish churches, one of which was formerly 
 collegiate. The other places of worship are a 
 Roman Catholic chap;!, and meeting-houses for 
 Independents, Quakers, Methodists, aiiJ Pres- 
 byterians. Here are also two national schools, 
 a f^ grammar-school, several almshouses, a 
 
 handsome Infirmary, and a fino square markat. 
 place, in whicli is the shire-hall, and under it is 
 the market-house. Tho principal trade consists 
 in the manufacture of boots and shoes, which at 
 one time was very considerable, but has greatly 
 declined. lints and cutlery are also manufac- 
 tured hero, and a considerable tanning business 
 is carried on. It is seated on the river Bow; 
 144 miles N. W. of London. Long. 2. 4. W. 
 lat. 62. 48. N. 
 
 Staffohdsiiire, a couiivy of England, 65 
 miles long, and 36 broad, bounded on tho W. by 
 Shropshire, N. W. by Cheshire, N. E. and E. by 
 Derbyshire, S. E. by Warwickshire, and 8. by 
 Worcestershire. It contains 765,800 acres, is 
 divided into five hundreds and 181 parishes, has 
 one city and 1.0 market towns, and sends 'bur 
 members to parliament for the N. and S. divi- 
 sions of tho county. The principal rivers are 
 the Trent, Dove, Sow, Churnet, Stour, Peak, 
 and Manyfold. The soil in the S. part is good 
 and rich, though not without heaths, which 
 take up a large tract of ground : it abounds in 
 coal and iron. Tho middle is level and plain, 
 the N. hilly and barren, being full of heaths and 
 moors. There are good stone quarries, plenty 
 of alabaster, and limestone. Tin and brass are 
 among the productions in Staffordshire, and 
 there are several smelting and brass-works near 
 the copper mines. Within the last half century 
 material improvements have been introduced 
 into the agriculture of this county; whilst o»: 
 the rich lands bordering the Trent the dairj- has 
 become a source of considerable profit. The 
 trade and manufactures have been greatly ex- 
 tended by tho inland navigation, which connects 
 this county, not only with the metropolis, but 
 with the Severn, the Mersey, and tho Humber, 
 and the three corresponding ports of Bristol, 
 Liverpool, and Hull. The iron-foundries, blast- 
 furnaces, slitting-mills, and other branches of 
 the iron trade, employ great numbers of people. 
 The cotton manufactures are very considerable, 
 and the silk trade is carried on to some extent. 
 The S. parts of the county are distinguished 
 for the manufactures of locks, buckles, steel 
 toys, (particularly watch chains,) and a variety 
 of plated, lacquered, japanned and enamelled 
 goods. In the vicinity of Stourbridge the ma- 
 nufacture of glass is considerable. T'lere are 
 also manufactures of tobacco and snuff-boxes, 
 shoes, hats, &c. But the chief manufacture of 
 the county is that of earthenware, for which it 
 has been long and deservedly celebrated, and 
 which may now be ranked among the most im- 
 portant manufactures of the kingdom. 
 
 Stagira, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Macedonia, celebrated for being the birthplace 
 of Aristotle; whence he io called the Stagirite. 
 It is now called Stavros. It is seated on the 
 Gulf of Contessa; 16 miles W. N. W. of Con- 
 tessn. 
 
 Stao?'o, a seaport of Austrian Dalmatia, and 
 a bishop's see, seated on a peninsula, in the 
 Gulf of Venice; 30 miles N. W. of Ragusa. 
 Long, 17. 60. E. iftt. 43. 12. N. 
 
 Staines, a town in Middlesex, with a market 
 on Friday, seated on the Thames, over which is 
 
 
]uaro mnrkaU 
 m{ under it is 
 trade coniista 
 loes, which at 
 ut has greatly 
 Also nianufac- 
 ining business 
 le river 8ow; 
 ong. 2. 4. W. 
 
 England, A5 
 on the W.by 
 
 £. and £. by 
 •e, and 8. by 
 ,K00 acres, is 
 
 parishes, has 
 d sends 'bur 
 . and S. divi- 
 )al rivers are 
 Stour, Peak, 
 , part is good 
 leaths, which 
 it abounds in 
 rel and plain, 
 }f heaths and 
 orries, plenty 
 and brass are 
 )rd8hire, and 
 ss-works near 
 
 half century 
 n introduced 
 Y; whilst oi: 
 the dairy has 
 
 profit. The 
 n greatly ex- 
 hich connects 
 tropolis, but 
 the Humber, 
 8 of Bristol, 
 indries, blast- 
 branches of 
 sn of people, 
 considerable, 
 some extent, 
 distinguished 
 luckles, steel 
 md a variety 
 id enamelled 
 idgo the mn- 
 T'lere are 
 
 snviif-boxes, 
 inufacture oi 
 
 for which it 
 lebrated, and 
 the most im- 
 Dm. 
 
 I Turkey, in 
 lie birthplace 
 the Stagirite. 
 seated on the 
 . W. of Con- 
 
 )almatia, and 
 
 isulu, in the 
 
 of Ragusa. 
 
 rith a market 
 over which is 
 
 
 ST A 05S 
 
 * how sfono hrlilge. At some distaneo above tha 
 "rl-lge.nt Coin Ditch, is the London Murk Stone 
 Which IS the ancient boundary to the jurwiiction 
 of the city of London on the Thames, and bears 
 *^ ''«'° °f ]-2«0. The town has of lato years 
 Been greatly improve<). It has a spacious church, 
 meoting-hmises for Methodists, Uaptists, an.l 
 vt; aKers and a Liincnstcrian scho I. It is lo" 
 miles W. by S. of London. 
 
 STAumiwjK, a town in Dorsetshire, with a 
 market on Monday. nn,l „ considerable mnnufac 
 ture of stockings. H^to is an ancient cross of 
 one stone, 21 foot IukI., „„ abase of eight feet. 
 It s seated near the Stour; 20 miles N. by E. 
 of Dorchester, and 112 W. by S. of London. 
 bTAMMEMs. See Lkmnos. 
 
 inaTiir"""'/ ^"'""K'' '" Lmcolnshire, send- 
 m?vl Tu'"'"-'", '" Pnflinmont. Bovcrne.1 bv a 
 m.ijor, with markets on Monday and Fridav. 
 and a good trade, particularly in malt and free- 
 
 ,.?„";» ■ Z "', '" P""'^'''' St. Martin's, is 
 situate m Northamptonshire, but the greater 
 pnrt IS huilt on the side of a hill in Lincolnshire, 
 ■nd, when approached from the S., presents an 
 interesting and .licturesquo appearance. The 
 notable custom of Borough EnRlish provnils 
 here, by which the younger sons inherit the 
 lands and tenements of the father dying intes- 
 tnte. Here are six parish churches, places of 
 worship for Roman Catholics and seve'nl dcno- 
 minations of I'rotestnnt dissenters, three tree- 
 schools, and fcveral charitable institutions, 
 btamford had formerly a college, whose students 
 removed o Brnsenose College, in Oxford. 
 It IS seated on the Wellnnd, which is navigable 
 
 i^i7, x;°^^°"^°"- I'°"8- 0- 31. W. lat. 
 o~, 42. N. 
 
 Stamford, n town of Connecticut, in Fair- 
 field county; 44 miles N. E. of New York. 
 1 op. Si^lti. 
 
 Stampalia, an island of the Grecian Archi- 
 pelago j 1 2 miles long and 5 broad. It is desti- 
 tute of fresh water, and almost without inhabi- 
 lants. It ,s 30 miles W. of Stanchio. 
 
 Stanco, a fertile island of the Grecian Archi- 
 pcliigo, near the coast of Nntolia. It is the an- 
 cient Cos, the birthplace of Hippocrates and 
 ApellM, and is 25 miles long, and 10 broad. It 
 abounds with cypress and turpentine trees, and 
 a great variety of medicinal plants. The capital 
 ot the same name, is a bishop's see, seated at 
 the loot of a mountain, at the bottom of a bav, 
 and has a good liarbour, defended by a castle. 
 It IS 40 miles N W. of Rhodes. Long. 26. 64. 
 Hj. lat. 00. 45. N. 
 
 Standon, a town in irertfordsliirc, with a 
 market on Friday, seated on tho river Rib- 
 « miles N. E. of Hertford, and 27 N. by E. of 
 London. '' 
 
 Stanford, a town of Kentucky, chief of 
 Lincoln county; 10 miles S. S. E. of Danville, 
 and 40 E. by W. of Lexington. ' 
 
 STANnoPE, a parish in the county of Durham 
 
 chiefly inhabited by miners. It is sfia^^d "n ti>" 
 
 Wear; 20 miles W. of Durham, and 2C3 N. by 
 
 W. of London. ■' 
 
 Stanley, a town in Gloucestershire, with a 
 
 STA 
 
 I^''^^!!«''^*■^"''*^' *2 mileiS. of aioucortcr. 
 nnd 105 W. of London. ' 
 
 Stanwix, FoHT, a fort in the stafo of New 
 York; sometimes called New Fort Schuyler It 
 IS seated on Mohawk River, near iU iource : 
 
 la".1J.S8 N^* "' '^"*"^- ^''"«- ^*' ''«• ^' 
 Stanz, a town of Switzerland, in tho canton 
 of Underwalden. Near this place, in 1798, tho 
 troops of tho canton were totally defeated by 
 the t rench, who afterwards burnt the town and 
 put the mhnbitants to the sword. It is seated in 
 a plain at the foot of tho Stanzberg ; 8 miles 
 b. L. of Lucern, nnd 30 E. of Bern. 
 
 Stara Rijsa, a town of Russia; in tho go- 
 vernment of Novogorod, on the river I'olista 
 near the lake llmenj 40 miles S.of Novogorod 
 Long. 33. 2. E. lat. 57. 40. N. 
 
 Starendero, a town and castle of Bavaria 
 near the N. end of tho lake WuiTOsee; 14 mUcs 
 £>. W. of Munich. 
 
 Stargard, New, a town of Prussian Pomo- 
 rania, with a college, fine manufoctures of wool 
 and n considerable trade. In 1758 it was token 
 by the Russians. It stands on the river Ihna: 
 20 miles E. of Stettin. Pop. 8600. Long. 15 
 13. E. lat. 53. 26. N. 
 
 Starkenduro. one of the three great divi- 
 sions of Hesse-Darmstadt, situate between the 
 Ithine and the Maine, and forming the southern 
 part of tho grand duchy. Its extent is 1060 
 square miles, its population 200,000. Darmstadt 
 i» tho capital. 
 
 Start Point, a promontory on the coast of 
 Devonshire ; 14 miles S. by W. of Dartmouth. 
 Long. 3.40. W. lat. 50. 13. N. 
 
 , ^J*®'^".^'^' " '*"^" of Prussian Saxony, in tho 
 duchy of Magdeburg, with some good salt-works- 
 21 miles S. S. W. of MagdeburgT '^'^'^'''*'' 
 Staten Island, an island of New York 
 10 miles long and 6 broad, which forms the' 
 county of Richmond. On the S. side is a tract 
 
 wu' ".?,''• """^ "'® "'""'^ '■" general is rough, 
 and the hill, are high. Pop. 10,965. Richmond 
 IS the chief town. 
 
 States ov the Church. S^e Popedom. 
 
 Statesburo, a town of South Carolina, chief 
 ot Uennont county; situate on Beech Creek 
 which joins the VVateree a few miles W. of the 
 
 fyW. ofcharSn" ^^ '''"^''^"' '^^ '' ^- 
 Staufpen, a town of Germany, in Badenj 
 situate on thoMehlbach, 8 miles S. of FribuiK 
 Stai'pfenburo, a town and castle of Ger- 
 many, in Hesse-Darmstadt; situate on the Lohn. 
 6 miles N. N. E. of Giesoen. 
 
 Staunton, a town in Virginia, chief of Augusta 
 county; situnty on Middle River, a water of tho 
 
 Snn°'5nn'n ^°? """^ ^- ®- W- of Winchester. 
 Pop. 2000. Long. 79. 35. W. lat. 38. 15. N. 
 
 Stavanoer, a seaport of Norway, in the 
 government of Bergen. Near it is a fortres«! 
 called Dcswick It is seated on a peninsula 
 95 miles S. of Bergen. Long. 5. 65. E. lat. 60. 
 
 Vrfl'^I^rf' " 'r" 9f the Netherlands, i„ 
 I'riesland; formerly a rch city and seaport/but 
 now much decaye<l, and the harbour 'hok^ up 
 
BTA 
 
 6M 
 
 8TK 
 
 fi 
 
 L 
 
 t- i 
 
 t 'I 
 
 .1 ' 
 
 The nnpivnt kiiiK* o( Friiiilniul iniido it their 
 nnliimry ritiilciico ; iiiut tlicro roiniiitm piioiikIi 
 of it* fiirini'r ii|iU>ndoiir to niiiltu it ii roiiNiilcriililo 
 town. It Im* Ntill Honio tnulo, t'i«|u<<-iiilly in tixli- 
 inK. mill ill |>iuMiiKiv IhhUk over tlio |miuIi« iiiiil 
 liikc« of tli<> lU'iglilMiiirhood. It ii MMklt'il on tlie 
 /iivilor Zi«»>, H mili'it W. of Slntcn, niiil 17 N. K. 
 of k-:iu-liii.vM«ii. Look. A- \'A. H. lat. A'J. A4. N. 
 
 Stavhoh. Si>e Htaiiiha. 
 
 Htkkniikikikn, n town of the Ni'tlii'rlitmlii, in 
 North llmlmnti fiirnu>rly n RtroiiK pliicn, with n 
 cunvoniviit liarlxiiir, liiit (ho m'ii Iiiih rrtirutl from 
 it iklM)Ut A iiiilM, whii'li, with (lui ciihtiiiitii'R it 
 hiu suHvrtxl liy wiir, hiiit riMliiccd it to n poor 
 town. It liiw i( coniniuiiifutioii with tint MtMino. 
 It i* 7 milM N. of lU>rKun-o]i-/ooni. l'o|uihktion, 
 4'i()0. 
 
 Htrknkkkh, n town of Norwixy, in tho pro- 
 vince of Drontlifim ) 'AH niili-i N. K. of Dron- 
 thcim. 
 
 Strknkirk, r vIIIako of tliu Netherlnndu, in 
 Ilninnult; fiiiiiouii for tho victory ohtainod hy tho 
 French ovor Williiim III. of KiiKlnnd, in HiD'i. 
 It ii \h miloii N. of MoiiH. 
 
 Stkrnwyck, II town of tho Nothcrlnndu, in 
 Ov(<rv«M<l ; Rented on tho rivur An, 111 milua N. 
 ofZwolI. 
 
 Stkok, n neniMirt of Donmnrk, on tho N. conRt 
 of the IrIo of Monn, nttnoRt Riirroundcil hy n 
 liikoj 4'2 miiiHi S. hy W. of Cojionhngon. Long. 
 1-2. l.l. E. Int. hH. 4. N. 
 
 STKMRniriui, n Rcnport of Sweden, in Eiwt 
 Gothland, Ri'ntcil on tlio Hiiltic; !) miles N. of 
 Cnlnmr, and HJ S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 
 I(i. 40. E. Int. .Ml. 1(). N. 
 
 Stkin, a Rninll indi'|H>ndont town of Switror- 
 liind, in tho ranton of Zurich; Rontod on tho N. 
 Rido of tho Hhine, where it iHRUi'R from tho lake 
 of CoiihUuico. Near it in tho ancient cnatle 
 of Iloheiilingen, now converted into n watcli- 
 tower. Tlic church iR on tho oppoRite siilo of 
 the llliine, in n place cnllwl Herg, which is con- 
 nectetl to tho town liy n bridge; 15 miles W. hy 
 N. of Constance, and vJ.'i N. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Stkin, a town of Austria, on the N. side of 
 tlie Dnnulw, over which i» n long wooden hridgo 
 to Mautem. Uetween Stein iiiul Krems is a 
 military nianufiicture, in which mctul articles, 
 sabres, cloth, and clothes nro made and kept ; 
 2 miles W. of Krcms, and 12 N. by W. of St. 
 I'oltcn. 
 
 Stkin, n town and castle of Austrian Illyrin, 
 in Caniiola, on the Feistritz ; 1 1 miles N. of 
 Laulxich. 
 
 Stein, n town and cnstlo of the Austrian 
 states, in Carinthio, on the Dmve; 12 miles S. 
 of Clngenfurt. 
 
 Stkinao, a town of Prussian Silesia; formerly 
 the capital of a circle, in tho principality of 
 Wolau. It has manufiictures of cloth. It is 
 seateil near the Oder; 16 miles N. N. E. of 
 Lignitz. 
 
 Stkinfurt, b town of Pnitoia, in the province 
 of Westphalia ; capital of a county of its name, 
 with a Calvinist academy; seated on the Aa; 10 
 
 — -:i — o o i,-. _<• T>. — A\._;.^ 1 Qo xr Air ^ff 
 
 Iiiitva ij. 13. Jti. vt xjriitijriifi, mm tr^ i^ . »♦ . ■•• 
 
 Munster. 
 
 Stbimueim, a town of Germany, in Ilesse- 
 
 Dunnitndt; with a cnitlo, nuarthu river Main«| 
 4 miles H, K. of Kaiinu. 
 
 .Stkiniihiik, a town of nrrinnny, in tho 
 enuiity of .St^hnuoiihurg-Lippv; on thu H. siiiu of 
 Stoiidiiuler-meru, in which is the strong fortrvw 
 of Willivmsteiiii I A miles N. VV. of ilaiiovur. 
 
 HTKiNiniusr, a town of Denmark, in llolilein, 
 with a ciistio i 1 4 niilrs S. S. W, of Lulive. 
 
 STKi.i.KNiiom'ii, a district of tho (.'ape of Uood 
 Hope; Ixiunded on the W, by the ('n|H< tliitriet, 
 S. by I'alse Hay and Zwullun(lan), E. by TullNigh, 
 and N. by Olaiiwilliain ; and Stellunhosvli, 'JO 
 miles N. of False Hay, i* thu capital. It is 
 inountiiinouR, but coiilaiiis soinu of the finest 
 land in the colony. 
 
 Stknay, h town of Franco, department of 
 Meuse, on tho river Muuso ; 22 miles N.N.W. 
 of Verdun. 
 
 Stkniiai., a town of Prussia, in nrnndeiihurg, 
 formerly capital of tho Old Murk. Hero ia 
 n colony of French Calvinists, who cnrrj* on 
 manufactures of wool, leather, Ac. It stands on 
 the rivulet Ucht; A miles W. of tho Ellie, and .10 
 N. by E. of Magdeburg. Pop. AOOO. Long. 
 II. All. K. Int. A2. aA. N. 
 
 .STKiiNnKiui, a town of tho Prussian states, in 
 the New Mark of nmndenlmrg.with agruat trado 
 in cattle; 20 miles E. N. E. of Fninkforl. 
 
 Stkuniikiui, n town of Oormany, in thu grand 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; situate on a 
 lake; Hi miles S, p;. of Wisninr. 
 
 Stkuniikhii, a town and castle of tho Austrian 
 states, in Moravia; 10 miles N. E. of Olmuti. 
 I'op. ItOOO. 
 
 Stkuzinokn, n town of tho Austrian stales, in 
 Tyrol ; celebrated for its manufacture of sword- 
 blades, and for tho silver-mines in its vicinity. 
 It is seated at the foot of n mountain, on tho 
 Eysoch ; 12 miles N. W. of Ilrixen. 
 
 Stettin, a government of Priissia, comprising 
 the middle of i'omemnin, and containnig an 
 area of tiG2A stiuuro milc5, with 300,000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Stkttin, a fortified seaport of Prussia, cnpiliil 
 of I'onieranin. It is a handsome town ; contains 
 about 21,000 inhabitants, exclusive of the garri- 
 son ; has numerous manufiictures, particularly 
 of clotliM, stuffs, hats, stockings, yam, cotton, 
 ribbons, paper, and canvas, and curries on n con- 
 siderable trade to all parts of Europe. Timber 
 and com are tho princi{ial articles of exportation, 
 and ship-building is a very profitable braach of 
 employment. In 1795 n fire consumetl a great 
 nuinlwr of houses. In lOOl) this place, furnished 
 with KiO pieces of cannon and a garrison of 
 (jOOO men, surrenderetl to tho French. It was 
 garrisoned by them after the disastrous retreat 
 from Russia, in 11112, but in 1H13 was obliged 
 to capitulate, when the Dutch troops, belonging 
 to the garrison, hoisted the orange cockade. It 
 is seated on tho Oder, HO miles N. N. E. of 
 Berlin. Long. 14. 44. E. lat. 5.3. 30. N. 
 
 Stettin, New, a town of Pomeraniii, in the 
 government of Coslin, with a castle; situate on 
 theWillem ; 4 1 miles E. of Coslin, and 62 E. N. E. 
 
 Steubenville, a flourishing town of Ohio; 
 capital of JefTcrson county. It contains four 
 
I livur Mnimi 
 
 inny, In tho 
 tliu 8. (iiiu of 
 troiiK liirtrt<w 
 it' lliiiKivur, 
 1, ill lliilduin, 
 f LuImhi, 
 L'ii|>o (if U(i(mI 
 ChIM' ilUtrict, 
 ]. liy TullNiKh, 
 lutiliiMcli, 'JO 
 ipititl, it ia 
 uf tlio HiiMt 
 
 opartinoiit iif 
 
 lilwiN.N.W. 
 
 nmn(U'iilmr|, 
 rk. Iluro is 
 rlio axTtyt on 
 It itiuiilnon 
 KIIhs, uiut 3(> 
 WW. Long. 
 
 liiin utiitoii, ill 
 1 a Kruit trudo 
 inkfort. 
 , in thu itrnnd 
 situAto on a 
 
 ' tho Aiiatrian 
 t], of Olinutz. 
 
 trinn stnlei, in 
 Uiro of aword- 
 n its vicinity, 
 intitin, on tliu 
 n. 
 
 in, comiiriitiii); 
 
 ;ontiiiniiiK an 
 
 300,000 in- 
 
 rusHia, cnpiliil 
 jwn ; contiiins 
 a of the garri- 
 I, particularly 
 yam, cotton, 
 rriea on n eon- 
 ape. Timber 
 f exportation, 
 ible branch of 
 mme<l a K^cat 
 ace, furnighed 
 a giirriaon of 
 inch. It was 
 latrous retreat 
 3 was obliged 
 }ps, belonging 
 5 cockade. It 
 N. N. E. of 
 . 30. N. 
 crania, in the 
 le ; situate on 
 ,nd62E.N.E. 
 
 )wn of Ohio ; 
 contains four 
 
 Ki!;:;,'"' '•-""<"-. i-'zt;;: 
 
 ^.m^Sr" '""'"''''^''^•"'"'''-' •''""'- 
 HrK,VKN«ni)H„, n town „f VirKinfn l„ mi 
 H.|^^er,.ounty.on tho r<M.d fron? ."•,,,",,.;'„ 
 t.. N mintoii, i;, ,„i|,,, .s. yy. „,• Wi .ZS ' 
 
 illl'KMII Htriltn III itN V C II tv 'I'll.. 
 
 Irvim.; '" "" " '""• ''' ""''■•'• N. W. of 
 
 SrnvKNHWKnT. a fortrew of tho Ncthrrlnnd. 
 
 trade in art clc» „f iron and stool. The Fron. h 
 e«.tenHl It i".l«00,andconcl,uledrar,nHiro 
 for tt ,,eaco with the Aiwtrinns. ItTs ^S?t 
 Uu. conMux of the Steyr with tho Kni; 20 m |S 
 b. J- "N.iiilz. Pop. 10,000. 
 hrKViii.:u,a town nnd cwtlc of Austria situnto 
 
 STICKIUI.8KN a town nnd castio of Hanover 
 
 fa.ii^i.^forh-lM''*" "*■ ^"^^'^' '■" ""»i'i'--nt«. 
 
 -o miiLs ^. s,. tj. of Accrcnza. 
 
 .„™ "■''^f'"*' " '"''" «*■ Now York, in Snra- 
 
 s^r.iK.VA^y^"'^-^^''" ""<'-' 
 
 Stilton, n town in Huntingdonshire ceie- 
 
 StinomS ""'^""''":!'' ^■'' N- ^y P^- "f London. 
 bTiNcirAR. a nvcr of Scotland, in the S. part 
 
 « utS™";:"'"'' 'T^"' eourseof 2CmK 
 una inters tho ocean below BaJIantrae 
 
 Stibu. SeeStYMA. 
 ^.Mi'"^' •''' " '""""«'' »f Scotland, capital of 
 
 nlnT: ? ^? '?'^'' " "" '""='^"» «=««tl«. once a 
 place of great strength, and often the scene of 
 
 iim^ v""'™"""- '^^ P'*'"^'^. ''"•ected by 
 James v., « a stately building, the outside 
 curiously ornamented with grotesque Cos 
 Ilere are two churches, and a CimZgranrar- 
 ■chool. In the town and its neighbourhood are 
 
 in7""A li!,'' "'"i"'" cotton trtule is flourish- 
 stt .^„'"j'"°"-fi«»'«7. belonging to the town, 
 IS let to a company, who send the fish chiefly t^ 
 
 Gaj 
 
 H r O 
 
 tho J,nmlon nnd KdJi.lM.rKh marl<«t. Hii,ii„„ 
 
 h:;;:Hrr:t'''''f''^"~^S" 
 
 m inn lew yw,,,. ,,„»„„,| „„^ ^,^ , 
 m<le or tho town, and, in tho old imrt i.f ii.- 
 
 I rom Its commodi-iim situation, Hiirli„„ cm 
 mand. Im p,u,s Ik-.w..,.,, i|... N.'and H. Lrt'"r 
 
 K' ti ;s;"n r:;?"ri^?'"r"T-'' 
 
 •■'. r,0. W. lat Zi 7'}. fi.^ '^'l"'''"r«h. Long. 
 HTiiu,iNONiimi«. n county of Scotland . JIA 
 
 • iU i F,.rti; 'h '^ '",^'<"'""..".hlro and th^, 
 n -L.!. • ,•.'''• ''^ Linlithgowshire, H. by 
 
 Lumrksiire ami Ihinilmrtonsliire. and VV. by 
 IHimbartonshiro. It i. divi,|,„| i„t, -l m,^ 
 -uid sen u ono „.e,nh..r to parlian ,'''.; 
 A n„rtlC: '""/''" f«rth. (-arr-n. „,,, 
 
 mouth of tho Cnrron. Tho S. part of th„ ,. , ,ni„ 
 |s mountainous, hut tho part'nelrU.e l.' rt^i^ 
 
 STiurM a town of Prussia, in thogran.l duchr 
 
 neSHcX'tho^i"?"^ ''''.""""^' '" "'J"", 
 ntar WHICH the Austruins gained a victory ov«i 
 
 fil2r£'/" '^'■"' T' '""'"" t'.e Er dT 
 town I IJIT'I'""*' *.""'' f"^"'"" of the 
 
 rr^miic^^^.rS'c^;^™-^'''"*'"'""-''' 
 
 STOcKniiinoK, a town in Hampshire; market 
 
 hehl. nnd 1 ;)() W. of Jloston. '^ '^ ^" 
 
 Stwkbm a town of tho Nethorlnn.ls, in the 
 
 Stockijou., a province of Swe.I,-,. com 
 pnsing the ««,tem parts of Upland a, d .SudeT 
 mama, or the districts of Uoslagen d S "' 
 
 5.Spr£,re^-«r^.-^ 
 
 It is very long, irregular. an<l occupies btS 
 two peninsulas three rocky island*^, stuatei^ 
 he Mae er ,„ the stream, which issue from thlt 
 ^ke, and ,n a bay of the Baltic. There are 
 four smaller islands, or rather islets, on whfch 
 are situate forU or building, ^r nava purZ? 
 A variety of contrasted and l)eautiful vie^; 
 formed by numerous rocks of granite S 
 boldly from the surface of the wattr, Slv^ 
 and craggy, and partly dotted with S or 
 
 t- ?^l'"' ' ^^^ "'•■''er is of such depth that 
 streets rise one above another in thp tZ^le 
 
 VV 
 
^■iNfl 
 
 STO 
 
 C58 
 
 STO 
 
 fc' ;i 
 
 ill 
 
 suburbs, where several houses are of wood , pai n ted 
 red, the generality of the buildings are of stone, 
 or of brick whitened with stucco. There is a 
 royal icademy of science, instituted by the cele- 
 brated Linnffius, and a few other learned men, 
 in 1741 ; and also a royal academy of arts. The 
 arsenal contains an immense number of trophies 
 and standards taken from different notions. 
 Stockholm, with a small territory surrounding 
 it, forms a separate government, has its own 
 knagistrates, and contains nearly 80,000 inhabit- 
 ants, who manufacture glass, china, silk, woollen, 
 &c. It is 320 miles N. E. of Copenhagen, 
 1000 N. E, of Paris, and 900 N. E. of London. 
 Long. 18. 9. E. lat. 59. 20. N. 
 
 Stockport, a borough in Cheshire, market on 
 Friday, and considerable manufactures of cotton, 
 printed goods, and hats. It returns two mem- 
 bers to parhament. The present parish church 
 was erected on the site of the ancient church, 
 in 1813. The other places of worship are a 
 church erected in 1822, under the million act, a 
 chapel erected "and endowed by W. Wright, 
 Esq., a Catholic chnpel, and nine meeting- 
 houses. Here is a free grammar-school founded 
 in 1487, and also a national school erected in 
 1826. From its contiguity to Manchester, and 
 the ^cilities of its canal navigation, Stockport 
 partakes of the prosperity of that town. It is 
 seated on the Mersey, 7 miles S. S. E. of Man- 
 chester, on the Manchester and Birmingham 
 railway, and 179 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Stockport, a town of Pennsylvania, in North- 
 ampton countv, on the W. side of the Popax- 
 tunk branch of Delaware River. It st.inds 
 on Susquehanna River ; 18 miles E. S. E. of 
 Harmony, 
 
 Stockton-upon-Tbes, a borough in the county 
 of Durham, markets on Wednesday and Satur- 
 day. It returns two members to parliament. 
 Here are two docks for ship- building ; manu- 
 factures of canvas and ropes to a considerable 
 extent; also of diapers, huckabacks, checks, 
 &c. ; and a trade in lead, com, pork, butter, 
 sail-cloth, leather, &c. Besides the ;church, 
 which is a handsome brick building, the town 
 contains meeting-houses for Presbyterians, 
 Quakers, and Methodists, a Roman Catholic 
 chapel, and severfil schools and almshouses, 
 It is seated on the river Tees, not far from its 
 mouth ; 18 miles S.S. E. of Durham, and 243 
 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Stoke, or Stoke Poges, a village in Buck- 
 inghamshire ; 4 miles N. N. E. of Windsor. 
 Its churchyard is the scene of Gray's celebrated 
 Elegy. 
 
 Stoke-upon-Trent, or Etruria, b borough 
 in StnflFordshire, near Newcastle. It returns 
 two members to parliament. It is the principal 
 seat of the potteries in this county, and here 
 the most elegant vases and other articles are 
 made. Josiali Wedgewood was the founder, 
 and died here in 1795. It is 1 J mile W. of 
 Newcustle-under-Line, and 150 N. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Stokes, a town of North Carolina, chief of 
 Montuomery county ; seated near the Vailkin, 
 46 niiks W. of Averysborouglu 
 
 STOKE.SLEV, a small but neat town in North 
 Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It has 
 a church, two meeting-houses, two national 
 schools, and a dispensary. It is seated on the 
 river Wisk ; 20 miles N. by E. of Thirsk, and 
 238 N. by W. of London, 
 
 Stolbero, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital 
 of a county of the same name, with a castle. 
 It is seated in a valley between two mountains, 
 in which are mines of copper and iron ; 12 miles 
 N. E. of Nordhausen, and 55 W, N. W. cf 
 Leipsic. Population, 2000, Long. 11. 5. E. 
 lat. 51. 36. N. 
 
 Stolderu, a town of Saxony, where great 
 quantities of cloth are made ; 2 miles S, W, of 
 Chemnitz, 
 
 Stolbofen, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Baden ; 8 miles S. W. of Baden. 
 
 Stolpe, a town of Prussian Pomerania, with 
 a castle, three churches, and a Lutheran nun- 
 nery. The inhabitants, estimated at 4500, 
 carry on a considerable trade in linen and wood; 
 and here is also a fine salmon fishery. It is 
 seated on the Stolpa, 10 miles from its mouth, 
 in the Baltic, and 56 E, N. E. of Colberg. Long. 
 16, 48, E, lat. 54. 27. N. 
 
 Stolpemunde, a town of Pomerania, on the 
 Baltic Sea, with a harbour at the mouth of the 
 Stolpa ; 10 miles N. W. of Stolpe. 
 
 Stolpen, a town of Saxony, with a castle on 
 a mountain ; 15 miles E. of Dresden. 
 
 Stolzenau, a town of Hanover, in the county 
 of Iloya; seated on the Weser, 14 miles S.S. 
 W. of Nienburg. 
 
 Stolzenburo, a town of West Prussia, for- 
 merly a suburb of the city of Dantzic, but, with 
 the adjacent suburbs of Old Scotland, St, Albert, 
 and Schidlitz, was formed into a separate town, 
 having its own magistrates and municipal rights, 
 in 1772. Pop, 8000, 
 
 Stone, a town in Staffordshire, with a market 
 on Tuesday, and a considerable manufacture of 
 shoes ; seated on the Trent, 7 miles N. by W. 
 of Stafford, and 140 N, W. of London. 
 
 Stonehaven, or Stoneiiive, a seaport of 
 Scotland, and the county town of Kincardine- 
 shire. It consists of the old and new towns, 
 the hitter of which is the principal, and is re- 
 gular, spacious, and well built. The harbour is 
 secured by a high rock and stone pier. Near 
 it are the ruins of the castle of Dunnottar, on a 
 lofly perpendicular rock, almost surrounded by 
 the sea. The town has a manufacture of brown 
 linen, and some trade in dried fish and oil. It 
 is situated 23 miles N. N. E. of Montrose. 
 Long. 2. fi. W. lat. 56. 55. N. 
 
 Stonrhenoe, a remarkable monument of 
 antiquity, in Wiltshire, on Salisbury Plain ; 
 consisting of several very large stones, some 
 placed upright, and others liorizontally across 
 them. Most antiquarians suppose this work to 
 have been a temple of the Dniids, because it is 
 in a circular form, and seems to have been 
 much more regular than it appears to be at 
 present. It has puzzled many diligent in- 
 quirers to account for the bringine and placing 
 of those enormous stones ; for it is thought no 
 method now known is sufficient to have raised 
 
it town in North 
 ifiturdiiy. It hcis 
 38, two nntioniil 
 ; is seated on the 
 ',. of Thirsk, and 
 
 n Saxony, capital 
 le, with a castle. 
 I two mountains, 
 id iron; 12 miles 
 ).5 W, N. W. cf 
 Long. 11.5. E. 
 
 my, where great 
 •2 miles S. W. of 
 
 any, in the grand 
 f. of Baden. 
 Pomerania, with 
 I Lutheran nun- 
 mated at 4500, 
 
 linen and wood; 
 m fishery. It is 
 
 from its mouth, 
 fCoIberg. Long. 
 
 omeraiiia, on the 
 
 :he mouth of the 
 
 )lpe. 
 
 , with a castle on 
 
 iresden. 
 
 er, in the county 
 
 ■,14 miles S. S. 
 
 est Prussia, for- 
 )antzic, but, with 
 tland, St. Albert, 
 a separate town, 
 municipal rights, 
 
 re, with a market 
 I manufacture of 
 miles N. by W. 
 London. 
 E, a seaport of 
 
 of Kincardine- 
 and new towns, 
 ipal, and is rc- 
 
 The harbour is 
 me pier. Near 
 Dunnottar, on a 
 it surrounded by 
 facture of brown 
 fish and oil. It 
 1. of Montrose. 
 
 ) monument of 
 alisbury Plain ; 
 ;c stones, some 
 rizon tally across 
 lose this work to 
 ids, because it is 
 s to have bi'en 
 ppears to be at 
 my diligent in- 
 lina and placing 
 it is thought no 
 t to have raised 
 
 STO 
 
 S5::s."of'l=y!"'''"^''^''«''*- ^'-^'^ 
 
 Stonehouse, a town in Devonshire with 
 markets on Tuesday and Saturday. I cont^.s 
 two episcopal chapels, two meiting-hoSs a 
 national school, very extensive barracks, a wa^ 
 naval hospital. &c. It is situate about halfway 
 between Plymouth and Devonport. ^ 
 
 hTONELEWH, a town in Warwickshire, with a 
 
 fnTnuTv.-'^*^ '^""""1' opposite Fisher Island*, 
 in i«14 this town was bombarded, but without 
 effect, by the British ; 14 miles E. of New 
 
 4r26"k °^' ^'^'^- ^""S- ^^' ^8- W lal 
 
 ♦hf R V .^?'7' a town of New York, taken by 
 the British m 1779, but recovered soon after by 
 
 nrL "f "'• *"t "'^ ^"*"h garrison made 
 prisoners of war. It is seated on the Hudson! 
 opposite Verplaiitis Point. ' 
 
 Mn^rrT^'i * ^^u "^ ^™«"«' '" tl'e Ucker 
 Berlin ^'^"''^"''"'•g 5 27 miles S. E. of 
 
 E^uu7tu' f.'^P"? of Scotland, on the 
 i;A ^^ ^''\?^ ^«^"' »' the head of 
 Loch Stomoway which is a good harbour for 
 
 ?5 h ""^ ^u'**^"- ^t « " port of the cus- 
 Ir^w ^^'m"'^'!-^'' post-office and a regular 
 packet weekly. Long. 6. 38. W. lat. 68. 18. N. 
 
 in !jf,T*!f?^ *"■ ?!"'°'"« Sroi'TFOHD.atown 
 m Hertfordshire, with a market on Thursday. 
 On the E. side are the ruins of a ciisile, on an 
 artificial mount. It is seated on the side of a 
 f« VA ",T ®'.'""'' *'"*=^ '« navigable hence 
 
 3rs^fe.oV'?S'^-^-°^«-'^-'^'-^ 
 
 ■ Stoughton, a town of Massachusets, 
 Norfolk county, whence great quantities 
 charcoal, baskets, and brooms are sent 
 Boston J 9 miles S. E. of Dedhara, and 
 o. ot Boston. 
 
 SToun, a river which rises on the most 
 northerly point of Dorsetshire, passes by Stour- 
 EnJh-^'*"'^^.^' ""•? ^'"•^°™' ♦''en enters 
 
 Sfctch!"' '""^ "*" ''^ ^^°"' °pp««''« 
 
 Weald, flows by Wye and Canterbury, and, 
 7 miles below, divides into two streams ; the 
 smaller one passes into the sea at Reculver and 
 «ie mam branch flows by Sandwich into Hope 
 
 Stour, a river which forms the entire boundary 
 between Essex and Suffolk, passes by Clare, 
 Sudbury, Neyland. and Manningtree. and, being 
 joined by the Orwell, from Ipswich, f, rms the 
 harbour of Harwich. 
 
 ^^^^^^"■'B. rivet which rises in the S. part of 
 btaftordshire, enters Worcestershire at Stour- 
 oriuee. and flnwH iw i.r;,ij„-_,;,..4__ • . 
 t. ., ~ -• -••""vrmihoicr lino tno 
 
 Jseveni, opposite Stourport. 
 
 Stourbrime, a corporate town in Worces- 
 tershire, with a market on Friday, and manu- 
 
 359 
 
 STR 
 
 , of 
 
 in 
 of 
 to 
 15 
 
 facturea of glass, iron, and earthenware r»rti 
 cularly crucibles for glass-melters. Here S?e « 
 Tf ''^T^: ^eeting-houses for MethoZs 
 Independents, Presbyterians, and Quakera and 
 afree-school founded by Edward ViS the 
 neighbourhood is a noble hospital forthe m^n! 
 tenance and education of 60 boys. It is seated 
 
 cester '^' ^''^ ""^ ®- ^' °^ ^or- 
 
 Stourminster, a town in Dorsetshire, with a 
 
 Sl°" ^m""''?^' ""^ « manufacture of 
 white baize Near it are the ruins of a castle 
 
 Stourport, a handsome town in Worcester- 
 shire, It 18 a busy centre of inland navigation, 
 being sea ed opposite the place where thl rivM 
 Stour and the Staffordshire and Worcestersii" 
 canal enters the Severn, over which river it has 
 
 derSffr '™" ^^^'' ^' '" ^ ""^^ ®- "^ ^id- 
 Stow Market, a thriving town in Suffolk 
 with a market on Thursday,^ manufacture of 
 sacking, ropes &c., and a considerable malting 
 business. It has a navigable canal to Ipswich 
 It IS seated on the Orwell, 12 miles N^W of 
 Ipswich, and 70 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 «b;» ^r ™^ i^'"'"' * t""^ '•» Gloucester- 
 shire, with a market on Thursday, and a manu- 
 tecture of shoes ; seated on a bleak hill, 22 
 miles h. of Gloucester, and 80 W. by N of 
 London. ' 
 
 SrowEY, a small town in Somersttshire, with 
 a market on Tuesday. It had once a ^1^ 
 of which no vestiges remain, except the ditch. 
 
 .VV.St.TiSi "'""'*"""• »^ 
 
 Strabane, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Tyrone, si uate on the Moume, near the 
 Foyle ; 1 1 miles S. S. W. of Londonderry 
 
 c^RABANE, a town of Pennsylvania, in Wash- 
 ington county. ' 
 
 Stradbally, a town of Ireland, Queen'a 
 county. Ii is 49 miles from Dublin. 
 
 STRApELLA, a Strong town of the Sardinian 
 states m the Milanese, with a castle. The 
 French became masters of it in 1800 It is 
 ^ated on the Versa, near the Po ; 10 miles 
 S. E. of Pavia. Pop. 3900. 
 
 Strakonitz, a town of Bohemia, in the drcle 
 ot Prachin, with a castle, seated on the Wo- 
 tawa ; 1 1 miles S. W. of Piseck. 
 
 Stralsund, a government of the Prussian 
 states, comi)rising the part of Pomerania for- 
 merly belonging to Sweden, along with Rugen 
 and other islands on the N. coast. It has an 
 Stent's ^^""^ square miles, with 115,000 inha- 
 SiKALsuND a seaport of Prussia, formerly 
 
 about 11,000 inhabitants, and its trade and 
 commerce are considerable. The churches and 
 
 UU 2 
 
STR 
 
 fiCO 
 
 STR 
 
 Hi 
 
 m i 
 
 other public buildings nro linndsonio, and tho 
 iihrnry belonging to tlio college lins a cnpitnl 
 coilection of coins. Charles XII., in 1714, 
 came hither after his return from Turkey, and 
 ennobled tho miigistracy. Stralsund was forced 
 to submit to the allies" in 1716, was restored 
 in 17120, Burrendere«l to tho i<'rench iu 1007, 
 and was finally codoil to Prussia in 1813. It 
 is almost surrounded by the Baltic and tho 
 lake Francen, and has n harbour separated 
 from tho Islo of Ilugen by a narrow channel. 
 Tho manufactures nro various, but most of 
 them on a small scale, and the trade is consi- 
 derable, particularly in corn. It is 40 miles 
 E. N. E. of Rostock, and «5 N. W. of Stettin. 
 Long. 13. l(i. E. hit. 54.20. N. 
 
 Strammel, a town of tlie Prussian states, in 
 Pomorania, on tho river llega ; 21 miles N. E. 
 of Now Stargard. 
 
 StkanqiOrd Louoii, a large bay, or inlet of 
 tho sen, in the county of Down, on the E. coast 
 of Ireland, about 17 miles long and 5 broad, 
 abounding with excellent fish, particularly 
 smelts ; and off the bar, about August, is a 
 periodical herring-fishery. It contains a great 
 many small islands ; and the burning of kelp 
 profitably employs a great number of hands in 
 them. Tho bar or entrance into it, from the 
 Irish Sea, is 3 miles below Strnngford, and not 
 a mile in breadth. 
 
 Stranrawkr, or Stranraer, u seaport of 
 Scotland, in Wigtonshire, with considerable 
 manufactures of cotton and linen. Vessels em- 
 ployed in the coasting trade and herring-fishery 
 frequent this place, and some ships sail honeo 
 to the Baltic and Ireland with corn. It is 
 situate at the head of Loch Ryan; 26 miles 
 W. by N. of Wigton, to which, with Whithorn 
 and N. Galloway, it unites in sending a mem- 
 ber to parliament. Long. 4. 57. W. lat. 55. 
 0. N. 
 
 Strasburg, a city of France, capital of the 
 department of Lower Rhine, and a Ushop's 
 see. It is situate near the Rhine, and the river 
 111 runs through it, and forms many canals, 
 over which there arc several bridges to connect 
 the different quarters of the city. It is a place 
 of considerable commerce, and has manufac- 
 tures of tobacco, porcelain, steel, lace, carpets, 
 cloth, leather, &c. The inhabitants are com- 
 puted at 60,000. The princijwl structures are 
 built of a red stone, dug fVom the quarries 
 which are along the Rhine. This town, for- 
 merly imperial, was taken by Louis XIV. in 
 1681. The citadel and fortifications which ho 
 constructed have been so much augmented, 
 that Strasburg may be considered one of the 
 strongest places in Europe. It was confirmed 
 to France by the peace of Ryswick in 1697. 
 The university, which had been curtailed of its 
 classes during the French revolution, was re- 
 placed on its former footing in 1803. The 
 town is entered by six gates. In the cathedral 
 is a clock, which showed the motions of the 
 constellations, the revolutions of the sun and 
 moon, the d.ivs o.f tho week, tho hoiirs, ,*<c. 
 Another remarkable circumstance in this 
 cathedral is its pyramidical tower, which is 54 £) 
 
 ftvt high, next to the great pyramid the 
 highest building in the world. In the church 
 of St. Thomas is the magnificent tomb of tho 
 famous Marshal Saxe. It is 65 miles N. of 
 Basil, and 75 E. of Nancy. Long. 7. 45. E. 
 lat. 40, 35. N. 
 
 &TaA8Duuo, a town of West Prussia, m tho 
 circlf of Culm, with a castle, seated on tho 
 Urig,;:,tz ; 30 miles E. N. E. of Thorn. 
 
 Strasiiuro, a town of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg; 15 miles N. by W. of Prenzlo. 
 
 Strasduro, a town of Austrian Ulyria, in 
 Carinthia, seated on tho river Gurk; 13 miles 
 N. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Strasuuro, n town of Virginia, in Shenan- 
 doah county, on a branch of the Shenandoah 
 river; 18 miles S. S. W. of Winchester. 
 
 Strasduro, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lan- 
 caster county; 58 miles W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Strasnitz, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Moravia, with a castle and a college, on the 
 river Marsch ; 12 miles S. S. W. of Ilradisch. 
 Pop, .100. 
 
 Stratford, a town of Connecticut, in Fair- 
 field county, situate on a river of the same 
 nanio ; 5 miles from its mouth, and 14 V/ S. 
 W. of Newhaven. Pop. 1807. 
 
 Stratford, a village in Essex, separated 
 from Bow in Middlesex by the river Lea, over 
 which was a bridge, said to bo the most ancient 
 stone arch in England. It is 3 miles E. N. F*. 
 of London. 
 
 Stratford, Fenny, a town in Buckingham- 
 shire, with a manufacture of thread lace, seated 
 on the Lyssel, and the Roman highway called 
 Watling-street ; 12 miles E. of Buckingham, 
 and 45 N. W. of London. 
 
 Stratford, Stony, a town in Buckingham- 
 sliire, with a market on Friday. Here are two 
 churches, several meeting-houses, and a neat 
 market-place. The cross, built by Edward I. 
 in memory of his queen Eleanor, was demolished 
 during the civil wars, and in 1743 a fire hap- 
 pened, which destroyed 150 houses. The in- 
 habitants are principally lace-makers. It is 
 seated on the Ouse and the Roman Watling- 
 street ; 8 miles N. E. of Buckingham, and 52 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon, a town in Warwick- 
 shire, governed by a mayor ; with a market on 
 Friday. It is memorable as the birthplace of 
 Shakspeare, who was buried here in 1616. 
 Here is a manufacture of silk buttons, ant? 
 some trade in corn and malt. The town is 
 situate on the Avon, over which is a long 
 bridge : 8 miles S. W. of Warwick, and 95 N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Strathaven, a town of Scotland, in Lanark- 
 shire, with a mar.ufacture of cotton, seated on 
 tho Avon ; 8 miles S. of Hamilton, and 12 W. 
 of Lanark. 
 
 Strathmore, a river of Scotland, in Suther- 
 landshirc, which Hows into a bay of tho North 
 Sun, culled Loch lIo|)e. 
 
 Stratiiy, a river of Scotland, in Sutherland- 
 shire, wliich issues from rs small lake, and flowa 
 into a bay of tho North Sen, sheltered to the W. 
 by a large promontory, tu which it gives name. 
 
 
STR 
 
 661 
 
 STRATTOM.n town in Cornwall, with a market 
 on Tuesday It i, noted for a victory obtnTned 
 ?C43 lltt °'^' *•!? ParimnientaJy army S 
 
 £^S;ir^;£t!^--^^ 
 
 22 mTll s'?\. It « seated on the Danube; 
 nn Awfc ,• ^* •"" manufactures of baize 
 
 hTREULEN, a town of Prussian Silesia with 
 manufactures of woollens, stockings. aSeather 
 
 caStal ^f th 7V'' 'T" °f 1-°*" Saxony, 
 I^lwL V '^ •''""^y "' Mecklenburg-Strelitl 
 
 dLT^a 1 Wld^tSt'"^"'^''"" "' ^"^ 
 ofwhi/h, in m?1he'dt'e CnTXra' 
 mngmficent palace. 2 miles fromThe SeTtho 
 before hf. 1; ^'f"" '*""*' ^"«"ke, which was 
 Sded «i"''T^?*' """^ •" '733 he 
 
 ordered ?t to h. ■""u'l^ii" '^^ I"''"««'' ""^ 
 centrr« „ ^ '^"^'^ ^'''^ Strelitz. The 
 
 rnumi^r of T7 T^'t'""*'*'' ""'' ^^ence 
 a number of streets branch out in straight 
 
 hT',;elt'to'''''r* ''''''' *<> the palacrS 
 ine next to a pleasant lake. It is seated 
 
 !"nV;w ' f'5."i!" \^- of Gust'row'ani 
 
 Stbengnes a town of Sweden, in Suder- 
 Eer"" 30''^^'"^^^"^"''='^ "" «'« Lake 
 
 princSv"'„V7K •"■.r'""^'"" Silesia, in the 
 river at fLf f'^'l«'«dnitz. It seated on a 
 river at the foot of a mountain ; 11 miles N 
 ofbchweidnitz. Pop. 2700 "'"es i>. 
 
 SiRoEMSHOLM, a town of Sweden, in West- 
 mma, situate on the La'ce Maerler 45 m it 
 
 30. N. ^ ^°"^- '^- 2*' ^' Jat. 59. 
 
 coast of Caithness-shire, in Pentland Frith. Its 
 tZnef.jZ'^-""'^"*?'^ ''y"'^ inhabitants of 
 
 Near iU iS^'l"'!*'- ''^"f' "* P'"''^'' "^ ''"^''^ent- 
 XNenr its N. end is a dangerous whirlpool. 
 
 STEOMDEno, a town of Prussian Westphalia 
 F "■; «''^«™'"«nt °f Munster ; 20 miles EN.' 
 L. of Mun8ter,and 20 N. W. of Pnderborn. 
 
 feTROMBOLi, the mn?t northern «f the Linari 
 Islands. It is „ volcano, which ri4 ira 
 conical form to the height' of 3000?^. "nd 
 on the E. Mdc are three or four little c aS 
 
 STU 
 
 seems to be the only one tlSb^r'nfSS 
 ceasing : and it has long been look^ upon ^ 
 the great hghthouse of the Mediterrancfn th^ 
 
 ^^^t"TK3fio!V«^-'^^-- 
 
 bour ; 14 miles W. by S. of kirkwalL 
 
 in fl v°^u'"' P""<='I'a' of the Feroo Islands 
 
 Thorshaven. wS'is tJe Ja^^it^l ^T „1? the 
 
 . Stromsoe, a town of Norway in thn nm 
 
 -S^^r^ rsiih;^^; 
 
 N N w 'if vn "';,"'' ^""'^ ^"^ ■' « ""■' 
 59 4. N." ^''''^™"a- I-ong. ". 4. E. iat. 
 
 STRONGOLr, ,i town of Naples, in Calabria 
 
 fVomVt^if^ri'!:^^."- ".-\v ™le. 
 
 from NT f« « J * "mona. it is 7 miles 
 irom JN to S., and nearly the same in breadth 
 but so mdented by bays, that no part ofit il 
 above a mile and a half from the sea It 1" 
 ^uce« much kelp, and feeds many sheep Zd 
 
 shil''^''!,'*^' " ;''"''«° "^ Scotland, in AHnrle- 
 
 M fo? its"l '^; '^"'"*=^ °^ Ard^amurSn^ 
 noted for its lead-mines, in which a kind of 
 
 on^Fridav " n™"?*" '■" G'o^'^e^te^hire. market 
 liament ^"it f. f'l":?' ""^ n, embers to par- 
 
 Stroud 18 9 m es S hv P «f ni ^''^niaue. 
 
 100 W. by N. of LondL • "^ ^ '""*='='''''' ""'^ 
 
 Stroud, a considerable villace in Konf . 
 
 StuhlWEISSENBURO a town n# W — 
 
 capital of a county of ^8^^: a°nd t" 'TeTf 
 by ht'i^erSirr*^ T^-'' "--^"-d 
 
 also of their interment, but i^ffCl ^^}^ 
 since it8 works were dismantled in iVoo'-^hl 
 
 6 m K f'^'r^V -''--"d at"i"3,Oo5 
 00 miles S. W of Buda, and 00 S. E. of Prea- 
 burg. Long. IB. 2(1. E. Iat. 47. 18. N. 
 
STU 
 
 662 
 
 SUE 
 
 Stutoard, a city of Germany, capital of the 
 kingdom of Wirtemberg, It is surrounded by 
 walls and ditchee, and has an ancient castle, 
 with a rich cabinet of curiosities, a magnificent 
 palace, an orphan-house, a college, a ducal 
 academy and observatory, a military academy, 
 and one of the largest libraries in Germany. It 
 has manu&ctures of silks, stockings, ribbons, 
 &c., and around it are innumerable vineyards 
 and gardens. The streets are narrow in the 
 city, and the houses generally of wood ; but there 
 are fine houses and straight streets in one of 
 the suburbs. Stutgard was repeatedly entert. 
 by the armies on both sides, between 1796 nnd 
 1815. It is seated in a plain among mountains 
 near the river Neckar ; 36 miles E. of Baden, 
 and 52 N. E. of Strasburg. Pop. 160,000. 
 Long. 9. 21. E. lat. 48. 44. N. 
 
 SxTBU, a province of Austria, 125 miles 
 long, and 17 broad ; bounded on the E. by 
 Hungary, S. by Carniola, and W. by Carinthia 
 and Salzburg. It is divided into Upper and 
 Lower Styria; the formei containing the circles 
 of Judenburg and Bruck, and the latter those 
 of Gratz, Marchburg, and Cilley. , Though a 
 mountainous country, there is much land fit for 
 tillage, and the soil is fertile. The mountains 
 are clothed with wk, beech, and pine; every 
 kind of grain is well c\iltivated, and the white 
 wine is very pleasant. It contains mines of 
 excellent iron, whence the arms made here are 
 in great esteem ; also mines of lead and coal. 
 The principal rivers are the Enns, Muhr, Drave, 
 and Save. The iitiiabitants are for the most 
 part Catholics, but Protestants are tolerated, 
 and Jews in a limited degree. Pop. 840,000. 
 Gratz and Judenburg are the chief towns. 
 
 SuABU, the former name of one of the ten 
 circles of Germany ; bounded on the N. by 
 Franconia and the circle of Lower Rhine ; W. 
 by that circle and Alsace, S. by Switzerland, 
 and E. by Bavaria. It comprised the greater 
 part of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, the grand 
 duchy of Baden, and some other territories. 
 
 SuAKEM, or SuAKiN, a seaport, seated on a 
 small island of the same name, in the Red Sea. 
 It is the residence of a Turkish governor under 
 the basliiiw of Cairo, and was once a very 
 flourishing place, butisnowgoneto decay. Long. 
 37. 55. E. lat. 19. 56. N. 
 
 SuBiAcco, a town of tli'- Papal States, in 
 Campagna di Roma ; seated on the Teverone ; 
 33 miles E. by N. of Rome. 
 
 SuccADANA, a town on the S. vV. coast of 
 Borneo, capital cf a kingdom of the same name. 
 The chief products of the country are camphor 
 and diamonds. It is seated nt tiie mouth of a 
 river. Long. 110. 15. E. lat. 1. 10. S. 
 
 Success Bay, a bay on the S. E. const of 
 Terra del Fuego. The S. promontory, at its 
 entrance, is called Cape Success. Long. Co. 27. 
 W. lat. 55. 1 . S. 
 
 SuczAVA, a town of Austria, in Galicia ; for- 
 merly a flourishing city, but now much declined. 
 It is seated on a river of the same name ; 70 
 Biilcs N. W. of Jassy. Long. 25. 52. E. iat. 
 47. 57. N. 
 
 SuDA. a strong fort of the isle of Candia : 
 
 situate on an islet, in a gulf of its name, which 
 ie one of the finest and safest harbours m the 
 Levant. This fort was constructed by the 
 Venetians, who preserved it a great while after 
 Candia was no longer in their possession. It is 
 8 miles El. of Canea. 
 
 SiniBURY, a borough in SuflTolk, govemed by 
 a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It sends 
 two members to parliament. It has three 
 churches, and was one of the first seats of the 
 Flemings, who were brought over by Edward 
 III. to teach the English art of manufacturing 
 their own wool. Its trade is now diverted, in 
 a great pa-t, into other channels; but many 
 kinds of thin stuffs are still made here. It is 
 seated on the Stour, which is navigable hence 
 to Manningtree ; 14 miles S. of Bury St. Ed- 
 mund, and 54 N. E. of London. Long. 0. 60, 
 E. Int. 62. 11. N. 
 
 SuDERHAMN, a town of Sweden, in the go- 
 vernment of Gef?eborg; with a considerable 
 trade in linen, butter, timber, and flax ; situate 
 at the mouth of a river, near the Gulf of Both- 
 nia; 20 miles N. of Gefle. Long. 17. 5. E. lat. 
 63. 20. N. 
 
 SuDERKOPiNo, a town of Sweden, in East 
 Gothland ; seated on a navigable river; 10 miles 
 S. S. E. of Nordkoping. 
 
 SuDERHANiA, a province of Sweden Proper ; 
 62 miles long, and 42 broad ; containing an 
 area of 3470 square miles, and 156,000 in- 
 habitants ; bounded by Upland, Westmania, 
 Nericia, and the Baltic. It is the most popu- 
 lous part of Sweden, and abounds in corn, and 
 mines of divers metals. Nykoping is the 
 capital. 
 
 SuDERTELGE, a town of Swedcu, in Suder- 
 mania; with a manufacture of worsted and silk 
 stockings; 16 miles W. S. W. of Stockholm. 
 
 SuDEROE, one of the Feroe Islands, in the 
 Northern Ocean; remarkable for a dangerous 
 whirlpool near it, which is occasioned by a 
 crater, 61 fathoms deep in the centre. The 
 danger, especially in storms, is very great ; but 
 at the reflux, and in very still weather, the 
 inhabitants venture in boats, for the sake of 
 fishing. 
 
 SuEN-HOA, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Pe-tche-li; seated amid moun- 
 tains, near the Great Wall; 77 miles N. N. W. 
 of Peking. Long. 114. 39, E. lat. 40. 38. N, 
 
 Suez, a seaport of Egypt, with a castle; 
 seated at the N. end of the W. arm of the Red 
 Sea, called the Gulf of Suez. This gulf is se- 
 parated from the Mediterranean by an isthmus, 
 125 miles over, which joins Asia to Africa. 
 The town is surrounded by a sandy coimtry, 
 and is without water. It is now a wretched and 
 unhealthy place; but in the 16th century was of 
 considerable importance. Several vessels are 
 employed in the navigation between this port 
 and Jidda, where the v-ommodities are bartered 
 for Indian goods and the cofTcc of Arabia. The 
 commerce of Cairo with Suez is carried on by 
 caravans, which wait the orrival, and set out on 
 the departure of the vessels, tliut is, uljout liie 
 end of April, and in the course of July nnd 
 August. The mcichandise consists in com, 
 
SUF 
 
 wood, iron, lead, wool, cloth 
 
 663 
 
 SUM 
 
 i^r^^-'i^\rs-A! s ttwri* 
 
 2. N. 
 
 SuFFiELD, a town of ConnecUcut, in Hart- 
 foij^ county; 17 miles N. of Hartford. Pop. 
 
 Suffolk a county of England, 68 miles 
 long, and 28 broad; bounded on 'the S^ by 
 fXp Z' ^1 ^"J^^'^'^Seshire, N. by Norfolk. 
 1 OOo^o.n*'^ '•'" 9«™nn Ooean. It contains 
 I,U0J,240 acres, is divided into 21 hundreds 
 and 510 parishes, has 29 market towns and 
 sends fimr members to parliament for the Eastern 
 
 ouJlS r/.':"'""'- ^'"' «"" » °f various 
 S fif' l^ '•'? *'.°""''y' ^" K'^""^'. « level. 
 
 hni^ "Jl'^" '" '■^■^' P^*"' *""''!'«. carrots, and 
 hemp, with numerous flocks of sheep. Copious 
 beds of petrified shells, called ci^g, which are 
 toundm various parts between Woodbridgeand 
 Orford, have for many years been made use of 
 for improving light land. High Suffolk, or the 
 woodlands, which is in the inland parts, yields 
 good pasture, which feeds abundance of cattle. 
 Itat part on the confines of Essex and Cam- 
 bridgeshire affords also excellent pasture ; and 
 to the N. and N. W. it is fruitful in com. Its 
 chief produce is butter and cheese ; but the 
 latter has gained, almost proverbially, the cha- 
 racter of the worst in England. The principal 
 
 i^arke, Deben Gippmg, and Orwell. Ipswich 
 IS the principal town ; but the assizes are held 
 at uury bt. Edmund. 
 
 Suffolk a county of New York, comprising 
 about two-thirds of Long Island. Pop. 32.469 
 
 a.Knrgdon:"'''''' ''^^""'""'•' «"*""''^'' 
 
 town?'K„." "CavS""^"""''- ^^'■''^ 
 
 Suffolk, a town of Virginia, chief of Nanse- 
 niond county; situate on the river Nansemond; 
 ^8 miles W. by S. of Portsmouth. 
 
 SuGULMEssA, or SiGiLMESSA, a town of the 
 kingdom of Tafilet. S. W. of Morocco; the 
 nipital of a district which abounds in corn, dates 
 and other fruits ; and has mines of iron, lead 
 iUKi antimony. It is seated on the Ziu • 140 
 
 STo^/- ^- °^ '^''"^''■■'- ^""S- 5- '■ ^. lut. 
 
 SuHLA, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital of 
 llenneberg; with manufactures of fustian linen 
 leather, and steel. It is seated on the Ilasel • 
 / niUes N. of Sclileusingcn. Pop. GOOO. 
 
 SuHLiNaEN,a town of Hanover, in the county 
 
 u It ^1' "" " "^''''' °f 'ts name ; 22 miles W. 
 by JV. of Nieuburg. 
 
 SuiRE, a river of Ireland, which rises in Tin- 
 Perary, flows by Clonmel and Carrick to Water- 
 lord, and meets the Barrow at the head of 
 VVaterford Haven. 
 
 SuLAu, See Zulaup. 
 
 SuLi, a district of Albania, in European 
 lurkey, containing 18 villaRes; 20 miles from 
 St^Maura. U was suhdnod by Ali Faehu in 
 
 SuLiMANiEH, a town of Asiatic Turkey 
 capital of the pachalic of Bagdad. It was built 
 
 ' i,' l~l~ ",""' **" ^^" *'te of the ancient town 
 which had gone to decay. It has considemWe 
 trade, and contains a population of 15,000. 
 
 SULLIVAN, a town in the state of Maine, in 
 Hancock county, situate on a bay, oppwite 
 Mount Desert Island; 12 miles N.W. of Gold^ 
 borough. 
 
 Sully, a town of France, in the department 
 
 c i"'"?' ' '^"'^'^ "" "'e Loire. It is 20 miles 
 o. ti. 01 Orleans. 
 
 SuLMONA, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo 
 citra; and a bishop's see. It contains 1 1 churches 
 and 12 convents, and was the birthplace of the 
 
 r w r*^;.. ?' '* "^^'^'^ °" the Sora ; 2G miles 
 . ; . : °t^'""* ^' Chieti. Pop. 4000. Long. 
 14. 5o. E. lat 42. 0. N. 
 
 SuLTANiA, a decayed town of Persia, in Irak- 
 with a magnificent mosque, which contains the 
 tomb of sultan Chodabend, or Hodabunda. It 
 
 L 36^16. N "'^ ^"''''"* ^°"^- ^^' ^^' ^• 
 SuLTANPORE, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 province of Lahore ; 62 miles S. E. of Lahore. 
 buLTANPORE, a town of Hindostan in the 
 province of Oude ; the station of a British de- 
 tachment ; 32 miles S. of Fyzabad, and SO N. 
 of Allanabad. 
 
 SULT3, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg, 
 with a salt mine; seated on the Rekenitz ; 18 
 miles E. S. E. of Rostock. 
 
 SuLTz, a town of France, in the department 
 ot Upper Rhine, with a medicinal sprine; 13 
 miles S. S. W. of Colmar. Pop. 4000. 
 
 SuLz, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of 
 Wirtemberg, with some salt-works; seated near 
 the Neckar; 12 miles N. of Roth well. 
 
 SuLZA, a town in the grand duchy of Saxe- 
 Weimar, with a salt-mine; seated on the lime: 
 1 3 miles E. N. E. of Weimar. 
 
 SuLZBAcn, a town and castle of Bavaria, in 
 a duchy of its name, the regency of which is 
 united to Amberg. It stands in a mountain- 
 ous country, fertile in hops; 6 miles N. W. of 
 Amberg. 
 
 SuLznuRo, a town of Germany, in Baden; 
 with a fine palace; seated in a territory fertile 
 in good wine; 8 miles S. W. of Friburg. 
 
 Sumatra, the most western of the Sunda 
 Islands, in the Indian Ocean. Its general 
 direction is nearly N. W. and S. E. The 
 equator divides it into almost equal parts ; the 
 one extremity being in 5. 53. N., the other in 
 5. oh. S. lat., and Acheen Head, its N. ex- 
 tremity, is in long. 95. 34. N. It is 950 miles 
 m length, and from 150 to 200 in breadth • 
 and IS separated from Malacca by the strait of 
 that name, and from Java by the Strait of 
 hunda. A chain of mountains runs through 
 Its whole extent, the ranges, in many parts, 
 bong double and treble ; yet their altitude is 
 not sutticient to occasion their being covered 
 with snow during any part of the year. Be- 
 tween these ridges are extensive plains, con- 
 siderably elevated above the surfiice of th« 
 mamaue lands. In these the air is cool ; and. 
 trom this advantage, they are esteemed the • 
 most eligible portion of the country, are the 
 best mhabited,. and the most cleared ftom 
 
SUM 
 
 C64 
 
 SUM 
 
 woods, which elsewhere, in general, cover bolh 
 hills nnd valleys with an eternal shade. Hero 
 too are found many lakes nnd rivers, which 
 fiicilitate the communication between the dif- 
 ferent parts. The inhabitants consist of Ma- 
 lays, Achenese, Battas, Lampoons, and Re- 
 jangs ; the latter are taken as a standard of 
 description, with respect to the person, man- 
 ners, and customs of the Sumatrans. They 
 are rather below the middle stuture, their bulk 
 in proportion ; their limbs, for the most part, 
 slight, but well-shaped, and particularly small 
 at the wrists and ancles. Their hair is strong, 
 iind of a shining black. The men are beard- 
 less, great pains being taken to render them so, 
 when boys, by rubbing their chins with a kind 
 of quick-lime. Their complexion is properly 
 yellow, wanting the red tinge that constitutes 
 a copper or tawny colour. Those of the supe- 
 rior class, who are not exposed to the rays of 
 the sun, and particularly the women of rank, 
 approach to a considerable degree of fairness ; 
 but the major part of the female* are ugly. 
 The rites of marriage among the Sumatrans 
 consist simply in joining the hands of the par- 
 ties, and pronouncing them man and wife, 
 without much ceremony, excepting the enter- 
 tainment which is given upon the occasion. 
 But little apparent courtship precedes their 
 marriages : their manners do not admit of it, the 
 young people of each sex being carefully kept 
 ijsimder, and the girls being seldom trusted 
 from their mothers. The opportunities which 
 the young people have of seeing nnd conversing 
 with each oiher are at the public festivals, 
 where the persons who are unmarried meet 
 together, and dance and sing in company. A 
 man, when determined in his choice, generally 
 employs an old woman as his agent, by whom 
 he sends a present. The parents then inter- 
 fere, and, the preliminaries being settled, a 
 feast takes place. At these festivals, a goat, a 
 buffalo, or several, according to the nink of 
 the parties, are killed, to entertain not only 
 the relations and invited guests, but all the 
 inhabitants of the neighbouring country who 
 choose to repair to them. The greater the 
 concourse, the more is the credit of the host, 
 who is generally, on these occasions, the father 
 of the girl. Polygamy is allowed ; but it is 
 extremely rare that an instance occurs of a 
 man having more than one wife, and that only 
 nmong a few of the chiefs. This continence 
 they owe, in some measure, to their poverty. 
 Mothers carry their children straddling on the 
 hip, and usually supported by a cloth tied in a 
 knot on the opposite shoulder. The children 
 are nursed but little, and are not confined by 
 any swathing or bandages. The original na- 
 tives of Sumatra are pagans ; but it i* to be 
 observed, that when the Sumatrans, or any of 
 the natives of the eastern islands, learn to read 
 the Arabic character, and submit to circumci- 
 sion, they are said to become Malays, the term 
 Malay being understood to mean Mussulman. 
 The wild beasts of Sumatra are tigers, ele- 
 phants, rhinoceroses, bears, and monkevs. The 
 tigers prove to the inhabitants, both 'in their 
 
 journeys, and even their domestic occupation.*, 
 most destructive enemies ; yet, from a super- 
 stitious prejudice, it is with difficulty they are 
 prevailed upon to use methods for destr'oving 
 them, till they have sustained some jiarticuar 
 injury in their own family or kindred. Alli- 
 gators likewise occasion the loss of many in- 
 habitants ; and yet a superatitious idea of their 
 snnctity also preserves them from molestation. 
 The other animals of Sumatm are buffaloes, a 
 small kind of horses, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, 
 and hog-deer. This last is an animal some- 
 what larger than a rabbit, the head resembling 
 that of a hog, and its shanks and feet those of 
 tlie deer; the bezoar stone found on this animal 
 ha-^ been valued at ten times its weight in gold. 
 Of birds there is a greater variety than of 
 beasts. The coo-ow, or Sumntran pheasant, i» 
 a bird of uncommon beauty. Here are storks 
 of a prodigious size, parrots, dunghill fowls, 
 ducks, the largest cocks in the world, wood- 
 pigeons, doves, and a great variety of small 
 birds, remarkable for the beauty of their co- 
 lours. The reptiles are lizards, flying lizards, 
 and chameleons. The island swarms with in- 
 sects, «nd their varieties are no less extraor- 
 dinary ^han their numbers. Rice is tin only 
 grain that grows in the country. Here are 
 sugar-canes, beans, peaa, radishes, yams, pota- 
 toes, pumpkins, and several kinds of pot-herbs 
 unknown to Europe; and also most of the 
 fruits to bo met with in other parts of the East 
 Indies, in the greatest perfection. Indigo, 
 saltpetre, sulphur, arsenic, brazil-wood, two 
 species of the bread-fruit tree, pepper, cassia, 
 camphire, benzoin, coffee, and cotton, are like- 
 wise the produce of this island. Here also are 
 the cabbage-tree and silk cotton tree ; and the 
 forests contain a great variety of valuable spe- 
 cies of wood, as ebony, pine, sandal, eagle or 
 aloes, teak, manchineel, and iron-wood, and 
 also the banyan tree. Bees'- wax is a com- 
 modity of great importance here; and there 
 are likewise edible birds' nests. Gold, tin, 
 iron, copper, and lead are found in the coun- 
 try; and the first is as plentiful here as in any 
 part of Asia. Sumatra is divided into many 
 petty kingdoms, the chief of which are Acheen, 
 Indrapore, Palimban, and Jambi. The Eng- 
 lish and Dutch have factories on this island ; 
 the principal one of the former being Fort 
 Marlborough, at Bencoolen, where, as also at 
 the Dutch settlement at Pedang, Christian 
 missionaries have been for some time establish- 
 ed. The total population is estimated at about 
 3,000,000. 
 
 SuMBAWA, an island in the Eastern seas, 
 about 200 miles long and 40 broad. It is 
 divided into the districts of Beema, Dompoo, 
 Tambom, Sangur, Pekat, and Sumbawa, all 
 governed by their respective chiefs. The island 
 furnishes sappan-wood, rice, horses, saltpetre, 
 sulphur, wax, birds'-nests, tobacco, &c., though 
 but little trade is at present carried on. In 
 the W, part of the ialnnd is a town o.f the sjsmo 
 name, with a good harbour. 
 
 SuMDHooNAiiT, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 province of Ncpaul; with a celebrated temple, 
 
SUM 
 
 6()S 
 
 8tic occtipatini).*, 
 t, from a supcr- 
 fticulty they uro 
 Is for destroying 
 Honio jinrtici ir 
 kindred. AJi- 
 B8» of many in- 
 0U8 idea of their 
 om molestation, 
 k are buffaloes, a 
 
 8, deer, bullocks, 
 n nniniat some- 
 liead resembling 
 ind feet those of 
 i on this aninml 
 I weight in gold, 
 variety than of 
 iran pheasant, i» 
 Here are storks 
 dunghill fowls, 
 
 world, wood- 
 mriety of small 
 ity of their co- 
 
 9, flying lizards, 
 iwarras with in- 
 10 less extraor- 
 lice ia tli- only 
 itry. litre aro 
 les, yams, pota- 
 ids of pot-herbs 
 )o most of the 
 iirts of the East 
 :tion. Indigo, 
 azil-wood, two 
 
 pepper, cassia, 
 lotton, are like- 
 Here also are 
 
 tree ; and tho 
 f valuable spe- 
 landal, eagle or 
 iron-wood, and 
 vax is a com- 
 ere; and there 
 ts. Gold, tin, 
 
 1 in the coun- 
 here as in any 
 led into many 
 ch are Acheen, 
 bi. The Eng- 
 )n this island ; 
 ler being Fort 
 ere, as also at 
 lang. Christian 
 time estnblish- 
 mated at about 
 
 Eastern seas, 
 broad. It is 
 ema, Dompoo, 
 Sumbawa, all 
 ft. The island 
 rses, saltpetre, 
 ;o, &c., though 
 ijrried on. In 
 vn of the Siimc 
 
 idostan, in the 
 bratod temple, 
 
 which is annually visited by an immense num- 
 
 »5:s.'''&5r3?.T"""' ''""•^'- ^''"«- 
 
 SuMDUi,, a town of Hindostan, in a territory 
 I. l"^™f.' iy'"8 ^- "f Delhi; subject to the 
 
 .nabob of Oude. It is 52 milU W. N. W of 
 
 Bereilly, and 75 E. of Delhi 
 SuMuijLPOUR, or SuMELPoun, a town of 
 
 Hmdoatan in a district of its name; L the 
 
 provmce of Orissa; 144 miles W. N. W. of 
 
 1 4 mK i? Per^f'" ''"'^^' '" ^°'«"«' 
 SuMEREm. a town of Hungary, in the island 
 of Schut ; 1 6 miles S. S. E. of PrMburc. 
 
 bitfnTnf ""{."?• " '"*" of Binnah, the inha- 
 bitants of which are chiefly employed iu the 
 
 !^Z«f"'V^*"''^^''«»"•^ gunpowder I? 
 18 seated on the Irrawaddy j 68 miles S. by W. 
 of Ummerapoonu 
 
 SuMv, a town of European Russia, in the 
 government of Kharkov. It is fortified, and 
 P^ n'ooo""^ *^' ""^'"^ "° considerable. 
 
 SuNART, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the 
 w. tuast of Scotland; which extends '20 miles 
 
 ^f,h ■ ! ,*'°^1'/ °*" ^'ey^"' fron> the N. end 
 of the island of Muh 
 
 . SuNBUHY, a seaport in the state of Georgia 
 bnri!.^"^r^""*y' with a safe and convenient 
 - ; ^ The town, being very healthy, is the 
 resort of the planters from the adjacent coun- 
 try, during the sickly months. It is 34 miles 
 b. by W. of Sa'anna. Long. 81. 0. W. lat. 3 1 . 
 
 SuNBURY, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of 
 Northumberland county ; with two churches. 
 I stiinds on the E. side of the Susquehanna; 
 J 20 miles N. W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1057 
 
 bUNDA Islands, islands in the S. E. part of 
 the Indian Ocean. The chief of them are 
 iJomeo, bumatm, and Java ; the two latter 
 separated by a channel caUed the Strait of 
 bunua. 
 
 SuNDERBUNDS, a ttu. country in Bengal, 
 consisting of that part of the delta of the 
 Ganges which borders on the sea. In extent 
 It 18 equal to the principality of Wales. It is 
 completely enveloped in wood, infested with 
 tigers, and composed of a labyrinth of rivers 
 and creeks all of which are salt, except those 
 that immediately communicate with the prin- 
 cipal arm of the Ganges. Here salt, in quan- 
 faties equal to the whole consumption of 
 iJengal and its dependencies, is made and 
 transported with equal facility; and here also 
 18 tound an inexhaustible store of timber for 
 boat-buildin-. , 
 
 ;.if T^f ''.^"""' •* *°*" °f Denmark, in the 
 island of Alsen, with a castle. It is seated on 
 a stmt called Sunderburg Sound ; 12 miles E. 
 54 Si" n"'®* ^'"P-^^*^**- Long. 10. O.E. lat. 
 
 SuNDERDoo, a fortified island and 6t.,,,ort of 
 Hindostan in Concan; reduced by Commodore 
 James m 1756. It is 36 miles N. N VV. of 
 <Joa. Long. 73.20. E. lat. 16. 3. N 
 
 SUP 
 
 county of Durham, governed by a nJayor- with 
 a market on Saturday. It sends twoTemS 
 to parliament. For the exportation of coal 
 It 18 next in consequence to Newcastle. Its 
 port, at the mouth of the Wear, will admit 
 vessels of 400 tons ; the entrance is defended 
 by a battery, and a pier, on which is a light- 
 House. Hero are several small dockyards, 
 manufectures of salt, glass, copperas, and earth- 
 enware, and a trade in lime, grindstones, and 
 other articles. The commerce and population 
 of this port have been gradually increasing 
 during the last century, and the general ap- 
 peamnce of the town has been greatly im- 
 proved The parish church is a handsome 
 bnck building ; besides which are St. John's 
 Chapel, and the church in John Street, tho 
 in"o7 *mu "'""« °f "''I'ch was laid June 10, 
 i»-7. Ihere are also in the town and suburbs 
 19 chapels not belonging to the establishment, 
 besides several licensed meeting-rooms, and a 
 Jews synagogue. Sunderland is much fre- 
 quented during the bathing season, and the 
 neighbourhood, for several miles round, is en- 
 riched by many elegant seats and mansions. 
 It 18 situate on the river Wear, over which is a 
 magnificent iron bridge, of one immense arch, 
 which will admit ships of 200 tons burden to 
 ■" 1 oro^M 'l 11^ ^ ^ '""'« N. E. of Durham, 
 hit .54 ^ London. Long. 1 . 2. W. 
 
 Sunderland, a town of Massachusets, in 
 Hampshire county; on the E. side of the Con- 
 necticut ; 10 miles N. of Hadley, and 100 W 
 by N. of Boston. 
 
 SuNDi, a province of Congo, which lies along 
 the river Zaire. Its rivers render it extremely 
 lertile, and in the mountains are mines of 
 several metals. The capital is of the same 
 name. Long. 17. 55, E. lat. 4. 50. N. 
 
 SuNDswALD, a seaport of Sweden, and the 
 capital of Medelpadia. The chief trade is in 
 tar, birch-bark, deals, hops, flax, and linen. It 
 IS seated near the Gulf of Bothnia, 210 miles 
 N. by W. of Stockholm. Pop. 1500. Long 
 17. 50. E. lat. 62.25. N. ^' 
 
 SuNERQoNG, or SuNNERGAUM, a town of Hin- 
 dostan, in Bengal, once a large city, and famous 
 tor a manufacture of fine cotton cloth. It is 
 seated between the Burrampooter and a branch 
 of the Ganges, IS miles S. E. of Dacca. 
 , °^^ Island, an island within the mouth of 
 the Humber, 9 miles in circuit; separated from 
 Yorkshire by a channel nearly two miles broad. 
 It produces grain, wood, and black rabbits. 
 
 Superior, Lake, a lake of North America, 
 above 1500 miles in circumference, and sup- 
 posed to be the largest body of fresh water on 
 the globe. It contains many islands, two of 
 them very lai;ge, especially Isle Royale, which 
 18 luo miles long, and in many places 40 broad. 
 Xhe Indians suppose these islands to be the 
 residence of the Great .Spirif. iTpiyayd" "f 30 
 rivers enter this lake, some of which are of con- 
 siderable size, and its water is unrivalled in 
 purity and transparency. It abounds with fish, 
 particularly trout and sturgeon. Storms aro 
 
SUP 
 
 006 
 
 sua 
 
 even more dreadful on tin's luko than on tlio 
 ocean. It dischnrgos its water »Vom Uio S. E. 
 comer through the Stmit of St. Mary, into 
 iMke Huron J but the quantity does not appear 
 to be one-tenth part of what is conveyed into it 
 l>y tlio rivers. 
 
 SupiNo, n town of Naples, in the Moliso, 
 with n castle; seated at the source of the Ta- 
 toarn, 17 miles N. by W. of Ilenevento. 
 
 SuR, or Soum a town of Syria, in Palestine, 
 on the const of the Mediterranean, where stood 
 the lumous city of Tyre, destroyed by Alex- 
 nnder the Great. It is now no more than a 
 village, situate on u peninsula which projects 
 trom the shore into tho sen, in the form of a 
 nial et with an oval head. The village consists 
 ot about (iO families, who live obscurely on tho 
 produce of their little grounds, and n trifling 
 
 rn T^v "/?^^" '"''«' S- S- W. of Saidn, and 
 00 S. W. of Damascus. 
 
 SuiiA, a town of Sweden, in Westmanland, 
 15 miles N. of Stroemsholm. 
 SuiuDAVAJi. See Souradaya. 
 SuRAT, a city of Hindostan, in Guzernt. 
 with a strong citadel. The squares are large 
 and the streets spacious, but not paved, so that 
 the dust IS troublesome. Each street lias gates 
 of Its own, with which it is shut up in times of 
 turbulence. The largeK houses are flat-roofed, 
 with courts before them; and those of the com- 
 rrn^mf'-'^*^^ high-roofed. It is said to have 
 000,000 inhabitants; and its trade is considoN 
 able, notwithstanding tlie sand-banks that oh- 
 struct the entrance of the Tapty, which cause 
 Jargo vessels to load and unload at Swally. 15 
 miles to the W. of Surat. In this city are 
 Mahomedans of several sects, many sorts of 
 Oentoos, and Jews and Christians of various 
 denominations. It is one of the stations of 
 the London Missionary Socictv. The Maho- 
 medans at Surat are not by fur so strict as they 
 are m Arabia or in other Turkish countries 
 n. are the distinctions of tribes among the 
 Hindoos who reside here strictly observed The 
 latter are almost all of the caste of the Banyans- 
 and their skill and dexterity in matters of cal- 
 culation and economy often raise them to places 
 of considerable trust. Some of them are very 
 rich, but all live in a style of moderate simpli- 
 city, and wear only a plain robe of white cot- 
 ton. All people of distinction in Surat, and 
 through the rest of India, speak and write the 
 1 ersian language; but in trade, corrupt Portu- 
 guese is the language used. This city was long 
 the emporium of the most precious produc- 
 tions of Hindostan, for hither were brought 
 trom the interior parts an immense quantity of 
 goods, which the merchants carried in their 
 ships to the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the 
 toiists of Malabar and Coromandel, and even 
 to China. Since the rise of Bombay, however, 
 the traffic of this place has greatly declined, 
 and now consists chiefly of mw cotton and a 
 tew ot Its own manufactures. One thing sin- 
 gular in Surat is, that though there is no hos- 
 I>ita for human beings, there is an extensive 
 establishment of this nature for sick or maimed 
 animals. When the Europeans turn out an 
 
 old liorse, or any other domestic animal, to 
 jierish, as useless, tho Banyans voluntarily as- 
 sume the care of it, and place it in tliis houje, 
 which is full of infirm and decrepit cows, sheej), 
 rabbits, hens, pigeons, &c. Tho country round 
 Surat is fertile, except towards the sea, where 
 it is sandy and barren. Before tho English 
 Eiwt India Company obtained poscossioii of 
 Bombay, Surut was the seat of their presi- 
 dency, and tho centre of their eastern trade. 
 It is •itimte 20 miles up tho river Tapty, and 
 147 N. of Bombay. Long. 7-». 4U. E. lut. '21. 
 II. N. 
 
 SuiiaoojA, a town of Hindostan, capital of 
 a circar of tho same name, in the province of 
 Orissn. It is 75 miles N. E. of Uuttenpour, 
 and 'J 10 S. S. W. of Patnn. Long. (13. 3'J. E 
 lot. 23. 6. N. 
 
 SuRouT, a town of Asiatic Russia, in tho 
 government of Tobolsk, surrounded by palisa- 
 does. It is seated on tho Oby, 2U5 miles N. 
 N. E. of Tobolsk. Long. 73. 30. E. lat. (il. 
 30. N. 
 
 Surinam, a country of Guiana, extending 75 
 miles along a river of the simib name. It 
 abounds with game, and singular animals of 
 different kinds; tho toad, in particular, being 
 remarkable for its enormous size and ugly form. 
 The products are coffee, fruits, indigo, sugar, 
 cotton, tobacco, gums, and wood for dyeing. 
 The woods are full of monkeys, and it is said 
 there are scrjients 30 feet long. This country 
 was ceded by tho English to tho Dutch for the 
 province of New York, in 1774. It was taken 
 by tho British in 1799, and again in 1804, but 
 restored in 101 4. The capital is Paramaribo. 
 
 SuRiNGiA, a seaport of Japan, in tho island 
 of Niphon, cajiital of a province of the same 
 name, with a castle, where the emperors for- 
 merly resided. It is 170 miles E. of Meaco. 
 Long. 139, 5. E. lat. 39. 30. N. 
 
 Surrey, a county of England, 37 miles long 
 and 27 broad; bounded on the N. by Middle- 
 sex, E. by Kent, S. by Sussex, and W. by 
 Hampshire and Berkshire. It contains 485,120 
 acres, is divided into 13 hundreds and 140 pa- 
 rishes, has six boroughs, and eight other mar- 
 ket-towns, and sends four members to parlia- 
 ment for the E. and W. divisions of the county. 
 The soil is very different in the extreme parts 
 from that in the middle, whence it has been 
 compared ton coarse cloth with a fine border ; 
 for the edge of the county on all sides has a rich 
 soil, extremely fruitful in corn and grass, parti- 
 cularly on the N. and W. towards the Thames; 
 but it is far otherwise in the heart of tho county, 
 where are wide tracts of sandy ground and bar- 
 ren heath, and in some places long ridges of 
 hills. It produces corn, boxwood, walnuts, 
 hops, and fullers'-enrth. Medicinal herbs are 
 raised to a considerable extent, and about 3500 
 acres of land consist of gardens for the supply 
 of the London market. The principal rivers, 
 besides the Thames (which is the boundary of 
 this county on the N.), are the Mole, Wey, and 
 Wuiuiic. The spring &saues are held at King- 
 ston, and the summer at Guildford and Croydon 
 alternately. 
 
SUR 
 
 667 
 
 Sui»»K, a lownof Switzorl«n,l, in the canton 
 of Lucerne, wated on the river Sur, near the 
 Lake of hempachj 12 miles N. W. of Luceme 
 
 Su8, a river of Morocco, which rises in Mount 
 
 en ers the Atlantic nt Messa. lu annual inun- 
 dations enrich the country. 
 
 Svs, or SusE, a kingdom or province of the 
 a'?,'"?, "'^.^'o'occo. bounded on the W. by the 
 Atlantic, N. by Morocco I'roper, E. by 'fafilot 
 and S. by Damh. It is a flnt^olintryfaboun, -' 
 ing in corn sugnr-canes, and dates. The inlm- 
 bitmits, who are chiefly Uerebe™, or ancient 
 natives are distinguished by their i .dustry'and 
 many ot them who live in towns become^opii- 
 
 o? I^V^ n!;? V'^ """■' '"'•"•' "'»" the natives 
 of l-ez and Morocco. In the mountainous 
 part they are entirely free, and are governed by 
 their own chiefc. The principal town is Tart^ 
 
 SusA, or SocsA » seaport of Tunis, thecl.:cf 
 mart of the kingdom for oil and linen, and for- 
 merly a place of some repute : near it are con- 
 Bderable remains of ancient buildings. It 
 Btimds on the E. const, 75 miles S. E. of Tunis 
 Long. 11. 15. E. lat. :i5. 40 N 
 
 Su8A, a province of the Sardinian states, in 
 1 ledmont, consisting of a broad valley inter- 
 TO-d with steep rocks. It has an area of 
 700 square miles, with 65,000 inhabitants. 
 
 busA a town of Piedmont, with a strong fort, 
 called Brunette. Here are four churchy and 
 several religious houses, and near it is a tr- 
 um^,hal arch to the honour of Augustus C«sar. 
 It IS seated on the Doria, among plensnn 
 mountains, and » the principal pasaSge'^ oufof 
 Fr, nee in Italy. It was taken by the French 
 W N W nfT •"'""■''' '" 1«'^' 23 miles 
 llKlaT45!a: ^"^- ''"'■ ^»"«- ^• 
 SusDAL, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Volcdimir, and a bishop's see. It is built of 
 wood. It 18 seated on the Nerl, 90 miles N E 
 of Moscow. Long. 40. 25. E. Int. 60. 26 N 
 husQUEiiANNA, a river of the United Sti.^es 
 which issues from the Lake Otsego. It crosses 
 Uiree times the line that divides the stntrof 
 fh,« J"? f°r?,,,P«""«ylvania, after which it 
 flo«s S. h. to Wiikesbarre, and then S. W. to 
 Sunbury, where it meets the W. branch of the 
 husquehanna. It then flows by Harrisburg to 
 1 uvre de Grace, where it entera the head of 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 SussAC, a town of France, department of 
 Upjier Vieiine, 15 miles S. E. of Limoges. 
 
 bussEX, a county of England, 70 miles long, 
 and 28 where broadest ; bounded on the N. 
 
 i!^ r"r^L ^- ^- ""'^ ^- ^y Kent, S. by the 
 Lnghsh Channel, and W. by Hampshire. It 
 contains 935,040 acres, is divided into six rapes, 
 subdivided into 65 small hundreds, and 342 
 parishes. It sends four members to parliament 
 tor the eastern and western divisions of the 
 county. The soil is various ; that of the downs, 
 and thence to the sea, is fertile in corn and 
 grass, the latter feeding sheep, whose wool is 
 iemaikably fine; the middle abounds with mea- 
 dows and rich arable ground, and the N. side is 
 
 SUT 
 
 ply fuel for the iron-works when they were in a 
 llouriahing state. The chief commodities are 
 corn, malt, cattle, wool, wood, iron, chalk, and 
 glass, buasex i» not distinguished for any ma- 
 hufacturo but that of gunpowder, at Battle, 
 and of needles, at Chichester. The principal 
 rivers are the Arun, Adar, Ouse, and Bother. 
 Chichester IS the capital, but the spring assizes 
 are held at Horsham, and the summer at Lewes, 
 busTER. See Tobtar. 
 SusTEHEN, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 province of Limburg; 2 miles from the river 
 Meuse, and 10 S. of Uuremonde. 
 
 buTiiEiiLANDsmBE, a county of Scotland, 52 
 mdes long, and 60 broad ; bounded on the N. 
 by the North Sea, E. by Cnithness-shire .and 
 the German Ocean, S. by the Frith of Dornoch 
 and Koss-shire, and W. by the Minch. It is 
 divided into 14 parishes. It returiLS one mem- 
 ber to parUament. Some parts of this county, 
 called forests, are tnickleas deserts, destitute at 
 trees ; or bleak mountains, abounding with wild 
 roes. In these parts there are few inhabitants, 
 and no viHages; but along the Frith of Dornoch 
 the country is populous and well cultivated. It 
 Has abundance of ironstone, limestone, and slate 
 and many veins of lead-ore. Within the last 30 
 years the most important improvements have 
 been eftected in this county. New roads have 
 been formed and bridges eracted to facilitate the 
 communication with other parts of the country; 
 the feudal system, which had been tenaciously 
 preserved here, long after it had been banished 
 from other parts of the country, has at length 
 been superseded, and almost all the lands, hav- 
 ing been disencumbered of the superfluous te- 
 nants by whom they were held under the tenure 
 of military service, are now occupied by active 
 improvers. Dornoch is the county town, 
 
 bUTLUJ, or SETtEGE, (ancieut Hyphasis.) a 
 large nverof N. W. India, tributary to the Indus, 
 and scarcely inferior to it in magnitude. It rises 
 in Chinese Tartary; but the true source is un- 
 
 n" ri'.h"* '^''" '"■"'^'"^ •" far as Shipkee. 
 alyf Chinese frontier, at an elevation ot 
 9J7 feet. I lowing to the south-west, it forms 
 the eastern boundary of Lahore, and is the 
 eastern stream of the Punjaub. It receives the 
 Chunaub (Acesines,) the Behoot (Ilydaspes,) 
 and the Kavee (Hydraotes,) and fails into the 
 Indus. The rapidity of its course prevents it 
 from being used for navigation. 
 
 SuTRF, a town of the Pajial States, in the patri- 
 
 "m"^x/ ,?^ ^'"^'■' *^«'ed on the Puzzola; 22 
 miles N. W. of Home. 
 
 Sutton, a town of Massachusets, in Worces- 
 
 nn";.?/ w^'c^ w"""?', ^- ^y ^' °f Worcester, 
 and 46 W. S. W. of Boston. 
 
 Sutton CoLEFiELD, a corporate town in 
 
 Warwickshire, with a mrrketon Monday. It ia 
 
 situate in the N. W. pa of the county, on a 
 
 bleak eminence, surrounded by a rather barren 
 
 sou J but the air is excellent, and the prospects 
 
 .roni the high lands extensive and pictUreique. 
 
 Here is a stately Gothic church, and a neat 
 
 Baptist meeting-house. In 1826 corporation 
 
 echools were established, and almshouses have 
 
S U T 
 
 6G8 
 
 8WE 
 
 «nco bwn erected for five poor widow* and iin 
 nrnny widoweri. The inlmhitnnU Imve the pri- 
 vilcgo of free pasturage in n largo well-woo<le<l 
 tract of liu.d, called Sutton Park. Hardware 
 lorni» the principal article of trades '-'» miles 
 W. N. W. of Warwick, and 110 N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Sutton-upon-Tbknt, n small town in Not- 
 tinghomshire, with n market on Monday, walod 
 on the Trent! 6 miles S. E. of T uxford. 
 
 SuzANNK, St., a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Mayenne; with a considerable pep- 
 per monufacture; 24 nuiles VV. of Man* 
 
 SvKAnoRd, a strong fortress of Sweden, built 
 «n several rocky islets in the Gulf of Finland. 
 In 180U It surrei: lered to the Russians. It is 
 3 miles S. of Helsingfors. 
 
 SvKNBouo.a seaport of Denmark,in the island 
 ot l-unen, with the best harbour in the island. 
 Here are manufactures of woollen and linen • 22 
 nidw S. of Odensee. Long. 10. 37. E. lat 'ss. 
 
 SwAFFHAM, atown of Norfolk, witii a ranrkct 
 on Saturday, noted for butter. The church is 
 luindsome, and in the form of a cathedral. The 
 other places of worship are meeting-houses for 
 llaptiste and Quakers. It is seated on a hill: 
 M miles W. of Norwich, and 93 N. E. of 
 London. 
 
 Swale, a river in Yorkshire; which rises on 
 the confines of Westmorelai..!, flows E. by Rich- 
 mond, and then S. E. to ite junction with tho 
 Urc, u little below Aldborough, where their 
 united stream forms the Ousc. This river was 
 lield sacred by tho Saxons, from the circum- 
 stance of upwards of 10,000 persons having 
 been baptized in it by Paulinus, archbishoi) of 
 lork, upon their conversion 1" Christianity 
 
 SwALLv, a town of Hin..ostan, in Guzerat- 
 with a harbour, where shi-o receive and deliver 
 their cargoes for tho nierchants of Surat It is 
 seated near the Gulf of Cambav '5 miles W 
 of Surat. Long. 72. 33. E. lat. ai. in N. 
 Swan Riveii. See Australia, South'. 
 SwANAOE, a town of Dorsetshird. seated oi. a 
 bay of the same name, in tho English Channel- 
 4 miles E. S. E. of Corfe C;.stle. It has a tmde 
 m herrings; also quarries jf fine stone, of which 
 many thousand tons are shipped here annually 
 
 SwANsnoHouan, a town of North Carolina- 
 chiet of (Jnslow county, to the N. E. of Wil- 
 mington; 40 miles S. S'. W. of Newbem. 
 
 Swansea, a seaport and borough of Wales in 
 Glamorganshire; governed by a portreeve, with 
 markeU on Wednesday and Saturday; it has an 
 ola «istle, and two churches. It returns one 
 men ber to parliament, with its contributorics. 
 Coa. iron, and limestone abound in its neigh- 
 bourhood, and great quantities are exported. It 
 has a considerable trade to Bristol, and exten- 
 sive works for the smelting of copper and lead- 
 ore. Many ships have been built here, a- d it 
 IS resorted to for sea-bathing. It is seated near 
 the mouth of the Tawy; 32 miles S. W. of 
 Brecknoek, and 206 W. of London. Long. 3. 
 66. W. lat. .S U 37. N. 
 
 Swansea, ntown of Massachuscts, in Bristol 
 rounty. on the river Taunton; 10 miles S. W. 
 
 of Taunton.— Also, a town of New IFamnshire, 
 in Cheshire county; f miles S. of Keone." 
 
 SwANsHAW, a town of Sweden, in West Goth- 
 land; 2,') miles W. S. W. of Lindkoping. 
 
 SwANTON, a town of Vermont, in Franklin 
 county, situate on Lake Cliamplain, at tho 
 mouth of Mischiscoui Rivorj 30 miles N. by E. 
 of Burlington. 
 
 SwARTKiiERO, H town of Swoden; in West 
 Gothland; IH miles N. W. of Uddevalln. 
 
 SwARTSLUYS, a town and furtrcsa of tho 
 Netherlands, in Overysscl, soatetl on tho Vocht, 
 4 miles from iU mouth, and 8 N. of Zwoll. 
 
 Sweden, a kingdom of Europe; extending 
 1000 miles fVom N. to S., and 300 from E. to 
 W., bounded on the N. by Norwegian Lapland, 
 E. by Russia, 8. by the Gulf of Finland and 
 tho Baltic, and W. by tho Sound, the Categat, 
 and Norway. It was formerly divided into five 
 general parU; Sweden Proper, Gothland, Nord- 
 land, Lapland, and Finland, and each of these 
 subtlivided into provinces. Sweden Proper con- 
 tained Upland, Sudermnnia, Nericia, Westma- 
 
 nia, and Dalecarlia, Gothland included East 
 Gothland, Smoland, West Gothland, Worme- 
 land, Bnhus, Dalia, Schonen, Halland, Blekin- 
 gen, and the isles of Gothland and Oeland. 
 Nordlandcontmned Gestricia, Helsingia, Medel- 
 padia, Jemptia, Angermanin, and W. Bothnia. 
 Swedish Lai)Iand comprised Umea, Pitea, Lulea, 
 Tomen, ami Kemi; these have no towns, and 
 take their mimes from rivers that rise near tho 
 borders of Norway and flow into tho Gulf of 
 Bothnia. Finland contained Finland Proper, E. 
 Bothnia, Tavastcland, Nylnnd, Savolax, and part 
 of Kymeno, and Cnrelia. Tlie greater part of 
 Finland, however, was ceded to Russia in 1008, 
 but in 1814, on ceding the small province of 
 Swedisli Pomemnia, it acquired Norway, includ- 
 ing which, and Norwegian Lapland, tho total 
 extent of surface may be computed at .'i43,00O 
 square miles, with a population scarcely cxc-hI- 
 ing 4,,?00,000. The whole country is now diviued 
 into 23 governments; Umea, llernosand, Gefle- 
 borg, Upsal, Stockliolm, Westerns, Nykoping, 
 Orebro, Stora Kopparborg or Fahlun, Carlstadt, 
 Lindkoping, Jonkoping, Kronoborg or Wexico, 
 Calmar, Carlscrona, Scaraborg, Elfsborg, Got- 
 tenburg, Halmstadt, Christianstadt, Malmohus, 
 and Wisby. Though enclosed by mountains on 
 the W. and N., it is in general a very flat coun- 
 try; and it s remarkable, that along the whole 
 road from Gottenburg in tho W. to Stockholm 
 in the E., there is not a single acclivity of conse- 
 quence, till within a few miles of the latter. It is 
 well watered by rivers, (thougli not a single navi- 
 gable one worth mentioning,) numerous lakes, 
 and inland pieces of water, on the banks of which 
 the palaces and villas are usually built. At 
 Stockholm, spring and autumn are scarcely to 
 be perceived; for winter continues nine months, 
 and summer during the remaining three. In 
 winter the cold is excessive, and the heat in 
 summer is considerable, the air being serene all 
 that time. During this season, all the rocks are 
 quite covered wiili fiowei-s, and the gardens have 
 plenty of friii' The trees are early in blossom- 
 ing, the soil t ng fat and sulphureous; but tho 
 
«w irnmnahire, 
 
 if Kconu. 
 
 , ill West Ooth- 
 
 ilkopiiig, 
 
 t, in i'mnkliii 
 
 nplain, iit thu 
 
 inilt'8 N. by E. 
 
 den I in West 
 
 Mevalln. 
 furtrcM of tho 
 on tho Vecht, 
 .ofZwoll. 
 >pc; extending 
 00 from E. to 
 giun Lapland, 
 ' Finkind and 
 I, tho Cntegat, 
 vidod into tive 
 ithland, Nord- 
 each of thctio 
 n Proper con- 
 icin, Westma- 
 ncludcd East 
 nnd, Wertne- 
 Jand, lilekin- 
 aud Oelnnd. 
 ingia, Medet- 
 W. Bothnia. 
 I'itea, Lulea, 
 
 towno, and 
 rise near tho 
 
 tho Gulf of 
 id Proper, E. 
 ilax, and part 
 eater part of 
 ssiain 1U08, 
 
 1 province of 
 ■way, includ- 
 id, tho total 
 
 at .'!43,00U 
 cely cxc^d- 
 nowdiviued 
 isand, Geflo- 
 Nykoping, 
 n, Carlstadt, 
 or Wexico, 
 fsborg, Got- 
 Muhnohus, 
 lountains on 
 •y flat coun- 
 g tho wholo 
 Stockholm 
 ityof conse- 
 lattcr. It in 
 single navi- 
 erous Ink 08, 
 iks of which 
 built. At 
 scarcely to 
 no months, 
 three. In 
 he heat in 
 J serene all 
 3 rocks are 
 .rdcns have 
 in blossom- 
 is ; but tho 
 
 SVVE 
 
 fniitH Irnvo not so goo^I a tnsto as in more south 
 em countries The animal, are Imr oh c.S 
 hogs, goats, sheep, elks, reindeer, b..urs wo v*^' 
 
 •0 ittlo and feeble that seven aro put to a tra- 
 velhng carriago, four abreast in he « r*f 1 nn 
 nnd hree in the second ; but a lane r f„un' 
 
 S "r« 'r':'T '" "" ""•"• -i.ich bat : 
 
 li"o r^I or?„r"" '""'i'™""' ^""^'' *i"'«"t 
 inter. Hero are several sorts of fowls' and nnr 
 
 ndge.. woodcocks, and falcons in Je^t .Imty 
 inincs, ami >,u,t forests of i mlK'r trees Tho 
 
 tW ^n"^"" "'" boards, gunpowder. It 
 ther, iron, copper, talh.w, skins, pitch resin 
 
 paper Thot/^-A/""""""' •"«"• •»»^'-'. ""J 
 
 tut^^n' „nH .''"*'"*"" ""' "f " robust COUSti- 
 
 They are, however, more polished than formerly 
 wiicre tho arts and sciences arc tuight. Their 
 
 artTth'Jr «''"r"y.°^ wood, witlf very liS 
 art m their construction. The roofs in man v 
 places uro covered with turf, on which ZZ 
 
 venuntr£"r '""' f™ "^'''" ^^^ 
 
 narcliy By tho union of Calraar. in 1337 it 
 
 bon,.o s "^''-V^fk. Sweden, and Norway, and 
 dom to n"^'" '^'^"l? " '""'''y tributary kini- 
 tlr/on^ "'"'■''•,/"'.'"»'"'' "'"to ofsubjoc- 
 bv C,^^.^ "v"'""' '^'■'''8" y^'' 't was rescied 
 by Gustttvus Vns^, on whom tho Swedes, in 
 
 ™ b«o!?if the sovereignty, an.I mnde'the 
 croHii hereditary m his male issue. He was 
 eiUruHted with great prerogatives; and these 
 r^rto"/'^"'""'* «;y.G"'""vus Adolphus, the 
 t n e l?v.''r"V ^'"8 ♦'"tended, at the same 
 
 daughter Christina, tho regal powers wereereatlv 
 
 orbTtanf'^'n""'' "" "'"'« acquired such an 
 exorbitant authority as gave great umbrage to 
 
 the clergy citizens, and peasants. This proved 
 
 favourable opportunity for Charles XI. to ob- 
 
 «r„ • \ ^*H''""* formal cession of absolute 
 sovereignty, winch quietly devolved upon his son. 
 Char es XII. Upon tho death of the latter, the 
 Swedes conferred the crown upon Ulrica Eleo! 
 nor., his youngest sister, stipulating, at the 
 «ame time, great hmits to the prerogative. Ul- 
 rica resigned the crown to her consort Frede- 
 wL ;. *''°™ this period, the Swedish monarchy 
 was the most hmited one in Europe, till 1772 
 ;tf"Gu8tavus III. effected a rlv^hition bv 
 7I^r '■'^K^^od the most essential royal pro"- 
 
 monarch. He was assassinated in 17.02, leaving 
 
 mssonGustayusAdolphusaminor.whoattained 
 ftw majority in 1 796. This prince was deposed 
 on the lat of May. 1809, and his uncle, tho duke 
 01 hudermania, was called to the throne. But 
 Boon ajler his accession, in consMiimico nf th- 
 suaaen death of his son, tho crown prince, ho 
 assembled the diet of th^ kingdom, ii order to 
 cnoose a successor to the throne. This Swedish 
 
 669 
 
 8 Wl 
 
 diet met for this purpo«> at Orebro. on (ho 8th 
 of August 1(110 and, after o short Speech fro „ 
 the king, they electc.! the French marshal, Ber" 
 nadotto, j.rince of I'onte Corvo. to the dignity of 
 crown prince of Swe.len. This porwm, though 
 n I rcnchman, and raised to rank and eminence 
 under Bonaparte, greatly distinguished liirnnolf 
 in the wrvice of the allies, in 1 II 1 3. at the head 
 of tho Swedisn army, and in 1814 secured Nor- 
 way to Sweden by tho treaty of Kiel. Tho esta- 
 b|.8he<i rehgion is tho Luthenin. an.I they hovo 
 one archbishop and 13 bishops. Stockholm ia 
 tho capital. 
 
 SwEonN PnoPKB, formerly ono of the five 
 grand divisions of Sweden J bounded on the S. 
 by Gothland, W. by Norway, N. by Nordland, 
 an<l h. by tho Baltic Sea. It comprehended 
 SVweXr''' ""'^ Stockholm, ti.a capital of 
 
 SwEDBsiibBOUQn, a town of New Jenwy. ia 
 Gloucester county, on llariton Creek j 20 milm 
 S. by W. of I'hiladelphia. 
 
 SwEiNv, a town of the kingdom of Darfoor. 
 and a place of general resort for morchanU trad- 
 mg to Egypt. It is 45 miles N. of Cobbo, 
 
 Swift, a river of England, in the counties of 
 Leicester and Warwick. It runs into the Avon, 
 above Rugby. ' 
 
 SwiNnoN, a town in Wiltshire, with a market 
 on Monday, situate on an eminence ; 211 mile« 
 N. ol Salisbury, and 83 W. of London. 
 
 SwiNKMUNDK, a town of the Prussian states, 
 in 1 omernnia, in the isle of Usedom, situate at 
 the mouth of the river Swine; i;i miles E. by 
 N. of Usedom. Long. 14. 12. E. lat. 53. 
 
 SwiNESiiKAD, a t«wn in Lincolnshire, with a 
 market on Thursday. Tho sea formerly came 
 up to the town, and there was a haven near 
 the present market-place; and, about 30 years 
 since, a bridge was taken down which crossed 
 a navigable river, now choked up. It is sijc 
 miles h. of Boston, and 110 N. of London. 
 
 SwiNNA, a small island of Scotland, one of 
 tho Orkneys; situate near tho middle of the 
 I ent and I nth. Hero aro two whirlpools that 
 are daiigcirouu to mariners, particulorlv ia a 
 calm. • 
 
 Switzerland, a country of Europe, bounded 
 on the N. and E. by Germany, S. by Italy, and 
 W. by P ranee. It is 220 miles long, and 140 
 broad and w separated from the adjacent coun- 
 1 «^.,Y '"''^'' mountains, called the Alps. Area. 
 18,681 square miles. Pop. 2,250.000. Switz- 
 erland has been divided, since 1815, into 22 
 cantons namely, Lucerne, Uri. Schweitz, Un- 
 derwalden, Zug, Friburg, Soleuro. Ticino, Va- 
 lais, Bern Basel, Schaffhauscn, Zurich, Vaud, 
 ^^r u^wl ^''"^'"' Appenzel, Glarus, Grisons 
 o r ;[' T''"'8!'"> an<J Aargau. The first nine 
 are Cathohcs, the next seven are Calvinists, and 
 the others contain both religions. Each can- 
 ton has Its distinct internal goverment. Tho 
 general government of the country is by a diet 
 coniposeu of a mombtr from "each canton', 
 which Msembles annually i„ June, at Friburg 
 Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zurich, or Lucerne, in 
 rotation; and tho president is styled Landam- 
 
 3') i| 
 
 .if 
 
M 1 
 
 11 
 
 S VV I 670 
 
 man of Hwtiprlmid. The. diet tloclnrri wnr, 
 wnclii.l.ii |MMoc. ninkim nlliiincHti with lori'iKii 
 iUitc, iind niao docidtii on nil tr.iifiei on coni- 
 meri-o. The nnncd force l« (ixod nt 30,00(1 
 men. There nro four iNiwiget over the Alim 
 into Itnly ftom SwiUorhuid ; the flmt is Im>. 
 yoiid tlio lake of (IcnevB, over Mount (^cnii, 
 which leada to Siivoyj the aecond Ih-kIm in the 
 country of the Orlnona, croiwiii Mount .St. Uer- 
 nord. and Iwd* to the viilley of Aoatn, in I'ioil- 
 nioiit) the third, the cfl.-brntod .SImplon luiaa. 
 begum In the country of the liriaona. crow,.* 
 Mount hin^.ton. mul lends to the ducliy of 
 JVlilaiii thi- tourth crowe* Mount St. (Jothard. 
 and the Iwiliwicks of lUx\y, and torminntim in 
 tho Milanwe. The principal lakes are thosu of 
 tonstanco Oencva, Lucerne. Zurich, mul Ncuf- 
 cliatol. l,„ „,„.t considcrablo rivers are tlio 
 Ulune, Uhono, Anr, Arve, Ucuss, wd Liinmat. 
 swiuurland exceeds every country in tho world 
 in .livcMity of appearance : the vast eluiin of 
 Aiiis, with enormous preci|Uces, extensive re- 
 gions of perpetual snow, and {jlnciers tliat ro- 
 Bemblo seas ot ice, nro conlrnstcd by tho vino- 
 var.1 and cultivate*! fiehl, tho richly-wooded 
 brow, and the verdant valley with its crystal 
 (ttr.|aui. ARriculture cnnnot of course bo car- 
 "*% V» «'"';"t '-•'"«"". but tho grain produced is 
 ■ulflcient tbr domestic consumption. Tho chief 
 riches consist of excollont pastures, in which 
 many cattle are l)red and fiittcne.!, and tho 
 poats and chamois feed on the mountains and 
 in the woods. Tho men nro strong and robust. 
 IJie women are tolerably handsome, and are in 
 Kencra very industrious. The peasants retain 
 their old manner of dress, and are content to 
 live upon milk, butter, and cheese; and tlicro 
 «re some of tho mountaineers who never have 
 nny bread. In 17!)7. tho partizans of Fninco 
 bnving excitwl dlsturlmnce in Switzerland, tho 
 trench entered tho country ; and, after defeat- 
 ing the troops and tho pensjints. who opposed 
 thern in several battles, they abolished tho 
 constitutions of the principal cantons, erected 
 what was termed the Helvetic Jlepublic, and 
 vested the government in two councils and a 
 directory. This constitution was abolished in 
 laoa, by the first consul of Fmnce, and an- 
 other was presented for tlieir nccoptnnco, but 
 rejected; he offered them n new one in 1803 
 which they consented to accept. In Decem- 
 ber, 1813, the allied armies traversed the coun- 
 try, for the purpose of invading France, when 
 some pnrtwl changes again took place in tho 
 administration of Switzerland, which was the 
 cause of violent commotions amongst several of 
 tho ointons; but in 1814, on tho meeting of 
 the diet, these disturbances were nppeasetl, and 
 on the 8th of September a federal compact was 
 8igne<l at Zurich. 
 
 Switzerland, New, a settlement of Indiana; 
 commenced in 1H0.5 by emigrants from the 
 Pays de Vnud, for the ])urpo8o of cultivating 
 the vine. Pop. 7111. 
 
 Swords, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Dublin, 9 miles from Dublin. Tt hn. a »p"d- 
 ous church, a Catholic chapel, and infantry 
 barracks. Here are the ruins of a monns- 
 
 8 YH 
 
 Ury, an archiepiscopnl nalnco and a pillar tower. 
 
 KVA a town of Sweden, in Wciit (JuthlunJ , 
 
 13 miles 8. W. of j.imlkoj.ing, ' 
 
 r..lU^'7"^ "*''•. " '"'>' "•" "'" «• «•!" »f Nor- 
 
 !1^! ia"t mI Jh *"'"■■'"'■ ^""«- '""• 
 
 fJ,''l'T\' '!!r "'''''"' "' N«'^ S""tl' Wales, 
 founded bytiovernor I'hilip. in 1788, m a 
 
 Hritish se tloment for the n.lony of convicU 
 originully intended for Uotany Hay. h is „„* 
 a corporate eity and tho (.rincipnl seat of 
 government, hns three Kpiscopal churches, with 
 a cathe.lnil (m course of erection), two Catho- 
 lic cliapels. an extensive gaol, military bar- 
 racks, hoHpital., (lor military and convicts), a 
 navnl yard, an excellent market, Ac. The 
 governor s residence, which fronts tho harbour, 
 « ot recent erection, and presents a very strik- 
 log appearance. Sydney has also chapels for 
 aissei.ters: 7 banking companies, insurance 
 olhces, benevolent and literary institutions. It 
 is situate on the S. side of the harbour of 
 lort Jackson, on the K. of an inlet called Dar- 
 ling Harbour. Long. 1.51. 23. K. hit. 33. 48. S 
 SvRNR, or E-ssoUAN, a town of Egypt, witli 
 a small fort, on tho right bank of the Nile. U 
 was anciently a city, and celebrated tor tho 
 first attemj)t to ascertain tho circumference of 
 tho earth, by Eratosthenes, a native of Cyrene 
 about tho year 27.5 u.c. Tho remains of the 
 ancient town are on an eminence to tho S., 
 where columns and pillars of granite, scattered' 
 hero and there, denote its situation. Near it, 
 on a small island in the Nile, anciently called' 
 Elephantina, are tho ruins of a temple of Cnu- 
 phis. It is 400 miles S. of Cairo. Long. 33. 
 20. E. lat. 24. 0. N. * 
 
 SvLT, an island of Denmark, on tho W. 
 coast of Jutlniul, of an irregular form, about 40 
 miles in circumference, but in no part above 2 
 miles from the sea. Great (luantitics of oysters 
 arc found here. Tho chief town is Morsura 
 Long. 8. 26. E. lat. 64. 57. N. 
 
 SvLVEfl, a town of Portugal, in Algarvn, 
 situate on a river of tho same name; 15 miles 
 E. N. E. of Lagos, and 42 VV. of Tavira. 
 SvMi. See Sim I. 
 
 SvMi'iiEROPOL, or Simferopol, the capital 
 of the Crimea, or Russian province of Taurida. 
 The houses are built of stone, and roofed, in 
 the ancient Greek style, with tiles. There are 
 likewise numerous modern hiuidsome buildings, 
 for the residence of the governor, judges, and 
 other civil officers. The old Tartar part of tho 
 town, called Achmetshet, is dirty and ill-built. 
 The environs are beautiful; and, 2 miles to the 
 E. of the city, is the mountain Tchatirdagh, 
 the highest in the Crimea, and the Mens Bero- 
 8U8 of tho ancients. Sympheropol is situate 
 on tho Salgir, tho principal river of the pro- 
 vince; 65 miles W. by S. of CaWa, and 90 S. 
 by E. of Precop. Long. 34. 0. E. lat. 44. 
 52. N. 
 
 SvEACt'sE, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di 
 Note, and a bishop's see, with a fine harbour, 
 _ei^..i.. .. .... a vtiniit.-. it «:i3 onco the metro- 
 polis of all Sicily; but war, tyranny, and earth- 
 quakes have reduced it to less than one-fourth 
 
SYR 
 
 III) n pillitr tower. 
 West Uutliliii.d I 
 
 H. RJdo of N(ir- 
 Hc. LonK. lO'U. 
 
 * S<mth Wtilei, 
 
 ill 1711(1, aa u 
 
 nny of convict* 
 
 liny. It JM now 
 
 rillcipHl MMit of 
 
 il »liurclicii, with 
 ion), two Ciitlio 
 1, niilitiiry bur. 
 ind convict*), n 
 rkit, Ac. Tho 
 It* tliu harbour, 
 lit* H very iitrik- 
 hIho chit|iul!i fur 
 ttiica, insurancu 
 iniititutions. It 
 
 thu hnrboiir of 
 inlet cnlled Dar- 
 \'l lat. ;tM. 411. S. 
 
 of Egypt, with 
 of tiio Nili'. It 
 cbnitcd for tho 
 ircumfcrcnco of 
 itivo of (.'yrenc, 
 
 remains of tho 
 cnco to tho S., 
 ranito, scattered 
 ition. Near it, 
 mciontly called 
 tcmj)lo of Cnu- 
 liro. Long. 33. 
 
 •k, on tho W. 
 form, about 40 
 
 part above 2 
 
 itities of ovHtcrs 
 vn is Morsuni. 
 
 1, in Algnrvn, 
 amej 15 miles 
 fTavira. 
 
 >!., the capital 
 ice of Taurida. 
 and roofed, in 
 es. There arc 
 iome buildings, 
 ir, judges, and 
 •tar part of tho 
 y and ill-built. 
 2 miles to the 
 
 1 Tchatirdagh, 
 le Mens Bero- 
 )pol is situate 
 ST of the pro- 
 ffa, and 90 S. 
 ). E. lat. 44. 
 
 ly, in Val di 
 fine harbour, 
 CO the metio- 
 tiy, and earth- 
 lun one-fourth 
 
 the mo«t «„mou8 f,t„-« in the world, and -j.j 
 miles ,„ eompiwi. Ne.ir this place, i." 17 IM 
 there was a *.-Hfl„ht between the !S,.a n.u,l/and 
 i* »H'ate.l near tho seaj 72 miles H. by VV of 
 >«j^'»0. Long. in. 10. K. |„t_ 37_ ^ j^ ''• 
 HVRu, (El Sham,) a province of Turkey in 
 
 bm, H. by Arabia Potrwa, and W. by tho Mo 
 il"Sed , '""-f'-Koneral n'aZ of S^r „ 
 wiwincudod the ancient Phrcnicia lyim, S of 
 Syria IVopor. This province abo u dl i„ „i| 
 com, and several sorts of thutn, as w"ll ai 
 poijs, beans and all kinds of pul«.; ad m'C 
 
 tho fin., t v,.M ''•"" ^'''^nt"'!; 'i'r t»«ore are 
 tno finest valleys m tho world Initween tho 
 
 vXit;";?"" "''.V'- -0 l'r../.er f::r':ircu i" 
 V a ion of obacco, olivt^s, nn.I vines. Tho in- 
 h^bitant* have „ trade in silk, camlets, and 
 •alt. Syna was possessei by « succession of 
 forcg,, nations, before the time o iTcdomJ 
 
 piro. I'lvo centuries after, when the sons of 
 Jhoodosms divided their immense pntrin ony 
 «.is country wa« annexed to the emS ^f 
 Consta„i„,„,,,o ,„ t,„., ^. it""^ Unued 
 
 till tho year 022. when tho Arabian tribes «n 
 der tho banners of Mahomet, sei.ed, or rather 
 
 071 
 
 TAB 
 
 a..l t waste. fti„co that ,,criod It h„ bet>., 
 
 £' " '"'"'r'-y "'" «ivii wa« of tiri-i' 
 
 ites and ( n.m.adesj wreslcd from tho kS 
 
 s tt.' 'I' i^'"'""" «"*""""-! '"i*^'" »•<'•""„: 
 
 m,.™?. '■"':""" ""''"^""! "'*'">^''< h the Eu 
 rorwnn erusa.lers ; retaken by the Mamelukes 
 
 the )?t'J. ' • "i '""?"'' ""» ""-' '""'''« "f 
 « . n '""'••.*'"' ''"vo been it. m.u,. 
 U rs nearly three centuritH.. 1 1 is divided into 
 paclialics, or governments; Ale|.po, Trin.di 
 Danmscus, Acre, and (Ja/a. The whole , re 
 1"".""""' '"■'■• 1. 77" » .re miles, and the ,.2 . 
 
 U the C';|:'^ '■- "'"'"' -•"""■""•>• A1''1'P" 
 
 ....!? ''!*'*.'*I'. ". "''"'""■^ "f "ifmali, in I'e«u. 
 »t-ate, at he hea.l of a river of tho i.n.e name 
 
 tTe'T i" t ^ ■"'""'' "'' »•''«" »t'-' i '".nil. "to 
 tlie h. IS tho great pagoda of Syriam. It is It 
 
 l-iong. <)(). 17. K. int j,; f,„ jy t 
 
 of mZ.!i!! 'Z" "I" '."'r'' '■" "*'•« «'«r>»'tment 
 Of Moselle; 14 miles H. K. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Cj. n. I'j. oJ IJebreezen. 
 
 S/i.um, a district of Austria, in Croatia 
 
 rnJmT^ •'""'^•« "f •■»'-'" -luar'e miles. S,' 
 4. 000 inhabitants. Jt has i small to;n of 
 
 EoTcirrirdr""'"^"'"""'*--'^ ""'-«•'•> 
 
 the Vistuki 12 miles S. by W. of Culm 
 
 Taafe, or Tave, a river of Wales, which 
 rise, .n Brecknockshire, and flowsthnS 
 (.lamorganshire. by M.-rthyr Tidvil IW v 
 
 ftr' ?"'''\ 'T "•" """toi Chinnel.^ 
 
 lAAip. a town of Arabia, in tho province of 
 
 I edj,u, with a consideniblo trade in m"si^?8a„d 
 
 lofty mountain; CO mik^ S. E. of Mecca 
 Long. 41. 35. E. Int. 21. 5. N 
 
 vinlrofVo^""*''-^."^^"''™' '" ""> P'o- 
 the tomb of a «unt, who, according to tradi- 
 tion, was king of the country. The city^ 
 n'E'oSjr "'r" '•-'"« '""M«n>ile 
 45. S. ""S- ^^- '"• ^- J"'- 13. 
 
 tho^o 0'/?^' "r 'i'""'' "'■ Denmark, between 
 
 „nT/u '^","«'''""'l and Funen; 8 miles lone 
 
 iAAi:""^-, I'ong- 10. 37. E.'lat. 54. 48. N: 
 
 irom ino Wile. It is the residence of a Kover- 
 26. 5C. N ^- °^ ^'"'■°- ^°"e- 31. 25. E. lat. 
 
 S abounlu o ^/"'•"'- ^' " niountainois, 
 W.Iat 7 Jo.S ^'""-t««»- I-ong. 80. Ic! 
 
 JuuRCA an island on the coast of Barbarv 
 and had a populous city of tho same name, 
 
 T. 
 
 when under tho dominion of tho Genoese, who 
 hud a coral-fishery here. But in 1757, on the 
 C.enoeso attempting to transfer the island to 
 * ranco, the Tabarcans surrendered their city to 
 iunis ; and they were cruelly deceived by tho 
 bey, for he razed the fortifications, and took 
 away most of tho inhabitanU as slaves. It is 
 50 miles W. N. W. of Tunis. Long. 9. IC. E 
 lat. 36. 50. N. " 
 
 Tadauia (the ancient Tiberias), a town of 
 I alestme. situate on the W. side of a lake for- 
 merly called the Sea of Tibori(« ; 50 liiileg 
 IN. XN. tj. of Jerusalem, and 70 S. S. W. of Ba- 
 maacus. Long. 35. 45. E. lat. 32. 40, N. 
 
 Tabasco, a province of Mexvo, bounded on 
 the N. by the Bay of Campeachy, E. by Jucatan, 
 S. by Chiapa, and W. by Guaxaca. It is 100 
 miles long, and 50 broad ; and its chief riches 
 consist 111 cocoa-nuts. There are showers every 
 day for nine months in the yerr. 
 
 Tadasco, the capital of the above province, 
 called by the Spaniards Nuestra Senora de la 
 vittorin. from a great victory obtained here by 
 Cones on his firet arrival. It is situate on an 
 island of the same name, 30 miles long and 10 
 broad formed by the river Tab.wco and that of 
 
 20." W.'laT. i8:20. N.^- "^''""'^''- ^""«- "'• 
 Tabkro. a town of Sweden, noted for its rich 
 mmes of iron j 10 miles S. of Jonkoping. 
 
 I 
 
 
fl' \ 
 
 TAB C72 
 
 TAI 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Table Island, one of the New Hebrules, 
 in the South Pacific. Long. 167. 7. E. lat. IS. 
 30. S. 
 
 Taboo, a town of Caasinn, the capital of a 
 country lying to the £. of Zahara. It is 280 
 miles N, by W. of Agades. Long. 12. 10. E. 
 lat. 24. 0. N. 
 
 Tadoo, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 its name. The Hussites, under their celebrated 
 general Ziscc, fortified it, and made it their 
 principal netreat. It is seated on a mountain 
 of the same name, by the river Luschnitz ; 1 1 
 miles N. N. E. of Bechin. Pop. 3800. 
 
 Tabor, a mountain of Palestine, which com- 
 mands a view of the Jordan, the lake (xennes- 
 areth, and the Mediterranean. It is 6 miles S. 
 of Nazareth. 
 Tabriz. See Taueis. 
 Tacames. See Atacaha. 
 Tacazzb, a river which rises in Abyssinia, 
 flows N. W. into Nubia, and joins the Nile at 
 Ilak, 
 
 Tachau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Pilsen, on the river Mies ; 28 miles W. of 
 Pilsen. 
 
 Tacuba, a town of the republic of Mexico, in 
 a district of its name. It is 6 miles W. N. W. 
 of Mexico. 
 
 Tacuroa, a town of ,C!olumbia, capital of a 
 district of the same name ; seated at the foot of 
 the Andes, 18 miles from the volcano of Coto- 
 paxi. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 
 1698, and suffered again in 1743 and 1757. 
 It has several convents, and a manu&cture of 
 cloth ; 44 miles S. of Quito. Pop. 12,000. 
 
 Tadcaster, a town in West Yorkshire, with 
 a market on Wednesday. Besides the parish 
 church, here are places of worship for Indepen- 
 dents, Inghamites, and Methodists ; the Me- 
 thodists, who form a numerous and respectable 
 congregation; have erected a chapel capable of 
 seating 900 persons. Limestone is procured in 
 great abundance in the neighbourhood of this 
 town. It is seated on the river Wharf, over 
 which is one of the finest bridges in the county, 
 built with the materials which once formed the 
 castle that stood on the S. bank of the river. 
 It is 10 miles S. W. oi York, and 186 N. by 
 W. of London. 
 
 Tadivan, or Taduan, a town of Persia, in 
 Farsistan ; situate in a fruitful valley; 60 miles 
 S. of Shiras. 
 Tadhor. See Palmyra. 
 Tadousac, a town of Lower Canada, which 
 is of great resort for trading with the Indians, 
 who bring hither furs to exchange for cloth and 
 other European goods. It is situate at the 
 mouth of the Saguenay, on the river St. Law- 
 rence ; 98 miles N. E. of Quebec. Long. 68. 
 
 35. W. lat. 48. S.N. 
 Tafalla, a town of Spain, in Navarre, with 
 
 a unive.-sity. Charles II., king of Navarre, 
 built a palace here, which he made his ordinary 
 residence ; and Philip IV. honoured the town 
 with the title of city. It is seated on the 
 Cidazzo, in a country producing good wine ; 18 
 ftiilcs 3. of Pamplona. Fop. 3000. Lone. 1. 
 
 36. W. lat. 42. 29. N. 
 
 Tafilbt, a kingdom of Barbary, on the E. 
 side of Mount Atlas, tributary to Morocco. It 
 is bounded on the N. by Algier, E. by tlie Ber- 
 beres, S. by Zahara, and W. by Darah and Mo- 
 rocco. The country is sandy and mountainous, 
 but produces wheat and barley by the sides of 
 the rivers. The inhabitants live upon camels' 
 flesh and dates, and they breed horses to sell to 
 foreigners. The Arabs live in tents, and the 
 Berberes, the ancient inhabitants, dwell in vil- 
 lages. Pop. 600,000. 
 
 Tafilbt, the capital of the above kingdom, 
 with a castle. It is a trading-place, and seated 
 on a river of its name ; 275 miles S. E. of Mo- 
 rocco. Long. 4. 20. W. lat. 30. 40. N. 
 
 Taoanroo, a seaport and fort of Russia, situ- 
 ate on the N. W. extremity of the Sea of A.8oph. 
 It is the lai^gest and best port on this sea, and 
 carries on a considerable trade with Constanti- 
 nople and the Archipelago, particularly in corn 
 and butter. It is employed in 8hii>-building ; 
 33 miles W. N. W. of Asoph. Pop. 6000. 
 Long. 18. 40. E. lat. 47. 14. N. 
 
 Tagliacozza, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo 
 Ultra ; 18 miles S. W. of AquUa, and 33 £. N. 
 E. of Rome. 
 
 Taoliahento, a river of Austrian Italy, 
 which rises in tha Alps, on the frontiers of Ger- 
 many, and runs S. through Friuli and Trevisano, 
 into the Gulf of Venice. 
 
 Taqoast, or Tagavast, a town of Western 
 Africa, in the province of Sus, by some said to 
 have been the birthplace of St. Augustine. A 
 great many Jews live here, who carry on con- 
 siderable trade. It is seated in a fertile plain, 
 37 miles S. of Tarudant. 
 
 Taguhadert, a town of the kingdom of 
 Darah, North Africa, with a strong castle on a 
 mountain ; seated on the river Darah, 20 miles 
 S. of Tattah. 
 
 Taqus, or Tajo, a river which has its source 
 on the confines of Arragon, in Spain, runs 
 through New Castile, by Aranjuez, Toledo, and 
 Talavera, whence it proceeds by Alcantara, in 
 Estremadura, when, entering Portugal, it flows 
 by Abrantes and Santarem, below which it forms 
 the harbour of Lisbon, and then enters the 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 Tahiti. See Otaheitb. 
 Tai, a lake of China, in the provinces of 
 Kiang-nan and Tche-kiang; nearly 50 leagues 
 in circumference, and 76 miles S. E. of Nan- 
 king. 
 
 Taief, a town of Arabia Deserta, in Hedjas, 
 with a castle on a mountain ; 60 miles S. £. 
 of Mecca. 
 
 Tailleboro, a town of France, department, 
 of Lower Charente; 30 miles S. E. of Rochelie. 
 Tain, a borough of Scotland, in Ross-shire, 
 with a large square tower adorned with five 
 spires, and an elegant church, formerly colle- 
 giate. It is seated near the Frith of Dornoch, 
 10 miles N. of Cromarty. In conjunction with 
 Dingwall, &c. it sends one member to parli&. 
 ment. Long. 3. 51. W. lat. 57. 46. N. 
 
 Tai-ouan, a city and seaport, capital of the 
 island of Formosa. The streets are nearly 
 straight, {torn 30 to 40 feet in breadth, and some 
 
TAI 
 
 rf them above two miles in length. Thev am 
 covered seven months in the yea? withaS« 
 
 Tai-pino a city of China, of the first rank 
 in the province of Kiang-nan ; seated on the 
 
 n7'M 'p^"!''fo^• ^- ^- of Nanking Long! 
 118. 15. E. lat. 32. 26. N. ° 
 
 rank^Vn^r* * "'^''^ ''^^ °^ ^^''"'' "^ the first 
 Sint of UnrV"""/ *^"""8-8i ; seated on a 
 po nt of land almost surrounded by a river 
 
 . Tai-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank 
 m the province of Tche-kiang; ZTo^^t 
 
 S S S P of P t"""""^"'""" '=°"»f7. 720 
 28. 65 n: ^"''""«- ^°»8- J 21. 2. E. lat. 
 
 mnvTZ' " •*'■""*' "t^^/ ^'''"»' °f the first 
 rank m the provmce of Chan-si; seated near 
 
 mLTw Tf"p' I"- " '"<"V»t«i"0"'' count7y,"l55 
 40. 5. N^" "«• ^°"«' ^^3. 2. E. lat. 
 
 Tai-yuen, a city of China, capital of the 
 province of Chan-si. It is 8 mile, in circum 
 
 ^denn^' f'Jt '""?'»''«««>«' «nce it was the rt 
 «dence of the princes of the last imperial family 
 of Tai-ming-tchao ; 220 miles S. W. of Pekin/ 
 Long. II 1. 56. E. lat 37. 54. N. ^' 
 
 Talacuda, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore 
 
 EfoVM;i:;r^*^'"p'«- "^^imiiXs; 
 
 NJ^*^*\^r* "? J-* ^^'^''*' ^ t<"^ of Spain, in 
 2 J.I, """^ ''"'' " *■•"*• It has manufacture 
 of s.lk, and a pottery. A very obstinate batH^ 
 
 Tnd S^l '" '^ "'^^'"'''^ ''«»^««" the British 
 the& • """'?? 'V^**"^- It is seated on 
 the fngus m a valley abounding in com fruits 
 
 PopToS"' r' \^ "Ul?* S' W.TMadrid! 
 A op. 8000. Long. 4. 1. W. lat. 39. 41. N. 
 
 lALCAQUANA, a seaport of Chili, on the S K 
 
 Ta-li, a city of China, of the first rank in the 
 province of Yur-nan. Here are made curious 
 tables and ornaments of fine marble, which is 
 natumlly beautiful with difl'erent coIoursTCrt 
 
 it SJ f ^'^ become of some importance. 
 
 Gu^orpirKL^t^'ttfS! 
 l:tTi%"o"'N.'-^-°^^'^«- ^-«-^ "«• 
 
 TaHERD. a town nf Pmn..n 4-___^_,- . . 
 
 TTnno. A I ' — — - "J nepaiiiiicni or 
 
 of Gap *" ' ""'^•^ °" "'^ 1^"™"'=^' 9 """es S. 
 Talmoot, a town in the department of Lower 
 
 6?3 
 
 TAM 
 
 Sl. 13 N."^ "^ "^'- ^''"«- 7«- 2. E lat" 
 
 Tamalameca, a town of Terra Firma. in ♦!,» 
 
 province of St. Martha, seated on tS^dlle^' 
 
 Taman. .Sfefl Phanagowa. 
 . Tamanah, a town of Hindostan, in the nm. 
 
 Wr "a" rivei 'tt'^ «• ^y fi- »" Gho.?at 
 Cornwo.?' "/if' J'hich nses in the N. part of 
 Cornwall on the borders of Devonshire takw 
 
 an7fo™/,KT';^P""«"K thetwo^^SiS 
 mouth the harbour of Hamoaze. at Ply-' 
 
 Tamara, the capital of the island of Socotra. 
 jnth a g«K)d harbour. The trade consist^ cS 
 
 blood It u seated on a bay, on the N. c^st of 
 the «land. Lr ^^. 53. 45. e! lat. 1 1. 56. N 
 
 i AMARiCA, oi iiAMARicA, a province of Br». 
 «l, between Paraibo on the N. and Pernam 
 buco on theS. On the coast is an S™} 
 the same name, 24 miles in length, which has a 
 
 to^rrofTos^Tpra^?/^^^^^^^ 
 
 21 iSs^"'; '' ?;-'l^,«^i contall^s an area of 
 
 ThfsJinnK'"'':'^'' '•'*"''^«<> '"habitants^ 
 
 i ne soil m the S. part is very fertile : in the N 
 
 It IS sandy, and in many parte woody ^dfertik 
 
 TArJT^ '^ " """"A of lakes^a^ „>e^;- 
 
 lAMBOv, a town of Russia, capital of the 
 
 above government, and a bishop's'^ we -Vith 
 
 mnufac ures of woollen, linen/™ Tnd 
 
 fntT;., W 'f T^^^ °" the Tzna, which flows 
 
 Po^ SS'^^' 228 miles S.E. of Mo^ow! 
 i'op. 10,700. Long. 41. 45. E. lat. 52. 44. N 
 
 lAME, a river which rises in StafFordshirlB 
 and, entering Warwickshire, flows first 2,"^ 
 
 Tamwonh"£/"'"V^^''« "«"^« """^X at 
 lam worth, below which it joins the Trent 
 
 7 miles above Burton ^*' 
 
 ^Jtham" "''' '"'""'' "'^ ^ Hertfordshire. 
 
 8 miles N. of Dendermonde. Pop. 5700. 
 lAMwoRTH, a borough in Staffordshire ra. 
 
 turning two memben. to parliament -wkh^ 
 pTJ a'nVnar^'""!*^,: ""•• mTuS.^ oT l! 
 are m„ T 'H""^ I" the neighbourhood 
 and cS L li^r* °^ r'"'' "P«" '^ ^'^h are cS 
 ^ne. tL„?k "w*^ """ '' "'^ "eveml coat 
 nunes. The church, formerly collegiate, is a renr 
 handsome structure, and is iaid tobeThek,!^ 
 parish church in Eneland. Th<. aI^JJ^L.?^ 
 
 miimtioiuofdissenterahavefiVeme^uZLTi;;^: 
 tir "^.««'«'»1 almshouses, a fi^lmmw' 
 
 institutions, and an excellent Ubrary. The £ 
 
 ■Tx> 
 
TAN 
 
 C74 
 
 TAR 
 
 ' i 
 
 part of the town Is In Warwickshira. Tamworth 
 Castle is the seat of Sir Robert Peel. It ia 
 seated at the confluence of the Aker and the 
 Tame, the latter, which is niuch the lai^ger 
 river, giving name to the town ; 7 miles S. E. of 
 Litchfield, and 111 N. W. of London. 
 
 Tana, a river of North Europe, dividing 
 Swedish Lapland from Russia, for 150 miles, 
 and Ming into a gulf of the same name, in the 
 Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Tanaeo, a river of the Sardinian States, which 
 rises in Piedmont, flows by Clierasco, Albn, 
 Asti, and Alexandria, and joins the Po below 
 Valenza. 
 
 Tangos, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura; 
 12 miles S. S. E. of Tomar. 
 
 Tancrowal, a town of Africa; seated on the 
 €rambia, where the English have a fort. Long. 
 14. 27. W. lat. 13. 10. N. 
 
 Tanda, or Tanrah, a town in Bengal, of 
 which it was the capital in the 17th century. It 
 is seated on the Ganges, 120 miles N. W. of 
 Dacca. Long. 87. 56. E. lat. 23. 25. N. ' 
 
 Tandbraqeb, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Armagh; with an extensive linen ma- 
 nufacture, and a considerable trade. It stands 
 near the Newry Canal ; 1 1 miles E. N. E. of Ar- 
 magh, and 13 N. N.\y. of Newry, 
 
 Tanetton, a handsome town of Maryland, in 
 Frederick county, with two churches; 27 miles 
 N. by E. of Fredericktown. 
 
 Tangerhunde, a town of Prussia, province 
 of Saxony, with a castle ; 24 miles W. N. W. 
 of Brandenburg. Pop. 3200. 
 
 Tangier, a seaport of the kingdom of Fez, 
 with a castle, and surrounded by a wall. The 
 trade consists in pupplying the opposite coasts 
 with provisions. It was taken by the Portuguese 
 in 1471, and ceded to Charies II. of England, 
 on his marriage with the princess Catherine, Sut 
 he did not think it worth the expense of keep- 
 ing, and in 1683 caused the works to be blown 
 up. It is seated on the Strait of Gibraltar, 
 140 miles N. W. of Fez. Long. 6. 48. W. 
 lat. 35. 46. N. 
 
 Tanjohe, a province of Hindostan, on the 
 coast of Coromandel ; 95 miles long, and 50 
 broad. It is an appendage of the Camatic, but 
 subject to its own rajah, who pays ::n annual 
 subsidy to the English East India Company. 
 The Mahomedans never having actually occu- 
 pied this te.Titory, or effected any permanent 
 establishment in it, the Hindoo religion has been 
 preserved in considerable splendour, and the 
 ancient temples, with their vast endowments, re- 
 main untouched. In almost every vilhige there 
 is a temple, with a lofty gateway of massive but 
 not inelegant architecture, where a great many 
 Brahmins are maintained, either by the re- 
 venues formerly attached to them, or by an 
 allowance from government. The Brahmins are 
 here the chief holders of land, and perform 
 almost every office of husbandry, except holding 
 the plough. They are all extremely loyal, on 
 account of the protection they receive, and also 
 
 «i.- -11 — 
 
 uj iiic rjriiiaii goVcrii 
 
 tnent, of 45,000 pagodas (about 18,000/. ster- 
 ling) annually, which is distributed for the bu]>- 
 
 port of tha poorer temples. PopnlatldiL 
 903,000. ' 
 
 Tanjore, a city of Hindostan, capital of th« 
 foregoing province. Here is one of the hand- 
 somest temples in the S. of India; also tha 
 rajah's palace, which is a grand square, sur- 
 rounded by a wall and a wet ditch. It is seated 
 on a branch of the Cavery; 205 miles S. by W. 
 of Madras. Long. 79. 12. E. lat. 10. 46. N. 
 
 Tankia, a town and fortress of Tibet, at the 
 foot of a mountain ; 275 miles W. S. W. of Lasaa. 
 Long. 87. 22. E. lat. 29. 5. N. 
 
 Tanna, a fertile island in the South Pacific, 
 one of the New Hebrides, on which are a vol- 
 cano and some hot springs. It is 22 miles long, 
 and 10 broad, and was discovered in 1774 by 
 Cook, who named the harbour where he lay 
 Port Resolution, from the name of his ship. 
 The inhabitants are brave and hospitable; their 
 arms are bows and aTTOws, slings, spears, and 
 clubs. Long. 169. 41. E. lat. 19. 32. S. 
 
 Tanna, a town of Hindostan, in the island 
 of Salsette, on the E. coast; 15 miles N. E. of 
 Bombay. 
 
 Tanore, a seaport of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Malabar, belonging to the British; 28 
 miles S. S. E. of Calicut. Long. 75. 50. E. lat. 
 10. 55. N. 
 
 Taorhina (the ancient Tannomenium,) a 
 seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona ; seated on 
 a rocky eminence, on the E. coast ; 34 miles 
 S. S. W. of Messina. Pop. 4000. 
 
 Taouka, a small island in the South Pacific; 
 65 leagues N. E. of Otaheite. Long. 145. 9. W. 
 lat. 14. 30. S. 
 
 Tapajos, a large river of Brazil, which rises in 
 Matto Grosso, near the sources of the Paraguay, 
 which flows in an opposite direction. It flows 
 to the N. N. E., and fells into the Amazons at 
 Santarem. 
 
 Tapoor, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore; 
 03 miles E. S. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Tappahannoc, a town of Virginia; chief of 
 Eescx county. It has some export trade, and 
 stands on the S. W. branch of the Rappa- 
 hannoc; 54 miles N. E. of Richmond. Pop. 
 7000, ^ 
 
 Tappan, a town of New York, in Orange 
 county; 3 miles from the W. bank of th« Hud- 
 son, and at the S. end of the broaJI part of it 
 called the Tappan Sea. Here, in 17bO, Major 
 Andrtf was tried, and suffered as a spy, being 
 taken on his way to New York, after concerting 
 a plan with General Amcld for delivering up 
 West Point to the British. It is 25 miles N. of 
 New York. 
 
 Tappanooly, a seaport on the W. side of 
 the island of Sumatra, situate on a small island 
 called Punchongkecheel. ffhe bay is very deep, 
 and capable of containing the united navies of 
 Europe. The English East India Company 
 have a factory here. It was taken by the 
 French, but restored at the peace in 1763. 
 Long. 98. 50. E. lat. 1. 40. N. 
 
 Tapty, a river of Hindostan, which rises at 
 Mititoy, in the country of iitral. And luus iiilo 
 the Gulf of Cambay, 20 miles below Surat. 
 Tar, or Pamtico, a river of North Ca.-olina, 
 
TAP 
 
 es, Popntatldiv 
 
 Pop. 12 000 '" 14 i!i. by 6>. of Nismes. 
 
 capitaUf'TuSLten'^^;'™ Tartary, and the 
 of Samarcand. Long. 66. 30. Kl^u 20 N 
 
 Madrid. \;'4to"«-«' ""'» ^2" N. E.Tf 
 
 of te^tjijaa '■" ^"^ ~^ 
 
 8000.' Long. o.4';Er,s.43.t;'r"- ^"p- 
 
 on the Tar; 56 S'l by ji oTL?"^." 
 Long. 77. 45. W. lat. 33 58 N ^'^'«''' 
 
 d'Jt^^r«nd\raff.^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 i«.5oo: w i7V'E:V^?."ft ''"^• 
 
 miles S. E.ofTaIgtr ^'"' "" * '"'=''' »» 
 a fJrlffiT*'^'''^ Julia Tmducta of the Romans ) 
 
 baffle,^! Kr^lSrCth^ 
 
 wjatatsfN"'"- ^"I'-^^^o- W.5:3e 
 
 Charm! E V '"•"' '" *''« P^vince of 
 nar«w, which abounds in pastures that feed 
 
 675 
 
 TAR 
 
 ,to'/eiuk lT4^^4:?o.V2;%': 
 
 hiss ris ^.^iTC'x ? ""''• 
 
 Pa^^LanSr tt ^.iT^L'lt'^'^^ 
 
 tauban, and mSc "nto ij'r.®"'""*'' **°"- 
 superficial extentT'e^^^t^ atToo'' ^^' 
 miles, with 296.000 inhabrtlnt, J u "^""^ 
 wards of 40 000 arp p. ♦ . l"*^ "'"'"> "P- 
 thecapitaL ' ^'"testants. Castres is 
 
 of 1500 sqiwre miles, with 240 nnn^^ I" "^ 
 of whomlbout 30,^00 are ProC ml.abitants, 
 tauban is the capital ^^'^''t*''*'- Men- 
 
 ««W.theSeret%rSrE?oWerr^: 
 Of a^='oVth?s^Lt?r STL?'?' 
 
 c^^or^oj^So ^-i-'^^ -or^Tf 
 
 ti«« of Poland -Ta „il2 g*"s''« "?/ A''' ^r- 
 Taro, a town of Itelv in Vk " °^<^ppeln. 
 
 and 173 N. W.rfLo°don ''^ ""='>"'". 
 
 «lt-the mouth of the Fmncol? T\l^ T. "i'""' 
 ranean; 54 miles W SwV'^ '"^Mediter- 
 260 E. by N of MnH^-H \°^ Barcelona, and 
 
 «t^:r:'hSi:-^^Sr&rS^^s 
 
 XX2 
 
 Mi 
 
TAR 
 
 676 
 
 TAU 
 
 Tarurt, o( Tatart, a country of Alia, 
 which, taken in its utmost limits, reaches from 
 the Eastern Ocean to the Caspian Sea, and 
 from Corea, Cliina, Tibet, Hindostnn, and 
 Persia, to Hussia and S-beria. It lies between 
 55. and 135. £. long., and between 35. and 55. 
 N. lat., being 3600 miles in length, and 060 in 
 extreme breadth, but not above 330 in the 
 narrowest part. It may be considered under 
 two grand divisions, namely, Eastern and 
 Western Tartary. The greatest part of the 
 former belongs to the emperor of China, is 
 tributary to him, or is under his protection. 
 It is divided into three provinces, Tcitcicar, 
 Kirin, and Leao-tong. A considerable part of 
 Western Tartary has been conquered by the 
 Russians; and that part of it E. from the 
 mountains of Imaus, or Belur, to the Caspian 
 Sea, has for many ages been attached to Persia, 
 and is called Independent Tartary. These 
 vast countries include all the central parts of 
 Asia, and are inhabited by Tartars of different 
 denominations and different manners. For 
 various particulars concerning them, see the 
 articles Circassia, Crimea, Cossacs, Oeoriia, 
 Imrritia, Kalmucs, Mandshars, Minorelia, 
 Mongolia, Sahoyedes, and UsnEcs. 
 
 Tartas, a town oj France, in the department 
 of Landes. The Midouse runs through it -, 
 and, on one .. le of this river, it rises <n tlie 
 fiirm of an amphitheatre. It is 12 miles N. E. 
 of Dax. Pop. 3200. 
 
 Tarudant, a town of West Africa, capital 
 of the province of Suse, and the residence of a 
 governor, or some sheriff related to the em- 
 peror of Morocco. It is 120 miles S. W. of 
 Morocco. Pop. 25,000. Long. 8. 35. W. lat. 
 29. 58. N. 
 
 Tarwis, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carin- 
 thia ; seated on the rivulet called Gailitz, It is 
 28 miles W. S. W. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Tashkund, a city of Independent Tartary, 
 formerly capital of the province of Turkestan. 
 It is seated on the Sihon, 210 miles N. of 
 Saniarcand. Long. 64. 48. E. lat. 42. 40. N. 
 
 Tasmania, a name given to Van Diemen's 
 Land from its discoverer, and the title of the 
 bishop's diocese. See Van Diemex's Land. 
 
 Tassacorta, a town ot the isle of Palmn, 
 one of the Canaries. It lies S. W. of St. Cruz, 
 and, ''eing exposed to westerly winds, is littie 
 frequeited hut by boats. Long. 17. 68. W. 
 lat, 28. 38. N. 
 
 Tassasudon, the capital of Bootan, a feuda- 
 tory country of Tibet. The castle, or palace, 
 is an extensive quadrangular building of stone, 
 with accommodation for the raja, or lama, all 
 the officers of state, a very numerous establish- 
 ment of Gylongs, and a temple of the great 
 idol Mahamoonie. It is seated on the Tchin- 
 tchieu, in a well cultivated valley, surrounded 
 by mountains ; 280 miles S. S. W. of Lassa. 
 Long. 89. 40. E. lat. 27. 49. N. 
 
 Tassino, an island of Denmark, between 
 Funen and Langeland ; separated from the 
 
 r"::;rr ^-r -s :t::ttt.. it 13 it; :;!i:c3 ill firruii, 
 
 and has a town of the same name. Long. 10. 
 47. E. lat. 66. 7. N. 
 
 TATA,atownintheW.of Hungary. TheinhaUt- 
 .ints are employed in the woollen manufacture; 
 64 miles E. S. E. of Presburg. Pop. 8600. 
 
 Tatta, a city of Hindostan, capital of an 
 extensive district of its name, in the province of 
 Sinde. It is seated on a bmnch of the river 
 Sinde or Indus. In the 17th century it was 
 very extensive and populous, possessing manu- 
 factures of silk, wo^I, and cotton; and it was 
 celebrated for its cabinet ware. Little of these 
 now remain, and the limits of the city are very 
 circumscribed. The Indus and its branches 
 admit of an uninterrupted navigation from 
 Tatta to Moultan, Lahore, and Cashmere, for 
 vessels of nearly 200 tons; and a very ex- 
 tensive trade was carried on between those 
 places in the time of Aurungzebe; but this 
 trade is now much diminished, owing to a bad 
 government in Sinde, and to a hobtile disposi- 
 tion of the Seiks. It is 280 miles W. N. W. 
 of Amedahad, and 390 S. S. W. of Moulta , 
 Pop. 15,000. Long. 67. 37. E. lat, 24, 50. N. 
 
 Tattaii, a town on the common fh)ntiers of 
 Morocco, Diirali, and Tafilet, and in the route 
 from Morocco to Timbuctoo. It is 170 miles 
 S. by E. of Morocco. Long. 6. 15. W. lat. 28. 
 25. N. 
 
 Tattershall, a small town in Lincolnshire, 
 with a market on Thursday. It contains the 
 remains of an ancient castle, and stands on the 
 Bane; 21 miles S. £. of Lincoln, and 128 N. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Tauckel, a town of Prussia, in Pomerelin ; 
 seated on the Verd; 30 miles N. W. of Culm. 
 
 Taumaco, a town of European Turkey, in 
 the province of Janna ; 18 miles N. W. of 
 Zeiton. 
 
 Taumaoo, a fertile island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, 24 miles in circuit ; discovered by 
 Quires in 1606. Long. 170. 45. W. lat. 13. 
 0. S. 
 
 Taunton, a town of Massachusets, chief of 
 Bristol county; seated oi Taunton River, which 
 is navigable hence for small vessels to Narm- 
 ganset Bay. Here are various manufactures of 
 iron, and also a manufacture of ochre into pig- 
 ments of a dark vellow colour. It is 36 miles 
 S. of Boston. Pop. 6045. 
 
 Taunton, a borough in Somersetshire, go- 
 verned by a mayor ; with markets on Wed» 
 nesday and Saturday. It sends two members 
 to parliament. It is situate In an extensive 
 and fertile valley, called Taunton Dean, on the 
 river Tone, which is navigable hence to the 
 Parret. The silk trade furnishes the principal 
 employment of the inhabitants, the manufac- 
 ture of coarse woollen goods, which was for- 
 merly carried on here to a considerable extent, 
 having been transferred to Wellington anil 
 other neighbouring towns. Here was once a 
 strong castle, part of which still remains, and 
 is converted to various uses. The town is well 
 built, and has undergone great improvement of 
 late years. It contains two parish churches, 
 several meeting-houses, a free grammar-school, 
 ail hospital or infirmary, and other cnitrit.tWe 
 institutions. The spring assizes are held here. 
 Taunton was the scene of mony bloody ezecu- 
 
TAU 
 
 677 
 
 rcH 
 
 [aiy. TheinhaUt- 
 len manufacture; 
 . Pop. 8600. 
 in, capital of an 
 in the province of 
 inch of the river 
 li century it was 
 poosegsing manu- 
 tton; and it was 
 . Little of these 
 the city are very 
 ind its branches 
 navigation from 
 nd Cashmere, for 
 and a very ex- 
 rt between those 
 igzebe; but this 
 I, owing to a bud 
 a hobtile disposi- 
 miles W. N. W. 
 . W. of Moulta , 
 E. lat. 24. 60. N. 
 imon fkintiers of 
 and in the route 
 It is 170 miles 
 6. 15. W. lat. 2a. 
 
 in Lincolnshire, 
 
 It contains the 
 
 md stands on the 
 
 ln,andl28N.E. 
 
 ia, in Pomerelin ; 
 N. W. of Culm, 
 pean Turkey, in 
 miles N. W. of 
 
 in the Pacific 
 ; discovered by 
 , 45. W. lat. 13. 
 
 ichusets, chief of 
 iton River, which 
 vessels to Narra- 
 I manufactures of 
 •f ochre into pig- 
 '. It is 36 miles 
 
 jmersetshire, go- 
 arkets on Wed» 
 ds two members 
 
 in an extensive 
 ton Dean, on the 
 lie hence to the 
 ihes the principal 
 ts, the manufnc- 
 , which was for- 
 isiderable extent, 
 Wellington and 
 lere was once a 
 till remains, and 
 The town is well 
 , improvement of 
 parish churches, 
 grnmmar-school, 
 
 other cnitfit.i'j.'S 
 ;es are held here, 
 ny bloody ezecu- 
 
 tlon« m the reign of James II., after the defeat 
 of the Duke of Monmouth, at Sedgemoor, near 
 this town. It is 31 miles N. E. of Exeter, and 
 141 W. by S. of London. Long. 3. 1 7. W. lat 
 60. 69. N. 
 
 Taubeau. an isle of France, department of 
 Finisterre ; at the mouth of the river Morkix • 
 with a fort to defend the port of Morlaix ' 
 
 Taurida. See Crimea. 
 Tauris, or Tabriz, a city of Persia, capital 
 of Azerbjan,and formerly the capital of Persia. 
 It 18 of an irregular figure, and has neither 
 wails nor forUfications. The river Spingtcha 
 flows through it, and the Agi passes on the N. 
 Bide of the city. The bazaars, from their 
 largeness, the beautiful domes with which they 
 "«™''e'"ed,andthemerchandise with which they 
 are filled, make as fine an appearance as any in 
 Asia. Here were formerly 300 caravanserais 
 so spacious that 300 persons might lodge in 
 each ; and the mosques and baths were grand 
 and magnificent structures. In 1724 it was 
 terribly shaken by an earthquake, and nearly 
 100,000 persons perished. Soon after this 
 calamity the Turks laid siege to it, and they 
 were driven away with great loss ; but they 
 took it the next year, afl»r a bloody contest, 
 in which the Persians lost 30,000 men, and 
 the Turks 20,000. Of 250 mosques, mentioned 
 by Chardin, the ruins of three only are visible. 
 Ihe mhabitanto carry on a good trade in cotton, 
 cloth, silks, gold and silver brocades, fine tur- 
 bans, and shagreen leather. It is seated in a 
 fertile plain, at the foot of a mountain, 96 
 miles S. E. of Naksivan, and 320 N. W. of 
 Ispahan. Pop. 30,000. Long. 48. 0. K lat. 
 
 Taurus, or Kuron, a chain of mountains in 
 Asia, which begins near the shores of the 
 Archipelago, and extends 600 miles to the 
 river Euphrates. The Taurian chain was for- 
 nierly considered as extending to the sources 
 of the Ganges, and the extremities of Asia, as 
 lar as discovered by the ancients; but various 
 parts of It were known bj different names. 
 
 Taus, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Pilsen ; 31 mUea S. S. W. of Pilsen. Pop. 
 4400. 
 
 _ Tavastlamd, a district of European Russia, 
 in the middle of Finland ; 150 miles long, and 
 100 broad. The N. part is mountainous and 
 woodj-, but the greater part consists of fertile 
 plains, watered by numerous rivers and lakes 
 Notwithstanding the goodness of the soil, which" 
 IS scarcely surpassed by any province in Sweden 
 It IS far from being well cultivated ; and the 
 peasants are generally poor. The chief trafBc 
 w m corn, flax, hemp, dried fish, cattle, leather 
 tallow, and lime. ' 
 
 Tavastus, or Tavastborg, a town of Fin- 
 land, formerly capital of the district of Tnvast- 
 land. It has a strong castle, and is seated on 
 a nver which flows into the lake Wana ; 110 
 miles E. N. E.ofAbo. 
 
 U:S?^t=f_.*21'?;, "J^ N*Pl«^ •" Calabria 
 --__. — ,.„„™ i:,. i,. xi. „j iTiicastro. 
 
 lATiRA, or Tavila, a seaport of Portugal, 
 >u Algarve j with a castle, and one of the best 
 
 harbours m the kingdom, defended by two forti . 
 It is seated at the mouth of the Giluon, in th<» 
 Gulf of Cadiz; 96 miles N. W. of Cadiz, an.l 
 1 36 S. E. of Lisbon. Pop. 6000. Lone. 7 36 
 W. lat. 37. 8. N. " 
 
 Tavistock, a borough in Devonshire, re- 
 turning two members to prliament ; with a 
 market on Saturday, and a manufacture of 
 serges. In iti. vicinity was born the famous 
 Sir Francis Drake. It is seated on the river 
 Tavy ; 32 miles W. by S. of Exeter, and 207 
 of London. 
 
 Tavoy, a seaport on the W. coast of Siam, 
 in a district of its name, which was wrested 
 from the Siamese by 'he Birmaiis, and sub- 
 sequently ceded to the British in 1824-5. 
 Area, 16,000 square miles. Pop. 26,000. 
 The town is 160 miles W. N. W. of Siam. 
 Long. 98. 20. E. lat. 14. 46. N. 
 
 Tavy, a river in Devonshire, which rises ia 
 Dartmoor, flows by Tavistock, and enters th» 
 harbour of Hamoaze, above Plymouth. 
 
 Taw, a river in Devonshire, which rises in 
 Dartmoor, flows by Chimleigh and Barnstaple, 
 and joins the Trowbridge at its mouth in the 
 Bristol Channel. 
 
 Tawy, a river of Wales, in Glamoi^nshire; 
 which flows parallel to the Neath, and enters 
 the Bristol Channel at Swansea Bay. 
 
 Tay, a river of Scotland, which rises on the 
 W. borders of Perthshire, flows through Loch 
 Tay to Dunkeld, Perth, and Newberg, below 
 which to the sea, (above 20 miles,) it may be 
 deemed a continued harbour, and is called the 
 Frith of Tay, having Fifeshire on one side, and 
 the counties of Perth and Angus on the other. 
 Tay, Loch, a kke of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 15 miles long, and in most parts above ono 
 broad, formed by several streams and the ri\er 
 Tay, which flows through its whole length. 
 
 Tazowskaia, a bay of Siberia, in the Ob- 
 ekaia Gulf, about 140 miles long, and 3 broad. 
 Tchad, an extensive fresh water lake in the 
 interior of Africa, into which the river Shary 
 flows on the S., and the Jeir on the W. It 
 is probable it communicates with the river 
 Tchadda, which flows into the Niger at King 
 William's Mount. The lake is 1 85 miles long, 
 and 110 miles broad. Long, of the W. end 
 12. 5. E. lat. 14. O.N. 
 
 TcHANQ-TCHA, a city of China, capital of the 
 S. part of Hou-quang. It is seated on the 
 river Heng, which has a communication with 
 an extensive lake, called Tong-ting-hou ; 740 
 miiM S. by W. of Peking. Long. 1 12. 25. E. 
 lat. 28. 11. N. 
 
 TcHANu-TCHEOu, a city of China, of the fiwt 
 rank, in Fo-kien. It has a considerable trade 
 with Emony, Pong-hou, and Formosa. It is 
 950 miles S. of Peking. Long. 117. 36. E. lat. 
 J4. 32. N. 
 
 TcHANO-TE, a city of Qiina, of the first rank, 
 in Ho-nan. It is remarkable for a fish like a 
 crocodile, the fat of which is of such a singular 
 nature, that when once ignited it mnnnt h« 
 extinguished Near it is a mountain, so steep 
 and inaccessible, that in the time of war it 
 affords a safe asylum to the inhabitants. It it 
 
( 
 
 I 
 
 Long. 111. 6. 
 
 TCH 
 
 286 miles 3. S. W. of Pekiiw, 
 E. !at. 29. 2. N. 
 
 TcHAo-KiNO, a city of China, of the flret 
 rank, in Quang-tong, seated on the rivor Si : 
 yOmilesW. of Canton, 
 
 TcHAO-TCHKOU, a City of China, of the first 
 rank, in Quang-tong, seated on the Peikianit • 
 86 miles E. of Canton. *' 
 
 TcHK-KiANa, a province of China, one of the 
 roost considerable in extent, riclies, and popu- 
 lation. It is bounded on the N. and W. by 
 King-han, S. W. by Kiang-si, S. by Fo-kien, 
 and E. by the ocean. In this province whole 
 plains are covered with dwarf mulberry trees 
 purposely checked in their growth; and pro-' 
 digious quantities of silk-worms are bred. The 
 principal branch of trade consists in silk stuffs ; 
 and those in which gold and silver are inter- 
 mixed are the most beautiful in China. The 
 tallow tree grows here, and a species of mush- 
 rooms, which are transported to all the pro- 
 vinces of the empire ; and here also are found 
 the small gold-h. ,, with which ponds are com- 
 monly stocked. In Tche-kiang are reckoned 
 11 cities of the first rank, 72 of the third, and 
 18 fortresses, which in Europe would be deemed 
 laige cities, Hang-tch;?:; 'a the capital, 
 
 TcHKOu-CHAN, an^ iskiid near the W. coast 
 of China, belonging to the province of Tche- 
 kiang. It is about 24 miles long, and from 5 
 to 10 broad. 
 
 TcHERKASK, Old and New, towns of Euro- 
 pean Russia, capital of the Don Cossacs, Old 
 Tcherkask is seated on the Don, near the S. of 
 Azof, and has a splendid cathedral, but has 
 much decayed since the foundation of the New 
 Town, in 1810, It is on high ground, free 
 irom inundations, and has much increased. It 
 
 "s 000™""* ^' ^' "^ ^'°^ ^°^' '"««">«'. 
 TcHERNioop, a government of Russia, for- 
 merly a part of the Ukraine. Its capital, of 
 the same name, is seated on the Desne ; 345 
 jniles S. S. W. of Moscow. Long. 66. 46. E. 
 lat. 51. 24. N. 
 
 TcHESNE, a town on the W. coast of Natolia, 
 with a citadel. It stands almost opposite Scio 
 at the head of a spacious road, which is famous 
 tor the destruction of the Turkish fleet by the 
 Russians, in 1770. It is 48 miles W of 
 Smyrna. Long. 26. 26. E. lat. 38. 26. N. 
 
 TcHiNO-KiANo, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, m Se-tchuen ; 910 miles S. W. of Pekinjr. 
 Long. 104. 26. E, lat. 27. 18. N. 
 
 TraiNG-KiANo, a strong city of China, of 
 the first rank, in Kiang-nan, and the key of 
 the empire towards the sea. Its situation and 
 trade, and the beauty of its walls, give it a pre- 
 eminence over the other cities of the province. 
 It IS seated on the S. of the Fian-ku : 470 
 lat^2^' ^' ^" °^ ^^^^«' ^°"8- 118. 55. E. 
 
 TcHiNQ-KiANO, a city of Chinn, of the first 
 rank, m the province of Yun-n,-.n ; 36 miles S 
 by E. of Yun-nan. Long. 102. 40, E. lat, 24. 
 44, N, 
 
 TcHiNo-TCHEOU, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, m Hou-quang, seated on an angle formed 
 
 078 
 
 TCI 
 
 ^y t^o riven. Under it are five citres of the 
 third class, in which a kind of plain earthen- 
 ware is prepared, which the Chinese prefer to 
 the most elegant poreelain. It is 765 miles 
 S. 8. W. of Peking. Long. 109 40. E. lat. 28. 
 
 ii.i, N. 
 
 TcHiNo-TiNo, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, m the province of Pe-tche-li ; 136 miles 
 ^. S W. of Peking. Long. 1 14. 21. E. lat. 38. 
 9. N, 
 
 TcHiNo-Tou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Se-tchuen. It was 
 formerly the residence of the emperors, and one 
 of the largest and most beautiful cities in the 
 empire ; but in 1646, during the civil wars that 
 preceded the last invasion of the Tartars, it 
 was almost entirely destroyed. Its temples, 
 and the ruins of ancient palaces, are objects of 
 admiration to strangers. It is 810 miles S. W, 
 of Peking. Long. 103, 44, E. lat. 30. 40, N. 
 
 ICHiN-NQAN, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, m Quang-si; 1250 miles S. S. W. of Pe- 
 king. Long. 106. 0, E, lat. 23. 21, N. 
 
 TcHi-TciiEOu, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Kiang-nan, seated on the river Kiang- 
 
 ol^I^'^t^ ®' ""^ ^*'''"8- ^""K- 1 17. 0. E, lat, 
 30, 45, N, 
 
 TcHi-ruBN, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Koei-tcheou ; 980 miles S, S. W, of Pekinir 
 Long. 107. 51. E. lat. 27. 1, N. 
 
 TcHOKA. See Saqhalikn. 
 
 TcHONo-KiNo, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, IP Se-tchuen. It is seated on a moun- 
 tain, rising in the form of an amphitheatre, at 
 the conflux of the Kincha with the Kian-ku- 
 750 miles S. W, of Peking. Long, 106. 20. E. 
 lat. 29, 42. N. =6 
 
 TcHou-KiONO, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Yun-nan ; 75 miles 
 W. of Yun-nan. Long. 101. 20. K lat. 25. 
 
 TcHUDSKoi. See Peipus. 
 
 TcHUKOTSKi, the most eastern part of Si- 
 bena, in the province of Okotsk. The atten- 
 tion of the natives is confined chiefly to tlieir 
 deer, with which the country abounds. They 
 are a well-made, courageous, warlike race, and 
 are formidable neighbours to the Koriacs, who 
 often experience their depredations. 
 
 TcHDKOTSKOi, a cape of Siberia, on the 
 eastern extremity of Asia, and the S. W. limit 
 of Behring Strait. Long. 172. 30. W. lat. 64. 
 15. N. 
 
 TcHu-TCHEOU, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Tche-kiang; 730 miles S, S. E. of Pe- 
 king. Long. 120. 33. E, lat. 28. 36. N, 
 
 TciTciCAR, the largest of the three provinces 
 of Chinese Tartary; bounded on the N, by Si- 
 beria, N. E. by the Sea of Okotsk, S. E. by the 
 province of Kirin, and W !,} Western Tartary 
 and Siberia. It is a mountainous country, wa- 
 tered by the river S.-ighalien, which receives 
 many others in its covrro. 
 
 TciTciCAR, a city .),'■ Chinese Tartary, capital 
 M^the foregoing provirc<>, and the residence of 
 a Mandshuf gciicrai. Th-'s city was built by 
 the emperor of Chir.rt, 1., aecure its frontiers 
 against the incursions of -he Russians. It is 
 
TEA 
 
 i five cities of the 
 
 of plain earthen- 
 
 I Chinese prefer to 
 
 It is 765 miles 
 
 109 40. £. lat. 28. 
 
 himt, of the first 
 tche-Ii; 136 miles 
 114. 21. £. lat. 38. 
 
 liina, of the first 
 >-tchuen. It was 
 smperors, and one 
 tiful cities in the 
 the civil wars that 
 af the Tartars, it 
 3d. Its temples, 
 :e8, are objects of 
 1 810 miles S. W. 
 !. lat. 30. 40. N. 
 lina, of the first 
 9S. S. W. ofPe- 
 3. 21. N. 
 ina, of the first 
 the river Kiang; 
 ;. 117. 0. £. lat. 
 
 of the first rank, 
 3. W. of PeWiig. 
 
 lina, of the first 
 ted on a moun- 
 imphitheatre, at 
 h the Kian-ku; 
 ong. lOd.20. E. 
 
 na, of the first 
 
 -nan; 75 miles 
 
 20. K lat. 25. 
 
 em part of Si- 
 k. The atten- 
 chiefly to their 
 ibounds. They 
 irlike race, and 
 e Koriacs, who 
 ons. 
 
 iiberia, on the 
 the S. W. limit 
 30. W. lat. 64. 
 
 la, of the first 
 S. S. E. of Pe- 
 5. 36. N. 
 three provinces 
 I the N. by Si- 
 k, S. E. by the 
 estern Tartary 
 18 country, wa- 
 vhich receives 
 
 i'artary, capital 
 le residence of 
 ' wua built by 
 e its frontiers 
 ussiana. It if 
 
 Mated on the Nonni, 365 mile. N. N. E. of 
 Pekmg. Long. 123. 30. E. lat. 47. 25 N 
 ranKSTA or Tinsa, a town of Tunis' in 
 
 a/nVen.frL'S''^"/' ^'«'-' with a'^Ul" 
 at thi fool JT"' "' »'"'<1"''J'- It « "eated 
 Tunis! "ountainj 130 miles S. E. of 
 
 of S.« "."'." I""^ °' Morocco, in the province 
 of Sus, seated m a country abounding n Kra^rT 
 dates, and sugar-canes. ^It is 4 mis Tof 
 
 Tecklenbhro, a town of Prussian West- 
 Sm^ IFTl 'J •* J^''"^ ''»»"ty of the «me 
 KUd22^irv'f'"r »fl"'en cloth. It 
 
 Me^icoTn' n^'^' "' Tbhuantepec, a seaport of 
 sevemlCnP'''""^'.*'"' « '■"'^'fi*^ abbey and 
 
 Se bay ofT; '^''''^''' '' ^ "^"'-^ »" « 
 n2: K ™ **™e name, in the Pacific 
 Ocean. Long. 95. 65. W. lat. : 6. 28 N 
 lECRiT, a town of Asiatic Turxev in the an 
 
 the^MS * *"*" of Algier, on the coast of 
 of Aljfi*"'""*^"' "''^ '' «»"«» 45 miles E. 
 
 of 'hp?T' * .*"''" "^ **""»«="«>. '" the province 
 
 were driU ^°''"»'«b« in 1517; but they 
 
 rE.'o"fXs.""" '^'^'- '' '* '' """- 
 
 SnlTl}^ '•'"^" "'i ^°~'='^' "• the province of 
 ar^^?^,fi«'^-''-Sincorn;20 
 
 ^ep^sTo^feraTSn^''-' ""'• " ^ 
 
 Tees, a nver which rises on the confines of 
 
 2"^"'^'^""'*^ '^' counties of Durham 
 
 K^^ '^^ '"''" '^' ^"^^ Ocean below 
 
 ironTnT.V-^r t' ^'^ier, with mines of 
 S w!"of AlS"""'""- '' " '^ •»'^- 
 ma^^!n!!5 */=^'y of A8ia,the capital of Geor- 
 fwan^^ ^^ ^^ inhabitant; Thilis-Caba 
 ^-ja™ Town), from the warm baths in its 
 ne^hbourhood. It contains 30.000 inhabS- 
 
 n"an's Th°'^.'"r "?."" ""^'"''^ ^« Arme- 
 «„ ^ jT"® ^t""^^'* "eldom exceed seven feet 
 
 flat r^f • V^i'^' ^'""^ "« of -"'"TS 
 were IS a foundry for cannon, mortars, and 
 Mror\ " *?""'",n'^''°''' '■"""•led by the em- 
 &^'"**"1"- Th?n>ost flourishing m^u- 
 hTT ■*.'? i'"''^ °f "'k» and printed linens . 
 
 a"d "h e"^-*- ^^•''- '' ^"- ^""' "«"* to TuX' 
 b^ (),« t'^',"' ^''f "• ^" 1'23 it was taken 
 Wmn I?-"' "')''J" '734 retaken by S 
 ii'mn. It ,3 abated on the Kur, a dirty river. 
 
 679 
 
 TiSJ 
 
 at the foot of a hill, 300 miles S. 8 W of 
 Astracan. Long. 46. 3. E. lat, 42 20 N ' 
 
 Tkpza, a stiong town of Morocco, ca'pit^I of 
 a dmtnct of the wme name, seated on tKdo 
 
 ?orr5rv^.W2"o%^- ^- "'*»--• 
 M:s::^T'/5!?zi^«'i?:i"^ip---'>' 
 
 Teoaza, a town of Znhurn, capital of a terri- 
 tory of that name; remarkable for mountains 
 of salt. Long. 6. 30. W. htt. 21. 40 N 
 
 Rn^?^'*r'w town of the kingdom of Fezzan; 
 80 miles S. W. of Mourzook. 
 
 Teoern, a town of Bavaria, with a cele- 
 brated abbey, seated on a lake, called the Tc- 
 gcrn See; 30 miles S. S. E. of Munich. 
 
 Teglio, n town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 Valteline ; 9 miles S. W. of Tirano. 
 
 Tehran, or Teiieraun, a city of Persia the 
 present capital of the empire. It was ati in- 
 considerable place, till Aga Mahomed, uncle to 
 the present shah, made this his royal resi- 
 dence. It is about four miles in circumference 
 and surrounded by a strong wall, and strength- 
 ened with towers, &c. It is strikingly seated 
 at the foot of Mount Elburz, and N. of the 
 ruins of the city of Rey. Though it has been 
 much enlarged and adorned, it contains no pub- 
 ho building, except the Ark, which combines 
 the character of a fortress and a palace. Pod 
 60,000. j«"o«j. jTop. 
 
 Teion, a river in Devonshire, composed of 
 two branches, which rise in the E. part of Dart- 
 moor, and, uniting, enter the English Channel 
 at Teignmouth. 
 
 Teionmouth, a seaport in Devonshire, with 
 a market on Saturday. At this place the Danes 
 hrst landed, and committed several outrages 
 It was almost enUrely destroyed by the French' 
 who set fire to it in 1690. Since that period 
 the town has become of more consequence, and 
 It IS now a feshionable watering-place. It sends 
 a number of vessels to the Newfoundland fidhery. 
 and has a considerable trade in carrying fine 
 clay to the potteries in Staffordshire, Liverpool 
 &c., whence are brought coal, salt, earthenware' 
 &c. It IS seated at the mouth of the Teimi 
 15 miles S. of Exeter, and 187 W. by S of 
 London. Long. 3. 29. W. lat. 60. 32. N. 
 
 lEiNiTz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 t^ilsen, with a castle and a convent, seated on 
 the Radbuza ; 30 miles W. S. W, of Pilsen. 
 
 Teisendohp, a town of Austria, in the pro- 
 
 vmce of Salzburg; 12 miles N. W. of Salzbunr 
 
 Teisse. See Theisse. * 
 
 Tbjuco, a district of Brazil, about 60 miles 
 
 long, and 24 broad, particularly noted for its 
 
 production of diamonds. 
 
 Tejuco, the capital of the above district, is 
 situate on the side of a hill, and is very irregu- 
 larly built. The circulation of property created 
 by the diamond-works renders it a flourishina 
 town. British cottons, baizes, cloths, and other 
 manufactured goods, are abundant; also cheese. 
 :: J i-o^ei, end otiicr articles of con- 
 sumption. But the inhabitants carry on no 
 
 lTl"8 iK ^°^-®"°''- I-ong- 42. 30. W. 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 T E K 080 
 
 TRMN. Si0 BiNOItR. 
 
 Tblub, a town of Nnplct, In Terra di Luvoro; 
 18 milea E. N. E, of Capua 
 
 TKLaK^f, or Tkloa, a town of Sweden, in 
 Sujormaniii, on the lake Mnolerj 12 miles 
 3. W. of Stockholm. 
 
 Tklokt, a town of Prussian Westphalia j 6 
 miles E. N. E. of Munster. 
 
 Tkllks, a town of the kingdom of Feat; with 
 n small harbour, on the Mediterranean; lOO 
 miles E. S. iJ. of Tetunn. 
 
 Tklmcherrv, a town of Ilindostan, in Mala- 
 bar. It has a vonsidenible trade. It is »eato«l 
 at the mouth of a ri\er, 42 miles N. N. W. of 
 Calicut. Long. 75. .30. E. iat. 1 1. 48. N. 
 
 Teltow, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 on a lake of the same name; 7 miles S. S. W. 
 of Berlin. 
 
 TRI.T8CII, a town of Austria, in Moravia; IG 
 miles S. of Iglau. 
 
 Tkme, a river which rises in l^iduorshire, 
 flows through Shropshire and Worccstersliire, 
 and fiiUs into the Severn, one mile below Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 Tkmendkfust, a town of the kingdom of 
 Algier ; 1 miles E. of Algier. 
 
 Tembswar, a strong town of Hungary, capi- 
 tal of a territory calle<I the Uannnt of Temes- 
 war ; containing an area of 9450 square miles, 
 and a population of 700,000. It stands on the 
 river Bega, which forms a morass round it, and 
 the fortress requires a garrison of 14,000 men. 
 This place formerly passed for impregnable, 
 but it was taken by Prince Eugene, in a dry 
 season, in 1716. It is «0 miles N. N. E. of 
 Belgrade, and 1 60 S. E. of Buda. Population. 
 11,000. ' 
 
 Temissa, a town of Fezzan, where the cara- 
 vans from Timbuctoo, Bomou, &c., which 
 travel by way of Cairo to Mecca, usually pro- 
 vide the stores of com, dates, dried meat, and 
 other requisites for their dreary journey ; 120 
 miles E. N. E. ^f Mourzook. 
 
 TBHf ELBORO, a town of the Prussian states, 
 in Pomerania; on the S. side of a lake, and on 
 the ft'ontiera of Poland; 43 miles E. by N. of 
 New Stargard. 
 
 Tempio, ft town of Sardinia. Pop. 5000. It 
 is 32 miles £. of Sassari. 
 
 Tehplemore, a town of Ireland, county of 
 Tipperary; 86 miles from Dublin; with a free- 
 school on Erasmus Smith's foundation. 
 
 T£HPLiN,a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 with a great trade in timber. It was totally 
 consumed by fire in 1735, but has been rebuilt 
 in a beautiful manner. It stands between the 
 Bodensee and Dolgensee ; 18 miles S. W. of 
 Prenzlo, and 42 N. by E. of Berlin. 
 
 Tenasseriu, a town of Birmiih, capital of a 
 district of its name; situate on a large river 
 47 miles S. E. of Mergui. Long. 98. 50. W. 
 Iat. 11. 3.5. N. 
 
 Tknburt, a town in Worcestershire, with a 
 market on Tuesday. It has a spacious parish 
 church, a Baptist meeting-house, and a good 
 national school. A mile S. of this town is a 
 coiuae where horse-races take place annually 
 in July. Here is a considerable malting busi- 
 
 TEN 
 
 nesi, and a largo tannery, and the town enjo? ■ 
 a good local trade. It is seated on the Tem'e, 
 over which is a bridge of six arches, forming ■ 
 communication with the county of Hereford; 1 1 
 miles W. by N. of Worcester, and 133 W. N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Tkndv, a seaport of Wales, In Pembroke- 
 shire ; with markets on Wednesday and Satur- 
 day. Its castle WHS demolished in the civil 
 wars. The principal trade is in coal, and it is 
 a place of fnnhionable resort for bathing ; 4 
 miles W. S. W., on the sea coast, are the mas- 
 sive remains of Manorbcer Castle. Tenby is 
 seated on a narrow rock projecting into the 
 sea; 10 miles E. of Pembroke, and 263 W. of 
 London. Long. 4. 40. W. Iat. 51. 44. N. 
 
 Tkncu Island, an island in the South Paci- 
 fic, 2 miles in circumference; discovered by 
 Lieutenant Ball in 1790. It is low, but en- 
 tirely covered with cocoa-nut and other trees. 
 Long. 151. 31. E. Iat. 1. 39. S. 
 
 Tknda, a town of tho Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont; with a fortified castle on a rock. 
 It stands on the Uoia, 66 miles S. of Turin. 
 Tenday. See Samau. 
 
 Te. isdos, an island of the Grecian Archi- 
 pelago, on the coast of Asia Minor; 14 miles 
 S. of the Strait of Gallipoli. It is 11 miles 
 longj and 7 bron<l; is inhabited almost wholly 
 by Greeks, and its muscadine wine is the best 
 in all the Levant. On the E. side is the town, 
 at the foot of a mountain; with a l)nrbour, de- 
 fended by a castle. Pop. 4000. Long. 26. 
 E. Int. 39. 50. N. 
 
 Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands, and 
 the most considerablo of them for riches, trade, 
 and population. It lies W. of the Grand Ca- 
 nary, is 70 miles long, and 22 broad, and 
 abounds in wine, different sortfi of fruits, cattle, 
 and game. One part of this island is sur- 
 rounded by inaccessible mountains, of which 
 one in particular, called tho Peak of Teneriffe, 
 is 12,072 feet above the level of tho sea, and 
 the distance to the Peak fror- the port of 
 Orotaya, at the oase of the mountain, is above 
 11 miles. This island is subject to volcanic 
 eruptions, and in 1704 one destroyed several 
 towns and many thousand people. The la- 
 borious works in this island are chiefly per- 
 formed by oxen and mules, horses being scarce, 
 and reserved for the use of the officers. Hawks 
 ai. ; parrots are natives of the island, as are 
 swallows, seagulls, partridges, canary-birds, and 
 blackbirds. There are also lizards, locusts, and 
 dragon-flies. St. Cristophe de Laguna is the 
 capital, but the governor resides at St. Cruz. 
 
 Teneriffe, a town of the republic of Colom- 
 bia, in the former vicerovalty of New Granada; 
 seated on the Madalena; 100 milea S. S. W.of 
 St. Martha. 
 
 Tenez, or Teni8, a town of Algier, in the 
 province of Mascara; capital of a district of its 
 name, with a fort. It has a considerable trade 
 in com. It is seated on a river, 4 miles from 
 the sea, and 86 W. S. W, of Algier. 
 
 Te-noan, a city of China,. of the first rank; 
 in Hou-auiiniT! .160 milpa S b" 'W «f PaVino 
 Long. 1 13. 21.' E. Iat. 31. 20. k " 
 
I the town enjoti 
 ted on the Teiiie, 
 iirches, furming ■ 
 y of Hereford J II 
 , and 133 W. N. 
 
 a, in Pombroke- 
 eeday and Satur- 
 hed ill the civil 
 in cool, niid it is 
 
 for buthiiiK ; 4 
 nut, are the nias- 
 iistlo. Tfiiby is 
 >jocting into the 
 1, and 253 W, of 
 . f)!. 44. N. 
 the South Paci- 
 i discovered by 
 
 is low, but cn- 
 nnd other treea. 
 
 Jinian states, in 
 atlo on a rock, 
 s S. of Turin. 
 
 Grecian Archi- 
 dinor; 14 miles 
 
 It is 11 miles 
 I almost wholly 
 wine is the best 
 lido is the town, 
 h a linrbour, de- 
 '. Long. '26. 0. 
 
 iry Islands, and 
 'or riches, trade, 
 the Grand Ca- 
 22 broad, and 
 of fruits, cnttle, 
 I island is sur- 
 tains, of wliich 
 ak of Teneritte, 
 of the sea, and 
 r- the port of 
 .uitain, is above 
 ect to volcanic 
 «troyed several 
 opie. The la- 
 ire chiefly per- 
 les being scarce, 
 )fficer8. Hawks 
 I island, as are 
 nary-birds, and 
 rds, locusts, and 
 Laguna is the 
 I at St. Cruz, 
 ubiic of Colom- 
 New Granada; 
 lilea&S. W.of 
 
 Algier, in the 
 a district of its 
 isiderable trade 
 r, 4 miles from 
 gier. 
 
 the first rank ; 
 W. of PeksR" 
 
 TEN 
 
 081 
 
 TwNiMBB, one of the United States of 
 America, situMe between the parallels of 35. 
 and SfiJ. of N. lat.; bounded on the S. by 
 Georgia, W. by the Mississi|ipi, N. by Kentucky 
 and Viixinia, and E. by the Iron and Bald 
 Mountains, which separate it fVom North Ca- 
 rohna. It is 400 miles in length, and 104 in 
 breadth; is divided into 3(1 counties, and has an 
 
 "f"?. mo?A*-^"" "I'"'"'^ •"'"'**' *'"' « population 
 of 112.0,210, including l.'iS.OAO slaves. The 
 pnncipal rivers are the Mississippi, Tenncsst*, 
 Cumberland, and Holstoii; and it is watered 
 by other rivers and creeks. The Cumberland 
 mountains, a lofty ridge nearly 30 miles broad, 
 cut this state into the eastern and western 
 divisions, which were originally known bv the 
 names of the establishments of Holston and 
 >.umberland; but the latter is much the larger 
 part. The climate, soil, and produce of Ten- 
 ncHsee are nearly the same as in tlie adjoining 
 state of Kentucky ; but West Tenncssw, or 
 Cumberland, is less salubrious, having a warmer 
 and more humid temperature. Nashville is 
 the capital. 
 
 TENNjasEE, n river of the United .Stales, 
 formerly called the ChiTokee River, and the 
 largest of all those which flow into the Ohio. 
 Its commencement is formed in the state to 
 which it gives name, by the junction of the 
 Clinch with the Holston, 'in miles below Knox- 
 villo. It flows S. W, on the E side of Cum- 
 berland Mountains, into Geoigin, where it 
 makes a circuit to the W., called the Great 
 Bend ; it then re-enters the state of Tennessee, 
 which it passes quite through into that of Ken- 
 tucky, where it enters the Ohio, 50 miles above 
 the conflux of that river with the Mississippi. 
 The Tennessee is COO yards broad at its mouth, 
 and is thence navigable by vessels of great 
 burden for 260 miles, to the Muscle Shoals, in 
 the Great Bend : here the river widens to be- 
 tween 2 and 3 miles, for nearly 30 miles; and 
 those shoals can only be passed in small boats : 
 hence it may be navigated, by boats of 40 
 tons burden, 400 miles further to its com- 
 mencement. 
 
 Tknnis, a town of Egypt, situate on an 
 island in a lake of the same name, sometimes 
 called Lake Menzaleh ; 28 miles S. E. of Dar 
 mietta. 
 
 Tends Island. Grecian Archipelago, between 
 Andres and Myconi; 3;") miles in circumference; 
 producing silk, wine, and fruits, and but little 
 com. Pop. 25,000. 
 
 Tenstadt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 
 miles N. E. of Langensalza. 
 
 Ten-tcheou, a city of China, of the firet 
 rank; in Chang-tong; with a good port and 
 a strong garrison. It is seated on the N. side 
 of a peninsula of the Yellow Sea; 250 miles 
 S. E. of Peking. Long. 120. 50. E. lat. 37. 
 
 Tenterden, a town in Kent, governed by a 
 mayor; with a market on Friday. It has a 
 handsome church, the steeple of which is very 
 :"-•'• "f". st the time uf the Spanish inrasion, 
 m 1688, was made use of as a beacon. Here 
 are also three meeting-houses and a free-schoolj 
 
 TER 
 
 24 miles 8. W. of Canterbury, and «« E. Jw 8 
 of London. 
 
 TENTirciAL a town of Portugal, in Bclm 
 8 miles W. S. W. of Coimbra. 
 Tkramo, a town of Naples, in Abrusso Ultra 
 
 25 miles N. E. of Aquila. ' 
 Tkrcriha, one of the Asores, of a circular 
 
 riimi, about 55 miles in circumference, and very 
 firtile. It contains several towns and villages 
 with a number efforts. Pop. 60,000. Angni 
 IS the capital. 
 
 Tkrciiiz, or Tersiz, a town of Persia, in the 
 province of Khorasan; situate on the borders of 
 the Great Salt Desert; 160 miles W. N. W of 
 Herat. Long. 57. 25. E. lat. .'<5. 5. N. 
 
 Tkrek, a river in Asiatic Russia, forming 
 tho boundary Ijetweon that power and the Cau- 
 casus, over which the Russians hold an unac- 
 knowledged authority. 
 
 Tkroa, a town of Morocco, seated on the 
 Omirabi; 90 miles N. of Morocco. 
 
 Tkhoovist. or Tkrvis, a town of European 
 rnrkey. in Wnlachia. Here is a fine palace, 
 belonging to the hospodar, or reigning prince; 
 but he chiefly resides at Bucharest. It stands' 
 on the Jalonitz; 35 miles N. N. W. of Bucha- 
 rest. Long. 25. 48. E. lat. 46. 28. N. 
 TKKfiouw. Sre Gouda. 
 Tehmei), n town of Usbcc Tartary, capital of 
 a district in Ijokharia, seated in an angle formed 
 by the union of two rivers; 160 miles 8. of Sa- 
 marcand. Long. 65. 35. E. lat. .37. 15. N. 
 
 Termini, a town on the N. coast of Sicily, in 
 Val di Mitzara, with a strong castle. Its mi- 
 neral waters are much celebrated, and it has a 
 considerabiu trade. It is situate on a rocky 
 eminence, near tho mouth of a river of tho 
 same name; 20 miles S. E. of Palermo. Pop. 
 8700. 
 
 Termoli, a town of Naples, in Cnpitanata 
 seated near the sea; 32 miles S. E. of Lan- 
 ciano. 
 
 Ternate, one of the Molucca islands, lying 
 to the W. of Gilolo, formerly the seat of sove- 
 reignty. It iibounds in cocoa-nuU, bananas, 
 citrons, oranges, almonds, and other fruits pro- 
 per to tho climate. There ari'^ also a great 
 number of birds of paradise. It is a moun- 
 tainous country, and contains a great number 
 of woods, which furnish abundance of game. 
 It IS in the possession of the Dutch, from whom 
 It was taken by the British in 1810, but re- 
 stored, with their other Indian possessions, in 
 1814. The inhabitants are Mahomedans, and 
 very indolent; 100 miles E. of Celebes. Lonir. 
 127. 4. E. lat. 0. 50. N. 
 
 Terneuse, a town and fort of the Nether- 
 lands, in Flanders, on the W. branch of the 
 Scheldt, called the Hondt. It is 8 miles N. of 
 Sas van Ghent, and 25 W. N. W. of Ant- 
 werp. 
 
 Term, a town in the ecclesiastical states, in 
 the duchy of Spoleto, seated on the Nera, neat 
 the influx of the Velino, which has a famous 
 cataract a mile lh)m the town. Temi was the 
 birthplace of Tacitus the historian, it is 15 
 miles S. S. W. of Spoleto, and 46 N. of Rome. 
 
 Ternota, a town of Bulgaria, and an ardi- 
 
K 
 
 TER 08a 
 
 bkhopli tee. It -M formerly the tMt of Iha 
 
 princeB ot »<ulgariu, nnd a itrong pliuse, but the 
 fortiflcatioii» mv> ruiiiwl. It is ■eated on n 
 mountain, n^r ti.^ Jenors ; 88 railet N W 
 of Adrinnople, and J7 N. E. of S^".! T,on«r' 
 2G. 2. K. lat. 43. 1. N. ^' 
 
 Tkiiouenc, a town of Pni-.ro, <:, f,,irtri<oiil of 
 Paa dt) Calaii, i«ated oi. t' u .L »; f .n •, j. of 
 St. Omer. 
 
 Tbri* di Babi, Lavoko, and Onuirra See 
 Bari, &c. 
 
 Terra dkl Esurito Santo, the lorgeat and 
 most western island of the New Hebrides, in 
 the South I'acific, being 40 leagues in circuit. 
 Ihe land is exceo<lingly high and mounUin.ms, 
 ■nd in many places the hills rise directly fi-om 
 the sea. Except the clifft and beaches, every 
 part is covered with wood, or laid out in plan- 
 tations. Besides the bay of St. Philip and St. 
 Jago. on the N. side of it, the isles which lie 
 along tho S. and E. coast form several good 
 bays and harbourt Long. 167. E. lat. 15. S. 
 Terra Firma, a name applied sometimes to 
 tte provinces of Central America, or Darien 
 FananiB, and Veragua. ' 
 
 Terra del Fueoo, a large island, separated 
 Worn the southern extremity of America hy the 
 Strait of Magellan, and so called from the vol- 
 canoes observtHi on il. The sea intersects it 
 Into several islands, sU of them barren and 
 mount, nous j but on the lower grounds arc 
 found neveral sorts of trees and plante. and a 
 wriety of birds. The natives are short in sta- 
 ture, not exceeding five feet six inches ; their 
 heads large, their faces broad, their cheek-bones 
 prominent, and their noses flat. They have 
 little brown eyes, without life; their hair is 
 black and lank, hanging about their heailn in 
 disorder, and besmeared with train-oil. They 
 wear no other clothing than a small piece of 
 "^^'j • ''*"8'"K from their shoulders to the 
 middle of the back, being fiistenetl round the 
 neck with a string. They live chiefly on seals' 
 flesh, of which they prefer tho oily part. 
 There is no appearance of any subordination 
 among them, and their whole character is a 
 strange compound of stupidity, iuditference. 
 and inactivity. 
 
 Terracina, a decayed town of the ecclesias- 
 tical states, in Campagna di Roma, with a cas- 
 tle on a rock. Formerly it was called Auxur 
 and was the capital of the Volsci, and its cathe! 
 dral was originally a temple of Jupiter. It is 
 seated near the sea, on the frontiers of Naples' 
 54 miles S. S. E. of Rome. Pop. 9000. lW 
 13. 15. E. lat. 41. 24. N. * 
 
 Tbreanova, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di 
 Noto, seated near the mouth of a river of the 
 same name; 20 miles E. S. E. of Alicata. 
 Long. 14. 10. E. lat. 37. 9. N. Pop. 9000. 
 
 Terranova, a seaport of Sardinia, seated at 
 the bottom of a bay on the N. E. coast ; 6'> 
 miles E. N. K of Sassari. Long. 9. 35. E. lat. 
 
 Tereasson, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ™f,"t of Dordfl^e, seated on the Veserej 28 
 "hes jii. of Fcngacux. 
 
 Terbidon, Loon, an inlet of the sea, on the 
 
 TET 
 
 W.oout of SotUnd, in Uowshirei between 
 Uairloch and Applecro**. It has many creeks 
 and bays. 
 
 Tebriohe, a strong town and fortress of 
 Hindostan, in Uie Carnatici 35 miles N. of 
 A nohinopoly. 
 
 Tersooi., a seaport of Asia Minor, on tho 
 coast of Karamaiiia, and an arohbiiiiop-s see. 
 it was formerly called Tarsus, and was tlu 
 capital of Cilicia, tho literary rival of Athens 
 and Alexandrin, and the birthplace of the 
 apostle PauJ. It is seated on tho Mediterra- 
 nean; 100 miles W. by N. of Alt Kundretta 
 Long. 85. IS. E. lat. 37^ 4. N. 
 
 '''!>••., " town of Spain, in Arragon, and 
 a bwliup s see, with i citndi'l. It is UO miles 
 S. W. of Saragossn, und 112 E. of Madrid. 
 Pop. 5500. Long. 1. 0. W. la», 40. 25. N. 
 
 Tervere, or Vkkre, a fortified seaport of 
 the Netherlands, in Zealand, on the N. E. 
 coast of tiie islo of Wulcheron. It htis a good 
 harbour, and a fine arsenal; 4 miles by E. 
 of Middleburg, with which it comniunicatis 
 by a canal. Long. .3. 42. E. lat. 51. 36. N. 
 
 Tbsciibw. a town of /.ustrian Silesia, capital 
 of a circle of the same name. It is surrounded 
 by a wall, and at a little distance, on an emi- 
 nence, is the old castle where the ancient 
 dukes resided. The inhabitants cany on a 
 trade in leather, woollen stuffii, and wine, and 
 make excellent fire-arms. This tow-i was taken 
 °y the Prussians in 1757, but restored in 1763. 
 In irr.f a treaty of peace was cone' led here 
 lietween the emperor of Germany and the king 
 of Prussia. It is seated in a morass, near the 
 river Elsa; 36 miles E. S. E. of Troppan, and 
 60 E. by N. of Olmutr. Pop. of circle 
 162,000; of town, 5400. Long. 18. 82. E. 
 lat. 49. 43. N. a . » . as.. 
 
 Teseodelt, a town of Morocco, seated on a 
 craggy rock, said to be impregnabla, at the 
 mouth of the Techubit , 1 40 miles W. N. W. 
 of Moroci . 
 
 Tksho( Loomboo, the capital of Tibet, or of 
 that part which is immediately subject to the 
 Tcshoo lama, who is sovereign of tho country 
 during the minority of the grand lama. Its 
 temples and mau.soleums, with their numerous 
 gilded canopies and turrets, and the palace of 
 the lama, render it a magnificent place. It 
 stands at the N. end of a plain, upon a rocky 
 eminence; 220 miles S. W. of Lassa, and 470 
 N. I)v E. of Calcutta. Long. 89. 7. E lat 
 
 Tesino, a town of the Austrian States, in 
 Tyrol ; 25 miles E. N. i of Trent. 
 
 Tesset, a town of Ziiliara, capital of a dis- 
 trict of the same name. It is 350 miles S S W 
 of Tafilet. Long. 6. 46. W. lat 26. 64. N. 
 
 Tkssin. See Ticino. 
 
 Test, or Tesb, a river in Hampshirt*. which 
 rises near Whitchurch, flows by Stockbridge 
 and Romsey, and entere the hoad of the Bay of 
 Southampton at Redbridge. 
 
 Tbtburt, a town of Gloucestershire, with a 
 market on Wednesday- and n iroAn in v^ini 
 and wool. It is 25 miles E. N. E. of BrkuL 
 nnd 99 W. of London. ^ 
 
TET 
 
 (in 
 
 Tmtmw, m Tertsfi, a town of Bohemin 
 |n the drcle „f LeutmeriH. with * c»!"leTn .' 
 
 dom ..f Wirtemhcrg, 8 mile. N. of M„dau " 
 . aX" Thf { "'■ *''* '''"K'J""' "^ *•«. with 
 
 a court-yard «rhuh i. .urrounded hy KnlleriM 
 
 In,* w ""* ■•"?""• '"■«'•• "'" "' tl'e '"p! 
 of them tI"",!"" ««<=h oth..r from the topi 
 
 oui any door; the master s ts croM-lejured on « 
 
 .tZ ««;»!:: f "'" ^"•'«'"<'" "tand in the 
 !m 1 • fL?"*' '•'""'PWn i^oniulf formerly ro- 
 ?"'•"' '" 'hi. fit, : tfio English are .t f at 
 lowed to touch l,«re, nnd considerable comnn 
 nication ,« kept up with Gibraltar. U is ^ "d 
 
 SsZN •"'^''■''- ^""K- 5. 23. W. Int. 
 
 m h»f ^ ' *'"'''u '•''■""gh* plain till It comes 
 ni.r that town, when it ia confined for a short 
 
 C w'*""" *"" 1""». covered with grovel 
 
 the Mby! Albuneu whom an elegant temple 
 was hei« dedicatou. The river moving with 
 
 atTr™.h""*'"'^' ", 'I? *=""■"«' »"""«"^' 
 at last nishe* over a lofty precipice, and the 
 
 mr«.1f'Tivor "'r'' 'hrLgh'lhe'hSand 
 groves of Tivoh. Having gaine^l (he plain it 
 ^on afterward, receives the wnfera of fho?;ke 
 Solfatara, and then joir the Tiber, near Home 
 JEumz at .wnofl ,.«,ia,in BrandenbZ 
 wuh_a castle on a lake; 25 mile. S. by E. of 
 
 Teuschnitz, a town and castle of Bavarian 
 Franconm; 17 miles N. of Culmbach. 
 
 lEv ,0T a nyer of Scotland, which rises in 
 the n.ount«ms m the ,S, W. of Roxburghshire, 
 and, passmg N. W. through the county unitM 
 with the Tweed a little ul^ve Kelw ^' 
 
 Tewsfno. a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Pilsen; 30 miles N. W. of Pilsen 
 
 r^tHnr^T" "''■ " ' """8'' •" Gloucesterchire, 
 ri""""» *7^ "" ''' '° Pnriiament. Mar- 
 kets on Wednes, and Saturday. Here L 
 one of the noble«t parish cl -hes in the kfng" 
 
 ^it^ '.!f°""*!'y '" "^''^^ '* fonnerly be- 
 ^J^- i,^''^ r^^^' P'""^ "' worship^ are 
 meeting-houses for Methodists, Independents, 
 
 fecture ,s that of stockings, and the inhai.tants 
 carry on a considerable tra. in malt Here 
 
 overl.!;?""'.'.^- ««'"^ « '^^'^ vi":"' 
 on the Av '""""•"''• T«''k«'»'uryis seat^ 
 on the Avon, near its union with t le Severn 
 and^on the Birmingham railway; 10 m?eI*N' 
 
 TEZ 
 
 ^'fion ""'' *"" '^^ ^' •'^'- **'• Of I^ndon. 
 
 of 
 
 Pop. 6000. 
 Tbxas, « dittrict of North America, on tha 
 
 piain., or prairiei, of exuberant fertility and 
 Rreat beauty. I„ «,me part, are ,«""« p?aN 
 nes. w.th nsulated grou^ of tree., he*whole 
 .cenery being of ,urpa«iing beauty.' It |. JeV^ 
 
 8 a e^ f here are «,me deer, and herd, of 
 w.1,1 pome, ctt led mustangs. The climate is 
 
 H r. «• '"•^"«'"K abundance of wild 
 ftu.t. including , ..pes nuts, peaches, walnuts, 
 &c., and large .,>.«ntitu^ of honey. On the 
 ■eparntion of Mexico from Spain in 1822 
 1 urbide, under the title of Estm I in' 
 .«:? wSr '""".""^ ^"'""' sK'inti'tils 
 tcTritor? h^rf, ''I" \ P*"^ °^ ^^^ Mexican 
 ttrritory ; but after his donosition and execu- 
 
 «0M, and tl consequent disturbance., Gen^r^l 
 Shm"""'."'"*^ ^^1 8o^«""nent,;nd abo- 
 e^foilJV*''^"'^ legislature -f the States, and 
 enforced th- observance of th.' Roman Cutho- 
 
 voited m 1835; n civil war ensued, which 
 
 X?f S^U a"'''"""'' '!! "«' -nclu'si:,. of 
 Which Santa Anna was taken nriioner, which 
 led to a KU lement of their affai/s. 
 
 «.f.H f'"'' "ir '''i'".'l "^ *•>«» Netherlands, sepa- 
 rated from North Holland by « narrow .^Zl 
 of the wme name, defended by a strong lurt on 
 he mainland, cahed the Helder. This channe" 
 » the b«t and most southern entrance into the 
 
 ™^t'P^' r^ '^/""«'' •' '""»* of the sh pS 
 pass that are bound to Amsterdam. In 1799 
 the fort was taken by the English, and the 
 whole of the Dutch fleet lying w thin the 
 channel ^rrendered to them; but the Engl sh 
 abandoned the fort soon .Ifterwards. C. 
 5000. Long. 4. 69. E. lat. 63. 10 N. 
 
 .»Jr** u°^^?"'^' ■ "^«' of the Austrian 
 flowT'F ty V'"^ near Teltsch, in Moravia" 
 iTLr ^1. ,""' "^ **"' ''0'«'«'" of Austria, 
 and ente« the foraw on the confines of Hun- 
 gaiy, 
 
 Tt Jk*"' " ^T' •^f.^'^emia, in the circle of 
 5 &k^ on the Muldau; 10 miles S. K 
 
 v!n'!ir'!.f'*A "•*'"'" ^f.Fo^- capital of the pi©. 
 
 rr.Snr^TrrcrorirS! 
 f:i.vio;tr' ^- °' ^^'- ^-«"- 1^ w: 
 
 Tezcuco, a town of Mexico, once the copHal 
 of a rich kingdom. Here Cortez cau«Ki a aZ 
 to be dug. and huilt 18 brigantines. to carry o, 
 the siege of Mexico. It is seated near the 
 
 a'lU;^""' '-'«'""- ^-^^--4! 
 
 Tezela, a town of Algier, in the province 
 ofMascaia ; with a castle ; 16 miles S. W. 7t 
 
 TrzouT, a town of the kingdom of Fe.. seated 
 
 I ' UTE, an ancient town of Aimer in 
 hep, .nceofConrtantina. Its ruin.SS 
 10 miles m circumference, among which ai« 
 
THA 
 
 684 
 
 T II R 
 
 ', 
 
 ' 
 
 'i 
 
 magniflcont r«mnini of city gntea, an nmphi- 
 thentlW, n temple <ltMlicat«(l tn j4<>culnpiua, nnd 
 other elegHnt ttructure*. It ii ao niilw 8. 8. W. 
 of ConitHntina. 
 
 TiuiNv.K, a town of the kingdom of Tunii, 
 near the mouth of a river of the same imme; 
 1 20 miles S. of Tunia. Long. 1 U. 1 A. K. lat 84. 
 flO. N. 
 
 TuAME, or Tame, a river which riwt near 
 Tring, in H«rtforil«hire ; croates Uuclcinghnni- 
 ihire to the N. of Avlesbury, eiitera Oxford- 
 ahire at the town of Thame, whence it is navi- 
 gable for kirgei to Dorcheiter, where it joint 
 the Thames. Thia river haa lit-en erroneously 
 tupuosed to give name t . the Tl> amcs. 
 
 Thamb, a town in Oxfordshire, with u market 
 on TiirsJov. It is seated on the river Thame; 
 12 miles E. of Oxford, and 44 W. by N. of 
 London. 
 
 Thames, the finest river in Great Dritain, 
 wliich takes its rise from a copious spring, called 
 Thames Head, 2 miles kS. W. of Cirencester, in 
 Gloucestershire. 1 1 has been erroneously stated 
 that ita name is Isis till it arrives at Dorchester, 
 15 miles below Oxford, when, being joined by 
 the Thame, or Tame, it assumes the name of 
 Thames. But Cnmden says that the river was 
 always called ThamciL or terns, before it came 
 near the Thame; and in several ancient charters 
 granted to the abbey of Malmesbury, as well na 
 that of Ensham, and in the old deeds relating 
 to Cricklade, it is never considered under any 
 other name than that of Thames. All the his- 
 torians who mention the incursions of Ethel- 
 wold, and of Canute, into Wiltshire, concur 
 likewise in the same opinion, by declaring that 
 they passed over the Thames at Cricklade in 
 Wiltshire. About a mile below the source of 
 the river, it is not more than nine feet wide in 
 the summer, yet, in the winter, becomes such a 
 torrent as to overflow the meadows for many 
 miles. The stream proceeds to Cricklade, 
 where it receives many other rivulets, which 
 cause it to widen considerably in its way to 
 Lechlade; and, being there joined by the Coin 
 and Lech, at the distance of 138 miles from 
 London, it becomes navigable for vessels of 90 
 tons. At Oxford (in whose academic groves 
 ita poetical name of Isis has been so often in- 
 Toked) it is joined by the Cherweli, and, pro- 
 ceeding by Abingdon to Dorchester, it receives 
 the Thame. Passing by Wollingford to Read- 
 ing, and forming a biaundary to Berkshire, 
 Buckinghamshire, Surrey, and Middlesex, it 
 waters Henley, Marlow, Maidenhead, Windsor, 
 Staines, Chertsey, Kingston, and Brentford, in 
 its course to London ; during which it receives 
 the Kennet, Loddon, Coin, Wey, Mole, Brent, 
 and Wandle. From London the river pro- 
 ceeds to Greenwich, Woolwich, Grays-Thur- 
 rock, Gravesend, and Leigh, into the German 
 Ocean, in which course it parts Essex from 
 Kent, and receives the Lea, Roding, Darent, 
 and Medway. The tide flows up the Thames 
 as high as Kingston, which, following the wind- 
 ing of the river, is 70 miles from the ocean — 
 a greater d~iancc ihr.n the tide is carried by 
 any iither river in Europe. Though the 
 
 Thames la said to be futviguble t.lH ffliliw 
 ntMiv« London Uridge, there are so many flats 
 that in summer the navigation westward would 
 »K! stopped, were it not for a number of locks ; 
 but the flrst lock is b'i mile* above that bridge. 
 The plan of new cuta \\tt» been adopted, in 
 some places, to shorten th«i navigation; there 
 is one near Lechlade, and another u mile from 
 Abingdon. A still more important under- 
 taking was eftictcd in 1709— the junction of 
 this river with the Severn. A canal had been 
 made from the Severn to Stroud, which canal 
 was afterwards continued to Lechlade. where it 
 joins the Thames, a distance of above 30 miles. 
 A communication between this river and the 
 Trent and Mersey has likewise been effected, 
 by a canal flrom Oxford to Coventry; and 
 another canal extends A-om this, at Bniuiiston, 
 to the Thames at Brentford, called the Grand 
 Junction Canal. 
 
 Thames, a river of Connecticut, formed of 
 two principal branches, the Shetucket and the 
 Norwich, or Little River, which have their 
 junction at Norwich. From this place the 
 Thames is navigable 15 miles to Long Island 
 Sound, which it enters below New London. 
 
 Thanet, an island comprising the £. angle 
 of Kent, being separated from the mainland by 
 the two branches of tlio Stour. It produces 
 much com, and the 8, part is a rich tract of 
 marsh land. It contains the towns of Margate, 
 Ramsgnte, and Broadstairs, and several ' il- 
 lages. 
 
 Thanhausbn, a town of Bavaria, on the 
 river Mindel; 14 miles N. of Mindelheim. 
 
 THAsos.an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 on the coast of Macedonia; at the entrance of 
 the Gulf of Contessa. It is 12 miles long, and 
 8 broad, and abounds in all the necessaries of 
 life. The fruits and wine are very delicate; 
 and there are some quarries of fine marble. 
 The chief town, of the same name, haa a har- 
 bour, frequented by merchants. Long. 24. 33. 
 E. lat. 40. 59. N. 
 
 Thaxtkd, a town in Essex, with a market 
 on Friday. It has a beautiful and spacious 
 church, two meeting-houses, almshouses, a 
 school, and other charities. It is seated near 
 the source of the Chelmer; 20 miles N. by W. 
 of Chelmsford, and 44 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 Theaki, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, 
 24 miles long, and 7 broad ; separated from the 
 N. E. part of that of Cefalonia by a narrow 
 channel. It is the ancient Ithaca, celebrated 
 as the birthplace and kingdom of Ulysses. 
 The chief town is Vathi, which has a spacious 
 harbour. Long. 20. 40. E. lat. 38. 25. N. 
 
 TuEBAiD, a country of Upper Egypt, now 
 called Said, which sec. 
 
 Thebes, the ancient name of a city of Upper 
 Egypt. It was celebrated for having 1 00 gates ; 
 and there are many tombs and magnificent 
 remains of antiquity. Three villages, named 
 Camnk, Luxor, and Goumou, are seated among 
 its ruins, which extend 7 or 8 miles along the 
 river, and are hence called the antiquities o* 
 CaiTiak and Luzor. 
 Thebes, in Greece. See TaivA. 
 
 I 
 
THE 
 
 018 
 
 w« Uifpnihian MounUiini, Howt a H)ve lOOO 
 milM in a wtmtem diwclion to Toknv when it 
 
 ri^'r. fell f:'^^««^"""K « »f««t number of 
 nvert, fclli into the DHi.ube. below Tilul 
 
 of s«?»''r*"L" '"*" "' Wermanv. in the duchy 
 of Saxe-(^jburg, near the river Worm; 10 milw 
 «»• ft of Meliiingen. 
 
 Theodosia. *rfCA»fA. 
 
 THKUK«,KN„ADT, a town in the S. of Hun- 
 ««ry 100 „,.!«. N. hy W. of Belgrade. It i. 
 namniT'r ".',*'"«««•. Hnd deceived iU 
 ?7?0 f^ .►." '""'"•'«''" "^ " ^y"' f"'* city, in 
 
 Pellr'^'^Vlu '".'""<' °f the Grecian Archi- 
 
 a i^t li n'*r'' r" c^'tivuted. and it hni 
 a gmt deal of „lk. The principal town, of the 
 
 Pod ZZ' "i"'^ '•'.n*'^""" "f '' ^'''^■^ bishop! 
 i-op. 6000. Long. 24. 59. E. l„t. 37. 31. N 
 
 iHEn.M0FrL.i!, ft narrow paaango in the N, E. 
 of Qrcete. near Mount (J-Jtaj with hi«h clitft 
 
 orhe^rntC'^" r'""*'"'" ""-h^'on'tt 
 ^IZ' I r '•'^ '" '"'*'"y *'«' the brave stand 
 
 Thkssaly. *r Janna. 
 
 liiKTFORD, a borough in Norfolk, governed 
 by « mayor; with a market on Saturday. U 
 .el^'l' 'Tk T"'!*" *" parliament, ^t , 
 tinfflZ ""'i"»j'! Ou*-.. which here divi.loa 
 
 „^! K • "?* "^^'■*« P»"»l» churches, (one of 
 which 18 on the Suffolk side of the ri^er > n."d 
 
 anrpa e?' V"""""^'"" «>' -o^^"'^^^ 
 !r„ h'^nt ^^f 'P""8 "*''^*"' fo' tlie county 
 and 80 nT- A' "5*^""'«' S. S. E. of Lynn^ 
 
 i!indTfn'rn"'!''V^'""^ *<"'" "''"'e Nether- 
 
 de^rKelTcJcSSr '"''"* ^'""■ 
 
 Wut't'ach°T4 ", '"*,"., ''^ "'"^'^••'' «" the river 
 Wuttach; 13 miles W. of .Schaffhnusen. 
 
 of Pu'v 2 ?/*""" «*: France, in the department 
 th,«.H '"V""^' wjth manufactures of paper. 
 
 tne side of a hill; 21 miles E. by N. of Cler- 
 mont. Pop. 10,600 } ^ •"! «-ier- 
 
 menrTM";." "^T^ *"'"' '" ^^^ ''cpart- 
 Uin 17io**w"^- ^t ^"''Wans bombarded 
 It in l,a2, but were obliged to raise the siege. 
 It IS stated on the Moselle, over which is a 
 ondge defended by a horn-work , 14 miles V 
 of Mentz,and 33 S. W. of Treves. Po^. 4384 
 
 Thiklmere, See Lektue^wajer 
 m^rVetZ'M ^""Kh Jn North Yorkshire; 
 iTnens .Z^ °"i"^' "t"*^ '""""factures of coarse 
 which r''""^'.t."- ^' ^J^ " '"""^'«""« c>'"'ch, 
 Sue. rjr:^ r' »Ji^-"J- °l''« strong 
 
 THO 
 
 u 
 
 castle, deafrnvtu) K. 
 
 C-^/f :i P "li^ moet.ng-houses for Wes- 
 toyan and Independent Methodists, and a Qua- 
 
 k«r.' chapeL It returns one member to parUn. 
 
 TmvA, or Tiikbim, a celebrated city of 
 G«ece anda bishop", .ee. The ancienrcitr 
 was 4 mile, in circumference, but only that part 
 Of J i. now inhabited which wn. originally Vhe 
 
 cart o,caUedCadm:.»,,fW,m C«dmu.thefounde" 
 In the vicinity i, a fine sort of white clay, of 
 which bowls for pipes are made, that dry natu- 
 rally and become a. hard u .tone. It ia 
 •eated between two river.; 28 milea N. W. of 
 Athens. Pop. 5000. 
 
 «,«„♦"' Vfr." """" "' ^""~. *" »»>« depart- 
 ment of Dordogne; 18 mile. N. N. E. of Peri- 
 
 Tholbn, a town of the Netherlands, in an 
 wiand of Its name liehmging to the province of 
 Zealand; 4 niilc, N. W. of Uergen-op-Zoom. 
 
 1 H0IIA8, St., an island of the Atlantic, lying 
 under the equator, near the W. coast of Quinea; 
 discovca-d ir. 1«40 by the Portuguew. It i. 
 almost round, is alwut 30 mile, in diameter, 
 and consists chiefly of hills, intermixed with 
 valleys which are often filled with a thick fog. 
 Ihe Mil u fertile, and produces plenty of sugar- 
 cane., rice, and millet. On the same vines aro 
 blOMom. and green and ripe grapes, all the 
 year round. The climate is unwholesome to 
 the i-ortiigueso, but agree* well with the ori- 
 ginal inhabitants, and also with the cattle, 
 which are larger and finer hero than on the 
 coast of Guinea. In 1641 this island wat 
 taken by the Dutch; but th>^y soon relinquished 
 It III consequence of the insalubrity of the 04- 
 mate. Pavoacan is the capital. 
 
 ♦hJ'w".*^; ^'•' ''"*' "*" "^« V''*'"" I*'*"*!., in 
 the West Indies, with a harbour, a town, and n 
 lort. It is 15 miles in circumference, and the 
 trade IS considerable. jMirticularly in time, oj* 
 peace. It surrendered to the English in 1807 
 but was restored to the Danes in 1 « 1 4, Popul 
 lation, 5000. Long. C5. 26. W. lat. 11 22 N 
 TuoMAS, St., a town of Hindostan, in 'the 
 Ciirnntic, formerly a powerful city. It is inha- 
 bited by weavers and dyers, and noted for mak- 
 ing the best coloured stuffs in India; 3 miles S. 
 of Madras. 
 
 TiioMASTON, a town of the state of Maine, in 
 Lincolri county, which has a great trade in lime. 
 It stniids on the W. side of Penobscot Bay. 30 
 milesE. by N. ofWiscasset. Pop. 6227 
 
 Thomastowv, a town of Ireland, in tha 
 county of Kilkenny, on the river Koire; 10 
 miles S. S. E. of Kilkenny. 
 
 Thonon ntownof the Sardinian states, in 
 Savoy, with a palace and several convent^ 
 seated on the Lake of Geneva, at the influx of 
 the river Drama; 16 miles N. E. of Geneva. 
 
 1 HORDA, a town of Austria, in the province 
 of Iransylvania, capital of a county of the same 
 name. Pop. 100,000. The town is seated near 
 the river Aranjos, with some salt mines, which 
 have been wrought by the Romans. Pop. 8000. 
 Thorn, a citv of West Prngaio «..il™i_ _ 
 Hanseatic town. In the church of St. John i^ 
 the epitaph of the celebrated Nicholas Coper- 
 nicuB, who was bom here. It i. divided into 
 
 ^-kJR^^A 
 
THO 
 
 686 
 
 TIB 
 
 the Old and New Town, and has a celebrated 
 Protcjtant academy. In 1703 it was taken by 
 the Swedes, who demolished the fortitications; 
 and in 1793 it was seized by the king of Prus- 
 sia, and annexed to his dominions. It was 
 taken by the French in 1806, and remained in 
 their hands till 1812. It is seated on the Vis- 
 tula, over which is a ICi g wooden bridge; G7 
 miles S, of Dantzic, and 105 N. W. of War- 
 saw. Pop. 8500. Long. 18. 42. E, lat. S3. 
 6. N. 
 
 Thobn, a small but thriving town in West 
 Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday. It 
 contains a neat parish church, six meeting- 
 houses, and two charity schools. It is situate 
 in a marshy soil, near the river Don; 11 miles 
 N. E. of Doncaster. and 165 N. by W. of Lon- 
 don 4 
 
 TnoHNDURY, a borough in Gloucestershire, 
 governed by a mayor, with a market on Satur- 
 day. It is 24 miles S. W. of Gloucester, and 
 122 W. of London. 
 
 Thohney, a small island in a bay of the 
 English Channel, near the coast of Sussex; 
 with a village of the same name, at the mouth 
 of the Levant; 7 miles S. W. of Chichester. 
 
 Thornh'.ll, a town of Scotland, in Dum- 
 fries-shire, with manufactures of coarse linen and 
 woollen cloth; seated near the river Nith, 15 
 miles N. N. W. of Dumfries. 
 
 Thouars, a town of France, department of 
 Deux Sevres. The castle of its ancient dukes 
 is on a rock, surrounded by walls 120 feet high, 
 built of white stone. It is seated on a hill, by 
 the river Thone, 32 miles S. E. of Angers, and 
 162S.W. of Paris. 
 
 Thoubout, a town of Belgium, province of 
 West Flanders. It is an ancient town, with a 
 manufecture of hats ; 12 miles S. E. from Os- 
 tend. Pop. 5000, 
 
 Thbapston, a town of Northamptonshire, 
 with a market on Tuesday; seated on the Nen, 
 20 miles S. W. of Peterborough, and 73 N. N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Three Hills Island, one of the New He- 
 brides, in the South Pacific; 12 miles in cir- 
 cumference, lying to the S. of MalicoUo. 
 
 Thbbe Rivers, or Trois Rivieres, a town 
 of Lower Canada, situate on a river of the same 
 name, which, before its conjunction with the 
 St. Lawrence, was divided by two islands into 
 three branches. It has two churches, a con- 
 vent, and an hospital ; 9 miles up the river is a 
 considerable iron-foundry ; 70 miles W. S. W. 
 of Quebec. 
 
 Thuin, a town of Belgium, in the territory 
 of Liege; seated on the Sambre, 8 miles S. W. 
 of Charieroy, and 15 S. E. of Mons. 
 
 Thun, a town of Switzerland, capital of a 
 bailiwick, ip the canton of Bern, will a castle. 
 It is seated on a lake of the same lame, 14 
 miles long, and 3 broad, wherf th' river Aar 
 issues from it; IS miles S. by E. of Bern. 
 
 Thur, a river of Switzerla'nd, which rises in 
 the S. part of the county of Toggenburg, and 
 flowsjnto the Rhine; 7 miles S. S. W. of 
 Schaifhausen. 
 
 Thuboau, a canton of Switzerland, which 
 
 lies along the river Thur; bounded on the S. 
 by the canton ol St. Gall, W. by that of Zu- 
 rich, and N. and E. by the lake and territory 
 of Constance. It is extremely populous, and 
 the most pleasant and fertile part of Switzer- 
 land, though somewhat mountainous towards 
 the S. Its area is computed at 350 square 
 miles, with 77,000 inhabitants, one-third of 
 whom are Catholics, and the other two-thirds 
 Calvinists. Frauenfeld is the capital. 
 
 Thuringia, the former name of a province 
 of Germany, in Saxony; bounded on the E. by 
 Meissen, S. by Franconia, W. by Hesse and 
 Eichfeld, and N. by the duchy of Brunswick 
 and the principality of Anhalt. It is 73 miles 
 in length, and nearly as many in breadth, 
 abounding in corn, fruits, and wood. 
 
 Thurles, a town of Ireland, county of Tip- 
 perary, with a handsome church. Catholic cha- 
 pel, market-house, and two convents; also 
 some infantry barracks, 95 miles from Dublin. 
 Thurso, a town of Scotland, in Caithness- 
 shire, at the mouth of the river Thurso, on the 
 S. W. side of a spacious bay. It has a consi- 
 derable trade in corn and fish, and manufac- 
 tures of woollen and linen cloth ; 21 miles N. 
 W. of Wick, and 56 N. N. E. of Dornoch. 
 Long. 3. 18. W. lat. 58. 30. N. 
 
 TiAGAR, a town of Hindostan, in the Car- 
 natic, 50 miles W. S. W. ofPocdicherry, and 
 75 S. of Arcot. 
 
 TiANo, a town of Naples, ii Terra di Lavoro, 
 with a famous nunnery and a mineral spring- 
 15 miles N. W. of Capua. Pop. 3100. 
 
 Tiber, a river of Italy, which rises in the 
 Appennines ; flows through the Pope's domi- 
 nions by Borgo, St. Sepulchre, Citta di Cas- 
 tella, Orto.and Rome; 10 miles below which it 
 enters the Mediterranean Sea, between Ostia 
 and Porto. 
 
 Tibet, or Thibet, a country of Asia, bounded 
 on the N. W. and N. by the Desert of Kobi, 
 in Tnrtary, E. by China, S. bv Assam and 
 Birmuh, and S. W. and W. from Hindostan 
 and Bootan, by the Himalaya mountains. This 
 country is one of the highest in Asia, being a 
 part of that elevated tract which gives rise not 
 only to the rivers of India and China, but also 
 to those of Siberia and Tartary. Its length 
 from E. to W. cannot be less than 2500 niilus; 
 its breadth about 500, but very unequal. It 
 may be described as a vast plateau, or table- 
 land, 15,000 feet above the sea, and from which 
 rise the lofty summits of the Himalaya range 
 to the height of 27,000 feet. The country is 
 described as pleasant, and the climate and tem- 
 perature delightful, though at a height that in 
 other countries is uninhabitable; but vegetation 
 is found on the northern slopes at the slevation 
 of 17,500 feet. It is divided into four great 
 l)rovince8, and Lassa, Teshoo Lomboo, which 
 are separated by a vast tract of unexplored 
 country from Undes and Lahdak. The Indus 
 and Sutluj have their sources in this region ; 
 but the principal river of Tibet is the Sampoo, 
 or Burrampooter, of which little is kn.iwn. 
 The Irrawaddy also rises here, and flow? 
 through Burmah and Pegu. The principal 
 
led on the S. 
 y that of Zu- 
 and territory 
 >opulous, and 
 t of Switzer- 
 lous towards 
 t 350 square 
 one-third of 
 ler two-thirds 
 ital. 
 
 >f a province 
 on the E. by 
 y Hease and 
 >f Brunswick 
 [t is 73 miles 
 
 in breadth, 
 d. 
 
 unty of Tip- 
 !!?atholic cha- 
 nvents; also 
 rom Dublin, 
 n Ciiithness- 
 lurso, on the 
 ; has a consi- 
 nd manufac- 
 
 21 miks N. 
 of Dornoch. 
 
 in the Car- 
 icherry, and 
 
 ■a di Lavoro, 
 leral spring; 
 3100. 
 
 rises in the 
 'ope's domi- 
 'itta di Cas- 
 low which it 
 stween Ostia 
 
 sia, bounded 
 2rt of Kobi, 
 Assam and 
 t Hindostan 
 ntains. This 
 sia, being a 
 res rise not 
 na, but also 
 
 Its length 
 2500 niilus; 
 nequal. It 
 .u, or table- 
 from which 
 ilaya range 
 i country is 
 te and tem- 
 ght that in 
 t vegetation 
 he slevation 
 
 four great 
 iboo, wiiich 
 unexplored 
 The Indus 
 his region ; 
 le Sampoo, 
 is kn.-iwn. 
 
 and flows 
 e principal 
 
 TIB 
 
 flsr 
 
 •kins shawls, woollen cloths, rock-salt, musk 
 
 h.V,m ;J ^ /''«"'? " * modification of Budd- 
 hism called Lamaism, and they are governed 
 by the gmnd lama, who is not only sfbmS 
 
 pngan Tartars who walk through the vast tr«rl 
 
 VolSTcore:'' H '^'"'''''' '-» '^ ^ 
 v,oTffthi ■' "* " "<" ""ly tbe sovereign 
 pontiff, the vicegerent of the Deity on earth 
 but by the more remote Tartars s^bsolutely 
 regarded as the Deity himself. Even the 
 emperor of China, who is of a TaiCrace 
 does not fail to acknowledge the lamTin hfs 
 
 e^nperor. The opinion of the most orthodox 
 
 todllTth.';";"' m"" '^' emnd lama soems 
 in r^Lyl "/ *''''."«^ •"• '"fixity, his soul, 
 an.-m?/ ^' ?J^ ''"''« " ""^^y habitation, to 
 animate another younger and better; and t is 
 
 ctLTSw'^'r" '^' """^y of some chifd by 
 certain tokens known only to the lamas or 
 pnests, m which order he always appear. The 
 
 iurh^'/ •" ♦"."" ""* greatest and most power! 
 ful body m the state, have the priesthood en- 
 t.rely in their hands. At the head of their 
 hierarchy are three lamas: the Dalai lama 
 
 1^ *' Teshoo Loomboo; and the Tarannt 
 lama, whose seat is Kharca, in the N The 
 
 ^TtT-^'^''^^ """"y ""'"«««« »'den,, which 
 The mi"' ^^* veneration among' them, 
 n, n ^Tu- """"O"" ««ct are called Gylongs 
 or Buddhist monks, who are exempt fromT 
 
 Sr:.„'"^°'"^.i!"'"uP"™"'='^' «"d interdicted aU 
 intercourse with the femrle sex : they abound 
 
 thT«fv! T^^l ^^^. ^°'^' notwithsSing 
 the seventy of discipline; since every family 
 consisting of more than four boys is obliged o 
 contribute one of them to this order; and it is 
 
 tlZr^^f by ambition, as the* officers of 
 state are usually selected from this sect. Be- 
 
 the'Un!. ?''^'T '"."'''"'^^ ""^ ""'hority of 
 now5r ?hr T' ^J' P*"^*"^ of unlimited 
 power throughout his dominions. His resi- 
 
 Tihlt ihn i^ *^""" ^'^- The religion of 
 that if W ';• """"y /^"Pects it differs from 
 that of the Indian brahmins, yet in others 
 
 noUr"' "^"''y '-^ "• The' practice of 
 Hyandry ,s universally prevalent in Tibet- 
 
 and one female associates with all the brother^ 
 
 number : the choice of a wife is the privilege of 
 the elder brother. This extraordinary custom 
 and the celibacy of the priests, mnv hL " k™ 
 i.,.en(ieU to guard against too numerous a pon„l 
 
 prcien-e entu-e the mortal remains of their 
 
 TID 
 
 •overeign lamas only j every othm- <»n». f- 
 either consumed by fi^ or^pS^trHh^ 
 promiscuous food of beasts anffl/°f'^ *! 
 They have a great veneration for the cow mTd 
 highly respect the water, of the Ga^^' the 
 Bource of which they believe to be in h'e^'ve„! 
 
 libet as a holy place; and the grand lama 
 always maintains a body of nearly 300 of tS 
 
 Chil"'''T,'on'^''^'"'""''y »'««'"'« »4e t t" 
 China in 1720. and has been tranquil under its 
 
 f I!!;"k"'*L^'''=^P* '" 1790, when it was i " 
 vaded by the Ghoorkas of Nepaul; biTt th^ 
 were repulsed with great loss. The popuS 
 IS Mtimated at 5,000,000. See Paltk. 
 
 liBURON, a cape at the most western ex- 
 fl "^Z/*"^ "'"""^ of St. Domingo; with a 
 AZ^^^-'^'i *»" ?" "P^" "^^' opposite Port 
 is" 25 V" ™"'^ ^""K- ^4- 32. W. Ittt. 
 
 to So W' Z Jk""^'"' * "*"'°" "f Switzerland, 
 siae ot the Alps, and almost encircled by Italy 
 It IS rich m pastures and cattle, and has an area 
 
 Bel!ill^rhot?i'tar ''•''' '"''"''"^""" 
 TiciNo or Tessin, a river which has its 
 source in Switzerland, on the S. side of St. Go- 
 thard flows through the canton of Ticino and 
 ♦hf m"i Maggiore, then passes to Pavia. in 
 the Milanese, and a little after joins the Po 
 
 m Ji^?""'V-*^°'"' '" ^^*- Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Friday. It was formerly much 
 noted for its malting business, which is still the 
 principal trade of the place. Here was for- 
 merly a castle, the ruins of wliich still bear 
 ample testimony to its former strength and 
 magnitude The church is a handsome and 
 spacious edifice, and here are two meeting, 
 houses for dissenters, a free-school, and almt 
 houses for 14 poor women; 7 miles S. of Don- 
 caster, and 156 N. by \V. of London. 
 
 TicoNDEnoGA, a fort of the state of New 
 York, bmlt by the French in 1756. on the 
 narrow passage between the lakes George and 
 Champlain. It was taken in 1759 by General 
 Amherst, and in 1777 by General Burgoyn^ 
 but evacuated soon after the convention of Sa- 
 ratoga. It had all the advantages that art or 
 nature could give it, but is now a heap of 
 ^T' °?l^°™f ^" appendage to a farm. The 
 town of Ticonderoga is on the VV. shore of 
 Lake Champlain, and has a valuable iron-mine- 
 
 nesday. Here is a well, deemed one of the 
 
 ir ■","/ ^^^ ^^''^' '^hich after great rains 
 ebbs and flows two and three times in an hour 
 11 "■"'«" globing from several cavities at 
 once, for the space of five minutes : the well 
 IS three feet deep end broad, and the water 
 rises and falls two feet; 22 miles N. W. of 
 l^erby, aim 16Z N. N. W. of London. 
 
 XiDORE, an island in the eastern seas, one of 
 the Moluccas. It is 20 miles in circumference, 
 and produces clovea and flax. The woods and 
 
 ■ff* f 
 
 in 
 
 ■;5^f: I 
 
X 
 
 TIE 
 
 688 
 
 TIM 
 
 th«i rocks that Burround it render it a place of 
 defence. It is governed by a sultan, who pos- 
 Besses also the 8. part of Gilolo, and claims 
 tribute from Mysol; 16 miles S. of Temate. 
 The Dutch have a factory here, first built in 
 1527. Long. 126. 40. E. lat. 1. 0. N. 
 
 TiEL. See TiiiB. 
 
 TiEN-siNO> a city of China, in Pe-tohe-li; 
 which has a great trade in salt. It is seated 
 on the Pei-ho, at the influx of the Eu-ho, 90 
 miles from its mouth, and 90 S. E. of Peking, 
 
 TiGRE, a province in the N. E. part of Abys- 
 sinia, 200 miles long, and 120 broad, through 
 which passes all the merchandise of the king- 
 dom destined to cross the Red Sea for Arabia. 
 Adowa is the capital; and the port of the 
 Mosuab on the Red Sea is in this province. 
 
 Tigris, (the Hiddekel of the sacred writ- 
 ings,) a river of Asia, which has its source in 
 Diarbek. It flows by Diarbekir, Gezira, Mo- 
 sul, and Tecrit, in wiiich course it separates 
 Diarbeck from Curdistan, then passes by Bag- 
 dad and Coma, and soon after joins the Eu- 
 phrates, 35 miles above Bassora. It has been 
 navigated by steam-boats as high as Mosul; 
 but the current is swift, and above Bagdad it 
 cannot be navigated, except by vessels of light 
 draught. The ancient cities of Nineveh, Seleu- 
 cia, and Ctesiphon were on this river, and 
 which bounded, on the E., Mesopotamia (the 
 modem Irak Arabi), having the Euphrates on 
 the W. It may be considered as the boundary 
 between the Ottomans and Persia. 
 
 Tilbury Fort, a fortress in Essex, situate 
 on the Thames, oppoeite Gravesend. It h,is a 
 double moat, the innermost of which is 180 
 feet broad, and its chief strength on the land 
 side consists in its being able to lay the whole 
 level under water. On the side next the river 
 is a strong curtain, with a platform before it ; 
 on both which, and the bastions, are planted a 
 great number of guns. It was made a regular 
 fortification in 1607, after the attack of the 
 Dutch fleet, when they burnt the shipping at 
 Sheerness. It was originally a blocktown. built 
 in the reign of Henry VIII. It is 28 miles 
 E. by S. of London. 
 
 TiLLiEHS, a town of France, department of 
 Eurej 6 miles N. E. of Verneuil. 
 
 Tilsit, a town of Prussian Lithuania, with a 
 Citstle, and a considerable trade in corn, linseed, 
 butter, cheese, and other provisions. In 1 807 
 it was taken by the French ; soon after which 
 two treaties of peace were made between 
 France and Prussia, and France and Russia, 
 the three sovereigns being here in person. It 
 is situate on the Memel; 50 miles N. E. of 
 Konigsberg, and 95 S. S. W. of Mittau. Pop. 
 9000. Long. 22. 8. E. lat. 55. 8. N. 
 
 TiMANA, a town of Colombia, in Popayan, 
 capital of a territory of the siime name, which 
 abounds in fruits and pastures. It is seated on 
 a river, 130 miles E. S. E. of Popayan. Long. 
 74. 55. W. lat. !. 35. N. 
 
 TiMBUCTOO, a city oi Central Africa, and the 
 great emnnrinm of tbo interior trade of tluit 
 continent. It was for many years enveloped 
 iu mystery, and the most extravagant ideas re- 
 
 specting its magnificence were formed, but have 
 been dissipated by the reality. It was first 
 visited by the unfortunate Major Laing, in 
 1826, but he was assassinated on his home- 
 ward route. M. Caille was mo.e fortunate, 
 and from his descriptions most of our know- 
 ledge is derived. It is situated in an immense 
 plain of white sand, having no vegetation but 
 stunted trees and shrubs, such as the mimosa 
 ferruginea, which grows no higher than three or 
 four feet. The city is not closed by any bar- 
 rier, and may be entered on any side. It forms 
 a sort of triangle about three miles in circuit. 
 The houses are large, but not high, consisting 
 entirely of a ground floor; they are built of 
 bricks of a round form, rolled in the hands and 
 baked in the sun. The streets are clean, and 
 sufficiently wide for three horsemen to pass 
 abreast. Both within and without the town 
 there are many straw huts, which serve as 
 dwellings for the poor, and for the slaves, who 
 sell merchandise for their masters. The city 
 contains seven mosques, two of V7hich are 
 large. The number of inhabitants is stated 
 not to exceed 12,000, who are all engaged in 
 tiade ; but the population is sometimes aug- 
 mented by the Arabs, who arrive with the cara- 
 vans and remain awhile in the city. In the 
 plain several species of grass and thistle afford 
 food for the camels. Fire-wood is very scarce, 
 being all brought from the neighbourhood of 
 Cabra, and camel-dung forms the only fuel of 
 the poorer classes. The soil being totally unfit 
 for cultivation, the inhabitants are obliged to 
 procure from Jenn6 everything requisite for 
 the supply of their wants, such as millet, rice, 
 vegetable butter, honey, cotton, Soudan cloth, 
 preserved provisions, candles, soap, allspice, 
 onions, dried fish, pistachios, &c.; and, to pre- 
 vent immediate famine, in case the vessels from 
 Cabra should chance to be stopped by the 
 Tooariks, the inhabitants take care to have 
 their warehouses amply stored with every kind 
 of provision. Water is also scarce, and is sold 
 in the market-place, where a measure contain- 
 ing about half a pint is procured for a cowrie. 
 To the W. S. VV. of the town there are large 
 excavations, from 30 to 40 feet deep, for pre- 
 serving the rain-water. These reservoirs have 
 no covering ; and the water, being consequently 
 exposed to the sun and tlie hot wind, though 
 tolerably clear, has a disagreeable taste, and is 
 very hot. Near the reservoirs are some small 
 plantations of tobacco, the only plant which is 
 here cultivated, and which grows no higher 
 than five or six inches, and that only by dint 
 of watering. All the native inhabitants of 
 Timbuctoo are zealous Mahomedans. Their 
 dress is similar to that of the Moors. They 
 are represented as gentle and complaisant to 
 strangers, industrious in their habits, and not 
 wanting in intelligence. The men are of the 
 ordinary size, generally well made, upright, 
 and walk with a graceful step. Their colour is 
 a fine deep black. Their noses are a little 
 more a'^uiline than those of the Mandins'^^'**; 
 and like them they have thin lips and large 
 eyes. The women attend to domestic occupa- 
 
TIM 
 
 tions. They nn not veiled, like tJin« «f »* 
 »ooco.nn.l arc allowed to walk o,.t^ i^'*" 
 please. Those of the rich^ H„« . ''^", *'"'^ 
 
 "necklace. The inteSr'o VdtllZ -^ 
 
 cles consist of SS and !" ''r**?'" ""'" 
 knives and forks a^^nk^wrht" ff t"e 
 
 089 
 
 TIP 
 
 - 0-— — - •". uue en* 
 
 and butter made from cowr^K ♦». ' ,'?*' 
 
 Africa. Th:f". ""'^ '""°'* ""•"time parts of 
 
 pott and r.' i: W"' J:\" -^»-^">ated 
 mh f^ThL •'? ^ °*^ "'® "nhnbitants are very 
 
 town of S hutr""' ! ■"'>'* ^^ ^ " "-'"^ 
 habitants who ar.'nr""?"^/''""" ^O^O '"" 
 
 semble-looking place. Long. 3. 40. W. hi U. 
 
 doSrfn'^1!"^' " *°^" ""'^ ^"f'^ess of Hin. 
 
 HvHrul f^"'"""''- It IS 72 miles S. E of 
 "jclrabad, and 82 W bv S nf rZ\i u 
 Long. 79. 26. E. lat. UJ. 20. N ^""''"P'"^ 
 of tho*""*'-'"" T'""'*'*'' "" '"'nnd on the E. const 
 nroH ,r . " "mountainous and woody, and 
 '"t^K l«?.?oT-""'^ """ '''■ ^^<'''«' 
 
 W^if °th'e N ' w"** ' • ?' J'"''"" O'-^"". to the 
 is oonn^fi- •.^- P^'nt of New Holland. It 
 
 "andal-wood, wax and honey. The Dutch 
 
 Porgu'^ ?rf^&™ J-^«^,«'ey expoUcd th. 
 the S n'n! » • • ^" ""'^ '" circumference, and 
 
 Wn.; ^'■■''^' "' TiNNEVELLT, a town of ifin 
 
 rank"'Tn"K' " "l^^ °^ <^'''». «f the fSrst 
 
 9.m."ro?fj„rs,.t!'/°^^^''^"«' 
 
 of the"L;di'„n"'""?o'" ^^ ^"rt'' Pacific, one 
 The soil is d7v?n^'^ miles long, and 6 b^ad. 
 duces nh,L^' ""^ »0">ewhat sandy, but pre- 
 lim^. s^utrn::,'lTbr""'il-P-^^ 
 cotton and So ' Thn^^t^i ' '''*° '""'='' 
 
 T Lr fh ^°"«- ^1^- "• E- 'at. 15. 0. N. ^ 
 Greci^^' i^ K?"?^"* ^^"'"'> «n «'and of the 
 S "» ^"='"PeIago, to the S. of Andros from 
 
 Th^V^ '^^ pounds of slk every vear 
 
 GreekVhre stoXLTpS;^ Vo':i^t 
 
 the^snK' " "?'«8« '■» Cornwall, noted for 
 
 r«,nta .u '' "•"■ ""y Pl'ints grow on its 
 banks; these properties continue till other ri 
 
 ofcXltHueW?''^'"'^'^^"'-'''^^"/ 
 
 of Dan^'o-Mr" °^^^''•'»^. in the county 
 
 I"t. 27 30 N. "■ '■''"• ^°"S- "'• '■■^- ^V. 
 
 T.ORN, an island on the W. const of Sweden 
 
 exceTient '" r'"™*"7'^"'^^' «"'' "''onmlTng in 
 excellent pastures. Long. 11. 09, ^ igj^-^j,*; 
 
 Y Y 
 
 ■ I .J- i 
 f I' . i 
 
 
 II 
 
 ii^i 
 
 
 nm4 
 
TIP 
 
 690 
 
 TLA 
 
 11^ 
 
 ^l|i 
 
 i 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 w 
 9 
 
 V '" 
 
 TiPPCitAKT, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 Tince of Munster; 70 miles lonj}, unU 40 broaJ; 
 bounded on the N. by King's county, E. by 
 Queen's county and Kilkenny, S. by Water- 
 ford, and W. by Galwcy, Clare, Limerick, and 
 Cork. It is divided into 147 imrishes, and 
 sends two members to parliament. The S. 
 part is fertile; but the N. is rather bwren, and 
 terminates in a range of twelve loountains, the 
 highest in Ireland, called Phelem-dhe-Mi)dinn. 
 The river Siiire runs through it from N. to S. 
 Clonmel is the capital. 
 
 Tii'PERARY, a town of Ireland, ii. the county 
 of the same name ; miles W. S. W. of 
 Cashel, and 20 N. W. of Clonmel. 
 
 Tu>SA. See Tebksta. 
 
 TiRANO, a town of Austrian Italy, capital of 
 a district in the Valteline. It contains several 
 handsonie buildings, but from the narrowness 
 of the streets, and many ruinous houses, its 
 general appearance is desolate. Its staple 
 commerce consists in the exportation of wino 
 and silk. Near the town is the magnificent 
 church of the Madonna, much visited by 
 Catholic pilgrims. The massacre of the Pro- 
 testants of the Valteline, in 1G20, began in 
 this town. It is seated on the Adda, 15 miles 
 E. of Londris. Pop. 3700. Long. 0. .58. E. 
 lat. 46. 20. N. 
 
 TiaiiH.atown of Asia Minor,in Natolia; situ- 
 ate on the Meinder; 32 miles S. S. E. of Smyrna. 
 
 TiREE, an island of Scotland, one of the 
 Hebrides; lying to the W. of Mull. It is 16 
 miles long, and 3 broad. The surface in general 
 is even, and it is noted for its marble quarry, 
 and a handsome breed of little horses. 
 
 TiRiiKMONT, a town of Belgium, in South 
 Bmhant; formerlj one of the most considerable 
 cities in that duchy, but ruined by the wars, 
 and by a great fire in 1701. Near this place 
 the Austrians were defeated in 1792 by the 
 French, who the year following were routed by 
 the former. It is seated on the river Greete, 
 lU miles E. S. £. of Louvai 
 
 TiRNAU, a town of Hungary, in the country 
 of Neitra; seated on the Tirna; 2G miles N. E. 
 of Presburg. 
 
 TiRSCHENREiD, a town of Bavaria, seated on 
 a lake; )0 miles S. of Egra. 
 
 Titan, or Cababos, an island of France, the 
 largest and most eastern of the Hieres, in the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 TiTCHFiELD, a town in Hampshire, noted for 
 the remains of a mansion where Charles I. was 
 concealed, in his flight from Hampton Court, in 
 1647. It is seated on the river Aire, 3 miles 
 W. of Fareham. 
 
 TiTERi, the middle or southern province of 
 the kingdom of Algier, in which is a lake of 
 the same name, formed by the river Shelli^ 
 near its source. Towards the N. the country 
 is mountainrus and narrow, and to the S. it 
 extends far into the desert. It contains some 
 of the highest mountains in the kingdom, part 
 of which are inhabited by tlio Cabyls, an inde- 
 
 nfnHant. fn'KA whr. }invA navt^r \\nan unli/Inoil Hv 
 J , _- ^^. . J 
 
 the Algerines. The principal town of this pro- 
 vince is Belida. 
 
 TiTiCACA, or CiiucniTO, a lake of South 
 America, in the state of Peru. It is of au 
 oval figure, with an inclination from N. W. to 
 S. £., and 240 miles in circumference. Many 
 streams enter into it, but its waters are so 
 muddy and nauseous as to be unfit for drink- 
 ing. One of the most splendid temples in the 
 empire wits erected on an island in this lake, by 
 the incas. 
 
 TiTi.isuGRG, one of the highest mountains in 
 Switzerland, in the canton of Uri; 1 1 miles S. 
 S. W. ofAltortf. 
 
 TrrscHKiN, New, a well-built town of the 
 Austrian stiitcs, in Moravia; defended by walls; 
 28 miles E. by N. of l*rerau. 
 
 TiTTMANiNO, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy 
 of Salzburg; seated on the Salza; 20 miles N, 
 N. \V. of Salzburg. 
 
 TiTUL, a town c." ''lungary, seated on the 
 Thcisse; 23 miles E. S. E. of l'eterwardein,and 
 24 N. N. W. of Belgrade. 
 
 TiuMEN, a town of Siberia, in the province 
 of Tobolsk, on the river Turn at the influx of 
 the Pischnia; 170 miles S. W. of Tobolsk. 
 
 TiVEUTo.N, a borough in Ucvonsliire, governed 
 by a mayor ; with markets on Tuesuay and 
 Saturday. It returns two members to parlia- 
 ment. It has long been noted for its woollen 
 manufactures, particularly kerseys. Here are 
 two churches, several meeting-houses, and a 
 free-school, (founded by a clothier of the town,) 
 which has an endowment ibr the maintenance 
 of four scholars at Balliol College, Oxford, and 
 four at Sidney Sussex, Cambridge. >fear the 
 old church are the remains of a castle, part of 
 which is c nverted into the offices of a farm. 
 Tiverton has suffered very severely by fire, par- 
 ticularly in 1731. Itis seated tm the river Ex ; 
 14 miles N. N. E. of Exeter, and 16 1 W. 
 by S. of London. Long. 3. 38, W. lat. 50, 
 fi4. N. 
 
 TivoLi, a town of the papal states, in Cam- 
 pagna di Pwoma; and a bishop's see. Though 
 now poor, it bojists of greater anti<iuity than 
 Rome, being the ancient Tibur, which was 
 foundetl by a Grecian colony. It was the 
 favourite country residence of the ancient 
 llomans, as Fioscati is of the moderns. The 
 cathedral is built on the ruins of u temple of 
 Hercules. In the market-place are two images 
 of oriental granite, representing the Egyptian 
 deity Isis. The adjacent country yields ex- 
 cellent oil. Near Tivoli are the ruins of the 
 magnificent villa built by the em]ieror Adrian, 
 a celebrated cascade, a temple of Vesta, aad 
 another of the sibyl Albunea, a famous villn 
 called the Villa Esteme, and the remarkable 
 lake of Solfatara. Tivoli is seated on an emi- 
 nence, on the river Tcverone; 16 miles E. N. ■•u. 
 ofllome. Pop, 14,000. 
 
 TizzANO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 Parma; 13 miles S. of Parma. 
 
 Tlascai.a, a province of Mexico, bounded 
 m. the N. by Panuco, E. '>y the Gulf of Mexico, 
 S. by Guaxaoa and the Pacific Ocean, and W, 
 b? Mi!xii-'i; l*i*oM(^r. On the W. side there i^ '■* 
 chain of mountains for the space of 6.5 miles, 
 well cultivated ; nnd on the N. is u great ritlga 
 
iikc of South 
 It h of au 
 'roni N. W. to 
 irence. Many 
 waters are so 
 infit for drink- 
 etnpk'8 ill the 
 in thia luko, by 
 
 ; mountains in 
 i; 1 1 iiiiius S. 
 
 t town of the 
 ided by walls; 
 
 1, in tlio duchy 
 i; 20 miles N, 
 
 seated on the 
 2rwardein,and 
 
 the province 
 the influx of 
 ■ Tol)olsk. 
 hire,p<jvcrned 
 Tuesuay and 
 JLTS to parlia- 
 'ur its woollen 
 s. Here arc 
 louses, and a 
 of the town,) 
 maintenance 
 I, Oxford, and 
 ;e. >fear the 
 castle, part of 
 IS of a farm. 
 y by fire, par- 
 the river Ex ; 
 and IGl W. 
 W. lat. 50. 
 
 .atcs, in Cam- 
 see. Though 
 iiti<iu)ty than 
 r, which was 
 It was the 
 the ancient 
 oderns. Tlio 
 u temple of 
 re two images 
 the Egyptian 
 ry yields ex- 
 ruins of tlie 
 peror Adrian, 
 )f Vesta, and 
 famous villi' 
 B remarkable 
 ;d on an enii- 
 niles E. N. ^. 
 
 the duchy of 
 
 ico, bounded 
 ilf of Mexico, 
 ceaii, and W, 
 ;!de t!!Or« ia % 
 of 65 miles, 
 tt great riilga 
 
 TLA 
 
 of mountains, the neighbourhood cf which «r 
 P^ .t to violent tempests and frequ"nU„ut 
 jT^h ?'.u '^ P'"°*'"«» »o much maize, that hence 
 Pop 'sJlrT^' 'IWla,the Land of S 
 
 ca^ta*rnf''tK* '"''" °^ ^i^'"''^' <'°™erly the 
 ^pital of the provnue of the same name • 
 aea ed on a river; 15 miles N. by E. of pS 
 de los Angelos. ' Pop. 3400. ^ 
 
 i'-EMSAN. See TllEMESAN. 
 
 ine west Indies, and the most eastern exceut 
 
 and ti'L n'I' ''r'"^ '""«• -'> "" "3 
 an i^Ia^H 9 ^ "^femity is Little Tobago 
 
 cLS f. ™'««J«^«. -^nd 1 broad. 'Ae 
 climate w not so hot aa might be exnefted 
 from IS aituation so near the equato?- Zisit 
 visited oy such dreadful hurricaLs m Cue t v 
 des^ola e the other islands, It is jfvSS 
 with hills and vales, and is equal in richness 
 of i^oduce to any island in these seas I„ 
 1748 It was declared a neutml island, but in 
 1763 It was ceded to the English. It was 
 taken by the French in 1781, and ^onfirme^ 
 to them ml 783; but it was taken by^he 
 English ,n 1703, and restored in 180'^ It 
 was again taken by the English in 1 803' and 
 confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris^„ 
 
 £.LZl: ''''''- '''' ^"-p''' p'- - 
 
 ToBEOMouY. a town of Scotland, in the 
 island of Mull J with a good harbour, and a 
 custom-house; seated on a fine bay. near the 
 
 Tobolsk, a government of the Russian cm- 
 
 W^'tS '^•.""^P't™''* ^^'^ greatest part of 
 Western S:beria. It is divided into the two 
 
 provinces of Tobolsk and Tomsk. Popluon 
 
 of RZ^!''f'' '^°"«'^«™t''e and populous city 
 ot Kussia, formerly capital of Siberia, and at 
 present of the government of Tobolsk It t 
 divided info the Unper and Lower TovJn the 
 former IS properly the city, and stands "very 
 h J{h, with a fort built of stone, in which are 
 
 «rlf I""?' ' ?^^' "'^ fiovemor's house, the 
 archbishop's palace, the exchange, and two of 
 ho principal churches, all builf if "fone J 
 ow Tl^ T f "«="«' ««,?f wood, and are vot. 
 low. The rartare, who live round this town 
 ttiX^'^'. «?"««. r all Mahomedaiis, and 
 tneir mufti ,s an Arabian : in general thev 
 behave verK quietly, and cairy on sorro com'^ 
 merce. but practise no n^ - fnides Tliwe 
 are also a great numlv , o* C-nuc Tartar 
 who servo as s nves. A" the i.inese cara^S 
 
 forwai ^ ^'^'^ ""'' ^''' ^'•'■'^ *"='•«. ""'I honce 
 ZT r.,^"^'"'''- '^'''«-' Rumms com- 
 monly 3end their state prisoners to this ci^. 
 It 18 seated at the confluence cf the rive« 
 Tobo! and Iitysch; 1100 milca E. by N of 
 Moscow, ana 1200 E. bv S. „f P„4-.^." -" 
 ^-Ojj. i'v200. Long. (Jii. 35. E. iai;5!!. l-\"y 
 
 ri8esr!L'''l»%""'*'"/r' "^ ^^'••'*^"' •'•'"■^''• 
 'ises 111 mt, 18. b., and flows N. E. at the foot 
 
 691 
 
 TOL 
 
 of a ridge of mountuna for above 700 mUe* 
 then entere a more open country, and pursiJS 
 Its course 400 miles further to tl"e At"S 
 peer.., w uch it enters by a large estuary b^ 
 low tiie city cn>an.. The estuary of thTriJe^ 
 
 to tL" w""'"'?'Ve" *'"• *''"» of the Amazons 
 iJX •' "'"^- *'"' "P""^ •■"«'"«'ed by them 
 and the ocean is an island, 150 miles in dt 
 ameter, called Maraso or Joanes. 
 
 rocAT, a city of Alia Minor, in Sivas. The 
 
 pave^Xh""'^'"''"'-''^ ''"'"' "'"^ *''*^ "'^^-"'^ 
 .K'2 W ♦ *" "neommon thing in these 
 parts; but the town makes a very odd appear- 
 ance, being built on uneven ground. Tll^re 
 w^th nV'ff'^ perpendicular rocks of marble. 
 
 streams, that each house has a fountain. The 
 iiihabitanis are computed at 60,000, The 
 chiet trede is in copper vessels, but much 
 ye ow leather and silk is manufactured. It's 
 seated in a district which abounds in fr:,it and 
 excel ent wine; 45 miles W. N. W. of Sivas 
 
 39? 1 ON °' *''^'"'- ^°"e- ''■ ''■ ^^ 
 TocAYMA, a town of Colombia, in a country 
 
 hlT Wh'^ u/""'^ ""'^ sugar-can'es. Here „I^ 
 iiot baths between two cold springs: and near 
 the town IS a volcano. It is seated on the 
 LT' "w '' "» en'^'nce into the Madalena : 34 
 w! lat 4. t n!' '^^ •""'''''"• ^''"S- ^^' ^«- 
 
 thl^^'^Ttv!^ kingdom of Ne^roland, lying to 
 the E. of limbuctoo, on both sides the Niger. 
 The capiti.1 m of the same name, seated on the 
 b. side of the Niger; 320 miles F. of Timbuc- 
 too^ Long. 6. 18, W. lat. 16. 38. N. 
 
 ■■ ->cuY0. a town of the republic of Colom- 
 T: '" a Province of Venezuela, near the 
 source of the Tocuyo, famous for its excellent 
 
 nXl' •?! "^n"'" * ^'"''^ '" ^'J CO miles N. 
 ofTruxiIlo, Pop. (0,200, 
 
 1 '^°'''' a town of the papal states, in the 
 
 liter; 22 miles E. of Spoleto. 
 
 JToDMORDEN, a town in Lancashire, and 
 
 Th^^ K kX^I''"'^' 2*^7 "'"«' from London. 
 Ihe inhabitants are occupied in the manufac- 
 ture of cotton, fustian, velveteen, &c. The 
 
 the town """^ ^'"^^ "^^^"y P*^ ''''«"«»' 
 
 mpn?'^f a'-* ^°T °^ France, in the depart- 
 conLflTy,' c'^ " '=°"^8^« •^'^'^ "e«r the 
 rof^TrevSux. ""' "" ''''"''™"^' '' """^^ 
 lt'i''!^1\ ^ 'fr" ?*" Hungary, with a castle. 
 
 to all others m Hungary ; and near it are large 
 saltworks. It stands at the conflux of the 
 Bodrog with the Theisse; 105 miles £, N. E 
 4SS N. ^"P-^'-^O^- I'ong. 21. 15. E. hS; 
 
 Toledo, a city of Spain, in New €f stile of 
 which ,t was foi-merly the capital. It is^aU^ 
 on a conical hill on the river Taeus wWh 
 nc. ny Kurrouiiiis it and on the lar.d'sid'e ia an 
 mioeut wall, flanked with 100 towe^ Thct^ 
 
 sTcL'^fTni"""'^''"" °^ '"iP"*' structures, bo- 
 8ide, 17 imblic squares, whore the markets are 
 
 Y Y 2 
 
 ■f , ill 
 
 n , 
 
 ) i 
 
 'If 
 

 n 
 
 
 TOL 
 
 C03 
 
 TON 
 
 kept. It is nn archbMhop'& see, and the cathe- 
 dral ia the richest in Spain : the Segrario, or 
 principal chapel, contains 15 large cabineta let 
 into the wall, full of gold and silver vessels, 
 and other works. Here are numerous religious 
 houses and churches, with some hospitals; and 
 formerly it had a university, which was sup- 
 pressed in 1807. The inhabitants, once esti- 
 mated at '200,000, are now /educed to 25,000. 
 Without the town are the remains of an am- 
 phitheatre and other antiquities. It has a 
 royal castle, and seveial manufactures of arms, 
 silk, and wool. Toledo was <>ci;iipied by the 
 French in ia08 ; 37 miles S. cf Madrid. Long. 
 3. 20. W. lat. 39. 50. N. 
 
 ToLEN, a fortified town of th^ Netherlands, 
 in Zealand, in nn island of the same name, 
 separated by a narrow channel from Brabant. 
 On the Brabant side it has a fort, called 
 Schlyckenburg ; 5 miles N. W. of Bergen-op- 
 Zoom. Long. 4. 20. E. lat. 51. 3ij. N. 
 
 ToLENTiNO, a town of the Ecclesiastical 
 States, in Ancorin, where the relics of St. Ni- 
 cholas are kepi. A treaty of peace was con- 
 cluded here betwe<!n Bonaparte and the papal 
 court in 179?. It ia seated on the Chiento; 
 8 milci S. E. of St. . .everino. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ToLESBUHO, a seaport ot' Russia, in the go- 
 vernment of Riga, seated ois ihe Gulf of Fm- 
 land; 60 miles W. of Narva. liOng. 26. 4. E. 
 lat. 59. 38. N. 
 
 ToLPA, a town of Italy, in the States of the 
 Church. I., the environs are warm baths, 
 mines of alum and iron, and quarries of alabas- 
 ter and lapis lazuli. It is 6 miles N. E. of 
 Civita Vecchia. 
 
 ToLHUvs, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Guelderland, seated on the Rhine; 8 miles E, 
 of Nimeguen. 
 
 Tolland, a town of Connecticut, chief of a 
 county of its name; 18 miles N. E. of Hart- 
 ford. Pop, 1562. 
 
 Tolmgzo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli 
 with a castle. Near it is an extensive linen 
 manufacture. It stands on the Tagliameato ; 
 16 miles N. W. of Udina. 
 
 ToLMiNo, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Carniolai 12 miles N. of Goritz. 
 
 ToLNA, a town of Hungary, formerly the 
 capital of a county of the same name; pro- 
 ducing excellent wine. It is seated on the 
 Panubc ; 65 miles S. of Buda. Long. 19. 15. 
 E. lat. 46. 30, N. 
 
 TpLNANi, a town ot Hindostan, in the coun- 
 try of Baglana j 70 miles W. of Burhampour, 
 and 124 E. of Surat. Long. 75. 3. E. lat. 21. 
 15. N. 
 
 ToLOMETA, a spnport of Barbary, in Barcn, 
 anciently called Ptplemais. It is seated on the 
 Mediterranean ; 1 00 miles W, of Derna. Long. 
 20. 30. E. lat. 32. 44- N. 
 
 ToLos^i a town of Spain, in Biscay, capital 
 of the district of Gujpuscoa, celebrated for jts 
 steel manufactures, particularly of sword-blades. 
 It was taken by the French in 1794, and again 
 tn iQon. It i;^ AT^trd i" n vn^'.ifv. hotv^'f^rn -.i^ 
 
 Tour, a seaport of Colombia, in Carthagdna, 
 famous for its balsam, produced from a tree 
 hke a pine. It is seated on a bay; 70 miles 
 S. of Carthagena. Long. 75. 16. W. lat. 9. 
 30. N. 
 
 ToHAR, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 on the river Naboan, at the foot of the moun- 
 tains, where there is a castle belonging to the 
 knights of Christ. It is 40 miles S. by E. of 
 Coimbrn, and 65 N. E. of Lisbon. 
 
 ToMHUCToo. See Timbuctoo. 
 
 ToMiNA, a province of Buenos Ayres, 72 
 mites long, and 210 in circuit. The surtiice is 
 mountainous, but the valleys are fertile. 
 
 ToMi.M, a town on the E. coast of the isUind 
 of Celebes, on a bay to which it gives name. 
 Long. 111.0. E. lat. 0. 45. S. ■» 
 
 Tomsk, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of 
 a province of its name, in the government of 
 Tobolsk. On the highest part stands a wooden 
 castle, defended by 14 pieces of cannon; and 
 in it are a cathedral built of wood, the chan- 
 cery, and nn arsenal. The inhabitants carry 
 on a great trade, this town lying on the great 
 road through all the E. and N. parts of Si- 
 beria. Here are all kinds of artificers and 
 tradesmen, but they are extremely indolent 
 and slothful. It contains above 2000 houses, 
 with 12,000 inhabitants. It is seated on the 
 river Tom ; 590 miles E. by S. of Tobolsk. 
 Long. 84. 19. E. lat. 67. 4. N. 
 
 ToNDERN, a well-built town of Denmark, ca- 
 pital of a district of its name, in the duuhy of 
 Sleswick, with a considerable trade in com, 
 cattle, silk, and fine lace. It is seated on the 
 river Widaw, and on a bay of tha German 
 Ocean; 28 miles S. by E. of Ripen, and 40 
 N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 40. E. lat, 64. 
 68. N. 
 
 ToNOATABOO, One of the Friendly Islands, 
 20 leagues in circuit. It was discovered by 
 Tasman, who called it New Amsterdam, iind 
 was visited in 1773 and 1777 by Cook, who 
 lay at anchor on the W. part It has the best 
 harbour, oranchoring-pluce, to be found among 
 these islands. The land is low, with many 
 gentle risings, and very fertile, being wholly 
 laid out in plantations, with roads or lanes for 
 travelling. It is the seat of government for all 
 the other islands, and the ordinary residence of 
 all the principal chiefs. Long. 174. 46. W. 
 lat. 21. 9. S. 
 
 ToNQEaoN, or Tonores, a town of Belgium, 
 in the territory of Liege ; formerly one of the 
 most flourishing cities in the Roman province 
 of Gallia Belgica. It is seated on the Jeckar; 
 13 miles N. W. of Liege. 
 
 ToNQ-GiN, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 iti Koei-tcheou ; 850 miles S. S. W. of Peking. 
 Long. 108. 37. E. lat. 27. 40. N. 
 
 ToNGHO, a city of Birniah, capital of a pro- 
 vince of the siirae name, noted for producing 
 the best betel-nut. It has a fort deemed the 
 strongest in the Uirmnn empire. It is seated 
 near the Sefang; 90 miles N. of Pegu. Long. 
 Of; iK y i-» 1 q < = v 
 
 Araxis and Oria ; 36 miles E. of Biiboa. Pop. ToNG-irriANo, a city of China, of the first 
 
 4-200. Long. 2. 6. W. hit. 43. 12. N 
 
 rank, in Chang-tong, seated near the N. end o:' 
 
TON 
 
 693 
 
 n Carthagdna, 
 1 from a tree 
 wy; 70 miles 
 S. W. lat. 9. 
 
 Estremadura, 
 of the moun- 
 onging to the 
 is S. by E. of 
 
 los Ayres, 72 
 
 rhe surfiwe is 
 
 fertile. 
 
 t of the island 
 
 , gives name. 
 
 ■■-* 
 iia. capital of 
 overiimeiit of 
 nds a wooden 
 cannon; and 
 od, the chun- 
 ibitants carry 
 on the great 
 , parts of Si- 
 artiiicers and 
 nely indolent 
 2000 houses, 
 seated on the 
 . of Tobolsk. 
 
 Denmark, ca- 
 the duuhy of 
 rnde in com, 
 leated on the 
 tiia Germau 
 ipen, and 40 
 0. £. lat, 64. 
 
 ndly Islands, 
 iiscovered by 
 sterdam, and 
 ly Cook, who 
 t hiks the best 
 found among 
 , with many 
 being wholly 
 s or lanes for 
 •nment for all 
 Y residence of 
 174. 46. W. 
 
 I of Belgium, 
 ly one of the 
 nan province 
 1 the Jeckar; 
 
 the first rank, 
 iV. of Peking. 
 
 itn) of a pro- 
 for producing 
 ; deemed the 
 It is seated 
 Pegu. Long. 
 
 , of the first 
 the N. end ot' 
 
 the Grand Qinal; 210 milen 8. of Peking. 
 Long. 116. 12. E. lat. 36. 30. N. * 
 
 ToNo-TCHOu, a small city of China, in Pe- 
 tche-li. seated on the Pei-ho. 170 miles ttom 
 Its mouth, and 12 E. by S. of Peking 
 
 ToNo-TCHUKN, a fortified city of China, of 
 
 JpK ""^ u-f""!' '" ""' P«'"'«'« of Se-tchuen. 
 rhe inhabitants are all soldiers, who have fol- 
 lowed the profession of arms from father to 
 
 I. 7-^IV^l^'*^' "'■ ToNousEs, a people who in- 
 habit the L. part of Siberia, and are subject to 
 the Russians. They are all pagans, and sub- 
 Blst chiefly by grazing and hunting of sables. 
 Ihey live in huto, which-they take down and 
 remove with them from place to place. These 
 huts are composed of wooden poles, covered 
 all over with hair and rubbish, except a hole 
 left at the top to let out tlie smoke. Their fire 
 18 made m the middle, and they all sit round it 
 upon turfs. Both sexes are very strong, and 
 broad-faced, and they all ride on liorseback. 
 not excepting the girls. Both men and women 
 dress alike, in a sort of frock, with boots of 
 Bkms on their legs, and their common drink is 
 water. Their number is supposed not to ex- 
 ceed 45,000. 
 
 ToNNA, town of Germany, in Saxe-Gotha. 
 6 miles N. of Gotha. ' 
 
 ToNNAY Bdutonne, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Lower Clmrente, on the river Bou- 
 tonne; 17 mileb N. of Saintcs. 
 
 ToNNAY Charentb, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Clmrente, with a castle It 
 18 seated on the Charentej 3 mile« E. of Roch- 
 fort, and IS N W. of Saintcs. 
 
 ToNNKiNs, a town in the deiwrtment of Lot- 
 et-t«ronne, seated on the Garonne: 7 miles 
 ii- of Marmande. Pop. 600. 
 
 ToNNEBRE, a town in the department of 
 V onne, famous for its good wines. It is seated 
 
 TOO 
 
 m E. of^PaT ' '^ """" ^- °' '''''"^ ■"'" 
 ToNNiNOEN, a seaport of Denmark, in the 
 duchy of Sleswick. The harbour is commo- 
 dious, and defended by three batteries. It is 
 seated on a peninsula, foi-med by the river 
 ?'<( M 'm w""!'5- ®- W- "f ^i»>»^ick. and 
 lat. si. 30 N "^'°''"'«''- ^°"8- ^- ^0- E- 
 ToN«tuiN, or ToNOKiNo, a country of Asia- 
 bounded on the N, by China, E. by China and 
 the Gulf of Tonquin. S. by Corhin-China, and 
 • u ^ J'?"'- ^' '* ^200 miles in length and 500 
 in breadth, and one of the finest countries of the 
 tost, for population, riches, and trade. It con- 
 tains about 1 8,000,000 of inhabitants. The com- 
 modities are gold, musk, silks, calicoes, drugs 
 of many sorts, woods for dyeing, lacquered and 
 «irthen wares, salt, aniseed, and wormseed. 
 ine lacquered ware is not inferior to that of Ja- 
 pan, which is accounted the best in the worid. 
 ine natives m general are of a middling stature, 
 and clean limbed, with a tawny complexion 
 
 tneir faces nvnl ami tlaft.-ol. ««,1 *u-:- u-:- LI ! 
 
 King, and coarse, hanging down their shoulders. 
 Ihcy dye their teeth black. They are dexterous, 
 
 active, and ingenious in mechanic arts, Thott 
 garments are made either of silk or cotton; but 
 the poor people and soldiers wear only cotton of 
 a dark tawny colour. Their houses are sniaU 
 and low, and the walls either ofmud, or hurdles 
 daubed over with clay. They have only a ground 
 «oor, with two or three partitions, and each 
 room has a square hole to Jet in the light. They 
 have stools, benches, and chairs; and on the side 
 of a table in every house is a little altar, on 
 which are two incense-pots. The country 
 abounds with villages, which consist of 30 or 40 
 houses, surrounded by trees; and in some places 
 are banks to keep the water from overflowing 
 their gardens, where they have oranges, betels, 
 pumpkins, melons, and salad herbs. In the 
 rainy season they cannot pass from one house to 
 another without wading through the water, but 
 sometimes they have boats. The Tonquinese, 
 in general, are courteous to strangers; but the 
 great men are haughty and ambitious, the sol- 
 Uiers insolent, and the poor thievish. They buy 
 all their wives, of which the great men have 
 several. The men are so addicted to gaming 
 that, when every thing else is lost, they will 
 stake their wives and children ; and in hard timw 
 they will sell them to buy rice for themselves. 
 When a man dies he is buried in his own 
 P^und, and, if he was a master of a family, 
 they make a great feast. The first new moon 
 that happens after the middle of January is a 
 great festival, when they rejoice for ten days 
 together ; and they have another great feast in 
 May or June, when their first harvest is got in. 
 Iheir religion is paganism, but they own a 
 Supreme Being. Their principal idols have 
 human shapes ; but they have likewise e^me 
 resembling elephanta and horses, placed in 
 small low temples built of timber. The lan- 
 guage is very guttural, and some of the words 
 are pronounced through the teeth : it has a 
 great resemblance to the Chinese. Tonquin 
 f»ecRme au independent kingdom in 1368, but 
 li ha,! Ijeen entirely subdued by Cochin-China, 
 V. t>i., T.'ith Cambodir, and all the countries 
 betwi-en Siam and China, it is now united 
 under the Chinese empire. Cachao, or Kes- 
 tro, IS tibe capital. 
 
 ToNSBERo, a seaport of Norway, in the pro- 
 ymce of Aggerhuys. It has some commerce in 
 timber; and near it is Wallce, the most consi- 
 derable salt-work in the kingdom. It is 46 
 68 50 \"'" *^'''"'*'*"'^- -^""S- 10. 14. E. 'at. 
 
 ToNURU, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, 
 formerly a city of great extent, as appears by 
 some rums of the walls. Here are three temples 
 in good preservation, and near it is an immens^ 
 tank, or reservoir of water, between two rocky 
 hills. ItislOmilesN. of Seringapatam. 
 
 looBOUAi, an island in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, one of the Society Islands, discovered 
 by Cook. It IS not in any direction above 6 
 miles over, but there are hills in it of a consi- 
 demble elevation, covered with herbaire. pv- 
 ccpt a lew locky ciitfe, with patches of 'trees 
 intersi>er8ed to their summits. It is plentifiUW 
 stocked wuh hogs and fowls, and produces oe- 
 
 r it 
 
 ii I 
 
 M 
 
 9h, 
 
 a) *■ 
 
 m 
 
 III 
 
 Ii 
 
TOP 
 
 094 
 
 Ton 
 
 '• If? 
 
 T«al kinds of fruits mid roots. Sre Society 
 Islands. Long. 210. '23. W, lat, 23. '25. 8. 
 
 ToPEL, or Topi,, n town of Boliemia, in tlio 
 circle of Pilsoii, at the source of n rivulet of the 
 same nnme; '25 miles N. W. of Pilsen. 
 
 ToPKTi.iio, n town of Mexico, in the province 
 of Moclioacan, nt the mouth of a river, near tlie 
 Pacific Ocean; 65 miles N. W. of Zacatula. 
 
 Topi.iTz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Leutmoritz, celebrated for its warm bnths. Near 
 this place the Austrians defeated the Prussians 
 in 1 7(j'2, and here tlie allied sovereigns had their 
 head-quarters a considerable time in 1813. It 
 is 16 miles N. W. of Leutmeritz. 
 
 TopoLTZAN, a town of Hungary, 60 miles 
 N. E. of Presburg. 
 
 ToreiiAM, a seaport of Devonshire, with a 
 market on Saturday. Here is a spacious and 
 convenient quay, belonging to the city of Exe- 
 ter, of which this town is the port. Most of 
 the inhabitants are employed in the shipping 
 business. It is seated at the head of the estu- 
 ary of the Ex, 6 miles S. K of Exeter, and 170 
 S. W. of London. 
 
 Tor, a seaport of Arabia, with a good har- 
 bour, defended by a castle. Here is a Greek 
 convent, in the garden of which are fountains 
 of bitter water, pretended to be those which 
 Moses rendered sweet by throwing in a piece of 
 wood. It stands on the W, side of the penin- 
 sula formed by the two arms of the Red Sea, 
 150 miles S, S. E. of Suez. Long. 33. 40. E. 
 lat. 2H. 10. N. 
 
 ToRBAY, a bay of the English Channel, on 
 the const of Devonshire, to the E. of Dart- 
 mouth; formed by two canals, called Berry 
 Head and Bob's Nose. Hero the prince of 
 Orange landed in KibB, when he came over 
 from Holland by the invitation of many princi- 
 pal persons, to preserve the country from po- 
 jiery and arbitrary power. The S. point, 
 Berrv Head, is in long. 3. 2S. \V. lat. 60; 
 24. N. 
 
 ToKBiA, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont, 7 miles E. of Nice. 
 
 TouDOLK, a town of Austrian Italv, in the 
 circle of Trent; 14 miles S. E. of Trent. 
 
 ToRCF.Li.0, a town of Austrian Italy, in a 
 small island of the same name in the Gulf of 
 Venice. It is a bishop's sec, and has several 
 churches and an elegant nunnery. It is 7 miles 
 N. of Venice. Pop. 9000. 
 
 TottDiisiLLAS, a fortified town of Spain, in 
 Leon, with a palace, where queen Joan, mother 
 of Charles V., ended her melancholy days. It 
 is seated on the Douro, 15 miles S. W.ot'Val- 
 ladolid, and 75 S. S. E. of Leon. 
 
 ToRKE, a town of Bengal, 235 miles W. N. W. 
 of Calcutta, Long. U. 65. E. lat. 23. 3i). N. 
 
 ToRELLO, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, fe- 
 mous for a battle gained by the French over 
 the Spaniards in 1G94. It is seated near ti)e 
 mouth of the Ter, 19 miles E. by S. of Gironna, 
 and 60 N. E. of Barcelona. 
 
 ToROAU, a strong town of Prussian Saxony, 
 in the government of Mersebiirj;, ivith a castle. 
 Tuts lalittbiiants brew exeeiient iieer, and iiave 
 uaanufiictures of woollens, leather, and soap. 
 
 Hero the king of Prussia obtained a |J!rc<it vic- 
 tory over the Austrians in 1760. The town 
 was taken by the allies in 11114. It is seated 
 among groves and lakes on tho river Elbe, 20 
 miles N. N. W. o" Meissen, and 46 N. W. of 
 Dresden. Pop. 4600. Long. 13. 8. E. lat. 61. 
 32. N. 
 
 ToRioNY, a town oJ France, department of 
 Manche, with a castle, 7 miles S. E. of St. Lo. 
 
 ToRMES, a river of Spain, which rises in the 
 mountains of Avila, in Castile, passes by Alva, 
 Tormes, and Salamanca, and joins the Douro 
 below Mirande de Douro. The battle of Sala* 
 manca, July, 1812, was fought on its banks. 
 
 ToRNA, a town of Hungary, capital of a dis- 
 trict of the same name, with a castle seated on 
 an eminence on the river Sayo; 22 miles W. of 
 Cassovia. Long. 20. 43. E. lat. 48. 60. N. 
 
 ToRNEA, a river of Sweden, which rises on 
 the borders of Norway, forms a lake of the same 
 name, and flows S. £. into tho Gulf of Bothnia, 
 below Tornea. 
 
 ToRHEA, a seaport of European Russia, in 
 the government of Finland, with a good har- 
 bour. It is a place of some trade, for the Lap- 
 lander) in those parts come and exchange their 
 skins and other articles for what they want. 
 The houses are low, and the cold so severe, that 
 sometimes people lose their fingers and toes. 
 In its .icinity is an entire mountain of iron ore. 
 It is seated on the river Tornea, at the N. ex- 
 tremity of the Gulf of Bothnia, 166 miles N. E. 
 of Uma. Long. 24. 12. E. lat. 05. 61. N. 
 
 ToRO, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a 
 district of its name, and a bishop's see. It is 
 seated on a hill, on the river Douro, over which 
 is a bridge; 20 miles E. N. E. of Zamoro, and 
 30 N. N. E. of Salamanca. 
 
 ToRON, a town of Macedonia, situate on a 
 neck of land between the Gulfs of Monte Santo 
 and Cassandm; 90 miles S. £. of Salonica. 
 Long. 24. 10. E. lat. 39. 58. N. 
 
 Toronto, late York, which see. 
 
 Torquay, a town in Devonshire, near the N. 
 side of Torbay, 7 miles S. E. of Newton Bushel. 
 It has two piers, and a neat rnngo of buildings 
 for summer visitors, who may here enjoy con- 
 venient bathing and a romantic situation. Near 
 it is a singular cavern, called Kent's Hole, which 
 is full 200 vards long, and in no part more than 
 20 feet high. 
 
 Torre de las Salinas, a town of Spain, in 
 Valencia, with n great trade in salt, procured 
 from a small lake formed by saline springs. 
 This is the most considerable salt- work in all 
 Spain. The town is situate ni'ar the coast of 
 the Mediterranean, 20 miles S. E. of Origuela, 
 and 37 N. N. E. of Carthagena. 
 
 ToHUE DEI, Grkco, a town of Naples, in 
 Terra di Lavoro; destroyed by an eruption of 
 Vesuvius in 1631, and by another in 17!I4. The 
 l)resent town is built on the lava that covers the 
 former habitations. It stands on the Bay of 
 Nai)le», 6 miles S. E. of that city. Pop. 
 16,000. 
 
 Torre de Moncorvo, a town of Portugal, 
 in Iras los Montes, surrounded by a wall, and 
 delcnded by a bastion and a cnstie. It is 27 
 
TOR 
 
 SlS»„t5 "' *"™"''^"''*' ""'' ^2 S. 8. W. of 
 I5l"Ko?£ri? ^'"■"' '" ^^"^ ^'"''• 
 
 Omnadl^ '"™"'^- *' " " "''«« »• W. of 
 »Jf.°T^ Nov*8, a town of Portugal, in Em 
 
 ToniuDGB, a river in Devonshire, which risea 
 
 ton and n;. If 1,^-' '^~'^' P^'"8 ''X '^""ing- 
 lrilita£S;?' ^°*^" ''•^ ^'"'°' ^''--l 
 
 14'Sr°N" W^oV'^ '^'"^'^ '''«--• 
 vo^^l"*™"' " *°'*» '■» Devonshire, «o- 
 «nnl I ? ''''"'■ches, several meeting-hous^ 
 
 r" Tur aAd" "^'""'^ "•■•""' "» ^»-"- 
 
 Tf?. . . J ' "J"*^ *°™e remmns of a castle 
 It 8 seated on the Torridge, 1 1 miles S Zw 
 
 lOHSHOK, a town of European Russia in thn 
 
 fSrr/J'"- L'^'-^enSchii! 
 coa^ li„pn " ?«""fecture of woollen and 
 
 43Sr^^Vsr£r"' ^" '•"'™-«' 
 
 Tf fn!L 1 . ^,'®* ' ^^ ""'les long, and 7 broad 
 
 are at the P n„!i ^lu • , '""'" ""«J liarbour 
 
 "^ unde71^""' «""=*^.^^hich period the island 
 d "es exeXnf ^T ""P^°vement8. It pro- 
 
 silrab e ?r„,;t; T*" ^""""^'^ ^''"^'^'^ '^ <=<>"■ 
 
 Fre4hi„T706 bvtCn'^''" '^f ' ^^^ ^'^^ 
 in 17q<) ,„ • ',f '"® Russians and Austrians 
 
 a "d bv'.h^"'^". ^y ""^ f'^'--"«'> the same year, 
 ]«14 ^ hem delivered up to the Austrian^ iJ,' 
 
 S. W. of Vn.r'u "",'^1" ^^■"''■"' 27 miles 
 40 000 nf,*. lopul^itiouof the province, 
 
 mL'*rl°^^''J-^' " *"'"' of Naples, in Princi- 
 andTb^t;?. ir...,^t ^P-t','? Catalonia, 
 rounded by fortifications. The entrance is 
 
 095 
 
 TOT 
 
 nvcr tt large bridge of boat*, on the river Ebio. 
 Ihe caibt^ral, the rojal college of J)„S 
 can^ and the convent of the Cam.elite^, ^ 
 the most remarkable edifices. Here is a great 
 deal of silk and oil, and veiy fine notterV 
 ware, which resembles porcelain. Tortosa wm 
 taken by the French in lUlO, after a short 
 «ege, but restored in 1 « 1 4. It i« seated partly 
 on a plain and nartlv on a hill, in a country 
 fertde m corn and fruits, and abounding with 
 quames and mines of silver, iron, alabaster, 
 jasper of divers colours, and stones with veins 
 
 fj"r'^ J' 'L'*" """"* S- W. of Tarragona, 
 and Jb S.Koft5arago88a. Pop. 11,000. Lon2 
 0. 35. E. lat 40. 48. N. * 
 
 TouTOSA (the ancient Orthosia), a town of 
 byna, with a castle. It is surrounded by lofty 
 walls, and stands near the Mediterranean: 35 
 miles N. N. E. of Tripoli. ' 
 
 tJT"^' f" ?'?'"' «f the West Indies, near 
 S« LT"* °r ^' ^'""'"K''' •» "a""*^ from 
 
 t^e \u ^'? ""^ *'^"*='' • t-icaneers used to 
 fortify themselves. It is about '20 miles long, 
 and 4 broad, and has a safe harbour, but diffi- 
 cult of access. Long. 73. 10. W. lat. 20. 10. N. 
 loHTUoA, or Sal Tortuoa, an uninhabited 
 island near the coast of Colombia, CO miles W. 
 ot the island of Margaretta, and about 36 in 
 circumference. There are a few goats on it; 
 and the tortoises come upon the sandy banks 
 to lay their eggs. At the E. end is a large 
 Mlt-pond, where the salt begins to kern in 
 April ; and for some months after, ships come 
 here to lade salt. At the W. end is a small 
 
 laT nirN '^^^''' ^°"*" ^^' ^''"- ^^• 
 
 TosA, a seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, on a 
 bay which forms a good harbour. It is built 
 partly on a plain, and partly on a steep hill, 
 which projects into the sea. On the top of the 
 hill 18 a strong citadel, with other fortifications. 
 It 18 57 miles N. E. of Barcelona. Long. 2. 
 64. E. lat. 41. 42. N. 
 
 ToscANBLLA, a town of Austrian Italy. 6 
 miles E. N. E. of Salo. ^' 
 
 TosENA, a town of Sweden, in West Goth- 
 land i 20 miles W. N. W. of Uddevalla. 
 
 losso, a town of Sweden, in West Goth- 
 land; 42 miles N. N. E. of Uddevalla. 
 
 losT, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 pri.icipnlity of Oppeln, with a castle; 25 miles 
 ti. i}. Ji. of Oppeln. 
 
 ToTNEss, a borough in Devonshire; governed 
 by a mayor, returning two members to parlia- 
 ment, with a weekly market on Saturday, and 
 a monthly one on Tuesday; also a manufac- 
 ture of serges &c. I. had formerly a castle 
 and walls and two gateways are yet standing. 
 I IS ^ated on tne liver Dart, on the side of a 
 hill; 26 miles S. W. of Exeter, and 196 W. 
 Dy o. ot London. 
 
 Tottenham, a village in Middlesex, 5 mUee 
 N of London Here are three almchouses; 
 one of them founded in lAQfi v b-uu!™..' 
 Zanches, who was confectioner to Philip IlTof 
 
TOU 
 
 800 
 
 TOU 
 
 TouL, n fortified town of Frnnce, dopnrt- 
 mont of Mfurthc. The cutl Inil nnd opiico- 
 p«i (Nilace are handionin st.-utturwi. It is 
 •eated on the Moselle, in u pliun nlmoBt tur- 
 rounded by mounUiiiii; 13 miles W. by .S. of 
 Nancy, and 34 W. S. W. of Metz. Pf.p. 7000. 
 Toulon, a fortified city and seaport of 
 France, capital of the dej)Hrtniont of Var. It 
 is divided into the Old and New quarter } the 
 former, which is ill-built, has nothing remark- 
 nblo in it but the town-house, anil a long street, 
 ■haded with trees, called the Hue nux Arbres ; 
 the other contains the magnificent works con- 
 structed by Louis XIV., many fine houses, and 
 n grand oblong square, lined with trees, and 
 serving as a parade. The Old and New har- 
 bour communicate with each other by means 
 of a canal. The old haven has a noble quay, 
 and is protected by two moles, begun by Henry 
 IV. The new haven was constructed by Loui 
 XIV., as were tlio fortifications; it contains an 
 arsenal, a ropewalk, a park of artillery, dock- 
 yards, basins, and every thing to bo expected in 
 the second port for men-of-war in this country. 
 The galleys, transferred from Marseilles some 
 years ago, occupy a basin in the new port. 
 Many of the galley-slaves are artisans, and 
 some merchants : they no longer sleep on board 
 the galleys, but are ;provideil with accommoda- 
 tions on shore, in a vast building erected for 
 that purpose. Both the old and new port have 
 nn outlet into tho outer road, or harbour, 
 which is 10 miles in circuit, surrounded by 
 hills, and tho entrance defended on both sides 
 by a fort and batteries. Toulon is the only 
 mart in tho Mediterranean for the re-exporta- 
 tion of the products of the East Indies. In 
 1706 it was bombarded by the allies, both by 
 land and sea, by which almost the whole town 
 was reduced to a heap of ruins, and several 
 ships burned ; but they were at last obliged to 
 raise the siego. In 1721 it experienced the 
 dreadAil ravages of a pestilence. In 1793 it 
 capitulated, in the name of Louis XVII., to 
 the British, who, not finding the place tenable, 
 evacuated it the same year, after having de> 
 •troyed tho arsenal, &o. Toulon is seated od 
 8 bay of the Mediterranean ; 37 miles S. E. 
 of Marseilles, and 517 S. S, E. of Paris. Pop. 
 80.000. Long. 5. 55. E. lat. 43. 7. N. 
 
 Toulouse, a city of France, capital of the 
 department of Upper Garonne ; and an arch- 
 bishop's see. It contains 60,000 inhabitants, 
 iind Is the most considerable city in France, 
 next to Paris and Lyons, although its popula- 
 tion bears no proportion to its extent. It was 
 the capital of the Tectosages, who made so 
 many conquests in Asia and Greece. It was 
 next a Roman colony, and was successively 
 the capital of the Visigoths, (who dehroyed 
 the superb amphitheatre, of which there are 
 still some remains, the capitol, and other Ro- 
 man monuments,) and that of Aquitaine. The 
 walls of the city, as well as the houses, are 
 built with bricks. St. Stephen's, the metropo- 
 litan church, would be incompamljle if the 
 
 itnyi^ mmra an»%n\ 4f% *1»« »Vf^:.. — J *t- 1 
 
 ;r!" -.jj-.i vt5 ,n.. cnoh, miu iiic urt;!:- 
 
 buhop's palace is magnificent. The town- 
 
 liouso forms « perfect square, 3.24 feet !on«, 
 and 66 high : the princiiml front •tupiea r:a 
 entire side of tho grand s<iuarecnlli, iho Placo 
 Royale. In the great hall • .lied tho Hall of 
 Illustrious Men is the statue of the (;hevalior 
 iMurc, vith the busts of all the grot men to 
 whom Ti.ulouse has given birth. unmuiii- 
 catiiig with the Atlantic on one su. by tho 
 river Garonne, and with the Mediterranean on 
 the other by the canal of Languudoc, Toiilouso 
 might have lieen a very commercial cityj but 
 the taste of the inlmliitantit has been principally 
 for the sciences and belleu-lettres. The little 
 commerce they have, couiusts in leather, wool, 
 drapery, blankets, mignonettes, oil, iron, mer- 
 cury, hardware, and boot The bridge over 
 the Garonne, equal to that of Tours, forms a 
 communication with the suburb of St. Cyprian. 
 Tho allied army entered this city on the 12th 
 of April, I in 4, after a severe action with tho 
 French an v the preceding day. Toulouse is 
 145 miles t>. E. of liordeaux, and 400 S. by 
 W. of Paris. Pop. 52,000. Long. 1. 20. E. 
 lat. 48. 30. N. 
 
 Tour, a town of France, department of Puy 
 de Dome; 22 miles S. of Clermont. 
 
 TouB OK RoussiLLON, a town in the de- 
 partment of Eastern Pyrenees; 3 miles E. of 
 Perpignan. 
 
 Tour dv Pin, a town in the department of 
 Isere, seated on tho Bourbrej 24 miles S. of 
 Vienne. 
 
 Tour la Blanciik, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Dordogne; 15 miles N. V^. of Peri- 
 gueux. 
 
 Tour la Villk, a town in the department 
 of La Manche, celebrated for iu maimfacture 
 of glass. It is separated from Cherburg by a 
 river. 
 
 TouRAiNE, a late province of France, which 
 now forms the department of Indre-et-Loire. 
 
 TouRANCouBCHT, a town of Hindostan, in 
 the Carnatic. It is 35 miles S. S. W. of 
 Tritchinopoli. 
 
 TouBNAN, a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Marnej 20 miles E. S. E. of Paris. 
 
 ToCRNAT, a city of Belgium, in Flanders, 
 and a bishop's see. It has several fine manu- 
 fiictures, and is particularly famoi •* for good 
 stockings. The cathedral, and the abbey of St. 
 Martin, are very magnificent. It was taken by 
 the allies in 1709, and ceded to the House of 
 Austria by the treaty of Utrecht ; but tho 
 Dutch were allowed to place a garrison in it, 
 as one of the barrier towns. In 1792 it was 
 taken by the French, who were obliged to 
 abandon it in 1793, but re-entered it again on 
 the conquest of Flanders in 1794; and re- 
 tained it till 1814. It is seated on both sides 
 the Scheldt, over which is a bridge ; 14 miles 
 E. S. E. of Lisle, and 30 S. S, W. of Ghent. 
 Population 23,000. Long. 3. 24. E. lat. 60. 
 3L'. N. 
 
 TrfuRNEHEM, a town of France, department 
 of Pas de Calais; 9 miles N. W. of St. Omer. 
 
 TouBNON, a town in the department of 
 Ardccho, with a fine college, and a caalle, 
 seated on the side of a mountain, on tho river 
 
TOU 
 
 eor 
 
 )'34 feet lotix, 
 
 It '»cfH|)i« ::n 
 illeii tliu IMucu 
 lid tlio Hall uf 
 the (Jlieviiliur 
 great iiit-n to 
 I. 'oinmuni- 
 e Bui by the 
 Jitermiiciin on 
 due, ToiilouHo 
 rcial city; but 
 len iiriiiujpally 
 I*. Thu little 
 leather, wool, 
 )il, iron, mer- 
 u bridge over 
 rours, forms a 
 if St. Cyprian. 
 y on the Tith 
 ;tion with thu 
 Tuu louse is 
 nd 4UU S. by 
 >ng. 1. 20. K. 
 
 tmcnt of Puy 
 
 nt. 
 
 n in the de- 
 
 3 miles £. of 
 
 kpnrtment of 
 1 miles S. of 
 
 1 the depnrt- 
 W. of Peri- 
 
 9 department 
 manufacture 
 herburg by a 
 
 France, which 
 re-€t-Liire. 
 lindostan, in 
 >. S. W. of 
 
 epartment of 
 . of Paris, 
 in Flanders, 
 1 fine mnnu- 
 )U3 for good 
 abbey of St. 
 was taken by 
 he House of 
 it ; but the 
 irrison in it, 
 179"2 it WHS 
 5 obliged to 
 1 it again on 
 )4 J and re- 
 n both sides 
 e ; 14 mik'8 
 ^ of Ghent. 
 . E. lut. 50. 
 
 department 
 r St. Omer. 
 partment of 
 id a castle, 
 on the river 
 
 Illion.«. 18 milti N. of Viviort, and 48 & of 
 H*""- Pop. 4600. 
 
 joiiti^us, a town In the department of Saono- 
 •t-Lojro; 15 miles 8. of Chnlonn. I'.,,). r,..oo 
 louBs, a city of Fninro. capii,,: f the'de^ 
 'Mirtment of ludre-ct-L.-.tc, and h, .a-hieniH 
 opal -we. It is seated on the Loir. , and nenr 
 J Clmr. Over the former is one of the » 
 bridges in Europe, cunsistinj^- ! <; 
 
 arche., each 75 feet in dinni. i ho ..riljci 
 
 piU church is remarkable for the delicacy of iU 
 structure, cunom clock, mosaic pavement, and 
 
 Trv nf ^^'^- °^, "IT "'^"'"^ Under the mini^ 
 try oftardinal If.'Hieu. .7,000 persons were 
 
 now .r'' K^r' " *"'< "^nnufi^ture ; and 
 
 s'^Tinn "^ru"'^ ' . ''^ of inhabitanU i. ^bout 
 Z.5.000. The re<l wines of Tours are much 
 esteemed. In one of the suburbs is the abbey 
 
 Tif' , -/l',""^ '"'y '» I'lessiB-les-Tours, a 
 palace built l.y the profligate and superstitous 
 Louis XI., who died hero in 140.1 Tours is 
 , miles N. N. E. of Poitiers, an '7 S. W 
 of Pans. Long. 0. 42. E. lat, 4, . V. 
 
 lowcESTEii, u town in Northamptonshire, 
 with a market on Tuesday and manufactures o. 
 
 , nnJ "Ilk. It was once strongly fortified. 
 .u.d the Roman Watling-street palJs through 
 
 ^f Undo'n* °^N'»rt'""npt«''. »"«> 60 N. W. 
 Tower Hamlets, one of the metropolitan 
 boroughs, returning two meniburs to parlia- 
 ment. See London. * 
 
 ' '''.TJT;" *'""«^ '" W'^' Yorkshire, famous 
 -or that bloody battle between the forces of 
 the Hones of York and Lancaster, so fiital to 
 
 o. t,. of Tadcnster. 
 
 TowY, a river of Wales, which rises in Car- 
 aignnshire, enters Carmarthensliire at its N E 
 extremity, and flows by Llanymddoory. Llan- 
 Channef' Carmarthen, into th, Bristol 
 
 Trachenbbro, a town of Prussian .jlcsia. 
 capital of a principality of the same name, 
 abounding in com, cattle, and timber. It has a 
 
 •f "^^'r ^* " '•""ed on the Bartch: 26 
 2^ N- N. W. of Breslau. Long. 16. .56'. E. 
 
 Trafalqaii, a promontory of Spain in Anda- 
 lusia, at the entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 Off this cape, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson. 
 
 bined fleas of France and Spain, consisting 
 of 33 sail of the Ime, 19 of which were taken! 
 sunk or destroyed, and the French com- 
 mander m chief, (Admiral Villencuve,) and 
 two bpamsh admirals made prisoners; this un- 
 pamlleled victory was obtiiined without tlu' 
 ^Zf one British ship: but the noble com- 
 mander fell by a musket-ball, near the close of 
 the engagernent. This cape is 20 miles S. S. E. 
 of Cadiz. Long. 6. 2. W. lat. 36. 1 1. N 
 
 ^o'ztk^:sz:!1''''''- •" ^"^'■*^"''^' 
 
 6 I^l' '^'aT" "^ Bov""". on the river Ambs, 
 » mue» t>. of Abensperg, and 20 E. of Ingolstadt. 
 
 TRA 
 
 Traina, a town of .Sicllv, in Val dl De- -a 
 2fl miles N. W. of Catani;,. "*» 
 
 TiiAjANOTOLi a town of V „op .,„ Turkey. 
 In llomaiiiH, and a Greek .»rci, bi.l.op'i see It 
 u seated on the \Ur\tm ; 40 mil.i 8. of 
 Adriflnope, and 13A W. by N. of C .isUnti- 
 nople. Po|)ulation 1.^,000 
 
 Trajetto, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro, built on the site of t ,- ancient Min- 
 turna; 25 miles N. W. of Caj^ua. Lon - 14. 
 4. K lat. 41. 20, N. 
 
 Tualke, a borough of Ireland, i uming two 
 niembcnto (mrljament, capital of the county of 
 Kerrvi near which is a chalybeate spring. It 
 stands on a small river, which flows into a 
 shallow bay of its name; 50 miles S. W of 
 Limerick. Long. 10. 0. W. Ut. 62 4 N 
 
 nf Tv*.*'2p'"''." 1°*" °*' ^"''o"''' '■" t»'« county 
 of vVaterford. It ,s fVoquented for sea-bathing, 
 and is well built, with a handsome church 
 market-house, and assembly-room; 102 miles 
 Irom Diihlin. 
 
 THANroso a town of Portugal, in Tras los 
 Alo.aes, with a castle ; 9 miles W. by S of 
 Pinhol. 
 
 Tranent • town of Scotland, in Hndding- 
 
 'lire 
 
 Hi les E. of Edinburgh, and 174 
 
 ton?-' 
 
 W. ij' Haddington. 
 
 Tn M, a city of Naples, in Terra di Ban; 
 tne see t an archbishop, and the usual resi- 
 
 •nce lu thegnvemor of the province, which 
 .. sometimes culkd Terra di Trani. Since the 
 harbour has Iieen choked up, the town has 
 follen greatly to decay. It stands on the Gulf 
 
 xf y^'Vf*''.^^ ""^ W- ^y N. of Bari,and 125 
 N by E. of Naples. Pop. 14,000. Long, 16. 
 36. E. lat. 41. 18. N. 
 
 Tranquedar, a seaport of Hindostan, in the 
 district of Tanjore, with a fort and factory, be- 
 longing to the Danes, who pay an annual rent 
 to the rajah. The town is surrounded by a 
 wall and bastions, and contains three Christian 
 churches, a large mowjue for the Mahomedans, 
 and several pagodas for the Gentoos. In 1807 
 It was taken by the English. It is seated at 
 the mouth of the Cavery, 165 miles S. of Ma- 
 dras. Long. 79. 53. E. lat. 1 1. 1. N. 
 
 Transylvania, a country of Europe, for- 
 merly annexed to Hungary; bounded on the 
 N, by Hungary, E, by Moldavia, S. by Walla- 
 chia, and W. by Hungary. It is 160 miles 
 long, and 150 broad, containing 23,700 square 
 miles, and 1,712,000 inhabitants. It is sur- 
 rounded bv high mountains, which, however 
 are not barren. It produces as much com and 
 wine as is wanted, and there are rich mines of 
 (?old, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, and alum. 
 Ihe manufactures, which are in an extremely 
 backward sUte, consist of woollen, cotton, gUiss, 
 &c. It has niuiergone various revolutions, and 
 now belongs to the House of Austria. The 
 inhabitants are of vnrimis religions, as Roman 
 Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Soeinians, Ar- 
 minians, Greeks, and Mahomedans. The go- 
 vernment is aristocratical; and, since the year 
 l/LL, ren.,cred herediiarv to the princes and 
 princesses of the House of Austria. 
 
 TiuriNi, a seaport on the N. W. coast uf 
 
 ;'. '<|! 
 
 if 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
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TRA 
 
 608 
 
 excellent harbour in the form of a sickle, 
 wheiice Its ancient name, Drepanum. It ia a 
 trading place, femous for its saltworks, and 
 fisheries of tunnies and coral. It stands on a 
 small peninsula, 30 miles N. of Mazani, and 
 on ^" "/ ^«'ermo. Pop. 20,000. Long. 12. 
 20. E. lat. 38. 10. N, 
 
 Tras los Monies, a province of Portugal, 
 beyond the mountains with regard to the other 
 provinces of this kingdom, whence it has its 
 name. It is bounded on the N. by Galicia, 
 W. by Entre Dsuro e Minho, S. W. and S 
 by Beira and E. by Leon; and contains aii 
 ar^ of 5500 square miles, with 350,000 in- 
 habitant* The valleys are fertile in com, 
 vine, and oil, and are nuraerouo. The Douro di- 
 vides It into two parts. Miranda is the capital. 
 
 IRASMAUB, a town and castle of Austria, 
 seated on the Trasen, 12 miles W. of Tuln. 
 
 lEAu, a strong seaport of Austrian Dalma- 
 *!,"', *"^ a bishop's see. It is seated on the 
 Oulf of Venice, in a small island joined to 
 the mainknd by a long bridge of wood, and 
 to the Isle of Bua by another of stone; 22 
 
 laL44 6 N^ ^^'^'"'^' ■^*'"^" *'* *'^* •^• 
 Traunstein, a town and castle of Bavaria. 
 Great quantities of salt are made here, from 
 water brought above 14 miles over mountains, 
 by means of engines and pipes, from Reich- 
 
 M U, * '* ***^«^ on t>»e river Traun ; 16 
 miles W. N. W. of Salzburg. 
 
 Tradntenau, a town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Konigingratz ; 21 miles N. of Koni- 
 gingratz. 
 
 Thavancore, a province of the peninsula of 
 Hmdostan, extending along the coast of Mala- 
 bar, trom Cape Comorin to the province of Co- 
 cnin 140 miles in length, by 70 in breadth at 
 the N. extremity, and contracting gradually to 
 the S. point. It is subject to a rajah, wlio is 
 under British protection. Pop. 1,600,000. 
 
 Travancohe, the ancient capital of the above 
 province, is surrounded by strong and extensive 
 Ifnes. but is much decayed; 110 miles S. S. W. 
 of Madura, and 230 S. S. E. of Calicut. Long. 
 77. 15. E. lat. 8. 25. N. ^ 
 
 Thave, a river of Denmark, in the duchy of 
 Holstein, which flows by Segeberg. Oldeslo. 
 and Lubeck, and enters the Baltic at Travel 
 munde. 
 
 Tratemunde, a strong town of Germany, 
 sejited on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Trave 
 It IS the port of Lubeck, to which it belongs. 
 It IS 12 miles N. E. of that city. 
 
 Traverse, a town of Switzeriand, in a dis- 
 trict of Its name, in the canton of Meufchatel ; 
 1 1 miles W. of Neufchatel. 
 
 Twayguera a town of Spain, in Valencia; 
 30 miles S. W. of Tortosa. 
 
 TRE 
 
 oo'^'"m ""L^'o *,^'^" "*■ P^ssia, in Brandenburg; 
 22 miles S. S. W. of Berlin. 
 
 TiiEmA a river of Italy, which rises in the 
 territory of Genoa, flows by Bobio in the Mila- 
 nese, and joins the Po above Placentia. 
 
 rRKDioNA, a town of Turkish Dalmatia, and 
 a bishop 8 see, seated on the Gulf of Venice, al 
 
 the mouth of the Trebenska; 14 miles N. ot 
 Ragiisa. 
 
 Trkbisaccia, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Citra on the Gulf of Tarento; 10 miles E. N. 
 J!j. of Cassnno. 
 
 Trebisond, a seaport of Asia Minor, in N»- 
 toiia, and a Greek archbishop's see. The walls 
 
 hl'^.f^'Tu" fu '^ *''?•'' *''•> b«"lements; and ar« 
 built with the rums of ancient structures, on 
 which are inscriptions not legible. The town 
 18 not populous, for there are many gardens in 
 It, and the houses are but one story hieh. The 
 castle w seated on a flat rock, with ditches cut 
 in It. The harbour is at the E. end of the town, 
 and the mole built by the Genoese is almost 
 destroyed. It stands at the foot of a very steep 
 hill on the Black Sea; 104 miles N. N. VV of 
 r.T^™' J"*^ ^*^ ^- '^^ Con.<.tantinopIe. Fop. 
 15^00, Long. 40. 25. E. lat. 39. 45. N. 
 
 Tkebitz, a town of the Austrian states in 
 Moravia, with manufactures of cloth, iron, and 
 glass; seated on the Igla, 21 miles S. E. of 
 Iglau. 
 
 Trebnitz, a town of Prussian Silcaia, in the 
 principality of Oels, with a Cistercian nunnery; 
 12 miles N. of Breslau. ' 
 
 Trebsen, a town of Saxony, on the Mulda: 
 
 14 miles E. by S. of Leipsic. 
 Thepfurt, a town of Prussian Saxonr, with 
 
 a castle, seated on an eminence, 30 miles S. E. 
 of Gottingen. 
 
 Treoarron, a town of Wales, in Cardigan- 
 rfure. governed by a mayor, with a market on 
 Ihursday. It is seated on a branch of the Tyvy 
 
 15 miles S. by E. of Aberystwith, and 204 w' 
 by N. of London. 
 
 TuEGONY, a town in Cornwall, market on 
 Saturday ; seated on the Fale, 6 miles E. of 
 Truro, and 253 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Treguier, a seaport of France, department 
 of Cotes du Nord, seated on a peninsula near 
 the English Channel; 22 miles N. W of St 
 Brieux. Long. 3. 13. W. lat. 48. 47. N. 
 
 Trelleboro, a town of Sweden, in Schonen 
 seated on the Baltic; 26 miles S. of Lund- 
 
 Tremesen, or Tlemsan, a city of A.kier 
 capital of a district of its name, in the province 
 of Mascara. It is surrounded by strong walls 
 and inhabited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews, 
 in the time of the Arabs it was the residence of 
 '' caI P""'^^*'bwt Js now dwindled to scarcely 
 a hfth part of the ancient city. Its once flourish- 
 ing manufacture of carpets and woollen cover- 
 lets 18 m a state of decay, and the former mas- 
 terpieces of architecture have disappeared; for 
 there is not a single building of excellence now 
 to be seen. It is 50 miles S. S. W. of Oran. 
 Long. 1. 12. W. lat. 34. 50. N. 
 
 Tremiti, three islands of Naples, in the Gulf 
 of Venice, 15 miles from the N. coast of Capi- 
 tanata. They are called Tremiti, or St. Nicolo, 
 bt. Domino, and Capraria. The first, which is 
 the principal of them, : as a Benedictine con- 
 vent and a castle. Long, 15. 30. E. lat. 42. 
 10. N. 
 
 Tremouille, a town of France, department 
 ot Vendee, seated on the BennaUe; 35 miles 
 iii. by S, of Poitiers. 
 
THE 
 
 miles Nr ot 
 
 8, in Calabria 
 1) milea E. N. 
 
 linor, in Na- 
 !. The walls 
 ents; and are 
 itructures, on 
 The town 
 y gardens in 
 ' high. Tlie 
 h ditches cut 
 I of the town, 
 Be is almost 
 'a very steep 
 N. N. W. of 
 lople. Fou. 
 45. N. 
 an states in 
 th, iron, and 
 es S. E. of 
 
 ilcsia, in the 
 an nunnery; 
 
 the Mulda; 
 
 axony, with 
 I miles S. £. 
 
 n Cardigan- 
 i market on 
 3f the Tyvy; 
 md 'J04 W. 
 
 market on 
 miles £. of 
 n. 
 
 department 
 insula near 
 
 W. of St. 
 /.N. 
 
 in Schonen, 
 Lund- 
 
 of A.jjier, 
 lie province 
 ;rong walls, 
 I, and Jews, 
 residence of 
 
 to scarcely 
 ice tlourish- 
 llen cover- 
 }rmer mas- 
 eared; for 
 Hence now 
 k'. ofOran. 
 
 n the Gulf 
 it of Capi- 
 St. Nicolo, 
 t, which is 
 ictine con- 
 i. lat. 42. 
 
 epartnient 
 \ 35 milea 
 
 i^ip^r^iijsss-: 
 
 «-rg^ Pop. 3100. Long. 18.0. E. fat la: 
 the^S^II^U^t"'^°'■ *he Austrian empire. i„ 
 
 iI^Za ^"'P'";»n«J the territories of Venice 
 It produces excellent wine. »<-i»ce. 
 
 circleTnd H^^f'^^''^' ?"'"'^' "^ '^^ ^^ove 
 Sch hlttTf^^ of « pnncipality; famousin 
 
 w^held ^1^5^ SSr Si V'f 
 « college, and some convents Tn i roc .-i. 
 
 Trbnt, a river which rises in StaflTordshire 
 from three springs to the W. of Leek Jnd flows 
 of nil!^ '\ •^"."'y t« '»>« S- W. border 
 
 countS tm^\ d"-ectnn between the two 
 te« Sihvl • ^^'''"' '^^ ^«^^' '''•en it en- 
 Mr for aSr?'/"""^/^ ^- «"«'«' «"d fi*""- 
 c*nti^ of T i V"' 'j»„»«P«'ation fror. the 
 counties of Leicester and Nottingham it entem 
 .;^?"«"°""ty atits 3. W. extremky then" 
 c™g obliquely to the E., it flows alongUs 
 
 mn iTT^'f'' ["""•"«' towards the N 
 pnrt, the boundary between that county and 
 Lmcolnsh re. a corner of which it cS^^d 
 
 Sf of y'^H^''' "r^" '"« O^on^he' 
 fi^rm! *!, J"' u*''""^' ^''^«» their united stream 
 forms the Humber. This river is of itself navT 
 ^ble from Burton, in StafFordshirej a J by 
 
 tSv^^-^XThirr^^^'^'''^^ 
 
 Trenton, a town of New Jersey, In Hunter- 
 don county and the capital of the sta e Here 
 are four edifices for public worship, and a floS! 
 
 are"lo°m?i""Kf xr'V" '"''^ °" "^« I^"- 
 ware, 30 miles N. N. E. of Philadelphia, Pop. 
 ^92o. Long. 75. 0. W. lat. 40. 15. N ^ 
 
 Jonr*™"'; * '"'';' "^ N"'"''' Carolina; chief of 
 of Twt™?' "" ''' "^^' ^'^"'' ^ « •""- S- W. 
 
 Trenton, a town of the state of Maine in 
 Hancock county, opposite the N. endof Mouit 
 Desert Island, 30 n.i!.^ E. N. E. of Cnsti™ 
 
 1 REPORT, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Seme seated on the English Channel at 
 the mouth of the Bresle. It is the port for the 
 
 i«Sr^£ron'rir:r£ns:^"S 
 
 fronton, of Mec-klenburg; 25 miles N of New 
 
 «,„n"^'T' ^^'^' " '"*" "f I'oinerania, with 
 manufactures of stockings and woollen stuffs ; 
 
 609 
 
 TRE 
 
 t^'t"mil'e: ft Tof r ■"•""''i" "- B»'- 
 3400 """^ ^•N.E.ofCamin. PopulaUon, 
 
 W^nl"[*T a ^*^'"' '»"' *"«rt''e islands on the 
 
 Treves, a government of Pnissia ryimn^-. 
 
 wtlvdiS J'»»™?».'X. "I'll <oneoth» 
 Sloo il^ 'f'' ""^"'"S ™ "re. of .bout 
 
 sS7;-o,So^.«rskt5as 
 
 a ^mnasium), numerous remains of anUauitiM 
 
 It t seaS"' '".i^'^'r-^ 'etdned till 18 4. 
 It 18 seated on the Moselle, over which is 
 a handsome bridee betw«>n fm„ L . • 
 covered with vinTi^d^' Tm ,es TTrf 
 Luxembu... and 55 S. by E. of So^k ^Po^^ 
 10^)00. Long, 6. 43. E. lat. 49. 47. N 
 ^nn/T^^'io *?,"'" "^ I'^ly. in tne duchy of 
 ^1^1 "' "• '^^ y W- "^ Spoleto. ^ 
 Ultai T;.-, '°r ?*;,Naple8, in Principato 
 Ul»a ; 25 miles E. of Benevento. 
 
 in ♦V^I'^'* "^ CouRTEs, St., a town of France 
 in the department of Ain ; 26 miles N. iTw 
 of Bourg en Bresse. «• a^. «. w. 
 
 T;<nviER EN DoMBES. St., a town in the d«. 
 partment of Ain ; 1 8 niiJes S. W.'of Boui^t 
 
 Trevino, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a 
 citadel; 10 miles S. of Vittoriiu ^' 
 
 ♦hnM*'^"*''"' " Province of Austrian Italy, in 
 the government of Venice, bounded on the W 
 ilJ'VT'^: ^y ^^I'rino and the Bel^: 
 Ve^V«*'n^^/"""' ""•* S. by the Gulf of 
 
 tTleCdnT^*"*^^"''""- The soil is feS 
 tile, and produces com, wine, and wood • and 
 
 Treviso, or Trevioio, a fortined citv of 
 It^te''^\°' '"'7'^"°' «"<1 « So;- see. 
 is s^atS o^ th"'lf T^^l ".°^'« '■«"'"*^«. «" J 
 vesell.1; 18 miles N. N. W. of Venice. Pon 
 ]. 5.000. Long. 12. 18, E. lat. 45. 44 N. ' 
 
 meJf nf" v' " *">''? °^ *'■•""«=«' i" the depart- 
 ment of Am ana formerly the capital of the 
 principality of Dombes. The most remarkable 
 
 office ' *';^. f/^?' « house, and the printing- 
 i\,nrnkl, "'' i" ^^^'^hrated for the literary 
 
 journals composed by the Jesuits of the col 
 
 mnesN n? T ' °?,"'^ "^«' Saone; 12 
 
TRI 
 
 TaiBAU. a town of the Austrinn states, in 
 Moravia; 30 miles N. W. of Olmutz. 
 
 Tridsebs, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 
 with a castle, seated on the Trebel ; 22 milf 
 S. S. W. of Stralsund, and 28 E. S. E. of 
 Rostock. 
 
 Tricala, or Trikala^ a town )f Macedonia. 
 It is he see of a Greek bishop, and contains 
 ten churches, seven mosques, and two syna- 
 gogues. The town is of considerable extent, 
 seated on a low ridge of hills, near the river 
 Selembria. Pop, 12,000. It is 60 miles 
 E. N. E. of Salonica. 
 
 Tricarico, a town of Naples, in Basilicata ; 
 13 miles S. E. of Acerenza, and 21 S. W, of 
 Matera. 
 
 Triceto, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Citra ; 14 miles S. E. of Scalea. 
 
 Tricolore, 8 town of Hindoatan, in the 
 Carnatic, where Tippoo Sultan was defeated by 
 the British in 1790. It is 44 miles W. of 
 Pondicherry. 
 
 Triers. See Treves. 
 Trieste, a government of the Austrian em- 
 pire, bounded by the government of Lambach, 
 the Adriatic, and Croatia. It comprises the 
 southern part of Iliyria, is divided into three 
 circles, and contains an area of about 6000 
 square miles, with 1,124,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Trieste, a seaport of Austrian Iliyria, capi- 
 tal of a circle of its name, in the foregoing 
 government, and a bishop's see. The harbour 
 is spacious, screened by a wall fortified with a 
 bastion. In the old town the houses stand on 
 the side of a mountain, extending themselves 
 quite to the sea; and on the top of the mountain 
 is a castle. On the aide N. W. of the old 
 town, where formerly were salt-pits, a beauti- 
 ful suburb, or new towu, has been built. The 
 fixed inhabitants, estimated at 40,000, have a 
 good trade in salt, oil, almonds, iron, copper, 
 &c, brought from Laubach; and they make 
 good white wines. Trieste was taken by the 
 French in 1797, but evacuated in the same 
 year. In 1809 it again fell into the hands of 
 the French, who retained it till 1814. It 
 stands on a gulf of its name, which is the N.E. 
 part of the Gulf of Venice; 12 miles N, of 
 Capo d'Istria, and 70 N. E. of Venice. Long. 
 14. 3. E. lat. 45. 61. N. 
 
 Trim, a town of Ireland, capital of the 
 county of Meath, seated on the Boyne, 23 
 miles N. W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 48. W. lat. 
 S3. 32. N. 
 
 Trincohalee, a seaport on the E. coast of 
 Ceylon, with a harbour, reckoned the finest in 
 the East Indies, but situate in the most barren 
 part of the island. The nearest farm villages, 
 from which the inhabitants are supplied with 
 provisions, are upwards of 12 miles distant. 
 The harbour is defended by two forts, Trinco- 
 malee and Ostenburg, the latter built upon a 
 cliff, projecting 1500 paces into the sea. Its 
 circumference within the walls is about 3 miles, 
 but in this space is included a rising point, im- 
 mediately over the sea, covered with thick 
 jungle. Trincomalee was taken from the Dutch, 
 by the English, in 1782, retaken by the French 
 
 700 
 
 TRI 
 
 in the same year, restored to the Dutch by the 
 peace of 1783, and again taken by the English 
 in 1795. It stands on a spacious bay of the 
 same name; 100 miles N. N. E. of Candy. 
 Long. 01. 25. E. lat. «. 32. N. 
 
 Trincomale, a town of Hindostsn, in the 
 Carnatic, near which the troops of Hyder Ali 
 were defeated by the British in 1768. It is 
 45 miles S. S. W. of Arcot, and 52 W. N. W. 
 of Pondicherry. 
 
 Trino, a town in Hertfordshire, with n mar- 
 ket on Friday, seated near the Birmingham 
 railway and the Grand Junction canal ; 22 
 miles W. of Hertford, and 31 N. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Trinidad, an island on the N. £. coast of 
 Terra Fi.-ma, separated from Paria on the S. 
 by a channel about 10 miles over, and from 
 Cumana on the W. by the Gulf of Paria, the 
 N. entrance into which is called Boca del 
 Drago (Dragon's Mouth,) on account of the 
 adverse currents and tempestuous waves en- 
 countered here, when this island, with the 
 neighbouring continent, was discovered by Co- 
 lumbus, in 1498. It is 80 miles long, and 56 
 broad; produces sugar, cotton, maize, fine to- 
 bacco, indigo, and fruit; but the air is un- 
 healthy. It was taken in 1595 by Sir Walter 
 Raleigh, and in 1676 by the French, who 
 plundered and left it. In 1797 it was cap- 
 tured by the English, and afterwards ceded to 
 them by the treaty of Amiens. The capital is 
 Port d'Espagne, on the Gulf of Paria, near 
 the Boca. Pop. 45,000. Long. 61. 30. W. 
 lat. 10. 0. N. 
 
 Trinidad, a seaport of Guatimala, on a bay 
 of the Pacific Ocean. It is a place of great 
 trade, the harbour being the nearest landing to 
 Guatimala for all merchandise that comes from 
 Mexico and Peru. The town is 9 miles from 
 the harbour, and 110 E. S. E. of Guatimala. 
 Long. 90, 40. W. lat. 14. 0. N. 
 
 Trinidad, a seaport of Cuba, in a bay on 
 the S. part of the island ; 40 miles S. W. of 
 Spiritu Santo. Long, 80. 3. W. lat. 21. 58. N. 
 INIDAD, a town of Colombia, seated on 
 the /fadalena ; 68 miles N. W. of St. Fe de 
 Bogota. 
 
 Trinidada, three rocky islets in the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean, 200 leagues E. of Spiritu Santo, in 
 ■Jrazii. Long. 29. 35. W. lat. 20. 30. S. 
 
 Trinity, a seaport on the N. side of Marti- 
 nico, with a spacious and safe harbour, and a 
 considerable trade. Long. 61. 8. W. lat. 14. 
 S3. N. 
 
 Trino, a town in the Sardinian stales, in 
 Piedniont. 8 miles N. W. of Casal, and 35 
 N. E. of Turin. Pop. 5500. 
 
 Tripatore, a town of Hindostan, in Mara- 
 war; 36 miles E. N. E. of Madura, and 58 
 S. W. ofTar.jore. 
 
 Tripoli, a country of Barbary, bounded on 
 the N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Barca, S. 
 by Fezzan, and W. by Biledulgerid and Tunis. 
 The fertile districts of Ghadian and Alesurata 
 are in a mountainous tract to the S. E. of the 
 town of Tripoli, and are inhabited by Arabs. 
 In the immediate neighbourhood of the capital 
 
TBI 
 
 701 
 
 TRO 
 
 the tract cnlleJ the Mestenh is of exuberant 
 fertility; but the supply of water is precari- 
 ous, there being no rivers : it was anciently the 
 granary of the Romans. To the E. is the 
 Great Syrtis, a bay much dreaded by the an- 
 cient mariners for its supposed quicksands, &c., 
 but which do not exist. It was coloniied by 
 the Greeks, and called by them Cyrene. The 
 total population has been variously stated from 
 660,000 and 2,000,000. It is probably about 
 1,600,000. It is 926 miles along the coast, 
 but the breadth is various. It is governed by 
 a dey, under the protection of the Turks. 
 
 Tripoli, a city and seaport of Barbary, ca- 
 pital of the foregoing country, with a castk and 
 a fort. It contains some ruins, which mark its 
 origin, particularly of a beautiful triumphal 
 arch of marble, erected in honour of the em- 
 peror Antoninus. It was taken by the em- 
 peror Charles V , who settled the knighte of 
 Rhodes here; bu, they were expelled by the 
 Turks in 1651. ,e Americans made an at- 
 tempt upon tlie town in 1804, but without 
 success. It was formerly very flourishing, and 
 has now some trade in ashes, ostriches' fea- 
 thers, and skins. The population is of i mot- 
 ley character, consisting of all nations; and 
 some Europeans have had high situations in 
 the government It was fitmous for its pira- 
 cies, and derived considerable revenues from 
 the ransom and sale of the prisoners. Tho in- 
 habitants amount to about 25,000, including 
 2000 Jews, who are better treated than ip 
 other Mahomedan states. The general cha- 
 racter of the people is vicious and depraved, 
 though they are not so bigoted as other Mos- 
 lems. The common language is a bad Italian; 
 but Arabic is that used by the court. Tripoli 
 is seated on the Mediterranean, and surrounded 
 by a wall; 276 miles S, E. of Tunis, and 570 
 E. S. E. of Algier. Long. 13. 6. K lat. 32. 
 64. N. 
 
 Tripoli, a town of Syria, capital of the 
 pachaiic of Tripoli, on the Mediterranean, de- 
 fended by a citadel. There is one handsome 
 mosque, and all the houses have fountains 
 belonging to them. Before it is a sand-bank, 
 which increases so much that it is expected to 
 choke up the harbour, which is 2 miles W. of 
 the town, and formed by a round piece of 
 land, united to the mainland by an isthmus. 
 On each side is a bulwark to defend the en- 
 trance. It is the resilience of a bashaw, who 
 also governs the territory about it, where there 
 are great numliers of miiHwrry-trees, and other 
 fruits. The comnierceof Tripoli consists almost 
 wholly in coarse silk, which is made use of for 
 laces. It is 90 miles N. W. of Damascus, and 
 120 S. of Scanderooii. Pop. 15,000. Lone. 
 36, 20. E. lat. 34. 60. N. 
 
 Tripolitza, or Tripolizza, a town of 
 Greece, in the Morea, of which it is the capi- 
 tal. It is a gloomy, dirty town, and badly si- 
 tuated. It was taken in 1021 bj the exaspe- 
 rated Greeks, in their struggle for independence, 
 when 6000 Turkish soldiers and inhabitants 
 were barbarously massacred. Fop. 12,000. 
 
 TuFSTAUT, a town of Bavaria, in the pro- 
 
 vince of tho Rhine; 16 miles E. N. E. of 
 Deux Fonts. 
 
 Tbipura, a town of Hindostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Coimbetore, with a fort at a little dis- 
 tance, called Palar. It is seated on the Noy- 
 elar; 27 miles N. N. W. of Daraporam. 
 
 Trist, an island of Mexico, on the coast of 
 Tabasco, in the Bay of Campeachy, separated 
 by a narrow channel, on the £., from the Isle 
 of Port RoyaL It is 18 miles in circuit. Long. 
 92.45. W. lat. 18. 16. N. 
 
 Tristan d'Acunha, an island in the At- 
 lantic Ocean, 15 miles in circuit The land is 
 extremely high, and rises gradually towards 
 the centre of the island (where there is a lofty 
 conical mountain) in ridges, covered with trees 
 of a moderate size and height The co^*'- is 
 frequented by sea-lions, seals, penguins, an.? 
 albatrosses. Long. 11. 44. W. lat 37. 6. S. 
 
 Tbitchinopoly, a town of Hindostan, in the 
 Camatic, surrounded by a double wall, flanked 
 with towers, and encompassed with a ditch. 
 It was taken by the British in 1761 ; 30 miles 
 W. of Ta-ijore, and 208 S. S. W. of .Madras. 
 Population 80,000. Long. 78. 46. E. lat 10. 
 49. N. 
 
 Tbitadt, a town of Hindostan, in the Car- 
 natic, with a large pagoda, which forms a citadel. 
 It is 26 miles S. W. of Pondicherry. 
 
 Trivandipatam, or Tbivanderam, an ex- 
 tensive and populous town - : Hindostan, capi- 
 tal of Travancore, and the ^ luimer residence of 
 the rajah, who has a palace built in the Euro- 
 pean style ; 60 miles from Cape Comorin. 
 Long. 76. 50. E. lat. 8. 30. N. 
 
 Tkivento, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 
 seated on a hill, 1 1 miles N. of Molise. 
 
 Tiu)CETELFiNOEif, a town of Germany, in the 
 principality of Hohenzollern; situate on the 
 Schoneicha, 14 miles E. of Hechingen, and 29 
 S. of Stutgard. 
 
 Trooen, a town of Switzerland, and the chief 
 place of the Protestant part of the canton of 
 Appenzel. It has manufactures of cloth, and 
 near it is a mineral spring. It is 7 miles N. 
 N. £. of Appenzel. 
 Tbois Rivieres. •%« Three Rivers. 
 Troja, a town of Naples, in Gipitanata, on 
 the river Chilaro; 32 miles E. N. E. of Bene- 
 vento, and 60 N. W. of Naples. 
 
 Troki, a town of Lithuania, cipital of a pa- 
 latinate of the same name. It is seated among 
 lakes, 18 miles W. of Wilna, and 85 N. N. E. 
 of Grodno. Long. 25. 13. E. lat 54. 38. N. 
 
 Trolhatta, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- 
 land; seated on the Gotha-Elf, whicl, here forms 
 several cascades, that afterwards unite into a 
 cataract, upwards of 60 feet in height Here is 
 also a canal for vessels to pass by these lulls, 
 wrought through the midst of rocks, and deemed 
 one of the boldest works of the kind in the 
 world. It is 45 miles N, N. E. of Gotheburg. 
 Tron, St., a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 teritoryof Liege, with a Benedictine abbey; 
 20 miles N. W. of Liege. 
 
 Troon, a thriving seaport of Ayrshire, 6 
 miles N. of Ayr, and 31 S. W, of Glasgow. It 
 has a good harbour, &c. and great quantities of 
 
 i 
 
 vfs I! 
 
 

 TRO 
 
 c«il aro shipped irom thi< port, which nro 
 brought down by a rnilwny from Kilmarnock. 
 
 TaoPKA, a town of Naples, in Culiibria Ul- 
 tra, seated on a high rock on the Uulf of St. 
 Eufemin, 10 miles N. W. of Nicotera. 
 
 Tropez, St., a seaport of France, in the 
 department of Var, with a citiidol ; seated on a 
 bay of the Med'^^r'.inenn, 3« miles E. N. E. of 
 Toulon. NapoL-on Bonaparte embarked at 
 this place for thj isle of Elba, in 1814. '.onir 
 6. 40. E. lat. 43. 16. N. ~ '^' 
 
 Troppau, a strong town of Silesia, capital of 
 n pniicipality of the same name, which belongs 
 partly to Austria, and partly to Prussia. Hero 
 are an ancient palnco of' the princes, threo 
 churches, a college, four convents, and a com- 
 mandery of the order of St. John. It was 
 taken by the Trussians in 1741 and 1756, but 
 restored to the House of Austria by a treaty 
 subsequent to each capture; and it is the seat 
 of regency for all the Bohemian part of Silesia. 
 In 1758 the greatest part of the town was d». 
 Btroyed by fire. It stands in a fruitful country, 
 on the river Oppn, 40 miles N. E. of Olmutz. 
 and 90 S. S. E. of Breslau. Pop. 10,000 
 Long. 17. d4. E. lat. 49. 52. N. 
 
 TaosA, a seaport of Sweden, in Sudermania, 
 seated on the Baltic, 35 miles S. W. of Stock- 
 holm. Long. 17. 29. E. lat. 69. 0. N. 
 
 Trosachs, certain nigged and stupendous 
 mountiuus of Scotland, in Perthshire, which 
 have been greatly visited since they have been 
 made the scene of the adventures of the Ladv 
 of the Lake. ' 
 
 TnowBRiDOE, a town in Wiltshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, and considerable manufac- 
 tures of broad cloth and kerseymeres. It is 
 seated on a hill by the river Were, over which 
 is a stone bridge; 23 miles S. W. of Marlbo- 
 rough, and 99 W. of London. 
 
 Troy, a flourishing town of New York, capi- 
 tal of Rensselaer county, with a court-house, 
 market-house, five churches, &c. The manu- 
 factures are various, and the trade considerable. 
 It is 3 miles S. of Lansinburg. Pop. 1 1,405. 
 
 Troyeh, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Aube, and a bishop's see; with a 
 castle, in which the ancient counto of Cham- 
 pagne resided. It is surrounded by good walls, 
 but almost all the houses are of wood, and good 
 water ia VTanting. Its commerce, once very 
 flourishing, now consists only in some linens, 
 dimities, fustians, wax-chandlery, candles, and 
 wine. Troyes was captured and recaptured se- 
 veral times by the allied and French armies, in 
 1814. It is seated on the Seine, 28 miles E. 
 by N. of Sens, and 105 S. E. of Paris. Pop. 
 27,000. Long. 4. 6. E. lat. 48. 18. N. 
 
 Teuns, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Gnsons; seated on the Rhine, 7 milea W. of 
 Ilontz. 
 
 Truro, a borough in Cornwall, governed by 
 a mayor, with markets on Wednesday and Sa- 
 turday. It returns two members to parliament. 
 It is a stannary town, and the chief business is 
 in shipping tin and copper ore, found in abun- 
 dance in its neighbourhood. Here, afler the 
 battle of Nascby, the forces of Charles I., under 
 
 702 
 
 TSI 
 
 Lord Ilopcton, surrendered to Ooncral Fairfax. 
 Iruro is seated between the rivers Kcnwyn and 
 St. Allen, at the head of Falmouth Haven, 10 
 miles N. of Falmouth, and 257 W. bv S. of 
 London. 
 
 TnuBO, a town of Nova Scotia, in Halifax 
 county, at the head of a narrow gulf in the Bay 
 of Fundy, 40 miles N. hy W. of Halifax. 
 
 Iiiuao, a fishing town of MassachusetU, in 
 Barnstable county, on the N. part of the pe- 
 ninsula of Capo Cod J a miles S. of Provinco- 
 town. 
 
 Tuuxillo, a town of Spain, in Estremadurn, 
 with a citadel on the top of a hill. It was the 
 birthplace of the noted Francis Pizarro. It is 
 situate on the side of a hill, near the river Ma- 
 gasca, 70 miles N. E. of Badnjoz, and 90 S. W. 
 of Toledo. Pop. 4000. Long. 5. 43. W. hit. 
 39. 26. N. 
 
 Tuuxillo, a city and seaport of Peru, capi- 
 tal of a province of its name, and the see of 
 a bishop. It was built by Francis Pizarro in 
 1553. In its territory are above 50,000 nativo 
 Americans. It is surrounded by a wall, and 
 seated in a fertile country, on a small river 
 near the Pacific Ocean, 800 miles N. W. of 
 Lima. Pop. 5800. Long. 70. 5. W. lat. 8. 
 1. S. 
 
 Truxillo, a seaport of South America, go- 
 Ternment of Venezuela, republic of Colombia, 
 on the Gulf of Honduras. It stands 3 miles 
 from the sen, between two rivers, the moutlis 
 of which, and 8om<» 'slands before them, form 
 the harbour. It is 140 miles N. E. of Vulla- 
 dolid. Pop. 7600. Long. 86. 3C. W. lat. 15. 
 46. N. 
 
 Truxillo, or Nukstra Sknora de la Paz, 
 a town of Venezuela, 150 miles S. E. of Ma- 
 racaybo. Long. 70. 15. W. lat. 8. 15. N. 
 
 TsANAD, a town of Hungary, on the river 
 Mcros, 23 miles E. by S. of Segedin. 
 
 TsciiERNAHORA, a town of the Austrian 
 states, in Moravia, with a castle on a moun- 
 tain, 13 miles N. N. W. of Brin. 
 
 TsctiGRNEMT, a town of Austria, in Cami- 
 ola, with a castle, and a commandery of the 
 Teutonic order. It is 33 miles S. E. of Lau- 
 bach. 
 
 TscHiBNE, a town of Prussian Silesia, ;in 
 the principality of Glogau; with a castle and 
 good cloth manufactures. It is 22 miles E. 
 N. E. of Glogau. 
 
 TscHOPAU, a town of Saxony, celebrated fot 
 its blue manufacture. It stands on a river of 
 the same name, 7 miles S. E. of Chemnitz. 
 
 TSIAMPA. Sec ClAMPA. 
 
 Tsi-NAN, a city of China, capital of Chang- 
 tong. It is much respected by the Chinese, on 
 account of its having been formerly the resi- 
 dence of a long series of kings, whose tombs, 
 rising on the neighbouring mountains, afford a 
 beautiful prospect. It is seated on the river 
 Tsi, or Tsing-ho, 230 miles S. by E. of Peking. 
 Long. 117. 25. E. lat. 36. 46. N. 
 
 Tsi-Nitro, a city of China, of tho second 
 rank, in Chang-tong; situate on the Grand 
 Canal; 275 miles S. of Peking. Long. llfi. 
 24. E. kt. 35. 24. N. 
 
TSI 
 
 7enoral Fuirfnx. 
 ira Kcnwyn and 
 outli llitvcn, 10 
 i7 W. bv S. of 
 
 >tia, in Ilalifux 
 gulf in the Bay 
 if Halifax. 
 MsnchusetU, in 
 part of the pe- 
 i. of Provinco- 
 
 1 Estrcmadurn, 
 II. It waa tlio 
 I'izarro. It is 
 r the river M«- 
 ;, and 00 S. W. 
 
 5. 43. W. lut. 
 
 of Peru, capi- 
 ind the see of 
 iicis Pizarro in 
 50,000 native 
 y a wall, and 
 a small river 
 ilea N. W. of 
 
 6. W. lat. 8. 
 
 I America, go- 
 : of Colombia, 
 itaiids 3 miles 
 B, the moutlis 
 'e them, form 
 . E. of Vulla- 
 L W. lat. 15. 
 
 .A DE LA Paz, 
 S. E. of Ma- 
 8. 15. N. 
 
 o<i the river 
 din. 
 the Austrian 
 
 on a moun- 
 
 ria, in Cami- 
 ndery of the 
 J. E. of Lau- 
 
 n Silesia, ;in 
 a castle and 
 22 miles E. 
 
 lelebrated for 
 an a river of 
 !7hemnitz. 
 
 al of Chang- 
 } Chinese, on 
 rly the resi- 
 rhose tombs, 
 (kins, afford a 
 on the river 
 :. of Peking. 
 
 tho second 
 the Grand 
 Long. 1I(>. 
 
 fos 
 
 TtaN-mi»>ii, A city of ainn, of the tiiat 
 jwik, in Cliang-tong; 250 miles E. S. E. of 
 Peking. Long. 119. 2. E. lat. 3(5. 40. N. 
 
 TsoNo-BiiNo, an island of China, 50 milea 
 l«ng,and 10 broad; lying at tliu mouth of the 
 Kiang-ki', and separated from the province of 
 Kiang-nan by two channels, 13 miles broad. 
 Its principal revenue arises from salt, which is 
 made in such abundance on the N. side of the 
 Mland, that it can supply most of the neigh- 
 bouring countries. It contains only one city, 
 but villages are very numerous. Tho country 
 18 delightful, and intersected by many canals. 
 Ibe city, ot the same name, is of tho third 
 clasft It is situate at its S. E. end. Long. 121. 
 65. E. lat. 30. J 5. N. 
 
 TsoNUEAD, n town of Hungary, capital of a 
 county of the same name, seated on the 
 Iheisse, opposite the influx of tho Koros: 2C 
 miles N. of Segedin. 
 
 TtFAM, a city of Ireland, in tho county of 
 Galway, and an archbishop's see, thougli now 
 a small place. The cathetlnil serves as a imrish 
 church. It is 20 miles N. N. E. of Galway, 
 and 25 W. S. W. of Roscommon, 
 
 TuAHiCK, a people of Central Africa, S. of 
 Soudan. They are a remarkably fine race, and 
 subsist in some measure on plunder. They are 
 of various tribes and com|)lexions. Some are 
 Mahomedttiis and some Pagans. They are all, 
 however, of the Berber race, and the language 
 u still exclusively spoken by some tribes in 
 Sockiia, Augila, and Irwah. 
 
 TuBAN, one of the strongest towns of Java, 
 with a harbour, and a king of iu own. It is 
 seated on the N. coast of the island. Lone 
 111. 51. E. lat. 6.0. S. 
 
 Tubingen, a town of Germanv, in the king- 
 dom of Wirtcmberg, with a celebrated univer- 
 sity, and a fortified castle on a mountain. Here 
 are good snufF manufiictures, and in the town- 
 house is a very curious clock. It is seated on 
 tho Neckar, in a country abounding in corn 
 and wine, 20 miles S. of Stutgard, and 5!) E. 
 by S. of Strasburg. Pop. 6000. Long. 9. 10. 
 E. lat. 48. 32. N. 
 
 TucuMAN, a province of South America, in 
 the republic of La Plata, between Chili and 
 Paraguay, to the E. of the Andes, and W. 
 of Rio de la Plata. This province, with the 
 country S. of the river Plata, forms an exten- 
 sive plain, almost without a Uee. The soil is a 
 deep fertile mould, watered by many streams 
 from the Andes, and clothed in perpetual ver- 
 dure. In this rich pasturage the horses and 
 cattle imported from Europe have multiplied 
 to an almost incredible degree. This has en- 
 abled the inhabitants not only to open a lucra- 
 tive tmde with Peru, by supplying it with 
 cattle, horses, and mules, but to carry on a 
 commerce equally beneficial, by the exportation 
 of hides to Europe; notwithstanding wiiich, 
 the towns in this country are no better than 
 paltry villages. The Spaniards endeavoured to 
 add some dignity to these towns when in thuir 
 possession, by erecting them into bishoprics. 
 
 TucDMAN, or San Miguel de Tucuman, the 
 capital of the foregoing province, and a bishop's 
 
 TUN 
 
 BOO, is Situate in a pleasant plain, and has con- 
 siderable trade in oxen and mules. It is 200 
 miles E. of Copiapo. Long. 64. 35. W. lat 
 
 TuDBLA, a town of Spain, in Navarre, with a 
 castle. A battle was fought here, in lilOn be- 
 tween the Spaniards and French, in which tho 
 latter were victorious. It is seated in a country 
 that produces good wine, on the river Ebro; 44 
 m.ilcs S. of Pamplona, and 100 E. of BureoB. 
 Pop. 7300. Long. 1. 38. W. lat. 41. 12. N. 
 
 TuGGUf.T, a town of Barbary, capital of a 
 country lying S. of Algicr. It is 310 miles 
 ». S>. E. of Algier. Long. 5. 50. E. lat. 32. 
 
 40. N. 
 
 TuoQORT, a town of Zulmra, capital of a 
 district called Wadroag. It is 420 miles N. E. 
 of Iimbuctoo. Long. G. 15. E. lat. 20. 35. N. 
 
 Tula, a government of Russia, formerly a 
 province 6t the government of Moscow. It 
 
 n!^A"„JJ'?\°f ."'"'"' '-•""" "lUTO miles, with 
 960,000 inhabitants. The climate is healthy, 
 and the soil better cultivated than in some 
 other governments. 7t8 capital, of the same 
 name, has manufactures of fire-arms, all sorts 
 of cutlery and iron-work, and leather, &c. • 
 hence it lias been styled the Sheffield of Rus- 
 sia. It IS seated on the Upha, 115 miles S. by 
 W of Moscow. Pop. 51.735. Long. 37. 24. 
 ti, lat. 54. 10. N. 
 
 TuLEBKos, a town of Spain, in Navarre ; 
 situate on tiie Queis, 7 miles W. of Tuledn. 
 
 TuLLAMOUE, or KiLLBRiDE, a town of Ire- 
 land, in King's county ; on a river of tho same 
 name, and near the great canal; 10 miles W. 
 by S. of Philijistown. 
 
 Tulle, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Correze. The cathedral is fa- 
 mous for its steeple, which is very high and 
 curious. It is seated at the conflux of the Cor- 
 reze and Solaiie, in a country surrounded by 
 mountains and precipices; 37 miles S. S. E. of 
 Limoges, and 62 S. W. of Clermont. Pop. 
 9000. Long. 1. 42. E. lat. 45. 16. N. 
 
 TuLLow, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Carlow ; 8 miles E. S. E. of Carlow, and 
 30 of Dublin. 
 
 TuLN, a tovni of Austria, and a bishop's see, 
 seated near the Danube; 15 miles W. N. W. 
 of Vienna. 
 
 TuLSK, a hamlet of Ireland, in the county 
 of Roscommon, containing the ruins of towers, 
 castles, &c., which sufficiently attest ite former 
 importance; miles N. of Roscommon. 
 
 TuMBEZ, a town of Peru, noted as the place 
 where the Spaniards first landed in these parts, 
 under Pizarro. It is seated on a river of tho 
 same name, which flows into the Bay of Guaya- 
 quil ; 270 miles S. by W. of Quito. Long. 
 79. 51. W. lat. 3. 40. S. ^ 
 
 TuMCURu. a town of Hindostan, in My- 
 sore, with a well built fort; 32 miles S. E. of 
 Sera. 
 
 Tumen, a town of Russia, in the province of 
 Tobolsk; ISO miles W. S. W. of Tobolsk. 
 Long. ISO. 15. E. lat. 57. 3. N. 
 
 TuNnRiDGE, a town in Kent, with a market 
 on Friday, Here are the ruins of a lorgc eas- 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 III 
 ill 
 
 !fi| 
 
TUN 
 
 704 
 
 TUR 
 
 /' . 
 
 \i\' 
 
 tie, erected by Ric'.ard, Earl of Clare, natural 
 •on of Richard I., Duko of Normandy; and 
 here is a famous free-school, foundeil by Sir 
 Andrew Judd, Lord Ma^r of London, in 
 1551. It is seated on the Tun, one of the 
 five branches into which the Med way here di- 
 vides it*el^, and over each of wliich is n stone 
 bridge, and on the London and Dover railway. 
 It is 12 miles W. S. W. of Maidstone, and 30 
 E. S. E. of London. 
 
 TuNBRiDQE Wells, a town in Kent, much 
 resorted to on account of its chalybeate waters, 
 discovered in 1606 by Dudley, Lord North, 
 who recovered from p Jeep consumption by 
 drinking them. The old town is seated at the 
 bottom of three hills, called Mount Sion, 
 Mount Ephraim, and Mount Pleasant. The 
 town has increased much of late years, towards 
 the S. and E., and contains some handsome 
 churches, a Roman Catholic chapel, and many 
 fine ranges of building for the accommodation 
 of its numerous visitore. It is built irregu- 
 larly, and resembles an extended and romantic 
 village, rather than a town. The surrounding 
 country is picturesque, and abounds in a sand- 
 stone, of which many of the buildings are erected. 
 On Rustall Common, about a mile and a half 
 from the town, are some picturesque rocks of a 
 singular form, and grent height. The only 
 TTinnufiicture is of inlaid turnery and toys, for 
 vliich it is &mous. It is 5 miles S. of Tun- 
 bridge, and 35 S. S. E. of London. 
 
 TuNoiNSKOi, a town of Russia, situate on 
 the Irkut ; 80 miles S. W. of Irkutsk. Long. 
 103. 15. E. lat. 51. 18. N. 
 TuNEfloosES. See Tonoousi. 
 Tunis, a country of Barbary, bounded on 
 the N. and £. by the Mediterranean, S. by 
 Tripoli and Biledulgerid, and W. by Algier. 
 It extends 200 miles from N. to S., and 120 
 from E. to W. This country was formerly a 
 monarchy, but in 1574 it became a republic, 
 under the protection of the Turks, and pays a 
 certnin tribute to the bashaw that resides at 
 TunW. The soil in the E. part is but indiffer- 
 ent, for want of water. Towards the middle 
 the mountains and valleys abound in fruits; 
 but the west part is the most fertile, being wa- 
 tered by rivers. The environs of Tunis are 
 very dry, and com is generally dear; but there 
 are plenty of citrons, lemons, oranges, dates, 
 grapes, and other fruHs ; also olive trees, roses, 
 and odoriferous plants. In the woods and moun- 
 tains are lions, bisons, ostriches, monkeys, roe- 
 bucks, hares, pheasants, partridges, and other 
 sorts of birds and beasts. The principal rivers 
 are the Wad-el-Kebir, Magrida, Magerada, and 
 Caps. The form of government is by a divan, 
 or council, whose president is the bey. The 
 members of the divan are chosen by the bey. 
 The inhabitants are a mixture of Moors, Turks, 
 Arabs, Jews, and Christians, merchants and 
 slaves; and they carry on a great trade in linen 
 and woollen cloth, morocco leather, gold-dust, 
 lend, horses, oil, soap, and ostriches' eggs and 
 feathers. The established religion is Mahom- 
 edanism. All public instruments ore written 
 ill tht Arabic tongue, but commerce is usually 
 
 carried on by that nf the Lingua Franca. Po- 
 pulntion, between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000. 
 
 Tunis, the capital of the above country, 
 stands on a point of the Qulf of Goletta, sur- 
 rouitded by lakes and marshes. It is in the 
 form of an oblong square, 5 miles in circum- 
 ference, with a lofty wall, five gates, and 35 
 mosques. The houses are all built of stone, 
 though but one story high ; nnd it has a citadel 
 on an eminence, on the W. side of the city. 
 Without the walls are two suburbs, which con- 
 tain upwards of 100 houses. The divan, or 
 council of state, assembles in an old palace, 
 where the bey resides. The harbour has a 
 very narrow entrance, which is well fbrtified. 
 The Mahomedans here have 9 colleges for stu- 
 dents, and a great number of smaller schools. 
 Tunis is a place of great trade, and has manu- 
 factures of velvets, silks, linen, and red caps 
 worn by the common people. It is 10 miles 
 from the sea, 275 N. W. of Tripoli, and 380 
 E. of Algier. Pop. 130,000. Long. 10. 16. 
 E. Int. 36. 45. N. 
 
 TuNJA, a town of New Granada, capital of 
 a district of the same name. Near it are mine» 
 of gold and emeralds. It is seated in a fertile 
 valley ; 90 miles N. by E. of St. Fe de Bo- 
 gota. Long. 73. 8. W. lat 5. 20. N. 
 
 TuNKAi, a town of Western Tartary, in Tur- 
 kestan, seated in a large plain, on the river 
 Ilak; 100 n<iles S. E. of Taraz. 
 
 TuNKERSTowN. See Efhrata. 
 
 TuucoiN, a town of France, department of 
 Nord, where- the allies, under the Duke of 
 York, were defeated by the French in 1794. 
 Pop. 1 1,000. It is 6 miles N. N. W. of Lille. 
 
 TuRCOMANiA, a province of Turkey in Asia, 
 now called Armenia, (w lich see.) 
 
 TuRENNE, a town Oi* France, department of 
 Correze, with a castle; 16 miles S. S. W. of 
 Tulle. 
 
 Turin, a fbrtified city of Piedmont, capital 
 of the dominions of the king of Sardinia, and 
 an archbishop's see, with a university founded 
 in 1405 by Amadeo, duke of Savoy. There 
 are many large squares, among which that of 
 St. Charles is the most spacious ; the buildings 
 are handsome, and it has extenmve arcades on 
 each side. Most of the streets are well built, 
 uniform, and straight, and terminate on some 
 agreeable object ; the Strada di Po, the finest 
 and largest, lends to the roynl palace, and is 
 adorned with piazzas filled with shops, as are 
 various others of the best streets ; all of which 
 are kept clean by means of a cnnal fVom the 
 Doria, with sluices that flow through them 
 into the Po. The palace consists of two mag- 
 nificent structures, joined together by a gal- 
 lery, in which are seveml pictures, statues, and 
 antiquities of great value. The citadel, which 
 was demolished by the French after the battle 
 of Marengo, was a regular pentagon, compre- 
 hending an extensive nnd well-fumished arsenal, 
 a cannon-fo-^ndry, a chemical latwratory, &c. 
 There are fine walks on the ramparts and walls 
 of the city, fine gardens on the side of the 
 river Po, and a charming public place collet! 
 the Corso, where many people assemble in an 
 
Franca. Po- 
 5,000,000. 
 love country, 
 Ooletta, lur- 
 It IB in the 
 ;s in circum- 
 pites, and 3& 
 uilt of stone, 
 has a citndel 
 of the city. 
 «, which con- 
 'he divan, or 
 I old palace, 
 irbour has a 
 •rell fbrtified. 
 lieges for Bti>- 
 aller schools. 
 id has manu- 
 ind red caps 
 i is 10 miles 
 >oli. and 380 
 H>ng. 10. 16. 
 
 la, capital of 
 r it are mines 
 id in a fertile 
 t. Fe de Bo- 
 N. 
 
 rtary, in Tur- 
 on the river 
 
 epartment of 
 the Duke of 
 ich in 1794. 
 
 W. of Lille. 
 rkey in Asia, 
 I 
 apartment of 
 
 S. S. W. of 
 
 nont, capital 
 Sardinia, and 
 'sity founded 
 kvoy. There 
 rhich that of 
 the buildings 
 e arcades on 
 re well built, 
 ate on some 
 ^0, the finest 
 ilace, and is 
 jhops, as are 
 all of which 
 lal fVom the 
 irough them 
 of two mag- 
 ;r by a gal- 
 statues, and 
 itadel, which 
 :cr the battle 
 [on, compre- 
 shed arsenal, 
 joratory, &c. 
 rts and walla 
 side of the 
 place railed 
 leroble in an 
 
 TU R 
 
 nir"*^'' ''!'^"'"• ""'""«>ve« n.,d their equi- 
 K 1 T/," ""r- "" ^'"' »«"k» of the P . 
 
 the jsland of Sardinia. In 1799 the French 
 
 «imis, bu. shortly afterwards the city and n» 
 Piedmont surrendered to the French In 1 H'i 
 
 S ttT\"P ^;"=« ""'■-"''- Vr^ 
 Kored It to the king of Sardinia. It is seated 
 
 li.h tif"'?.»''"'"- "' "'^ confluence of the Dork 
 with the Po,C8 miles N. W. of Gen,;!, Z 
 
 7' 4f.l\.t!,f irk '''"'• '''''''' w 
 TuHiNOK, a town of Sweden in tha, •>,/. 
 
 TuRiNSK. n town of Russia, in the jfovem- 
 
 T:i as'^' '''"' " ^"^' ^ «o «»''- w!b; 
 
 TuaivACARY, a town of Hindostan. in Mv- 
 8ore, consisting of an outer and iimer fort 
 •trongly defended by a ditch and mud wall' 
 ni.d an open suburb at a little distance He"e 
 
 Sfcatlm""'*"' ^- ''' ^"^ ""«• «« N. of Se. 
 
 Turkestan a country of Western Tartarv 
 hounded on the N. and E. by the count^Tf 
 the Kalmucs, S. by Bokharia, and W. by the 
 
 ^ ^,V': The chief of this country is gene! 
 
 TuRKET, a large empire, extending over part 
 of Europe, Asia, and Africa. European Tu" 
 «»mhS W^ conipreliended Moldavia. Bes- 
 ^?f„r'r '! ""'"".• r?"'«""«' S«'via, Bosnia, 
 rl A^r •" "t'"^ I*"'-"''!''". Romania, Mace- 
 donm. Albania Janna, Livadia.and the^Moi^. 
 Bessarabia and part of Moldavia were, hc^ 
 ever ceded to Russia in 1812. and in 1830, the 
 
 he £'""' "^ ^T'^ ^^'"« established bj 
 the allied powers, the territory of the sultan 
 in Europe became greatly contmcted. See 
 
 N. by the Black Sea and Circassia. E. by Per! 
 sia, S. by Arabia, and W. by the Mediter- 
 ranean and the Sea of Marmom. It Hes bl 
 ween 27. and 40. E. long., and 28. and 45. J. 
 M., and contains the countries of Irac-Arabi 
 Diarbek, Curdmfan. Armenia. Caramania, Na' 
 toha and Syria, with Palestine. In Africa 
 the Turkish poWer may be considered as nomi' 
 hi' „ !! «"'-l««ry states merely aeknowldging 
 theporte as the head of the Moslems, while 
 Egypt IS independent, though governed by a 
 
 r«pecUvely) the climate, productions, man- 
 ners, &c., must be various. The Turks are 
 genendly robust, and well-shaped. They shave 
 .her heads, but wear long beards, except those 
 m the seraglio, or palac. . and military men, 
 v^ wear only whiskers. The turban worn by 
 
 ro5 
 
 TUR 
 
 the men is white, and consists of ionir nicRe. of 
 
 S'"orb"ut"«"'T"e '"«•'*''"'" 'ovfraT^dS 
 «o one but a Turk must presume to wear a 
 
 C r^^'t I'f r '"^ •'" !»"« -"""»• 
 
 iney sit, eat, and sleep on the floor on 
 cushions, mottresMs,and carpet* In go;,cml 
 thcv are very moderate in Uting. and S 
 meal, are despatched with great hi^te. The r 
 
 r.'i""P5' /"'^ " "■«" «"d '»>« frugal repast L 
 followed by fruit and cold water; whi^hai^ 
 succeeded by hot coffee, and pipe. wUmZc^ 
 With opium they procure what they call a 
 kief, or p.acid intoxication. Chess and draughU 
 are favourite games; and the coffee-houses and 
 batlis furnish other sources of amusement. Poly- 
 gamy is allowed among them; but their wivw 
 
 ZT^^' '"rrT'l'^' "'«"•' ">»"' than four Tn 
 number. -Hie fair sex here are kept under a 
 
 !>. ri. fi.T . "^ * '^"^ °' prohibited thing, is 
 of the ilm ""'^^^ ^th of the habitation 
 
 The TuriTt^i""'' -^ "■* ""'"*"' theniselves. 
 A He lurks believe m one God. and that his 
 l^eat prophet is Mahomet; they app'roprfa^ 
 
 b„. ^'*''*"' ""^ "*""« "f Moslem!..,, which 
 hasbeen corrupted into Mussulman, si^ifving 
 
 STl^'^'T"?^ *''« ''"^'""« of Mlhomet. 
 
 Tu W^'"'''"^^''*''''" the Koran, yet the 
 ™u ti^ " u "/ " »o«>«onally, without any 
 scruple; though instead of it they generally 
 use sherbet, a liquor made of honev, spiees^ 
 
 & ' f,^" 5^"'?<=te^ is one of extremes. 
 They seldom dnnk wine, but when they do 
 they get intoxicated. They are usually mild 
 and placid ; but when provoked, they are 
 nfunated. They are not habitually cruel, but 
 n their cruelty they are remorseless; and though 
 they have niany virtues, yet their vices are great, 
 and spnng from a Pharisaical and sensual creed, 
 and the debasing effects of a despotic govern- 
 ment. They expend great sums on fountains, 
 not only m the towns, but in the country, and 
 other solitary places, for the refreshment of 
 travellers and labourers. The grand seignior is 
 absolute master of the goods and lives of his 
 eubjecte, insomuch that they are little better 
 than slaves The grand vizier is the chief offi- 
 cer under the grand seignior: Iiesides discharB. 
 ing the functions of prime minister, he is com- 
 mander of all the forces of the empire. The 
 Uivan, or cabinet council, consists of the vizier 
 the mufli, and the kinva bey. The other mi' 
 nisters are the reis eflendi (whose office corre- 
 sponds in part to that of chancellor, and in part 
 o that of secretary for foreign affaire in Britain); 
 he tefterdar, or minister of finance; the Uche- 
 lebi or master of the ordnance; and the capitan 
 paclia, or commander o.- the forces. The pa- 
 c^nis, or governors of provinces, act also as far- 
 niere-geneml^f the revenue, for their respecUve 
 provinces. The sangiac beys are the governor, 
 tlm w*;- Iwl"" *'l«.r'=has. and invJted, like 
 Uicm. with both civil and military functions. 
 Ihe ulemns are a numerous body, whose func- 
 tions consist in explaining the Koran, and "n 
 applying Its injunctions to the circumstances of 
 
 ZZ 
 
 •I' 
 
 Ik 
 II 
 
mmm 
 
 TUR 
 
 708 
 
 TVE 
 
 the timci. They thus combine the chnrnctor of 
 clergy and luwycin, huving at their head tho 
 grand mufti. The imam, or |)riest8, are a body 
 altogether distinct from the ulomna, tlieir duty 
 being merely to perform public worship in tho 
 mosques. Turkey in Europe is divided into 
 the beylerbeyliks of Romania or lloumclia, 
 and Bosnia, tho island of Cyprus, and the pro- 
 vince of Walachia; and contains an area of 
 183,45U square miles, and n population of 
 9,650,000, of whom one-third are Turks, tho 
 remainder Greeks, Albanians, Jews, Franks.&c. 
 Asiatic Turkey probably contains 21,250,000 
 inhabitants, and are not less mixed. The area 
 ia about 655,134 square miles. 
 TuRKHEiM. See Durkiieim. 
 TuRKiN, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Caucasia, situate on the Caspian Sea. It is 
 140 miles S. of Astracan. Long. 47. 16. E. 
 lat. 44, IS. N. 
 
 TuRN-AOAiN Cape, a cape on tho El. side of 
 tho northern island of New Zealand. Long. 
 176. 56. E. lat. 40. 28. S. 
 
 TuHNAO, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Buntzlau, on the river Iser; 12 miles N. N. E 
 of Jung Buntzlau. 
 
 TURNHOUT, a town of Belgium, in Brabant, 
 near which, in 1596, prince Maurice, of Nas- 
 sau, with only 800 horse, totally defeated the 
 Simniards, consisting of 6000. It is 24 miles 
 N. E. of Antwerp. Poj). 11,000. 
 
 TuRON, a seaport of Cochin-China, situate on 
 a bay of the same name, which affords a safe 
 retreat for the largest ships in the most tempes- 
 tuous season. In the vicinity are plantations 
 of sugar-ca.ies and tobacco. Turon is 40 miles 
 S. E. of Hue. Long. 107. 40. E. lat. 16. 
 9. N. 
 
 TuRSREEZ, or TooRSHEEz, a town of Persia, 
 in the province of Khorasan, on the borders of 
 the Great Salt Desert; with an export trade in 
 iron. It imports rice, wool, and cloth from 
 Herat, from which it is distant about 160 miles 
 W. N. W. Pop. 20,000. 
 
 TuRsi, a town of Naples, in Bnsilicatn, on 
 the river Sino ; 8 miles W. of the Gulf of Ta- 
 rentc, and 30 S. of Matera. 
 
 Tuscany, a sovereign state of Italy, with the 
 title of a grand duchy, belonging to the House 
 of Austria. It is bounded on the N. by Mo- 
 dena, on the E. and S. by the pope's territo- 
 ries, and on the W. by the Mediterranean. It 
 is about 1 30 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, 
 and is watered by several rivers, of which the 
 Arno ia the chief. There are several moun- 
 tains, in which are found mines of iron, alum, 
 and vitrioL There are also quarries of marble, 
 alabaster, and porphyry, besides hot baths and 
 mineral waters. Many parts of it are fruitful 
 in corn and wine, and produce abundance of 
 citrons, oranges, pomegranates, and other fruits. 
 The inhabitants apply themselves to trade ; 
 they chiefly manufiicture silks, stuffs, fine earth- 
 enware, and gilt leather. They are much vi- 
 sited by foreigners, on account of their polite- 
 jiess, and because the Tuscan language is ac- 
 counted the purest in all Italy. This duchy is 
 divided into three provinces, Florence, Pisano, 
 
 and Sienna, to which some add tho island^ 
 Upon the flight of tho grand duke, in 1799, it 
 was erected by the French into the kingdom of 
 Etruria, but was soon afterwards transformed 
 into an appendage to the crown of Italy. In 
 1814, however, the duchy was restored to tho 
 Austrians, when-f erdinard, the grand duke, 
 returned to his dominions. Area, 9270 squnie 
 miles. Pop. 1,600,000. Florence is the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 Tusis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of GriHons, seated near tho torrent Nolla; 16 
 miles S. by W. of Coire. 
 
 TuTBURV, a village, and formerly a market- 
 town, in Staffordshire (with a coi liderable cot- 
 ton manufacture); noted for its ancient castle, 
 of which several towers and a small part of the 
 wall still remain. It is seated on the river 
 Dove, 4 miles N. W. of Burton, and 13* of 
 London. 
 
 TuTicoRiN, a town of Ilindostan, in the Cnr- 
 natic, seated on the Gulf of Manaar ; 29 miles 
 E. by N. of Palamcotta, and 67 S. of Maduni. 
 TuTLiNOEN, a town of Germany, with a 
 castle on a mountain, belonging to the kingdom 
 of Wirtemberg. Near it is the celebrated foun- 
 dry of Ludwigsthal. It is seated on the Da- 
 nube, over which is a bridge; 58 miles S. S. W. 
 of Stutgard. Long. 8. 48. E. iat. 48. 2. N, 
 
 Tutor*, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Irkutsk, situate on the Lena ; 160 miles N. 
 of Irkutsk. Long. 106. 40. E. lat. 54. 40. N. 
 Tuxford, a town in Nottinghamshire, with 
 a market on Monday, and a good free-school. 
 It is 12 miles N. N. W. of Newark, and 137 
 N. by W. of London. 
 
 TuY, a town of Spain, in Galicia, and a 
 bishop's see. It is surrounded by walls and 
 ramparts, and well furnished with artillery, 
 being a frontier town towards Portugal, it 
 stands on a mountain near the river Minho; 60 
 miles S. of Compostella, and 260 W. N. W. of 
 Madrid. Pop. 4000. Long. 8. 32. W. lat. 42. 
 4. N. 
 
 TuzLA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Cara- 
 mnnia, situate at the western extremity of a 
 lake to which it gives name. It is 28 miles N. 
 of Konieh. 
 
 Tver, a government of Russia, formerly a 
 province in the government of Novogorod. It 
 was the first province modelled according to the 
 code of laws of Catherine II. It comprises 
 an area of 24,000 square miles, with 1,000,000 
 inhabitants. The country produces abundantly 
 all kinds of com and vegetables. Its forests 
 yield the most valuable timber. The quadru- 
 peds and the feathered race are the same as in 
 all the N. of Europe. Besides the fishes com- 
 mon to most lakes and rivers, there is one pe- 
 culiar to the waters of these northern regions, 
 called the sterlet : it is the uciperuer ruthenus 
 of Linn6, and is a species of sturgeon, highly 
 esteemed for the flavour of its flesh, and for its 
 roe, of wh. h the finest caviare is made. 
 
 T»ER, the capital of the foregoing govern- 
 ment, and an archbishop's see, with a fortress. 
 It is a place of considerable commerce, being 
 seated at the conflux of the Tverza and Volga, 
 
TWE 
 
 707 
 
 along which U convoyed nil the merchandiw 
 ■ont by wiitor from Sihoriu wid the S. provinott 
 toward* l'i.te«l,urg. It « divided into tho ( )ld 
 and New Town; tJie former, gituute on tlio 
 O|.,,o.rtemdo of the Volg.., con«.ta almct e,.? 
 tire^y of wooden eottngesi; tlie latter lii« ii«„ 
 
 WjkkJ the governor's house, the episcopal p«- 
 ^ce, the court* of jiaitice, the exchange, he 
 prison, and some other public edifices; anj Z 
 every person who engaged to build a housi „f 
 bnck, she ottered a loan of am. for 12 years 
 without n.terc.t. Tho streets are broadband' 
 long ex endii.g m straight lines from an octa- 
 gon in the centre ; the houses of this octagon. 
 
 coed white, and make a magnificent appeal 
 
 A \ tj.^ """ ecclesinstical seminary, which 
 
 admits 600 students. In mc, the empr^ 
 
 founded a school for tho instruction of 200 
 
 ?o"A f ''''.''" 'r*^ '" ^'''>' ""academy 
 for the education of IJO of the young nobility 
 of the province. Tver is UO miles N. N. W of 
 
 JSTn! ^^* ^"'""''- ^""»- ^*'- ^- *=• ^'• 
 
 Tweed, a river of Scotland, which rises from 
 
 ITTrV^T^' •" "'^. ^- 1""' "*■ i'^'^Weshire, 
 called Tweedsmuir. It divides that county 
 almost into two equal parts, crosses the N. part 
 of Selkirkshue and Roxburghshire, then forms 
 Uie boundary between Berwickshire and Eng- 
 land, and enters the German Ocean at Berwick. 
 TWEEDMOUTH a town in the detached part 
 tI^"?":, '""''' IslandHhire; situate on the 
 i weed, and communicating by a bri'dge with 
 Berwick, of which it may be diemed a fubuilj 
 
 »!th .If'""' K*^•"'"'°«« '" Middlesex, adorned 
 with many handsome villus, of which two are 
 particularly celebrated: that which was the fo- 
 vourate residonoe of Pope, and Strawberry Hill, 
 
 lorat'-w", ^?'^''' r'r' "f »'>« celebrated 
 „n»K T^"'P°'®'^''»'^0'-f«>''l- " " seated 
 on he Ihames, 3 miles S. S. W. of Brentford 
 
 22'mr ^:'EnrB"iefsk^"^''"'^' ^^ ''- ^--^ 
 
 lenguTW^elSf Molucca Island, three 
 
 fnr^Jff- " """'^ '" "'« N. W. Of Virginia, 
 formed from a part of Ohio county, in 1814 ' 
 
 n il^'"l' ? "''"> Northumberland, formed by 
 nnnT'^'V'^""" t^^^' P«'' "^ Cumb^rlandTand 
 f„„i 'Vk'""*''^'""'°"*''« bo'^Jers of Scot- 
 tend, rhese, uniting a little above Hexham 
 form a large river, which flows by Newcas "' 
 and enters the German Ocean at Tynemouth ' 
 aArl^W"'^' °^ Scotland, in Haddington- 
 shire, which rises on the borders of Edinbursh- 
 G^2 «r •'y Haddington, and enSThe 
 German Ocean to the W. of Dunbar. 
 IvNKMOUTH, n borough in Northumberland, 
 
 TZU 
 
 near rho mouth of the Tyne, noted for iti an- 
 
 on tho sivside. Tynemouth ho. some consi- 
 derable stt t-works; and here, and at Shields, 
 hirgo vessel, take in their loading of cml , d 
 good, brought from Newcastle. Durinu tho 
 bathing st'ason it is a place of fu«hio,.uble re<iort 
 ana m the neighbourhood ar^, some mineral 
 springs. It returns one member to parliament 
 It IS 9 mile. E. N. E. of Newcastle. 
 TviiE. See Sua. 
 
 TyuoL, a princely counJy of the Austrian 
 empire; bounded on th. N. by Bavaria, E, by 
 Salzburg and Carintlna, S. by Austrian Italy-, 
 and W. by SwiUv'rlund. Though a mounUiin- 
 0U8 country, its valleys are fertile in corn and 
 wine and it has an excellent breed of cattle. 
 It likewise yields salt, all kinds of ores, and 
 various sorU of precious stones. lU copj.cr 
 contains not only silver, but also some gold. 
 
 Fv!.'!""*".?.?' """" '"° '''«' ^»". Adige, and 
 Ey« ch. The country is divided into Leven 
 districts or circles. It was overrun by the 
 French and Bavarians in 1006, and, by the 
 reaty of I'resburg. w.ui ceded toBavariaf la 
 lOOJ It was ceded fo Italy, but was restored to 
 
 P„?79nnnn"'^T- ^''''' ^ ^ 000 square miles. 
 Pop. 720,000. Innspruck is the capital. 
 
 vi„!i''"i.'*?'T," '^"""'y °^ Ireland, in tho pro- 
 vince of Ulster, 46 miles long, and 37 broad : 
 oounded on the N. by Londonderry, E. by Ar 
 magh and Loch Neagh, S. W. by Fermanagh, 
 
 ™ih ^. ^"r*"'- ^' '" *Ji"'led into 35 
 par shes, and sends two members to parliament, 
 it 18 a rough country, but tolerably fertile. 
 The cajHtal is Dungnimon. 
 
 i„„^*''^'-"j " ^"*" "*■ I^enmark in North Jut- 
 land with a citadel; seated on the Gulf of 
 Lynifi-rd, 46 miles W. of Alburg. Long 8 
 25. E. Int. 50. 54. N. * 
 
 Tyyv, or Teife, a river of Wales in Curdi- 
 
 ST ^P^lu'"'"'''' '""^ '""" "» '"ke on the E. 
 side of the county, and flows by Tregannon. 
 
 di n S'' ^®"''''""«' '^^ Cardigan, i-fto Car- 
 
 TzAiuTZTN, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Saratof; seated on the Volgl ; I20 
 
 ?8 0. N. '^*'""^"' ''°"«- ^^' 2^^- '"'• 
 
 TzEUNiTz, a town of Et-ropean Turkey, in 
 
 Romania near the river Tzema; 32 mil« N. 
 
 m.iii. ot Adrmnople. 
 TziviLSK, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 
 ?^^" . J^r^" ' ^^ ""«" W- of Kasan. Long. 
 47. 25. E. lat. 5a. 40. N. * 
 
 TzuRucHATu, Staroi. a town of Russia, in 
 the government of Irkutsk; seated on^the 
 Arpania on tho borders of China; 160 milei 
 49 jg'JN*^''*'™^'- I-ong- 119. 32. E. lat. 
 
 ! 1 
 
 M 
 
 ZZ9 
 
 f*f 
 
 Si 
 
ITDK 
 
 tot 
 
 U K V. 
 
 UuROA, n town of Spain, In Amlnluiia, with 
 K Rtroii); unntle, «';>Um! id it fcrtilu i-ountry, near 
 the river lfUii(luli|uivt<r; 2°2 inilun N. K. of Jiiun. 
 Top. !rt,00(». 
 
 IIrrhlincirn, a town of Dadcn, in tho (1!»- 
 trict r.f Fiintcnhurg. Tho princi|Ntl tniilu ia in 
 corn to Switzerland; ami near it arc fiimous 
 baths. It is scattiO on a high rock, 7 niiios N. 
 of (/onstance. 
 
 UuRRHKO, n town of nohemin, in the circle 
 of Chrudin; 10 miles E. N. K. of ('hrudin. 
 
 Udu, St., or Sktuvai., a fortiKttl seniuirt of 
 Portugal, in Rstrcmnduni; with n strong cit<idvl 
 and a goml harbour, dcfundiHl by three forts. 
 It is built on tho rains of tho ancient Sctobrign, 
 at tho head of a btiy, m-ar tho influx of tho 
 Cadaon, nnd has a gocnl trade, particularly in 
 Milt, of which a great quantity is sent to tho 
 colonies in America. It stands at tho end of a 
 plain, A miles in length, extremely fertile in 
 com, wine, and fruits; the N. end bounded by 
 mountains, covorod with pines and other trees, 
 and containing qiutrries of jasper of several 
 colours; 'JO miles S. E. of Lisbon. Long. 0. 54. 
 W. lat. 38. 22. N. 
 
 UoiuAU, a town of Sexnny, seated on tho 
 Elster; 2U miles S. E. of Wittenburg. 
 
 Unr, an island on the E. side of the ontmnco 
 of the Gulf of Siam, 20 miles in circumferenco. 
 It yields good water and plenty of wood. Long. 
 104. 46. E. lat 8. 55. N. 
 
 UCATAL. &•« ApURIMAC. 
 
 UcBDO, or UzKUA, a town of Spain, in New 
 Castile, with a ciiKtIe ; seated on tho Xuntma; 
 32 miles N. N. K. of Modrid. 
 
 UcKRR, a river which issues from a lake of 
 the same namo, near Prenzlo, in Urnndenburg, 
 flowH V. into I'omornnia, and, being joined by 
 the iCiiiiJo, enters the Frisch Uaff at Ucker- 
 munde. 
 
 UcuKH Mark, the former name of that part 
 of Brandenburg which bordered on Pcmcrania, 
 between Mecklenburg and the Oder, It now 
 forms part of tho I'russian government of 
 Potsdam. . 
 
 UcKEitMUNDR, a town of Prussia, in Pomo- 
 rania; seated on tlio Frisch Half, at the influx 
 of the Uckcr; 32 miles N. W. of Stottin. 
 
 UouRVALLA, a seaport of Sweden, in the 
 province of Bahus. The streets are spacious, 
 but the housM are built of wood; and the town 
 was therefore almost entirely destroyed in the 
 fire of 1806. The chief trade is in iron, planks, 
 and herrings. It is situate on a bay of the 
 Ciittegat; 50 miles N. by W. of Gotheburg. 
 Long. 11.50. E. lut. 58.24. N. 
 
 Udina, or Udink, a city of Austrian Italy, 
 capital of a delegation of its name, which com- 
 prises almost the whole of the former Venetian 
 Friuli; with a citiidel. It is the see of an 
 archbishop, and contains 17,000 inhabitants. 
 A treaty between the Austrians and French 
 was signed hero in 1797. It ia seated in a 
 
 u. 
 
 largo plain, on tho river and cnnni called lin 
 Uoia; 20 miles N. W. of Aijuilciii, and (•') 
 N. E. of Venice. 
 
 UoiNSKoi, a town of Silicria, in tho govern- 
 ment of Irkutsk ; seated <in tho Sulinga ; 150 
 milM E. of IrkuUk. Long. 108. 20. E. lat. 52. 
 0. N. 
 
 Udipu, a town of Ilindostan, in Canara; 
 near which is a small fort. Hero are three 
 temi'les, plucinl in i. common s<|uare, anil sur- 
 roundiHl by 14 large convents. It stands amid 
 rice tiolds, beautiftilly intermixed with milni 
 gardens; 2 miles fk-om tho sea, and 36 N. >i. W, 
 of Mangalore, 
 
 Udskoi, a town of Sil)eria, in tho province of 
 Okhotsk ; situate on the IJd ; .'100 miles H. W. 
 of OkhoUk. Long. I;i5. 30. E. lat. 55. «. N. 
 
 UovAHiiKi.r, a town of Transylvania, eajtilal 
 of a district of its namo ; with a consiilernble 
 tmde in honey, wax, fitc; 22 miles E. N. E. of 
 Sclicesburg, and 78 S. £. of Clausenburg. Pop. 
 COOO. 
 
 Uki.zkn, n town of Hanover, in Lunoburg; 
 noteil as tho birthplace of Zimmerman. It is 
 situate on an island in the river Ilnieran; 22 
 miles S. of Luneburg. 
 
 Ufa, a government of Asiatic Russia, for- 
 merly included in the government of Tobolxk. 
 It is divided into the two provinces of Ufa and 
 Orenburg. 
 
 Ufa, tho capital of the above government, 
 seated on the river Ufa, near its conflu<'nce with 
 the Bielaia ; 760 miles E. by S. of Moscow. 
 Long. 56. 0. E. lat. 54, 50. N. 
 
 Uffknhkim, a town of Bavarian Franconin, 
 in tho district of Ansfiach, with a castle; situate 
 on the Uollace; !5 miles N. by E. of lloten- 
 burg, and 22 S. E. of Wurtiburg. 
 
 UoKNTO, a town of Naples, in Term 
 d'Otranto, and a bishop's see; 8 miles W. of 
 Alessnna, and 20 S. W. of Otranto. 
 
 UoLiANi, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont; 9 miles N. of Ivrea, nnd 16 E. S. E. 
 of Aosta. 
 
 UoLicii, atown of Russia, in tho government 
 of Joroslavl; with a trade in leather and soap ; 
 seated on the Volgrt, 45 miles W. of Jnroslavl. 
 Pop. 6500. 
 
 UoooNA, n town of Austrian Italy; 45 miles 
 N. W. of Milan. 
 
 UisT, North and South, two islands of the 
 Hebrides, on tho W. side of Scotland. North 
 Uist is 22 miles long and 17 broad, and the face 
 of the country corrcs])onds with that of Lewes. 
 South Uist is 23 mites long, nnd 7 broad, and 
 trees are here equally unknown. Many cows 
 are annually exported; but the staple com- 
 modity is kelp. The ixliind of Benbecuin lies 
 between them, nnd they are each about 16 
 miles to tho W. of the uiout western point of 
 the Islo of Skye. 
 
 Ukknskoi, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Tobolsk, at the conflux of the Irtisdi 
 
UKR 
 
 ■■d Oliyi IflO milM N. of Tobolik. Long. 69. 
 15. K. Int. (il. 10. N. 
 
 Ukhaink, h country of Huropc, lying on th, 
 bortlfm of I'oliiiid, Uuiaiii, nnit Little Tartary. 
 lU lutino ■luiiiHt's a/roHtUr. Uy a treaty bo- 
 twcen Uuasia and Poland, in 1«93, thtt UUvt 
 renmlnuil in poMewion of the Ukraino, on the 
 W, Hiilu of tho l)ni<!|K)r, which constitiitod a 
 pnlutinato c«IIih1 Kiovj while tho E. iido wits 
 iiliottfil to llusaiii, and called tho Kovuri.mont 
 of Kiov ; hut KuMia, having obtainc<i tho 
 I'olinh part. I>v tho treaty of iMirtition in 17U3, 
 tho wholo Ixjlongn now to that itowor. That 
 iHirt of thu Ulcruiiu! on tho W. aido of tho 
 Wiu'upop iit hut indittbrcntly ciiltivatwl; hut that 
 on tho K. nido, inhabited hy tho C;os8aci, ia in 
 much better condition. Tho i>rincij)al town ia 
 Kiov. See (JossAcii. 
 
 Ulala, a town Of Hindottan, in Canore : 3 
 niilos S. W. of Mangidoro. 
 
 Ulapool, a town of Scotland, in Uo»-»hirc; 
 on the K. Rido of the ontranco of Loch lirooni ; 
 ttt tho mouth of a river of its name; withagoinl 
 harbour and commodious rond. It is a great 
 ♦Ishing station, and situato in tho midst of a 
 wool country ; 4« miles W. by N. of Tain. 
 Long. 6. 5. W. lat. 67. 60. N. 
 
 Ulka, or Ulauoiu), an extensive provinr ia 
 tlio N. of Finland, and extending along the ^. 
 coast of tho Gulf of Bothnia. It wiis long sub- 
 ject to Sweden, but, since 1H09, it forms a circle 
 of the Ilussian government of Abo. The popu- 
 lation il thinly scattered, tho chief part of the 
 sur&co being covered with forests, marshes, 
 and rocks. 
 
 Ulbauoro, tho capital of tho preceding pro- 
 vince, and tho largest town in East Holhnin; 
 with a castle on an island, and a commodious 
 harbour. In 1714 this town was demolished 
 by tho Russians, to wliom tho Swedes sur- 
 rendered it in 1«0(I. It is situate at the mouth 
 of a river of the same namo; 340 miles N. by 
 E. of Abo. Pop. 3500. Long. 24. 40. E. lat. 
 65. 30. N. 
 
 Umbtea, one of tho Society Isles, in tho 
 South Pacific. See Raiatea. 
 
 Ullswateb, a lake on the borders of West- 
 moreland and Cumberland; 10 miles N. of 
 Ambleside. It is 8 miles long, and abounds 
 with char and other fish. The report of guns, 
 discharged in certain stations on the lake, is 
 reverberated from rock to rock, promontory, 
 cavern, and hill, with every variety of sound. 
 The river Eamont flows through this lake, 
 and by Penrith to tho Eden, forming that part 
 of the boundary line between the two counties. 
 Ulm, a city of Germany, in Wirtemberg. It 
 is a fortified, large, and handsome place, in 
 which the archives of the late imperial towns 
 of Suabia were preserved, and where the diet of 
 the circle was generally held. The cathedral 
 is a large magnificent structure. Here is an 
 excellent college, with a theological seminary 
 annexed ; and a convent for the daughters of 
 the nobility and citizens, who are here effucated 
 and afterwards at lilwrty to marry. Its other 
 most remarkable buildings are the abbey of 
 St. Michael, commonly called Wcngen, tho 
 
 »Q» 
 
 UMA 
 
 town-houM, the arsonnl, the magulnee, uid 
 ho mluablo town library. Thu inhabiUnUai* 
 'rotestanta, and estimated at 1(1,000) they h«r« 
 m go-Kl trade in linens, tUitimit, paper, wine, 
 and wool. The Uuko of Uavaria took it in 
 170'2, by stratagem ; but surrendered it after 
 the battle of Dlenheim in 1704. In l/Uti it 
 woa taken by the French, and it surrendered 
 to them in 1U06, with the (lower of the 
 Austriim army, under Oonoral Mack, consist- 
 ing of (JO.OOO men. In 1 H 1 it was tninsferrwi 
 to Wirtemlwrg. It is seated at the contluencu 
 of the Ulau with tho DanulMj, opiHisito the in- 
 flux of tho Her; .'}« miles W. by N. of Augs- 
 burg, and 40 S. E. of Stutgurd. Lona. i), 60. 
 E. lat. 48. 24. N. 
 
 Ulotiio, or Vlotiiow, a town of Prussian 
 Westphalia, in the county of Ravensburg; near 
 which is a medicinal s))ring. It is (J miles U. of 
 Mindon. 
 
 Uluiciibtbin, a town of Germany, in llesw>- 
 Darmstadt ; with a fortified costlu. It is 36 
 miles S. E. of Marburg. 
 
 Uluiciishamn, a town of Sweden, in W. 
 Gothland; formerly called Ilogesund; the pre- 
 sent name being given it in 1741, in compliment 
 to queen Ulrica Eleimoru. It has a consider- 
 able trade in oittlo, provisions, tobacco, &u. 
 It is 60 milee E. of Gothebuig. 
 
 Ulster, a province of Ireland, IIC milea 
 long, and 100 bronul ; bounded on the E. hy 
 the Irish Sea, N. b> the Northern Ocean, W, 
 by tho Atlantic Ocean, S. W, by tho n-jvipco 
 of Connaught, and S. by that of Lvinster. It 
 ontains the counties of Donegal, Londonderry, 
 Antrim, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Monaghan, Ar- 
 magh, Down, and Cavan. The principal place 
 is Londonderrj'j 
 
 Ulstpb, New. See Zealand. New. 
 Ultzkn, or Veltzen, n town of the Nether- 
 lands, in N. Holland ; with a trade in flour and 
 wool. It is 60 miles N. of Haarlem. 
 
 Ulverstone, a town in Lancashire, with a 
 market on Thursday. It ia seated at the foot 
 of some hills, near a shallow arm of the Irish 
 Sea, and has a canal to the estuary of the 
 Leven. The parish church, situato a small 
 distance from the town, at the foot of a steep 
 hill, is a handsome structure, rebuilt in 1804, 
 after its ancient pattern of the age of Henry 
 VIII. Here are also an additional church, 
 erected under the recent acts, three places of 
 worship for dissenters, the ancient Quakers' 
 meeting-houso at Swart* Moor, and a Roman 
 Catholic chapel. At the intersection of two 
 of the principal streets was an ancient cross, 
 which waa replaced by one of cast iron in 1821. 
 Since the decline of Dalton, this town has «»n- 
 aiderably increased; and has manufactures of 
 cotton, check, canvas, and hats. It ia the port 
 of the district of Fumess, and exports much 
 corn, limestone, iron-cre, and blue slate. It 
 is 22 miles N. W. of Lancaster, and 26 1 N. 
 N. W. of London. Long. 3. 12. W. hit. 64. 
 14. N. 
 
 Uma, or Umea, a province of Sweden, com- 
 prising W. Dothnia, Umea, Lapmark, and 
 nearly all Swedisii Lapland. It has an area uf 
 
 i'\^ 
 
 I' 
 
 i^ 
 
 1 1 
 
UMA 
 
 UO 
 
 haffnt!?"*™ miles, with aboi't 80,000 ia- 
 
 n^hJl'n " ^f ?*'.* ?^P°^ o' Sweden, in W. 
 Bothnia, capital of the above provincr at the 
 mouth of the river U-na, in the Gulf of Both- 
 nia. Ihe houses are tuilt of wood, »nd it was 
 twice burnt by the Russians. It is 310 miles 
 
 fi» L\°' Stockholm. Long. 19. 18. E. lat. 
 
 DO. 58. >. 
 
 VMiy, a iraall seaport of Austrian Illyria 
 ui Istnn, seated near the Gulf Laruona- 19 
 miles S. W. of Capo d'Istria. "^ ""' '"= 
 
 duc^h^of Voff"*-* "' ''^^' ""^ '^''^ *^« 
 UMBBUTico, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 
 ^ted on the Lipuda, 1? miles N. by W. of 
 
 St. Sevenna. Pop. 10,000. 
 Ummeeapoora, or Amaeapcha, or.e of the 
 
 most flourishing and well-built cities of Asia- 
 
 ^Jl^,?" rr'" ""^^''T^i '^ith a spacious and 
 y i regular fort, completely fortified ..fter ths east- 
 
 em manner. It waa touvied ia 1783 bv the 
 emperor Minderagree ; 4 miles N. E. of Ava 
 the ancient capital. The houses are raised on 
 pojts from the ground; the smaller supported 
 by bamboos, the laiger by strong timber. The 
 streets are ail straight, many of them wide 
 payed with brick, and frequently crossed by 
 others at nght angles. The royal palace ie a 
 splendid edifice, within the fort, and not anj 
 nobleman of the court ispermitted to enter it 
 with his leet covered. The temnles and mo- 
 nastenes are numerous, and, tho. n in general 
 composed of wood, are very magnificent! The 
 unbounded expenditure of gilding, which is be- 
 stowed on the outside of the rooft, particularly 
 on the lofty spires, renders them o^ects of ex- 
 traordinary splendour. Ummerapoora is situate 
 on a peninsula, formed by the Irrawaddy on 
 ^6 W. and a narrow channel branching E 
 from the nver, which soon takes a N. direo- 
 tion, ana expands to a uke on the E. side of 
 the city 7 miles long, and one and a half 
 J^v v*^ 'i^Omile, E. of Calcutta, and 
 
 Umritsir, a city of Hindostan, in the king. 
 
 city of the Sikhs, who now occupy the whole of 
 the territory, and is by them esteemed sacred. 
 It was ra^ed to the fefou"d in 1761. 
 
 Undeewalden, a canton of Switzerland, 
 bounded on tr,eN by the canton of Lucerne 
 and the Lake of the Fear Cantons, E. by high 
 mountains which separate it from the canton of 
 uri, t,. by Mount Brunich, which parts it 
 *roai the canton of Bern, and W. by that of 
 Lucern. It is 24 miles long, and 20 b-oad 
 
 -.5,000 mhabitante, and is •^.jvided into tha 
 Ipper and Lower Valley by a forest called 
 : 'S*^''^?'*^' '''"'='' crosces the canton from N. 
 to b. The country aboui.-ls in fruit and cattle 
 but produces little com, und no wine. The 
 inhabitante are Iloman Catholics, Stanz is 
 the capital of the Lower Valley, and Samen 
 CI tSc -^pytr, ana of the wjiolo canton. 
 
 Unovab, a town and fort of Huugnry, capi- 
 
 UNI 
 
 tal ol a palatinate of the same name. It stands 
 in an island formed by the Ung ; 87 miles E. 
 
 kt.^42%. °^' *"""• ^"* ^- 23- E. 
 Unikoo, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Lenczicz, «th a fine castle belonging to the 
 archbtehop ol Gnesen, seated on the Wurta; 
 20 miles S. S. W. of Lencxicz. ' 
 
 PnYili*"'' " ■°'"'. °^ Pennsylvania, chief of 
 iayette county, situate on Redstone Creek. 
 
 M 11. ^/^i!®* ®- ^y ^ "^ BrownsviUe, and 2U 
 «. lu. of Moi-^antown. 
 
 Union, a to wn of New York, in Tioga county, 
 where the judicial courts are held in October! 
 It IS situate on the Susquehanna, W. of tho in- 
 flux of the Chenango. It is 60 miles E. by S. 
 of Newtown, and 160 N. W. of New York. 
 
 United PRoyiNCEa op the Neteeelands. 
 a name given to tho seven Protestant states of 
 the Netherlands, which threw off the voke of 
 Spain, and became an independent republic. 
 oee HotLAND and Netheelanosi 
 
 United States op America, a republic of 
 Worth America, consisting originally, in 1783 
 of thirteen states, namely, MaMachusetto, New 
 Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
 York, New Jeney, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
 m. .'land, Virginia, North Carolina, South Ca- 
 rouna,and Georgia: Kentucky, Vermont, Ten- 
 nessee, Maine, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, 
 iHissoun, Alabama, Louisiana, and Ohio, havw 
 ing since been formed, and added to them, 
 the present number of the states that ccnsti- 
 tute this great American republic is 30; in- 
 cluding the territories of Michigan, Arkansaw, 
 Wisconsin, and Iowa, and the district of Co- 
 lombia. These districts are all described in 
 tbifl work m their proper places. The popu- 
 lation of this republic has wonderfully increased 
 iri*^ ^t.y acquired their independence, in 
 17a3. -^e number of inhabitants in 1770 was 
 estimated at 1,600,000; in 1791, 3,929,326 ; 
 m 1800, 5,319,762; in 1810, 7,239.903 -ii^ 
 820,9 654,415; in 1831. 13,368,17lVimd S 
 1841, 17,068.666. No p,lrt of th^ globe is w 
 well supplied with rivers, great and small 
 spnngs, and lakes, aa the United States; so' 
 that a communication by water from one ex- 
 tremity to the other is more easy than in Eng- 
 land; and a grc«t multitude of bays and ex- 
 cellent harbours are on the coast of everv 
 maritime stat,. In the large towns, the hous^ 
 are of bnck; mthe othera, anu their environs, 
 the half and often the whole of them are of 
 planks : but 80 miles from the sea, in the cen- 
 tral and southern states, and particularly in 
 those W of the Allegany mountains, a Lm 
 ^"uT^ "^v ''^ inhabitants still live in what are 
 called^Iog-houses, made of the trunks of trees, 
 from 20 to 30 feet long, and four or five inch« 
 in diameter, laid one upon another, and sup- 
 ported by letUng their ends into each other : 
 the spaces between the tmnks are filled with 
 cJay; they have two doers, which are hunu 
 upon wooden hinges, and these frequently sup- 
 Pi v the dIaco nf -jrmJp.^. . :.u?_ - .r ^ 
 
 iron of any sort are used, i'he thirteen original 
 states long flourished as provinces of Great 
 
UNN 
 
 711 
 
 Britain; but pulioment attempting to tax them 
 by ite dole autnority, without the interventian 
 or their aasembLjs, a civil war enaued. The 
 Amencana fomed a congress, which in 1776 
 disclaimed aU dependence on the mother coun- 
 try ; the trench king entered into an alliance 
 
 r -iit^J? ^"^' '''« colonies, powerfully 
 M«sted by France, were successful ; and Great 
 Untain acknowledged their independence by 
 the p«ice of 1 783. From this period they con- 
 tinued to flourish unUl they became involved 
 in the wars that raged between Great Britain 
 and trance, and at length, in June 1812. took 
 up arms a^nst the British for the vindication 
 01 their nghta as a neutml power. The Ameri- 
 can commerce novT feU oflfto a very low ebb, and 
 the states suffered considerabiy from tho more 
 direct cc.nsaquenee of the war. In 1814, peace 
 having been concluded in Europe, the qi^tion 
 lu dispute between Britain and America ceased 
 entirely, m a practical view, to possess any in- 
 terest. Accordingly, the commissioners of the 
 two powers, who had met at Ghent, agreed to 
 adjourn the controversy, and in December a 
 treaty of peace was signed between them. The 
 manufactures and commerce have since been 
 rapidly increasing, and the country is progres- 
 Bively advancing in population and import- 
 ance. The federal constitution of the United 
 States 18 governed by a congress, consisting of 
 a president, a vice-president, senate, and house 
 of representatives. The representatives are 
 elected every second year; the senators are 
 chosen for six years, and the president and 
 vice-president for four. General Washington 
 was elected the first president in 1788. In the 
 United States there is no national establish- 
 ment of religion, but every mar. is left to sup- 
 port that which is agreeable to him by his own 
 voluntary contributions. The great mass of 
 the people profess Christianity, and are divided 
 into various sects, but as no one sect is taken 
 under state patronage, or distinguished by pe- 
 cuhar privileges, the difference of religious sen- 
 timent excites no feeling of rancour, and all 
 classes live together in the utmost harmony. 
 Jiducation receives every possible encourag-*- 
 ment from the government, and colleges, m^i- 
 cal and law schools, and academies, are nume- 
 rous throughout the union. In some of the 
 states sla.-ry is abolished, and rhe disgrace 
 vhich Its prevalence in other states reflects on 
 a tree nation is beginning to be felt by the go- 
 vernment, who, it cannot be doubted, will at 
 no remote period. eradicate forever this abomi- 
 nable stigma vn their country. The city of 
 Washington is the metropolis. 
 
 Unna, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in 
 the county of Mark, environed by walls and 
 ditches, and formerly a considerable Hanseatic 
 town. It is seated on the Kottolbeck : 10 
 miles S. S. W, of Ham. * 
 
 Unna, a river of European Turkey, which 
 rises in Bosnia, on the frontiers of Croatia, 
 passes by Wihitsch, and joins the Save J? 
 Biiie-s above GradiiCtt. ' 
 
 -^""f^v. « town of Sweden, in the province 
 of Bmoland ; 43 milet W. of Wexio. 
 
 URA 
 
 i-iY^T'ii? ^°', '""^^'^ of «•« Shetland 
 i^\ ^ '^^ '?"«• ^^ * »'«»"1. and mow 
 level than the other isles. It fUds many 
 sheep, horned^ cattle, and hogs, and about 80 
 tonn of cured fish are annually exported. 
 Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 61. 10. N. 
 
 Untemebn, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Bern, near which is the &mcus oa> 
 vem of St. Pat. It is seated on the river Aar 
 oetween the la^3s Brieiitz and Thunj 26 miles 
 S. S. £. of Bern. 
 
 Unza, a town of Russia, in a province of 
 the same name, in the government of Kos- 
 troma. It is situate on the river Un?a; 92 
 miles E. N. E. of Kostroma. 
 
 Upland, a province of Sweden, between Su- 
 dermonia, Westmania, Gestricia, and the Bal- 
 tic. It is 70 miles long, and 46 broad, contains 
 an area of 600 square miles, with 260,000 in- 
 habitanto, and is extensively covered with 
 shapeless stones and impenetiable woods, but 
 enriched with inexhaustible mines of copper 
 iron, and silver. Stockholm is the capital. 
 
 Uppingham, a town in Rutlandshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday, seated on an emi- 
 nence; 6 miles S. of Uakham, and 89 N. by 
 W. of London. 
 
 Upsal, a city of Sweden, in Upland, and an 
 archbishop's see, with a university. It is di- 
 vided into two almost equal parte by the river 
 Sala, and the streeto are drawn at right angles 
 from a central kind of square. A few of the 
 houses aie built of brick, but the generality are 
 constructed of wood, painted red, and the rooft 
 lure covered in with turf. Upsal was formerly 
 the metropolis of Sweden, and near it is the 
 morasten, or stone on which the kings used to 
 be crowned. The cathedral, a large structure 
 of bnck, contains the remains of the celebrated 
 Gustavus Vasa, and of Charles Linn& The 
 imiversity is tho most ancient in Sweden, and 
 the first seminary in the N. for academical edu- 
 cation. Tho Rbyal Society here is likewise 
 the oldest literary academy in the N. Here is 
 an observatory, planned by the celebrated Cel- 
 sius, from which the Swedish geographera com- 
 P"*e the longitude; also a botanical garden, of 
 which Linn6 was superintendent. Upsal ia 
 seated in a vast open plain, fertile in com ; 85 
 miles N. N. W. of Stockholm. Pop. 6000. 
 Long. 17. 39. E. lat. 69. 62. N. 
 
 Upton-upon-Sevebn, a town in Worcester- 
 shire, with a market on Thursday, and a great 
 trade in cider. It is seated on the Severn 10 
 miles S. of Worcester, and 111 W. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Urach, a town of Germany, in the kingdom 
 of Wirtcmberg. It has a great trade in paper, 
 damasks, and linen, and is 21 miles S. S. E. of 
 Stut^ard. 
 
 Ural, or Ourai., a river of Russia, which 
 rises in Mount Caucasus, flows by Orenburg, 
 Uralsk, and Gurief, and entera the Caspian 
 Sea by three mouths. 
 
 — ..-.„«, a cnam ui mouiiuuns 
 
 extending from the 50th to nearly the 67th 
 degree of N. Int., or about 1 1 60 miles, and some- 
 times called by the Russians "the bnck of Ui» 
 
U R A ^13 
 
 worW;" The control iwirt of this chain abounds 
 in OMtals, and they contoiii fir.e whiti, mnrblo. 
 
 iL!"! r^,"?* "' '•'^ '•'«''«»* mountains, if. said to 
 i>e 4S12 feet above the level of the sen. This 
 churn forms a considerable curt of the boundary 
 iMitwceu Euroi)e and Asia. 
 
 'JfAi-'AN CkwsAcs, a Tartar tribe that inhabit 
 the liussinn province of Ureiiburg, on the S. 
 Bide of tlie river Ural. These Cossacs are do- 
 ■ctnUoil from those of the Don, and are a va- 
 liant race. They profess tlie Greek religion, 
 but they are dissenters from the established 
 religion, whom the Bnssinns called lloskoliiilti 
 or Separutists, and who styled themselves Star- 
 overski, or Old Believers. They consider the 
 service of the established church as profiine, and 
 Imvo their own priests and ceremonies. The 
 Uriilian Cossacs are all enthusiasts for the an- 
 cient ntiiai, and prize their beards almost enual 
 to their lives. A Russian officer having or- 
 dered a number of Cossac recruits to bo pub- 
 hcly shaved in the town of Yaitok, in 1771. this 
 wanton insult excited an insunwtion, which 
 was suppressed for a time; but in 1773 an im- 
 postor, Pugatchei; who assumed the name of 
 1 bter HI., appeared among them, and, taking 
 advantage of this circumstance, roused them 
 once more into open rebellion. This was sup- 
 pressed by the defeat and execution of the 
 impostor; and, in order ^o extinguish all re- 
 membrance of this rebellion, the river Yaik was 
 called the Ural, the Yaik Cossacs were deno- 
 minated UraUan Cossacs, and the town of 
 Yaitsk was named Uralsk. The Cossacs are 
 very rich, in consequence of their fisheries in 
 the Caspian Sea, Their principal fishery is for 
 ■turgeoiis and beluga, whose roes supply large 
 •1"»"]'V™ of caviare; and the fish, chiefly salted 
 and dried, afford a considerable article of con- 
 sumption in the Russian empiro. 
 
 Uralsk, a town of Russia, capital of the 
 country of the Uralian Cossacs, was formerly 
 called Yaitok; and is seated on the river Ural, 
 875 miles N. N. E. of Astmcan. Pop. 3600, 
 Long. 50. 10. E. lat. 62. 0. N. 
 
 Uranibubo, a once magnificent castle of 
 Denmark, in the island of Huen, now in ruing. 
 It was built by Tycho Krahe, a celebrated as- 
 tronomer, who called it h -anibuig, or Castle of 
 the Heavens, and here made his observations. 
 Uhbania, a town of Italy, in the delegation 
 of Urbino, built by Urban VIII., seated on the 
 Metro; 7 miles S. S. W. of Urbino. 
 
 Urbanna, a town of Virginia, in Middlesex 
 county, on the Rapahannoc; 73 miles f' E. of 
 Richmond. 
 
 Urbino, a delegation of Italy, in the pope's 
 dominions, comprising the greaier part of the 
 former duchy of Urbino, with some adjoining 
 districts. The air is not deemed wholesome, 
 nor is the soil fertile. The chief production is 
 Bilk, ai. 1 game is plentiful, pop. 200,000. 
 
 Ukbino, a city of Italy, capital of the fore- 
 going delegation, and an archbishop's see. The 
 university contains a noble college and 16 con- 
 .,,,^^, qtitiiiuuca ui line uanncnwarearo 
 
 USB 
 
 Pop. 10,800. Long. 12. 4a 
 
 made hero; and it 's famous for being the birth- 
 place of the illustrious painter Raphael. It 
 stands on a hill, 58 iiiUcs B. of Florence, and 
 
 120 N. of Homo. 
 E. lat 43. 46. N. 
 
 Urk, a river in Yorkshire, which rises on the 
 confines of Westmoreland, flows b^ Middleham, 
 Kipon, Boroughbridge, and Aldborough, and n 
 little below joins the Swole, where the united 
 stream forms the Ouse. 
 
 Urkdbn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in 
 the government of Munster, with manufiictures 
 of excellent linen ; seated on the Berckel. 26 
 miles W. N. W. of Munster. 
 
 UuGEL, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a 
 bishop s see. It is aeate<l on the Segra, i-i a 
 fertile plain, surrounded by mountains planted 
 with vineyardi; 78 miles N. N. W. of Barce- 
 lona. Long. 1. '20. E. lat. 42. 24. N. 
 
 Ubohbnz, a town of Tartary, in Khnmsm, of 
 which It was formerly the capital ; seated on a 
 small river which runs into the lake Aral, 90 
 miles J^. N. W. of Khiva. Long, 69. 30. E. 
 
 Uhi, a canton of Switzerland, 30 miles Ion?, 
 and 12 broad; bounded on the N. by the cai 
 ton of Schweitz and the Waldstndter See, E. by 
 the cantons of Grisons and Glarus, S. by the 
 bailiwicks of Italy, and W. by the cantons of 
 Underwalden and Bern. It has an area of 640 
 square miles, with 16,000 inhabitants. Altorf 
 18 the capital. See Schwkitz. 
 
 Uei, Lakb of. See Waldstadtkr See, 
 Urseren, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Un; situate on the Rcuss, 17 miles 
 S. S. E, of Altorf 
 
 Ursitz, St,, a town in Switzeriand, in the 
 ranton of Bern ; indebted for its origin to a 
 hermitage, built in the 7th century by St. Ur- 
 sinius. It is seated on the Doubs, 6 miles S, of 
 Porentrui, 
 
 Uruguay, a province of South America, in 
 the Argentine republic; bounded on the N. by 
 Giiayra, S. by the river La Plata, E. by the 
 province del Rey, and W. bv the river I'arana- 
 600 miles long, by 400 broad. It is divided 
 by the river Uruguay, which flows from N, to 
 8. through it, and falls into the Plata, 25 miles 
 N. W. of Colonia. It is inhabited by Indians, 
 and IS well wooded, and has good pastures. 
 
 Urumka, or Ormia, a great lake of Persia, 
 in the province of Azerbijan, about 47 miles 
 long, and 25 broad. Ito depth does not exceed 
 SIX feet, and is in some parts not more than one 
 -oot The waters are extremely salt, and emit 
 sulphureous vapours. It receives 1 4 rivers, and 
 has no outlet. Theft are several islands, which 
 are increased in the dry season. 
 
 Uruhea, a town from which the preceding 
 lake is named, on ito S. W. shore, on a noble 
 plain watered by the Shur ; 90 miles S, S. W. 
 of Tabriz. It is walled, and contains 12,000 
 inhabitanto. 
 
 UsBEC Tartary, a vast country of Western 
 Tartary; bounded on the N. bv the country of 
 the Kalmucs and Turkestan, E'. by Tibet, S. by 
 Hmdostan and Persia, and W. by the Caspian 
 Sea. These Tartars are divided into several 
 tribes, governed by their respective khans, or 
 princes. When under one sovereign, they were 
 the most powerful of all the Tartarian nations. 
 Iho principal khans pride themselves in being 
 
USE 
 
 713 
 
 dewendod from Tnmorlano, whose birthplace 
 JTO8 the ancient city of Samarcand. The Us- 
 oeca, in their persons, are said to have better 
 complexions and more engaging features than 
 the KalmuM. Their religion is Mahomedism. 
 and they differ, in general, very little from the 
 people of the northern provinces of Jlir.dostnn. 
 
 Ubbdok, an island of the Prussian states, in 
 1 omernnm, m the Baltic Sea, between the 
 months of the Peene and Swin ; with two forts 
 named after these two rivers. Pop, 12,000. 
 It Has a town of the same name, on the S. W 
 coastj 40 miles N. W. of Stettin. Pop. 1000. 
 Long. 14. 2. E. Iftt. 63. 58. N. 
 
 UsiUNT, an island of Prance, on the coast of 
 the department of Finisterre, opposite Conquet. 
 .lil J"''? '" circumference, and contains 
 sevenU hamlets and a castle. Pop. 1700. Long. 
 o. 6. W. lat. 48. 28, N. * 
 
 UsiNOEN, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau. It has a handsome castle. It L 
 
 Wi2ur°" ^"^'^^ ' ^^ """** ^- ^- ^' °^ 
 
 . i^*"; « "^f which rises in Wales, on the W. 
 siOe of Brecknockshire, flows by Brecknock, 
 and, entering Monmouthshire, passes by Aber- 
 
 SriSh^nne?"'""' ""'^ ^^^P"'*' '"'° '»"« 
 
 ir y^^'J^ ^°^" '" Monmouthshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Friday, and a manufacture of japanned- 
 ware. It returns one member to parliament, 
 m conjunction with Monmouth, &c. Here are 
 the ruins of a cnstle and priory; part of the 
 latter IS converted into a farm-house, and ita 
 church IB now the parish church. It is seated 
 
 *'"i i^.o w ^"'"LT^^i""^'' ^- W- of Monmouth, 
 and 142 W, by N. of London. ' 
 
 UsKUp. See Scopia. 
 
 UssEi,, a town of France, departmen ofCor- 
 reze; 32 miles N. E. of Tulle, and 53 E, S, E 
 of Limoges. 
 
 UsTABiTz, a town in the department of Lower 
 Pyrenees; 6 miles S. S. E. of Bayonne. 
 
 UsTiCA a small island in the Mediterranean. 
 26 miles N. of the coast of Sicilv. It was for 
 centuries uninhabited, except by wild goats, till 
 in the year 1765, a citadel was built and a co-' 
 lony settled. The island is without springs 
 and Its or.ly supply of fresh water consists of 
 nun kept m cisterns. Long. 1 3. 26. E. lat. 38. 
 
 4J, Pi, 
 
 UsTiNQ, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Vologda; capital of n large district of its 
 name, and an archbishop 3 see. Great quanti- 
 ties of grain are sent hence to different parts. 
 It IS seated on the Dwina, 464 miles N. E. of 
 Moscow. 
 
 Utica, a city of North America, New York, 
 on the S. bank of the Mohawk. It is the com- 
 mercial capital in the W. part of tlie state; 93 
 miles W. by N. of Albany. Pop. 12,782, 
 
 Utrecht, one of the Dutch provinces. 30 
 miles long, and 20 broad; bounded on the N 
 and W by Holland and the Zuyder Zee, and 
 l-.. am! cr. oy Gueidoriand, Tiie soil i» fertile 
 and there are no inundations to fear, as in the 
 I lo'ooo"""*'^ Area, 490 square miles. Pop. 
 
 U'Hiicur.u fortilieU city of the NcthcrlawdH, 
 
 UZB 
 
 capital of th 
 university, 
 miles in cirt 
 which are f.< 
 estimated at 
 
 oing province, withafamoiu 
 of a square form, about 8 
 nee, exclusive of the suburbs, 
 rable. The inhabitants are 
 ,000, The most distinguished 
 of the public buildings is the cathedral, tlio 
 tower of which is very lofty, and said to be one 
 of the handiMinieet in the kingdom. The town- 
 house is also a noble building, and there are a 
 great many churches and hospitals, schools for 
 the fine arts, a hall of paintings, several valu- 
 able libraries, &c. The principal manu&ctures 
 are silk and fire-arms; and in a palace called 
 the Mall is an extensive foundry for cannon- 
 Mils. Two canals, called the New Graft and 
 the Vaert, run through the city, and over thorn 
 are 36 stone bridges. The environs are full of 
 gardens, walks, and groves, which, added to the 
 purity of the air, render Utrecht one of the 
 most agreeable places for residence in these 
 parts. Here the union of the Seven United 
 Provinces was begun in 1679; and here was 
 concluded, in 1713, the peace which terminated 
 the wars of Queen Anne. Utrecht surrendered 
 to the Prussians in 1787, and to the French in 
 1795, each time without resistance. It is seated 
 on the Rhine; 18 miles S, E. of Amsterdam, 
 and 35 N. N, W. of Nimeguen. Long. 6, 8. 
 E. lat. 52. 6. N. 8 • ". 
 
 Utrera, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, near 
 which is a salt-spring ; 21 miles S. of Seville. 
 Pop. 9000. 
 
 Uttoxeter, a tovm of StafTirdshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday, and manufactures of 
 cabinet-ware, and a considerable trade in corn 
 and cheese. The parish church, the body of 
 which has been recently rebuilt, is a spacious 
 Gothic edifice. The other places of worship 
 are two meeting-houses for Methodists, and 
 one for Quakers. It is seated on a rising 
 ground, near the river Dove; 14 miles N. E. 
 of Stafford, and 135 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Utznach, a town of Switzerland, capital of 
 a bailiwick belonging to the cantons of Schweitz 
 and Glarus. It is 8 miles N. from the Lake of 
 Zurich, and 15 N. by W. of Glarus. 
 
 UxDRiDOE, a town in Middlesex, with a mar- 
 ket on Thursday, and a great trade in com and 
 flour. The Coin flows through it in two streams, 
 and the Grand Junction Canal passes close by. 
 A treat." was carried on here between Charles 
 I, and the parliament in 1644; and the house 
 m which the plenipotentiaries met is still called 
 the Treaty-house, Near thii town are the 
 remains of an ancient camp. Uxbridge is 16 
 miles W. by N. of London, 
 
 UxBRiDQE.a town of Massachu'ietto, in Wor- 
 cester county; 16 miles S. by E, of Worcester 
 and40S.byW. of Boston. ' 
 
 UzEL, a town of France, department of Cotes 
 du Nord; 17 miles S, W, of St. Brieux, 
 
 UzERCHE, a town in the department of Cor- 
 reze; 10 miles N, N. W. of TuUe,and 36 S, S. 
 £. of Limoges. 
 
 UzES, a town in the department of Card, with 
 a spring that supplies the aqueduct of Nismes. 
 It 18 seated in a country abounding in com, 
 oil, silk, and good wiuc; 12 miles N.of Niame*. 
 
 i 
 
 ■sn 
 
 .* 
 
 
VAA 
 
 714 
 
 \ AL 
 
 V. 
 
 VjlAst, St., a town of France, department of 
 Manche; with a small harbour and some salt- 
 works; 14 miles E. S. E. of Cherburg. 
 
 Vadrbs, a town in the department of 
 Aveiron. It has manufiictures of serges, dimi- 
 ties, and cottons. It stands at the confluence 
 of two small rivers that flow into the Tarn ; 
 30 miles S. S. E. of Rodez, and 32 E. of 
 
 Vacha, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Weimar; 
 on the river Werra; IG miles W, S. W. of 
 Eisenach. 
 
 Vache, an island of the West Indies, of a 
 triangular form ; 24 miles in circuit. It is 12 
 miles from the S. coast of St. Domingo, opposite 
 St. Lpuis. 
 
 Vachelusb, one of the Lipari Islands; 3 miles 
 S. of Stromboli, 
 
 Vada, a town pf Tuscany, at the mouth of 
 the Cecina; 26 miles S. S. E. of Leghorn. 
 
 Vadacurray, or Vadaohbrv, a town of 
 Ilmdostan, in Malabar; with a neat fort on the 
 top of a hilL It is a place of considerable 
 trade, and stands on the seaconst, at the N. end 
 of a long inland navigation; 12 miles a S. E. 
 of Tellichexy. 
 
 Vadin, a town of Bessarabia, situate on the 
 Danube; 92 miles W. of Nicopoli. 
 
 Vado, a town of the Sardinian states, in the 
 territory of Genoa, on a bay of the Mediter- 
 ranean ; 3 miles S. of Savona, and 24 S. W. 
 of Genoa. 
 
 VADB3TK1N, a town of Sweden, in East Goth- 
 land; where the kings of Sweden had a palace, 
 now in ruins. It is seated on the Lake Wetter, 
 near the river Motala ; 32 miles W. of Nord- 
 kioping. 
 
 Vadutz, a town and castle of Germany, in 
 the principality of Lichtenstein; 26 miles S. of 
 Lindau. 
 
 Vaena, a town of Spain, in Andalusia; seated 
 on the Cast! ; 23 miles S. E. of Cordova. 
 Vaiqatch. See Waigatz. 
 Vaihend, a town of Persia, in Segestan, on 
 a river of the same name; 40 miles E. S. E. of 
 Arokhage. 
 
 Vaihingen, a town of Germnnv, in Wirtem- 
 burR, seated on the Enz; 18 miles N. N. W. 
 of Stutgard, 
 
 Vaison, a town of France, department of 
 Vaucluse ; noted as the birthplace of Trogus 
 Pompeius, the Roman historian. It is seated 
 on a mountain, near the river Oreze, and the 
 ruins of ancient Vaison, which was one of the 
 largest cities of the Gauls; 22 miles N. E. of 
 Avignon, and 23 S. S. E. of Montelimar. 
 
 Val, a village of the Netherlands, 3 miles 
 W. of Maestricht; whe'e, in 1744, Marshal 
 Saxe obtained a victory over the Duke of Cum- 
 berland, 
 
 . —z- ... ...>.»... ,.n, « l^vVtrtCr m tfic n. xj, 
 
 angle of Sicily. It means the valley of demons, 
 and is so called because Mount .(Etna is situate 
 
 fn this province, which occasioned ignorant and 
 ■uperstiUous people, at the rime of its fieir 
 eruptions, to believe it was a chimney of hell. 
 The capital is Messina. 
 
 Val di Mazara, a province in the W. angle 
 of Sicily, so called from the town of Mazara. 
 It contains Palermo, the capital of the whole 
 island. 
 
 Val di Noto, a province in the S. E. angle 
 of Sicily ; so called from the town of Noto. its 
 capital. 
 
 Valais, a canton of Switzeriand, which con- 
 sista of a valley 100 miles long, and 20 broad, 
 between ndges of very high mountains, among 
 which are the Great St. Bernard, Simplon, 
 Gnmsel, Furca, and others, whose summits are 
 nev3r free from snow. The S. chain separates 
 it from the Milanese, Piedmont, and Savoy ; 
 the N. divides it from the canton of Bern. 
 The country is divided into Upper and Lower 
 Valnis. The former reaches from Mount Furca 
 Its E. boundary, to the river Morgo, below Sion' 
 and the latter from that river to St. Gingou, on 
 the Lake of Geneva. A country consisting of 
 plains, elevated valleys, and lofty mountains, 
 must necessarily exhibit a great variety of 
 climates and prospects. The productions must 
 vary also according to its singular diversity of 
 climates; for strawberries, cherries, plums, 
 jiears, and grapes in their natural growth, may 
 be tasted in the same day. It has more than 
 suflicient wine and com for interior consumn. 
 tion ; the soil in the midland and lower dis- 
 tricts being exceedingly rich and fertile; but in 
 the more elevated parts barley is the only 
 grain that can be cultivated with success. The 
 inhabitants profess the Roman Catholic reli- 
 gion, and the lower class are extremely indo- 
 lent and dirty; they have no manufactures of 
 any consequence. In 1802 the Valais was 
 constituted an independent republic, under the 
 guarantee of France, Switzerland, and Italy • 
 but in 1814 it was annexed to Switzeriand! 
 Area, 1850 square miles. Pop. 60,000. Sion 
 18 the capital. 
 
 Valckowar, a town of Sclavonia, seated on 
 the Waliio, near its confluence with the Danube- 
 70 miles W. N. W. of Belgrade. 
 
 Valdai, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Novogorod ; on the side of a lake of the 
 same name. The lake is 20 miles in circum- 
 ference, and has an island in the middle, on 
 which is a convent surrounded by trees. The 
 town contains several brick buildings ; and the 
 wooden houses are more decorated than the 
 generality of Russian cottages. It is 72 miles 
 S. E. of Novogorod. Pop. 3100. Long. 33. 
 44. E. lat, 57. 50. N. * 
 
 Valdasnes, a town of Portugal, in Tras lot 
 Montes, 9 miles E, S. E. of Mirandela. 
 
 Valbeiilron, a town of Hi)ain, in Leon; 
 near the source of the Esla; 38 miles N. £. of 
 Leon. 
 
VaL 
 
 ri» 
 
 VA L 
 
 ' Valdecabius, a town of Spain, in New Cas- 
 tile; 10 miles N. N. E,of Cuenasa. 
 
 Valdecoka, b town of Spain, in Cotalonia; 
 IS miles S. by W. of Tortosa. 
 
 Vaidemoro, a town of Spain, in New Ca». 
 tile; 13 miles 8. of Madrid. 
 
 Valdepknnas, a town of Spain, province of 
 J-.a Mnncha j with a manufacture of soap and 
 Po aooo'^'^ *'"«; 113 miles S. of Madrid. 
 Valdivm, or Baldivia, a seaport of Chili; 
 A I" u ^^' ^y "'® Spanish General Valdivia, 
 after ho had conouered the country. It is sur- 
 rounded by walls built of earth, and defended 
 < V^'"^^ *"'"'** """^ batteries ; the entrance of 
 the harbour has also numerous pieces of cannon 
 on each side. In the vicinity are many gold 
 mines. It stands on a bay of the Pacific Ocean; 
 200 miles S. of Conception. Lone. 73. 10. W. 
 lat. 39. 40. S, b « . *v. »T. 
 
 Valence, a city of France, capital of the 
 nepartnient of Drome, and a bishop's see; with 
 a citadel, and a school of artillery. It is sur- 
 lounJed by walls; and the greatest part of the 
 piihjic places, and many private houses, are 
 adorned with fountains. Besides the hand- 
 some cathedral, there are many other churches, 
 as well as convents. It is seated on the 
 Hlione; 30 miles N. by E. of Viviers, and 
 
 r; .?' i7 ^' °^ ^*"«- ^""K- *' 52. E. lat. 
 
 44. 65. N. 
 
 Valence, a town of France, department of 
 Lotet- Garonne, on the river Garonnr; 12 miles 
 S. £. of Agen. 
 
 Valencia, a province of Spain, formeriy a 
 kingdom; bounded on the N. by Arragon, 
 N. E, by Catalonia, E. by the Mediterranean, 
 S. and S. W. by Murcia, and W. by New Cas- 
 tile. It is 220 miles long, and from 20 to 60 
 broad, with a population of 800,000, a.id the 
 most pleasant and populous country in Spain ; 
 for here they enjoy a perpetual spring. It is 
 watered by a great number of streams, and 
 fertile in all the necessaries of life, especially 
 fruits, oil, and wine. In the mountains are 
 mines of iron and alum, and quarries of marble, 
 jasper, and lapis calnininaris. Here is also 
 much silk, cotton, and hemp ; the manufac- 
 tures of which are the cause of a considerable 
 population. 
 
 Valencia, a city of Spain, capital of the 
 above province, and an archbhhop's see; with 
 a university. The Moors were expelled from 
 It in the 12th century. It was taken by the 
 Lari of Peterborough in 1705, and lost again in 
 two years after. In 1811 it was taken by the 
 French under Suchet, with a garrison of 16,000 
 men, and immense stores It contains 12,000 
 houses within the walls, besi-les those in the 
 suburbs and pleasure gardens around it, which 
 amount to the same number. The ciithedral 
 has a steeple 130 feet high; and one side of the 
 choir is incrusted with alabiister, and adorned 
 with fine^ paintings of scripture history. The 
 paiaee of tl.o viceroy, that of Ciuta, the mo- 
 nastery of St. Jerome, the exchange, and the 
 arsenal, are all worthy of notice. Here are 
 manufecturcs of cloth and silk, and several 
 
 remains oi antiquity. It is seated on the Gun- 
 dalavia, n»r the Mediterranean, 130 miles 
 W.^atS.S^N.* ^"P- ""'"""• I'On8-0-24. 
 
 Valencia, a town of South America, ia 
 Venezuela, republic of Colombia ; seated on 
 the lake Tocarigua ; 6' miles 8. W. of Porto 
 Cav&Ilo. Pop. 8000. Long. 66. 30. W. lat. 
 S. 60. N. 
 
 Valencia d'Alcantaba, a town of Spain, 
 in Estremadura, with an old castle. It is sur- 
 rounded by walls, and stands on a rock, near 
 the frontiers of Portugal ; 28 miles S. W. of 
 Alcantara, and 45 N. N, W. of Badajoz. 
 
 Valenciennes, a city of France, in the 
 department of Nord ; seated on the Scheldt, 
 which flows through it in several branches, and 
 here begins to be navigable. It is large and 
 populous, but the streets are narrow and 
 crooked, and many of the houses are of wood. 
 The citadel and fortifications were constructed 
 by order of Louis XIV., who took this town 
 trom the Spaniards ; and it was confirmed to 
 him by the treaty of Nimeguen in 1678. In 
 
 1793 it was taken by the allies, under the 
 P"K« ot York, afler a severe siege. But in 
 
 1794 it again surrendered to the French by 
 capitulation, and was confirmed to them by the 
 treaties of 1814 and 1815. Besides lace, this 
 city IS noted for manufactures of woollen 
 Btufli and cambric. It is 28 miles S. E. of 
 Lisle, and 120 N. N. E. of Paris. Pop. 17.000. 
 Long. 3. 32. E. lat. 50. 21. N. 
 
 Valentine, a town of France, in the depaH- 
 ment of Upper Garonne; 9 miles N. E. of St. 
 Bertrand. 
 
 Valenza, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 government of Milan; seated on a mountain 
 near the river Po; 12 miles E. S. E. of Casal 
 and 35 S. S. W. of Milan. 
 
 Valenza, a fortified town of Portugal, in 
 Entre Douro e Minho; seated on an eminence 
 near the river Minho, opposite Tuy, in Spain, 
 and 30 miles N. N. W. of Braga. 
 
 Valery, St., a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Somme, on the river Somme. 
 Here William the Conqueror embarked, in 
 1066, for England; 50 miles N. W. of Amiens. 
 Pop. 3200. 
 
 Valery en Caux, St., a town of France, in 
 the department of Lower Seine, with consider- 
 able fisheries and trade ; 33 miles N. by W of 
 Rouen. Pop. 5000. 
 
 Valetta, a city of Malta, the capital of that 
 island, and wonderfully strong both by nature 
 and art. It is seated on a peninsula, between 
 two of the finest ports in the worid, which are 
 defended by almost impregnable fortifications. 
 Valetta has th-ee gates, and the streets are all 
 paved with flit square stones. The houses are 
 neat, and luV, of stone, the rooms forming a 
 flat terrace. ;. rred with pozzolana, and most 
 of them have a ualcony to the street, where the 
 inhabitants pass a great part, of their time. Tha 
 principal buildings are the palace of thegrand 
 master, the infirmary, the conservatory, ani 
 the magnificent church of St. John. The pave- 
 ment of this church is composed entirely of so- 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 I 
 
 k 
 
VAL 
 
 716 
 
 VAN 
 
 pulclital monuroente of the finest mnrblcs, por- 
 phyry, la,ii» lazuli, and a variety of other 
 valuable stones, admirably joined together, re- 
 presenting the arms, insignia, &c., of the per- 
 sons wliose names they commemorate. The 
 great source of water that supplies Valetta 
 rises near Citta Vecchia, and u thence con- 
 veyed by an aqueduct, erected at the expense 
 of one of the grand masters. Vnlctta is situate 
 opposite Cape Passoro, in Sicily. I'oii. 3b',000 
 Long. 15. 34. E. lat 35. 54. N. 
 
 Valktik, a towa of France, in th. depart- 
 ment of Charente; 12 miles S. by E. of An- 
 guuleme. 
 
 Valkenduro, or Fauqukmont, a town of 
 the Netherlands, in Limburg. In 1672 it was 
 token by the French, who demolished the for- 
 tih<«tions. It is seated on the Geule ; 8 miles 
 K by N. of Maestricht. Long. 6. 68. E. lat. 
 61. 0, N. 
 
 Valladolid, a city of Spam, in Leon, capi- 
 tol of a province of the same name, and a 
 bishop's see, with a university. It has long 
 nnd broad streets, and is adorned with hand- 
 some buildings, squares, and fountains. The 
 market-place, called El Campo, is 700 paces in 
 circumference, surrounded by a great number 
 of convents. There are numerous monasteries 
 and nui,neries, the finest of which is that of the 
 IJominicans, remarkable for its church, which 
 IS one of the most magnificent in the city. 
 The kings formerly resided at this place; and 
 the royal palace, which still remains, is of 
 very large extent, though but two stories high. 
 The town-house takes up the entire side of a 
 square. Here are some woollen manufactures, 
 and many goldsmiths and jewellers. The en- 
 virons of the city are covered with gardens, 
 orchards, vineyards, meadows, and fields. Val- 
 ladolid was taken and retaken several times by 
 the French and Spaniards, during the late 
 peninsular war. It is seated on the Escurva, 
 near the Pisuerga; 74 miles S. S. E. of Leon, 
 and IOC N. N. W. of Madrid. Pop. 20.000. 
 Long. 4. i7. W. lat. 41. 42. N. 
 
 VALLADOLiD, a province of the republic of 
 Mexico, bounded N. by the Rio de Lerma, 8. 
 by the Pacifio, W. by New Galicin, and E. by 
 Mexico Proper. It is very rich, abounding in 
 all the necessaries of life ; and tlie climate in 
 general is mild and salubrious. At the period 
 of the Spanish conquest, this province formed 
 part of the kingdom of Mechoacan, which 
 was independent of the ancient Mexican em- 
 pire. Area, 10,338 square miles. Population. 
 370,400. ^ ' 
 
 Valladolid, or Mechoacan, a city of 
 Mexico, capital of the foregoing province, with 
 a fine cathedral, and some handsome houses; 
 situate on a river, near its source; 120 miles 
 W. of Mexico. Pop. 18,000. 
 
 Valladolid, or Comayaoua, a city of South 
 Americji, capital of Honduras, seated in a 
 plain; 280 miles E. of Guatimala. Long. 88. 
 20. W. lat. 14. 35. N. 
 
 Vallklo.nga, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ultra ; 18 miles E. N. E. of Nicotera. 
 Vallkmcay, a town of France, in the de- 
 
 partment of Indre, on the Nabon; 28 miles X 
 by W. of Chateauroux. 
 
 Vallenoin, a town of Switzerland, in ■ 
 county of its name, unite<l to the principality 
 of Neufchatel. It is seated on the Seyon ; 3 
 miles N. N. W. of Neufchatel. 
 
 Vallkrs, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Indre-et-Loire, noted for its mineral 
 waters; 4 miles N. W. of Tours. 
 
 Vallier, St., a town in the department of 
 Drome; near the river Rhone; 18 mileo N. of 
 Viilence. 
 
 Valoone, a town in the department of La 
 Mnnche, noted for cloth nnd leather ; 10 miles 
 S. S. E. of Cherburg, and 50 W. N. W. of 
 Caen. Pop. 7000. 
 
 Valona, or AvLONA, a seaport of Albania, 
 and aa archbishop's see; seated at the entrance 
 of the Gulf of Venice, near tlie mountains of 
 Chimera; 60 miles S. of Durazzo. Long. 19. 
 40. E. lat; 40. 64. N. 
 
 Valp^iiaiso, a seaport of Chili, with a well- 
 frequented harbour, defended by a strong fort. 
 Its proximity to St. Jago has drawn hither all 
 the commerce formerly carried on between that 
 city and Callao, which consists principally of 
 wheat, tallow, leather, cordage, and dried fruits. 
 It is seated on a bay of the Pacific Ocean, at 
 the foot of a high niountain ; 76 miles N. W. 
 of St. Jago. Long. 72. 19. W. lat. 33. 3. S. 
 
 Valpekoa, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 in Piedmont ; 16 miles N, of Turin. 
 
 Valreas, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vnucluse; 18 miles N. E. of Orange. 
 
 Vals, a town in the department of Ardeclie, 
 celebrated for mineral springs, seated on the 
 Ardeche; 13 miles N. W. of Viviers. 
 
 Valteline, or Valle-telino, a fertile val- 
 ley of Austrian Italy, 50 miles long, and from 
 12 to 15 broad, enclosed lietween two chains of 
 high mountains; the N. chain separates it from 
 the Grisons, the S. from the Venetian territo- 
 ries; on the E. it is bounded by the county of 
 Bormio, and on the W. by that of Chiavana. 
 The river Adda flows through its whole length 
 into the lake Como; and it is divided into 
 three districts. Upper, Middle, and Lower. 
 The inhabitants are all Roman Catholics, and 
 have no manufactures ; but they export wine, 
 silk, plants, cheese, butter, nnd cattle. On the 
 20th of July, 1620, there was a general mas- 
 sacre of the protestants in this valley. Chief 
 town, Sondio. Pop. 81,000. 
 
 Valva, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra: 
 18 miles S. S. W. of Civita di Chieti. 
 
 Van, a strong town of Curdistan, with a cas- 
 tle on a mountain, in which the Turks keep a 
 numerous garrison. It is governed by a beg- 
 lerbeg, and seated on a lake of its name, 120 
 miles in circumference; 80 miles E. by S. of 
 Betlis. Pop. 60,000. Long. 44. 30. E. lat. 
 37. 10. N. 
 
 Vandai : • , a town of North America, in the 
 state of Illinois, of which it has been selected 
 as the capital, and a court-house and other go- 
 vernment offices have been recently erected. It 
 is seated on the river Kaskasia ; 55 miles from 
 St. Louis, 
 
V \N 
 
 ?ir 
 
 twlr4? .'^.^*o'"'.' "'■ Tasmania, ,, bo- 
 
 t'\ '^'a iU'/"^"l^'" *""" '""8 from N. 
 
 ir^* of"23 43" T ^^ '" ^' *"'' «=""*"'"• «" 
 nrea ot JJ,4d« Bqnaro nilM, or 14,999,680 
 
 acres, a yery la.;g;e prorortion of which is unfit 
 
 for cultivation. It waa discovered by A. J 
 
 l^T a' °?,.^^ ^'^' ^^^2, and nimed by 
 him after the Dutch governor-general of the 
 Jinst Indies, It was not again visited till 1773. 
 when CapUunFumeaux passed the E. coast 
 and ,„ 1777 Captain Cook landed on Brun6 
 Island. It is also probable that the ill-futed 
 La Perouse touched here in 1708. It was 
 partially explored by the French expe<litions 
 under D Kntrecasteaux, in 1792 and 1793. Up 
 to this time It was supposed to form part of 
 the continent of Australia, till, in 1797, Bass 
 btrait. which separates it, was discovere<l by 
 Captain ^hnders, upon whose representations', 
 and the fear of the French forming an estab- 
 lishment on It, a party under Lieutenant Bowen 
 Bottled at Kisdon, in August, 1803, 5 miles 
 from the present Hobart I'own; and here the 
 firat encounter with the natives took place, in 
 which some of them were killed. This place 
 
 IZ/^".*'"".*^ *■"' *^«* "^ Hob»rt Town, in 
 i«04, under Lieutenant-governor Collins. For 
 several years the colonists endured the greatest 
 privations, l)eing sometimes compelled to sub- 
 
 seaweed, in 1810 a great number of cattle and 
 sheep were introduced. From 1813 the whole 
 Mlony ^ras in n state of alarm from the atroci- 
 tiM of the bush-rangers, or escaped convicte. 
 which led to the establishment of martial law 
 for a time, and confidence was again restored 
 on the capture and death of the ringleaders. 
 On June 14, 1826, Van Diemen's Land was 
 dectared to be independent of the government 
 of New South Wales, under which the adminis- 
 tration was hitherto carried on by a lieutenant- 
 governor. The existence of the colony was 
 now threatened by the aborigines, who had 
 ever shown a hostile spirit toward the settlers, 
 and which had imreased to such an extent that 
 life and property were equally unsafe; this led 
 ^ ?Son® ™^"''es 0.1 the part of the colonists, 
 in 1830, but which were ineffectual; but at the 
 latter end of that j< ,ir, a number of them were 
 induced, by the humane endeavours of Mr. 
 Robinson, to accompany him to Swan Island, 
 nnd afterwards to King's Island, in Bass Strait, 
 where they are now domesticated; and thus 
 the greatest drawback on the colony has been 
 removed. It was made the diocese of a bishop 
 in 1842. The colonized part of Van Diemen's 
 Land is divided into eleven counties, viz., 
 Kent, Buck)nf;iiam, Pembroke, Monmouth. 
 Lumberland, Somerset, Glamorgan, Westmore- 
 land, Cornwall. Dorset, and Devon. The west- 
 
 """i ^v 'x," «?* "" *'"' """S'"s of the rivers, 
 and the KW. comer, which is occupied by 
 the Van Dsomen's Land Agricultural Com- 
 pany, 18 iiurien and unfit for agricultural 
 
 V.VR 
 
 poses, and is generally covered with forest. 
 Ihe pnncjpal rivers are the Derwent, Huon. 
 •nd Gordon m the S.; and the North and 
 
 South Esk, llellyer, nnd Arthur on the N. On 
 the W. coast is a remarkable land-locked basin, 
 Mflcnuarrie Harbour, 20 miles long, and 5 
 broad, in which, on Sarah's Island, was n penal 
 settlement, which was left for the penal set- 
 tlement at Port Arthur, founded in 1830, in a 
 remarkably fine harbour, between Cipe Raoul 
 and Cape Pillar, formed of basaltic columns. 
 Mmilnr to the Giant's Causeway, in Ireland. 
 The chief mountains are St. Valentine's Peak • 
 
 ?.?<, i'°""*""^' ^^'^^ '■'^'J Peak of Teneriflfe! 
 
 4500 feet ; Mount Wellington, 3750 feet, &c.' 
 
 nnd many in the S. W. which are covered with 
 
 snow for a great part of the year. The chief 
 
 towns are Hobart Town, or Hobarton, the capi- 
 
 tol; Uunccston, George Town, New Norfolk, 
 
 Campbell Town, and Perth. The staple pro- 
 
 duction 18 wool, which is of superior quality. 
 
 and principally exported to England ; besides 
 
 Which, wheat, oats, and the usual European 
 
 crops are cultivated with success. The wild 
 
 animals are five species of kangaroos, now bo- 
 
 coming scarce ; the opossum, and other marsu- 
 
 piid animals, similar to those of Australia. The 
 
 black whale resorts to its shores, and forms a 
 
 lucrative branch of commerce. Iron ore abounds 
 
 in most parU, and coal has been found. The 
 
 chmate is capricious, but healthy ; the thermo- 
 
 meter frequently ranging from 90 deg. and 
 
 upwards down to 50 deg. in a single day ; but 
 
 it may be generally characterized .is warm. 
 
 The population is about 32,000, including 
 
 11,000 convicts, who are spread over an ar^ 
 
 of 11,760 square miles, or neariy one-half 
 
 larger than Wales, of which about 60,000 
 
 acres are brought into cultivation. 
 
 Vaniam Bady, a town of Hindostan, in My- 
 sore; 66 miles W. & W. of Arcot, and 130 E. 
 of Senngapatam. 
 
 VANNEa, a seaport of France, capital of the 
 department of Morbihan, and a bishop's see. 
 The principal trade is in com, bar-iron, nnd 
 hsh. It IS seated on the Gulf of Morbihan; 
 66 miles S. W. of Rennes, and 265 W. by S 
 
 5*. .1r"',-„ xt"P- ^"'^"•^- ^°"8- 2. 46. W.' 
 tot. 47. 39. N. 
 
 Vab, a department of France, which takes 
 Its name from a river that rises in the county 
 
 ?,r TiJr?"'' ^"^"^ ^'•<' Meditermnean 4 mil«i 
 W. of Nice. The surface is rugged, nnd the 
 soil very various. It contains an area of 2900 
 square miles, with 290,000 inhabitants. Tou- 
 lon IS the capital. 
 
 Varallo, a strong town of the Sardinian 
 StatM, on the frontiers of Piedmont; 33 miles 
 
 3300 "*' °"^ ^^ ^' ^" ^' **^ ^"™- ^°P' 
 Varambon, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Am; on the river Ain, 14 miles S. S. 
 E. of Bourg en Bresse. 
 Vathi, or Batiii, the capital of Ithaca ; one 
 
 3000 '*'""'^** ^* ^^ " P*"*' ^"P- 
 
 Verasdin, a town of Croatia, with a castle 
 
 am. a eitadcl, tuiuated near tlie Drave; 65 miles 
 
 .a ol \ "^ Carlstadt. Long. 16. 32. E. lat. 
 
 4o. 25. N. 
 
 Vabdab, a river of Greece, which risea in 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 Sll 
 
VAR 
 
 718 
 
 VEL 
 
 Mount ScArdui, and flows S. through Mace- 
 donia, into the Gulf of Siilonicn. 
 
 Vabella, a cape on the £. coast of the king- 
 dom of Ciampa. Behind it is a mountain, 
 remarkable for having a high rock like a tower 
 on ite summit. Long. 10.0. 17. E. Int. 12.50.N. 
 Varennes, a town of France, d(!partment 
 of Allicr, seated on an eminence neni the river 
 Aliior; 20 miles S. of Muulins. 
 
 Varennes, a town in the department of 
 Meuse, where Louis XVI., his queen, sister, 
 and two children, were arrested in their flight 
 from the Tuileries, in 1791, and conducted back 
 to Paris. It is 1 3 miles W. by N. of Verdun. 
 
 Vabese, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 government of Milan. It is 30 miles N. W. 
 of Milan. 
 
 Varhely, a town of Tmnsylvania ; 40 miles 
 S. of Weissenburg, 
 
 Varna, a seaport of Bulgaria, and an arch- 
 bishop's see ; seated near the mouth of the 
 Varna, in the Black Sea. It is 22 miles N. 
 of Mesembria, and 145 N, W. of Constanti- 
 nople. Long. 27. 48. E. liit. 45. 48. N. 
 
 Varzey, a town of France, dep&rtment of 
 Nievre; 24 miles N. of Nevers. 
 
 Vasil, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Novogorod, situate on the Volga. It is CO 
 miles E. of Nivogorod. Long. 45. 44. E. lat. 
 56. 16. N. 
 
 Vassalborouoh, a town of the state of 
 Maine, in Lincoln county. It is seated on 
 the Kennebeck, 9 miles N. of Hallowell. Po- 
 pulation, 2761. 
 
 Vassy, a" town of France, department of 
 Upper Marne, where, in 1562, a bloody perse- 
 cution of the protestants begiui, by order of the 
 duke of Guise. It is seated on the Blaise; 10 
 miles N. W. of Joinville. 
 
 Vatan, a town in the department of Indre, 
 8 miles N. W. of Issoudun. 
 
 Vatica, a seaport of the Morea, situate on 
 a large l)ay, to which it gives name. It is 
 44 miles S. E. of Misitra. Long. 23. 2. E. lat. 
 36. 38. N. 
 
 Vaucluse, a department of France, includ- 
 ing the county of Venaissin and territory of 
 Avignon. The superiicinl extent is estimated 
 at 1400 square miles, with 210,000 inhabitants. 
 It takes its name from the fountain of Vau- 
 cluse, 12 miles E. of Avignon, celebrated by 
 Petmrch. The chief town is Avignon. 
 
 Vaucouleubs, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Meuse ; seated on the side of a hill on 
 the river Meuse. It is 23 miles S. E. of Bar 
 le Due. 
 Vaud, Pays de. See Pays. 
 Vaudehont, a town of France, department 
 of Meurthe; 18 miles S. by W. of Nancy. 
 
 Vauville, a town in the department of 
 Manche, on a bay to which it gives name; 9 
 miles W. of Cherburg. 
 
 Vayfura, a town of Hindostan, in Malabar, 
 seated at the mouth of a fine river, down which 
 much teak timber is floated. It is 7 miles S. 
 of Calicut. 
 
 Vecht, a river that rises in Westphalia, near 
 Munster, crosses the counties of Stenfort and 
 
 Bentheim, and, entering Overyssel, passes by 
 Ummen, Hassclt, and Swnrtsluys, below which 
 it enters the Zuyder Zee. 
 
 Vecht, a river of Holland, wliich branclies 
 off from the old channel of the Rhine at Utrecht, 
 and enters the Zuyder Zee at Muyden. 
 
 Veuiita, a town and fortress of Germany, in 
 tlic principality of Oldenburg; seated on a river 
 of the simie name; 27 miles S. of Oldenburg, 
 and 35 N. N. E. of Osnaburg. 
 
 Vkdenskoi, a town of Kusvia. in the govern- 
 ment of Archangel; situate on the Vokschn, 
 200 miles S. S. E. of Archangel. Long. 46. 
 44. E. lat. 58. t5. N. 
 
 Veerb. See Tbrvebe. 
 
 Vega, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near the 
 coast; 34 miles N. W. of Oviedo. 
 
 Veoa, a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Leon ; 22 miles N. N. E. of Leon. 
 
 Veoayman, a town of Spain, in the pro- 
 vince of Leon; 28 mUes N. N. E. of Leon. 
 
 Vkolia, an island in the Gulf of Venice, on 
 the coast of Dalmutia. It is 90 miles in circuit, 
 rocky, and badly cultivated, but it produces 
 wine and silk, and has smidl horses, in high 
 esteem. Pop. 1 0,000. The town, of the same 
 name, has a good harbour, a strong citadel, and 
 is the see of a bishop. Pop. 1200. Long. 14. 
 66. E. lat. 46. 22. N. 
 
 Veoliana, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont; seated on an eminence near the river 
 Doriaj 12 miles N. W. of Turin. 
 
 Veii, a town of Hindostan, in Moultan, 
 seated at the junction of the Setledge with the 
 Indus ; 63 miles S. S. W. of Moultan. Long. 
 70. 5. E. lat. 29. 8. N. 
 
 Veiros, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo; 
 seated on the Anhaloura; 10 miles S. S. W, of 
 Portalegre. 
 
 VEisENBuna, a town of Russia, in the go- 
 vernment of Revel, near the Gulf of Finland ; 
 66 miles £. of Revel. 
 
 Veit, St., a town of Austrian Illyrin, in 
 Cnrinthia, with an old castle; seated nt the con- 
 flux of the Glan and Wunich, 8 miles N. of 
 Clagenfurt. 
 
 Vela, a cape on the N. coast of Terra Fir- 
 ma ; 160 miles E. N. E. of St. Martha. Long. 
 71.25. W. lat. 12. 30. N. 
 
 Velay, a district of France, which is full of 
 high mountains, covered with snow the greater 
 part of the year, but abounds in cattle. It 
 forms a port of the department of Upper Loire. 
 
 VfiLBURa, a town of Bavarin, in the princi- 
 pality of Neuburg, with a decayed castle; 22 
 miles N. W. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Veldentz, a'town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 vince of Lower Rhine, with a castle. The 
 environs produce excellent Moselle wine. It is 
 seated on the Moselle, 16 miles N. E. of Treves. 
 
 Veletri, a town of Italy, in Campagna di 
 
 Roma, the residence of the bishop of Ostia, 
 
 whose palace is magnificent, and there are large 
 
 squares adorned with fine fountains. It is 
 
 seated on an eminence, 18 miles S. E. of Rome. 
 D.... io nnn 
 * •'1" • -j''"^'. 
 
 Vblez de Gomara, a seaport of the king- 
 dom of Fez, with a castle, seated between two 
 
VEL 
 
 h%h^ mountain, on the Meditenwoan, 120 
 10. N. '^' ^°"«- *• "• '^- ^'- "• 
 
 Vklkz Malaga, a town of Spain, in Gra- 
 nada, seated in a large plain, between two 
 n verj. near the MediteTmnL ; 'l 3 S E b? 
 
 Bakawa':*'ln''„!fI'^T°^®^'*™"•"'''" 'ho river 
 of IV^^ ** ^- ''f C™"'^. and CO N. W. 
 
 nati" wfth' ", **""" °{ Hindostan, in the Car- 
 natio, with a large and beautiful fort Htm.TX 
 garmoned by E„gli3h forcl 'ffi tow.? ^ 
 pretty la^c and well built Above Ir are 
 three small forts on «, many hills. It !« LZ 
 m a^fino valley, on the Paliar, 14 miles W. of 
 
 Veltzen. SeeVLTzsH. 
 Venafro, a town of Naples in Toi™ a; r » 
 .oro, 25 miles N. by wTfTi;:iJ*"™ ''' ^■ 
 Vewaissin, a small but ferUle district of 
 
 of R^*Hp r^'f * '"'"' ^^ ^""'™' •department 
 •1 XT . ^"''"*' 0" the river Lis. It is B 
 
 D^ll '^ "^^ °' ^^^''""^' -''27 S. E"„f 
 
 a vIl1ev'of"tl.r '"''" "^ ^P"'"' '■» Armgon, in 
 a valley of the same name, and on the r vcr 
 E««m; 47 mile. N. N. E. of Balbastro 
 
 VENASiiUE, a town of France, department of 
 E Tfer ?'" "^"^Nasque, 'lO miles K S. 
 E. of Carpentras, and 18 E. N. E. of Aviir- 
 Hon* o 
 
 E '^ZT'^Tx^''^' ° ^'"^ "^ Hindostan, in the 
 E. part of Alysore, ceded to the English by 
 
 ^iZZ^ff Sermgapatam. Here areihe r^ 
 mams of the rajah's palace, and the ruins of a 
 tort. Wear this place iron is smelted from 
 St.Sani*C^^-"-^-^Arcot.an'S 
 
 ..^rwrnuL!.TnT.^rs^^^^ 
 
 nartTth^'f!^*^^^'^'"^"**'^ ^'«"««. including 
 part of the former province of Poitou. It is w 
 
 SLInIP ■ T"'/ "^«' °f the same nam" 
 I he surface is level and the soil fertile. It 
 
 cap"ff inhabitants. Bourbon Vendee is the 
 
 mlr^^'- " *''^.1.°f.R"'»ia.in the govern- 
 E. of Ri ^^*' °" "^^' -^"5 3^ "'"^ E. N. 
 
 LoKX^; * *f.r°°^ f"'"*'^' department of 
 Loir-et-Cher on the nver Loire ; 30 miles N. E. 
 of Tours, ftnd 96 S. W. of Paris. Pop. 8000 
 
 ''?!STrw'''«"w°''?J?^ SP"'"' inCatalonik; 
 -5 miles W. S, W. of Barcelona. 
 
 VENEaiA, a town of Piedmont, which took 
 bv uTt r^" ""gnifioent hunting-seat built 
 «Li .^ "fu^*?y- " ^ manufactures of 
 N? N."w'. of'Tuii."**"'' °" '""^ «'""«• « -•- 
 cJ^J!urV' ^J?^^^-^^ °f th^ republic- of 
 
 sT^kn^^'s^K^^tj;^^'^' ^'- "y '^^ Caribbean 
 bea, and S. by the plains of Varinas and the 
 
 719 
 
 VEN 
 
 Orino«). It spreads round a gulf of the lama 
 l•sTo^l'?'"^f,T*'^ ?". -"''^^ithin land.'^S 
 Wh!n ♦K ^'^"' • rf "'•' '«''« «^ Maracaybo. 
 When Uie bpaniards landed here in 1403. thw 
 observed some huts built upon piles i„ ^iZ 
 
 n^- !. '^8"?'^ ^atw that covered the 
 plam : and this induced them to give it tho 
 name of Venexueln, or Little Venice. Near the 
 «eacoast are high mountains, the tops of which 
 are barren but the lower parts in the vaUey are 
 
 rivpi' '^t ^"'"^ •" '^.""'^ '" t*"* «'«1» of the 
 fnl^-. . Pjovince IS said to contain 100,000 
 mhabitanU. who raise great numbers of sheep, 
 
 S^f^K *""*' "•'"•*" BtufTs, and cultivate 
 excellent tobacco, cocoa, and sugar. Leon de 
 Caraccas la the capital. 
 
 IiJv^.r'' ^""^""^y * celebrated repubUc of 
 
 for n/„ *°'?V";!^"' "^ **'*'='' ""^ ariitocratio. 
 
 noblL tZ"'? ''"'^ '^/'^"^ '" " •'"t the 
 nobles, rhe doge was elected by a plurality of 
 
 votes, obtained in a peculiar manner by means 
 £,8 '"^ ?"'• ""*■" ^^^i and after his electZ 
 the ducal cap was placed on his head with great 
 
 Sr^'.r 'r.'J"^'.''' ^"''■""'=« '"to St. Mirk's 
 church. He held his dignity for life, and his 
 office was to rnarry the Adriatic Sea. in the name 
 th„ .f '^P't^^^i to preside in all assemblies of 
 tno state; to have an eye over all the members 
 ot the magwtracy > and to nominate to all the 
 benefices annexed to the cimrch of St. Mark. 
 On the other hand, his power was so limited, that 
 state a kW J"''"^ f ««."«» to be. in habit and 
 B ate. a kingj in authonty a counsellor; in the 
 ci y a prisoner ; and out of it a private person. 
 There were five councils : the first was called La 
 
 sello.s. The second was II Consiglio Grande 
 m which al the nobles, amounting to 2500. had 
 a voice. The third was II Consiglio dei Pre»^di 
 consisting of about 250 of the nobiU ty. ft 
 
 united to the S.gnona : Us members consisted of 
 28 assessors ; thw council gave audience to the 
 ambasMdors. The fifth and kst was II Con- 
 tlok n„H '?'• .fnposed of ten counsellors, 
 took notice of all criminal matters; and the 
 doge himself, when accused, was obliged to ap- 
 pear before them: there was no appeal from 
 th« council, which was a severe sti;te inquisi- 
 Uon. ihis constitution, however, no longer ex- 
 ists. In 1797, a tumult having happened at 
 ^,il^^^'.t'' which some French soldiers were 
 k led, the French seized the city, and insU- 
 luted a provisionary democratic government • 
 but soon after, by the treaty of Campo Formio 
 the city and territory of Venice, lying to the 
 N. and W. of the river Adige, was ceded to 
 Austna as a duchy, in equivalence for the do- 
 minions that house had lost in the Nether- 
 lands; and the remwnder of the territory was 
 annexed to what the French then styled the 
 Cisa pine republic. In 1805 commenced a 
 short war between Austria and France, and. hv 
 tne treaty of peace at Presbuig, the duchy df 
 Venice was given up, and the whole territory 
 ot Venice was annexed to the kingdom of Italy 
 I he Austnans, however, took possession of this 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 l: 
 
1: 
 
 KV' 
 
 M 
 
 V E N 720 
 
 country in 1814. Tho Venetian tcrritoriofl on 
 Ui« conliiiuiit, enumunitud iilHire, (nntl which, 
 bv way of distinction, are aomctimet called the 
 Terra Firmo,) are detcribed in their respective 
 places. Venice was once one of the most 
 powerfiil commercial and maritime states in 
 Europe. For this it was indebted, at first, to 
 the monopoly of the commerce of India; the 
 products of that country being conveyed, in 
 the middle ages, up the Gulf of Persia, the 
 Euphrates, and the Tigris, ns far as Dagdad; 
 thence by land, across the desert, to Palmyra ; 
 and thence to the Mediterranean ports ; and 
 afterwards the supplying of the crusaders with 
 provisions and military stores was an addi- 
 tional source of opulence and power. All this 
 declined, however, after the discovery of tho 
 Cape of Good Hope by the Portuguese, in 
 1486 ; which, in its consequences, has reduced 
 Venice firom a state of the highest splendour to 
 comparative insignificance. The Venetians are 
 lively and ingenious, extravagantly fond of 
 amusements, with an uncommon relish for hu- 
 mour. They are in general tall, well made, 
 and of a ruddy brown colour, with dark eyes. 
 The women are of a fine style of countenance, 
 with expressive features, and a skin of a rich 
 carnation ; they are of easy address, and have 
 no aversion to cultivate an acquaintance with 
 strangers who are ^properly recommended. 
 Whatever degree of licentiousness may prevail 
 among them, jealousy, poison, and the stiletto 
 have been long banished from their gallantry. 
 The common people display some qualities 
 very rarely to be found in that sphere of life, 
 being remarkably sober, obliging to strangers, 
 on gentle in their intercourse with each other. 
 Vbnick, a city of Italy, and a long time the 
 capital of a territory of the same name. In 
 the 4th century, when Attila, king of the 
 Huns, ravaged the N. part of Italy, many of 
 the inhabitants abandoned their country, and 
 retired into the islands of the Adriatic Sea, 
 now called the Gulf of Venice. These islands 
 being near each other, they found means to 
 join them by driving piles on the sides, and 
 forming the channels into canals, on which 
 they built houses ; and thus the superb city of 
 Venice had its beginning. It is the see of a 
 patriarch, and stands on 72 little islands, about 
 5 miles from the mainland, in a kind of la- 
 guna or lake, separated from the Gulf of Ve- 
 nice by some islands at a few miles' distance. 
 These islands in n great measure break the 
 force of the Adriatic storms before they reach 
 the laguna. The number of the inhabitants is 
 computed ot 130,000; and they have a flou- 
 rishing trade in silk manufactures, bone-lace, 
 and all sorts of glasses and mirrors, which 
 make their principal employments. Most of the 
 houses have a door opening upon a canal, and 
 another into a street, by means of which, and 
 of the bridges, a person may go to almost any 
 part of the city, by land ns well as by water. 
 The streets in general are narrow, and so iure 
 the canaISi excopt the Grand Crtnnl, which is 
 very broad, and has a serpentine course through 
 tlie middle of the city. There are nearly 500 
 
 VEN 
 
 bridges in Venice; but most of them are only 
 iMiltry single arches thrown over >he cuiutlri. 
 Tho Rialto consists also of a single arch, but 
 a very noble one, and of marble, built acroiis 
 the Grand Canal, near the middle, whore it is 
 the narrowest; this celebrated arcli is 90 feut 
 wide on the level of the canal, and 24 feet 
 high. The beauty of it is impaired by two 
 rows of booths or shops, which divide its upper 
 surtace into three narrow streets. The view 
 ttoia the Rialto is equtflly ,' voly and magnifi- 
 cent, the canal being covered with boats and 
 gondolas, and flanked on each side by magni- 
 ficent palaces, churches, and spires. The (ui- 
 triarchal church of St. Mark, one of the richest 
 and roost expensive in the world, is crowned 
 by five domes ; and the treasury is very rich in 
 jewels and relics. In the numerous churches 
 and convents are the most admimble pointings; 
 and indeed Venice, highly renowned for valua- 
 ble paintings, far surpasses, in this respect, 
 even Rome itself. The ducal palace, before 
 the subversion of the republic, contained the 
 apartments of the doge, halls and chambers for 
 the senate and the different councils and tri- 
 bunals, and an armoury, in which a great num- 
 ber of muskets were kept, ready charged, tliat 
 the nobles might arm themselves on any sud- 
 den insurrection. The arsenal is a fortification 
 of three miles in compass; before it was pos- 
 sessed by the French, it contained arms for 
 60,000 foot and 20,000 horse, arranged in an 
 ornamental manner ; and 2800 men were daily 
 employed in building ships, casting cannons, 
 making cables, sails, anchors, &c. The hand- 
 some structure, called II Fontica di Tedeschi, 
 containing 22 shops, and 100 rooms, is that 
 where the German merchants lay their commo- 
 dities. The bank of Venice is supposed to be 
 the first of the kind in Europe, after the model 
 of which those of Amsterdam and Hamburgh 
 were established. In this city a famous carni- 
 val is held from Christmas till Ash Wednes- 
 day, in all which time libertinism reigns through 
 the city, and thousands of foreigners fi'equeilt 
 it from all parts of Europe. The chief diver- 
 sions are ridottos and masquerades; and St. 
 Mark's Place is the general rendezvous. Venice 
 is included in the province cal'ed the Dogado. 
 It is 125 miles N. N. £. of Florence, and 140 
 E. of Milan. Long. 12. 23. E. lat. 45. 27. N. 
 
 Venice, Gulf of, a sea or gulf of the Medi- 
 ternmean, between Italy and Turkey in Eu- 
 rope. It is the ancient Adrinticum Mnre, and 
 is still sometimes called the Adriatic Sea. 
 There are many islands in it, and many bays 
 or small gulfs on each coast. The grand cere- 
 mony of the doge of Venice marrying the Adri- 
 atic annually on Ascension Day, by dropping 
 into it a ring from his bucentnur, or state barge, 
 attended by all the nobility and anibasaadors 
 in gondolas, was intermitted in 1797, for the 
 first time for several centuries. 
 
 Venlo, a strong town of Belgium, in Lim- 
 burg, and a place of trade for merchandise 
 coming from the adjacent countries. In 1702 
 it surrendered to the nllius, and was confirmed 
 to the Dutch by the harrier treaty in 1716. It 
 
VEN 
 
 /ai 
 
 ^M taken by the French in 1704, h,rt m!et! to 
 the ulhej. in 1«U. It i. «..ate.l o'n the E ,iJe 
 
 mill. N 7 u' "P'"""'.'' *"•"* *"■ '"'<'*'»«''! »2 
 mi eg N of Hurtmonde. Pop. 5000. Lon.. 
 6. 6. E. Int. 61. 22. N. ■ 
 
 noted a, the birthplace of Horace, watcd on 
 the river Ofantoj 13 mUe. N. W of Acer- 
 enM. Pop. .<),5()0. •' 
 
 Isthmus of parien ; seated on the river Chagre. 
 Here the fepaniards used to bring the iner- 
 ch«na.«, of Pen, and Chili on mule, from P«- 
 Mma, and embark it on the river for Pqrto 
 BelJo, 20 miles N. of Panama. 
 
 Venzonk.u town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli. 
 of Frkill" '^'"«'"""*"'<'J '8 ""'« N. N. W. 
 
 N ^"'p'*r*"!ri' "f^P^J". '" Granada. 34 miles 
 \r o Almeria, and 80 E. of Granada. 
 VBRA Ckuz, a province of Mexico, com- 
 prising a coimiilcmbie part of the eastern coast. 
 It hag an area of about 32,000 square miles 
 with 160,000 inhabitants. The soil of the lowe^ 
 grounds is abundantly productive, but the cli- 
 mate is so various that in the space of one day 
 the traveller may pass from the regi(.ns of per- 
 petual snow through all the intermediate tem- 
 peratures, to the suffocating heat of the plains 
 near the sen; and within the compass of a few 
 miles the naturalist may range through the 
 scale of vegetation. 
 
 _ Y""*/:«"z. a city and seaport of Mexico, 
 capital of the above province. The harbour is 
 defended by a fort, situate on a rock of the 
 uland of St. Juan de Ulhua, nearly adjoining, 
 llus port 18 the natural centre of the treasure 
 and merchandise of Mexico. The city is recu- 
 larly built, lU streets broad and straight, and 
 Its edifices constructed of materialg drawn from 
 ine bottom of the ocean ; for no rock ig to be 
 procured in the neighbourhood. It ig situate 
 '"i.*1.".u f,""".' *'"'""* running water, and on 
 which the N. windg blow with dreadful impetu- 
 OBty from October to April, forming vast hills 
 of moving sand. People in easy circumstances 
 dnnk rain water collected in cisterns, and it is 
 in contemplation to erect public cisterns within 
 the precinctg of the city; but at present the 
 common people are obliged to use water which 
 procecdg from the filtration of the marshes, and 
 Which, having been in contact with the rooU of 
 vegetables, is of very Iwd quality. The old 
 town. 16 miles to the N. W., is fomous oii ac- 
 count of the hmding of Cortcz, with 500 Spa- 
 mardg, when he undertook the conquest of 
 Mexico. Vera Cruz is 200 miles E. S. E. of 
 Mexico Pop. 17,000. Long. 96. 50. W. lat. 
 
 iU. ,1. w. 
 
 Veiu Paz, a province of South America, in 
 J^uatimala, bounded on the N. by Jucatjin E 
 by the bay and province of Honduras, S.' by 
 Ouatimala Proper, and W. by Cliiaiin. It is 
 tull of mountains and forests; but there are 
 many fertile valleys, which feed a (jreat num- 
 !«:.' of horses Hud mules. There are" also many 
 towns and villages of the native Americans. 
 ine capital, of the same name, ia a bishop's 
 
 VBR 
 
 Tv^'!.\n, '""■";«''•'?»»''» It is 120 milM 
 80 N *^"»"n'«'«- ^-ong. 90. 55. W. lat. 15. 
 
 Yif^l*' » P'""'"™ of Colombia, Iwiun.led 
 on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, E. by the pro- 
 vince and bay of Panama, S. by the Pacific 
 Ocean, and W. by Costa Rica. It is 125 
 milM long, and 40 broad, and is a mountain- 
 ous and barren country, but abounds in cold 
 and silver. St. Jngo is the capital. 
 
 VKRnERiE, a town of France, in the dcpart- 
 
 S*'"J^ "JP''^' "" ">« "^« Oise ; 10 miles 
 XN. h. of Sen lis. 
 
 Vercelli, a city of the Sardinian Stales, in 
 liedmont, capital, of a lordship of the same 
 name, and a bishop'g see. The townhouse, the 
 governors palace, and the hospital, are hnnd- 
 
 ^Tr nn'<i"''"''*-, . V"" '"habitants, estimated 
 at 16,000. are chiefly employed in the manu- 
 facture of silk. It ig geated at the conflux of 
 the Cerva with the Cesia; 40 miles N. E. of 
 Tunn. Long. 80. 24. E. hit. 46. 31. N. 
 
 Vebcholensk, a town of Russia, in the go- 
 Ternment of Irkutsk, seated on the Lena ; 
 120 mUes N. of IrkuUk. Long, 105. 35. E. 
 lat. 54. 0. N. 
 
 Vebchotuha, a town of Russia, in the bo. 
 vemment of Perm, and a bishop's see. This 
 
 J — --■« M •^ic»iw|/ a Dcv. J. Ilia 
 
 was tlie first town the Russians built in Siberia. 
 It 18 situate near the river Tura; 120 miles N. 
 of Cathannenbuig. Long. 60. 16. E. lat. 68. 
 45. N. 
 
 Veed, Cape, a promontory on the W. coast 
 of Africa, 145 miles N. W. of the mouth of the 
 Gambia. Long. 17. 37. W. lat. 14. 44. N 
 
 u "'o'^i^''*'*''*' ^*''*i« "•»nJ« »n the Atlantic, 
 about 300 miles W. of the const of Africa, be^ 
 t ween 13. and 19. N. lat. They were disco- 
 vered m 1446, by Anthony Noel, a Genoese, 
 in the service of Portugal, and received their 
 general name from their situation opposite 
 Cape Verd; but they are said to have been 
 known to the ancients under the name o. Gor- 
 gades. They are ten in number, lying in a 
 semicircle. The names are St. Antonio, St. 
 Vincent, St. Lucia, St. Nicolas, Sal Bonavista, 
 Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego, and Brava. St. Jajro 
 IS the pnncipal. 
 
 Veuden, a duchy of Hanover, 28 miles long 
 and nearly as many broad; bounded on theW. 
 and N. by the duchy of Bremen, and E. and S. 
 by the duchy of Lunenburg. Pop. 23,000. It 
 consists chiefly of heaths and high dry lands • 
 but there are good marshes on the rivers Weser 
 and Aller. It was formerly a bishopric, which, 
 at the peace of Westphalia, was secularized, 
 and ceded to Swe<len; in 1712 it was taken by 
 the Danes, who, in 1715, ceded it to the elec- 
 toral hons* of Brunswick, which cession was 
 confirmed, in 1718, by the Swedes. The in- 
 habitants are Lutherans. 
 
 Verden, the capital of the foregoing duchy, 
 contains four churches. It is scntcil on a 
 branch of the AUcr; 18 miles E. S. E. of Bre- 
 men Pop. 3600. Long. 9. 20. E. int. 52. 
 •2. N. 
 
 Verdun, a ''.ong town of France, in the 
 department of Meuse, and a bishop's see The 
 
 3 A 
 
 i|1 
 ■ I 
 
 i i 
 
 ; ft- 
 
 ■'iij 
 
 \h 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
VER 
 
 799 
 
 VER 
 
 cHiidpI, which ii n rcguju- foKlflcallon, wnn 
 coiwtructod by VnuUin. who win n nntivo of 
 tliw phice. IJiwidM the cathclriil tlioro am a 
 collegiate church and iiino |Niri«h churchwi, nnd 
 It is divided into the Ui>por, Lower, mid New 
 Town. Verdun lurrendored to the I'ruitinns 
 an 1792, but was retaken ioon after. Here 
 Uonapurto confined thotu Englinhni.n whom he 
 detained after tlie rupture of IHO,}. It ia 
 •oaled on the MouM; 2« milca N. Uy E. of 
 Bar lo Due, and UO E. hy N. of Pari.. Pop. 
 0000. Long. 5. 28. E. hit. 49. 9. N. 
 
 Vmdun, a town in the deportment of Snone- 
 et-Loire, seated on the Snone, at the influx of 
 the Doubt) 80 miles E. by 8. of Autun. 
 
 Vkbduw, a town in the department of Upper 
 Garonne, seated on the Guronnei 20 miles N. 
 N. W. of Toulouse. 
 
 VEBEA,atown of Macedonia, 48 miles W. of 
 Stilonica. It has krge monuikcturcs of cotton 
 and thread. Pop. 8UU0. 
 
 Vehebia, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Moscow J 56 miles W. S. W. of Mo^ 
 cow. Pop. 6000. 
 
 Veroennes, a flouriiihing town of Vermont, 
 in Addison county j tented on Otter Creek ; 
 6 miles t\tom iU mouth in Lake Chnmplain. 
 and 10 N. of Middlebury. Pop. 1017. 
 
 Vebinu, a town of Colombia, in Cumana; 
 celebrated for iU tohncco. It is situate on a 
 gulf of the Atlantic j 45 miles E. of Cumana. 
 Long. 63. 44. W. lat. 10. 8. N. 
 
 Vkrmandois, a territory of France, in 
 Picurdy ; which is now included, with the 
 territory of Soissonnois, in the department of 
 Aisne. It abounds in com and excellent flax. 
 Vermanton, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Yonnej 14 miles S. S. E. of 
 Auxerre. 
 
 Vebmejo, a river which rises in Tucumnn, 
 on the borders of Peru, flows S. E. to the 
 Paraqua, and enters that river a little above its 
 junction with the Parana. 
 
 Vehmomt, one of the United States of Ame- 
 rica, bounded N. by Canada, E. by the Con- 
 necticut, which divides it from New Hampshire, 
 S. by Massnchusets, and W. by New York, 
 It is 167 miles long, nnd 65 broad, nnd is 
 divided into 13 counties; Addison, Bennington, 
 Caledonia, Chittenden, Essex, Franklin, Grand 
 Isle, Orange, Orleans, Rutland, Washington, 
 Windham, and Windsor. A chain of high 
 mountains, running N. and S., divides the 
 state nearly in the centre, between the river 
 Connecticut and Lake Champlain. The natural 
 growth upon this chain consists of hemlock, 
 pine, spruce, nnd other evergreens : hence they 
 are called the Green Mountains, and give name 
 to the state. The country is generally hilly, 
 but not rocky, and the soil ia fertile, 'it has 
 numerous streams nnd rivcig, which all rise in 
 the Green Mountains ; thf Ir.rgeBi nre on the 
 W. side, and the chief &re Otic- { <'>k. Onion 
 River, La Moille, and Mi/»< ! ,o< -mi , the r, ist 
 numerous are on the L. •■ Jt u"^ tfi ugest 
 nre West River, White RiA\. ar .; i'ouiisoom- 
 suc. Iron ore abounds in ihi; state, and ren- 
 ders it the seat of flourishing .nanufactures of 
 
 e»rry thing that can ho niadfl of Iron and 
 •tool ; tho o(hi«r chiff mnniifnrtiia'n nre iJot 
 and |>cnrl-n*h, mnpK^HUKiir, nnd iipirils. The 
 principal dvnnminiitions uf ChriilitinH are Iin|i- 
 tists nnd Coiigrogntionitlists ; there nre also 
 some Episcopalijuis, <|uukers, &c. Area 10,212 
 s(|imru miles. Pop. 291,048. Muntpelier is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Veknbt, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Eastern Pyrenees ; 4 miles a. of 
 Pradest 
 
 Vebnruil, b town In the department of 
 Eure, seated on the Aure; 22 miles S, W, of 
 Evreux, nnd 66 W. by S. of Paris. Popuhv- 
 tion, 5300. 
 
 Verneuil, a town in the department of 
 Allier, H miles from the river AUier, nnd 15 S. 
 of Moulins. 
 
 VERNO^f, n town in the department of Eure, 
 with a fortress at the end of the bri<lge over the 
 Seine; 27 miles S. E. of Rouen, nnd 42 N. W. 
 of Paris. Pop. 4000. 
 
 Veroli, a town of Italy, in Campagna di 
 Roma ; seated on the Cosa ; 8 miles S. of 
 Alatri. 
 
 Verona, n province of Austrian Italy, in 
 the government of Venice; 85 miles long, and 
 27 broad. Pop. 285,000. It is a very fertile 
 country, abounding in com, wine, fruit, and 
 cattle. 
 
 Verona, a city of Italy, capital of the fore- 
 going province, and a bishop's see. It has 
 three forts, and is surrounded by thick walls, 
 deep ditches, and good ramparts. The river 
 Adigo divides it into two parts, which com- 
 municate by four bridges. Most of the build- 
 ings are of marble, above thirty kinds of which 
 are found in the neighbourhood; but the streets 
 are neither clean nor straight : the best is that 
 called tha Corso, which is pretty long; and 
 there is a handsome square called the Piazza 
 d'Armi. This city is famous for antiquities, 
 the most remarkable of which is the Roman 
 amphitheatre, of which seven rows of benches 
 of white marble are still entire; but various 
 repairs have been made from time to time. In 
 the town-house arethestntuesof five illustrious 
 natives of Verona; namely, Catullus, iErailius 
 Marcus, Cornelius Nepos, the elder Pliny, and 
 Vitruvius. Besides the cathedral there are a 
 great number of churches nnd convents, and 
 several hospitals. The palaces of Bevils'-iMii 
 and Scipio Mafl'ei contain many valuable ^ 
 ings, antiques, and other curiosities. The prii,- 
 cipiil trade arises fVom the manufactures '. fill! 
 nnd woollen, and next to them are t' .. •"' 
 gloves and leather. Near the city is a delight- 
 ful place, called Campo Marzo, where two 
 annual fairs are held in May and November. 
 Verona has been oflin taken, and, when Italy 
 was invaded by the French, it was added to 
 the kingdom of Italy. In 1814 it was ceded 
 to Austria, and in 1822 the members of the 
 Holy Alliance met here to deliberate on the 
 affairs of Europe. It is 20 miles N. N. E. of 
 Mantim, anH 54 W, of Venice. Pop. 60,000. 
 Long. 11.10. E. lat. 45. 26. N. 
 Vebovitza, a strong town of Sclavonia, 
 
VRR 
 
 6A 
 
 tu 
 
 ••RUhI iMuf the Dnve, 
 
 VKnEK«, a town of the Sordinian itntc (n 
 PWm«„ ; With ,. fortroM «, .tron« by n^l.S 
 « to bo deeme.1 im,,ro„n«ble. It & ffi " ™ 
 S. 8. K. of A(*tB, nnd 35 N. of Turin. * 
 
 Vkkiukukji, n town of SwiUi-rland In th« 
 cnnto.. of Ncufchutol. The c.l^^^ ",£ 
 
 NcutfchHt;! *"'""''*'• »"«» 20 W.S. W. of 
 Vkmaillm, a town of Fmnco. capital of 
 «u, deoartjnent of S«inc.et.Oi«,. «„d a Si;,' 
 •ee. In the reign of Uui. XIII. it waa onlv 
 a .mail vilin^^. i„ « forest 80 mile, in cTrcuU • 
 
 i'irtf ^""- XIV. enlarged int!irn«g! 
 XV? „^T*t' !*«"«> ti" 1789, when Louis 
 
 whh w "'^"«' ?"•' «*''•""• "«« "Joined 
 with : v.-ut number of .Utuc, by tho grcateBt 
 
 nw». .and the wateNworlTare m«8nTent. 
 The garden., with the parlc, are 5 S i„ c r- 
 cunHerence, «n.l .urroun.lt;i by 2u^. vZ 
 «..Uc « 10 nule. W. S. W. of rnriand hi. 
 
 LVfttLl^B^rr ^'""'^"'""^ 
 wlT*'/''"'^' " '"''" »'■ Kentucky, chief of 
 Sn """'"^' '=* "'""' W- by S. of Lex 
 Vkiwetz, a town of Hungnry, in Temcwar 
 and n b.sho,, , ,ee. It cont^Un. some e^tS 
 
 mel[t'"^rA'" """?/' ^"'"*^"'' '■" thedcpnrt- 
 was made to form a harbour, in opposition to 
 
 pu pose 1 ut ,t wa. Soon after relinquisheiJ. 
 rr„*^ rl"!'"'^* »'«--«. «t th'e influx- 
 
 VEZ 
 
 in«l« N. W. of departmof.1 of Unper Saone. In iu ,idnil» 
 i- a medicinal .pr/ng It i, ««tod at tl e ?5 
 of H mountnin. ,„^r the river Durgeon -^4 
 ni.le. N. of ll.«a„yon. and KW eT^ "jt 
 Troye.. Top. 5700. Long. 6. B. E 1«U4? 
 
 Visi-nisf, or VmpBiM, an enlKwpnl town of 
 ry, capital of a county of tho same name| 
 
 llu 
 
 with a ciutlo. It is scntfd on tho ScdT'lS 
 C"'i'" ,)^- ''>«•"«■ StuhlweiW-nburg, and 70 
 
 ?7.Vi„t 47??6."l?: *'"''•'"'"• ^''"«-*^- 
 
 y«8i;viim, n volcanic mountain of Italv. 7 
 mile. K of Napio* It i. nearly 30 mile, in 
 tircuit at tho base, and 3730 feet high. To- 
 wnr.ls the sea it is covereil with fVuit-trees and 
 vineyards, but on the S. and W. sides, nnd on 
 tno top, nothing i. to bo Mien but black nshct 
 cinders, and .tone.. The top of Vesuvius i, 
 div dod into two poinU, the southernmost of 
 which IS called Mont do Soinma. The erui>. 
 tion in the year 79, under Titus, wa. occom. 
 panied by an earthquake, which orertumwl 
 aeveral citie^ particularly Pompeii and Ilercu- 
 inneum ; and thi. eruption proved fatal to 
 l-liny the naturalist. Great quantitie. of asbc* 
 and sulphureou. amoko were carried not onlr 
 to Ronie^ but nlw beyond the Mediterranean, 
 into Afrioi; bird, were .uffocated in the nir. 
 and fell down upon tho ground; and fished 
 perished in the neighbouring waterrL which 
 were made hot, nnd infected by it. Another 
 very violent eruption, in 1G31, totally destroyed 
 ho town of Torre del Greco. The eruption in 
 1707 was tho 27th from tho time of Titu. • 
 since which there have been 12 others, the last 
 of which wa. in 1819 and 1831, which was tho 
 
 .1 . ?, i;"„*°"*- Next to those in 79 nnd 1 63 1 . 
 that of 1794 waG tho most violent nnd destruc- 
 rn.m *'"l eruption tho lava flowed over 
 
 6000 acres of rich vineyards and cultivated 
 lands, and the town of Torro del Greco was 
 
 of the river Venio^x 6 miirs F „f « J . '""• ' ,*"'^ ^^^ *"*» "^ '^'""o «lel Grecc 
 7 N. of Geneva? ' ®" ^ "^ ^''''' '^'^ «8ain destroyed; tho top of the mountain like- 
 
 Vkrt Bat. See Fundt wise fell in, and the crater is now little short of 
 
 Veuviehs, a town of Belgium, in the pro- 
 vince of i.iege; which has a considerable traflio 
 « w r }■ I' **""*^ °" ^^^ Weze; 4 mile. 
 Fo 10,Oor **' ""^ ^' ^- ®' ^' ""' ^^"S"- 
 
 VEHVIN8, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aisne ; famous for a treats in 1590 
 between Henry IV. of Fiance nnd Philip n' 
 
 V l',"""-e ■ ' " ^"^^^'^ "" t^'e Serre; 40 milci 
 A. ti, ot -Ttoissons. 
 
 Vejizuolo, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 1 ie<lmont, with a castle. It is surroun.lwl by 
 an ancient wall, flanked with towers, and seated 
 in a N-ery fruitful soil, near the Vratia; 3 miles 
 o. ot Saluzzo. 
 ^ Vesley, ft town of France, in the department 
 
 "L •^'?"'''' '^" t^o "*»*'■ Ai»ne; 10 miles K. W E 
 •f Soisson.s. 
 
 . Vesoui,, n town of France, cnpitnl of the 
 
 . .y^'rV'* *,""'" °^ Switzerland, capital of a 
 bailiwick in the Pay. do Vaud. The principal 
 manufasturo is watches and jewellery, it has a 
 large trade in cheese, and its wino is in groat 
 estimation It stands near the lake of Geneva. 
 10 miles E. by S. of Lausanne. Pop, 380o! 
 Long. 7. 0. E. lat. 46. 25. N. 
 
 Vevay, a town of Indiana, capital of Swit- 
 zerland county; in the neighbourhood of which 
 the vine is successfully cultivated by Swissemi- 
 grants. It IS seated on the Ohio, 8 miles above 
 the mouth of the Kentucky. 
 
 Veyne, .a town of France, in the department 
 
 Of Upper Alps; 12 miles W. by S. of Gap 
 
 V KZEi-AV, a town in the department of Yonne. 
 noted tor the noble stand made by tho Calvin- 
 
 the town, but was obliged to retire after the los« 
 of loOd men. Theodore Uc/a was a native of 
 Vezelny. It 13 seated on the top of a moun- 
 
 3A2 
 
 « 
 
 I 1 
 
 IS 
 
 H 
 
VEZ 
 
 724 
 
 VIE 
 
 tafn, nenr tho river Cure; 26 miles E. by S. of 
 Auxerre. 
 
 Vezelize, a town in the d' artment of 
 Meiirthe, seated on the Uronon; 12 miles S. of 
 Nancy, and 14 S. E. of Toul. 
 
 ViANA, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro 
 e Minho, at the mouth of the Lima, with a good 
 harbour for small vessels, defended by a fort; 
 20 miles W. by N. of IJragji. Pop. 8000. 
 
 ViANDEN, a town of Uilgium, in Luxemburg, 
 divided into the Old and New Town by the river 
 Uren. It has a castle on an inaccessible roik, 
 and considerable nianufacturcs of cloth and lea- 
 ther. It is '22 miles N. of Luxemburg, nnd 22 
 N. W. of Treves. 
 
 ViANEN, ft town jf the Netherlands, in S. 
 Holland, with a cnstie. It is seated on the 
 Lfcck; 7 miles S. of Utrecht, 
 
 ViATKA, a government of Russia, which was 
 formerly a province of Kasun; containing an 
 extent of 47,000 square miles, with not more 
 than 1,100,000 inhabitants. It takes its name 
 from the river Viatka, which flows through the 
 country, and joins the Kama. 
 
 Viatka, formerly called Khlynof, a town of 
 Russia, capital of the foregoing government, 
 and a bishop's see, with a cnstie. It is seated 
 on the river Viatka; 100 miles N.of Kasim. 
 Fop. 8500. Long. .54, 15. E. lat. 57. 25. N. 
 
 ViAZHA, a town of itussia, in the government 
 of Smolensk, seated on an eminence; 80 miles 
 N. E. of Smolensk. 
 ViBORo. See Wiburg. 
 Vic, a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe, seated on the Seille ; IS miles E. N. E. 
 of Nancy. Pop. 3100. 
 
 Vic, or Vique, a town of Spain, in Catalo- 
 nia, and a bisiiop's see. It is seated in a fertile 
 plain; 35 miles N. of Barcelona. Pop. 8400. 
 
 Vic Bigorre, a town of France, department 
 of Upper Pyrenees, situate on the Adour; 12 
 miles N. of Tarbes. 
 
 Vic Fezensac, a town in the department of 
 Gers, seated on the Douze; 15 miles VV. of 
 Auch. Pop. 3000. 
 
 Vic ls Compte,41 town in the department of 
 Puy de Dome, with a palace, where formerly 
 the counts of Auvergne resided. About a mile 
 from it are miiieral springs. It is seated near 
 the AUier; 15 miles S. E. of Clermont. 
 
 ViCEORAD, a town of Hungary, will* a castle 
 on the top of a rock, in which the crown of 
 Hungary was formerly kept. It is seated on 
 the S. side of the Danube; 8 mi'es S. E. of 
 Gran, and 16 N. VV. of Buda. 
 
 Vicenza, or VicENTiNO, a delegation of 
 Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice ; 
 35 miles long, and 27 broad, and so pleasant 
 and fertile, that it is called the garden and 
 flesh-market of Venice. Here are also mines 
 of silver and iron, and quarries of stone, almost 
 as fine as marble. Pop. 3 1 0,000. 
 
 ViCENZA, a city of Italy, the capital of the 
 foregoing province, and a bishop's see. It is 
 without walls, but is a large place, adorned with 
 about 20 palaces, from the designs of Palladio, 
 who was a native of this place. The cathedral 
 la embellished with marble, and has some good 
 
 paintings • besides wliich there nro above 60 
 other churches, and in that of St. Corona, the 
 high altar, and the painting by Paul Veronese, 
 of the Magi paying adoration to Christ, attract 
 particular notice. In the fine square before 
 the town-house are two lofty columns, with St. 
 Mark's winged lion on one of them, and on 
 the other a statue of our Saviour. The other 
 remarkable places are the Monte dclla Pieta, 
 with its fine library ; the Palazzo Vecchio, with 
 its admirable paintings; the Tlieiitrum Olym- 
 picum, after the model of the amphitheatre of 
 Palladio, nnd the triumphal arches in the pub- 
 lic promenade of Campo Marzo. The princi- 
 pal manufactures are silk, damask, and biffeta. 
 About four niilos from the city, on a mountain, 
 is tlie church Delia Madonna di Monte Ber- 
 rico, which is much frequented by pilgrims, and 
 has a fine frontispiece, with a convent close by. 
 Vicenza is seated in a fertile plain, between 
 two hills, at the union of the rivulets Bacliigli- 
 one nnd Rerone; 22 miles E. of Verona, and 
 32 W. of Venice. Pop. 30,000. Long. 11. 
 40. E. lat. 45. 28. N. 
 
 Viciiy, a town of France, department of Al- 
 lier; near which are some mineral springs. It 
 is seated on the AUier ; 40 miles S. of Mou- 
 lins. 
 
 Vice, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, 
 near the Bay of Naples. It is 5 miles N. E. 
 ofSorento. 
 
 Vico, a town of Corsica, in which is the ca- 
 thedral of the bishop of .Sngonn, a town now in 
 ruins. It is 16 miles S. W, of Corte, and 30 
 S. of Calvi. 
 
 VicovARO, a town in the Ecclesiastical States, 
 in the district of Sabina; seated near the Teve- 
 rone; 10 miles N. E. of Tivoli. 
 
 Victoria, a settlement in North Australia, 
 in Port Essington. See Australia, North. 
 
 Victoria Land, discovered in January, 1841, 
 by Captains Ross and Crozier; the most south- 
 ern known land, extending from lat. 71 . Mi. S 
 long. 171. 16. E. to 79. S. In lat. 77. 31. S. 
 is an active volcano, 12,400 feet high, called 
 Mount Erebus; and a ridge of lofty mountains 
 extends southward of it. To the westward is a 
 barrier of ice cliffs, 150 feet high, and 300 miles 
 long. 
 
 VicToniANA, a tract on the north coast of 
 North America, discovered by Messrs. Deaso 
 and Simpson in 1839; lying to the S. of the 
 Boothian Gulf. 
 
 ViF.LSK, a town of Russia, in the govcrmcnt 
 of Vologda, situr-te on tho Vaga; 156 miles 
 N. N. E. of Vologda. Long. 41. 45. E. lat. Gl. 
 40. N. 
 
 Vienna, a city of Lower Austria, the capital 
 of the empire, and an archbishop's see. It 
 Stan ) in a fertile plain, on the right bank of 
 the Danube, at the influx of the little river Vicii. 
 The city itself is not of great extent, nor can it 
 be enlarged, being limited by fortifications ; but 
 it is very populous. The streets in general are 
 narrow, and tho bouses high; but tii'TO are sm 
 vcral fine squares; and in that call Joseph 
 S<)uare is a colossal equestrian statue in bronze, 
 of Joseph II. Some of the public buildings 
 
 I 
 
VIE 
 
 of Mou- 
 
 I 
 
 are magnificent; the chief of them are the im- 
 perial palace, the palaces of the princes Lich- 
 tenstein, Eugene, &c., the imperial chancery, 
 the extensive imperial arsenal, the city arsenal, 
 the mint, the general hospital, the town-house, 
 the custom-house, the bank, the library, and 
 the museum. No houses without the walls are 
 allowed to be built nearer to the glacis than 600 
 yards, so that there is a circular field of that 
 breadth all round the city, which has a beauti- 
 ful and salutary effect. The eight suburbs are 
 said to contain 220,000 inhabitants, but they 
 are not populous in proportion to their size, for 
 many houses have extensive gardens. The cir- 
 cumference of the city and suburbs is upwards 
 oC ;ij niik'S. Many families who live during 
 the winter within the fortifications, spend the 
 summer in the suburbs- The cathedral is built 
 of freestone, and the steeple contains a bell of 
 uncommon magnitude, cast out of the cannon 
 taken from the Turks. Adjoining to this 
 church is the archbishop's pain je, the front of 
 which is very fine. Vienna w "° ineffectually 
 besieged by the Turks in 15R9 and 1083. At 
 the latter period the siege was raised by John 
 Sobicski, king of Poland, who totally defeated 
 the Turkisli army. The university had several 
 thousand students, who, during the siege, mount- 
 ed guard, as they did also in 1741. The arch- 
 ducal library is much frequented by foreigners, 
 as it contains above 300,000 printed books, and 
 12,000 MSS. The archducal treasury, and a 
 cabinet of curiosities of the house of Austria, 
 are great rarities. The Danube here is very 
 wide, and contains several woody isles, one of 
 which is the prater, or imperial park; it also 
 forms a sort of harbour, where are magazines of 
 naval stores; and ships have been fitted out to 
 serve on that river against the Turks. The 
 trade of Vienna is in a flourishing state, and it 
 has manufactures of silk stufft, gold and silver 
 lace, tapestry, looking-glasses, &c. In 1805 
 this city surrendered to the French, but was 
 given up by the peace of Presburg. In 1809 
 it again surrendered to the French, but they 
 again restored it on the conc'ision of peace. In 
 1830 it experienced a sever„ calamity; after a 
 frost of 1 18 days, a thaw set in on the 2fith of 
 February, and about midnight on the 28th the 
 ice broke, and inundated the dwellings of 50,000 
 inhabitants, many of whom were drowned, to- 
 gether with a great number of horses, cows, 
 pigs, &c. It is 50 miles W. of Presburg, 350 
 N. N. E. of Home, and 570 E. of Paris. The 
 total population is about 300,000, Long. 16. 
 16. E. lat. 48. 13. N. 
 
 Vienna, a town of Maryland, in Dorchester 
 county. It cinriea on a brisk trade with the 
 neighbouring seaports. It is situate on the 
 Nanticokej 10 miles S. E. of Cambridge. 
 
 ViF.NNE, a town of France, department of 
 Isere, and an archbishop's see. In the 5th 
 century the Burgundians made it the cai)ital of 
 their kingdom. The cathedral is a handsome 
 Gothic structure. In 1311 a general council 
 was held here, at which Pope ciemeiit V. pre- 
 sided, and, among other matters, the supprcs- 
 Bion of the Knights Templars was determined. 
 
 m V I L 
 
 The commerce of Vienna consists !n wines, silk, 
 and sword-blades. It is seated on the Rhone; 
 16 miles S. S. E. of Lyons, and 38 N. W. of 
 Grenoble. Pop. 12,200. Long. 4. 56. E. hit. 
 46. 32. N. 
 
 ViENNE, a department of France, fonncd of 
 part of the province of Poitou, and bounde<l 
 N. by the department of Indre-et- Loire, and S. 
 by that of Charente. It takes its name from a 
 river which rises in the department of Correze, 
 and flows into the Loire 6 miles above Saumur. 
 Poitiers is the capital. Area, 2800 B<juara 
 miles. Pop. 252,000. 
 
 Vir VNE, Upper, a department of France, 
 comprising the greater part of the province of 
 Limosin. Limoges is the capital. 
 
 ViEBUADEN, a town of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg, seated on the Vesle, neav its conflux with 
 the Oder; 22 miles E. S. E. of Prenzlo. 
 
 ViERZON, a town of France, department of 
 Cher; famous for its forges. It is seated on the 
 Cher, near the influx of the Yevre; 17 miles 
 N, W. of Bourges. Pop. 6800. 
 
 ViESTi, a town of Naples, in Capitinata, 
 seated on the Gulf of Venice, at the foot of 
 Mount Gargano; 25 miles N. E. of Manfredo- 
 nia. Pop. 4700. Long. 16. 40. E. lat. 41. 
 51. N. 
 
 Viet, St., or St. Vith, a town of Belgium, 
 in Luxemburg, near the source of the Uren ; 
 24 miles S. S. E. of Limburg, and 48 N. of 
 Luxemburg. 
 
 ViQAN, a town of France, department of 
 Gard ; 22 miles W. S. W. of Alais, and 38 
 W. N. W. of Nismes. Pop. 4000. 
 
 ViGEVANo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 province of Milan, with a strong castle on a 
 rock; seated near the Tesino, 16 miles S. W. 
 of Milan. Pop. 12,000. 
 
 ViGNOT, a town of France, department of 
 Meuse, on the river Meuse; 10 miles E. of Bar 
 le Due, and 24 S. S. E. of Verdun. 
 
 Vigo, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia, situate 
 on a bay of the Atlantic, defended by a fort on 
 an eminence, and an old castle. It has a good 
 harbour, into which, in 1702, the English and 
 Dutch fleets forced their jiassage, and made 
 themselves masters of the Spanish Plate-fleet, 
 when just arrived from America. In 1719 the 
 English obtained jjossession of Vigo, but relin- 
 quished it after raising contributions. It stands 
 in a fruitful country; 14 miles W. N. W. of 
 Tuy, and 47 S. of Compostella. Long. 8. 40. 
 W. lat. 42. 14. N. Pop. 2500. 
 
 ViooNA, a town of Italy, in Piedmont ; 12 
 miles E. by S. of Pignerolo. Pop. 5300. 
 
 VniiEB.s, a town of France, department of 
 Maine-et-Loire; 20 miles S. of Angers, and 20 
 W. by S. of Saumur. 
 
 ViLAiNE, a river of France, which rises in 
 the department of Mayenne, passes by Vitre 
 and Rennes, divides the department of Mori)i- 
 han from that of Lower Loire, and enters the 
 Bay of Biscay below Roche Bernard. 
 
 Vii.LA no CoNnE, a town of Portugal in 
 Entre Douro e Minho, at the mouth of the 
 Ave ; 20 miles N. of Oporto. Pop. 4500 
 
 Villa de HoRTA,the capital of the island of 
 
 
 m 
 
 !-r 
 
 ) I'-i; 
 
 .t 
 
VI L 
 
 726 
 
 VI L 
 
 r 
 
 I^yal, one of the Azores. It is seated on the 
 W. const, and has a harbour, land-locked on 
 every side except the E. and N. E., and de- 
 fended by several forts. Long. 28. 41. W. lat. 
 •So. oi, n. 
 
 Villa DTanarAS, a town of the island of 
 Sardinia, and a bishop's see; 35 miles W.S.W. 
 or Cngliari. 
 
 Villa Flok, a town of Portugal, in Tras 
 los Monies; 28 miles S. by W, of Braganza. 
 
 Villa Franca, a seaport of Sardinia, in '' •> 
 county of Nice, with a castle and fort. Ti e 
 harbour is capacious, and the mountains which 
 enclose it extend into the sea like promonto- 
 nes. It was taken by the French in 1705, by 
 the French and Spaniards in 1744, and by the 
 French m 1792. Of late years it has become 
 the resort of conKiimptive invalids, in preference 
 to Nice. It 18 3 miles E. of Nice. Pop. 2200 
 Villa Fbanca, a town of Portugal, in Estre- 
 maduiB, on the estuary of the Tagus; 20 miles 
 W. hi. of Lisbon. 
 
 Villa Fkanca, a town on the S. coast of St. 
 Michael, one of the Azores, defended by a 
 fort and other works. Opposite this place, half 
 a mile from the shore, is a small island, which 
 Has a basm with ii narrow entrance, where SO 
 vessels may anchor in security. It is 16 miles 
 E. by N. of Punta del Gada. Pop. 2000. 
 Long 25. 30. W. lat. 3^. SO. N. 
 
 Villa Feanca db Panades, a town of 
 bpam, m Catalonia; 18 miles W. by S. of 
 Barcelona. 
 
 Villa Hermosa, a town of Spain, in Va- 
 lencia, near the river Millus; 58 miles N. of 
 Valencia. 
 
 Villa Hermosa, a town of Mexico, in the 
 province of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco- 60 
 milea S. W. of Tabasco, and 70 N. E. of 
 Chiapa. Long. 94. S. W. lat. 17. 45. N. 
 
 Villa Joiosa, or Joyosa, a town of Spain, 
 m Valencia, on the coast of the Mediterranean- 
 18 miles E. N. E. of AUcant, and 24 S. of 
 Gandia. 
 
 Villa Nova D'Asti, a fortified town of the 
 Sardinian States, in Piedmont; 14 miles W. ot 
 Asti. 
 
 Villa Nova db Ckrvera, a town of Por- 
 ing, in Entre Douro e Minho, situate on the 
 Mmho, near its mouth ; 27 miles N. W. of 
 BiBga, and 45 N. of Oporto. 
 
 Viu-A Nova de Pobtimao, g fortified sea- 
 port of Portugal, in Algarva, on a river which 
 forms a spacious and secure harbour, defended 
 by two forts. It is 9 miles E. N. E. of Lagos 
 and 42 W. by S. of Tavari. Pop. 350o! 
 Long. 8. 27. W. lat. 37. 12. N. 
 
 Villa Nova do Porto, a town of Portugal, 
 in Entre Douro e Minho, seated on the Douro 
 opposite Oporto (on which it depends), aj 
 detended by several forts. Pop. 10,000. 
 _ Villa Nova de Principe, b, town of Brazil 
 in Rio Janeiro, situate near the diamond 
 mines; 130 miles W. of Porto Seguro. 
 
 Villa Real, a town of Portugal, in Tras los 
 Monies, seated at the conflux of the Corco and 
 
 !„«'V ';'""''-•'* ^- ^y i^- "t Lamego, and 
 00 a. tu. ot Broganzu. Pop. 4000. 
 
 Villa Real, o town of Spain, in the pro- 
 mce of Valencia, near the Minjares; 40 miles 
 N. N. E. of Valencia. Pop. 7000. 
 
 Villa Rbal, a town of Brazil, in the pro- 
 vince of Sr>iritu Santo j ISO miles W. by S. of 
 Spintu .Santo. 
 
 Villa Rica, a town of Chili, on the Lake 
 Malabangen; 60 miles N. E. of Valdivia. 
 
 Villa Rica, a town of South America, re- 
 public of Brazil. It is seated near some ex- 
 hausted gold-mines, in the province of Minns 
 Geraes, of which it is the capital. When the 
 mines were in their greatest abundance, be- 
 tween 1730 and 1750, they yielded upwards of 
 6,000,000/. sterling annually; but on their de- 
 cline the town was comparatively deserted, 
 and jias now lost its original splendour -ind 
 importance. Population, 20,000. 
 
 Villa Viciosa, a town of Spain, in Asturias. 
 seat-jd on the Bay of Biscay; 32 miles N. E. of 
 Oviedo. 
 
 _ Villa V190SA, a fortified town of Portugal, 
 in Alentejo, with an old castle, and a palace 
 where the dukes of Braganza formerly resided. 
 In the suburb is an ancient temple, originally 
 built to the honour of Proserpine, and in the 
 neii,hbourhood are quarries of fine green marble. 
 It IS 12 miles S. W. of Elvas, and 33 N. E. of 
 Evora. Pop. 3000. 
 
 ViLLACH, a town of Austrian Illyria, in 
 Cannthia, with a castle. Near it are medicinal 
 baths. It is seated at the conflux of the Geil 
 with the Drave; 16 mUes W. by S. of Clagen- 
 furt. Population, 3000. 
 
 ViLLAiNE, a town of France, department of 
 Mayenne ; 16 miles E. by N. of Mayenne. 
 
 ViLLALPONDO, a town in the W. of Spain 
 province of Leon, on the S. bank of the river 
 Valderaguay ; 40 miles S. of Leon, Popula- 
 tion, 6700. ^ 
 
 ViLLAMiEL, a town of Spain, in Leon; 48 
 miles S. of Ciudad Rodrigo. 
 
 ViLLARiNO, a town of Spain, in Leon, on 
 the nver Douro. and confines of Portugal: 45 
 nulesW.N.W. of Salamanca. 
 
 ViLLEDiEU. a town of France, department 
 of Loire-et-Cher. It is 20 miles W. S. W. of 
 Vendome. 
 
 ViLLEDiEU, a town in the department of 
 Manche; 8 miles N. N. E. of Avranches. 
 
 ViLLEFORT, a town in the department of 
 Lozere; 18 miles E. of Mende, and 19 N. of 
 Alais. 
 
 ViLLEFBANCHE, a town in the department of 
 Rhone, surrounded by walls, and seated on the 
 fc«one,- 18 miles N. by W. of Lyons. Pop. 
 
 ViLLEFBANCHE, a town in th#department of 
 Eastern Pyrenees, with a fort, seated on the 
 river Tet; 25 miles W. S. W. of Perpig- 
 nan. '^ ^ 
 
 ViLLEFBANCHE. a town in the department of 
 Aveiron, with a great trade in linen and cloth, 
 seated on the Aveiron; 20 mUes W. of Rodez. 
 Pop. 10,000. 
 
 IT ' — 'A ' '"'*" '" "'c acpanmcnt of 
 
 Upper Onronne, on the Canal Royalo : 22 
 miles S. E. of Touloufw. ' ' 
 
VIL 
 
 w 
 
 VIQ 
 
 ViLLEJuivE, a town in the department of 
 Paris; 4 miles S. of Paris. 
 
 ViLLKMUR, a town in the department of 
 Upper Garonne, seated on the Tarn; 12 iuus« 
 N. N. E. of Toulouse, Pop, 4000. 
 
 ViLLENA, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with a 
 castle, fonnerly of great strength. In the neigh- 
 bourhood is a morass, from which salt is made. 
 It is 18 miles S. S. E. of Almanza, and 60 N. 
 by E. of Murcia. Pop. 12,500, 
 
 ViLLENKUVE, a town of France, department 
 of Lot-et-Garonne, on the river Lot ; 17 miles 
 N. of Agen. Pop. 6500. 
 
 ViLLENEuvK, a town in the department of 
 Card, on the Rhone, opposite Avignon, with 
 which it communicates by a bridge; 21 miles 
 E. N. E, of Nismes. Pop, 3300. 
 
 ViLLENEUVE, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Pays de Vaud; situate at the E. ex- 
 tremity of the Lake of Geneva, 3 miles from 
 the influx of the Rhone, and 14 E. S, E. of 
 Lausanne. 
 
 ViLLBMEOVE DK Beuo, a town of France, 
 department of Ardeche; 18 miles S, of Privas. 
 
 ViLLERS CoTKEETS, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Aisne ; 12 miles S. W. of Soissons, 
 and 44 N. E. of Paris. 
 
 ViLLiNGEN, a town of Germany, in Baden, 
 strung by nature, on account of the surround- 
 ing mountains and narrow passes. Here is a 
 Benedictine abbey ; and in the vicinity is a 
 good bath. It is 20 miles E. by N. of Fri- 
 buig. 
 
 ViLSECK, a town of Bavarian Franconia, 
 near which are several foundries. It is seated 
 on the Vils ; 20 miles N. of Amberg. 
 
 ViLSHOFEN, a town of Lower Bavaria. In 
 1745 the Austrians took it by storm. It is 
 situate on the Danube, at the influx of the 
 Vils ; 11 miles W. by N. of Passau. 
 
 ViLVOBDEN, a town of Belgium, in South 
 Brabant, with ati ancient castle, seated at the 
 confluence of the Woluwe and the Senne; 7 
 miles N, N. £. of Brussels. 
 
 ViMiEiRO, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo ; 
 12 miles W. by N. of Estremos. 
 
 ViMiBRA, a vilhige of Portugal, in Estrema- 
 dura; 30 miles N, of Lisbon. Hers, in 1 808, a 
 battle was fought between the British and 
 French, in which the latter were defeated. 
 
 ViMiosA, a town of Portugal, in Tras los 
 Montes; 16 miles W. N. W. of Miranda, and 
 17 S. E. of Braganza. 
 
 ViNCENNES, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Paris, remarkable for its castle, which 
 for three centuries was the country residence of 
 the royal family, but which is now used as a 
 state prison. Here the unfortunate duke 
 d'Enghien was shot in 1804; 3 miles E. of 
 Paris. Pop. 4600. 
 
 ViNCENNES, or Vincent, a town of the 
 United States, and capital of Knox county, 
 Indiana, with a fort. It is seated on the Wa- 
 bash, opposite the influx of the Ombra ; 160 
 miles W. N. W. of Frankfort, in Kentucky. 
 Pop. 1500. Long. 85. 30. W, lat. 39, 0, N. 
 
 Vincent, Cape St., the S. W, promontory 
 of Portugal, 25 miles W. by S. of Lagos, off 
 
 which the naval victory was gained in 1797, by 
 Sir John Jervii, created Earl St. Vincent. 
 Long. 9. 0. W. lat 37. 8. N. 
 
 Vincent, St., one of the Windward Carib- 
 bee Islands, in the West Indies, 24 miles long, 
 and 18 broad, and about 70 miles W. of Bar- 
 badoea. It is extremely fertile, and well 
 adapted for the raising of sugar and indigo ; 
 and here the bread-fruit trees brought from 
 Tahiti thrive remarkably well. The original 
 inhabitants were Caribs, a wariike race, mani- 
 festly distmguished from the aborigines of the 
 larger isbnda. They are conjectured to have 
 been originally a colony from North America, 
 their fierce manners approaching nearer to those 
 of the original natives of that continent than 
 they do to that of South America, and their 
 language also having some affinity to that 
 spoken in Florida. In their wars they pre- 
 served their ancient practice of destroying all 
 the males, and prcf erving the women either 
 for servitude or for breeding. St, Vincent was 
 long a neutral island ; but at the peace of 1763 
 the French agreed that the right to it should be 
 vested in the English, The latter, soon after, 
 engaged in a war against the Caribs, on the 
 windward side of the island, who were obliged 
 to consent to a peace, by which they ceded a 
 large tract of land to the crown. The conse- 
 quence of this was, that in 1779 they greatly 
 contributed to the reduction of this island by 
 the French, who, however, restored it in 1783. 
 In 1795 the French landed some troops, and 
 again instigated the Caribs to an insurrection, 
 which was not subdued for several months. It 
 was almost desolated in 1812 by an eruption 
 of the SoufFrier mountain, which had continued 
 quiet for nearly a century before. It contains 
 84,000 acres. Pop. 24,000. Kingston is the 
 capital. 
 
 Vincent, St., one of the Cape Verd Islands, 
 12 miles long, and three broad, and unin- 
 habited. On the N. W. side of it is a good 
 bay, where ships may wood and water, and 
 wild goats may be shot. Long. 25. 30. W. hit. 
 17. 30. N. 
 
 Vincent, St„ a town of Spain, in Asturias, 
 seated on the Bay of Biscay; 9 miles W. bj 
 S. of Santillana. 
 
 ViNooKLA, a town of Hindostan, in Visia^ 
 pour, belonging to the Britisli. About 10 miles 
 to the W. N. W. are some rocks in the sea, 
 called Vingorla Rocks. The town is situate 
 near the mouth of a river; 25 miles N. N. W, 
 of Goa. Long, 73. 27. E. lat 15. 61. N. 
 
 ViNTiMiGLiA, a town of the Sardmian states, 
 in the territory of Genoa, with a small har- 
 bour, and a strong castle on a high rock. It 
 is seated on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of 
 the Rotta; 20 miles N, E, of Nice, and 24 
 S, W. of Oneglia. Pop. 5000. Long. 7, 37. 
 E. lat 43, 63, N, 
 
 ViPALANCA, or Uj Palanka, a town of Hun- 
 gary, in Temeswar, with a fortress. It stands 
 on the Karass, near its entrance into the Da- 
 nube, It is situate 42 mila. E. of Belgrade, 
 and 58 S. of Temeswar. 
 
 VittuE. Sm Vic. 
 
 51 
 
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 V I R jjs 
 
 Vibe, a town of Prance, department of Cal- 
 vados, with several manufticturcs of coane 
 woollen cloths. It is seated on the Vire; 30 
 miles S. E. of Coutances, and 160 W. of Paris. 
 Top. 7500. 
 
 Virgin Gokda, or Spanish Town, one of 
 the Virgin Islands in the West Indies. It has 
 two good harbours, and is defended by a fort. 
 Long. 64. 0. W. Int. 18. 18. N. 
 
 Virgin Islands, about 40 islands and keys 
 in the West Indies, between St. Juan de Pu- 
 erto Rico and the Leeward Caribbee Islandu 
 They are possessed by the English and Danes. 
 In the first division, belonging to the English, 
 is Tortola, to which belong Jost Van Dike, 
 Little Van Dike, Guana, Beef, and Thatch 
 Islands. In the second division is Virgin Gorda, 
 to which belong Anegadu, Nicker, Prickly Pear, 
 the Muskitos, the Commanoes, &c. Of the 
 Danish islands the principal are St. Thomas 
 and St. John. 
 
 Virginia, one of the United States of Ame- 
 rica, bounded on the S. by North Carolina and 
 Tennessee, W. by Kentucky, N. by Pennsyl- 
 vania and the river Ohio, and E. by the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean- It is 446 miles long, and 224 broad, 
 and is divided into 104 counlieij. Several 
 ridges of mountains cross the country from N. 
 to S., the most eaaterlv above 100 miles from 
 the Atlantic. Here dre mines of gold, lead, 
 copper, iron, and coal; marble and limestone 
 are found in great quantities; and many me- 
 dicinal springs have been discovered in differ- 
 ent parts. The principal rivers are James, 
 York, Rappahannoc, and Potomac, which are 
 full of convenient harbours ; and there are 
 many other rivers, some of which are capable 
 of receiving the largest merchant ships. The 
 land towards the mouths of the rivers is ge- 
 nerally low, and fit for rice, hemp, and maize; 
 that higher up is generally level, and watered 
 witli springs. Near the sea it is generally 
 sandy, and without stones, for which reason 
 the horses are seldom shod. The richest lands 
 lie near the branches of the rivers, and abound 
 with various sorts of timber, surprisingly laige. 
 The superficial extent is about 64,000 square 
 miles, with 1,239,797 inhabitants. The prin- 
 cipal produce is tobacco, wheat, and maize; 
 but the culture of tobacco has considerably 
 declined in favour of that of wheat. The ca- 
 pital is riciimond. 
 
 Vernenderg, a town of Prussia, in the go- 
 vernment of Treves, seated near the Nesse; 26 
 miles W. N. W. of Coblentz. 
 
 Vu'TON, a town of the Netherlands, in Lux- 
 emburg ; 22 miles W. of Luxembuig. 
 
 ViSAOAPATAM, a town of Hindostan, capital 
 of an extensive district in the province of the 
 Northern Circars, and the residence of the 
 judge, collector, &c. of the district. It has a 
 harbour, and carries on a considerable trade; 
 100 miles N. E. of iUiiamundry, and 480 N. E, 
 of Madras. 
 
 ViscHMA, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Tobolsk ; 2G8 miles S. W. of To- 
 bolsk. 
 
 ViSB, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 
 VIT 
 
 the province of Liege; seated on tho Meuse, 6 
 miles S. of Mnestricht. 
 
 ViSEU, a town of I'ortugal, in Beirn, and a 
 bishop's see; 32 miles S. of Lamego, and 49 
 N. E. of Coimbra. Pop. 6000. 
 
 VisHNEi-VoLOTSciioK, a town of Russia, in 
 the government of Tver. It has a canal, which, 
 by uniting the Tverj» and the Masta, connects 
 the inland navigation between the Caspian and 
 the Baltic. It is seated on the river Zua; 60 
 miles N. W. of Tver. 
 
 VisiAPouE, or Bejapour, a province of Hin- 
 dostan, 360 miles long, and about 200 broad ; 
 bounded N. and E. by the provinces of Aurun- 
 gabad and Beder, S. by Canara and the river 
 Toombuddra, and W. by the sea. The soil ia 
 in general fertile, and provisions ore plentiful 
 and cheap. 
 
 VisiAPOUR, or Bejapodr, the caj>ital of tho 
 foregoing province, was formerly a great city, 
 and is said to have contained immense wealth, 
 some of which has been found among the ruins. 
 It was besieged by Aurungzebe, and obliged to 
 capitulate in 1689. It is situate in a fertile 
 plain, 150 miles S. E. of Poonnh, and 340 N. 
 by W. of Seringapatam. Long. 76. 40. E. lat. 
 17. 16. N. 
 
 Viso, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in 
 Piedmont; noted as the source of the river Po. 
 Vistula, a river which rises in the Carpathian 
 mountains, on the confines of Moravia and 
 Hungary, flows through Poland and Prussia, 
 by Cracow, Sandomir, Warsaw, Culm, Marien- 
 bui^g, and Dantzic, and enters the Baltic by 
 three mouths. 
 
 ViTKPSK, a government of Russia, lying be- 
 tween Courland and Livonia ; it has an area of 
 about 20,000 square miles, and contains 750,000 
 inhabitants. The surfiu:e ia flat, and covered 
 with extensive forests. 
 
 ViTEPSK, a city of Russia, capital of the fore- 
 going government. It is divided into two parts 
 by the river Dwina, and is surrounded by a 
 wall. In the campaign of 1812 it was entered 
 by the French. It is 297 miles W. of Mos- 
 cow, and 320 S. of St. Petersbuig. Population. 
 13,000. 
 
 ViTERBO, a town of Italy, capital of a dele- 
 gation of its name, in the pope's dominions, 
 and a bishop's see. Its streets are broad and 
 well paved, and it contains 16 parish churches, 
 and numerous convents, palaces, and fountains. 
 Near the city is a hot mineral spring, much 
 frequented. It is seated at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, in a beautiful valley, 40 miles N. N. VV. 
 of Rome. Long. 12. 26. E. lat. 42. 25. N. 
 Pop. 10.000. 
 ViTH, St. See Viet, St. 
 ViTRE, a town of France, department of 
 lUe-et-Vilaine, with a trade in linen cloth, knit 
 stockings, and gloves; seated on the Vilaine, 
 20 miles N. E. of Rennes, and 52 S. E. of St. 
 Malo. Pop. 10,000. 
 
 ViTRY LE Brule, a village of France; 2 
 miles N. E. of Vitry lo Francois, It wiin for- 
 mcrly a conwdemble town, but was burnt l:y 
 Louis VII., and on this account called Brule, 
 Tile English and Burgundiaus, in tho war with 
 
VIT 
 
 729 
 
 VOL 
 
 tf 
 
 Charle* VII., set fire to Vitrr, with 60 villager 
 It WU8 a third time bunied and ruined by the 
 troops of the emperor Charles V. 
 
 ViTRv LK F1UN9018, a town of France, de- 
 partment of Marne, built by Francis I. after 
 the deotruction of Vitrjr le Brule by the empe- 
 ror Charles V. It has a great trade in corn : it 
 is seated on the Murne; 15 miles S. E. of Cha- 
 lons, and 100 E. of Paris. Pop. 600, 
 
 Vittbaux, a town in the department of Cote 
 d'Or, seated on the river Uraine, among the 
 mountains, where tliere are ri^^ Qf marble; 
 12 miles S. E. of Seniur, am. , W. of Dijon. 
 
 ViTTORiA, a town of Spain, cjipital of the 
 province of Alaba, in Biscay. It is surrounded 
 by double walls, and the large streets are bor- 
 dered with trees. In the principal square arg 
 the town-house, two convents, and a fine foun- 
 tain. It has a great trade in hardware, parti- 
 cularly in sword-blades, which are made here In 
 large quantities. Vittoria is famous for a vic- 
 tory obtained in its vicinity by the allies, under 
 Lord Wellington, on the 21st of June, 1813. 
 It is seated on an eminence at the end of a 
 plain, fertile in corn and grapes ; 32 miles 
 S. E. of Bilboa, and 1.55 N. of Madrid. Pop. 
 6500. Long. 2. 31). W. kit. 42. 45. N, 
 
 Vittoria, a town of Sicily, in the Val di 
 Noto; 40 miles W. by S. of Syracuse. Popu- 
 lation, 11,000. 
 
 ViVAREz, a territory of France, in the N. E. 
 part of Liinguedoc, on the banks of the Rhone, 
 now forming the department of Ardeche. 
 
 VivEHO, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated 
 at the foot of a steep mountain, near tlio river 
 Vivero, or Landrova, which flows into the Bay 
 of Uisaiy; 22 miles N. W. of Mondonnedo. 
 
 ViviKHs, a town of France, department of 
 Ardeche, seated among rocks, (on one of which 
 the cathedral is built,) on the river Rhone; 16 
 miles S. by E. of Privas. 
 
 VizziNi, a town of Sicily, in the Val di Noto; 
 28 miles S. W. of Catania. Pop. 8000. 
 
 Vlaardingen, a town of Holland, province 
 of South Holland, on the Maas; 6 miles S. by 
 W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 6000. 
 Vladimir. See Volodihir. 
 Vi.iELAND, an island of the Netheriands, 
 about 8 miles long, and 3 broad, situate at the 
 entrance of the Zuyder Zee; 5 miles N. of 
 Texel. 
 
 VoGHERA, a province of the Sardinian slates, 
 adjacent to Austrian Italy; comprising an area 
 of 100 square miles, with 110,000 inhabitiints. 
 The soil is fertile in com and wine, and much 
 silk is produced. 
 
 VooiiERA, a town of Italy, capital of the 
 above province, and a bisho|)'s see. The chief 
 nianu&ctuie is tiiat of silk. It is seated on the 
 Staffora; 9 miles N. E. of Tortone. Pop. 
 10,000. 
 
 VooLABRucK, a town of Austria, on the river 
 Vogel; 21! miles N. E. of Salzburg, and 38 
 S. W, of Lintz. 
 
 Vuiu, a town <if France, dcpurtmcnt of 
 Maise; 18 miles E. S. E. of Bar le Due. 
 
 VoKjTi.AND, a circle of the kingdom of Sax- 
 ony, adjouijiig that of Eizgebiigc ; comprising 
 
 an area of 700 iquare miles, with 90,000 inha- 
 bitants. It is very hilly, and abounds in 
 wood; but the valleys attbrd plenty of com, 
 and pastures that feed great numbers of excel- 
 lent cattle. Plauen is the capital. 
 
 V01GT8DERO, a town and citadel of Saxony, 
 in Voigtland ; 6 miles S. by E. of Plauen. 
 
 V010T8BER0, a town of the Austrian states, 
 in Styria, seated on the Kainach; 13 miles W. 
 by 8. of Grate, 
 
 VoKELHARK^ or VOLKENMARK, a toWn Of 
 
 Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia, seated on the 
 Drave; 17 miles E. by S. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Volcano, one of the most considerable of 
 the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterranean, lying 
 S. of the island of Lipari, from which it is 
 separated by a deep channel, a mile and a half 
 broad. It is 12 miles in circumference, and is 
 a volcano in the form of a broken coie, but 
 now emits smoke only. It is uninhabited. 
 
 VoLCANELLo, a Small volcanic island in the 
 Mediterranean, between that of Lipari and 
 Volcano, 
 
 Volga, a river of Russia, which forms part of 
 the boundary between Europe and Asia. It has 
 its source in two small lakes in the government 
 of Pleskof, about 80 milwt W. of Tver, begins 
 to be navigable a few miles above that town, and 
 is there augmented by the influx of the Tverza. 
 It waters some of the finest provinces in the 
 Russian empire, passes by Yaroslaf, Kostroma, 
 Nishnei Novogorod, Kasan, Simbirsk, Saratof, 
 Tzaritzin, and Astracan, and enters the Caspian 
 Sea by several mouths. This is supposed to be 
 the largest river in Europe, its length being 
 about 2700 miles; and by means of it, the river 
 Tverza, and a canal thence to the Neva, there 
 ia a navigable communication between the Cas- 
 pian Sea and the Baltic. 
 
 VoLHYNiA, a government of Russia, 220 
 miles long, and 130 broad. Area, 29,300 square 
 miles. Pop. 1,200,000. It is bounded on the 
 N. by Polesia, E. by Kiof, S. by Podolia, and 
 W. by the kingdom of Poland. It consists 
 chiefly of fertile plains, watered by a great 
 number of rivers. 
 
 VoLLENUovEN, a town of the Netherlands, 
 in Overyssel, with a castre, seated on the Zuy- 
 der Zee; 8 miles S. W. of Steenwich, and 12 
 N. W. ofZwoll. 
 
 VoLHAR, a town of Russia, in the govem- 
 ■ ;ent of Riga, on the river Aa; 60 miles N. E. 
 .ji Riga. 
 
 VoLo, an ancient town of Greece, in Thes- 
 saly, with a citadel and a fort. It was taken, 
 and almost ruined, in 1655, by the Venetians. 
 It it seated on a gulf of the same name, from 
 which the N. boundary of the kingdom of 
 Greece commences, where there is a good har- 
 bour; 30 miles S. E. of Larissa. Long. 22. 55 
 E. hit. 39. 21. N. 
 
 VoLODiMiR, or Vladimir, a government of 
 Russia, formerly a province of the government 
 of Moscow. It contains an area of 19,500 
 square niilL=, •.vith about 1,000,000 of inhabit- 
 ants. The soil is extremely fertile, and in the 
 forests are innumerable swarms of boos. 
 
 VoLouiMiR, the ca]iital of the foregoing go- 
 
 = 1 
 
 If I 
 
 n i 'i 1 
 
 I;; I 
 
 f 
 

 l< L 
 
 VOL 730 
 
 vemment, is seated on the Kliusmn ; 110 miles 
 E. by N. of Moscow. Pop. 3000. 
 ^ Vologda, a government of Kussin, divided 
 into the two provinces of Vologda and Ustiug, 
 ind comprising an area of 149,000 square 
 miles, with about 660,000 inhabitants. It is a 
 marshy country, full of forests, lakes, and rivers, 
 and noted for its fine wool. 
 
 Vologda, the capital of the above province, 
 and an archbishop's see, has a magnificent c.i- 
 thedral, several churches, a castle, and a fort- 
 ress. The principal trade is in hemp, matting, 
 leather, and tallow. It is seated in a marsh, 
 on the river Vologda, which flows into the 
 Sukhona; 257 miles N. by E. of Moscow. 
 Pop, 11,000. Long. 39. 46. E. lat. 69. 20. N. 
 V0L8K, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Saratof J situate on the Volga; 76 miles 
 N. E. of Saratof. Pop. 4600. 
 
 VoLTA, a river of Guinea, which separates 
 the Gold Coast from the Slave Coast, and en- 
 ters the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 VoLTAGio, a town of the Sardinian States, 
 m the territory of Genoa ; 16 miles N. by W. 
 of Genoa. 
 
 VoLTBRRA, a walled town of Italy, in the 
 grand duchy of Tus<any, containing several 
 antiquities. It is the see of a bishop, and is 
 seated on a mountain ; 30 miles S. S. W. of 
 riorence, and 32 S. E.iof Pisa. Pop. 5000. 
 
 VoLTRi, a town of the Sardinian States, in 
 the territory of Genoa, near which the Au»- 
 trians were defeated by the French in J 796. 
 It is 6 miles W. of Genoa. 
 
 VoLTURARA, a town of Naples, in Capita- 
 nata, 20 miles W. of Lucera, and 52 N. E. of 
 Naples. 
 
 VoLTURNo, a river of Naples, which rises in 
 the Appennines, passes by Isemia and Capua, 
 and enters the Gulf of Gaieta. 
 
 VoLvic, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Puy de Dome, near which are im- 
 mense quarries, which furnish materials for the 
 building of the adjacent towns, and for the 
 statues of the churches. It is 6 miles N. of 
 Clermont. 
 
 VoNizzA, a town of European Turkey, in 
 the province of Ep#u8^ with a considerable , 
 trade in timber for shipbuilding. It is 50 
 miles S. of Joannina. 
 
 VooRN, an island of the Netherlands, in 
 South Holland, between two mouths of the 
 Meuse, 20 miles long, and 5 broad. This 
 island, with Goree and Overflackee, form the 
 territory called Voomland, which anciently be- 
 longed to Zealand. Briel is the capital. 
 
 VoRDEN, a town of Hanover, in the princi- 
 pality of Osnabuig; 20 miles N. N. E. of Osna- 
 buig. 
 
 VUK 
 
 VoRDON, u town of Poland, on the Vistula, 
 where a toll is collected from ships going up 
 and down that river. It is 15 miles S. S. W. 
 of Culm. 
 
 VoRiNGEN, a town of Germany, in the prin- 
 cipality of Hohenzollem. It is 10 miles S. E. 
 of Hohenzollem. 
 
 VoHONKz, a government of Russia, bordering 
 on the Tkraine, which it resembles in climate, 
 soil, ami productions. It comprises an area of 
 31,000 square miles, with about 800,000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 VoRONEZ, the capital of the above govern- 
 ment, and an archbishop's see, is seated on the 
 river Voronez, near its junction with the Don ; 
 230 miles S. S. E. of Moscow. Long. 39. 14. 
 E. lat. 61. 36. N. Pop. 15,000. 
 
 VosGES, a department of France, including 
 the S. E. part of the former province of Lor- 
 rain; so called from a chain of mountains, for- 
 merly covered with wood, that separates this 
 department from those of Upper Saone and 
 Upper Rhine. It has an extent of 2400 square 
 miles, with 367,727 inhabitants. Epinal is the 
 capital. 
 
 VouiLLE, a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vienne, where Clovis gained a battle, 
 in 507, against Alaric, king of the Visigoths, 
 which extended the French empire from tho 
 Loire to the Pyrenees; 10 miles W. of Poi- 
 ters. 
 
 VouRLA, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia; 
 30 miles W. by S. of Smyrna. 
 
 Vou-TCHANG, a city of China, capital of the 
 province of Hou-quang, and the rendezvous, as 
 it were, of all the commercial people in the 
 empire. As every branch of trade is carried 
 on here, its port, on the Kian-ku, is always 
 crowded with vessels, the river being sometimes 
 covered with them to the distanca of two 
 leagues. The beautiful crystal found in ito 
 mountains, the plentiful crops of fine tea, and 
 the prodigious sale of the bamboo paper made 
 here, contribute no less to make it &mou8 than 
 the continual influx of strangers. It is 655 
 miles S, of Peking. Long. 112. 25. E. lat. 30 
 30. N. 
 
 . VouziERS, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Ardennes, seated on the river Aisne : 
 32 miles E. N. E. of Rheims. 
 
 Vriezen-Veen, a town of the Netherlands, 
 in Overyssel ; 20 miles E. by S. of ZwoUe. 
 
 VuKOVAR, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Sclavonia, with a manufacture of silk, seated 
 on the Danube, at the influx of the small river 
 Vuko, which divides it into two parts. It is 
 21 miles S. E. of Eszek. Pop. 5700. 
 
 VuLTURARA, a town of Naples, in Principato 
 Ultra; 65 miles N. E. of Naples. 
 
WAA 
 
 rai 
 
 WAL 
 
 Koing up 
 
 s, s. w. 
 
 w. 
 
 Waao, a river of Hungary, which rises in 
 the Cfirpathmn mountaing, flows by Leopold- 
 itadt, and joins the Danube below Comorn. 
 
 Waal, a river of the Netherlands, being the 
 fc>. branch from the Rhine below Emmerick. 
 it aows W. through Gelderland, passes by 
 Nimeguen, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcura, and 
 joins the Meuse at Briel. 
 
 Wabash, a river of the United States, in 
 Indiana, which rises near some lakes to the W. 
 of Lake Erie, and, taking a S. S. W. course of 
 400 miles, enters the Ohio 100 miles above the 
 confluence o* that river with the Mississippi. 
 It is navigable for 340 miles, and approaches 
 withm 9 miles of the navigable waters of Lake 
 Erie. 
 
 Wachenheim, a town of Bavana, in the 
 circle of the Rhine; 17 miles S. S. W. of 
 Worms. 
 
 Wachovia, a tract of land in North Caro- 
 lina, between the rivers Dan and Yadkin, in 
 the county of Surrey, consisting of 100,000 
 acres, purchased by the Moravians in 1751, 
 and named by them from an estate of Count 
 Zmzendorfs, in Austria. In 1766, by an 
 act of assembly, it was made a separate 
 parish, called Dobb's Parish. It contains se- 
 veral settlements, of which Salem is the prin- 
 cipal. ' 
 
 Wachtersbach, a town of Germany, in 
 Wetteravia, with a castle, in which the count 
 of Isenbuig- Wachtersbach resides. It is 20 
 miles E. N. E. of Hanau. 
 
 Wadebbidoe, a town in Cornwall, with a 
 trade in com ; 239 miles from London. 
 
 Wadesbobohoh, a town of North Carolina, 
 chief of Anson county, seated on a lofty hill ; 
 60 miles S. S. E. of Salisbury. 
 
 Wadstena, a town of Sweden, in East 
 Gothland, with a castle built by Gustavus 
 Vasa, m 1544, and inhabited by his son Mag- 
 nus, who was insane. It is seated on the Lake 
 Wetter; 46 miles W. of Nordkoping. Long, 
 14. 53. E. lat. 58. 28. N. 
 
 Wageningen, a town of the Netheriand8,'in 
 Gelderland, with a good trade in cattle and 
 tobacco. It is seated on the Rhine ; 12 miles 
 W. of Amheim. 
 
 Wahren, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Mecklenburg, seated near the Lake Calpin ; 
 12 miles S. of Malchin, and 27 W. N. W. of 
 New Strelitz. 
 
 Waidunqen, a town of Germany, in the 
 kingdom of Wirtembei:g, on the river Hems: 7 
 nules E. N. E. of Stutgard. 
 
 Waidhoven, Baibisch, a town of Austria, 
 
 on ttie river Ipg ; 23 miles S. W. of St, Polten. 
 
 Waidhoven, Bohhiscu, a town and castle 
 
 of Austria, on the river Teva; 10 miles N.N.W. 
 
 of Horn. 
 
 Waigatz, or Vaioatch, an island and strait 
 between Nova Zembla and Russia. Long. 93. 
 30. E. lat. (J9. 30. N. 
 
 Wainplret, a town In Lincolnshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, seated on the river Limb, 
 near a creek of the sea ; 14 miles N. E. of 
 Boston, and 131 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Waitzen, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's 
 see. A laige annual fair is kept here. It has 
 frequently been taken by the Turks, and was 
 burnt by them in 1686. It is situate on the 
 Danube; 98 miles E. S. E. of Presbuig. Lonjr. 
 19. 16. E. lat. 47.45. N. * 
 
 Wakefield, a borough in West Yorkshire, 
 with a market on Friday. It returns one mem- 
 ber to parliament. Here are two churches, 
 sfeveral meeting-houses, and an ancient stone 
 bridge over the Calder, on which Edward IV. 
 erected a chapel to the memory of his fother, 
 who lost his life in the battle near this place, in 
 1460; but it has long been used as a ware- 
 house. Here are considerable manufactures of 
 woollen cloth and stuffs, and a hall for the sale 
 of the goods ; also a free grammar-school, which 
 has several exhibitions to both the universities. 
 It is situate in the heart of a rich and fertile 
 district ; 59 miles S. W. of York, and 178 
 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Walachia, or Wallachia, a province of 
 European Turkey, 260 miles long, and 160 
 broad, bounded on the N. by Transylvania, E. 
 by Moldavia, S. by the river Danube, which 
 separates it from Bulgaria, and W. by Hun- 
 gary. It is watered by numerous rivers, abounds 
 in good horses and cattle, has mines of several 
 kinds, and produces wine, oil, and all manner 
 of European fruits. Its area is estimated at 
 23,000 square miles; its population at 800,000. 
 It was ceded to the Turks by the treaty of 
 Belgrade, in 1739. Bucharest is the capital. 
 
 Walcheben, an island of the Netherlands, 
 the principal one of Zealand, and the most 
 westerly, at the mouth of the Scheldt It is 9 
 miles long, and 8 broad, and, being low, is sub- 
 ject to inundations, but has good arable and 
 pasture lands. This island was taken by the 
 British in July 1809, with a view to the de- 
 struction of the ships and arsenal at Antwerp; 
 but a number of untoward circumstances first 
 rendered the principal object of the expedition 
 abortive, and then the pestilential nature of 
 the island, at that particular season of the 
 year, obliged the British to relinquish every 
 advantage they had gained. The capital of 
 this island, and of the whole province, is Mid- 
 dleburg, 
 
 Walcour, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 province of Namur, which was entirely de- 
 stroyed by fire in 1616 j seated on the Heuia ; 
 27 miles S. W. of Namur. 
 
 Waldburq, a castle of Germany, which gives 
 name to a county between the Danube and the 
 lUer. It stands on a mountain; ? miles N. of 
 Wangen, and 38 S. by W. of Ulni. 
 
 Waldeck, a principality of Germany, 30 
 miles long, and 24 broad, bounded on the E, 
 
 ■-L"- 
 
 t I 
 

 
 Is 
 
 WAL 
 
 ■nd 8. by IleMw-Cawel, W. by the Pruiuan 
 
 provi^ of Westphalia, and N. by the princi- 
 iwlity of I'aderburn. It consists of two coun- 
 ties, r.vrmont nnil Waidock, the latter contain- 
 ing 424 square miles, with 40,000 inhabitants j 
 t))e former, 31 8<|uaro miles, with 10,000 in- 
 haliitantti. The country is mountainous and 
 eovcrud with woods, and hiis mines of iron, 
 co]ii)ur, quicksilver, and alum. 
 
 Wai.dkck, a town of (ierniimy, in tho county 
 cif tho siinio name, with a cnstle; seated on the 
 tsteinlwch ; 6 miles S. E. of Cortach. 
 
 Waldkn, or Saffron Waldkn, n town in 
 Essex, governed by n mayor; with a market on 
 Soturday, and a trade in malt. It has a fine 
 largo church. It is seated on n hill, among 
 fields that were fornierly cultivateil with saffron. 
 The other places of worship are meeting-houses 
 for Quakers, BniJtists, and Independents. Thd 
 keep of its ancient castle is still to bo seen. It 
 is 27 miles N. N. W. of Chelmsford, and 4'2 N. 
 by E. of London. 
 
 Waldknuuuo, a town and castio of Saxony, 
 situate on the Muldau. The old town, on the 
 opposite side of the river, is famous for its 
 brown and wJiite earthenware. It is 12 miles 
 N. N. E. of Zwickau. I'op. 3000. 
 
 WALOKNnuHo, a town of VVirtemburg, in 
 the principality of Ilohenlohe, with an ancient 
 castle on u mountainfi G miles E. by N. of 
 Ohringen. 
 
 Wai.denses, Valleys of the, a district of 
 Piedmont, bordering on Fmnce; 24 miles long 
 and 10 broad. It was formerly called the four 
 valleys of Perusa, Lucerna, St. Martino, and 
 Angrogna, but the last does not now belong to 
 them. Pop. 20,000, who are remarkable as being 
 the first community of Western Europe who 
 separated from the church of Itome. 
 
 Waldheim, a town of Saxony, with an an- 
 cient monastery, now converted into an orphan- 
 house, and house of correction, in which various 
 manufactures are carried on. It is situate on 
 the Zschopa; 30 miles S. E. of Leipsic. 
 
 Waldmunchkn, a town of Bavaria, on the 
 river Schwarza; 32 miles E. S. E of Amberg. 
 Waldoborouoh, a town of Maine, in Lin- 
 coln county; 16 miles E. of Wiscassct, and 180 
 N. E, of Boston. 
 
 Waldossen, a town of Bavaria, near which 
 is a rich Cistercian abbey, the abbot of which 
 was formerly a prince of the empire. It is 44 
 miles N. N. E. of Amberg. 
 
 WALDsnuT, a strong town of Baden, in the 
 circle of Wiesen; one of the four Forest Towns; 
 seated on the I thine, at the entrance of the 
 Black Forest ; 19 miles W. S. W. of Schaff- 
 hausen. 
 
 Waldstadt, a name given to the Swiss can- 
 ton"- of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Under- 
 walden. It signifies Forest Towns, these can- 
 tons containing a great number of forests. For 
 the WaldeUidt ot* Uadeu, see Forest Towns. 
 
 Waldstadter See, or Lake op the Four 
 Cantons, one of the finest lakes in Switzerhmd. 
 It consists of three princijial V)raiiches, called 
 the lakes of Lucom, Schweitz, and Uri. The 
 upper branch, or lake of Lucern, is in the 
 
 719 
 
 WAL 
 
 form of a cross, the sides of which stretch flrom 
 Kiisaiiatcht to bulluMwal, n village near Stantn. 
 It is bounded towards the town by cultivated 
 hills, sloping gniduully to the water, contnuited 
 on the opponito side by an enormous mass of 
 barren and craggy rock's. Mount Pilati, one of 
 the highent mountains in Swit/.erlan«), rising 
 iHildly iVom tho !<iko. Towards the E. of this 
 branch, the lake contracts into a narrow creek, 
 scarcely a mile across. Soon after, it again 
 widens, and forms the second branch, or lake 
 of Schweitz ; on the W. side is the canton of 
 Underwalden, on the E. that of Schweitz. 
 Hero tho mountains aie more lotty, and inti- 
 nitely varied; some covered to the very sum- 
 mits with verdure, others perpendicular and 
 craggy. Near Brumen commences tho third 
 b.iinch, or lake of Uri, which takes a S. E. 
 direction. It is deep and narrow, about !) 
 miles long, and bordered on both sides by rocks 
 uncommonly wild and romantic, with forests of 
 beech and pine growing down their sides to the 
 very edge of tho water. The river Reuss flows 
 through this lake. 
 
 Wales, a i)rincipality in the W. of England, 
 1.50 miles long, and 80 broad; bounded on tho 
 N. by tho Irish Sea, W. by that sea and St. 
 George's Channel, S. by the Bristol Channel, 
 and E. by the counties of Chester, Salop, 
 Hereford, and Monmouth. It has an area of 
 5,20(;,900 acres, of which 900,000 pre arable, 
 2,600,000 pasture, and 1,700,000 waste, of 
 which much is capable of improvement It 
 sends 24 members to parliament. It is divided 
 into North and South Wales, each containing 
 six counties, namely, Anglesea, Carnarvon, 
 Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, and Montgomery, 
 in North Wales; Brecknock, Cardigan, Car- 
 marthen, Glamorgan, Pembroke, and Bndnor, 
 in South Wales. It is the country to which 
 the ancient Britons fled when Great Britain was 
 invaded by the Saxons. They are now called 
 Welsh, and continue to preserve their own 
 language. They were long governed by inde- 
 pendent kings, till in the reign of Edward I., 
 their last prince, Llewellyn, being vanquished 
 and slain in the year 1283, the country was 
 united to England. The natives submitted to 
 the English dominion with extreme reluctance; 
 and Edward, as a conciliatory means, promised 
 to give them for their prince a Welshman by 
 birth, and one who could speak no other lan- 
 guage. This notice being received with joy, he 
 invested in the principality his second son, 
 Edward, then nn infant, who had been born at 
 Carnarvon. The death of his eldest son, Al- 
 phonso, happening soon after, young Edward 
 became heir also of the English monarchy, and 
 united both nations under one government; 
 but some ages elapsed before the animosity 
 which had lon<i; subsisted between them was 
 totally extinguished. From the time of Edward 
 II. the eldest son of the king of England has 
 always been created prince of Wales. Tho 
 general aspect of the country is bold, romantic, 
 aiid inOUiit;Uiiuu3, Consisting of almost cOrt- 
 tinued ranges of lofty mountains and impend- 
 ing crags, intersected by numerous deep ra- 
 
w A L rss 
 
 vinos, with extensivo viillevR, nnd BfTonling 
 endlcM viewa of wild tnountuiii Buunory. Agri- 
 culture i» in a bacl(ward atittc, but the soil is 
 by no means bnrrvn, produdiig all the necessa- 
 ries of life; tliu cuttle and sheep are numerous, 
 but small. It is watered by many rivers, the 
 principal of whiuh, and other particulars, are 
 noted in the ditt'erent counties. 
 
 Wales, Nkw South, a name given to the 
 £. portion of Australia. It was iiret explored 
 by Captain Coulc in 1770; and a design was 
 formed, in consequence of his recommendation, 
 to settle a colony of convicts nt Botany Hay. 
 Captain I'hilip, being appointed governor of the 
 intended settlement, sailed from Portimouth, 
 in May, 17»7, with a detachment of marines, 
 and 7 70 convicts, of whom 220 were women. 
 He arrived at Botany Day in January, 178», 
 but, subsequently, finding this boy very ineli- 
 gible for a colony, he fixed upon Port Jackson, 
 about 13 miles furtlier to the N.; and here a 
 settlement was begun, to which he gave the 
 name of Sydney. It has regularly increased 
 cince that time, by the influx of emigrants from 
 the mother country, to whom the colony offers 
 peculiar agricultural, or rtither pastoral, ad- 
 vantages, and also by the transportation of 
 convicts, which has largely increased their 
 population. The inhabitants are now spread 
 over a vast extent of country, in proportion to 
 their numbers. The flocks now range over an 
 extent of 900 miles long, by 300 miles wide, 
 from Moreton Bay on the N. to the bounda- 
 ries of .South Australia and Port Philip on the 
 S. and W. The peculiar character of Austra- 
 lia, differing from every other European colony, 
 has been the cause of this remarkable disper- 
 sion. The absence of dense forests, or swamps, 
 combined with the remarkable dryness of the 
 soil, render travelling over the whole country a 
 work of facility. As a proof of its accessible 
 nature, a road has been opened from Mel- 
 bourne, at Port Philip, to Yass, on the confines 
 of the colony, a distance of 3(50 miles, at a very 
 trifling expense to a few individuals, nnd which 
 is easy throughout for carriages of any descrip- 
 tion. The land, in its natural state, is far fu-n 
 rich, but consists of pasturage, which is avail- 
 able to the settler without the out'ay of a large 
 amount of cajiital; and the flocks are reared 
 for the wool, and migr^ in the interior as the 
 pasturage vuri<;s, and as lar as the limits of land 
 carriage for the produce render it profitable, 
 which, in the opinion of many, has been already 
 attained. The alluvial lands on the banks of 
 the Nepean and Hawkesbury, within the co- 
 lony, are of the greatest fertility, being a rich 
 vegetable mould many feet in depth, formed by 
 depositions from these rivers during their inun- 
 dations. Wheat and maize are extensively 
 cultivated by the colony, and barley, oats, rye, 
 &c., are also raised. Every species of culinary 
 vegetable known in Britain is produced in New 
 South Wales, and many of them attain a 
 superior degree of perfection, though a few 
 also desenernto. The fruits are excellent, and 
 of great variety; oranges, peaches, apricots, 
 nectarines, grapes, pears, plums, pomegranates, 
 
 WAL 
 
 raspberries, strawberries, melons, Jcc, attain 
 the highest degree of maturity in the ojien air. 
 The colony is divided into lU counties, but 
 which are only used to distinguish certain 
 tracts of country, as they are not used for any 
 civil or ecclesiastical divisions : for jiurposes of 
 jurisdiction it is divided into 30 police districts, 
 of very unequal size, each having a magistrate 
 and a bench of petty sessions. The extreme 
 boundary of the counties, however, are the 
 limits of location; that is, no lands are sold be- 
 I .id their limits ; beyond this, the country is 
 on a different regulation : it is divided roughly 
 into districts, in each of which is a commis- 
 sioner of crown lands, who is also the magis- 
 trate, and has a small force of mounted, or 
 border police. Beyond the limits of location, 
 land is neither sold nor let on lease, as within 
 the colony, but licenses are granted for allot- 
 ments of land for pasturage, in stations of 
 f^om 5000 to 30,000 acres. The quantity of 
 stock thus pastured was stated, in January, 
 1840, as 70uit horses, 371,699 cattle, 1 ,334,593 
 sheep, which is probably under the r^ amount. 
 The number of stations was 694. The per- 
 sons who form these stations are the real ex- 
 plorers of the country; they push themselves 
 into the interior with extraordinary rapidity, 
 and perhaps do not become known, even to 
 the crown commissioner, till some accidental 
 circumstance, as a collision with the aborigines, 
 brings them under his notice. This hostility of 
 the natives, and its dreadful consequences, are 
 the greatest drawback on the colony. Wher- 
 ever a river presents itself, its banks are lined 
 with stations, which the general aridity of the 
 intervening tracts prevents from being tenanted 
 so early. The district of I'ort Philip, in the 
 southern jmrt of New South Wales, was opened, 
 and the town of Melbourne, at the head of the 
 Port, was founded in 1837, by Governor Sir 
 Richard Bourke ; since which it has increased 
 in population and prosperity in an eminent 
 degree : the quantity of land sold at the end 
 of 1840 exceeded 160,000 acres. The net 
 amount of the revenues, without the sales of 
 land, was, in 1837, 2539/.; in 1038. 2820/.; in 
 
 1839, 14,703/.; and in the first six months of 
 
 1840, 11,747/.; affording a satisfactory proof 
 of the flourishing state of the settlement, and 
 which the proximity of Australia Felix, a rich 
 and beautiful district to the W. and N., dis- 
 covered in 1836, by Sir Thomas Mitchell, and 
 also of Gipps Land, discovered in 1840, by 
 Count Streleski, and named niter the present 
 governor, must tend to increase. In October, 
 
 1841, a township was formed at Portland 
 Bay, 185 miles S. by W. from Melbourne, 
 and which will be a central point for the colo- 
 nization of the rich tracts of Australia Felix 
 to the N. W., in its immediate neighbour- 
 hood ; on the coast between which and 
 Australia Felix, is an intervening tract of 
 nearly 40 miles in extent. Of the interior 
 of the continent, to the westward of the colony, 
 no attempt has been made to explore it, but 
 from the general character of the limits of 
 the country now colonized, it may be inferred 
 
 t': 
 
 I 
 
 
 ru»i 
 
 
 
 
 4' 
 
W A L 784 
 
 that it {• a desert, perhaps sometimes inun- 
 dated firom the tropical raina, Imt imt of any 
 permanent inland sea, which has boon a 
 favourito theoiy concerning this rrnarkablo 
 country. The native quadrupe«ls are principally 
 of the marsupial kind, orbi'ar their youn^ in an 
 nlxlominal pouch, of which the most remarkablo 
 is the kangaroo. The native dogs are extremely 
 fierce, and cannot be brought to the same degree 
 of familiarity as those with which we are ac- 
 quainted. There are also weasels and ant- 
 eaters, with that singular animal the omitho< 
 rhynciis paradoxus, or duck-hilled platypus, in 
 which the jaws of a quadruped are elongated into 
 the complete bill of a bird. There are many 
 beautiful birds of various kinds; among which 
 the principal is a black swan, its wings edged 
 with white, iU bill tinged with red ; and the 
 emu, or Australian ostrich, which frequently 
 reaches the height of seven feet or more. S»- 
 veral kinds of serpents, largo spiders, and scolo- 
 pendras, have also been met with j and three or 
 four species of ants, jmrticularly green ants, 
 which build their nests u|)on trees, in a very 
 Bingiilrtr manner. There are likewise many 
 curious fishes; though the finny tribe seem not 
 to be so plentiful here as they generally are in 
 higher latitudes. The aborigines of New South 
 Wales are represented as perhaps the most 
 miserable and debased race of men existing. 
 Their colour is rather a deep chocolate than a 
 full black ; but the filth with which their skin 
 is covered prevents its true colour from appear- 
 ing. Their hair is generally clotted with a red 
 gum, and they paint themselves with various 
 colours: they will also sometimes ornament 
 themselves with beads and shells, but make 
 no use of the beautiful feathers of their birds. 
 Most of the men want one of the fore teeth in 
 the upper jaw, which appears to be a badge of 
 honour among them ; and it is common for the 
 women to cut off two joints of the little finger. 
 Of the cultivation of the ground they have no 
 notion ; hence they depend entirely for sub- 
 sistence on the fruits and roots they can gather, 
 and the animals and fish they catch. Their 
 oinoes are nothing more than large pieces of 
 bark tied up at both ends with vines; and, con- 
 sidering the slight texture of these vessels, the 
 dexterity with which they are managed, and the 
 boldness with which they venture out to sea in 
 them, are wonderful. Their huts consist of 
 pieces of bark laid together in the form of an 
 oven, open at one end, very low, but long 
 enough for a man to lie at full length: but 
 they Bcem to depend more for shelter on the 
 caverns with which the rocks abound. They 
 possess a groat power of imitation j they can 
 imitate the songs and language of the Euro- 
 peans almost instantaneously. In pciflon they 
 are active and vigorous, though s^-nerally lean. 
 They are very expert r.t throwing their waddies 
 or lances, and will hit u mark at a considerable 
 distaiice. Their number seems to be small, in 
 comparison to the extent of the country. The 
 colonv of New South ^^ales lies between 31 
 40. and 36. 0. S. lat., and UH. 40. and m. 
 35. W. long., and extends from the Manning 
 
 WAL 
 
 river, and Liverpool range on the N., to the 
 Munnoo river on the S., And is liuuiidi-d on thtf 
 W. by the Cioulbum, Cudgeegong, Laclilan, 
 and Morumbidgee rivers, and the Warnigoiig 
 mountains, or Australian Alps; which limits 
 contain an area of 34,A05 square miles, or 
 22,01)3,200 acres, and is divide<I into 19 coun- 
 ties, viz. Dligh, llrisbane, Durham, Gloucester, 
 Philip, Hunter, Northumberland, Wellington, 
 Roxburgh, Cook> CumberUnd, Dathurst, Ueor- 
 giana, Westmorland, King, Argyle, Camden, 
 Murray, and St. Vincent. This extensive dis- 
 trict contains a great variety of soil, which on 
 the coast is generally inferior quality, and 
 which extends for 12 or 14 miles inland, after 
 which there are many rich tracts, particularly 
 on the margins of the riven. From the first 
 establishment of the colony in 178)1, till 1813, 
 a very small portion of this vast continent was 
 known ; the Blue Mountains, s range extending 
 for upwards of 1000 miles in length, under dif- 
 ferent names, and lying 50 or (iO miles from 
 the coast, was for 2JS yean a barrier between 
 the coast and interior. In 1813, a season of 
 distressing drought, a pass was discovered 
 through these mountains, and a vast extent of 
 valuable country was thrown open to the set- 
 tlers; fresh expeditions were set on foot in 1817, 
 when the Lachlan river was explored, and in 
 1818 the Macquario was traced: these rivera 
 flow into the interior in a N. W. direction, and 
 join the Darling river in lat. 30. 0., which was 
 discovered in 1828: the wnten are salt ; it flows 
 in a S. W. course to the Murray, which cnten 
 the Pacific at Encounter Bay in South Austra- 
 lia: these are by far the largest rivera that have 
 been discovered in Australia, but they flow 
 through a level, arid country, totally useless for 
 colonization. The principal rivers of the co- 
 lony are the Hunter, in the N, part, flowing 
 through a rich and beautiflil country, and fall- 
 ing into the sea at Newcastle, in Port Hunter; 
 S. of this is the Hawkesbury, rising in the Blue 
 Mountains, and flowing eastward to Broken 
 Bay ; the banks are fertile and populous : the 
 Nepean, also fertile, and falling into the 
 Hawkesbury; and in the S. the Shoalhaven, 
 debouching N. of Jcrvis Bay, and rising to the 
 E. of the sources of the Morumbidgee, a large 
 river tributary to the Murray, and one of the 
 principal rivers of the province. The principal 
 towns ore Sydney, the capital. Paramatta, Rich- 
 mond, Maitland, Liverpool, and Carrington. 
 
 Wai.et, the capital of Beeroo, in Ncgrolnnd. 
 It is 100 miles N. by W. of Sego, and 270 W. 
 by S. of Timbuctoo. Long. 3. 0. W. lat. 15. 
 45. N. 
 
 Walhof, a town of Russia, in the govem- 
 mont of Courlnnd, near which the I'oles were 
 defeated byGustavus, king of Sweden, in 1626. 
 It is 34 miles E. of Mittnu. 
 
 Wallajapetta, n populous and well-built 
 town of Hindostan, in the Carnatic, which is 
 the emporium of the trade between the country 
 above the Gauts and the roaconst. It is seated 
 on thf! N. Iwtnk of the Paliar, r.rarly opj-.osite 
 Arcot; 03 miles W. by S. of Mntlras. 
 
 Wallknburo, n town of Switzerland, in the 
 
WAL 
 
 ras 
 
 WAN 
 
 cnnton of Ilnaol, with n onutlo on n !iij;h rock, 
 •cntod on tho ErgetX} I'i milo* S. by E. of 
 DhmI. 
 
 Waixbnstadt, n town of SwiUcrlantl, in tho 
 cnnton of St. Uiill. It ia a gTent thoroiighfnro 
 for rnvrchnndiao pnwing from (Jcminny, through 
 tho country of tho (Jrisoni, to Itiily, and itnndt 
 at tho E. end of a lake of tho Mimo name; 9 
 miles W. of Snrgaiw, and 15 N. VV. of Coiro. 
 
 W*Li,K«(8TAnT, a lake of Switzerland, 10 
 milei long, and 2 broad, bounded by high 
 mountains, except to tho E. and W. Through 
 thi« lake flows tho Mat, which soon after joini 
 the Linth, an'', forms tho river Limmat. 
 
 Wali.khstrin, ft town of liavarin, with a 
 castle ; 6 miles S. W. of Oettingen. 
 
 Walmnofori), a borough in Uerkshire, mar- 
 kets on Tuesday and Friday, and a great trade 
 m com and malt. It was once surrounded by 
 A wall, and had a magniflccnt castle, some 
 nuns of which still remain. There were for- 
 nicrly four churches, only one of which is now 
 in use. Tho town has, however, of late years 
 much increased in population and extent, and 
 now contains three meeting-houses for dissent- 
 ers, n handsome market-house, a town-hall, a 
 free-school, almshouses, &c. It is seated on 
 the Thames, over which it has a handsome 
 stone bridge of l.O arches. It returns one 
 member to pariiament. It is 14 miles N. W. 
 of Reading, and 46 W. of London. 
 
 WAtLiNOFORD, a town of Connecticut, in 
 Newhaven county; 13 miles S. W. of Middle- 
 ton, and 13 N. E. of Newhaven. 
 
 Wallkill, a town of New York, in Omngo 
 county, on a creek of its name; 19 miles W. of 
 Newburg. 
 
 Walney, an island of England, on tho const 
 of Lancashire. It is 9 miles long, and 1 broad, 
 and serves as a bulwark to tho hundreil of Fur- 
 nc88, against the waves of the Irish Sea. 
 
 Walpo, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a 
 county of tho same name, with a castle. It is 
 seated on the river Walpo; 20 miles W. of 
 Essek, and 1 10 S. of Buda. 
 
 Walpole, a town of New Hampshire, in 
 Cheshire county, seated on the Connecticut; 
 14 miles N. by \V, of Kecne. 
 
 Wawall, a borough in StafTordshire, mar- 
 ket on Tuesday, and several manufactures of 
 hardware. It returns one member to parlia- 
 ment. In the neighbourhood are valuable 
 lime-works. The parish church is a beautiful 
 Gothic edifice, erected on the site of the old 
 church, which was taken down in 1819. The 
 othe.' places of worship are a new episcopal 
 chapel, opened in September, 1826, a Roman 
 Catholic chapel, and three meeting-houses for 
 (iiasenters. Here are two free-schools, a na- 
 tional school (with which is incorporated the 
 lilue-coat charity school), and several chatitable 
 institutions. The tow i is pleasantly situated 
 on the side of a hill, on the Grand Junction 
 railway; 18 miles S. of Stafford, and 116 N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 VValsham, North, a town in Norfolk, with 
 a market on Thursday; 10 miles E. of Norwich, 
 and 123 N. N E. ofLondou. 
 
 Waminoiiam, a ti.wn in Norfolk, with a 
 market on Friday. It is famous for tho ruins 
 of a monastery, contiinina a chapel of tho 
 Virgin, which was greully rre<|ucntcd by pil- 
 grims. Much saffron is grown in the noiuh- 
 l)ourhoo4l. It is 25 miles N. W. of Norwich 
 and 113 N.N. E. of London. ' 
 
 Walshod'c, a town of Hanover, in the duchy 
 of Lunenburg, with a convent of nuns of nobia 
 extraction, seated on the Dohme; lA milea E. 
 by S. of Verden. 
 
 Waltknbucii, a town of Germany, in th« 
 kingdom of Wirtemberg, on tho river Aichi 10 
 miles S. by W. of Stutgartl. 
 
 Waltbrsiiauskn, a town of Germany, in 
 the duchy of Saxe-Gotha, with manufactures of 
 cloth, seated on the Horsel; 6 miles 8. W. of 
 Uotha. 
 
 Waltiiam Abbet, a town in Essex, with a 
 market on Tuesday. It derives its name f^om 
 a magnificent abbey, founded by king Harold, 
 some fVngmcnU of which remain. Harold and 
 his two brothers, after the battle of Hastings, 
 were interre<l here, and a stone coffin, supposed 
 to have been his, was discovered in the reign of 
 EliznlH-th, Here are some gimpowdcr-mills, 
 and manuihctures of printed linens, and pins. 
 The town is seated on the E. side of the river 
 Lea, which here fbrms several islanda; 12 miles 
 
 N. by E. of London. 
 Wai 
 
 AWHAM, Bishop, a town in Hampshire, 
 with a market on Friday ; 9 miles S. S. E. of 
 Winchester, and 66 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Walthamstow, a village in Essex, near tho 
 river Lea, with a large and handsome church, 
 two meeting-houses, a free-school, and many 
 elegant villas; 5 miles N. E. of London. 
 
 Waltok, a village in Surrey, seated on the 
 Thames, over which is a handsome bridge; 6 
 miles W. by S. of Kingston. 
 
 Walton-le-Dale, a populous village in Lan- 
 cashire, with considerable manufactures com- 
 mon to the county ; grated near the Lancaster 
 canal and the river Kibble; 2 miles S. S. E. of 
 Preston. 
 
 Walub, a town of Hindostnn, in Mysore, 
 with a castle, and manufactures of cotton cloth 
 and coarse blankets. It stands in a fertile 
 country; 20 miles E. by N. of Bangalore. 
 
 Wandiwasii, a town of Hiiidostan, in tho 
 Caniatie, noted for a victory obtained by tho 
 British over the French in 17<J0; 27 mil'es S. 
 S. E. of Arcot, and 38 N. N. W. of Pondi- 
 cherry. 
 
 Wandsworth, a village in Surrey, with ma- 
 nufoctures for bolting cloth, the "printing of 
 calicoes and kerseymeres, and the whitening 
 and pressing of stuffs; also oil, iron, and white 
 lead-mills, vinegar- works, and distilleries. It is 
 seated on the Wandle, near its confluence with 
 the Thames; 5 miles W. S. W. of London. 
 
 Wandfried, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Cassel, situate on the Werra; 15 miles W. of 
 Mulhausen, and 30 E. S. E. of Cassel. 
 
 Wancara, a fortile country of No"m!and 
 lying to the S. of Bornou. It Is watered by the 
 Niger, which Jiere divides into several branches 
 Ghanam is tlie capital. 
 
WAN 
 
 rss 
 
 WAR 
 
 Wanorn, k town of Ocrmanjr, in Wlrtem- 
 btrg, with ■ great trstlo in wine, fin* |>Aper, 
 Unen, nnd hardwnre. It i» M>at<Hl on the Ovor- 
 arg; IB milci N. E. of Liiulau, and 'il W. of 
 Kumpton. 
 
 Wanokn, a town of Switierhind, in the can- 
 ton of Hern, capital of a Uiliwick. It i» 
 ■eated on the Aar; tO niilei U. of Soleure, 
 and -JS N. N. K. of I)em. 
 
 Wanukn, a town of Franco, department of 
 Lower Uhino, tented on the tide of a hill, and 
 ■urroundcd by a wall ) I'i milu W. of Strns- 
 buro. 
 
 WANLorKHRAD, ■ vilUgo of Scotland, in 
 Pumfyjci-Hhiro, to the northward of SiUKiuahnr, 
 nnd near the lend-minei. It has a considur- 
 •blo number of imelting-hou«ot. 
 
 Wantaor, a town in IJcrkshirc, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, and a manufnctiiro of sacking. 
 It is celubmted for being the birthplace of 
 king Alfred ; and many battles with the Danes 
 have been fought in the vicinity. It stands on 
 a branch of the Ock ; 12 miles S. by W. of 
 Oxford, and (iO W. of Londoti. 
 
 Wantzknkau, a town of France, department 
 of Lower Hhine ; 6 miles N. of Strasburg. 
 
 Wantzlkbkn, a town of Saxony, in the go- 
 verr nent of Magdeburg; 12 miles W. S. W. 
 of Magdeburg, 
 
 Wara, a town of Negroland, capital of the 
 country of Bergno; 3*20 miles S. S. £. of 
 Bomou. Long. 25. 25. £. Int. 15. 30. N. 
 
 Wabanoolk, a ruinous town of llindostan, 
 (the Arinkill of Ferishta,) once tho capital of 
 Golconda. The site of it is still evident from 
 the old ramparts, which aro amazingly exten- 
 sive. A modem fortress is constructed within 
 it, and is in possession of the nizam of tho 
 Deccan ; 62 miles N. N. £. of Hydrobad. 
 Long. 79. 30. E. lat. 13. 6. N. 
 
 Wardeho, a seaport of Sweden, in Holland, 
 with a castle at the mouth of the harbour, 'on 
 a rock surrounded by water. It is seated near 
 the Cattegat ; 34 miles S. S. E. of Uuthcburg. 
 Long. 11. 6G. E. lat. 57. 12. N. 
 
 Warburo, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 in the principality of I'aderbom, seated on the 
 Dymel ; 17 miles S. S. E. of Paderbom. 
 
 Wards, a town of Denmark, in North Jut- 
 land, near the mouth of a river of the same 
 name ; 15 miles N. of Ripen. 
 
 Wardbin, Great, a strong town of Hun- 
 gary, capital of a county of the same name, 
 nnd a bishop's see, with a citadel. The town 
 itself is not large, but has three suburbs of very 
 considerable extent. It was taken by the 
 Turks in lUGO, but the Austrians retook it in 
 1()S2. It is seated on the Kercs ; 117 miles 
 N. E. of Pcterwnrdein, nnd 150 E. S. E. of 
 Buda. Pop. 7000. Long. 21. 60. E. lat. 47. 
 5. N. 
 
 Wardein, Little, n strong town of Croatia, 
 capital of a county of tho same luinie, seated 
 on tho Drave ; 34 miles N. by E. of Agram, 
 and 50. S. £. of Gratz. Lpng. 15. 55. E. lat. 
 A6. 40. N. 
 
 Wardhuys, a seaport of Norway, capital of 
 A district of its name. It stands on a small 
 
 island of the same name, nonr the continent, 
 and lias an old fort, where the governor re- 
 sides; 120 miles K. H. K. of the North Cniie. 
 Long. 31. 7. K. Int. 70. 2;». N. 
 
 Wardsiihiuok, a town of New Y'vrk, In 
 Ulster county; ICi mites W. by 8. ot Newhiirg. 
 
 Wahb, a town in Hertfordshire, with a mar- 
 ket on t'ucsdny. It is seated on the river Lon, 
 by which largo ({uantities of malt and corn aro 
 sent to Lonilon, and the barges return with 
 otMil, &c. ; 2 miles E. by N. of Hertford, and 
 21 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Warkk, a town of Guinea, capital of a coun- 
 try of its name, in the kingdom of Benin ; 70 
 miles S. S. W. of Benin. Pop. 5000. Long, 
 ti. 0. E. Int. 5. 311. N. 
 
 Waukuam, a borough in Dorsetshire, mar- 
 ket on Saturday. It returns one meniher to 
 parliament. It had formerly eight churchcH, 
 now reduced to three ; also a wall of earth, 
 and a cnktie; but it has suffered much by lh» 
 various turns of fortune, and the harbour is 
 almost choked up. In 17G2 two-thirds of tho 
 town were destroyed by fire, but it has siuco 
 been rebuilt. Above tho bridge, over tho 
 Frome, is a good salmon-fishery; and in tho 
 neighbourhood fine tobacco-pipe clay is dug, of 
 which nearly 10,000 tons aro annually sent 
 coastwise. Wareham is the birthplace of t!ie 
 celebrated Horace Walpole. It is seated l>u- 
 tween the Frome and tne Piddle, at their en- 
 trance into Lochford Lake, tho W. jiart of 
 Poole harbour; 20 miU>^ £. of Dorchester, 
 and 112 W. by S. of London, 
 
 Warendorp, a fortified town of Prussian 
 Westphalia, in the government ol MmiHter, 
 with good linen manufactures, seated on the 
 Ems ; 12 miles E. by S. of Munster. Pop. 
 3300. 
 
 Warka, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Masovia, on the river Pisa; 45 miles Si by 
 £. of Warsaw. 
 
 Warkwortii, a town in Northumberland, 
 with a market on Thursday. It has a castle, 
 the seat of tho Duke of Northuml)erland ; nnd 
 near it, on the bank of the river, is a hermit- 
 age, divided into three apartments, cut out of 
 a rock, at the mouth of the Coquet; 6 miles 
 S. E. of Alnwick. 
 
 Warminster, a town in Wiltshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, a woollen manufacture, 
 and a great tnule in malt. It has two churches, 
 four meeting-houses, a free grammar-school, a 
 market-house, an assembly-room, &c. It is 
 seated at the source of the Willy; 22 milus 
 N. W. of Salisbury, and 90 W. by S. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Waruinster, a town of Virginia, in Am- 
 herst county ; 70 miles W. by N. of llichmond. 
 
 Warnemunde, a town of Germany, in the 
 grand duchy of Mccklcnimrg-Schwerin, 9 miles 
 N. N. W. Jf Rostock. 
 
 Warneton, a town of Belgium, in West 
 Flanders; 8 miles N. W. of Lisle. Pop. 5300. 
 
 Warren, the name of several counties in 
 the Unitesl Stjits.».: vJ7,., 1. In Kentucky, S. of 
 Green River, with 15,446 inhabitants. Chief 
 town, Bowlin(3 Green. 2. In North C&rolina, 
 
WAR 
 
 wjth 12.929 InhaWtanti. 8, In iha 8 W «/ 
 Ohio, with 23.141 Jnh.biUnt. chlrfVoV* 
 
 with 9789 InhnbUanU. Chie/^town. Warwn 
 SJ;. VmT Tonne«ec. with 10,803 !"- 
 the luu of «•''',"":"• M'Minnville. 8. "„ 
 
 W««.n"'^"' ■. '"*" "' Pennsylvania, capital of 
 Warron county, ««tcd on tlie Alleiany rivM 
 whore it receive, the Connewnngo.^^^ "' 
 WAiiHKN, a town of Rhode lalan.l in nri.««l 
 county, which ha. a good trade. Jarti™ !„?;*?„ 
 .hip;bu.!d.ng. It ,ta„d. on WnrL RTver. Ld 
 
 797 
 
 WAR 
 
 4i,~ xr rT " -• "'"'"'"i un narroT 
 
 S 8 E. .if 1'."* -^ Narraganwt Uayj 10 milci 
 O. a. 1!^ of Providence. I'op. 2437 
 
 WiRRKN a town of Virginia, on the N. .ide 
 of Jame. River ; 10 mile? E. N E of W„ 
 ""&';«'." ^'*- ^- o'CharloLvnir 
 of W?rl„ "• ^'°*^ "' ^"'^^ Carolina, chief 
 Halifax, und .54 N. N. E. of Raleigh. ^ 
 
 wjyrtnr.ry'. " ''"^" "' ^'^""«^' «""«• <>' 
 
 Waurknton, a town of Virginia, capital of 
 
 rterj."""'^' '" •""«' N. k W. 7ff d^. 
 
 kct^o^W T"' ? '^"'"«'' '■" Lancashire, mar- 
 tur^ of m^."'*^''^""'' Saturday; manufac 
 ture. of muslin., velveteen., canva., cottons 
 
 ^'drribletrl?r' T\r «"«• »"'• » «>n^ 
 •lUerable traffic in malt. Here are two churchc. 
 
 ih ,'"'^»'"«-'?°"«» for di«enter.. a Roman Ca-' 
 
 hohc chapel an excellent free .chool. two 
 
 chanty ^hool.,and an infant «:hool, opened in 
 
 i K J^ ".r"*** °" "•« Memcy, over which 
 u a bridge; 18 mile. E. of Liverp^l, and 18§ 
 
 topa;iiIe°nt. ""'''"• '' "'*""" ""'' "«'"''«'' 
 
 calr;TmrjT/E"'o"?r"' •" ^« 
 
 50 S. S. W. o? prndrche^;y'^- "' ^•'"''"'' ""«» 
 dom orp'li *''! '"''»?P°li« "f the pre«3nt king- 
 count^ oSn.' ""•* ^'r"'y "f "'" ^liole 
 Dkin^anH *''"'"'""«'• 1' '« >•"!" partly in a 
 
 ana Fnign, over a vast extent of ground and 
 containing above 140.671. inhabitants ' The 
 
 nnd^'J'ubfrrrr' 'l"^ ■" '•"^'-■^' thochurche. 
 SK of ,h '"h^f- '"""^^ "'"* rnHgnificent; the 
 b,^ .h! " """"'"y ""merou. and splendid- 
 
 wooln h ^ nff mean and ill-constructed 
 woollen i^'f'- ^^^- '"»""fi'<=ture8 comprise 
 Zftoht\'''''^'i^^'^"^'^ """l silver wire, 
 mer^n,i T" *''• ""''^ "'^ ^^""l wholesale 
 
 «"S" f,'r tr""' 'r^?n'^ '" ^''^ '"^p^^ of 
 
 exporlof P r t"'''''^ "^ the interior, and the 
 fi,;™ k ^•''"'' Pi'oduce. Two great annual 
 fairs have, since 1817, been estabUshed here 
 
 Thei P'«" f/'!''*^ °' Fninkfort, Leipsic, &c* 
 The^ are held in May and Noveml^ro-oh 
 continuing tluee weeks. In the begin„ing"of 
 ill\u- .«'"P''^M of Russia put a garrison 
 
 ««?ui2irfthe "'" '"■ """p" *"" p™o 
 
 "tquiesce in the usurpndon she had in vitu- ; 
 
 il. X Lf " ""' •^" "P«"e«l by the eltl. 
 
 h. July, but wn. compelled to raiw the siege fl 
 September. It wa. undertaken by the K 
 
 •uburb of Praga, mawicrcd the inhabiUw.t, 
 and nearly reduced it to ashes The immed «te 
 con.oquence wa. the .urrender of the cky to 
 
 the French occupied thi. place; and by the 
 a?H^."' ^ • "''• "'" ""y- *' 'h thl-; part of P«! 
 h« Im^/'.r /" Saxony, to be held undw 
 the title o^ the duchy of iar«w. The Rul 
 .mn., however, overran thi. duchy in 1813, and 
 took po^K-Mion of the city of Warww. It wa. 
 
 LttZ oTt'h 1. '.'^. "4^- ""'» the place " 
 Sn*of h p"'"'' P"«'"«'"t, till tfie insur- 
 I^tonL .h«- ^°'?* '" '833, which fiuled in 
 Si. of .nln"f,"'"'r*"'^"' ""d *«• the 
 t"rPo?i .T^"""?? i*"? ''"'''•«»' «"tence of 
 tne 1 e. ; «nce which it must be considered 
 
 TrtSs K''"^^'"-'-" -pi'" It";! 
 
 of Hr«l?„ ? ^""'P^^nnd 180 E. N. E. 
 Of JUreslau. Long. 21. 0. E. lat. 52. 14 N 
 
 DalntZ«'„? ?'" °^ ?"'»"''' '''"■'^'' '^ i" the 
 palatinate of Cracow, flow, by Siradia and Po^ 
 
 hUT* ^y P'''"^" »"«' Land.berg^ 
 Brandenburg, and enter, the Oder at Custrin 
 
 MlZT'',\'i "71. «f Pru«iian Silesi,, 
 
 ™siie. in 1742 it wa. entire y reduced to 
 
 BreslaS:"'*""*- " " "" """"" ^- ^- »/ 
 
 tb«^t''"'*°,?''%" '"'^ of Prus.lan Silesia, in 
 the pnncpahty of Glogau ; 20 mile. N. W. of 
 
 W^T^Tu"' * ''°ro>'«''. and the capital of 
 Warwickshire, governed by a mayor, rctuTninJ 
 two member, to parliament. Marketi on T^m? 
 day and Saturday. It was fortified with a 
 wall, -..ow in ruins, but has still a noble castle 
 of t.,e ancient carls of Warwick, inhabited by 
 the present possessor of that title. The town 
 was nearly destroyed by fire in 1694, but wa" 
 subsequently rebuilt with greater regularit?! 
 The street, are spacious, and meet nearly in 
 the centre of the town. It had formerly sx 
 parish churches, of which two only remah, 
 There are likewise meeting-houses for Baptist^ 
 
 Qual'l"'"'*'.^ ^''1°'!i?''' Presbyteria„,rand 
 Quakers ; and a mile distant is a RomaA Ca- 
 
 «ml,c chapel The charitable institutTon, a?o 
 
 alitv7n7'""f T^"".^'!^ "P"" « •"'l^ "f liber! 
 ality and extent which reflect great honour 
 upon the inhabitants The chief LnufJctur« 
 are m worsted and hats, there are alw silk^ 
 throwing concerns, and a good malUng £in«« 
 The town IS situate on a rocky eminenceT,^ 
 J^irTl \T' <'^«'*hi<='' i« a stone bridge 
 erected by the late earl of Warwick, at hi. own 
 
 !,TrV. \\}' 10 -''- S. S. W. of Coventrv" 
 iat:52.T7.N.* °' '^'"'""' ^°"«' '• ^^' W: 
 stall^n?'^""'' V "'7". °^ North America, in the 
 '"g hve places of worship, and large iron- 
 
 3 B 
 
 IM 
 
 )!* 
 
WAR 
 
 738 
 
 WAS 
 
 fW: 
 
 worki; 54 milei N. W. of New York. Popu- 
 lation, 5113. 
 
 Warwick, a town of Virginia, capital of a 
 county, seated on the right bank of James 
 River; 15 miles S. E. of Richmond. 
 
 Warwick, a town of Rhode Island, cliief of 
 Kent county. It has a cotton manufacture, 
 and is situate at the head of Narrnganset Bay ; 
 8 miles S. of Providence. Pop. 67'2b'. 
 
 Warwickshire, a county of England ; 47 
 miles long, and 30 broad ; bounded on the N. 
 by Derbyshire, N. E. by Leicestershire, E. by 
 Northamptonshire, S. E. by Oxfordshire, S. W. 
 by Gloucestershire, W. by Worcestershire, and 
 N. W. by Staffordshire. It contains 677,280 
 acres ; is divided into four hundreds and one 
 liberty, md '209 parishes. It sends four mem- 
 bers to parliament for the N. and S. divisions 
 of the county. The climate of this county is 
 healthy, and the air mild and ])k'asant : its 
 salubrity is increased by the great consumption 
 of wood for the iron-works, many i)arts lieing 
 entirely cleared and converted to tiiliige and 
 pasture. The N. part, called the Woodlands, 
 is divided from the S., called the Feldon, by 
 the river Avon; and the soil of both is in 
 general rich and fertile. It produces corn, flax, 
 wood, wool, cheese, coal, iron, and limestone, 
 and its breeds of cattle and sheep are of a 
 superior kind. The principal rivers are the 
 Avon, Tame, and Arrow. It is also inter- 
 sected by several canals, which, communicating 
 with others that proceed to the rivers Tiiames, 
 Severn, Mersey, and Trent, are of considerable 
 advantage to its trade and commerce. The 
 manufactures are various and important, com- 
 prising ribbons, gauzes, and other silk fabrics, 
 lastings and thread, and all descri|)Uon8 of 
 hardware. The capital is Warwick, but Bir- 
 mingham is the largest town. 
 
 Wasa, a seaport of Swcaen, in East Bothnia, 
 on the Gulf of Bothnia; 40 miles N. by E. of 
 Christianstadt. 
 
 Washington, a city, and the metropolis of 
 the United States of America. It is seated on 
 the river Potomac, at the junction of the East- 
 em Branch, extending about 4 miles up each; 
 including a tract of territory called Columbia, 
 scarcely to be exceeded in point of convenience, 
 salubrity, and beauty, by any in the world. 
 The plan of this city combines every thing 
 grand and beautiful that can be introduced 
 into a city. It is divided into squares or grand 
 divisions, by streets running due N. and S., 
 and E. and W.; which form the ground-work 
 of the plan. But from the capitol, the presi- 
 dent's house, and some of the important areas in 
 the city, run diagonal streets, from one material 
 object to another, wlu'ch not only produce a 
 variety of prospects, but remove the insipid 
 sameness which renders some great cities un- 
 pleasing. The great leading streets are 160 
 feet wide, including a pavement of 10 feet, and 
 ii cravel walk of 30 feet »>lanted with trees o" 
 each side, which will leave 80 feet of paved 
 street for carriages. The rest of the streets 
 hte, in general, 110 feet wide, with a few only 
 90 fe«t, except North, South, and Capitol 
 
 streets, which are 160 feet. The diagona. 
 streets are named after the respective states 
 composing the Union, while those rinning N. 
 and S. are, from the capitol eastward, named 
 East First street. East Second street, &c., and 
 those W. of it are, in the same manner, called 
 West Pii-st street. Went Second street, &.C. 
 Those running E. and W. are, from the capitol 
 northward, named North A street. North B 
 street, &c.; and those S. of it are called South A 
 street, South B street, &c. The squares, or 
 divisions of the city, amount to 1150; the 
 rectangular ones contain from three to six 
 acres, and are divided into lots of from 40 to 60 
 feet in front, and their depth from 110 to 300, 
 according to the size of the square. In 1800, 
 after the adjournment of congress, at their last 
 session in Philadelphia, the public offices, re- 
 cords, and property were removed to this city; 
 and here, on the 2'2nd of November, the con- 
 gress assembled for the first time. In 1804, a 
 society of agriculture was incorporated here. 
 On the 19th of August, 1814, a British army, 
 of about 5000 men, under General Ross, landed 
 at Benedict, on the right bank of the Patuxent, 
 and, after defeating the Americans at Bladens- 
 burg, entered this city on the 24th, and de- 
 stroyed all the public edifices; but they have 
 subsequently been rebuilt, and some of them 
 on an improved plan. The houses are all 
 brick or stone. The capitol (or house for the 
 legislative bodies) is on an eminence, about a 
 mile from the Eastern Branch, and not much 
 more from the Potomac, commanding a full 
 view of the city, as well as a considerable ex- 
 tent of the country round. It is built of whito 
 free-stone, and is an edifice of great eleganco 
 and grandeur. The president's house is also 
 an elegant building, of the same material, 
 situaie on a rising ground, not far from the Puto- 
 muc, and possessing a delightful water prospect, 
 with a view of the capitol, and som-' Jther 
 material parts of the city. Due S. from the 
 president's house, and due W. from the cni)itol, 
 run two great pleasure parks, or malls, whicii 
 intersect ani. terminate upon the banks of the 
 Potomac, and are ornamented at the sides by a 
 variety of elegant buildings, houses fur foreiun 
 ministers, &c. Interspersed through the city, 
 where the most material streets cross eaih 
 other, are a variety of open areas, formed in 
 various regular figures, which, in great cities, 
 are e.Ntrcmely useful and ornamental. The 
 more spacious (if these areas are appropriated 
 to the different states composing the Union ; 
 not only to bear their respective names, but as 
 proper places to erect statues, obelisks, or 
 columns, to the memo'-y of their celebrated 
 men. Upon a small eminence, where a hno 
 due W. from the capitol, and due S. from the 
 president's house, would intersect, is erected 
 an equestrian stiitue of General Washington, 
 the first president of the United States. The 
 jDfpnpnil pnst-oftice is a Inruu brick building, 
 containing, besides the different offices of that 
 establishn)ent, the general land office, the 
 patent office, &c. Other public buildings huvo 
 been commenced, as a nuiriue hospital, with 
 
WAS 
 
 r.ii i. r '' """e^^'nes. and arsenal ; a city 
 £ • "ir^^' ^^'^^' ""afket-houaes, 'theatr^ 
 &C. The city being situate on the creat no«t 
 
 t'^'of'Sr '•'"'" '!« N.an/&f:xlreS 
 AM .• ^® ^'"°"« «"'l "early so from the 
 Atlantic Ocean to the river Ohio, upo^ the 
 best navigation, and in the midst of the^ richest 
 commercm territory i„ America, is by for tlfe 
 ZlZ'rhlTr 'V« -«iden^ of the 
 3 ;„/ ^**'"' ^™"'='> » «>ne of the 
 attest and most commodious harbours in 
 
 shr for' S""^, ""''r ""-^ '''"P foMhe "a"ge" 
 Ships, for 4 miles above its junction with the 
 
 c ous^Thf I . "'•''' •"''^i" abundantly capa- 
 t"on bv I^Ly r'"' Pu™'^'"^"^ "^ communica- 
 parts of vfr • -""'L' ^t "'y """J the interior 
 parts of Virginia and Maryland, by means of 
 the Shannandoah, the South Branch OpeLn 
 Cape Capon. Patterson Creek. ConooXgue; 
 and Alonocasy, for upwards of 200 miles 
 Jrmigh one of the nlost healthy rcgionsTn 
 America, producing tobacco of superior qua jty 
 
 wh7,V";'"'^^''*^"*' ""'l "ther^mallgrS; 
 w<tl fruits and vegetables in abundance. The 
 lands u,.on the Potomac, above the city of 
 ^Vasmngton, all around it, and for 60 miles 
 below, are high and dry, Abounding with^£ 
 numerable springs of excellent water! and we" 
 covered with timber trees, of various kind 
 
 tlie P,T±' •'''""' '^' f y* "P°" the banks of 
 Iv?. u ?T' "^ '"exhaustible mountains of 
 excellent freestone, of which the public edifices 
 in the city are built. Above the city also 
 upon the banks of the river, are immense' 
 quantities of excellent coal, limestre? and 
 TtTV'''"\'^'"u^ *'"'•' "'^ t'-e best qJality! 
 
 passes through the city, is to be collected in a 
 grand reservoir, near the capitol, whence it 
 will be carr^d into pipes to different ,.arts of 
 n 15'. ll^ "« surplus water wiU fall down 
 n cascades, through the public pardens W. of 
 the capitol into a canal. The plan of this city 
 was formed by Major L'Enfont; but the scale 
 18 so gigantic, that it may be considered mll.cr 
 as consisting of four distinct towns lying on ho 
 principal streets and about a mile distant from 
 each other; and it is improbable that it ever 
 will become the centre of attraction that tho 
 vlT 1 } ■ ""Sinators seemed to anticipate. 
 SmuI ,?.""''','"' "'"'■""' "f congress, it pre- 
 but little tmde; and whatever may be the plan 
 It IS much inferior to many other towns of the 
 l7\ ^W l^^™'e« S. W. of PhiladS^ 
 
 Lnni -7" J"«. ?P""' ^"^ the United States. 
 J^ong. , 7, 2. W. hit. 30. .^,8. N. 
 
 W ASHiNGTo.v, a district of Tennessee, com- 
 prehending the counties of Washington, Sulli- 
 W^Sr'"'""'^ ^'"■''"■- Ti.e capital is 'jone; 
 
 pa.rof"s'r"'r"'' '''"^' •''»'^^'-' '" ^^e N. W. 
 
 of P^nHi p"'"''na, comprehending the counties 
 
 the ctpttel """^ Greenville. Pickensville is 
 
 ^*««"*OTON, tho name of several counties 
 
 739 
 
 WAS 
 
 In the tinited States, viz.: 1. A countv in tli. 
 state of Maine, lying w. of Ne^ Kn "wi l! 
 Chief town Machias. 2. In Alabama. Chief 
 town, St. Stephens. 3. In the central part of 
 Georgia Chief town, SaundersviUe. 4 In 
 Kentucky. Chief town, Springfield. 5. In 
 Maryland bounded S. by the Potomac Chief 
 town Elizabeth Town. 6. In New York 
 bounded by Essex, Vermont, Saratoga, and 
 .i; ''c*"^,''*'""''^'- Chief town, Salem. 7. In 
 the S. E. part of Ohio. Chief town. Marietta. 
 rh,„^ P«""»yl^?nia. to the E. of Virginia. 
 Ch of town. Washington. 9. In Rhode Island. 
 Chief town, South Kingston. 10. In East 
 lennessee. Chief town, Jonesborougb. II. 
 m Indiana, lying W. of Clark county. Chief 
 
 own' P. ™- i'^' ^" N°"h Carolina. Chief 
 town, Plymou h. 13. In the central part of 
 Vermont. Chief town, Montpelier. 14. In 
 
 Abingtn'"- ''^ "' ^''«'"'- ^^^«^ »-". 
 Washington, a town of North Carolina, in 
 iieaufort county. It was formerly called Bath 
 and has a good harbour near the mouth of the 
 river Tar J 38 miles N, E. of Newbern. 
 
 1 • f ^■"wf?,™'''" '"*" o^the state of Georgia, 
 chief of Wilkes county. A mile and a half E. 
 ot the town 18 a medicinal spring, which has 
 been found beneficial in scorbutic cases: it 
 rises from a hollow tree, the inside of which is 
 covered with a coat of matter an inch thick, 
 and the leaves around the spring are incrusted 
 with a substance as white as snow. It is 50 
 
 ktlls 12 N^' "^ '^"^'*- ^°"8. 82. 30. W. 
 
 Washington, a town of Pennsylvania, chief 
 of a county of the same name, and noted for a 
 variety of manufactures. It stands on a branch 
 
 nnrJ 00 f P «'J' ^^ "'"^'' «hove Morganza. 
 and 22 S. S. W. of Pittsburg. Pop. 2062 
 Long. 80. 1 0. W. lat. 40. 1 1 . NT ^ 
 
 Washington, a town of Kentucky, chief of 
 Mason county. It is a commercial place, 
 situate in a fine country, near the Ohio : 70 
 
 kt 38 3-5!' N °^ ^""'^^'''^- ^'''"K- S-*- 15. W. 
 
 Wassenbero, a town of Prussia, m tho 
 duehor of Juliers, seated on the Roer; 17 miles 
 iN. W. of Juliers, 
 
 Wasserburo, a town of Bavaria, with a castlo 
 and four churches. The principal trade is in 
 salt. In 1800 the French took it by storm. 
 
 „ J%'n M «." "J o^,"" ' 2" '"''^'' E. of Munich, 
 and 38 N. W. of Salzburg. ' 
 
 Wasser-trudinoen, a town of Bavarian 
 franconia, in the principality of Anspach. It 
 IS 6 miles N. of Oettingen. 
 
 Westwater a lake in Cumberland, 7 miles 
 
 A u °\ ^^eng'ass. It is 3 miles long, 
 and above half a mile broad, lying in WastI 
 rtale, among the western mountains. Tho 
 Screes a very high ridge of mountains, run 
 along the S. E. side of the lake. Its siitl-t at 
 the S. end, joins the river frt, which enters'the 
 sea at Ravenglass. 
 
 Wasungkn, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 
 miles N. of Meiningen. ' 
 
 SB2 
 
 li 
 
 T 
 
WAT 
 
 740 
 
 WEE 
 
 ,i 
 
 I 
 
 Watchot, n town in Somersetshire, with u 
 market on Siiturday. It is seated on the Bris- 
 tol Channel, at the mouth of a harbour, fre- 
 quented by coal ships, which are freighted 
 hence with limestone, alabaster, and kelp. It 
 M 14 miles N. W. of Taunton, and 15C W. by 
 S. of London. 
 
 Watehoo, nn island in the S. Pacific, dis- 
 covered by Captain Cook. It is six leagues in 
 circuit, diversified by hills and plains, and 
 covered with verdure. Long. 168. 15. W. Int. 
 ^1* !• o* 
 
 Waterdury, a town of the state of Maine, in 
 York county, seated on Mousom River: 15 
 miles N. W. of Wells. 
 
 Waterford, a county of Ireland, RO miles 
 long, and 29 broad; boundetl on the S. by St. 
 G«H)rgo'8 Channel, W. by Cork, N. and N. E. 
 by the river Suir, which Bcparntes it from Tip- 
 perary and Kilkenny, and E. by W.iterford 
 Haven, which parts it from Wexford. It is 
 divided into 73 parishes, niul sends one mem- 
 ber to parliament. It presents a diversity of 
 soil and prospect, but in general is pleasant 
 and fertile, yet in many parts mountainous and 
 rocky. The chief rivers are the Suir and 
 Black water. 
 
 Waterford, a ci|y and senjwrt of Ireland, 
 capital of a county of the same name, and a 
 bishop's see, united with Lismore. It has an 
 excellent harbour, where ships of the greatest 
 burden may ride at tlie quay. The bishop's 
 palace and the Roman Catholic chapel are the 
 most elegant elevations in the city. Among 
 the other public buihlings are a gaol, new court- 
 house, exchange, custom-house, assembly-rooms, 
 &c. tStc. The streets are generally narrow, but 
 improvements in this respect are daily in pro- 
 gress. The chief boast of Waterford, "however, 
 is the noble river that rolls before her walls, and 
 her beautiful quay, nearly a mile in length. 
 The commerce with England and other coun- 
 tries is very considerable; and packet-boats sail 
 regularly hence for Milford Haven. The prin- 
 cipal exports are beef, pork, corn, live stock, 
 butter, and linen. It sends two members to 
 parliament. It stands on the river Suirj J) 
 miles N. of St. George's Channel, and 34 S. by 
 W. of Dublin. Long. 7. '-'4. W. lat. 52. 10. N. 
 Waterloo, a village of Belgium, celebrated 
 as the scene of the signal victory of the 18th of 
 June, 1815, which coi. pleted the downfall of 
 hapoleon. It is 10 miles S. of Brussels. Pop. 
 1600. 
 
 Watertown, a town of Massachusets, in 
 Middlesex county, seated on Charles River, 7 
 mile* from its mouth in Boston harbour, and 9 
 S. S. E. of Concord. 
 
 Watford, a town in Hertfordshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday. It has a spacious church, 
 a large Baptist meeting-house, a free-school, 
 market-house, eight almshouses, &c. It is 
 seated on the Colne, near the Birmingham rail. 
 WAV 1 7 miles S. bv W. nf sit aiKooo o,,,} jk 
 
 N.'VV. of London.' " ~ '' 
 
 Watungton, a town in Oxfordshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, seated near the Chillim 
 Hills, on a brook, which, with the coiitimiod 
 
 ndge, divides the county (torn BuckinghaiB< 
 shire. It is 14 miles S. E. of Oxford, and 48 
 W. of Loudon. 
 
 Watton, a town in Norfolk, with a market 
 on Wednesday; 18 miles W. by S. of Norwich, 
 and 91 N. N.E. of London. 
 
 Wavehen, or Wavre, a town of Belgium, 
 in S. Brabant, situate on the Dyle; 12 miles 
 S. of Louvain. Pop. 4100, 
 
 Waxiiolm, a fortress on the coast of Swe- 
 den, in the Baltic, situate on a small island 
 at the entrance of the lake Maeler. Here all 
 homeward-bound ships are searched. It is 16 
 miles E. of Stockholm. 
 
 Wav, or Polo Way, an island near the 
 N. point of that of Sumatra. It is the largest 
 of the islands that form the entrance of the 
 channel of Acheen, and is peopled by men 
 banished from Acheen. Long. 94. 50. E. lat. 
 5. ,35. N. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the central part of N. 
 Carolina. — Also a county in the central part 
 of Ohio, formed in 1808, and containing 870 
 square miles.— A county on the S. side of 
 Kentucky; chief town, Monticello.— A county 
 in the state of Georgia f— and another in Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 Wayhesborouoh, a town of the state of 
 Georgia, chief town of Greene county; 22 miles 
 S. of Washington. 
 
 WAYNESBORoitOH, a town of N. Carolina, 
 the capital of Wayne county, seated on the 
 Neuse; 50 miles S. E. of Raleigh. 
 
 Waynesbohouoii, a town of Geoi^a, capi- 
 tal of Burke county, seated on Brier Creek; 
 24 miles E. N. E. of Louisville. 
 
 Wear, a river which rises in the W. part 
 of the county of Durham, flows S. E. by Staiw 
 hope to Bishop Auckland, and thence N. E. 
 by Durban; to Sunderland, where it enters the 
 German Ocean. 
 
 Wearmouth, Bishop, a town in the county 
 of Durham, on the S. side of the Wear, adjoin- 
 ing Sunderland. It has an iron bridge over the 
 river, of one arch, 2^6 feet sjinn, erected in 
 1796, and the first ever constructed of parts so 
 formed as to unite in the manner of keystones. 
 It has manufactures of canvas, and partakes in 
 the commerce of Sunderland. 
 
 Wearmouth, Monk, a town in the county of 
 Durham, on the N. side of the mouth of the 
 Wear, opposite Sunderland. Here was an 
 extensive monastery, which was destroyed by 
 the Scots. It shares in the growing prospe- 
 rity of Sunderland. It is on the Brandling 
 Junction railway from Gateshead to South 
 Shields. 
 
 Wedenschweil, a town of Switzerland, in 
 the canton of Zurich; 10 miles S.E. of Zu- 
 rich. 
 
 Wkdnesbury, a town in Staffordshire, with 
 a market on Friday, and manufactures of hard- 
 ware, several iron forges, and mines of excellent 
 cnni. iiere is an ek-giiisi church, built on the 
 site of an ancient castle; also three meeting- 
 houses for dissenters. It is 1,3 miles S. S. W. 
 of Litchfield, and 118 N. W. of London. 
 
 Wkkrt, a town of Belgium, in the province 
 
WEE 
 
 741 
 
 Buckingham- 
 (ford, and 48 
 
 vith a market 
 
 3. of Norwich, 
 
 I of Belgium, 
 lyle; 12 miles 
 
 coast of Swe- 
 
 small island 
 
 ler. Here nil 
 
 lied. It is 16 
 
 and near the 
 
 is the largest 
 
 ;rance of the 
 
 )led by men 
 
 4. 50. £. lot. 
 
 b1 part ofN. 
 central part 
 intaining U70 
 i S. aide of 
 >. — A county 
 other in Ala- 
 
 the state of 
 ity; 22 miles 
 
 N. Carolina, 
 3ated on the 
 
 eoi^B, capi- 
 Brier Creek; 
 
 ;he W. part 
 
 E, by Staii- 
 
 lience N. E. 
 
 it enters tiie 
 
 1 the county 
 k'^ear, adjoin- 
 idge over the 
 , erected in 
 1 of parts 80 
 f keystones. 
 . partakes in 
 
 he county of 
 jouth of the 
 pre was an 
 estroyed by 
 ing prospe- 
 I Brandling 
 1 to South 
 
 tzerland, in 
 5.E. of Zu- 
 
 jshire, with 
 ires of hnrd- 
 of excellent 
 luiit on the 
 ee meeting- 
 es S. S. W. 
 indon. 
 he province 
 
 of Liege seated on the river Brey; 10 miles 
 w. N. W. of Ruremonde. Pop. 5300. 
 
 Wbkver, a river which rises in the N. part 
 of Shropshire, crosses Cheshire, and, receiving 
 the Dane from the E., enters the estuary of 
 the Mersey. It is navigable to Winsford, some 
 miles above Northwich, in Cheshire 
 , Wbibstadt, u town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 
 '!-"u M ,!''" ^'""''- ^' '* 15 miles E.S. E. 
 ol Heidelberg. 
 
 _ Weichseluuho. a town of Austrian Illyria, 
 in Carniola, with a castle on a mountain, and a 
 manufacture of fine stockings; 10 miles S. E. 
 of Laubach. Pop. 4000. 
 
 Wkiciiterbach, a town of Germany, in the 
 county of IsenbeiB, with a castle, seated on the 
 iimig; 20 miles S. E: of Uiessen, and 23 N E. 
 of Frankfort. 
 
 Weickersheim, a town of Wirtembere. in 
 the district of Hohenlohe, with a fine CMtle 
 heiii "^^^ Tauber; 3 miles E. of Mergent-' 
 
 Weida, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Wei- 
 mar; 32 miles E. of Weimar. 
 
 Weiden, a town of Bavaria, with manufac 
 
 tures of linen, woollen stuffs, and saltpetre. 
 
 seated on the Nab; 18 miles N. E. of Amberg! 
 
 { Z^'^!" "u ^^"'F-RSTADT, a town of Germany, 
 
 «,"^i"?'"''^'"«' ^'■''"^'l °" 'he Worm; 12 miles 
 W. of Istutgard. 
 
 Weil, or Wyl, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of St. Gall, seated on the river Thur j 
 19 miles S. S. W. of Constance. 
 
 Weilburo, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau, seated on the Lahn, over which is a 
 
 25 N. N. W. of Frankfort. 
 
 Weile, a seaport of Denmark, in N. Jut- 
 land, situate on a bay in the Little Belt; 35 
 miles S. S. W. of Arhusen, and 38 N. E. of 
 Ripen. Long. 9. 30. E. lat. 55. 45. N. 
 
 Weilheim, a town of Bavaria, with a castle 
 on the nver Amper. It is 28 miles S. S. W. 
 of Munich. 
 
 Weilheim, a town of Wirtemberg, on the 
 nver Lauter; 20 miles S. E. of Stutgard. 
 
 Weimar, Saxe, a grand duchy of Germany, 
 comprising the duchies of Weimar, Jena, and 
 l.isenach, part of tlie principaUty of Altenburg, 
 the chief part of the district of Neustadt, the 
 petty districts of Alstadt, Ilmenau, and Oldisle- 
 ben, and some districts to the E. of the Hesse- 
 Ussel territory. It is divided into two great 
 provinces, and contains an area of 1450 square 
 miles, with upwards of 200,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Weimar, the capital of the foregoing duchy. 
 In the duke's palace is one of the most con- 
 siderable libraries in Germany, with a cabinet of 
 coins and medals ; and it had a gallery of paint- 
 ings, which, with some other parts of the castle, 
 was destroyed by fire in 1 774. It is seated on 
 the 11m; 12 miles W. of Erftirt, and 2(i W. S. 
 W. of Naumburg. Pop, 8000. Long. 11 . 27. 
 l!-. lat. 51. 2. N. 
 
 Weinheim, a town of Germany, in Baden, 
 •Bated on the river Welchnitz; 10 mUes N. of 
 Heidelberg. Pop. 4000. 
 
 Weinsdbro, a town of Wirtemberg, with a 
 
 WEL 
 
 ruined castle on a hill. I„ 1/07 the groateM 
 part of the town was destroyed by fire. It stands 
 partly on the hill, and partly in a valley, famous 
 for wine; 5 miles N. E. of Hcilbron. 
 
 Weisselmunde, a fortress of West Prussia, 
 seated at the W. mouth of thj Vistula, to do- 
 fend the harbour of Dantzic. 
 
 WEissENnuno, a town of France, in the 
 department of Lower Rhine. Between this 
 place and Lauterburg are the famous lines from 
 which the French drove the Austrians in 1744; 
 and in 1793 the Prussians drove the French 
 from the same situation. It is seated on the 
 Lauter; 10 miles S. W. of Landau, and 22 
 N. E. of Strasburg. Pop. 4000. Long. 0.11. 
 E. lat. 48. 53. N. 
 
 Weissenburo, a town of Bavarian Fran- 
 coma, seated on the Rednitz; 5 miles N. of 
 Pappenheim, and 30 S. W. of NureniburK. 
 Pop. 3300. * 
 
 Weissenburo, or Carlsbvro, a city of Tran- 
 sylvania, aipital of a county of the same name, 
 and a bishop's see, with a university. It is 
 seated on the side of a hill, near the river Ma- 
 ros; 42 miles W. N. W. of Hermanstadt. 
 
 Weissenburo, a town of Switzerland , in the 
 canton of Bern, celebrated for its mineral waters: 
 20 miles S. of Bern. 
 
 Weissenfels, a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 on the Saal ; 17 miles S. W. of Leipsic. Upon 
 a white rock above the town is a fine citadel, 
 called Augustusburg. 
 
 Weissenhoiin, a town and castle of Ger- 
 many, in a county of its name, seated on the 
 Roth; 10 miles S. E. of Ulm, and 28 W. of 
 Augsburg. 
 
 Weissensee. a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 with a supenntendency and commandery of the 
 kiughU of Malta. The lake formerly in its 
 neighbourhood was drained, and con-erted into 
 arable land, in ] 705. It was 21 miles N. E. of 
 Langensalza, 
 
 Weisskirchen, a town of Hungary, bannat 
 of Temeswar; S3 miles S. by E. of Temeswar 
 Pop. 4300. 
 
 Welau, a town of Euo» Prussia, celebrated 
 for the treaty concluded hero with Poland in 
 1657, when the elector, Frederic William, was 
 invested with the sovereignty of Ducal Prussia. 
 It is seated on the Pregel, at the influx of the 
 Alia; 30 miles E. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Welland, a river which rises in Northamp- 
 tonshire, and separates that county from Leices- 
 tershire. Rutlandshire, and Lincolnshire: it 
 passes by Market Deeping to Stamford, and is 
 thence navigable to the Fossdike Wash, which 
 it enters below Spalding. 
 
 Wellingborouoh, a town in Northampton- 
 shire, with a market on Wednesday. Here are 
 manufactures of shoes and lace, and near it is a 
 fine chalybeate spring called Redwell. A fire 
 happened here in 1738, which consumed above 
 800 houses. It is seated on the side of a bill 
 
 on the river Nen- l9miloaM v ,,fKr .i. ' 
 
 ton. and 67 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Wellington, a town in Shropshire, with a 
 market on Thursday. In the neighbourhood 
 are foundries, iron-mines, and coal-works. It it 
 
WEL 
 
 7*2 
 
 WER 
 
 mtuate neaa Wrekin Hillj 12 miles E. of Shrews- 
 Dur^, and 150 N. W. of London, 
 
 Wellington, a town in Somereetehire, with 
 a market on Thursday, and manufactures of 
 •erges, druggeto, and earthenware. The duke 
 ot Wellington takes his title from this place. 
 It 18 seated on the Tone; 15 miles N, E. of 
 Exeter, and 148 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Wellington, or Durham, a town founded 
 in 183a, in Port Nicholson, on the N. island of 
 New Zealand, It is seated on the W. side of 
 the port in Lambton Harbour, and near Cook's 
 Strait, which separates the two islands. 
 
 Wells, a city of Somersetshire, governed by 
 B mayor; with markets on Wednesday and 
 Saturday, It returns two members to parlia- 
 ment. It has its name from the wells and 
 springs about it j and is a bishop's see, jointly 
 with Buth. The ciithedral is a stately pile; 
 and the bishop's palace is like a castle, being 
 surrounded by walls and a moat. The city is 
 well built and neat'.y paved. The summer 
 assizes are held her.' alternately with Bridge- 
 water It is seated at the foot of the Mendip 
 Hills ; 16 miles S. of Bristol, and 120 W, of 
 London, Long. 2. 37. W. lat. 51. 12, N. 
 
 Weils, a town in Norfolk, which has a 
 large church, and a considerable corn trade. 
 It stands near the sea; 34 miles N. N. E. of 
 Norwich, and 118 Nj N. E. of London, 
 
 Wells, a town of Maine, in York county, 
 situate on a bay of its name; 88 miles N. by E, 
 of Boston, Long. 70, 52. W. lat, 43. 20. N, 
 
 Wells, a town of West Florida, on the W. 
 side of St, Andrew Bay ; 60 miles W, of St. 
 Marco, 
 
 Wels, a town of Upper Austria, with a 
 castle, and a great trade in timber, seated on 
 the Traun, near a large forest: 15 miles S, S. 
 W. of Lintz. 
 
 Welshpool, a corporate town of Wales, in 
 Montgomeryshire, with a market on Monday. 
 It is the great mart for Welsh cottons, flannels, 
 &c., which are sent hence to Shrewsbury, 
 Near the town are the remains of Powis Castle, 
 a large structure, built on an eminence. It is 
 seated in a rich vale, on the river Severn ; 9 
 miles N. of Montgomery, 19 W, of Shrewsbury, 
 and 176 N, W. of London, 
 
 Welwarn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Rakonitz ; 13 miles N. of Prague. 
 
 Welwyn, a village in Hertfordshire, 6 miles 
 N, of Hatfield, Dr. Young was rector of this 
 place, and here he wrote his celebrated Nieht 
 Thoughts, 
 
 Welzhkim, a town of Wirtemberg, seated 
 on the Lein; 19 miles E. of Stutgard. 
 
 Wem, a town in Shropshire, with a market 
 on Thursday; 9 miles N. of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Wendlingen, a town of Wirtemberg, situ- 
 ate on the Neckar ; 12 miles S, S. E. of Stut- 
 gard. 
 
 Wendover, a town in Buckinghamshire, 
 with markets on Tuesday and Thursday ; 5 
 miles S. E. of Aylesbury, and 35 N, W. of 
 
 I.r-.r.doTI. 
 
 Wenlock, or Much Wenlock, a borough 
 in Shropshire, sending two members to parlia- 
 
 ment, with a market on Monday; 12 miles S. 
 E, of Shrewsbury, and i48 N, W, of London, 
 
 Wknner, the largest lake of Sweden, lying 
 in West Gothland, to the N, W. of the Lako 
 Wetter. It is 100 miles in length, and in some 
 places 40 in breadth, and contains several 
 islands. It receives 24 rivers, and its only 
 outlet is the river Gotha, 
 
 Wenneusdoro, a town of Sweden, in West 
 Gothland, with a castle. It is • he staple for all 
 the iron sent fiom the province of Wermeland 
 to Gotheburg. It is seated on the Gotha, near 
 the S. W. extremity of the Lake Wenner ; 50 
 miles N, by E, of Gotheburg, 
 
 Wenterswvk, a town of Holland, in the 
 province of Gelderland, seated on the river 
 Sling ; 25 miles W. S.W, of Zutphen, Pop. 
 5700, ^ 
 
 Weodley, a town in Herefordshire, noted for 
 its excellent ale; with a market on Tuesday. 
 It is 10 miles N. W. of Hereford, and 147 
 W.N,W, of London. 
 
 Werchteren, a town of Belgium, in Bra- 
 bant; 9 miles E. S. E, of Mechlin. 
 
 Werdau, a town of Germany, in the king- 
 dom of Saxony; 6 miles W, of Zwickau; on 
 the river Pleisse, Pop, 3000. 
 
 Werden, a town of Prussian Westpl.nlia, 
 seated on the Roer; 13 miles N. E. of Dussel- 
 dorf. 
 
 ' erdenberq, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of St. Gall, on the Rhine; 8 miles N.of 
 Sargans, Pop. 4000. 
 
 Werdenfels, a town and castle of Bavaria, 
 giving name to a county on the frontiers of 
 Tyrol; 16 miles S, of Weilheim, and 22 N. W. 
 of Inspruc, 
 
 Werderberg, a fortified town ( Switzer- 
 land, capital of a bailiwick in the canton of 
 Glarus ; with a castle on an eminence. It is 
 seated near the Rhine; 10 miles S, S. E. of 
 Appenzel, and 26 E. N. E. of Glarus. 
 
 Werpen, a town and fortress of Austria, in 
 the province of Salzburg, situate on the Salza ; 
 22 miles S, by E, of Salzbui^. 
 
 Werl, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with 
 a castle, seated on the Sisek; 8 miles S, of 
 Ham, Pop. 2300, 
 
 Wermeland, a former province of Sweden, 
 the N, part of Gothland, between Dalecarlia 
 and the lake Wenner; 100 miles long, and 50 
 broad. The country is fertile, diversified bv 
 mountains, rocks, hills, and dales, clothed witii 
 forests of birch, poplar, mountain ash, pine, 
 and fir. It also abounds with lakes, which 
 succeed each other almost without intermission; 
 and numerous rivulets flow from these lakes. 
 The chief river is the Clara, or Stor Elbe, in 
 which IS a good salmon-fiahery. It has mines 
 of silver, lead, copper, and iron, with forges, 
 foundries, &c., belonging to them. 
 
 Wern, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 seated near the Lippe; 6 miles W. of Ham. 
 
 Werniqerode, a town of the Prussian 
 states, capital of a county of the same name, 
 abounding in mountains, the principal of which 
 is the Great Biocken, or Blocksberg. The 
 principal business of the town consists in brew- 
 
WER 
 
 743 
 
 ; 12 milM S. 
 . of London, 
 Sweden, lying 
 . of the Lako 
 1, and in lonie 
 itains several 
 and its only 
 
 iden, in West 
 3 staple for all 
 r Wermeland 
 5 Gotha, near 
 Wenner ; 50 
 
 Hand, in the 
 on the river 
 phen. Pop. 
 
 lire, noted for 
 on Tuesday. 
 )rd, and 147 
 
 ium, in Bra- 
 in the king- 
 Zwickau; on 
 
 Westpl.nlia, 
 "i. of Dussel- 
 
 rland, in the 
 } miles N. of 
 
 of Bavaria, 
 
 frontiers of 
 
 id 22 N. W. 
 
 t Switzer- 
 e canton of 
 ence. It is 
 
 S. S. E. of 
 rus. 
 
 ' Austria, in 
 1 the Salza ; 
 
 phalia, with 
 miles S. of 
 
 of Sweden, 
 1 Dalecarliii 
 ong, and 50 
 versified by 
 :lotlied witii 
 
 ash, pine, 
 ikes, which 
 itermission; 
 these lakes, 
 ^or Elbe, in 
 
 lias mines 
 with forges, 
 
 Westphalia, 
 of Ham. 
 } Prussian 
 amo name, 
 «1 of which 
 berg. Tho 
 its in brew- 
 
 WE8 
 
 Ing, distilling, and manufacture* of cloth and 
 Btufls. It is 12 miles W. by S. of Halberstndt, 
 and 23 S. S. E. of Wolfenbuttel. Pop. filOO. 
 Long. 10. 58. E. lat. 51. 53. N. 
 
 Werra, a river of Germany, which rises in 
 the principality of Coburg; 3 miles above Eiss- 
 feld ; flows by Ilildburghausen, Meiningen, 
 Salzungen, Vachn, Trefurt, Wnnfried, Allen- 
 dorf, and Witzcnhausen ; it then enters the 
 duchy of Brunswick, passes by Munden, and a 
 little below that town joins the Fuldn, where 
 the united stream forms the Weser. 
 
 Wertheim, a town of Germany, in Baden; 
 capital of a county of the same name, which 
 yields excellent wine. It is seated at the con- 
 flux of tho Tauber with the Maine ; 16 miles 
 W. of Wurtzburg. Population of the county, 
 12,000; of the town, 3200. 
 
 Werwick, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Flanders, seated on the Lis ; 8 miles S. E. of 
 Ypres. 
 
 Wesel, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 the duchy of Cleve, with a strong citadel. 
 Here are two Calvinist clmrches, one for the 
 Lutherans, and another for the Papists. It is 
 seated on the Rhine, at the influx of the Lippe; 
 25 miles S. E. of Cleve, and 50 W. S. W. of 
 Munster. Pop. 8000. Long. 6. 37. E. lat. 51. 
 38. N. 
 
 Wesenburo, a fortified town of Russia, in 
 the government of Esthonia, seated on the Wiss; 
 45 miles E. of Revel. 
 
 Weser, a river of Germany, formed by the 
 union of the Werra and Fulda, in tlie duchy of 
 Brunswick, at Munden. It flows along the 
 confines of Westphalia and Saxony, by Corvey, 
 Hamelin, Minden, and Hoye, receives the Aller 
 from Verden, and, passing by Bremen, enters 
 the German Ocean at Carlsburg. 
 
 West Chester, a county in the S. E. part 
 of New York, with 4B,68f! inhabitante. Chief 
 towns, Bedford and White Plains. 
 
 West Chester, a town in the oregoing 
 county, seated on East River; 12 miles N. E. 
 of New York. Pop. 4154. 
 
 "West Chester, a town of Pennsylvania, 
 capital of Chester county. It contains several 
 public institutions, and is connected by a branch 
 to the Columbia railroad; 24 miles W. of Phi- 
 ladelphia. Pop. 2152. 
 
 West Point, a village and military post of 
 New York, in Orange county, on theW. bank 
 of the Hudson. It is situate amid the high 
 lands, and so strongly fortified by nature and 
 art, that it is called the Gibraltar of America. 
 It is 20 miles S. of Poughkeepsie, and 54 N. of 
 New York. 
 
 Westbury, a borough in Wiltshire, with a 
 market on Friday, and a manufacture of broad 
 cloth. On a hill to the E. of the town, is 
 Bratton Castle, the remains of a fortification, 
 where the Danes held out 24 days against the 
 English. It returns one member to parliament. 
 I« is 21 miles N. W. of Salisbury, and 98 W. 
 of London. 
 
 Westeras, a town of Sweden, capital of a 
 government of its name, and a bishop's see, 
 with a citadel, and a famous college. It carries 
 
 on a considerable commerce with Stockholm 
 particularly in copper and iron from the neigh- 
 bouring mines. Here are the ruins of an an- 
 cient palace, formerly inhabited by the kings 
 of Sweden, The riithedra), built of brick, is 
 celebrated for its tower, esteemed the highest 
 in the kingdom. In this cathedral is the tomb 
 of the unfortunate Eric XIV. Westeras is 
 seated on the Lake Mneler ; 46 miles N. W. 
 of Stockholm. Pop. 3000. Long. 17. 0. E. 
 lat. 59. 38. N. 
 
 Westkrburo, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Nassau, with a castle; 22 miles S. W. 
 of Dillenburg, and 40 N, of Mentz, 
 
 Westeuham, a town in Kent, with a market 
 on Wednesday, on the Darent, which rises 
 near this town. It is pleasantly seated in a 
 vale, at the foot of the chalk range. The 
 church is a handsome structure, and contains a 
 moni'.ment of General Wolfe, the conqueror of 
 Quebec, who was bom here, January 2nd, 1727 j 
 21 miles S. S, E. of London. 
 
 Westerly, a town of Rhode Island, in 
 Washington county, with a good coasting trade, 
 and extensive fisheries. It stands at the mouth 
 of Paukatuk ; 5 miles E. of Stonington, in 
 Connecticut. Pop. 1912. 
 
 Western Islands. See Azores and He- 
 brides. 
 Westerwald. See Wetteravia. 
 Westerwick, a seaport of Sweden, in Smn- 
 lanii, with a good harbour, a commodious quay, 
 a cloth manufacture, and a trade in ship-timber 
 and all sorts of naval stores. It is seated on 
 the Baltic; 66 miles N. of Calmsar, and 1'20 
 S. W. of Stockholm. Long, 16. 0. E. lat. 57 
 40. N. Pop. 3000, 
 
 Westfield, a town of Massachusets, in 
 Hampden county, on a river of its name; 1 
 miles W. of Springfield. Pop. 3526. 
 
 Westhofen, a town of Germany, in the 
 palatinate of the Rhine. It has three churches. 
 It is 7 miles N, W. of Worms, 
 
 Westhofen, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Lower Rhine; 12 miles W, o! 
 Strasburg, 
 
 Westmania, a former province of Sweden, 
 between Upland, Sudermania, Nericia, Werme- 
 land, and Dalecariia. It is 76 miles long, and 
 45 broad. Pop. 110,000, It abounds in cop- 
 per and iron-mines. The face of the country 
 is diversified like Wermeland. 
 Westmeath. See Meath. 
 Westminster, a city of Middlesex, the re- 
 sidence of the monarch, the seat of the parlia- 
 ment, and of the high courts of justice, and 
 constituting, with London and Sonthwark, the 
 metropolis of the British empire. On the dis- 
 solution of its abbey, in 1541, Henry VIII. 
 erected it into a bishopric, appointing the whole 
 of Middlesex, (Fulham excepted,) for the dio- 
 cese. It had, however, only one prelate; for 
 Edward VI. soon after dissolved it, and the 
 abbey is now only a collegiate church. West- 
 minster, through"couilesj,Bliri beurs the title of 
 a city, and sends two members to parliament, 
 who are chosen by its householders, there be- 
 ing no A-eemen nor incorporated companiea. 
 
 ■ I 
 f 
 
 J 
 
 
WES 
 
 744 
 
 WET 
 
 
 Bewdes the churches of the estabb'shment, 
 Westminster contains places of worship for 
 dissenters of almost every denomination, and a 
 Jews synagogue. In the city are two parish 
 churches, St. Margaret and St. John; and seven 
 in the liberties, namely, St. Clement, St. Mary, 
 St. Paul, St, Martin, St. Ann, St. James, and 
 &t, George. The precinct of St. Martin-le- 
 Qrand, though within the city of London, is 
 under the jurisdiction of Westminster. See 
 London. 
 
 Westminster, a town of Vermont, in Wind- 
 ham county, on Connecticut River, opposite 
 Walpole, m New Hampshire, with which it 
 communicates by a bridge ; 40 miles N. E. of 
 Bennington. 
 
 Westmoreland, an inland county of Eng- 
 land, 42 miles long, and from 16 to 40 broad ; 
 bounded on the N. and N. W. by Cumberland, 
 Ji. and S. E. by Yorkshire, and S. W. by Lan- 
 cashire. It contains 46'2.080 acres, is divided 
 into four wards, and 32 parishes, has eight 
 market-towns, and sends two members to par- 
 
 "r!rV„^^" * '^8'°" of lofty mountains, 
 naked hills, dreary forests, and barren moors ; 
 but 18 watered by numerous rivers, and several 
 lakes. The soil, of course, is various ; that on 
 the mountains being very barren, while that in 
 the valleys is fertile, producing good com and 
 grass, especially in thoimeadows near the rivers. 
 In the hilly parts on the W. borders are some 
 mines of copper, but the ore lies very deep. 
 This county yields abundance of limestone, 
 and the finest blue slate; and many excellent 
 hams are cured here. Its manufactures are a 
 coarse woollen cloth, worsted stockings, flan- 
 nels, tanned leather, and gunpowder. The 
 principal rivers are the Eden, Lune, and Ken; 
 and the chief lake is Winandermere, the largest 
 m England. Appleby is the county town. 
 
 Westoe. a borough in the county of Dur- 
 ham, a suburb of South Shields, the market- 
 place, and many of the principal streets of 
 which are m this township; and, in conjunc 
 tion with it, it sends one member to parlia- 
 ment, '^ 
 
 Westphalia, one of the former circles of 
 Gennany, bounded on the E, by Lower Saxony, 
 b. by Hesse, Wetteravia, and Treves, W. by 
 the Netheriands, and N.by the German Ocean. 
 Ihc cbmate is cold, and there are a great many 
 marshes, but the soil produces pastures, and 
 some com. The horses are large, and the hogs 
 in high esteem, especially the hams, known by 
 the name of Westphalia hams. The principd 
 mers are the Weser, Ems. Lippe, and RoVr. 
 ihis circle contained the bishoprics of Mun- 
 ster, Liege, Paderbom, and Osnaburg; the 
 principalities of Emden, or East Friesland, 
 MeuTS, Mmden, and Verden; the duchies of 
 Westphalia, Berg, Juliers, Cleve, Oldenburg, 
 and part of the territories of the princes of 
 Nassau ; the counties of Mark, Ravensbero, 
 Steinfurt. Tecklenburg, Lingen, Bentheim 
 l>iepholt^ Hoya, Schauenburg, Spigelburc, 
 Lippe, Rjtberg. and other smnllfir onn.. and 
 ieveral lordships and abbeys. In 1800 ail the 
 parts of the circle lying on the left bank of the 
 
 Rhino, being ftill one-third of the whole terri- 
 tory became united to France; and in 1808 
 the French emperor erected the remainder into 
 a kingdom, in favour of his brother Jerome, 
 and added to it the electorates of Hesse-Cassel 
 and Hanover. Cassel was the capital. After 
 the celebrated battle of Leipsic. in 1813, this 
 new kingdom was overrun by the allies, and 
 the government overthrown. The whole terri- 
 tory now belongs to Prussia, Hanover, and 
 Oldenburg, 
 
 Westphalia, a province of the Prussian 
 states, bounded W. by the Netherlands, and 
 E. by Hanover and Hesse-Cassel. It is di- 
 vidod into the j' '-■. of Arensberg, Minden, 
 and Munster. us an area of 8300 
 
 square miles, v, j.OOO of inliabitnnts. 
 
 The soil in gent. ., not fertile, but large 
 quantities of flax are mised, and the rearing of 
 cattle is carried to a great extent. There are 
 mines of lead, iron, and coal in the mountain- 
 ous districts, and extensive salt-works in differ- 
 ent parts of the province, 
 
 Westphalia, a duchy of Germany, in the 
 Pmssian province of Westphalia, and govem- 
 ment of Arensberg ; 40 miles long, and 26 
 broad; bounded on the N. by the principalities 
 of Munster and Osnaburg, and the county of 
 Lippe ; W. by that of Mark; S. by the terri- 
 tories of Nassau; and E. by the counties of 
 Witgenstein, Hartzfeld, Waldeck, and Hesse. 
 It is a mountainous country, full of wood, but 
 moderately fertile. Area, 1700 square miles. 
 Pop. 150,000. It formeriy belonged to the 
 elector of Cologne, but was ceded to the prince 
 of Hesse-DarmsUdt in 1802, and made over to 
 Pmssia in 1814. 
 
 Westport, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Mayo; 8 miles W. of Castlebar. 
 
 Westport, a town of Massachusets, in 
 Bristol county, seated on Buzzard's Bay; 24 
 miles S. of Taunton. Pop. 2820. 
 
 Westra, one of the Orkney Islands, 9 miles 
 long, and from 1 to 3 broad. It has a trade 
 m kelp, and a good Imrbour for small vessels 
 on the N. W. side miles N. N. E. of Po- 
 mona. Long. 2. 5:;. W. lat. 69. 8. N. 
 
 Wetherby, a town in West Yorkshire, with 
 a market on Thursday, seated on the Wharf, 
 over which is a handsome stone bridge; 15 
 miles W. by S. of York, and 191 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Wetherspield, a town in the United States, 
 in the state of Connecticut, famous for its 
 onions. It is situated on the W. bank of the 
 nver Connecticut; 4 miles S. of Hartford. 
 Population, 3824. 
 
 Wetter, r lake of Sweden, in Gothland, 
 S, E, of the lake Wenner, It is 100 miles in 
 length, and in some places 20 in breadth. 
 Above 40 small streams enter this lake, and 
 its only outlet is the river Motala, which flows 
 E. by Nordkoping into the Baltic. 
 
 Wetteren, a town of Belgium, in the pro- 
 vince of East Flanders, on the river Scheldt, 
 w!t.. n, cinsiderable laaiiufaccurc of iuco, linen, 
 andwroUens. It is 7 miles E. of Ghent. Po- 
 pulation, 7200. 
 
WET 
 
 N5 
 
 «ll7 r^ T *• V- Wctkraw, a name origin- 
 ally applied to a district of Germany, lying on 
 
 tended as to denote all the country between 
 the Lahn, the Rliine. and the Maine. 
 
 ta^n^ »f Magdeburg, with a caatle on n moun 
 
 tern, seated on the Saal, over which is a fcrrv • 
 
 9 m.les N. N. W. of Hulle. Pop. 2700 ^ ' 
 
 Wbttinoen, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 
 bridge 240 feet long, of a single nrch, over the 
 nver Limmat. It is 1 mile S of B„den 
 
 WETzi,Aa, a town of Germany, in Wetter- 
 avia, capital of a county of the same name It 
 W surrounded by ditches, and walls flanked 
 with towers It is seated at the confluence of 
 the Lahn, Disle, and Diilen; 30 miles N. of 
 Frankfort. Long. 8. 37. E. lat. 50. 33. N 
 
 WuvELOHEM, a town of Belgium, in the pro- 
 vmceof West Fianden,, on the river Neder^ 
 beeke. with a manufacture of dimities. Podu- 
 lation, 3100. "^ 
 
 Wevelsburg, a town and citadel of West- 
 phalia in the principality of Paderborn : 9 
 miles S. of Paderborn. 
 
 Wexford, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Munster, 47 miles long, and 30 broad, 
 bounded on the N. by Wicklow, E. by St. 
 Georges Channel, S. by the Atlantic Ocean, 
 W. by Waterford and Kilkenny, and N. W. by 
 Catherlough. It contains 142 parishes, hw 
 two boroughs, and sends two membere to par- 
 iiameat. The surface is mountainous, but the 
 soil m general is fertile in com and grass. The 
 principal rivers are the Barrow and Slaney. 
 
 WBXPonD, a borough of Ireland, sending 
 one member to pariiament, and capital of the 
 foregoing county. It has a spacious harbour 
 at the mouth of the Slaney, on a bay of St. 
 (^eorges Channel, but the water is not deep 
 enough for large vessels. Much woollen cloth 
 18 manufactured here, and in the neighbour- 
 hood. It IS 33 miles E. N. E. of Waterford 
 and 60 S. of DubUn. Long. 6. 3o! W. larsl' 
 
 .J^^^^°' I ^J!^ ''^ Sweden, in Smaland, 
 seated on the Lake Helga, which contains a 
 poup of woody islands. It is a bishop's see. 
 th^gh small. It is 50 miles W. of Calmar. 
 ♦I. I' S "*er which rises in Hampshire, flows 
 through Surrey by Godalming and Guildford, 
 and enters the Thames at Weybridge 
 
 Weybridoe, a village n Surrey, seated on 
 tne Wey. near its entrance into the Thames 
 
 E of Chertse ^°"*'* ^^'^™ '^''"'^' ^ "'^^ 
 
 Weyhill, a village in Hampshire, famous 
 
 for an annual fair for all kinds of cattle and 
 
 sneep, leather, hops, cheese, and pedlary. It 
 
 IT °o '''^ ^"'Sf ' *■"'" •" England, lasting 10 
 day* ; 3 miles W. of Andover. 
 
 Weymouth, a seaport and borough in Dor- 
 Bets lure with markets on Tuesday and Friday. 
 
 It stands on o Ka.r nf if 1 r-- ! •' r:" !■ t 
 
 Chanel, and on the S. side of the mouth of 
 ine wey, which separates it from the borough 
 of Melcomb Regia. The two boroughi are 
 
 WHI 
 
 united 88 one corporation, retuniing two m-m- 
 bers to parliament, governed by a mayor -and 
 the communication between them is by means 
 of a bridge. &e Mblcomd Regis. ThT har- 
 bour « injured by the sand, so that its trade 
 wh d, was once considerable, i« much reduced 
 Ihis decline is in some degree compensated by 
 the great resort of persons of all ranks, for the 
 purpose of sea-l«thing, for which it is excel- 
 lently fitted by Its remarkably fine beach j and 
 the royal family have often honoured it with 
 their residence for many weeks. Here is a 
 handsome battery, a royal assembly-room, and 
 an elegant theatre, ^n the church is a fine 
 altar-piece, executed and presented by Sir 
 James Thornhill, who was born at Melcomb 
 Kegis. A few plain and striped cottons are 
 made here Near it. at the village of Nottina- 
 ton, IS a famous s.ilphureous spring. Wev- 
 mouth w9 njiiess. of Dorchester," and 128 
 
 SO.'fo.N. "' ^""^^ ^' ^*- ^' •»'• 
 
 Quangtung. on an island in the Cinton river. 
 Merchant vessels stop at this town and com- 
 municate with Canton by means of boats. It 
 18 4o miles N. of Macao, and 10 S. of Canton. 
 
 u^"t''T''!'' '1'^ '^'e''''*' mountain in Eng- 
 land situate in theN. W. part of Yorkshiil, 
 amid other mountains, and about 6 miles to the 
 ift\o f ♦ ^"""^ Ixgleborough. Its summit is 
 4050 feet above the level of the sea. Near the 
 top are four or five tarn, or small lak^ It! 
 base contains several spacious caverns, of which 
 
 ix:T' "' '''"'""' '"'''''"^' -<» «-^» 
 
 .n^,"''^"u''Z " *<*'™ "*' Virginia, in Ohio 
 county which participates with Pi\t8burg in 
 the trade to the western country. It is siSate 
 at the mouth of a creek on Ohio River; 46 
 miles S. W. of Pittsburg. ' 
 
 r„!!l""'t"^"''°"^*'y °' ^'""«». on the Slave 
 Coast, extending about 10 miles along the At- 
 
 wi'^L!"''' ^"u?"''" '"''""^- Euroi^ans who 
 have been in this country extol it as the most 
 beautiful in the worid,, and assert that spring 
 cion Th '^'^ P«n-".ally in -Uemate su* 
 ^^! 11 •'""".''^ '" ^ populous that one 
 single viljage contains as many inhabitants as 
 «.rne entire kingdoms on the coast of Guinea. 
 Ihe people, in their manners, have been com- 
 pared to the Chinese ; the same persevering 
 industry, ceremonious civility, jealous affe'UoS 
 lor their women, and thievish inclinations in 
 trade, prevail m both countries. Bows, arrows. 
 
 Tlt^^iru^? '='"''"' «'« *'•« principal weapons 
 ot the Whidanese. They have no distinction 
 of hours, days, weeks, or stated periods; and 
 yet, without pen, ink, or the assistance of arU- 
 ficial arithmetic, they calculate any thing with 
 p-eat accuracy. They are said to have a faint 
 Idea of a Supreme Being, to whom they attri- 
 
 rr!!»„*"""«-'P*°u'*"'^'. ""'^ *"'"«der him as the 
 Creator of the universe. Mb is th"v -x" ♦!?» 
 
 creSr^*"''"^. I? *"*'" ""y concern abiut his 
 
 ally a. ti M 'i'\^''' ^Z ''^°"' i^^^^fore. they 
 apply as the mediatois between God and tlienu 
 
 I 
 
WHI 
 
 Th«.« fetjohw arc divi,|«l into thr«o clnwes, 
 •nnko» toll trees, nnd the son ; and sometimes 
 they add a fourth, namely, tho chief river of 
 the kingdom, tho Euphratea. The deiHed 
 •nnkcs nro iibout a yiml hmj?, amazingly tamo 
 «nd fiimilinr; and no insult or injury can ho 
 ottered to them by a native under pain of 
 death. Wore aro oxt-n, cows, goats, shei-p, 
 nogs, turkeys, ducks, nnd hens; also elephants 
 butlaloes, tigers, several kinds of deer, nn<l u 
 sort of linrcs. Tho fruits are citrons, lemons 
 oranges, bananas, tamarinds, &c., nnd there nro 
 vast numbers of palm-trees, from which much 
 wine 18 made. The trade consists chieflv of 
 elephants teeth, wax, and honey; and" tho 
 principal manufactures are cloths, umbrellas, 
 baskets, pitchers for pito or beer, plates nn.l 
 dishes of wood, gourds finely ornamented, 
 white and blue paper, 6ic. In 17^7 the king 
 of Dahomy reduced this country to tho state 
 ot a dependent province. Xuvier, or Sabi, is 
 the capital. ' 
 
 WinTnv, a borough and seaport in North 
 Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It re- 
 turns one member to parliament, "it has a 
 considerablo manu/lioturo of canvas, and a great 
 trathc in the building of ships, nnd in tho car- 
 rying business. In the neighbourhood nro some 
 largo aluin works. Tl^e principal public build- 
 ings aro the church, a chapel of oiiho, several 
 places of worsliip for dissenters, a town-hall a 
 dispensary, a libmry, and a commodious news- 
 room. Its harbour is the best on this const, 
 nnil has a fine pier; but it has no river com- 
 munication with the inland country. Several 
 ships are sent hence to the Greenland fishery. 
 ,, ,'"' "s.'fong new-built quay, running pa- 
 rallel to a high cliff, fell into the sea, followed 
 by large niiujsos of tho cliff. The remains of 
 an abliey church stood on this cliff, and since 
 1 10 above accident several jwirts Jiave fallen to 
 tlie ground. Whitby is the birthplace of James 
 Look, the great circumnavigator. It is seated 
 at the mouth of the Esk; 48 miles N. N E of 
 lork, and 243 N. of London. Long. 0. 30 W 
 lat. .54.30. N. 6 ■"". w. 
 
 Whitchurch, a town in Hampshire, market 
 on triday; seated on the Test, near its source- 
 12 miles N. of Winchester, nnd 6ti W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 Whitchurch, a town in Shropshire, with a 
 market on Friday. It is noted for its annual 
 races, and contains a handsome church, several 
 places of worship for dissenters, an excellent 
 free-school, a charity-school, almshouses, &c • 
 20 miles N. of Shrewsbury, and 160 N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 White Mountains, tlie highest pi.rt of a 
 ndge of mountains in the state of New llamn- 
 sliire They extend N. E. and S. W.; their 
 lieight above an adjacent meadow is 5500 feet 
 and the meadow is 8500 feet above the level of 
 the sea. The snow and ice cover them nine or 
 ten months in the yonr; and during that time 
 they exhibit the biiglit appearance from which 
 they aro denominated the Wiiite Mountains. 
 Although they are 70 miles inland, they are 
 Wen many leagues off at sea, nnd appear like 
 
 74(i 
 
 WIB 
 
 an exceedingly bright cloud in the hori«oB. 
 i hwr highest summit is in lat. 44. N. 
 
 WiiiTK Ska, a large bay of the Frozen Ocean. 
 on the N. part of Russia, on tho E. side of 
 which stands the city of Archangel. 
 
 WiiiTK,iAi.i„ (formerly Skenesborough.) a 
 town ot New York, in Washington county. It 
 has a considurable trade, nn.l is tho great 
 thoroughfiire between New York nnd Montreah 
 * miles N. of Albany. IVip. 3 13. 
 
 Whiteiiavhn, a borough and scajiort in 
 Cumberland, with markets on Tuesday, Thuri- 
 day, and Saturday. It returns one nieinlwr to 
 par lament. It is seated on a creek of the 
 Irish Sea, on the N. end of a great hill 
 washed by tho tide on tho W. side, where 
 there IS a largo whitish rock, and a strong 
 stoiio wall that secures tho harbour. Near it 
 are excellent coal mines, some of which run a 
 considerable way under the sen, nnd aro the 
 chief source of its wealth ; but its trade is now 
 extendt'd to foreign parts. Hero are yards for 
 ship-building, an extensive canvas manufacture, 
 largo n)])erie8, nnd several copperas works. 
 Iho town is defended by batteries, and has 
 tour neat churches, and several meeting-houses 
 Vr «r''^'"r''''' '^^ ^- "*' t'ailislcand 320 N. 
 oV V ■ ^°n'l'">- ^°ng. 3. 35. W. lat. 54. 
 
 WiuTHonN, a borough of Scotland, in Wig- 
 tonshirc, near tho bay of Wigton. It contri- 
 botes, with Wigton, &c.. in sending one mem- 
 ber to parliament. It is a place of great 
 antiquity having been a Roman station, and 
 the hrst bishopric in Scotland; 11 miles S of 
 Wigton. 
 
 WiiiTKSTowN, a town of New York, in Her. 
 kimer county ; 50 miles W. N. W. of Canaio- 
 hary. Pop. 5156. •' 
 
 WmreTAnLE a town on the coast of Kent. 
 7 miles N. N. W. of Canterbury. It is a small 
 port, whence Canterbury is supplied with coal 
 by means of a railroad, and has several trading 
 vessels to London. * 
 
 Whitsuntide Island, one of tho New He- 
 brides in the South Pacific; 30 miles long, and 
 nbro„d; discovered by Captain Wallis on 
 Whit-sundny, 1767. Long. 16«. 20. E. lat. 
 
 1.7. 44. o. 
 
 i-^/'iV'"'^""'*^ Forest, a forest in the S. part 
 of Northamptonshire j .0 miles long, and 3 
 broad. In 160,5 the first Duke of Grafton was 
 appointed hereditary ranger of this forest, in 
 which IS a fine seat, called Wakefield Lodge 
 
 WiDURo or ViDouo, an extensive district'of 
 Kiissin in the government of Finland It was 
 ceded by the Swedes to the Russians, partly by 
 t^ peace f Nystadt in 1721, and partly by thi 
 treaty of Abo m 1743. Besides pastures, the 
 country produces rye. oats, and barley, but not 
 sufficient for the inhabitants. 
 
 f„i^f".'I!"°r' * *'"'*"''■''' ^"P"'^ °f ^"ssin. capi- 
 tal of the foregoing district, and a bishop's see, 
 with a strong citadel. The houses are almost 
 entirely built ..f .tone. The chic: exports are 
 j>lank8, tallow, pitch, nnd tar. The surround- 
 ing country is pleasant; and near it, nt Iraatm, 
 IS the famous cataract of the Woxa, which 
 
WIB 
 
 747 
 
 WIG 
 
 miike* a noiM mora it nning than tliat of the 
 Khlne nt Lnuffen. M iburg stands on the N. 
 Mi5"«J o' the Gulf of Finlmid; 100 miles 
 i!; . ; « " P«te"bujg. Long. 29. 1 0. E. lat. 
 0U. oO. Ni 
 
 WiBURo, a city of Denmark, in North Jut- 
 land, capital of a diocese of the wimo nnme.und 
 the seat of the chief tourt of justice in the pro- 
 vmce In 17-J6 the cathcdrnl. a church, the 
 town-house, and the bishoji's pnhice, were 
 destroyed by fire; but they liave ail been 
 magnihcently rebuilt. It is seated on a hike. 
 in a peninsula; I'JO miles N. of SIcswick 
 Long. 9. 60. E. lat. .')6. 20. N. 
 
 Wick, a borough of Scot/and, and the capital 
 ot Cuithness-shirei united with Cromarty, Ding- 
 Wall, &c., in sending one member to parlia- 
 ment ; with a harbour on an inlet of the Ger- 
 man Ocean, at the mouth of a river of the same 
 name. Much kelii is made here, but the her 
 rin^i-fisheries are the chief object of importance 
 it is 65 miles N. E. of Domock. LonK. 2 61 
 W, Int. 58. 21. N. 
 
 Wick, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 the duchy of Limburg, seated on the Muuse 
 opposite Maestricht, with which it communicates 
 by a bridge. 
 
 Wick Duebstede, a town of Prussian West- 
 phalia, with two castles; 12 miles N, of Juliers. 
 WicKLow, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Leinster; 3fi miles long, and 25 broad- 
 bounded on the N. by Dublin, E. by the Irish 
 Sea, S. by Wexford, W. by Catherlough and 
 Kildare, and N. W. by Kildare. It is divided 
 into 511 parishes, and sends two members to 
 parliament. It is very mountainous and 
 woody, interspersed with rocks and bogs, but 
 the valleys are fertile and well cultivated, and 
 watered by numerous small rivers. 
 
 WicKLOw, the capital of the foregoing 
 county, IS seated on the Irish Sea, with a 
 narrow harbour, at the mouth of the river 
 Leitrim ; 20 miles S. S. E. of DubUn. Lona. 
 6. 12. W. lat. 52. 58. N. " 
 
 WiDDiN, a fortified town of Bulgaria, and an 
 archbishop's see. It has often been taken and 
 retaken by the Austrians and Turks. It is 
 seated on the Danube; 100 miles N. by W. of 
 Sossa, and 140 E. S. E. of Belgrade. Pop. 
 20 000. Long. 24. 27. E. lat. 44? 12. N. 
 
 WiED, a county of Germany, at the conflux 
 of the rivers Wied and Rhine. It is composed 
 of two parts, the Upper County, or Wicd-Uun- 
 kel, and the Lower County, or Wied-Nieuwied. 
 Area, 170 square miles. Pop, 24,000. 
 
 Wied, a town of Germany, in the Lower 
 County of Wied ; 9 miles N. N. W.of C.)blentz. 
 
 WiELUN, a town of Prussian Poland, with a 
 good castle; 16 miles S. of Siradia. 
 
 WiELiTSKA, a village of Austrian Poland, in 
 Galicia, celebrated for ita salt mines, which 
 extend under the whole town, and to a consi- 
 derable distance on each side. In these mines 
 are several small chapels, excavated in the salt; 
 _..._ ....11.. ,„ ,„^ miiabiiaius rcsiue cnieity m 
 the mines. It is 8 miles S. E. of Cracow. 
 Pop. 2200. 
 
 WiESENSTEia, a town of Wirtemberg, with 
 
 8 cjurtle. Mated on the Filsj I« miles W. N. W. 
 f Ulm, and 26 E. 8. E. of Htutgard 
 WiESKNTiui, a town of Saxony, in Meissen 
 with manufactures of iron, steel, and fire-arms,' 
 and a considerable trade in leather. It stands 
 on a rivulet of the same name, on the frontiers 
 of Bohomin; 15 miles N. I)y K. of Carlsltad. 
 
 WiOAN, a borough in LamnMhire, governed 
 by a mayor, with markets on Monday and 
 I'ridny. It returns two members to parlia- 
 ment. It has manufactures of strong checks 
 and other articles of linen and cotton. Drnziery 
 has long been a stajile article; and there is a 
 large pottc.y of fine ware. Ik-re are two 
 churches, two llonian ''alholic chapels, five 
 meeting-houses for dis8e,.ter», a frec-school, a 
 blue-coat school, a school of industry, a dis- 
 pensary, a mechanics' institute, &c. The town 
 ™ ''8*'''-'d by gas, under a company chartered in 
 1823, and is well supplied with water. In the 
 neiglibourhood are very extensive iron-works- 
 B mineral spring of a somewhat similar nature 
 with that of llarrowgato, and plenty of that 
 species of coal called ■ annel, which is so soft 
 before it is brought into the open air, that 
 snutt-boxes and a variety of toys are made of 
 It. In 1650 a battle was fought here between 
 the forces of Charles I. and those of the parlia- 
 ment, in which the latter were victorious ; the 
 Larl of Derby, who commanded the former, 
 being then taken prisoner and afterwards be- 
 headed. Wigan is seated on the rivulet Douglas 
 which IS made nivigable to the Ribble, and 
 joins a canal from Liverpool, and on the 
 N. the Union railway. It is 39 miles S. of 
 Lancaster, and 1.06 N. N. W, of London. 
 Long. 2. 50. W. lat. 53. 34. N. 
 
 Wight, an inland in the English Channel, on 
 the S. coast of Hampshire, from which it is 
 separated by a narrow strait. It is about 21 
 miles in length, and 13 in breadth, and is 
 nearly divided into two equal parts by the river 
 Medina, or Cowcs, which, rising in the southern 
 angle, enters at the northern into the channel 
 opposite the mouth of Southampton Bay. The 
 S. coast is bordered with very steep cliffs of 
 chalk and free-stone, hollowed into caverns in 
 various parts. The W. side is fenced with 
 ridges of rocks, of which the most remarkable 
 are those called the Needles. Between the 
 island and the main are various simd-banks 
 especially of!' the E. part, where is the safe 
 road of St. Helens. Across the island from E. 
 to VV. runs a ridge of hills, forming a tract of 
 fine downs, with a chalky or mariy soil, which 
 feeds a great number of rabbits and fine fleeced 
 sheep. To the N. of this ridge the land is 
 chiefly pasture; to the S. of it is a rich amble 
 country, producing great crops of com. The 
 variety of prospects which this island affords, 
 its mild air, and the neat manner in which the 
 the fields are laid out, render it a very delight- 
 ful spot. It is devoted almost entirely to hus- 
 bandry, and has no manufactures of any con- 
 sequence. Among its products are to be' reck- 
 oned a pure white pipe-chiy, and a fine wiiite 
 crystalline sand, of the latter of which great 
 quantities are exported for the use of the gtass- 
 
 i^)l 
 
WIO 
 
 748 
 
 WIL 
 
 Mport are wheat, flour, barley, malt, and lalt. 
 lU principal town » Newport. It returns one 
 member to parliament. 
 
 VVioTON, a town in Cumberland, with a mar- 
 Ket on ruenday, and manufticturoa of linen ind 
 cotton ; alKo an extensive calico-printir ^ta- 
 blishment, and a bat mnnufuitory. . ^sidea 
 the parish churuh, which is u neat structure, 
 hero are meeting-houses for Independents. 
 Quakers and McHiodiHts; also a free grammar- 
 •chool, Brookfield-school, established by the 
 Quakers, m 1026. and an hospitiil for six 
 clergymen's widows. It is seated among the 
 
 N.T'vi^f-'Sndt^- "^ ^-"*'*'' -'» ^«^ 
 WlaT0^f, a borough and seaport of Scot- 
 land capital of Wigtonshire. It sends one 
 member to parliament, with Whithorn, &c 
 Here are manufactures of woollen and cotton, 
 the former chiefly of plaids and flannel. It 
 IS situate on a hill which overlooks the bay 
 of Wigtonj 105 miles S. S. W. of Edinburgh. 
 Long. 4. 23. \V. Int. 54. 57. N 
 
 WioToNsniRE, or West Galloway, a county 
 of Scotland, bounded on the N. by Ayrshire, 
 N. E. by Kirkcudbrightshire, and on all other 
 Bides by the Irish Sea. Its greatest extent. 
 II) any direction, doe? not exceed 30 miles, 
 and its figure is very' irregular. It is divided 
 into 17 parishes. It returns one member to 
 parliament. The Bays of Luce and Ryan ex- 
 tend inland, forming by their approximation a 
 peninsula, called the Rhyns of Galloway. The 
 principal rivers are the Luce, Cree, and Blade- 
 noch. The coast is tolerably fertile, but the 
 intenor and northern parts are mountainous, 
 ht only for the pasturage of sheep and black 
 cattle, and a small breed of horses called oal- 
 loways. ° 
 
 WiHAcs, a frontier town of European Tur- 
 key, in Bosnia, seated on a lake formed by the 
 :;i,7^nna; 40 miles S E. of Carlstadt. and 
 !f qY\t°*^ Belgrade. Long. 16. 10. E. lat. 
 45. 34. N. 
 
 WiLDBAD, a town of Germany, in Wirtem- 
 berg, with a celebrated warm-bath, seated on 
 the Enz j 24 miles W. of Stutgard. 
 
 WiLnoERo, a town of Wirtemb^rg, situate 
 on the Nagold; 19 miles S. W. of Stutgard. 
 
 WiLDDERO, a town of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg; 28 miles N. of Brandenburg. 
 
 WiLDESHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Oldenburg, seated on the Hunte; 
 w "I'i^J-J- "^ *^''«'n«n- ^oiig. 8. 27. E. 
 
 iBtt 5J. Oo, N, 
 
 WiLDUNoEN, a town of Germany, in the 
 county of Waldek, with a castle. Near it are 
 mineral springs, and mines of copper, iron 
 and lead. It is 14 miles S. S. E. of Corbach.' 
 
 WiLHELMSTEiN, a fortress of Germany, in 
 the county of Schauenburg, on an island formed 
 of fctones sunk for the purpose, in Steinhu- 
 dermere. It was erected in 1768, by William, 
 count of Schauenburg-Lippe, for the improve- 
 tr.rr.. .-„ ,,ia i,e,r inventions in the art of war. 
 It stands near the town of Steinhude. 18 
 miles W N. W. of Hanover. ' 
 
 WiLKKi, • town of North Carolina, capMal 
 of a county of iu name, seated on the Yad- 
 km, near its source ; 50 miles W. of Moraan- 
 town. 
 
 WiLKEsnAnRB (formerly Wyoming), a town 
 of rennsylvanin, chief of Luieme county, on 
 the E. branch of the Susquehanna j 1 1 mile* 
 N. W. of IMiiladilphiu. Pop. 1718. 
 
 WiLKOMiERs, a town of Russia, in the go- 
 vernment of Wilna, seated on the Sweita: 45 
 miles N. N. W. of Wilna. 
 
 William, Fort, a fort of Scotland, in the 
 county of Inverness, at the extremity of Loch 
 Lmne, whore that arm of the sea bends to the 
 W. and forms Loch Eil. It is of a triangular 
 figure. It is 64 miles S. W. of Invemesi 
 
 William Henry, a town of Lower Canada, 
 situate at the conflux of the Sorel with the 
 St. Lawrence. It has a Protestant and a Ro- 
 man Catholic church. The principal channel 
 of intercourse with this country and the United 
 States is through this town. It is 40 miles 
 N. E. of Montreal, and 120 S. W. of Quebec. 
 Long. 73. 22. W. lat. 45. 55. N. 
 
 Willi AMSBOROuaii, a town of North Caro- 
 lina, chief of Granville county, with a flourish- 
 ing academy. It has a brisk trade with the 
 back country, and stands on a creek that flows 
 into the Roanoke; 60 miles W. N. W. of Ha- 
 lifax. 
 
 WiLLiAMSDUtto, a town of Virginia, for- 
 merly the capital of that state. The college 
 of William and Mary is fixed here, hut since 
 the removal of the sent of government, this 
 and other public buildings are much decayed. 
 It is situate between two creeksj 60 miles E 
 S- E. of Richmond. Long. 77. 3. W. lat. 37." 
 
 ^r^J'''''*'^'^"''' * *"*" °^ Maryland, in 
 Washington county, seated on the Potomac, 
 at the mouth of Conegochenque Creek; 6 miles 
 S. W. of Ehzabethtown, and 75 N, N. W. ot 
 Washington. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTADT, a Strong seaport of the Ne- 
 therlands, in North Brabant, built by Wil- 
 liam I., prince of Orange, in 1585. It is well 
 built, has a good harbour, and stands on that 
 part of the Meilse called Butterfliet; 15 miles 
 W. N. W. of Breda. Long. 4. 30. E. lat. 51. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTON, a town of Massachusets, in 
 Berkshire county, with a flourishing seminary 
 called William's College, in honour of its libe- 
 ral founder. It is 28 miles N. of Lenox, and 
 140W.N.W. of Boston. Pop. 2153. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTON, a town of North Carolina, 
 chief of Martin county, situate on the Roan- 
 oke ; 24 miles W. of Plymouth, and 55 S. E. 
 of Halifax. 
 
 Willis Isle, a rocky island at the N. end 
 of the island of Southern Georgia. It was 
 discovered in 1775, and contained the nesU 
 of many thousands of shags. Long. 38. 30. 
 W. lat. 54. 0. S. 
 
 WiLLiSAU. a town and bailiwick of Switzer- 
 land, in the canton of Lucem, seated among 
 mountains on the river Wiger; 16 miles W. 
 N. W. of Lucem. 
 
WIL 
 
 U9 
 
 WiLMAKSTiiAND. a town of R,im,V in the 
 government of Finland, iii-ar which an ob.ti- 
 nato battle wo. fought ui 1741, bc-tween 3000 
 Swedes and 10.000 U„i«,i„„,, when the former 
 were obliged at length to yiel.l to superiority of 
 itumber. It i. ,cattd on the S. side of the 
 lake Siuma; 40 miies N. N. W. of VVibunr 
 and 100 N. N. W. of PcterBburg! ^' 
 
 WiLMrNOTON, a maritime dintrict of Nor' i 
 Carolina, comprehending tho counties of Bruns- 
 wick, New Jlanovor, Onslow, Duplin, and Bla. 
 
 o».,!3I^'?v"™.7' ■ *""'" °f North Carolina, 
 chief o New Hanover county, and of the dis- 
 
 lo .L w ."r,.- ^'.'"" •» '^^noi'l^roble trade 
 to the West Indies. It stands on the N. E. 
 branch of Capo Fear River; 34 miles from the 
 •ea. and 90 S. S. W. of Neibern. 1CT744! 
 WiiMiNGTON, a city and seaport of Dela- 
 ware 11, Newcastle county. Here are ten edi- 
 fices tor puthc worship, and the town, with its 
 neighbourhood, is deemed the greatest scat of 
 manufactures m tho United States. Almost 
 the whole of the foreign exports of Delaware 
 
 *7 ..}}''!' P''"-'^- 1' » «tunt« on the N. 
 •ido of Christiana Cre.-k; 2 miles W. of the 
 
 pZ ^^lT"i' ""Vi" ^- W- °f Philadelphia. 
 Pop. )M67. Long. 75. 40. W, lat, 39. 431 N, 
 W11.NA, a government of Russia, comprising 
 „,! ;o?l!n °' I^'thuania, and containing an 
 area ot .300 square miles, with about 1,000.000 
 of mhubitanU. ' 
 
 WiLNA, a town of Russia, capital of the fore- 
 going government, and a bishop's see, with a 
 university, an ancient castle, and a royal palace. 
 It stands on several little eminences, and has 
 two considerable suburbs, called Antokollo and 
 KudHiska. Here are upwards of 40 churches, 
 and the raagnihcent one belonging to the cnstle 
 has a very rich treasury. In 1748 a dreadful 
 conflagration destroyed 13 churches, and in 1749 
 another fire ha,.pened by lightning, which con- 
 sumed 6 churches: besides these, the Jewish 
 synagogue, the council-house, 33 palaces, nu- 
 merous stone edifices, and other buildings were 
 destroyed. The churches have been rebuilt 
 and some of them in a more elegant manner 
 than before; birt the city has not recovered i'a 
 ^rmer grandeur. Wilna was taken by the 
 Rassians in 1794, and, with its territory, an- 
 nexed to that empire. The French took pos- 
 session of It in iai2, but evacuated it the same 
 year. It is seatetl on the Vilia ; 180 miles E. 
 ofKonigsberg, and 240 N. E. of Warsaw. Pop. 
 54,499. Long. 25. 28. E. lat. 54. 41. N. 
 
 WiLSDORF, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, 
 near which the Saxons were defeated by the 
 Prussians in 1745. It is 9 miles W. of Dres- 
 den. 
 
 WiLSNACH. a town of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg; 14 miles N. W. of Havelberg. 
 
 WiLsowiTZ, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Moravia; 15 miles E. N. E. of Hradisch. 
 
 Wilton, a borough in Wilt-shire^ niarket on 
 Wednesday, and a manufacture of carpets and 
 thin woollen stuffs. It returns one member to 
 parliament. It was formerly the capital of the 
 county, but is now much reduced. Here ia 
 
 WIN 
 
 Wilton House, the magnificent sent 01 the earl 
 of 1 embroko, in whicli is a celebrated coliwlion 
 of antiques. Wilton is seated between the 
 rirers Willy and Nadder; 3 miles W. by N. of 
 Salisbury, and 05 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Wiltshire, a county of England, S3 milea 
 long, and 38 broad; Imunded on tho E. by 
 Berkshire and Hum/>»hiri-, S. by Hampshire 
 and Dorsetshire, W. by Somersetshire, and 
 N. W. and N. by GlouctHtershire. It contains 
 869,620 acres, is divided into 29 hundreds and 
 804 parishes, and sends 4 members to parlia- 
 ment for the N. and S. divisions of the county. 
 The air is i«harp on tho hills in winter, but ia 
 mild during that season in the vales. The 
 land in the N. parts is generally hilly and 
 woody, but aftbrds excellent pasture for cattle; 
 and here is made the N. Wiltshire cheese, so 
 much esteemed. In the S. the soil is rich and 
 fertile ; in the middle it chiefly consists of 
 downs, that afford tho best pasture for sheep ; 
 and in the valleys, which divide the downs, are 
 corn fields and rich meadows. Its principal 
 commodities are sheep, wool, wood, and stone; 
 of this last there are excellent quarries on the 
 banks of the Nadder, where some of the stones 
 are 23 yards in length, and four in thickness, 
 without a flaw. Tho chief manufactures are 
 the different branches oL tho clothing trade. 
 The principal rivers are the Upper and Lower 
 Avon, the Nadder, Willy, Bourn, and Kennet. 
 Salisbury is the capital. 
 
 WiMBLGDON, a village in Surrey, on an ele- 
 vated heath, 7 miles S. W. of London. On the 
 S. W. angle of the common is a circular en- 
 campnent, including seven acres; the trench 
 very deep and perfect. 
 
 WiMBOHNE, or WiMBORNE MiNSTER, a tOWn 
 
 in Dorsetshire, rith a market on Friday. It 
 had n monastery, in which were interred the 
 W. Saxon kings Ethelred and Sigeforth, and 
 queen Ethelburga. Its noble church, called the 
 Minster, was formerly collegiate. The town is 
 seated between the Stour and Allen; 6 miles 
 N. of Poole, and 100 S. W. of London. 
 
 WiMMis, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Bern, seated on the Sibnen. It is 18 
 miles S. of Bern. 
 
 WiMPFEN, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, consisting properly of two towns, 
 called Wimpfen on the Hill, and Wimpfen in 
 the Vale. A salt- work was established here in 
 17C1. It is seated on the Neckar; 8 miles N. 
 of Heilbron, and 22 E. of Heidelberg. 
 
 WiNCAUMON, or WiNCANTON, a town in So- 
 mersetshire, with a market on Wednesday, and 
 manufactures of ticking, dow'as, serges, &c., 
 and a considerable trade in cheese. It is 24 
 miles S. of Bath, and 108 W. by S. of London. 
 
 WiNciicoMB, a town in Gloucestershire, with 
 a market on Saturday. K "hs formerly noted 
 for its abbey, whose mitred abbot sat in parlia- 
 ment. Near the town is the ruin of Sudeley 
 I'riri ' •■■"••• • '"^"^r'nc i.aj:r, qufcn 01 tienrj 
 VIII., and afterwards wife to Sir Thomas Sey- 
 mour, died in childbed, not without suspicion 
 of poison. It is IS miles N. E. of Gloucestai 
 and 99 N. N. W. of London. 
 
WIN 
 
 760 
 
 WIN 
 
 WiKCHBLSEA, It town in SuiMx, an append- 
 age to tho cinqiie port*, market on .Si«turilny. 
 It ia watexl on h rocky clitf, on iin inlet of the ten ; 
 4 miles S. W. of Hye, iiriil ()4 S. K. of London. 
 WiNtllKstTKR, n city in llitnipsliire, governed 
 by a miiyor, with niiirketii on Weclnewlay und 
 Saturday. It Bundit two inonihurs to parliament. 
 It i» one miln and a half in circumfurunce, nnd 
 hai eight churches, bemdes the ctithedrul, in 
 which wore interred sevcml 8axon kings nnd 
 queens, whose hones were collected by bishop 
 Fox, put into six small gilded cottins, and placed 
 on u wall in the S. side of the choir. In this 
 cathedral is tho mnrhio coffin of William Rufus. 
 There are also several meeting-houses for di»- 
 aenters, nnd a liomnn Catholic chapel. On a 
 fine eminence, overlooking the city, stood tho 
 castle, which was taken from Charles I., and 
 afterwards demolished, except tlic magnificent 
 hall, in which the assizes are now held. Near 
 the site of this castle is tho shell of a palace 
 built by Charles II., but never finished: some 
 years since, a part of it was fitted up for tho 
 reception of prisoners of war. In tho vicinity 
 is tit. Mary's College, founded by William of 
 Wykehnm, for a warden, 70 scholars, 10 fel- 
 lows, &.C., with exhibitions for New College, 
 Oxford; and contiguous to it is a spacious 
 quadrangular edifice f^r commoners or gentle- 
 men not on the foundation. At the S. end of 
 tho city is tho hospital of St. Cross, founded by 
 a bishop of this see, for a master, nine poor 
 brethren, nnd four out- pensioners. All travel- 
 lers who call at this hospital have a right to do- 
 nnind some bread nnd beer, which is always 
 brought to them. Near the E. gato of the city 
 is tit. John's hospital, in the hall of which the 
 corporation give their entertainments. Win- 
 chester WHS of great note in the time of the 
 Saxons, and here Egbert was crowned the first 
 sole monarch of England. Here Henry II. 
 held a jmrliament, king John resided, Henry 
 III. was born, Richard II. held a parliament, 
 and Henry I V. was married, as wiui also Mary 
 I. Winchester is seated on tho river Itchen, 
 which ia navigable hence to Southampton ; 21 
 miles N. W. of Chichester, and 62 W. by N, 
 of London. Long. 1. 12. W. lat. 51. 4. N. 
 
 Winchester, a town of Virginia, capital of 
 Frederick county. It has edifices for public wor- 
 ship. It is 70 m'iles W. N. W. of Washington. 
 Pop. 3454. Long. 78. 34. E. lat. 39. 15. N. 
 WiNDAU, a seaport of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Courland, with a castle. The exports 
 are pitch, tar, wax, &c., and some ships are 
 built here. It stands at the mouth of a river 
 of the same name, in the Baltic ; 76 miles 
 N. W. of Mittau, and 100 N. by E. of Memel. 
 Pop. 1000. Long. 21. 50. E. lat. 57. 15. N. 
 
 WlNDKRMEUE, Or WiNANDBRMERE, the fflOSt 
 
 extensive lake in England, lying between 
 Westmoreland and Lancashire. It extends 15 
 miles from N. to S., but is not more than a 
 mile broad. It is famous for its fine char, and 
 abundance of trout, perrih, nike^ and eeL Its 
 principal feeders are the rivers Rothay and 
 Brathay, and its outlet the river Leven. This 
 lake is intersected by several promontories, and 
 
 spotted with islands. Among these, the Holme, 
 or (Jreat island, an oblong tract of 30 acres, 
 cromes the hike in a diagonal lino, surrounded 
 by a number of inferior isles, finely woodetl. 
 
 Windham, n town of Connecticut, in a 
 county of its name, seated on tho Shelncket, 
 31 miles E. of Hartford. l'oj>. of the county, 
 '2ll,(m(»j of the town, ;»l);»2. 
 
 WiNDLKNUKN, a town of the kingdom of 
 Wirtimburg, mated on the Lauteri 12 miles 
 S. E. of Stutgard. 
 
 Wi.NiwnACii, a town and castle of Germany, 
 in tho district of Anspach, on the UcdnitJt; 10 
 mill's S. E. of Anspach. 
 
 WiNDSiiKiM, a town of Qcrmany, In Ba- 
 varia, Murrounded with ramparts which serve 
 for a promenade. It is seated on tlio Aisch; 
 30 miles S. E. of Wnrtuburg, and 32 S. S. W. 
 of Hamberg. Top. 4.S00. 
 
 Windsor, a borough in Berkshire, seated on 
 an eminence, on the 'i'hnmes, with a market on 
 Saturday. It has been a royal demesne ever 
 since tho time of William the Conqueror, who 
 received it from the hands of the abbot of 
 Westminster, in exchange for lands in Essex. 
 Tho picturesfjue beauty of its scenery, its noble 
 forest, and the interesting historical associa- 
 tions connected with tho vicinity, all combine 
 to confer upon it peculiar attractions ; but it 
 owes its chief celebrity to its magnificent cnstle, 
 the favourite residence of a long line of kings. 
 This cnatic stands upon a high hill, which rises 
 from the town by a gentle ascent; and its fine 
 terrace, faced with a rampart of free-stone, 
 11)70 feet in length, is one of the noblest walks 
 in Europe, with respect to strength, grandeur, 
 nnil prospects. It was built originally by 
 William the Conqueror, nnd enlarged by Henry 
 
 I. Edward HI. (who was born in it) caused 
 the greater part of the edifice to be taken down 
 and rebuilt in its present form. Great addi- 
 tions were made to it by Edward IV., Henry 
 Vll., Henry VIII., and Elizabeth. Charles 
 
 II. enlarged the windows and made them regu- 
 lar, furnished the royal apartments with paint- 
 ings, enlarged the terrace walk on the N. siile, 
 and carried it round the E. and S. sides. Afler 
 the accession of the illustrious House of Bruns- 
 wick, and in particular during the reign of 
 Georgo III., splendid improvements were 
 made ; and under his late majesty George 
 IV. it assumed its present grand and magni- 
 ficent appearance. It has undergone many 
 improvements by William IV., and her pre- 
 sent majesty. The castle is divided into two 
 large courts, separated from each other by the 
 round tower, allotted for the residence of the 
 governor. On the N. side of the upper court 
 are the state apartments, on the E. the private 
 apartments of his late majesty, and on the S. 
 the suite of rooms set apart for the officers of 
 state. In the centre of the court is an eques- 
 trian statue of Charles II. The royal apart- 
 ments are adorned with a splendid collection 
 of '^aiutin'^ chicflv formed bv his l^te ms^sstv 
 and the royal chapel is embellished with a va- 
 riety of auperb carvings, by the celebrated Gib- 
 bons. In the lower word of the castle is St. 
 
WIN 
 
 751 
 
 WIN 
 
 Oeorgc'a chapsl, nil elogmtt and liighlv finUh«U 
 ■tnicturo, oi pointed urchitecture, boKuii hy 
 Edward III. in 1437, in honour of the ordor of 
 thu gartvr. Kdwurd IV. onliirKwl tlio dcnign, 
 nnd it was conipk'toil iir\d onilielliiiliud oh it is 
 now KHin, during the rtiyn of Henry VIII. 
 The interior iirchittcturo is greatly ndmirod, 
 particularly its slono roof, the whole of which 
 WHS ri'pairud and Iwautitifd in 17.'»(). In this 
 chapel arc interred Henry VI., Edward IV., 
 Henry VI 1 1., nnd his queen Jane Seymour, 
 nnd Charles I.j and here also is the new royal 
 cemetery commenced by ( Jeorgo 1 1 1,, under the 
 direction of the late James Wyatt, the entire 
 dimensions of which are 70 feet long, "ill wide, 
 and U deep. The cemetery has already re- 
 ceived the remains of the princess Amelia, 
 the duchess of ilrunswick, the princess Char- 
 lotte, queen Charlotte, Ucorgo HI., the duke 
 of York, the duke of Kent, George IV., and 
 William IV. Connected with the chapel is 
 the charitable institution of the poor knights of 
 AVindsor, who receive a yearly allowance of 
 about 40/., and blue cloaks embroidered with 
 tlie cross of St. (ieorge. Opposite the S. E. 
 side of tlie castle is a muimion called the 
 Queen's Lodge; and IjcIow thi* is the Lower 
 Lodge, for tlie accommodation of the younger 
 branches of the royal family. Adjoining the 
 Queen's Lodge is the little park, which extends 
 round the E. and N. sides of the castle, nnd 
 forms a beautiful luwn, 4 miles in circumfer- 
 ence. Un the S. side of the town is the great 
 park, which is 1 4 miles in circumference. From 
 that part of the custle called the round tower, 
 the eye embraces one of the most noble and 
 extenaive pro8|)ect8 in England; for not fewer 
 than 12 counties may be discerned with the 
 naked eye; while the landscape presents evciv 
 combination of picturesque beauty. Tii.^ 
 Thames, winding its serene and majestic course 
 amidst green nnd luxuriant foliage, which forms 
 the most agreeable nnd refreshing shade — the 
 vivid gnx'ii, or deeper brown eliades of the 
 forest— hamlets, villas, and bills— all combine 
 to present to the beholder n rural panorama of 
 unrivalled brilliancy nnd cflect. In the in- 
 terior of the tower is n guard-elianiber filled 
 with various kinds of warlike weajions nnd an- 
 cient armour, among which are tlio coats of 
 mail said to have lieen worn by John, king of 
 France, nnd David of Scotland, both of whom 
 are known to have been prisoners in the castle, 
 Windsor is governed by a corporation of 30 
 brethren, 10 of whom are called aldermen, nnd 
 the rest benchers nnd burgesses. From the 
 former of these are annually elected a mayor 
 and justice, and two biulitt's from the latter. It 
 received its first charter from Edward f., and 
 its last from William III. It returns two 
 members to parliament. The parish church is 
 an ancient Uothic edifice, and contains monu- 
 ments of great interest to the unti(iuary. The 
 guildhall is a stately edifice, containing several 
 noble apartments, nnd is deconited chiefly with 
 portraits of the English sovereigns. Here are 
 also many handsome buildings, a free-school, 
 aimihouses, and other charities, &c. It is 17 
 
 ■niius £. by N. of IWding, and 23 W. of Lon- 
 don. Long. 0. .■}«. W. lut. 51. 30. N. 
 
 WiNUHou, a town of Vermont, chief of a 
 county of its name. The assembly (,f tha 
 stato holds its session here and at Rutland 
 alternately. It is seated on thu river Connec- 
 ticut; 40 miles E. by S. of Rutland, and 70 
 N. E. of Itennington. Pop. '2744 ; of the 
 county, 40,3.')(J. Lung. T2. 40. W. lat. 43. 
 •27. N. 
 
 Wi.NDsoR, n town of Connecticut, in Hart- 
 ford county, on the river Connecticut; 7 niilea 
 N. of Hartford. Top. 'J3U;i. 
 
 Wi.NDSoii, a town of North Carolina, chief of 
 llertie county, situate on the Cushui; '23 milM 
 W. by S. of Edenton. 
 
 VViNiisoK, a town of Now South Wales, near 
 the Hawketbury river, it has a handsome 
 church. 34 miles from Sydney 
 
 Wi.NDsoa, a town of Nova Scotia, with a 
 college, founded by royal charter in 1U02. It 
 is seated on a river of the same numo; '25 milea 
 N. W. of Halifax. 
 
 Wi.Nusoii, Nkw, a town of New York, in 
 Ulster county, on the VV. side of the Hudson, 
 just above the high knds ; ti miles N. of West 
 I'oiiit. 
 
 Wi.snsoR F011E.ST, a forest in the E. jrnrt of 
 Berkshiie, 50 miles in circumference. Though 
 the soil is generally barren and uncultivated, it 
 is finely diversified by hills and dales, woods 
 and lawns, and delightful villas. It contains 
 several towns and villages, of which Uiikinghani 
 is the principal. 
 
 Wi.NuwAiiD Islands, such of the Caribbee 
 islands in the West Indies as commence at 
 Murtinico, and extend to Tobago. 
 
 Windward Passacik, the strait between 
 I'oint Maizi, the E. end of the island of Cuba, 
 nnd Cape St. Nicholas, the N. W. extremity of 
 St. Domingo. 
 
 WiNNK.NDKN, n town and castle of Wirtem- 
 berg; 12 miles E. N. E. of Stutgard. 
 
 SVin.mcza, a town of Austrian Poland, with 
 a castle, seated on the river Bog; 35 miles N. 
 of Uracklau. 
 
 Wi.NNii'F.(j, n lake of Upper Canada, N. W. 
 of Lake Superior. It is 240 miles long, and 
 from 50 to 100 broad, nnd exhibits a body of 
 water next in size to Lake Sufierior. It con- 
 tains a number of small islands, receives the 
 waters of several small lakes in every di- 
 rection, and discharges them by the Nel- 
 son und Severn into Hudson's Bay. A very 
 narrow ridge divides its sources from those of 
 the Mississippi. The lands on its banks pro- 
 duce vast quantities of wild rice, and the sugar- 
 maple in great plenty. 
 
 Wm.NsnouoLGii, a town of Souiii Carolina, 
 chief of Fairfield county, with a seminary called 
 Mount Zion College. It stands on VVuteree 
 Creek, which flows into the river of that name; 
 30 miles N. by VV. of Columbia. 
 
 WiNsciiOTE.N, a fortified town of the Nether- 
 lands, in Groningen. Here, in 156U, was fought 
 the first battle between the revolted Dutch and 
 the Spaniards, who were defeated by Lewis, 
 brother to the prince of Orange. It is 6 milet) 
 
■ ■■■■i Wfim ..«% < 
 
 WIN 
 
 rsa 
 
 WIT 
 
 S. of Dolbart Bay, and 19 E. S. E. of Gro- 
 ningcn. 
 
 WiNSBN, a town of Hanover, with a castle, 
 seated on the Kuhe, near its confluence with 
 the Ilmenau; 15 miles N. W. of Lunenburg. 
 — Another, seated on the Aller; 6 miles below 
 Zell, and 47 S. S. W. of Lunenburg. 
 
 WiNSLow, u town in Buckinghamshire, with 
 a market on Tuesday; 7 miles N. W. of Ayles- 
 bury, and 49 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 WiNSLow, a town of the state of Maine, in 
 lancoln county, seated on the Kennebec ; 18 
 miles N. of Harrington. 
 
 WiNSTER, a town in Derbyshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday. It is situate among rich 
 lead mines; 26 miles N. N. W. of Derby. 
 
 WiNTERBKRO, a town of Bohemia, with a 
 celebrated glass manufactory; 77 miles S. by 
 W. of Pryne, 
 
 WiNTERTHUR, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Zurich, where there are mineral 
 baths. The articles made here by the smiths 
 and turners are in great estimation ; and it has 
 manufactures of earthenware, striped camlets, 
 and cotton. It is seated in a fertile plain, on 
 the river Alach ; 12 miles £. N. £. of 
 Zurich. 
 
 WiNTERTON, a village on the E. coast of 
 Norfolk, near a prombntory called Winterton- 
 ness, on which is a lighthouse ; 8 miles N. by 
 W. of Yarmouth. 
 
 WiNTHRop, a town of Maine, in Kennebec 
 county ; 10 miles W. by S. of Harrington. 
 
 WiNTON, a town of North Carolina, chief of 
 Hartford county, situate on the Chowan ; 12 
 miles S. S. E. of Murfreesborough, and 30 N. 
 W. of Edenton. 
 
 WiNWEiLER, a town of Germany, capital of 
 the county of Falkenstein ; 24 miles W. S. W, 
 of Worms, and 27 N. E. of Deux Fonts. 
 
 WippERFURT, a town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 vince of Cleves and Berg, seated on the Wip- 
 per ; 30 miles E. S. E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 
 4800. 
 
 WippRA, a town of Prussian Saxony; 10 
 miles W. N. W. of Eisleben. 
 
 WiRKswouTH, a town in Derbyshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday. Lead ore is found in 
 great abundance in the vicinity, and it is the 
 greatest mart for lead in England. Millstones 
 and grindstones are also found in the neigh- 
 bourhood, as well as veins of antimony. It is 
 seated in a valley, surrounded by hills, near 
 the source of the Ecclesborn ; 1 3 miles N. by W. 
 of Derby, and 140 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 WiRTEMBERO, or WuRTEMBURO, a kingdom 
 of Germany, bounded E. by Bavaria and W. by 
 badun, and comprising an area of 8000 square 
 miles, with 1,. 580,000 inhabitants. It is one of 
 the most populous and fertile countries in Ger- 
 many, though there are many mountains and 
 woods. It produces plenty of pasture, corn, 
 fruit, and a great deal of Neckar wine — so 
 called from tho river Neckar, which runs 
 through the kingdom. There are also mines 
 and salt springs, and much game. This coun- 
 try was erected into n kingdom by Napoleon, 
 in 1U05 ; and he made cansiderable additions 
 
 to it by the territories taken from Austria. In 
 1813 the allies, having engaged to preserve the 
 king in his various acquisitions, received his 
 support in the invasion of France. Stutgard is 
 the capital. 
 
 WiSDADEN, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau. It has some warm baths of great 
 repute; 6 miles N. of Mentz, and 22 W. of 
 Frankfort. Pop. 3500, 
 
 ■ WisDEACH, a town in Cambridgeshire, with 
 a market on Saturday. The parish church is a 
 spacious edifice, and here are, besides, four 
 meeting-houses for dissenters, a free-school, 
 two charity schools, &c. The town is seated 
 in the Isle of Ely, between two rivers, and has 
 a considerable trade in com, and oil pressed 
 from seeds at mills in its neighbourhood. It is 
 34 miles N. N. W. of Cambridge, and 89 N. of 
 London. 
 
 WiSBY, a seaport of Sweden, capital of the 
 isle of Gothland, with a castle. It is seated on 
 the side of a rock, on the Baltic; 120 miles S. 
 by E. of Stockholm. Long. 18. 41. E. lat. 57. 
 36. N. Pop. 400. 
 
 WiscASSET, a seaport of Maine, capital of 
 Lincoln county, which has a considerable trade. 
 The judicial courts for the county are held here 
 and at Harrington alternately. It is seated on 
 the Sheepscut, near the sea; 56 miles N. £. of 
 Portland. Pop. 2314. Long. 69. 45, W. lat. 
 43. 57. N. 
 
 WisMAR, a strong seaport of Germany, in 
 the duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin, with a 
 citadel. It has suffered frequently by war, and 
 in 1716 it was taken by the northern confeder- 
 ates, who blew up and razed its former fortifi- 
 cations. The three principal churches, the 
 town-house, and the palace of Mecklenburg, 
 are its most remarkable buildings. It is seated 
 on a bay of the Baltic; 30 miles E. by N. of 
 Lubec, and 33 W. S. W. of Rostock. Pop. 
 6700. Long. 1 1. 34. E. lat. S3. 56. N. 
 
 WiSTON, or WmsTON, a town of Wales, in 
 Pembrokeshire, governed by a mayor, with a 
 market on Wednesday. It had formerly a cas- 
 tle, which Is now a gentleman's seat ; 6 miles 
 E. N. E. of Haverford-West, and 248 W. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 WiTGENAU, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Becliin, on the river Lausnitz; 14 miles E. of 
 Budweis. 
 
 WiTGENSTEiN, a castlc of Germany, which 
 gives name to a small county belonging to 
 Hesse- Darmstadt. It stands on a high rock ; 
 13 miles N. W. of Marburg. 
 
 WiTHAM, a river in Lincolnshire, which 
 flows N. by Grantham to Lincoln, and thence 
 S. E. to Tattersliall and Boston into the Ger- 
 man Ocean. From Lincohi it has a communi- 
 cation with the Trent, by a navigable canal, 
 called the Fossdike, cut by king Henry I. 
 
 WiTHAM, a town In Essex, with a market on 
 Thursday, seated on a rivulet, near its conflu- 
 ence with the Blackwater: 8 miles N. E, of 
 Chelmsford, and 38 K, N. E. of London. 
 
 WiTLiCH, a town of Prussia, in the province 
 of Lower Rhine. It has a castle, called Otten- 
 steln, and in its neighbourhood are many copper- 
 
WIT 
 
 tlie fi ».f Ki 1 ^: "T "® manufactures of 
 the finest blankets, and other thick woollenH 
 called bear-skins and kersevs uLa^T I' 
 
 ouxony with a famous univers ty and a castle 
 The celebrated Martin Luther began thTn^ 
 cZ:^°K ^'^' '" ^^17, and iXieS iJ^ 
 tT\ ''f^''"g'"g to the castle. In 1821 a 
 colo^ statue was erected here to his memory 
 Wittenberg has suffered greatly bv wa« nZ" 
 
 and'SY8"l51t'''^«?r''l^"''™-^ i'e^^^^^ 
 ana m 1813 it was taken by the allies after a 
 
 Short siege. It is seated on the ElbeTover 
 which 18 a bridge; 65 miles N. W. of Dres- 
 den.^ Pop. 5000. Long. 12. 45. E.°Lt fit 
 
 WiTTENBuno, a town of Prussia, in Branden 
 
 tec "'''''''"' ^""^^"-^^^"f 
 WirrENBURG, a town of Germany, in Meek- 
 
 lenburg; 15 miles W. S. W. of Schwerin 
 WiTTENSTEiv, a town of Russia, in the 
 
 g^veniment of Livonia; 40 miles S.E. of 
 
 WiTTLESET-MERE, a lake in the N. E. part 
 of Huntingdonshire; 6 miles long, and 3 broad. 
 It 18 4 miles S. of Peterborough 
 
 H^r'"'".''"'''*' ," ^^^ °f Cfermany, in 
 
 iyTof"^:ir^'°""'^^"™'^«-'-E- 
 
 WivELiscoMB,n town in Somersetshire, with 
 a market on Saturday, and a considerable 
 manufac ure of blanketing, kerseys, and Xr 
 coarse cloths. It stands on the Thone 20 
 Londo^* "' ^''''^^'' *"'' ^^3 W. by S. of 
 
 Coin; 3 miles S. E. of Colchester, of which it 
 
 « the port. The Colchester oyste« arrchiefly 
 
 barrelled at this place. s ' 
 
 WwDiSLAw, a town of Poland, capital of a 
 
 S^aT" >f ''^ ""'""' ■■'"'• °f ^he prUvTnce of 
 Cujav la, with a fort. It stands on the Vistula- 
 
 e"£12!^54V'-°'^''^"'^- ^''"«-^«-^^' 
 
 WoAHOo, one of the Sandwich islands- 7 
 
 leagues N W. of Morotoi. From the appoar- 
 
 tinest island of the group. A bay is formed by 
 lilrH^^ !y- ^"V'^'^'ties, into' which a fine 
 nver flows, through a deep valley; but the 
 
 tr^nl" u""'^'"^ *"' 2«0 yards frmn the en 
 ,-nK„hv : w supposed to contain 60.000 
 
 ^ov^.^r-CaptaCi'^an^cHiv^^h^;:^':^ 
 TnT^ discovery, was here surprised and 
 murdered by the natives, together with Mr 
 
 763 
 
 WOL 
 
 Gooch. the Mtronomer. Lo»g. 157. 51. w. lat. 
 on the Bite of wWch stand. ?h?"^"*".^'^^' 
 
 Bed^ard, and 42 N. N. W. of London °^ 
 
 Bia|rixrs"oi?£r^'^°-^° 
 
 SoS^HoT^h" ^^ "^'^ Netherlands, in 
 
 «hi^°on\e%^"'7' % f^^' '" Somerset. 
 
 S w" of Wells 'hL?-' ^;"''P «'"«' 2 
 called WokPv H I ■ .^ " " *«'"°"» «aveni, 
 
 cLs vauftn 1\* ^'"'J ?^J'""''^ intoasp^ 
 tious vault, 80 feet m he ght, the roof omn 
 
 posed of pendent rocks, whence a cle«wl°er' 
 
 thi! r!"!*^'"^ 1"°'"^' continually drops. From 
 
 Woking a village in Surrey, on the river 
 Wey; 5 miles N. N. E. of Guildford, n^rThf 
 
 Wokingham, or OAKiNnRK. „ 
 town in Berkshire, wShrmTket on tS? 
 noted for ita great supply of poultry. Here aM 
 the courts for Windsor Forest are held and 
 4 miles to the S. E. are vmtiZo If' ' 
 
 a fine cast e, many handsome buildinra and « 
 
 WoLBECK, a town of the Pnissian states in 
 
 of&urgNT.:;^.^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 yVoLFENBurrEL, a principality of Germnnv 
 which constitutes parf of th'e dLy of Zl' 
 witk. It 18 divided into two parts bv the 
 
 the northern borders on the duchies of T .n,^!.* 
 burg and Magdeburg; the souther^ies Mw^n 
 the prmcipality of HildoKheim ♦!'! -hL "* 
 j^orvey, and the county of "We^nigLre Th"i 
 N part produces abundance of^S"' J^J^ 
 
 truit. The S. port u hilly, and has little arahU 
 
 8C 
 
WOL 
 
 7S4 
 
 WOO 
 
 hnA, but yields plenty of timber and iron, and 
 ha* manuioctures of gings and fine porcelain, 
 with a very rich mine and Bait works in the 
 Hartz Forest. The principal rivers are the 
 Weser, Lcine, and Ocker. The established 
 leligioD is the Lutheran. 
 
 WoLFKNBUTTBX, a Strong city of Germany, 
 capital of the foregoing principality. It lias a 
 castle, formerly the residence of the dukes, in 
 which is an excellent library, with a cabinet of 
 curiosities relating to natuml history. In the 
 principal church is the burial-place of the 
 princes, which is an admirable piece of archi- 
 tecture. Wolfenbuttcl is seated in a marshy 
 ■oil, on the Ocker; 7 miles S. by W. of Bnms- 
 wick, and 30 W. of Halberstadt. Pop. 6700. 
 Long. 10. 45. £. Int. 52. 10. N. 
 
 WoLFEBSDiKB, a Small island of the Nether- 
 lands, in Zealand, between N. and S. Bevuland. 
 
 WoLFSBERO, a tuwn of Austrian lUyrin, in 
 Carinthis, with a castle, seated on the Levant, 
 at the foot of a mountain ( 26 miles E. N. E. 
 of Clagcnfurt. 
 
 W01.0A. See VoLOA. 
 
 WoLOAST, a seaport of Prussia, in Pome- 
 nnia, with one of the best harbours on the 
 Baltic Only the tower of its ancient castle is 
 now standing. It is seated on the Peene, or 
 W. channel of the Oder; 64 miles N. W, of 
 Stettin. Fop. 4000. Long. 13. 52. £. lat. 
 64. 4. N. 
 
 WoLKENSTEiN, a town of Saxony, in the 
 circle of Erzgeberg, with a castle on a rock, 
 seated near the Zschopa ; 15 miles S. S. £. of 
 Chemnitz. 
 
 WoLKOHYSK, a town of Prussia, in the go- 
 vernment of Grodno, seated on the Ros; 23 
 miles S. £. of Grodno. 
 
 WoiLiN, a fortified town of Pomernnia, ca- 
 pital of a fertile island of the same name, be- 
 tween the two eastern branches of the Oder, 
 It is seated on the Diwcnow; 12 miles S. W. 
 of Camin, and 30 N, of Stettin. Long. 14. 
 40. £. lat. 53. 50. N. 
 
 VVoLMiBSTADT, a town of Prussian Saxony, 
 in Magdeburg, on the river Ohra; 10 miles N. 
 of Magdeburg. 
 
 WoLOCZoK, a town of Russia, in the govevn- 
 ment of Novogorod; 100 miles S. E. of iNovo- 
 gorod. Long. 34. 20. E. lat. 67. 30. N. 
 
 WoLSiNGUAM, a town in the county of Dur- 
 ham, with a market on Tuesday, situate on the 
 Wear, amid mines of lead and coal; 10 miles 
 W. of Durham, and 257 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Wolverhampton, a borough in Stafford- 
 shire, with a market on Wednesday. It returns 
 two members to parliament. It has a colle- 
 giate church, annexed to the deanery of Wind- 
 sor, two other churches of modem erection, and 
 several meeting-houses for dissenters, and one 
 for Catholics. It is a town of considerable an- 
 tiquity, and is seated in a district abounding in 
 coal, iron, and limestone, and has long been 
 celebrated for the manufacture of locks, which 
 is carried on to a great extent, and also manu- 
 frctures of various kinds of iron, brass, steel, 
 and tin goods, japanned and paper wares, &c 
 The town it well lighted with gits, and has 
 
 within the last few years undergone considerable 
 improvements in other respects. It Is seated 
 on a hill, nearly encompassed by canals; 16 
 miles S. of Stafford, and 122 N. W. of Lon 
 don. 
 
 WoMELDonF, s town of Pennsylvania, in 
 Berks coun-y ; 68 miles N. W. of Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 WooDDRiDGu, a town in Suffolk, with a 
 market on Wt-Unesday, seated on the £. sido 
 of a sandy hill on the river Deben ; 8 miles 
 flrom the sea. It has docks for building Bliii)s, 
 convenient wharis, and a great corn trade ; 7 
 miles E. N. E. of Ipswich, and 77 N. E. of 
 London. 
 
 WoODBRiDGE, a town of New Jersey, in Mid- 
 dlesex county; 3 miles N. by W. of Amboy. 
 Pop. 3969. 
 
 Woodbury, a town of New Jersey, chief of 
 Gloucester county, situate near the Delaware; 
 9 miles S. of Philadelphia. 
 
 WooDCHESTKR, a village in Gloucestershire, 
 2 miles S. of F'-oud. It has a broad-cloth and 
 asilkmanufac-ure. A great tessellated pave- 
 ment and other splendid Roman antiquities 
 have been discovered here. 
 
 Woods, Lake of the, a Iak.3 of North Ame- 
 rica, 90 miles long, and 30 where broadest, but 
 very irregular in its shape. It lies between tho 
 Winnipeg and Lake Superior, chiefly in Upper 
 Canada, but the S. part is in the territory of tlie 
 United States. Tho lands on its banks are 
 covered with oaks, pines, firs, &c. 
 
 Woodstock, a borough in Oxfordshire, mar- 
 ket on Tuesday and Friday. It is chiefly noted 
 for Blenheim-house, built at the expense of the 
 nation for the duke of Marlborough, in memory 
 of his signal victory over the French and Bava- 
 rians in 1704. In Blenheim park originally 
 stood a royal palace, the favourite retreat of 
 several kings of England till the reign of Charles 
 I., when it was almost wholly in ruins. In this 
 palace If ing Ethelred held a parliament, and 
 here Alfred the Great translated Boetius do 
 Consolatione Philosophise. It was beautified 
 by Henry I., became the residence of Ilosa- 
 mond, mistress of Henry II.; Edmund, second 
 son of Edward I., and Edward, eldest son of 
 Edward III., were born here; and here the 
 princess Elizabeth was confined by her sister 
 Mary. After the building of Blenheim every 
 trace of the ancient edifice was removed, and 
 two elms were planted on its site. Woodstock 
 has a manufacture of gloves, and of steel watch- 
 chains. The poet Chaucer was lx)rn, live<l, 
 and died here. It is 8 miles N. W. of Oxford, 
 and 62 W. N. W, of London. 
 
 Woodstock, a town of Virginia, chief of 
 Shenandoah county, on a branch of Shenandoah 
 River; 24 miles S. S. W. of Winchester, and 
 80 W. N. W, of Alexandria. 
 
 Woodstock, a town of Vermont, capital of 
 Windsor county ; seated on the Waterqueecliy; 
 14 miles N. W. of Windsor. Pop. 3316. 
 
 iir ,. _ A^_._ .-f XTn.*. ffv-om' in fia- 
 
 lem county; 12 miles N. by E. of Salem, and 
 26 S. S. W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 WooLER, a town in Northumberland, with a 
 
woo 
 
 755 
 
 
 tnarkett)!! Thuraday. In a plain near this 
 town the Scota were defeated on Holyrood day 
 1 :02, and the battle was so bloody, that it gave 
 ttie name of Redriggs to the place where it was 
 fought. Wooler is seated on the river Till 
 near the Cheviot Hills; 14 miles S. of Ber- 
 wick, and 317 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Woolwich, a town of Kent, with a market 
 on J) nday. It is the most ancient military and 
 naval arsenal in EngUnd, and has a royal dock- 
 yard, where men-of-war were built as early as 
 the reign of Henry VIII. At the eastern jpart 
 or the town IS the royal arsenal, in which are 
 vast magazines of great guns, mortars, bombs, 
 baUs, powder, and other warlike stores; afoun- 
 diy, with three furnaces, for casting ordnance: 
 and a laboratory, where fireworks and cartridges 
 are made, and bombs, carcases, grenodoes, &c., 
 charged for the public service. A little to the 
 b. ot the arsenal are extensive artillery bar- 
 lacks, for the accommodation of the officers and 
 privates; and a little further S. a royal military 
 academy, where the mathematics are taught, 
 and cadets instructed in the military art. The 
 parish church is a spacious brick edifice, the 
 1 iterior of which is elegantly fitted up in the 
 Urecian style. Here are also not fewer than 
 ji 2 meeting-houses for the several denominations 
 of dissenters. Woolwich is seated on the 
 Thames, which is here so deep that laree ships 
 may at all times ride with salety. It is 8 miles 
 £. of London. 
 
 WoKcESTKB, a town of Massachusets, capi- 
 tal of a county of its name, and the largest in- 
 land town of New England. It has manufeo- 
 turM of pot and pearl-ash, cotton and linen 
 goods, and some other articles. It is situate in 
 a healthy vale ; 45 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 Pop. 4797. Long. 71. 55. W. lat, 42. 20. N. 
 Worcester, one of the most ancient and 
 
 WOR 
 
 -J v» i,iiv uivob autjiicilb ttllU 
 
 rMpectable cities of England; the capital of 
 Worcestershire, and a bishop's see, with mar- 
 kets on Wednesday and Saturdiy. It contains 
 eleven churches, besides the cathedral, also a 
 number of meeting-houses for various sectaries, 
 bn well as Roman Catholics. Edgar's Tower, a 
 strong portal, is part of its ancient cat 'e; hera 
 are also three grammar-schools, seven hospitals, 
 a public infirmary, and a well-contrived quay. 
 Worcester is governed by a mayor, carries on a 
 considerable trade in hops, carpets, and gloves, 
 las a lai;ge manufiicture of elegant china-ware, 
 manufactures of fine lace, an extensive iron- 
 foundry, distillery, &c. It returns two mem- 
 bers to pariiament. Here Cromwell, in 1651, 
 obtained a victory over the Scotch army which 
 nua marched into England to reinstate Charles 
 11^ who, after this defeat, escaped with great 
 dithculty mto France. Worcester is seated on 
 the Severn ; 36 miles N. N. E. of Bristol, and 
 
 lat. 5?9 N ^°"*' ^- ^' ^• 
 
 WoRCKSTBRSHiBE, a county of England, 44 
 miles long, and 24 broad ; bounded on the N. 
 ~_. ^i.iT-|..„.„„ n-m tjtaiiurusnjro, i!i, DV War- 
 wickshtte S. E. and 8. by Gloucestershire, and 
 w. by Herefordshire. It contains 431,360 
 acres, is divided into five hundreds mid 152 
 
 parishes, and sends four members to parliament 
 for the eastern and western divisions of the 
 county, riie soil in the vales and meadows is 
 veiy rich, particularly the vale of Evesham, 
 which IS styled the graimry of these parts. The 
 hills have generally an easy ascent, except the 
 Malvem Hills in the S. W. part of the county, 
 which feed lai^e flocks of sheep. The other 
 il xi"'® "** Licky, near Bromsgrove, towards 
 Hio N., and the Bredon Hills, towards the S. 
 E. Here are plenty of fruits of most sorts, 
 especially pears, which are in many places 
 found growing in the hedges. The commerce 
 and manufactures are considerable. The chief 
 exports are coal, corn, hops, cloth, cheese, ci- 
 der, perry, and salt. The principal rivers are 
 the Severn, Teme, and Avon. 
 
 WoacuM, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 oouth Holland, seated on the S. side of the 
 Meuse, just below the influx of the Waal ; 8 
 miles N. N. W. of Heusdon. 
 
 WoacuM, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Fnesland ; 18 miles S. W. of Lewarden. 
 
 WoEDiNOBow}, a seaport of Denmark, on the 
 S. coast of the island of Zealand, from which 
 there is a much-frequented passage to the islands 
 lalster and Laland. It is 46 miles S. S. W. of 
 Copenhagen. Long. 1 1, 60. E. lat. 65. 3. N. 
 
 vyoKKiNOTON, a seaport in Cumberland, witli 
 markets on Wednesday and Saturday, seated at 
 the mouth of the Derwent, on the const of the 
 Insh Sea. The river admits vessels of 400 tons 
 burden, and the harbour is commodious. Hero 
 are two churches belonging to the Establish- 
 ment, and several nieeting-liouses for dissenters. 
 This was the landing-pkce of Mary queen of 
 Scota, when she was driven to take refuge iii 
 England. In the neighbourhood are a large 
 iron-foundry, some saltrworks, and numerous 
 collienes. The principal manufactures are can- 
 vas and cordage, but the coal trade is ita chief 
 support It is 7 miles W. by S. of Cocker- 
 mouth, and 312 N. N. W. of London. Lonir 
 3. 27. W. lat. 54. 31. N. '^ 
 
 WoBKSOP, a town in Nottinghamshire, with 
 a market on Wednesday. Here was once an 
 abbey, of which the church still remains. On 
 the W. side of the town is a circular hill, which 
 was the site of a castle, (iuantities of liquorice 
 are grown in ita vicinity. Two miles to the S E 
 is Clumber Park, the seat of the duke of New- 
 castle. The canal from Chesteriield to the 
 Trent passes near this town. It is 22 miles 
 N. W. of Newark, and 146 N. by W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 WoEMS, a city of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, formeriy the capital of a princely bishop- 
 nc of the same name. It is famous for a diet 
 held in 1521, at which Luther assisted in per- 
 son. The cathedral is magnificent, and the 
 principal Lutheran church has a beautiful altar 
 and fine paintings. In the war of 1689 it was 
 taken by the French, who abnost reduced it to 
 ashes. In 1743 a treatv was conolijaoH i,«., 
 
 in 1792 Worms surrendered to the French 
 who were obliged to evacuate it the next year' 
 after the loss of Menu ; but it was again takw 
 
 3C2 
 
WOR 
 
 7S6 
 
 WUR 
 
 by them in 1794, It is seated on the Rhine ; 
 27 miles S. S. W. of MenUs. Pop. 6700. 
 Long. 8. 20. E. iRt. 49. 36. N. 
 » WoHSLEY, a town in Lancashire, celebrated 
 for the itamonse quantity of coal in its vicinity, 
 and for being the place where the duke of 
 Bridgewater first commenced his canal naviga- 
 tion. It is 6 miles N. N. W, of Manchester. 
 
 WoRSTEAD, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, This place is noted for the 
 introduction of that sort of twisted yam called 
 worsted ; and was formerly a place of consider, 
 able trade, thougt now reduced to a mere vil- 
 lage. It is 12 miles N. of Norwichj and 121 
 N. E. of London. 
 
 WoRTHiNO, a town in Sussex, on the coast, 
 11 miles W. of Brighton; like which, it has, 
 from an obscure fishing village, become a fash- 
 ionable watering-place. It is pleasantly seated, 
 and has fine sands, and is much frequented for 
 sea-bathing. It possesses a theatre, good libra- 
 ries, and some spacious hotels, though it cannot 
 bonst of the gaieties and grandeur of its proud 
 neighbour. Tliere is also a considerable fishery 
 off the town; 56 miles from London. 
 
 WoaTHiNGTON, a town of Massachusets, in 
 Hampshire county ; 19 miles W. by N. of 
 Northampton. 
 
 WoTTON Basset, h town 'n Wiltshire, mar- 
 ket on Tu^ay. It is a mean town; 12 miles 
 N. W. of Marlborough, and 88 W. of London. 
 
 Wotton-under-Edoe, a town in Glouces- 
 tershire, governed by a mayor, with a market 
 on Friday, and extensive manufactures of cloth. 
 It is seated under a fertile eminence ; 20 miles 
 N. E. of Bristol, and 109 W. N. W. of Lon. 
 don. 
 
 Wragby, a town in Lincolnshire, with a 
 market on Thursday; 11 miles E. N. E. of 
 Lincoln, and 1 43 N. of London. 
 
 Wrath, Cape, a promontory of Scotland, in 
 Sutherlandshire, which is the N. W. point of 
 Great Britain. Against its rugged and lofty 
 cliffs the rapid tide bursts with incredible fury. 
 Long. 4. 47. W. lat. 58. 34. N. 
 
 Wrekin, a noted hill or mountain in Shrop- 
 shire, 8 miles E. S. E. of Shrewsbury. It was 
 a famous station of the llomans, and its height 
 is reckoned 1200 feet. 
 
 Wrentham a town of Mnssachusets, in 
 Norfolk county , 30 miles S. S. W, of Boston. 
 
 Wrexham, a town of Wales, in Denbigh, 
 shire, with markets on Monday and Thursday. 
 It is a great mart for flannel, and a place of 
 considerable traffic. Here is a large church, a 
 beautiful specimen of the florid Gothic, with a 
 lofty steeple; also two large meeting-houses, 
 and a well endowed free-school. Near Wrex- 
 ham is a foundry for cannon and other articles; 
 and the adjacent country affords plenty of 
 lead. It is seated on a river which flows into 
 the Dee; 13 miles W. by S. of Chester, and 
 180 N. W. of London. Long. 3. 10. W. lat. 
 53. 2. N. 
 
 Wriezen, or Bkibtzem, a town of Trussia, 
 in Brandenburg, situate on a lake formed by 
 the inundations of the Oder; 37 mites E. N. E. 
 ot Berlin. Pop. 3200. 
 
 Wrinoton, a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday. Much teasel is grown in 
 the vicinity, and sold to the cloth manufac- 
 turers. It was the birthplace of the celebrated 
 Locke. It is seated near the source of the 
 Yeo; 10 miles 8. W. of Bristol, and 125 W. 
 of London. 
 
 Wrotham, a town in Kent, with a market 
 four times a year. The church is a large edi- 
 fice, dedicated to St. George, attached to whicii 
 was an archiepiscopal palace, the materials of 
 which were removed to Aylesford. It is 11 
 milef W. N. W. of Maidstone, and 24 S. E. of 
 London. 
 
 Wroxeter, a village in Shropshire, said to 
 have been formerly a city built by the Britons. 
 It appears to have l)ecn surrounded by a thick 
 wall and a deep trench, 3 miles in circuit, which 
 may be traced in several places; 5 miles S. £. 
 of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Wunnenbero, a town of Prussian West, 
 phalia, which received its name fVom a victory 
 gained by Charlemngne over the Saxons in 
 794. It is 14 miles S. of Paderbom. 
 
 Wunsiedel, a town of Bavarian Franconin, 
 near which are mines of copper and iron, and 
 quarries of marble. It is seated on the Ross- 
 lau; 12 miles W. of Egra, and 34 E. of Bay- 
 reuth. Pop. 2600. 
 
 WURTEMDURO. See WlRTEMBERO. 
 
 WuRTZBURG, a district of Bavaria, in the 
 circle of Lower Maine, comprehending i great 
 part of Frnnconia. It is 65 miles long, and 50 
 broad, and is bounded on the N. by Uenne- 
 berg, E. by Bamberg, S. by Anspach, llohen- 
 lohe, and Mcrgentheim, and W. by Wertheim, 
 Mentz, and Fulda. The soil is very fertile, 
 and produces more com and wine than the in- 
 habitants consume. This territory was for- 
 merly a bishopric, and its sovereign was one of 
 the greatest ecclesiastical princes of the empire; 
 but it was given as a principality to the elector 
 of Bavaria in 1803; and by the treaty of Pres- 
 burg, in 1805, it was ceded to the archduke 
 Ferdinand, whose electoral title was transferred 
 from Salzburg to this place. In 1814, how- 
 ever, it was again transferred to Bavaria, in ex- 
 change for the Tyrol, when the archduke Fer- 
 dinand was reinstated in his Tuscan dominions. 
 
 WuRTZBURQ, a fortified city of Bavaria, capi- 
 tal of the circle of Lower Maine, with a magni- 
 ficent palace, a university, an arsenal, and a 
 handsome hospital. The fortress stands on an 
 eminence, and communicates with the city by 
 a stone bridge. Besides the cathedral, there 
 arc several collegiate and parish churches, col- 
 leges, abbeys, and convents. Here is a cannon 
 and bell foundry; also cloth and stuff manu- 
 factures, established in the house of correction. 
 Wurtzburg was taken by the French in 1796, 
 and again in 1800. It is seated on the Maine; 
 40 miles W. S. W. of Bamberg, and 65 E.S.E. 
 of Frankfort. Pop. 20,000. Long. 10. 14. E. 
 lat. 49. 46. N. 
 
 WuRZACii, a town of the kiiigdom of Wir- 
 temberg, in the county of Waldburg, with a 
 castle, situate on the Aitrach ; 17 mUcs N. of 
 Wangen, and 28 S. by W. of Ulm 
 
WUR 
 
 757 
 
 XAV 
 
 WuBZEN, or WuBTZBN, a town of Saxony, 
 with a castle, a cathedral, and two churches. 
 Henj are fine bleaching-grounds for linen; but 
 the principal trade is in beer, of which great 
 quantities are exported. It is situate on the 
 Muldau; 16 miles E. of Leipsic, Pop. 2400, 
 
 WusTKttHAUSEN, a town of Prussia, in Bran- 
 denburg, seated on the Spree; 15 miles S.S.E. 
 of Berlin. — Another, seated on the Dosse ; 17 
 miles E. N. E. of Havelburg, and 44 N. W. of 
 Berlin. 
 
 WusTHAU, a town of Hanover, in the duchy 
 of Lunenberg, seated on the Dumme, at its 
 confluence with the Jetzo; 14 miles S. of Dan- 
 neberg. 
 
 Wyboro. See Wibubo. 
 
 Wycomb, or HioH Wycomd, a borough in 
 Buckinghamshire, returning, with its contribu- 
 tories, two members to parliament, governed 
 by a mayor. Market on Friday. In the vici- 
 nity are many corn and paper mills; and a 
 Roman tesseUited pavement was discovered in 
 an adjacent metidow in 1744. It is seated on 
 the Wyck; 12 miles S. S. E. of Aylesbury, 
 and 31 W.N, W. of London. 
 
 Wye, a town in Kent, whoso market is now 
 disused, sejited on the Stour ; 10 miles S.S.W, 
 of Canterbury, and 55 S, E. of London, 
 
 WvE, a river of Wales, celebrated for its 
 romantic scenery. It issues from Plynlimmoa 
 
 Hill, In the S. part of Montgomeryshire, Torr 
 near the source of the Severn, and crosses the 
 N. E. corner of Radnorshire, giving name to 
 the town of Rhayadergowy, (fall of the Wye.) 
 where it is precipitJited in a cataract ; then, 
 flowing between this county and Brecknock- 
 shire, it enters Herefordshire, passing by Hay 
 to Hereford, a few miles below which it re- 
 ceives the Lug; it then flows by Ross and 
 Monmouth, and, separating the counties of 
 Monmouth and Gloucester, it enters the Severn 
 below Chepstow. This river is navigable almost 
 to Hay, and a canal forms a communication 
 between it and the Severn, from Hereford to 
 Gloucester. 
 
 Wymondham, a town in Norfolk, with a 
 market on Friday, and manufactures of bomba- 
 Bins, Norwich crapes, &c. Tha church is the 
 eastern part of an ancient abbey, and has a 
 lofty steeple, on which Ket, the leader of the 
 rebellion in the reign of Edward VL, was 
 hanged. Here is a free school, founded by 
 Queen Elizabeth. It is 9 miles W, 8. W, of 
 Norwich, and 100 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 Wybe, a river in Lancashire, which rises 6 
 miles S. E. of Lancaster, passes by Garstang, 
 and enters the Irish Sea below Poulton, at 
 Fleetwood, i7hich is connected with Preston 
 and Liverpool by railways. 
 
 Xabba, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia, near 
 the coast of the Mediterranean; 44 miles N, E. 
 of Alicant. Long. 0. 3. E. lat. 38. 48. N. 
 
 Xacca, or SciACCA, a seaport of Sicily, in 
 Val di Mazara, with an old castle. Here are 
 large granaries for the reception of corn in- 
 tended to be exported, and manufactures of 
 beautiful vases. It is seated on the S, coast, 
 at the foot of a mountain ; 20 miles S. E. of 
 Mazara, and 41 S. 8. W. of Palermo. Pop. 
 12,000. Long. 13. 2. E. lat. 37. 41. N. 
 
 Xagua, a seaport on the S. coast of the 
 island of Cuba, seated on a bay, which is five 
 leagues in circumference, and surrounded by 
 mountains. It is one of the finest ports in the 
 West Indies. It is 84 miles S. E. of Ha- 
 vannah. Long. 80. 45. W. lat. 22. 10. N. 
 
 Xalapa, a town of Mexico, in Vera Cruz, 
 and a bishop's sec. This town is said to give 
 name to the purgative root called jalap, or 
 xalap. It is 60 miles E. of Angelos, and 80 
 E. of Mexico. Pop, 13,000. Long, 98, 20. 
 W. lat. 19. 32. N. 
 
 Xalisco, a town of Mexico, in a province of 
 its name; 14 miles N. W. of Compostella. 
 
 Xativa, or St. Philip, a town of Spain, in 
 Valencia. Having taken the part of Charles 
 III. in J 707, Philip V. ordered it to be de- 
 molished, and a new town to be built called St. 
 rhiiii). It is jtealeU on the side of a hill, at 
 the foot of which runs the Zucar ; 32 miles 
 S. W. of Valencia, and 50 N. W. of Alicant. 
 Long. 0. 14. W. lat.,89. 4. N. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xauxa, or Jauxa, a province of Peru j 36 
 miles long, and 45 broad; bounded by the 
 mountains of the Indians, and the provinces of 
 Tarma, Huanta, Angaraes, Xauyos, and Gua- 
 rochiri. The climate is highly salubrious, and 
 the soil fertile in corn and fruits. Population. 
 52,286, ' 
 
 Xauxa, a town of Peru, capital of the fore- 
 going province, noted for its silver mines. It 
 is seated on a river of the same name; 100 
 miles E. of Lima. 
 
 Xavier, or Sabi, the capital of the king- 
 dom of Whidah, in Guinea, It is populous, 
 and a great market is held every Wednesday 
 and Saturday, at fhe distance of a mile from 
 the town. The market-place is surrounded by 
 suttlers' booths, which are only permitted to 
 sell certain sorts of meat, as beef, pork, and the 
 flesh of goats and dogs. Here slaves of both 
 sexes are sold, as well as oxen, sheep, dogs, 
 hogs, fish, and birds ; also the various commo- 
 dities of Whidah manufacture, and every thing 
 of European, Asiatic, or African production. 
 Xavier is seated near the river Euphrates 
 about 7 miles from the sea. Long. 2. 30 k' 
 lat. 6. 40. N. 
 
 Xavier, a town of Spain, in Navarre, noted 
 as the birthplace of the celebrated Romish 
 saint and niissinnarv of th.".t namp It is 35 
 miles S. E. of Pamplona. 
 
 Xavier St., a town of Paraguay, in the 
 province of La Plata. It :s 200 uiiiei W. of 
 Rio Janeiro. 
 
XEN 
 
 759 
 
 YAR 
 
 XoRA, a flourishing town of Ohio, capital of 
 Green county, seated on the Shawnoe Creek : 
 80 miles S. W. of Urbano. 
 
 Xenil, a river of Spain, which rises in the 
 E. part of Granada, and flows by Granada, 
 Loxa, and Ecija, into the Guadalquiver. 
 
 Xeres, a town of Mexico, in Nicaragua, 
 seated on a river that flows into Fonseca Bay ; 
 70 miles N. W. of Leon. 
 
 Xeres de la Frontera, a large and well- 
 built town of Spain, inAndalusia, famous for 
 that excellent wine corruptly called sherry. It 
 is seated on the small river Gundnlette, 15 miles 
 N. E. of Cadiz, and 38 S. S. W. of Seville. Pop. 
 25,000. * 
 
 Xeres dk la Frontera, a town of Mexico, 
 in the S. part of the province of Zacatecns; 00 
 miles N. by E. of Guadalaxara. Long. 1 03. 35. 
 W. lat. 22. 22. N. 
 
 Xebes D8 Guadiana, a town of Spain, in 
 
 Andalusia, seated on the Quadtena, 28 mllet 
 N. by E. of Ayamonte. 
 
 Xicooo, an island of Japan, between Niphon 
 and Ximo; 250 miles in circumference. 
 
 XiLOTOPEc, a town of Mexico, capital of a 
 district of its name; 60 miles N. of Mexico. 
 
 Ximo, an island of Japan, the second in size 
 and eminence, situate to the S. W. of Niphon, 
 fVom which it is divided by a narrow channel. 
 It is 450 miles in circumference. 
 
 XixoNA, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with 
 a castle, seated among mountains, in a country 
 that produces excellent wine, and the valuable 
 drug called kermea. It is 16 miles N. of Alicant. 
 
 XucAR, a river of Spain, which rises in the 
 N. E. part of New Castile, passes by Cuenza, 
 and, entering the province of Valencia, runs 
 into the Gulf of Valencia at the town of Cullera. 
 
 XuDNoGROD, a town of Croatia} 17 milet N, 
 of Sebenico, and 37 £. of Kzara. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yachta, a fort of Russia, in the government 
 of Irkutok, on the borders of Chinese Tartary • 
 48 miles S. S. W. of Selenginsk. 
 Yadkin, See Pbd^b. 
 Yaitsk. See Uralsk. 
 Yakutsk, or Jakutskoi, a town of Russia, 
 capital of a province of the same name, which 
 contains a scattered population of 185,000, in 
 the government of Irkutsk, with a wooden fort. 
 It is seated on the Lena; 960 miles N. E. of 
 Irkutsk. Pop. 3000. Long. 129. 48. E. lat. 
 62. 2. N. 
 
 Yale, the capital of a province of the same 
 name, in the island of Ceylon; 56 miles S. E. 
 of Candy, 
 
 Yahbubo, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Petersburg, situate on the Luga; 20 
 miles E. of Narva. 
 
 Yahina, a town of Negroland, in Bambara, 
 near the river Niger; 66 miles S. W. of Sego. 
 
 Yano-tcheou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Kiang-nan. Its district 
 is intersected by a number of canals, and it 
 cairies on a great trade, particularly in salt, 
 which is made on the seacoast of this juris- 
 diction. It stands on the left bank of the 
 Kian-ku, where the Imperial canal crosses that 
 river; 485 miles S. by E. of Peking. Long. 
 118. 64. E. lat. 32. 26. N. 
 
 Yao-gan, a city of China, of the first rank, m 
 the province of Yun-nan. Its territory is in- 
 termixed with mountains, fine forests, and fruit- 
 ful valleys, and produces abundance of musk. 
 Near the city is a salt-spring, which produces 
 very white salt. It is 100 miles W. by N. of 
 Yun-nan. Long. 100. 46. E. lat. 25. 12. N. 
 
 Yao-icheu, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Kiang-si; on the W. side of the lake Po- 
 yang; 700 miles S. of Peking. Long. 116. 40. 
 E. lat. 29. 8. N. 
 
 Yarb, a river in Norfolk, formed by the con 
 ^uenoe of several streams that rise in the heart 
 
 of the county. It passes through Norwich, 
 whence it is navigable to Yarmouth, where it 
 enters the German Ocean, 
 
 Yarkund, a town of Tartary, in the country 
 of Cashgur; with a large palace, where the khan 
 of the Eluth Tartars generally resides. It has 
 a considerable trade, and stands in a fertile 
 country, on a river of the same name; 100 
 miles S. E. of Cashgur. Long. 79. 4. E. Int. 
 38. 40. N. 
 
 Yarm, a town in North Yorkshire, with a 
 market on Thursday, seated on the Tees; 17 
 miles N. by E. of Northallerton, and 239 N 
 by W. of London. 
 
 Yarmouth, a seaport and borough in Non 
 folk, returning two members to parliament, go- 
 verned by a mayor, with markets on Wednesday 
 and Saturday. It is seated at the mouth of the 
 Yare. The harbour is convenient for business, 
 the vessels lying in the river along a very ex- 
 tensive quay. Its foreign trade is considerable, 
 A great number of herrings are cured here, 
 and also a large quantity of mackarel are 
 caught and sent to London. The town is much 
 frequented for sea-bathing, and has three 
 churches, seven meeting-houses, a charity school, 
 an hospital, a theatre, a large gauze silk fiictory, 
 extensive ship yards, &c. The marke^pl.•lce is 
 very spacious, but the streets in general are 
 narrow. Off the mouth of the harbour is a 
 bar, which prevents the entry of ships of large 
 burden ; and the many sand-banks olF the coast 
 form the Yarmouth Roads, so noted for fre- 
 quent shipwrecks. It is 23 miles from Norwich, 
 and 124 N. E. of London. Yarmouth gives 
 the inferior title of earl to tiie Marquess of 
 Hertford. Long. 1. 45. E. lat. 52. 38. N. 
 
 Yarjiouth, a town in Hampshire, on the 
 north-western coast of the Isle of Wight, with 
 a market on Friday, a fortified castle, and 
 a convenient quay. It is 9 miles W. of New- 
 port. 
 
YAR 
 
 759 
 
 TOR 
 
 YAftMOUxn, a seaport of Maaiachuaets, In 
 Barnstable county, on the N. side of the penin- 
 sula of Cape Cod; 5 miles N. N. W. of Barn- 
 stable. Long. 70. 12. W. lat. 41. 62. N. 
 
 Yabmouth, Noeth, a town of Maine, in 
 Cumberland county, on a small river that &lls 
 into Casco Bay; 1 4 miles N, of Portland. 
 
 Yaruqui, a village of Peru, near a plain of 
 the same name; 12 miles N. E. of Quito. This 
 plain was chosen for the base of the operations 
 for measuring an arc of the meridian, by Ulloa 
 and the French mathematicians. 
 
 YayNan-gheoum, a town of Birmah, celo- 
 bruted for the oil wells in its neighbourhood, 
 which supply the whole empire, and many parts 
 of India, with petroleum. The inhabitants are 
 employed in making jars to contain the oil. It 
 stands on a creek of the Irrawaddy; 28 miles 
 S, by E. Shillahmew 
 
 Yea, a town of Peru, in Lima, with a trade 
 in glass, wine, brandy, &c. It is seated in a 
 valley, watered by a river. It is 60 miles E. 
 S. E. of Pisco, and 170 S. S. E. of Lima. 
 
 Yell, one of the Shetland Islands, to the N. 
 of that called Mainland. It is 20 miles long, 
 and 8 broad, and has several good harbours. 
 Yellow Rivrb. See Hoan-uo. 
 Yellow Ska, or LEAO-TONO,agulfofChina; 
 between the provinces of Pe-tche-li and Chang- 
 tong on the W., and the peninsula of the Corea 
 on the E. 
 
 Yemen, a province of Arabia Fel'x, compre- 
 hending the finest and most fertile part of Ara- 
 bia, and lying on the coast of the Red Sea and 
 Indian Ocean. Millet is the grain chiefly culti- 
 vated, but the principal object of cultivation is 
 coffee, which is all earned to Beit el Fakir. 
 Nearly the whole comuierce of the country is 
 carried on by Mocha, but Sana is the capital. 
 
 Yenikale, an important fortress of the Cri- 
 mea ; 8 miles E. of Kertch. See Jenikale. 
 
 Yenisei, or Jenisa, a large river of Siberia, 
 which runs from S. to N., and enters the Frozen 
 Ocean to the E. of the Bay of Oby. 
 
 Yeniseisk, or Jeniskoi, a town of Russia in 
 the government of Tomsk, on the river Yeni- 
 sei; 310 miles E. N. E. of Tor " op. 6000. 
 Long. 92. 5. E. lat. 67. 20. N. 
 
 Yenne, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Savoy, near the Rhone. It is 13 miles N. W. 
 of {'hambery. 
 
 Yen-noan, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Chen-si, on the river Yen; 390 miles S. W. 
 of Peking. Long. 108. 60. E. lat. 36. 44. N. 
 Yen-pino, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Fokien, seated on the brow of a mountain, by 
 the river Minho; 820 miles S. of Peking. Long. 
 116. 64. E. lat. 26. 40. N. 
 
 Yen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Chang-tong, situate in a well-cultivated 
 district, which is enr'.Dded between two consider- 
 able rivers. It is 270 miles S. of Peking. 
 
 Yen-tch eou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Tche-kiang. In the neighbourhood are mines 
 of copper, and trees that yield an excellent var- 
 nish, which, when once dry, never melts again, 
 and will bear boiling water. The paper mac 
 here u in high esteem. It is 660 miles S. S. 
 
 E. of Peking. Long. 119. 14. E. lat. St. 
 
 88. N. 
 
 Yentchino, a town of China, in Chang-tong, 
 where a kind of glass is made, so delicate that 
 it will not endure the inclemencies of the air. 
 It is 46 miles S. K of Tsi-nan. 
 
 Yeovil, a corporate town of Somersetshire, 
 with a market on Friday. It contains a hand- 
 some parish church, five meeting-houses, a free- 
 school, and several other charitable institutions. 
 Here was formerly a considerable mannfucture 
 of woollen cloths, but the principal manufac- 
 ture at present is of leather gloves, and the trade 
 in hemp and flax is considerable. It is seated 
 on the Yeo or Ivil; 20 miles S. of Wells, and 
 122 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Yesd, a town of Persia, in the province of 
 Irac, on the road from Kerman to Ispahan. It 
 has a silk manufacture, and here are made the 
 finest porcelain and carpets. It is 200 miles 
 E. S. E. of Ispahan. Population supposed to 
 be 80,000. Long. 56. 60. E. lat. &2. 0. N. 
 
 Ylo, a seaport of Peru, in Los Charcos; 70 
 miles N. N. W. of Arica. Long. 71. 13. W. 
 lat. 17. 36. S. 
 
 Yonne, a department of Franco, containing 
 part of the former provinces of Burgundy and 
 Champagne, and comprising an area of 29C'0 
 square miles, with 350,000 inhabitants. The 
 climate is temperate, and the soil fertile in corn, 
 hemp, flax, wine, and fruits. It receives its 
 name from a river which rises in the depart- 
 ment of Nievre, flows by Chateau-Chinon, Cla- 
 med, Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens, and joins the 
 Seine at Montereau. Auxerre is the capital. 
 
 York, a city, the capital of Yorkshire, and 
 an archbishop's see, with markets on Tuesday, 
 Thursday, and Saturday. It returns two mem- 
 bers to parhament. It is the Eboracum of the 
 Romans, and many of their coflUns, urns, coins, 
 &c., have been foun;' here. It has always been 
 considered as the capital of the North, and, in 
 point of rank, as the second city of the kingdom ; 
 but is now surpassed in wealth and populous- 
 ness by many of the more modern trading towns. 
 The cathedral of St. Peter, generally called the 
 Minster, is reckoned the largest and most mag- 
 nificent Gothic structure in the universe. The 
 E. window, which is said hardly to have its equal 
 for tracery, painting, and preservation, was the 
 work of John Thornton, aglazier, of Coventry, 
 in 1406. This beautiful edifice sustained con- 
 siderable injury from fire, occasioned by a fran- 
 tic incendiary, in 1829. It was restored to its 
 original splendour by public subscription, and 
 was again destroyed in 1840, by one of the towers 
 accidentally taking fire and falling on the nave, 
 which has again rendered this beautiful pile a 
 mass of ruins. Besides the cathedral, York con- 
 tains but 20 churches in use, though in the reign 
 of Henry V. it had 44 parish churches, 17 cha- 
 pels, and 9 religious houses. Here are also a 
 number of meeting-houses for dissenters and 
 catholi<». The city is divided by the Ouse into 
 t :r o parts, united by n stone bridge of fi ve arches, 
 the centre one 81 feet wide. The river is navi- 
 gable to this city for vessels of 70 tons burden, 
 although it is 60 miles from the sea. The caitto 
 
 
 
YOR 
 
 700 
 
 YOH 
 
 ii a noble structure, and was formerly a place 
 of great strength, but is now used an a county 
 prison. Near it, on an artificial mount, is Clif- 
 ford's Tower, a round shell, said by some to 
 have been raised by William the Conqueror, 
 but others deem it a Roman work. It was 
 usr4 as a garrison in the civil wars, and till 
 the year 1603, when the magazine, blowing up, 
 reduced it to its present form. York is a 
 county of itself, governed by a lord mayor, the 
 jircfix of lord being given by Richard II.j and 
 Its county includes Ainsty Liberty, in which 
 are 35 villages and hamlets. The guildhall, 
 built in 1466, is a grand structure, supported 
 by two rows of oak pillars, each pillar a single 
 tree. The corporation built a mansion-house in 
 1728, for the lord mayor; and, among the other 
 public buildings, are a noble assembly-house, 
 designed by the Earl of Burlington, an elegant 
 court-house on the right of the castle, a theatre 
 royal, a county hospital, and an asylum for 
 lunatics. It is connected with the metropolis 
 by means of the N. Midland and Birmingham 
 railways. York is 70 miles S. by E. of Dur- 
 ham, 190 S. S. E. of Edinburgh, and 195 N. by 
 W. of London. Long. 1. 7. W. lat. 63. 59. N. 
 York, now called Toronto, a city of Upper 
 Cani'da. It is situite on the N. W. side if 
 La'.e Ontario, and t^s an excellent harbour, 
 formed by a long peninsula, which embraces a 
 basin of water sufficiently large to contain a 
 considerable fleet. On the extremity of the 
 peninsula called Gibraltar Point, are stores and 
 blockhouses, which command the entrance of 
 the harbour; and on tho mainland, opposite 
 this point, is the garrison. The front of tho 
 city is a mile and a half in length, and it coa- 
 tains several handsome squares, particularly 
 one open to the harbour. It is 45 miles N. N. 
 W. of Fort Niagara, and 140 W. by S. of 
 Kingston. Pop. 3500. Long. 79. 36. W. lat. 
 43. 35. N. 
 
 York, a town of Pennsylvania, capital of a 
 county ... ie same name. It has eight edifices 
 for public worship, and stands on the Codorus 
 Creek, which flows into the Susquehanna^ 88 
 miles W. of Philadelphia. Population of the 
 county, 47,016, of the town, 4779, 
 
 York, a seaport of Maine, capital of a county 
 of the same name. The river of its name en- 
 ters York haibour below the town. It is 75 
 miles N. N. E. of Boston, Population of the 
 county, 54,034, of the town, 3111. Long, 70. 
 65. W. lat. 43. 7. N. 
 
 York, a county in the E. part of Virginia, 
 with 4720 inhabitants. York Town is the 
 capital. 
 
 York, a town of South Carolina, capital of a 
 district of its name; 30 miles N. of Columbia. 
 York, New, one of the United States of 
 America, 350 miles in length, and 240 in 
 breadth; bounded on the N. by Lower Canada, 
 E. by Vermont, Massachusets, and Connec- 
 ticut, S. by the Atlantic and New Jersey, and 
 W. by Pennsylvania. Lake Erie, and Tipper 
 Canada. It contains 58 counties, the chief of 
 which are New York, Richmond, Suffolk, 
 West Cheater, Queen's, King's, Orange, Ulster, 
 
 Duchess, Columbia, llcnssclaor, Washhigton, 
 Clinton, Saratoga, Albany, Montgomery, Her- 
 kimer, Onondaga, Ots<^o, Ontario, Tioga, &c. 
 New York, in general, is intersected by ridges 
 of mountains running in a N. E. and S. W. 
 direction. Beyond tho Allegany mountains, 
 however, the country is quite level, of a fine 
 rich soil, covered m its natural state with 
 various kinds of trees. East of these moun- 
 tains it is broken into hills and valleys ; tho 
 hills are thickly clothed with timber, and, when 
 cleared, aiford fine pastures; while the valleys 
 produce wheat, hemp, flax, peas, grass, oats, 
 and maize. Of the commodities produced 
 from culture, wheat is the staple, of which 
 immense quantities are raised and exported. 
 The manufectures of the state are important and 
 flourishing. The noble river Hudson traverses 
 this state from N. to S.. and it is connected to 
 Lake Erie by the great Erie canal, 360 miles in 
 length. It is also joined to Lake Champlain, 
 by a shorter canal ; and another connects it 
 with the Delaware. Owing to these singular 
 advantages of situation, and the unequalled ex- 
 tent of inland navigation, this state has become 
 the principal of the N. states, and now con- 
 tains a population of 2,428,921, being nearly 
 equal to all the states of New England. 
 
 York, New, the capital of the foregoing 
 state, is situate on the S. W. point of Man- 
 hattan Island, at the confluence of Hudson 
 and E. rivers, and is 6 miles in circumference. 
 Surrounded on all sides by water, it is refreshed 
 by cool breezes in summer, and the air in 
 winter is more temperate than in other places 
 under the same parallel. The island is 16 
 miles in length, but hardly one in breadth; and 
 is joined to the mainland by a bridge called 
 King's Bridge. There is no basin or bay for 
 the reception of ships, but the road where they 
 lie, in East River, is defended from the violence 
 of the sea by some islands which interlock with 
 each other. Here are upwords of 100 edifices 
 for public worship, a well endowed university, 
 a noble theological seminary, an institution for 
 the education of the deaf and dumb, and nu- 
 merous other charitable institutions. The most 
 magnificent edifice is Federal Hall, in front of 
 which is a gallery 12 feet deep, where the 
 illustrious Washington took his oath of oflfice, 
 at the commencement of the federal institu- 
 tion, in 1789. An academy of the fine arts, 
 and a botanical garden, were established here 
 in 1804. This city has more commercial bu- 
 siness than any town in the United States, 
 owing to its situation at the mouth of a noble 
 river, and its fertile and populous back country. 
 It is 97 miles N. E. of Philadelphia. Long. 
 74. 11. W. lat. 40. 40. N. 
 
 York Fort, a settlement of the Hudson 
 Bay Company, on the W. side of Hudson Bay, 
 at the mouth of Nelson, or York River. Long. 
 88. 44. W. lat. 57. 15. N. 
 
 York Town, a seaport of Virginia, capital 
 of York county, with the best harbour in the 
 state. Here, iii 1781, Lord Cornwallis and his 
 army were captured by the combined forces of 
 the United States and France. It is seated on 
 
YOR 
 
 York River, near Its entrance into Chesapeake 
 Bay; 13 miles E. of Williamsburg. Pop. 1000. 
 Long. 76. 62. W. lat, 37. 18. N. 
 
 YoRKSuiRB, the largest county of England, 
 bounded on the N. by Westmoreland and Dur- 
 ham, E. by the German Ocean, S. by Lincoln- 
 shire, Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire, S. W. 
 by Cheshire, W. by Lancashire, and N. W. by 
 Westmoreland. It extends 80 miles from N. 
 to S., and 115 from E. to W., and contains 
 3,847,420 acres. From ito great extent it has 
 been divided into three paa-U, called the North, 
 .East, and West Ridings, each of which returns 
 two members to parliament, and subdivided 
 into 26 wapentakes: it has two cities, 60 
 market-towns, and 604 parishes. The air and 
 soil of this county vary exkemely. The East 
 Riding is less healthy than the others, but this 
 inconvenience decreases in proportion as the 
 county recedes from the sea. On the hilly 
 parts of this riding, especially in what is called 
 the York Wolds, the soil is generally barren, 
 dry, and sandy ; but great numbers of lean 
 sheep are sold here, and sent into other parts 
 to be fattened. The West Riding, which is 
 much the largest, enjoys a sharp but healthy 
 air, and the land on the western side is hilly, 
 stony, and not very fruitful ; but the interme- 
 diate valleys consist of much good arable 
 ground, and pasture for the largest cattle. It 
 also produces iron, coal, lime, jet, alum, horses, 
 and goats. Here the clothing manu&ctures 
 principally flourish. The North Riding, in 
 general, exceeds the other two in the salubrity 
 of the air. The worst parts breed lean cattle ; 
 but, on the sides of the hills, in the valleys, 
 and in the plains, it produces good corn and 
 rich pastures. Richmondshire, on the N. W. 
 of this riding, was formerly a county of itself ; 
 here many lead-mines are worked to great ad- 
 Vantage. In Yorkshire, likewise, are the dis- 
 tricts of Holdemess, on the borders of the 
 Humber; Cleveland, on the conhnes of Dur- 
 ham ; and Craven; on the borders of Westmore- 
 land and Lancashire. In this last district are 
 three of the highest hills in England, named 
 Warnside, Ingleborough, and Pennygant, whiclr 
 form a sort of triangle from their tops, at the 
 distance of 5, 6, and 8 miles, while their moa- 
 etrouf jases nearly unite. The principal rivers 
 are the Ouse, Don, Derwent, Calder, Aire, 
 Warf, Nid, Ure, and Hull, and they all termi- 
 nate in the Hun4>er, which enters the German 
 Ocean between Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. 
 
 Yo-TCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Hou-quang, and one of the richest cities in 
 the empire. It is seated on the river Kian-ku, 
 and on the Lake Tong-ting, which is more than 
 70 leagues in circuit ; 700 miles S. by W. of 
 Peking. Long. 112. 35. E. lat. 29. 23. N. 
 
 Youohall, a borough and seaport' of Ireland, 
 in the county of Cork, sending one member to 
 parliament, with a commodious harbour, and a 
 well defended quay. It has a manufacture of 
 earthenware. It is seated on the side of a hill, 
 on a bay of its name ; 28 miles E. by N. of 
 Cork. Long. 8. 10. W. lat. 61. 49. N. 
 
 Ypbes, a fortified city of Delgium, m Flan- 
 
 rei 
 
 YUM 
 
 dors, and a bishop's sl-o. It has considerablu 
 manufactures of silk, linen, lace, cotton, thread, 
 &c., and the canal of Boisingen, end the New 
 Cut, ^eatly expedite the conveyance of goods 
 to Nieuport, Ostend, and Bruges. Ypres was 
 taken by the French in 1794, and retained till 
 the downfall of Napoleon. It is seated on the 
 Yperlee ; 16 miles W. of Courtray. Pop. 
 16,000. Long. 2. 48. E. Int. 60. 61. N. 
 
 Ybiex, St., a town of France, department of 
 Upper Viennej 20 miles S. by W. of Limoges. 
 Pop. 6400. 
 
 YsENDYK, a strong town of the Netherlands 
 in the Isle of Cadsand; 8 miles £. of Shn% 
 andlSN.W. of Ghent. 
 
 YssKL, or IssEL, a river of the Netherlands, 
 which branches off from the Rhine below Hues- 
 sen, and, flowing by Doesburg, Zutphen, D». 
 venter, and Campen, enters the Zuyder Zee by 
 two channels. 
 
 YssEL, or Little Issel, a river of the Ne- 
 therlands, which flows by YsseUtein, Montford, 
 Oudewater, and Gouda, and enters the Merwe 
 above Rotterdam. 
 
 YssBL, or Old Issel, a river which rises in 
 Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleve, flows by 
 Ysselburg into the county of Zutphen, and 
 enters the Yssel at Doesburg. 
 
 YssELMOND, an island of the Netherlands, 
 in South Holland, situate between the Merwe 
 on the N., and another bra nch of the Meuse on 
 the S. It has a town of the same name, nearly 
 3 iniles W. of Rotterdam. 
 
 YssELSTEiN, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 South Holland, with a castle on the river Yssel: 
 5 miles S. S. W. of Utrecht. 
 
 YsTADT, or Ydsted, a town of Sweden, in 
 the province of Schonen, on a bay of the Baltic, 
 opposite Stralsund ; 26" miles S. E. of Lund. 
 Long. 13. 44. E. lat. 65. 22. N. 
 
 Ythan, a river of Scotland, in Aberdeen- 
 shire, which crosses the county in a S. E. di- 
 rection, and enters the German Ocean at the 
 village of Newburg; 15 miles N. N. E. of 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 Yucatan, a peninsula of Mexico, in the pro- 
 vince of Merida, bounded N. W. by the waters 
 of the Mexican Gulf, S. E.by the Bay of Hon- 
 duras, S. W. by Vera Cruz, and S. by Vera Paz. 
 Area, &0,000 square miles. Pop. 750,000. 
 
 TuEN-KiANG, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Yun-nan, on the river 
 Ho-ti; 145 miles S. S. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 
 101. 44. E. lat. 23. 37. N. 
 
 YuEN-TCHEOu, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Kiang-si; 750 miles S. of Peking. 
 Long. 113. 58. E. lat. 27. 60. N. 
 
 YuEN-YANG, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Hou-quang, on the river Han; 515 
 miles S. S. W. of Peking. Long. 100. 30. E. 
 lat. 32. 50. N. 
 
 Yuma, Exuma, or Long Island, one of the 
 Bahama islands, in the West Indies, lying to 
 the N. of the E. end of Cu' ■\, and its N. part 
 under the tropic of Cancer. It is 70 miles in 
 length, and 10 in breadth. 
 
 YuMBTOS, a cluster of small islands, among 
 the Bahamas, lying to the S. W. of Yuma, 
 
YUN 
 
 789 
 
 ZAH 
 
 YuNo-ifiNo, a city of Chino, of the flnt 
 rank, at tlm N. extremity of the province of 
 Yun-nan, on the bordere of Tibet ; 230 milei 
 N. N. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 100. 24. E. lut. 
 27. 60. N. 
 
 YuitQ-PB, a city of China, of the fint rank, 
 In the province of Yun-nan; 170 mil*-* N. W. 
 of Yun-nan. Long. 100. 34. E. lat. 2b'. 44. N. 
 YuNo-piNO, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 In Pe-tche-li, on a river that enten the Gulf of 
 Leao-tong. Near it atonda the fort Chun-hai, 
 r:\kh ia the key of the province of Leao-tong; 
 115 miles E. of Peking. Long. 100, 34. E. lat. 
 39. 55. N. 
 
 YuNO-TcnANo, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Yun-nan. The neigh- 
 bouring country produces gold, honey, wax, 
 umber, and a vast quantity of fine silk; 210 
 miles W. of Yun-nan. Long. 99. 2. E. lat. 
 25. 5. N. 
 
 YuNO-TCHEOU, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Hou-qunng; 885 miles S. S. W. of 
 Peking. Long. 111. 16. E, lat, 26. 10. N. 
 
 YuN-HiNo, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Ho-nan ; 430 miles S. of 
 Peking. Long. 113. 52. E. Int. 33. 0. N. 
 
 Yun-nan, a province of China, at the S. W. 
 extremity ; 300 miles long, and 250 broad ; 
 bounded on the N. by Tibet and Se-tcheuen, 
 E. by Koei-tcheou an4 Quang-ai, S. by Ton- 
 quin and Laos, and W. by Pegu and Birmnh. 
 It is mountninous, but the soil in general is 
 fertile, and it is reckoned the richest, province 
 in China, from its productive mines of gold, 
 copper, and tin, its amber, rubies, sapphires, 
 
 ■gates, pearls, and marble, Ita musk. dlk. el*, 
 phants, horses, gums, medicinal plants, and 
 linen ; 21 cities of the first rank, and 55 of the 
 second and third, are included in this province. 
 The number of inhabitants is estimated at up< 
 wards of 8,000,000. 
 
 Yun-nan, a city of China, capital of the 
 foregoing province, formerly celebrated for its 
 extent, magnificent buildings, vast gardens, 
 tomba, triumphal archea, and elegant s<]uares ; 
 but it hits suffered greatly from the Tartars, in 
 their ditfcrcnt invasions, and the city at present 
 contains nothing remarkable. It stands at tha 
 N. extremity of a lake; 1260 miles S. S. W.of 
 Peking. Long. 102. 30. E. lot. 25. 6. N, 
 
 YuKcup, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Cara- 
 mania, on the Kizii-Irmak; 125 miles N. E. of 
 Konieh. Long. 34. 30. E. lat, 39, 40. N, 
 YuTuiA. See Siam. 
 
 Y VERDUN, n strong town of Switzerland, in 
 the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwick of its 
 name, with a castle, a college, and an hospital. 
 Near the town is a sulphurous spring, with a 
 commodious bathing-house. The principal 
 trade is in wine, and merchandise passing be- 
 tween Germany, Italy, and France. It has 
 some remains of Roman antiquities. It stands 
 on the Lake of Neufchntel, at the influx of the 
 Orbe and Thiele; 38 miles W. S. W. of Bern. 
 Pop. 25,000. Long. (i. 69, E. lat. 46. 44, N, 
 
 YvETOT, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Seine; 7 miles N. N, W. of Cnudelwc. 
 Pop. 10,000, 
 
 YvBY, a town of France, department of Eure, 
 on the river Eure ; 16 miles S. of Evreux. 
 
 z. 
 
 Zaab, a district of Algier. in the desert o*- 
 hind Mount Atlas, belonging to the province of 
 Constantino. The people of Zaob are fr , . , and 
 pay no tribute; but they are poor and indigen' , 
 as may be expected of the inhabitants of so 
 bavi ?n a soil. Dates are the principal article 
 of food; and they have extensive plantations of 
 palm-trees. They carry on some commerce in 
 ostrici.es' feathers. The chief place of^e 
 district is Biscaro. 
 
 Zabola, a town of Transylvania, on the 
 confines of Moldavia j 5 miles S. W. of Den- 
 mark. 
 
 Zacatecas, a province of Mexico, bounded 
 on the N. by New Biscay, E. by Panu, S. by 
 Mechoacan and Guadalaxara, and W. by Chia- 
 metlnn. It abounds with large villages, and its 
 mines are dc. med the richest in America. Pop. 
 160,000. 
 
 Zacatecas, a city of Mexico, cajiital of thj 
 above province, surrounded by rich silver 
 mines; 260 miles N. E. of Mexico. Pop. 
 33,000. 
 
 Zacatula, a town of Mexico, in the pro- 
 vince of Mechoacan, on a river of the same 
 name, near the Pacific Ocean; 180 miles S. W. 
 of Mexico. Long. 102. 65. W. lut. 18. 30. N. 
 
 Zachan, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania ; 
 13 miles E. of New Stnrgord. 
 
 Zafra, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 
 with a castle; 20 miles S. W. of Medina. Pop. 
 6000. 
 
 Zaqara, a mountain of Greece, in Livodio, 
 one of the tops of Mount Parnassus. It was 
 the ancient Helicon, from which issued the 
 fountain Hippocrene, and was sacred to the 
 Muses, who had here a temple. 
 
 Zaohara, a town of Negrolnnd, in Bomou, 
 on the river Fittree; 170 miles S. E. of Bomou. 
 Zaoora. See Develto. 
 Zaiiara, or the Great Desert, a vast coun- 
 try of Africa, 1900 miles in length, by 810 in 
 breadth; bounded on the N. by Barbary, E. by 
 Fezzan and Cassina, S. by Negroland and 
 Fouli, and W. by the Atlantic Ocean. The 
 air is very hot, but not unwholesome to the 
 natives. The soil is generally sandy and bar- 
 ren, but there are verdant valleys, in which 
 water either springs or stagnates, and it is hero 
 and there interspersed with spots of astonishing 
 fertility, which are crowded with inhnhitanta. 
 These fertile spots in the desert are called 
 oases, or islands, bearing some resemblance to 
 islands in the sea ; and they abound most in 
 
ZAH 
 
 the nerthern and eastern parli; but the smaller 
 ones are not always permanent, for a fUrioui 
 wind from the dewrt, bringing along with it an 
 immenie quantity of land, lonictimea oveN 
 wliulnii an oniis, and reduces it to barrenness. 
 These onscs uro formed into a number of states, 
 governed by potty princw; and those of which 
 some intelligence has been obtained are noticed 
 in this work in their proper places. The in- 
 habitants, consisting of various tribes, are wild 
 and ignornnt; and the Mahomedan religion ia 
 professed throughout the countiy, unless whera 
 they approach the country of the Negroes. 
 They maintain towards each other the maxims 
 of apparent hostility, but a Christian is every 
 where odious. Their hinguage u chiefly a 
 dialect of the Arabic ; and their only inter- 
 course with other nations is enrried on with the 
 caravans, which periodically traverse these im- 
 mense deserts. Tht Zahara abounds in antt>. 
 lopes, wild boars, Iwpardi, apes, ostriches, and 
 aerpents. There are few Iiorses and b^ves, 
 but many sheep, goats, and camels. 
 
 Zahaha, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with 
 a citadel, seated on a craggy rock; (2 milee 
 8. E. of Seville. 
 
 Zabna, a town of Prussian Saxony; 6 miles 
 N. E. of Wittenberg. 
 
 Zaina, a town of Algier, in the province of 
 Constantina, supposed, from Mme considerable 
 ruins, to have be^in the ancient city of Zama. 
 It is 28 miles S. E. of Setecf, and 46 S. W. of 
 Constantina. 
 
 Zainb, a river of Bnrbary, which separates 
 the kingdoms of Algier and Tunis, and enters 
 the Mediterranean at the island of Tabarco. 
 
 Zaire, a river of Congo, which rises in the 
 kingdom of Matamba, flows N. to the extreme 
 borders of Congo, where it turns to the W., 
 then separates the kingdoms of Loango and 
 Congo Proper, and enters the Atlontic Ocean 
 below Sogno. 
 
 Zalamea, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 12 miles N. of Niebla, and 38 W. N. W. of 
 Seville. 
 
 Zalauea, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 
 anciently called Ilapa. It contains many ves- 
 tiges of its former splendour. It is 38 miles 
 S. h of Merida. 
 
 Zambezi, a large river of East Africa, in Mo- 
 caranga. It falls into the Indian Ocean, at 
 Quilimane, of which it is the port. The sources 
 are urkI<o^vn. It has many Portuguese settle- 
 ments on its banks, among which is Sena : gold 
 is found on its banks, and much ivory is brought 
 from the interior of it. 
 
 Zahora, a strong town of Spain, in Leon, 
 and a bishop's see. In its environs fine tur- 
 quoise stones are found. It is seated on a hill, 
 on the river Douro, over which is a bridge; 32 
 miles N. by W. of Salamanca, and 146 N. W. 
 of Madrid. Population, 9000. Long. 5. £6. 
 W.lat. 41.50. N. 
 
 Zamora, a town of Quito, in the neighbour- 
 hood of which are rich mines of gold. It is 
 seated near the Andes ; 230 miles S. of Q,uito. 
 Long. 78. 20. W. lat. 4. 6. S. 
 SSamoka, a town of Mexico, in Guadalaxora, 
 
 W3 
 
 ZAR 
 
 40 miles 3. E. of Guadolaxara. L&ng. 103. 30. 
 W, lut. 20. 52. N. 
 
 Zamora, a town of Algier, In the province of 
 Constantina; 250 miles W. of Hamamet. Long, 
 6. 26, E. Int. 86. 20. N. 
 
 Zamobki, a towu of Poland, with a citadel, a 
 cathedral, and several other churches. It is 37 
 milea 8. S. W. of Chelm, and 44 W. N. W. of 
 Bets. Pop. 6600. 
 
 Zampago, a town of Mexico, seated on • 
 small lake ; 30 miles N. of Mexico. 
 
 Zanpara, a kingdom of Negroland, to the S. 
 of Zegrcg, between Cossina and Bomou. The 
 inhabitants are tall in stature, of very black 
 complexion, with broad faces, and savage dispo- 
 sitions. The capital, of the same name, stands 
 on a river that torms a lake N. of Ghana, and 
 then flows through that city into the Niger. It 
 is 230 miles N. £. of Ghana, and 450 W. S. W. 
 of Bomou. Long. 16. 0. £. lat. 18. 30. N. 
 
 Zanoubbar, or Zanzibar, a country on the 
 E. coast of Africa, between S. N. and 0. S. lat. 
 It includes several petty kingdoms, in which 
 the Portuguese have settlements. The inha- 
 bitants are all blacks, with curled woolly hair, 
 and, except those converted by the Portuguese, 
 are either Mahomedans or Pagans, the latter 
 much the more numerous. The principal ter- 
 ritories are Jubo, Melinda, Mombaza, and Qui- 
 loa. The Portuguese trade ibr slaves, ivory, 
 gold, ostriches' feathers, wax, and drugs. The 
 productions are much the same as in the other 
 parts of Africa, between the tropics. 
 
 Zante, an island in the Mediterranean, form- 
 ing part of the Ionian republic. It is situate 
 neor the coast of the Morea, 17 miles S. of the 
 island of Ccphalonia, and is 14 miles long, and 
 8 broad. Its principal riches consist in cur- 
 rants, which are cultivated in a large plain, 
 under the shelter of mountains, and it has some 
 tar-springs, or petroleum. Here are also the 
 finest peaches in the world, with other choice 
 fruits, and excellent wine and oil. The native* 
 speak both Greek and Italian, though there 
 are very few Roman Catholics among them; 
 but they have a bishop as well as the Greeks. 
 Area, 160 square miles. Pop. 40,000. 
 
 Zante, th.^ capital of the foregoing island, 
 is pleasantly lituate on an eminence on the E. 
 side of the island, at the bottom of a small bay. 
 The houses are built partly of brick, and partly 
 of wood, and seldom more than one or two 
 stories in height, on account of the frequency 
 of earthquakes : the last visitation of this kind 
 was in 1820, when several hundreds of houses 
 were overthrown. The harbour is capacious, 
 and is protected by a mole. It is 12 miles W. 
 of Cape Tomese, in the Morea. Pop. 18,000. 
 Zanzibar, an island in the Indian Sea, on 
 the coast of 2bnguebar, between the islands of 
 Pemba and Monsia. It abounds in sugar-canes 
 and citrons. The inhabitants are Mahomedan 
 Arabs, and are governed by a sheik appointed 
 by the iman of Muscat. Long. 41. 0. £. lat. 
 6. 0. S. 
 
 Zara, a city of the Austrian states, capital of 
 a circle of the same name, and of '.he whole of 
 Austrian Dalmatia, with a harbour. It ii 
 
ZAR 
 
 704 
 
 2EA 
 
 M 
 
 dtuated In n plain, upon k imiilt peiilniulii, 
 Joined to Uiu cuntinuut hy un iithmiii of almut 
 2a pauea broiul. On the tiilo of tlie citadel it 
 b very well fortiKed. Near the church, which 
 the UrcelcR called St. Helia, are two handaomo 
 AuUmI columna of the Corinthian order, inid to 
 have been part of the Temple of Juno. Thia 
 place was formerly more ooniidornblo than at 
 pre«eiit, the numlier of the inhabitant* being 
 now not above HOOO. The circle contains an 
 area of '2150 wjunre milc», with 100,000 inhabi- 
 tants. There are very fine paintings in the 
 churches, done by the best masters ; and they 
 pretend to have the b<Kly of Himcon, brought 
 from Judea, and kept in a shrine with a crystal 
 before it. Zara is seatcil on the Gulf of Venice; 
 HO miles S. W. of Jaieza, and 150 8. E. of 
 Venice. Long. 16. 6. E. lat. 44. 30. N. 
 
 Zakknu, a town of Persia, in the province of 
 Segcstan. It is celebrated for its Iwnutiful 
 porcelain. It is seated on the Hirmund ; 350 
 miles E. of Ispahan. Long. (Jl. 10. E. lut. 
 32. 28. N. 
 
 Zahil, a town of Greece, in the Morou; 22 
 miles E. of Misitra. 
 
 Zaunate, a town in the Morcn, seated on an 
 eminence; 20 miles S. W. of Misitra. 
 
 Zaunowitz, a town of Prussia, in Pome- 
 relin, on n bay of the lialtic; 30 miles N.N.W. 
 of Uuntzic. 
 
 Za8Law, a town of Poliind, in Volhvnin, 
 seated on the Horin j 80 miles N. N. W. of 
 Coiistantinow. 
 
 Zathar, a strong town of Ilungnry, capital 
 of a county of the same name. It is seated on 
 a small lake, formed by the river Samos ; SO 
 miles E. by S. of Tokay, and 130 E. of Buna. 
 Long. 22. 34. E. lat. 47. 50. N. 
 
 Zatou, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Cracow, with a castle, seated on an emi- 
 nence, near the river Vistula ; 20 miles S. VV. 
 of Cracow, and 50 S. E. of llatibor. 
 
 Zaweh, a town of Persia, in the province of 
 Klionisan, situate on the Tedjen; 20 miles 
 from the Caspian Sea, and 80 N. of Mesched. 
 
 Zbabas, a town of Austrian Poland, 28 miles 
 E. of Zborow, and 68 N. by W. of Kaminieck. 
 Zbouow, a town of Austrian Poland, in the 
 circle of Lemburg. Here, in 1649, John Casi- 
 mir, king of Poland, with 20,000 men, was 
 attacked by 110,000 Cossiicks and Tartars, for 
 three days successively, but defended himself 
 so bravely, that the latter consented to terms 
 of accommodation. Zborow is 52 miles E. by 
 S. of Lemburg. Long. 25. 46. E. lat. 49. 46. N. 
 Zealand, or Zeeland, an island of Den- 
 mark, of a triangular form; 230 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and the largest of the isles belong- 
 ing to the king of Denmark. Area, 2600 
 B<|uare miles. Pop. 125,000. It lies at the 
 entrance of the Baltic, having the Cattegnt on 
 the N., tlie Sound on the E., and the Great 
 Belt on the W. The coast is much inter- 
 sected by large bays ; and within the country 
 are several lakes, which, as well as the rivers, 
 abound in fie-h. It is cx-vcosiingly fi rtilo, pro- 
 ducing grain of all sorts, with excellent pas- 
 ture, and in most parts plenty of wood. It is 
 
 particularly flimoua for its breed of horses. Co- 
 penhagen is the capital of this island, and uf 
 the whole kingdom. 
 
 ZkalanI). a province of th« Netherlands, 
 comprising th» ancient county of Zealand, and 
 Dutch Flanders; bounded on the N. by the 
 isles of Holland, E. by Brabant, S. by FInndoni. 
 and VV. by the (ierman Ocean. It is composed 
 of Boveml islands, the prindjml of which aru 
 Walcheren, Schowon, North and South Hevo- 
 land, Tolen, Duyveland, and Wolversdike. 
 Area, 570 square miles. Pop. 120,000. The 
 surface is generally level, and lies so low that 
 the inhabitants are obliged to defend them- 
 selves fVom encroachments of the sea, by vast 
 dykes, which are kept up at a great expense. 
 The river Scheldt forms the most of these 
 islands, and the soil of them is fruitAil. The 
 province carries on considerable trade in com, 
 maddfr, flax, salt meat, linen yarn, rape-seed, 
 oil, &c. The greater part of the inhabitants 
 are Calvinists, but there are also many Catho- 
 lics and Lutherans, and some Mcnnonito Bap- 
 tists. The principal towns are Middlebui;g and 
 Flushing. 
 
 Zealand, New, a group of islands in tho 
 Pacific Ocean, lying between lat. 34. 25, and 
 47. 17. S. and long. 166. 6. and 178. 35. E., 
 was discovered by Tasman in 1642. He tnv- 
 versed the eastern coast from lat. 34. to 45. S., 
 and entered a strait; but, being attacked by the 
 natives soon after ho came to an anchor, he did 
 not go ashore. From the time of Tasman, the 
 whole country, except that part of the coast 
 which was seen by him, remained altogether 
 unknown, and was by many supposed to make 
 part of a southern continent, till 1770, when it 
 was circumnavigated by Captain Cook, who 
 found it to consist of two large islands, sepa- 
 rated by the stmit above mentioned, and to 
 which he gave his own name. In the year 
 1814 several missionary stations were esta- 
 blishetl, which have continued their exertions 
 in the civilization and instruction of the natives 
 in their vicinity, up to the present time. These 
 islands have been the resort of the South Sea 
 whalers, particularly tho middle islands; and a 
 great quantity of land has been purchased, or 
 procured from the native chiefs, from time to 
 time, by various adventurers who had esta- 
 blished themselves among the numerous har- 
 bours and fine rivers with which the northern 
 island abounds. Up to the year 1840 New 
 Zealand was not regularly colonized, though 
 the number of Europeans was gradually in- 
 creasing. In the commencement of that year, 
 a company was formed in London for the pur- 
 chase and cultivation of land in that country ; 
 and a number of emigrants sailed from Eng- 
 land for Port Nicholson, in the S. part of tho 
 north island, the territory on each side of Cook 
 Strait having been purchased from the natives ; 
 this colony, which was unauthorized by tho 
 British government, led to many speculations 
 in the purchase of large districts by private in- 
 f.iVtdunls, and others. To prevent the dissen- 
 sions consequent upon this, it was judged ex- 
 pedient by the government to commisaion a 
 
ZEA 
 
 m 
 
 ZEA 
 
 Wwitctinnt-govomor under New South Walo*, 
 to prnclnitn the goverfinnty of the (iuoeti over 
 the whole t«Tritory. Lieutcnnnt-govemor lloh- 
 non accordiiiKly jmuikI n pmclnnintion to thiit 
 effect on the 'J.'tnl of Mny, 11)40, and inime<li 
 ately proceeded to procure the nuhniiMion of 
 the chiofii, who unaniniouily ncccdod to the 
 Dritiih domiimtion. Thii delilwrnte act, and 
 ccnion of the chicfh, and of their having l>een 
 formerly reroRnized by Great Rrituin bh nn in- 
 dependent stiitc, form strong claim* for protec- 
 tion on the part of the government. Among 
 the many bnrharniiii tribe* that our rxtondcd 
 colonial ompiro brings ui in contact with, thcra 
 are none whose claims arc greater. They iiro 
 not mere wanderers over an extended Biirf'ace, 
 in search of a prccArinus subsistence, nor tribes 
 of hunters, or of herdsmen, but a people among 
 whom the arts of government have made some 
 progress ; they have a regular division and ap- 
 proiiritttion of the soil, have some ngrietiltural 
 skill, and have a certain subordination of ranks, 
 and largo bodies of them have been converted 
 to the Christian fnith. These islands were esta- 
 blished into a separate colony by a royal char- 
 ter, dated November 'f', 1 840, and Lieutenant- 
 governor Ilobi^on was appointed the first gover- 
 nor, assisted by a legislative council, liy tho 
 same charter it is directed that the northern 
 bland bo called New Ulster; tho middle in.and, 
 New Munster ; and tlie south, or Stewart 
 Island, New IxinBter. New Ulster, or Eahei- 
 nomauwc, or North Island, is tho most popu- 
 lous, as it is probably the most fertile, of the 
 New Zealand group ; at least, it is tho best 
 adapted for colonization, from its numerous fine 
 harbours, and the rich valleys which intei'sect 
 it. It is about 620 miles long, and 140 in its 
 greatest breadtli, but is very irregular in figure. 
 The occupation of its inhabitants will bo almost 
 exclusively agricultural, as the remarkable defi- 
 ciency of pasturago will jirevent the increase 
 of cattle in any great degree. In this circum- 
 stance a marked difference will exist between 
 this and the neighbouring colonies of Australia. 
 j.'he numerous missionary stations, which have 
 been long established, are all on tho north 
 island, the principal of which are in tho Day of 
 Islands in the N. E. The first colony was 
 founded at Wellington, in Port Nicholson, a 
 splendid harbour in Cook Strait. The future 
 capital, Auckland, has been fixed at Waite- 
 mata harbour, in the Shouraki gulf, or Frith of 
 the Thames, in lat. 36. 61. S. long. 174. 46. E. 
 The temporary seat of government is at Rus- 
 sell, n settlement near Paheha, in the Bay of 
 Islands. In the interior are the extensive lakes 
 of Roturoa and Taupo, and numerous fine 
 streams intersect the country ; the mountains 
 are not so extensive as in New Munster, 
 though some attain a great elevation, as Rua- 
 fiiuhu, always covered with snow, and near it 
 the Tongour'o volcano, 10,000 feet high. The 
 forests, with which the interior abounds, con- 
 tain the finest timber for ship-building, and 
 have been extensively used for that purpose. 
 Another native production is the phormium 
 tenax, or New Zealand flax, a species of flog 
 
 growing on the margins of streams, and whieii 
 has l>e«n prepared i'or coriln^jo in great quan- 
 tities by (lie natives. New Munster, Tavol 
 I'oenammoo, nr tho middle island, is of a much 
 more regular figure; it is AIIO miles long, and 
 (Vom 100 to IliO broad, and contains about 
 2.1,000,000 acres, and tho mountiiiii* which 
 traverse it have a renmrkalily bleak and savugo 
 appearance, which contrasts strongly with tho 
 real amenity of tho climate, and the fertility of 
 the land near tho coast. In tho N. part are 
 some fine harbours and rivers, which have been 
 colonized, particularly tho Oyerri or I'elorus 
 river, which bus some fine land on its banks. 
 A settlement has been formed by tho French 
 on Itanks Peninsula, on tho eastern coast ; tho 
 FngliHh have also a settlement here, and it ii 
 fVeijuented by tho whalers on the S. side. This 
 peninsula consists of a succession of hills, 
 which are clothed with verdure to their sum- 
 mits, and well adapted for agricultural and pas- 
 toml purposes. The climate of tho middle 
 island is represented as being delicious. Tho 
 productions of Europe flourish hero, and pota- 
 toes and cattio are raised in many parts of it. 
 Stewart's Island, or New Leinster, is tho south- 
 ernmost of the group, and is much smaller 
 than the other two, being only 38 miles broad 
 by 40 long. It has some fine harbours, parti- 
 cularly Port Pegasus, on tho S. E. From its 
 lieing more to the S. tho climate is somewhat 
 colder than in tho others ; but it is a beautiful 
 and fertile island ; the number of paroquets 
 giving rather the appearance of a tropical cli- 
 mate. There is plenty of timber, among which 
 are several varieties of pine : all tho trees aj)- 
 pear to bo evergreens. Tho Europeans resi- 
 dent on it raise pigs, poultry, potatoes, and 
 wheat, for tho whalers who visit its shores. 
 Tho number of Euro|ican8 estimated to bo in 
 tho colony, at the commencement of 1841, was 
 about 4000. The only native quadrupeds are 
 dogs and rats ; the former are domesticated. 
 The birds, like the vegetables, are almost en- 
 tirely peculiar to tho country. The creeks 
 swarm with fish, which are equally delicious 
 with those of Europe. The rocks are furnished 
 with great quantities of excellent muscles, one 
 sort of which measures above a foot in length, 
 and with great variety of other shell-fish. The 
 notives are stout and fleshy, but not corpulent, 
 and are exceedingly vigorous and active. The 
 women, in general, are smaller than the men, 
 and are chiefly distinguished by the softness of 
 their voices. The bodies of both sexes are 
 marked with black stains, which is the same as 
 tattooing at Tahiti. Their dress is also the 
 same with that of the natives of that island. 
 Their houses are miserable lodgings, and their 
 only furniture consists in a few small baskets, 
 in which they put their fishing-hooks and other 
 trifles. Their food consists chiefly of fish, with 
 which, instead of bread, they eat the root of a 
 kind of fern, which they scorch over the fire, 
 and then beat with a stick till the bark or dry 
 outside tiiUs off. Besides their dogs they also 
 contrive to kill birds ; and in most parts of 
 the northern island they have sweet potatoes, 
 
 ^1 
 
Z E B 766 
 
 cocoas, end ytm»; but in the southern nothing 
 is nii8e<i by cultivation. Their cookery consists 
 wholly in roasting and baking, which last is 
 performed in the same manner oa at Tahiti. 
 The eastern coast of the north island is by far 
 the most populous, tillage, weaving, and the 
 other arts of peace, being here best known and 
 most practised. The canoes are more deco- 
 rated, the plantations more numerous, and the 
 clothes and carving finer than any where else. 
 In other parts the inhabitants are scattered 
 along the coast in families or tribes A bishop 
 of New Zealand was appointed in 1842. 
 
 Zebid, a city of Arabia, in the province of 
 Yemen. It was once very considerable, but its 
 walls are demolished, and its present buildings 
 scarcely occupy the half of its ancient extent. 
 It is seated on a river; 10 miles from the Red 
 Sea, and 140 N. of Mocha. Long. 44. 28. £. 
 lat. IS. 10. N. 
 
 Zebu, or SKBC,one of the Philippine islands, 
 between those of Leyta and Negros. It is 140 
 miles long, and 30 broad, and has a town of the 
 same name, on the £. const. Long. 122. 30. 
 £. lat. 10. 36. N. 
 
 Zedic, a town of Barbary, in Tripoli, seated 
 on a bay of the Mediterranean; 120 miles S. E, 
 of Tripoli. 
 
 Zegedin, or SzEOEi*, a strong town of Hun- 
 gary, with a trade in salt, tobacco, wool, and 
 com, situate on the Theisse, opposite the influx 
 of the Maros; 65 miles N. W. of Temeswar, 
 and 98 S. E. of Pest. Long. 20. 25. E. lat. 
 46. 20. N. 
 
 Zeozbo, a kingdom of Negroland, to the N. 
 of Zanfara, between Cassina and Bomou. The 
 capital is of the same name; 380 miles N. £. 
 of Cassina. Long. 16. 0. E. lat. 20. 45. N. 
 
 Zehdenick, a town of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg, noted for a large foundry; 30 miles N. of 
 Berlin. 
 
 Zkil, a town of Bavarian Franconia, seated 
 on the Maine; 10 miles N. W. of Bamberg. 
 
 Zeila, a seaport of the kingdom of Adel, 
 and a place of considerable trade, seated on a 
 bay of the Arabian Sea. Long. 44. 22. E. lat 
 11. 9. N. 
 
 Zeiton, a town of Greece, in Janna, and an 
 archbishop's see, with a castle. It is seated on 
 a gulf of its name; 50 miles S. S. E. of Larissa, 
 and 62 N. of Corinth. 
 
 Zeitz, a town of Pnissian Saxony, with a 
 magnificent castle, and a collegiate church. It 
 has good cloth and stuff manufactures. It is 
 seated on the Elster ; 23 miles S. S. W. of 
 Leipsic. Pop. 5400. 
 
 Zell, a town of Hanover, formerly the capi- 
 tal of a duchy of the same name, in the prin- 
 cipality of Lunenburg, It is surrounded by 
 ditches and ramparts, on which are planted 
 chesnut and lin^e trees. The high courts of 
 appeal for all the territories of the electoral 
 house of Brunswick- Lunenburg were held here; 
 and also the diets for the principality. The 
 castle was repaired by George III. of England, 
 for the residence of his unfortunate sister, the 
 Queen of Dsnmiirlc wHrt ilicd bore ii* '7^A 
 iieil is seated on the Aller; 28 miles E. N. E. 
 
 ZIE 
 
 of Hanover. Pop. 8200. Long. 10. 14. E. 
 
 lat. 62. 42. N. 
 
 Zell, a town of Daden, seated on the river 
 Kintzig; 18 miles S. £. of Strasburg. 
 
 Zrll in the Pinzoav, a town of Austria in 
 the province of Salzburg, seated on a lake ; 
 30 miles W. of Radstadt, and 34 S. S. W. of 
 Salzbuig. 
 
 Zell in Zillerthal, a town of Austria, in 
 the Tyrol, seated on the Ziller; 24 miles E. of 
 Inspruck. 
 
 Zellerfeld, a town of Hanover, in the 
 Upper Hartz, with a mine-ofiice and -a mine; 
 9 miles S. S. W. of Goslar. 
 
 Zbluia, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Grodno; 50 miles W. S. W. of Novogrodek. 
 Zemplin, a town of Hungary, in a paUtinate 
 of the same name, seated on the Bodrog; 25 
 miles S. E. of Cassovia, and 27 N. £. of Tokay. 
 Zenoan, a town of Persia, in the province of 
 Irac; 80 miles N. N. E. of Amadan. 
 
 Zenouia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the 
 pachalic of Aleppo, situate on the Euphrates; 
 55 miles N. N. E. of Aleppo. 
 
 Zenta, a town of Hungary, memorable for a 
 signal victory gained by prince Eugene over vhe 
 Turks in 1697. It is seated on the Theisse; 
 52 miles N. of Belgrade. 
 
 Zerbst, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Anhalt- Dessau, with a fine castle. It is famous 
 for good beer, and has manufactures of gold 
 and silver; 10 miles N. N. W. of Dessau. Pop. 
 8000. 
 
 Zerea, a town and fortress of Persia, in 
 
 Farsistan; 18 miles N. N. E. of Shiras. 
 
 Zetland. See Shetland. 
 
 Zeulen, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on 
 
 the river Rosach ; 21 miles N. E. of Bamberg. 
 
 Zevlenrodo, a town of Germany, in the 
 
 principality of Reuss, with manufactures of 
 
 Btufls and stockings; 14 miles N. W. of Plauen. 
 
 ZiA, an island of the Grecian archipelago, to 
 
 the S. of Negropont, 16 miles long, and 8 
 
 broad. Pop. 6000. It abounds in barley, 
 
 wine, and silk ; also a fine sort of oak, whose 
 
 fruit, called valonia, used by dyers and tannery 
 
 is the best trading commodity in the island. 
 
 The principal town, of the same name, seated 
 
 on an eminence, is a bishop's see, and has a 
 
 good harbou', with about 2500 houses, all flat 
 
 at the top. Long. 34. 24. E. lat. 37. 48. N. 
 
 Zieoenhals, a town of Prussian Silesia, with 
 several foundries, and a manufacture of excel- 
 lent glass. It is seated on the Blela; 10 miles 
 S. of Niesse. 
 
 ZiEGENHAYN, a fortified town of Germany, 
 capital of a province of its name in the elec- 
 torate of Hesse, with a fine cnstle and an 
 arsenal. The suburb called Weinhausen is a 
 handsome place, and moro extensive than the 
 town. In 1757 it was taken by the French, 
 and in '.761 it was ineffectually besieged by 
 the allies, who reduced two-thirds of the town 
 to ashes by their cannonade. It stands in a 
 morass, surrounded by the river Schwulm; 28 
 miles S. S. E. of Cnsscl. Pop. 1 100. 
 
 jr/IKOKNUT'CKj n tOWU Of unXOfiyj OH the HT©! 
 
 Saal; 10 miles S. of Neustadt. 
 
ZIE 
 
 767 
 
 ZU L 
 
 ZiKOKSER, or ZiESAR, a town nnd castle of 
 Prussia, in Brandenburg; 18 miles W. S. W. 
 of Brandenburg. 
 
 ZiELENZiG, a town of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg, with manufactures of cloth; 20 miles £. 
 S. E. of Custrin. 
 
 ZiBRENBERo, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Cassel; 8 miles W. N. W. of Cassel. 
 
 ZiOBT, a town of Hungary, on the river 
 Theisse, near its source; 42 miles £. by N. of 
 Nagybanja. 
 
 ZioETii, a strong town of Hungary, which 
 has been several times besieged and taken by 
 the Turks and Austrians. It stands on the 
 Alma, by which it is surrounded; 48 miles S. £. 
 of Canischa. Long. 18. 16. £. lat. 46. 8. N. 
 ^- ZiRicz'EB, or ZiERiKZEE, a strong town of 
 the Netherlands, in Zealand, and capital of the 
 isle of Schouwen. It was the ancient residence 
 of the counts of Zealand. It is 1 2 miles N. £. of 
 Middleburg, and 18 S. W. of Briel. Pop. 6.300. 
 
 ZiTTAU, a fortified town of Saxony, in Upper 
 Lusatia, surrounded by a wall, with four large 
 and six small gates. It has a very extensive 
 trade in linen, white damasks, woollen cloth, 
 and blue paper. The cathedral has three or- 
 gans; and near it is a college, where the lan- 
 guages, drawing, and other arts, are taught 
 gratis. Adjoining to the cloisters is an excel- 
 lent library, and at a small distance from it is 
 an orphan-house. It is seated on the Neisse ; 
 17 miles S. W. of Gorlitz, and 47 S. £. of 
 Dresden. Long. 15. 1. £. lat. fiO. 64. N. Pop. 
 7200. 
 
 Znaim, a strong town of the Austrian states, 
 in Moravia, capital of a circle of the same 
 name, with a castle, in which are a great many 
 pagan antiquities. The vicinity yields excel- 
 lent wine. It is seated on the Teya; 35 miles 
 S. W. of Brian, and 42 N. N. W. of Vienna. 
 Pop. 6200. Long. 16. 0. E. lat. 48. 40. N. 
 
 ZoARA, a fortifi^ town of Tripoli, with a good 
 harbour. It is seated on the Mediterranean ; 
 60 miles W. of Tripoli. Long. 1 1. 53. E. lat. 
 32. 45. N. 
 
 ZoBLiTZ, a town of Saxony, in Meissen. The 
 inhabitants subsist principally by working the 
 serpent-stone, which is found in the neighbour- 
 hood, into pitchers, bowls, tea and coffee-cups, 
 &c. The red species of this stone, which is 
 considered as the finest, belongs solely to the 
 sovereign. It is 17 miles S. of Freyberg. 
 
 ZoBTEN, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 government of Reichenbach; 9 miles E. N. E. 
 of Schweidnitz. 
 
 ZoFFiNGKN, a town of Switzerland, 'i the 
 canton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a 
 public library, containing several curious manu- 
 scripts. It is seated on the Wigger; 19 miles 
 N. N. W. of Lucem. 
 
 ZoLNOCK, a town of Hungary, capital of a 
 county of the same name. In 1554 it was 
 taken by the Turks, but retaken in 1685. It 
 is seated on the Theisr«, at the influx of the 
 Sagelia ; 62 miles N. E. of Colocza, and 62 £. 
 of Buda. Long. 20. 60. E. lat. 47. 10. N. 
 
 ZoaiBOB, a town of-IIuiigaTy, nCttr the flvcf 
 Hoezlonga; 50 miles N. W cf Neusatz. 
 
 Zonmo, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a 
 citadel; 24 miles N. N. W. of Leipsic. 
 
 ZoRNDORP, a village of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg, where the king of Prussia, after a dread- 
 ful conflict, totally defeated the Russians in 
 1768; 5 miles N. of Custrin. 
 
 ZossEN, a town and castle of Brandenburg, 
 situate on the Notte; 19 miles S. of Berlin. 
 
 Zout-Pan, a curious salt lake, in the country 
 of the Hottentots, lying a few miles N. of Point 
 Padron, in a plain much above the level of the 
 sea, and between 3 and 4 miles in circum- 
 ference. At some seasons of the year it is 
 formed into an entire mass of fine white salt, 
 with a hard crust resembling ice. 
 
 ZowAN, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, 
 famous for the dyeing of scarlet caps and the 
 bleaching of linen; 36 miles S. W. of Tunis. 
 
 ZucKMANTEL, a town of Austrian Silesia, 
 and a bishop's see. It has mines of gold, 
 silver, copper, and iron. It is 16 miles S. of 
 Neisse. 
 
 ZuEELA, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, 
 situate in a district of remarkable fertility. The 
 remnants of ancient buildings, the number and 
 size of the cisterns, id the construction of the 
 vaulted caves, intended perhaps as repositories 
 for com, exhibit wonderful vestiges of its an- 
 cient splendour. It is 60 miles E. N. E. of 
 Mourzook. Long. 16. 34. £. lat 27. 59. N, 
 
 Zuo, the smallest canton of Switzerland, con- 
 taining an area of 125 square miles; bounded 
 on the E. and N. by Zurich, W. by Lucern, 
 and S. by Schweitz. It is rich in pasturage, 
 has plenty of various kinds of stone fruit, as 
 well as walnuts and chesnuts, and wine of a 
 very acid flavour. The inhabitants, estimated 
 at 15,500, are Roman Catholics. 
 
 ZuG, a capital of the foregoing canton, con- 
 taining several handsome churches, a good town- 
 house, &c. It is seated on a lake of its name; 
 12 miles N. W. of Schweitz. Pop. 2000. Long. 
 8. 24. E. lat. 47. 4. N. 
 
 ZuLAUP, or SuLAT, a town of Prussian Sile- 
 sia; 5 miles S. W. of Militsch. 
 
 ZuLLicHAU, a town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 vince of Brandenburg, with a castle, vliich 
 stands without the walls of the town, nnd has 
 a rampart and ditches. The suburbs contain 
 more houses than the town itself, and among 
 them is a large orphan-house, to which is an- 
 nexed a school, an academv, &c. Here are 
 good cloth manufactures, m •; the vicinity pro- 
 duces much com and v fc In 1759 n battle 
 was fought near this town, between the Prus- 
 sians and the Russians, in which the former 
 were defeated. It is situate in a plain, near 
 the Oder; 24 miles E. by N. of Crossen. Pop. 
 6500. Long. 15. 52. E. lat. 52. 9. N. 
 
 ZuLPHA, or JuLPA, a town of Persia, almost 
 ?lose to Ispahan, to which it is a sort of suburb, 
 and separated from it by the river Sanderon. It 
 was peopled by a colony of Armenians, brought 
 hither by Shah Abbas. It contains several 
 churches and monasteries. 
 
 ZuLz, a town of Austrian Silesia, in the prin- 
 
 cip&uiy ui vrpp;:i!:; li iiiiica cj. ut c. ui itcissc, 
 
 and 26 S. S. W. of Oppeln. 
 
 
ZUL 
 
 768 
 
 ZYT 
 
 Zciz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Griions, on the river Inn; 2G m. S. £. of Coire. 
 
 ZniUMPA, a town of Tucuman, on the river 
 Dolce; 110 miles S. S. £. of St. Jago del 
 Estero. 
 
 ZuMATA, a town of Biscay, near the coast; 
 6 miles W. by S. of St. Sebastian. 
 
 ZuHPANGO, a town of Mexico; 100 miles N. 
 by E. of Acapulco, and 105 S. of Mexico. 
 
 Zdrich, a canton of Switzerland, bounded 
 OH the N. by Schaflfhausen, E. by Thurgau 
 and the county of Tookenburg, S. by Glarus, 
 Schweitz, and Zug, and W. by Lucem and the 
 county of Baden. Zurich was admitted a 
 member of the Helvetic confederacy in 1351, 
 and obtained the privilege of being the first 
 canton in rank ; it is also the most considerable 
 in extent, both of territory and power, next to 
 that of Bern, having an area of 950 square 
 miles, with upwards of 185,000 inhabitants. 
 It aboimds in wine and excellent pasture, but 
 the supply of corn is not sufficient for interior 
 consumption. The inhabitants are all Cal- 
 vinists; and two thirds of them derive their 
 livelihood by spinning thread and silk, and 
 making linen for the munufocture of the town. 
 
 Zurich, a city of Switzerland, capital of the 
 foregoing canton, stands at the northern extre- 
 mity of the Lake of Zurich, and occupies both 
 sides of the rapid and transparent Limmat, 
 which issues from that lake and divides the 
 town into two unequal parts, communicating 
 by three bridges. It was formerly an imperial 
 city, and is one of the best built in this coun- 
 try, but the streets are narrow and the houses 
 h^h. Zurich was the first town in Switzer- 
 land that separated from the church of Rome. 
 Among its charitable foundations are an orphan 
 bouse, an hospital for incurables, that for the 
 sick of all nations, which usually contains be- 
 tween 600 and 700 patients, and the Almosen- 
 Amt, or foundation for the poor, which puts 
 out children as apprentices, and distributes 
 money, clothes, and books, to poor persons, 
 not of the town only, but of the canton, to the 
 amount of upwards of 5000/. a year. The 
 inhabitants carry on manufactures of muslins, 
 cottons, linens, and silk handkerchiefs. It is 
 35 miles S. W. of Constance, 40 S. E. of Basil, 
 and 55 N. E. of Bern. Pop. 11,000. Long. 
 8. 32. E. lat. 47. 20. N. 
 
 Zurich, a lake of Switzerland, 24 miles 
 long and 4 broad. The adjacent country is 
 finely cultivated and well peopled, and the S. 
 part of the lake appears bounded by the stu- 
 pendous mountains of Schweitz and Glarus. 
 The scenery is picturesque, lively, and diversi- 
 fied. The river Limmat runs through the 
 whole length of this take to Zurich. 
 
 ZuRiTA, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 witli a castle, seated on the Tagus; 38 miles E. 
 of Madrid. 
 
 ZuRZ, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Orisons, seated on the Inn; 20 miles N. N. 
 W. of Burmio. 
 
 ZuRZACH, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 county of Buucn, seated on the llhirie, just 
 
 aboTe the influx of the Aar. It is 9 miles N. 
 of Baden. 
 
 ZuRZONZA, a town of Mexico, in the pro- 
 vince of Mechoacan, situate on an island in a 
 lake i 26 miles W. S. W. of Mechoacan. 
 
 ZuTPiiEN, a strong town of the Netherlands, 
 in Gelderland, capital of a county of its name. 
 It is seated at the conflux of the Berkel with 
 the Yssel; 9 miles S. by E. of Deventer, and 
 55 E. by S. of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 13. E. 
 lat. 52. 10. N. 
 
 ZuTDER Zee, a great bay of the German 
 Ocean, whidi extends from N. to S., in Hol- 
 land, between the provinces of Friesland, 
 Overyssel, Gelderland, and North Holland. 
 
 ZuYST, a village of the Netherlands, which 
 abounds in plantations and shady walks, and is 
 inhabited by Moravian manufacturers. It is, 
 much frequented, in the summer months, by 
 merchants who have no country seats of their 
 own. It is 5 miles from Utrecht. 
 
 ZvENiaoROD, a town of Russia, in the go- 
 vernment of Moscow, situate on the Moskva; 
 28 miles W. of Moscow. 
 
 ZwELLENDAM, a district of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, on the S. coast, bounded on the N, by 
 Tulbagh and Stellenbosch, and on the E. by 
 George. Area, 9000 square miles. Pop. 6663. 
 It produces some com, wine, and cattle. Port 
 Beaufort, in St. Sebastian's Bay, enjoys a con- 
 siderable coasting trade. To the W. are some 
 salt pans, and to the N., over the Zwartberg 
 mountains, some remarkable caverns were dis- 
 covered in 17l!0. Zwellendam is the chief town. 
 
 Zw ENK Au, a town and castle of Saxony, seated 
 on the Elster ; 6 mites S. of Leipsic. 
 
 ZwETL, a town of Austria, at the conflux of 
 the Zwetl with the Kemp; 26 miles W. N. W. 
 of Krems. 
 
 ZwicK, a town of Saxony, with a citadel, 
 thr.^e churches, and a Latin school, in which is 
 a good library. The inhabitants have manu- 
 factures of cloth and leather, and a trade ia 
 corn and beer. It is seated on the Mulda; 21 
 miles N. N. E. of Plauen, and 21 S. of Alten- 
 burg. 
 
 ZwiNGENBERG, a town of Germany, m Hesse- 
 Darmstadt; 8 miles S. of Darmstadt. 
 
 ZwiTTAU, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Olmutz; 40 miles W. N. W. of Olmutz. 
 
 ZwoLL, a fortified town of the Netherlands, 
 in Overyssel, with three handsome suburbs. A 
 canal begins near this place, and extends to the 
 river Yssel, which is defended by several forts. 
 ZwoU is the most opulent town in the province, 
 and stands on an eminence, on the river Aa ; 
 14 miles N. of Deventer, and 31 S. W. of 
 Coevorden. Pop. 12,800. Long. 6. 3. E. lat. 
 62. 31. N. 
 
 ZwoNiTZ, a town of Saxony ; 1 4 miles S. S. W. 
 of Chemnitz. 
 
 ZwoRNicK, a town of Bosnia; 60 miles E.of 
 Seraio, and 68 S. W. of Belgrade. 
 
 Zytomierz, a town and fortress of Russia, 
 capital of the government of Volhynin, and a 
 bishop's see, seated on the Ciecirief; 120 miles 
 
 
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