LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 
 
Errata. 
 
 Title of Chapter I., page 17, for "National," read Our 
 Natural Resources. 
 
 Page 135, for " scopes," read scoops, 
 
 " 138, for agricultural "instruments," read implements. 
 
 " 151, at bottom of page substitute 3 for 2, making the 
 total read $83^268^28, 
 
 " 196, for Judge " Coledridge," read Coleridge. 
 
 " 286, for "Animals and Annual Produce" read Animal. 
 
K 
 
 ^0§ 
 
 Land, 
 Labor and Liquor 
 
 A Chapter in the Political Economy of the 
 
 Present Day. 
 
 BY REV. WM. BURGESS 
 
 Pastor of the Congregational Church, Listowel, Ont. 
 
 With Introduction by 
 
 W. H. HOWLAND, Esq., Mayor of Toronto. 
 
 "All men must think for themselves ; and so all men must be taught 
 how to think. It is therefore, worth while for public educated 
 discussion to put forward in the foreground axioms, self-evident 
 truths."— Joseph Cook. 
 
 8. R. BRIGGS, 
 
 Toronto Willard Tract Depository, Toronto. 
 
 1887. 
 
B(A^(^l 55^ \jj. 
 
 Entered according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one 
 thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven by Samuel Robert Briggs, 
 in the office of the Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa. 
 
 PARKDALE TIMES PRINTERS. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 TN the pages of this volume a long-felt want has 
 been supplied. The opponents of Temperance Re- 
 form have often questioned the figures and statistics of 
 the evil trade in Canada, given by temperance men 
 as being of doubtful accuracy, owing to the differences 
 in the estimates made by different speakers. We have 
 now, in this volume, carefully prepared and most com- 
 plete statements and arrays of facts and figures 
 which can be utilised as a basis for the future. In 
 many ways in addition to this, the [volume commends 
 itself to the public in this age of quickened interest in 
 Temperance work. The thoughtful and massive presen- 
 tation of facts showing the wasteful character of the 
 Liquor Manufacture, its small employment of labor and 
 its immense injury to both the tradesman and the labor- 
 er,from an economical point of view, will help to convince 
 many a fair mind as to the blessings that would result 
 to this country were the whole liquor traffic banished 
 from our soil — may God grant it soon, — but more for 
 the sake of the dear flesh and blood wasted than for any 
 money that would be saved. 
 
VI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 As the writer points out, the working man has 
 awakened to the fact that the great weapon in the 
 hands of oppressors and monopolists — the great weight 
 on the back of the wage-worker, hindering his rise 
 (which would otherwise be natural and rapid in this 
 freest of all countries) is the liquor trade, and thank 
 God, that realization once expressed as a square issue 
 at the polls will settle, once and for all, the fate of this 
 worthless and evil trade in this fair Canada of ours. 
 " Soon shall we see the glorious dawn." 
 
 Blyth Cottage, W. H. ROWLAND. 
 
 Toronto, March, 1887. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 iN preparing this work for publication, I have been 
 inspired by its objects and purposes, rather than 
 by the mere pleasure of adding one more to the count- 
 less number of books. 
 
 My first object was to answer the call for reliable 
 facts and Canadi^ statistics. For several years past 
 I have felt the need of such a handy volume as would 
 fill the place of a text book for temperance reformers, 
 especially on the subjects relating to labor, capital, 
 trade, &c., &c. I entered upon the task fully conscious 
 that it was one of great magnitude and importance, 
 demanding the treatment of a more skilful and experi- 
 enced hand than mine. In fact, I have frequently 
 urged the importance of the work upon those whom I 
 thought competent to deal with it. 
 
 The statistical work has been even greater than I 
 supposed. The figures have been collected mostly 
 from Government Blue Books, and were not found in 
 such a form as to be easily placed into tables. 
 
 My second object has been to present what I believe 
 to be the most important fact in the treatment of the 
 labor problem. It appears to me that social reform- 
 ers and political economists who recognize the terrible 
 burdens and afflictions under which the masses groan 
 and sufier, and yet ignore the intimate relation of the 
 
viii. author's preface. 
 
 liquor traffic to every form of social depression and 
 woe, are simply baling out water from a .eaky ship 
 while its timbers are being rotted and scuttled. 
 
 Last and not least, my hope is that this little work 
 may hasten the final overthrow of the most gigantic 
 of all evils. I see no possible redemption of Society 
 from the numerous social wrongs which degrade, 
 impoverish and demoralise our people, without the 
 complete overthrow of the liquor traffic as an organ- 
 ized force and a legalized institution. The political 
 power and dominating influence of this huge system 
 must be broken before the masses of civilized lands 
 can be emancipated from degradation and grinding 
 poverty. 
 
 I am indebted to officials of the Dominion and 
 Ontario Go vernments for kindly supplying the requisite 
 documents for reference, and to many whose works I 
 have quoted, without permission, I tender my thanks 
 for the aid they have afforded me. I am especially 
 indebted to the Chief of the "Bureau of Statistics of 
 Labor" of Massachusetts for a copy of their last report, 
 and also to several public officials and others for kindly 
 supplying important information. 
 
 W. B. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER I. Our Natural Resources. Our 
 country — its territory — its capabilities — land — 
 lakes — rivers — springs — minerals 17 
 
 CHAPTER II. Our National Wealth. Natural 
 resources and national wealth not identical — 
 Wealth defined — Sir Isaac Newton quoted — 
 Prof. Fawcett's definition — Adam Smith — 
 Henry George — Value of the national wealth of 
 Canada 20 
 
 CHAPTER III. Labor. Productive labor defined 
 — John Stuart Mill's definition — Education 
 and labor — Washington Gladden — Dr. Chan- 
 ning — Elevation of labor 26 
 
 CHAPTER IV. Productive and Non-Produciive 
 Labor. Production the glory of labor — Unpro- 
 ductive work is drudgery — Court-martials — The 
 Treadmill — Unproductive labor defined — Bil- 
 liard rooms — Professional sport and gambling 
 — A plea for recreation 31 
 
 CHAPTER V. Destructive Labor. Definitions 
 and illustrations — Dynamite as a servant and a 
 destroyer — Hell-gate and anarchy — War and 
 labor — The war debt of Europe — Cost of 
 modern wars — Standing armies and War-ships 
 — Labor and Liquor — Labor expended in 
 liquor not productive — Henry George's "desire" 
 theory examined — Market prices not always 
 proof of value — Liquor factories and lotteries- 
 Alcohol the ashes of food 36 
 
X. CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. Labor Expended in Liquor Mak- 
 ing Destructive. Brewing not cooking — 
 War sometimes justified — Alcohol sometimes 
 of value 49 
 
 CHAPTER VIL What Capital is. Definition by 
 various authors — Capital and labor not antago- 
 nistic but co-operative — Capital and labor one in 
 slavery, but competitive in freedom — Labor may 
 be trusted — The capitalist and the laborer 
 equals 52 
 
 CHAPTER VHL Capital Misdirected. Burglar's 
 tools his capital — Gain of a few not always 
 increase of wealth — Capital at war with capital 
 — Amount of capital in breweries, distilleries 
 and liquor stores in Canada — Boots and shoes 
 versus liquor — Capital responsible for its effects. 58 
 
 CHAPTER IX. Destruction of Food. *Grain 
 consumed in liquor making — Official Canadian 
 statistics 66 
 
 CHAPTER X. Over-Production. What it means! 
 — A fallacy-^Lord Derby's stocking illustration 
 —Millions without stockings — Why ? 72 
 
 CHAPTER XL Over-Crowding the Labor 
 Market. The-too-many-workmen theory — 
 Immigration — Statistics of over-population .... 79 
 
 CHAPTER XII. Co-operation. Its value to the 
 labor problem — Its use and progres.^^ — Co-oper- 
 ative production— Profit sharing — Co-operative 
 coopers — M. Leclaire's great enterprise and 
 faith — What weakens co-operation — What Can- 
 adian workmen lose— How 25,750 workmen in 
 Canada might be capitalists 83 
 
CONTENTS. XI. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. Knights of Labor. Secret 
 origin — Its rapid growth after secrecy was 
 abolished — Its policy and constitution — r Mr. 
 Powderly and moral sentiments— Opposition to 
 strikes and boycotts — Workmen and Inter- 
 national peace 97 
 
 CHAPTER XI"^'. Labor Unions and the Liquor 
 TRAFric. The action of various bodies 
 against the traffic — Mr. Powderly and Mr. 
 Trevillick speaks — Mene, Mene, Tekel, Uphar- 
 sin io6 
 
 CHAPTER XV. The Root of the Evil. Monop- 
 lies and Millionaires — A coal combination 
 swindle — National blood-poisoning — '■ Cardinal 
 Manning's Catalogue of Evils iii 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. More Wages and Less Labor. 
 Cost of living in Canada and Massachusetts — 
 Productive power of machinery — Carlyle, Mill 
 and Gladstone quoted — Why wages are low — 
 Why labor is in competition with labor — 
 Liquor bill of Toronto — How to spend 
 $1,500,000 118 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. Wages and Whiskey. Labor 
 employed in making liquor — Trades that live 
 by destruction — Mr. Canada, farmer and his 
 barley — Caledonian Distillery contrasted with 
 Sheffield Iron Works — Gooderham and Worts' 
 distillery contrasted with Toronto Manufacturers 
 —Annual income and number of employees 
 compared— Important statistical table — Wages 
 of Canadian ind-ustries compared 128 
 
• • 
 
 XU. CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. Our National Drink Bill. 
 Statistical Statement — Total direct cost for i8 
 years — Indirect cost — Waste of food — Its cost 
 — Coals consumed — Labor Wasted — Hands 
 employed — Capital wasted — Cost of Crime — 
 Millions borrowed — Our National debt — How 
 to pay it ? j:4o 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. Comparative View of our 
 National Liquor. United Kingdom and 
 United States drink bills — Three National drink 
 columns — Canada favorably compared — Chris- 
 tian Church and Education Expenditure — Table 
 of comparisons 158 
 
 CHAPTER XX. Further Statistics and Illus- 
 trations. Waste of food illustrated — Yonge 
 Street paved with bread-loaves — A procession 
 of baker's teams — Spirits, Beer and Wines con- 
 sumed — Where it all goes — The number of 
 people who don't and who do drink — Quantity 
 of drink per head of population 166 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. Is the Money Wasted. Money 
 is not wealth — Productive Expenditure — Three 
 parties to a fair bargain 173 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. What's to be done with the 
 Barley? An alarmist's cry — Richard Cobden's 
 Illustration — High wages and little corn — Drink 
 and farm produce — Historical facts of London 
 and Ireland famines — Canada's barley market — 
 How to improve our markets — Barley as a 
 feeder — Scientific evidence of same — Boys 
 worth more than grain — Printing Press 178 
 
'4 CONTENTS. Xlli. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. Farmers and the Foreign 
 Market. England asks for Canadian produce 
 — TVhat the British public buy and where from 
 — The Canadian cheese export — Its growth — 
 Butter exports — Why it stands still — Eggs — 
 What one man exports from Canada — Farmers 
 I'Ot dependent upon brewers for a market 191 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. Liquor and Crime. British, 
 U. S. and Canadian statistics all agree — Strong 
 words of Canadian Legislative Assembly — 
 Montreal, Toronto, and Ottawa Police Statistics 
 — Cost of Crime — Ontario prisons — Actual 
 number of criminals and drunkards — 500 in- 
 mates of Penitentiary — 27,000 criminals 196 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. Insanity and Alcohol. In- 
 sanity in Canada — Cost of same — Insanity and 
 drink — Statistics of Ontario Asylum — Alcohol 
 abolished in some of them — Testimony from 
 English authorities — Earl Shaftesbury's opinions 
 and statements — Dr. F. R. Lees quoted 215 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. Drink and Pauperism. Work- 
 house system in Britain — Its radical defect — 
 Jews Board of Guardians — Number of paupers 
 in England and Wales and cost of same — The 
 Cause of pauperism — Report of Convocation of 
 Car'-'^rbury and other testimonies — Pauperism 
 in Canada — Vagrants in Ontario — Dr. Howard 
 Crosby on drink and poverty — The Canadian 
 I-egislative Assembly's report — The Senate's 
 report — Ears but hear not 227 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. The Economic Value of 
 Man. Man greater than institutions — The 
 Bible for man — Life's value — Alcohol kills — 
 Medical testimony — Insurance and Mortatlity 
 Statistics — Richard Cobden on life without 
 Uquor — The higher life and drink 240 
 
xiV. CONTENTS. # 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. The Christian Jugger- 
 naut. Mr. Gladstone on the evils of drink 
 greater than those of war, pestilence and 
 famine — Annual human sacrifice — 500,000 
 souls per year — More than Canada's population 
 in ten years — Drink a god of Christian nations 
 — The devil's chain — Look on this and on this . 259 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. The License System Immoral 
 AND Degrading. Buxton the Brewer and the 
 war between heaven and hell — Mr. John Dougall 
 and license — Licensed vice — Prof. Sheldon 
 Amos on the subject — Hon. Ed. Blake and 
 Prohibition — Law as an educator — Mr. Glad- 
 stone on the duty of the State — John Bright's 
 picture of war — An angel of death — Hope in 
 prohibition 268 
 
 APPENDIX A. Statistical Tables of Land, Min- 
 eral, Railway, Industrial and other values in 
 Canada 282 
 
 APPENDIX B. Testimony of Emminent Author- 
 ities on the relation of drink and crime — British 
 and American Judges — Lord Brougham — Earl 
 Shaftesbury — John Bright — Cardinal McCabe — 
 etc., etc 288 
 
 APPENDIX C. How Drinks are Doctored 297 
 
 APPENDIX D. Knights of Labor — Preamble to 
 
 Constitution 308 
 
 APPENDIX E, Fire Insurance and Drink 311 
 
 APPENDIX F. Compensation 312 
 
STATISTICAL TABLES AND DIAGRAMS. 
 
 {( 
 
 CI 
 
 i( 
 
 Showing War Debt, per capita of Europe 39 
 
 Showing loss of Life by War 39 
 
 Showing number of Standing Armies in Europe 40 
 
 On the Waste of Grain in Canada 69 
 
 Seven years immigration to Canada 80 
 
 How to spend one and a half millions 125 
 
 Comparison of fifteen industries with liquor factories ... 137 
 
 Value of all Canadian industries compared 138 
 
 Showing Cost of Drink in Canada in 1885 142 
 
 " " «' •• " •' •• i8 years 143 
 
 Grain consumed in 18 years 145 
 
 Value of Grain consumed , 146 
 
 Number of Persons engaged in Liquor Traffic 146 
 
 Annual Cost of intoxicating drinks in Canada 151 
 
 Cost of Drink in 10 years in United Kingdom 100 
 
 * •♦ •• 4 years in U. S 160 
 
 *• Drink Expenditure compared with other items 164-5 
 
 Giving 18 years consumption of Liquor in Canada 168 
 
 Showing average consumption per head of population 172 
 
 Years of Famine in Ireland compared with ordinary years 182 
 
 Colonial imports to United Kingdom 193 
 
 Prisoners arrested in Montreal in different years 1 98-9 
 
 '• •* *' Toronto and Ottawa 200-1 
 
 Cost of maintenance of Penitentiaries 204 
 
 " ** Crime in Canada 208 
 
 Alcoholic'stimulants used in Asylums 219 
 
 Insanity in United Kingdom 220 
 
 Causes of insanity in United Kingdom's Asylums 222 
 
 Paupers in England and their cost 230 
 
 Showing Sick and Death Rate of Abstainers compared with Mod- 
 erate Drinkers 246 
 
 Death Rate of two sections of United Kingdom Temperance and 
 
 General Life Insurance Co 249 
 
 Showing Death Rate of 12 classes of people 253 
 
 " Value of Land Interests in Canada 282 
 
 " Value and Earnings of Railways in Canada 283 
 
 " •' " •• •* Canals " *• 284 
 
 " •♦ of Shipping Interests " *• 284 
 
 Capital invested in Canadian Industries 285 
 
 " •* •* Productions of Canadians Forest 285 
 
 " " •' Animals and their produce 286 
 
 " " "Export Trade *• ♦• 287 
 
 " ♦• " Industries «' •' 287 
 
 " " "Fisheries " " 287 
 
** He who knows what is good and chooses it, who knows what is 
 bad and avoids it, is learned and temperate." — Socrates. 
 
 " All the crimes on earth do not destroy so many of the human race, 
 nor alienate so much property as drunkenness." — Lord Bacon. 
 
 " If the advocates of Freedom had put'down Slavery and the Slave- 
 trade together, fifty years ago, half a century might have been saved; 
 and, with the requisite degree of virtue and courage, it would have 
 been quite as easy then as now. If the friends of Temperance will lay 
 the axe to the root of the Upas Tree of drunkenness, it too will fall, and 
 the deluded victims awakening from their dreams will be the first to sing 
 hymns of thanksgiving for their deliverance. But ii a few spare leaves 
 only are stripped off here and there, and the removal of a branch or 
 two excites apprehension and alarm, the tree will still flourish in rank 
 and luxurious growth, and its outspreading boughs cover a still wider 
 and wider space till its poison, diffusing itself all around shall corrupt 
 the whole atmosphere — and make England a land of disease, of crime, 
 of desolation and of death." — /antes Silk Buckingham, M. A, 1834. 
 
 " But Censure profits little : vain the attempt 
 
 To advertise in verse a public pest 
 ****** 
 
 Th' excise is fattened with the rich result 
 Of all this riot. The ten thousand casks, 
 For ever dribbling out their base contents. 
 Touched by the Midas finger of the State 
 Bleed gold, for Parliament to vote away. 
 Drink and be mad then; 'tis your country bids 
 Gloriously drunk — obey the important call; 
 Her cause demands the assistance of your throats 
 Ye all can swallow, and she asks no more. 
 
 — Cowper^ IT 80. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 OUR NATIONAL RESOURCES. 
 
 ?HE extent and capacities of Canadian territory 
 and resources are surpassingly great. No coun- 
 try in the world offers greater promise to com- 
 ing generations. Its possibilities are beyond the 
 dreams of the most sanguine of Canada's young sons, 
 A great American statesman (Wm. H. Seward) has well 
 said " Canada is destined to become the seat of a great 
 Empire, the Russia of North America, but a Russia 
 with civilization more advanced than the Russia of 
 Europe." 
 
 The territory of the Dominion comprises an area of 
 3,470,392 square miles, or about 2,229,106,447 acres 
 besides a great lake and river surface estimated at 
 about 700,000 square miles. What dreams of afflu- 
 ence ! What visions of wealth and greatness are con- 
 ceivable in the contemplation of a territory so vast! 
 Everything in the country, when considered in rela- 
 tion to the future, is calculated to fill the mind with 
 the highest expectation. Lord Dufferin did not exag- 
 gerate, when speaking of Canada, he said "in a thous- 
 and localities the earth is bursting with mineral 
 wealth, which only requires improved transportation 
 to develop." Already that statement made about 
 eight years ago, has been abundantly verified. 
 B . 
 
18 LAND, LABOB AND LIQUOB. 
 
 The great waters of Canada are a source of wonder 
 in proportion as their vastness, beauty and utility are 
 realized ; and they are destined to become the joy and 
 pride of countless thousands, who, in the not very far 
 distant future, shall dwell upon their shores. 
 
 The forests of the country — at one time regarded 
 as hindrances to be destroyed with ruthless hand, like 
 the wild beasts which inhabited them, — are now treat- 
 ed with conservative care, as a valuable part of cur 
 great natural resources. The eagerness with which 
 pioneer settlers fired and wrecked millions of noble 
 trees, often unnecessarily, and without regard to the 
 future, in order to make easy way to the surface of 
 the land, is now deeply deplored by those who take 
 pride in the country's growth. Immense tracts of land 
 nave been bereft of every vestige of shady trees or 
 leafy foliage, with which to attract the rain showers, 
 or afford shelter, shade or ornament. But, so vast and 
 abundant was the supply in this expansive land, that 
 there yet remains immense fields of timber land, which 
 now constitute a most important factor in the nations 
 fortune. Lord Dufferin said, a few years ago, that 
 "Canada has timber enough of various kinds to set up 
 the world in building material." 
 
 The minerals and springs already discovered in our 
 territory have proved to be of enormous extent and 
 value, and they are the assurance of an abundant 
 storehouse of hidden treasury which awaits the enter- 
 prize of capital, and the operation of labor. 
 
 The surface of the land is of more than average 
 fertility and richness. In some enormous tracts of 
 country it is wonderfully adapted to rapid and prolific 
 growth. In the soil of the entire domain there has 
 been stored the rich results of Nature's chemistry 
 which, for countless ages has steadily operated with 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 19 
 
 but little disturbance. This land surface is so vast 
 that its measure appears incredible. From east to 
 west it stretches across a distance of 3000 miles, and 
 from north to south it stretches from the Atlantic 
 Ocean to a latitude about equal to that of France in 
 Europe, a distance of about 1500 miles. It is nearly 
 as large as the whole of Europe and is rather larger 
 than the territory of the United States, exclusive of 
 Alaska. 
 
 Allowing more than one-half of the entire land sur- 
 face of Canada for public roads, railways, town and 
 city buildings, and for rocky and uncultivatible soil 
 there is a square acre of land for every one of more 
 than one billion of persons. To present this in an- 
 other form there are possible farms of 100 acres of 
 larul each, for ten millions of farmers. If five per- 
 sons are allotted to each farm on an average, we may 
 have farms for fifty millions (50,000,000) of people. 
 If five persons live upon trade, mechanical employ- 
 ments and the professions, for every one living upon 
 farms, we have ample ROOM IN Canada for the in- 
 conceivable NUMBER OF THREE HUNDRED MILLIONS OF 
 PERSONS. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 OUR NATIONAL WEALTH. 
 
 fHE whole of this vast territory with all its var- 
 iety and abundance of treasure, are nature's en- 
 dowments — God's free ^'ifts to man. 
 
 But in estimating our wealth we must distinguish be- 
 tween natural advantages and acquired riches. Wealth 
 is property acquired, and is therefore attached to per- 
 sonal ownership. I"^ature's resources are man's heri- 
 tage, without distinction, or respect of persons, and 
 belong to all equally. They are not the exclusive 
 property of any one man, or class, or race. Every 
 human being possesses equally an inherent right to 
 them. The late Mr. Fawcett, M.P., the eminent Pro- 
 fessor of Political Economy, and late Post-Master Gen- 
 eral of England, said : — " Wealth may be defined to 
 consist of every commodity which has an exchange 
 value" while Henry George, says: — "Nothing which 
 nature supplies to man without labor is wealth." 
 
 When we speak of wealth we do not refer to the 
 supplies of nature. Sunlight, heat, air, water, electri- 
 city, etc. are not wealth. Rivers, lakes and seas ; wild 
 beasts, fowl or fish are not property, and do not con- 
 stitute a nation's wealth. These are essential factors 
 to its production, but until they are adapted, utilized 
 or acquired by human effort, for the use of man they are 
 not property. They are the raw material which lie 
 
LAND, LABOE AND LIQUOR. 21 
 
 ever ready, prolific of rich reward to man, only through 
 labor. Every ray of sunshine, and every shower of rain, 
 every particle of air, and every changing season, are 
 of incalculable value as contributors to human needs 
 and desires, but, as they come to us without eftbrt on 
 our part, they are not wealth, and cannot be accounted 
 and calculated as such. Place a man alone, under the 
 most favorable natural circumstances ; let him, like 
 Robinson Crusoe, have an Island where are in the 
 liighest degree, all the facilities of light, air, heat, 
 water, land, forest, wild fruit, fowl, eggs and fish. All 
 these will be absolutely useless to him unless he exerts 
 himself. If he does not work he must starve, he 
 must gather the fruit, catch the fish, snare the fowl 
 and provide against storms and cold and heat. In 
 proportion only as he labors will he have abundance. 
 
 So likewise, a nation's wealth is not measured by 
 the extent of its territory, its forests and springs, or 
 mineral deposits. A single province of Canada is 
 vastly greater in these respects than the whole of the 
 United Kingdom, yet the latter is incomparably richer 
 than all Canada. 
 
 Nature's supplies cost man nothing. Rich treasures 
 of raw material lie ever ready at his feet, to adapt, 
 utilize and enjoy ; but only in proportion as he con- 
 verts them into articles of utility, and bring them 
 within reach for human service do they become wealth. 
 Thus : — A brickmaker's wealth is not measured by the 
 quantity or quality of the clay in his pit, but by the 
 quantity and qi ality of bricks produced. The value 
 of these bricks for the purposes for which they were 
 made is the extent of his created wealth. He has 
 capital invested in machinery or tools, and if he has 
 purchased the right to the exclusive use of the clay in 
 the pit he has capital also in it, but if the clay remains 
 
22 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 in the pit^inused, that portion of his invested capital 
 will be lost to him.* 
 
 But although the elements of nature are not ex- 
 change value, and are therefore not wealth, they are 
 essential factors in its production. They are the raw 
 material, supplied to us, untaxed and free, by the great 
 Creator. They are the springs from whence all wealth 
 must be drawn. These springs are perpetual in their 
 supply, and will continue to flow on, whether man 
 labor or not. No effort of ours can dam them. Yet 
 man cannot enjoy them without effort. 
 
 Our natural resources are of primary importance. 
 The extensive and richly endowed Bank of Nature, in 
 which for ages have been deposited, at compound in- 
 terest, the inestimable treasure of this fair Dom'nion, 
 is our heritage. Here we have room and supplies 
 for countless millions of people. We but begin to see 
 **as through a glass darkly" the vastness of our prize. 
 It is to us, as to him, were those mighty discoveries 
 of Sir Isaac Newton when he said, "/ do not know 
 what I TYiay appear to the world, but to myself I seem 
 to have been only like a boy playing on the sea shore, 
 and diverting myself in now and then finding a 
 smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, 
 whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered 
 before me." 
 
 Wealth then consists of that portion of actual pro- 
 duce which we possess in excess of present needs, such 
 as clothing, food, houses, cattle, ships, machinery, 
 tools, &c., or the equivalent in money for the purchase 
 
 *Prof. Fawcett gives the following simple illustration: — "The seams of 
 coal were deposited without any human agency, but the coal is not 
 available to satisfy any of the wants of life until man's labor has dug 
 the coal from the mine and placed it in those situations in which it is 
 required. " 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 23 
 
 of these things ; and also the value which labor has 
 given to land, water or other of nature's resources. 
 Prof. Fawcett defines wealth as consisting "of every 
 commodity Which has an exchange value." Adam 
 Smith says: 
 
 "Money in common language frequently signifies wealth ; 
 and this ambiguity of expression has rendered the popular 
 notion so familiar to us that even they who are convinced of 
 its absurdity are very apt to forget their own principles. 
 Some of the best English writers upon commerce set out 
 with observing that the wealth of a country, consists not in 
 its gold and silver only, but in its lands, houses and con- 
 sumable goods of all different kinds." * 
 
 Henry George says : 
 
 "Wealth consists of natural products that have been 
 secured, moved, combined, separated or in other ways 
 modified by human exertion so as to fit them for the gratifi- 
 cation of human desires. It is in other words labor im- 
 pressed upon matter in such a way as to store up, as the 
 heat of the sun is stored in coals, the power of human labor 
 to administer to human desire." f 
 
 With these definitions before me I proceed to notice 
 the growth of wealth in this Dominion, and in doing 
 so, desire to' avoid that "ambiguity of expression" 
 which Adam Smith refers to. It will be observed 
 that the definitions of the able writers here quoted are 
 not accepted as final and conclusive. Some commodi- 
 ties are regarded as "exchange value" which do not 
 contribute to our wealth, and do not form any part of 
 a nation's stock. There is a class of modem political 
 economists who deny that land is property, and this 
 conflicts with a portion of Adam Smith's definition. 
 Mr. Henry George, the foremost of this class of think- 
 
 •Wealth of Nations, by Dr. Adam Smith. 
 tProgress aad Poverty, by Henry George, 
 
24 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 ers, however, in his definition of wealth, includes the 
 increased value in land which labor has given to it. 
 I shall have occasion to refer again to Mr. George's 
 theory that "human desire" is the standard of wealth. 
 
 The development or improvement of the soil — the 
 increased utility of parcels of land, whether by reason 
 of the growth of villages into towns, and towns into 
 cities, or through increased facilities for transportation, 
 is the result of labor impressed upon matter in such a 
 way as to store up the power of human labor to min- 
 ister to "human desires." An acre of land upon which 
 city buildings are erected administers more to human 
 desires than a hundred acres of North- West prairie 
 land. It is true that the land of the prairie might be 
 as good for building city houses upon, as is city land, 
 but a prairie cannot be transported to the city, and if 
 a city is built upon a prairie it is human labor that 
 has invested the land with greater value. 
 
 In estimating our national wealth, therefore, whether 
 land be regarded as private property or not, we must 
 recognise the increased value which is stored up in it, 
 by means of labor, and to that extent at least must 
 regard it as part of the aggregate wealth of the 
 country. 
 
 It must be admitted that under the present system 
 of land ownership, the holder of a plot of land may 
 have done nothing to increase its value. He may have 
 even kept back its real value by withholding it from 
 use when needed. If the present selling price of cer- 
 tain plots of land is above the value which labor has 
 vested in them, it is because they have been withheld 
 from use while desire, or demand, has been growing. 
 In such a case the price has been inflated by greed and 
 monopoly, not advanced steadily in proportion as labor 
 and capital have been expended. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 25 
 
 Our cultivated lands and town lots are not value 
 because of any natural right in any person to own 
 land, but because labor has enhanced its utility, either 
 directly, by improving the soil, or indirectly, by 
 changing its surroundings. 
 
 The value of our national wealth can only be ap- 
 proximated. For the most part we have to depend 
 upon the census returns of 1881 for our statistics. 
 Half a decade has passed away since then — a period 
 of more rapid and solid progress in material prosperity 
 than perhaps any period of double the time in the 
 world's history. 
 
 Appendix A to this volume contains taVjles showing 
 an approximate estimate of the accumulated wealth 
 of Canada, and also a glance at the value of our annual 
 products. The result of the first set of tables shows 
 that without reckoning the smaller machines, house- 
 hold goods, carriages, horses, cattle, &c., our accumu- 
 lated property in this country including land interests, 
 railways and canals, shipping interests, and capital 
 invested in industries is not less than $1,500,000,000 
 or about $330 to every man, wonmn, and child in the 
 Dominion. That this average may be greatly in- 
 creased, and that every person living upon our soil 
 may realize the advantage of his share in the common 
 property, is the aim of all true patriotic Canadians. 
 To this end it is our duty to enquire into the draw- 
 backs upon our resources, and the causes which disturb 
 our social and material progress. 
 
5f 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 LABOR. 
 
 E have seen that the key which unloclzs the 
 cabinet of nature is labor. It is also the dis- 
 tributing power which makes their contents availrble 
 to man. 
 
 Political economists agree in dividing labor into two 
 distinct classes, viz : productive and unproductive. 
 
 Adam Smith says "there is one sort of labor 
 which adds to the value of the subject upon which it 
 is bestowed, there is another which has no such effect." 
 In illustrating this definition, he draws the line be- 
 tween the two classes so as to place among the unpro- 
 ductive workers all "statesmen, orators, teachers, clergy- 
 men, se^'^^ants," etc. He does not mention "authors." 
 althougii they are of course naturally classed with 
 those named. But no great stretch of thought is 
 needed to observe that the author of the " Wealth of 
 Nations" was himself one of the greatest of the world's 
 producers. 
 
 John Stuart Mill says : 
 
 "In a national point of view, the labor of the servant or 
 speculative thinker, is as much a part of production in the 
 very narrowest sense, as that of an inventor of a practical 
 art. . . No limit can be set to the importance, even In a 
 purely productive and material point of view, of mere 
 thought. . . Specilative thinkers are generally classed 
 as the producers of bcoks, or saleable articles which directly 
 emanate from them. T-iit when (as in political economy one 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 27 
 
 should always be prepared to do) we shift our point of view, 
 and consider, not individual acts, and the motives by which 
 they arc determined, but national and universal results, in- 
 tellectual speculation must be looked upon as a most influ- 
 ential part of the productive labor of society, and the portion 
 of its resources employed in carrying on, and renumerating 
 such labor, as a highly productive part of its expenditure." 
 
 Political Economy. Vol. /, Chap. 11^ pp. ^o, £1. 
 
 " Knowledge is power" and it is a motive force in 
 all production. It is to productive agencies what steam 
 is to a locomotive engine. Without intelligence the 
 world's work would be all drudgery, limited to the 
 crudest ideas and the most primitive provisions of 
 savage life. A house is the creation of a brain before 
 its walls are erected or its foundation is laid. A brick- 
 layer is necessary to the building of a brick house, but 
 before one brick is laid the architect has seen the com- 
 pleted building. By his do-'igns and plans he contri- 
 butes more to the building than any one of the 
 mechanics, while the mechanics themselves will pro- 
 duce more effective work in proportion as they can in- 
 telligently follow out the plans An engineer sets 
 going a hundred workmen by his designs and plans in 
 the construction of a bridge. An inventor augments 
 the value of labor . and stimulates damand for its pro- 
 ducts. 
 
 Thus, productive power rises with intelligence, and 
 intelligence is promoted by educative agencies. An 
 intelligent mechanic is worth more and ranks higher 
 in the workshop than an unskilled laborer. Moreover 
 the educated or skilled workman is more independent, 
 and, other things being equal, will command a higher 
 position, and better pay than the mere mechanical 
 worker. 
 
 The higher the training of the human mind the 
 
28 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOE. 
 
 greater its capacity and power for production. A piece 
 of canvas and a few colors of paint are of small value. 
 An unskilled house painter could quickly transfer the 
 paint to the canvas, and at his best would add but little 
 to their value. An artist mixes the paints with bra,ins 
 and produces a picture of value, not merely in propor- 
 tion to the cost of the materials, and the time expended 
 upon it, but to the measure of intellectual power ex- 
 pended in his Vork of art. Washington Gladden in 
 his excellent little book has well said ; 
 
 " All work is art. There are artists in dirt at whose feet 
 I would fain sit in these days of garden-making ; rude men, 
 who with shovel and rake will slope a bank or trace a wind- 
 ing walk in a manner wholly beyond my power of imitation. 
 There are artists in dry-goods : look at the pictures they 
 make for you in show-windows. There are artists in wood, 
 whom men commonly call carpenters, and artists in iron 
 generally known as blacksmiths — men whose handiwork is 
 always shapely, symmetrical, beautiful. There are artists in 
 household work ; indeed the finest and most delicate art is 
 all the while displaying itself in the arrangement and adorn- 
 ment of our houses." — " Workings; People and Their Employ- 
 ers.^' Page 2S, Funk &■> Wagnalls cheap edition. 
 
 Dr. W. E. Channing in his lecture on the elevation of 
 the working classes says : 
 
 "Labor becomes a new thing when thought is thrown into 
 it, when the mind keeps pace with the hands. . . What 
 a charm and new value might the farmer add to his grounds 
 and cottage were he a man of taste ! The product of the 
 mechanic, be it great or small, a house or a shoe, is worth 
 more, sometimes much more, if he can succeed in giving it 
 the grace of proportion. . . Without a habit of thought 
 a man works more like a brute, or machine, than a man. 
 With it his soul is kept alive amidst his toils. He learns to 
 fix an observing eye on the processes of his trade, catches 
 hints which abridge labor, gets glimpses of important dis- 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 29 
 
 cover.'es, and is sornelimes able to perfect his ait. Even now, 
 after all the ni'racles of invention which honor our age we 
 little suspect what improvements of machinery are to spring 
 from spreading intelligence and natural science axiiongwoik- 
 men. (Ch^nning's works, page 46.) 
 
 It is in preparing these artists for their work that 
 the educator increases the world's power to produce. 
 He who developes mental faculties and quickens intel- 
 ligence is surely a productive worker of the first order. 
 
 We may claim also that whoever helps in the aggre- 
 gate production of the world's wealth is a producer. 
 A servant who cooks a dinner and prepares a bed is as 
 really a producer as a baker who makes a loaf, or the 
 upholsterer who manufactures the bed. It is true that 
 the cook who only prepares the dinner for immediate 
 consumption does not add directly to the capital , or the 
 surplus wealth of the world ; but as Henry George 
 would say her "labor is impressed upon matter" so as to 
 administer to human desire ;" she does more than this 
 however ; she administers to human needs. Moreover 
 as the surplus wealth of the world is not acquired 
 single handed, but by the co-operative labor of many, 
 he or she who prepares the meals, or bakes the bread, 
 is as necessary to the production of that wealth as the 
 hands who work, or the capitalist who owns the mill. 
 
 But " man does not live by bread alone." We are 
 gradually rising to a higher ])lane. We " have life 
 more abundantly" with every advancing tide of know- 
 ledge. Corn and cattle, houses and l&nds are not all 
 of wealth. What are termed luxuries, are becoming, 
 to our more abundant life, absolute necessaries. Books 
 and pictures and musical instruments are essential to 
 every home in which education has prepared the way 
 for their appreciation, and these things are no less the 
 
so LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 products of labor than are our chairs and tables, or 
 our clothing and shoes. 
 
 Our possibilities never appeared so great as they do 
 now; with increasing demands our supplies multiply. 
 The child of to-day has a wealth of knowledge, and a 
 capacity for enjoyment, which were never dreamed of 
 by his grandfather. Labor is asserting itself. Work 
 is taking its true rank as a crown of rejoicing, a source 
 of joy, and a fountain of good. 
 
 But to the end that the workingman may be free 
 and independent, labor must be enfranchised. It must 
 be unyoked from the juggernaut of vices, it must be 
 freed from the degrading and pauperising effects of a 
 chain of evils which is coiled around it. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 PRODUCTI\E AND NON-PRODUCTIVE LABOR. 
 
 CpHE glory of labor is production. Only slaves 
 ^ work for mere wages. Labor is shorn of its 
 dignity when it has no other aim than a stipu- 
 lated wage. A slave does as he is bidden and asks 
 no questions, ^ut a free man has an interest in his 
 work for its own sake. He wants to know what he is 
 accomplishing, as well as how much wages he is to get 
 for his work. Mere wages do not make labor profit- 
 able. If taken out of capital without giving back an 
 equivalent it decreases wealth. It is waste — ^not pro- 
 duce. Let a man be employed for the sake of a "job" 
 in digging a hole one day, and filling it up the next, 
 the result of his two days work is less than nothing. 
 If he receive, say three dollars for the "job" with 
 which he purchases the necessaries of life, that amount 
 is taken out of capital or surplus wealth, and the na- 
 tion is poorer by that much. 
 
 An independant man will feel himself degraded by 
 such work. But, suppose a man to have dug a hole, a 
 certain size and shape, which is to be converted into 
 the cellar of a house, he will feel that he is a producer 
 and he will be conscious of having done something 
 for his wages. There is dignity in such labor, and 
 although it may weary the man, it does not degrade 
 him. A good carpenter would not be content to cut 
 up timber into fragments, or convert it into sawdust, 
 even if he were paid his regular wages for doing it 
 
82 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Set him to whittle sticks without a productive object, 
 and he will quickly become dissatisfied and disgusted. 
 A true workman detests "a job" which progresses 
 slowly, much more one that shows no result. 
 
 To be compelled to work without interest in the 
 object or aim of the work is degrading. In the 
 British army,* formerly, one of the punishments of 
 court martial was to inflict upon the oifending soldier 
 a penalty of a given number of days or hours of un- 
 productive toil, by compelling him to carry cannon 
 balls a certain measured distance, lay them down in a 
 certain spot, and then proceed to carry them back 
 again. One of the most detested of punishments 
 under the "hard labor" service of the British prisons 
 is the treadmill, which the prisoners describe as "grind- 
 ing wind." The sting of the penalty is not in the 
 heaviness of the task, but in the fact of working hard 
 and yet doing nothing. As prison punishments take 
 the form of useful employments, much of the sting of 
 compulsory labor is removed by the conscious sense of 
 "doing something" as distinguished from "doing no- 
 thing" or "grinding wind." The training is a healthy 
 one and tends to beget a respect for labor instead of 
 an utter disgust and contempt for it. There is no 
 surer method of manufacturing confirmed criminals 
 and idle paupers, than to degrade labor in the*' eyes of 
 any class of people. 
 
 Productive labor not only enhances value but stimu- 
 lates the desire for increased intelligence, supplies mo- 
 tive to the operator, and in a hundred ways con- 
 tributes to the advancement of material wealth and 
 progress. Such labor is no degradation. On the con- 
 trary it is the greatest blessing to the human family. 
 
 *This system of punishment under court martial may be still in 
 operation for anything I know to the contrary. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 33 
 
 Sanctified and hallowed by its purpose and aim it is 
 God's ordained agency through which comes every 
 good, and every needful thing. 
 
 But labor which does not directly or indirectly con- 
 tribute to human good is degrading. It gets without 
 giving; it consumes without paying; it begets indiffer- 
 ence and idleness ; it is the parent of paupers and 
 criminals. If the ordained law of God in relation to 
 labor be set aside it will become as a "whip of scor- 
 pions" to affljot society. 
 
 UNPRODUCTIVE LABOR. — WHAT IT IS. 
 
 It is "that which adds nothing to the value of the 
 subject upon which it is bestowed." So says the author 
 of the " Wealth of Nations." Examine this definition 
 closely, and apply it, and it will be found that the un- 
 productive agencies are chiefly those which are associ- 
 ated with, or grow out of the excesses, follies, and 
 vices of society. 
 
 In a public billiard room we see capital and labor 
 expended in expensive tables, ivory balls and general 
 furnishings. The subject upon which this expenditure 
 operates are "our boys." If we follow up the effects 
 of the billiard room training upon the boys we shall 
 find that "nothing is added to the value of the siih' 
 ject" but that in every sense the moral and material 
 worth of the boy is discounted, if not ruined by the 
 process.* 
 
 •The moral evil of these institutions to our young men is second 
 nly to the bar-room of the saloon. The writer knows of parents 
 who for months and even years were unable to account for the de- 
 moralization which they saw working in the character of their boys. 
 They saw them loose candour, truthfulness owd honor. They were 
 made painfully conscious of the loss of reputation for faithfulness 
 and it hss cost considerable sums of money and much humiliating 
 trouble to meet certain deficiences which would have involved the 
 youths* in ruinous exposure. The history of the first theft of petty 
 c 
 
34 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 H(3nest toil must be a vigorous giant to with- 
 stand the numerous sweating processes to which lie is 
 subject. Not the least of these are the swindling 
 of the gambler, at the race-course, on 'change, at the 
 regatta and even in the gymnastic contests of our 
 boys at the lacrosse grounds or the base ball club. 
 
 It is admitted that speed may be accelerated and the 
 quality of stock improved by competition at the 
 agricultural show, &c.,* but what a costly curse is 
 the race-course with its attendant gangs of profes- 
 sional bookmakers, gamblers and blacklegs — the spawn 
 of the saloon! Such places established with capital, 
 drained from honest labor, are the gambling dens of 
 thieves, rogues and lazy vagabonds. 
 
 I am not contending against amusement. I plead for 
 recreation. Let a man work ! work ! work ! and never 
 stop except to sleep, and never sleep except to rise to 
 work again, such a man may have muscle and fibre, 
 but he will soon lack vital energy. 
 
 "All work and no play, makes Jack a dull boy." 
 
 There must be play in order to recreate. The body 
 and mind must sometimes unharness and be free for 
 sport or pleasure. The tight belts which bind us to 
 the machinery of duty must now and then slacken so 
 that we may expand our chests — ^take in a longer 
 breath, and play, in order that we may rest, and that 
 our rest iray be healthful, fitting us for work again. 
 
 cash or postage stamps, the first false entry in accounts, the first forged 
 cheque, the loss of character and position are traceable in hundreds of 
 instances to the elaborate and seductively furnished billiard rooms which 
 exists by e^race of law in our cities, towns and villages. 
 
 *The tendency of the promoters of Industrial and Agricultural 
 Fairs to depart from their real purpose and substitute as leading attrac- 
 tions the race-course and Tarious sideshows marks their coming 
 downfall. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 35 
 
 A friendly boating contest upon the lake or river, 
 or a race upon the village green, will give pleasurable 
 recreation and excite to efforts of strength and speed, 
 but of what practical benefit to the world are profes- 
 sional pugilism, running or sculling? According to 
 newspaper reports Hanlan netted about S60,00() in 
 money and it?, equivalent by his Australian trip. 
 Beech, his opponent, probably made as much more. 
 These sums are only a small per centage of the money 
 which on this one occasion the ringleaders, managers 
 and betting men drained out of the produce of honest 
 labor. Besides which, every man so employed is di- 
 verted from honest work, and by the gilded successes 
 of a few, thousands are seduced from the field of labor 
 to become burdens or paupers upon society. They are 
 as a swarm of drones feeding upon the honey gathered 
 by the toil of the bees. Worse than that, they con- 
 tinue to drive the bees to destitution and death, while 
 they take up the warm winter quarters and feast up- 
 on th. gathered riches of their victims. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 DESTRUCTIVE LABOR. 
 
 fO speak of destructive labor may seem somewhat 
 fanciful and heterodox, since political economists 
 have not made, or recognized, such a classificati m. It 
 seems indeed, at first sight, paradoxical to speak c^f 
 labor as destructive. 
 
 But if we look below the surface of thinjjs we shall 
 discovor that labor may be so expended as to be posi- 
 tively destructive both directly and indirectly. To 
 quote Adam Smith once more, productive labor is that 
 which " adds to the value of the subject upon wliich 
 it is bestowed." Reverse this and we have destructive 
 labor defined, viz. : that which destroys the value of 
 the subject, &tc. 
 
 It is necessary for us to have clear ideas of what wo 
 mean by value or wealth. If Henry George's defiuJ- 
 tion of wealth is correct, (see previous article on " Oar 
 National Wealth") then indeed, there can be no such 
 thing as destruction in any labor so long as it contri- 
 butes to the gratification of human desire." 
 
 But if we understand value as that which contri- 
 butes to the wants — material, physical, intellectual, or 
 moral, as well as to our desires, we preceive that much 
 of the labor of the world is expended in the opposite 
 direction, i.e., destruction. 
 
 Of course all labor has an object in view. No one 
 engages voluntarily in any kind of work without some 
 expectatiL»n of reward. The workman looks for wages, 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 87 
 
 the employer for profit. These are attainable up to a 
 certain point, in proportion as desire is gratified, but 
 all men cannot be gainers unless those desirea only 
 are gratified which contribute to human good. 
 
 Our enquiry therefore is not whether an article will 
 sell — not whether it will contribute to human desire, 
 but whether it will promote the interests or good of 
 mankind. 
 
 If human desire only be the basis of value the basest 
 of passions may contribute to it, and he whose desires 
 are associated with power may crush the weaker in 
 the o-ratification of passion and yet contribute to the 
 stock of wealth. 
 
 In this connection we may consider the use and 
 abuse of an article. Dynamite may be used in the in- 
 terests of science and commerce. It was so used in the 
 shattering of the rock at Hellgate. The labor expended 
 in producing that dynamite was a contribution to the 
 removal of that great obstruction, and therefore was in 
 the interests of hnman progress and good. 
 
 But the labor expended in manufacturing dynamit© 
 to be used by a league of Nihilists in the destruction 
 of property and life is obviously a contribution to de- 
 struction. The latter however gratifies human desire 
 as well is the former, but there is a wide difference in 
 their respective effects. Every man who helped to 
 make the explosives used in the scientific triumph at 
 Hellgate was a contributor to human good as well as 
 to human desires. 
 
 The men who make dynamite for Nihilists or An- 
 archists to employ in a work of destruction, respond 
 also to the call of human desire, but not to human 
 good. They are contributors in a work which produces 
 nothing but disaster and death. 
 
38 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Whether they do so knowingly or not, so as to share 
 the moral guilt is beside the question, and does not 
 affect the argument. 
 
 It is often alleged that war contributes to trade by 
 promoting industry in certain departments. The ship 
 builder, the manufacturer of ammunition and soldier's 
 supplies, all receive impetus at the first dread sound of 
 the war bugle, and large classes of people in old coun- 
 tries regard a European war as a most desirable event 
 
 Yet who will deny that all labor expended in the in- 
 terests of war is a contribution to human woe and 
 disaster. No modem political economist would defend 
 war as a means to increase the wealth of the world, 
 simply because ^it gives temporary impulse to certain 
 trades and excites human desires. 
 
 War is a destroyer, and all labor expended in it is 
 destructive. It must, therefore, leave its mark upon 
 the national exchequer as well as elsewhere. It reduces 
 the common fund because it destroys the common 
 wealth, and the result is that productive labor is taxed 
 on account of it. 
 
 The power of production is enormous. The extent 
 to which the hilman family can augment the world's 
 wealth is beyond calculation. But great as it is, it 
 comes far short of man's power to destroy. If but a 
 few men are engaged in a work of destruction, how 
 fearfully prolific of evil results is their labor. 
 
 Some idea of the enormity of the evils produced by 
 war and towards which all the labor employed in 
 making war materials contributes, may be gathered 
 from the following facts. : 
 
 The war debt for every man, woman and child in 
 Europe is in round figures as follows : — 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 89 
 
 Austrian Empire $57 
 
 Belgium 62 
 
 France 26 
 
 German States 31 
 
 Gt. Britain and Ireland 109 
 
 Italy 63 
 
 Holland 84 
 
 Portugal 87 
 
 Russia 26 
 
 Spain 150 
 
 Turkey in Europe 50 
 
 The cost of the American civil war is estimated at 
 $5,342,237,000. 
 
 The Franco-German war cost France about $1,857,- 
 000,000. These enormous and inconceivable sums of 
 money represent only a part of the awful devastation 
 and ruin effected, and do not take into account the 
 value of the human lives lost in these wars. 
 
 Mulhall gives the loss of life by war between 1793 
 to 1877 as 4,470,000. 
 
 In the war between England and France 1793 to 
 1815 the loss was 1,900,000 lives. 
 
 In the Crimean war the loss was 485,000. 
 
 In the American civil war 656,000. 
 
 In the Franco-German war 290,000. 
 
 In the Russo-Turkish war 180,000. 
 
 Thus, millions of men who ought to have contributed 
 to the world's wealth were slain in the very prime of 
 life and productive labor is taxed to support their 
 widows and orphans as well as to carry the whole of 
 the burden of cost of war itself. Washington Gladden 
 speaking of the American war says : 
 
 " Hundred's of millions of wealth were obliterated utterly: 
 burnt up, demolished, shot away in iron, lead and gunpow- 
 
40 LAND, Labor and liquor. 
 
 der. Of course such a destruction of property must impov- 
 erish the land. A nation may tide over the shoal of debt, 
 heaped up in such a time, on a flood of paper money ; but 
 the due bills of the government must be settled bye and bye. 
 When that time comes it will be seen that paper is poor 
 stuff with which to patch up the breaches that war has made 
 in the national capital." Working People and their Em- 
 ployers. 
 
 The chief cause of war, between civilized countries 
 at least, is the maintenance of the professional soldier. 
 Standing armies are standing menaces between nations. 
 They are national pugilists in constant training for a 
 " coming event" and the ever active training and pre- 
 parations for war, — the anxiety of military pugilists 
 for promotion and for opportunity to display their 
 fighting talents, are among the most powerful incen- 
 tives to war between nations. 
 
 The standing armies of Europe number 3,388,864 
 men, or if the reserves, militia, &c., are counted they 
 number 19,355,461. So that in the 20 different na- 
 tions of Europe we have 20 conflicting armies with 
 nearly twenty millions of men trained to wholesale 
 murder. 
 
 The seven principal nationalities of Europe have the 
 following standing armies and reserves respectively : 
 
 St'g Army. Total with Reserves. 
 
 Austria 290,000 1,026,130 
 
 France 519,000 3,750,000 
 
 German States 445,000 6,670,000 
 
 Gt. Britain & Ireland 220,000 545,38o 
 
 Italy 480,000 2,785,000 
 
 Russia 770,000 3,200,000 
 
 Turkey and Bulgaria 150,000 500,000 
 
 In addition to these, Austria has 56 Warships, France 
 302, German States 77, Gt. Britain and Ireland 360, 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 41 
 
 Italy 89, Russia 250, Turkey 32, while Holland has 
 135 and Sweden 133. 
 
 Think of all these agencies of destruction in perpet- 
 ual training, and by their very existence offering a 
 constant menace to each other, all of them ever ready 
 for a conflict of human butchery. 
 
 When Adam Smith said that it is only by means of 
 a standing army that the civilization of any country 
 can be perpetuated or even preserved, he spoke accord- 
 ing to the light of history up to his time, but not 
 according to the science of political economy or of 
 wiser councils of later times. There had been no de- 
 monstration of the possible settlement of international 
 disputes by arbitration. There had never been a 
 Geneva arbitration court. There had never been a 
 proposal to submit an international dispute to a court 
 of two great European nations. 
 
 The world had not seen a great nation like America 
 marching its thousaMs and tens of thousands from 
 industry to battle and back again from war to indus- 
 try. There had never been great countries like Aus- 
 tralia and Canada governed and keeping peace practi- 
 cally without any army at all, except such as may be 
 called from the workshop or the merchant's desk at 
 the call of the country to suppress an untutored and 
 half savage uprising. The machinery of a standing 
 army is essentially opposed to the good of society. It 
 induces idleness and contempt for honest toil ; it pro- 
 motes waste and whether in time of peace or war all 
 its machinery and labor is destructive. Henry George 
 remarks : 
 
 " The destruction of wealth involved in a general illumin- 
 ation or the firing of a salute is equivalent to the burning up 
 of so much food ; the keeping of a regiment of soldiers, or of 
 
42 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 a warship and her crew is the diversion to unproductive 
 uses of labor that could produce subsistence for many thou- 
 sands of people." — Social Problems, 
 
 Mr. George might have gone further to show that 
 the business and training of a regiment of soldiers or 
 a war ship is part of an engine of destruction which 
 when in operation speedily destroys many times more 
 ihan the same number of persons could have produced. 
 
 Sir J. W. Pease, Bart, M.P., recently remarked at a 
 public meeting in England : 
 
 " If you will go down, as I have gone down, to Chatham, 
 and see the millions of pounds which have been wasted 
 there, in consequence of panic cries at one time and an- 
 other, you will hesitate before calling out for an increase in 
 our warlike maritime power. I found a number of warships 
 lying rotting at Chatham — the offspring of panic cries in the 
 past — most of which cost the nation fifty, sixty, eighty, or 
 even a hundred thousand pounds. Yet, for all the amount 
 of money spent on them, they have never been to sea, and 
 never will go. I asked one officer why those ships were 
 lying rotting there. He said they were nc'^ ^t to go to sea. 
 After so many thousand pounds had been spent on the 
 engines, they were not compound engines, and would not 
 drive up to the present rates of speed. I asked why they 
 were not sold, and the officer said they were not fit for any 
 other purpose, and would not pay for pulling to pieces ; so 
 there they lie, side by side, monuments of panics in the 
 past, and warnings against panics in the future. The United 
 States have hardly any navy at all. One of the American 
 Ministers told me that America could not bring 10,000 
 men together within six weeks. Yet does anyone think they 
 are in danger, or need to be afraid of their neighbors. 
 
 Mr. Wm. Hoyle says: — 
 
 "There is a very common but erroneous popular belief, 
 that destruction of property is good for trade, inasmuch as 
 it is thought to create a demand for material, to replace that 
 which has been destroyed. I can best s the fallacy of 
 
LAND, LABOr. AND LIQUOR. 43 
 
 this notion by giving an illustration. I will assume that a 
 certain person, A., is worth ;^5o,ooo; of this he has ;^2o,- 
 ooo invested in a mill. The rest of his money he has partly 
 in the bank, and partly in sundry other investments. He, 
 however, finds that the ;^2o,ooo he has invested in the mill 
 pays him Aie best interest, and therefore he is contemplating 
 doubling the size of the mill, so as to find employment for 
 another ;^20,ooo. Whilst revolving these schemes in his 
 mind a fire occurs, and his mill is burnt to the ground. 
 People say, "It's a bad job, but its good for trade." Is this 
 so? Those who talk thus should not forget that the money 
 which will re-build the burnt mill would have built the 
 second mill. In that case there would have been two mills 
 instead of one; and instead of 250 workpeople being needed 
 there would have been 500; there would have been a double 
 demand for labour, and a double production of goods; or, 
 in other words, a double creation of wealth. 
 
 "It might, however, possibly be the case that trade was 
 bad, and that owing to food being dear, and there being no 
 demand for manufactured goods, A. could hardly sell the 
 products of his first mill. Under such circumstances, there- 
 fore, he would not think of building a second. In that case, 
 what would he do? Burn his mill down in order that he 
 would find use for his money? No; but look out for some 
 other investment. Very likely he might see it most profit- 
 able to invest his ;^2o,ooo in an estate, and set men to work 
 to drain and improve it, so as to secure better and larger 
 crops. By so doing, he would find additional labour for the 
 workmen, increase the supply of food, and thereby reduce 
 its price; and so, by lowering the cost of food, he would 
 securf increased means by which to purchase manufactured 
 goodj, and thereby augment the general trade and commerce 
 of the country. — Our National Resources and How They 
 are Wasted 
 
 We shall see in succeeding chapters illustrations of 
 this truth as related to the liquor traffic. We shall 
 see that this traffic produces nothing but disaster, ruin 
 
44 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 and death ; that it is a robber of production and a 
 thief of capital. That instead of employing labor 
 proportionate to the volume of capital and trade, as a 
 productive business would do — labor is robbed of her 
 due share of marked values by the manufacture of 
 this destructive agent which is everywhere attended 
 with evils, "greater than the combined evils of war 
 pestilence and famine." Vide W. E. Gladstone. 
 
 LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 What is the relation of the liquor traffic to labor? 
 
 1. The labor expended in the manufacture of 
 liquor is not productive. 
 
 It does not "add to the value of the subject up- 
 on which it is bestowed." It may be objected that 
 the work of the distiller and the brewer is productive 
 because it augments the selling price of the article 
 upon which the labor is expended. That is to say, 
 whiskey or beer will sell readily for much more money 
 than the grain from which they are manufactured. 
 
 This is another way of saying, with Henry George, 
 that value is that which alters or modifies natural 
 agents so as to gratify human desires. 
 
 It is strange that so logical and observant a student 
 of social problems as Henry George should see, in hu- 
 man desire, the only standard of value. With him 
 human good and utility have no place as a quality of 
 value. He says: 
 
 "Value, it must be remembered, is a totally different thing 
 from utility * * no matter how useful it may be, nothing 
 has a value until some one is willing to give labor, or the 
 production of labor, for it." 
 
 Would it not be equally correct to say that value 
 is a totally different thing from desire'^ Of course 
 desire has much to do with the price which a man will 
 be willing to pay for a thing, and utility would not 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 45 
 
 bring value without desire. But does not that which 
 is useful create desire, while that which is desired is 
 of no value unless it is useful in some way or other? 
 Men are daily spending "money for that which is not 
 bread, and their labor for that which satisfieth not." 
 
 Natural products may be "secured, moved, combined, 
 separated or in other ways modified by human exertion 
 so as to fit them for the gratification of human desire" 
 and yet they may operate against human good. They 
 may even be made so as to create desire and produce 
 human woe. The cultivation and exposure for sale in 
 our public markets of a poisonous berry might con- 
 tribute to human desire and bring a considerable 
 return in money. But the exchange of money for 
 poison would not be producing wealth, although it 
 might contribute to desire. 
 
 Market prices are doubtless regulated by human 
 desires, but desires are sometimes created by supply, 
 and demand is thereby increased for articles which give 
 an inadequate, or possibly no return at all for the price 
 paid. Men pay away their labor, or the produce of 
 their labor, for comparatively, or wholly useless, and 
 sometimes for decidedly injurious things. There is no 
 intrinsic value in a cigar, yet cigars sell readily at a 
 profit varying from 50 to 500 per cent, above the com- 
 bined cost of the material from which they are made 
 and the labor expended in making them. 
 
 A great proportion of the quack medicines are 
 valueless, and their selling price is out of all proportion 
 to their cost, yet they often find a ready sale. 
 
 A gambling 8al<X)n gratifies the desire for gambling, 
 but it also creates desire; but there is no value or 
 wealth produced by gambUng. 
 
46 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 A lottery contributes to human desire, but no lottery 
 business has ever been conducted which increases value 
 or even give a dollar's worth of chance for a dollar.* 
 
 But the traffic in intoxicating liquors has not even 
 the small merit of the lottery and gambling business. 
 It is "all blanks and no prizes" to the buyer. It is 
 true that human desire is gratified by it, but it is also 
 created by it, and although gratified it is not satisfied 
 or rewarded. Once in a while we hear of a lottery 
 ticket drawing a valuable prize (of course at the ex- 
 pense of the other ticket holders) but who ever heard 
 of a man spending money for liquor and securing there- 
 by any kind of substantial gain? Who ever heard of 
 an acquired appetite for strong drink bringing a 
 picture, or a house, or any other advantage, material, 
 physical or moral? 
 
 Again, productive labor does not destroy the subject 
 i:pon which it is expended, but it develops, adapts or 
 prepares it for the better service of mankind. Raw 
 material such as wool, cotton, iron, clay, etc., are 
 developed by labor into cloth, steel, bricks, etc. These 
 again are further developed by labor into garments, 
 houses, implements, furniture. 
 
 But in the production of alcoholic drinks the subject 
 is destroyed. Alcohol is not the outcome of a develop- 
 ment or adaptation of food properties; it is the crea- 
 ture of destruction, obtainable only by the destruction 
 of the natural properties of the subject. A log of 
 
 **'The world never saw, nor ever will see, a perfectly fair lottery; or 
 one in which the whole gain compensated the whole loss; because the 
 undertaker could make nothing by it. There is not a more certain 
 proposition in mathematics than that the more (lottery) tickets you 
 adventure upon the more likely you are to be a loser. Adventure upon 
 all the tickets and you lose for certain ; and the greater the number of 
 your tickets the nearer you approach to this certainty. "^</aw Smith in 
 Wealth of Nations, 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LrQUOR. 47 
 
 wood may be developed, altered or adapted so as to 
 produce a table or a case for an organ or piano. Put 
 the log into the fire, and all that will be left of it is 
 ashes. So likewise alcohol is the ashes of the fruit, 
 barley, or com, and it is of no more value as food or 
 as a beverage than is the ashes of a burnt tree for 
 furniture. 
 
 What then is the conversion of food into alcohol but 
 destruction. It is certainly not production. The 
 mission of labor in relation to food is to increase its 
 utility, and this increases its real value. The produc- 
 tions of the distiller and the brewer supply no wants, 
 satisfy no needs, and only gratify desire by creating 
 unnatural ones. 
 
 The labor expended, therefore, in the manufacture 
 of alcoholic liquor for beverage purposes is absolutely 
 unproductive. The sum total of this labor forms no 
 part of a nation's wealth, and must be deducted from 
 the annual returns of industries, since it produces 
 nothing of value. 
 
 The census returns of 1881 show that there were em- 
 ployed in the distilleries 285, and in breweries 1411 men. 
 This gives a total of 1,696. These 1,696 persons are 
 supposed to be classed as engaged in productive labor 
 in the first degree, as they are not merely distributors 
 but workers in the factory. Yet they all live upon the 
 proceeds of other men's productive labor. That is to 
 say, the architect, teacher, painter, carpenter and 
 all other producers combined, have to support these 
 men just as they have to support gamblers, or the 
 quacks who sell soap pills to cure all the ills of man. 
 
 To illustrate thiS; the working brewer takes his 
 wages for his labor and lives upon it, but his labor has 
 produced — what? Not food — for his business is to 
 destroy the nutritive properties of the grain he uses; 
 
48 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 not a beverage, for all that is beverage in beer is water 
 and that he has no hand in making. He has added to 
 the water alcohol, and a little coloring matter, neither 
 of which is either food or drink. He has pro- 
 duced ashes. He has made nothing on which to 
 support himself or any other creature, or which will 
 give an equivalent in value for what he consumes. 
 Therefore, whatever of food, clothing, furniture, books 
 or other necessaries or luxuries which he consumes 
 must be produced by others, while his labor produces 
 no equivalent. 
 
 On the other hand, a working carpenter for instance, 
 takes wages for labor and lives upon it, and his labor 
 produces — what? He does not take the raw material 
 and destroy it, but converts it into articles of actual 
 utility and value ; he produces a chair, a table, a window 
 frame, or some other equivalent for the food which he 
 consumes. His very wages depend upon his making 
 something of more value than ashes or sawdust, and 
 of more substantial value than the material upon which 
 he works. Both the brewer and the carpenter are 
 supported by productive labor, but the one destroys 
 material wealth, the fruits of labor, and contributes 
 nothing in its place — the other develops raw material 
 into articles of utility and value. 
 
CHAPTER VL 
 
 THE LABOR EXPENDED IN THE PRODUCTION OF 
 ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS IS DESTRUCTIVE. 
 
 ?HE natural proprieties of grain or fruit are de- 
 stroyed in the manufacture of alcoholic liquors. 
 Brewing is not a process of cooking, preparing or de- 
 veloping food, but of absolute destruction of its nutri- 
 tive properties. It does not make a beverage, but 
 poisons the only beverage provided by nature. It does 
 not prepare or adapt an article of diet, but it destroys 
 food. The labor expended in converting food into al- 
 coholic drinks does not promote the good or enhance 
 the utility of the subject upon which it is expended, 
 but renders it worse than useless. 
 
 Labor expended in destroying grain, spoiling water, 
 and producing poision is surely a destructive agent. 
 But circumstances may exist which justify the em- 
 ployment of such an agent. It is necessary at times 
 to employ unproductive labor for the sake of securing 
 or preserving values already produced. Thus, we employ 
 a fire brigade or a police force to protect the interests 
 of all, while the producer is too busily engaged in en- 
 hancing values, to be always ready himself to extin- 
 guish a fire, or detect a thief. 
 
 For similar reasons even destructive labor may be 
 occasionally employed with advantage to the country. 
 To save a city from the ravages of a raging and 
 spreading fire it is sometimes necessary to destroy a 
 block of houses so that the continuity of material for 
 conflagration may be cut off. 
 
 War, although an unmerciful and pitiless destroyer 
 is sometimes justified as the only means of quelling 
 rebellion and securing the general peace and safety. 
 D 
 
50 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 
 
 It may be urged that the manufacture of alcohol is 
 of value for a similnr reason. Alcohol is a useful agent 
 in mechanical science and manufacture. There are 
 many medical men who claim that it is of value as a 
 medicine, although the number of these is rapidly de- 
 creasing. That, in certain carefully prepared doses, it 
 may be used to neutralize the eftects of some other 
 poison is believed by a great many people. 
 
 If this be admitted it offers no solution of the 
 economical problem at issue. 
 
 No violence is done to society in destroying one 
 -agent for the production of another which will pro- 
 mote human good. To the extent that alcohol supplies 
 the chemist and the mechanic with a needed commodity, 
 or the physician with a remedial agent, its manufacture 
 is in harmony with economic law, just as it is economy 
 to destroy timber when necessary to produce ashes or 
 charcoal, if ashes or charcoal are needed. 
 
 But these considerations have no relation to the 
 common manufacture and sale of intoxicants for bev- 
 erage purposes. As well might we attempt to justify 
 common arson, because the best way to break the con- 
 tinuity of the prairie conflagration is to meet fire with 
 fire. 
 
 Thus, the use of an article has to do with its value. 
 Suppose a factory, for the manufacture of arsenic, to 
 supply the laboratory and the drug store for medical 
 and scientific purposes. Utility is served thereby and 
 the "value of the subject" is increased by that utility. 
 But if that factory, for the sake of increasing its 
 volume of trade, supplied arsenic for the production of 
 an attractive looking candy, which, while it gratified 
 human desire at the same time destroyed human good 
 by its poisonous effects, it would be regarded as a 
 destructive agent and would be condemned as such. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 51 
 
 If there were no other call for alcohol than that 
 which science and medicine demands its manufacture 
 would be limited to the still of the laboratory. But 
 the business of distillers and brewers is based upon the 
 supply of an unnatural desire created by that upon 
 which it feeds. John Wesley was in advance of his 
 age, but not in advance of economic truth when he 
 said: — 
 
 "All who sell spirituous liquors in the common way to any 
 that will buy are poisoners-general. They murder His 
 Majesty's subjects by wholesale, neither does their eye pity 
 or spare. They drive them to hell like sheep ; and what is 
 their gain ? Is it not the blood of these men ? Who, then, 
 would envy their large estates and sumptuous palaces ? A 
 curse is in the midst of them. Blood, blood is there, the 
 foundation, the floor, the walls, the roof are stained with 
 blood. And canst thou hope, O, thou man of blood ! 
 Though thou are clothed in scarlet and fine linen and farest 
 sumptuously every day, canst thou hope to deliver down 
 the fields of blood to the third generation ? Not so; for 
 there is a God in heaven; therefore thy name shall be rooted 
 out, like as those whom thou hast destroyed, body and soul; 
 thy memorial shall perish with thee." — Sermon on money by 
 Rev. J. Wesley. 
 
CHAPTER YIL 
 
 CAPITAL AND LABOR. 
 
 ^APITAL may be defined as that portion of wealth 
 which is available for producing moie wealth. It 
 is not mere surplus or accumulated property. 
 The wealth which is locked up in any way — whether 
 in the estate of a land-owner, or money not circulated 
 — is not capital until it is made available for productive 
 purposes. The works of art which adorn the home of 
 a manufacturer are wealth, but not capital; if, however 
 he, at any time exchanges them for machinery or, 
 — what is the same thing — money to buy machinery 
 with which to develop or extend his business, they re- 
 present capital, A diamond ring worn as an orna- 
 ment and kept for that purpose is not capital, but as 
 part of the stock of a jeweller it is. A piano or organ 
 in a ladies parlor is not capital but in the stock of a 
 piano dealer it is. 
 
 Adam Smith says: — • 
 
 " That part (of a* man's stock) which he expects is to 
 afford him revenue is called capital." Wealth of Nations y 
 Book 2y Chap. I. 
 
 John Stuart Mill says: — 
 
 " Whatever things are destined to supply productive 
 labor with the shelter, protection, tools and materials which 
 the work requires and to feed and otherwise maintain the 
 laborer during the process are called capital." Political 
 Economy y Book 7, Chap. 4. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 53 
 
 Edward Kellogg an American writer on political 
 economy in making a distinction between money and 
 capital says: — 
 
 '* Money is not capital for if the real capital did not first 
 exist in these States in sufficient amount to secure the money, 
 it would never get into them. * * The people of every 
 State must have money for the transaction of business, yet 
 money is not capital, it only represents the value of capital." 
 Labor aud Capital^ Sec. 5, 
 
 McCulloch defines capital thus: — 
 
 " The capital of a nation really comprises all those portions 
 of produce of industry existing in it, that may be directly 
 employed either to support human existence or to frcilitate 
 production." Notes on Wealth of Nations. 
 
 Henry George illustrates his own definition that 
 " Capital is wealth in course of exchange." He denies 
 that wages is drawn from capital and claims that it is 
 produced by labor. No doubt it is true of labor, 
 that, as it is the source of all wealth, it must be the 
 producer of all capital, which is a part of wealth. 
 
 But it cannot be denied that capital is the constant 
 and necessary companion of labor in the acquirement 
 or production of wealth. If a carpenter saves of his 
 wages $500, that apaount is unquestionably the pro- 
 duce of labor, but by means of that money he can em- 
 ploy himself in building a house, he will pay his own 
 wages out of his capital. He will certainly expect his 
 labor to be the ultimate source of payment of wages, 
 and he will expect to have his capital remain intact 
 and increased; but his labor and his capital are 
 harnessed together and the total result can only be at- 
 tained by such co-operation. If the carpenter had no 
 capital he could not have produced the house. He 
 must have been content to work for a capitalist, and 
 
64 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 he would then only get the profit, or wages, of labor ; 
 not the profit of capital. In either case the necessary 
 fund, or reserve wealth, by which the laborer is sup- 
 ported while the work is progressing, is capital. 
 
 Mr. John Stuart Mill demonstrated that capital is 
 essential to production, that " no productive operations 
 beyond the rude and scanty beginnings of primitive 
 industry are possible" without it, and that " while on 
 the one hand industry is limited by capital, so on the 
 other, every increase of capital gives, or is capable of 
 giving, additional employment to industry, and this 
 without assignable limit." 
 
 A conflict between capital and labor is a civil war, 
 which, if carried on to its extreme end, would mean a 
 war of extermination. The one is dependant upon 
 the other. So much are they each dependant upon 
 each, that it is impossible to separate them without 
 paralysing both. 
 
 Capital is powerful, not because it is independent of 
 labor, for it is not ; but because it is more easily orga- 
 nized so as to compel labor to become its servant. 
 Men are mostly actuated in their dealings with each 
 other by self-interest, and there has grown up a con- 
 test between the owners of capital on the one hand, 
 and the owners of labor on the other. So long as 
 labor was in bondage there was no conflict. Under 
 a system of slavery the interests of capital and labor 
 are identical, because the owner of capital is also the 
 owner of labor. In a condition of slavery the laborer 
 is part of capital; there can be no dispute about wages, 
 for there is no such thing as wages; and hours of labor 
 are only regulated by the consideration of conserving 
 the strength of the laborer for future work, just as a 
 horse is not overworked in consideration of its future 
 value. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 65 
 
 But in free countries the wage-earners were bound 
 to assert themselves. It was inevitable that they 
 should demand fair play. It was inevitable too, that 
 they should do this at first in a clumsy and inefficient 
 manner. It was inevitable that they should at first be 
 made the tools and victims, more or less, of demagogues 
 and anarchists. 
 
 But as intelligence advances and leaders grow out of 
 their own ranks, like Thos. Burt and Joseph Arch in 
 England, and T. V. Powderly in the United States, 
 the workmen are better able to lead their own cam- 
 paigns for their own interests. They are now in a 
 position to refuse the alliance of men whose objects 
 are doubtful and whose aims and interests are even 
 more antagonistic to honest labor than capitalists have 
 ever been, or ever could be. 
 
 In the struggle, the workmen have often arrayed 
 themselves against capital as though it were their 
 natural enemy. Their real interests lie, not in widen- 
 ing the breach between capital and labor, but in pro- 
 moting their mutual co-operation. The gain of either 
 the capitalist or the workman is not necessarily the 
 loss of the other. 
 
 Of course, labor and capital, when vested in separate 
 classes, or individuals, have some interests which are 
 separate. Capital goes into the market to buy labor 
 at the lowest possible price ; labor on the other hand 
 seeks the highest possible price. 
 
 But capital is naturally the friend of labor and the 
 great purpose of all organizations should be to make 
 their interests as far as possible identical. 
 
 Capitalists have no right to inflict a stigma upon 
 workmen. Honorable labor is entitled to the pame 
 respect as is claimed for capital. This is the sense in 
 
66 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 which the phrase " Jack's as good as his master" may 
 be approved. Not justice alone is the demand ; but 
 respect and equitable treatment are the claims of both 
 the employee and the emplc red. 
 
 " The rank is but the guinea stamp 
 The man's the gowd for a' that." 
 
 When a capitalist purchases labor he has no right to 
 assume an air of superiority simply because he is buyer 
 and the laborer the seller, Superiority there may be, 
 arising from a greater degree of intelligence or more 
 virtuous conduct, but these are not unf requently found 
 on the side of the laborer. 
 
 On the other hand workmen have no right to as- 
 sume an air of braggadocia, defiance and intolerance, 
 just because they are organized in the Knights of 
 Labor or other trades* union. It savors of the brutality 
 of the wolf to be impudent and tyrannical in gangs, or 
 large numbers. Tolerance and forbearance are the 
 needful lessons for men to learn when organized in 
 large companies for the defence and rights of labor, 
 quite as much as when backed by the concentrated 
 power of capital 
 
 The present agitation will go on, probably with 
 varying results, until the forces on both sides shall 
 learn that labor and capital are commodities, which, 
 when existing apart, must bargain with each other on 
 equal terms. 
 
 It is a grave mistake to organize labor against 
 capital hf stopping production. That is a policy more 
 immediately destructive to workmen than to capita- 
 lists. All the burdens however inflicted, wheth«r by 
 anarchists, swindlers, and paupers, or by laborers 
 combining to stop the wheels of production, fall upon 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 67 
 
 productive labor as the source of all wealth. To com- 
 pel producers to be idle is worse than "killing the 
 goose that lays the golden eggs ;" it prevents the pro- 
 duction of the eggs while the bird remains to be fed. 
 
 Labor's just demand is fair wages for fair work and 
 a contract between buyer and seller on equal terms. 
 That, also, is the only just demand of capital 
 
 L 
 
 11 . 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 WASTED CAPITAL. 
 
 fRODUCERS are everywhere crying out for more 
 capital. Especially is this the case in young coun- 
 tries like Canada. If we had more capital we could im- 
 prove our lands, build new and better bridges, make our 
 public roads solid, and utilize much of the material 
 which now goes to waste ; we could better feed our 
 cattle, both for home and foreign markets ; our agri- 
 cultural interests and their productive power could be 
 advanced ; we could develop our mines and increase the 
 value of our industries in every department. All this 
 would mean more labor and more wealth, and there- 
 fore, more demand for the productions of labor. It 
 would mean also, better openings for our young men 
 in every branch of industry, and in all the professions. 
 The transfusion of so much of the best of Canada's 
 young blood into the veins of United States com- 
 merce would cease, and Canada would prove a more 
 inviting field for immigration, and too good a country 
 to emigrate from. 
 
 This is no dream or fancy picture. Canada has all 
 the natural advantages for a large growing population, 
 with constantly increasing openings for the expenditure 
 of labor and the establishment of millions of homes 
 within its vast domains. 
 
 It is a very common remark that what Canada needs 
 is more capital. It would be more correct to say that 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 59 
 
 what we need is, that the capital we have should be 
 employed in developing our interests — not in destroy- 
 ing them ; in making more wealth — not in wasting it. 
 Older countries are not so immediately affected by the 
 mis-application of capital and labor as we are in Canada. 
 In the United Kingdom for instance, where there is 
 an accumulation of wealth, acquired and piled up dur- 
 ii g the past ages, and which has been monopolized 
 and held by a very small minority of the people * 
 
 * In the United Kingdom there are 72,119,961 acres included in the 
 official returns of lauds owned; it appears there were 12 owners who 
 possessed 4,440,467 acres; 523 persons own one-fifth; 710 persons own 
 one-fourth and 10,207 persons own two-thirds of all England and 
 Wales. In Scotland one man owns 1,326,000 acres and has besides 
 32,005 acres in England. Another has 431,000 acres; another 424,000 
 acres and 12 persons own 4,339,722 acres. In Ireland one person 
 owns 170,119 acres and 12 persons own 1,207,888; 3 persons own ovtr 
 100,000 acres each; 14 over 50,000 each; 90 over 20,000 acres each; 
 292 persons own 6,458,000 acres, nearly one-fourth of the whole island, 
 and 744 persons own 9,611,728 acres, nearly half the entire country. 
 
 Another illustration of the concentration of wealth in old countries 
 may be seen in the following facts: In the United Kingdom during 20 
 years, from 1864 to 1884; 398 fortunes of ;^25o,ooo and upwards were 
 assessed to the probate duties, (which fortunes do not include land, as 
 land is free from probate duty). Among these were one fortune of 
 ;^3, 000,000; one at ;i^2, 800,000; one at ;[^2,70o,ooo; seven at ;^i,50o,- 
 000 or upwards, and sixteen at ;^i, 000,000 or upwards. 
 
 In the United States also there is enormous capital in the hands of a 
 few men as will be seen by the following facts: — The capital represent- 
 ed by the big operators of Wall-street is as follows: — ^J. J. Astor, $125,- 
 000,000; Jay Gould, $100,000,000; Cornelius Vanderbilt, $80,000,000; 
 W. K, Vanderbilt, $75,000,000; Russell Sage, $50,000,000; Hunting- 
 ton, $25,000,000; Winslow, Lanier & Co. , $20,000,000; D. O. Milis, 
 $15,000,000: Pierpont Morgan, $15,000,000; Bob Garret, $15,000,- 
 000; Armour, $15,000,000; Fred. Vanderbilt, $12,000,000; Sidney 
 Billion, $10,000,000; Woerishofier, $10,000,000; J. R. Hoxie, $8,- 
 000,000; Addison Cammack, $5,000,000; John Rockafellar, $5,000,- 
 000; Alexander Mitchell, $5,000,000; Cyrus W. Field, $4,000,000, 
 S. V. White, $3,000,000; W. R. Travers, $3,000,000; R. P. Flower, 
 $3,000,000; John Shaw, 2,500,000; W. E. Connor, 2,000,000; Slay- 
 back, $1,500,000; Gen. Dodge, $1,500,000; Victor Newcomb, $1,000, 
 000; Sam Sloan, $1,000,000. 
 
60 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 there is ample capital unemployed and always waiting the 
 opportunity of investment. If a portion of this is 
 diverted into distructive channels, it does not appear 
 immediately to affect the general supply of capital for 
 the development of legitimate industries. 
 
 In this sense therefore the employment of capital 
 in any direction which is opposed to the general 
 wealth, is more disastrous in a young country where 
 money is comparatively dear, and capital comparat- 
 ively scarce, than it is in a larger and wealthier com- 
 munity. 
 
 But is there any important percentage of our limit- 
 ed capital so employed as to become a weapon of de- 
 struction against our commercial interests? 
 
 In order to answer this enquiry we must keep in 
 mind what we mean by capital. A burglars' tools are 
 his capital, because, as Adam Smith says, they are 
 "that part of a man's stock which he expects to bring 
 him a revenue." But such capital when employed by 
 the burglar, not only makes no wealth, but is at war 
 with the interests and security of existing wealth. 
 
 Enormous sums of money are vested in immoral 
 traffic. Large and handsome mansions are elaborate- 
 ly and expensively furnished, costly and seductive 
 pictures and decorations are employed; a perfect net- 
 work of active agency is sustained, in all the 
 principal centres of population throughout the civil- 
 ized world to capture young girls to their ruin. The 
 sums of money employed in the traffic of gambling is 
 also fabulous. 
 
 Capital so invested, may or may not, bring a rev- 
 enue to the immediate investor. But whether it does 
 or not, it is in direct antagonism to the general wealth 
 of a country, as well as to its moral and social peace 
 and advancemeni 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 61 
 
 War is a most disastrous destroyer of capital — that 
 is — it destroys the wealth of a country. True, it em- 
 ploys some capital, but what an utter mockery it is to 
 commend anything as a commercial agent, which em- 
 ploys a thoumnd or ten thousand dollars of some per 
 sons capital, by means of which millions of other 
 peoples wealth is destroyed. Of course, a few persons 
 will make private gain by the demands which im- 
 mediately attend any immoral or destructive agency, 
 just as an order for a set of burglars tools, or a counter- 
 feit-coiner's plant will bring gain to the individuals 
 who make them. 
 
 In short, all capital invested in the execution of 
 afjjencies antagonistic to the interests, or good of society 
 at large is wasted. Worse 1 it is in direct conflict with 
 other capital. 
 
 CAPITAL AT WAR WITH CAPITAL. 
 
 The CAPITAL EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE AND 
 SALE OF INTOXICATING LIQUORS IS AT WAR WITH ALL 
 OTHER CAPITAL INVESTED IN LEGITIMATE MANUFAC- 
 TURE AND TRADE, AND WITH ALL MATERIAL INTERESTS 
 OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 (1) Because it is Capital employed in destroying 
 what other Ga/pital produces without giving an equiva- 
 lent to the community. 
 
 In the chapter of this essay entitled " Destruction of 
 Food " I have shown from Government returns that 
 the destruction of grain (which is the actual product 
 of labor and capital) in the distillation of spirits and 
 malt liquors amounts to nearly one hundred and fifty 
 rmllions of bushels annually. 
 
62 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 To the utmost extent that this use of the produce of 
 labor and capital fails to contribute to the general 
 wealth or needs of the country, it is absolute waste, 
 and therefore the capital so invested is at war with 
 the other material interests of the community. 
 
 (^) Because capital so employed is locked up from 
 other agencies which would develop the resources of 
 the country, if available. 
 
 According to the census report 1881, the capital re- 
 turned as invested in the business of distilling and 
 brewing was as follows: — 
 
 Breweries $4,592,990 
 
 Distilleries 1,303,000 
 
 This is doubtless, for obvious reasons, a very low 
 estimate of the actual amount of money represented 
 in the buildings, machinery and floating cash capital of 
 the breweries and distilleries of the Dominion. There 
 is no return given, so far as I know, of the number of 
 licensed liquor dealers in the Dominion, and their 
 invested capital, but the following facts will enable us 
 to estimate them. In Ontario, under the Crooks Act, 
 which greatly reduced the previous number, there 
 were in 1881 licenses granted, in the proportion 
 of one to every 462 inhabitants. Allowing for the 
 larger ratioin some other provinces, and smaller 
 ratios in one or two of the provinces, and allowing also 
 for prohibitory laws in the thinly populated North- 
 West it may be fairly estimated that the licenses 
 granted through the whole Dominion would not be 
 less than one to every 500 of the population. This in 
 a population of 4,324,810, as given in the census returns 
 of 1881 would give a total of 8^649 licensed liquor 
 vendors in the Dominion. Prof. Foster, M. P., * esti- 
 
 * Speech in the House of Commons, Ottawa, March 5, 1884. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 63 
 
 mates them at 10,000, whicli is probably nearer the 
 mark. Take the smaller figure, however, and reckon 
 that there is a capital invested in the liquor depart- 
 ment of all these licenses equal to anavera<j^e of $1,000. 
 (some of the saloons will have thousands of dollars in- 
 vested) and we have $8,649,000 as the capital locked 
 up in the business of retailing liquors. Tf another 
 one million dollars be added for the whol3=5ale mer- 
 chants, we have a grand total of $15,554,990 buried in 
 the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors — a 
 sum of money which pays no interest to the country, 
 brings no wealth, adds nothing to the interests of the 
 state, but on the contrary entails upon us an incalcul- 
 able amount of destruction and waste. 
 
 If this enormous capital were invested in any legiti- 
 mate business of manufacture, it would be increasing 
 the general wealth and co-operating with other capital 
 for the public good. For example, the amount of 
 capital invested in 1881 in the manufacture of boots 
 and shoes is given as $6,491,042, and in distilling and 
 brewing $5,895,990. Let the reader contemplate the 
 difference in the effects of these two capitals upon the 
 national wealth and commerce of the country. 
 
 The one is employed, in co-operation with labor, in 
 converting raw material into necessaries, adding to 
 the general wealth, developing the resources of the 
 country, and contributing to the comfort and necessities 
 of millions of the men, women and children of the land. 
 The other is directed to the destruction of raw 
 material adding nothing to, but decreasing the gen- 
 eral stock of capital in the country, and contributing 
 to the discomfort, poverty and ruin of tens of thou- 
 sands of persons every year. The one, by increasing 
 the aggregate wealth, reduces the public burdens ; the 
 other decreases the wealth, and increases the burden 
 
64 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 of taxation which faJls upon the productive indus- 
 tries of the country. 
 
 (3) Because it aoea not co-operate with capital em- 
 ployed in 'productive induatnea ; hut opposes it. It 
 is so obvious that it hardly needs any demonstration, 
 that the liquor traffic is in direct antagonism with 
 every enterprise of productive industry. Every mer- 
 chant knows too well, that in proportion as a man 
 spends his money for liquor, he is an unprofitable 
 customer to the tailor, the shoemaker, the landlord, 
 and the farmer. And precisely the opposite is true of 
 every legitimate business. In proportion as a man 
 spends his earnings in shoes or clothing, or books, so 
 is he, as a rule, a good and profitable customer to the 
 landlord and the farmer. All capital, therefore, em- 
 ployed in prosecuting and extending the traffic in 
 liquor is capital at war with the capital emvloyed in 
 Tnanufacturing industries. 
 
 Besides all this, the employment of capital cannot 
 be divested of its effects. When we speak of the ad- 
 vantage accruing to the country from this employ- 
 ment of capital, we are liable to fall into the error of 
 treating the economic question as one thing, and the 
 moral and social as another, — the two in no way re- 
 lated. The truth is, theyw-re identical in interest, in- 
 separably bound up in each other. We cannot in- 
 vest capital to the ruin of a people,and call the invest- 
 ment a blessing and the consequences a curse. 
 
 If a tithe or a thousandth part of the evils which 
 flow from the unholy trinity — the distillery, the 
 brewery and the saloon — were to come suddenly upon 
 the community as a result of any other invested capi- 
 tal, we should not hesitate to hold that capital respon- 
 sible for it. If for example, a soap or chemical-man- 
 ure factory, in which is invested a million dollars 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 65 
 
 capital, were spreading fever and pestilence over any 
 community, the citizens would not think for a moment 
 of any possible benefit arising from the employment 
 of that capital. Once let it be established beyond 
 doubt that there was an intimate relation between 
 such a factory and the increase of graveyard popula- 
 tion, and we should have as little consideration for 
 the one million dollars invested as the country had for 
 the capital invested in the North- West rebellion by 
 Louis Riel and his associates. 
 
 X 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF FOOD. 
 
 HAT THEN IS THE MEASURE OF DESTRUCTION IN- 
 VOLVED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ALCOHOLIC 
 
 LIQUGRS ? The first item to consider is the waste of 
 food. 
 
 In the United Kingdom the facts in relation to this 
 question have been supplied to the public in a most 
 comprehensive manner by the late Mr. Wm. Hoyle, 
 (author of "Our Natural Resources, and How They are 
 Wasted,") than whom there has never lived a more de- 
 voted and painstaking patriot. His work as a 
 statistician was of the most exhaustive character, and 
 he was regarded as an authority second to none on 
 this great question. 
 
 Taking twelve years from 1870 to 1881 inclusive, he 
 states that the amount of money spent upon intoxica- 
 ting liquors in the United Kingdom was £1,609,241,534, 
 being an average of £134,103,461 per annum. He 
 further says : 
 
 "To manufacture the .-£134.000,000 worth of intoxicating 
 liquors consumed during each of the past twelve years, 80,000,- 
 000 bushels of grain, or its equivalent in produce has been de- 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 67 
 
 stroyed each year ; and, taking the bushel of barley at 531b., 
 it gives us 4,24o,ooo,ooolbs. of food destroyed year by year, 
 or a total for the twelve years of 960,000,000 bushels, or 
 50,88o,ooo,ooolbs. 
 
 The generally accepted estimate of grain consumed as 
 bread food by the population of the United Kingdom is 5^ 
 bushels per head per annum ; if this be so, then, the food 
 which has been destroyed to manufacture the intoxicating 
 liquors which have been consumed in the United Kingdom 
 during the past twelve years would supply the entire popu- 
 lation with bread for four years and five months ; or, it 
 would give a 41b. loaf of bread to every family in the United 
 Kingdom daily during the next six years. 
 
 If the grain and produce which have thus been destroyed 
 yearly were converted into flour and baked into loaves, they 
 would make 1,200,000,000 41b. loaves. To bake these 
 loaves it would require 750 bakeries producing 500 loaves 
 each hour, and working ten hours daily during the whole 
 year." 
 
 In the United States the amount of food destroyed 
 in the manufacture of intoxicants is enormous, Mr. A. 
 M. Powell, of New York, read a paper at the Crystal 
 Palace Jubilee, (Sept. 1882,) in which he says that 
 " there were in 1881, 5,210 distilleries. These consumed 
 31,291,146 bushels of grain with an aggregate production of 
 117,728,150 gallons of proof spirits. The total beer pro- 
 duction for the same period as reported by the Internal 
 Revenue Department was 16,952,085 barrels."* 
 
 Dr. Edward Young, Chief of the Bureau of Statis- 
 tics, "Washington, estimated the cost of liquor in the 
 United States in 1867 at $60,000,000. Dr. Wm. Har- 
 greaves estimates the cost in 1872 at $785,720,048. 
 Dr. Young remarks in reference to his estimates for 
 1867:— 
 
 * "Foundation of Death" by Axel Gustafson, p. 276. 
 
68 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 "These figures are suflficiently startling, and need no 
 exaggeration. Six Imndred million ! The minds of 
 few persons can comprehend this vast sum which is 
 worse than wasted every year. It would pay for 
 100,000,000 barrels of flour, averaging 2 J barrels of 
 flour to every man, woman and child in the country. 
 This flour, if placed in wagons, "ten barrels in each, 
 would require 10,000,000 teams, which, allowing eight 
 yards to each, would extend 45,455 miles — nearly twice 
 round the earth, or half-way to the moon. If the sum 
 were in one-dollar notes it would take one hundred 
 persons one year to count them. If spread on the 
 surface of the ground, so that no spaces should be left 
 between the notes, the area covered would be 20,466 
 acres, forming a parallelogram of 6 by a little over 5| 
 miles, the walk round it being more than 22 J miles." * 
 
 The quantities of food wasted in Canada in the 
 manufacture of liquor may be approximated by the 
 following statistics and facts in relation thereto. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 SHOWING THE QUANTITIES OF GRAIN USED IN THE 
 MANUFACTURE OF SPIRITS AND MALT LIQUORS IN 
 CANADA DURING ELEVEN YEARS FROM 1875 TO 1885 
 INCLUSIVE. 
 
 The following table is compiled from Government 
 Returns of Spirits and Malt Liq^Tors to the year 1882, 
 and Inland Revenue Reports for 1884 and 1885, and 
 also the Trade and Navigation Reports for the years 
 1884 and 1885 :— 
 
 ^- - ■ - ■ ■■ i „ ■ I — . ■ I ■ I ■ ..I II. I I I ■ I I ■■■I I ■»..— 
 
 • "Our Wasted Resources," by W. Hargreaves, M.D., p. 53. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 69 
 
 Pounds of grain Pounds of Malt 
 
 for Distillation. for Brewing. 
 
 1875 90,094,381 30,377,039 
 
 1876 59,472,129 27,980,256 
 
 1877 68,498,295 27,471,797 
 
 1878 67,594,902 25,180,327 
 
 1879 66,749,856 25,456,803 
 
 1880 53,394,258 26,419,244 
 
 1881 53,667,108 28,395,987 
 
 1882 70,402,810 34,775,986 
 
 1883 76,796,094 36,140,545 
 
 1884 75,095,450 37,563,636 
 
 1885 63,542,708 34,566,059 
 
 Totals 745,307,991 332,215,639 
 
 Grand total of grain used 10,775.523,630 lbs. 
 
 Corn is the principal grain used for distilling pur- 
 poses and weighs about 56 lbs. to the bushel. The 
 number of pounds therefore represented in the above 
 table as used for distillation is equal to about 13,434,- 
 071 bushels. Barley is reduced in weight about 25 
 per cent in the process of malting so that it takes 
 about 415,268,552 pounds of barky to produce the 
 quantity of malt named in the table. This at the 
 usual rate of 48 lbs. to the bushel is equal to about 
 8,651,428 bushels of barley. There was therefore 
 
 A TOTAL QUANTITY OF GRAIN CONSUMED IN DISTIL- 
 LING AND BREWING IN ELEVEN YEARS IN CANADA 
 AMOUNTING TO 22,085,499 BUSHELS. 
 
 In addition to this there was consumed in distilling 
 and brewing 458,697 gallons of molasses and 317,861 
 lbs. of sugar, &c. 
 
 If all this vast quantity of food were used in any 
 way to promote the good or to increase the wealth of 
 
70 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 
 
 the nation it would be a matter of great congratulation 
 and rejoicing; but when we contemplate the fact that 
 it is, not only wasted, but infinitely worse than wasted, 
 the magnitude of the evil strikes us as perfectly ap- 
 palling. 
 
 Consider the proportion of this waste to the entire 
 growth of grain in Canada. In 1881 the total produc- 
 tion of all kinds of grain in the Dominion including 
 wheat, barley, oats, rye, peas, beans, buckwheat and 
 corn was 149,461,399 bushels. 
 
 As the years 1880-1 is nearly midway of the 
 eleven years referred to in the above table, that year 
 may be taken as about an average year so far as the 
 production of grain is concerned. 
 
 Taking, then, 150 millions of bushels as an average 
 of the grain produce per year, we discover the amaz- 
 ing fact that once in every seven years the entire 
 amount of all the grain produce in the Dominion, or 
 its equivalent, is consumed in liquor. 
 
 To put it in another way, the grain destroyed in 
 liquor making, during the past seven years, was equal 
 to more than one year's entire growth of all kinds of 
 grain in the Dominion. 
 
 Think of it ! ye patriots who desire that the nation's 
 resources shall be converted into wealth for her peo- 
 ple. Think of it ! ye politicians who are in search of 
 a cry for your next election campaign. Think of it ! 
 ye judges and magistrates, before whom comes the per- 
 petual array of drink-made criminals, while the crim- 
 inals who make the drink are made jurors and 
 governors. Think of it ! ye ministers of the gospel by 
 the grace of Cod. Think of it ! ye farmers of the 
 soil ; ye toilers in the workshop. Think of it, every 
 man and woman, every boy and girl ; think ! that the 
 one-seventh of all the golden grain of every Canadian 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 71 
 
 harvest is — consumed in fire ? burnt up in one vast 
 mountain of flame ? flung into the sea without hope of 
 redemption ? No ! no ! Worse ! a million times a 
 million worse than that ! It is turned into the vat 
 and the still and converted into rivers of poison by 
 which our people are afflicted with incalculable evils, 
 and every form of human misery attends it. 
 
 I cannot do better in closing this chapter than to 
 quote the following words of Cardinal Ma,nning He 
 says : — "We talk of profitable investments, and 
 
 THEN waste a HUNDRED AND THIRTY MILLIONS IN 
 THE MOST UNPROFITABLE INVESTMENT THAT CAN BE 
 CONCEIVED IN THE IMAGINATION OF MAN. NaY, I WILL 
 GO FURTHER. It IS NOT ONLY WASTE. It HAS A HAR- 
 VEST. It is a great sowing broadcast. And what 
 
 SPRINGS FROM THE FURROW ? DEATHS ; MORTALITY IN 
 
 every form ; Disease cy every kind ; Crime of 
 
 EVERY DYE; MADNESS OF EVERY INTENSITY; MISERY 
 BEYOND THE IMAGINATION OF MAN; SiN, WHICH IT 
 SURPASSES THE IMAGINATION TO CONCEIVE." 
 
 Address at Newcastle on TyTie, England, Sept. 9, 
 1882. Vide Foundation of Death, p. 258. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 OVER-PRODUCTION. 
 
 SOTHING is more common than to attribute hard 
 times ard low prices to over-production. The 
 idea is that if there is a large surplus of any kind of 
 produce — whether of the farm or the factory — that 
 the goods become a glut upon the market, prices go 
 down, and demand for labor is checked. With this 
 thought in view, it is frequently claimed that the only 
 remedy for the evil is to check production. 
 
 Stript of all rhetoric this theory simply means that 
 the remedy for hard times is to stop, or check, the 
 making of wealth. Its language is * close up the mills 
 for a ^;ime, cease making implements, stop the produc- 
 tion of clothing, shoes, and bread stuff; let the farmer 
 check the growth of the field and the produce of the 
 dairy, leave the soil unploughed and without seed for 
 a season, and then, as you reduce the volume of supply, 
 prices for stock in hand will go up, trade will get brisk 
 and working men can go back to their ploughing and 
 seeding, their making and building at increased wages, 
 and everybody will be better off.* 
 
 The fallacy of all this is so perfectly transpareiit 
 that it is a marvel that any thoughtful man should en- 
 dorse it. Follow out this plan and you at once check 
 the power of demand. You stop the springs of all 
 wages and prevent the wage-earning class from takiug 
 cash in hand to pay for various articles of produce at 
 the merchant's store. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 73 
 
 It would give the mechanic and laborer a holiday, 
 and at what price ? Grim want, debt, poverty and 
 destitution would quickly follow where comparative 
 comfort and moderate supplies had previously existed. 
 Store-keepers would have the satisfaction of selling 
 goods at high prices, on long and dubious credit, and 
 manufacturers would be able to rejoice in the return of 
 of piles of notes unpaid — the inevitable end; Bank- 
 ruptcy. 
 
 There is something contradictory in the very term 
 over-production, when applied generally. Obviously 
 there can be no such thing while thousands and mil- 
 lions of people are needing and desiring the things 
 produced. Everybody, the world over, is more or less 
 desirous of increasing his stock of wealth — and pro- 
 duction is the source of wealth. No one is interested 
 in lessening his supply of the necessaries and luxuries 
 of life, at least we have never yet found a community 
 which regards these as burdens. 
 
 The late Mr. Wm. Hoyle, the eminent statistician 
 thus wrote on this question : — 
 
 " To talk of an excess of goods as the cause of want is as 
 unreasonable as to say that darkness is caused by there be- 
 ing too much Hght. True, there may be glut in one place 
 and want in another, but that arises from the violation of 
 some economic law affecting either the production, distribu- 
 tion, or consumption of wealth, and what in such a case 
 should be done is to find out where this violation of law is 
 being perpetrated, and correct it. There will then be plenty 
 for all, and no glut anywhere. 
 
 A universal glut is an impossibility, for the simple reason 
 that when people everywhere become possessed of the com- 
 forts of life in such abundance as that all their desires are 
 met they will cease to produce. People toil, not for the 
 love of toil, but for its proceeds — that is, to supply their 
 
74) LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 wants — and this being done, the motive to labour is gone. 
 They will then cease to labour, and over-production will be 
 immediately checked. 
 
 And there is another point which must not be overlooked 
 in considering the question of glut. It is this : the wants ot 
 a community invariably increase in proportion as the means 
 of supply grow. We see this daily; for if a man by attention 
 to business makes money, or if he be a workman and gets a 
 fair advance of wages, he at once adds to his comforts. 
 Perhaps he goes into a larger and better house. He then 
 wants more furniture, more books, and more of everything; 
 and thus he goes on, the limit of his demand being only 
 bound by the extent of his supply. 
 
 As is the case individually, so it is nationally — the limit of 
 what society generally is prepared to utilise for its enjoy- 
 ments and wants is only bounded by the limit of its power 
 toproduce; and therefore the discoveries in science, and 
 the inventions of machinery which have done so much to 
 augment our producing power, instead of causing a glut in 
 the markets of the world, and thereby involving stagnation 
 in trade, have but multiplied our comforts, stimulated our 
 industries, and so increared the material, social, and domes- 
 tic happiness and well-being of the pepple." 
 
 Mr. Henry George, remarks : — 
 
 " What, when we come to think of it, can be more pre- 
 posterous than to speak in any general sense of over-produc- 
 tion ? Over-production of wealth when there is everywhere 
 a passionate struggle for more wealth; when so many must 
 stint and strain and contrive, to get a living; when there is 
 poverty and actual want among large classes ! Manifestly 
 there cannot be over-production, in any general and absolute 
 sense until desires for wealth are all satisfied, until no one 
 wants more wealth." Social Problems ^ Chap. XII. 
 
 " Relative over-production, of course there may be" 
 remarks the author just quoted. There are frequently 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 75 
 
 more goods produced of certain kinds than will sell at 
 profitable rates in the available markets. 
 
 But such an irregularity cannot be cured by stop- 
 ping or checking general production. Of coui'se you 
 may regulate supply by checking the production of 
 the particular article in question. But if it is found 
 that too much wheat has been grown for this year's 
 demand, the remedy is found in growing something 
 else. If furniture makers produce more chairs than 
 they can find buyers for, the remedy is not in closing 
 the factory but in making less chairs and more of 
 something else. 
 
 'But' replies an objector, 'the fact is, that there is too 
 much of everything produced; turn in any direction 
 you may, into whatever channel of business you will, 
 and you find that the supply is greater than the de- 
 mand and the markets are glutted with goods !* 
 
 Let this be admitted and it then appears marvellous 
 that thinking men do not recognize the lessons which 
 it teaches. Surely it must be plain, that the remedy 
 lies, not in limiting the power of production, but in 
 augmenting the power to purchase. Take for ex- 
 ample, our Canadian piano and organ manufactories. 
 It is easy to conceive of their producing more instru- 
 ments than they can sell, and thus glutting the mar- 
 ket. That is over-production in the relative sense. 
 But in the general and absolute sense there is no over- 
 production of pianos and organs until every one is sup- 
 plied who desires them, and until the population cease 
 to grow in musical tastes as well as in numbers. 
 
 Some years ago the present Lord Derby delivered a 
 speech at Liverpool, in which he attributed to the 
 commercial depression of the times to over-production. 
 As an illustration of his theory he referred to the 
 enormous productive powers of the stocking looms of 
 
76 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Lancashire, and to the fact that the colossal ware- 
 houses in Manchester, and elsewhere, were weighted 
 down with the goods for which no market could be 
 found. 
 
 It did not seem to occur to the Earl that the real 
 difficulty was not that too many stockings were made , 
 but that' too few were worn, proportionate to the 
 reasonable wants and desires of the population. 
 
 The speech above referred to was delivered within 
 a mile or so of a large and probably the most lucrative 
 portion of Lord Derby's own estate. Upon that very 
 estate were living many people who, although several 
 degrees removed from the very poorest of the people 
 of Liverpool, were yet too poor to purchase as many 
 stockings for themselves and their children as they de- 
 sired or needed, to meet the reasonable demands of 
 civilized life in such a city. I believe I am within the 
 bounds of a moderate estimate when I say that there 
 were probably at least a thousand people — men, 
 women and children — residing upon the leasehold 
 property of Lord Derby's estate in West Derby Ward, 
 Liverpool, to whom new stockings were a luxury, 
 only to be enjoyed when pressing necessity compelled 
 the purchase of them. In some other parts of that 
 city there are thousands of feet to which a pair of new 
 stockings are strangers from one year's end to an- 
 other. If this single fact in the lives of large masses 
 of the people in the United Kingdom could be accur- 
 ately estimated it would doubtless be found that there 
 are literally millions of people who never buy stock- 
 ings, and millions more who only get a new pair when 
 the presence of decency or hard weather constrains 
 them to make a special effort. * 
 
 * That I may not appear to exaggerate I may mention that there 
 were in 18U4 in England and Wales alone 586,717 persons receiving 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 77 
 
 Now what would be the result to the Manchester 
 trade, and what the effect upon the stocking looms of 
 Lancashire if these masses of people were so far re- 
 lieved of their poverty as to be able to purchase each 
 two pairs of stockings where they now buy one; or 
 one pairs where they now buy none? It is a simple 
 truth to say that the cry of over-production in the 
 stocking trade would speedily be substituted for an- 
 other cry, viz.: "excessive demand and pressure of 
 work!" And what is true of stockings is true also of 
 other essentials and luxuries of civilized life. So Ions: 
 as there is desire and need for the productions of the 
 farm and the factory, there is no such thing as over- 
 production. 
 
 The problem to be solved is not how to limit pro- 
 duction, but how to get the hosiery transferred from 
 the loom and the warehouse to the bare feet, — how 
 to get the piano and organ into the homes of persons 
 who desire them and have not the means to purchase 
 them. 
 
 The solution of that problem, not only opens the 
 way to a revival of trade in one or two, but in all de- 
 partments, and to a permanent up-growing of demand 
 which shall keep the wheels of productive labor in 
 motion for as long a time per day and as continuously 
 as is desirable. 
 
 "outdoor relief as paupers, a kind of relief that is not granted to per- 
 sons who give any indication of being able to buy stockings when they 
 need them. There are in addition to these, 187,593 persons who ars 
 inmates of poor-houses or "work-houses." These latter are of course 
 supplied with their allowance of clothing from the poor fund. The 
 more than half a million above referred to as "outdoor paupers" are but 
 a small per centage of the whole poor of the country to whom the ex- 
 penditure of a sixpence is a matter of great moment. 
 
 It has been stated in the Fortnightly Review on the authority of Mr. 
 John Bright that in the city of Glasgow alone there are "30,000 
 families that live and eat and sleep" and each family have only one 
 room for all these purposes. 
 
78 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 To a very considerable extent that problem is solved 
 when we face the issues involved in the drinkingj sys- 
 tem. And this is true of Canada more than oi the 
 older and richer countries. Not that we drink more, 
 — happily much less. But as shown in another 
 chapter, the locking up of a large portion of our 
 national capital in an unprofitable and destructive 
 investment, , the waste of one-seventh of our agri- 
 cultural produce, the employment of thousands of 
 men in destructive labor, the cost of crime, poverty, 
 and accident occasioned; all these things affect a young 
 country like this sooner, and more directly, than a 
 richer and larger populated country, especially one 
 lying as we do by the side of a great competitive neigh- 
 bor, with its larger resources and greater capital. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 OVER-CROWDING THE LABOR MARKET. 
 
 cQ LONGSIDE the fallacy of the over-production the- 
 /-*- ory there is another, viz: the theory of over-crowd- 
 ing the labor market. The two ideas are very much akin 
 and are the result of a similar process of reasoning. "Re- 
 duce the quantity of goods produced" say the manu- 
 facturer and the capitalist "and desire will increase 
 proportionately and prices will be higher." "Keep 
 fresh men from entering the field of labor and com- 
 petition will not be so keen, while wages will be 
 higher" says the mechanic. 
 
 Now just as it is true that there may be relative 
 over-production, so there may be relative over-crowd- 
 ing in certain branches of work or within certain com- 
 munities. It is possible to have more bricklayers in 
 one town or city than there is demand for. But it is 
 not possible to have too many workmen of all kinds. 
 
 Mutual advantage among people is no where realized 
 in such a large degree, and with such direct results, as 
 in a community of workmen. Beginning with the 
 farmer who produces food for all, there is a com- 
 bination of interests in all productive agencies. The 
 farmer will need the bricklayer, the carpenter, the 
 tailor, the shoemaker, &c. These in turn, will not 
 only need the farmer, but will need and demand each 
 other's labor. 
 
80 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 It is strange that men will resist the incoming of 
 new workmen to the community of which they form 
 a part. A carpenter sees a new comer taking up a 
 position in the same village with himself, and he looks 
 on with a jealous eye, remarking " there are more 
 carpenters here now than can find profitable work." 
 And so all around the selfish spirit of one mechanic 
 would close the doors to another. • 
 
 For the same reason labor leagues are almost in- 
 variably jealous of workmen immigrants, and es- 
 pecially call out loudly against Governments granting 
 any assistance to induce immigration. 
 
 There are, no doubt, a great many outrages commit- 
 ted by emigration agents; and the Government may 
 well be criticised on account of the disgraceful mis- 
 representations of their agents who have induced 
 thousands of people to come to this country aider 
 promises which were not kept, and which led often to 
 great disappointment and suffering. 
 
 During the past seven years the following numbers, 
 according to official reports, have arrived in Canada 
 with the intention of settling: 
 
 1879 40,492 
 
 1880 38,505 
 
 1881 47,991 
 
 1882 112,458 
 
 1883 133,624 
 
 1884 103,824 
 
 1885 79,165 
 
 In addition to these, various charitable societies 
 and individuals brought into Canada during the past 
 live years 6750 persons, mostly children. 
 
 The Government reports show that the estimated 
 value of money and effects brought into the country by 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 81 
 
 immigrants during the seven years named above 
 amount to $21,.^52,222. 
 
 The chief obj> tion raised by labor unions against 
 assisted immigration is that every new comer brought 
 into the country enters into competition with those 
 already seeking a market for their labor. It does 
 not seem to enter the thoughts of these objectors that 
 every new comer increases the demand for the produce 
 of labor. 
 
 The more working people there are in any country 
 the greater is the demand f oi labor. So obvious is 
 this, that the workman in search of employment 
 almost invariably turn towards a progessive and grow- 
 ing centre of population. 
 
 Indeed, (contrary to that class of philosophers who 
 raise the alarm that the world will speedily be over- 
 populated if it be not so already,) it may be set down as 
 a fact that society is always interested in a progres- 
 sive population, and that it is everywhere desired that 
 the village should grow to a town, and the town to 
 a city. In Henry George's Progress and Poverty y 
 there are two chapters devoted to this over-population 
 theory to which I very gladly refer my readers for 
 conclusive arguments and facts upon that subject. In 
 one of those chapters he says : — * 
 
 "I assert that in any given state of civilization a greater 
 number of people can collectively be better provided for 
 than a smaller. I assert that the injustice of society, not the 
 niggardliness of nature is the cause of the want and the 
 misery which the current theory attributes to over-pop- 
 ulation. I assert that the new mouths which an increasing 
 population calls into existence require no more food than 
 the old ones, while the hands they bring with them can in 
 the natural order of things produce more. I assert that, 
 
 * Progress and Poverty, Chapter iii. 
 F 
 
82 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Other things being equal, the greater the population the 
 greater the comfort which an equitable distribution of wealth 
 would give to each individual. * * * 
 
 Is there any doubt that, while England has been increas- 
 ing in population at the rate of two per cent per annum, her 
 wealth has been growing in still greater proportion? Is it not 
 true that while the population of the United States has been 
 doubling every twenty-nine years her wealth has been 
 doubling at much shorter intervals? Is it not true that un- 
 der similar conditions — that is to say, among the communi- 
 ties of similar people in a similar state of civilization, the 
 most densely populated comrrunity is also the richest? Are 
 not the most densely populated Eastern States richer in pro- 
 portion than the more sparsely populated Western or 
 Southern States. Is not England, whose population is even 
 denser than the Eastern States of the Union, also richer in 
 proportion?" 
 
 It is therefore of much greater concern to the 
 citizens of Canada to enquire why so many of our 
 able-bodied producing citizens emigrate to the United 
 States and elsewhere, than to ask after the abuses of 
 Government immigration agents. 
 
 But to the workman, as such, it is of first conse- 
 quence to enquire why there is any need of rivalry 
 for v/-ork and wages. Why should men have to com- 
 pete for work? AVhy should they be struggling one 
 against the other, as though in the race of life the 
 prize was only to one ? Productive labor yields her 
 prizes without stint. 
 
 Work and wages are not limited quantities. Every 
 productive workman finds work for another. Labor 
 is not only the source of wealth but is also a per- 
 petual co-operative agent. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 CO-OPERATION. 
 
 ?HE principle of Co-operation is rapidly growings in 
 favor as the most hopeful and practical solution 
 of what is called the labor problem. Its application, 
 either by giving to labor a share in the profits of an 
 undertaking, in which capital is provided by one set of 
 men and labor by another, or by the laborers them- 
 selves becoming in part, or in whole, the joint propri- 
 etors, are both under extensive trial, and the results 
 are such as to lead to the hope that in the more gen- 
 eral application of these means, will be found a remedy 
 for much of the evil and contention which have been 
 growing during the past fifty years, with greater and 
 greater volume, until the struggle has, in some instances, 
 assumed the dimensions and character of a social revol 
 ution. 
 
 Washington Gladden has well said that: 
 
 The subjugation of labor by capital is the first stage in 
 the progress of industry ; the second stage is the warfare 
 between labor and capital; the third is the identification of 
 labor and capital by some application of the principle of co- 
 operation." — Working People and their Employers. 
 
 Prof. Cairnes says: — 
 
 "It appears to me, that the condition of any sustained im- 
 provement of a permanent kind in the laborer's lot is, that 
 the separation ot the industrial ckss.^s into laborers and 
 
84 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 capitalists shall not be maintained; and the laborer shall 
 cease to be a laborer, — in a word, that profits shall be 
 brought to reinforce the wage-fund * * * the first and 
 indispensible step towards any serious amendment of the 
 laborer's lot, that he should be, in one way or other, lifted 
 out of the groove in which he at present works, and placed 
 in a position compatible with his becoming a sharer, in 
 equal proportion with others, in the general advantages 
 arising from industrial progress." — Political Economy. 
 
 The principle of co-operative interest involving the 
 abolition of the class distinction between masters and 
 servants, or wage payers and wage earners, seems to 
 be regarded by all the great modern poliUcal econo- 
 mists as an inevitable event of the future. John 
 Stuart Mill says: — ^ 
 
 "That the industrial economy which divides society ab- 
 solutely into two positions, the payers of wages and the re- 
 ceivers of them, the first counted by thousands and the last 
 counted by millions, is neither fit for nor capable of indefinite 
 duration; and the possibility of chan^^ing this system for one 
 of combination without dependence and unity of interest, 
 instead of organized hostility, depends altogether upon the 
 future developments of the partnership principle." 
 
 In Mr. Mill's time that principle was already taking 
 root as far as distribution is concerned. Co-operative 
 societies for the supply of goods to members of such 
 societies, who shared the profits of distribution, existed 
 in England more than forty years ago. Nor could any 
 movement have a more humble or more unpretent- 
 ious beginnz'^g. The Rochdale (Yorkshire) Equitable 
 Pioneer Society was commenced 1844, and in June of 
 that year one of its most active members said "it was 
 believed that no man, could or would, subscribe more 
 than twopence per week per share, and when one 
 offered to lav down hali-a-crown, and another five 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 85 
 
 shillings, the offers caused gre..^ surprise, and some 
 consternation was evident when an enthusiastic mem- 
 ber offered to venture one pound sterling."* 
 
 But the principle took rapid hold upon the weavers 
 of that town and in the same year twenty-eight of 
 them invested a capital of $5 each and opened up 
 their store. Mr. W. T. Thornton in his work "On Labor" 
 speaking of this event, says: — 
 
 "When the day and hour for commencing business ar- 
 rived the little party assembled within to take part in the 
 ceremony, were abashed by the largeness of the crowd as- 
 sembled to witness it. Some delay took place before anyone 
 could brush up courage to take down the shutters, and 
 when at last the store and its contents were exposed to pub- 
 lic view, all Toad Lane was in a roar." 
 
 But ridicule soon gave place to confidence and ad- 
 miration. The business expanded until in ten years 
 the 28 members had become 900, and in 1867 the Roch- 
 dale Pioneers numbered 6,823 with a capital of over 
 $640,000. 
 
 In another town in Yorkshire, (Rawtenstall), six 
 workingmen commenced a society in 1850 by saving a 
 few shillings each, with which to buy a load of meal 
 or flour. "They then rented a cottage as a store at 
 Is. 3d. (31c.) per week, and met every evening to dis- 
 pose of their goods. At the end of the first ][uarter 
 they divided Is. 6d. in the pound on the purchases 
 (7^ per cent), after paying 5 per cent on capital." Ten 
 years afterwards they owned the building used as a 
 store, had a paid up capital of $15,000, and 387 mem- 
 bers. In 1860 there were 16 co-operative stores and 
 one co-operative mill in England, with capital united 
 amounting to a total of nearly $470,000. 
 
 *See Meliora, Vol. iii., page 300. 
 
86 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 In the seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of 
 Statistics of Labor, of Boston, Massachusetts, there is 
 given a most exhaustive and valuable history of the 
 Co-operative movement with statistical tables involv- 
 ing great care and supplying a vast amount of inform- 
 ation. T \e Report says of distributive co-operation of 
 Great Britain, that * it has been of great benefit to the 
 working classes." Summarising the results it says : 
 
 It has brought to 680,165 members, ;^24,o84,ii3 in 
 profits, and incidentally it has produced other results which 
 no statistics can adequately portray, results moral rather 
 than material. It has stimulated thrift, taught self-reliance, 
 encouraged the ownership of property, prevented debt by 
 making cash payments obligatory, and placed in the hands 
 of its patrons goods practically free from adulteration. 
 
 The Report is of extraordinary interest, and details 
 the progress of the co-operative principle in France, 
 Germany, Austria, Denmark, Spain, Hungary, Italy, 
 Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Australia, as 
 well as in Great Britain and the United States. 
 
 In the United States the principle of co-operation 
 was recognized at a Convention of the New Eng- 
 land Workingmen's Union, Sept. 1845, when the fol- 
 lowing resolutions were adopted : 
 
 " Whereas, all means of reform heretofore oifered by 
 the friends of social reform, have failed to unite the 
 producing classes, much less attract their attention, 
 therefore, 
 
 Resolved, That protective charity and concert of ac- 
 tion in the purchase of the necessaries of life are the 
 only means to the end to obtain that union which will 
 end in their amelioration." * 
 
 * The Labor Movement in America, by Dr. Ely, Page 173. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 87 
 
 The New York Industrial Convention appointed a 
 * Committee on organization of Industry,' which Com- 
 mittee in 1849 issued a report with the following : 
 
 " Brothers, shall we content ourselves with the miserable 
 idea of merely saving a tew dollars, and say we have found 
 enough ? P'uture generations, aye, the uprising generation, 
 is looking to us for nobler deeds. Shall we disappoint 
 them ? No ! by all that is great and good, let us trust in 
 the truth of organized industry. Time, undoubtedly, must 
 intervene before great results can be expected to accrue from 
 a work of this character. We must proceed from combined 
 stores to combined shops, from combined shops to combined 
 houses, to joint ownership in God's earth, the foundation 
 that our edifice must stand upon." 
 
 As in England so in the United States, the first 
 efforts of these co-operators appeared insignificant, and 
 out of all proportion to the pretensions of their resolu- 
 tions. But as we learn from Dr. Ely, they began their 
 work " with faith in God and the right," (to use their 
 own words) " and the purchase of a box of soap and one 
 half box of tea." Dr. Ely gives a most interesting 
 account of the uprising and growth and draw -backs 
 of the various co-operative efforts, both for the dis- 
 tribution and production of wealth. He says that an 
 estimate of the total business transacted by co-operati ve 
 distribution in the United States is scarcely possible, 
 but he ventures to guess it at twenty millions of dollars 
 per annum. 
 
 Speaking of the application of co-operative principles 
 to production, Dr. Ely gives an account of one large 
 Company * which has adopted a novel method of es- 
 tablishing mutual relations between capital and labor. 
 The employees are paid " weekly wages, in cash and in 
 full, and these wages to be fully up to the prices paid 
 
 * The Kentucky Railroad Tobacco Company. 
 
88 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 for corresponding labor in any factory in the vicinity." 
 The wages are regarded as a dividend of six per cent 
 interest on the labor capital represented by the work- 
 man. Thus, if a workman's wages averages $12 pei 
 week, his labor stock is estimated at $10,000, for at 
 six per cent that would yield $600 or about $12 per 
 week. " In other words, wages are capitalized and 
 added to money capital. As labor has already received 
 six per cent in wages, capital must first receive six per 
 cent out of any profits. The surplus is a dividend on 
 labor stock, and on cash capital. Thus, if eight per 
 cent on the entire capital is realized, the laborer wlio;:e 
 earnings are $600 per annum will receive an additional 
 $200, or two per cent on his labor stock of $10,000." 
 Dr. Ely quotes the following lines from the circular of 
 the Company, which he says are under scored : 
 
 " Every stockholder in this concern must be a worker. 
 No one is allowed to hold any stock who does not work in 
 the factory. Every worker in the factory must be a Knight 
 of Labor. The only factory in the ^Tnited States that recog- 
 nizes the equality of labor and capita;." 
 
 The President of the Company, J. R. Ledyard, says that 
 " so much does every one in the factory feel interested that 
 it requires no watching, no ordering, no admonitions, but all 
 are alert to do and keep everything the best." * 
 
 From the same authority I take the following- 
 paragraphs : 
 
 " The most remarkable success of co-operative production 
 is found among the coopers of Minneapolis. Their first co- 
 operative barrel factory was started in 1874 and there are 
 now seven of them doing a business of one milHon dollars 
 yearly. Interest is paid on money invested, and surplus 
 profits are divided among the coopers in proportion to earn- 
 ings. Nearly all the millers of Minneapolis are supplied by 
 them, and are well satisfied with their work." f 
 
 * See Labor, etc., by Dr. Ely, Page 187. 
 t The Labor Movement, page 188, 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 89 
 
 Dr. Albert Shaw of the Minneapolis Tribune writing 
 to Dr. Ely, says of the co-operative coopers : — 
 
 "So far as I am aware these cooper-shops form the most 
 successful examples of productive co-operation in the world; 
 and yet if anybody has ever alluded to them m a scientific 
 way, I have never found it out. When I state that the flour 
 mills of this city, far surpass those of any other milling point 
 in the world, and that they have a daily capacity of 30,000 
 barrels of flour, you will perceive the necessity for coopers. 
 Not far from half the flour is shipped in barrels. There are 
 some 700 coopers at work on flour barrels. About 250 of 
 these are * journeymen' working for 'boss' coopers in ttiree 
 different shops. The remaining 450 (more or less) arc 
 grouped in seven co-operative shops, which they own and 
 manage themselves. The system is indigenous. It has been 
 developed by laboring men, without any patronage, or 
 preaching, or persuasive literature. It began a dozen years 
 ago in the feeblest way without friends or capital, and in the 
 face of suspicion and distrust. It has won its way until two- 
 thirds of thecoopershavegone into the co-operative movement. 
 It has secured such State laws as it required, and it has credit 
 and standing. Its moral effects are more marked and grati- 
 fying than its financial and industrial success. It develops 
 niarihood, responsibility, self-direction, and independance. 
 * * * Co-operative building associations have had some 
 degree of success here, still greater in St. Paul. A good 
 many of the co-operative coopers own houses which they 
 were able to build by virtue of membership in co-operative 
 building associations." | 
 
 Profit sharing is another application of the co-opera- 
 tive principle which is rapidly growing in favor. A 
 course of six essays has been published by Mr. 
 Sedley Taylor, M. A, of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 England,* in which he gives a great deal of informa- 
 tion on this subject. He says that upwards of fifty 
 
 t Labor Movement in America page 189. 
 * See Humbolt Library Edition. 
 
90 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 
 
 \adustrial establishments in France, Alsace and Switz- 
 erland alone, are now working upon the principle of 
 participation by workmen in the profits. Extremely 
 interesting is his account of the Mutual Aid Society 
 founded by that truly patriotic frenchman M. Leclaire, 
 whose successes as an individual, were phenomenal, 
 and whose still greater successes, in applying this princi- 
 ple, in spite of suspicion and police espionage, were 
 truly wonderful. 
 
 Mr. Taylor after relating the difficulties and suspic- 
 ions with which both workmen, and police regarded 
 and watched Leclaires* movements, says : 
 
 "When however Leclaire, after collecting his participants, 
 forty-four in number, threw upon the table a bag of gold 
 containing ii,886 francs (;!^475), ^"d then and there distri- 
 buted to each his share, averaging over ;^io per man, it was 
 found impossible to withstand the * object-lesson' thus given. 
 All hesitation vanished and was replaced by unbounded 
 confidence." 
 
 Mr. Taylor also gives a table of bonuses to labor, 
 paid in each year from 1872 to 1882, commencing with 
 768 participants, wages paid £16,257; bonuses paid 
 £2,331, being 14 per cent of bonus to wages; and in the 
 last year 1882, there were 42,799 participants who re- 
 ceived £9,630 bonuses, being 22 per cent, of bonus to 
 wages. 
 
 From the same authority we learn the details of the 
 system of profit-sharing in the Paris and Orleans 
 Railway Company which shows that in 1882, no less 
 than 16,935 employees participated in the profits of the 
 concern, to the extent of a ten per cent, bonus upon the 
 wages, which wages, were fully on a level with other 
 companies. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 91 
 
 The same application of the co-operative principle 
 has been made to agriculture, for illusL ations of which, 
 as well as for much other interesting data I must 
 refer my readers to the authorities here quoted. Even 
 in the matter of credit, co-operation seems to be as- 
 serting its claim to notice, and banking institutions 
 are beginning to recognise this claim. Dr. Ely remarks 
 on this subject : 
 
 "Why banking institutions for working people should 
 meet with remarkable success in Germany doing an annual 
 business which is estimated in hundreds of millions, while 
 they have elsewhere attained no considerable proportions is 
 not quite clear. . . It is, however, noteworthy, that each 
 of the four countries where co-operation has attained immense 
 proportions, should be specially distinguished for success 
 along one particular line, viz: — England for vast achieve- 
 ments in distributive co-operation, France for productive co- 
 operation, Germany for banking through the co-operative 
 credit unions, and the United States for Che building associa- 
 tions.* 
 
 I might go on to quote illustrations far beyond the 
 limits of this volume, proving the value, and great 
 possibilities of the co-operative system. To my mind 
 this principle in its various methods of application 
 offers a magnificent field for the expenditure of the 
 force of such combinations as the Knights of Labor; 
 and it is a most hopeful sign, that the leaders of that 
 great body are giving special attention to this subject. 
 They have had, and still have, doubtless, much pre- 
 liminary work to go through, as well as much to learn, 
 but they have already set on foot several large co- 
 operative concerns, which give promise of important 
 social and moral, as well as financial advantages to all 
 concerned. 
 
 * Labor Movement in America page 196. 
 
92 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 If, however, as Prof. Caimes says, " the laborer is 
 to emerge from his present position and become the 
 sharer in the gains of capital he must first learn to 
 save." Whether the principle of co-operation be ap- 
 plied by workmen gradually acquiring capital out of 
 their savings, or whether it be by labor receiving in- 
 terest in the profits of business concerns, as illustrated 
 so practically by Leclaire, it can only be very partially 
 effective so long as the great social cancer of drunk- 
 enness remains upon the body politic. 
 
 Even if capital were to become dependant upon 
 labor, instead of labor upon capital, it would still be true 
 that labor — productive labor — would have to bear the 
 financial burdens which waste, destruction, social cor- 
 ruption, and other disorders entail upon society. 
 
 Co-operation is a grand agency, if it co-operates 
 with every other agency, for the removal of those evils 
 which degrade workmen, rendering them slaves — not 
 only to capitalists — but to base appetite and degrading 
 passions far more tyrannical, and more cruel than, ever 
 a capitalist could be. 
 
 One of the most successful illustrations of co-opera- 
 tion quoted in this chapter is that of a tobacco factory- 
 The illustration is good for the principle illustrated, 
 from one side only. The economic interests of a coun- 
 try as a whole — and therefore of workmen as a whole 
 — cannot be served by a tobacco interest, since it trades 
 entirely upon the baser habits and vices of the people 
 — almost exclusively too, the able-bodied male popula- 
 tion. 
 
 So r T as the application of co-operative principles 
 are concerned the illustration might have come with 
 equal force *rom a distillery or brewery. 
 
LAMD, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 93 
 
 In such a case the combination of workmen-capital- 
 ists would have been working the ruin of their own 
 class just as effectually as any capitalist brewer or dis- 
 tiller is now doing. 
 
 A co-operative society is like a chain. It is as strong 
 only as its weakest link. The weak link in the chain 
 of co-operative effort at present, is, that a large pro- 
 portion of the money earned in productive industry, 
 instead of being added to capital is sunk in liquor. 
 
 Moreover, if all workmen were combined into 
 one great community of interest, they would 
 stiil have to support the thriftless — they would 
 still have to maintain the army of men (and 
 their families) who are engaged in the destructive 
 business of converting produce into poison, together 
 with the still greater army, who profit by the distribu- 
 tion of the miscalled beverage. 
 
 In addition to these, they would still have to sup- 
 port the untold number of drink-made paupers, the 
 workmen who drop out of the ranks of workmen 
 into that of beggars and vagrants, or criminals, with 
 all the other progeny of the traffic. They would still 
 have to contend against the unequal competition of the 
 liquor shop against the produce of industry. 
 
 What is needed is, not only a re-adjustment of the 
 division of labor's choice fruit, but a war of extermin- 
 ation against the worms which eat and decay the very 
 heart of that fruit, the most destructive and disastroui 
 of all of which is the worm of the still. 
 
 Prof. Caimes, remarking upon the means by which 
 workmen might save with a view to become their own 
 capitalists, says of the expenditure in liquor : 
 
 ' In what proportion the working classes take part in this 
 expenditure we have no means of accurately determining ; 
 
94 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 but I imagine it will not be disputed that by much the 
 larger proportion must be set down to their account ; and I 
 am certainly within the mark in assuming that, of the money 
 so spent, I am sure I might say three-fourths of the whole, so 
 far fiom conducing in any way to the well-beingof those who 
 spend it, is both physically and morally injurious to them. 
 Here, then, is a sum of, let us say, sixty million pounds 
 sterling, (the Professor refers here to the United Kingdom) 
 which might annually be saved without trenching upon any 
 expenditure, which really contributes to the laborers' well- 
 being. The obstacles to this saving are not physical, but 
 moral obstacles ; and supposing laborers had the virtue to 
 overcome them the first step toward what might be called 
 their industrial emancipation would already have been 
 accomplished." 
 
 If Prof. Caimes' estimate be a correct one, (and it 
 must be remembered that he is no teetotal fanatic — but 
 a calm, logical thinker and political economist) and if 
 a similar proportion of the drink-bill of Canada is 
 chargeable to the workingmen, as he attributes to 
 those of the United Kingdom, what an enormous lev er- 
 age of capital is lost to the laborers of this country. 
 
 Our Liquor bill, as we have seen, averages over 
 thirty-seven and a half millions of dollars. Prof. 
 Cairnes' estimate is, that much the larger portion must 
 be set down to workingmen. Suppose we estimate it 
 at one half — say eighteen and a half millions. 
 
 Now suppose we take it, that not the whole, but 
 three-fourths only, of this amount is wastefully and 
 uselessly expended. Apart altogether from the evil 
 results, direct and indirect, see what a capital fund is 
 thrown away by the workmen of Canada, which might 
 lead them by a direct road, and by rapid strides to 
 their own emancipation. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 95 
 
 We have here a total sum of $12,775,000, which the 
 workmen of Canada might either spend more pro- 
 duetively,or save it and put it into capital for their own 
 employment and enrichment. 
 
 If the reader will turn to the chapter on " Wages 
 and Whiskey " in this volume, he will find a table 
 which shows from Government Blue Books, that under 
 the present system the average amount of capital re- 
 quired to support each man in ordinary employments 
 in Canada is $632 ; but it would be easy to show that 
 under a wider application of the principle of co-oper- 
 ation between labor and capital much less would suffice. 
 
 If we assume that the amount needed would be, say, 
 $500, then we have the serious fact that the workmen 
 of Canada throw to the winds, and worse, sufficient 
 to make 25,550 workmen into their own capitalists, 
 and therefore their own masters and employers. 
 
 Thus it matters not which way we turn, we find this 
 gigantic drink-curse blocking the way of progress, and 
 overshadowing every good. The great leading news- 
 paper of England has well said of it : 
 
 " Drink baffles us, confounds us, shames us, and 
 mocks us at every point. It outwits alike the teacher, 
 the man of business, the patriot, and the legislator. 
 Every other institution flounders in hopeless difficul- 
 ties ; the public house holds on its triumphant course. 
 The administrators of public and private charity are 
 told that alms and oblations go with rates, doles, and 
 pensions to the all-absorbing bar of the public house." 
 —London (Eng.) Times. 
 
96 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Let working men and working women everywhere 
 combine. 'Tis their right and duty so to do. But let 
 their private acts and combined power be first employed 
 to suppress the greatest of all their social enemies, the 
 most potent of all their foes, the most enslaving of all 
 capital-controlled interests — the Distillery, the Brew- 
 ery , and the Saloon. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. 
 
 fROFOUND secresy characterized the initiatory 
 movement of the " Noble Order of the Knights of 
 Labor." 
 
 It was commenced at a meeting of eight friends call- 
 ed together by U. S. Stephens, a tailor of Philadelphia, 
 in 1869. Its very name was not published or even 
 mentioned. It was known to its adherents by the 
 marks of five stars — # # * * * — and its meetings 
 were called by means of secret signs. Dr. Ely says> 
 that " Philadelphians noticed with trepidation that a. 
 few cabalistic chalk-marks in front of Independence- 
 Hall could bring several thousand men together. 
 Alarm spread, newspapers circulated absurd fictions in 
 regard to its designs, in which accusations of com- 
 munism and incendiarism were prominent, and Catholic 
 and Protestant clergymen hastened to denounce the 
 unknown monster.' 
 
 The heads of the new order therefore determined to 
 reveal their character and object, and in June 1878 a 
 meeting was held in Philadelphia. The founder of the 
 Order, Uriah Stevens, signed the call as Grand Master 
 Workmen. From "The Labor Movement in America" 
 I copy the heading of the circular calling that meeting. 
 
 G 
 
98 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOB. 
 
 "N. AND H. O. 
 
 « 
 OF 
 
 OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 PEACE AND PROSPERITY TO THE FAITHFUL. 
 
 To the Fraternity wherever founds greeting: — 
 
 SPECIAL CALL. 
 
 The reason for this special call is stated to be on "account of what is 
 •"believed by many of our most influential members to be an emergency 
 'of vast and vital importance to the stability, usefulness, and influence of 
 the Order." The business to come befo/e the meeting as further stated 
 •' is to consider the expediency of making the name of the Order public 
 for the purpose of defending it from the fierce assaults and defamation 
 made upon it by press, clergy, and corporate capital, and to take such 
 further action as shall effectually meet the Grave Emergency.^' 
 
 The first general assembly of the Order was held in 
 Reading, Pa., in 1878, when its membership was re- 
 ported as numbering eighty thousand. If this estimate 
 was a correct one, it appears that on the announcement 
 of its name and purposes many of its members seceded 
 or left. Probably it was a beneficent purging of some 
 of the less worthy spirits from the Order — for as men 
 " love darkness rather than light because their deeds 
 were evil," mere conspirators are unable to work 
 with a body whose name, purpose and objects are 
 open to the light of day. 
 
 Certain it is however, that the numbers were not so 
 great for a time afterwards, as were reported before the 
 departure from the policy of secresy. 
 
 But this re-action did not last long. The member- 
 ghip of the Order grew rapidly. In 1883 there were 
 in round numbers 62,000 members; in 1884, 71,000; in 
 1885, 111,000, these numbers being reported each year 
 on the fiist of July. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 99 
 
 During the past year the growth of the Order has 
 been unprecedented. In a circular issued by Grand 
 Master Workman Powderly, in March 1885, he says, 
 " out of sixty millions of people in the United States 
 and Canada, our Order has possibly three millions." 
 
 A most important advance has been made by the 
 " Knights" over the older and less successful labor 
 unions. It was a fatal weakness, involving serious 
 and frequent abuses, in the old Trades Unions, that 
 they based their operations and rules on the assumption 
 that the way to benefit themselves was to separate 
 their interests from all others. They arraigned them- 
 selves in opposition to everything which did not 
 avow itself in favor of conserving mechanical labor, 
 and securing the largest amount of wages, for the 
 shortest hours of labor, for themselves. 
 
 In short their very weakness consisted in the fact, 
 that they too closely copied the narrow and selfish 
 spirit and policy which they complained of in capital- 
 ists. They organised with one idea, viz: — ^how to 
 damage their opponents and enhance their own inter- 
 ests. Too often they never thought of others less 
 privileged even than themselves, except as so many 
 additional hindrances in the way of their own immedi- 
 ate selfish purposes. Hence, they steadfastly opposed 
 the employment of women, in any branch of work 
 which men had been accustomed to do. They were 
 even violent in their opposition to apprentices, and to 
 labor saving machines. Mr. Powderly mentions in an 
 article published in the New York 8vm, March 29th, 
 1886, that his greatest difficulty in inducing machinists 
 and blacksmiths to join the ELnights of Labor lay in 
 the contempt with which they looked upon other 
 workers. 
 
100 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Thus, the Unionists, while making haste to travel. 
 A^ere on the wrong track. Their whole interests lay in 
 the abolition of all class distinctions. But they did 
 not observe this rule in their conduct. The work- 
 men who, because he is a mechanic, earning high- 
 er wages, and having greater advantages looks down, 
 or frowns upon his brother worker, is imbued with 
 precisely the spirit which he complains of in the 
 lordling, or the capitalist. 
 
 But a new era seems to have set in with the advent 
 of the Knights. That great organisation owes its 
 very successes to its broad and Catholic spirit, and in 
 its grasp of the real needs of the vast body of workers 
 of every grade lies its value and power. 
 
 Its constitution recognises only one mark of dis- 
 tinction between men, viz : — Moral worth, and for this 
 it aims as directly as for the material advancement 
 of its members. 
 
 In this the sagacity as well as the moral character 
 of its leaders is manifest. For it must be ever re- 
 membered, that true prosperity involves true principles 
 and virtuous life. The vicious man is never truly 
 prosperous, however rich in land or money, or stocks, 
 he may be. He but owns that which helps him down 
 to lower depths of degradation. 
 
 To quote W. E. Channing : " Let the working man 
 learn to regard truth as more precious than his daily 
 bread; and the spring of true and perpetual elevation 
 is touched within him. He has begun to be a man; he 
 becomes one of the elect of his race." 
 
 This principle is avowed in the very first clause of 
 the declaration of principles issued by the Knights of 
 Labor; and, so far oa 1 can see, is never lost sight of 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 101 
 
 in any of the twenty-one clauses which follow. {See 
 full text of the Preamble and principles of the 
 Knights of Labor in Appendix of this volumu) 
 
 That first clause reads thus : " We declare to tha 
 world that our aims are : First, to make industrial 
 and moral worth, not wealth, the true standard of in- 
 dividual and national greatness." 
 
 They pledge themselves alio that, while demanding 
 from the State and the National Government, certain 
 changes as set forth, that the y " will endeavor to as- 
 sociate their labor" to establish co-operative institu- 
 tions — to secure for both sej.es equal pay for equal 
 work, &c., &c. 
 
 Another of the aims of this organizations is to pre- 
 vent strikes as expressed in the last clause of the 
 statement of their principles. 
 
 Indeed the leaders of the Knights have even been 
 charged with "excessive zeal to prevent strikes" so 
 evidently anxious were they in this direction. 
 
 Mr. Powderly addressing the Order, says : "I must 
 have the assistance of the Order or my most earnest 
 efforts will fail. Will, I have it ? If so strikes must 
 be avoided. Bovcotts must be avoided. Those who 
 boast must be checked by their assemblies. No move 
 must be made until the court of last resort be appeal- 
 ed to. Threats of violence must be hushed up or driven 
 out. * * If you do not desire to assist me in this 
 way then select a man better qualified to obey your 
 will and I will retire in his favor." 
 
 To this noble and manly appeal the Order respond- 
 ed at the last annual meeting by re-electing Mr. 
 Powderly as the head of the Order. 
 
102 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 
 
 Hapily the moral tone of the Knights is not 
 now a singular circumstance. Other Unions have ac- 
 cepted an equally high standard. Whether this is due 
 to the influence of the Knights, or wl jther it is be- 
 cause the various Unions are being purged of the 
 leadership of mere demagogues, agitators, and anarchists, 
 or because of the general improvevent in the moral 
 tone of all workmen it is difficult to say. 
 
 But it is an unmistakable " bow in the cloud" of 
 social problems when almost every labor organization 
 is declaring itself on the side of morality, or at least 
 demanding of its members, conditions of moral 
 conduct which are not demanded in the social 
 clubs of the "gentlemen" of society. Dr. Ely 
 quotes abundant testimony on this point, not of 
 course in proof that all members of the various orders 
 are consistent moral men, but that their meetings are 
 conducted in such a manner as to inculcate moral 
 principles, and to encourage the education of the 
 members. As remarked by a distinguished clergymen 
 of New England referring to this Order " the actual is 
 doubtless below the ideal. The two differ however, not 
 so much as the ideal church of Christ, and the church 
 as actually realized among men." Or, as Rev. T. K. 
 Beecher of Elmira said in concluding a sermon : 
 
 " The Knights of Labor, having gathered if you please 
 one hundred or five thousand names on their lists, must of 
 necessity have gathered in ignorance, passion, lawlessness, 
 and insubordination. Members of that church have misbe- 
 haved and will misbehave. I doubt not that there is great 
 mortification and travail of spirit over these disgraceful in- 
 fidelities to the principles of the Order. Now as a ' peace- 
 maker' I affirm that if any man is a good Mason he will 
 never be a drunkard or a fornicator. Yet I have known 
 Masons of high degree who were infamous because of those 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 103 
 
 vices. Nevertheless I will speak of a good Mason. I know 
 that if a man is a goodMethodist he will be a man of prayer, 
 enthusiasm, generosity, and hope of sanctification, yet I 
 have known Methodists of high degree that were none ot 
 those things. I know that a minister of the gospel, if he will 
 fulfil his ordination vows will be a truly reverend man; trust- 
 worthy by day or by night, bearing about him the dying of 
 the Lord Jesus. Yet I have known ministers, first and last, 
 that have fallen in every vice of the criminal calendar. 
 Nevertheless I believe in ministers." 
 
 Is it not a sign bright with hope and cheerful pros- 
 pect which we may gladly set against the dismal but 
 too faithful pictures of social anarchism, and the 
 muttering of revolution which we hear in many large 
 cities, that the masses — the bread-winners — the work- 
 men — are organizing, not merely for conquest against 
 others, but for triumph over their own weaknesses and 
 vices ? 
 
 It is yet too soon to look for any definite result of 
 these organizations upon politics, but surely if any- 
 thing can purify the muddy pools of political life, it 
 shall be the intellectual and moral emancipation of the 
 millions of electors who may be classed as workmen. 
 
 Let any politician read over those twenty-two 
 propositions contained in the statement of principles 
 of the Order of Knights, and then say whether or not 
 such principles will not inevitably demand and secure 
 a higher character of our legislators. 
 
 And that these declarations are not mere sentiment, 
 let us enquire into the way in which all meetings of 
 laborers are now conducted, as compared with a very 
 few years ago, whether in the United States, or Canada. 
 
 " Last summer," says Dr. Ely, " I visited the Central 
 Labor Union of New York, and was pleased to observe 
 that when one of the members allowed himself the use 
 
104 LAND, LABOU AND LIQUOR. 
 
 of the word * damned' to express his indignation, 
 there instantly arose from various parts of the hall 
 cries of * I object to that language ! ' The speaker was 
 called to order by the chairman and told that profanity 
 was against the rules." Dr. Ely further says that the 
 " bricklayers of Philadelphia impose a fine of fifty cents 
 for using profane language," and he asks " how many 
 rich mens' clubs exclude the use of intoxicants and im- 
 pose fines for profanity ? " 
 
 May we not also regard these institutions as tending 
 to promote peace among nations. 
 
 The war spirit is begotten of selfishness and base 
 passions. The "jingo cry" in the past has depended 
 much upon exciting the people. Get them to sing 
 "war songs," the more of doggerel, and the less of 
 poetry there is in them the better for the purpose, 
 and any "jingo" Minister may then venture to declare 
 that the country demands that its "honor shall be sat- 
 isfied." 
 
 But the intelligent working men of the world have 
 always been the most conservative brakes upon the 
 war chariot. In the emancipation from sensualism 
 and ignorance which awaits all laborers, through the 
 various agencies, among which, is not the least, their 
 own co-operative agency, their will be a greater check 
 than ever upon the demon of war. 
 
 "The laborers "says Dr. Ely" are the most thorough- 
 going peace-men to be found, and I am often inclined 
 to think that they are the only large class who rettUy 
 and truly desire peace between nations, the abandon- 
 ment of armies, the conversion of spears into pruning- 
 hooks and swords into plough-shares. At the time of 
 the Franco-German war, German laborers alone pro- 
 tested against the slaughter of their French brothers. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 105 
 
 At the beginning of our late war, American laborers 
 met in convention to protest against hostilities be- 
 tween the sections; and in the fall of 1885, the vet- 
 erans of the Union and Confederate armies among the 
 Knights of Labor formed an organization called the 
 Gray and the Blue of the Knights of Labor, and took 
 the motto "Capital divided. Labor unites us." 
 
 John Swinton's P^jiper says, the object of this or- 
 ganization "is to teach the toilers who make up the 
 armies of the world, that in peace, not in war, is \;he 
 workers emancipation." And Dr. Ely further says: — 
 
 "I sincerely believe that tlie time is not so far distant as 
 one might think, when organized labor will force the govern- 
 ments of earth to substitute arbitration for war, will compel 
 them to live peaceably, each with the other, to devote their 
 forces to the fruitful business of art, industry and science, 
 and in a vast international parliament to lay the foundations 
 of a federated world state. But even this is not the whole 
 of their high mission of peace; for they are, in our South 
 bringing about an amicable understanding between black 
 and white * * Strange, is it not? that the despised 
 trades-union and labor organizations should have been chosen 
 to perform this high duty of conciliation. But hath not God 
 ever called the lowly to the most exalted missions, and hath 
 he not ever called the foolish to confound the wise?" J 
 
 Labor Movement in America, page 139. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 LABOR UNIONS AND THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC. 
 
 CpHERE is no feature of the Labor Unions of the 
 ^ present day so full of promise to the laborers 
 first, and through them the whole civilized world, a& 
 their growing antagonism to the drinking usages and 
 the liquor traffic. 
 
 The Locomotive Fireman of North America provides 
 in its constitution as follows: "Any member dealing in, 
 or in any way connected with the sale of intoxicating 
 liquors shall, unless he withdraws, be expelled. Any 
 member found guilty of drunkenness shall be suspend- 
 ed for first offence. A repetition shall be punished by 
 expulsion; and under no circumstances shall a member 
 so expelled be re-instated before the lapse of one year.'^ 
 A similar rule is found in the constitution of the 
 Brotherhood of RaiWay Brakeman. 
 
 The Windsor Glass Assembly No. 300, has this rule: 
 "Any member causing this place to be idle on account 
 of drink, shall be fined as follows: First offence, $5, 
 each subsequent offence $10. Any member losing 
 work through drink shall, for the first offence be fined $1 
 and reprimanded in open meeting of the Preceptory; 
 for the second offence $2.50, and for each subsequent 
 offence shall be fined $6. 
 
 The journeymen bricklayers of Philadelphia have 
 the following fines imposed: — For attending a meeting 
 in intoxicated condition $1, and for attending a funeral 
 
 \ 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 107 
 
 in such a condition $5. . . . Dr. Ely says: "A first 
 floor in their hall was vacant when I visited the place. 
 A liquor dealer had offered them a large rental for it, 
 but they declared that they would under no circum- 
 stances allow intoxicating drinks to be sold in the 
 building." 
 
 This action is highly creditable, and is a fitting re- 
 minder to some of the branches of Trades Unions in 
 Canada who have yet to advance before they reach 
 the sterling independance of their brothers in Phila- 
 delphia. It is not creditable to the Trades Unions of 
 Toronto to be meeting in a hall over a liquor shop for 
 the sake of saving a trifling sum, which it might cost 
 them extra to meet in another hall. Liquor dealers 
 have no other interest in workmen, when they offer them 
 their premises free of rent than self interest. It is the 
 story of the "spider and the fly" over again. 
 
 Mr. Powderly an#Mr. Trevellick have each done 
 grand service to their order, and to the cause of tem- 
 perance by their unflinching denunciations of drinking. 
 
 "If a man given to the use of strong drink, and a 
 serpent applied for admission to the order, I would 
 vote for the serpent in preference to the drunkard." 
 So said Mr. Powderly at the General Assembly of the 
 Knights of Labor in 1885. 
 
 The General Assembly of the Ejiights of Labor wa& 
 held in Hamilton, Ontario, October 1885, and the 
 words of Mr. Powderly in his address on that occasion 
 ought to be scattered broadcast over the land: 
 
 "If there is a time when men should conduct themselves 
 with manly dignity and decorum, it is when they are in 
 trouble. I have observed that when a strike is in progress, 
 there are some men who insist on making exhibitions of 
 themselves at the price of their good name, and of the good 
 name of the Order that is held responsible for their actions. 
 
108 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 It should be made an offence punishable with expulsion 
 from the Order, for any member to be intoxicated while the 
 good name of the Order is hanging in the balance. It is a 
 criminal offence, and the severest penalty known to the laws 
 of the Order should be visited upon the head of the offender. 
 
 We legislate against the admission of the man who sells 
 rum, and make a member of the man who supports him; 
 this does not seem just nor fair. The character of the 
 society is judged by the character of its members. If a 
 member is seen upon the streets in a state of intoxication, 
 the society of which he is a member is blamed for his con- 
 duct. We must, therefore, look after the character of our 
 members with a jealous eye. If a travelling member is dis- 
 covered to be drunk while carrying a travelling card of the 
 Knights of Labor, it should be made a punishable offence. 
 AVe have been altogether too lenient with offenders of this 
 character, and we must adopt suitable legislation for the regul- 
 ation of the evil I have pointed out. If a man given to the use 
 of strong drink and a serpent applied for admission to the 
 Order, I would vote for the serpent in preference to the 
 drunkard; for if the viper transgressed the laws by disgracing 
 us, we could crush the life out of his ^ worthless carcass by 
 stepping on his head; but we must let the other and worse 
 transgressor live to continue his villainous work. 
 
 I do not ask of those who join us to be saints, but I have 
 a right to expect, and I do ask of them, to be men. We 
 cannot shut our eyes to this matter any longer; the crime 
 must be punished, and a law for the government of the of- 
 fence must be framed at this General Assembly." 
 
 Again in concluding his address Mr. Powderly re- 
 ferred to the necessity for men of good character as 
 alone eligible for official positions in the order in the 
 following language: 
 
 "We should make inquiry of the men who aspire to places 
 whether they are in the habit of using strong drink. We 
 cannot be too careful in this matter, for sometimes a good 
 man does some very bad things when his wits creates a 
 ■vacuum in his head to be filled by the fumes of rum. In our 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 109 
 
 dealings with the men who control capital we are pitted 
 against the most intelligent men in the nation, and we can- 
 not afford to lay aside any portion of our intelligence or cun- 
 ning in dealing with them." 
 
 The labor paper called the Trades Union, of 
 Atcheson, Kansas, says " the most deadly blow ever 
 given to King Alcohol is in that declaration of the 
 Knights of Labor which proscribes any liquor dealer 
 for membership in the Order. It is doing more to put 
 an end to. drunkenness and to bring the rum traffic 
 under the ban than all the laws of Kansas or speeches 
 of St. John ever did." 
 
 In Canada, many of the leaders of the labor leagues 
 arc pronounced temperance men. At the last meeting 
 of Prohibitionists in Toronto, called by the Dominion 
 Alliance on Sept. 14th, 1886, a deputation waited upon 
 the Trades and Labor Congress then assembled, and 
 were met with the most cordial expressions of co-oper- 
 ative sympathy. Before the Alliance Convention was 
 concluded a deputation from the Labor Congress waited 
 upon that body to express " earnest hope that closer 
 connection and continued fraternal relations might ex- 
 ist between the Dominion Alliance and the Trades and 
 Labor Council," and to announce that " a Committee 
 had been appointed to co-operate with the Alliance in 
 joint action for this great end." / 
 
 At the date of my present writing, Nov. 30, 1886, 
 a meeting of the delegates from the various Assemblies 
 of the Knights of Labor and the Trades Unions has 
 been held in Toronto to nominate candidates for par- 
 liamentary representation. In the platform laid down 
 at that meeting I find this temperance plank : 
 
 " Any effort to reduce the consumption of intoxicants 
 has the hearty support of organized labor." 
 
110 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Let organized labor join hand^ with the organized 
 forces of the temperance movement, and the most 
 arrogant, unscrupulous and destructive of all combin- 
 ations of capital will be speedily broken down. 
 
 The doom of the liquor traffic will not be long de- 
 layed when Christian and temperance sentiment be- 
 comes woven into the constitution of all organizations 
 of men and women aiming at moral, social and material 
 
 progress. 
 
 So far as I can judge from extensive reading and 
 enquiry, there is nothing in the purposes and con- 
 stitution of the Order of the Knights of Labor incon- 
 sistent with the loftiest patriotism and the true spirit 
 of Christianity. 
 
 Its aim is " to make industrial and moral worth tht 
 true standard of individual and national greatness." * 
 
 Consistently with this aim it receives all classes of 
 persons, whether employers, employed, or not strictly 
 belonging to either class — so long as their character 
 and pursuits are in harmony with its objects and pur- 
 poses. 
 
 It is to the everlasting credit of the Order that it 
 has placed a stigma upon the liquor traffic by prohibit- 
 ing all persons engaged in the business from becoming 
 members. This one fact is a significant notice to the 
 capitalists engaged in this business. It is the hand- 
 writing on the wall, " Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin,' 
 " Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found 
 wanting." 
 
 * See Preamble of Knights of Labor in Appendix. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE ROOT OF THE EVIL. 
 
 cXTt the bottom of every social problem we will find 
 *'J-^ a social wrong" 
 
 So says Henry George. And he ic right. But the 
 question is, what is "at the bottom" of the social prob- 
 lems of to day? What are the social wrongs? 
 
 Mr. George says: — " We cannot safely leave politics 
 to politicians, or political economy to college profess- 
 ors. The people themselves must think, because the 
 people alone can act." — Social Problems. 
 
 There can be no doubt that many of the worst 
 phases of social evil are traceable to the concen- 
 tration of wealth, the existence of an idle aristocracy; 
 and the jobbery, bribery, corruption, and swindling of 
 the rich capitalists, politicians and stock brokers. 
 
 Far be it from me to make light of the outrages and 
 wrongs inflicted upon society by the combinations of 
 capitalists, who have dared over and over again, to 
 enter into conspiracies to rob the people of millions, 
 that they might become millionaries. 
 
 The Rev. R. Heber Newton, rector of All Souls 
 Church, New York, delivered a lecture on the labor 
 problems a few months ago, in the course of which he 
 said: — 
 
 "The state should hold all mineral resources hereafter a? 
 the property of the people at large. If it were not for our 
 conventional custom how monstrous would seem the notion 
 
112 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 that the natural resources of the earth should be mno- 
 opolized by individuals. A few years ago in our city a coal 
 magnate was asked what the price of coal was to be for thd 
 coming winter. He replied with a smile, "As high as 
 Providence will permit and as low as necessity compels." 
 During the past winter a company of estimable gentlemen 
 over a supper table in a Murray Hill mansion settled be- 
 tween themselves the amount of coal that should be mined 
 during the coming season. Do you, with childlike inno- 
 cence , imagine that this quantity was determined by the 
 needs of their fellow beings? Round them a few hundred 
 thousand people were buying coal by the basketful, paying 
 at the rate of from $15 to $20 a ton. But these excellent 
 gentlemen had no eye upon this aspect of the case, but were 
 simply considering how to gain the largest dividends for 
 their companies. The state has thus left in the hands of a 
 few individuals the power of imposing an oppresive taxation 
 upon a prime necessity of life — of lowering the real wages 
 of labor and shrinking the profits of capital through the de- 
 pression thus caused in the general demand. Copper, lead, 
 iron, oil — indispensable all to industrial life — are thus the 
 monoplies of individuals instead of the common wealth of 
 the people at large. The natural resources of the earth in 
 every form need to be held in the interests of the common- 
 wealth. Land is the prime factor in the production of 
 wealth. Land is a limited quantity. It does not, therefore, 
 come under the regulation of competition. As every other 
 monopoly, it demands, therefore, the control of the State, 
 that the monopoly may be that of the people at large and 
 not that of individuals. It would seem that the time had 
 already come for us to control speculative dealing in land 
 and at least to raise the question of regulating the normal 
 rate of rent as we now regulate the normal rate ol interest." 
 — The Voice. 
 
 Henry George apparently sees the solution of all 
 social problems in the abolition of private ownership 
 of lands. He says: — 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 11 
 
 f: 
 
 There is but one way to remove an evil, and that is to re- 
 move its cause. Poverty deepens as wealth increases, and 
 wages are forced down while productive power grows, be- 
 cause land, which is the source of all wealth and the field of 
 all labor is monopolized. To extirpate poverty, to make 
 wages what justice commands they should be, the full earn- 
 ings of the laborer, we must therefore substitute for the in- 
 dividual oivnership of land a common oivnership. Nbthins^ 
 else 7uillgo to the cause of the evil^ in nothing else is there the 
 slightest hope. 
 
 Progress and Poverty. 
 
 Undoubtedly, the causes of social evils are not one. 
 but many. We suffer from a complication of disorders. 
 But there is an organic disease which lies at the root 
 of all other social troubles. No careful diagnoses 
 of that disease can trace it to unequal distribution of 
 wealth or to monopoly. These are partly an effect and 
 partly a cause of certain aggravated symptoms. 
 
 Society is weak, not merely because there are rob- 
 bers who have fattened upon her, as parasites do up- 
 on decayed meat, but because there is some corrupt- 
 ing agent at work at her very heart. If the people 
 of free and civilized countries were not paralysed or 
 poisoned at the fountain of their social life, they could 
 and would strangle organized robbery and break up the 
 rings of monopolists. 
 
 A straight look at the symptoms of a disease will 
 often indicate the cause of it without conjecture or 
 speculative enquiry. If millionaires were abolished, 
 money brokers suppressed, land and railway specula- 
 tion made impossible, and even Henry George's reme- 
 dies against landocracy made supreme, would not the 
 vast mass of social disorder, vice, poverty^ crime, and 
 the consequent burden of taxation still remain practi- 
 cally untouched ? 
 H 
 
114 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 It is wise and right to face all the problems of 
 society — but what avails it, if we apply a remedy to 
 the back when the seat of the disease is at the heart ? 
 Will society be healed of blood-poisoning by setting a 
 broken limb ? Let the limb be properly set and the 
 back be wisely healed by all possible means, but above 
 all get at the heart and the blood of social life, if you 
 would heal the disorders which unhappily afflict us ! 
 
 All Mr. George's remedies would leave the root of 
 the diseases untouched. His remedies would not make 
 the thriftless thrifty, or the drunken sober. And for 
 this reason, that they would not convert the liquor 
 shop into a business, promotive of social order and 
 comfort. They would not reduce the proportion of 
 criminals to the ratio of alcoholic compounds consumed ; 
 nor turn the capital invested in the traffic into a chan- 
 nel of productive industry ; nor reduce the volume of 
 pauperism and inefficiency which attends the use of 
 intoxicants wherever it is consumed as a beverage. 
 
 Cardinal Manning has quite recently put into a 
 categorical form the close relation which exists be- 
 tween drink and the national good. This telling and 
 eloquent array of questions is applied by the Cardinal 
 to the United Kingdom, but they apply, with greater 
 or less degree, to the United States, and to our own 
 Dominion, while the relation of the " dominant vice " 
 to the questions here under consideration is every- 
 where a fact that cannot be gainsaid. 
 
 Is there, then, any one dominant vice of our nation? To 
 answer this let us ask: — 
 
 I. Is there any vice in the United Kingdom that slays at 
 least 60,000, or as others believe and affirm, 120,000 every 
 year? 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 115 
 
 2. Or that lays the seed of a whole harvest of diseases of 
 the most fatal kind, and renders all other Hghter diseases 
 more acute, and perhaps even fatal in the end? 
 
 3. Or that causes at the least one third of all the madness 
 confined in our asylums? 
 
 4. Or that prompts directly or indirectly, 75 per cent of 
 all crime? 
 
 , 5. Or that produces an unseen and secret world of all 
 kinds of moral evil, and of personal degradation which no 
 police court ever knows and no human eye can ever reach? 
 
 6. Or that in the midst of our immense and multiplying 
 wealth, produces not poverty, which is honorable, but 
 pauperism, which is a degradation to a civilized people? 
 
 7. Or that ruins men of every class and condition of life, 
 from the highest to the lowest, men of every degree of cul- 
 ture and of education, of every honorable profession, public 
 officials, military and naval officers and men, railway and 
 household servants; and what is worse than all, that ruins 
 women of every class, from the most rude to the most 
 refined. 
 
 8. Or that above all other evils is the most potent cause 
 of destruction to the domestic life of all classes ? 
 
 9. Or that has already wrecked, and is continually wreck- 
 ing, the homes of our agricultural and factory workmen ? 
 
 10. Or that has already been found to paralyse the pro- 
 ductiveness of our industries in comparrison with other 
 countries, especially the United States. 
 
 11. Or. as we are officially informed, renders our com- 
 mercial seamen less trustworthy on board ship. 
 
 1 2. Or that spreads these accumulating evils throughout 
 the British Empire, and is blighting our fairest colonies ? 
 
 13. Or that has destroyed and is destroymg the indigen- 
 ous races wheresoever the British Empire is in contact with 
 them, so that from the hem of its garment there goes out, 
 not the virtue of civilization and of Christianity, but of de- 
 gradation and of death ? ♦ * ♦ 
 
116 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 
 
 It is not to be denied that the voice of intemperance is an 
 heirloom which cleaves to us like the shirt of NessuSs 
 
 But these evils might perhaps have been brought by 
 legislative and moral authority within some control were it 
 not for two causes which have lifted it to its fatal pre- 
 eminence. The first cause is the enormous capital of one 
 hundred and thirty or one hundred and forty millions which 
 is annually employed in the supply and sale and distribution 
 of intoxicating drink; and the other the complicity of Gov- 
 ernment in raising more than thirty millions of revenue from 
 the same trade. **♦•»«• 
 
 It is precisely in our great industrial cities and centres 
 that the vice of drunkenness is most rife; and it needs little 
 reflection to forsee what would be the condition of those 
 centres, if, as some years ago, our great mdustries were to 
 fail. When men and homes are suffering there is little rea- 
 soning. Hunger has no logic, but it has a burning thirst. 
 The safety of the commercial world is being sacrificed to 
 swell the profits of the drink-trade. But the safety of the 
 Commonwealth is above both, and ought to interpose its 
 mandate. — Cardinal Manning in the Fortnightly Review^ 
 Sept. 1886. 
 
 It is unreasoning and illogical to hope for improved 
 conditions for the masses, through any means what- 
 ever, which do not -take cognisance of this terrible 
 array of facts. The material advancement of the peo- 
 ple cannot be generally improved until the drink 
 traffic be suppressed and the drinking habits of society 
 are changed. 
 
 What is wanted for the bettering of the condition 
 of the workers is — not merely a re-adjustment of 
 finances, or a more equitable distribution of wealth, 
 but a regular and natural stimulus to the demand for 
 the products of labor. 
 
 This would inevitably exist if there were not some 
 gigantic "dominant" agency disturbing the normal 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 117 
 
 conditions of the law of supply and demand. This 
 agency is not in the nature of a monopoly or a tux 
 merely, but necessarily a deeper rooted evil that either. 
 It is obviously an agent which destroys production — 
 not merely consttmes it — which paralyses the arm of 
 the producer, perverts the moral tone and life, and 
 which poisons supply at the fountain, and destroys de- 
 mand at the spring. 
 
 In brief, if the wants and desires of civilized people 
 had their natural sway, unchecked and free from the 
 demoralization and crippling effects of the liquor traffic, 
 every factory and mill would be well employed, and 
 all produce v/ould find a market according to its value. 
 For the market is not slack because of the lack of 
 desire, but for want of the very material, wealth and. 
 purchasing power which drink consumes and wastes. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 MORE WAGES AND LESS LABOR. 
 
 *' Eight hours work, eight hours piay, 
 Eight hours rest and eight bob a day ! '* 
 
 CpHIS was the cry of the workingmens' unions of 
 ^ England a quarter of a century ago. And the de- 
 mand for more leisure and higher wages is the present 
 aim of all labor leagues. Nor can any one reasonably 
 question the right of the laborer to combine for a 
 larger share of the fruits of their toil. 
 
 The workman is everywhere puzzled at the present 
 condition of things. He sees on every hand the mar- 
 vellous development of productive agencies. He lives 
 in an age of mechanical miracles. Labor-saving 
 machines are multiplied beyond count. The power to 
 produce has advanced with inventive genius, until 
 there is no branch of industry that is not now supplied 
 in varieties and quantities out of all proportion to the 
 times of our grandfathers. 
 
 But these facts are not coincident with an equal ad- 
 vance in the material conditions of the workman. 
 Men have still to labor six days a week and from ten 
 to sixteen hours daily, while the hurry-scurry of the 
 age drive many men into the seventh day of toil in 
 every week. On the other hand, the cost of living is 
 proportionately higher. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 119 
 
 There has undoubtedly been a considerable increase 
 in the actual amount of wages paid to workmen as 
 compared with a generation ago, but if allowance be 
 made for the increased desires, dearer fuel, higher rate 
 of house-rent, and ot*her modern changes arising out 
 nf the growth of cities, etc., it is doubtful whether the 
 advance has been equal to the greater demands upon 
 the wage-earner. 
 
 Very interesting statistics are given in the valuable 
 and able report of the Bureau of Industries for Ontario 
 prepared by Mr. Blue, the Secretary. * 
 
 He has gathered statistics from a large number of 
 employers, and employed, in towns and cities with a 
 view to ascertain the relative wages and cost of living 
 of workers, including " skilled and unskilled laborers 
 of almost every class and occupation. " As a result of 
 this enquiry he publishes a table of the earnings and 
 cost of living of 2,637 work people. The table gives 
 the following among other interesting particulars. 
 
 Average yearly earnings of 1,621 workers. , .$481 87 
 Average cost of living of the same 330 50 
 
 Average surplus of cost of living over earnings . $101 37 
 
 Average yearly earnings of 710 workers $321 50 
 
 Average cost of living of same 321 50 
 
 Average yearly earnings of 306 workers $317 16 
 
 Average cost of living of same 368 66 
 
 Deficit $ 51 50 
 
 The cost of living referred to in this table includes 
 rent, fuel, clothing and food of the worker and his de^ 
 
 * See Annual Report of Bureau of Industries for Ontario, 1885. 
 
120 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 pendents, and does not count anything for furniture, 
 books, club or insurance fees, medicine or other necessi- 
 ties and occasional liabilities. Mr. Blue says "in 
 the nineteen towns and cities from which returns have 
 been obtained, the average cost of rent for the year is 
 $7441, and of fuel $40.53." The average cost of food 
 of the worker and his dependents jper capita is $47.67; 
 and Mr. Blue confirms this latter item by showing 
 that " the tables of food consumption in thirteen pub- 
 lic institutions in the Province show that the average 
 cost of a ration of food is 12 J cents, or $44.71 a year 
 per capita." So that the estimate of $47.67 does not 
 admit of any extravagance, or indeed of many 
 luxuries. 
 
 A very valuable report published by the Massachu- 
 setts Bureau of Statistics of Labor has just come to 
 hand. In that report there is given a most carefully 
 prepared set of tables showing the average amount of 
 food consumed by working people. The cost of the 
 total food, per man, per day, in the different dietaries, 
 •>,s given in these tables, averages : — among a miscel- 
 laneous Massachusetts community, 25 cents, or $91.25 
 per annum ; among French Canadians in Massachu- 
 setts, 24 cents, or $87.60 per annum; among French 
 Canadians in Canada, 14 cents, or $50.90 per annum. 
 If it be borne in mind that these figures refer to adult 
 men, while Mr. Blue's statistics include the men and 
 their families, these two sets of tables may be com- 
 pared w"th advantage. 
 
 Nor arc mechanics and laborers the only workers 
 who are driven to excessive toil or insuflScient means. 
 The alternative of one or the other faces almost every 
 class. Farmers, itore-keepers, and even professional 
 men are sut.iec-; to a strain upon the physical and 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 121 
 
 mental powers which results in snapping the cords of 
 life prematurely, or in reducing men to mere machines, 
 driving, and straining, and toiling for existence. 
 
 Why is this ? Why do both men and women have 
 to labor incessantly ? Why do we, as a rule, have to 
 kill ourselves to live ? 
 
 Carlyle says : " It is not to die, or even to die of 
 hunger, that makes a man wretched ; many men have 
 died ; all men must die. But it is to live miserable, 
 we know not why; to work sore and yet gain nothing; 
 to be heartworn, weary, yet isolated, unrelated, girt in 
 with a cold, universal laissez-faire." 
 
 Our riches are increasing, our productive power 
 multiplying. Yet the millions are either in poverty or 
 struggling on the verge of it. 
 
 John Stuart Mill remarked, " It is questionable if 
 all the mechanical inventions yet made have light- 
 ened the day's toil of any human being." 
 
 Figures given by Mulhall show that the wealth of 
 the United Kingdom increased about three hundred 
 per cent, from 1810 to 1880, and the population only 
 one hundred per cent. The average wealth per inhab- 
 itant grew from $635 in 1812, to $1,245 in 1882. 
 According to Mr. Edward Atkinso i, ten men can feed 
 one thousand in New York with bread, two can furn- 
 ish them with iron, four with cotton and woolen cloth, 
 and one with shoes. It has been estimated that eight 
 million laborers, with the aid of m^a^hinery, produced 
 as miich in England in 1870, as three hundred 
 million laborers could without such assistance. The 
 work done by the steam and water power of the 
 United States has been recently estimated by a good 
 authority as equal to 25,000,000 horses, or to that of 
 
122 lAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 nearly 150,000,000 men, or to a population of nearly 
 500,000,000.— iS^d W. Bemis, Ph. D., in the New York 
 Independent. 
 
 Mr. Gladstone estimates that the amount of wealth 
 that could be handed down to posterity, produced 
 during the first 1800 years of the Christian era, was 
 equalled by the production of the first fifty years of 
 this century ; and that an equal amount was produced 
 in the twenty years from 1850 to 1870.* According- 
 to Emerson the power of machinery in the mills of 
 Great Britain was estimated as equal to 600,000,000 
 men, or more than all the adults, male and female, in 
 the world. 
 
 Surely, with development of productive agencies, and 
 the amazing increase of power, by which the drudgery 
 of labor may be transferred from the hu}.nan worker 
 to the machine, there ought to be some relief from 
 incessant toil. Why should millions of people, in a 
 land like ours, or the United Kingdom, or the States, 
 be driven to the most harassing toil, and yet be afflicted 
 with poverty ? 
 
 Certainly the fault is not in nature. Certainly it is 
 not through any defect in economical laws. We hear 
 much about the laws of supply and demand, but what 
 are these but the responses of productive labor to the 
 wants and desires of mankind, and vice versa ? 
 
 Evidently there is a broken link in the chain, or the 
 relationship between the two would be perfect and 
 complete. Let us try to get at the facts in something 
 like consecutive order. 
 
 1. Rate of wages, proportion to labor, depends upon 
 the demand for the produce of labor. 
 
 ♦ •• Our Country," by Dr. J. Strong, p. 155. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 123 
 
 2. Every man desires to possess wealth — the product 
 of labor. 
 
 3. Desire rises with advantage. The more of the 
 good, or of the luxuries of life a man possesses, the 
 more he desires. He who rents a house would own it 
 if he could. A good book begets a desire for another. 
 The possession of a picture educates the eye and the - 
 taste, inviting comparison with other pictures. A 
 concertina or an accordian begets a desire for a cor- 
 net, a harp, an organ, or a piano. And desire con- 
 tinues to mount with every increasing advantage. 
 
 4. Desire, however, does not fix the value of any 
 commodity, although it does regulate the market price. 
 But, as the desire of a man may tend to his poverty 
 and ruin, so a community will be weakened and im- 
 poverished which has no higher aim than the gratifi- 
 cation of human desire. 
 
 5. If labor or money be expended in destructive 
 agencies, so in proportion will the price of produce b© 
 greater than the relative power of wages to purchase 
 it. All labor or money spent in the production or con- 
 sumption of liquor, not only reduces the amount 
 available for other commodities, but it assists in sup- 
 porting a business which levys innumerable burdens 
 upon the wages of production. 
 
 6. Wliatever increases demand increases the value of 
 supply. Whatever checks demand depreciates the 
 value of supply. Show me any interest which is built 
 upon the ruins of productive industry and the waste 
 of produce, and I will show you a two-edged sword 
 waging perpetual war against the rate of wages accru- 
 ing to labor, and against the general supply of wealth. 
 
 The advocates of temperance have frequently illus- 
 trated the fact that if the money spent in liquor was 
 
124 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 turned into other channels, not only would the pur- 
 chasers be that much richer, but the manufacturers 
 and merchants would also be gainers. 
 
 Take for illustration the city of Toronto. There are 
 at present 292 licensed taverns and shops in that city, 
 besides shebeens. If it be estimated that the average 
 receipts for liquor at these places is $80 per weeTc, 
 (a low estimate for city taverns) there will be an ex- 
 penditure in Toronto of $1,214,720 per annum. This, 
 it will be remembered, does not take into account the 
 illicit sale ,nor any of the business done by the brewers 
 or distillers directly with consumers. If these were 
 added the probable total would not fall short of 
 $1,500,000, as the yearly liquor bill of the city of 
 Toronto. 
 
 This is actually a larger amount f.han the entire coal 
 trade of the city. The estimated amount of the coal 
 business of Toronto in 1881 was $1,238,000, and tiiis 
 includes a large wholesale trade, much of which is 
 transacted outside of the city. 
 
 Now let the reader reflect upon this enormous liquor 
 expenditure in the one city of Toronto. Is it not clear 
 to the most casual observer that if this money was 
 turned into the legitimate channels of productive ex- 
 penditure it would result in a revival of trade which, 
 if it came suddenly, would amount to a revolution of 
 the business of that city ? 
 
 What an amount of added comfort it would bring to 
 the city ! And what a stimulus to every branch of 
 honest industry ! Let the reader contemplate the pur- 
 chasing power of such a sum of money. It would be 
 suflBcient to pay for — 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 
 
 125 
 
 10,000 Men's and boy's suit , averaging.... $1500 
 10,000 Hats, " .... I 50 
 
 10,000 Womens' dresses, •• .... 6 00 
 
 20,000 Childrens' dresses, ** .... 2 00 
 
 10,000 Pairs blankets, " .... 350 
 
 10,000 Tables, ** .... 3 50 
 
 10,000 Couches, ** .... 7 00 
 
 10,000 Bedsteads, ** .... 400 
 
 50,000 Chairs, _ *• .... 1 00 
 
 1,000 Sewing machines, ** .... 50 00 
 
 2,000 Washing machines, *• .... 1500 
 
 It would build 500 houses at 1,000 
 
 It would allow $2.00 for books for every child in the city. 
 Interest at 6 per cent on $2,000,000 for Public Parks, 
 Interest at 6 per cent on $2,000,000 for City Public Bldgs. , 
 
 Contribution to Public Hospitals 
 
 Contribution to Childrens' Homes 
 
 Support Public Library at cost of 
 
 It would leave for other Charities 
 
 $150,000 
 15,000 
 60,000 
 40,000 
 
 35.000 
 35.000 
 
 70,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 $1,500,000 
 
 But the good resulting from such a change in the 
 expenditure of money is not visible on the surface. 
 Not only would every factory be on full time and 
 every merchant be reaping a harvest, but competition 
 would not be so keen. Labor would be at a premium 
 and wages would bear a fair relation to the cost of 
 produce. No willing hands would need to be idle. 
 The demand which every man's wants and desires 
 create would be undisturbed by the multiplicity of 
 evils associated with drinking. The tremendous 
 burdens which attend drunkenness would be removed. 
 The destruction of food would cease. New avenues of 
 employment would open, house-building would be 
 stimulated and all the numerous trades interested 
 therein. 
 
 Let the wasted labor be diverted to productive fields 
 and you increase the volume of supply to meet increas- 
 ino- demand. 
 
126 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 The reader will see in another chapter that the 
 quantity of grain destroyed in distilling and brewing 
 is equal to more than one-seventh of the entire growth 
 of Canada. So that one-seventh of the farm labor 
 is absolutely worthless to the country. 
 
 Again all the labor of all the workmen at the 
 brewery and the distillery, as well as all the ten thou- 
 sand persons engaged in retailing liquor is wasted labor. 
 
 Honest labor toils extra hours to support the work- 
 men thus engaged in wasted labor. It must also give 
 extra hours to pay the taxes which the liquor traflfic 
 creates. Every idle vagrant, every drink-made 
 criminal, every broken down drunkard, and all their 
 families are additional burdens upon labor. 
 
 If labor wants more wages and shorter hours it 
 must, combine, and the Union must strike against the 
 drinking system and the liquor traffic in all its 
 
 phases. 
 
 Let GIANT ALCOHOL be slain and no power on earth 
 caji prevent the speedy conquest of those other giants 
 
 CAPITAL and MONOPOLY. 
 
 There is reason as well as poetry in the following 
 lines by J. G. Blanchard : 
 
 We mean to make things over; we're tired of toil for nonght, 
 But bare enough to live on; never an hour for thought. 
 We want to feel the sunshine, we want to smell the flowers; 
 We're sure that God has willed it and we mean to have eight hours, 
 We're summoning our forces from the shipyard, shop, and mill 
 Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will 
 The beasts that graze the hillside, the birds that wander free 
 In the life that God has meted, have a better lot than we. 
 ■ Oh ! hands and hearts are weary, and homes are heavy with dole; 
 If life's to be filled with drudgery, what need of a human soul ! 
 Shout, shout the lusty rally from shipyard, shop, and mill 
 The very stones would cry out if labor's tongue were still I 
 The voice of God within us is calling us to stand 
 Erect, as is becoming the work of His right hand. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 127 
 
 Should he to whom the Maker His glorious image gave, 
 
 Cower, the meanest of His creatures, a bread and butter slave, 
 
 Let the shout ring down the valleys, and echo from every hill 
 
 Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will. 
 
 And why not ? Why should not the aspirations of 
 the liuman mind find time and opportunity. This is 
 not to be announced as though the laws of economy — 
 of supply and demand, had nothing to do with it. 
 God has wonderfully harmonized all laws. The man 
 who regards morality and economical law as opposites 
 has yet to learn the first lesson on the equity and har- 
 monious operation of all primary laws 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 WAGES AND WHISKEY. 
 
 JT may be said in reply to the foregoing chapter that 
 J- the distillers and brewers employ labor and pay 
 wages, and if these establishments wer^ closed the 
 men employed would be turned adrift, and would 
 enter into competition with other labor, and so lessen 
 the chances of workmen obtaining employment at fair 
 wages. 
 
 Now there is no better proof that the real cause of 
 labor difficulties and low wages is not generally real- 
 ised, than the fact that nothing scares the average 
 workman so much as competition. He dreads im- 
 migration and engages in perpetual war against prison 
 labor. If he were assured that the idlers of the 
 country, or a gang of tramps were about to turn hon- 
 est workman, and to enter his own particular trade he 
 would instantly resist the invasion on the ground that 
 competition reduces the chances of the workman. And 
 it must be admitted that, as things now are, such would 
 appear to be an immediate result. 
 
 But wages are not a limited commodity. If a sum 
 equal to, say $10,000 were all that 100 people could 
 possibly obtain in wages, there could only be $100 for 
 each of the 100 persons, and if 10 others eame into 
 competition with them, there would only be a little 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 129 
 
 more than $90 for each person. But wages cannot be 
 so limited in any community where the wages fund is 
 expended upon articles of utility produced by labor, 
 because every producer is an employer. That is to 
 say, every man who earns wages by productive labor, 
 is creating a fund which will continue to employ him, 
 and will also employ other labor besides his own. 
 Thf ra is no fund so prolific and reproductive to wages 
 as the wage-fund of the workman, because no other 
 fund is so immediately distributed into the various 
 channels of commerce. 
 
 But the wages of unproductive and destructive 
 labor is not capable of this self-sustaining and aug- 
 menting power. Labor which produces nothing, or 
 worse than nothing, soon exhausts the capital which is 
 expended upon it, or else makes a continual drain upon 
 other capital. 
 
 If $10,000 were the limit of capital available am- 
 ong 100 men and the whole amount of ten thousand 
 dollars were paid in wages for unproductive work, 
 there would be only $100 for each man, and when that 
 was paid, the whole fund would be exhausted. 
 
 On the other hand, every person is a consumer, and 
 if there are one hundred men and their families in a 
 community, ten of whom are kept in idleness through 
 any cause, the wages or earnings of the remaining 
 ninety is all that is availale to support the hundred. 
 
 Working men make a grave mistake when they com- 
 bine to keep men from working. Every idler must be 
 supplied out of the produce of la^'or. It is the interest 
 of the workmen therefore to demand that every one 
 shall contribute something to the general weal in re- 
 turn for his living. 
 I 
 
130 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 It is still more the interest of the productive work- 
 man to resist a business which lives upon destruction. 
 
 With what manifold force does this apply to the 
 liquor business in its relation to wages. More than 
 one-seventh of all the grain produce of Canada, or its 
 equivalent, is destroyed in distilling and brewing. In 
 order to see the effect of this upon wages let us suppose 
 that all the grain of the Dominion is grown by one 
 farmer who employs — say 10,000 men as farm workers. 
 Now if Mr. Canada, Farmer, loses by fire or otherwise 
 one-seventh of all his produce in any one year, it is 
 certain that he will be, by the value of that one-seventh, 
 less able to pay his men. If this waste or loss occurs 
 only once or twice he might pay the normal rate of 
 wages to all his men out of reserve wealth or capital, 
 but if it be continued year after year the workmen 
 would have to contribute to the loss, i.e. the wages 
 of all the farm laborers must be one-seventh less. 
 
 But it will be objected that this is not the position 
 of the farmer in relation to the brewery and distillery 
 because he receives market value for all the grain he 
 sells them, and is thereby enabled to pay his workmen. 
 
 This objection only drives us back to the working 
 or wage-earning population as a whole. The annual 
 waste of one-seventh of the grain does take place; the 
 fires of the still are ever burning and somebody must 
 pay for the waste. I'hat somebody is the productive 
 workman, including, of course, the agricultural laborer 
 or farmer who must pay his full share on account of 
 the waste. It must never be forgotten that the ulti- 
 mate fund of all wages is production. The very wages 
 paid to the employees of the brewer and the distiller 
 comes from that fund. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 131 
 
 It is frequently stated on behalf of the liquor manu- 
 facturers that they are large employers of labor. But 
 we have already seen that the wages paid to the em- 
 ployees of brewers and distillers musii come from the 
 fund created and sustained by productive labor. 
 
 The claim has recently been made by the brewers 
 of the United States that they employ 600,000 men, 
 upon which a writer in a leading organ of labor unions 
 in that country makes the following remarks : 
 
 " Think of this, working-men ! Half a million men em- 
 ployed in destroying food, in rotting grain, etc., turning it 
 into a poison that makes men fiends, wives widows, children 
 orphans, the industrious lazy, the intelligent numbskulls, and 
 sends women and children to work in place of men, thus 
 filling the land with tramps and loafers, for the workers to 
 support. If it is true that every person who produces nothing 
 beneficial to society is no better than a pauper, . . . then 
 all labor employed making, handling or selling such drinks 
 is labor wasted, and people so employed are paupers and 
 makers of i>aupers. . . The brewers, distillers, liquor, wine 
 and beer-dealers, are among the worst enemies of working- 
 men; the temperance people are their friends. The former 
 rob them of their health, liappiness and life; the latter want 
 to see every man, woman and child well housed, clothed and 
 fed. The objects of temperance are the abolition of pover- 
 ty, crime, disease and premature death."— -yb/!« Swinton's 
 Paper. 
 
 But there is no phase of the liquor question more 
 misleading than this eTn^tloyment of labor cry. Let 
 the capital invested in the liquor business be turned into 
 any other channel of industry and the number of 
 workmen employed thereby would be multiplied, and 
 the wages fund would be indefinitely enlarged. Let 
 the money expended in the products of the brewery 
 be expended in the products of the farm and the fac- 
 
132 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 tory, and the impetus which would be immediately 
 given to the demand for labor would be such as would 
 make the wage-earners of the country independant 
 and comparatively affluent. 
 
 Sir Wm. Collins, of Glasgow, Scotland, in his address 
 as President of the Economic Section of the National 
 Temperance Congress, held at Liverpool in June, 1884, 
 made tho following remarks on this point : 
 
 " It is contended that this expenditure of $126,251,359, 
 (the estimated amount for the year spent in the United 
 Kingdom on liquors), yields a large profit to the manufac- 
 tures and the 180,000 distributors of alcoholic drinks; but 
 this argument is worthless, as it assumes that a similar amount 
 of expenditure on the manufacture and sale of articles of 
 necessity and utility, would not yield a similar amount of 
 profit. Now it is a notorious fact that no industry in the 
 country employs a smaller number of the laboring and 
 artisan classes, in comparison with the amount paid by the 
 consumer for the manufactured article; indeed I believe I 
 am withm the mark when I say, that were the earnings of 
 our industrial classes diverted from the till of the publican 
 to the till of the grocer and provision merchant, or to the 
 purchase of clothing, furniture, and houses, or even articles 
 of luxury, employment would be given to at least fourfold 
 the number of individuals that are at present engaged in 
 connection with the drink traffic." 
 
 The reason for this is manifest to those who will 
 examine the real character of the liquor factory. It is 
 easy to destroy. It takes brains and muscle to de- 
 velop, or to produce. Two or three men in a distillery 
 can destroy the produce of as many score of farm 
 workers, just as two or three men can pull down a 
 house which required scores of men to build. 
 
 The Scotsman a leading newspaper of Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, is authority for statements from which we 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 133 
 
 leam that the amount of spirits produced at the Cale 
 donian Distillery, Edinburgh, is 40,000 gallons weekly 
 or about 2,000,000 gallons per annum. This would 
 bring a cash turn over, (at the wholesale rate of 15& 
 per gallon) of £1.500,000 or $7,500,000. Now with 
 this enormous revenue the total number of men em- 
 ployed is — 150 
 
 Contrast this with the Atlas Iron and Sfceel Works 
 at Sheffield, England. The revenue of that great Com- 
 pany was just about one half that of the Caledonian 
 Distillery, and they employed 4,000 hands. 
 
 Writing to an English paper recently the Rev. J. 
 Horsely says : — 
 
 "The other day I slood on the roof of a large factory. 
 Near it I saw a large distillery flanked appropriately enough 
 by a workhouse on one side and an asylum on the other. 
 I asked my friend what is the capital of that distillery com- 
 pany ? A million. And how many men do they employ ? 
 Three hundred. And what is the capital of the company 
 that runs this mill ? Three hundred and fifty thousand. 
 And how many men, women, and children do you employ ? 
 Four thousand. This was a striking instance of the com- 
 parative value of the two trades as promoting the prosperty 
 of the town. 
 
 In the Trade Review of 1880, published by Mr. 
 Galbraith, the Commercial Editor of the Olohe, it is 
 stated that the daily production of the Gooderham & 
 Worts distillery is " 8,000 imperial gallons during the 
 season of eight or nine months. The total production 
 the past season was 2,000,000 gallons of spirits. * * 
 Taking $1.50 as the average price per gallon, the pro- 
 duce of this distillery during the year was $3,000,- 
 000." How many hands are employed at this establish- 
 ment ? I quote again from the same authority. "This 
 
134 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 firm employs 100 men, eighty of whom are in the dis- 
 tillery, ten in the malt-house and ten outside." 
 
 During that same year 1880 there were two large 
 firms in Toronto engaged in the manufacture of reapers, 
 mowers and other agricultural implements. The To- 
 ronto Reaper and Mower Co., manufactured during 
 that year 3,500 machines, the sales amounting to S350,- 
 000. The firm employed 225 men at an average wages 
 of SI. 75 per day. The Massey Manufacturing Co., 
 turned out during the same year 3 ,500 reapers and 
 mowers, and 3,000 horse rakes, the receipts being 
 $250,000. This Company employed from 150 to 200 
 men at wages varying from $1.00 to $2.50 per day, 
 say an average of 175 men at an average of $1.75 per 
 day wages. The joint results then of the two firms 
 (allowing 300 working days in the year) will be : 
 
 Machines and Implements made . . . 8,000 
 Men employed at $1.75 per day. . . . 400 
 
 Total receipts of the two firms $600,000 
 
 Wages paid 210,000 
 
 Rate of wages to value of Products 35 per cent. 
 
 Compare this with the great Toronto Distillery. 
 This firm employed 100 men at an average wage of 
 $7.95, per week let us say $8.00. At this rate the 
 wages paid during the year will amount to $41,600. 
 This gives the following results : 
 
 Spirits made Galls. 2,000,000 
 
 Receipts for same $3,000,000 
 
 Wages paid , $41,000 
 
 Rate of wages to value of Products 1 J per cent. 
 
 With a view to further test these striking statistics 
 by actual example, I wrote recently to one of the 
 largest manufacturing company's in Toronto, asking to 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 135 
 
 be favored with statistics of their annual products, its 
 value, number of men employed, amount of wages 
 paid, &c. I received a letter in reply bearing date 
 Nov. 1st, 1886, which says : — " We are doing a busi- 
 ness of from $600,000 to $800,000 a year, paying out 
 in wages in the different departments of the ''vorks be- 
 tiveen $250,000 and $300,000 a year, for material 
 about $200,000, and the number employed in the dif- 
 ferent departments would run from 600 to 800 men. 
 
 Let men ponder these contrasting figures. Let them 
 take in their full importance in relation to the wages 
 market. The producer of implements pays $210,000 
 out of $600,000 for labor, the maker of whiskey pays 
 $41,600 out of the enormous total of three million 
 dollars. 
 
 The firm quoted above pays between 250 to 300 
 thousand dollars for wages, out of a business of 600 to 
 800 thousand dollars, and employs from 600 to 800 
 men. 
 
 The whiskey factory scopes in three million dollars 
 and pays $41, GOO in wages — employing only 100 men, 
 or l| per cent. 
 
 Let us now see if this is in harmony with the gen- 
 eral results of manufacturing industry as compared 
 with the manufacture of intoxicating liquors. The 
 following table has been carefully prepared from the 
 returns given under different heads in the Census Re- 
 port of 1881. The object of the table is to show the 
 rate of wages proportion to the capital invested, and 
 to the value or cash income in return for the articles 
 produced. Fifteen of the largest manufacturing in- 
 dustries have been selected to compare with the two 
 
136 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 interests of Distilling and Brewing. In order to antici- 
 pate a possible criticism as to the fairness of this table, 
 I may remark that I have purposely omitted one or 
 two of the interests which appear to be the largest, 
 judging by the amount of money involved, such for 
 instance as flour and grist mills, in which the value of 
 raw material handled, bears such an overwhelming 
 proportion to the value of the materials produced, that 
 it would destroy the ratio of a table intended to give 
 average results. To illustrate this — the value of raw 
 materials used at our flour and grist mills is S34,- 
 677,414 and the value of the produce of the mills is 
 $41,772,372. If, however, allowance were made for 
 the difference, in the value of the materials used, the 
 ratio of wages paid in proportion to value of products, 
 and to capital invested, would average much the same 
 in Flour Mills as in other industries. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 137 
 
 SHOWING THE RATIO OF WAGES TO CAPITAL AND TO 
 PRODUCE IN FIFTEEN OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES 
 AS COMPARED WITH THE TWO INTERESTS OF BREWING 
 AND DISTILLING. 
 
 Also showing number of hands employed, am^ount of 
 
 wages paid, &c. 
 
 Name of trade. 
 
 Value of Raw Ma- 
 terials Used. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 6 
 
 $ 
 3,995.782 
 3,056,653 
 6,491,042 
 3,943,419 
 1.242,531 
 3,798,861 
 3,476,500 
 1,601,239 
 1,797,897 
 7.675.911 
 4.291.136 
 1,323,845 
 1,996,858 
 
 25,487,233 
 5,719,729 
 
 1 
 
 « Jr 
 .2 ^ 
 
 H 
 > 
 
 $ 
 4-405,397 
 7,172,469 
 17,895,903 
 5,471,742 
 3,893,910 
 6,579,082 
 
 3.759.041 
 4,926,871 
 2.684,631 
 
 8,773,957 
 4,742,904 
 
 3,233,973 
 
 4,872,362 
 
 38,569,652 
 
 15,102,963 
 
 :2 
 
 .2 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 "3. 
 S 
 
 a 
 8 
 
 3489 
 12151 
 
 13825 
 5206 
 
 5574 
 8420 
 
 975 
 
 114 
 
 2014 
 
 7476 
 4055 
 2775 
 2760 
 
 39135 
 5200 
 
 273 
 1359 
 
 Women, Boys & 
 Girls Employed. 
 
 2 
 
 (3 
 
 
 Ag. Implem'tMVrs. 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 Boot & Shoe Making 
 Furniture Makers. . . 
 
 Carpenters * 
 
 Carriage Makers. . . . 
 
 Cotton Factories 
 
 DressM'k's&Milln'rs 
 Fitters & Founders. . 
 Foundries&Mach'iats 
 Printers 
 
 $ 
 1,839,197 
 2,486,568 
 
 9,786,745 
 2,051,979 
 1.656,395 
 '.451.546 
 1.979.655 
 2,977,575 
 1,254,588 
 3,581,175 
 1,541,060 
 1,662,361 
 2,692,930 
 20,798,389 
 8,914,131 
 
 $ 
 1,241,279 
 2,597,539 
 4.382, ■584 
 1,723,604 
 
 1,307,513 
 
 2,275,290 
 
 714,259 
 
 89,242 
 
 809,309 
 
 2,924,898 
 
 1,797.112 
 
 771,688 
 
 997,836 
 
 8,146,996 
 
 3.165.367 
 
 167 
 300 
 
 5124 
 651 
 128 
 293 
 
 3252 
 
 7724 
 
 180 
 
 313 
 
 1256 
 
 136 
 
 118 
 
 2950 
 
 12829 
 
 p.c. 
 
 31 
 
 67 , 
 43K 
 102 
 
 55^ 
 
 35J4 
 
 36 
 
 58 
 
 49 
 
 13 
 
 56 
 
 SI 
 
 iK 
 11 
 
 p.c. 
 27Ji 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 3if^ 
 
 34 
 
 34 , 
 
 16^ 
 
 iSJi 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 32 
 23K 
 
 20 J^ 
 
 77^ 
 
 Saddle Harness MVs 
 Sash,Door,&c.,M'k's 
 Saw Mills 
 
 Tailors & Clothiers.. 
 
 32 
 
 Average Ratios 
 
 Distillerie 
 
 Breweries • • • 
 
 1,092,100 
 2,282,185 
 
 1,303,000 
 4,592,990 
 
 1,790,800 
 4.768,447 
 
 16,230 
 ■567,639 
 
 12 
 
 52 
 
 27 
 .10 
 
 
 
 Average Ratios 
 
 
 
 
 6^8 
 
 6H 
 
 
 
 * It is possible that the Census Returns do not include workman's 
 tools as part of the capital invested m carpenter work. If this surmise 
 is correct it would alter the proportion in this instance but would not 
 materially effect the average of the table. 
 
138 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Thus it is seen that while the average rate of wages in 
 proportion to capital invested in the 15 trades mentioned 
 is 51 per cent; in the distillery it is only IJ per cent, 
 and in the brewery only 11 per cent, or putting the two 
 together only 6^ per cent. And further; while the 
 average of wages to production in the fifteen trades is 27 
 per cent, in distilling it is less than one per cent, and in 
 distilling and brewing combined a litttle over 6 per cent. 
 
 In other words the investment of $1,000 capital in 
 any of the above trades will result in an annual pay- 
 ment of $510 wages; and an expenditure of $1000 in 
 agricultural instruments, shoes, furniture or any of the 
 other commodities named will give a return of $270 to 
 the wage earner. On the other hand, a capital of $1000 
 invested in whiskey-making will only pay $12.50 per 
 year to wages, and an expenditure of $1000 in whiskey 
 will only pay to wages $8.50. 
 
 Contrast 510 with 12J and 270 with 8J, and you 
 have the relative value of legitimate industries as com- 
 pared with the whiskey business. 
 
 Now let us test this by enquiring into the relation of 
 wages to the produce and capital of the whole country. 
 It must be borne in mind that this includes all industrial 
 interests some of which do not give an average pro- 
 portion to the wages market. 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 Showing the value of all other industries in Canada 
 and the proportionate value of these to wages, as com- 
 pared with the manufacture of whiskey and beer. 
 
 CANADIAN INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Capital invested $161,377,783 
 
 Value of Produce $303,116,821 
 
 Total Wages Paid $ 58,845,733 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 139 
 
 Persons Employed 253,239 
 
 Average Capital required for every 
 
 Person Employed $ 032 
 
 Average Rates of Wages Paid to Value 
 
 of Produce (Per Cent) 19 
 
 Average Rate of Wages Paid to Capital 
 
 Invested (Per Cent) 36 
 
 BREWERIES AND DISTILLERIES. 
 
 Capital required for every person em- 
 ployed in Breweries and Distillieries, $3,612 
 Wages Paid by Distillers in proportion 
 
 to Value of Produce (Per cent) 00.10 
 
 Wages Paid by Distillers in proportion 
 
 to Capital invested (Per Cent) IJ 
 
 Wages Paid by Distillers and Brewers 
 
 to Capital Invested 6 J 
 
 Wag ;s Paid by Distillers and Brewers 
 
 to Value of Produce 6 J 
 
 Surely no further proofs are needed. It is abundant- 
 ly established by unbending facts that the liquor 
 traffic is the very worst investment of a workman's 
 earnings, even from the wages point of view. 
 
 It is manifest that the boasted value of the liquor 
 traffic as a factor to the labor market, and as an in- 
 vestment of capital, profitable to the community, has 
 not the slightest backing of actual facts, but that, on 
 the contrary, it is at war with the interests of all work- 
 men, and is a monopolist of the worst and most en- 
 slaving character. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 OUR NATIONAL DRINK BILL. 
 
 iT is a startling fact that, in this young country, our 
 annual Liquor bill is twice as large as our entire ex- 
 penditure for schools and churcher. In other words, 
 we spend twice as much for drink as for religious work, 
 churches, missions and education. 
 
 It is a still more startling fact that this entire con- 
 sumption of liquor is so much waste. Nay more, that 
 in every branch and detail of the business of the manu- 
 facture and sale of intoxicating liquors, there is ab- 
 solute destruction, without a single redeeming or 
 oualifying feature. The raw material used is wasted, 
 the labof expended upon it is wasted, the money spent 
 by the people for the liquor is wasted. 
 
 To present a full view of this waste we must 
 see how much of these various items are con- 
 sumed and then we must take into account the in- 
 direct lossc3 occasioned to the nation by drinking 
 usages. 
 
 The actual Liquor bill for direct cost of liquors con- 
 sumed has been variously estimated, from $27,000,000 
 to $40,000,000 per annum. 
 
 The Toronto Glohe of April 6th, 1884, published a 
 table of statistics estimating the cost for that year at 
 $27,627,965 : to which is added the following impor- 
 tant comment : 
 
 This is a "larger amount than the total value of the farms, 
 with their buildings, implements, and live stock, of the rich- 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 141 
 
 est county among thirty-four out of the forty-five counties or 
 districts in Ontario. This startling expenditure would ap- 
 pear still larger if the whole consumption of liquor could be 
 got at. If a little may have to be deducted for the quantity 
 of liquor used for scientific purposes — an inconsiderable 
 quantity in this country — there would have to be much more 
 added for the wines of Canadian vineyards, to say nothing 
 about the " crooked " whiskey which escapes the eye of the 
 excise-man." 
 
 Professor G. E. Foster, M. P., estimates the drink 
 bill of 1883 at $36,769,618. (See Canadian Temper- 
 ance Manual.) 
 
 The authorities for quantities are the same in both 
 cases, and are the only reliable sources available, viz., 
 the Inland Revenue Reports, and the Trade and 
 Navigation Returns ; but the estimates of cost to the 
 public are not quite the same. The Globe, for instance, 
 estimates the price paid for whiskey at the taverns at 
 S4 per gallon. Mr. Foster's estimate is $5. But the 
 Globe admits that its estimate is low in the following 
 remarks : 
 
 "Whiskey drinks are cheaper in Canada than in the 
 United States, and rarely cost more than five cents apiece. 
 This, however, would bring the price of every gallon up to 
 $3.20. But as the custom Of watering whiskey before offer- 
 ing it at the bar is not uncommon ; in fact, is estimated by 
 parties in the trade as amounting to from a quarter to a third 
 of the whiskey sold, it is reasonable to place the cost to the 
 public at $4 per gallon." 
 
 I have been told by parties in the trade that whiskey 
 is frequently watered to the extent of one-half, and 
 the strength is made up by the various processes of 
 "doctoring" known to the trade. (See Appendix.) 
 
 On the whole I think Prof. Foster's estimate of re- 
 tail prices is quite within the mark. The Globe's 
 
142 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 estimate of the retail price of beer and that of Prof, 
 Foster are the same, although, here again, there cer- 
 tainly can be no charge of exaggeration. TLe regular 
 price of ales at the counter is five cents a glass, and 
 there are from 12 to 20 glasses in a gallon, according 
 to the size of the glass used. Sixty cents per gallon 
 for beer, therefore, is a low estimate. 
 
 With these preliminary explanations I submit that 
 the following table represents the expenditure of this 
 country in liquors so far as quantities can be ascertained 
 from official documents, and, of course, not allowing for 
 home made Canadian wines which are not reported 
 in government official returns, or for the "crooked" 
 whiskey sold. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 SHOWING THE COST OF DISTILLED AND MALT LIQUORS 
 ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION IN 1885. ThE QUANTITIES 
 ARE TAKEN FROM THE LAST INLAND REVENUE REPORT 
 
 AND THE Trade and Navigation Returns. The 
 
 PRICES quoted are THE ESTIMATED COST OF THE LIQUORS 
 
 TO CONSUMERS. 
 
 Spirits, (Canadian) 3,888,012 galls., at $5 00 $19,440,060 
 
 Spirits, (American) Iii392 
 
 Spirits, (Imported) 1,191,187 
 
 Beer, (Canadian) 12,071,752 
 
 Ales, (Imported) 363, 379 
 
 Wines, (Imported) 493,278 
 
 Wines, in bottles, (Imported) 27,373 
 
 6 00 68,352 
 
 600 7,147,123 
 
 60 7.243.051 
 
 2 00 726,758 
 
 5 00 2,466,390 
 
 6 00 164,238 
 
 18,046,373 $37,255,971 
 
 The consumption of intoxicating liquors in Canada 
 
 for the year 1885, therefore, amounts to 18,046,373 
 
 gallons. The cost of that liquor to the people at the 
 
 above estimate amounts to 37,255,971 dollars. 
 
 It is necessary, however, to remark that this is 
 probably in excess of the actual consumption during 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 143 
 
 the year ; that a portion of this quantity] was con- 
 sumed during the year 1886, so that the next pub- 
 lished returns should be correspondingly smaller. A 
 " Statistical Abstract and Record," published by the 
 Dominion Government (Oct., 1886) remarks that" Ow- 
 ing to the Canada Temperance Act having been 
 adopted in many parts of the Dominion, and more 
 particular by the majority of Counties in Ontario, it 
 was thought that there would be a decided falling off 
 in the revenue derived from spirits and malt liquors ; 
 contrary, however, to expectation, the revenue from 
 both sources showed a large increase over 1884 amount- 
 ing to $734,444, though this was not brought about by 
 increased consumption, but by large withdrawals 
 from bond in anticipation of additional duty." 
 
 It will be seen from the above that in order to 
 arrive at the actual expenditure it is essential that we 
 should take the average of a period of years, and not 
 any one particular year. 
 
 Taking, then, the eig-hteen years since Confederation, 
 up to, and including 1885, we have the following 
 
 TABLE 
 
 SHOWING THE COST OF THE CONSUMPTION OF INTOXI- 
 CATING LIQUORS IN CANADA FROM 1868 to 1885 IN- 
 CLUSIVE. 
 
 Spirits, (Canadian) 61,474,770 galls., at $5 oo $307,273,850 
 
 Spirits, (Imported) 18,719,987 *• " 600 112,318,922 
 
 Beer, (Canadian) 166,423,390 " " 60 99*854,034 
 
 Ales, (Imported) 5>l53i9lO " " a 00 10,307,820 
 
 Wines, including bottled 
 
 (Imported) 9,743,462 " •* 6 00 58,460,772 
 
 Total 261,515,519 $588,215,398 
 
 Average per year . . . 14,528,639 gallons, $32>678,633 
 
144 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Thus it is apparent that while the last year's con- 
 sumption is above the average of the last eighteen 
 years, our annual liquor bill, without counting in- 
 direct losses occa^sioned thereby, amounts to the total 
 of more than thirty-two and a half millions of dollars. 
 
 INDIRECT COST TO THE NATION. 
 
 Waste of Food. — We must now enquire as to the 
 quantity of food wasted in the manufacture of these 
 liquors. In this enquiry we will leave out of calcul- 
 ation the raw material used in the manufacture of im- 
 ported liquors, as we are considering it now from a 
 national point of view. But in any more general view 
 of the question, it must not be forgotten that the ma- 
 terials used in Europe and elsewhere, for the manufact- 
 ure of imported spirits, ales and wines are destroyed 
 equally with our own. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 145 
 
 SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF GRAIN AND OTHER MA- 
 TERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SPIRITS AND 
 MALT LIQUORS AT CANADIAN DISTILLERIES AND BREW- 
 ERIES FROM 1868 TO 1885 inclusive. 
 
 > 
 
 1 868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 FOR SPIRITS. 
 
 FOR BEER. 
 
 Grain used. 
 
 Molasses 
 
 Sugar, &c. 
 
 Malt used. 
 
 Sugar & other 
 substances. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 67,685,511 
 
 52.359.505 
 58.901,557 
 86,788,405 
 79,324,907 
 91,452,901 
 
 87.539,173 
 90,094,381 
 59,472,129 
 
 68,498,295 
 67,594,902 
 
 66,749.856 
 53.394,258 
 53,667,108 
 70,402,810 
 
 76,796,094 
 75.095,450 
 63,542,708 
 
 I '259-459,950 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 1.085 
 12,364 
 23,609 
 16,042 
 
 
 
 
 2,006,050 
 
 5. 502 
 
 162,398 
 
 14.992 
 
 4.520 
 8,642 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,201 
 502 
 
 2,413 
 9,674 
 
 
 392.476 
 
 620,390 
 
 3,826 
 
 
 
 
 74.965 
 
 3.217.721 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 22,681,749 
 2i,9i5.»37 
 20,463,338 
 23,707.258 
 26,108,073 
 
 30,309.789 
 28,685,003 
 
 30.377.039 
 27,980,256 
 
 27.471.797 
 25,180,327 
 25,456,803 
 26,419,244 
 
 28,395,987 
 34,775,986 
 36,140,545 
 37,563,636 
 34,566,059 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 380.787 
 
 174.449 
 147,352 
 
 21,654 
 285,328 
 282,375 
 207,361 
 215,004 
 
 68,560 
 
 • ••■•• 
 
 89 
 2,410 
 
 450 
 
 4,619 
 8,682 
 
 508,198,026! 1,799,120 
 
 The principal grain used for distilling is corn, which 
 weighs 56 lbs. to the bushel. Barley is rated at 48 lbs. 
 to the bushel, and it takes 100 lbs. of barley to make 
 75 lbs of malt. Taking the above figures, and calcul- 
 ating the average value during these eighteen years at 
 60c. per bushel, barley at 70c, Sugar at 5c. a lb., and 
 molasses at 30c, a gallon, (in some years the market 
 
146 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 prices have been greatly above these) we have the 
 following: 
 
 QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFAC- 
 TURE OF INTOXICATING LIQUORS DURING EIGHT- 
 EEN YEARS, WITH AN ESTIMATE OF THEIR VALUE. 
 
 22,490,356 Bush, of Corn, Eye, &c.,at 60c. $13,494,213 
 14,116,617 Bush, of Barley, " 70c. 9,881,631 
 
 3,217,721 Lbs. of Sugar for Spirits at 6c. 160,886 
 74,965 Gall, of Molasses " " 30c. 22,489 
 
 1,799,120 Lbs. of Sugar for Beer " 6c. 89,956 
 
 $23,629,175 
 
 Coal, &C. — In addition to these items, the coal 
 and other fuel consumed adds greatly to the amount 
 of waste. One firm of distillers is reported as using 
 8,000 tons of coal in one year.* The quantity used 
 therefore cannot be less than 60,000 tons per year. 
 Valued at $5 per ton, this would amount to $250,000. 
 
 Labor Wasted. — The next item to be considered is 
 the waste of labor involved. If the men now engaged 
 in the manufacture and distribution of intoxicants 
 were employed m some productive work they would, 
 at least, be producing sufficient to support themselves. 
 As it is, the country has to support them out of the 
 produce of other labor. The number of these so em- 
 ployed may be estimated as follows : 
 
 Persons engaged *.n breweries in 1881 1,411 
 
 Persons " distilleries * 285 
 
 Persons " Malt-houses 500 
 
 •See Galbraith's Financial and Trade Review of Toronto for i88o. 
 
LAND, LABOa AND LIQUOa. 147 
 
 Persons engaged in retailing liquor 8,000 
 
 Persons " wholesaling liquor. . . . 2,000 
 
 12,196* 
 
 In a report recently issued by the Ontario Bureau of 
 Inc'ustries, Mr. Blue the Secretary has supplied some 
 valuable statistics in regard to labor, wages &c. He 
 there shows that the average earnings of the work-peo- 
 ple of the Province amounted to about $370, and the 
 average cost of living to $S18. Taking then $370 as 
 the average value these persons should have made in 
 productive labor, we have the sum of $4,510,720 as 
 the sum lost to the country on this account. 
 
 It is estimated that there are 50,000 drunkards ir 
 Canada. This estimate places the ratio of drunkards 
 to the population at a little over one per cent which 
 may be regarded by some as an exaggeration. 
 
 In his work on the " wasted resources" of the United 
 States, Dr. Hargreaves estimates the proportion of 
 drunkards to every saloon or liquor shop as at least 
 four. If we take this view of the matter, and place 
 the whole number of licensed and unlicensed liquor 
 shops in Canada at 10,000 (see chapter on wasted 
 capital) we should have a total of 40,000 drunkards. 
 This would give a proportion of about one drunkard 
 to every 115 persons in the Dominion a proportion 
 which I fear is below the actual facts. Let any 
 Canadian citizen consider for a moment the number 
 of persons resident within his own neighborhood, who 
 are habitually or frequently drunk, and this estimate 
 will not appear excessive. It appears also that the 
 
 * The Official Records do not give the number of persons employed 
 in Malt-houses and in the retailing of liquor. These are therefore esti- 
 mated and the reader will probably regard it as a low estimate. 
 
148 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 total numb( r of charges at our police courts for drunk- 
 enness in 1882, was 43,505 or one charge to every 101 
 of the population, and in 1883 the total was 47,141 or 
 one to every 95. If it be alleged that many cases of 
 drunkenness are charged against persons who are not 
 habitual drunkards in the common acceptation of the 
 term, and that there are many cases which represent 
 the repeated offences of the same person, it must also 
 be remembered, that there are many drunkards who 
 are never arrested by the police and are therefore not 
 included in these statistics. 
 
 On the whole I think my estimate of 40,000 is be- 
 low the mark rather than above it. If these 40,000 
 persons average a loss of half their time, or productive 
 power, through drink we have the loss of production 
 equal to the value of the work of 20,000 persons which 
 at the rate of $370 per annum amounts to $7,400,000. 
 
 There is the further loss to the country of the wast- 
 ed time of persons who lose part of their labor through 
 drinking and occasional drunkenness. The total 
 male population of the Dominion in 1881 was 2,188,- 
 779, one half of whom are neither too old nor too 
 young to work (see Abstract and Record page 84, pub- 
 lished by the Dominion Government, 1886). Deducting 
 the liquor makers and vendors, and the drunkards 
 who have been already counted, and the police, 
 criminals and others, yet to be considered, there are 
 about 1,000,000 of a working male population in this 
 country. If one-sixth of these adult males use intoxi- 
 cating drinks, to an extent which results in the loss of 
 one days work in six of their labor, we have an ad- 
 ditional loss of nearly eight and a quarter million 
 days work, equal in value to at least $8,500,000. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 149 
 
 A Commission was appointed by the British Gov- 
 ernment in 1834 to enquire into the drink question, 
 and in their report they said: 
 
 " The loss of productive labor in every department of oc- 
 cupation to the extent of one day in six throughout the" 
 kingdom (as testified by witnesses engaged in various manu- 
 facturing operations) by which the wealth of the country, 
 created as it chiefly is by labor, is retarded or suppressed to 
 the extent of one million out of every six that is produced, to 
 say nothing of the constant derangement, imperfection and 
 destruction in every agricultural and manufacturing process, 
 occasioned by the intemperance and consequent unskilful- 
 ness, in attention and neglect of those afflicted by intoxica- 
 tion, producing great injury in our domestic and foreign 
 trade." 
 
 If a similar proportion of our productive labor were 
 lost to us in this country it would amount to a total 
 of 52,500,000 days, or the full time of 175,000 men 
 per annum, reckoning the working male population 
 at 1,050,000 and the working days at 300 per year. 
 
 My estimate given above does not show a loss near- 
 ly so great as this, but allowing that half the time of 
 habitual drunkards is lost to us, and one-sixth of the 
 time of occasional drunkards, I make the loss of our 
 labor power as equal to 14,250,000 days work per year 
 or the full time of about 47,500 men. I have taken 
 no account of the loss of labor power through prema- 
 ture deaths of workmen occassioned by drink ; but 
 simply the proportion of the actual loss to our various 
 industries of the average existing working force of 
 the country. 
 
 Nor have I estimated anything for the deterioration 
 of the quality of work through drink, nor for the loss 
 of productive power of our female population from 
 this cause. 
 
150 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 In another chapter a further estimate as to 
 the proportion of drinking and drunkenness to the 
 community will be fonnd, showing that the above 
 estimates of the loss c sasioned by drink are not ex- 
 cessive. 
 
 Capital Wasted. — Add again the loss of the value 
 of the capital which is extracted from the working 
 power of the country, and which would be available 
 for productive industry were it not absorbed in the des- 
 tructive force of liquor making and vending. We have 
 seen elsewhere that capital invested in productive in- 
 dustries bears an enormous interest to the wages mar- 
 ket, besides greatly increasing its own volume and 
 value. In another chapter I have shown that the a- 
 mount of capital locked up in the liquor interests cannot 
 be less than fifteen and a half millions of dollars. 
 
 This involves a loss to our productive industries of, 
 at least, $3,000,000 per annum. 
 
 Cost of Crime. — There is also the cost of crime 
 occasioned by drink, the maintenance of the criminals, 
 the proportion of cost of police, gaolers &c., chargeable 
 to this agency. All who have to do with criminal re- 
 cords agree that a very large proportion of all crimes 
 is directly or indirectly traceable to drink; the esti- 
 mates varying from 60 to 90 per cent. It will certain- 
 ly be a low estimate it we reckon that one half of the 
 cost of crime and its consequences would be saved to 
 the country but for drink. This would amount to the 
 sum of at least, $1,500,000. (See chapter on Liquor 
 and Crime.) Add again the loss to the country of the 
 value of the work of one half the entire staff of 
 police, gaolers, criminals and others who would be en- 
 gaged in productive labor but for drink — a sum not 
 less than $1,000,000. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 151 
 
 Lunacy. — In a subsequent chapter I have dealt sep- 
 arately with the question of drink in relation to lunacy. 
 It is there shown that a very large proportion of the 
 cost involved in maintaining our lunatic population is 
 traceable to drinking. It will be seen that the 
 cost to the country and the losses sustained on account 
 of it are not less than two and a half millions, one-third 
 of which is undoubtedly chargeable to alcoholic drink- 
 ing,— say $800,000. 
 
 THE ANNUAL COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS IN CANADA 
 
 will therefore be about as follows so far as can be esti- 
 mated: 
 
 Direct cost of drink consumed $32,678,633 
 
 Value of food destroyed which might be turned 
 to account of national wealth or the land up- 
 on which it is grown used for product- 
 ive purposes 23,629,175 
 
 Value of fuel consumed which might be employ- 
 ed in productive industry, or used to supply 
 the increased wants of Canadian homes. . . ' 250,000 
 
 Value of labor wasted in brewing, distilling and 
 retailing liquor which ought to be employed 
 in productive service 4,510,720 
 
 Indirect loss of productive service through 
 
 drunkenness ^'ij!^4oo,ooo 
 
 Indirect loss of time and service through 
 
 occasional intemperance 8,500,000 
 
 Loss of the value of capital at present locked up 
 in the liquor business and which ought to 
 be employed in productive service 3,000,000 
 
 Loss occasioned by crime through drink 1,500,000 
 
 Loss of productive labor of criminals, police, 
 
 gaolers and other officers of justice 1,000,000 
 
 Loss through insanity occasioned by drink .... 800,000 
 
 $82,268,528 
 
152 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 The reader will, of course, understand that this cal- 
 culation, although carefully made, and as I have shown, 
 based mainly upon official returns, is nevertheless only 
 an estimate. It may therefore be reduced or enlarged 
 according to the judgment of the reader. 
 
 But it must be borne in mind that no attempt is here 
 made to estimate other serious losses indirectly trace- 
 able to drink and which are incalculable. 
 
 There are numerous accidents constantly occuring 
 as a result of drinking. We can hardly take up 
 a newspaper without reading of some such cases. The 
 report of the Committee on Intemperance in the United 
 Kingdom, 1834, already referred to, mentions among 
 the consequences of drink to the National welfare. 
 
 "The extensive loss of property by sea, from shipwrecks, 
 founderings, fires, and innumerable other accidents, many of 
 which according to the evidence of the most experienced 
 ship-owners, nautical men and others, examined by your 
 Committee are clearly traceable to drunkenness in some of 
 the parties employed in the navigation and charge of such 
 vessels whose vigilance, had they been sober, would have 
 been sufficient safeguard against their occurence. 
 
 While I write, the Toronto Olohe (Jan. 6, 1887) pub- 
 lishes an article deploring the great losses by fire which 
 in the United States and Canada amounted last year 
 to the total of $116,600,000. Here is a consideration 
 for every property owner and every Fire Insurance 
 Company. How frequently does it happen ihat fires 
 originate from some cause unknown, but in the lan- 
 guage of newspaper reporters " presumably through a 
 drunken vagrant sleeping on the premises" or perhaps 
 through "the carelessness of a half drunken night- 
 watchman or servant." Even incendiarisms are fre- 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 153 
 
 quently the result of some drunken spree or some mad 
 freak of revenge in which drink is an incentive. 
 
 There are losses to merchants also that are incalcul- 
 able. There is hardly a store-keeper of any lon^ 
 standing in business, but could tell of numerous losses 
 which he would never have experienced but for drink. 
 The black list of bad debts is almost entirely a stan- 
 ding mark against Intemperance.* 
 
 Then there is the cost of vagrancy, petty theft, &c,. 
 with the addition of the loss of labor attending them. 
 
 I am of opinion that some of the items herein given 
 are much below the actual facts, and if these additional 
 factors in the bill were estimated the total would cer- 
 tainly be immeasurably increased. 
 
 Let the reader make a mental calculation of the 
 losses under these various heads, and it will be found 
 that it is simply impossible to conceive the value which 
 is annually lost to the community. 
 
 Accidents by sea and lakes through drink 
 
 Accidents by fire, in the streets, in building opera- 
 tions,, in the running of mills and other ma- 
 chinery, and many other occasions 
 
 Losses to Merchants 
 
 Bankruptcies of business men — ■ 
 
 Pauperism, vagrancy, petty theft, &c 
 
 Loss of moral worth and character 
 
 Loss of human life 
 
 Loss of human souls 
 
 * I have talked with many people in business who declare that at 
 least 90 per cent of the bad debts on their books are occassioned by 
 drink. The other day a store-keeper said to me, *' I have lost $5,000 
 in bad debts through drink." It is reported on good authority that 
 store-keepers have had debts paid to them since the Scott Act came 
 into operation in Hal ton and other counties that they never expected 
 to get and had marked bad. 
 
154 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 I place no figures to these items. All of them are in- 
 calculable. The last three are beyond all mea- 
 sure of material value. The moral worth of a man 
 cannot be measured by sums of money, however great. 
 
 Who will undertaJce to assess the value of a human 
 soul ? " For what is a man profited if he should gain 
 the whole world, and lose his own soul ? or what shall 
 a Tnan give in exchange for his soul ?" 
 
 Looking at the financial question alone, however, 
 there can be no doubt in the mind of any candid per- 
 son, in view of all the facts stated here, that the sum 
 total of our national drink bill including the direct 
 cost, and the indirect losses occasioned by it, will not 
 fall short of the amount given above. 
 
 Can there be a more startling fact presented to the 
 economic student, or the patriotic citizen than that in 
 this young country, with a population of four and a- 
 half millions, we are yearly wasting our resources 
 to the tune of Eight-two Millions of dollars. 
 
 When we add to this fact the terrible truth that in 
 wasting this wealth we are also destroying our people, 
 undermining the morals of young Canada, laying 
 waste the homes of thousands of our people and ruin- 
 ing the eternal prospects of thousands of souls an- 
 nually, how appalling is the picture ! How stupendous 
 the cost ! 
 
 Yet there are members of Chr'stian Churches and 
 even ministers who vote for the traffic, there are poli- 
 ticians and members of government who, in face of 
 these facts, and of the fact that no question stirs the 
 public mind as this does, yet openly declare that this 
 is not yet a part of the practical politics of 
 Canada." * 
 
 * Speeches by Hon. Mr. Thompson at Orangeville, Ont., Nov. 29> 
 1886, and Hon. Edward Blake at Aylmer, Ont., Dec. 7, 1886. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 155 
 
 Our national debt is a subject of much controversy. 
 It is attacked upon every platform of the Reformers 
 and defended at every meeting held in the interests 
 of the Conservatives, while not one word is said 
 by either side dealing practically with a more gigantic 
 financial burden, involving evils which may be described 
 as infinitely greater. 
 
 We borrow millions of money and pay interest 
 thereon amounting to millions per annum, while we 
 foster, protect, and license a huge system which ab- 
 sorbs and destroys an immense proportion of our 
 wealth, enough if saved to make us absolutely in- 
 dependant. 
 
 Our national debt has steadily increased froni the 
 first year of Confederation, with the exception of the 
 years 1871 and 1883, when there was a decrease on 
 the debts of the previous years amounting to $501,- 
 024 and $3,026,147 respectively. The government 
 official abstract recently issued shows that the public 
 debt was $93,046,051 in 1867, and in 1885 it had risen 
 to $264,703,607. By far the largest increase was in 
 1884 and 1885 when the amounts added to the debt 
 were $40,323,311 and $22,221,191 respectively, or a 
 total increase for the two years of $62,544,502. 
 
 Yet the losses occasioned by the liquor traffic in 
 one year would pay the whole of the sum added to 
 the national debt in these two years of unprecedented 
 public expenditure, and still leave twenty millions to- 
 the good. 
 
 In the year 1884 the government negotiated a loan 
 of £5,000,000 or about $25,000,000 at 3^ per cent in- 
 terest. The rate of interest on the whole public debt 
 according to official documents is 3"55 per cent or a 
 total amount for last year of $9,419,482. 
 
156 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 The two years 1884-5 were, by many millions, the 
 heaviest years of public expenditure in the country; 
 averaging for each of the years $82,985,191. 
 
 Large as this sum is, it is actually only a trifle more 
 than our estimate of the annual financial loss involved in 
 the liquor traffic. In other words while we complain 
 of the enormous cost of our government expenditure, 
 involving such vast burdens upon the people, we act- 
 ually tax ourselves with a still greater burden, with- 
 out the advantage of a single benefit, and giving us 
 infinitely worse than nothing for our money. 
 
 We complain loudly at the increase of our national 
 debt from ninety- three millions in 1867, to two hun- 
 dred and sixty-four millions in 1885, (an enormous 
 growth surely) involving additions, year by year* 
 amounting in eighteen years to a total of $171,000,000- 
 Yet during that eighteen years our total liquor bill 
 (without reckoning indirect cost) amounts to 588 mil- 
 lions, or nearly three and a half times as much. 
 
 Who that looks at these facts will not preceive that 
 although the national debt is not the direct outgrowth 
 of the liquor traffic, yet the expenditure which created 
 it (large and extravagant as it is) could have 
 been met with ease had not the substance of the 
 country been wasted in liquor ? Or if a national debt 
 were inevitable might not our own people have furn- 
 ished the funds instead of paying $10,000,000 annually 
 out of the country for interest. 
 
 It is indeed a most startling fact that if half the 
 uctual cost of intoxicating liquors, (without reckon- 
 ing the indirect expenditure involved) had been saved 
 ±0 the country during the past eighteen years, it would 
 have more than sufficed to pay the entire amount 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 157 
 
 which has accumulated to such a mountain of debt as 
 represented by the figures $264,700,000. 
 
 Let every patriotic Canadian ponder these tremen- 
 dous facts, and work, and vote, and pray accordingly I 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 COMPARATIVE VIEWS OF OUR NATIONAL LIQUOR BILL. 
 
 'OMPARED with the liquor bills of the Uaited 
 ' Kingdom and the United States, our Cana- 
 dian expenditure appears greatly less. The com- 
 parison is extremely unfavorable to the older and 
 larger countries. 
 
 In the United Kingdom the statistical picture is in- 
 deed a dark one, although happily there has been a con- 
 siderable diminution in the volume, of expenditure 
 during the past five years, and a still larger diminution 
 when considered in proportion to the increasing pop- 
 ulation. 
 
 The most eminent Statistical enquirer and writer 
 on the liquor question was the late Mr. Wm. Hoyle of 
 Tottington, Lancashire, England. The statistics 
 collected by him and arrayed in such telling manner in 
 his work entitled "Our National Resources and how 
 they are wasted," and, also in the numerous books and 
 pamphlets afterwards published, were accepted as 
 authoritative by the most distinguished statesmen, 
 orators and writers, both in Europe and America. In 
 his latter years and up to 1885 he published an annual 
 letter to the London Times which was always the sub- 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 159 
 
 ject of editorial comments in that paper and of all the 
 most prominent journals, and was treated as the best 
 authority on the question by all public men. 
 
 Mr. Hoyle tells us in one of these letters that during 
 the twelve years from 1871 to 1883 the annual ex- 
 penditure upon intoxicating liquors in the United 
 Kingdom averaged £1 35,000,000. If we put this into dol- 
 lars it will amount in round figures to about $675,- 
 000,000. 
 
 In a very carefully prepared paper read before the 
 British Association, at their meeting in the City of 
 York in 1881 Mr. Hoyle estimates the indirect cost 
 of liquor in the United Kingdom at £138,000,000 or 
 about $690,000,000. 
 
 Through various influences including probably a 
 season of bad trade and hard times, and undoubtedly 
 also partly as a result of the great activity of the 
 United Kingdom Alliance, the Blue Ribbon Movement, 
 the Church Temperance Associations, and the various 
 total abstinence Orders, such as the Good Templars and 
 and the Sons of Temperance, there has happily been a 
 considerable reduction in the liquor bill of the United 
 Kingdom during the latter half of the present decade. 
 
 A glance at the following statistics taken from the 
 writings of Mr Hoyle will establish this fact. During 
 the ten years mentioned below the direct cost of liquor 
 was as follows; the figures given represent pounds 
 sterling, not dollars : 
 
160 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 DIRECT COST OF INTOXICATING LIQUORS IN THE UNITED 
 KINGDOM FOR TEN YEARS. 
 
 1873 £140,014,712 
 
 1874 141,342,997 
 
 1876 : 142.876,669 
 
 1876 147,288,759 
 
 1877 142,007,231 
 
 1878 142,188,900 
 
 1879 128,143,865 
 
 1880 122,279,275 
 
 1881 127,074,460 
 
 1882 126,251,359 
 
 Taking the last year of this expenditure there was 
 expended in intoxicating liquors for every man, woman 
 and child in the United Kingdom the sum of £3 12s. 
 or about $18.00; more than doubl-^ the amount expend- 
 ed by the people of Canada, proportion to population. 
 
 In the United States the cost of liquor to the com- 
 mlmity is also alarmingly great. Dr. Wm. Hargreaves 
 of Philadelphia, has published a work entitled " Our 
 Wasted Resources" in which he says that " during the 
 years 1869-70-71-72 there was expended in the United 
 States for intoxicating drinks as follows : — 
 
 In 1869 $693,999,509 
 
 In 1870 619,425,110 
 
 In 1871 680,036,042 
 
 In 1872 735,726,048 
 
 Total for four years $2,729,186,709 
 
 Annual average $ 682,296,677 
 
 or about $16.06 for every person in the United States. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 161 
 
 The direct cost of liquor in proportion to population 
 therefore in the three countries are represented by the 
 following three pillars or columns : — 
 
 • 
 
 
 •d 
 
 r3 
 
 
 
 
 
 173 
 
 X 
 
 
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 u 
 
 
 u 
 
 73 
 
 
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 B 
 
 
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 13 6 
 
 gb 
 
 
 •5b 
 
 c " 
 
 
 s U 
 
 <S; 
 
 
 gs; 
 
 B g 
 
 
 <s 
 
 o«i; 
 
 
 UJ* 
 
 bo « 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 •a** 
 
 5 lo 
 
 
 5S 
 
 a 0\ 
 
 
 
 •S '5 
 
 f-j 00 
 
 
 s^l 
 
 « 
 
 
 vo 
 
 M 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 ro 
 
 
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 ^J* 
 
 VJ- 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
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 "d 
 
 • *•« 
 
 s 
 
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 4; 
 
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 M 
 
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 c 
 
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 <: 
 
 ro 
 
 (/) 
 
 m 
 
 
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 "rt 
 
 
 
 oo" 
 
 C 
 
 
 cd 
 
 N 
 
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 But by far the most important consideration for 
 Canadians from the economic point of view is that of 
 our own expenditure in proportion to our means and 
 our other expenditures. We must compare ourselves 
 with ourselvea 
 
162 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 I have already referred to the tables published by 
 the Toronto Globe of April 5, 1884, comparing the ex- 
 penditure on intoxicating liquors with other com- 
 modities. That table was based upon the Govern- 
 ment Blue Books including the Census Returns of 
 1881. I have quoted in the following diagrams some 
 of those statistics and added others. The reader will 
 find the diagrams roost suggestive especially in view of 
 the relative amount of monies spent in drink as com- 
 pared with the necessities of life and the work of edu- 
 cational and Christian effort. 
 
 My estimate of Christian Church expenditure is 
 based upon the following : The Census of 1881 shows 
 that there were then a total of 8,652 Churches. With 
 the aggressive efforts and increased activity of Church 
 work since that date, I take it that there will be now 
 about 10,000 Churches of all sects and creeds in the 
 Dominion. I do not think it too high to estimate that 
 these Churches average an expenditure of $800 per 
 year which makes a total of $8,000,000. In this esti- 
 mate I take into consideration that some of the 
 larger Churches spend very much more than $800, but 
 others again spend very much less, especially those 
 country Churches where one minister supplies two, 
 three or even four pulpits, and some which have no 
 paid ministry at all. 
 
 The population of Canada in 1871 was 3,687,024 
 and in 1881 it was 4,324,810. The Government esti- 
 mates it now at 4,695,864. Taking the population at 
 four millions as the average of the eighteen years we 
 have the following appalling facts : — 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 163 
 
 The average expenditure of money for intoxicants, 
 per head, is $8.16, or in other words there is expended 
 in liquor more than eight dollars for every 
 man, woman and child in the Dominion. Contrast 
 this with other expenditure and what a sad, mourn- 
 ful picture is presented to our view. 
 
 From the accompanying diagrams it will appear that 
 our comparative expenditure on various commodities, 
 which we are accustomed to regard as among our 
 principal items of expenditure is about as follows : 
 
 1 The direct and indirect cost of intoxicating liquors is 
 
 nearly four millions more than the recent heavy 
 expenditure of the Dominion Government in all its 
 departments. 
 
 2 The direct and indirect cost is more than five times 
 
 the total amount of our expenditure for Schools, 
 Churches and Christian Missions. 
 
 3 The direct expenditure of money in the purchase of 
 
 intoxieatingr liquors is more than all the income 
 of all the railways in Canada. 
 
 4 The direct expenditure is five and a half millions 
 
 upwards of the value of all our Iron and Steel 
 Manufacturers. 
 
 5 It is more than ten millions more tha. for Meat. 
 
 6 It is upwards of eleven millions more than for Bread. 
 
 7 It is eleven and a half millions more than for Wool- 
 
 en Goods. 
 
 8 It is nearly double as much as for Boots and Shoes* 
 
 9 It is two and one third as much as for Cotton Goods. 
 
 10 It is more than three times as much as for sugar. 
 
 11 We spend four times as much for liquor as for Schools 
 
 and four times as much as for Churches. 
 
 12 Finally we spend 8! times as much directly in drink 
 
 as we do in Christian Missions. 
 
164 
 
 LAND. LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 DIAGRAM 
 
 Comparing the gross annual expenditure in Intoxicat- 
 ing Liquors in Canada with the Annual Expenditure 
 in various other directions. 
 
 (Scale, twenty million dollars to the inch.) 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 DIAGRAM — Continued. 
 
 1G5 
 
 Giving comparative view of expenditure in Canada 
 in intoxicating liquors and other commodities. Also 
 as compared with expenditure in Religious and Edu- 
 cational Work, 
 
 The average consumption per head of popula- 
 lation of Spirits and Wines (not in- 
 cluding Canadian Wines) is I.24 galls. 
 
 Beer 2.38 galls. 
 
 or more than three and a half gallons per head for every 
 man, woman and child in the Dominion, When the 
 proportion of women and children who in this country 
 at least, seldom drink any, and the number of men who 
 abstain, are taken into account; it is perfectly clear 
 that there must still be a large number of drinkers in 
 Canada who cannot lay claim even to the dubious and 
 indefinite term " moderate drinkers." 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 FURTHER STATISTICS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Tpi URING the last eighteen years there has been con- 
 -J^ sumed in the manufacture of spirits and beer in 
 Canada no less than 36,606,973 bushels of grain of var- 
 ious kinds (see table) or an average of 2,033,609 
 bushels per year. In order the better to realise 
 the vastness of these facts it is necessary to 
 illustrate them so as to bring them within the reach 
 of an ordinary reader. 
 
 A bushel of barley would give about 40 lbs of flour, 
 and we may assume that other grain would be equal to 
 about the same. Every 40 lbs. of flour would make 
 60 lbs. of bread, or about 15 four-pound loaves, for 
 every bushel of grain. This would give a total of 
 30,505,135 four-pound loaves. 
 
 Many of the streets of our cities are now paved 
 with cedar blocks. Now suppose the number of four 
 pound loaves were filled in, end up, as in paving the 
 streets, men do with cedar blocks, there would be suf- 
 ficent four-pound loaves to pave a road 15 yards wide 
 for the whole length of Yonge Street from the Toron- 
 to Bay to Newmarket, a distance of 34 miles. 
 
 If the loaves were designed for destruction and were 
 conveyed from the bakers stores of Montreal or Tor- 
 onto to be thrown into the river St. Lawrence or Lake 
 Ontario, it would require 20 teams, each team carrying 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 167 
 
 500 loaves every hour for ten hours a day to complete 
 the task in one year, allowing 305 working days in 
 the year. 
 
 Imagine the sensation of public horror and indig- 
 nation if a procession of 20 teams were driven down 
 Yonge Street to the Toronto Bay on the morning of 
 the nrst of January, each with its cargo of 500 loaves 
 for the purpose of pitching the whole 10,000 loaves 
 into the water. 
 
 Think of the excitement which would grow with 
 every repetition of that procession, if indeed, the 
 public did not rise up in rebellion against the second 
 attempt. * 
 
 ' Yet this is but a faint picture of the actual waste 
 which attends the consumption of grain in the vat and 
 the still. 
 
 What a blessed thing it would be if we could sum 
 up the total of our loss by simply counting up the 
 cost of the grain destroyed ! What a saving to the 
 country it would be if the government were actually 
 to purchase all the grain consumed in the distillery 
 and the brewery, and deliberately destroy it b^; fire 
 or water rather than permit it to be converted into 
 alcoholic liquors to be consumed by the people. 
 
 There are not a few persons however who discredit 
 the fact that the consumption of intoxicants in Can- 
 ada is great enough to cause alarm. In order that a 
 correct view of the facts may be given, I have pre- 
 pared the following table from the various Govern- 
 ment reports : 
 
 * This illustration was suggested by a similar one given by Mr. Wm. 
 Hoyle in **Our National Resources^ 
 
168 
 
 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF LIQUORS USED FOR CONSUMPTION IH 
 CANADA, DURING EIGHTEEN YEARS FROM 1868 TO 1885 INCLUSIVE. 
 
 
 SPIRITS. 
 
 BEER. 
 
 WINES. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Canadian. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 Canadian. 
 
 Imported. 
 
 
 
 Imp. Gal's. 
 
 Imp. Gal's. 
 
 Imp. Gal's. 
 
 Imp. Gal's. 
 
 Imp.GaVs. 
 
 1868 
 
 3,203,830 
 
 1,290,654 
 
 6,194,738 
 
 199.704 
 
 488,098 
 
 1869 
 
 2,341.251 
 
 848,008 
 
 6,336,290 
 
 200,926 
 
 411,089 
 
 1870 
 
 3,175,857 
 
 941,479 
 
 6,075,451 
 
 188,024 
 
 562,441 
 
 1871 
 
 3.5 » 6,042 
 
 1,084,191 
 
 7,047,580 
 
 254.514 
 
 599.741 
 
 1872 
 
 3,808,292 
 
 1.320,915 
 
 7,964,441 
 
 304,734 
 
 780,820 
 
 i«73 
 
 3.732,844 
 
 1.375.090 
 
 9,217,102 
 
 369,393 
 
 730,890 
 
 1874 
 
 4,560,509 
 
 1.555.907 
 
 8,976,268 
 
 415.651 
 
 860,922 
 
 1875 
 
 3,303.302 
 
 1,086,643 
 
 9,653,525 
 
 390,636 
 
 473,316 
 
 1876 
 
 3.441,225 
 
 1,251,848 
 
 9,3»9.i9o 
 
 320,324 
 
 689,304 
 
 1877 
 
 2,942,338 
 
 921,916 
 
 9.115,258 
 
 168,851 
 
 40i,6#6 
 
 1878 
 
 3,007,870 
 
 826,046 
 
 8,578,075 
 
 294,651 
 
 382.793 
 
 1879 
 
 3,646.255 
 
 923,122 
 
 8,848,208 
 
 250,889 
 
 421,047 
 
 1880 
 
 2,290,366 
 
 636,641 
 
 9,201,213 
 
 163,266 
 
 317,421 
 
 1881 
 
 3,214.541 
 
 801,054 
 
 9,931.176 
 
 214,887 
 
 458,302 
 
 1882 
 
 3.552.818 
 
 891,467 
 
 12,036,979 
 
 248,491 
 
 553,826 
 
 1883 
 
 3.848,787 
 
 1,004,075 
 
 12,757.444 
 
 385,352 
 
 563,778 
 
 1884 
 
 3,608,021 
 
 9.609,31 
 
 13,098,700 
 
 410,435 
 
 532,968 
 
 1885 
 
 3,888,012 
 
 1,202,579 
 
 12,071,952 
 
 363.379 
 
 510,651 
 
 Totals. 
 
 61, 188, IDG 
 
 19,722,566 
 
 166,513,59c 
 
 5,174,018 
 
 9.759.663 
 
 The average consumption of spirits and wines per 
 year is 5,037,229 gallons, and of beer 9,272,807 gallons. 
 The consumption of spirits and wines of all kinds in 
 
 1884 was 5,101,920 gallons, and the quantity entered 
 for consumption in 1885 was 5,601,242 gallons. 
 
 The consumption of beer rose over two million gal- 
 lons in 1882 and has maintained the high rate then 
 attained; the total of Canadian and imported beer in 
 
 1885 being 12,435,331 gallons. 
 
 Estimating the present population at 4,600,000, this 
 means that the average consumption per head is, of 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 169 
 
 spirits, 1.23 gallons, and of beer 2.75 gallons, or very 
 nearly Four gallons of Intoxicating Liquor for 
 every Man, Woman and Child in the Dominion. 
 
 If we allow for the increased quantities occasioned 
 by the watering and mixing of spirits, and for the 
 consumption of Canadian wines which are not includ- 
 ed in the above table, the average quantity consumed 
 would amount to at least five gallons per capita of the 
 population. 
 
 It will naturally occur to the reader that there must 
 be some people with an awfully consuming appetite 
 for strong drink. The proportion of people who do 
 not drink at all must be very large, probably larger 
 in Canada than in any other American or European 
 country. 
 
 It is worth while to make a rough estimate of the 
 number of persons who consume all this liquor. We 
 may best approximate this by calculating the prob- 
 able number of persons who are moderate, and who 
 abstain altogether. 
 
 The total population is now estimated at 4,600,000. 
 
 One half of these are children under fifteen years 
 of age who, in this country at least, are (with very 
 rare exceptions) total abstainers. Again, one half of 
 the adult population are females. Allowing that a 
 certain proportion of these drink, there is at least an 
 equal proportion of the male population who are ab- 
 stainers, so that it is fair to assume that half the adult 
 population do not consume any intoxicating liquors. 
 
 If this latter be a correct estimate (and I think it 
 is within the mark) the entire consumption of liquor 
 in Canada is limited to about one quarter of the popu- 
 lation : viz. 1,115,000. 
 
170 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Now we have seen tliat the annual expenditure for 
 liquor in Canada averages a little over Eight dollars 
 per year, per capita. It follows, therefore, that 
 one quarter of the people consume on an 
 average twenty gallons each of intoxicating liquors at 
 a cost of $32.00 a year each. 
 
 But again, of these it may be fairly assumed tliat 
 one half are what are called strictly moderate drink- 
 ers who do not consume more than the general aver- 
 age, costing About $8.00 per year. 
 
 If this be so, then it follows that one-eighth of the 
 population, or 575,000 of the people of Canada, con- 
 sume seven-eigths of all the vast volume of liquor, 
 spending upon an average no less a sum than $56.00, 
 a year each for intoxicating liquors. 
 
 We may thus obtain an approximate estimate of the 
 number of drunkards in the community. Pei'sons 
 who drink to this extent cannot be classed as sober 
 people. There are of course various stages of inebri- 
 ety, and probably thousands of people who spend fifty 
 or sixty dollars per annum, or more on liquor for their 
 own personal use do not class themselves as immoder- 
 ate drinkers. But among these 575,000 there must be 
 a large number to whom such an expenditure is ruin, 
 and who fall from bad to worse. 
 
 What constitutes a drunkard is a problem which is 
 not easily solved. It is a term which is very elastic 
 in its application according to circumstances. A lab- 
 oring man who gets drunk on half a dozen drinks of 
 spirits or beer and who becomes noisy or abusive on 
 the streets, finds himself in the lock-up in the morning 
 on a charge of drunkenness. The wealthy patron of 
 the high class hotel-bar, who drinks three or fo\ir 
 times the quantity until he is senseless or beastly, :b 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 171 
 
 quietly despatched home in a carriage, or sent to bed 
 at his hotel or his club. His companions may chaff 
 him next day about having taken a drop too much, 
 but who would dare to call him a drunkard ? 
 
 It has been said upon temperance platforms and 
 elsewhere that there are 60,000 drunkards in Canada, 
 and that 6,000 of these die annually. It has been estab- 
 lished as a fact that the average life of a drunkard does 
 ndt exceed ten years so that these two estimates agree. 
 Let the reader reflect that drinking in these days is 
 limited to about one-fourth of our people and that 
 notwithstanding the fact that the other three fourths 
 do not consume any, there is yet as much liquor con- 
 sumed to-day according to population as there was 
 eighteen years ago. Let him reflect again that about 
 one-eighth of the population drink seven-eighths of all 
 the drink consumed in Canada, and they will be driv- 
 en to the unpleasant conclusion that although there 
 are more abstainers in the country than formerly, 
 there are also more intemperate people who must be 
 classed as drunkards. * 
 
 But let us see whether the average consumption of 
 intoxicants has, or has not continued at as great a rate as 
 formerly. In order to find this out I have prepared 
 the following table dividing the last fifteen years in 
 three periods of five years each, beginning with 1871 
 and ending with 1885. I have taken the population 
 in the first period as given in the census of 1871. In 
 the second period I have estimated at four millions 
 
 * In a previous chapter I have estimated the number of drunkards 
 at forty thousand. The above facts must convince the reader that be- 
 sides the number of confirmed drunkards there must always be a much 
 larger number in training for the places left vacant by the deaths of 
 drunkards and it is very probable that my estimate is too low. 
 
172 
 
 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 and in the third period I have quoted it as ^ven in 
 the census of 1881. 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 FIVE 
 
 YEARS 
 
 ENDING. 
 
 1875 
 1880 
 1885 
 
 
 SPIRITS and;spir!ts and 
 
 
 BEER. I 
 
 POPULA- 
 
 WINE. 1 WINE. 1 
 
 Average Qu-; Average con-' 
 
 BEER. 
 
 Average 
 Quantity 
 consumed 
 
 Average | 
 Consump- 
 
 TION. 
 
 jantity c o n- 
 ;sumed per 
 
 sum nion peri 
 heac of Pop- 
 
 tion per! 
 head ofl 
 
 
 lyear 
 
 ulation. 
 
 per year. 
 
 population 1 
 
 
 GALLONS. 
 
 GALLONS. 
 
 GALLONS. 
 
 GALLONS, 
 
 36,870,34 
 
 57,646.84 
 44.199.40 
 
 1.56 
 
 89,187,68 
 
 a.05 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 1. 10 
 
 93,579.67 
 
 a. 03 
 
 43.248,»o 
 
 5i.a6i,83 
 
 1. 18 J 
 
 "3»035.9' 
 
 a.84 
 
 Average 
 Consump- 
 tion of all 
 intoxicants 
 per head. 
 
 CALLOyS. 
 
 3.61 
 
 3««3 
 
 It will be seen from this table that while there was 
 a reduction in the average consumption of intoxicants 
 in the second period as against the first ; in the third 
 period there has been an increase so large that the 
 proportion rose considerably higher than in the first 
 five years. This is principally accounted for by the 
 large increased consumpticn of beer in the latter per- 
 iod, which rose 25 per cent above that of the previous 
 five years. 
 
 But if this latter fact is used in defence of the 
 theory that the use of the milder drinks tends to de- 
 crease the consumption of the stronger we have to 
 face the fact that during the period of that Inrge in- 
 crease in the consumption of beer, the consumption of 
 spirits also went up 1.10 to 1.18 gallons per head of 
 the population. 
 
CHAPTER XXL 
 
 IS THE MONEY WASTED? 
 
 ?HE estimated expenditure in intoxicating liquors 
 given in a previous chapter is, of course, based 
 upon the retail cost to the consumers. 
 
 It is no uncommon remark that this expenditure is 
 not waste because there are a number of people sup- 
 ported by the traffic. In other words, it is said tliat 
 "as about twelve thousand persons are employed in 
 making and distributing intoxicating liquors in this 
 country, the expenditure in intoxicants cannot be 
 wasted money, seeing that these people are supported 
 out of it." 
 
 But how would this theory work in general practice. 
 Suppose a community spent $1000 upon some well ad- 
 vertised quack medicine which turns out to be, not 
 only worthless, but actually iiijurious, is not the whole 
 of the thousand dollars wasted ? *'No!" answers some 
 one it is not, because some persons had a profit out of 
 it and lived upon that profit." But if the money had 
 not been so expended it would have been available for 
 something else, which also would have given a profit 
 to the producers. In the latter case also it would have 
 given value in return tor the money. A dollar spent 
 upon a worthless article is a dollar wasted, but ii spent 
 upon an article of value or utility it is not wasted. 
 
 "But" says one "the dollar spent in whiskey is not 
 destroyed — there is not a dollar of money less in the 
 community because I spend mine in liquor." 
 
174 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 This is one of the mistakes common to those who 
 take a superficial view of the relation of money to 
 value, and to the law of trading. It must be borne in 
 mind: — 
 
 1. That money is not wealth, but merely a repre- 
 sentative of wealth. When a man spends a dollar, it 
 is not a dollar that he spends. That may appear a 
 contradiction of terms, but it is true in fact that he 
 really spends not the money, but a dollar's worth of 
 labor or enterprise. The piece of paper which he calls 
 a dollar, is only the representative of that labor. In 
 spending his labor for that which brings no value to 
 him, it is wasted. 
 
 2. The second point is, that what is called product- 
 ive expenditure, brings at least two profits, while un- 
 productive expenditure gives one only. 
 
 Jones spends a dollar for bread, and has viL.ae for 
 money. The bread is of more value to him than the 
 dollar bill so that he is profited by the transaction. 
 The dollar is but the note of exchange which rep- 
 resents his labor on the one hand, and the bread on the 
 other. 
 
 Smith spends a dollar for whiskey and has no 
 profit or value for his money. The whiskey is not an 
 equivalent for the dollar bill, so that he is poorer by 
 the transaction. Yet in his case also the dollar is a 
 note of exchange which represents his labor on the 
 one hand and the whiskey on the other. 
 
 Keeping in mind that the labor, and not the dollar, 
 is the actual commodity which is exchanged, the case 
 stands thus : — Jones gives his labor for bread which is 
 value; Smith gives his labor for whiskey which is 
 worse than valueless; Jones' dollar's worth of labor 
 therefore has been profitable, while Smith's is wasted. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 175 
 
 Mr. Wm. Hoyle illustrated this subject from the 
 capitalists point < ' view as well as that of the laborer. 
 He says : — 
 
 Suppose I were to engage twenty men at a pound ($5) a 
 week each, and employ them first in digging holes,, and then 
 in filling them up again. Would the fact that twenty per- 
 sons are supported by the ;^2o paid for hole-digging prove 
 that the money is not wasted ? Certainly not. One thing, 
 however, is proven, namely that I have parted with my 
 money without getting anything in return and am therefore 
 ;^2 poorer. 
 
 But perhaps it will be said, are not the men who dig the 
 the holes ;^2o better off. If. whilst they were digging the 
 holesj they and their families existed without consuming 
 food, &c., then it may be so; but if they and their families 
 were consuming whilst the work was going on, then, by the 
 amount by which their consumption exceeded in value what 
 they produced, there must have been a corresponding loss. 
 Working men and their families need to be supported, and 
 the wages they get from week to week provide the means by 
 which the food, clothing, &c., which is consumed in their 
 support is supplied; but if, whilst consuming, they produce 
 nothing, then what is paid to them must be lost. Had the 
 men, instead of digging holes and filling them up again, 
 spent their time in citing drains in some unproductive 
 land, in making a reservoir, or in digging half-a-dozen cottage 
 cellars, then they would have had their wages, and / should 
 have had my property increased in value. 
 
 In truth, money is but a ticket, or coupon, repre- 
 senting the labor and intelligence which creates wealth, 
 So that the expenditure of money is the expenditure 
 of labor. Even when capital or reserve wealth is ex- 
 pended this holds good, for the ultimate source of all 
 wealth is labor. 
 
 Strictly speaking, there are three parties concerned 
 in every honest business transaction : 1. The Seller. 
 
176 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 2. The Buyer. 3. The Community generally. The 
 business which benefits all these parties is based upon 
 sound and fair principles. The business which gives 
 profit or gain to one party, and fleeces either oi the 
 other twp parties, is a swindle. Test the liquor traffic 
 by this standard and what is the result. 
 
 Suppose two men, A and B, each having $1,000 the 
 result of their savings or earnings, or of somebody 
 else's savings and earnings. 
 
 A enters a career of waste and debauch and spends 
 his money in whiskey, '^he following is the result : — 
 
 No. 1.— The Whiskey Seller gets the thousand dol- 
 lars and makes a profit, 
 
 No. 2. — The Buyer has parted with his thousand 
 dollars and got — Nothing — plus impaired health, ruined 
 character, degraded life, and perhaps a criminal record. 
 
 No. 3. — The Community ill impoverished by the 
 amount of waste of wealth of one of its members — j^^'^^^ 
 the poverty, disorder, accident, crime, &c., which at- 
 tends his drinking and the consequent taxation involv- 
 ed. 
 
 B spends his money in building a house with the 
 following results : — 
 
 No. 1.— The Seller OP Builder gets the thousand dol- 
 lars and makes a profit on the transaction. 
 
 No. 2. — The Buyer has parted with his thousand 
 dollars but has now a house — an equivalent to the value 
 of the money, plus the comfort, increased advantages, 
 social standing and credit which attends a property 
 owner. 
 
 No. 3.— The Community is enriched by the amount 
 of a thousand dollars wisely spent by one of its mem- 
 bers, together with the proportion of taxes which such 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 177 
 
 property will pay. Every citizen is interested in 
 every new building, and in every investment no matter 
 who is the owner or investor. 
 
 Mr. John Stuart Mill referring to the functions of 
 government, observes : 
 
 " Even in the best state which society has yet reached, it 
 is lamentable to think how great a proportion of all the efforts 
 and talents in the world are employed in merely neutralising 
 one another. It is the proper end of Government to reduce 
 this wretched waste to the smallest possible amount, by tak- 
 ing such measures as shall cause the energies now spent by 
 mankind in injuring one another, or in protecting themselves 
 against injury, to be turned to the legitimate empolyment of 
 the human faculties, that of compelling the powers of nature 
 to be more and more subservient to physical and moral 
 good." — (Political Economy^ Vol. II, page ^s^-) 
 
 This passage in Mr. Mills' work strikes the key- 
 note of true legislation in regard to every wasteful or 
 ruinous traflac or business. The true object of political 
 reform is not so much to repair the broken thread of 
 the machinery of Government, as to improve the body 
 politic, to elevate the social and moral conditions of 
 the people, and to secure that the bounties of Pro- 
 vidence shall be used for the best and highest good 
 of the community. 
 
 The legislation which gives license to waste, and 
 takes a revenue from it, is daing the worst that can 
 be possibly done for the resources of any country. It 
 is a policy of plunder and spoliation, and v/ill inevit- 
 ably work disaster and ruin in proportion as it be- 
 comes the recognized practice of the people. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 what's to be done with the barley? 
 
 Cp HERE is another cry which is equally as fallacious 
 ^ as that referred to in the last chapter. Farmers 
 and grain growers — or rather alarmists who profess 
 to represent them — are crying out that if the liquor 
 traffic is abolished one of the markets for grain will 
 be consequently less and the price lower. 
 
 A good illustration of the fallacy of this cry was given 
 in 1844 by Richard Cobden in one of his celebrated 
 speeches on the Corn Laws. He tells of a man named 
 James Lankester who adopted the theory that "wages 
 rose as com rose, and that abrndance of corn made 
 the prices of com low, and consequently made the 
 wages low." Mr, Cobden humorously says : — 
 
 The man was naturally of a logical mind, but it was evi- 
 dent that he devoted himself to the study of the Morning 
 Post, and the result of that study was, that he took it into 
 his head to carry out practically those doctrines which had 
 been laid down in that eminent public journal. It was sta- 
 ted by the Morning Post that wages depended on the price 
 of corn, and that when corn was dear wages were high, and 
 of course it naturally struck James Lankester that the best 
 way to rai?'» the price of wages was to raise the price of 
 corn, and the best way to raise the price of corn was to 
 make it scarce ; and, acting upon that view, he went out and 
 set fire to Farmer Hobbs* stacks. 
 
 Baron Alderson, before whom the case was tried, Stated, 
 with his wig on, and with all the gravity of a judge, that it 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 179 
 
 was a most strange and extraordinary application of the 
 doctrines of political economy. The man had evidently 
 drawn that deduction from the Morning Post ; for Lankes- 
 ter had no malice against Farmer Hobbs, and he, therefore, 
 did not touch his cart horses or his saddle horses, or his 
 dairy, but he went to his stacks and set fire to them, to 
 make corn dear, and, of course, in his opinion, to raise 
 wages. That was the effect of carrying out practically the 
 doctrines of the Morning Post ; so that from such a result, 
 they might in future call the philosophy of that journal, the 
 logic of the lucifer match. But James Lankester was sen- 
 tenced to be transported for the term of his natural life, to 
 propagate the doctrines of the Morning Post in Australia. 
 
 Now, he (Mr. Cobden) wanted to know the difference in 
 principle (for he knew there was a difference in law) between 
 creating an artificial scarcity of that corn which the Al- 
 mighty gave to all the nations of the earth — he wished to 
 know what was the difference between making an artificial 
 scarcity of corn by preventing us from getting a supply from 
 abroad, and making it scarce by setting fire to the stacks of 
 Farmer Hobbs ? The plea in both cases was exactly the 
 same, for Lankester's profession of faith was heard by the 
 gaoler who pretended to be asleep, Lankester stated to oth- 
 er prisoners in gaol, that the motive which induced him to 
 burn the stacks was in order that he might make corn dear, 
 and so raise wages ; and what then, he would ask, wa? the 
 difference in principle? Where was the difference be.ween 
 those who made corn dear by artificial means, and Laikest- 
 er, who took his own mode of making it dear?" History 
 of the Corn Law League Vol. IL, p. 224. 
 
 Poor Lankester's method of increasing the price of 
 corn, and for which he was sentenced to imprisonment 
 for life was not one whit more insane than making 
 whiskey or beer with a view to raise the price of 
 grain. 
 
180 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 A year of plenty does not depreciate, but wihances 
 the general good, and although market prices, per 
 'measure, are lower in times of plenty than in times 
 of scarcity, even the merchants grow richer on the 
 smaller rates when there is plenty, than on the larger 
 rates wit„ scarcity. The truth of this may be proved 
 on enquiry of any class of merchants. 
 
 Suppose a man having plenty of money to spend 
 took it into his head to buy — say 100,000 bushels of 
 barley and make a bonfire of it. Everybody would 
 regard such a proceeding as an act of madness or out- 
 rage, and the pulpit, press and platform would join in 
 denouncing it as a sin against God and humanity, and 
 a crime against the State. 
 
 But we have become so accustomed to regard the 
 brewers and distillers as important factors in provid- 
 ing a market for grain, that it is difficult to remove 
 the impression that the withdrawal of this wasted 
 consumption would not be a discuster. It is forgotten 
 that the closing of the distillery and the brewery 
 would set at liberty a large amount of capital, and 
 labor which would be^diverted to other channels of 
 business, including among other things the develop- 
 ment of produce and its adaptation to the want: of the 
 people. It is forgo oten too, that many millions of 
 dollars now expended in liquor would be expended in 
 farm produce of various kinds, and that grain may be 
 used in a number of ways to increase and improve 
 the supply, and meet the increased and improved 
 demand. 
 
 Take into account that there is a large proportion 
 of our own Cojiadian community who do not consume 
 as much of our farm produce as they need and desire, 
 because of the waste of wealth in the consumption of 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 181 
 
 drink and it will be easy to see that if this waste 
 ceased, the demand for farm produce would at once 
 increase. 
 
 Some very interesting testimony on this subject is 
 given by Dr. F. R. Lees in his masterly Argument for 
 Prohibition, for which he received the first prize of 
 100 guineas, given by the United Kingdom Alliance. 
 He quoted the testimony of Mr. Colquhorn in his 
 Treatise on the Police of London, who says : — 
 
 " It is a curious and important fact that during the period 
 «//^^« M^ distilleries were stopped in 1796-7, though bread 
 and every necessary of life were considerably higher than 
 during the preceding year, the poor were apparently 
 more comfortable, paid their rents more regulatly, 
 and were better fed, than at any time for some years before. 
 Even though they had not the benefit of the extensive char- 
 ities which were distributed in 1795. This can only be ac- 
 counted for by their being denied the indulgence of gin, which 
 had become, in a great measure, inaccessible from its very 
 high price. It may fairly be concluded that the money for- 
 merly spent in this imprudent manner had been applied to 
 the purchase of provisions and other necessaries to the amount 
 of ;!^ioo,ooo. The effect of their being deprived of this bane- 
 ful liquor was also evident in their more orderly conduct ; 
 quarrels and assaults were less frequent, and they resorted 
 seldomer to the pawnbroker's shop ; and yet, during the 
 chief part of this time bread was i5d. (.-loc.) the quartern 
 loaf (4 lbs.); meat higher than the preceeding year," etc. 
 
 A chapter in the history of Ireland furnishes an- 
 other illustration. During the years 1809-10 and 
 1813-14 the distilleries of Ireland were stopped be- 
 cause of the famine, on the ground that these distiller- 
 ies wasted the grain that might otherwise be used by 
 the people as food. Dr. Lees remarks upon this cir- 
 cumstance as follows ; — 
 
182 
 
 LAND, LABOE AND LIQUOR. 
 
 " We arrive at the startling anomaly, that a year of scarc- 
 ity with prohibition is better than a year of plenty without it. 
 The average consumption of spirits in the years 1811-12 and 
 1815-17 was 7^ million gallons, on the other years it was 
 not quite 4^. But mark how the saving of 3^ millions re- 
 appear in the form of an increase of the following articles of 
 comfort, which bespeak, not simply the absence of a great 
 curse, but the presence of domestic and personal happiness, 
 and of a thriving trade." 
 
 TABLE OF "IMPORTS." 
 (Extracted from the Btitish Parliamentary Returns 1882.) 
 
 Famine Years, 
 1809-10, 1813-14. 
 
 Haberdashery ;^I40,936 
 
 Drapery or Dry Goods 3,788,514 
 
 Iron, Hardware & Crockery ;^467,io9 
 
 Blankets 60,004 
 
 Cotton Goods ;^I79. 198 
 
 Black T^a 3.530.643 
 
 Muscovado Sugar 381,278 
 
 ..value.. 
 ..yards. . 
 . value. , 
 .L ^mber. 
 ..vtlue.. 
 .pounds. 
 ..cwts. . 
 
 Years of Plenty, 
 1811-12, 1815-17. 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 ;^i 10,936 ;^30,000 
 
 2,422,444.. .1,356,070 
 ;^337,458...;^i29,65i 
 
 26,603 33.401 
 
 ^ 104, 198 ;^93.ooo 
 
 3.198,132 341,5" 
 
 306,954 74,324 
 
 The grain in which our Canadian farmers are most 
 interested in this connection is barley. During the past 
 eighteen years from 1868 to 1885 the brewers have 
 consumed 14,116,617 bushels of barley, or an average 
 of 784,312 bushels per year. This is about one-tenth 
 of the entire growth of barley in the country, all the 
 rest going to a foreign market. 
 
 It is absurd to suppose that the market which takes 
 one-tenth of our supply regulates the price of barley. 
 The price is regulated by the larger market rather 
 than tlve smaller. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 183 
 
 There is also a complete answer to this barley argu- 
 ment in the fact that the land which grows barley >vill 
 grow something else; and if there is no better purpose for 
 barley than to convert it into poison to the ruin tmd 
 destruction of Canadian homes and Canadian men and 
 women, it would be infinitely better that no barley 
 should be grown. Indeed the farmer who perceives 
 the mischief which it effects and still grows barley 
 with the purpose of selling it for brewing is particcpa 
 criminis in the transaction of death. 
 
 But there is another important view of the matter. 
 It is of great interest to the farmers and to the coun- 
 try generally to consider the development of farm in- 
 dustries, involving the consumption of our grain with 
 a view to supply the markets with better provis"->ns, 
 
 Look, for example, at the meat supply for our home 
 markets. It is a matter of general observation and 
 complaint among housekeepers that the meat supply is 
 of very poor, or rather of unfed quality. It is notor- 
 ious that all old country people find fault with the 
 quality of our meat, as compared with that supplied to 
 the English market. Yet a large quantity of the 
 animal food of this country is shipped to England to 
 supply the British market. But shippers of cattle 
 know well that it is no use sending poorly fed cattle 
 to England, and so the very best are picked out, while 
 our own people are fed upon skinny and com- 
 paratively poor meat. Even our best cattle 
 are not considered the best beef in the British markets 
 unless they are put for a season upon the English sys- 
 tem of feeding before being slaughtered. 
 
 Why should not farmers provide the very best article 
 for our home market and also improve the supply for 
 the foreign market ? The best is always worth more 
 
184 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 money at home and abroad, and the producers of a 
 superior class of well-fed meat would find an ample re- 
 ward for their efforts. This is proven by the fact that 
 the best meat always sells most readily even at a 
 higher price. Toronto and Guelph markets have gen- 
 erally a supply of a superior class of meat, and butch- 
 ers tell us that the best joints and the best meat always 
 sell more readily than the inferior class of meat. 
 
 The same is true of fowls. There are many villages 
 and towns where the average chicken is sold at 10c, or 
 12Jc. at most. And this is all they are worth, so 
 miserably poor are they of flesh fit for human food. 
 Yet in our city markets, choice well-fed chickens are 
 worth from 25c. to 35c. each, and in the English 
 market from 30c. to 50c each. 
 
 These facts have a direct bearing upon the barley 
 question. 
 
 Barley has not yet hegwn to take its true place as a 
 food. This is specially true of Canada. For some 
 reason or other the average Canadian farmer is preju- 
 diced against the use of barley as a grain for food In 
 the old country it is not so. Barley is not given to 
 horses or other cattle where strength, bone or muscle 
 are needed, but as a feeding or fattening commodity, 
 it is regarded as the best that can be given. 
 
 Barley meal is as regularly sold by the millers and 
 feed dealers as any article. In fact, in those English 
 counties where pork is grown to perfection no one 
 would ever think of killing a pig without first feeding 
 it for a term upon barley meal. The result is not only 
 that a larger and more profitable animal is produced, 
 but the quality of the meat — both fat and lean — is of 
 the very best. In Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Wiltshire, 
 Hampshire and Norfolk the farmers all feed their hogs 
 on barley meal, and they have the reputation for the 
 largest and best pork in the world. The hogs when 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 185 
 
 thus fed weigh from 40 to 60 stone, or say from 500 
 to 800 pounds. What will appear more remarkable to 
 our Canadian farmers and butchers in this connection 
 is, that these hogs, large as they are, fetch the highest 
 price per pound, because the bacon fed on barley meal 
 IS always preferred as the mildest and best. Mr. Har- 
 ris, of Calne, Wiltshire, slaughters about 2,000 hogs 
 per week, and all are fed on barley meal. His pork or 
 bacon commands a ready sale at the highest market 
 prices. 
 
 The same is true of cattle generally, and the almost 
 universal food for fowls in England is barley in the 
 
 frain, with a view to the production of larger and 
 etter eggs, with barley meal for fattening chickens, 
 ducks, geese and turkeys. 
 
 In his invaluable works, written some years ago, on 
 the various phases of the temperance question. Dr. F. 
 R Lees, of Leeds, England, gives the following interest- 
 ing fact : 
 
 We have been enabled to establish the truth of our 
 * theories,' by a series of most conclusive and carefully con- 
 ducted EXPERIMENTS — experiments instituted by Govern- 
 ment, with the view of ascertaining the comparative value of 
 Malt and Barley in the feeding of Cattle and the production 
 of Milk and Butter. The experiments were made under the 
 direction of Thomas Thomson, M.D., Professor of Chemis- 
 try, and R. D. Thomson, M.D., Teacher of Practical Chem- 
 istry in the University of Glasgow, and have been published 
 as a Parliamentary Report. The substance of them, as they 
 bear more immediately upon the present discussion, I will 
 now give. 
 
 Two Bullocks were selected for the purpose. 
 
 It was found, by some preliminary trials, that when the 
 beasts were confined to an exclusive diet of barley or malt, 
 they soon began to loathe and leave it thus establishing an 
 
186 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 old truth, apt to be forgct;ten, that in general variety of food 
 is necessary to health, and that even the most nourishing 
 food, unmixed with a coarser and more bulky sort, is unsuit- 
 able to the constitutions of both cattle and men. 
 
 The experiments for testing the relative value of malted 
 and unmalted grain, consisted in giving the same qnantity 
 and quality of hay, etc., each bullock, but to one a certain 
 number of Bbs. of barley, and to the other an equal weight of 
 malt, both beir.g ground into meal and mashed. 
 
 From October ist to 14th, the bullock fed on barley in- 
 creased in weight ioqRs., that fed on malt only qo^Bjs. 
 
 From November 8th to 22nd, the barley-fed bullock in- 
 creased in weight 55H>s., the other only 445)s. 
 
 From December 4th to 20th, the barley-fed beast in- 
 creased 4ofts. in weight, the other only 6B)s. 
 
 Thus the Malt-fed beast soon reached its maximum of 
 feeding, while the barley-fed bullock went on increasing in 
 weight until it gained 53j4K)s. over its rival. 
 
 * These trials^ continued for three months^ says Prof. Thom- 
 son, * leave no doubt that Barley is superior to Malt^ weight 
 for weighty as far as fattening bullocks is concerned.^ 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AS TO MILK AND BUTTER. 
 
 The Report of Dr. R. D. Thomson, as to the relative effect 
 of Barley and Malt on the Milk of two excellent Ayrshire 
 Cows, confirms all our preceding statements. 
 
 It was found that about q&s. of grain per day, invariably 
 produced more Milk than a greater quantity, showitig that 
 only a certain proportion of concentrated or rich food should 
 be used. Variety of food also contributed to increase the 
 amount of milk. 
 
 In one case, when entire barley, merely steeped, was given, 
 the milk ' xreased. ' This arose from a quantity of the 
 barley being ejected without being digested; — the malt, be- 
 ing much more soluble, was not ejected.' Thus we perceive 
 that the fact o ./hich we have heard so much, * that malt 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 187 
 
 fesds faster than barley,' weight for weight, merely comes to 
 this — that digested Malt feeds faster than wwdigested Barley \ 
 
 ' In a brown cow,' says Dr. Thomson, * looBbs. of barley 
 produced as much effect as i35)s. of malt: in a white cow, 
 ioott>s. of barley were equivalent to iiQfts. of malt.' 
 
 But as loo parts of barley make only 80 parts of Malt, it 
 follows, that loo&s. of barley Bie e^ual in use to 1258)8. of 
 malt; for as 80 is to 100, so is 100 to 125. 
 
 Dr. Thomson is equally clear concerning [the Butter 
 yielded by the Milk in the two cases. ' The largest amount 
 of butter was afforded in the brown cow by crushed Barley, 
 With both animals malt is lowest in the scale.* 
 loofts. of Barley produce 34. 6ft)s. dry milk: & 7.66ft)s. butter, 
 loofts. of Malt " 26.2a>s. " & 6.355)8. " 
 
 Not only was the quantity of solid matter in the milk 
 diminished, but its quality was deteriorated. The Soluble 
 Salts are lessened by malting, and hence the milk cannot 
 contain what the food has not introduced. The Casein 
 (cheese) was also greatly lessened. The cheese principle 
 was decreased, because it is a fiesh-forming substance, con- 
 taining azote, of which the average amount in barley is 2 per 
 cent., but in malt only i ^; — the butter was lessened, be- 
 cause malt contains less casein than barley. 
 
 In addition to all this, the cows were losing weight and 
 strength daily under the Malt regimen, while they gained 
 weight and strength when fed on the Barley. After the 
 barley experiment they were found to be 8oH)S. heavier; after 
 the malt-trial, 42K)S. lighter. 
 
 Thus it is certain, that in every respect Malt is much in- 
 ferior to crushed Barley as an article of food for cattle, 
 giving in the first place, a less quantity of milk and butter;, 
 in the second, milk of an inferior quality^ deficient in the 
 soluble salts; and in the third place, diminishing the live- 
 weight of the cattle, where the barley increases it. 
 
 Taking all items into account, therefore, we may safely 
 affirm that iooft)s. of barley are equal in nourishing-power — 
 i.e. for the full feeding of the flesh or muscle of the animal 
 
188 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 —to i3o5>s. of Malt; or, in other words, that more than a 
 third of all the malted grain in this country is criminally, be- 
 cause needlessly, destroyed ! 
 
 And for what end does this machinery of mischief really 
 work ? Not, in truth, for feeding, but for drinking purposes ! 
 The malting-system is preliminary to that of brewing — the 
 foundation of * a manufacture of human misery' vaster and 
 more fearful than any other which ever impeded the im- 
 provement, or blasted the prospects of our People. 
 
 These are most important facts to the farmers of 
 Canada and they are amply sustained by many others. 
 
 Dr. Lyon Playfair, the eminent Edinburgh physici- 
 an and chemist, prepared a synopsis of the relative 
 value of different kinds of food, and he showed that 
 barley meal is superior in this respect to the staple 
 food of the Scotch peasant. The following is from 
 Dr. Playf air's table : 
 
 Barley-meal contains 14 parts of albumen to 68 of un 
 azotized matter — or fuel. 
 
 Oatmeal contains 10^ parts of albumen to 68 of un- 
 azotized matter — or fuel. 
 
 Potatoes contain 2 parts of albumen to 24^ of unazotiz- 
 ed matter or — fuel. 
 
 Man should have the best and highest forms of food, 
 and w hether he takes it in the form of bread, or meal, 
 or of flesh-meat, it is of the first importance that it 
 should be the best in quality. 
 
 Dr. Lees gives the proportion of solid food in several 
 grains, as follows: — 
 
 In 1000 parts Wheat contains 950 parts of solid food. 
 
 " " " Barley " 920 " " " 
 
 " " *» Rye " 792 " " " " 
 
 " " " Peas " 930 " " " " 
 
 «« «i « Potatoes " 260 " " " " 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 189 
 
 And he adds: — 
 
 It is of the greatest importance to the health and purity ^- 
 
 of the human constitution, that the food of man should be 
 of a healthy and perfect character, after its kind. But the 
 flesh of animals fed with foul or ill-assorted food, becomes 
 diseased and unwholesome, and introduces the elements of 
 disorder and pestilence into the blood of man. For ex- 
 ample: it is now ascertained that cattle fed-up on oil-cake 
 and the refuse of breweries and distilleries, or similar sub- 
 stances (which are deficient in several essential elements of 
 health and nourishment) rapidly become bloated and fat, 
 but at the expense of health, their flesh and organism being 
 seriously diseased. Pigs, likewise fed exclusively upon po- 
 tatoes or other substances deficient in nourishment will be- 
 come fat while they will grow unhealthy, but let a due 
 quantity of ground barley be mixed with unazotized food of 
 cattle or pigs — food in other respects of a proper sort — and 
 the animals will increase in both fat and flesh and preserve 
 their own health at the same time. Their flesh will become 
 fitter for human food. 
 
 It is a singular fact tLa-t grapes from which the 
 wine of Europe is so largely produced also contain a 
 very high proportion of feeding property in their nat- 
 ural state so as to gain for them the title which we 
 give to wheat and maize — staff of life. 
 
 Yet man's ingenuity has been employed, and capital 
 and labor is still expended — not in preserving these 
 life germs in their natural condition but in destroying 
 them for a na.rcotic and dangerous beverage. 
 
 But suppose this were not true of our grain. Sup- 
 pose that the only use to which we could put barley, 
 etc., so as to make it pay our farmers, is to convert in- 
 to whiskey and beer — what then ? Does it follow that 
 it is for the general good that this barley shall be 
 grown for that purpose ? 
 
 Let us see : — 
 
190 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 If the farmers of Canada took to growing opium, 
 because they found a ready market for it — would it 
 not be a sufficient plea against it, that men were pois- 
 oned by it — that boys and girls would be learning to 
 use it as they now do tobacco, and that insanity and 
 imbecility would be frightfully increasing among our 
 rising men and women in consequence of its use ? 
 Must the temporary good of a few men — whether 
 farmers, merchants, or wiskey vendors, be accepted as 
 a sufficient reason why the glory of young Canada 
 should be debauched and ruined ? 
 
 Or to take another illustration :— ^ 
 
 One of the most important branches of trade and 
 inclustry is connected with the Printing Press. Its 
 value is unquestionable, and to encourage it is one of 
 the most patriotic aims of all business men. Suppose, 
 then, a large firm of printers commenced to print and 
 publish books of a decidedly immoral and licentious 
 character. Such books might find a ready sale, and 
 the firm be able to declare a handsome profit on 
 all its transactions. 
 
 "Would the interests of these printers, or the import- 
 ance of encouraging the press — or the amount of weekly 
 wage they paid — would any or all of these questions 
 weigh for one moment with our authorities, when such 
 a hive of vice was discovered ? If they did we should 
 blush for our country. 
 
CHAPTER XXIIL 
 
 FARMERS AND THE FOREIGN MARKETS, 
 
 I HAVE shown that the "cry" raised during the Scott 
 Act agitation that our barley markets were threat- 
 ened, was utterly fallacious. It was, in fact, a mere 
 invention of the whiskey advocates to lead the farm- 
 ers "off the scent." We were told with a great show 
 of superior knowledge that our export trade with Great 
 Britain was seriously in danger, and loud cries were 
 made against the "fanaticism" and "madness" of the 
 temperance party who would destroy the market, 
 which the brewers of Canada created, in face of the 
 alleged "facts" which were proclaimed as to the alarm- 
 ing outlook for our Canadian farmers. 
 
 What Richard Cobden facetiously called the "logic of 
 the lucif er match" was the logic of these whiskey ad- 
 vocates, viz: — that if we have too much grain pro- 
 portion to the demand, and therefore get a low price 
 for it; the best way to raise the price is to reduce the 
 quantity, and so by all means foster the traffic which 
 wastes one tenth of all our barley, so that the other 
 nine-tenths may sell at higher prices. 
 
 The real truth is that the public and the press of 
 England are engaged in discussing not the liTnitation 
 of Canadian imports, but the encouragement and in- 
 crease of them. 
 
 A meeting was held in October last (1886) in the 
 Conference Room of the Colonial and Indian Ex- 
 
192 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 hibition under the presidency of Sir Samuel Wilson. 
 At that meetings paper was read by Mr. D. Taller- 
 man, in which he gave some important statistics on 
 this question. A review of that paper is given in the 
 Christian World of October 21, 1886, from which I 
 take the following: — 
 
 "Last year 1,013,960 cattle (homed, sheep and lambs), of 
 the value of ;^7, 181, 338, were landed, besides dead meat 
 (exclusive of preserved,) of the value of ;!^i2,204,62 7, and 
 ^1,042,451 worth of preserved meat. Of the ze/ho/e value 
 of £,20^4.28^446^ only ;!^j,522,77(? worth was received from 
 British colonies. We received £10^803,463 worth of foreign 
 sugar and molasses, against £2,g6s,g2^ worth from our 
 colonial possessions. Other similarly striking contrasts were 
 — foreign wheat stuffs imported, ;^26,o5i,278; col- 
 onial 'J, 685^083. Foreign Indian corn, ;^8,236,957; 
 colonial, ;j25i,728. Surely this ought not to be. 
 Mr. Tallerman rightly considers that Ireland, the 
 richest milk-yielding country in the World, should 
 supply us with all the butter we need. But unhap- 
 pily the Irish farmer lacks enterprise, and will not by adapt- 
 ing himself to new circumstances, and improving his 
 methods, grasp the opportunities which are within his reach. 
 Mr. Tallerman further thinks that Ireland, with her rich 
 grazing lands, could supply us with ;£"8,ooo,ooo worth more 
 meat than she does. But apart from Ireland he considers 
 £hat Canada^ Australia^ and our other colonies should have 
 inducements offered them to further increase their exports 
 of meat and grain foods to us." 
 
 Here than is ample room for the enterprise of Can- 
 adian Farm Industries. If so much of the British trade 
 is done with countries having no connection with the 
 United Kingdom, why should not Canada bid for a 
 larger share of the business? 
 
 4 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 193 
 
 Look at these various items. The amounts in dollars 
 of the value of importations of these articles of food 
 into the United Kingdom were about as follows : 
 
 Meat $100,242,200 
 
 Sugar and Mollasses 54,017,300 
 
 Wheat Stuffs 130,256,400 
 
 Indian Corn 41,184,700 
 
 Of these items the whole of the British Colonies, in- 
 cluding Canada of course, only sent about as follows : 
 
 Meat $17,613,000 
 
 Sugar and Mollasses 14,830,000 
 
 Wheat Stuffs 38,425,000 
 
 Indian Corn 1,258,500 
 
 In its editorial article on this question the Christian 
 World observes that " looking at the subject as a whole, 
 it is to be desired that our Colonies and Ireland will 
 speedily succeed in reducing the present enormous im- 
 ports of food from foreign countries." 
 
 That the British markets are open to our people , 
 and that an increased supply of our produce would be 
 welcome into those markets there can be no doubt. 
 The fact is that there is almost unlimited demand for 
 the produce of this country, and the better the quality 
 of the produce the more welcome it is into both British 
 and American markets. 
 
 Look for example at the wonderful development of 
 the cheese trade. In 1861 the value of our cheese 
 exports amounted to $23,937. In 1871 it had x-isen 
 to $1,109,906. In 1881 it had risen to $6,091,534. 
 And it is still increasing as will be seen from the fol- 
 lowing returns of the value of cheese exported dur- 
 ing the last three years which I take from the recent 
 N 
 
194 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 
 
 Statistical Abstract and Record published by the Do- 
 minion Government. In 1883 the amount was $6,451,- 
 870 ; 1884, $7,251,989 ; 1885, $8,265,240. 
 
 Now why should not this development of our ex- 
 port trade go on in like measure in other directions to 
 the advantage of people of the old land, and for the 
 enrichment of our farmers, and through them, the 
 whole of Canada ? There appears to be but one an- 
 swer to this enquiry, viz : that in proportion only as 
 we supply quality in any kind of farm produce, will 
 there be a ready demand for it, and more especially in 
 the British markets. 
 
 For example there has been no increase in our ex- 
 port butter trade since 1871. From a Government re- 
 port as to Agricultural Interests of Canada published 
 in 1884 I take the following paragraph : — 
 
 " Let us look for the main cause of this very unsatisfac- 
 tory butter trade : — At first sight, from the fact that at pres- 
 ent, it apparently pays better to make cheese than butter, 
 this alone, to many, seems to explain the falling off in our 
 butter trade. A second and, in my opinion, still better rea- 
 son for this decrease, is the unsteadiness of the demand for 
 Canadian butter. Let us now look into this latter argument : 
 Our export market for butter is undoubtedly Great Britain. 
 Nearly 8o per cent, of our butter goes there. England 
 wants the best brands alone ; poor butter is there as else- 
 where, a drug on the market." 
 
 Precisely the same may be said of other produce. 
 The production of eggs might be enormously increasd in 
 this country, all that is needed is to provide for the 
 despatch of them to suitable markets. Mr. D. D. 
 Wolson of Seaf orth in the county of Huron has proved 
 this beyond doubt. A few years ago he commenced 
 to collect eggs and ship them to New York ^ nd other 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 195 
 
 markets. The result is that the production of eggs 
 in the neighborhood of Seaforth and the country 
 around is twenty times greater than when he began 
 business. Mr. Wilson now turns over about $250,000 
 per year, employing 30 hands and about 30 horses in 
 the collecting and shipping of eggs. Last year the 
 number of eggs shipped were about 1,600,000 dozen. 
 
 We might multiply illustrations of the developing 
 power of the farm produce of this country, and the 
 corresponding open markets whi^h await it. But the 
 reader can easily apply these thoughts to our general 
 fruit and farm produce. 
 
 It is abundantly clear that we are not even tempor- 
 ally dependant upon such a demoralising and ruinous 
 waste as is involved in the manufacture of intoxicat- 
 ing liquors. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 LIQUOR AND CRIME. 
 
 CPhE intimate relationship between drink and crime 
 ^ has been assumed in the foregoing pages. The 
 testimony in proof of this is so abundant that it would 
 be easy to fill a volume with it. In an appendix will 
 be found the opinions and testimony of some of the 
 principal authorities in the world on this subject. 
 
 A perusal of these testimonies will convince any 
 unprejudiced person that the proportion of crime to 
 the facilities for drinking is so great that as Judge 
 Coledrige says, referring to the Criminal Courts : 
 " hut for the cases where offences have been brought on 
 by the use of intoxicating liquors the Courts of Justice 
 might be nearly shut up." The same eminent 
 authority stated from the bench of the Supreme 
 Court in 1881 that, "Judges were weary with 
 calling attention to drink as the principal caicse 
 of crime, but he could not refrain from saying that 
 if they could make England sober they would shut up 
 nine-tenths of the prisons." 
 
 Dr. Wm. Hargreaves in his work on " Our Wasted 
 Resources" quotes from an article in the report of the 
 United States Commissioner of Education for 1871 
 that " from 80 to 90 per cent, of our criminals connect 
 their courses of crime with intemperance. Of the 
 14,315 inmates of the Massachusetts prisons 12,396 are 
 reported to have been intemperate, or 84 per cent." 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 197 
 
 Dr. Hargreaves further says that " of 39 cases of 
 murder and 121 cases of assault to murder in the city 
 of Philadelphia in 1868 in almost every case it may be 
 safely said that the murderer was intoxicated when 
 the deed was committed." 
 
 What is true, in these respects, in the United King- 
 dom and the United States is true also of Canada. 
 The measure of our National drinking is almost in di- 
 rect ratio to the measure of our crime. There is 
 abundant evidence of this fact. In 1849 a select com- 
 mittee of the Legislative Assembly at Montreal was 
 appointed to enquire as to the evils of intemperance. 
 The Report states that, " One half of the crime annual- 
 ly committed, two-thirds of the cases of insanity, 
 three-fourths of the pauperism, are ascribahle to in- 
 temperance. No other form of words would have 
 been sufficiently comprehensive to express the deliber- 
 ate convictions of your Committee" The Report con- 
 tains evidence from various officials. The Coroners 
 for the district of Montreal testify : — 
 
 " In 530 inquests 53 of the deaths (one in every ten) were 
 directly or immediately traced to intemperance. Many more 
 are believed to have been ascribable to that cause ; but 
 jurors being reluctant to return verdicts of death by intemp- 
 erance, the exact number cannot be accurately ascertained." 
 
 There can be no doubt that the feeling of sympathy 
 for the friends of deceased suicides often prevent 
 jurors from returning a verdict which would leave the 
 awful record upon the memory of the deceased that it 
 was drunkenness that caused it. Hence a verdict of 
 monomania or temporary insanity often really means 
 intemperance. This is equally true of sudden deaths, 
 deaths from accident, &c. If the true cause of the 
 disease or accident which more immediately bring 
 
198 
 
 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 about these deaths were recorded, instead of a verdict 
 of "apoplexy" or " heart disease" it would more often 
 be " drunkenness." 
 
 The Chief of Police of Montreal gave evidence before 
 the Select Committee and said : — 
 
 " I am convinced that crime of all kinds is ascribable to 
 the use of spirituous liquors. It follows that the expense of 
 the police force and other modes of repressing crime, such as 
 courts of justice with all their officers, and gaols with all 
 their keepers, and the loss of time entailed upon juries and 
 witnesses, can all be traced, in a great measure, to the 
 use of ardent spirits. It is therefore my opinion that the 
 community at large is taxed to raise funds for defraying the 
 expense of these establishments, which expense might be 
 reduced two-thirds if the use of ardent spirits were not so 
 common. Drinking thus imposes upon society a serious 
 pecuniary burden." 
 
 The following is a tabular statement of the number 
 of prisoners arrested by the Police of the City of 
 Montreal in 1817 and which was put in as evidence 
 by the Chief : 
 
 Prisoners. 
 
 Total 
 Prisoners. 
 
 Total 
 Offences. 
 
 Offences arising 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 from intemperance. 
 
 2982 
 
 740 
 
 3772 
 
 4039 
 
 2234 
 
 In 1874 a Report of the Select Committee of the 
 Senate was issued, which report is signed by the whole 
 of the 15 Senators who formed that Committee. They 
 report the reception of " 993 petitions with 349,294 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 199 
 
 signatures, and nine from other representative bodies, 
 each acting for a considerable number of persons." 
 These petitioners, the report says, "assert that the 
 traffic in intoxicating Hquors is shewn by the most 
 careful inquiries to be the cause of probably not less 
 than three-fourths of the pauperism, immorality and 
 crime found in the country." 
 
 A Report of a Select Committee of the House of 
 Commons published at the same time gives the follow- 
 ing Statement furnished by the Recorder of the City 
 of Montreal : 
 
 1871. 1872. 1873. 
 
 Drunkenness 4*983 5,65 1 6, 145 
 
 Offences arising out of same, about. . . . 1,306 1,350 1,608 
 
 Total 6,289 7>ooi 7i753 
 
 Total number of arrests of all kinds.. 10,584 10,942 12,085 
 
 Out of the 7,753 arrests made for drunkenness etc., in 
 1873, 1,017 were females. 
 
 The above statement shows an increase of 15 per cent in 
 crime, and 23^ per cent in that of drunkenness. 
 
 The same report contains a statement from Mr. F. 
 W. Fenton, Chief of Police of Montreal, 1873, from 
 which I take the following extract : 
 
 Mostly all offences are due directly or indirectly to inteq:i- 
 perance. What is the cause of almost all larcenies? — drink! 
 Of assaults ? — cirink ! Disorderly conduct ? — drink ! Fights, 
 furious driving, interference with the police, foul language 
 blasphemies ? — drink, drink, drink ! Of cowardly wife beat- 
 ing ? — drink ! In short, intemperance is to be found as the 
 universal, direct and indirect cause of all evils. 
 
200 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 The Report of Capt. Prince, Chief of Toronto Police, 
 also quoted, shows the number of all arrests and the 
 number of arrests for drunkenness in 1871-2-3 as 
 follows : 
 
 
 1871. 
 
 
 
 1872. 
 
 
 1873. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. Total. 
 
 Arrests for all 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crimes 3,884 
 
 I.1S3 
 
 4i737 
 
 3,682 
 
 I.OS3 4.735 
 
 4.427 
 
 1.227 S,6$4 
 
 Arrests for drunk- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 enness ii743 
 
 579 
 
 2,331 
 
 2,036 
 
 599 2.635 
 
 2,328 
 
 624 2,9Sa 
 
 Compare this with more recent statistics, and it will 
 be seen that not only has the volume of crime and 
 drunkenness increased, but the rate of increase is 
 greater than that of the population. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Male. Female. Total. 
 
 Number of arrests 6,667 1,347 7.954 
 
 Arrests for drunkenness 3,245 619 3,864 
 
 i886. 
 
 Male. Female. Total. 
 
 7,140 1,430 8,570 
 
 3.630 653 4.238 
 
 In 1871 the population of Toronto was 66,091. In 
 1886 the population within the jurisdiction of the city 
 police would hardly reach 100,000. Placing it at that 
 number, however, the ratio of crime to population was 
 in 1871 as one to 11*84, and in 1886 as one to 11*66. 
 The ratios of arrests for drunkenness are about the 
 same. 
 
 The Chief of Police at Ottawa, Thos. Langrell, re- 
 porting to the Select Committee of 1874 says : 
 
 The number of persons confined in the police station 
 during the past three years has been 2282 viz: — 
 
 1871. 1872. 1873. 
 
 Intemperate 591 631 621 
 
 Temperate 131 93 215 
 
 The report of the present Chief Constable of Ottawa, 
 Capt. McVeity, as published in the Ottawa Free Press, 
 Jan. 7, 1887, gives the numbei :)f arrests for drunken- 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 201 
 
 ness as 387, disorderly 92, vagrancy 52, keepers of 
 houses of ill-fame 38, larceny 166, with a large num- 
 ber of other offences, making a total of 1007, of which 
 891 were males and 116 females. In a letter ac- 
 companying a copy of this report which Capt. McVeity 
 obligingly sends me, he says: — 
 
 "The arrests for the year 1885 runs about the same. 
 Nearly all the other crimes in the report are the offspring of 
 drunken parents. If there was no liquor sold there would 
 be very little use for the police. I am speaking against my 
 own interest after an experience of 20 years in the police. 
 I think it is the cause of 90 per cent of all crime." 
 
 In the City of Quebec the numbers given to the 
 Superintendant of Police in 1874 were: — 
 
 1871. 1872. 1873. 
 
 Total Arrests 2402 1 900 2 206 
 
 Arrests for Drunkenness ..1217 889 ; 976 
 
 Similar statistics are given with about the same 
 average results from the cities of London, Hamilton 
 &c., but more than sufficient is here quoted to prove 
 that in this country as elsewhere, liquor and crime are 
 almost interchangeable words, so far as the general re- 
 sults through the country are concerned. 
 
 Every newspaper contains reports of the terrible 
 doings of drink. Take the records of a single week 
 in the city of Toronto: — The first days police court 
 business of this year, \iz:^— Monday , January 3rd, 
 1887 was opened with no less than 42 charges of 
 drunkenness. Of these, 28 were dismissed as first 
 offences &c. 9 were fined $1 and costs each; 2 were 
 •jharged with disturbing the Salvation Army meetings 
 while drunk, and were fined SIO each or three months 
 
202 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 imprisonment. On the same day there were three 
 charges of vagrancy. 
 
 Turnino: to the Toronto News for five following- 
 days, I find the following records: — Wednesday, Jan- 
 ury 5th, 15 "drunks" 9 dismissed, 5 fined $1 and costs 
 each; 1 drunk and assault, fined $60 and costs or 60 
 days hard labor. Three other cases of assault or 
 quarrels are named, but drink is not mentioned as the 
 cause. Thursday, Jan. 6th, 12 "drunks," 5 dismissed, 
 7 fined $1 and costs each; 2 vagrants. Friday, Jan. 
 7th, 11 "drunks," 3 dismissed, 5 fined $1 and costs, 1 
 fined $3 or 60 days; 2 adjourned for further enquiry 
 on other charges; 2 vagrants fined $1 and costs each or 
 30 days. Saturday, Jan. Sth, 9 "drunks," 1 dismissed, 
 4 fined $1 and costs; 1 (James Jordan) "at his own re- 
 quest.was sent down for 90 days;" 3 remanded, includ- 
 ing Annie Warshaw, the drunken woman who was 
 found by the police in a tumble down house in the 
 rear of 43 Esther street. Her husband has died in 
 the wretched place from the cold and the effects of 
 liquor ,but an inquest will not be held. The old wo- 
 man seems to be scarce recovered yet from the effects 
 of her protracted debauch. An order had been issued 
 for the burial of the dead man, by whose side she lay 
 so drunk that she did not even know that Death had 
 laid him low." 
 
 The paper contains no police court report for Mon- 
 day the 11th, but it is evident that there were drunk- 
 en cases on that day as usual for on the 12th the News 
 reports that Patrick Walsh discharged yesterday vfOJt 
 up again this morning. He had been found drunk in 
 the West End. The Magistrate fined him $50 and 
 costs or 60 days. It is likely that the taxpayer will 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 203 
 
 have to keep hiin for the 60 days, as generally happens 
 in such cases. There were 8 other cases, 3 dismissed, 
 2 fined $10 or 60 days each, and 4 vagrants were each 
 fined $1 or 3 months. Thus the number of cases of 
 drunkenness recorded in a single newspaper for one 
 week are 98. 
 
 Cost of Crime. — It follows then that a greater part 
 of the cost of all crime is chargeable to the liquor 
 traffic. In the chapter on the indirect losses occasioned 
 by drinking, I have estimated this at one half of the 
 wholfc cost, or a round sum of $1,500,000. 
 
 I think I shall be able to prove that this is a very 
 moderate estimate of the cost of the drink-made crime 
 of this country. As the chief of the Montreal Police 
 remarked in his report to the select committee of 
 1849, "the expense of the Police Force, and other 
 modes of repressing crime, such as courts of jus- 
 tice with all their officers, and gaols, with all their 
 keepers, and the loss of time entailed upon juries and 
 witnesses, can all be traced in a great measure" to this 
 source. The items of cost are very varied and are de- 
 frayed by the country through various avenues. There 
 is the Administration of justice under the Dominion 
 Government, including payment of Judges Salaries 
 and Dominion Police ; there are also the provincial 
 gaols, and the city, town and country police depart- 
 ments. Each of these have their own expenditure, 
 and it is therefore not an easy matter to collect statis- 
 tics covering the whole ground. The statistics of the 
 Dominion Government Expenditure, and of the Prov- 
 ince of Ontario are available and from these we may 
 be able to get at a fair estimate of this terrible charge 
 upon the industry of the country. 
 
204 
 
 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 The cost of the departnient of administration of 
 justice in 1884 paid by the Dominion Government was 
 $627,252, and of Police $18,953. This latter item 
 does not include the Mounted Police of the North- 
 West Territories which cost $564,249. I see no rea- 
 son why this item should not be included in the aggre- 
 gate cost of crime, a large per centage of which is 
 chargeable to drink. Turning to the cost of main- 
 taining our Penitentiaries I find the total cost given in 
 the Government abstract as $287,551, but from the 
 Report of the Minister of Justice I have prepared 
 the following table the total of which slightly differs 
 from these figures. 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 Showing the cost of Maintaining Crimnals in our 
 Dominion Penitentiaries during the year ending 
 June 30, 1885. 
 
 
 ^0 
 
 * • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 »jr 
 
 >» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "o !t1 
 
 ^ <P 
 
 
 
 Revenue 
 
 
 Place. 
 
 .s ^ 
 
 ^ r/i 
 
 No. 
 iring th 
 
 Salaries 
 and 
 
 Total 
 Expendi- 
 
 by 
 Convict 
 
 Nett 
 Cost. 
 
 
 <n G 
 
 9 
 
 V 73 
 
 uniforms. 
 
 ture. 
 
 
 
 
 ^JS 
 
 
 
 Labor. 
 
 
 
 
 in « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kingston .... 
 
 500 
 
 $49,199 
 
 $98,183 
 
 $10,929 
 
 $77,254 
 
 St. Vt. de Paul 
 
 59 
 
 267 
 
 40,129 
 
 79,101 
 
 927 
 
 78,174 
 
 Dorchester . . . 
 
 39 
 
 175 
 
 28,139 
 
 43,332 
 
 570 
 
 42,762 
 
 Manitoba .... 
 
 20 
 
 70 
 
 15.899 
 
 46,382 
 
 none. 
 
 46,382 
 
 B. Columbia.. 
 
 22 
 
 92 
 
 15,328 
 
 27,776 
 
 1,041 
 
 26,737 
 
 
 $271,309 
 
 There was an increase of 73 criminals in the Penitentiaries 
 of the Dominion in 1885 as compared with 1884. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 205 
 
 The next item of the cost of crime may be classed 
 as connected with provincial prisons and county gaols. 
 I have not the requisite documents to give the statis- 
 tics of the cost of prisons, &c. in all the provinces. 
 
 In Ontario, the cost of the Central Prison in 1885 
 was as follows: — 
 
 Maintenance Expenditure $39> 702 
 
 Salaries and Wages 18,975 
 
 58,667 
 Less Profits on Prison Industries 20,489 
 
 Actual Cost, $38,188 
 
 The proportion of prisoners in Ontario to the rest 
 of Dominion is rather more than one-half. The 
 cost of the maintenance of prisoners and the 
 salaries of the separate staffs of ofl&cials in the 
 other provinces will necessarily be greater in pro- 
 portion than in the single provincial prison of 
 Ontario. But, estimating it at the same, and al- 
 lowing that a similar profit in prison work is made 
 as in Ontario prisons, which however, I believe is not a 
 fact, the cost of the other provincial prisons will be 
 about $45,000, or a total including Ontario of $83,708. 
 
 A further item of cost is the transfer of prisoners, 
 including travelling expenses of attendant officers &c., 
 which in Ontario amounted in 1885 to $4,258 or in 
 the whole Dominion about $10,000. 
 
 Consider next the cost of maintenance of common 
 gaols. The annual report published by the Ontario 
 Government furnishes ample statistics so far as this 
 province is co:icemed. The report for 1885 shows the 
 
206 LAND, ^ ABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 following as the expenditure for all the gaols of the 
 province. 
 
 Cost of Rations, Clothing, Fuel &c., $54.32 1 
 
 Cost of Salaries, Wages, &:c 7o>345 
 
 Cost of Repairs 5»o8i 
 
 Total, $129,747 
 
 The Reformatory for females at Toronto cost in 1885 
 
 For Maintenance and Salaries $27,540 
 
 Less Revenue on Earnings of Inmates.. . . 4,050 
 
 $23,495 
 
 The Reformatory for boys at Penetanguishene cost 
 in 1885 
 
 For Maintenance and Salaries $40,093 
 
 Less Revenue on Farm and Garden 138 
 
 $39,855. 
 In all these prisons the cost would be greater but 
 for the labor performed by the prisoners, which is 
 entered as " unproductive," such as clothing and shoes 
 made in the prisons for the use of prisoners. 
 
 From the above it will be seen that the cost of the 
 various common gaols and reformatories in Ontario 
 amount to a total of $193,473, or, (at the same pro- 
 portion) for the whole Dominion, a total of about 
 $420,000. 
 
 Next add the cost of Police. It would be difficult, 
 if not impossible to obtain accurate statistics of the 
 number and cost of all the police officers and constables 
 throughout the Dominion. In some municipalities the 
 constable is only partially employed, or is paid by the 
 municipality for his services in other capacities beside?? 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 207 
 
 tliat of constable. In some instances he receives fees 
 according to the cases or arrests he is called upon to 
 make. 
 
 I think, however, that the full time of police em- 
 ployed through I out the country may be safely put down 
 as averaging one for every 2,000 of the population. 
 This is very much below the proportion in cities. In 
 Toronto, for instance, there are 172 police officers, or 
 one to 588 of population. In Ottawa there are only 
 28 officers, or one to 1250 of the population. 
 
 But the proportion of one policeman to 2000 of the 
 population is perhaps above the ratio in some country 
 districts, especially where there is little drinking. 
 Taking it as a whole however, it will be considered a 
 fair estimace. This would show that our army of 
 police in the Dominion numbers about 2,300. If the 
 average salaries and cost of uniforms be put down at 
 $600 each per year, the cost of police and constables 
 in Canada will amount to $1,380,000. 
 
 In a . .ILion to all these items there is the cost of 
 police court officials, magistrates expenses and police 
 magistrates salaries, and the loss of time and expenses 
 of witnesses. These are hardly within the range of 
 a possible estimate, more especially the latter item. 
 Sometimes the indirect cost oi crime in the loss of 
 time occasioned to the numerous witnesses, will am- 
 ount to more than all the other judicial expenses, but 
 as this is not generally reckoned as a part of the ex- 
 pense to the public, it is seldom estimated or even 
 thought of. 
 
 But from the above calculations we may make the 
 following summary of the estimated annual cost of 
 crime in Canada. 
 
i08 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Administration of Justice $ 627,252 
 
 Dominion Police 18,963 
 
 Mounted Police. N. W. T 664,294 
 
 Penitentiaries 271,309 
 
 Provincial Prisons 83,708 
 
 Transfer of Prisoners 10,000 
 
 Common Gaols 420,000 
 
 Police and Constables 1,880,000 
 
 Cost of JWitnesses lost time. Police 
 Court Officials, Magistrates Ex- 
 penses, &C., &c Incalcul- 
 able. 
 
 $3,375,516 
 
 There is still another charge which falls upon the 
 public, but of which no estimate of cost can be given, 
 viz: the building and maintaining oi lock-ups, of which 
 there is one in almost every municipality. There are 
 six of them in Toronto. 
 
 I have estimated the proportion of cost of drink- 
 made crime as one and a half million dollars. This 
 amount it will be seen is very much below the act- 
 ual facts. It is certain that much more than one 
 half of all the cost of crime is chargeable to drink. 
 The Chief of Montreal Police, whose evidence given 
 in 1874, is quoted on a previous page of this chapter, 
 believed that two-thirds of the cost is traceable to 
 drink. The present Chief of Ottawa Police says there 
 would be very little use for jpolice if no liquor was 
 sold. The further evidence of eminent Judges and 
 others given in an appendix, and the statistics of every 
 official document of criminal records, show that at 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 209 
 
 least 75 per cent of all crime is chargeable to drink. 
 Take the repoits of the Ontario prisons and reform- 
 atories, and what do we find ? That more than half 
 the committals to our common gaols are under the 
 chai'ges of drunkenness and vagrancy, the latter 
 being almost entirely the product of drinking habits. 
 Here are the actual figures: — 
 
 1883. 1884. 1885. 
 
 Total of all Crimes. . . .9880 12,081 11,426 
 
 Drunk and Disorderly . . 3895 4,650 3696 
 
 Vagrancy 1554 2130 2455 
 
 Next to these the most frequent crimes recorded 
 for 1886 are as follows: — 
 
 Common Assaults 672 
 
 Felonious Assaults 169 
 
 Destroying and Injuring Pioperty 112 
 
 Fraud and False Pretences 149 
 
 Housebreaking and Robbing 146 
 
 Trespass 222 
 
 Inmates and Keepers of Bad Houses 172 
 
 Abusive and obscene language 44 
 
 Breaches of the peace 117 
 
 Selling liquor without license and supplying it to 
 
 Indians 60 
 
 It will be seen that these crimes, together with those 
 of drunkenness and vagrancy constitute a very large 
 proportion of the whole. Let any one consider how 
 frequently such crimes as these named are associ- 
 ated with drunkenness. It is not surprising that 
 those who see most of criminals should come to the 
 opinion expressed in 1873 by Mr. Fenton, Chief of 
 Montreal Police : " Mostly all offences a/re d'we direct- 
 ly or indirectly to intemperance. What is the cause 
 o 
 
210 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOB, 
 
 of all larcenies ? drink ! of assaidta ? drink! disord- 
 erly conduct ? drink ! Fights, furious driving, in- 
 terference with police, foul language, blasphemies? 
 drink ! drink ! drink ! " 
 
 The Prison Reports reflect further light on the pro- 
 portion of drink to crime in their tables of the habits 
 of the prisoners in the common gaols. I take the 
 following from the last Reports of the Ontario Pri- 
 sons published by the Ontario Government. 
 
 1882 1883 1884 1885 Total4y'rs. 
 
 Temperate 2,942 2,378 3,080 3,315 
 Intemperate 6,678 7,502 9,001 8,111 
 
 11,715 
 31,292 
 
 43,0c 7 
 
 Total 9,620 9,880 12,081 11,426 
 
 Thus the proportion of acknowledged intemperate 
 
 ?ersons who are committed to our common gaols is 
 2^ per cent as against 27^ per cent classed as tem- 
 perate or moderate. 
 
 The records of the Central Prison give the following 
 classification of the habits of its inmates : 
 
 1883 1884 1885 
 
 Temperate 86 85 144 
 
 Intemperate 583 638 617 
 
 Only 14| per cent of these claim to be temperate. 
 The other 85| per cent are classed as intemperate. 
 
 The Superintendent of the Ontario Female Reform- 
 atory gives the following classification of the habits of 
 the inmates of that institution : 
 
 1883 1884 1885 
 
 Temperate 22 44 48 
 
 Intemperate 95 112 94 
 
 or 27^ per cent temperate ; 72^ percent intemperate. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR, 211 
 
 From this abundant accumulation of evidence, as 
 well as from the opinions and testimony of competent 
 judges, it is established that fully three-fourths of all 
 the crime of Ontario is attributable to drink. 
 
 It may be alleged that many of the justices, gaols, 
 gaol-officials and police would still be necessary for 
 public security and order, even if there were no liquor 
 traffic. But it is surely safe to assume that at the 
 most one half of the present staff and fully three- 
 fourths of the cost of maintenance of prisoners would 
 be saved to the country were the drinking system 
 abolished. My estimate of $1,500,000 as the cost of 
 crime caused by drink is therefore much below the 
 actual facts, without taking into account the last items 
 in the bill which are " incalculable." 
 
 Moral Results of Crime. — So far the cost of crime 
 in relation to drink has been dealt with, but this is by 
 no means the most serious view of the matter. In fact, 
 the mere cost to the country, serious as it is, is nothing 
 compared with the moral and social ruin which every- 
 where attends the drink-made criminal. Our peniten- 
 tiaries and gaols are monuments of the degradation 
 and ruin of humanity. Let any man visit the peniten- 
 tiary at Kingston and see the average 500 men march- 
 ing single file from their work at six o'clock each even- 
 ing, each taking from a table as he passes into his 
 solitary cell for the night, a piece of bread and a tin 
 mug of tea. Let the visitor observe the youthful and 
 intelligent features of most of the prisoners, and reflect 
 that for every one of them there is a dark shadow rest- 
 ing upon some home. That hundreds of Canadian 
 hearts are broken, and hundreds of lives blighted by 
 the crime which brought these men here. Think fur- 
 ther that, but for drink, instead of 500, there would 
 iiot have been more than a fourth or a fifth of that 
 
212 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 number, now and for all the future of their lives, 
 branded as criminals — dead to society, to home and to 
 love — with but little hope of a social resurrection or 
 moral reclamation. 
 
 Extend the picture. Enter every penitentiary in 
 Canada, and see not 500, but more than double that 
 number of convicts. Go into the jails and reform- 
 atories of the country and see there, thousands of men, 
 women, boys and girls, some for the first time, others 
 the second, third, and up to the twentieth or more times, 
 — imprisoned. Look at the sum total of our crime 
 in this young country with little more than four and 
 a half millions of people. In the year 1884 there were 
 27,045 persons sentenced in our various criminal courts, 
 one-third of whom were actually charged directly 
 with the crime of drunkenness; while almost every 
 other class of offence we^ committed, more o less, 
 through the agency of drink. 
 
 The following table shows the number committed for 
 the crime of drunkenness in the five years named: — 
 
 Year. Number Committed. 
 
 i88o I i,66o, or one to each 364 of pop. 
 
 i88r 12,837, « « 337 " 
 
 1882 15,092, " " 292 " 
 
 1883 16,971, " " 265 " 
 
 1884 9,877, " " 464 " 
 
 The Criminal Statistics for 1884 are of course pub- 
 lished in 1885. The report for 1885 is not yet pub- 
 lished. 
 
 But what again is this in proportion to the unrecog- 
 nized crime ot the country ? Is it too much to say 
 that for every committal of drunkenness there are at 
 least ten other persons who are morally and socially 
 ruined by drink ? Does not every physician and every 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 213 
 
 minister of the Gospel know of many families whose 
 heads are cursed by drink ? Is not the brand of the 
 drunkard upon the lives and character of thousands 
 of men who manage to avoid the clutches of the police, 
 but who, nevertheless, endanger the public safety and 
 bring disgrace and discredit, not only upon their own 
 families, but upon the entire community of which they 
 are individual members. 
 
 The words of that eloquent reasoner, Dr. F. R. Lees, 
 whose voice and pen have done so much to place the 
 temperance movement upon a scientific, as well as a 
 moral basis, are especially appropriate here.— "Were 
 the great social fountain of these evils dried up, how 
 infinite would be the gains of civilization. We would 
 banish the traffic, because with its presence neither 
 human nature, nor truth has fair-play. Crime, potent 
 and prevalent as it is, is not the worst nor the greatest 
 evil of the traffic. The noisy and obtrusive mischiefs 
 of the traffic are as nothing in comparison with its hid- 
 den and unobtrusive influence for eviV'^Alliance 
 Prize Essay. 
 
 The eloquent words of the Rev. Canon Wilberforce 
 shall close this chapter:— "It would be bad enough if 
 this national destroyer confined himself to bindino- 
 grievous burdens upon the pockets of the community; 
 that in days when legitimate trade is depressed and 
 honest men of business are struggling hard with im- 
 pending poverty, he should annually scatter to the 
 winds one hundred millions (of pounds,) which if 
 circulated through useful branches of commerce 
 would impart prosperity to all; that of the millions of 
 rate supported paupers, who tax so sorely the resources 
 of men of anxious toil, he should claim three out of 
 every four as his production, the mere money tax 
 might be endured. But from the length and breadth 
 
214 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 o£ the land there comes a cry of human suffering, 
 human death; the most fearful crimes are committed 
 every day, brutal assaults by fathers upon their chil- 
 dren, mothers upon their infants, men upon each other; 
 and judges, coroners, magistrates, doctors, hangmen, all 
 give the same imvarying testimony, — strong drink is 
 alone, they say, the cause * * the wealth, 
 the peace, the prosperity of this great nation are slow- 
 ly, but surely going down before the pestilence. The 
 most terrible proof of the extent to which this devuish 
 epidemic is infecting the mainspring of the life of the 
 nation, and one which cannot too often be repeated, is 
 found in the report of the visiting justices of the 
 Westminster House of Correction, which exposes the 
 appalling fact that in one year between five and six 
 thousand women were convicted of drunkenness in 
 this place of punishment alone." — The Trinity of 
 EvU, published by 8. R. Briggs, Toronto^ 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 INSANITY AND ALCOHOL. 
 
 ?HE Census Returns of 1881 reports tha4j tiiere were 
 9,889 persons o£ uBsound mind out of a pop- 
 ulation of 4,324,810, or one to every 437 of the pop- 
 ulation. 
 
 According to the lR^)orts <rf the Ontario Asylums 
 for the Insa,ne, every asylum is full to its utmost cap- 
 acity, there being more patients than beds, and the re- 
 port for 1885 states that the number of lunatics in the 
 asylums was 2,671, the imarease oS. admissions "being" 
 limited by the accommodation affoivied, as is shown by 
 the large number of insajate persons ii^ ike gaols await- 
 ing vacancies, and the number of applications for ad- 
 mission on the £Qes. 
 
 The cost <rf insanity^ to the community is necessarily 
 
 very heavy. In Ontario, the cost of laaintenance, 
 
 salarieis, repairs, &c., w«ls as follows in 1886: — 
 
 Toronto $ 91,736 
 
 London 107,822 
 
 Kingston 65, 185 
 
 Hamilton 72f8iS 
 
 Orillla 26,885 
 
 $364,443 
 
 If we estimate that the other provinces do not ex- 
 pend more for insane asylums than the single large 
 Province of Ontario, we have a yearly expenditure in 
 Canada of about $730,000 on this account 
 
216 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 This expenditure however, represents only about 
 half the cost of insanity to the country, as not more 
 than half the insane are provided for in asylums, and 
 it rarely happens that a person classed as ot 'unsound 
 mind' is self supporting. It is therefore, a verv low 
 estimate to put the cost to Canada of providing for the 
 insane at 1,250,000. Then there is the loss of their 
 productive labor, and also the loss of the labor of those 
 who have to attend upon them, which together will 
 amount to at least as much more. Thus insanity is a 
 cost to the country of not less than $2,500,000 in money 
 or produce. 
 
 This cost, however, large as it is, is but a trifle com- 
 pared with the other losses occasioned by insanity. 
 The community sustains a loss of mental power, the 
 value of which is beyond calculation. Who can 
 measure the loss to an individual of that priceless 
 blessing — the human reason — a sound mind? And 
 who can assess the value to a commimity of 10,000 
 minds in a country of less than five million people? 
 
 Is it not a question of the greatest concern to every 
 moral and social reformer — nay, to every citizen — 
 what are the principal causes of such derangement? 
 And if any of the causes are witnin the reach of practi- 
 cal treatment, who shall dare to say that the duty is 
 not the most urgent that can be pressed upon every 
 statesmen and minister of the gospel and, indeed every 
 individual citizen ? 
 
 It has been said that the Ofllcial Records of this 
 country do not show any considerable proportion of 
 insanity as chargeable to drinking. I find on examin- 
 ing the Reports, that of 957 patients in the Ontario 
 Lunatic Asylums in 1884 less than one-half of them are 
 classified as to the " assignable causes" of the malady. 
 Commenting upon these the Report says : — 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 217 
 
 " From the returns made by the various Asylums, the follow- 
 ing statement of assigned causes of Insanity, both predisposing 
 and exciting, has been compiled. It seems to be always neces- 
 sary on presenting this statement, to explain that the cause as 
 stated in each case is gathered from the so-called history of 
 the case, which accompanies the medical certificates on the 
 admission of each patient. The statements made as tu 
 " cause" in these cases are, to a great extent, of small value 
 for various reasons — such as the want of knowledge of facts, 
 carelessness in stating them, or a desire on the part of rela- 
 tives to conceal important facts which should be told. 
 Again, if a patient has been addicted to any particular vice 
 or excess, or has recently suffered from any important acci- 
 dent or illness, one of these, right or wrong, is set down ab 
 the cause of the insanity; and as these histories are generally 
 written by unskilled persons, it will be easily understood 
 that they are, when so written, as has been said, of little 
 value." 
 
 The following are amongst the principal of these 
 assignable causes given in the above named Statement : 
 
 ASSIGNED CAUSES OF INSANITY, ONTARIO ASYLUM, 1884. 
 
 FSEDiaPOSINa XXCITINO 
 
 CAUSE. OAUSB. TOTAL. 
 
 Domestic troubles i 23 24 
 
 Religious Excitement 31 31 
 
 Adverse circumstances,business troubles. 4 24 28 
 
 Mental anxiety "worry" i 31 32 
 
 Intemperance in drink 7 19 26 
 
 Self-abuse 5 23 28 
 
 Brain disease with epilepsy 6 22 28 
 
 Unknown 258 237 595 
 
 It is clear that no average results can be ascertained 
 from such partial or incomplete returns. What pro- 
 portion of the 595 "unknown" cases are traceable to 
 drink we cannot tell, but it is well known that a large 
 propertion of the other "assignable causes" are trace- 
 
218 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 
 
 able to drinking, and it is probable that if the facts 
 were knovini a large per centage of the whole would 
 be found directly chargeable to alcohol. 
 
 It is worthy of note that in the Report upon Asy- 
 lums of Ontario, 1884, the Inspector remarks as follows: 
 
 It is cheering to find that while in some respects in our 
 Asylum administration we are not quite on a par with our 
 neighbors, such as in g«andeur of buildings, expense of 
 maintenance, and so forth, there are others in which we on. 
 the whole are in no way behind, and indeed can be said to 
 be well in the van, and this is especially so in reference to 
 our system of treatment of lunatics, as respects the disuse of 
 mechanical restraint, the disuse of alcohol and the employ- 
 ment of patients. In some of our Asylums, for instance, 
 notably those of London and Kingston, mechanical restraint 
 is now a thing of the past; straight jackets, muffs, crib beds> 
 padded rooms, and all the myriad devices which ignorance 
 and superstition in times past have invented to torture and 
 madden afflicted humanity, are going or are gone, and it is 
 to be hoped never to return. Alcohol, and narcotic drugs 
 are fast following, and tve find active employment and cheerful 
 amusements taking their places. In the Hamilton Asylum 
 there has been no spirituous or fermented liquor used for any 
 purpose for over five years. In the London Asylum there has 
 been no liquor used for three or four years ^ and there has not 
 been any mechanical restraint or seclusion of any kind what- 
 ever used for eighteen months, with an average of nearly 90a 
 patients under treatment. 
 
 Dr. Bucke of the London Asylum in the same 
 report, gives the following valuable testimony on this 
 subject : — 
 
 It is now three years since we have used any alcoholic 
 stimulants, either in sickness or health, at this Asylum. 
 The subjoined table is drawn up from the records of the 
 institution, and embraces every whole year since the Asy- 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOA. 
 
 219 
 
 .una was opened late in the fall of 1870. It will show bet- 
 ter than any ai^ument, that alcohol was of no value to us, 
 that it neither prevented death nor assisted recovery. 
 
 The Year. 
 
 Percentage of deaths 
 per annum calcula- 
 ted upon total num- 
 ber under treatment 
 
 Percentage of recov- 
 eries to admissions. 
 
 Alcoholic Stimulants 
 vsed at the rate of— 
 
 1872 
 
 4-r2 
 6.94 
 4.16 
 
 7.18 
 
 4-53 
 
 38-17 
 38.21 
 
 41.67 
 
 36.15 
 31.24 
 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 $3 to $4 worth per 
 
 1871; 
 
 patient per annum. 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 3-79 
 
 55.03 
 
 $1 per patient per an'm 
 
 
 1878 
 
 5.10 
 
 4.91 
 
 4.76 
 392 
 
 35.40 
 37.60 
 36.20 
 32.22 
 
 
 1870 
 
 3 to 4 cents worth per 
 patient per annum. 
 
 18S0 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 4.95 
 S-23 
 4.«7 
 
 39.90 
 43-45 
 44.69 
 
 
 1883 
 
 Absolutely none used. 
 
 1884 
 
 
 
 The death rate and recovery rate at an institution are 
 liable to wide fluctuations from a great variety of causes, 
 but the above table conclusively shows that the disuse of 
 alcohol has not affected prejudicially either the one or the 
 other of theni. 
 
 Upon the whole, as many of our patiejits recover, and as 
 few die, now that we use no alcohol as when we used that 
 agent freely, and this is all that I ever claimed. I never 
 
220 
 
 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 supposed that three or four dollars worth per patient per 
 annum of wine, beer, and whiskey, judiciously administered 
 would either prevent recovery or materially shorten life. I 
 simply said that alcohol did no good, was a useless expense, 
 and that its use at the Asylum did harm by tending to keep 
 alive in the country the delusion that alcohol is a valuable 
 agent in the treatment of disease, and that therefore a little 
 of it taken in health would probably, if wisely regulated, do 
 good to the person taking it. These propositions I believed 
 to be false, and I thought and still think that the right thing 
 for me to do was to combat them in every legitimate 
 manner. 
 
 In the report for 1885 Dr. Bucke again refers to 
 this subject in the following terms : — 
 
 " We have passed another year without using, or seeing any 
 necessity to use alcohol in any form or in any quantity, 
 what I have said in former reports on this subject may be 
 considered as reiterated here, with the added force of an- 
 other year's experience. 
 
 An eminent authority on the statistics of insanity in 
 England, Mr. W. J. Corbett, M.P., says that after many 
 years study of the subject " under special circum- 
 stances I have reluctantly come to the conclusion that 
 facts and figures establish clearly the progressive 
 growth of the malady." He gives a table which shews 
 the following as the statistics of insanity in the United 
 Kingdom : 
 
 Date. 
 
 No. 
 Insane. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Ratio 
 
 per 
 
 1000. 
 
 1862 
 1872 
 1882 
 
 55,525 
 77,013 
 98,851 
 
 29,197,737 
 31,782,522 
 
 34,788,814 
 
 i-8i 
 2-41 
 2 -08 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 221 
 
 Commenting on these figures Mr. Corbett says : 
 The actual growth of numbers is continual and regular, as 
 if influenced by some inscrutable law ; there is a steady un- 
 checked current of increase in accommodation, expenditure, 
 numbers ; and, strangest of all, in cures. * * The plain 
 fact stands out, however others may try to disguise it in 
 words, that in the brief course of two decades the insane in 
 the three kingdoms have nearly doubled in number in spite 
 of the most elaborate and costly means provided to cure 
 them. There is, moreover, another alarming feature in that 
 we evidently do not know the worst. The ominous words 
 " inadequate accommodation " and " increase of provision " 
 run through the whole series of reports from beginning to 
 end. — Fortnightly Review^ April 1884^ quoted by Axel Gus- 
 tafson, in the "Foundation oj Death." 
 
 I havs3 no means of ascertaining the proportionate in- 
 crease of insanity in Canada, but it is a fact of serious 
 importance that there is a constant steady increase of 
 asylum population, with slight annual variations, as 
 shown by the following admissions to the Ontario 
 asylums: 1877-437, 1878-479, 1879-461, 1880-507, 
 1881-502, 1883-519, 1884-493, 1885-445. The Report 
 for 1885 commenting on the table of admissions, from 
 which these figures are taken, says : — 
 
 The above table, which shews what has been the yearly 
 increase in the population of the asylums for the past nine 
 years, exhibits a very marked decrease in 1885, as compared 
 with any of the years which have preceded it. It must be 
 borne in mind, however, that before the close of the official 
 year, all available asylum accommodation had been exhausted, 
 and that which was in course of preparation had not yet 
 been completed. There was, therefore, a considerable 
 number of applicants awaiting admisi;ion, v'ho, if they could 
 have been admitted earlier, would have made some change 
 in these figures. 
 
222 
 
 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 In other words, all the asylums are full, and the cry 
 is still " more accommodation." It is evident that Mr. 
 Corbett's remarks quoted above apply with equal force 
 to this country ; and apparently from the same causes. 
 
 Mr. Corbett further says : 
 
 " I hold that there is abundant evidence to prove that 
 dissipation, drunkenness, and moral depravity, either directly 
 or consequentially by transmission, to the next generation, 
 is to be charged with an immense proportion of the annual 
 increase of lunacy. No person of authority, I think, will be 
 found to deny that evil and corrupt living in parents bears 
 fruit in an unhealthy state of body and mind in their off- 
 spring." 
 
 He then sums up his facts in a table from which I 
 take the following : 
 
 SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL ASSIGNED CAUSES OF INSANITY 
 IN THE UNITED KINGDOM ASYLUMS. 
 
 Intemperance in drink 
 
 Domestic Trouble 
 
 Business troubles, &c 
 
 Mental anxiaty & overwork 
 
 R eligious Excitement 
 
 Hereditary Influence 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Predispos- 
 ing Cause. 
 
 i68 
 zao 
 
 8c 
 
 30 
 
 Exciting 
 Cause 
 
 1,268 
 738 
 638 
 5Sa 
 343 
 
 Not Dis- 
 tinguished 
 
 343 
 148 
 128 
 138 
 68 
 
 Total. 
 
 1.779 
 996 
 897 
 770 
 431 
 
 3.745 
 
 Proportion 
 per cent of 
 all patients 
 
 13.1 
 
 ^3 
 6.6 
 
 5-6 
 
 3-1 
 30. 2 
 
 31. 
 
 What proportion of the other "assigned causes" are 
 attributable to drink it is of course impossible to say, 
 but it is a matter of general observation that drink 
 is a most fruitful cause of domestic and business 
 troubles, and all medical authorities agree that heredi- 
 tary insanity is the result of alcoholism more than any 
 other cause. 
 
 Taking the opinions and testimony of the most 
 competent judges of the causes of insanity in the 
 United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada, I 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 223 
 
 I find a general agreement in fixing the proportion of 
 patients in lunatic asylums who are there directly 
 through the use of alchohol as one-fifth of the whole, 
 or 20 per cent, while there appears to be no doubt that 
 the causes of the "assigned" and direct causes bring up 
 the proportion of all insanity as chargeable to drink 
 from one-third to two-thirds of the whole. The late 
 Earl Shaftesbury, who was permanent chairman of 
 the Lunacy Commission of the United Kingdom for 
 30 years and was a member of the Commission for 
 over 50 years, said that " in his opinion intemperance 
 is the cause of fully two-thirds of the insanity that 
 prevails either in the drunkards themselves or their 
 children " and in an address to the House of Lords he 
 stated that *'fully six-tenths of all the cases of in- 
 sanity to be found in these realms ( United Kingdom) 
 and in America arise from no other cause than in- 
 temperance." 
 
 From aL appendice to the Report of the Select Com- 
 mittees of the Senate and of the House of Commons, 
 1874, 1 take the following items : — 
 
 At the Binghampton Inebriate Asylum, applications for 
 admission were made by — 
 
 39 Clergymen, 
 
 8 Judges, 
 
 340 Merchants, 
 
 226 Physicians, 
 
 240 Gentlemen, 
 
 1300 Rich men's daughters. 
 
 Insanity is occasioned more by this vice than by any other 
 
 single influence, if we except hereditary disposition. Dr. 
 
 Browne, of the Crichton Asylum, Dumfries, in a paper on 
 
 the subject, declares that of 57,520 cases in thecpresent 
 
 century, which he has carefully examined, and which were 
 
224 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 treated in public asylums, 10,717 were caused by intemper- 
 ate habits. This does not include the numbers of the in- 
 sane kept at home or in private boarding-houses. *'It is 
 enough," says this gentleman, "that while the virtuous sor- 
 rows, the inevitable misfortunes, and the physical diseases, 
 and the many other ev'ls to which man is exposed, produce 
 in fifty years 40,000 lunatics ; drunkenness, drinking, the 
 pleasures of the table produce i 0,000. The contrast be- 
 tween drunken and sober countries in relation to insanity is 
 very striking. In Scotland there is one lunatic to 563 sare 
 persons; in Spain, one to 7,181. In Edinburgh, every sixth 
 lunatic owes his misfortune to intemperance; in Palermo, 
 every twenty-first lunatic is in the same predicament. The 
 late Dr. Blomfield, Bishop of London, from statistics of 
 1,271 lunatics, found that 649, or nearly one-half, were de- 
 prived of reason by intemperance. A most lamentable fact 
 connected with this is that the children of drunkards are 
 weak, hysterical, wayward and diseased," 
 
 The late Rev. W. J. Conybeare, in his able article on In- 
 temperance in the Edinburgh Review^ declares that of 300 
 idiots in Massachusetts, 145 were the children of 
 drunkards. 
 
 Dr. Workman, Superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum, 
 Toronto, says in his report for 1858, "There is abundant 
 evidence that the children of intemperate parents are pre- 
 disposed to insanity." 
 
 Dr. T. S. Clouston Physician Superintendent of the 
 Royal Edinburgh Asylum, Scotland, says :— 
 
 We know as a statistical fact that from 15 to 20 per cent 
 of the actual insanity of the country is produced by the ex- 
 cessive use of alcohol. This makes about 17,500 persons at 
 one given time in the British Empire, who are so incapa- 
 citated by reason of mental alienation produced through use 
 of alcohol. These people are as good as dead while they 
 are insane ; they do no work for the world or in the world. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 225 
 
 and all that makes life worth having to them they are de- 
 prived of. But you must remember that these numbers are 
 merely of those so well known as to be available for statis- 
 tics, merely the registered persons who have been so ill as 
 to have been sent to the asylums through the excessive use 
 of alcohol. For every one of these numbers who had become 
 really insane there are no doubt a large number who have be- 
 come partially effected in mind through the excessive use of 
 alcohol^ and 7vho are many of them partially insane. Lecture 
 to tlie students of Edinburgh University, Dec. ig, 1883. 
 
 Mr. Mulhall the great statistician of the world's 
 population, &c., published a paper in the Contemporary 
 Review in 1883. He is the only authority of any 
 weight or position who has attempted to discredit the 
 utterances of Lord Shaftesbury on this question. But 
 he admits, however, that the insanity in England 
 caused by drink amounts to nearly one-third of the 
 total insanity of the British Kingdom; besides which, 
 he numbers 25,800 idiots as owing their condition to 
 drunken parentage." — Foundation of Death, page 271. 
 
 Dr. F. R Lees sums up an exhaustive argument on 
 this subject with the following : — 
 
 "Alcohol operates in a double way in producing insanity 
 — it energizes transiently the dangerous i>assions, and while 
 increasing their imperious rule, saps and weakens the moral 
 will. The liquor traffic, then, is not simply the occasion of 
 one insane person's insanity or idiocy out of every five we 
 meet, by direct temptation and participation — but also the 
 exciter of the dormant seeds, the disturber of the nicely 
 balanced will and passions in three out of the remaining four. 
 Savages have all our passions and are ungovernable enough. 
 Yet they don't go mad. Turks, Arabians, Egyptians, have 
 excitement and lusts and sufferings, but they don't go mad. 
 Are we to believe, then, that civilization is the cause of our 
 madness? That the equaUzing of human destiny, the 
 P 
 
226 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 spread of comfort and independence, the development of 
 mind, has any necessary connection with insanity, or inherent 
 tendency thereto. When we sent the Traffic to the Ameri- 
 can Indians they too went mad. * * Unfortunately also 
 we kept the Traffic at home — and we therefore continue 
 to go mad." 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 DRINK AND PAUPERISM. 
 
 c^MONG the social problems demanding attention 
 /-J- and practical treatment is the question of 
 pauperism. 
 
 In the United Kingdom it has been, for generations 
 past, a gigantic burden, so enormous that at one period 
 of more than ordinary hard times, one in every ten 
 persons where paupers. As recently as 1879, Mr. 
 Alex. Balfour, of Liverpool, England, a distinguished 
 social reformer in reading a paper before the National 
 Club, London, said : — 
 
 " At the end of March this year, there were, irrespective 
 of lunatics, 975,000 persons upon the books of the various 
 poor law unions. But this is not a proper indication of 
 our national poverty. The total number of persons who at 
 one time or another came upon the books of the unions of 
 our country during the last year, was nearly 3,000,000, or 
 about one-eleventh of the population of the kingdom," 
 
 The i^stem of poor relief in England enables the 
 authorities to m«ke returns of the number of paupers. 
 But the evil is so t^ast that it has not been found easy 
 to deal with it, and gross irregularities have crept into 
 the system. 
 
 Undoubtedly it is the duty of the State to make 
 bome provision for the poor, even if their poverty 
 
228 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 arises from their own neglect or vices, and it is prob- 
 ably true that the British system, clumsv and ineffi- 
 cient as it is, has been a relief to large masses of 
 people. 
 
 But the radical defect of the system is r>hat it does 
 not provide for that kind of assistance which will 
 help the poor to help themselves. It puts a premium 
 upon chronic pauperism, and does not encourage the 
 independent humble poor. These are made to pay a 
 price for the assistance given which makes it of ques- 
 tionable benefit. 
 
 There are two classes of paupers, viz : those receiv- 
 ing " out-door relief " and inmates of " workhouses " 
 or asylums for the poor. The greatest possible dis- 
 couragement is given to those seeking temporary or 
 regular out-door relief. The workhouse is made as 
 much like a prison as possible, — members of the same 
 family separated — even to the extent of old married 
 couples who may have lived together for a quarter of 
 a century or more. An " order for admission to the 
 house " or nothing is the alternative generally offered 
 to those who seek relief, and if any out-door assist- 
 ance is given at all, it is under conditions so harrass- 
 ing and humiliating that it is very dearly puDj'iased, 
 if the recipient has any independance and respectabi- 
 lity. The result is, that the really needy and deserv- 
 ing poor are frequently driven to despair, and even 
 to starvation, rather than submit to the condltiims of 
 pauperism, or otherwise are converted into incoriigible 
 and hopeless paupers. * 
 
 In London, England, there was a Jew's Board of 
 Guardians (established in 1859) for the relief of Jews 
 the result of the co-operative Union of Jewish 
 Churches. In 1868 Dr. J. H. Stallard, of Lordon, 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 229 
 
 published a work on London Paiiper 187)1 among Jews 
 (incl Christ iani-!. From this we learn that the Jew's 
 Board make efforts to supply the poor with means of 
 earning their own livelihood ; by letting out tc them 
 sewing machines, &c.. which becomes the property of 
 the hirer who pays small weekly instalments ; by 
 loaning small sums of money to meet pressing needs 
 or unexpected claims, such as are occassioned bv sick- 
 ness, loss of work, &c. Any application of this na- 
 ture made to the official guardians of the poor in Eng- 
 land from a distressed man or woman would probably 
 be answered by a grulf intimation that the applicant 
 could have an " order for the house." 
 
 Of course the avowed object of the poor law guard- 
 ians and inspectors, is to discourage pei-sons from be- 
 coming a burden upon society. But what is the elfect 
 of it ? While the actual number of I'egistered paup- 
 ers is not so large as formerly the cost of pauperism 
 was never so high as at the present time. Official 
 statistics are not o'iven so as to cover the whole of the 
 United Kingdom, but in England an<l Wales there 
 were in 18(K3 (the year of the cotton famine) 1,142,- 
 624 paupers, costing the tax-payers £(')/) 27. 0'-K) or 
 about thirty-two and a half millions of dollars. 
 In 1884 the number was reduced to 774,310 paupers, 
 about 25 per cent less, while the expenditure was 
 £8,400,000 or about forty-two millions of dollars, 
 being an increase of 25 per cent. 
 
 In an open letter addressed to Mr. W. E. Gladstone 
 in 1881, Mr. Wm. Hoyle says: — 
 
 Excepting the cotton famine year of 1863 the year of 187 1 
 was the year of the highest numerical paui)erism, and that 
 from 1 87 1 forward there was a contmuou,s decrease especial- 
 ly in cases of out-door relief, This decrease arose from two 
 
230 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 causes; ist, The great improvement in the trade of the coun- 
 try; and 2nd, and chiefly, the stringent action of the 
 Boards of Guardians, in offermg to paupers the alternative 
 of no relief or of going inside the work-house. 
 
 In proof of this I may appeal to the instructions constant- 
 ly issued by the Local Government Board in London, and 
 the experience of almost every Board of Guardians through- 
 out the country. I was a member of the Bury Board of 
 Guardians for the ten years from 1870 to 1880, and I there- 
 fore speak from personal knowledge of the facts of the case; 
 and though the aggregate of registered pauperism was low- 
 ered considerably, it is doubtful if real destitution was less- 
 ened. * * The question here arises, how does it come 
 to pass that in 1 880-1 the money paid in actual relief is 
 greater than in any year during the nation's history? It 
 cannot arise from the dearness of clothing, for during the 
 year 1880 clothing was probably cheaper than in previous 
 years, excepting, may be, 1879. Neither can it have arisen 
 from the high price of food, for during 1879 and 1880 food 
 was cheaper than during any two years of the present cen- 
 tury. — Our National Drink Bill, page 122. 
 
 These words from the pen of so able and conscienti- 
 ous an author as Wm. Hoyle are deserving of the 
 greatest consideration of all who find it necessary to 
 study the treatment of pauperism. He wrote in 1881. 
 The decrease of registered paupers and the increase of 
 cost have still continued as will be seen from the fol- 
 lowing statistics of pauperism in England and Wales 
 taken from ofiicial sources : 
 
 No. of Pau'Ders. Cost. 
 
 1881 803,126 ;^8,io2,i36 
 
 1882 797,614 8,232,472 
 
 1883 799,296 8,353,292 
 
 1884 774,310 8,400,000 
 
 But it is of first importance to trace the source of 
 pauperism in order that we may check it. A study of 
 
LAND, LABOTv AND LIQUOR. 231 
 
 how to deal with the evil may, unfortunately, become 
 a necessity to the legislators of Canada. But if great- 
 er wisdom and wiser measures prevail we shall face 
 the cause ofpauperisTn and stop its growth amongst 
 us. So much has been said on the relation of pauper- 
 ism to drink that it seems like repeating an of t-told-tale. 
 Yet it appears to be necessary, as there are still able 
 writers, and speakers on public questions, who, look- 
 ing upon the dreadful pictures of poverty which exist, 
 especially in large cities, still ignore this as the chief 
 of all the factors in their creation. 
 
 In their invaluable report of 1869 the "Convocation 
 of Canterbury" * said : — 
 
 From an extensive and minute enquiry prosecuted 
 throughout the workhouses of the country — as well as from 
 other authenticated statements, — it can be shown that an 
 enormous proportion of Pauperism is the direct and common 
 product of intemperance. It appears indeed that 75 per 
 cent, of the occupants of our workhouses and a large por- 
 tion of those receiving out-door pay, have become pensioners 
 upon the public directly or indirectly through drunkenness. 
 * * From numerous returns submitted by the Masters of 
 Workhouses and other officials whose information may be 
 relied on, it appears that the recipients of parochial relief in 
 England and Wales amount to one-twentieth of the popula- 
 tion — and that this destitution is largely caused by intemper- 
 ance." 
 
 Turning to the pages of testimony in this Report, 
 given by various governors of workhouses, there is an 
 uniformity of evidence as to the principal cause of 
 poverty and pauperism, which is as startling as it is 
 
 * " The Convocation of Canterbury" appointed by the House of Lords 
 and consisting of The Prolucutor, three Deans, six Archdeacons, seven 
 Canons, two Prebendaries of the English Church, with the Archdeacon 
 of Coventry as chairman, presented a massive report on Intemperance 
 and its causes in 1869. 
 
232 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 instructive. One of the questions put by the Convoca- 
 tion to these governors is, " What proportion of those 
 who have come under your cognizance as paupers have 
 been the victims of intemperance ? " 118 answers are 
 given, and the following are a fair sample of the whole : 
 "12 years experience — Two-thirds." "80 per cent." 
 "Three-fourths." " 18 out of every 20." "Without 
 hesitation, I should say that 70 or 80 per cent of the 
 paupers comes to that state through drink." " From 
 my experience of 18 years among paupers and lunatics 
 I consider that 9 out of 10 may attribute the cause to 
 intemperance." These six answers are taken in the 
 order in which they appear in the Report. Here are 
 one or two more taken indiscriminately out of the 118. 
 " All paupers who have come under my cognizance 
 have more or less been victims of intemperance. I 
 have never known a pauper who was a total abstainer." 
 " We have had upwards of 4,000 casuals passed through 
 the vagrant wards last year, and of that number one- 
 half appeared to be bona-fide working men ; and when 
 in conversation with them about the degradation of 
 coming to the vagrant wards of a workhouse, they in- 
 variably stated that it was through drink." 
 
 And so the testimony is the same, varying only a 
 little as to proportions attributable to drink, although 
 differing much in the form of expression. 
 
 Mr. Alex. Balfour, whose paper is quoted above 
 says: 
 
 "All agree that three-fourths, if not nine-tenths, of this 
 pauperism results from our habits of drinking. Change 
 these, and our pauperism would soon almost disappear." 
 
 Mr. James Silk Buckingham, M. P., Chairman of the 
 Parliamentary Committee on Intemperance, 1834, says : 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 233 
 
 Our parochial expenses are principally caused by excessive 
 drinking. Of 143 inmates of a London parish workhouse 
 105 have been reduced to that state by intemperance ; and 
 the small remainder comprises all the blind, epileptic, and 
 idiotic, as well as all the aged poor, some of whom would 
 also drink to intoxication if opportunity offered. * * The 
 proportion of this expenditure (for pauperism) occasioned 
 by drinking may be fairly estimated at two-thirds. 
 
 Mr. Wni. Hoyk', while showing that pauperism and 
 its cost existed in almost direct ratio to the facilities 
 provided for drinking, and of the (quantity of liquor 
 consumed, says: 
 
 " One more fact touching pauperism, and it makes my 
 heart sad to write it. From the forty-second annual report 
 of the Registrar-General of England and Wales I fmd that of 
 the total n'imber of deaths in 1879 one person out of every 
 fifteen ended his days in the workhouse, whilst in London 
 one in nine died in the workhouse. Think of it ! In the 
 most wealthy city in the world, the capital of the foremost 
 Christian country, one person out of every nine ends his 
 days in the Union Workhouse !" Ouf National Dri7ik Bill ^ 
 pagi TS2. 
 
 Turnino- to the United States Dr. Wni. Hargreaves 
 
 says : 
 
 "There is no more difificulttask than that of undertaking to 
 find out the true cost of pauperism and crime in the United 
 States. In truth it may be said to be impossible from the 
 poor and irregular system, or no system, of collecting facts 
 and statistics in the public institutions of the country." 
 
 So far as pauperism is concerned these words might 
 be written of Canada. We have our paupers, but no 
 poor law guardians and no poor-houses. It is certain 
 however, that the burden of providing for the desti- 
 tute poverty of this country is pressing very heavily 
 upon some cities, towns and municipalities. Not only 
 
234 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 is their a frequent call upon the civic purse, but our 
 magistrates are becoming very familiar with the class 
 called "vagrants" as well as with criminals proper. 
 
 Our newspapers constantly report cases of vagrancy, 
 and every police office finds it necessary to deal with 
 them. Even where, as in Halton County and some 
 others, they have no liquor-shops and therefore no home 
 paupers, or very few; the travelling vagrant is a fre- 
 quent source of trouble and expense. 
 
 Official statistics show that the number of vagrants 
 committed at the Magistrates Courts of the Province of 
 Ontario were in viz: — 
 
 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 
 
 1580 1449 1554 2134. 
 
 In the year 1885, the number of cases of vagrancy 
 charged betore the Magistrates Court of Toronto was 
 470, of which 110 were females. In addition to these, 
 shelter was given in the city police stations to 4,034 
 persons. 
 
 "The number of applicants who applied to the Mayor 
 at the City Hall for aid in 1886 was 1298. Mayor 
 Rowland says "some of these applicants were helped 
 by fuel and food being given them, others were given 
 passes, some sent to the Hospital, and in fact, every 
 one helped according to the several needs and necessi- 
 ties." 
 
 In view of such facts as these it is evident that the 
 question of pauperism and how to deal with it, must 
 soon be pressed upon us for answer, unless we are wise 
 enough to harken to the many-tongued voice of ex- 
 perience, and attack the cause before the effects over- 
 whelm us. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 235 
 
 Indeed there are already signs that this evil is de- 
 manding more systematic and compulsory treatment. 
 Mr. J. E. Pell, the veteran secretary of the St. George's 
 Society, of Toronto, was recently interviewed by a 
 Globe reporter. Referring to an interview previously 
 held with the Rev. Mr. Pearson which was reported in 
 the same paper, Mr. Pell said: — 
 
 I attach great importance to any opinion that Mr. Pearson 
 would express in connection with the best manner of deal- 
 ing with the poor. He says, 'Our whole system of dealing 
 with charities requires a radical change,' and I agree with 
 him Out-door relief from the House of Industry should 
 undoubtedly be supported by general taxation, and I might 
 go so far as to say that Boj s' Homes and Girls' Homes and 
 institutions of that kind should be supported also by general 
 taxation, while national societies should be on a purely vol- 
 untary system. 
 
 Mr. Pell also sees the growing necessity for a Board 
 of Guardians. He says he agrees with Mr. Pearson 
 that : — 
 
 " Instead of having the House of Industry dealing with 
 the municipal grant and the Provincial grant, we sould have 
 a Board of Guardians elected by the municipality, and res- 
 ponsible, like the alderman, to those who elect them. If 
 this plan were carried out the Mayor would be relieved of 
 all the trouble, and the difficulty which now is daily seen in 
 the Mayor's office would be done away with. There would 
 be only one place then to deal with applicants, and all ap- 
 plicants would come there to have their cases considered. 
 I would certainly have a Home for confirmed drunkards, 
 and have it provided that men of this kind should be look- 
 ed after. I can give you a case where a man earns good 
 wages when he works. He is s. bricklayer, and earns $3 a 
 day when he can get work. And yet his wife, and she is a 
 most deserving, industrious, thrifty woman, came to me 
 about Christmas time and declared that they were actually 
 
236 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 in want of food. Her husband would not work steadily 
 through drink. What's to be done with a man like that ? 
 I often wonder what should be done in such cases, and I 
 think a home for confirmed drunkards would be instrumen- 
 tal in doing such men good. I think it is only by inforced 
 contributions that we will ever get the bulk of the people 
 to contribute to the poor. I think each municipality should 
 be forced to support its own poor. The Act of Parliament 
 says that each municipality "may" provide for its own poor, 
 not "shall." If it had read "shall" instead of "may" the 
 poor from the county could be shipped back to their own 
 municipality. We had a field night of it at the meeting of 
 the St. George's Society last night. We relieved some 46 
 cases, and nearly 30 cases where left over for me to visit as 
 soon as 1 can." — Toronto Globe, Jan. 77, i88y. 
 
 On the 14th of January the Toronto News said : — 
 
 "The city is full of vagrants just now, and a good many 
 of them find their way to the police station." 
 
 We have seen that the uniform testimony in the old 
 land, after a long and costly experience is, that if 
 drinking can be abolished, pauperism will go w^ith 
 it. Poverty there will be. By the selfishness of 
 humanity we shall always have the poor with 
 us. The tyranny of might against right will provide 
 us with much painful poverty, to say nothing of acci- 
 dent, disease, and unlooked for distress. But in any 
 civilized country where, productive labor has fair-play, 
 these will be but a mere trifle to provide for — enough 
 only to evoke the spirit of charity and teach men how 
 '* it is more blessed to give than to receive." 
 
 The chief factor in the creation of poverty is the 
 same on the American Continent as in Europe. Dr. 
 Hargreaves devotes a special chapter of his work to 
 this aspect of the subject and furnishes abundant testi- 
 mony that, so far as the United States is concerned, 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 287 
 
 drink is the producing cause of, from two-thirds to 
 four-fifths of all American pauperism. See Chap, X. 
 Our Wasted Remurces. 
 
 Dr. Howard Crosby of New York, who is not by 
 any means a prohibitionist " crank," in his comments 
 upon Mrs. Helen Campbell's articles on Prisoners cf 
 Poverty says : — 
 
 " The trouble is intemperance. I have been watching 
 for 35 years, and in all my investigations among the poor I 
 never yet found a family borne down by poverty that did 
 not owe its fall to rum. That's it, and there's where the 
 remedy must be applied. We must make the Legislature 
 act; the churches can't do any more than they are doing. 
 Make the Legislatures shut up the rum holes, so that fathers 
 and mothers will have incomes, and there will not be so 
 many stories of sewing girls working for starvation wages, 
 and then being defrauded by factory owners." 
 
 The above is quoted by the writer of a letter to 
 The Voice of Dec. 9th, 1886. The writer says : he has 
 been 22 years in the administration of the Pauper De- 
 partment of the city of Worcester as its executive 
 officer and he says : — 
 
 " I charge the grog-shops with being the greatest curse 
 with which this nation is afflicted. The proportion of pau- 
 pers under my management who have come to destitution 
 as a consequence of drink, I estimate to be 90 per cent, of 
 the males, or 70 per cent, of both sexes. The average cost 
 per year per pauper is, directly, $120; counting indirect cost, 
 the average is much greater. Pauperism seems to be on the 
 increase in this part of the country, particularly in the cities. 
 Without doubt, the removal of the saloon would be an effec- 
 tive aid in the removal of pauperism. 
 
 Another executive officer, Mr. John McKenna, writes 
 from Albany : — 
 
238 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 Very emphatically I believe with Superintendent Murray, 
 of the Kings County Alms- House, that liquor is the prin- 
 cipal cause of poverty. About nine-tenths of the pauperi 
 under my control have come to their present condition 
 through drink. This is a safe estimate. Price per pauper 
 per year, $130. In this city and county pauperism seems 
 to be on the increase to an alarming extent, and the cause 
 is rum in almost every instance. To the question : " Would 
 the removal of the saloon be an effective aid in the removal 
 of pauperism?" I reply : Indeed it would ! I go with Dr. 
 Howard Crosby in his latest expressed views about rum's 
 work to the extent of every word. 
 
 The Voice publishes a long series of letters from 
 public officials with the same, practically, unvarying 
 testimony, that drink and Pauperism are so closely 
 allied that to remove the former would greatly reduce, 
 if not altogether abolish the latter. 
 
 This is equally true of Canadian testimony. The 
 Report of the Select Committee of the Legislative As- 
 sembly, Montreal, of 1849, says : — 
 
 " Intemperance leads to crime, insanity and pauperism. 
 * * Three-fourths of the pauperism are ascribable to in- 
 temperance." 
 
 The Rev. Father Chiniquy was called in to give 
 evidence before that committee in the course of which 
 he said : — 
 
 In forty parishes, in which within the last year I have 
 preached the cause of temperance, 1,415 families worth 
 ;^i,378,o74 (6,890,370 dollars) have been ruined, and are 
 almost extinct from the use of intoxicating liquors. Their 
 children, to the number of 6,229, ^^^ ^O"* the most part 
 wanderers and vagabonds in our towns and villages, or have 
 gone away and lost themselves in the United States. 
 
 In 1874 the Select Committee of the Senate report- 
 ed that their numerous petitioners " assert that the 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 239 
 
 traffic in intoxicating liquors is shown, by the most 
 careful enquiries, to be the cause of probably not less 
 than three-fourths of the pauperism, immorality and 
 crime found in this country." 
 
 But it is unnecessary to multiply evidence. The 
 facts are abundant and overwhelming. They speak in 
 thunder tones to every social reformer, politician and 
 Christian citizen. 
 
 But there are yet too many who do not, or will not, 
 hear. The voices cry from ten thousand wretched 
 men, women and children in Canada; and from that 
 number many times multiplied in Britain and the 
 United States, but how many there are who stuff 
 their ears with policy and interest, and refuse to hear ? 
 There are others too who hear but heed not. As an 
 able writer has recently said : — 
 
 " We are so accustomed to have the worship of God and 
 the devil carried on side by side, so used to see the saloon 
 standing cheek-by-jowl with the church, that we find it 
 difficult to perceive things as they really are. * * * 
 When Great Britain went to war with China to force the 
 opium trade upon the Middle Kingdom, her neighbors were 
 shocked, and with reason. Those, however, who perceived 
 clearly enough, the immorality of England's policy on that 
 occasion have failed, for the most part, to see in the national 
 support of the saloon a betrayal of the masses bearing ugly 
 resemblance to that involved in the opium war. * * * 
 There are thousands of families doomed to indigence, dis- 
 appointment, misery, through life, that might have lived at 
 least in decent poverty and with self-respect, but to-day are 
 plunged in hopeless ruin by drink, and are sinking out of 
 sight in the quicksand." George I'rederick Parsons^ in the 
 Atlantic Monthly^ January ^ 1887, 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF MAN. 
 
 CpHERE is a tendency to worship institutions for 
 "^ themselves. We construct a brotherhood, form 
 a community, create a parliament, organise a church, 
 and then fall down and worship the creature we have 
 made. 
 
 But the greatest thing on earth known to man is 
 man. Institutions exist for man, and in proportion only 
 as they advance the interest and conserve the good of 
 man, their existence is of value. 
 
 The progress of civilization demands that every- 
 thing should be made contributory to the liberty, dig- 
 nity and moral purity of manhood and womanhood. 
 That is the meaning and object of science, that is the 
 true evolution, and the explanation of every new dis- 
 covery. Genius serves no purpose if it does not ad- 
 vance the human race. Literature, art and science 
 are all handmaids of human progress ; they exist for 
 man or they are useless. 
 
 The Bible is written and given to Man for Man. 
 Its aim and purpose is the enlightenment, redemption 
 and exaltation of manhood. Its mission and message 
 of mercy and love is to Man. Its appeal is always to 
 Man, and an appeal it is — not a command. True it 
 declares the lav.^ and announces the penalty of the law 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 241 
 
 broken. It proclaims that " whatsoever a man soweth 
 that shall he also reap," and in that announcement it 
 proclaims Man's moral dignity and power. 
 
 Man therefore is responsible for the guardianship 
 of himself for the preservation of his physicial pow- 
 ers, as well as for the cultivation of his mind. There 
 isin life a grand possession, a responsibility in every 
 breath. The Rev. Dr. Cuyler has beautifully said : — 
 
 " Life is infinitely valuable, not only from the origin and 
 the results and revenues it may reach, but from the eternal 
 consequences flowing from it. Anyone that recklessly im- 
 pairs, imperils and weakens bodily powers by bad hours, 
 unwholesome diet, poisonous stimulants or sensualities is a 
 suicide. * * What shall we say then of him who opens a 
 haunt of temptation, sets out his snares and deliberately 
 deals out death by the dram. So many pieces of silver 
 for so many ounces of blood, and an immortal soul tossed 
 into the balance ! If I could let one ray of Eternity shine 
 into every dram shop methinks I could frighten the poison 
 seller back from making his living at the mouth of the pit.S 
 
 The Economic interests of all men are in harmony 
 with the highest moral law. The Divine proclamation 
 that " Godliness is profitable to all things " is a scien- 
 tific as well as a moral truth. 
 
 Considered as an economic fact the highest value 
 in the world is Man; and this value reaches out 
 beyond the range of his physical existence. 
 
 Thus the waste of human life by the use of intoxi- 
 cating drink is the most tremendous of all the in- 
 dictments against the system of drinking and the 
 trafl[ic in liquor. What the sum total of this loss is 
 no human mind can ^'onceive, — much less estimate it. 
 It is an overwhelming fact '\atit far surpasses any 
 other loss the world sustains. 
 
242 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 We are fan iliar with various estimates of the many 
 thousands annually slain by drink, but in these calcu- 
 lations no allowance is made for the waste cf life's 
 forces ; — for the shortening of life. Prof. F .ourens 
 of the College de France in his work on human longevity 
 considers one hundred years to be the normal length 
 of man's life. He says, "Few men indeed reac^h that 
 age, but how many do what is necessary to reach it ? 
 With our way of living, our passions and A-^orries, 
 man no longer dies but kills himself." 
 
 Henry Ward Beecher says : — 
 
 " The proper duration of human life, I suppose to be, 
 anywhere from eighty to a hundred years. Men are built 
 so that they have a right to expect that. A man ought to 
 be ashamed to die before he is seventy years old. But the 
 average duration of human life is thirty-three years. Con- 
 sider what a waste that is, when society has in itself the 
 power of prolonging life to a hundred years, or ninety years 
 or eighty years, and the average of the duration of life is 
 but thirty, according to the old account, and thirty-three 
 now according to the more modern estimate. Well, here 
 is two-thirds wasted ; one-third only does all the work that 
 is done in human society, and if you consider the period of 
 non-productiveness necessary to dependant childhood, and 
 if you give to the age and outworn the liberty of some 
 years on the other side of life and then count the produc- 
 tive forces I think it may be said, taking the world over, it 
 is an insufficient estimate that one-fourth of the human fam- 
 ily do all the work that is done, and support the other 
 three fourths." — Lecture on the Wastes and Burdens of Society. 
 
 But what hope is there of any general improve- 
 ment in the duration and productive power of human 
 life so long as the highest conditions of civilization e,re 
 interwoven with the drinking customs? If the human 
 race is ever to develop towards a higer condition of 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 243 
 
 •physical perfection, it must begin with the advantages 
 which civilization brings. But, it* these advantages 
 are overbalanced by an agency of death which mocks 
 us at every turn, we preach and labor in vain to pro- 
 mote the advancement of our race. 
 
 What avails it that we increase our educational 
 agencies and improve the intellectual condition of our 
 people, if we foster and encourage and license a saloon 
 to destroy our educated boys, and render worse than 
 useless the refinement which education gives to our 
 girls. The village school house does not make the boy 
 less susceptible to the effects of the saloon. It quali- 
 fies h'm for the more ettectual work of the liquor 
 whether sold by permission of law or not. Education 
 does not deaden the pain and suffering of our women 
 who become wives of drunkards. The refined intel- 
 lectual woman is the one whose heart will break soon- 
 est under the strain of drink-wrecked love and hopes. 
 
 That eminent medical authority, Sir Henry Thomp- 
 son, Physician to the Queen, says: — 
 
 " I will tell yo'i who can't take alcohol, and that is very 
 important in the present day. Of all the people I know 
 who cannot stand alcohol it is the brain workers; and you 
 know it is the brain workers that are increasing in numbers, 
 and the people who do not use their brains are going down, 
 and that is a noteworthy incident in relation to the future. " 
 
 Sir Andrew Clark. M.D., F.R.S., Physician to Mr. 
 Gladstone, says : — 
 
 1 dare say , if a man took a glass of wine, as sometimes 
 people do to overcome their nervousness, he would succeed, 
 and indeed 1 am bound to say that that sort of help alcohol 
 sometimes can give a man, but it gives it curiously enough 
 at the expense of blunting his sensibilities * * that is 
 my testimony as to the effect of alcoholic liquors upon 
 health and work, viz : that for all purposes of sustained, en- 
 
244 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 during, fruitful work, it is my experience that alcohol does 
 not help but hinder it * * I am bound to say that for 
 all honest work alcohol ne^^er helps a human soul. Never, 
 Never!" 
 
 Again, Dr. Clark says : — 
 
 " If there is any honest man who really wants to get at 
 the truth, and will not be set from his purpose by people 
 condoling with him about his appearence, and the result of 
 his experiment, and will try the effect of alcohol upon work, 
 I would tell him fearlessly, and I would risk all I possess up- 
 on the back of the statement, that as certainly as he does 
 try that experiment for a month or six weeks so certainly 
 will he come to the conclusion that, however pleasant 
 alcohol is for the moment, it is not a helper of work. It is 
 not only, not a helper of work, but it is a certain hinderer of 
 work: and every man who comes to the front of a profess- 
 ion in London is marked by this one characteristic, that the 
 more busy he gets, the less in shape of alcohol he takes : 
 and his excuse is — 'I am sorry, but I cannot take it and do 
 my work.' " 
 
 Dr. B. W. Richardson, M.D., F.R.S., in the course of 
 an address on the action of alcohol on the mind says : — 
 
 The result of accumulated experience shows that they 
 who, by stimulation force the growth of thought ; they who 
 daily relax the vascular control of their centres of thought ; 
 they who reduce that unconscious grasp which Nature, all 
 wise and wonderful, has placed in automatic concealment, 
 and out of the capricious control of our constantly-changing 
 wills ; that they who defy Nature in this her impq^ative 
 rule for healthy life, pay the forfeit for their temerity or ig- 
 norance. These are the men who break up at their work ; 
 these are the men whose suns go down at noon ; these are 
 the men dying in this day at a rate alarming to contemplate. 
 These are the men of whom it so often is said 'whom the 
 gods love die young.' Pernicious falsehood ! whom the 
 gods love die old ; live out in usefulness and happiness their 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 245 
 
 allotted cycle ; die without rending the hearts of any by un- 
 natural strain of sorrow ; die as they sleep, knowing nothing 
 of the pain and conscious bitterness of death. . 
 
 For the work that comes of the mind and that comes out 
 under pressure no taste of alcoholic stimulation is necessary. 
 Every such taste is self-inflicted injury. The dose of alco- 
 hol which spurred the thought of to-day must be slightly in- 
 creased to spur the thought of to-morrow to the same pitch. 
 ■"■ * Of all men brain workers are the men least able to 
 bear up against the ravages of alcohol. Of all men they are 
 most liable to be deceived and played upon by this traitor 
 who enters the most precious treasury, the citadel of the 
 mind." 
 
 Shakespeare evidently understood how strong drink 
 attacks the throne of intellectual and moral power. 
 In "Othello" he makes Cassio say : — 
 
 " Repuution, reputation, reputation! O, I have lost my 
 reputation . I have lost the immortal part of myself; and 
 what remains is bestial." 
 
 " O thou invisible spirit of wine, if thou hast no other 
 name to be known by, let us caH thee devil!" 
 
 " O that men should put an enemy in their mouths to 
 steal away their brains." 
 
 "To be now a sensible man, by and by a fool, and 
 presently a beast ! O strange ! Every inordinate cup is 
 unbless'd, and the ingredient is a devil." 
 
 Again the great dramatist gives the opposite picture 
 in " As you like it." He makes Adam to say : — 
 
 " Though I look old, yet am I strong and lusty, 
 
 For in my youth I never did apply 
 
 Hot and rebellious liquors in my blood ; 
 
 Nor did not with unbashful forehead woo 
 
 The means of weakness and debility ; 
 
 Therefore my age is as a lusty winter 
 
 Frosty but kindly." 
 
246 
 
 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 This enemy which men "put into their mouths to steal 
 away their brains" is always antagonistic to life. It 
 is the essenttal quality of the spirit alcohol to kill and 
 the higher the form of life it attacks the more direct and 
 ruinous are its effects. It preserves death but is ever 
 an enemy to all form of life. As an agent of death in 
 human society it stands at the head of all the dire 
 catalogue of disasters and disorders. 
 
 There is unerring testimony in the facts recorded by 
 the various Life Insurance Companies and Sick Bene- 
 fit Societies. A writer in the Alliance News of Jan. 
 15, 1887, Mr. James Duthrie, has made a comparison 
 of the sick-rate and death-rate of two societies respec- 
 tively, viz : — The Oddfellows society which in England 
 is not a temperance brotherhood, and the Rechahites 
 who are all total abstainers and who forfeit their bene- 
 fit if they fail to keep the pledge of abstinence. 
 
 I. O. of Oddfellows. 
 
 Average Death- 
 
 Year. Sickness. rate. 
 
 Year. 
 
 I. O. of Rechabjtes. 
 
 Average Death- 
 
 Sickness, rate. 
 
 i868. 
 1869. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 187a. 
 
 Days Hours 
 
 11 21 
 
 12 4 
 14 5 
 
 13 14 
 
 >n 53 
 
 in 58 
 
 in 48 
 
 in 51 
 
 in 47 
 
 Average 12 
 
 22 
 
 1 868. 
 1869. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 1872. 
 
 Days Hours 
 
 . 3 2 1 in 118 
 
 ,3 3 1 in 142 
 
 . 5 20 I in 85 
 
 2 16 1 in 227 
 
 2 19 I in 200 
 
 I in 51 Average 3 
 
 13 
 
 I in 154 
 
 "It will be observed from the above table that the average 
 sickness per member among the Oddfellows was 12 days 22 
 hours, and the death-rate one in 51 2-5th; whilst the average 
 sickness per member among the Rechabites, which is a total 
 abstinence society, was 3 days 13 hours, and the death-rate 
 one in 154 2-5ths." 
 
 The Rechabites are an old Order established in 
 August 1835,in England. In consequence of the small 
 death-rate and the consequent low rate of demand 
 upon their income they have a capital fund of over 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 247 
 
 one million dollars. The order is also strong in Aus- 
 tralia and on the occasion of its Jubilee celebration in 
 August, 1885, its strength counted up to a grand total 
 of nearly 100,000 members. 
 
 In the early days of temperance advocacy — between 
 40 and 50 years ago a total abstainer was regarded 
 with disfavor by Insurance Companies and some of 
 them refused to insure an abstainer at the ordinary 
 premiums. The chairman of the United Kingdom Tem- 
 perance Provident Society mentions that he applied to 
 three Insurance Companies, two of which accepted 
 him at the ordinary rates through the influence of 
 friends but the third demanded a considerable amount 
 extra premium. When he asked the reason the answer 
 given was, " You are a teetotaler and the directors 
 consider teetotal lives are worse than ordinary lives." 
 
 But in 1834 the British Government appointed the 
 famous Parliamentary Committee of which James 
 Silk Buckingham was chairman and among the re- 
 markable statements in their report as to the " con- 
 sequences of drinking upon the national character " 
 was the following : — 
 
 "The diminution of the physical power and longevity of 
 a large portion of the British population, the loss of per- 
 sonal beauty, the decline of health and the progressive de- 
 cay of the bodily and mental powers ; which evils are ac- 
 cumulative in the amount of injury they inflict, as intem- 
 perate parents, according to high medical testimony, give a 
 taint to their offspring even before its birth, and the poison- 
 ous stream of ardent spirits is conveyed through the milk 
 of the mother to the infant at the breast ; so that the foun- 
 tain of life through which nature supplies that pure and 
 healthy nutriment of infancy is poisoned at its very source, 
 and a diseased and vitiated appetite is thus created which 
 grows with its growth and strengthens increasing weakness 
 and decay." 
 
248 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 In another clause the report speaks of : — 
 
 The comparative inefficiency of the Army and Navy in 
 both of which according to the testimony of eminent offi- 
 cers is a canker worm that eats away its strength and discip- 
 line to the very core ; it being proved beyofid all question 
 that one-sixth of the effective strength of the Army is as 
 fnuch destroyed as if the men were slain in battle by that 
 most powerful ally of deaths intoxicating dritiks, and that 
 the greater number of accidents occurring in both branches 
 of the service, seven-eighths of the sickness, invaHdings and 
 discharges for incapacity, and nine-tenths of all the acts of 
 insubordination and the fearful punishments and executions 
 to which these give rise, are to be ascribed to drunkenness 
 alone. 
 
 In 1838 the British Military authorities kept a re- 
 cord of a number of men belonging to temperance 
 societies in the army in India, and who were admitted 
 to the hospitals ; and also of a number who were not 
 temperance men, admitted during the same time. The 
 result proved that the average daily percentage of 
 men in the hospital who were abstainers was 3.65, and 
 of those who were not it was 10.20, or a percentage of 
 invalid soldiers among non-abstainers nearly three 
 times larger than that of the abstainers. 
 
 Such facts as these began to open the eyes of the 
 public and in 1840 the Temperance Provident Institu- 
 tion was established in London for insuring the lives 
 of total abstainers only, and in 1849 the directors re- 
 ported that up to that date 135 deaths might have oc- 
 curred according to the lowest average calculation, and 
 219 according to the highest, but that the actual 
 deaths had been 73. In 1850, an important change 
 was affected by admitting non-abstainers (respectable 
 moderate drinkers) into a distinct section, placing in a 
 corresponding section abstainers only. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 249 
 
 The result of this experiment iias been to prove 
 that while total abstainers do not die as fast as the a(jlu- 
 ary's tables declare they are expected to do, the gen- 
 eral class or moderate drinkers do die as fast, or even 
 faster, than the expected rate. 
 
 The following tables are sufficient to prove this be- 
 yond doubt : — 
 
 TABLE OF UNITED KINGDOM TEMPERANCE PROVIDENT 
 
 INSTITUTION. 
 
 Total Abstainers Section. 
 
 
 Expected Actual 
 
 
 Per cent, of 
 
 Year. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Deaths. 
 
 
 Deaths. 
 
 1866-70 
 
 549 
 
 411 
 
 
 •74 
 
 1871 
 
 127 
 
 72 
 
 
 •57 
 
 1872 
 
 137 
 
 90 
 
 
 •66 
 
 1873 
 
 144 
 
 118 
 
 
 •82 
 
 1874 
 
 «53 
 
 no 
 
 
 •72 
 
 1875 
 
 162 
 
 121 
 
 
 75 
 
 1876 
 
 168 
 
 102 
 
 
 •60 
 
 1877 
 
 179 
 
 132 
 
 
 •73 
 
 1878 
 
 187 
 
 117 
 
 
 •63 
 
 1879 
 
 196 
 
 164 
 
 
 •84 
 
 1880 
 
 203 
 
 136 
 
 
 •67 
 
 1881 
 
 213 
 
 131 
 
 
 •61 
 
 Total.. 1 866-8 1 
 
 2,418 
 
 1,704 
 
 
 •70 
 
 
 Moderate 
 
 Drinkers Section 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Excess of 
 
 
 Expected 
 
 Actual Per cent. 
 
 of Moderate 
 
 Year. 
 
 Deaths. 
 
 Deaths. Deaths. 
 
 Drinkers. 
 
 1866-70 
 
 1.008 
 
 944 
 
 •94 
 
 •20 
 
 1871 
 
 234 
 
 217 
 
 '93 
 
 •36 
 
 1872 
 
 244 
 
 282 I 
 
 •16 
 
 •50 
 
 1873 
 
 253 
 
 246 
 
 •97 
 
 •15 
 
 1874 
 
 263 
 
 288 I 
 
 •10 
 
 •38 
 
 1875 
 
 273 
 
 297 I 
 
 •09 
 
 •34 
 
 1876 
 
 279 
 
 253 
 
 •90 
 
 •30 
 
 1877 
 
 291 
 
 280 
 
 •96 
 
 •23 
 
 1878 
 
 299 
 
 317 I 
 
 •06 
 
 •43 
 
 1879 
 
 305 
 
 326 I 
 
 •07 
 
 •23 
 
 1880 
 
 3" 
 
 304 
 
 •98 
 
 •31 
 
 1881 
 
 320 
 
 290 
 
 •90 
 
 •29 
 
 Total. .1866-81 4,080 4,044 "99 "29 
 
250 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 ^ain from the Obituary record of the National 
 Division of the Sons of Temperance of North America 
 we have the following : — 
 
 "The average age of the members who died in the last 
 five years is as follows : 
 
 1 88 1 . . 64 years & 4 months 
 
 1882 71 " "2 
 
 1883 71 " "6 •• 
 
 1884 72 " " o 
 
 1885 68 " ** o 
 
 Forty-seven deaths in all, at an average of over 69 years. 
 This is an extraordinary showing, as they were not selected 
 lives, and can only be accounted for on the ground that 
 total abstinence prolongs life." 
 
 The Sceptre Life Assurance Company, the British 
 Empire Insurance Co., the Whittington Life Insurance 
 Co., and others of the United Kingdom, might all be 
 quoted in proof of these facts. In the United States 
 the same experience has been realised and the old 
 theory that beer as a beverage is not baneful has re- 
 ceived a knock-down blow from the unerring testimony 
 of the mathematics of the Insurance Company's Ledger 
 accounts. The President of the Coimecticut Mutual 
 Life Assurance Co., Col. Green says : — 
 
 " I protest against the notion so prevalent and so indus- 
 triously urged that beer is harmless and a desirable sub- 
 stitute for the more concentrated liquors. What beer may 
 be, and what it may do in other countries and climates, I 
 do not know from observation. That in this country and 
 climate its use is an evil only less than the use of whiskey, 
 if less on the whole, and that its effect is only longer delayed, 
 not so immediately and obviously , bad, its incidents not so 
 repulsive, but destructive in the end I have seen abun- 
 dant proof. In one of our largest cities, containing a great 
 population of beer-drinkers, I had occasion to note the 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 2ol 
 
 deaths among a large group of persons whose habits, in their 
 own eyes and in those of their friends and physicians were 
 temperate ; but they were habitual users of beer. When 
 the observation began, they were, upon the average, some- 
 thing under middle age, and they were, of course, selected 
 lives. For two or three years there was nothing very re- 
 markable to be noted among this group. Presently death 
 began to strike it ; and, until it had dwindled to a fraction of 
 its original proportions, the mortality in it was astounding in 
 extent^ and still more remarkable in the manifest identity of 
 cause and mode. There was no mistaking it ; the history 
 was a most invariable one : robust, apparent health, full 
 muscles, a fair outside, increasing weight, florid faces ; then 
 a touch of cold, or a sniff of malaria, and instantly some 
 acute disease, with almost invariably typhoid symptoms, was 
 in violent action, and ten days or less ended it. // was as 
 if the system had bten kept fair outside, ivhile within it was 
 eaten to a shell ; and at the first touch of disease there was 
 utter collapse ; every fibre was poisoned and weak. And this, 
 in its main features, varying of course in degree, has been 
 my observation of beer-drinking everywhere. It is peculiarly 
 deceptive at first ; it is thoroughly destructive at the last.^' 
 
 Other American Life Insurance Companies confirm 
 this testimony in the most emphatic terms. 
 
 Following the line of the United Kingdom, a 
 Temperance & General Life Insurance Company of 
 North America has been organized, and commenced 
 business a year ago with the Hon. G. W. Ross as its 
 President, and Mr. Henry O'Hara its Managing Di- 
 rector. The company has published a neat little color- 
 ed diagram illustrating the facts referred to above, and 
 it will well repay the reader to send to the head office, 
 Toronto, for a copy of it. 
 
 The Royal Templars of Temperance, an organization 
 having a special beneficiary degree, and which is 
 
252 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 making rapid progress in Canada, as well as in the 
 neighboring States, is a dollar and cents argument 
 which any one may test *in proof that the life of a 
 total abstainer is worth more, and therefore costs less 
 to insure, than that of an alcohol drinker, however 
 moderate he may be. 
 
 I am not writing in the interests of life insurance* 
 but in the interests of human life itself. I quote the 
 facts which these Companies and Orders supply as ex- 
 perience to set by the side of the scientific testimony 
 against the use of that terrible agent of death — which 
 Shakespeare calls — Devil. 
 
 It is also a fact pregnant with meaning and solemn 
 warning to all, that the more intimately persons are 
 associated with the liquor traffic the greater its tempt- 
 ations and the shorter the average life. 
 
 The Registrar General of England publishes a report 
 which contains tables wshowing the average number of 
 deaths of men between 25 and 65 years of age, in 
 various occupations, compared with all males and 
 MALES IN selected HEALTH DISTRICTS. The Registrar 
 General says " The mortality of men who are directly 
 concerned in the liquor trade is appalling" and that 
 this terrible mortality is attributable to drink might 
 be safely assumed a priori, but the figures in the table 
 render it incontestable. 
 
 I give that table in the form of a diagram. It will 
 be seen that although some other occupations, such as 
 painters, plumbers, &c., show a rate of mortality much 
 above the average, that among brewers it is still great- 
 er; that the mortality among hotel keepers is 50 per 
 cent, above the average, and that among bar-tenders 
 and public house servants the death-rate rises far 
 above double the average. 
 
COMPARATIVE MORTALITY STATISTICS. 
 
 Compiled from the Report oj the Regiitrar- General of England, iSSo-/-2. 
 
 2000 
 
 1500 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Q 
 
 
 
 
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 zz 
 
 
 
 
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 853 
 
254 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 The Canada Citizen publishes the following re- 
 markable statement of Rowland Burr, Esq., of Toronto, 
 made before a Parliamentary Committee appointed to 
 enquire into the subject of prohibition, as to his obser- 
 vations of the result of liquor-selling in a number of 
 families. He stated that he had kept for fifty-four 
 years a record of publicly-known evil results of in- 
 temperance in the families of one hundred liquor 
 dealers who had resided on Yonge street, in and north 
 of the city of Toronto, and his reocrd made the follow- 
 ing awful showino^ : — 
 
 Number of ruined drunkards in the one hun- 
 dred families 214 
 
 Loss of property once owned in real estate. . .$234,800 
 
 Number of widows left , . 46 
 
 " orphans " 235 
 
 Sudden deaths 44 
 
 Suicides publicly known 13 
 
 Number of premature deaths by drunkenness 203 
 
 Murders 4 
 
 Executions 3 
 
 Number of years of human life lost by drunk- 
 enness i»9i5 
 
 We have seen that the testimony of the various 
 financial institutions which are based upon the risks 
 of human life goes to show that more than one-third 
 the sickness and nearly one-third the death-rate among 
 selected insurable lives are attributed to the use of in- 
 toxicants. 
 
 The experience of medical men everywhere con- 
 firms the fact that the drinker of alcoholic liquor is 
 more liable to disease and has less chance to recover 
 than the abstainer. A youth who is weakly has a 
 better chance of life with total abstinence, than one 
 who is strong and robust who is the habit of taking 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 255 
 
 intoxicants. Richard Cobden, writing to the late 
 Joseph Livesey the Venerable English Pioneer of 
 Teetotalism said : — 
 
 " I am a living tribute to the soundness of your principles* 
 With a delicate frame and nervous temperament, I have been 
 enabled to do the work of a strong man. ... So you see 
 tliat without beginning upon principles, I have been brought 
 to your beverage solely by a nice observance of what is 
 necessary to enable lae to surmount an average mental labor 
 of at least twelve hours a day." Again he says : "The moral 
 force of the masses lies in the temperance movement, and I 
 confess I have no faiih in anything apart from that move- 
 ment for the elevation of the working classes. We do not 
 sufficiently estimate the amount of crime, vice, poverty, ig- 
 norance, and destitution which springs from the drinking 
 habits of the people." 
 
 Sir Henry Thompson, M.D., F.R.S., with that clear 
 perception of causes of human diseases which have 
 made him so eminent as a Physician to the Royal 
 Family, says : — • 
 
 " I have long had the conviction that there is no greater 
 cause of evil, moral and physical, in this country, than the 
 use of alcohoHc beverages. . . . I have no hesitation in 
 attributing a very large proportion of some of the most pain- 
 ful maladies which come under my notice, as well as those 
 which every medical man has to treat, to the ordinary and 
 daily use of fermented drink taken in the quantity which is 
 conventionally deemed moderate. . . . But if I ven- 
 ture one step further it would be to express a belief that 
 there is no single habit in this country which so much tends 
 to deteriorate the qualities of the race, and so much dis- 
 qualifies it for endurance in that competition which m the 
 nature of things must exist, and in which struggle the prize 
 of superiority must fall to the best and to the strongest." 
 
 Sir. Andrew Clark, F.R.S.,says: — 
 
256 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 " As I looked at the Hospital wards to-day, and saw that 
 seven out of ten owed their diseases to alcohol, I could but 
 lament that the teaching about this question was not more 
 direct, more decisive, more home-thrusting than ever it had 
 been. . . . Can I say to you any words stronger than 
 these of the terrible effects of the abuse of alcohol ? It is 
 when I myself think of all this that I am disposed, as I have 
 said elsewhere, to rush to the opposite extreme, to give up 
 my profession, to give up everything, and to go forth upon 
 a holy crusade, preaching to all men — Beware of this enemy 
 of the race." 
 
 Sir Wm. Gull, F.R.S., says:— 
 
 " I should say from my experience that alcohol is the 
 most destructive agent that we are aware of in this country. 
 
 . . . I would like to say that a very large number of 
 people in society are dying day by day poisoned by alcohol, 
 but not supposed to be poisoned by it." 
 
 Dr. B. W. Richardson, says : — 
 
 " I had learned purely by experyiiental observation that, 
 in its actions on the living body, this chemical substance, 
 alcohol, deranges the constitution of the blood ; unduly ex- 
 cites the heart and respiration ; paralyzes the minute blood- 
 vessels ; increases and decreases according to the degree of 
 its application, the functions of the digestive organs, of the 
 liver and of the kidneys ; disturbs the regularity of nervous 
 action ; lowers the animal temperature, and lessens the mus- 
 cular power. Such independently of any prejudice of parly, 
 or influence of sentiment, are the unanswerable teachings of 
 the sternest of all evidences, the evidence of experiment, of 
 natural fact revealed to man by experimental testing of natural 
 phenomena. ... It begins by destroying, it ends by 
 destruction, and it implants organic changes which progress 
 independently of its presence even in those who are not born." 
 
 I might go on to quote scores of medical opinions 
 not less positive and definite than these, as to the waste 
 of human life by drink. It would not be possible 
 
 / 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 257 
 
 however to select four men whose eminence and weight 
 of authority would be greater than those here quoted. 
 
 What then is the economic value of human life 
 destroyed by alcoholic drinking. The most unques- 
 tionable testimony comes to us from financial institu- 
 tions, and from medical authorities, that drink kills so 
 many of our people that to put the numbers of the 
 slain by drink, indirectly as well as directly, into 
 figures, they would be so startling and stupendous 
 that the public would receive them with incredulity 
 and scepticism. 
 
 Yet here are the facts, — the science of the Insurance 
 and Sick Benefit Ledgers declare that the death-rate 
 is about one-third less of total abstainers then of 
 moderate drinkers and th&t the rate of sickness among 
 moderate drinkers as against total abstainers is as 
 1^ to o, or four times greatar; while the 
 weighl:iest medical authorities declare that ''men are 
 dying day by day, poisoned by alcohol, but not sup- 
 posed bo be poisoned by it, and that at the Hospital 
 Wards "seven out often owed their diseases to alcohol." 
 
 In a little work by T. S. Brown, pub ished in Mont- 
 real, I find the following : — 
 
 " In the old wars between England and France on this 
 continent, while it cost each country ;;^ioo for every soldier 
 sent out, the other side could kill him at the cost of a ball 
 cartridge after he got here. The experime;it of importing 
 young men for the benefit of liquor-sellers might be measured 
 by the same scale. Never in the history ot the world was 
 the value of men in a commercial sense so great as it is now. 
 The wealth of a country is not in its houses and lands, but 
 in its people and the strength of its people ; and the strength 
 of the people is not in their numbers, but in their health 
 and the number of hours of sustained labor that they can 
 R 
 
258 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 contribute for public good, which the use of alcohol sadly 
 diminishes." 
 
 If the money value, to the nation, of lives thus wast- 
 ed were put down it would far outweigh all the other 
 statistics of our liquor bill, stupendous as they are. 
 Think of the fact that instead of averaging as we do 
 now about 33 years of life; but for drink the average 
 would be increased one-third at least, or it might 
 reach an average of 45 to 50 years. 
 
 This increased average of life would be principally 
 added to the youth of our people. Numbers who now 
 die young would live to a moderate old age and thus 
 the power to produce, and the power to enjoy, would 
 be increased beyond the dreams of the enthusiast. 
 
 " O madness ! to think use of strongest wines 
 And strongest drinks our chief support of health, 
 When God, with these forbidden made choice to rear 
 His mighty champion, strong above compare, 
 Whose drink was only from the limpid brook." 
 
 — Milton in '•'■Samson Agonistes" 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN JUGGERNAUT. 
 
 (IaNON WILBERFORCE in that telling and elo- 
 ^ quent little work entitled "The Trinity of Evil,"* 
 after quoting the article from the London Times al- 
 ready referred to says : — 
 
 " Yes, drink is at the bottom of it. The fiendish epidemic 
 prolific of suffering, suicide, murder, which is mocking every 
 effort of every philanthropist for the well-being of the people 
 is at the bottom of it. Utterly saddening and disgusting are 
 the statistics of our national shame, which have been re- 
 capitulated a thousand times. Equally harassing are the 
 details of desolate homes and broken hearts which come 
 under the individual note of those materially engaged in the 
 work of seeking and saving the wandering. The land is 
 groaning under a heavy burden." 
 
 This is true of Great Biitain and it is too true of 
 Canada also. We may not too readily shelter our- 
 selves under the plea that our liquor bill is only one 
 half that of the United States, and less than one half 
 that of the United Kingdom proportion to population. 
 The dreadful fact remains that in Canada as elsewhere 
 the one evil which overshadows every good is drink. 
 And although our drink-bill is proportionately lower, 
 the number of travellers or floating population to help 
 us to consume it is proportionately less. 
 
 * A cheap edition of this work has been published by S. R. Briggs, 
 Toronto, price 30 cents. 
 
 \ 
 
260 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 What drink is to Britain and the neighboring Re- 
 public it is to the Dominion of Canada, the one all ab- 
 sorbing evil, the removal of which would liberate us 
 from the only enslavement, or enemy, we need to fear. 
 
 Archdeacon Farrar describing the effect of a speech 
 in the British House of Commons by the Right Hon. 
 W. E. Gladstone says : — 
 
 " I was present in the House of Commons on the fifth of 
 March, 1880, and I saw a wave of emotion pass over the 
 whole House upon that occasion. I saw all the members of 
 Parliament almost visibly thrilled when he uttered those 
 memorable words that ' the calamities inflicted upon man- 
 kind by the three great historical scourges of w;ar, famine 
 and pestilence were not so great, because not so continuous 
 as those inflicted upon mankind by intemperance.' " 
 
 The human mind cannot conceive the enormity of 
 an evil, of which so eminent an authority, without 
 passion or prejudice, dare say it is greater than the 
 combined evils of war, pestilence and famine. 
 
 Were it possible to estimate the totality of these 
 three great evils respectively, and to pile up the facts 
 in three separate columns what mountains of wreck, 
 and ruin and death would be presented to our gaze. 
 
 In another chapter I have shown that Mulhall esti- 
 mates the loss of life by war during three-quarters of 
 a century, from 1793 to 1877, amounted to 4,470,000. 
 I will not attempt to describe what this means. What 
 an amount of human suffering and indirect loss of life 
 is involved. What deep, dark, overwhelming shadows 
 have rested upon the hearts, and homes, and lives of 
 millions more. Let the reader picture to himself three 
 great,gaunt,grim, implacable foes to humanity spreading 
 disease, want, misery, desolation, and death. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 261 
 
 The first is the god of war who revels in blood, 
 rapine, lust, outrage, violence, and ruin. Modern in- 
 ventive genius has obeyed his behests and every kind 
 of infernal machine is placed at his disposal for the 
 purpose of human slaughter. On his breast are writ- 
 ten in letters of blood : — Food for 100 years — five 
 
 MILLION HUMAN SOULS. 
 
 Another bears in his right hand a two-edged scythe 
 with which he marches unbidden into village, town 
 and city — one by one — and, without distinction or 
 favor, mows down men, women and children until his 
 victims crowd the cemetery and fills the trenches, 
 hurriedly made, whose numbers reach ten times ten 
 thousand souls. His name is pestilence. 
 
 A third flies on the wings of night and spreads 
 blight, decay and death in fruit orchards and corn 
 fields, turning the shout of " harvest home" into a wail 
 of despair, of ruin, starvation and death. Men, women 
 and children with skeleton forms succumb, and crowd 
 the gates of the home of the dead. His name is fam- 
 ine. 
 
 But there is a fourth, and by the authority of the 
 chiefest of living statesmen he is declared greater then 
 all the others combined. He is verily a demoTi incar- 
 nate. In the words of one who has endeavored to 
 draw his picture he is thus described : — 
 
 "Could we get behmd the veil that separates the seen 
 from the unseen, we might find that to the hidden powers 
 these tenible pageants and dramas of life, whereof we are 
 spectators, are things of awful consequence. I have fa^^cied 
 that in a vision I could see the evil that overshadows the 
 land Embodied and Personate! A Demon Spirit — co- 
 lossal — a monster truly, to make the whole world tremble ! 
 * * * Aloft upon his distended trunk behold the features, 
 not of a smooth and laughing Bacchus, as poet and artist 
 love to figure him, but of a brute foul aud fierce, presenting 
 
262 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 withal the features of a man. See the bloated, red and 
 pimpled face, the pimpled cheeks, the huge swelled lips 
 which, opening, show the cankered teeth and feverish foul- 
 ness of his unhealthy mouth; matted in tough locks over 
 the slanting forehead, red flaming hair, crowned, in mocking, 
 with wreaths that have withered at the touch of his burning 
 brow. See the blood-shot eyes, small and cunning, rolling 
 with cruel ecstacy as he urges fast and furiously his fearful 
 task. 
 
 His apparel is red with the blood of murder and crime, 
 of rage and cruelty, of madness and sin. O look here. 
 Christian and civilized Britons ! look at these garments, red 
 and gory, and tell me what the frightful motley means? Tunic 
 and cloak of every fashion, velvet and ermine of King or 
 Emperor, livery of menial, rags of beggar, chasuble of 
 priest, geneva gown, satin and silk of noble dame, thin torn 
 skirt of shivering milliner, gaudy petticoat ot dancing 
 columbine, peasants corderoy, and foppish coat of city 
 clerk, the navvy's shirt and soldier's uniform — ay ! and look 
 well, ye may discern a judges gown, and not far off a gore- 
 stained patch, the very dress wherein the criminal he con- 
 demned to death had done his sinful deed. Mark ye the 
 great garment well for it is in itself a veritable calendar of 
 Death ! Where hath he not gathered ? What hath he not 
 v/on of life, of health, of power or feebleness, of fame or 
 shame ? What is there of all the varieties of life unrepre- 
 sented here ? It is the register of his labors, and each 
 mark presents the fate of a human soul ! 
 
 Behold him in his gaunt arms sweeping into the abyss of 
 his lap multitudes of trembling creatures the materials of 
 his work, for he is fashioning a cham. Draw nigh and ex- 
 maine it — long, living, endless it interweaves and enthrals 
 society with a warp of death woven from out itself. His 
 quick fingers — for the work is urgent and goes out on night 
 and day — string together the writhing forms, and as coil up- 
 on coil rolls out, you may see again how vast is the scope 
 of his labors ! Ay ! No rank is free, no family circle, no 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 263 
 
 happy range of friendship. From his high seat the Demon 
 scans the field, and, as his fingers swiftly fly, follows with 
 greedy eyes the labors of his attendant imps. For below 
 him, you may see .aem gathering in that strange spoil. In 
 spired and pillard city, in smoky manufacturing town, in 
 valleys resounding with the hum and clang of labor — labor 
 blessed of God, cursed of this potent fiend ! — 'neath peace- 
 ful eaves of pastoral homes, amid woodbined hamlets, see 
 those busy workers garnering in the Demon's prey. Oh I 
 how much falls to their snares, of the best of the life and 
 hope and promise of a goodly land ! What ministers ! 
 Widespread as society, active as angels of grace, pernicious 
 as Hell. And as they scour the world in reckless energy, 
 for his rewards are right generous and rich, he, the Drink 
 Demon, sweeps into his lap their shrinking spoil, and twists 
 the living victims one by one into a great chain of life 
 and death. 
 
 King and courtier, priest and nun, 
 Daughter, father, mother, son, 
 Doctor, patient, judge and crier. 
 Farmer, yokel, lord and squire. 
 Weave them all in the Devil's chain, 
 For ever and ever tight in the strain. 
 
 Labor and sorrow, trust and truth, 
 Vigor and weakness, age and youth. 
 Beauty and ugliness, wealth and work, 
 All the best and worst of earth. 
 Poison it, kill it, kill it with drink 
 Bnt bring it to me for another link. 
 
 Jolly eve, ghastly morrow, 
 
 Sorrows drowned to bring new sorrow, 
 
 Bars thronged — prisons crammed, 
 
 Racy chorus — shriek of damned. 
 O drink, drink, drain, drain. 
 Another link for the Devil's chain. * 
 
 • The Devil's Chain. By Ed. Jenkins, author of Ginx's Baby, &c. 
 
264 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 This picture shall suffice. The Evil is not only the 
 greatest of the four but greater than all the others 
 combined. Into the chain of intemperance are woven 
 With frightful regularity and increasing industry. 
 Every year 500,000 lives, f In ten years five million 
 
 SOULS. 
 
 Truly War, Pestilence and Famine have each slain 
 their thousands, but Drink, the Demon god of Christian 
 lands, ever active by permission of state, and sanction 
 of Christian electors slays his thousands every week. 
 Think of five million human beings sacrificed every 
 ten years. No ordinary mind can grasp it. Dr. J. 
 Hudson Taylor in his wonderful book on " Chinas 
 Spiritual Need and Claims" gives the following illus- 
 tration of a million. 
 
 " If a railway train could go twelve hours without stopping 
 to relieve the driver or to take water, and were to travel 
 twelve hours at the uniform rate of thirty miles an hour it 
 would make 360 miles a day. Seven years and a half of 
 such travel, without a single days intermission would not 
 accomplish one million miles." 
 
 Five millions — more than the entire population of 
 Canada slain by drink every ten years. Not 
 from heathen lands, or through the ignorance and 
 superstition of heathen idolatry and cruelty, but from 
 the christian homes of christian lands are the vast 
 proportion of these victims sacrificed beneath the huge 
 car-wheels of the licensed Juggernant of christian 
 lands. 
 
 + The estimated annual loss of life directly through intemperance in 
 the United Kingdom is 6o,ocx5. In the United States at least 60,000 
 more. Then there is Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany, 
 Switzerland, Spain, Russia, Italy, India, and even in China drink is 
 now cctnpeting with opium in its work of death. If the total result 
 of all the work of the drink Demon in the world be estimated it will 
 not faL short of 500.000 human lives annually. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 265 
 
 In an address by the Rev. D. T. Taylor on " The 
 increase of Cri7)ie" delivered at Camp Hebron, Mass., 
 Aug. 1 1 , 1886, he quotes the returns of the U. S. Govern- 
 mental census bureau on the increased use of intoxi- 
 cating liquors and he says : — 
 
 This report says the total money expended for liquors in 
 1883 (in the United States) amounted to $900,000,000. 
 Nine hundred millions for red-rum which spelled backwards 
 reads mur-der. And murder it is. Besides the awful 
 figures of evil the figures of good shrink into insignificance. 
 
 Nine hundred millions! Do we realize the vastness of the 
 sum wasted yearly by our people. When Vanderbilt died 
 he left, it is said, $200,000,000. But our liquor bill — useless 
 and devilish — is more than four-fold greater in a single year 
 than the wealth of the richest man on the Continent. 
 
 " In standard silver dollars, Vanderbilt's wealth would 
 reach a heigth of 355 miles. Multiply this by four and a 
 half and you have the dizzy heigth to which you must pile 
 up the dollars of the liquor bill. The lofty column, a mad 
 world's monument to crime, would stretch away from the 
 earth into the sky 1,600 miles. It is a sin that * reachec un- 
 to heaven. ' " 
 
 Truly how insignificant are the mere figures of good 
 compared with those of evil. The drink demon of 
 Canada sweeps into his coffers $32,000,000 and in- 
 volves us in a cost of 54 millions more, while Christian 
 Canada subscribes $400,000 in support of Christian 
 Missions. 
 
 Yet Drink is the God our nations worship. By the 
 authority of the greatest governments of the world 
 he opens his temples everywhere. Millions of men, 
 women and children bow down daily before his altar, 
 and there has not yet risen a statesman chargeij with 
 the power and authority of a governing head who has 
 dared to refuse license to the Demon god. 
 
2G6 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 He has put into the treasury of nations, and of 
 churches, a part of his vast revenue of blood, and 
 Kings and Statesmen, Priests and Ministers of the 
 Gospel of Jesus have been acquiescent. The greatest 
 and best of living Statesmen of the present day, arm- 
 ed with power and political authority, backed by the 
 parties which they lead triumphpntly against other 
 gigantic wrongs and selfish policies, stand still at the 
 bidding of the rum power, and refuse to lead the 
 moral forces which are demanding his extinction. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 267 
 
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CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 THE LICENSE SYSTEM IMMORAL AND DEGRADING. 
 
 *^Jp HE struggle of the School, the Library and the 
 ^ Church all united, against the beer-house and 
 the gin-palace, is but one development of the war be- 
 tween heaven and hell." 
 
 These words were written more than thirty years 
 ago and appeared in an article entitled " How to Stop 
 Drunkenness," published without signature in the 
 North British Quarterly Review. It afterwards tran- 
 spired that the author of the article was CI ■;. Buxton, 
 M.P., well known as a coadjutor of Clarkson and Wil- 
 berforce in their philanthropic, and finally successful 
 efforts to abolish British slavery. 
 
 Mr. Buxton was a Brewer and therefore not charge- 
 able with any prejudice against the liquor interest. 
 But with his philanthropic mind he could not fail to 
 recognize in the traffic the most terrible weapon of 
 warfare against every good and holy purpose, and 
 against the material welfare of a nation. His article 
 was a most instructive one. In it he advocated the 
 adoption of the principle of prohibition by local veto, 
 and I believe that this was the first time such a princi- 
 ple had been advocated in any influential quarter. It 
 is the principle afterwards adopted by Sir Wilfrid 
 Lawson,M.P.,inhis Permissive Bill for the United King- 
 dom and also in the Dunkin and Scott Acts for Canada. 
 In his article, Mr. Buxton said : — 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 269 
 
 It would not be too much to say that if all drinking of 
 fermented liquors could be done away, crime of every kind 
 would fall to a fo h of its present amount, and the whole 
 tone of moral feeling in the lower orders might be indefinit- 
 ly raised. Not only does this vice produce all kinds of 
 wanton mischief but it has a negative effect of great import- 
 ance. // is the mightiest of all forces that clog the progress of 
 human good. 
 
 It is in vain that every engine is set to work that philan- 
 throphy can devise, when those whom we seek to benefit are 
 habitually tampering with their faculties of reason and will- 
 soaking their brains with beer, or inflaming them with 
 ardent spirits. The struggle of the school, the library, and 
 the church, all united against the beer-house and gin palace 
 is but one development of the war between heaven and hell. 
 
 It is in short intoxication that fills our gaols — it is intoxi- 
 cation that fills our lunatic asylums, and it is intoxication 
 that fills our workhouses with poor. Were it not for this 
 one cause pauperism would be nearly extinguished in Eng- 
 land. We are convinced that if a statesman who heartily 
 wished to do the utmost possible good to his country, were 
 thoughtfully to inquire which of the topics of the day de- 
 served the most intense force of his attention, the true reply 
 — the reply which would be exacted by full deliberation — 
 would be, that he should study the means by which the 
 worst of plagues can be stayed. 
 
 The intellectual, the moral, the religious welfare of our 
 people, their national comforts, their domestic happiness, 
 are all involved. The question is whether millions of our 
 countrymen shall be helped to become happier and wiser — 
 whethei- pauperism, lunacy, disease and crime shall be di- 
 minished, whether multitudes of men, women and children 
 shall be aided to escape from utter ruin of body and soul ? 
 
 And yet the saloon is established by law, and licen- 
 sed to wage war against the church and schoci, the 
 library, ard tho home. More than thirty years ha\'e 
 
270 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 passed away since Buxton, viewing the traffic as an 
 interested party, nevertheless could not forbear to 
 proclaim it the highest duty of the Statesman who 
 " heartily wished to do the utmost possible good to his 
 country" to direct his energies against the liquor 
 traffic as " the mightiest of all forces that clog the pro- 
 gress of human good." 
 
 Thirty-eight years ago John Dougall said before the 
 Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly at 
 Montreal : — 
 
 ^*The traffic should be regarded as a wild beast, which, if 
 we cannot altogether derroy, should limit and hamper as 
 much as possible, but in no case license. All history shews 
 that the further legislation has been carried out against the 
 baneful traffic, the better it has been for the people, and the 
 more it has been relaxed, the worse. 
 
 It is the special licensing of what is evil that I decidedly 
 deprecate; were the traffic unlicensed, it would doubtless 
 soon be viewed as a kind of social piracy, and the person 
 engaged in it would be looked upon as an Ishmael whose 
 hand was against every other man. But the obloquy which 
 would attach to it, if left to itself, to be judged by its fruits, 
 is in a great measure taken away by the sanction and re- 
 spectability thrown around it, by a legal license to carry it 
 on." — Report of Select Cofnmittee, i84g. 
 
 Mr. Dougall struck at the root of the system when he 
 declared against license. No greater error in public 
 policy could be committed than to license an evil with 
 a view to its suppression. Nothing is surer than that 
 if an evil be endowed with the authority and sanction 
 of law it will take a firmer grasp of the social habits 
 of the people. No wrong can ever be regulated by 
 sanction or permission. Any attempt to do so gives 
 strength and vitality to the interests vested in it. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 271 
 
 All history proves the truth of this, not only in con- 
 nection with the liquor traffic, but with every other 
 form of evil, which has ever been licensed by any 
 country. We need only cite for illustration, the 
 gambling system and prostitution. When vice is 
 made the creature of law, and contributes to the State - 
 purse it rears its head, with the assumption of right. 
 Then indeed the law educates downward. The public 
 conscience is lowered by the action of the State. 
 
 In every country where any form of vice is regu- 
 lated by license this is abundantly apparent. See 
 what sad results have followed the legalization of the 
 social evil in certain countries under the license sys- 
 tem. In Paris, Brussels, Rheims, Bordeaux, Marseilles, 
 Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, Italy, Hong Kong, and other 
 places, the public mind has been so demoralized that 
 the rising generation are brought into contact with, 
 and readily acquiesce in the theory that evil is a neces- 
 sity, and a right. An attempt to introduce the system 
 secretly into England was so far successful that an 
 Act* was passed in 1864, with operation over a very 
 limited area, which however was enlarged in 1 866, and 
 again in 1889. By that Act a practical permis^^sion was 
 given to the social evil, and it was raised to the dignity 
 of a recognized trade in eighteen towns and districts in 
 England and Ireland, where military camps were lo- 
 cated. 
 
 The result was, as might be expected, a general low- 
 ering of the standard of morals among both men and 
 women ; public opinion was shocked and aroused, and 
 after a long but vigorous struggle, headed by the 
 Right Hon. James Stansfeld, M. P., and Mrs. Josephine 
 Butler, wife of a distinguished Church of England 
 
 « ({ 
 
 The Contagioi'.s Diseases Act." 
 
272 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR 
 
 clergyman, the Act was repealed by the late Glad- 
 stonian Parliament, tha£ being one of the very first 
 acts of the new Parliament elected under the enlarged 
 franchise. 
 
 Similar attempts have been made in some of our 
 neighboring States, and Bills have been introduced in 
 St. Louis, New York, Cincinnati and Pennsylvania, 
 but the active efforts of the moral guardians of society, 
 warned by the stealthy actions of the advocates of 
 license in England, have prevented them from becom- 
 ing law. 
 
 Prof. Sheldon Amos, an able writer, and Professor of 
 Jurisprudence in University College, London, England, 
 has written an exhaustive treatise on this subject In 
 that work he says : — 
 
 " It needs all the persistent teaching of good early dis- 
 cipline, good examples, good resolutions, good laws, and 
 good personal conduct, to drive home the lesson that ' man 
 shall not live by bread alone.' A thousand influences are 
 hourly teaching the opposite lesson, and it is not without a 
 steady struggle both in individual men and women, and in 
 society at large, that the everlasting truth is kept uppermost. 
 Among the influences which give force to doctrines, either 
 of the degradation or of the depravity of man, none are 
 more potent than those due to public opinion. This subtle 
 agency of public opinion does not owe its power to the 
 width, the representative character, nor still less to the inher- 
 ent worth of the opinion itself. It owes its power rather to 
 the nearness of the public concerned, and to the concentra- 
 tion of its movements. * * * It need hardly be pointed 
 out that, whether in the language of law or of literature, all 
 formal recognition of social vice as ar ything but an evil, de- 
 terminedly to be com.bated at every point as a gross, tem- 
 porary and unnatural excrescence on civilization, buoys up 
 the interested public opinion, already pledged to counten- 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 273 
 
 ance it, and affords to vice itself tne most direct and unre- 
 mitting stimulus. — Laivs for the Regulation of Vice ^ pp. 12 
 and I J. 
 
 Exactly so ! When law sanctions an evil its inter- 
 ested advocates claim legal protection for capital in- 
 vested, and at once assume the air and tone of legiti- 
 mate traders, whose rights are infringed by any at- 
 tempts to check them. 
 
 So also with the public generally. The patrons of 
 a licensed evil are, sometimes unconsciously, but cer- 
 tainly, intiuenced by the sanction which law gives to 
 it. It is difficult to convict the individual citizen of 
 doing wrong in the performance of an act for which 
 the State makes provision. There is inconsistency, in 
 fact, in every law against drunkenness, so long as the 
 law provides for its indulgence and participates in the 
 profits of the liquor which causes it. 
 
 Moreover the very presence of a legalized traffic is 
 a continuous, subtle, education in favor of vice. To 
 quote from Sheldon Amos again ; — after referring to 
 the educating influence of religion, of traditional cus- 
 toms, social intercourse &c., he says : — 
 
 " But no one of these influences is so omnipresent, so 
 enduring, so persuasive, so directly authoritative, as the 
 voice of the State uttered either in its laws or in its admin- 
 istrative acts. These laws and acts speak with a d(;liberate- 
 ness of purpose and a magniloquence of style whici, while 
 they compel the attention of all, powerfully impress the im- 
 agination in a way no other, private or public, utterances 
 can. Of course most people do not read or study the law 
 until it is brought into close contact with them ; but on this 
 account there is all the more need that the part of the law 
 which they do chance to study should fairly represent the 
 spirit of the whole ; and therefore that the whole law, each 
 part of which will be studied by some should he unimpeach- 
 S 
 
274 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 able and harmonious. If then it be true that it is upon the 
 sublimity, the simplicity and the tenacity, of the moral 
 sentiments of the people that the fortunes of the State de- 
 pend, and that these sentiments are sound and pure accord- 
 ing as the law is clear and stainless, how can a body of Law 
 which formerly aad openly recognises, protects, licenses, 
 re5alates, and facilitates prostitution, be exempt from the 
 grave charge of weakening and confounding the moral sen- 
 timent of the whole people and so conducing to the worst 
 national misfortunes. A struggle will no doubt for a time 
 ensue, between the lessons of the legislator and the lessons 
 ot every moral and rehgious teacher in the land. But * * 
 the lessons of the legislator will be constant and uniform, 
 only gaining force by time and custom and will finally 
 dominate over every rival." 
 
 This passage in Prof. Amos' able work puts the case 
 exactly and is quite as applicable to an evil so prevel- 
 ent and so ruinous as drunkenness. Of course it will 
 be said that the law does not call upon any man to 
 get drunk. And precisely the same could be said of 
 every other licensed vice. It may be further argued 
 that drinking of alcoholic liquors is not in itself a 
 vice. This also is true of every other habit out of 
 which vices grow. If it happened that the vice of 
 drunkenness was only a rare or occasional circum- 
 stance, it might be pleaded that the statt need not in- 
 terfere ; — but the entire license system is based upon 
 the fact that drunkenness is a gigantic evil and there- 
 fore proceeds to regulate it. This is the case indeed 
 with all evils to which the quack legislation of license 
 is applied. The evil is acknowledged, the grosser 
 forms of it are deplored, and in the desire to lessen or 
 to hide its worst phases, legislators, social reformers, 
 vicious men, and interested parties have all joined in 
 a comfortable compromise to regulate the wrong by 
 license and restriction. Such a compromise works 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 275 
 
 » 
 
 ruin, and has never failed to do so. The history of 
 every licensed or permitted evil is a series of most 
 conspicious failures. 
 
 From the first license law of England in 1552 down 
 to the present, every attempt to regulate the liquor 
 traffic has proved a disastrous failure, although over 
 400 acts have been passed in the British Parliament, 
 some very stingent, others more lenient ; — some to en- 
 courage the sale of beer and light wines, &c., not one 
 but has proved to be a signal blunder. The same is 
 true of the United States and Canada, High license, 
 and low license, and every form of license adopted by 
 the different States have all alike failed. 
 
 I have used the word "failed" but strictly speaking 
 these laws have not failed. Whatever may have been 
 the intention of their promoters it is clear that the 
 only logical result of such laws would be to perpetu- 
 ate the drinking system by educating the people into 
 drinking habits and giving importance, respectibility, 
 and permanency to the traffic. In all these respects 
 the license system has been a success, and with that 
 success there has grown a demand on the part of the 
 priveleged traders that the business which receives 
 the sanction of the State has also a right to the pro- 
 tection of the State against all attempts to abolish it. 
 Happily for the nations there is an unanswerable 
 answer to this, viz : that what the State permits the 
 State can prohibit. 
 
 But in the meantime the license system remains an 
 ever present factor of evil in the land, at war with 
 every agency for the advancement of the people. 
 
 The Hon. Edward Blake appears to have overlooked 
 the powerful influence of the law as an educator. In 
 his recent address on the question of prohibition says :* 
 
 * Speech at Ayltner, Ont.j Dec. 7, i886. 
 
276 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 *' Suppose one of us is walking along the street behind a 
 neighbor, a friend, or a stranger, and see his pocket being 
 picked. He would make himself a special police constable 
 at once, would try to prevent the crime, and, if he was big 
 enough, would arrest the criminal. But supposing, in a 
 Scott Act county, we pass an unlicensed house — for they 
 are all unlicensed, no lice ise being granted — and see some 
 one going in and getting drink ; we turn to the other side ; 
 we say nothing about that ; we do not propose to enforce 
 the law ; we do not give the same support, the same sym- 
 pathy, the same active investigation in the case of this law 
 as is given in the other case. Now if that be the condition 
 of the more advanced localities, what is the condition in 
 the other parts of Canada ? 
 
 Mr. Blake's contrasting picture is a little overdrawn. 
 The general feeling of private citizens is that the thief 
 had better be left to the policeman, and very few peo- 
 ple are ready to make special constables of themselves, 
 while most people will even avoid the unpleasantness 
 and sacrifice involved in attending court as witnesses, 
 if they can. 
 
 But, admitting the diffei 3nce to be as great as por- 
 trayed in Mr. Blake's illustration, does not the relation 
 of law to the evils respectively fully explain it. For 
 ages the law has put its uncompromising veto upon 
 stealing as a crime, and at no time has there ever been 
 a law permitting, sanctioning, regulating, licensing 
 theft. Thus the law has been a schoolmaster, educating 
 all classes to respect the rights of private property. 
 The present quality and quantity of public respect for 
 the laws against theft has not always existed. Time 
 was when organized theft had it pretty much its own 
 way, and when private citizens did not dare to make 
 themselves special constables to arrest crime. 
 
 On the other hand the liquor traffic has existed for 
 hundreds of years with the sanction of law, and it has 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 277 
 
 acquired an assumption of right, and of dignity, by the 
 State having entered into partnership with it, not only 
 by agreeing to the terms of sale, but by participating 
 in its profits. Even in Scott Act counties Mr. Blake's 
 comparison is not admissable. The Scott Act is at . 
 best only a partial prohibitory law. It does not declare 
 liquor selling a crime. It simply narrows the circle 
 and conditions of sale. It takes effect only in counties 
 or cities by local option, so that the public see closed 
 bars in one municipality, and open bars in the next. 
 That is good as far as it goes. It is putting a broom 
 into the hands of the people by which they may sweep 
 their own sidewalks. It affords opportunity to test 
 the question whether prohibition, as against license, is 
 acceptable to the people or not. From this point of 
 view the Scott Act is clearly a success, for no law has 
 ever received such manifest approval from the electors. 
 
 As an educator of public opinion the Scott Act has 
 had but little opportunity. If the educative power of 
 a license law which has existed for ages, and still ex- 
 ists in the larger half of the Dominion, be contrasted 
 with that of the Scott Act, it must be admitted that 
 the principle of prohibition which is recognized in that 
 Act has proved a wonderful success, comparatively, 
 The Act is new, its machinery not yet adjusted to 
 usages, and it is at present subject to numerous con- 
 tentions and legal quibbles. Magistrates, officials, and 
 citizens who have the courage of their convictions are 
 constantly threatened with lawsuits on technical points, 
 and judges have reversed decisions and declared un- 
 constitutional some of its most important provisions and 
 clauses. Magistrates and inspectors have been officially 
 advised not to prosecute while these points were pend- 
 ing. Government itself has been worse than negligent 
 as to its enforcement. Ruffianism, outrage, arson, and 
 
278 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 dynamite have been employed to terrorize citizens, and 
 at least one judge has expressed sympathy with the ac- 
 cused outlaws, and severely lectured the detectives for 
 inducing the criminal to testify against himself. 
 Against the laws relating to theft all the police of the 
 country are armed and marshalled. Against the Scott 
 Act it has been difficult to get officers charged with un- 
 qualified instructions to bring offenders to justice. The 
 law of the whole Dominion has long and uniforiily 
 said to the thief, " thou shalt not ;" to the liquor seller 
 it has said, "under certain conditions thou mayest." 
 
 Thus the permission of the state has encouraged, if 
 not created, the cry of vested interests. Archdeacon 
 Farrar referring to this evil says: — 
 
 "In the days of the slave trade some one said to an 
 abolitionist, "What ! would you stand between a man and 
 his vested interests ! " "I started," he said, "as if one had 
 trampled on my grave, and exclaimed, 'A vested interest in 
 a human being ! ' " " Let it be understood, once for all, 
 that there can be no vested interests in that which is the 
 source of a nation's ruin, and a nation's wrong. Other 
 selfishness may be as intense, but none is so unblushing, 
 because none is so much tolerated as the selfishness of 
 monopolists claiming a vested interest in public infamy." 
 
 Dr. Albert Barnes the great commentator in the 
 course of an eloquent sermon on "The Throne of 
 Iniquity," says : — 
 
 "A law which asserts that a thing is wrong and yet toler- 
 ate it, which attempts only to check and regulate it, without 
 utterly prohibiting it which aims to derive a revenue from it 
 for the purpose of government ; which make that which is 
 morally wrong legale is one of those things in human affairs 
 with which the throne of God can have no fellowship. * * 
 The true object of legislation is to prevent not to protect 
 evil. God never instituted a government on earth with a 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 279 
 
 view to its throwing a protecting shield over vice and immor- 
 ality. He has never commissioned men to sit in high places 
 to accomplish any such work. The end of government, so 
 far as it bears on that point at all, is to suppress crime, to 
 punish wrong-doers, to remove iniquity, to promote that 
 which is just and true. And it matters not what the evil is, how 
 lucrative it may be made, nor how much capital may be in- 
 vested in it, nor how much revenue may be derived from it, 
 nor how many persons may have an interest in its continu- 
 ance — the business of the lawgiver is to suppress it — not to 
 protect it ; to bring it to as speedy an end as possible — not 
 to become the panderer to it, or the patron of it. What 
 would be thought of a government that should, under any 
 pretext whatever, take under its protecting care, thieves, 
 counterfeiters, and burglars." 
 
 Mr. Gladstone has said that it is the "duty (f the 
 Government so to legislate as to make easy to do right 
 and difficult to do wrong." 
 
 But the licensing system is exactly the reverse. Un- 
 der a prohibitory law it is easy to do right and compara- 
 atively difficult to do wrong. A licensed saloon is 
 drunkenness made easy — a legalized invitation to 
 drink. A secret unlicensed drink-shop is drunken- 
 ness made difficult — the law dodged in order to get 
 drink. Licensed drinking produ zes legalized drunken- 
 ness. He who gets drink in a licensed saloon does so 
 with the consent of law, but he who is drunken under 
 prohibition is so in spite of law. 
 
 The duty of the state is to remove its sanction from 
 all evil : — and the duty of the state is the duty of the 
 statesmen — -the politician and the individual citizen. 
 
 To this duty every man and woman is called. Al- 
 ready the brave and true are numbered by tens of 
 thousands. The promise of coming victory is given 
 in every assault made upon the enemy. It is reported 
 
280 LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 
 
 in every Scott Act campaign ; it is proclaimed aloud 
 from the ballot box and the City Hall of our Queen City 
 Toronto. If there are those who say that we advance 
 too rapidly we reply that he who has fashioned us for 
 moral progress and intellectual growth, He who has 
 given us a mission for home and country has fixed 
 the bounds of our progress. If we are told that we 
 are yet too soon with a reform against the mightiest 
 forces of human corruption, of sorrow and of death, 
 we answer that in a w arf are against such a demon it 
 is treason in us to delay. 
 
 John Bright, the eloquent tribune of the people, when 
 declaring against the Crimean war closed his speech 
 with the following words : — " The angel of death has 
 been abroad throughout the land ; you may almost 
 hear the beating of his wings. There is no one, as 
 when the firstborn were slain of old, to sprinkle with 
 blood the lintel and the two sideposts of our doors, 
 that he may spare and pass on. He takes his victims 
 from the castle of the noble, the mansion of the wealthy, 
 and the cottage of the poor and lowly, and it is on be- 
 half of all these classes that I make this solemn appeal." 
 
 The angel of death is still abroad throughout the 
 land. From mansion and from lowly cottage he takes 
 his victims. Happily there are men and women, by 
 the thousand,to sprinkle with blood the lintel — to warn 
 and counsel those who are in danger, but this angel of 
 death passes not, nor spares, though the lintel and side- 
 posts of our doors are sprinkled. The fairest and 
 brightest, the first and last born sons of men, the hope 
 and promise of our land are stricken down. Yet hope 
 springs up in the hearts of the millions that this de- 
 mon of death may ere- .ong be shorn of his power, 
 and the nations be freed from his mighty instrumen- 
 tality of evil. 
 
LAND, LABOR AND LIQUOR. 281 
 
 This is our hope, the hope of the mothers of our 
 boys, the hope of the fathers and the citizens, the hope 
 of every true and holy purpose. 
 
 That "the struggle of the school, the library and the 
 churchy all united against the beer-house and gin 
 palace " shall speedily end in the final overthrow of 
 the former— that there shall be "a school-house on 
 every hill-top and no saloon in the valley " ; that the 
 home shall cease to have a legalized rival in the saloon 
 is the hope, the prayer, and the aim of every true 
 citizen. 
 
^l^^zn^iix 
 
 A. 
 
 CONTAINING TABLES SHOWING AN APPROXI- 
 MATE ESTIMATE OF THE ACCUMULATED 
 WEALTH OF CANADA. 
 
 LAND INTERESTS AND BUILDINGS. 
 
 Acres of Land Owned 67,645,162 
 
 " " Occupied 45,358,141 
 
 " " Improved 21,899,181 
 
 " " Under Crops 15,112,284 
 
 " " In Pasture 6,385,562 
 
 " " Gardens & Orchards 401,335 
 
 Number of Occupiers 464,025 
 
 It is probably a low estimate to suppose that these 464,025 
 occupiers will have an average interest in the land amount- 
 ing to a sum of not less than $500 each especially if their 
 stocks of Agricultural Implements and working plant be 
 allowed. This would give a total — 
 
 Value in the Land Interest amounting to up- 
 wards of $230,000,000 
 
APPENDIX. 283 
 
 NUMBER ESTIMATED AT 
 
 Town and Village lots 419,116 .... $ 40,000,000 
 
 Houses 71 2,440 .... 400,000,000 
 
 Warehouses, Factories, Stores 110,170 .... 90,000,000 
 
 Barns, Stables, etc 860,985 .... 80,000,000 
 
 $840,000,000 
 
 RAILWAYS. . 
 
 " Whether it be regarded as industrial, financial, com- 
 mercial or speculative, there is probably no material interest 
 which, in Canada and in the world at large, ha:" developed 
 so rapidly and reached such immense proportions as the 
 railway interest. There are thousands of people in Canada 
 whose memories carry them back to the time when the only 
 means of land transit at their disposal, whether for freight 
 or passengers, were the stage coach, the express wagon, or 
 the private conveyance. Men still in their t^rime have 
 witnessed the growth of railways in Canada, from the first 
 small and humbly equipped line to the vast system of to- 
 day, with their mileage in operation of 9,575 miles, their 
 solid road-beds and steel rails, and the costly and luxurious 
 provision for the comfort of the travelling public." — Govern- 
 ment Report 1884. 
 
 The following table is compiled from the Government 
 report for the year ending June 1885. 
 
 [Note i] — The Total amount of Insurance risks taken by 
 the various Insurance Companies against fire, amounted 
 in 1885 to the sum of $511,774,402. 
 
 [Note 2] — The above table is estimated, so far as the 
 quantity of property interests is concerned, upon the census 
 return of 1881. Of course the extent and value of properly 
 has greatly increased since then. 
 
284 APPENDIX. 
 
 Rolling Stock and Traffic, 
 
 Miles of Railway completed 10,773 
 
 " « under construction 812 
 
 Number of Engines owned .• 15490 
 
 '* Passenger Cars . 1,202 
 
 " Baggage, Mail and Freight Cars 37,200 
 
 " Passengers carried during the year ... . 9,672,599 
 " Tons of Freight carried during the year. . 14,659,271 
 
 Cost and Earnings, 
 
 Total Capital paid up $454,082,509 
 
 Gov't Bonuses and Municipal Grants Paid. . . 171,672,194 
 
 Gross Earnings during year 32,227,469 
 
 Net Earnings : 8, 2 1 2, 1 1 8 
 
 Total cost of Railways and Rolling Stock. . . 594,723,219 
 
 Allowing for depreciations by wear and tear,it may be fairly 
 estimated that the Value of our Canadian Railways at the 
 present time is not less than $500,000,000 
 
 CANALS. 
 
 The Canals of the country are so constructed as to form 
 one connecting chain with the great lake and river service 
 of the country thus making a continuous navigable river 
 line of 2,384 miles in length. The actual income or earn- 
 ings of the Canals is at present very small, amounting in the 
 year 1885 to only $344,135. But this forms only a very 
 small part of the real value of the Canals to the manufactur- 
 ing, industries and merchandise of the Dominion. The 
 total cost of these canals as reported in the Government 
 Returns of of 1885 is $46,263,130 
 
 SHIPPING INTERESTS. 
 
 Compiled frojn Census Report of 188 i. 
 Steam vessels owned. . 721 Average tonage. . 277 
 Sailing " '* ..3,909 " " .. 220 
 
 Barges owned i>792 *' " .. 54 
 
 Total 6,422 Estimated value . .$25,000,000 
 
APPENDIX 285 
 
 In 1885 the total number of vessels had increased to 
 7,315 with a tonnage of 1,231,856. This is estimated at an 
 average of $30 per ton, making the present estimated value 
 of the vessels of the Dominion $36,955,680. Official Ab- 
 stract and Record 1886. 
 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
 The capital invested in various industries in 188 1 amounted 
 to a grand total of $165,302,623. 
 
 We thus see that the total value of the accumulated prop- 
 erty of Canada will not be less than $1,500,000,000 or about 
 $330 to every man, woman aftd child in the Dominion. 
 This estimate does not take into account the amount of 
 money in Banks and in the hands of private individuals, in 
 excess of liabihties, or the private property of individuals 
 such as house machines, tools in the hands of workmen, 
 furniture, musical instruments, carriages, horses, cattle, &c., 
 which will be worth fully as much more. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF THE FOREST. 
 
 The Census Report of 188 1 gives no estimate of the value 
 of timber produce but only the quantities for the year as 
 follows : — 
 
 Pine 43,544,802 
 
 Oak 5,670,894 
 
 Tamarac. 5»653»575 
 
 Birch and Maple 4,414,795 
 
 Elm 3,191,968 
 
 Walnut i3>224 
 
 Other timber 48,956,958 
 
 Pine and other logs ,48,349,991 
 
 Masts, Spars, &c 192,241 
 
 Thousands of staves 41,801 
 
 Cords of Lathwood 08,3 11 
 
 " Tan Bark ,.. 400,418 
 
 " Fire Wood 10,993,234 
 
286 APPENDIX. 
 
 Some estimate may be formed of the value of this timber 
 produce on the following basis : — 
 
 The Export Returns for 1885 gives the value of our 
 exports of timber at $22,373,305. In a valuable little work 
 by H. B. Small there is a carefully prepared table compiled 
 from the Census Returns of 1881 giving the details of 34 
 Industries which depend wholly or in part upon wood, or 
 timber for manufacture. The table shows that there were 
 17,557 factories employing 95,741 hands and producing a 
 total value of $95,029,828. 
 
 The Trade and Navigation Returns show that less than 
 two million dollars of our wood export is for manufactured 
 articles, so that the amount of " wood manufactured" (less 
 two million dollars) may be fairly credited to the value of 
 our forest production. In addition to this the whole 
 of the fire-wood is consumed at home, which if valued (first 
 cost) at $2.00 per cord is worth about $22,000,000. 
 
 The total value of our lumber produce must therefore be 
 at least $130,000,000. 
 
 ANIMALS AND ANNUAL PRODUCE. 
 
 The census returns of 1881 gives the number of animals 
 and their produce for the year, but gives no statement of 
 their value. The quantities were as follows : — 
 
 Horses, Colts and Fillies ij059>358 
 
 Horned Cattle 3,5 14,989 
 
 Sheep 3,048,678 
 
 Swine 1,207,619 
 
 Cattle killed or sold 657,681 
 
 Sheep " " " 1,496,465 
 
 Swine " '' " 1,302,503 
 
 Pounds of Hcney 1,875,745 
 
 " " Wool 11,300,736 
 
APPENDIX. 287 
 
 The following is a statement of our exports for the year 
 ending 30th June 1885. 
 
 TABLE OF EXPORTS IN 1 885. 
 
 Minerals «t, o^^ ,^^ 
 
 ^-r .•.■.••..•.•:::::::::: 1:^3° 
 
 AgrSStu.-;::::;:::;:;::::::;;::;;::::: r^^Alel 
 
 Animals 26 qo^ oo^ 
 
 Manufactures ..'.'.','.'.'.'.'.['.'.]' ,'70^221 
 
 Miscellaneous ^^g'^g^ 
 
 '^^^^^ $84,26^6^ 
 
 Trade and Nav. Report 1883 p. 728. 
 
 \ 
 
 VALUE OF INDUSTRIES 1 88 1. 
 
 Wages paid during year $59,429,002 
 
 Value produced , $309,676,068 
 
 VALUE OF FISHERIES. 
 
 " The Department of Fisheries " has issued a Report 
 showing the value of the produce of the Fisheries of the 
 Dominion in the year 1885. 
 
 Nova Scotia. $8,283,922 
 
 New Brunswick a ooc a-j^ 
 
 Quebec :; %\\% 
 
 Prince Edward Island .^. 1,293,429 
 
 British Columbia *. I'oys'o^S 
 
 Ont^^^o i,'342;69i 
 
 '^o^^^ $17,722,973 
 
288 APPENDIX. 
 
 TESTIMONY OF EMINENT AUTHORITIES ON 
 THE RELATION OF DRINK AND CRIME. 
 
 TESTIMONY OF BRITISH JUDGES. 
 
 Sir Matthew Hale, the venerated Chief Justice of England 
 in 1670, said : — 
 
 " The places of judicature which I have long held in this 
 Kingdom have given me an opportunity to observe the 
 original cause of most of the enormities that have been com- 
 mitted for the space of twenty years ; and by due observa- 
 tion, I have found that if the murders and manslaughters, 
 the burglaries and robberies, the tumults, the adulteries, 
 fornications, rapes, and other enormities that have happened 
 in that time, were divided intoyfz;^ parts, /?«r of them have 
 been issues and product of excessive drinking, of tavern and 
 ale house drinking^ 
 
 Judge Coleridge, at the Yorkshire Assizes in 1848, re- 
 marked : — 
 
 " Liquor has either been the temptation beforehand to 
 robbery, to get something to purchase it, or it is the provo- 
 cation under the influence of liquor that causes them to 
 quarrel and perhaps commit murder ; or it is the liquor 
 upon which the fruits that have been obtained by robbery 
 is generally spent ; and it seems to me that but for the cases 
 where offences have been brought on by the use intoxicating 
 liquors the courts of justice might be shut up^ 
 
 Dr. Warren in his charge to the Grand Jury at Hull, 
 Yorkshire, England, said : — 
 
 " To the best of my beliet, no temperance man ever 
 stood at that bar to receive judgment from this seat in my 
 time at least, while seven out of every ten criminals who 
 have done so, have been brought there by intoxicating liq- 
 
APPENDIX. 289 
 
 uor. I have talked with many of them afterwards in prison 
 and they have owned it with tears of agony." 
 
 Judge VVightman at the Crown Court, Liverpool, in 1846, 
 said : — 
 
 " Of ninety-two prisoners whose names were on the calen- 
 dar, six were charged with wilful murder, twelve with man- 
 slaughter, thirteen with malicious injury to the person, six- 
 teen with burglary, and eight with highway robbery, accom- 
 panied with violence to the person. He found from the 
 perusal of the depositions one unfailing cause of four-fifths 
 of these crimes was, as it was in every other calendar, the 
 besetting sin of drunkenness. In almost all cases of per- 
 sonal violence and injury, the scene was a public house or 
 a beer shop." 
 
 Baron Alderson at the York Assizes, 1844, made the fol- 
 lowing observations : — 
 
 " A great proportion of the crime to be brought forward, 
 arose from the vice of drunkenness alone. If they took 
 away from the calendar all those cases in which drunken- 
 ness had some connection either with the person accused 
 or the accusing party it would leave that large calendar a 
 very small one. If all the men could be persuaded from 
 the use of intoxicating liquor, the office of judge would be 
 a sinecure." 
 
 Mr. Justice Hayes at the Manchester Assizes, 1869, re- 
 marked : — 
 
 "When people come to inquire into the causes of crime, 
 with a view to ascertain how crime might be diminished, the 
 fact presented itself at these assizes, as he had remarked at 
 the last winter assizes at Liverpool, when he had to dispose 
 of five murders and eight manslaughters, it would be proved 
 that they were chiefly attributable to drinking and drunken- 
 ness, and to nothing else. Crime was the immediate and 
 direct effect of that besetting evil and bad habit." 
 T 
 
290 APPENDIX. 
 
 On March 13th, 1854, Mr. Justice Talfourd while ad- 
 dressing the Grand Jury at Stafford Court House, suddenly 
 expired. His last words were : — 
 
 No doubt the exciting cause in the far larger number of 
 these cases, the exciting cause that every judge has to de- 
 plore in every county in the land — is that which was justly 
 called in the admirable discourse to which I listened yester- 
 day, from the SherrifTs chaplain. The greatest English vicCy 
 which makes us a by-word and a reproach among nations, 
 who in other respects are inferior to us, and have not the 
 same noble principles of Christianity to guide and direct 
 them — I mean the vice of drunkenness. No doubt that 
 this in most of these cases is the immediate cause, and it 
 is a cause in two ways of the crimes which will come before 
 you, and especially of the crime of highway robbery ; for 
 whereas, on the one-hand, it stirs up evil^ awakens malice, 
 and kindles the slumbering passions of the human heart, and 
 piits the reason into a state of twilight^ so, on the other hand, 
 it points out the victim, as the person to be robbed by pre- 
 senting temptations to those who see him exposing his 
 money in public-house after public house, or in a state of 
 drunkenness finds himself a sharer in a sin from which 
 domestic ties should keep him, and is overtaken by his 
 partner in that suij who adds to it another crime, or he is 
 marked out by some of his wicked associates. One great 
 evil of this circumstance is, I think you will find, looking at 
 the depositions one after the other, that is a mere repitition 
 of the same story over again — of some man who has gone from 
 public-house to public-house spending his money ^ and exhibiting 
 his money, and is marked out by those who observe him as 
 a fitting object for plunder, when his senses are obscured, 
 and who is made the subject of an attack under those cir- 
 cumstances which enables the parties to escape from the 
 consequences ; because although the story may be perfectly 
 true which the prosecuter in this case tells, although it may 
 be vividly felt by him, yet he is obliged to confess." — 
 
APPENDIX. 291 
 
 Here the learned judge suddenly ceased speaking, and in 
 a few minutes the melancholy fact became painfully manifest 
 that those who had heard him had been listening to his 
 
 LAST WORDS. 
 
 Mr. Justice Deasy, at the Armagh assizes, 1871 observed: 
 
 " Drunkenness is the parent of all the crimes committed 
 in Ireland." 
 
 The late Sir W, Bovill, at the Denbigh assizes, August 
 1872, made the following statement : — 
 
 " Drunkenness, according to my experience, is at the root 
 of nine-tenths of the crime committed in this country." 
 
 Mr. Baron Martin, at the Liverpool assizes, 1886, 
 remarked : — 
 
 "Drunkenness seems to be the cause of nine-tenths of 
 the crime committed in this country." 
 
 Mr. Justice Hannen, in his charge to the jury at 
 Liverpool, 1869, said : — 
 
 "I should suppose the testimony of every judge upon the 
 bench would be the same as to the fact that a very large 
 proportion ot the crimes of violence brought before us are 
 traceable either directly or indirectly to the intemperate use 
 of intoxicating liquors." ^ 
 
 Mr. Justice Keating, at the Norwich assizes, August 1874, 
 bore the following testimony : — 
 
 " After a long experience, I can state that nineteen- 
 twentieths of the acts of violence committed throughout 
 England originated in the public-house." 
 
 " Drunkenness again ! It's almost the case with every 
 one that is brought before me." 
 
292 APPENDIX. 
 
 AMERICAN TESTIMONY. 
 
 Chief Justice Noah Davis, of New York, writes: "Of all 
 the causes of crime, intemperance stands out the unap- 
 proachable chief." 
 
 Dr. Elisha Harris, of New York, says : — 
 
 "After two years of careful inquiry into the history and 
 condition of the criminal population of the State, I find that 
 the conclusion is inevitable that, taken in all its relations, 
 alcoholic drinks may be justly charged with far more than 
 half the crimes that are brought to conviction in the State 
 of New York, and that fully 85 per cent, of all convicts 
 give evidence of having, in some larger degree, been pre- 
 pared or enticed to the criminal acts, because of the physi- 
 cal and distracting effects produced upon the human organ- 
 ism by alcohol, and as they indulged in the use of alcohoUc 
 drinks." 
 
 The Board of Police Justices ot the city of New York, 
 in their report of 1874, says : — 
 
 "We are fully satisfied that intoxication is the one great 
 leading cause which renders the existence of our police 
 courts necessary." 
 
 Governor Dix, of New York, says : — 
 
 " Intemperance is the undoubted cause of four-fifths of 
 all the crime, pauperism, and domestic misery of the State 
 of New York." 
 
 Judge Allison, in a speech delivered in Philadelphia in 
 1872, says : — 
 
 " In our criminal courts we can trace four-fifths of the 
 crimes that are committed to the influence of rum. There 
 is not one case in twenty where a man is tried for his life in 
 which rum is not the direct or indirect cause of the murder." 
 
APPENDIX. 293 
 
 OPINIONS AND TESTIMONY OF EMINENT MEN. 
 
 Lord Shaftesbury: — 
 
 " Is there any one in the least degree conversant with 
 the state of our alleys, dwellings, and various localities who 
 will deny this great undeniable truth, which all experience 
 confirms ; for if you go into these frightful places you will 
 see there the causes of moral mischief, and I do verily be- 
 lieve that seven-tenths of it are attributable to that which is 
 the greatest curse of the country — that which destroys their 
 physical and moral existence, cut through their domestic 
 ties, and reduces them to pauperism with all its various de- 
 gradations — habits of drinking, and systems of intoxication." 
 
 Lord Brougham : — 
 
 "Of Intemperance, the baneful effects need not be dwelt 
 upon in detail. It is the smallest part of the evil that at 
 the very least ten times as much money is spent upon drink 
 as upon publications of al' kinds, newspapers included. 
 The learned and enlightened Recorder of Birmingham 
 makes this abundantly evident in his valuable charges to 
 the Grand Jury. But the far worse effects of this propen- 
 sity is producing disease, both of body and mind, and in 
 filling our jails with criminals and our workhouses with 
 paupers, are so dreadful as loudly to call for the application 
 of repressive measures. The connection of intoxication 
 and of drunken habits with crime is demonstrated in the 
 the clearest manner. " Every one acquainted with criminal 
 courts," says Mr. Hill, "must admit the truth of what our 
 judges state day by day, and year after year, that by far the 
 greater number of all offences have the origin in the love of 
 drink." In the United States, we find a judge of Maine, 
 the strenu ous adversary of absolute prohibition, yet urging 
 the necessity of restrictions upon the sale of liquors. He 
 declares that nine-tenths of all crimes attended with violence 
 arise from intoxication. In another State, Rhode Island, 
 sixty per cent, of all offences appear to be caused by drunk- 
 
294 APPENDIX. 
 
 enness, and lo per cent, of insane persons is the proportion 
 of those whose malady had this origin. 
 
 Cardinal McCabe, Dublin : — 
 
 " Intemperance is the source of nearly all our crimes and 
 misfortunes. Thousands of permature graves tell of its 
 ravages. Our work-houses are thronged with its victims. 
 Its baleful tyranny is cramming our jails with criminals. 
 The deep wail of woe, the moan of despair that burst con- 
 tinually from wretched homes tell of misery through the 
 land, which God alone can measure." 
 
 Right Hon. John Bright : — 
 
 "If we could subtract from the ignorance, the poverty, 
 the suffering, the sickness, and the crime which are now 
 witnessed amongst us — the ignorance, the poverty, the suf- 
 fering, the sickness, and the crime which are caused by one 
 single but the most prevalent habit or vice of drinking need- 
 lessly, which destroys the body and mind and home and 
 family — do we not all feel that this country would be so 
 changed, and changed for the better, that it would be al- 
 most impossible for us to know it again ? " 
 
 Bishop Ireland at the Catholic Church, St. Paul, Min- 
 nesota, on August 2nd, 1882, said : — 
 
 " Is the liquor traffic to be allowed to rule as sovereign 
 over our fair country, and to deluge it with drunkenness 
 and vice ? This is the question upon which citizens of Am- 
 erica ought seriously to ponder. I know well the value of 
 moral suasion, of teaching by individual example and indi- 
 vidual exhortation, in our battlings with intemperance. But 
 it becomes plain that citizenship enjoins upon us other duties 
 in the premises. The State must interpose its authority to 
 arrest the evil. The State alone has power : the enemy is 
 organized, determined : individual efforts are as pebbles 
 thrown against a well-fortified citadel. The traffic conscious 
 of the power of the State has striven to wrest it to its own 
 ends, and the State must hurry to free itself from its evil- 
 
APPENDIX 295 
 
 working ea.ptor. It is a matter bearing upon its own life : 
 the liquor traffic threatens destruction to our republican in- 
 stitutions, and even now it has in many places made man- 
 hood suffrage a meaningless word. The State cannot be 
 silent and passive while this traffic fills its jails and poor- 
 houses, increases ten-fold its tax-list, robs its subjects of 
 virtue, honor and Hfe. The saloons will raise the cry 
 
 OF PERSONAL LIBERTY, OF PERSONAL RIGHTS ; THE StATE 
 MUST NOT BE FRIGHTENED BY VAIN WORDS FROM THE 
 CLEAR, IMPERATIVE PATH OF DUTY. ThERE IS NO RIGHT, 
 NO LIBERTY FOR MEN TO PREY UPON THE BODIES AND 
 SOULS OF THEIR FELLOW-MEN AND NOT TO LEVEL BLOWS 
 
 AT THE VERY PILLARS OF SOCIETY. The claims of the 
 traffic in the name of personal liberty, and of personal 
 rights is the bitterest irony, a deadly insult to true liberty, 
 and to the true rights of men. The liberty which the 
 
 TRAFFIC DEMANDS IS THE LIBERTY TO ENSLAVE US, AND 
 TO DIP OUT TO US ITS BEER AND WHISKEY IN EXCHANGE 
 FOR OUR LIBERTY, OUR POSSESSIONS, OUR MANHOOD, OUR 
 PURITY, OUR ETERNAL HOPES. AWAY FROM US THIS DE- 
 MON-LIKE LIBERTY ! " 
 
 Archdeacon Farrar in his sermon on the Nations 
 Curse, which has been reprmted and published by the 
 Citizen Publishing Company, Toronto, says : — 
 
 " Will anyone venture to say, for there is no end to the sub- 
 terfuge of minds brazened by custom, that these are mere 
 opinions? Well, if you want, not opinion, but hard, glaring, 
 patent facts, untinged with any opinion whatever — facts 
 black, rugged, comfortless, and horrible — facts in all their 
 ghastly nakedness, denuded of all vesture of human thought 
 and of human emotion in narrating them — it will be the 
 most flagrant hypocrisy to say that such facts are not forth- 
 coming for you, when every day and every newspaper teems 
 with them. No one single day passes over one single town 
 in England, without some wretchedness, crime, and horror, 
 caused by drink. Week by week, in the Alliance News^ is 
 published a ghastly list, called " Fruits of the Traffic." It 
 
296 APPENDIX. 
 
 is not invented; it is not concocted; it is not garbled. It 
 consists simply of cuttings from multitudes of perfectly 
 neutral newspapers, the records of police courts and sessions. 
 I cannot enter into these. The human hand can perpetrate, 
 the human heart can conceive, the human frame can suffer, 
 horrors of which the human lip refuses to speak. Take the 
 evidence of two weeks alone; the blessed week in which we 
 listen to the melody of angel songs, and the first week of 
 the glad New year. For twopence you may purchase the 
 record of events which drink caused for these two weeks in 
 1882, for England only. It fills a large double columned 
 pamphlet of thirty-six pages. Thirty-six pages of what — in 
 this our Christian England, in Christmas week? Thirty-six 
 pages of stabbing, cutting, wounding; of brutal assaults on 
 men, on women, on children; of public peril and accident; 
 of deaths, sudden, violent, preventible; of homicide; of par- 
 ricide; of matricide; of infantcide; of suicide: of every form 
 of murder. In four hours on one evening in one city 36,- 
 803 women were seen going into public-houses. The results 
 formed a tragedy so squalid, and so deadly, as to sicken the 
 heart like the impression of a nightmare, whose very memory 
 we loathe. Read that hideous list and then prattle, and 
 lisp, and sneer about exaggeration; read that list, and then, 
 if any man can still quote Scripture for the purpose of check- 
 ing temperance reformers, or of encouraging our immense 
 capacities for delay and indifference, I can only say tor- such 
 a man, that 
 
 Though in the sacred place he stands 
 
 Uplifting consecrated hands, 
 
 Unworthy are his lips to tell 
 
 Of Jesus martyr-miracle; 
 
 The miracle of life and death, 
 
 Thou holy one of Nazereth !" 
 
 LORD MORPETH, when Secretary for Ireland, gave 
 the following statistics in a speech on the condition of Ire- 
 land, delivered after a public dinner in Dublin. Of cases of 
 murder, assault with attempt to murder, outrageous offences 
 against the person, aggravated assault, cutting and maiming 
 there were in : — 
 
APPENDIX. 297 
 
 1837 k 12,096 
 
 1838 11,058 
 
 1839 1,097 
 
 1840 173 
 
 It further appears that the number of persons charged 
 with murder within the police boundaries of Dublin was in 
 
 1838 14 
 
 1839 4 
 
 1 840 2 
 
 1 84 1 I 
 
 The consumption of spirits for the year 1840 (ending 5th 
 January, 1841) had fallen, in round numbers, to 7,000,000 
 gallons; whereas, in 1838, it was 12,000,000 gallons. Hence 
 the falling of in the calendar. 
 
 C. 
 
 HOW DRINKS ARE DOCTORED. 
 
 The well known publishing house of David C. Cook, of 
 Chicago, publishes a little book entitled " Drink from 
 Drugs," by Eli Johnson. Mr. Johnson's character is guar- 
 anteed by the endorsement of such men as the Rev. Dr. 
 Theodore Cuyler; Rev. P. Striker, Pastor of First Presby- 
 terian Church, Saratoga; Dr. Hamilton, Principal Physician 
 of Hamilton Medical Institute, N. Y.; Ex-President Hayes, 
 Ex-Governor St. John. He gives particulars of a number of 
 " trade circulars" and books together with the names of 
 their publishers and price of the books designed for the use 
 of spirit dealers and bar tenders. He says : "In London, 
 
^98 4?P«:NCtx. 
 
 (England,)! went out shopping one day, and called upon 
 seven druggists. In each place I inquired for the oil of 
 cognac. Three of them said they had never heard of such a 
 thing. Three others said, "You will find it with the wine 
 and spirit merchants." The seventh one said he did not 
 keep it, nor did he know anything about it. After convers- 
 ing for some time, he turned to a drawer, and taking from it 
 a small bottle, said to me, "That is port wine oil. I have 
 been analyzing it; but there is one ingredient in it that I 
 can't make out. If I could make out that one ingredient I 
 could realize a fortune in a little while manufacturing that 
 oil for the trade of London." After conversing quite freely 
 upon the subject, and giving me all the information he was 
 able to impart, he said to me, "Are you engaged in the 
 liquor traffic?" "No," I replied; "I am engaged in the 
 temperance cause." This closed our conversation, and I 
 bade him good-day. 
 
 Following up my mvestigations, I next called upon a 
 chemist in Finsbury Pavement, whom I knew. Having with 
 me a bottle of the oil of cognac, I showed it to him and 
 asked him if he could tell me where I could purchase that 
 article. Taking the bottle in his hand, reading the label 
 and holding it up between him and the light, he said, " I 
 have heard of that thing many times; but this is the first 
 time I have ever seen it. Yes, I think I can tell you. There 
 is a namesake of mine over here in Norton Folgate, engaged 
 in the same business that I am; some time ago, one of his 
 letters fell into my hands, and I supposing that it was de- 
 signed for me, opened it. It proved to be from a publican 
 out in the country, who said : ' Please send me liquid enough 
 to make thirty-six gallons of gin.' Now, sir, if you will call 
 on Mr. Jones, I think you will find the article on sale." 
 
 Entering the store of Mr. Jones, in Norton Folgate, and 
 inquiring if he kept oil of cognac, he replied in the affirmative. 
 "VVhat will you charge me for an ounce?" "Six shillings," 
 was his reply. "O," I said, "I can buy it in America for 
 four shillings. Do you keep gin oil?', "Yes, sir." "What 
 
APPENDIX. 299 
 
 will you charge me for an ounce of that?" "I would not 
 sell you an ounce; but I would sell you a pint for eight shil- 
 lings, and with the pint you could make one hundred gallons 
 of gin." "Do you keep port wine oil?" "No sir; but I can 
 tell you where you can purchase ail you like." "Do you 
 sell many of these materials for making liquors?" "O, yes," 
 said he. "We sell great quantities of them." •**How do you 
 manage that? I thought your laws prohibited the use of all 
 such things?" "O, no, sir. The law prohibits the use of 
 anything that is iniurious; but the§e are not injurious; they 
 are entirely harmless." Then I said, "If that be the case, 
 please let me have two bottles, and put them up good and 
 strong, so that I can take them back to America." 
 
 For the oil of cognac I paid him six shillings; for the 
 essence of rum, two shillings. With the former I can make 
 twenty gallons of French brandy; with the latter I can make 
 twenty gallons of Jamaica rum. 
 
 My next discovery was a firm which I was told dealt ex- 
 clusively in materials for publicans. I called upon them 
 and obtained their business card." Mr. Johnson gives a^^- 
 simile of the card. 
 
 Mr. Johnson, among numerous other facts of a similar 
 character discovered in London, says : "In the Licensed 
 Victuallers year book for the year 1875 there appears an ad- 
 vertisementof the "Escortt HopEssenceCompany," in which 
 they say : — " Having secured the services of Mr. Escortt, 
 who is the authorized city analyst for the city of Manchester, 
 publicans using this Hop Essence may always be assured of 
 having ♦^heir liquors pronounced pure." This advertisement 
 created so much furor in England that the books containing 
 it soon disappeared; and it was said that they were bought 
 up and destroyed. The copy that I saw was in the hands 
 of a temperance man. 
 
 Purchasing a book of Mr. Loftus 146 Oxford Street Lon- 
 don, entitled, Loftus New mixing and deducing book for the 
 use of Publicans and Spii it Dealers. Mr. Johnson says : — 
 
300 APPENDIX. 
 
 When I bad paid for the books, and had them in my hand, 
 I said to Mr. Loftus : " Now please put up some of those 
 essences of yours in small bottles. " Why," said he, " we 
 never sell them, but I'll give you the address of the gentle- 
 man of whom I purchase them, and you can go there and 
 obtain them just as cheaply as I do." He then wrote out 
 the name on a piece of paper, "Bush & Co., 30 Bishopgate 
 Street." Now I said, " please write your own name under 
 that, and then I shall be sure of getting them." Picking up 
 his business card, he said, " There, take that, and you will 
 get all you want." 
 
 Going up to 30 Bishopgate Street, I found a building five 
 stories in height ; but when I entered it I found myself in 
 a little room five by ten feet square, partitioned off from the 
 remainder of the building, with a small hole in the partition, 
 through which I could speak to the people on the other 
 side. I presented the card with the address, and said, " I 
 should like a few samples of your essences for flavoring li- 
 quors, put up in ounce bottles. " Well, what will you 
 have ?" — handing me their circular, with names and prices 
 of a large number of essences, etc. I began calling off 
 what I wanted, and he wrote it down. When I had finished, 
 he said, "please take a seat, sir, and we shall have them 
 ready for you in a few minutes." After sitting about fifteen 
 minutes, he handed me out seven ounce bottles, each of 
 which was sufficient to make six gallons of the liquor repre- 
 sented by the labels attached, and for each of which I 
 paid him one shilling. So that for seven shillings — $1.75 — 
 I obtained the drugs for making forty-two gallons of assorted 
 liquors. 
 
 If we are to believe the statements of several books pub- 
 lished for the use of brewers, there are used in the manu- 
 facture of the different malt beverages, alum, copperas, to- 
 bacco, cocculus Indicus, capsicum, opium, henbane, salt of 
 tartar, aloes, ginger, slacked lime, quassia, sweet-scented flag, 
 wormwood, hoarhound, bitter oranges, salt, molasses, sul- 
 
APrENDIX. 301 
 
 phate of iron, gentian, strychnine, alum, coriander, paradise 
 seed, sulphuric acid, jalap, ammonia, maranta, etc. 
 
 In a book published in London, called " Brewing Malt 
 Liquors," many of the articles already named are recom- 
 mended for brewing malt liquors, and for improving them 
 after they are brewed. 
 
 The liquors are not only drugged by the manufacturers, 
 but they are in many instances again doctored by the retail 
 dealers." 
 
 From a book entitled the " French Wine and Liquor 
 manufacture " by John Rack, Practical Wine and Liquor 
 manufacturer and for which Mr. Johnson paid Stone & Co. 
 of Denver, Colerado the sum of $2.50, he gives the names 
 of 40 articles of poison recommended in che 27 recipes 
 which the book contain" for making brandy. He says : — 
 
 " This book is a translation from the French, and reveals 
 to us the deception practiced by the French in preparing 
 liquors for foreign trade. In the introductory the author 
 says : — "The manufacture of fictitious liquor is, and will 
 continue to be, practised. Large quantities of corn whiskey 
 are annually exported from this country to France, from 
 whence it returns as French brandy, and so close is the imi- 
 tation as to deceive the best judges." 
 
 Mr. Johnson's collection of facts on this subject are very 
 extensive. 
 
 From a book called the " Bordeaux Wine and Liquor 
 Dealers Guide " he quotes the remarks in the preface as 
 follows : — 
 
 "It is well known to the trade, and generally supposed 
 by those not engaged in the sale of liquors, that adulteration 
 is carried on to a very great extent in the United States as 
 well as in England. In France also — the source of more 
 than three-fourths of the liquors imported to this country — 
 it is conducted on a large scale. - 
 
302 APPENDIX. 
 
 " Were all liquors imported pure, and sold in the same 
 state, the quantity sold would be a mere item compared 
 with the amount now drank in this country. Indeed, France 
 and the continental countries of Europe do not produce a 
 sufficient quantity, if the entire products of their vineyards 
 were exported, to supply the natural trade of New York 
 City alone. So great is the demand for exportation beyond 
 the supply, that the French are compelled to resort to imita- 
 tions to supply the deficiency, and to such perfection has 
 the system been brought, that by no test, chemical or other- 
 wise, can these imitations be detected. 
 
 " The city of New York alone sells three times as many 
 'pure imported brandies,' and four times as many 'pure im- 
 ported wines' annually as all the wine-producing countries 
 export." 
 
 Upon these statements Mr. Johnson remarks : — 
 
 " Now WILL MY READER PLEASE REMEMBER THAT THE 
 FOREGOING STATEMENTS ARE PUBLISHED BY A LIQUOR 
 DEALER, IN A LIQUOR DEALER'S BOOK, WRITTEN FOR THE 
 LIQUOR DEALERS, AND THAT THEY ARE NOT THE STATE- 
 MENTS OF A TEMPERANCE FANATIC." 
 
 The following is taken from a letter published by the New 
 York TrP ne^ and written by "An Occasional Correspon- 
 dent" : 
 
 "Cognac, France, Nov. 27, 1879. 
 
 "This is Thanksgiving Day away off in the States, a festi- 
 val of which these dwellers in the Charente probably never 
 heard. If you were to ask them this year to assemble and 
 thank God for the harvest and the fatness of the land, they 
 would look incredulous, shake their heads and walk off 
 whistling. For now that the vintage season of 1879 is over, 
 there is no longer room for doubting what had before been 
 almost a certainty — that their years brandy crop amounts to 
 practically nothing ; in short, that in Cognac annals the 
 year 1879 may be regarded as a failure of the grape crop. 
 
APPENDIX. 303 
 
 A sevei'6 frost came at the last moment and snapped up 
 what few grapes had managed to survive the phylloxera and 
 the rains. 
 
 " But strange to say, 'Old Cognac' is found to be just as 
 plentiful as ever. That is, there is no end of casks and 
 cases so labelled, and filled with a liquid which in taste and 
 appearance so resembles the distilled juice of the grape as 
 to defy all ordinary means of detection. Some months ago 
 a French newspaper correspondent, writing from Bordeaux, 
 to the New Era, of Cognac, made the startling assertion 
 that enormous quantities of spurious brandy known as 
 ^trots-six' — a distillation from grain, beet-root, potatoes, or 
 other substances — were arriving there from Germany, were 
 put into brandy casks which had been sent back empty 
 from London, and were then shipped to foreign countries, 
 notably to England and Spain, as pure Cognac brandy" 
 
 Numerous other books are quoted by Mr. Johnson such 
 as " Hints to Liquor Merchants by Wm. Rudkins Sons' 
 practical chemists " New York. " The Secret Process of 
 manufacturing Whiskey, Brandy, Rum, Gin, Bitters, Wine, 
 Champagne" etc., etc., published by John D. Hounihan, 
 Buffalo N.Y., and others. He says : " In Canada I found 
 the drugs on sale with the books and recipes for making the 
 drink. I have one bottle that I purchased in Hamilton. 
 * * "Mr. Griffin, of Canada, told me that at one time he 
 purchased, of a druggist, a lot of wine for communion. A 
 part of it was consumed, and the remainder set aside in the 
 decanter for future use. On going to the cupboard to get 
 the wine for the next communion service, he found what 
 appeared to him to be an empty decanter; but, upon further 
 examination, the liquid appeared clear as water, while the 
 drugs had all settled to the bottom." 
 
 This testimony so amply given by Mr. Johnson could be 
 strengthened by many others. Mr. Axel Gustafson in 
 chapter 4 of ^^ The Foundation of DeatK^ gives some striking 
 
304 APPENDIX 
 
 facts on this subject. He quotes from a leading article in 
 the London Times Dec. loth, 1873 as follows : — 
 
 " The correspondence which we have lately published on 
 the manufacture of the liquid sold in this country under the 
 name of " Sherry " seems calculated to shake even the robust 
 faith of the British householder in the merits of his favorite 
 beverage. The correspondence had its origin in the fate of 
 a gentleman who was found by the verdict of a coroner's 
 jury to have died from an overdose of alcohol taken in four 
 gills of sherry : and as it proceeded it gradually unfolded 
 some of the mysteries of the processes by which the product 
 called sherry is obtained. In the first place, it seems that 
 grapes before being trodden and pressed are dusted over 
 with a large quantity of plaster of paris, (sulphate of lime), 
 an addition which removes the tartaric and malic acids from 
 the juice, and leaves sulphuric acid in their stead, so that 
 ' must ' contain none of the bitartrate of potash which is the 
 natural salt of wine, but sulphate of potash instead usually 
 in the proportion of two ounces to a gallon. Besides this 
 the common varieties of ' must ' receive an additional pound 
 of sulphuric acid to each butt, by being impregnated with 
 the fumes of five ounces of sulphur. When fermentation is 
 complete the wine may contain from a minimum of about 
 14 to a maximum of 27.5 per cent of proof spirit * * and 
 It receives an addition of sufficient brandy to raise the alco- 
 holic strength of the mixture to 35 per cent as a minimum, 
 or in some cases to as much as 59 per cent of proof spirit. 
 When all this is done it is shipped in the wood for England 
 where it is either bottled as ' pure ' wine or is subjected to 
 such further sophistications as the ingenuity of dealers may 
 suggest." 
 
 Mr. Gustafson also cites the following advertisement from 
 a prominent London journal Sept. 29th, 1886 : 
 
 ' ''Partner Wanted. — A practical distiller having been experi- 
 menting for the last seventeen years, can now produce a fair 
 port and sherrv by fermentation without a drop of grape juice, 
 and wishes a party with from ;^ 2,000 to ;^3,ooo capital to 
 
APPENDIX. 305 
 
 establish a house in Hambnrg for the manufacture of his 
 wines. Has already a good connection in business." 
 
 Col. Dudley, of Boston, says in his work on ''^Alcohol and 
 its physical effect " : 
 
 " With few exceptions the entire liquor traffic is not only 
 a fraud, but — perhaps without all dealers being aware of the 
 fact — it amounts to a system of drugging and poisoning. 
 The business of making adulterated licjuors has been so 
 simplified that any novice who knows how to make a punch 
 or a cock-tail can learn in a short time to make any kind of 
 liquor that will pass muster with nine-tenths of the com- 
 munitv." 
 
 Mr. A. B. Richmond, a prominent member of the legal 
 profession of Pennsylvania, in a little work entitled "Leaves 
 From the Diary of an Old Lawyer," gives a number of re- 
 cipes for making and mixing liquor with logwood, ojl of 
 cognac, turpentine, oil of juniper, cochineal, rosaline, red 
 beet, poppy, etc., etc. 
 
 The Scientific American^ vol. 39, page 344, says : 
 " There is perhaps no article of daily consumption that 
 undergoes a greater variety of adulteration than wine. In- 
 deed it is not only adulterated, but much of the liquid 
 we know by that name is entirely innocent of any Grape 
 Juice at all. 
 
 Mrs. Mary T. Lathrop is quoted by Eli Johnson as fol 
 lows : — 
 
 " In place of passing resolutions advising the use of un- 
 fermented wine at the communion, the churches should pass 
 a law that never again the cup of devils should be placed 
 upon the Lord's table." 
 
 " Where I once lived, pure California wine was sold by a 
 druggist (who was also a Sunday school superintendent) for 
 sacramental and medical i)urposes. Some temperance men 
 and women analyzed it ; not a drop of grape juice did it 
 contain, but that pious man made it in his cellar from whiskey 
 and drugs." 
 U 
 
306 APPENDIX. 
 
 Rev. Dr. James B. Dunn, of Boston, Mass., in his essay 
 for which the prize of the Nationa Temperance Society was 
 awarded, gives the following description of some of the in- 
 gredients used in the manufacture of intoxicating drinks : — 
 
 "CoccuLUS Indicus, or Indian berry. This article, 
 which is rarely ever used in medicine, and of no importance 
 in the arts, is extensively used for the purpose of adulterating 
 malt liquors. To such an extent is this the case, that 
 writers on brewing openly acknowledge the fact and give 
 regular formulae for its employment, and all recommend it 
 on the ground that it increases the apparent strength of the 
 beer, and improves its intoxicating qualities. It is a small, 
 rough, and black-looking berry, of a very bitter taste and an 
 intoxicating quality. In doses of two or three grains it will 
 produce nausea, vomiting and alarming prostration. In ten 
 or twelve grain doses it kills strong dogs by tetanic spasms 
 and convulsions, and in still larger doses, death both in 
 man and animals is speedily produced. In India it is em- 
 ployed by the Nagus and other Indian tribes to poison the 
 water in wells and tanks, to impede the progress of an invad- 
 ing army, and also to poison 'the weapons used in warfare." 
 
 Foxglove is a plant with large purple flowers, possessing 
 an intensely bitter, nauseous taste. It is a violent purgative 
 and vomit ; produces languor, giddiness, and even death. 
 It is poison, and is used on account of the bitter and intox- 
 icating qualities it imparts to the liquor with which it is 
 mixed. 
 
 Green Copperas, a mineral substance obtained from 
 iron, is much used to give the porter a frothy top. Harts- 
 horn Shavings are the horns of the common male deer 
 rasped or scraped down. They are then boiled in the worts 
 of ale, and give out a substance of a thickish nature like 
 jelly, which is said to prevent intoxicating liquor from be- 
 coming sour. 
 
 Henbane, a plant of poisonous nature, bearing a close 
 resemblance to the narcotic poison opium. It produces in- 
 toxication, delirium, nausea, vomiting feverishness and 
 
APPENDIX. 307 
 
 death, and appears chiefly to be used to increase the in- 
 toxicating effects of Hquors. Grains of Paradise are also 
 largely used. They are also narcotic, causing when taken 
 in a state of effusion, sickness, general feeling of distress, 
 and finally stupor, tremor, or general nervous prostration. 
 
 Jalap, the root of a sort of convolvus, brought from the 
 neighborhood of Xalapa, Mexico. It is used as a powerful 
 purgative in medicine. Its taste is extremely nauseous, and 
 it is used to prevent intoxicating liquor from souring, and to 
 counteract the binding tendency of some of the other in- 
 gredients employed by the brewer. 
 
 Lime, an earthy substance of a white color. It has a hot 
 burning-taste, and in some measure corrodes and destroys 
 the texture of those animal substances with which it comes 
 into contact. 
 
 MuLTUM is a mixture of opium and other ingredients pre- 
 pared by Chemists for the brewer, and used by him to cre- 
 ate the intoxicating qualities of the liquor. It is of a high- 
 ly poisonous nature, and doubtless contributes to the fatal 
 effects of that liquor. 
 
 Nut Galls are excrescences produced by the attacks of 
 a small insect on the tender shoots of a tree which grow in 
 Asia, Syria, and Persia. They have very little taste, and 
 are used to color or fire the liquor. 
 
 Nux Vomica is the powerful fruit of the strychnus nux 
 vomica. Its name suffices to characterize it. It is a violent 
 narcotic, acrid poison, and is extensively used in the man- 
 ufacture of intoxicating liquors. It is such a dangerous 
 poison that medical men rarely prescribe it. 
 
 Opium is the thickened juice of the white poppy, which 
 grows most abundantly in India. It is the most destructive 
 of narcotic poisons, and it is the most intoxicating. It is 
 largely used in the manufacture of intoxicating liquors, be- 
 cause its very nature is to yield a larger quantity of intoxi- 
 cating matter than any other beverage. 
 
308 APPENDIX. 
 
 Oil of Vitriol, or sulphuric acid, is a mineral poison of 
 an awfully burning nature. It destroys everything it comes 
 in contact with. It is used by brewers to increase the heat- 
 ing qualities of their liquors. 
 
 Potash derives its name from ashes ond the pots in 
 which it is prepared. It is made from vegetables mixed 
 with quick-lime boiled down in pots and burnt, the ashes 
 remaining aftei the burning being potash. 
 
 Quassia is the name of a tree which grows in America 
 and the West Indies. Both the wood and the fruit are of 
 an intensely bitter taste. It is used by brewers instead of 
 hops. 
 
 Tobacco is a narcotic poison of a bitter acrid taste ; 
 when it is distilled, it yields and essential oil of a most 
 violently destructive nature. 
 
 Wormwood is a plant or flower with downy leaves and 
 small, round headed flowers. The seed of this plant has 
 bitter and stimulating properties." 
 
 D. 
 
 THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. 
 preamable to constitution. 
 
 "The alarming development and aggressiveness of great 
 capitalists and corporation!: , unless checked, will invarably 
 lead to the pauperization and hopeless degradation of the 
 toiling masses. 
 
 It is imperative, if we desire to enjoy the full blessings 
 of life, that a check be placed upon unjust accumulation, 
 and the power for evil of aggre^'ated wealth. 
 
 This much desired object car be ajc^mplished only by 
 the united efforts of those who o^^ey ihe divine injunction, 
 " In the sweat of thy face thou shall ^-at bread." 
 
APPENDIX. 309 
 
 Therefore we h?ve formed the Order of the Knights of 
 Labor, for the purpose of organizing and directing the 
 flower of the industrial masses, not as a poHtical party, for it 
 more : in it are crystahzed sentiments and measures tor the 
 benefit of the whole people ; but it should be borne in 
 mind, when exercising the right of suffrage, that most of 
 the objects herein set forth can only be obtained through 
 legislation, and that it is the duty of all to assist in nominating 
 and supporting with their votes only such candidates as will 
 pledge their support to these measures, regardless of party. 
 But no one shall, however be compelled to vote with the 
 majority, and calling upon all who believe in securing " the 
 greatest good of the greatest number," to join and assist us, 
 we declare to the world that our aims are : — 
 
 1. To make industrial and moral worth, not wealth, the 
 true standard of individual and national greatness. 
 
 2. To secure for the workers the full enjoyment of the 
 wealth they create ; sufificient leisure in which to develope 
 their intellectual, moral, and social faculties ; all of the 
 benefits, recreation, and pleasure of association ; in a word, 
 to enable them to share in the gains and honors of advanc- 
 ing civilization. 
 
 In order to secure these results, we demand at the hands 
 of the State : 
 
 3. The establishment of Bureaus of Labor statistics, that 
 we may arrive at a correct knowledge of the educational, 
 moral and financial condition of the laboring masses. 
 
 4. That the public lands, the heritage of the people, be 
 reserved for actual settlers ; not another acre for railroads or 
 speculators ; and that all lands now held for speculative 
 purposes be taxed to their full value. 
 
 5. The abrogation of all laws which do not bear equally 
 upon capital and labor, and the removal of unjust techni- 
 calities, delays and discriminations in the administration of 
 justice. 
 
310 APPENDIX. 
 
 6. The adoption of measures providing for the health and 
 safety of those engaged in mining, manufacturing and build- 
 ing industries, and for indemnification to those engaged 
 therein fur injuries received through lack of necessary safe- 
 guards. 
 
 7. The recognition, by incorporation of Trade Unions,' 
 orders, and such other associations as may be organized, the 
 working masses to improve their condition and protect 
 their rights. 
 
 8. The enactment of laws to compel corporations to pay 
 their employees weekly, in lawful money, for the labor of 
 the preceding week, and giving mechanics and laborers a 
 first lien upon the product of their labor to the extent of 
 their full wages. 
 
 9. The abolition of the contract system on national, state 
 and municipal works. 
 
 ID. The enactment of laws providing for arbitration be- 
 tween employer and employee, and to enforce the decision 
 of the arbitrator. 
 
 11. The prohibition by law of children under fifteen years 
 of age in workshops, mines and factories. 
 
 12. To prohibit the hiring out of convict labor. 
 
 1 3. That a graduated income tax be levied, and we de- 
 mand at the hands of Congress. 
 
 14. The estabhshment of a national monetary system in 
 which a circulating medium in necessary quantity shall issue 
 direct to the people, without the intervention of banks : 
 that all the national issue shall be a lull legal tender in pay- 
 ment ot all debts public and private ; and that the Govern- 
 meLt shall not guarantee or recognize any private banks, or 
 creaie any banking corporations. 
 
 15. That interest-bearing bonds, bills of credit, or notes, 
 shall never be issued by the Government ; but that, when 
 need arises, the emergency shall be met by issue of legal 
 tender, non-interest-bearing money 
 
APPENDIX. 311 
 
 1 6. That the importation of foreign labor under contract 
 shall be prohibited. 
 
 17. That, in connection with the post office, the Govern- 
 ment shall organize financial exchanges, safe deposits, and 
 facilities for deposit of the savings of the people in small 
 sums. 
 
 18. That the Government shall obtain possession by pur- 
 chase under the right of eminent domain of all telegraphs, 
 telephones and railroads ; and that hereafter no charter or 
 license be issued to any corporation for construction or 
 operation of any means of transporting intelligence, passen- 
 gers, or freight. And while making the foregoing demands 
 upon the State and National Government, we will endeavor 
 to associate our own labors. 
 
 19. To establish co-operative institutions such as will 
 tend to supercede the wage system, by the introduction of a 
 co-operative industrial system. 
 
 20. To secure for both sexes equal pay for equal work. 
 
 21. fo shorten the hours of labor by a general refusal to 
 work for more than eight hours. « 
 
 22. To persuade employers to arbitrate all differences 
 which may arise between them and their employees, in order 
 that the bonds of sympathy between them may be strength- 
 ened, and that strikes may be rendered unnecessary." 
 
 E. 
 
 FIRE INSURANCE AND DRINK. 
 
 Everyone knows that the life insurance companies dis- 
 criminate sharply and unfailingly against drinkers. This 
 fact is one of the strongest arguments for temperance. Al- 
 most ecjually strong is the fact (which, however, is not quite 
 so generally known) that the fire insurance companies have 
 
312 APPENDIX. V 
 
 Strict rules bearing on the liquor question. Intemperance 
 begets carelessness, obliviousness to danger, and, quite as 
 frequently, destructiveness. Incendiarism is largely due to 
 strong drink, and a very large proportion of accidental fires 
 is to be attributed to the effects of drunkenness. Hence, 
 the fire insurance companies invariably take into account 
 the habits of men frequenting a place before they will in- 
 sure it. Hotel-keepers and others, who harbor persons of 
 whom a large proportion are, presumably, subject to intoxi- 
 cation, have to pay rates of insurance to cover this extra 
 hazard. 
 
 F. 
 
 COMPENSATION. 
 
 For the fuWdiscussion of this question read the pamphlet 
 by the author of this ivork entitled '''■Compensation and the 
 Liquor Traffic^''' published by Hunter^ Rose 6^ Co. Copies 
 may be had, pf ice lo cents, of the publishers of this volume, or 
 of the author, Rev. W. Burgess, Listowel, Ontario, Canada.