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NOTES
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ON I III-.
DOMINION OF CANADA, r
IK
CONTKNTS:
<.ctKi;il I >«••.. iiiilinn .i| (111- ( 'i.iiillr> . j kcmlii in .M;il>iti>l>;t, .iinl |i' llic NV <j-.t
I' 'piil.itii>if a> In iiimiiMrv ant! < ir- I uf it, fur ~ellli;r>.
''UMisiaii'o>. I li>- I'.H iih I;. U !'r.-i.ii.
I III M.iiiiur iir Km III iif ( ■iiivfiiiiiicii;. I'li!'!!' Weil, ki-i 1 lo-^ I'l- ;■ i i^ .m.!
I'r.i^iiiis uf ih,- l'(.|iiilali(>ii at tin; Ka-.i l'.\|ifniliiiiri-
anil W .-I i'ihU. I'uSill. |i, l,i,
I lie liv^i A^fii'nlliirai |iar'^. ^ii.;^i.'>lii .n- (• - nu, h i liaiiu'-, in i
Krli'^inn I'lHlM iuttimi I'f < ii .'. '"I unit hi aif'
I'.ilitii^ .Mul I'l.iiiirai r.iiti'>. iii.iilaii<-iiti.-iu nf |.iililli .il)air< a.
Mini- j.artiri'.lai- I »CM-n]>tii>ii cl' tlii; | \m •iilil' ri'.li:. o lakili'ii, |..i\ tli..-
I ■.niitiy. I'.asi tli \\'<;si. | |.)i!ilir lU-ln uiinin a nn'ikialu
I uiiil«jriii^ ami M 'iiijap!|i> ■•'Iiki'l-^ "i' iniiiilicr ul" yeai--.. aial .iii'IiHO a
lluii'ii an.! ^mi^f.r.^^. "" iiM-t'ill (la---. ,,{ wiiii^iat l"n. .\ r.
''%^^
I:
IND:
1 9
|. kl 1 llll;l •'««.. (il',NKRAI-«Hi"iK \ Nl ■ (m: I'l.'.NIIvK
• ^ 1S7O,
»
l:^:~1Ltl::^^^|:?b3^>^CO:^
f-*j«i
Vt
f!
=af
p
^.f /r/^V^^
Tm^e 2. Kca.l lawless '•A'.'//£/^/' an.l plau^il.le - ffyP^'rntcs.
;]'a.;k 5... Read -"/A/<//////<//^" wherever the wiml < ocurs.
CANADA
A lon^. 'i;irn>\\ >trii) of (oiintry. (.'Ntrndiii;; tVoin tlu' Athintii.cn
the I'.ast. to the l\i( itic. on the W e>t houiKU-d on the South li\
the I'nited States, and on the North li\- regions ot" nx k. i( e, and
siio\v. exteiuhn^ a\va\- to the N'ortli I'ole. and coniiilelnin. together
vilh the ahove slrii». what i^ now (ailed the dominion.
The ])0|iiilation ot' thi-> l)oniinion. (including; hhn ks. whites and
huhans) is about tour niillions: the bulk ol" thein \>()nr. ,ind li\in;^.
tVoin hand to mouth. b\ their daiU' exertions.
'I'hes are ruled o\ er b\ ei,nht ( 'io\t.-rnors and a- inan\.sets ol'
I'.xecutiv e ( 'oiUK illors. and ha\e their laws made t'or tlu ;n b\ eiudu
se|)aral(' leLiislatures.
Hut as these eiL^ht ( 'io\ ernors and ( ounc ils and eiuht le^Mslatures,
are not found sutt'u ieiU for administering the affairs and makiiiLi
laws for these four millions of loor peojtle. the\ are. b\- the present
<-onstitution of ( lovcrnment, allowed the iiri\ile,L;e of electin^^ an-
nually some thousa nds more of (oun< illors. (ailed '•'rownship"'
antl '"('ount)"" councillors, whose business it is to im|iose taxes
on their nei.^hbors; a|»i>ropriate a portioi, of those t.ixes tcjwards
an\ local object, and another portion towards j)a\in^ themselvi-s.
and enabling them to pay their j^rou and jj,rub bills at the tavern
adjacent to their phu e of meetini;.
'i'he bulk of the jiopulation. as said_ above, a.re poor, beinj^
•Mi|i|K)rti.'(l. In n < •tii>i(l«. nihil' tAlciit. .it l>t»ih tlu' I'.ist ;in«l NWst
ends of iIk- siri|i, by h^l1i^^^ liiinbi'rin^' and iinninj;.
'rhf aj^ri) iiltiiral jiarls arc |<iinri|tally wiiliin the Provinces of
Oniario and Maniioba, together with a < ontiniiation of the strip,
"NVest of the latter Province, extending Ut the base of the Koeky
Mountains. In (Jiiebet . Vcu r.rnns\vi<k and NOxa Stotia, there
yre ngrinillural distri( ts. hut they are limited in extent, the |»re-
vailing feature <»f these portions of tile I >oininion being rocky
Toughness. \vhi< h also, to a i^irtitcr extent, is the <haracler of the
greater part of the stufaic of Hritish Columbia.
In Religious profession the population iin hides all the sects to
J>e found in any (»Mmtry.
In iNjlitics they are di\i<led into two parties calling themselves,
respecti\ely. Conservatives and Reformers the former including
the greater portion of the lawless roughs of the country, while to
the latter the greater portion of |»lausible hypo<rites seem to atta( h
themseKes.
The leaders of these two parties are about e(|ually patrioti<' and
iniseltish. and both devoutly loyal (in jirofession) to the liritish
•<rown and go\ernment. and, no doubt. e<|ually disinterestedly so.
They each, also, have their newspaper "'organs." whose business
It is, reciprocally, each to write down the opposing party, and to
-elevate their own. in doing which, also, they show themseKes
cH|ually ai)t in ignoring truth, and ij^iliVeriting misrepresentation.
The two most prominent ''organs^HEtfiis kind in the Province of
Ontario, are the 'i'oronto GM>f ancWp Toronto J/<7//- the former
of long standing and continued i)ractice in this kind of warfare;
the latter more recently brought into life, probably with the view
in the minds of its i)arty of checking or counteracting the misrep-
resentations of the other, by the use of similar weapons.
Hut to return tu tlic roiinfrv itself. Notwiihsi.mdinM; the above-
general description of the Dominion at lari,'e. it nexertheless
inclmics. within the limits of the I'roviixe of ( )ntari(). one tolerably
c.ompai t (listri(t,<i)m|)risin}^ about eighteen tln)usan«l s(|uare miles,
or twelve millions of a« res. of as e\(ellent aj^ri* ultural rountrv
(alreadv to a threat extent settle<l and ( ultivateil, thouL'h siill alTord-
t<
of
(is addi
mg room for some
to be found on the » ontinent of .\meri« a. while in point of he;;
ness of « lim;ile, there is probably none to be fomid .nore so.
;»ny
Ithi-
This fa\«)rable '^grii iiitural p;irt comjirises the \<»rth shores i»t
J.akes Ontario and Krie. from the l»ay of (^)uinte to Sandwit h an<l
.'sarni;!, and extends northwardly to l.;ike Huron. It produces,
well the several kinds of grain, as wheat, barley, r\e, oats. \< .; i>.
favorable for ;dl kinds of vegetables, and t'or fruits oi ;dmosi ever\
kind, as apples, plums, iherries. \r.. and. \u the lake ivrie*
districts, peaches and gra|»es.
The Northern shores of l,;ikes Huron ;ind .Superior, presenting
;i genend siirtac e of granite ro< k in irreguhir ridges, are vmtit for
settlement: but in various parts. ;i little w;iy inhmcl. are foumf
c:onsider;d)le (|u;intities of good white pine, whic h is being speedil)'
converted into liunber at the v;irious saw mills established on the
shores for th;U purpose, and sent to the .\lb;ui\ ;in(l Chicago
m;irkets. iVc-. This rough and roc k\ district of country seems
also to have interspersed through it various kinds of minerals, as
copper, iron. lead, silver, gold, X:c-. ()nly two mines, however,
ha\e as yet been fairly opened and worked: th;U is. the Silver
Mijie M Silver Islet, on Lake Superior. ;nul the Mruce Copjier
Mine, on tht* shore of Huron.
'Ihe Province of Manitoba, to the NN'est of this extensive barren
district, is described as a very good agric:ultural country, producing
all kinds of grain and vej;etables, with easy c:ultivation; and,
■ilthoiigh in high Northern latitude, the climate is described by
Hhosc who have uintt-rcd there, as hcing not nKjrc suvcrc than
Kin^'ston or 'roronto: ahhough, hcin^' to a great c.\teni an open
prairie country, there must always be hahiUty to nunh in* onveni-
cnce from drifting snows, iS:c.
The want of wood, too, for Iniilding or fen< ing purposes, is also,
of <{)urse, a serious inconvenieni e. As to fuel, it is known that
there are extensive coal fields at some two or three hundred miles
West of the Ked River settlements, in the Saskatchewan t ountry;
and means will, no doubt, soon be provided for bringing it to
where it is wanted.
There is plenty of room yet in this Province, and in the "fertile
belt" or strip westward, for the formation of settlements; and the
North branch of the Saskatchewan river, which traverses the belt
from W est to Kast. it is asserted, can, with but moderate difficulty,
be rendered navigable f\)r nearly a thousand miles, or almost to
the foot of the Ko<ky Mountains, which mountains, with all their
height and ruggedness, intervene between the West end of the
l)elt or strip and the Pa* ific Province of '* British Columbia,"
^vhich itself, as said before, is for the most part a rugged and rocky
<{istrict, affording but ( omjjaratively little extent of agricultural
surface, being, as also before stated, more of a hshuig. minin^r and
Sumbering country.
'J'he general wintry character of the climate of the Dominion
<the very name of Canada giving an idea of frost and cold) always
has been, and continues to be, a bar in the way of the Province
receiving any considerable portion of that kind of emigration
•which, by the parties bringing in means with them, could help to
develop the coimtry's resources. And what is wanted is, that we
should, as far as in our power, j)rovide some .special advantage to
hold forth, which might, in the eyes of such emigrants, appear, as
far as ])ossible, a counterbalancing consideration against this
natural disad\ antage, and induce them to conic in and fill up the
-vcrc than
It an open
inconvcni-
ics, is also,
iiown that
ilrc'd milts
n lountry;
j^ing it lu
[he ''fertile
ts; and the
;es the belt
.' dirticuhv,
almost to
ith all their
L'nd of the
L'olumbia,"
and rocky
igricultural
iiininu and
Dominion
jld) always
e l^rovinee
emigration
lid help to
is, that we
vantage to
appear, as
ainst this
fill up the
now pariially settled distri* ts \vhi« h .ire re.ill) di-'raliU. .\iid
there are no other mean;> >«> apparently in our pouiT as ihe redm -
lion of our taxation to a l«)wer rate than in otiur rnuntrics whii h
present open tields lor ••mignuion.
Milt this will not l>e Itroiight alxuil iiiuil a t<»tal • hangi- is
adopted in the manner and expense ot' adniinislering our pul>li<-
affairs. Thus, lor insianre, -
Abolish seven out ot our eight go\erinjienis and k-gislatures.
Let the l*ro\ iiu e (the Dominion) be ruled o\er by one govern-
anent, and have its laws made by one legislature. (This is done
in the neighboring State of New \ Ork. with a population the same
in nundx-rs as that of the Dominion, and with ten limes the
wealth.) "^
Organize a government on primiples of economy, correspon-
<lent with the ( ire umstances and romparati\e importance of the
country.
I,et the electcjral districts be so enlarged that the one legislature
•shall consist of not more than half the number of members now
composing the House of ( "ommons.
Let the public business to be looked after be divided into so
many departments as necessary, and no more.
Let the j)ersons appointed to the heailships of these de|»art-
iiients be so a[)i)ointetl on account of fitness, and let them, when
apjjointed, be expected to be always at their posts, and giNing
iheir best attention to the business of the department.
Abolish the i)lan of a[ipoinling outside commissioners, every
now and then, to look after some part ol the duty appertaining to
the Head of any department.
These and other changes which could and ought to be ad<jpled
li
in the ( oii^tihilion of :;(t\.TMiin.-nl. .md in the a(lniini>lr.itit»n ol
|>nhh( .ilVnirs, wonM |»rtHliirt' ;i Navin;^ ul" >oiuc niilliuns of dollars
annnalK. and hy so m\u\\ rcdn* c llu- taxation of the ctimitry: and
that. toil. n<»i (»nl\ without iin|»airinu. luit (•(insi>tcntlN whh in
t r».M>inj; otfi« iimk v in ^iovernniiMii.
'I'lu' taxation ni mans of tlu' roinitii> is at [ircsont c\trava|^ant,
atnonntinji to a link- rent on thi' iiro|K'it\, and is felt \cr\ opprcs-
sisi'. pariicnlarly amongst new and striii^^linj^ l>a«k woods settlers.
who sonietinu's are ohlini-d to sell snnu' part of their little stork to
make up surh taxes.
Is there any prol>al)i!it\ that siuh «han;;es as these, though
ol>\ionsly re<|iiired in the interests o( the < onmninity at larjic will
lie lirou^hi alioiil. or attempted, by the people whom, by our votes,
we ha\e pla< ed in » harjj;e of those interests? There is no prolia-
liility while the\ are lienefitted. or think themselves lienefitted. hy
the present orij;ani/ati(;n ot t;()\ermnent an orj^ani/ation whicW
enaliles them, wlu-n the\ will. t<i |iut their hands int<i the pul)li<-
treasury and help themsehcs and f)ne another to inrrease of salary,
without hrst consuliinji their eonsiituenis on the suliject: anil at
the same time. alVords them an opponunit\ to evade or needed
the duties <if their olt'i* es with impunity.
It is Useless to expe< t siK h a thing! Is there, then. i\o redress,
or no esciipini; from evils whi«h we know are only perpetuated
iuul increased. nee<llessly. lis those whom we have ourselves. 4is
.said aliove. pla<cd in charife of our affairs?
Leave out the unfaithful members at the next i,'eneral elet^tion!
will lie said, and the\ themselves will remind us that we have the
right to do so; but experience shows that in the common way this
will never be done to an extent to be of any use: and either the
same men. or others possessed of no more patriotism or imseltish-
ness. will tind means at an election time to obtain the popular
vote.
jtlon t>r
filoliars
itrv ; aiul
with in-
ravag.iiU,
y opprcs-
i settlers,
.' stork to
.-, llunigli
arj{c. will
imr votes,
no proba-
•fitted. by
on wlii»l>
he pul>li<-
of salary.
t; and at
r nf;j;le<t
redress,
l»etiiateil
selves. 41 s
cleitioir.
have the
way this
ither the
unseltish-
t popular
'I lure I
S .1 w
.i\ vtill It; '111. httui \er. (.itid \\\\ > h. in ih
i: < oiiiurs s
interests, shfxild l>e .id«»pti(l without delay) lor altempllnj; .m iui-
]»ro\e<l order r)f j;o\ernintut .iiul ot' the adniinisir.iiion ol puMit
;;(Tairs, whii h. instead of seeuun^:, to h.i\e for its ol)ji:«l the pam-
pering and e\eu>ing from diu\ the paid puMir servants, shall rather
ha\e in \ iew to promote the jiood 'f the whole, and to prolet t ami
save fr«»ni Iturdeusome taxation the nine tenihs of the rt»n;uuMiity
\\ho rompoM the working, industrious. :i\u\ produi ing « lasses,
thus,
Let tDeelings l»e (alletl in the \.irioiis miini« ip;'lities. or, what
Mould he Nirv ronvenient. let the various ( 'ount^ ouir ils iht- ,,gh-
out the <i»untr\ take up the sul>ie<t. and appoint delef..Ui..s to nuit
;it an\ partii i,!,i, time ;mu1 pkue tt) deliberate and ili-hiniine what
parti< 'I'ar <-hanges are |tra(;tiral>le. and what ar». d( -irahle. in the
present < ()nstituti(»n of government, to the end of proinoiing the
<lesired ol>je( l; an<l ha\ ing so determine*] as to re«|uisite ( hanges,
resolve that the\ shall he r.irried out: and if s«) resolving, there
will he nothing in the way of their being rarried »jut arrordingly.
The authorities of the land are aiuhorities rreated by the |i«.ople
themselves, and place*!, for the time. i)i charge of the interests of
those who elected them. and. of course, have no right to resist any
changes which those whose servants they profess to be. m ly deliber-
;ilelv and determinedly desire; an<l should there be a ne<essitv for
reference to the lm|>erial (lovernn)ent or I'arliament in the mutter,
it is certain that no objection wouM be made in that »|uarter to
;ni)' such changes being adopted.
The enormous expense of »(Miducting ("anailian government, as
;U present constituted, is probablv without u parallel, when the
circumstances of the coimtry. and the numbers and <:ir<up.istan< es
of the population, ar«. taken into « (»nsideration. and is probably
four times as much as the cost of government of the same umcnrnt
of population, with ten times the wealth, in the neighboring State
of New York.
Hi
iii
i!
8
IJctwccn the lavish and reckless expenditure, of late years, iir
unnecessary, useless, or unjjroductive works, and the large amounts
to '.vhich those placed in public trust have helped themselves and
their friends, under one jiretext or other, the Dominion (still a
I'rcvince) is at this moment over head and ears in debt, the public
liabilities at the j)resent time amounting to about a hundred and
fift\ iniiiions of dollars, ret|uiring about six millions of dollars
annually to \yd\ the interest alone.
!t is time that the j)eo|)le of the Province (the Dominion) should
take u\) tlie matter, and devise and establish a new order of
administration of the public affairs, abolishing all unnecessarv
otti< es and such as have been created rather for the benefit of the
individual aj)pointee than from any public necessity, or in the
interests of the public weal: checking reckless expenditure in pro-
jects such as the Intercolonial Railroad, which, being completed,
will only continue to be ;i burthen upon the finances of the
Dominion to keep it open or in running order: at once putting a
stoji to the monstrous waste of the public money in surveying and'
re-surveying for a route for a i'a( ihc Railroad through Canadian
territor}.'" (a thing well known before to be impracticable, without
traversing at least half the distance through uninhabitable rockv
regions) and to the possibility of the public servants ])Utting their
hands into the public purse at their pleasure and helping them-
sehes, without consulting their employers, to more than the
amounts at which thev had undertaken service
Hi
* riic only idiM ill coiiiicctiun with tliis talked of I'aiilic Railiimd, wliich
would sccni to have ivavm in it. wouM l>c. if |iiaclicalilc, to niaKc a road
tliiducjh Caiuulian tciritoiy iVom the Ouawa to ihc Saidl Ste. Marie, and ihoic,
ci(.»»->iii}; tile Straits, coniu-el with the .Vinericaii Northern I'acifie, i)y whi jh
means; and making a >hort l)ranch line or two lhri)U<;h Manitoba to intersect
thi> road, all tlie advanlaj^es for our St. Laurence and Atlantic ports, as well
as for our North West territory itself, uiiuld be obtained, which could result
throuj^h a road beiny made tlie whole distance through rocky Canadian ref;ioni;
and ])robably additional aflvaiitai^es. in lirintjini,' a larije jxirtion of the trade of
the N'.W. American Slate- in sddition to our own, by this shorter route, to
Atlantic i>orts. i\;c., liicc.
ears, \n
imounts
ACS and
\ (still a
le public
Ired and
dollars^
1) should
order of
iecessar>'
fit of the
•r in the
re in pro-
)mpleted,
L's of the
{Hitting a
rving and
'anadian
.•. withovit
)le rocky
ting their
nij them-
than the
i;\(l, which
aUc a road
and iherc,
, by whi .;h
to nitcrstct
rts, as well
could result
ian re^ionb;
the trade of
er route, to
Will an_\' r.itional ;i!k1 int(.;lli:,eiit man in tlv,' (■()nnniinit\- sa\ that
such changes in the < onstituiion a> would rcasonaltU- iirmnise to
bring about sm h resuh.^ are not (le^irable; or will an\ say that
they are not jira.iicable. and that e\en without ditticuhy. it sought
md <leternune<l o;i in ^uch a \va\- as sULr'^i.sted"-'
iiy i)ursuinii,' ^uc h a course, atul adojitii-.g clianges which would
produce tliese results, the ( ir( unistances ot the countr\ might \et
be redeemed; tlv.' public debt paid within a moderate luimber ot"
years; the taxes reduced; and the gootl and desirable parts ot the
Province, above reteired lo. rendered an uniting tield tor a good
and useful (lass of emigrants Irom ivarope or trom the neighboring
Stales |)eople who. brmgirig in sprn'e capit;d with them, would be
induced lo invest it in useful eiilerprisi's, de\eloping.thc (ouiun's
resoun cs.
The [U)ininion revenue at |)resen!. from indirect taxation, ((iis-
toms and e\< ise, \.<\} is about tweni\' millions of dollars.
Of these twent\' millions aiu)r;t six million.-., as before (jbser\ed.
are retjuired to j;i\' tiie intiTest of the present jmblic d'.'bl. 'lake
five millions more to ( reate a sinking fund, for the i'Ur|«ose ot" pa\'-
ing that debt, (thus getting rid of it within a moderate number of
years) and nine millions will remai;; for the tie* ess. try exjienses of
government, legislation, administration of law. keej)ing iti repair
useful public works, or further de\ eloping the newer parts ot the
coimtrw iind for apportioning amongst ll e several uiunic ipalities to-
wards relieving the inhabitants from bun^-nsome dire( l taxation. i\:c.
Let this serifjiis matter be taken into consideration b\- tlu-
Count) Councils thr(.)Ughout the country; and wh/rea.s, upon them.
l)y the jjresent constitution, devolves the duty ol imposing direi t
taxation upon their neighbors, they may thus become instriunental
in l)ringing about su<h changes as will reduce- that taxation to a
miniminn, without curtailing the amount whi( h will be axailable
for local imjirovements, ik'-.. <I^( .