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ANCIENT SCIENCE

SECRETS

Pyramids. Walls and Temples

■•' r

m WHICH M ADDHB A«H>HT RIVWW Of PUMI iMTiH's
" OOH WfllWIAHO* W TH» OOUT PTBAHID "

1^1

DUQALD MACDONALD

National Librar/ Bibliotheque nationale
of Canada du Canada

iiOHtreal:
GAcnm Vamam Cokpaiit

ANCIENT SCIENCE

SECRETS

Pyramids, Walls and Temples

TO WHICH IS ADDED A SHORT REVIEW OF PIAZZI SMYTU's
'• DDR INHERITANCE IN THE GREAT PYRAMID "

DUGALD MACDONALD

/Montreal :
Gazette Pkintixg Co.mimnv

I'JOl

Knteri'il according lo Act of P:irliainent, in thr Year One Thousand Nine Kundrud
,ind One. I>y Duoald Macdonald, in the Ottiii; of the Minister ol Auricuitiire and
Statistics of the Dominion of C.inada,

. *

f f,

% ,

INTRODUCTION.

(••

<^ I.

I propone to ewtabliah by clear, Himple and conciHe
(leiuoiistratioiis the truth of the following proportitions : —

1. That the three pyramids of Gy>;<'li chronicle the form
and dimensions of the earth and other members of our solar
system. These facts, if they do not establish a conviction,
afford reasonable grounds to su{»pose that the three pyra-
mids of Gyzeh are the identical structures referre<l to by
Josephus and the Arabian chronologers, on which the
grandsons of Adam inscribed tlie knowledge they had ac-
quired in regard to the heavens and the earth — knowledge
acquired either by their own observations or delivered to
them by Adam who, it is tniditioinxUy maintained, was a
great astronomer.

2. That the three pyramids of Gyzeh chronicle the rela-
tive weights of water, wheat and barley, which knowl-
edge is occultly preserved in the Innspruck foot, the
Russian foot and the English foot, from vhich it
appears that the water grain, the wheat grain and the
barley grain were the three fundamental units of primitive
metrology, and that the three pyramids of Gyzeh were,
among other reasons, constructed to perpetuate a knowl-
edge of the primitive standards of weights and measures.

3. That the dimensions of the earth chronicled in the
three pyramids of Gyzeh, were also chronicled in the fol-
io iiig struetares : —

a) The wall of Nineveh.

b) The walls and temple of Belus at Babylon, and

c) The Great Pyramid of Cholula in Mexico.

IV.

4. Thut iut'nsurt'H(»t'liMi^'fli,Hiu'haHtlu>«tu(lc' ot'Amtotle,
the rttatlo of MegartthetiOM, the ntjuie nt ErutostheiH-rt, the
Olympic Htadi' aH well iw the Kn^lish t'urloiig. Mie KngliHh
statute acre, the link of the land surveyor'^ t-huin, the
whole chain, the yogan iind tin' co-s of Imlia were each
and all founded on and oceultly preserve the knowledge
of the dimensions of the earth ehronioled in the three pyra-
mids of Gyzeh, the wall of Nineveh, the walls and tenqde
of Belus at Babylon and the Great Pyranii.l of Cholula in
Mexico.

Hence it follows that the revolutionary government of
France was not the first, as is generally supposed, to estab-
lish a system of linear measure founded on u part of the
earth's dimensions, and, furthermore, the oft repeated as-
sertion that the "earliest inhabitants" of the earth were
•' most ignorant," as stated in a work of great national
importance, is founded on crass ignorance of facts. To
refute such an oft repeated assertion is a fitting reward for
the weary labor of extracting from the granite giasp of the
pyramids the secrets which tliey have so carefully guarded
for thousatids of years.

DUGALD MaCDONALD.

CONTENTS.

(•IIAITKR I.
Tin- Pynmiid**. When -d hy whoiii ouifitnirttHl.

CIIAlTi^H II.

Form an.l diim-nsions of the thr.-i- |.yniiiii.lw of < iy/.-h, tl- "ynunid
of Clioliila ill M.vi . aii.l tlit- .vulii- ami tower of Habyloii.

CHAITKH III.

Prii >ivt' o|iiiiioii of tin- oartir.x mi-riiiiomil circumfcn'm't' chroiiicltMl
in til .ir»r j)yramia8 of < iyzdi, (lu- < Jrt'at I'yramid of Clioliila in Mexico,
tli«' wall of Xineveli, the wall.x ami tower of B<lii!- at Babylon.

ClIAITE.i IV.

Linear nieasnres of varionw lountri.'M occultly chronicle the ancient
opinion of the earth'w meridional cin-iiniference.

CHAPTER V.

Dbaervatioii.- on some reniarkable factB connected with the dimensions
and maftnitiides of the three pyramids '' Gyzeh.

CirUTE- I.

The three pyraniidc of Oyzeh chronicle the relative weight* of water,
wheat antl barley.

CHAPTER VII.

Further observations on some remarkable facts connected with the
dimensions and magnitudes of the three i)yramids of Gyzeh.

CHAITER VIII.
The earth's diameter chronicled in the Great Pyramid of Gyzeh,

CHAPTER IX.

The circumference of the nuxtn chronicled in the Great Pyramid of
Gyzeh.

VI.

CHAPTER X.

The distance of the planet Mara from the earth chronicled in the Great
Pyramid of Gyzeh.

CHAPTER XI.

The distance of the Sun from the earth chronicled in the Second Pyra-
mid of Gyzeh.

CHAl'TER XII.

A degree of the sun's circumference chronicled in the base of the
Second Pyramid of Gyzeh.

CIIAITER XIII.

A quadrant of the earth's circumference chronicled in the Queen's
Chamber of the Great Pyramid of Gyzeh.

CHAPTER XIV.

The diameter oi the earth's satellite chronicled in the Queen's Cham-
ber of the Great Pyramid of Gyzeh.

CHAPTER XV.

The semi-circumference of the planet Venus chronicled in the King's
Chamber of the Great Pyrannd of Gyzeh.

CHAPTER XVI.

Some linear measures occultly preserve the ancient opinion respecting
the relative weights of water, wheat and barley, as also the dimensions
of the earth chronicled in the pyramids.

CHAPTER XVII.
The coffer in the King's ( -hamber of the Cireat Pyramid of Gyzeh.

CHAl'TER XVIII.

Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIX.

Remarks on Mr. Piazzi Smyth's " Our Inheritance in the Great
Pyramid."

Secrets of Pyramids, Walls and Temples.

CHAPTER I.

THE PYRAMIDS— WHEN AND BV WHOM CONSTRUCTED.

At this late period in the world's history, it is impossible,
with any degree of certainty, to assign any particular date
for the erection of the three pyramids of Gyzeh.

It will be admitted, I think, that the Jews — those who
Avrote, preserved and transmitted to latter ages, the Old Tes-
tament — were the earliest historians of past ages. That
they had records of remote events in the world's history is
made evident by their writers. jS'ow, Josephus, in his "An-
tiquities of the Jews" (Book 1, c. 2), in speaking of Adam
and of his son Seth, says: "J^Jow, this Seth, when he was
brought up, and came to those years in which he could dis-
cern what was good, became a virtuous man; and as he was
himself of an excellent character, so did he leave children
behind who imitated his virtues. All of these proved to be
of good dispositions; they also inhabited the same country
without dissensions, and in happy condition, without any
misfortunes falling upon them till they died. They also
were the inventors of that peculiar sort of msdom which is
concerned with the heavenly bodies, and their order. And
that their inventions might not be lost, before they were
sufficiently known, upon Adam's prediction that the world
was to be destroyed at one time by the force of fire, and at
another time by the violence and (luantity of water (a). They
made two pillars, the one of brick, the other of ston^ ; they
inscribed their discoveries on them both, that in case the
pillar of brick should be destroyed by the flood, the pillar
of stone might remain, and exhibit those discoveries to man-
kind, and also infonn them that there was another pillar of

(a). The Egyptian priests appear to have been acquainted with this
prediction as is evident by what they told Solon, as related by Plato in his
Timwus.

brick erected by them. Now this remains in the land of
Siriad to this day.'' From the foregoing we have a distinct
intimation, that two pillars or pyramids were erected for
sciontitic purposes, before the deluge, in the land of Siriad.
In another part of his celebrated work, Josephus (Book
2, c. J») tells us of the afflictions that befell the Hebrews in
Egypt during the four hundred years of their sojourn in that
country previous to the exodus, how they were forced " to
out a great number of channels for the river, and to build
walls for their cities and ramparts, that they might restrain
the river, and hinder its waters from stagnating, upon its
running over its own banks. They set them also to build
pyramids, and by all this wore them out." Here we have
another distinct allusion to the building of pyramids after
the flood; but were these latter pyramids erected for a scien-
tific purpose such as those referred to in the previous extract
from the work of Jogephus ?

Herodotus, the father of history, who visited Egypt about
the year 449 B.C., relates that in a conversation he had with
the priests of Memphis he was informed that the great pyra-
mid was built by Cheops, a king of Egypt, about 900 B.C.,
that one hundred thousand men were employed twenty years
in building it; and that the body of Cheops was placed in a
room beneath the bottom of the pyramid. The srcond
pyramid was built by Cephren, the brother and successor
of Cheops, and the third owed its origin to Mycerinus, the
fon of Cheops. Very little reliance can be placed upon the
information which Herodotus received from the priests of
Memphis, as will appear from the following:— "The priests
also informed me that Rampsinitus, who succeeded Proteus
in the kingdom, descended dlive into that place which the
Greeks call Hades, and there played at dice with Ceres, and
sometimes won, and other times lost; and that he came up
again and brought with him as a present from her a napkin
of gold," on account of which the Egyptian* celebrated a
festival "observed even in my time" (Herodotus, B. 2, pp.
121, 122). The student of Herodotus cannot fail to observe

that the "father of history" clearly distinguishes between
what he saw himself and what he relates on the authority
of others.

Pliny, in his Natural History, gives a brief though inter-
esting account in regard to the question at issue, he says
that: "The largest pyramid is built of stone quarried in
Arabia; three hundred and sixty thousand men, it is said,
were employed upon it twonty years, and they were com-
pleted in seventy-eight years and four months," After men-
tioning the names of twelve authors who wrote on the subject
of the pyramids, he tells us that they "disagreed as to the
persons by whom they were constructed, accident," says he,
" having with very considerable justice consigned to oblivion
the names of those who erected such stupendous memorials
of their vanity." After stating their various dimensions,
which will be considered in another chapter, and the means
enii)I()yipd for their construction, he tells us that the third
pyramid "was built by Rhodopis" (a statement denied by
Herodotus), who, Pliny tells us, was a courtesan; but he
doubts that "she should have been enabled, by her vocation,
to amass such enormous wealth" as to be able to bear the
cost of its construction. (Pliny, Nat. Hist., B. xxxvi, c. 17.)
John CJreaves, who was Fellow of j\Ierton College, Ox-
ford, visited Egypt in the year 1638, for the purpose of
surveying the pyramids, of which structures there was then
no satisfactory account extant. He says, "Concerning the
pyramids, I shall put down that which is confessed by the
Arabian writers to be the most probable relation, as is re-
ported by Ibn Abd Alhokm, whose words out of the Arabic
are these: ' The greatest part of chronologers agree, that he
which built the pyramids was Saurid Ibn Salhouk, king of
Eg^•pt, who lived three hundred years before the flood. The
occasion of this was, because lie ^aw, in his sleep, that the
whole earth was turned over with the inhabitants of it, the
men lying upon their faces, and the stars falling down and
striking one another, with a terrible noise; and being trou-
bled, he concealed it. After this he saw the fixed stars

falling to the earth, in the similitiule of white fowl, and
they snatched up men, carrying them between two great
mountains; and these mountains c-losed upon them, and the
^hiniug stars were made dark. Awaking with great fear, he
iissembled the chief priests of all the provinces of Egypt,
an hundred and thirty priests; the chief of them was called
Aclimum. Kelating the whole matter to them, they took
the altitude of the stars, and making their prognostications,
foretold of a deluge. The king said 'Will it come to our
country f They answered, 'Yea, and will destroy it.' And
ihere remained a certain number of years for to come, and
he commanded in the mean space to build the pyramids, and
rt vault to be made, into which the river Xilus entering,
should run into the countries of the west, and into the land
of Al-Said. And he filled them with amulets? and with
strange things, and with riches and treasures and the like.
He engraved in them all things that were told to him by
wise men, as also all profound sciences, the names of magic
spells, the uses and hurts of them; the science of Astkology
AND Arithmetic and of Geometkv and of Physic. All
this may be interpreted by him that knows their characters
and language. After he had given order for this building,
they cut out vast columns and wonderful stones from the
^Ethiopians, and made with these the foundation of three
pyramids, fastening them together with lead and iron.
They built the gates of them forty cul)its under ground, and
they made the height of the pyramids one hundred royal
cubits, which are fifty of ours in these times; he also made
each side of them an hundred royal cubits. The beginning
of this building was in a fortunate horoscojje. After that
he had finished it, he covered it with coloured satin from the
top to the bottom; and he appointed a solenm festival, at
which were present sill the inhabitants of his kingdom."

In view^ of the absurd theories which have been advanced
in modern times to account for the deluge, Astronomers of
the present day will not be disposed to credit the statement
that the priests, or in other words, the Astronomers of Egypt^

could, by observation of tlie stars, predict the advent of a
deluge. These ancient Astronomers understood a certain
fact, of which modern astronomy is ignorant, and these wise
men knew that in consequence of the prece9<»ional move-
ment, the earth and the sun would arrive in a certain posi-
tion, in regard to each other, and would thus by solar heat
liberate the vast (|uantities of water, held in a solidified form
at the North Pole, and thus deluge the world.

From what we have seen respecting the period at which
the pyramids were constructed, it appears evident that
neither Herodotus nor Pliny possessed any definite knowl-
edge on the subject. Had the works of the various authors
whom Pliny particularly mentions, contained any reliable
information on the (juestion, it is but reasonable to suppose
that he would have incorporared in his great work any scrap
of information of a reliable chai'acter on so interesting a sub-
ject. His silence in this particular, when we consider his
eagerness to include everything of interest in his work, leads
to the conclusion that he considered their views on the sub-
ject to be of no consequence, and unworthy of mention.

If the opinion of the learned could definitely settle the
.[uestion, whether the pyramids were constructed previous to
or subsequent to the deluge, it appears to me that the con-
sensus of opinion is in favor of the view that these structures
were erected in antediluvian days. Diodorus Siculus states
that some authors say that the great pyramid was con-
structed 3,400 years before his time. Lepsius says it was
built y,oOO years before Christ, while Bunsen says 8,280
and Proctor 3,30'' \ It is, however, necessary to observe
that others, iiotab._; ..Ir. Piazzi Smytl/, Astronomer Royal
for Scotland, author of "Our Inheritance in the Gr • Pyra-
mid," places the construction of the (Jreat Pyrai;. s late
as the time of Melchizedek, King of Salem.

Although a number of authorities could be <iuoted for
and against the opinion which I entertain on this subject,
nevertheless, in my judgment, they would neither tend to
•weaken nor strengthen my contention, for this reason I w^il-

lingly refrain from introducing any further opinions on the
subject. It will be observed, howe\er, that the authorities
quoted speak of two distinct classes of pyramidd, and of two
distinct eras for their construction. (1) Pyramids to chroni-
cle scientific discoveries, and erected before the deluge. (2)
Pyramids to serve as tombs, and erected after the flood.
The testimony of Josephus and that of the Arabian chroiio-
logers mentioned by Greaves, refer to the former while
Herodotus and Pliny allude to the latter. If it can be
shown— which is the main object of this work, that the three
pyramids of Gyzeh chronicle, among other things, the di-
mensions of the earth, the sun, the moon. Mercury, Venus,
etc., these facts would corroborate the statement of Josephus
^nd of the Arabian chronographers, and thus establish the
conviction that the three pyramids ©f Gyzeh are of antedi-
luvian construction.

Before concluding this chapter, it may not be amiss to
direct attention to a slight diiference between the testimony
of Josephus and the Arabian chronologers in respect to the
name of the persons stated by each to have constructed the
pyramids; Josephus ascribes their erection to the "sons of
►Seth," while the Arabian chronologers refer their construc-
tion to "Saurid Ibn Salhouk, King of Egypt." Both the.se
statements may be identical in one of two ways: — The
Arabic name "Saurid Ibn Salhouk" may in the
English language mean, Saurid, son of Seth, if not so, it
may not be an unreasonable supposition, in fact, no other
supposition is possible, particularly as they referred the
erection of tl.e pyramids to antediluvian lays — that they
were erected b\ the sons of Seth as stated by Josephus.

In regard to the Great Pyramid of Cholula, in Mexico,
nothing need here be said beyond stating the fact that
whoever built it, must have been acquainted with the length
of the sides of the base of the Great Pyramid of Gyzeh in
Egypt, and with reference to the wall of Nineveh, and the
walls and tower of Babylon, these are sufficiently known, and
icquire no mention.

CHAPTER II.

FOKM AND DIMENSIONS OK THE Till KK I'YKAMIDS (IK (iYZEII, TIIK PYHAMID

OK CIIOI.ULA IN .VE.\'0>, THE WALL OK NINEVEH, AND THE

WALLS AND TOWER OK H.kllYLON.

It i3 now necessary to consider the form and dimensions
of the various pyramids, the wall of ^'ineveh and the walls
and tower of Babylon,

The length of the base of the great pyramid of Egypt,
as determined by the French academicians who accompanied
Napoleon into Egypt at the end of the eighteenth century, is
763-65 English feet. According to the measurement of
Colonel Vyse, the length of the base is 764 English feet.
IMahmound Bey, who measured the b.nse of the great pyra-
mid as lately as 1S62, A.D., makes its length 7G3| English
feet. These are the only modern measurements of the base
of this pyramid that deserve notice. The mean length of
them is 763-716 English feet. Just about one-tenth of an
inch less than what its correct length i^ .supposed to be,
which is 7631 English feet. The resultant of the for-

mula -—^.f^ X 44 English teet.

As the length of the base of the great pyramid is ex-
pressed by the formula —-^X 44 English f ^t, so it is con-
sidered that the length of the base of the second pyramid of
Qyzeh is expressed by the similar formula^ .,X 40 En g-
lish feet, equal to 694| English feet, and the length of
the base of the third pyramid of Gyzeh "^ — X 19-2
English feet, equal to 383^ English feet.

The modern nieaj-ureinenid of the bases ni the second and
third pyramids do not veil assist to support this theory, but
it is necessary that they should be noticed. The length of
the north face of the second pyramid, according to M.
Jomard, one of the savants of the Xapoleonic expedition
into Egypt, ia (!»2 English feet, and the length of the base
of the west face is (isy English feet. Colonel Vyse states
that the original length of the base of this pyramid was
707f English feet — and says that 's present length is O'.tO^
English feet. Erom these discordant statements, it is i)re-
snmed that the pyramid isinMo dilapidates! a state to allow
of its base being clearly defined.

The disagreements of the measured lengths ci the base
01 the third pyramid are still more remarkable. M. Jomard
gives for the length of the north i'ace of this pyramid 330
English feet, and for the length of the west face 339 English
feet. According to Colonel ^'y^e, the length of the base
is 354^ English feet. Mr. Piazzi Smyth does not consider
either the second or the third pyramid worth any considera-
tion, but devotes all his admiration and labor to the Great
Pyramid, which, no doubt has always received, in all ages,
the greatest amount of admiration.

Fortunately for the theory propounded for determining
the length of the bases of the pyramids, the Roman and
Greek authors furnish the information wanted to confirm its
correctness.

Pliny declares that the face of the great pyramid is 833
feet long; that the face of each side of the second pyramid
is 757i feet long, and that each face of the third pyramid
is 363 feet .ong. It is to be noticed that these lengths are
r.lmost in the precise ratio obta.ned by the prescribed for-
mula, i.e., is the ratio of 11 10, 4*8.

It may be remarked that the "Italic foot" is eleven inches
long, and resulted, as did the " Royal foot" of 13-2 inches,
as follows: — The circumference of the earth, as will be
sho^\^l later on, was considered tn be 132,000,000 feet of 12

inches, 120,000,000 Koyal foet of 13-2 inches, and in con-
sequence of "sweet faced hunnony," 144,000,000 feet of 11
inches, which was the " Italic foot," which is not to he con-
founded with the "Koinan foot," which i^i a different
measure. Aow, 833 times eleven English incLea are equal
to 703 -0 l.iglish feet; 757i times eleven Knglish inches are
ecjual to 094 '-i English feet, and 30;5 times elevun English
inches are equal to 332^ English feet. Thus ii is seen that
if the foot specified by Phny is allowed to be the Italic foot,
and there is no more eligible foot, the length of the great
pyramid as defined by Pliny is about 3i English inches less
than what is herein supposed to have been the designed
length; the length of the base of the second pyramid about
one-hrlf of an English inch less than the supposed desi"-ied
length, and the length of the base of the third pyramid
seven English inches less than the supposed designed length
— variations of length- which are as nothing compared with
the disagreements of modern explorers.

Let Herodotus, the earliest known measurer of the pyra-
mid?, be next examined. It will be found that he confirms
most i-emarkably the accuracy of the opinion expressed con-
cerning the relative lengths that have been assigned to the
bases of the two great pyramids. He says that the length of
tJie base of the second pyramid is forty feet less than the
length of the gi-eat pyramid. This statement at first appears
startlingly contrary and antagonistic, not only to the opinions
that have been advanced, but to all known facts concerning
the lengths of the bases of these two pyramids. But, by
substituting the word cubits for the word feet, the mist
disappears, and the meaning of the sentence becomes clear.
For the base of each p;-ramid is a stade in length, and as
every stade consists of 400 cubits, it follows that if the ratio
of the lengths of the bases of these two pyramids be, as has
been assumed, ten is to eleven, the shorter base is forty of
its own cubite less in length than the longer base. There
can he little doubt that this explanation correctly interprets
Herodotus's remark.

It would weary to disciLss the further evidence that exists
respecting the lengths of the bases of the pyramids, altliough
much of it is, it is considered, favorable i , the proposition
that has been submitted, and which it is hoped the testimony
that has been adduced will be thought sutticient to have
established; that the length of the base of the great ,,vramid
18 768;; English teet, that the length ot the base 'ot the
seconU pyramid is ti94f, English feet, and that the length
v'' the base of the third pyramid is 333^ English feet.

It is now necessary to say a few words as to the form and
licight of the pyramids. In the present dilapidated state of
the pyramids, stripped as they are (f their external casing,
it is not to be expected that the oigle at which their faces
were designed to incline to tho horizon can be precisely ascer-
tained. But the result of the measurements that have been
made are not opposed to the supposition that they were pur-
posed to be of similar form, as stated by Diodorus Siculus,
who says that the smaller pyramids of Gyzeh were like in
all things to the great pyramid except in size; and it is sub-
mitted that the angle formed by their sides with the horizon
was 52 degrees. More properly 62° U' 4" 9"'. This opinion
16 considered to be substantiated by the measurements of
Colonel ', yse, who determined ihe inclination of the face of
the great pyramid 50 51', of the second pyramid 52^ 20'.
Of ti 9 third pyramid 51°. To three o. the small pyramids,
the same author assigns an inclination of 52° 10', mid to
another one 52° 15'. The remaining two pyramids of Gyzeh
are constructed in steps. It is quite evident that these
pyramids were never designed with these slight variations of
inclination, but wei-e intended, as suggested, to incline at
the same angle, and this angle, it is believed, was, as stated,
62 0' 4" 9'". If this be so, the height of either pvramid
jfi to the length of the base as 384 is to 600, or as the*^square
of four is to the square of five. The significance ol these
numbers is much increased when the mystical properties
attributed by the ancient inhabitants of the world is con-
sidered. The number 384 is, Plato affirms, the fir^t of

..nities, and the number (iOO apfM^ars t., have l.oen .Mul.nved
.cyond the K-.uTality of n.m.l.erH with i-rofuund and ,,.n.-
liar signification. '

13 213^ Lngli8>- ^eet.

Th.. HuU-s oi rlK. base of th<- g,vat pynnui.! of Clioluh. in
Jlexico .,s =itat,..l in "The Seven Wondera of the World "
are each ],440 English feet, and like tlie ,reat pynunid of
Uyzeh has Its sides opposite the fo„r cardinal i.oints The
perpendn-nlar lioight is, acording to Humboldt, 177 Kn-Hsh
leet. "

The great wall of Babylon, aeeordirg to Herodotus was
.iuadrangiilar, each side of which Mas one hundred and
twenty stade., these stcdes make up the sum of four hundred
«nd eighty ,n the whole .ireumference. fn the preeiret
of Jupiter Belus was a 9.iuare buildiI>^r of two 8tades on
every side. In the midst of this precinct is b.iilt a solid
tower of one stade, both in length and breadth, and on this
row-er mse another, and another upon that to the number of
tight All these structures were in existence at the time of
Jierodotus, and seen by him.

The stade referred to by Herodotus, is the stade of four
hundred wheat corn cubits of 22^\ English inches, or the
stade ot 57,600 wheat grains, equal to 763« English feet
by which the earth's meridional circu^iferen^e is^expreS
by the formula 763^ X 12^ x 10^=182,000,000 English feet
ihe wall of Nineveh was of the same dimensions as the

?r /'? ^'^^^''°' "''"^^^' '^^ ^"tire circumference was

ioO stades.

CHAPTER IIL

PHIMITIVE OPINION or THE KaKTII'h MKKIDIONAL riUCIM>K»INCK (IIRONI-

tl.KI» IN TIIK TIIBKE I'YKAMIDH OK GVZKll, TIIK (iHKAT I'YM»M1I)

OK (HOI.II.A IN MEXKI), TIIK WAIX OK NINEVKII AND IN

TIIK WAH.N AND TOWEI: OK HABYLON.

Each side of the base of the great pvramid of Gvzeh, ia
7(J8* Englirth feet or 9,ltJ6:i English inches. The sum
of iu four sides in tentha of inches is 366,000^ and 3G0,066§
English feet are precisely one degree of a circumference of
twenty-five thousand Ei.glish statute miles, the earth's meri-
dional circumference, as it is popularly supposed to be at the
present day, and may have been the precL^ circumference
in the days when the great p^Tamid was c.i.structed. It is
not slu-prising to find a degree of the earth's meridional cir-
cumference chronicled in the great i)yramid of (iyzeh, for
this great problem must have engaged the attention anl
excited the wonder of the earth's earliest inhabitants. Tlicy
were men and women like unto those who now live, and not
monkeys, apes or jelly fish. They had intellioen.-e to pro-
pound great problems and ability to solve them. This
mystic number 366,66GJ tells us 'that a fiood of ignorance
did not prevail over the earth when the great pvramid was
. onstructed, and that those who assert that the earth's earli-
t^t inhabitants were ignorant, are, unfortunatelv, more to
be pitied than blamed.

It is reasonable to suppose that one side of the base of the
great pyranii.l, 7»i8^ English feet, was in primitive times
a recognized measure of length, but by what name it was
known is, at the present day, impossible to sav, and for
uasons which vdW. hereafter appear, it may be desiimated as
I he wheat stade. It would appear that the primitive Babv-
loiuans adopted the so-c died wheat stade as a rocr.gnized
measure of length. Herodotus, iwi father of historv, in-
forms u=!, that the great wall which encbised the great eitv of
Piflbylon was quadrargular, and had front nn each side of

one hundred «nd twentv ,tad«., uhic-h makes up sav* he

w;:^yr 'rr^ ;'''■' ^'^^^^ '-'-^•'^'••^^^^

lerence. If the stade referred to bv Herodotus was flm
wheat «tade of 708.1 Englinh feet, one aid.of 1 b«.e of
.he grea pyramid of Uyzeh, then four hundred and eighty

8u..h «tn.K. are ..«ai„ ,„ i....lv '.m^n KngliHh Toot l^tl

mne and four-ninths English statute miL, or one de' ee of
he earth's meridional circumference, on ho supposi^on of

t^.^^^sr-^^'' '-' - •ent.tinr::!

It may be well to observe that the circumference herein
n8..gned to the wall of Jiabylon is in excess of othc el ^

d7tu? the" \T V'\t'' ''••^"^^ translation of I r-
dotus, the editor (L. Humbert) .tatos that the wall
surroundmg Babvlon had a ..ir..un,ference of eigh loae^e
or twenty-four English statute miles. Kev. A. Ke th D D
(Evidence of Prophecy), says forty-eight miles, wh le Bean
I ndeaux assigns sixty English statute n.iles. The fore Jus
"re the e^tiniatcs of the tour hundred and eigh tsf !
a>s,gned by Herodotus for the circumference of that vaU
;.nd they afford unmistakable evidence that mol n .Xr^
c:-tertained divergent if not most erroneous opinions Tn

:S 'i:^: -^^^'^ ^' ""^^^"* ^^^«^^^- ^^ese estLates a^
kZf^/ '"'."''"" '^''""^' '■ " i^ "Emitted that all

know edge respectmg the length .f ancient stades is com-
pletely lost and It may be observed that thev would be
impossible of recovery were it not for the three pyramids of

Z2.\ T. '"' "' '^'' ''''' ^" '"^ ^^"^« I^^-i- -"tors
themsedv^ did not ag^ee as to what was the length
of their Sch«m and Parasangse, each assigning to them a
different length. That the three Limates ab^ve
^lent.o^neo, namely: TM-onty-foiu-, forty-oight and sixtv
Enghsh statute miles for the circumference of the great wall
of Babylon, are erroneous, can, I think, be clearlv demon-

on 1 f yT J-t I'' '^'' ^^"'^"^^^"' "-''dotus men-
tions a fact, to which the particular attention of the reader is

refuested. ''From Sardi^ to MemiiMnia is a distance of
13,500 !itndcs, and those who travel," says he, "oiie hundred
and fifty ndides every day jii^t ninety days are spent in the
journey." If four hundred and eighty stades, the circum-
ference of the wall of Babylon as assigned by Herodotus,
are equivalent to twenty-four English statute miles, as
stated by the editor of Lurcher's »^ranslation of llerodotiis,
then one hundred and lifty stades, a day's journey, as men-
tioned by Herodotus, are equivalent to seven and one-half
English statute miles. Evidently, the estimate of twenty-
four English statute miles for the circumference of the wall
of Babylon is as eiToneous as the estimate of seven and one-
lialf English statute miles is for a day's journey. The esti-
mate of forty-eight English statute miles for four hundred
:ind eighty stades, tlie circumforoijce of the wall of Babylon,
makes one hundred and fifty stades, a day's journey, equal
\o fifteen English statute miles. Did Herodotus mejta to
ussert that a distance equivalent to fifteen English statute
miles was a daj^s jouniey ? If he did not, he evidently did
not mean to assert that four hundred and eighty stades are
equivalent to forty-eight English statute miles. There
remains the estimate of Dean Prideaux to be ex. i mined.
His estimate for the circumference of the wall of Babvlon,
IS, as we have already seen, sixty English statute miles.
Xow, if four hundred and eighty stades are equivalent to
sixty English statute miles, one hundred and fifty stades, a
day's journey, are equivalent to eighteen and one-half
English statute miles. Did Herodotus mean to assert that
eighteoTi and one-half English statute miles are a dav's
journey ?

If the four hundred and eighty stades assigned by Hero-
dotus as the circumference of the wall of Babylon are
equivalent to sixty-nine and fonr-ninths English statute
miles, such as I have calculated the circumference of the
wall of Babylon to have been, then one hundred and fifty
stades, a day's journey, are equivalent to twenty-one and

three-quarter miles, nearly. Evidently the (luestion as to
the estimate of the eircnmference of the wall of Babylon
m English statute miles is now reduced to the consideration
of the estimate of Dean Prideaux (GO miles), and that herein
assigned (09+ miles). Dean Prideaux assigns for the
length of each stade 060 English feet, or one English fur-
long, while I assign 763,« English feet, or one side of the
hnse of the great pyramid of Gyzeh. One hundred and
iirty strides, each of 000 English feet, are, as we have already
seen, ef|uivalent to 18* English statute miles, a day's jour-
ney, while tlie same number of stades, each "of 7035
English feet, are e.iuivalent to 212 l'""glish statute miles
iiuarly. Which is the more correct estimate for a day's
journey, that of Dean Prideaux 18^ or that herein assigned,
21f English statute miles nearly?

Aimmg the Jews, a Sabbath day's journey was 3,Gi8
English feet, and a day's journey 175,104 English feet, or
a little in excess of thirty-three English statute miles.
Achilles Tatius (2nd or -Ith centuiy A.D.), as quoted by
M Bailli, relates that the Chaldeans reckoned that a man-
could accomplish the walk around the earth by continuous
walking at an average rate of walking in the course of one
year. If the earth's circumference was considered to be
twenty-five thousand English statute miles, and the year,
the solar year of 305 •242 days, the daily travel wouhrbe a
little in excess of sixty-eight English statute miles, or thirty-
four English statute miles each twelve hours without any
stoppages. Evidently a day's journey of 2 If English statute
miles is a more reasonable estimate than 18* English
fetr.tute miles, that of Dean Prideaux, and there can appear
to be no doubt that Herodotus did not intend that the
traveller should rush headlong on his journey, nor lag
behind, so 21f English statute miles nearly, being equiva-
lent to one hundred and fifty stades, 480 stades are therefore
equivalent to 09* English statute miles, the precise cir
cumfercnce of the wall of Babylon; and not, 24, 48 or 60

English statute miles, each evidently being an underestimate
of the stade of Herodotus.

The great wall of A'ineveh was in the form of a paralle-
logram, each of whose sides, like the gi-eat wall of Babylon,'
was one hundred and twenty stades, making a circumference
of four hundred and eighty. Jf these four hundred and
eighty stades were each of the length of the wheat stade, the
one side of the base of the great pyramid of Gyzeh, then 480
times 763,;: English feet are again equivuleiit to 36G,6t>6§
English feet, the length of one degree of a circumference
of twenty-five thousand English statute miles.

From the dimensions assig-ned to the wall of Nineveh,
u would appear that Xebuchadnezzar, who aided his father
to overthrow that old ( ipital of the Assyrian empire, adopted
the dimensions of its wall for that of Babylon; but instead
of making it in the form of a paralleloga-am, he adopted that
of an exact square for the latter city, which made its area
=omewhat greater than the former.

As the ancient Ninevites and the ancient Babylonians
■ both appear to have adopted the wheat stade of the great
pyramid of Gyzeh as a measure of length, it is reasonable to
conclude that those who migrated from Egypt to remote
parts of the earth would have carried with them to their
new homes a knowledge of the wheat stade of their great
pyramid. It is supposed that those who originally inhabited
Mexico came from Egypt, an opinion which appears to be
well grounded in consequence of the many striking analo-
gies found to exist between the people of these two widely
separated countries. It is somewhat remarkable that the
faces of iie great pyramid of Cholula in Mexico are like
the great pyramid of Gyzeh, constructed in the direction of
the four cardinal points, and is supposed to have been
erected a short time after the deluge, or about the time of
the founding of Xineveh or Babylon. Each side of the
base of the great pyramid of Cholula is 1,440 English feet,
and therefore exceeds that nf the great pyramid of Gyzeh

* aJte •

676', English feet. From the scanty informutioii which
I possess in regard to the pyramids of Mexico, I am unable to
deduce hut two facts from this great pyramid: (1) It chroni-
cles the earth's meridional circumference, and (2) occultlv
ineserves a knowledge of the primitive stade of Epy{)t, viz",
763 « English feet. That these facts mp- -learly appear,'
it may be obsen-ed that when an arc) ■ eparos plans

for a building or a geographer dehnea'. ._.• world or anv
part of it, both are drawn on some definite scale. Let us
regard the pyramid of Cholula in the light of a map drawn
on some particular scale, such as an inch to a mile, etc., etc.
If, as is supposed, the original Mexicans had come from
Egypt and were acquainted with the wheat stade of the
preat pyramid, would it not he a convenient scale to adopt,
say, oi;e-tenth of an inch to the wheat stade of Egypt? As
T liave already stated, each side of the base of the great pvra-
mid of Cholula is 1,440 English feet, which equals 172,S0(»
lonths of inches. Xow, if we suppose that each tenth of an
mch IS equivalent to 763.:: English feet, the one side
of the great pyramid of Egypt, then 172,800 times 763!^
English feet equals 132,000,000 English feet, or twentv-five
thousand English statute miles, being the circumference of
the earth as chronicled in the pyramids of Gyzeh and in the
Avail of Xineveh and that of T-abylon. We now see that the
great pyramid of Cholula in Mexico occultlv presen-es a
knoAvledge of the wheat stade of Egypt, and chronicler the
eaith's meridioinl circumference.

If the architect of the great pyran-id of Gyzeh intended
to chronicle the primitive opinion that the earth's meridional
circumference was twenty-five thousand English statute
msles, there appears reason to believe that he would have
anticipated the objections which the scepticism of later ages
would make to such a conclusion, and would have incorpor-
flted that interesting information in a variety of wavs. This
Ihe architect of the pyramid has done, as Will hereafter be
seen.

The height of the great pyramid of Gyzeh, as we have
already seen, is 488,:; English feet, and one side of its base
is 763,:; English feet. The prodiu-t of these two numbers
is 37h,466;;|, and its square root 611,^ English teet,
which is precisely the one-tenth of one-sixtieth of a degree
of a circumference of twenty-five thousand English statute
miles.

Within the great wall of Babylon, as we are informed by
Jferodotns, there was a square building of two stades on
every side, which would give a circumference of eight
stades. If the stade referred to by Herodotus wa* the wheat
stude of 763,:; English feet, as we have already supposed,
then eight times that length equals ♦;,111> English feet,
or the one-sixtieth of a degree of a circumference of twenty-
iive thousand English statute miles.

We are also informed by the same authority, that within
the precinct of Jupiter Belus in Babylon, there was a solid
lower of one stade both in length and breadth, and on this
tower was another and another upon that, to the number of
eight. If the stade here referred to was the wheat stade of
the great pyramid of Gyi..h, and there appear to be strong
grounds for supposing it was, then the four sides of the
base of this tower equalled 366,C66§ tenths of inches, the
sr:me numl>er of English feet as there are in one degree of a
circumference of twenty-five thousand English statute miles.

It is somewhat remarkable that, although the wall of
Xineveh was a parallelogram and the great wall of Babylon
m exact square, yet the circumference of the one was iden-
tical to that rtf the other, that is to say— four hundred and
eighty stades. The sides of the base of the tower of Babylon
precisely equalled those of the . great pyramid of Gvzeh,
namely, 7G3|; English feet. If these two cities, Nineveh
and Babylon, had incurred the M-rath of Almighty God, it
would not appear that it was on account of the ignorance of
its people, but rather in consequence of the intellectual
l>ride of a set of men who probably because they had taken

v't

a'-

• juM *

the iiR-asure of the stars or liad calfulated the courses of the
heavenly hodies, ht-canie putted up and ■'uhstituted tlieir
own iintliority for that of God, and worshipped themselves
ii'stead of the Creator. Their example has heeu followed by
the 'scientists of a j-rcnt nation at the end of the seventeenth
eentury.

That the stade of 703,;; Englisli feet would have been
adojited in JS'ineveh, Babylon and :\[exico, in fact, by all
primitive peoples who had come in contact with those of
Egypt is not surprisin-.', as this particular stade was, as will
l>e seen, worthy of admiration. It would appear that all
] primitive siades were divided into four hundred cubits, each
cubit consir-ting of one hundred and forty-four grains. The
wheat cubit of the great pyramid was therefore the l-400th
part of 763,^ English feet, or 221^, English inches,
The wheat stade of the great jjyramid was therefore of the
iength of 400X144, equal to 57,000 wheat grains, each
gnin •1.VJ14351,S51S5+ English inch, which, as will be
hereafter seen, differs very little, if it can be .said to
at all, from the size of wheat at the present day. Thus tliL
great pyramid occultly preserves the size of the wheat grain
of primitive times, as well as the earth's meridional circum-
ference. The following foraiula expresses the number of
suchstades: 1l^X12X12X10X10 or, which is the same,
12^X10", or in other words, the cube of twelve multiplied
by the square of ten=172,S00. Xow, 172,800X703 ^ =
3 32,000,000 English feet, or twenty-five thousand English
statute miles. Had any person stated to me that the formula
J2-'X10= expressed the number of stades of the earth's cir-
cumference, no further ev, ience would have been reiiuired
to convince me that the great pyramid was, among other
things, constructed to chronicle that particular information.
Jt may be observed that the cube of twelve (1728) was
regarded by ancient philosophers, as a perfect mathematical
ruuib' r, allusion to which will be found in the Timscus of
Plato (chap. xi). Among the Pythagoreans, the decad (10)

derived from a word n.eaning c-omprehonsion, was regarded
as the liiost perfect of all numbers, .-o.nprehe .ding iuitM
chfrere.ce of numbers, nil reason, species and prtp r L
IB fact, they imagined that if the nature of the universe W

natu e itself should be termed by the name of ten. Wha
l.as be.n said m regard to ten, applies likewise to the s,,'
of ten, then 12'X]0---172,8()0. '

As the foregoing fonunla n.a.y not convince the reader
t i.>t the .rea pyramid of Gyzeh was ..onsfu.-ted to chroni-

^ .mong ot^ier things, that the earth's meridional cir. "
fc ence was twenty-five thousand English stntute n.iles, T

nil endeavour to demonstrate that fact in a n.anner to e^n-
Mnce the most sceptieah

I have already stated that each side of the h,.e of the
Cd !;'"lt '' ^^^^' ''-''' '''^ English retfol;:
Gains' The ' °%'fT''' ^'""""^ ^"^-^ ^-"dr«l -heat

vhnii f' ' ; ?^ ''^''* ^''''''- ^-^^^ «^^« oi a square

vhose sides are of the length of the diagonal of the base

of the great pyramid is equal to double the area of the base

whe«f '"' KT^' "' -^X3,317,760,000==6,635,520,000

' 953 2'so OOn I" "" '' ^'"^ '''-' --« - therefore
^,9o3,2S0 000 wheat grains. We have seen that 144 grain,
the wheat cubit of the great pyramid, was the onfw
hundredth part of 763. English feet, or 22[^ EngHsh

rt' %f^ V^^rt^-' "^'^ '^ ^'^^^' '' ''' ^^h-t grains
18 to 22-, English inches 90 is 9,963,280,. UU wheat

grams, the sum of the areas above mentioned to

,584,000,000 English inches, 132,000,000 En^il feet, or

.uenty-five thousand English statute miles, the result of the

fresaid. '' X^'^X'^'^^=^'^2,000,000 English feet as

I will now endeavour to show that the three pvramids of
Gyzeh chronicle in combination that the earth's meridional
circumference is one billion five hundred and eighty-four

"lillion English inches, one hundred and thirtv-tuo million
English feet, or twenty-five thousand English ^^tatute miles.

The Great Pyramid.

We have seen that each side of the base of the great
pyramid is 57,600 wheat grains. The area of the base in
wheat grams is therefore the ^(juare of 57,600--3,317 -
^< 60,000 wheat grains. Then, as 144 wheat grains is to
-^IJ Jl.i.gb..h inches, so is 3,317, 76u,. On wheat grains
the area of the base of the great pyramid, to 528,000,000
ii-nghsh mches, 44,000,000 English feet, or to 8,333A
English statute miles.

The Second Pyramid.

Each side of the base of the second pvramid is 694>
English feet, or 8,333^ English inches. It may be remarked
that the number of inches, i. e., 8,333^, assigned to one side
of the base of this pyramid, is identical to the number of
miles represented in wheat grains for the base of the great
pyramid. As 1 have already stated, each stade was divided
into four hundred cubits, each cubit consisting of 144 grains
The water cubit of the second pyramid was therefore 20^
English inches, and the length of this pvramid in water
grains was therefore 57,600, i.e., 400X144. As each side
of the base of this pyramid is 57,600 water grains, the area
of Its base m such grains is therefore the square of 57,600
or 3,317,760,000 water grains. Then, as 144 water grains
IS to 20^ English inches, so is 3,317,760,000 water grains
to 480,000,000 English inches, 40,000,000 English feet, or
7,5751;^ English statute miles.

The Third Pyramid.

Each side of the base of the third pvramid is 333i Eng-
lish feet, or 4,000 English inches. Thi^ pyramid, it must b .

observed, in consequence of its short length, is the half

l.arle3-eorn strde of 200 cubits, each cuhit .S J^U i3 ,h i

ov lU barleycorns. The side of the base of tht n 'a dTs

here^re 200 cubi^ .aeh cubit H4 ,n.i... ,. 2!;>:o t^

Fn^l V, .-\^'*^^'^^0- 'ben as H4 I.arlovcnrn.s is tc '>0
Lnghsh inches, so ,s 829,440,000 barleycorn to 115 200 000

i.nghsh statute miles. '"'".t

^vh!^, f''l'^"'^ -""f^ '''' '•'" I'alf-barloycorn sta.lc, the
^ h. I. b.r ..y..orn sta.lo wouhl bo double the side of the ba e

ix^.VMnV-^'"'"""^' '^"d '*^' -- ^"-r times grea r i e

■*X1 813,,-<.2,2:^Unglish statute miles.

m wheat grains represents 8,888',.- English statute miles.

1 escnts 7 575,,, English statute miles. The area

8 8.;: 1- ^ ^''"^ P'^-^^^™''^ ■•" l-leycorns represents
,S18,. English statute miles, an.l the area of the
I'ase of a square doul,le that of the third pyra. lid in barley-
corns represents 7,272- English statu^ miles, maki^

IT! !j5"^^;fiy« ^J'«"«and Enghsh statute miles, the
earths meridional circumference.

. It is worthy of note that the area of tl,e base of the gi-eat

.;ramid in wheat grains represents 8,333^ English statute

imles being the same number of inches as there are in one

side of the base of the second pyramid, an.l it is als.> some-

^^hat remarkable that if the area of the base of the great

o7ro /'r ?''^'^ ^'^*^ ""'''' ^'•«'"^' i^ ^-o^^ld represent
nj 665 English statute miles, or precisely the same number

of inches as there are in one side of its base. It is also

vorthy of being mentioned that the difference between these

two numbers is 833.^ English statute miles, or twelve decrees

of a circumference of 2.5,000 English statute miles, and'it is

somewhat remarkable tnat each side of the base of the great

pyramid is 708;; English teet, and thut each side of the
ba«e ot the sooond pyramid is 694», the ditference be-
tween these two numbers is 69^, and if we suppose this
number to represent miles, it is precisely the same number
of miles as there are in one degree of a circumference of
twenty-hve thousand miles.

M. .Inn.anI, one ..f the .sivnnts ..f the Napoleonic e.vp...li-
tion int.. K^Tpt in his work (Uosc-ription .lo I'Egv-pte, vol 5)
sfatee that the ancient liabylonians, the ancient Persia.L.
the ancent Jew., assig-ned 270,000 stades for the length of
tlK^ earth s circumference. X,nv, :>7(),000 times the height
ot the great pyramid of Egypt, 488,^ English feet, are
precisely 1^2,000,000 English feet, or twentv-five thousand
Engh.h statute miles. This fact, however, n^ed not disturb
the conclusions already stated. The stade referred to by M
Jomard was the height of the great pyramid of Egypt, while
the other stade of 763;; English feet was used in primitive
times. It will be seen that ancient systems were dual sys-
tems, some of which were founded on the earth's semi-
meridional circumference, while others were founded on a
(luadrant ot the earth's circumference. From these facts it
will be seen that the opinion maintained bv Delisle Freret
and Gosselin, as remarked by Humboldt in his Cosmos (Vol.
1, p. KM), that the excessive differences in the statements
regarding the earth's circumference found in the writino-s of
the Greeks, are only apparent, and dependent on diffe^rent
values lieing attached to the .stadia, was put forward as earlv
as 149o by Jaime Ferrer, in a proposition regarding the
determination of a 'me of demarkation of the papal do-
minions.

I now propose to show that the square building Avithin
the mner wall of Babylon and the tower chronicle in com-
bmation the earth's circumference as twentv-five thousand
Fnghsh statute miles.

Each side of the square building of Babvlon was, as we
have already seen, 1,527^ English feet, or 18,33-^ Eng-

statute miles. '''■''' ^"•'' '"• ^'''•'''"•T ^n.^lisl.

The Tower of Babylon.

^ As each side of the base of tha tower of Babylon is ore
cjsely the same length as the great pyramid of Egvp 'the"
aiea of its base in wheat grains is also ;].317,7(10 Oolj wh Lh
represents, as wc have already *een 8 331i F "'i 7' "
"'-'-• -'-'1' «-n. a.I,h.., to ^,; Sn : ^ ^^^^T
n.«m twent^^five thousand English statute miles '•' '""
ref«;f ?r\ ]^f \^t«^«d to ^how that all the buildings

tZlv vT'' '^' ''''^'' eircumference at twenty^
thousand English statute miles. ^

CHAPTER IV.

usK.n MK..«nr. OK v.vH.ors ,o,.^.r„„, oc.Tm.v ckkoxuxe thb AvcrvT

oriN.OX ,.r THE E.UT„'s MER,„„.V,, crR.XMKERE.VCE

It was shown in the last chapter that the three pyramids
of Gvzeh the great pyramid of Cholula in Mexico, the wall
of J meveh as well as the walls and tower of Babylon, chroni-
cled the ancient opinion that the earth's meridional circum-
forenee was twenty-five thousand English statute miles, "n
rhi. chapter I will show that this opinion did prevail, and

that it Is r>ceultlv prr.erved in the land ^meyor's chain, the
>.nghsh furlong the Knglish statute aero, a/ well a. in h

] near n.^usure. wer. founded on the earth's meridional cir-
cumfererce at a r>enod lung before the French government
had u,tro.luced xl, n.etric system, a brief uceonnt of uhic
system may be necesttary.

aud t la founded on the supposition that the earth's meri-
dio.ml cin-umt...,.,..-.. is l,:.74,,s.'Jl.r,()0 K„«]i,h inc p.-,
quadrant o whiH.. i.nu the ...uator to the pole, i. :{!»3,707 -
900 En,.hsh ,n,.lH.s. It |,,s bcn-u decn-ed bv the French hn'v

^^3; .^;;^-7"'7.'^l-^t of the length- of the ;"!::

Jnnch «,.7r., and trom this, by multiplication «rd ,livi.ion
the entire system of linear measure has been established.

b.i • '. 7'^T ^^''''' "^""'"'■^ ^^'^^^'l* «PP^"«rs to have
been „.t.odu.^d into many countries of the world, wa.
louuded on the supposition that the earth's meridional cir-
cM,mtc.vence was twcuty-rive tbou.and Knglish statute mil.-s,
m--otT . -;d t^"ty-tvvo million English feet, or on
I'llLon five hundred .nd eightyfour million En,.lish inches.

I nited States of America a land survevors' chain. It i.
composed of one hundred links, each link is seven inched
.nd mnety-two o.e-hundredths of an inch, the entire length
of the Cham is therefore .even hundred and ninety-two En-^-
hsh inches or sixty-six English feet. Each link, as well Js
the entire length of that chain occultly preserves the kno"
ledge ehronu-led in the three pyramid, of Gyzeii, the great
pynimid of Cholula in .Alexico, and the walk ank tow:r 0I
Labylon that the earth's meridional circumference is

nT t. r / "'"n- ^'''^^'''' '''''''' ^^^-' «'- hundred
and thirty-uvo nulhon English feet, or one billion

five hurdred and eighty-four million English inches thus —

-t-

The earth's semi-meridional circiniifiretice is 702,000,000
El jrlish iiic'ht'!*. The link of the land -iirvovor"!* chain i^ 7"U2
Knglish incliei, or, in otlicr words, it is the one hundred
millionth purt of tho earth's semi-meridional circumference.
The entire length of the land surveyors' chain ia 79J English
iiiehes, it is, therefore, the one-milli(jnth part of the
earth's M-mi-meridional eireumferenee. The entire length
of the eliain is sixty-six Knglish feet, it is therefore the
one-millionth part of (;(;,()()(»,000 Knglish feet, the
earth's semi-meridional eireumferenee. The English fur-
long, the eighth part of the Knglish statute mile, is (iOO
English feet. The u'.rth's semi-meridional cireiimferenee is
♦5(i.0(»(»,000 English feet. Now, the English furlong,
of (560 English feet, is the oie Imndred-thousandth part of
the earth's semi-meridional eircujnference. The English
statute acre contains 4,840 Knglish stjuare yards. The
earth's semi-meridional eireumferenee, as Ave have already
?een, is t)t;,O00,000 English feet, or 22,000,000 English
yards. Now, the s(jiiare of 22 million English yards is 484
trillion s(|nare yards, the one billionth part of which is 4,840
square yards, the English statute acre.

We have now seen that the link of the land surveyors'
chain, the entire length of the chain, the Kii^ii h statulo
furlong and the English statute acre were each and all
founded on the supposition that the earth's meridional cir-
cumference was twenty-five thousand English statute miles,
and that the said measures were like unto the French imtre,
decimal parts of the earth's circumference, and thus all these
measures, with the exception of the French mvtre, (tccultly
preserve a knowedge of the ancient o|>inion of the earth's
meridional circumference as chronicled in the three pyramids
of Gyzeh, the great pyramid of Cholula in Mexico, and in
tho walls and tower of Babylon. With this knowledge there
appears to be no difficulty in ascertaining the lengths of the
various stades mentioned by ancient authorities.

Although Aristotle states that the most ancient measure

of the earth's meridional circunif en nee was that udupted
by Ihak'M and Anaximunder -who, it i. m he remem
bered, lived in tlie seventh tontiiry before l.'lwist, neverthe-
Jeae the . artl's ciic-uiiife.ei.ce hud been .leteri..i.,ed ua early
M the cci.tn.ction of ti.e great {vvra.nid ..f EKypt, howeve^,
^\i' Btotle, wJio ., notes ti-u... aiitho.-s .i.o.e a..ci.nt than hin.-
wlf, saya that tl.e .urth's circu.iifeience was 4oo.000 stades.
We have seen that on the .Mi|.po=*ition that the earth's cir-
cumference was 132,000,000 English fed, therefore a quad-
rant of Its <-.rcu!..ference is 3a,U(»0,(>0U Kn-lish feet, tl.e
one-hundred thousandth part of which is y;50 Enj-li^h feet
Aow the number <.f stades mentioned by Aristotle i=
400,000, which, being multiplied by :y.iO English feet gives
for product 132,000,000 English feet, or twentv-rive thou-
sand English statute miles, whi.-h is the earth's meridional
circumference as .-hronieled in the three pyramids of Gvzel.
the great pyramid of Cholula in Mexico, tl.e wall of Xiileveh'
and in the walls and tower of Babylon.

Megasthenes says that 400,000 expi-esses tl.e nu.ui»er of
stades for the cai-th's meridional .•ircumference. The stade
of Megasthenes appears to he the same as that me„fio„ed ]>v
Aristotle, whereby the earth's meiidional circui.ifen.nce is
again 132,000,000 English feet, or twentv-five thousand
Ei.gbfth statute miles.

The Surya Sidd'hanta—according to the rii-ahmins. w.-it-
ten thousands of years ago, affirms that the earth is i nOQ
yogans in diameter. The yogan, it is said, is e.iual to four
cose, and the eoss is equal in length to ten stadcs ^o^.^^-
thenes, who visited India in the second or third centurv
before Christ, states that the Indian i-oads were divided at
intervals of ten stades by columns. It appears that the stade
here referred to wa^ the stade of 6GC English feet, the stade
the one-hundred thousandth part of the earth's semi-meri-
dional <-ircumference. Then ten such stades would equal in
length G,600 English feet— the Indian coss, four of which
would equal in length i>6.400 Ergli^h feet, which mc-asu.-e

wiis the yogan of the Surya Sidd'hanta. Xow, 1,<!()0 yogans
multiplied by 26,400 English feet, would give for product
42,240,000 Knglish feet, which, divided by r),2S0, the num-
ber of English feet in an English statute miie, gives for
quotient 8,000, the number of miles popularly supposed to
be the earth's diameter, on the supposition that its meridional
circumference was twenty-five thousand English statute
miles.

Another Sanscrit Treatise, %vritten by Arya'bhatta, a
Hindu astronomer, who lived, according to Colebro(^ke, from
whose paper in "Asiatic Researches" the information is de-
rived, some centuries before Christ, affirms that the earth's
circumference is ;>,300 yogans. I have r.lready stated that
the yogan is equal in length to four coss. The Malwa coss,
Colei)rooke states, is 1 -9 British , mile, which being cal-
culated is 10,032 English feet. If we suppose that Cole-
l.nM.ke roughly stated that the coss was 1-0 Briti-^li mile
instead of 1-8930 + or Ijiif British mile, which is not an
improbable supposition, then the length of the coss thus de-
termined is 10,000 English feet, nud the yogan 40,000
English feet. Then 3,300 yogans are equal in length to
132,000,000 English feet, or twenty-five thousand English
statute miles.

The ancient Greeks assigned 216,000 stades for the
earth's circumference. It is not difficult to perceive from
whence they derived this particular stadc. On the supposi-
tion that the earth's meridional circumference is 132,000,000
English feet, one degree of a ciwumference of 360 degives
is equal to 366,666§ English feet, the one sixtieth of a
degree, equals 6111|, English feet. The Greeks, there-
fore, it would appear, adopted for the length of their stadc,
the one-tenth part of one-sixtieth of a degree, e(iual to 61 1 1^
English feet, which appears to be the Olymphic stade, a
particular measure, or distance which the sun. as Hesiod

says : —

— Walks majestic round the starry frame:
And now the lightnings from Olympus flmne.

" — I

Now. 216,000 nmltiplied hy 611^ p:nglish feet give for
product 132,000,000 English feet, or twenty-five thousand
English statute miles.

Jliiving st'c'ii tliat the ancient Babylonians, the aneient
Xiuevites, and the ancient .Mexicans, adopted for the length
rt' t*.. ir «tade, 763,5 English feet,— the length of one side

• t the ba>-e oi' t le j.reat j.yraniid, and that the ancient Baby-

• -ii ,,ns, lh( iiicicnt I'crsiaiis, and the ancient Jews, adopted
fr t^e i^iigin of their stade 488^ English feet,— the height

of tlie great pyramid. It will now be seen that the ancient
Arabians adopted for the leiigtii of their stade, 733^ Eng-
lisli feet, — the one and one-half the height of the great pjTa-
mid; and assigned 180,000 sta<les for the earth's circumfer-
ence; which nund)er was adopted by Ptolemy, Marinns of
Tyre, and Posidonius. Xow 180,000 times 733^=132,000,-
000 English feet, or 25,000 English statute miles.

Posidonius assigned 180,000 and 240,000 stadcs as the
earth's circumference. Although these greatly differ, as
regards the number of stades, both refer to the one magni-
tu(h>. That which had been determined ages before, and
that which the pyramids were constructed to record. The
stade, of which 240,000 expresses the earth's circumference,
was formed thus: — The earth's circumference was supposed
to l)c 144,000,000 Italic feet, and its semi-circumference
72,000,000 such feet, which <lividetl by 12=0,000,000, the
ten thousandth part of which^ tiOO Italic feet of eleven Eng-
lish inches=550 English feet. Xow 240.000 times 550=
132,000,000 English feet or 25,000 English statute miles.
It may be observed that the ancients adopted the two methods
of division, that is, duodecimal and decimal. The con-
struction of the stade of 600 Italic feet affords a good exam-
ple of the method followed.

With respect to the measurement of the earth's meridian
said to have been made by Eratosthenes, it has to be said
that the number ot stades, 694;^, he assigns to a degree,
is somewhat remarkable, inasmuch as ft28 stades of 694,j
English feet, the one side of the base of the second pyramid

of Gyzeh, would give precisely 30(5,666f English feet, or
one degree of the earth's circumference. The stade speci-
tied by Eratosthenes seems to have been constructed as fol-
lows: — The circumference of the earth, as we have already
seen, was supposed to be 132,000,000 English feet, and its
<emi-nicridional circumference therefore 66,000,000 English
feet. While the English statute furlong was the one-hun-
dred thousandth part of the earth's semi-meridional circ :< \-
ference, i.e., 660 English feet, which, multiplied by 8,
constituted the English statute mile of 5,280 English feet.
The stade of Eratosthenes was constructed thus: — The one-
millionth part of the earth's semi-meridional circumference,
i.e., 66 English feet, which, multiplied by 8, gives for pro-
duct 528 English feet, or precisely the one-tenth part of the
English statute mile of 5,280 English feet. That 528 Eng-
lish feet was the length of the stade used by Eratosthenes
is made clear by the fact thnt he gives the distance between
Alexandria and the equator 21,700 stades. The latitude of
Alexandria is given as 31 degrees 12 minutes, and tlio
1-2 1700th of the distance from it to the equator is conse-
quently 525 English feet. The probability is that Eratos-
thenes reckoned the latitude of Alexandria 31 degrees and
a quarter, which seemingly would be a small error for those
days, as in no instance cited by Ptolemy, so !M. Arago says,
is the time indicated less than a quarter of an hour; in which
case 21,700 stades of 528 English feet would be short less
than one and one-half .-tade of the exact distance from Alex-
andria ard the equator, on the supposition that the length of
the degree is 366,666§ English feet,— the l-360th of the
circumference of twenty-five thousand English statute miles.
Eratosthenes made the distance from Alexandria to Syene
7° 12', i.e., 432 minutes, and the measured distance gave
5,000 stades, consequently, the circumference of the earth
was made equal to 250,000 stades, and the stade, on the
assumption that the circumference was reckoned 25,000
English statute miles, was as alreadv determined 628 Enelish
feet, the one-tenth of the English statute mile.

In Ireland, the old land surveyor's chain, called the plan-
tation chain, distinctly points to the fact that an arc of the
meridian had been surveyed in that country— at what time,
or in what particular age, it is impossible, with any degTeo
of certainty, to state; but probably not later than the seventh
or eighth century of our era, when Ireland was, according
to niany historians, the most enlightened country in Europe.
While all other nations whose T^nits of linear measure I have
traced, had based their units -ither the quadrant or semi-
meridional circumference of me earth, Ireland, it appears,
stands alone in having founded its unit of length on the
earth's semi-axis of rotation, a method advocated in England
by Sir John Herschel, and an argument used by him in
recent times against the metric system of France adopted
at the end of the ei9;hteenth century. It is possible that had
Sir John Herschel known that the link of the land sur-
veyor's chain, the English furlong, and the statute
acre of England were all based on the earth's semi-meridional
circumference, he would not have used the argument re-
ferred to. Whether the Irish did, or did not, measure an
arc of the meridian is, of course, impossible to say, neverthe-
less, it is an evident fact that that people based their unit of
nh on dimensions of the earth less erroneous than that of
onntry whose units of length I have been able to trace,
v^n the supposition that the earth is a perfect sphere, a
supposition which seems to have universally prevailed until
a recent period, and that its meridional circumference is
25,000 English statute miles, it is calculated that the dia-
meter of such a sphere is 42,016,940 English feet. The
Irish, it would appear, considered the diameter of the earth
to be 42,000,000 English feet, and its semi-diameter conse-
quently 21,000,000 English feet. Now the ouMnillionth part
of the earth's semi-axis of rotation, on this supposition, is
precisely twenty-one English feet, tho unit of length adopted
by the Irish— called a pole or perch. The table of Irish
linear measure says: — Three fopt ono vard. seven vards. C21

1 !

' i

feet) Cine pole or pcreh, while the Euglish say — Three feet
one yard, live and due-half yards ( Kii feet) equals one pole
or percli. The English furlunii, as we have seen, is the one-
hunih-cd-thousandth part of the earth's semi-meridional cir-
ciunferenee (GO.OMO.OOU English feet) i.e., litju English feet,
double the length of the stade o. Alegasthenes or of that
mentioned oy Aristotle, while the Irish unit of twenty-one
English feet is the one-niilliDntb part of the earth's semi-
axis of rotation — the diam .'ter, as 1 have already stated,
42.000.000 English feet. 'I his opinion appears to be con-
firmed by the faet that the link of the Irish land surveyor's
chain — called the plantation link, i< 10 -O.^ English inches,
and tha+ twi nty-five such links are precisely twenty-one Eng-
]i-;h feet, and that twenty-rive inillion such links are precisely
the earth's semi-axis of rotation, estimated, as aforesaid, at
21,000,000 English feet.

If the earth's diameter, on the sui)position of its being
42,000,000 English feet be expressed in Irish miles CG,720
Englieh ftet to the mile) it is precisely without any fraction
over, G,250 such miles, and if a quadrant of the meridian,
on the suposition that the earth's meridional circumference
is 25,000 English statute miles, be expressed in English
statute miles, it is again (•,2r)0 such miles, a somewhat sin-
gular coincidence not unworthy of being noticed.

It is difficult to understand how, with stich glaring evi-
dence of the fact, it can be doubted that a knowldege of the
earth's form and dimensions was acquired at a very remote
age, and yet one of the great astronomical authorities of
England did not hesitate to declare in a great work of
natioiud importance ( Encyclopiedia Britannica, 8th edition),
that it ''would be a waste of time to enquire what were the
notions of the figure of the earth entertained by its earliest
and most ignorant inhabitants." "What might have been
the amount of knowledge possessed by the earliest inhabi-
tants of the world of the earth's form and size, could not at
this late period of the world's history be known, were it not

srt

t .

for the three pyrainidri ot" Gyzch, tin- great pyramid of (.'lio-
luia ill ^Mexico, the- wall of ^'ir.cveli and the walls and tower
of Jjabylou. The renowned 'i'honias Aequinas did not hesi-
tate to ?ay that the Hisi man was endowcil witii all kinds
of knowledge, appears to lie a far mure reasonable doctrine
than the teaehing implied in the passage above tiuoted.
!Mankii;d did not begin in the savage or ignorant state, as
the jiyraniids amply testify but fell into it when they had
lost the reniombranee of the 'xUths wliieh tiud taught the
first man. The great astronomical authority alluded to has
also, in the sf.me work, declared that "it is impossible to
form any correct opinion of the degree of approxiiuaijon in
regard to ancient measures (of the earth) as the length of
the stadium is not known." Had the learned astronomer
known that the link of the land surveyor's chain, the Eng-
lish furlong ard the English statute acre were founded upon
the ancient opinion that the earth's meridional circumfer-
ence was twenty -five thousand English statute miles, the
two quotations which I have extracted from the eighth
edition of the Encyclopu'dia IJritannica (article, Figure of
rlie Earth ) would not have ajipeared in that gTcat publica-
tion. It is, however, much to be regrt ^ed that modem
scientists are not somewhat more candid. When they can-
not discover a fact, they should not say "it is impossible"
to do so, or to shield themselves, they should not charge
the ancient inhabitants of the world with being '"ignorant."
"They are not," says Lord Bacon, "satisfied with confessing
so much of themselves, but consider everything which has
been either unknown or unattcmptcd by themselves or their
teachers, as beyond the limits of possibilit;, . and thus, with
consummate pride and envy, convert the defects of their
own discoveries into a calumny on nature, and a source of
despair to every one else."

I :

CHAPTEK V.

O ISKKVATiDNS ON SOME KEMAKKABLK FAITS U>XNK(TK1) WITH TUE UIME>f-
SIONS AM) MACiMTlDRS OK IIIE TIIKEE I'YKAMID.s OK (iVZEII.

From what has been stated in former chapters, there can
be 110 doubt that the builders of the pyramids of Gyzeh
had by some means ascertained that the earth's meridional
c'ireiunference was one hundred and thirty-two million
English feet, or one billion five hundred and eighty-four
million English inches.

It would appear that the English foot and the Eniilish
inch became recognized measures of length subsequent to,
and not previous to the time they had ascertained the earth's
circumference. This conclusion is derived from the follow-
ing considerations:

Let it be assumed that in measuring an arc of the meri-
dian they had used as a measure some unknown unit of
length, which, when stated in lengths of that unknown unit
would have given say 131,646,232 as the earth's circum-
ference. In this event they would either have lengthened
or shortened their unit of length so as to obtain a certain
number of million units of length, say 120.000,000,
132,000,000 or 144,000,000 units, which appears to have
been done, as will be seen from the following. The Eoyal
foot, of which we have traces, was a measure of length of
13-2 English inches. The esrth's circumference expressed
in such feet would be 120,000,000, while in the well-known
English foot the earth's circumference would have been
stated as 132,000,000 such feet. Expressed in Italic feet of
eleven English inches, the circumference of the earth would
be stated as 144,000,000 feet, which would be, in the lan-
guage of Pliny, ''that harmonical proportion which compels
nature to be always consistent with itself."

In a former chapter we saw that the length of the base of
the great pyramid was 763,'5, and its height 488^ Eng-
lish feet. If these -dimensions be converted into Eoval feet

II'

of 13-2 English inches, whereby the earth's circumference
was determined to be 120,000,000 Koyal feet, it is worthy
of notice that the dimensions of the great pyramid in such
feet are precisely the dimensions of the second pyramid in
English feet. From this it would appear that the English
foot of 12 English inches as well as the Royal foot of 13-2
English inches were recognized measures of length when
the pyramids of Gyzeh were constructed. (To avoid mis-
conception it should be observed that the 13 and 13-2 Eng-
lish inches were each eijual to 12 iut'hes, not 12 English
Inches, .but the twelfth part of the particular foot specified.)
The magnitude of the great pyramid in cubic Royal
inches is

123456790123;:t,

and the magnitude of the second pyramid in English
inches is,

1234567901 23::it,

By changing the vulgar fraction 37-81 into a decimal, each
pyramid gives the following:

123456790123-456790123+

These numbers are certainly very remarkable, nevertheless,
it may be observed that in consequence of the omission of
the figure 8, I imagined there was some error either in mv
calculations or in the assigned dimensions of these two pyra-
mids, and that the result, to attract greater attention, should
have been

123456789012

instead of 1234567901231;. The calculated magni-
tudes, however, will, I think, be considered even more re-
markable than that suggested. It will be obsei-ved that
the number of cubic Royal or cubic English inches is a mixed
number, which when reduced to a vulgar fraction produce
the following marvellous result:

10000000000000
81

That we uv.y .v.liz.. ,|„. f„i| s,V„iH..an,.c. uf M.is „„„,].,,
let „s suppose that . traveller luul been shipw ' .k ad

^^a.hed a»hure Ironi the wreck suth-eient for his niainten
aKce for a n.uni.er of vears. After livin, on t li d for"

Lr vith hi T ';*""'/ "r^' ""^ ^^"''■""^ "^ '•.unnu.nieat^
infe \\itl h,> family after his death in the event th-.f .nv

rs::il;d;r''""'^""'- ^^--^^heXt Lrs

could .ir '"'"■' !""^' "'^ "°^ «">' ^-1 ^'^^ -hiel' 1-
couia enpia\e on wood or stone? Coulr? li^. „rf i

number „f „„„os i„ H.c f„ll„„,„g ,l,l^,f '"' ""' ■l^'"^'" "

o o

o o o

o o o o

o o o o o •

o o O O O O !

o o o o o o o
oooooooo
ooooooooo
oooooooooo

m some particular place which would likelv attract the at-

nd ;::!?/ '"^^"'-^-n--- -ho w-ould visit that isla d
and ^^ou^d ntford convincing proof that whosoever so placed

of stones placed m n-regular order would attract no atten-
on. Let i.s further suppose that another number of stones
-as placed, near the former, in the following manner:

o o o

o o o o o

o o o o o o o

o o o o o

'^ilnTLX"^ T" """^^ "^*"^'^"^^- «"^«^t the attention
of any mtelhgent person, who if he had an inquisitive turn

of uiind might count tach lut of stones, llu would of
course observe that the first might be counected with num-
bers and the second lot composed of twenty-six stones he
would naturally connect with the twenIy-^ix letters uf the
alphabet, if the 3hii)wrecked traveller placed ditferent
heaps of stones, using one stone for the letter A, two stones
for the letter li, three stones for the letter C and so on, he
could by this nioans write ;i coniniunicution which coiiKl by
little reflection be easily read. We can readily understaird
that a perwn thus shipwrecked would like to intimate to
his wife and family the accident which occurred to him,
and to dispel any suspicion that he luid deserted his family.
]le would naturally feel pained at the idea that h;-. family
should entertain the impression that he had deserted them
in their tender age. In lil-e manner the builders of the
pyramids might have had some i)remonition that some of
their unworthy descendants would proclaim them to be ig-
norant men and women.

The particular triangle referred to would have excited
attention in the same way as would the following figures r

10000000000000

and thus convince any thoughtful mind that the builder
had some particular designs in view, and, among them,
to C(mvince the investigator by these means, that the dimen-
sions which would yield such phenomenal results were
correct.

From the dimensions of the great pyramid already men-
tioned, it is calculated that its magnitude in ctxbic English
inches is:

164,320,987,6545^,

and by putting down the above and changing the vulgar
fraction into a decimal we have:

164320987654-320987654320+

[t may be observed that the omi^^sion of the agure one in
three diflFerent places may engender a suspicion that the
obtained result was not intended by the builder of the
pyramid, hm when we change the mixed number into a
vulgar fraction we have:

13310000000000
81
Here we see iinother remarkable result.
^ Now, by placing the magnitudes of the two j.vrdinids
in the form of a vulgar fraction, we have for the

Second pyramid . . . . lOOOOOOOOOOOUO

Great pyramid 13310000000000

We see at a glance their relative magnitudes, which are as
1 is to 1 -331 or as 1,000 is to 1,331.

Each side of the base of the third pyramid is 333J Eng-
lish feet or 4,000 English inches, and its height 213^
English feet or J,560 English inches. Its magnitude in
cubic inches is therefore

•3653333333^.

The area of the base of this pyramid in s^piare yards is

12345-679.

Although the magnitude of the third pyramid is not ap-
parently as remarkable as either the great pyramid or the
second pyramid, it wiU presently be shown that it is like-
wise worthy of admiration.

Each side of the base of the great pyramid and of the
second pyramid is 400 cubits, and as the height of each
pyramid is to one side of its base as the square of four is to
the square of five, if follows that a measure of the size of
each pyramid would contain 13653333^ cubed cubits, that
is to say: the great pyramid would represent 13653333^

■•

130.>3333i cubed water culite. It mav now 1„. sfatr.,1 in
.^•..et to n. ,H,.ion ..read, n^^^^^

""•l.eH ... H...n. .n. ....l.e.l wheat n.l.its in tl>; pn-n, ,...:,,■
o.^j;nhedw.t..r..„bitsi„the.eoondpvran.id^n

j;a::^l:;H;;^r;::: ''^" ^^^'^" -'-' -^

wliPMf ».) ^^'^*^.^** ;^''P«t grains, or a measuro of
wluMt uhoH.. nu.Kmt.,,1,. „, cuIh-.I K,,.|ish hu-ho, is 221'.

44Xi44XU4 water ^ains, or it i. a ,„ea.,r.. of water
^^l.os.. ,ua.,Mt.,<le ,s, i,. ,.n\n.l EngliHh iLcLoH, 20,] X 20.;-
X'.iO,i. A barley cubed cubit coiitains 144X144X144
barley , nuns or a measure of barley whose magnitude is, ir>
cubic JMighsh inches, -'UX-'0X20.

As each side of the base of the great pyramid and of the
second pyramid .s o7,(J00 grains, and as the height of each
pynunid .s to Its base as the s^piare of four is to the s.juare
ot hve, it follows that a measure of wheat of the si/e of the
great pyramid would contain 407086y4880000 wheat jrraina.
and that a measure of water of the size of the second pvra
mid would contain a like number of water .-rain.

I thmk it will be admitted that such striking fac >tford
sufhcient evidence that correct dimensions have be a as-
signed to ..ach one of the three pyramids of Gvzeh. It mav
be ol^.rved that I have no measurements i-especting tlfo
.;-.^ht oi either the square building or of the tower of
Babylon, and I have no definite information respecting the
geometrical form of the pyramid of Cholula to warrant me
in making any calculations ir respect to it. All that I have
learned IS that it is said to be 177 English feet in height
and that it is apparently built in steps.

CILU'TKR VI.

THE TIIKEK l'VR.»MII>.« ItV (IVJiKII iriHoNK IK TIIK HKI.ATIVK WKHIIIIX OK
WAI'Ut, WHKAT ANIt BARLKY.

That tlic worltl's cnrlieHt iiiliubit^nts would have directed
their attfution to thi- sul»jeet <»f weights and measures is u
supposition which !*curc'eiy r-Hjuires proof. From the consti-
tution of human nature ano from the m't-essities of human
society a division of hdior was resorted to, from whicii arcse
liarter or exchange of one commodity for that of anotlier,
hence the necessity of having a system of weights and mea-
sures, and it will presently be seen that the system adopted
is not unlike that wliii'h prevails in the world at the pn-sent
day.

In a former chapter we saw that the magnitude of the
second pyramid in Knglish cubic inches was

lOOOOOOOO QOOOO
81
and that the mugnitudeof the greatpyramid in cubic English
inches was

13310000 000000

81 ^

their relative : lagnitudes are therefore as 10<JO is to
1331, or ;.T 1 is to 1-331. As a water gi-ain is a cube
of water »if the weight of a wheat grain, and as there
are, as we have already seen, 4OTt)>i0;54S80000 water gi-ains
in the second pyramid .md that tiie great pyramid contains
a like number of wheat grains, it i» thus seen that a measure
of wheat of the -ize of the great ]>yramid iH|ual< in weight
a measure of water of the si/e of the second pyramid. From
these facts it follows that 1000 cubic irchos of wuter is
equivalent in weight to 1331 cubic inches of wheat. The
ratio, therefore, between a given nieasur- of wheat and a
like measure of water is as 1 is to 1-3:')1. In England and in
Canada it has been enacted by Parliament that a bushel

(221,yi!... cnl.i.. Kngli..h in.-h..; of wl.,.«t wigl.. «ixtv
I...m.,l«, an.l u lM.^h..| .,t water at a WmiH-nitv^r^ of G2" Kuhr"
ai.d the iSarun.etw .landing a. ;{() in.-ln.,, weighs eiuhtv
pound.. 1 he ratio thn. established in England and Canad;

' 'ir"^ " .'!''' "*" '"''""' "'"^ " ^"^''«1 "^ ^^"t*"- i« a3 1 is to
l'.i.5.J + . ihu same faet may he stated thus:-The r..hitive
weights uf water and wheat as establi.he.l in Kngia.id an.l
C^anada h as 1 ,s to 6()-:-8«».. r,, .-hile the reh.tive weights
ut water and wheat established by pyramid standards is as
1 18 to 1000-M;5;Jl-..7oi:n4, from whenc-o i, follow-. ..n
the supposition that the standard temperature <,f water
adop ed in Egypt was i'r>^ Kah,,. ,, i„„,„., „f ^^.^ , j

weigh 80X. 751.14-- 0(,.H)ol pounds, which differs ".y
1. tie if ,t ean be sa.d to differ at all, from th.. weight of
wheat at (he present day. It is not to be s„pp„s,.d that all
dimates and all soils produce wheat of the same vight an.l
It IS a fact that the wheat grown iu the ol.ler Provinces of
( anada is less in weight than that grown in the lately do-
^.dopcd west. Pliny tells us that the wheat of Alexandria
in Egypt weighs a third of a pound more than that of Sar-
dinia, and It IS therefore not strange that we shouM tind that
the weight of wheat ehronieled in the pyramids thousands
of years ago should differ to the extent of one-tenth of
a pound only for eaeh in.,.rial bushel from that , ow estab-
lished by law ,n England and Canada.

It would appear that the primitive sy..tem of weights and
nieasures enters hirgely into existing systems, for we find it
enacted by 1 2th Henry VII that the measure ^f a bushel sha

Hit pounds Troy of wheat. an<l that every pound contain

^.^e oun.-es 1 roy weight, and every ounce contain twentv

sterling (now penny-weight) and every sterling or penny^

weight be of the weight of //.V^..-/..^ ,,,„, § ..jJ^^^Z

grew .nhenycMle of the mr of ,-heat The bu hel refer ed

was the Winchester bushel of 21.50.42 cubic inche . Zm

he above enactment there is no difficulty in recognising the

constitution of the.=e weights and measures. The pound of

7680 wheat grains is the Troy pound of 5760 Troy grains,
and 5760 is to 7680 as 1 is to 1-333+, which most likely
had its origin in the pyramids represented by 5760 water
grains and 7666-36 wheat grains, and 5760 is to 7666-36 as
1 is to 1-331. It may be observed that the Troy pound was
the origin of the pound sterling. A silver pound was a money
pound, and the pound sterling was like the Troy pound
divided into twenty shillings, and the shilling into twelve
pence and the penny weighed a penny-weight. "When wheat
is twelve shillings a quarter," says an ancient statute, Henry
III, "then bread of a farthing shall weigh eleven shillings
and four pence."

Having shown that the second pyramid and the great pyra-
mid chronicle the relative weights of water av.d wheat, I will
now endeavour to show that the third pyramid and the great
pyramid chronicle the relative weights of water and barley.

We have seen that the magnitude of the third pyramid in
cubic inches is 13653333333^, Avhich, being reduced to a
vulgar fraction having the same denominator as that of the
groat pyramid, gives

^105920000000

81
We have also seen that the magnitude of the great pyramid
in cubic English inches is

13310000000000

81
A measure of water of the size of the third pyramid=
1105920000000
81
cubic English inches, and a measure of barley the one-
eighth of the size of the great pyramid=

1663750000000
81
English cubic inches. The ratio between these two magnitudes
is as 1 is to 1-604, or in other words, a measure of barley the
one-eighth of the size of the great pyramid is equal in weight
to a measure of water of the size of the third pyramid. The

relative weights of water and barley as established in Canada
IS as 1 as to 48-f-C0==-G. The relative weight, of water and
barley as established by the pyramids is as 1 is to llOVjo---
lOG3<o--0047l5. On the .upposition that the temperature
of water (distilled) wa. established at the time of the buildino-
of the pyramids at 02^ i'ahr., a bushel (221S-l!.'> English
cubic inches) of barley would weiah 80 X -664715 = 53-1772
pounds avoirdupois. From upwards of 135;]UUO0(X) cubic
inches ot barley uhid. c-ame under my own personal observa-
tion, and which was measured a,:d weighed, gave for each
imperial bushel of 221.-102 English cubic im-lus :..vi;+
pounds avoirdupois.

From what has i>een Mated it is evident that according to
pp-amid .tandards, a bushel of water weighs 80 pounds tnnd

weighs 5.3 ^ .2 pounds, hence the three pyramids of (ivzeli
were, among other things, constructed to perpetuate this"i"'
t.cular knowledge and serve as credible witnesses to refiitL

earth' n''? ;'';"'''' '^ "^""••'^"^^ ^^"^'^"^'^ "^-"-^ the
earth s earliest inhabitants.

CHAPTER VII.

n-KT„KR oasEHV.TloXs O. s.-ME KEMAKKAB,.;. .An. C..V.VK..K,. unu

THE l>,MK.V.SIO.VS ,S0 MA.XrrU,,ES OK r.lE TUKEE V.U.J^

<>l' OYZEH.

We have seen that the magnitudes, in English inches of
the three pyramids of Gy.eh, stated in vulgaf fractions are:

The Great Pyramid 13310000000000

The Second Pvramid. . 10000000000000

81
The Third Pyramid. . 1105920000000

4 ""■ 81 —

■w-r

At a glance we sec that their rehitive magnitudes stand out
prominently, ar.d are as i;J31 is to 1000 is to 110-:)92. The
reader is re(iuested to pay particular attention to the figures
which apjicar ahove, viz., i:];n— 1000 — 110-r.!t2. Xow, the
magnitude, in English inches, of each pyramid, is:

The Great Pyramid . . 1(}4320987G54:?','
The Second Pyramid. 123456790123^+
The Third Pyramid . . 13053333333^

Xow, dividing the magnitude of the first ur great pyramid
by 1331, the second by 1000, and the third pyramid by
110-592, we obtain the following remarkable results:

The Great Pyramid 123450790^-';

The Second Pyramid.. .. 123456790 i^;

The Third Pyramid. . .. 123456790 i",*

The sum of the four sides of tiie base of each pyramid in
English inches is as follows:

The Great Pyramid 36G663

The Second Pyramid 33333^

The Third Pyramid 16000

Xow, dividing the sum of the four sides of the base of each
pyramid, the first or great pyramid by the cube root of 1331
=11; the second pyramid by the cube root of 1000=10, and
the third pyramid by the cube root of 110 -592=4 -8, we have
for each pyramid as follows:

The Great Pvramid 3333A

The Second Pyramid 3333^

The Third Pyramid 3333^

The reader is requested to keep the figures 3333^ in his mind
until another f.^ct be established.

It has been already sliowr that the number of water grains
contained in the second pyramid is 407G8G34880000, and that
the number of cubic inches contained in the second pyramid is
1234o6790123ili, from which it tbllows that inbo cubic

inches of water contains 330225 -942528 water grains. As the
great pyramid and the second pyramid contained the same
number of grains, it follows that 1331 cubic inches of wheat
would contain the .ame number of wheat grains as there are
grains m JOOO cubic inches of water, hence in 1331 cubic
inches of wheat there are 330,225 -942528 wheat grains, l^ow
the cube root of which number of grains is 6<J-12 Ilavino-'
now established fil)-12, and having requested the ' reader t!
bear m mind ;J333i, what do these numbers 'nean ' We
will see.

A wheat cubit is 144 grains.

A cubic wheat cubit is 144X144X144=2985984 grains
^Now, 69,120,000 cubit^9,953,280,000, and 3333*
cubic wheat cubits=9,953,280,000 and 9,953,280,000
wheat grains in length is equal to 1,584,000,000 English
niches, or to twenty-five thousand English statute miles, or
the earth s meridional circumference.

I think it will be admitted tL.t what has been shown are
cumus and singular facts, and were no doubt intended bv
the architect of the pyramids to attract our attention and thiis
lead us on step by step to read the secrets of those wonderful
structures; but the most strange of all the curious facts which
have conae under my observation, the following appears, to
me, to be the most remarkable.

The height of the great pyramid in wheat grains, as we
We seen ma former chapter, is 36864. In calculating the
cubic contents of pyramids, the one^third of the height is

nto thT "'t ".' f ''''* '^ ^^^«^' ^^"^'^'^ ^-".^ ^l^vided
3 317 Tro^^o^' ' Y'' ^" ^'^^^^ ^«^°^ (57600X57600)=
.- '' 1' ^'''^' ^°'" quotient 270,000. .Vow 270 000
times 488,^ English feet, the height of the great p;^
g.ves for product 132,000,000 English feet^r twentrfive'
thousand English statute miles. ^

132^00o''oOoT'rl". '^'*. ''''' ''''^'' circumference is
132,000,000 Enghsh ieeU the axial rotation of the earth each
second of time is 1527^ En.lish feet=two sides of the base

ir<'

of the great pyramirl. Heuce 86,400 6econds==l day, 86,400
tunes two ^ides of the base of the great pyramid==132,000,000
English feet, or i^5,0(»U Euglisli sratute niik-s. Again,
^6,400 tinifs the heiglit of the great i)yraniid=4L^L>40,000
English foet=S,000 English statute ' miles, the earth's
diameter.

CHAPTER Vlll.

TJIE earth's niAMETTEK CinjOMCI.EI) I.\ TIIK (iREAT I'YKAMIl) OV tiVZEH.

The great pyramid of Gyzeh chronicles the earth's dia-
meter agreeably to popular opinion at eight thousand English
statute miles, as follows: — AVe have already seen that the
length of one side of the base of the great pyramid is (9,166J
English inches) 57,600 wheat grains. As the height of the
great pyramid (5,866^ English inches) is to the base as the
S4 lire of four is to the s.piare of five, it follows that the
ht .-^ht of the i>yramid in wheat grains is ;J0,s64. Xow,
57,600X36,864 divided by 2=10(; 1,683,200, the area in
wheat grains of the vertical section of the great pyramid.
A square whose sides are equal in length to the diagolial of a
sqxiare equal in erea to the vertical section of the pvramid
would be double the area of the vertical section of the i)yra-
nud, and the sum of these two areas equals 3X1,061,683 200
=3,185,049,600 wheat grains. Then as 144 wheat grains
are to 22}.} English inches, so are 3,185,049,600 wheat
grains to 506,680,000 English inches, 42,240,000 English
feet or eight thousand English statute miles, the earth's^dia-
meter on the supposition of its circumference being twenty-
five thousand English statute miles, and the ratio of 'a
dicmeter to its circumference as 1 is to 3-125. or as 8 is to 25
T\ hether the ratio of 1 to 3 -125 recorded by the great pyra-
mid was meant to define the ratio of a diameter of a circle to

its circumference can only be a subject for conjecture. It id
almost the precise ratio of he diameter of a circle to the
peruneter of an inscribed polygon of eighteen equal sides,
and as the belief i» not entertained that the builders of the
pyramids were ignorant men, it is thought that this polygon
might be the tigure referred to. It may be observed, how-
ever, that vanous opinions were entertained in respect to the
ratio of a diameter to its circumference. Ptolemv (Masn
Const. 1, 12) states it to be precisely as 1 to ;J, o/as one ii
to the square root of «J. The Chinese say that it is as one is
to the sciuare root of ten, while Pliny says that the diameter
IS always the third part aid a little loss than the seventh of
the circumference. Bishop Brinkley, in his Astronoiuv (p.
dUJ, says:— " the circumference of the earth-=25,(MlO miles
nearly. Hence, the diameter is s..m.'what less than one-third
of the circumference=8,000 miles nearly."

As Bishop Brinkley was not an ignorant man, we need not
conclude that the builden, of the pyramids were ignorant
men The same latitude should be allowed to the latter as
to the former. If the builder of the great pyramid consid-
ered that the circumference of the earth was 25,000 English
statute miles and its diameter 8,000 English statute mile's, he
was much nearer to the truth than Ptolemy would have cal-
culated It to be, who would have made it 8,3.33^ Endish
statute miles, or about 375 English statute miles "in excess
of what It should be, while the builder of the pvramid erred to
the extent of about forty-two English statute miles onlv

CHAPTER IX.

T„. CincrVPKREN-CE OF THE MOOV CRROXICLE,. ,X TITE GREAT PVR.MI,,

OF r.YZER.

We have already seen that the vertical height of the great
pyramid of Oy.eh is .^.«fifi2 jnglL^h inches or .30,804 wheat
grains, and that half of the length of its base is 4,583^ Eng-

lish inches or 28,800 wheat graius. The square of 36,864=
1,358,954,496 wheat grains and the square of 28,800=
82,944,000 wheat grains ; the sum of these two squares=
2,188,394,496, the -(luare root (omitting the decimal part of
a grain) of whi('h=46,780 wheat grains — the slant height of
the face of the pyramid from the centre of the base to the
apex.

Now, the slant height of the face of the great pyramid,
46,780, multiplied by the length of one side of its base,
57,600=-2,694,528,000 wheat grains, the area of two faces
of the great pyramid.

As 144 wheat grains is to 2211 English inches so is
2,694,528,000 wheat grains, the area of the two faces of the
great pyramid to 428,816,666 English inches, 35,734,722
English feet, or 6,767-96 English statute miles, the circum-
ference of the moon, which, on the * supposition that the
architects considered that the ratio of the diameter is to its
circumference as 1 is to 3*125, the diameter of the moon,
agreeably to this supposition, was supposed to be 2,165*74
English statute miles, which is the diameter of the moon as
accepted at the present day.

CHAPTEE X.

TUB DISTANCE OF THE PLANET MAKS FKOM THE EARTH CHRONKLEI) IN THE
OREAT PYRAMID OF (iYZEII.

We have seen that the three fundamental units of metro-
logy were the wheat grain, the water grain ana the barley-
corn. Other grains-, no doubt, were used for metrological
purposes in other countries, and probably in Egypt, such as
the oat grain, but of this I find no traces, although it may be
represented by the height of one of the three pyramids of
Gyzeh. I have, however, paid no attention to this particular
grain, although it is a very important one.

As wf found in the group of pyramids on Gyzeh hill, good
representatives of the three fundamental units above men-
tioned, 1 will now point out how skillfully one pyramid was
used to swerve ditt'erent purposes.

It was seen in a former chapter how the base of the great
pyramid chronicled in whp'-t grains the earth's circumference,
and we have also seen how the vertical section of the pyramid
chronicled in wheat grains the earth's diameter. 1 wiU now
point out how the same pyramid in barleycorns chronicles the
distance of the planet Mars from the earth.

Each side of the base of the great pyramid, as we have
already seen, is 9,166§ English inches, and as was stated in
a former chapter that 144 barleycorns=20 English inches.
The length of the base of the great pyramid expressed in
barleycorns=66,000 precisely. The height of the great pyra-
mid, as already stated, is 5,86G§ English inches, or 42,240
barleycorns precisely.

The area of the base of the great pyramid (66,000 X
66.000) multiplied by ono-tliird of the height (14.080)=
61,332,480,000,000 barleycorns. Then as 144 barley-
corns is to 20 English inches so is 61,332,480,000,000 bar-
leycorns to 8,518,400,000,000 English inches=709,866,666,-
666§ English feet or 134,444,444;! English statute miles,
being about the mean distance of the planet Mars from the
earth.

CHAPTER XI.

« 4*^ '

THB DISTANCK or THE SIN FROM TlIK EARTH CHRONICLED IN THE SECOND

PYRAMID OK C.YZEFI.

If, as surmised, the pyramids were erected in antediluvian
days, and are those columns mentioned by Josephus, on which
were inscribed the discoveries made by the sons of Scth re-
lating to the heavens and the earth, it is reasonable to suppose
that they would have chronicled in the pyramids the opinion

!•!

they entertained respecting the distance of the sun from the
eartli. But as the opinion prevails at tiie present day tliat the
?un of science has but recently shed its rays to illumine the
world, and that in ancient days men were ignorant and bar-
barous, it is therefore contended bv those who have sriven
but little thought to the subject, that it was beyond the power
of man in antediluvian days t(. ascertain the distaicc uf the
sun from the ci'rth. While >uch views may flatter the inor-
dinate vanity of scientists, so-called, at the present day,
nevertheless, 1 maintain that such (.pinions are, like a number
of current opinions, based on flimsy grounds. As Adam lived
for a ])eriod of nine hundred and thirty years, and as all
knowledge comes 'rom experience, the understanding and
from the credibility of testimony as contended for by en-
lightened philosoi)hers, then the experience of Adam was
greater than any so-called scientist of tli^ present day in the
proportion of UJ to 1. His understai;ding mu»t have iteen of
the highest order, coming immediately, unlike nil other men,
from the hands of God, and the testimony he received came
directly from the same source. Hence it follow* that Adam
above all other human beings, stands as the highest type of
man — the standard man whom many may. we hope, equal,
but none can surpass. It is unphilosophical to suppose that
the human race can, in the order of nature, rise to a higher
plane of excellence than that of the source from which it
has drawn its existence. Certain modern writers have en-
deavoured to create an opinion that the human race has
undergone a species of evolution from a low to a high type of
humanity. There have been, no doubt, oscillations of the'
pendulum from the high mark where Adam stood to the low
point of intelligence of those who hold such opinions, but
the pendulum is for ever moving, and shifting its level, as the
history of this world ha^i sufficiently shown, and it is to be
hoped that at some future period the pendulum will cease its
oscillations when it has attained the high mark of Adam's
understanding. These men who sneeringly speak of the

earth's •"earliest and must ignorant iiiliabitaute" dislioiior the
( reator in the person of the most excellent and most noble
creature in the world, and whom Zoroaster, ;i pagan, more en-
lightened than ?ome seieutists of our ago, has designated as
the •• principal and mighty work of G.kI and wonder of
nature."

" It is traditionally maintained," says IJabbi De Sola, that
Adam was "a great astronomer," an assertion which cannot
be applied to any human being for the last hve hundred years
with the single solitary excei)tion of Kepler. All others have
only obscured and debased their noble science. !t is reason-
able to suppose, and g'ood grounds will be shown in support
of that supposition, that Adam or some of his immediate
descendants, could arrive at a tolerably accurate knowledge
of the sun's distance from the earth. It is not contended
that Adam could with absolute correctness arrive at that
knowledge, nor is it supposed that any scientist of the present
day can; i)ut if Adam was unable to overcome all the ditH-
culties which confront the investigator in th(> solution of that
problem, no astronomer of the present day can expect to do so.
It is not long since it was asserted that the distance of the
sun from the earth was J) ,-,,000,000 English statute miles,
while it is now supposed that its distance is iJ2,S.sr>,OoO Eng-
lish statute miles, with a probable error on either side of
225,000 miles. This would make the received distance lie
somewhere between 92,(100,000 and i»n,nO,000 Ensrlish
statute miles. The second pv"-ii*d of Gyzeh chronicles the
distance as being 93,090, .^y,Y English statute miles,
which distance fits in nicely letween the two extreme esti-
mates mentioned.

The sun's distance from the -arth is chronicled in the
second pyramid of Gyzeh thus: —

We have seen in a former chapter that a btdk of water
of the magnitude of the second pvramid would contcin
40,768,634,88^000 water grains. We have also seen that
144 water grains=l water cubit; then there are in the above

52
number of grains 2n3 ii-; non nnn
«« "'-a<ly stated is -Jo] K.;dr„?r"'V""^'"^^' ^"^''^ ^'"^'^

520,000,000 En,m 4 C'Tthet'" V'^'^-^^^^'-
feet m one Knglish statutp n M , . ^ "'■'^ "'-^^0 English

;- ^-m the earth as chron ed H. ?"" "^" ^'^^

i'jzeh. '^'^^ "> t'»e second pvraniid of

I have already in t^vr.
"on.eotion ,vi,h the d,„,e„r„ 't j "'"' .""^'^'i-g fn.-t< i„

y05^20,000,000

n«,5too; rr'",™ ;"£,°/, ";.^ <««- p.-,,-,,. .v„,

«I9,'t English «a,u f^trr.H'f "''' '™'' " '•^■'"">.-
'k' ™rtl.. I have dra™ «,1 T" "' ""•• '"" ''■<>">

for the p„^„,e of .ho-™; ^S" ''7 '"'-^.fag fa,„

the three pyramid, of Gvzeh ZTT "■t"™*'? '"''"•'«'"
"■" wear obvioua to the rt',,;;'' '^ """^ ^^"-"^ "'hich

i-.iVtrttr,:^^''^""''''^''-. 'hefo,W.
divide the squarp nf fi u

tioned = 1,584.000,000 a^S \""''''- '"'"'o rae„.
thousand English s atute mifj t,"""""!- "' '"^"t.v<ive
^ Multiply ofe aideof the bt 'o tt '""''" "'•'•'■•™'fe'-e„o..
English inches by „„e side of th l^ *■■"" W"'™''' ^' '««S
■»M 8,83SJ, the^proVutif '/s rist "Z '^^°"« W™
"htch, divided by the hei.>ht of ;f ', ^"*"*'' ""■*<>».
gives for quotient 14 82 ^' "^''iV"™"'" PJramid 5,883i
"'••"■ "'"Oh being multiplied by

110,592 above mentioned = 1,684,000,000 English iiicht'« or
twenty-five thousand English statute miles.

Xfultiply one side of the base of the great pyramid 9,16»;:^
by the length of two sides of the baseOf the third pyramid
2X4,000=8,000= 73,333,888i, «livide the product thus ob-
tained by twice the height of the third pyramid 2x2,6t50 =
5,120, the quotient is 14,82211 which multiplied by 110.592
gives for product 1,684,000,000 English inches or twenty-
tive thousand Englisli statute miles, the earth's circum-
ference.

CHAPTER XII.

A I)K<iREE OK TIIK SIn's ( IR( IMFEHKXt E CHKoNK I,KI> I.N IIIK lUSE uK rilE
SECONIi l-VKAMIU OK i.YZKII.

In the last chapter we ^aw that the contents of the second
pyramid chronicled the distance of the . ;irth from the sun.
In this chapter it will be shown that the l.ii>e of this pyramid
chronicles a degree of the sun's circumference.

Each side of the base of the second pyramid is, a* we have
already seen, 694^ English feet or 8,333j English inches.
It is one water stade in length, each stade consisting of four
hundred water cubits, and each cubit consisting of 144 grains.
The length of each side is therefore 400X144^57,»iOO witer
grains, and the area of its base 57,000X57,000=3,317,-
7(10,000 water grains. Now, as 144 water grains is to 20f
English inches so is 3,317,760,000 water grains to
480,000,000 English inches equal to 40,000,000 English
feet = 7,575|f English statute miles, being one degree of
the sun's circumference on the supposition that the circum-
ference of the sun is 2,727,272^ English statute miles.
0x1 the supposition that the pyramid builders adopted 3-125

rfbi

IIS the ratio wliich tlie ifcuinfereiu'c of a cin-I- bf!iirs to it-i
diaiiu'ti'i-, it wiij llier.t e tin- opinion ,t' aiu-ifut pfoplen
that thv sui»"s .liiunotc r vvuh 872,727. ,",'.,-'. Knglish Htatuto
uiilt'!!. From thf for : ."ig we see tliut the ancient iu-
hahitant^ <.t" the world ( ^o* lined a tokTubly ut-curatt' knww-
h'dge of til.' furni and m/c • t thi' sun. At the besrinninji' of
the nineteenth .-entur \ it wan a gonerully accepted
• •I'inion that the o on > , u ihe .sun was 88(),(M)() Knglish
statute miles, -iiice .1;. c :;i.i;. u ,wever, modern astronomers
estimate its diamete' h'^mv itre between SCO.OOO and
and S70.000 Knglish •atutt i liles, Tt is not hazardous to
eonjeeture that tlie oui ilni .f aneie it. i> -oples in regard to
the >un's iliameter ni;i. '■.• adopHni.

It may be interes .■ . • , o fact that the earth's

circumfererce. .i.-.-ordiii : to a i .' ■ lion, was 00.120.000
wheat cubits, and that • ne d. r ,. the sun was equal to
H91.200 water stades .,f 094,; Englirtli teet = one side ot
the base of the second pyramid.

< HAPTER XIII.

A (HADRANTi.F THE EAH I ll's i ll{( IM KEKIACK CIIIUI.VK I.KD IN TIIK (U'EEX's
< riAMIIEK UV TIIK liltKAT IVRAMII) OK (a /Ell.

As the square i.f the base added to tlie square of the diag-
onal of the base of the great pyramid=9,953,2Mi,()00 wheat
grains=l,,-,S4,000,000 Knglish niches -1.-52,000,000 English
feet=twenty-five thous,and English statute miles, it is there-
fore most remarkalde tliat the contents of the Queen's Tham-
ber of the great pyramid is 2,48S..'520,O00 wheat grains=
396,000,000 English im-hes=.']3,000,000 Knglish feet-=six
thousand two hundred and fifty English statute miles, or pre-
cisely one-fourth part of the earth's circumference; the whole
circumference being, as we have already seen, chronicled

in tlif' Imse ..f the trreat |.vruiiiid. I'liis I'nct sliuuKl for ever
Mleijce any npi^.^iition t<. rlie .limciisiuns lu n-iii iis-ijrncl to
the k'ligtli (,f th.- l.ii>*e iiiui u, ihe height u( the gi-cjit {.vniiiii.l.
Wc have -een that a vcrtit-al section of the pvrami.l chroiiick-s
the eai'th"-. th'aiueter. namely, Lijiht thciiwind Kiiglj-l, >iaMite
imh'"*. It iria.tcrs not wliat country ..r what U-anied suficfy
iiiity hei.-after -.lul fxiH-ilitioiis to ax-ertaiii the h-ngth ..t" the
l>a<e or the height of the great |.\nmiitl, i,.. iiit-«Huvr will
dare to .-omrovert the internal „v cxi.nial . vid«Muv ..f the
truth of the .limeusions herein assign.-^l. V..v thousands .,f
years the pyniinids have withstood the van.li.iisni of u honh-
of ignonint travellers and e.\|)lorei>, who have vied with i-aej,
other in the grotwwiueneas of their inea.surenients and their
theories. If stone or granite ef.uld speak, it eotikl tesfifv in
respeet to the <legeneracy of .seien<-e. 'J'he age. no .loul.f, is
justly pn^ml of its material advatieement ; l.ut a- truth is not
a nierehantid.lo commodity, it is thrown t.. the dogs, and what
passes iis such is hut the strumpet mentioned l.v Kepler, who
supix)rt.s not a mother, but an indolent trihe of rhe.'.rists,
whose specnh)tions aio as l.arren of truth as the devil hiniself.'
The mean dimensions herein a.^igned to the Queen's (ham-
.er are slightly in oxce* of tho^e given l.v Mr. Petrie. a« will
he seen hy what follows: —

Length. Breadth. Height.

S^''^i' '*"'^'"''' --^•'•- 205-93 '14 -900

^'••■P*^^"^ •22Q-^: 2U5-85 214-785

•15

•OS

•121

The sum of these ditforcnces is slightlv in excels of three-
tf-i.ths of an Knglish inch. To estal.lish the mean dimensions
of tins chamber, ,A[r. Petrie took one hundnd and cightv-
'^.cht measurements, and if we .upposo thut (he above differ-
ences are the result of accumulated error. ,n these measure-
ments, these errors, then, appear to me to be verv flight
Lut we must take into consideration that a portio^ if not

the whole, of these differences is due to errors of coustruc-
tiou — erroi";? on the part of mechanics and labourers employed
in the construction of the (Queen's Chamber. Let us com-
pare the above dilTerences with errors made in constructing a
gallon measure of two hundred and thirty-one cubic inches.
In England there was a small vessel made by skillful me-
chanics under the direct supervision of scientific men employ-
ed by the Government. The capacity of this vessel was to
have been 231 cubic inches, not upwards of 10,000,000 cubic
inches, like the Queen's Chamber. The gallon measure was
to be a standard measure of capacity to which all other wine
gallon measures in the kingdom had to conform. The gallon
measure was made, it was accepted by the Government and
reganled as one of the sacred measures of the country, in fact,
it ranked as liigii in the estimation of the Government of
Engiu-id a8 did the "pyramid inch" aijid "sacred cubit" to
Mr. Piazzi Smyth. This wine gallon was the standard mea-
sure for wines, l)randie6, spirits, strong waters, mead, perry,
cider, vinegar, oil and honey, and by its measure the duties
of customs and excise were determined. The following are
the dimensions (to two ]>laces of decimals) of what the vessel
should have l>een and what it was found to be after most
careful examination.

What it should have been .... 4-05 4-05 16-05+
What it was 4. 4. 16.

Diffe

rence

•05

•05-f

Let the reader compare these differences with the differ-
ences in the measurements of the Queen's Chamber. It is not
five thousand years since that wine gallon was in use in Eng-
land. It was in use at a period when the deified Newton
flourished. Yet some ^vriters to whom I have already re-
ferred, proclaimed that the earliest inhabitants of the world
were "most ignorant," and yet these "most ignorant men"
eonatructed with htige blocks of granite a room to contain

2.4NS,y2U,000 wheat grains with U'ss error, comparativelv,
than the skilled artisan:- of England under scientitic supervi-
sion.

Mr. I'etrie informs us that the east and west walls of the
Queen's C'haniher have a uniform tilt inwards, "Jf we
allow," says he, " l-i' for tiiis on an average, the mean from
a straight line inclined that amount is -057 on E. wall and
•02:) on W. wall, a remarkably small error." Mr. Petrie
remarks that "the general Hoor is hopelessly irregular, con-
sisting plainly of rough core masonry." These irregularities
might occasion an excusable error on the part of Mr. Petrie.
Mr. Piazzi Smyth, speaking of measurements in the Queen's
Chamber, says that on account of the salt-incrusted stone it
is not susceptible "to anything like the close accuracy which
is found with the clear and hard gi-anite surfaces of the
King's Chamber." Had Mr. Petrie measured the Queen's
Chamber a second or third time, he might, on each occasion,
arrive at different results. Mr. Piazzi Smyth for instance,
measured the length of the south side of the King's Chamber,
near the floor level, on the 11th March, 1865 and found it
to be 412-6 ; 1 is second measure, on the same day, gave
412-58. Si.x days afterwards, he measured it twice ; his first
measure gave 412-5, his secoi; 1 412-7. Here, on one dimen-
sion alone, we rind a difference of two-tenths of an English
inch. At the floor level of the Queen's Chamber, Mr. Petrie
gives for the length of the wall 227-47, while three measures
gave as a mean length of the floor 227-5. Here is a differ-
ence of -03 English inch; but how Mr. Petrie dealt with this
slight difference I am tmable to conjecture. It is scarcely
necessary to say anything further, but it may be incidentally
ro>niarked that for tipwards of five thousand years visitoi-s
have entered the Queen's Chamber with lighted torches, the
smoke from which would incorporate itself with dust, etc.,
on the walls. In addition to this fact those iralls exude a kind
of salt, which incrusts them. Had Mr. Petrie directed some
person to wash and scrape the walls, the possibility is that it

58
^vould be now unnecessary to make these slight additions to

his measurements. _ qoa.ro

Converting the assumed dimensions, namelj 22b b-
205 U3-2lf -906 English inches into wheat grams, we have

"^'11^7424. Breadth, 1,21)4. Height, 1,..30.3981+^
Now 1424X1294X1530-3981+=2,48«,320,000 whea
JIL which, if strung together would equal the length of
£ tt; Jand wo hundred and fifty English statute mdes, or
precewT quadrant of the earth's circumference, as already
Tted We have now seen the remarkable relationship
Sexists between the Queen's Chamber and the base o
he grelt pyramid, a. well as with the earth's dimensions, and
hel'ladonships establish the conviction that the architect
o tl e pvramid intended to chronicle this particular intorma-
L as well as some others which w^l be -en in the nex
chapter It mav be observed that the magnitude of the
S Chamber is to the cube of the base of the grea
pyramid as 1 is to 76,800. or as the weight of one gram of
wheat is to ten pound. Troy of wheat as estabhsl^ied b,^
t:rL statutes-32 grains of wheat ' ^ dried in the ear
=1 penny-weight, 20 penn: -weights=l ounce, 12 ounces
=1 pound, 10 pounds=T6,800 grains of wheat.

( HAPTER XIV.

XUK DIAM^EK OP THE E,.KT„V S.TK.X,TK CHKON.C.Kn IN THE QrEEN .
CHAMBER OK THE <iH«AT I'YRAMI.) OF (iYZEH.

The Queen's Chamber of the great pyramid is one of the
most remarkable rr.oms in that huge stnicture. Here we
find evidence of the ingenuity of the architect by the manner
in which he chronicles v.st distances rangir.g from the
naoon's diameter to the distance of some of the remote planets

.„

from our earth, I regret that the information which I possess
in respect to this chamber is by no means all that I require,
and in addition to this fact, Mr. Piazzi Smyth states that the
height of the niche is uncertain, on account of the roughness
of the floor by two or three inches. The reader will not
expect that I can enter into any minute details. I will,
however, point out how skillfully this chamber chronicles the
moon's diameter. It may be observed that tlie obtained result
comee verv near to the actual fact.

In a former chapter we j>aw that the whole chamber
chronicled a quadrant of the eaith's circumference; but in
order that it should chronicle a number of facts the architect
ingeniously cut into the east wall of the chamber a niche,
the general form of which, according to Mr. W. M, Flinders
Petrie, was a recess 41 inches back, 62 inches wide at base,
and diminishing its width by four successive overlapping? of
the sides (at each wall course) until at 156 high it was
only 20 inches. It is to be observed that the present depth of
the niche, according to Mr. Potrie's measurements, range
from 40-72 to 41-32 inches, but Mr. Petrie remarks that "its
original depth was certainly only 41 inches at every part
from the bottom upwards." It would appear that parts of the
stone have broken off. I have, therefore, adopted 41
inches for the depth instead of those in excess of that.

The following, according to ^Ir. Petrie, are the dimensions
of the niche: —

Height.

Width.

Depth.

67-14 . .

. . 61-74 .

. . . 41

31-79 ..

. . 52-74 .

. .. 41

28-23 ..

.. 41-83 .

. .. 41

28-94 ..

. . 30-43 .

. .. 41

29-70 ..

.. 20-30 .

... 40-72

Converting these
have :

Height.

measuren)
\Yi.

into wheat grains, we
Depth.

422

3b.

.... 257

199

331

257

177

. 262

257

182

. 192

.... 257

174

. 127

255

The following are the number of grains contained in each
part of the niche from the base upwards.

41,911,698
16,928,333
11,918,118 i

8,980,008

5,634,990

85,373,747

As 144 wheat grains is to 22 fi English inches so is
85,373,747 w^heat grains, the total number contained in the
niche, to 214-43 English statute miles.

We saw, in a former chapter, that 'lie area of the base of
the Queen's Chamber in wheat grains is 1,842,756, which
being multiplied by 422 — the height in grains of the first
part of the nicho,=777,643,032 wheat grains. As 144
wheat grains is to 22|.V English inches so is 777,-
043,032 wheat grains=l,953-23 English statute miles.
Now, the floor of the chamber to the height of the first part
of the niche=l,953-23, which, added to the contents of the
niche, 214-43=2,107 -66 English statute miles, the diameter
of the earth's satellite, and diffevb 1-92 mile only, from the
diameter of the moon as deduced from the two faces of the
great pyramid.

CHAPTER XV.

THE «BMI-tIR«LMFKRENCK OK THE IM.ANET VKIHTH CIJRONICI.ED IN THE
kino's (HAMMER OK TUB GREAT PYRAMID OF OYZEH.

We have seen that the Queen's Chamber of the great pyra-
mid chronicled the fourth part or a quadrant of the earth'3
circumference. I will now endeavour to show that the King's
Chamber chronicles the semi-circumference of the planet
Venus.

The following are the dimensions of the King's Chamber,
according to the measurements of Mr. Piazzi Smyth and of
Mr. W. M, Flinders Petrie : —

Mr. Piazzi Smyth . .
Mr. W. M. F. Petrie

Length.

Breadth.

Height.

412-54

20G-30

230-70

412-25

206-13

230-24

Difference .

-29

-46

The following are the dimensions according to Mr. Piazzi
Smyth and those assigned herein:

Length.

Breadth.

Height.

Mr. Piazzi Smyth .. 412-54

206-30

230-70

Assigned herein.. .. 412*50

206-25

230-599+

Difference "04

-05

-101

1 The reador will noti-e that the dimensions herein ; igned

to the King's Chamber fit neatly between those assig. ed by
Mr. Piazzi Smyth and Mr. "W. M. Flinders Petrie. Convert-
ing the dimensions herein assigned into wheat grains we have
for the length 2,592, breadth 1,296, and 1,449 for the height.
ISTow, 2,592X1,296X1,499=4,867,527,168 wheat grains.
Then as 144 wheat grains is to 22\\ English inches, so is

4 867,527,168 wheat grains to 774,036,846 English inches
=64,553,070 English feet=-12,225 English statute miles,
33 802 272 wheat cubits, the seuii-circumfcience of the
planet Venus. Hereafter, the King's Chamber should be
designated as the Chamber of the Planet Venus.

CHAPTER XVI.

SOME I.INKAR MEASIRES 0« II.TI.Y PRESERVE THE ANCIENT ...-IMON REM^T-

ING THE RELATIVE WKKiHTS OF WATER, WHEAT AM. BARLEY,

A8 ALSO THE DIMENSIONS OK THE EARTH CHROSICLED

IN THE rv RAM IDS.

As certain measures of length occultly- preserve the knowl-
edge of the dimension, of the earth chronicled in the three
p/ramids of Gvzeh, the wall of Nineveh, the walls and tower
of Babylon, and the great pyramid of Cholula m Mexico, i
propose to show that certain other measures of length occultly
preserve the knowledge chronicled in the three pyramids of
Gyzeh respecting the relative weights of water, wheat and
barley as well as the dimensions of the earth.

The measures of length which I select for this purpose
are the Russian foot of 13-75 English inches, thelnnspruck
foot of 12-5 English inches, and the English foot of 1^
English inches. The following are the number of English
cubic inches in each cubic foot :

Russian foot 2,599-609375

Innspruck foot 1,953-125

English foot 1>'^28

Their relative magnitudes are therefore as 1-331 is to 1 is to
•884736 Such being the case, the fact is elicited that a
measure of wheat of the bulk of the cubed Russian foot is
equal in weight to a measure of water the bulk of the cubed

limspruck foot, and tluu si Jiioa^ure of water of the capacity
of the cubed English foot is (Miual in weight to a measure of
barley the size of the cubed Russian foot, and a measure of
barley the size of the cubed Innspruck foot is tht woight of
a measure of wheat of the capacity of the cubed English foot.
The relationship of these three measures may be described

otherwise.

We have seen that 144 wheat grains^ ti21i English
inches, 144 water grains=20« English inches, au.l that 144
barley graius--20 English inches. Hence the Russian foot --t
13-75 English inches=sc.-4 wheat grains. The length of the
Innspruck foot, 12-5 English inclics-=8C. -4 water grains, and
the length of the English foot, 12 English inches=86 -4 bar-
ley grains. Erom which it follows that the cubed Russian
footVould contain 044,'.»72-544 wheat grains, the cubed
Innspruck foot would contain the same number of water
grains, and that the cubed English foot would contain a like
number of barley grains.

From a consideration of these three measures of length we
see that thev occultlv chronicle in combination the relative
weights of water, wheat and barley, and are precisely those
chronicled in the three pyramids of Gyzeh. Water 1, wheat
•Y51314, barlev -664715, wheat 1, barley -884736.

It is somewhat remarkable that the length of one side of
the base of the great pyramid of Gyzeh, if stated in Russian
feet, is 666§ such feet, the length of the second pyramid, if
stated in Innspruck feet, is 666f such feet, and that two sides
of the base of the third pyramid in English feet is 666f

such feet. .

We have seen that the Russian foot of 13-75 English inches
equals the length of 80-4 wheat grains, that the Innspruck
foot of 12-5 English inches equals the length 86-4 water
grains, and that the length of the English foot equals 86-4
barley grains, ^'ow, 1,000 such feet equals 86,400 grains.
Then 86,400 times 36,864 wheat grains, the height of the
great pvramid of Gvzeh=3,l 85,049 -600 wheat grains—

8,000 English statute miles, the earth's diameter. Again,
86,400 times 115200, the number of wheat grains in two
sides of the base of the great pyramid of CTyzeh=D,953,-
280,000 wheat grains=25,000 miles, the earth's circumfer-
ence.

The Russian foot of the length of 13-75 English inche3=
95-04 water grains; 1,000 such feet=95,040. \ow, 95,0-10
times 30,864 water grains, the height of the second pyramid
of <}yzeh= 3,503,554,560 water grains=8,000 English
statute miles, the earth's diameter. Again, 95,040 times
115,200, the number of water grains in two sides of the base
of the second pyramid=10,948,608,000 water grains==
25,000 English statute miles, the earth's circumference.

The Russian foot of 13-75 English inches C(|uals in length
9'J barley grains, 1,000 such feet=99,000 barley grains. Now,
99,000 time? 36,804 being double the l^eight of the third
pyramid=3,649,536,000 barley grain8=8,000 English
statute miles, the earth's diameter. Again, 99,000 times
115,200 being the number of barley grains in four sides of
the base of the third pyramid=l 1,404,800,000 barley grains
=25,000 English statute miles, the earth's circumference.

The "Royal foot" of 13 -i English inches, erroneously
supposed by some Astronomers at the present day to have
been founded on the length of some ''King's foot," was
founded on the supposition that the earth's circiimference
was 120,000,000 Royal feet of 13-2 English inches=132,-
000,000 English feet. This foot is the origin of the Royal
yard of 39-6 English inches, which yard is erroneously sup-
posed by great astronomers to have been the length of some
"King's Arm." A cubic Royal yard=62099-136 cubic
English inches, which number of cubic inches of water weighs
2240 pounds, and is the origin of the gr. 83 ton.

Among other measures of length, the Chinese boon of
•144 English inch merits special attention. The origin of this
particular measure ^vould remain in profound obscurity were
it not for the pyramids of Gyzeh. It was seen that 144 water

' A. i

grams of the secoud pyramid eciuals in length 20g English
inches, one ^n-ain is therefore the length of •144GT54-English
inch, and is therefore -000675+ English inch in excess of
the Chinese hoon. It can scarcely be doubted that with a
little trininiing, this measure of length was derived from a
cube of water of the weight of a grain of wheat, and this
opinion appears to be cuntirmed by the fact that 11,000,000,-
OOOX-144 English inch -l,r.«4,00(>,000 English inches, o'r
2o,000 English ^tatute luili-s. Jlow comes it that 11 OOO -
000,000X-144 l,n.S4,«)00,000 English inches or l'.-,.000
English statute miles i h it purely accidental that such a
round number of h(,ors should precisely express a cinM.mfer-
ence of 25,000 English statute miles? Is it purolv acci-
dental that 10,000,000 metres express a quadrant 'of the
earth's circumference such as that circumference was sup-
posed to be by the French academicians?

The length of a water grain is to the length of a wheat
grain as the cube root of 1 is to the cube root of 1 -.'{Ol-^l -1.
The length of the wheat grain fvo„i which the Chinese lionn
appears to have been derived is -144X1 -1=^ •15S4. Sow,
10,000,000,000 such wheat grains=l,584,000,000 English
inches or 25,000 English statute miles. It appears there-
fore, evident that the Chinese hoon ocultlv preserves the
opinion entertained by the Chinese that the earth's circum-
ference was 25,000 English statute miles, and that the length
of the hoon was designed in reference to that circumference
It IS worthy of note that a double cubit measure was found
while pulling down an ancient temple at Karnac in Egypt
Ihe length of this cubit, according to Mr. Piazzi Smyth, is
i'0-7 English inches. It is possible that the length of that
cubit IS not stated precisely; but it is a remarkable fact that
a cubit measure of 144 grains of the length of the Chinese
hoon=20-736 English inches, and that the cubit of the
second pyramid is 20-833-f or precisely 20^ English inches.
Ihese slight differences in the lengths of the cubits can be
accounted for if we suppose that the water used was of

different density and temperature, or that the wheat used
differed in weight, a» it does in each country and at different
times.

CHAPTEK XVII.

THE COKKKH IN

IK KING A ( tIAMHKK <IK TIIK fUlKAT I'YHAMIK.

The coffer in the King's chanilier of the great pyramid is
a .stone box. Some thought it wa.s intended for the last rest-
ing place of a defunct King of Kgypt while others iumgined
that it was intended for the remains of a sacred bull. Certain
facts appeared to bear out the latter opinion. M. Belzoni
who measured a coffer of the same kind in the second pyramid
found in it some bones mixed with gravel, which on being
sent to London was afterwards found to be friigments of the
bovine species. Fortunately this fact does not appejM- to have
come to the knowledge of Mr. Darwin who, no doubt, would
have startled the world with the theory that the ancient
Kings of Egypt were bulls from which John Bull and the
whole human race had descended. Mr. Piazzi Smyth, Astro-
nomer Royal for Scotland, author of "Our Inheritance in
the Great Pyramid," triumphantly proclaimed that the box
in question was a "prophetic corn-measure," a sacred meas-
ure of capacity — the original of the British Quarter Measure.
Here are his proofs: — The capacity of the coffer or box is,
according to him, 71,214 cubic English inches and the
modem four quarter measure of England is 70,982-144 cubic
English inches! "Whence" he asks "is the degree of agree-
ment" between them? Unfortunately, I see no agreement
between them. "Where is it? The difference l)etween these
two measures is over 231 cubic English inches or the capa-
city of the old wine gallon of England or the wine gallon of
the United States of America. Mr. W. M. Flinders Petrie
who measured the stone box states that its cubic capacity is

72,0;{(» cuhic En^'li-li incho-. 'J'li«>sc fm-is knock tlw l«>ttuiii
out of Air. INjizzi Smyth's "prophetic (••irn-nieiisurf" s<» fur
as ita upreeiiioiit with thp modern four ipiiirfor mtn-nii' i.f
England i-. cniicfrncd.

I propose to •'how that the stone box in the King's* chaniher
was a standard nteastiro of capacity fMptal to six cubed culiit-
of wheat---144X144X144Xr. r7,!tl.-.,lt04 wheat grain8=
22{.V X 221.1 X 2'2\\ ^ 6 = T2,tiU\'r» cubic English inches.

Aceordinp to ^fr. W. if. Flirderg Tetrif'. the dimensions
of the stone box I're ~s-{)t', |,,iiir. •j«)-Sl broad and "1-42 Eng-
lish inches high. The di-pth of the bo.x. according to ^[v.
Howard Vyse is .';4-.') or -(is English indi in excels of Mr.
Petrie. Accepting the length and breadth as given by ilr.
Pctrie, and the depth as given by Air. Howard Vyse, we
have the following dimensions: —

Length. Breadth. Depth.

7s-0ti 20 -81 34-5

=72,201 -^d-fciibic English inches. The ditft-rence between
the obtained result and that wliicdi I hi've assigned for the
contents of the box i- less than 10 cubic inches, whitdi is
coiisidf raldy less than a half a pint.

This degree of agreement ii[ipears to be sufficient to estab-
blish the following conclusions: —

1. That the length of the whe;it (•id)it of the greiU

pyramid is ■22\\ Engli-h inches.

2. That the box was designed to contain six cubed

cubits of wheat and

3. That it has no relation whatever to the moilcrn

Imperial bushel of England as contended for
by Mr. Piazzi Smyth.

In regard to the wheat cubit (22fi English inches) o^
the great pyramid it may be ol)served that Mr. '*'. M. Elind-
ers Petrie (Pyramids and Temjdes of Gyzeh) adopts 20M;:]:i
=t 004 and Mr. Piazzi Smyth 25-025 English inches. I pro-

pose tosliuw on their own tostlnionv tluit tlio King's ( •luimher
ohroniclas, in a nicwt nnnii=*takul.le miuinor, the wh«>,it euhit
of 221 1 English inchen. Mr. W. M. Flinders Petrie Htaten
that "th.. l,a*e of the Kinir's Chamhor wa. the part riHNteare-
tiilly adjusted and set out; and henoo the original value of
tiie cubit used can be most accurately recovered from that
part. The four .siden there yield a mean value of :iO,oy:>:fc-004
and this is rertainly the bc^t dt-termination of tho cubit that
we can hope for from the f-reat i)yramid." 1 concur with
Mr. Petne in tho opinion that the cubit can be most accurate-
ly recovered from the King's fhamber, but that cubit is
not the cubit of 20-63j±:-004, but the cubit ot 22i.J Eng-
lish inches, the l-4U0th of the base of the great pyramid. Air.
Petrie states (Pyramids and Temples uf Gvzeh, p. 91), that
"the actual dimension, of tho King'. Chamber is, .outh side
t ■ .V . ■^'*^^' '*1-'^ English inches = 18 cubits of 22U
i-nghsh inches precisely. For the brcadtli of the ea*t -ide
he says 206-4 and for the west side 200-1, the mean is 206-25,
Aow 206-25 English inches = 9 cubits of 22 M English
im-hcs precisely. Mr. Pia/zi Smyth (Our Inheritance in the
Great Pyramid, p. 175) states that on the 11th March, 1S65,
he measured the north ^ide of the King's Chamber twice,
his first measure gave 412-5 and his second measure 412-5,
Here we have again 18 cubits of 22|A English inches'
On the same day he measured the south .<ide near the floor
level and fouad 412-5 or again 18 cubits of 221^ Eng-
lish inches. He also measured the breadth of the King's
Chamber near the east end, his second measure gave 206-2,
and near the west end 206-3; the mean is 206-5, or 9 cubits
of 2211 English inches.

From the foregoing it would appear that the architect who
planned the great pyramid and the workmen who were en-
gaged in its construction used a measure of 22H Eng-
lish inches. It may be obsei-ved that Mr. Piazzi Smyth
measured the height of the north-west angle of the King's
Chamber and found it to be 229-2 English inches. As 10

eubit»^-220-166+, it i.-* ix^sible tliiit h;..| Mr. Piiizzi iSrnyth
lueadurt'd i» the second time with n im-n-ure divided into
twelftliH of uu'hi'S, hi* would have stated it- len^th a^ ix-ing
229,-'._, inches ; but an he usuil u incnsuro divided iiit-> tenths,
he utttted the hei>rht an being 229,',,, I huve, however,
s'hown that the Kin^-^s C'hand»er chronii les tiie wheat i-ubit
of 22 1 i Kujulisih inches.

CIIAPTi K .Will.

(•(i\t 1 I >liiN.

It aitj^ears nuudfest that \\eiglits and iiiea-uii- of the pre-
."ent day were founii. d uri .-tandards derived ti 'ni the -iip-
position that the eanli w.- a <rK)be 2.".0'Kt Eni-li-h <t:!Tute
miles in circumfeieiicc. Ii )lii-,l -<,. a -latt of civilization
is inferred amongst the iiaiion- , ho pi upled rlic world at this
remote date not inferior if i it sii[)-. n<!' to ihe civilization
that now reigns.

As further evidence illustrative of the sikill and scientific
knowledge possessed bv the founders of the ovranuds. ir may
be remarked that the base of the great pyranud is a inrc'isp.
square — that its stonework was probably the finest nia<c /
ever constructed, the joints of it being so thin as to be le
cording to Herodotus, invisible, and according to Cor..i.-'
Vyse's account, who discovered some of the casing siovi - v.
situ, of the thicknrss of a sheet of /issue paper, and that t'. ■
pyramids are placed at right angles to the meridian and thei.
faces precisely opposed to the cardinal points. A |>osition
generally adopted for places of worship.

If the sceptical are still unconvinced — if it be that tliere
are readers who cling to the belief that science is the offspring
of modem civilization — that the notion entertained by ancient
peoples of the earth's form was that it was a plain rooted in
space and bounded by hills on which the heavens rest — that

weights and measures have resulted from such like staudard^
as the length of some man's arm or foot, and that the pyra-
mids instead of being buildings fraught with kno\vledgo"are
nothing but meaningless heaps of stones begotten bv tvranny
out of brute labor, it must be left for after discussioirto dis-
pel the doubt.

CIIAPTEK XIX.

SOME KEMAKK.H OX MR.

I'UZZI SMYTIl's " <JIR INHEHITAXCE IN THE
(iREAT PYRAMID."

Mr. Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer lioyal for Scotland incited
by Mr. John Taylor, author of "TJie Great Pyramid, whv it
wa.s built," was carried away by the belief "that the great
pyramid was designed by divine inspiration and went— after
having "invested ihe savings Off many years in a variety of
appropriate instruments," and took up his abu.Ie for some
months in the locality of the pyramids; chiefly, it would ap-
pear for the purpose of testing the accuracy of the measure-
ments of the great pyramid that had been made by former
travellei-s. As the instrument Mr. Piazzi Smvth used for
measuring the length of the base of the great pyramid was a
"500 inch cord," it is not surprising that his I'ueasurements
should differ some feet from the measurements that have
been made with more reliable instruments.

It may be remarked that a "cord" was an improper instni-
ment to be used in a case whei-e correct nsults were reqiiind.
As the 'cord' in question was made and tested in Great Brit-
sin, it would necessarily expand when carried to the diver
and hotter climate of Egypt. It will, I think, be admitted,
that a cord has a greater range of expansion and contraction
than either glass, wood or steel. During the triangnl.'.tion
of Great Britain and Ireland commenced in 1791, one of the
base lines, that on Hounslow Heath was measured three iime",

by deal rods, glass rods and by ateel cliain*. The tirst gave
27,405 •S'e feet, the second 27,403-38 feet, and the third
27,402-39 feet.

By one assumption, the length of the base of the great
pyramid is determined by Mr. Piazzi Smyth 9,105-72
English inches, and the slope of the face of tho pyramid i:*
determined precisely 51° 51' 14" 3"', for the reason that
this angle (Ictcniiincs the height 5,835-07 iMiglisli inches,
and 5,835 -.07 English inches is to twice the assumed
length of the base (9,l«5-72 English inchesX2) as 1 is to
3-14150+. Eroni this supposition Mr. Piazzi Smyth attti-ms
that the great pyramid proclaims the correct ratio of the
diameter to the circumference. In reference to this state-
ment, it has to be observed that thei-e is no evidence that
demonstrates that the pyramid records any such fact. The
supposition is wholly based on the fictitious dimensions that
have been assigned by Mr. Piazzi Smyth,who however, adopts
other measurements. Instead of 9,165-72 English inches,
for the length of the base, he assigns 9,140-131 English
inches, and instead of 5,835-07 English inches for the height
of the pyramid, he assigns 5,813 English inches. Why <

Because 365-242H the number of days in the solar year

multiplied by 25-025 English inches, the length of the sup-
posititious "Sacred cubit" the "Seth descended culiit," as is
designated by Mr. Piazzi Smyth, gives for product 9,140-131.
Evidently, Mr. Piazzi Smyth had a theory and as it was
easier to (piadrate the dimensions to suit his theory, than his
theory to the dimensions, the former was chosen and there-
fore adopted.

That the great pyramid was built to chronicle that the
ratio of the diameter to the circumference is as 1 is to
3-14159-f is otherwise attempted to be demonstrated by the
assertion that this is the precise ratio which exists bet\vee!i
the area of the vertical section and the pyramid, p.nd the
area of its base. This assertion is only anotlier oxprc'siou
for the former statement. If it be true that the lieight of
the pyramid is to the sum of the two sides of the base as 1

! .

is to 3*14159+, it necessarily follows that the vertical sec-
tional area is to the base as 1 is to 3*14159+.

It may as well be at once observed that the "pyramid
inch" adopted by Mr. Piazzi Smyth is equal to 1001 Eng-
lish inch and is deduced from the assumption that the
-j^ijj^nd part of the length of the base of the great pyra-
mid is the one ten millionth of the earth's semi-sxis of
rotation, and that each of theseg, ^Jjil"*^ P*^*"*^ consists of
25 English inches. To obtain the length of I'OOl English
inch, the earth's axis of rotation is assumed to be 500,500,000
English inches and is thus made equal to 500 million pyra-
mid inches. With this remark, the pyramid inch is dis-
missed as a measure as fanciful as it is useless. It may,
however, interest the reader to note the use he makes of this
unique inch. He points out that in a pyramid of the form
and dimensions he has assigned to the great pyramid, the
half horizontal measurement of the face of the pyramid at
the height of 1,162-6 pyramid inches from the base is
3652-42, which divided by ten give, says he, the number of
days in a year, and divided by 1,162-6 give 3-14159-f, and
11,626-02, or ten times the height of the 35th course of
masonry from the base, or 100 times the length of the ante-
chamber represents the mean distance of the sun from the
earth 'in its measure from pole to pole.' These no doubt,
are curious and interesting deductions, it is therefore much
to be regretted that they were not founded on grounds less
liable to objection.

Mr. Piazzi Smyth fits the square he calculates is equal to
the vertical sectional area of the pyramid into the vertical
section of the pyramid, and from the figure thus obtained
deduces more interesting facts. Unfortunately, the square
will not fit into the vertical section of the pyramid, if its
centre line i?! to onincido with the Isase linr- of the pyramid,
■which is an esisential requisite for the probiem submitted to
be of any value. Its angles protrude beyond the face line
of the pyramid twenty-nine English inches.

The side of a s^juare that fits in the vertical section of a
pyramid of the rlinicn^ions as-igned by Mr. Piazzi Siuvth
to the great pyrr.mid, has a length of 6,114 English inches,
which is 38 English inches less than the side of the square
he computes i-.. equal to the area of the verticnl section of
the pyramid.

Among the astounding statements made by Mr. Piazzi
Smyth in the book that has called forth the preceding re-
marks is the statement that the ancient world was acquainted
vith mil/ tu-o cubits. Egypt, Babylon, Nineveh, Persia,
Mesopotamia, Assyria, Syria, had, says he, but one cubit
and "that cubit was the length of 20-08 British inches."
Thao is, the half length or the assumed half length of the
doable cubit measure that was found imbedded in the walls
of the palace of Kamac.

The "Select peoplt of God," so Mr. Piazzi Smyth tells
us, M-ere possessed of the "Sacred Cubit," of the Seth de-
scended C"ul>it of 2,1 -02.5 British inches, and these two cubits,
it is intimated, were the only cubits known. To refute this
statement it is only necessary to refer to the pyramids of
Gyzeh to obtain many times the number of cubits Mr. Piazzi
Smyth allows ancient peoples to have possessed. Of an-
cient authors who have written of the pyramids of Gyzeh
all, it may be said, assert that the base of each of the two
great pyramids is a stade in length, and that the base of the
third pyramid is, sometimes, it is said, half a stade in length.
They also assert that each pyramid was a stade in height —
Ancient authors are abo unanimous in asserting that every
stade consists of 400 cubits. In fact it was as essentially ne-
cessary that the stade should consist of 400 cubits, as that
the foot should consist of 12 inches. Here then are ol>-
tained at once six cubits. The ordinary sized wheat cubit,
the l-400th of the length of the base of the first pyramid,
and the ordinary sized water cubit the l-400th the length
of the base of the second pyramid, and the ordinary sized
barley cubit the 1 -200th of the base of the third pyramid.
And there arc in addition the three cubits residtinc from

the varied htiphts of the three i>.vrainiils. Besides the
cubits mentioned there was the ordinary sized oat grain
cubit of li< English inches, and there were the hirge grain
cubits and the nmltiplicity of cubits which resulted from
the different oi)inions entertained of the rehitive weights of
water, wheat, barley, oats, as well as the cubits resulting
from the various dimensions of the earth's diameter and cir-
cumference. It is difficult to conceive h«>w such a notion
of weights and measures, as that indicated in the passage
(]Uoted, could ever have been entertained.

It is just as probable that each country in ancient times
had as many cubits as England had gallons, as China had
feet or as Sweden had ju.iuuls. In England there was a
gallon of 231 cubic inches for wine, cider, perry and vir-
j\iice a gallon of 22S cubic inches for beer, ale and vine-
gar; a gallon of 2('.,s-s cubic inches for corn and an imperial
gallon of 277-274 cubic inches. In fact, as late as the reign
of George IV., England had no less than four measures of
capacitv. In China is found a "builders foot," a "trades-
man's foot," a "land surveyors foot," a "mathematical foot."
In Sweden there are a "money pound," a "gold pound," a
"silver pound," a "metal pound," a "raw iron pound," a
" raw copper pound," and an " apothecaries poutd."

Mr. Piazzi Smyth, in stating that the ancient Greeks knew
nothing but what was childish in regard to the form and di-
mensions of the earth, has merely repeated, parrot-like, a
stereotyped phrase. There was one thing, at least, of which
the ancients were ignorant, and that was the "pyramid inch"
of Mr. Piazzi Smyth.

It has been shown in these pages, and that beyond the possi-
bility of a doubt, that the Greeks, and those more ancient
than the Greeks, knew, not only the form of the earth, but
its dimensions— such as it may be reasonably supposed to
have been in the days when they lived.

There is one statement which Mr. Piazzi Smyth has
hazarded to make: for which, however, I am extremely

■,*--k^-ir ■■-.—

^mSK^UGP HiT ^Mt'OV -fV ^hKBMI. ■

75
_ .,xT „.„ • ♦ who demands in these

obliged. He '•y'^ ^!°,"'"', „„„„„„, * * need hope
latter days new princples °« ''"T"^^ o„,^, Pvham.d."
.„ arrive at the "''^^^''^^'r^' ^ZlZner, evidently
Of cour«, Mr. I'ia^n i^n.yth, bemg an ..t .__ ^^^

accepts the New.„n,an J -^^^1 ^.^ ^ third Utter to
sense expressed by Sir 1 »«" "« j,j2.3 „ alK>i.t ton

Doctor Uentley, df * .** ' j^ ^4,i„i„. 'l,e says -I'l-'
years after the pubheat.on of ' " / ""^nlial to matter, so
'gravity shonld be inna,., •"''";;;";'„«"' ,i,t.„c„, through
Lt one h»ly may -t ^^ - *« ^ ,,^, , a„d

:jr;::hS':ittion.ndf„r.^^^^^^^^^^^^

of ffemHny can ever fall mh M.

sit9^iaisars!axvT~ifS3^rrjr^Mtairmr:vK^^ »^r.

'^^mi^