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1 2 3

4 5 6

1894
Exp. Farm Notes 2

'li

'if

•■i-'!

EXPERIMENTAL

FARM NOTES

No. 2.

CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM

DIVISION OF BOTANY,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

POTATO BLIGHTS.

PUBLISBBD By SIBIonoif

0' ^H. HoK. A. R. A»o..a. M„„,„. o. Ao«cu»ct..

OTTAWA

GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU

1894.

OENI

There are fe
of more loss to
have been apth
Eably Bmout
confounded and
and " Potato ri
similar in genei
the attaoIcH of t

„^^^^ Exp. Farm Notes 2

tXPERlMEm^^ NOTES

OENTRAX EXPERIA^TAL FARM.

(I>epartment of AgHculture.)

DIVISION OF BOTANY.
=E^OTJLTO~BLIGhH:TS.

By James Pletchbb, F.R.8.C., P.L.S.
of more tVe'r" '' Yn ""^^ "''^^ '^ '^' <^'-^ -"-

.1.11. i™:^ Li" T™" « '"I '"-* ■"-.I...

ifcl

no. I — THE EAKLT BLTOHT.

(iBrnf/y lent hy Prof, L. R. Jones^^

1. The Early Blioht. — This digease ib cansed by the fungus
JIfacroaporium tolani, E. AM., ami ghows itself during the months
of June and July, when greyish brown spots appear upon the older
leaves. These goon become dry and crisp, and in bad cases the
whole leaf is affected, so that nothing is left but the stems and
the tubers stop growing.

The appearance of this disease is well shown in fig. 1.

FIO. 2.-THB LATH BLIGHT.
{Kindly lent by Prof. L. R. Jones).

2. Tub Late Blight, Potato Rot. — This disease of the potato
is due to the attack of a parasitic fungus, known by the name of
Phytophthora infestam, D. By. The life history of this enemy is
briefly as follows : The fungus passes the winter inside the potato
tuber and is planted with it in the spring. As soon as the potato
throws out its shoots, the parasite grows with it, running up
through the tissues of the stems, and from about the end of July
produces beneath the leaves an abundance of spores, or seed-like
bodies. These are exceedingly minute, but are produced in such
numbers that they frequently give a frost-like appearance to the
under sides of the leaves. When these spores are produced on the
leaves the appearance known as ** rust " shows itself in the shape
of dark brown spots, as shown in fig. 2, which are paused by
the drying up of the tissues, from the parasite having used up their
contents. From the rust stage all future infection takes place.
Some of the spores are carried by the wind and falling upon the
leaves of other adjacent plants, produce more rust spots, while

others fall
reaching tl
as seen in t
is best kn
tubers, and
winter the
diseased tic

In this <
about the fi
is present ii
few leaves i
spreads rap
of infectioi
days, and a

Careful e
tops five or
early in Jul;
pears, for th
11 me, known
can in a lar^

Co|
Lin
Wa

To make .

(blue vitriol)

salt bag answ

top of a coal

that the bag

the copper su

vessel slake 4

thin whitewf

remove all lui

pour the lime

the time. N<

mixture is rea

-^^m^^m^^

fi 1 ^

■ "" .

m il

■.

1894
Exp. Farm Notes 2

others falling to the ground are washed beneath the surface, and
reaching the forming tubers produce the rot sUge. The wet-rot
as seen in autumn in the tubers, is the form of this disease which
18 best known, but Potato-rot is really a dry-rot which kills the
tubers, and in autumn the wet-rot follows as a result of decay. In
winter the disease occurs in the tuber«, as patches of hard, whitish,
diseased tissue. '

In this district the rust stage does not generally appear until
aboat the first of August and this is the first evidence that blight
« present in the field. As a rule the dark spots appear only on a
few leaves at first, but if the weather be favourable the disease
spreads rapidly from spores carried by the wind from these centres
of infection, so that a large field may become diseased in a few
days, and as a result the crop of potatoes be ruined.

REMEDY.

Careful experiments have shown that by spraying the potato
tops five or six times at intervals of about two weeks, beginning
early in July, for the early blight, and at the time the rust first ap-
pears for the potato-rot, with the mixture of sulphate of copper and
lirae,known as the Bordeaux mixture, both of these injurious diseases
can m a large measure be controlled.

Bordeaux Mixture.

Copper sulphate 6 pounds.

Lime, fresh 4 ,«

^*^^ ..****'."!.*!45 gallons.

To make Bordeaux mixture, take 6 pounds of copper sulphate
(blue vitriol) and tie it up in a piece of thin cloth-an ordinary
salt bag answers well-then suspend it from a stick laid across the
top of a coal oil or other barrel half filled with clean water, so
that the bag may be just beneath the surface of the water, when
the copper sulphate will dissolve in an hour or two. In another
vessel slake 4 pounds of fresh lime in sufficient water to make a
thm whitewash. Strain this through a fine sieve or sack to
remove a 1 lumps. When the copper sulphate is all dissolved,
pour the hme wash into the barrel slowly, stirring the mixture all
the time. Now fill up the barrel to the top with wat«r, and the
mixture is ready for use.

■tv

7b apply M. mi^r. U. the foli.ge, „„d.«bUKlVf *» ^» "f
theJare not on l>.n,l. good r»« t. -''-^ J " " ^llZLing
canH supplied with fine roscH. Ancrea eonvenient

K„ap.«k S,.r.ye«. con.-, of . ''"'"^ZZv'Z^o tbe«=

pump, which can be earned upon a m... .back. Bo.

llind. of pump. e.„ be pureha«>d - »'»" »J.; ^ *^^,^ «,

A areat «lyantage of thi« mixture i, that Pari. Green, the only
A great aavaniage , po„,o.beetle, ean be applied at

praetieal -""^^l"' *;^™"t„ra quarter to halt a po".nd of
the ..me t.me Fo «» *";™' ' ^ „.^, . ^iek pa.te, and
Paris Green with a nttie wawr bu » .

Then add it to the 45 gallon, of Bordeaux mixture ; that ...
„.!S in exactly the »m. .trength a. with plain water.

"tl mlxtn're. muatbekept oonaUntly «''"^;^^';''-^71^

ru^^:\^r:ror-=rir^^^^^^

.ardir;7a-;^i:ryir:^^^^^^^
rpirr.ntr:^oieT:Lrc:K'r^.^!

covered with the fungicidal preparation.
The early blight in tM-partotC^.^^^^^^^^^^^

early in July and repeated every two week, at lea.t until the

of August.

J. FLETCHER,

.~»no> Botanist.

WM. SAUNDERS,

ZHrector.

Ottawa, July 1, 1894.