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 'd <C '. , 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OP THB 
 
 WILLAMETTE VALLEY, 
 
 BZINO A 
 
 Description of the Valley and its Resources, with an account of its 
 
 Discovery and Settlement by White Men, and 
 
 its Subsequent History; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 Personal Reminiscences of its Early Pioneers. 
 
 Edited by H. O. LANG. 
 
 Published by Himes <fe Lang. 
 
 PORTLAND, OREGON: 
 Geo. H. Hihes, Book and Job Peinteb. 
 
 1885. 
 
r " 
 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 This work hi written and published for the purpose of arranging and preserv- 
 ing, in useful and compact form, the scattered records and recollections of this por- 
 tion of Oregon. It will be found to contain a considerable amount of matter which 
 seems properly tu belong to u history of the State at large, and which has been 
 incorporated into this volume liecauce, as is well understood, the Willamette Valley 
 (^ntains the greater part of the population of the eonmionweultb, and has, since 
 the earliest settlement of Oregon, constituted by fur the nuwt important section, 
 although its area only amounts to one-seventh of the present State. Much of the 
 contents of this volume hiis never before appeared in print, and except for its pub- 
 lication herein would never have appeared, as it consists largely in personal recol- 
 lections which, by the laborious method pursued, have been gathered up and pre- 
 served herein. In this coimetttion the publishers desire to express their thanks to 
 all who have, without asking remuneration, contributed infonnation or otherwise 
 favored the progress of this work. Their gratitude is particularly due ta John 
 Minto, 8. A. Clarke, D. D. Prettyman and C. Uzafovage, of Salem; Dr. J. L. Hill, 
 of Albany; J. M. Bates, of Jefferson, the first of the living pioneers; and S. A. 
 Moreland, of Portland, the author of the treatise upon the railways of the Valley, 
 which is included. The newspapers of the Valley have, almost without exception, 
 devoted their columns generously to the ne<idB of the new publication. The valu- 
 able collections of t]ie Portland Library Association have been of such use that an 
 acknowledgment is suitable. Having completed the work with whatever of indus- 
 try and ability the compilers have been enabled to expend upon it, it is now sub- 
 mitted to the criticisms of those to whom its contents may have interest. By criti- 
 cism is meant that fair and profound discussion which intelligence inspires. Such 
 criticism invariably is of value, and in this Instance will prove doubly so, as the 
 present work is but one of a series of historical compositions, whose later issues will 
 rectify the possible errors of their predecessors. 
 
 oopvmoHT, isaa, 
 
 ■V MO. H. HIMIB AND H. O. LANQ. 
 
TO THE 
 
 PIONEERS OR OREGON 
 
 THIS WORK 
 
 Is dedicated as a token of re- 
 spect and reverence for their character and their 
 r actions Amid constant and arduous trials and privations, and In 
 
 the frequent presence of danger, they transplanted from the distant lands of their 
 nativity the civilization which has converted this once trackless wilderness into the flourishing Com- 
 monwealth whose history is tVie theme of these pages; and their story — oft told 
 before, and now imperfectly repeated here — will bear a charmed 
 interest as long as patriotism exists, or courage ' 
 and fortitude are admired. 
 
 69883 
 
I] iiiiipiiw.,iu»i_ jimjuii 
 
 •■Vlf inn. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 America in •'hk Sixteknth Century.— Spain's Foothold In the New 
 World— The Age of Romance and Adventure— The Method and Succes 
 Hive Stages of Conquest— Discovery of the Soutu Sea, or Pacific Ocean, by 
 Balboa and Magellan- Conquest of Mexico and Peru— First Attempt to 
 Colonize tlie Peninsula of Lower California— Efforts of Portugal, Eng- 
 land and France 17 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Fabulouh Straits of Axia.n. — Coilereul Discovers the Straits of Lab- 
 rador — Imagines lie has passed through Novuh Mundus— Vasco de Qama 
 reaches India by doubling the Cape of Good Hope— Naming of the Straits 
 of Anian by Cortereai— Magellan's Discovery of a Southwest Passage 
 Confirms the Belief in a Northwest one -Explorations of Cortes in the 
 Pacific— Voyage of Francisco de UUoa— Mendoza Dispatches Alarcon and 
 Coronatlo in Sejirch of Cibola and t^uivlra — Voyage of Juan Rodriguez 
 (Jabrlllo— His Death— Ferrelo Continues the Voyage to Latitude 43° or 44° 
 —Spain Abandons the Search for the Straits of Anian and Turns her At- 
 tention to the Indies — Spanish Commerce Supreme in the Pacific— Her 
 Claim of Exclusive Domain— The Buccaneers, or Freebooters of the Span- 
 ish Main, Invade the Pacific— Piratical V^oyage v>f Sir Francis Drake — He 
 Searches for the Straits of Anian — Dispute amoi.ij Historians as to the 
 Extent of his Voyage— Drake Lands his Pilot in Oregon— Drake'o Bay 
 not the Bay of Han Francisco — Drake Takes Possession of New Albion — 
 Romances of Chaplain Fletcher — Drake's Success Excites the Emulation 
 of other Adventurers— Fraudulent Claims of Discovery of a Nortljwest 
 Passage— Maldonado's Pretended Voyage through the Straits of Anian 
 — His Memorial a Sham 21 
 
 CHAPTKR III. 
 The Straits ok Juan de Fuca and the River of Kings.- Narrative of 
 Michael Lock, the Elder — Story of Juan de Fuca, as told by Lock— de- 
 scription of the Straits of Fuca— Controversy among Historians over 
 Fuca's alleged Voyage — Both Sides Carefully Considered— Probably a 
 Myth — Admiral Fonte's alleged Voyage — The River of Kings — Its Ab- 
 surdity Pointed Out 37 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Voyages and Events of the Seventeenth Century.— Philip orders a 
 Voyage along the Pacific Coast — Reasons Assigned by Torquemada and 
 Venegas- Vlscalno sent out by the Viceroy in 1596— Viscaino's second 
 Voyage In 1602— Ravages of the Scurvy— He Enters Monterey— Argu- 
 ment of the Claim that he Entered San Francisco Bay— Earliest Posltlv* 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 
 I 
 It' 
 
 Knowledge of that Harbor— VIscaino goes to Latitude 42° and returua ; 
 but A«uUar reaches 43°— Cape Blanco and the River of Agullar— Califor- 
 nia Supposed to be an Island- Viscalno dies after Obtaining a Royal 
 Mandate to occupy Monte. — Spain Ceases all Explorations of the Coast- 46 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Hudson's Bay, Capb Horn, anu Behbino's Straits.- Discovery of Davis' 
 Straits— Henry Hudson, William Baffin, and other Explorers In the 
 Nortb-AtI? otic— Dutch Navigators Discover the Passage uround Cape 
 Horn— Bu . eancerg Swann Into the Pacific by the New Route— Otondo 
 attempts to Colonize Lower California— The Hudson's Bay Company CI ar- 
 tered, in 1669, to Discover the Straits of A nian— Privileges Granted by the 
 Charter— The Co npany Heads off all efforts at Exploration— ^ slans 
 cross Siberia and Explore the Paciflo— Plans of Peter the Great— Dis- 
 covery of Behrlnc's Straits and Alaska— Voyage of Tchirlkof— Bebrlng 
 Discovers Monui, St. Ellas and Dies on Behring's Isle— The Early Fur 
 Trade of the North Pacific— Benyowsky Takes a Cargo of Furs to Canton 
 and thus Reveals the Magnitude of the Pacific Ocean— Russian Idea of 
 Alaskan Geograpny 82 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 From Capiain Carvkr to Captain Cook.— The JesuitM Colouize Lower (/'al- 
 Ifornia— The Franciscans Enter California— Discovery of San Francisco 
 Bay— Early French Explorers— Th- River of the Wes^-Verendrye Ex- 
 plores the Rocky Mountains — France Sells Louisiana to Spain and Loses 
 Canada to England by Conquest— Journey of Captain Carver— He calls 
 the River of the West " Oregon "-Argument upon the Origin of the 
 Word "Oregon"— The Generally Accepted Spanish Theory does not 
 Stand the Light of Investigation— The Hudson's Bay Company's Policy 
 of Keeping the World Ignorant of the Geography of the Country Occu- 
 pied by Them— Samuel Hearne Discovers Great Slave Lake, Coppermine 
 River and the Arctic Ocean — Russia's Activity in Alaska Incites Spain to 
 Renew her Explorations— Voyage of Perez and Martinez — Perez enters 
 Port San Lorenzo, or Nootka Sound— Martinez Claims to have Observed 
 the Straits of Fuca— Voyage of Heceta and Bodega y Quadra— Bellin's 
 Wonderful Chart— Discovery of Trinidad Bay— Isla de Dolores, or Destruc- 
 tion Island— Heceta Attempts to Enter the Columbia— Spanish and En- 
 glish Methods of Exploration Compared— Bodega and Maurelle Discover 
 Mount San Jacinto, or Edgecurab— They Land and Take Possession for 
 the King of Spain— They Reach Latitude 68° and Return— England, in 
 Alarm at the Progress Made by Spain and Russia, Sends Captain Cook to 
 the Pacific- His Particular Instructions— Cook Names the Sandwich 
 Islands, Cape Flattery and Nootka Sound, and Searches for the Straits of 
 Fuca, River of Kings and Straits of Anlan— He Passes Through Beh- 
 ring's Straits and Around the Northwestern Extremity of Alaska- 
 Winters in the Sandwich Islands and Is killed by the Natives— The Ex- 
 pedition Again Visits the Arctic, Takes a Cargo of Furs to Canton and 
 Returns to England— The Record of the Voyage Pigeon-holed Until the 
 War Is Over— Enterprise of John Ledyard— Arteaga, Bodega and Maurelle 
 Follow Cook's Route Up the Coast 68 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Spain's Suprbmacv in the Pacific Oveithbown.— The Russian- American 
 Trading Company— France sends La Perouse to the Pacific- James 
 
OONTKNTS. 
 
 Vll 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 68 
 
 Hanna inakw tiu> Firat Voyage in the Fur Trade fhini EiikImuiI— Eiig- 
 land's Hhort-«<ightc<J Policy of Granting MonoiKily Chartent— The B««t 
 India Coiiipany and riouth 8ea Company— The' r Conflicting Intere8t« 
 Lead to tlje OrirHiil/tition of the King George's Sound Company— Belief 
 ttiat North Aniei above Latitude 40° waM an Ar^^hipelago of Huge 
 IiilandH -FiPHt \'o\, i/^ of Captain Mearet* — HIb Terrible Winter on the 
 AiaMkaii Coiwt- Caj 'aln Karclay DiHooverB the Htraits of Fuca— MearcH 
 Engager in " c Fnr Trade under the Portuguese Flag— He Buildti the 
 SohtKdier " 'thwcsi AiuerJea ' at Nootica Hound Explores the Htralts 
 of Fuca— HiH UuHUc fHsfri Hearch for the Rio do Han Kmiue— Ijeceptlon 
 Bay and Cape Din i iKiintment— The United States Enters the Contest 
 for the Contro' ,f (»ie lYclttc Coast — The "Columbia Rediviva" and 
 " Lady Wushlngton " -The Latter Attaclced liy Indians, and the Former 
 Uupplies Spain with an Oi)portunity to T.onudgate her Doctrine of Ex- 
 elusive UiglitH In the FiiclHc— Martinez sent to Explore thd Coast and In- 
 vestigate the Russians— His Repuit of Russian Operations Causes Hpain 
 to Uend a Remonstrance to the Empress— Martinez Fortifies Nootku and 
 Takes Possession in tlie Name of the King of Spain— He deUea the " Iphi 
 Kenia"and " Nortiiwest America''— Colnett and Hudson arrive in the 
 "Argonaut" ind 'Princess Royal"— Are mnde Prisoners by Martinez 
 and sent to Mexico— Tlie Prisoners Released and Vessels RestortJ— Con- 
 troversy lietween England and Hpain Terminated by the Nootka Conven- 
 tion—Stipulations of the Treaty Displease i)oth Parties - -— H'2 
 
 CHAPTER VIIJ. 
 PuoKT Soirxn and Coi.i^mbia Ri vkk Discovkkku.— Explorations of Lieuten- 
 ant Quimper in the Straits ol' Fuca— He takes Formal Possession for Spain 
 — Elisa Explores the Straits of Fuca and Gulf of Georgia- Malasplna and 
 Bustamante Seiireh for the Straits of Anian— Kendrick Again Visits the 
 Coast and Buys Land from the Indians— Gray Arrives In the Columbia 
 and Winters at Clayoquot— Events of 17i)2— Spain makes a Last Etlbrt to 
 Explore the Disputed Region— Arrival of V^aucouver's Expedition— He 
 Examines the Oregon Coast— Searches in Vain for the Rio de 8au Roque 
 —He RecM)rds his Unijualifled Disbelief in such a River— Gray Builds the 
 "Adventure" at Clayoquot— He Discovers the Colundjia River— Vancou- 
 ver Explores Puget Sound and Falls in with the Spaniards— He Examines 
 the Coast Carefully— Meets (Quadra at Nootka -Finds Him Prepared with • 
 Proofs to Sustain tlie Cause of Spain- They i-^ail to Agree on T'-rnis— 
 They Bestow their Names upon the Island of Vancouver and Quadra— 
 Bt'oughton Explores the Columlda— Vancouver Finishes Hi*" Explorations 
 aifd Rcti/rn* to England— Tlie Nootka Question Settled and the Port 
 
 Abandoned 11/^ 
 
 CHAl'Ti:it IX. 
 
 OvKRi.ANuJouKNEVs TO THK Pacific.— Organization of the Northwest Com- ' 
 pany of Montreal— Mackenzie's Journey to the Arctic Ocean— His Trip to 
 the Pacific In 1792— Discovery and Naming of Fraser River— Treaty of 
 1704 Opens a Western Field for Anierlcan Traders— (Jontlicting Claims of 
 Various Nations at tlie Beginning of the Present Century— Spain Recon- 
 veys Louisianu to France in 180()— Thomas Jefferson's Efforts to Jiave the 
 Unknown Region Explored— Louisiana Purciiased by the United States 
 — The Lewis and Clarke Expedition — They Winter with the Mandan 
 Indians — Ascend the Missouri- Cross to Clarke's Fork — Reach the Nez 
 Peroea— Descend Clearwater, Lewis (Snake) and Columbia Rivers to the 
 
ss 
 
 viu 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 I 
 
 Paoiflc— Winter at Fort Clatrop— The Multnomah, or Willamette, River 
 •--The Walla Walla, Cayuse and Nez Perce Indians— Lewis and Clarke 
 Descend the Yellowstone and Missouri— Effect of their Great Journey- 
 Anxiety of Great Britain— Fort Fruser Established in New Caledoniar— 
 Fort Henry Built on Snake River — - 130 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Astoria and the Joint Occupation Treaty.— The Pacific Fur Trade at the 
 Beginning of the Present Century— Americans in the Lead — Their Plan 
 ol Operations— Russia Complains of the Sale of Fire-Arms to the Indians 
 —John Jacob Astor's Plans— The Pacific Fur Company Organized— 
 Astor's Allen Partners— The "Tonquln" Sails from New York— Dissen- 
 sions on the Voyage — Dangers of the Columbia Bar— Astoria Founded — 
 Sad Fate of the " Tonquln " and Her Crew— Appearance at Astoria of an 
 Agent of the Northwest Company- Fort Okinagan- Launch of the 
 " Dolly "—Sufferings of Wilson Price Hunt's Party— Operations along the 
 Columbia— Astoria Sold to the Northwest Company— Captured by the 
 English and Named "Fort GJeorge" — Unsuccessful Efforts of Mr. Astor 
 to Regain Possession — Negotiations under the Treaty of Ghent— Conflict- 
 ing Claims to Oregon Advanced by England and the* United States — 
 Technical Surrender of Fort George — Joint Occupation Agreed Upon — 
 The Florida Treaty- - - 147 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 The Rival Fur Companies.— Growth and Power of the Northwest Company 
 —Rivalry between it and the Hudson's Bay Company— The Red River 
 War— Barrows' Description of the Hudson's Bay Company— The Cana- 
 dian Voyageurs— Fort Vancouver Founded — Dunn's Description of the 
 Fort and the Methods of the Hudson's Tiy Company in Oregon . 169 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Diplomacy Again Ends in Joint Occupation.— Claim of the United States 
 to the Columbia River— Spasmodic Considf ration of the Oregon Question 
 in Congress— Tho Russian Ukase — The Monroe Doctrine — Negotiations in 
 1824— Claims of the United States Advanced by Mr. Rush— The Opposing 
 Claims of Great Britain— Reply of Mr. Rush and the English Commis- 
 sioners to Each Other— England Rejects America's Offer of the Fifty-first 
 Parallel, and Proposes the Forty-ninth and Columbia River— Rush Offers 
 the Forty -ninth to the Ocean— Rejected and the Negotiations Terminate 
 —Mr. Gallatin Sent to London in 1826— Offer of the Columbia again made 
 by England and Rejected— The Doctrine of Contiguity— The Spanish 
 Title as Modified by the Nootka Convention— T'radiug Posts DeclareB not 
 to be Settlements by Mr. Gallatin, a Declaration which Becomes a Boom- 
 
 orang— The Period of Joint Occupation Indefinitely Extended 179 
 
 ' CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Failure of all Attempts at Joint Occupation by the Americans.— 
 Outlook for Joint Occupation— Comparibon of tha Advantages of the Eng- 
 lish and American Traders— Character of the American Trappers— The 
 Hudson's Bay Company's Methods and Servants— Growth of the Ameri- 
 can Fur Trade— The American Fur Company— The Missouri Fur Com- 
 pany—Ashley, of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, Penetrates the 
 Rocky Mountaius— Method of Conducting Trapping Enterprises— The 
 Annual Rendezvous- Jededlah 8. Smith's First Overland Journey— His 
 Second Journey Fraught with Disaster— His Adventures in California— 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 IX 
 
 His party Massacred on the Umpqua— The Hudson's Bay Company Re- 
 cover Smith's Furs and Pay him for Them— Gray's Version of this Afihir 
 —The Subject Discussed— Bostons and King Gteorge's Men— Dr. Mc- 
 Loughlin's Account of this Episode — McLeod's Unfortunate Expedition 
 — Ogden's Expedition to the Humboldt and California— Death of Smith 
 —Major Pilcher and Ewing Young— Hudson's Bay Company Establish 
 Fort Umpqua and a Headquarters in California— Bonneville's Trading 
 Ventures— Two Eflbrts of Nathaniel J. Wyeth to Trade in Oregon Result 
 Disaatrously— McLoughlin's Remarks on Wyeth — Abandonment of Ore- 
 gon by American Trappers 186 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Foundation and Progress of thk Missions. — Missionaries Introduce a 
 New Element into the Oregon Question — The Flatheads send Messengers 
 to St. Louis to Procure a Bible— Jason Lee and others sent by the Meth- 
 odist Board of Missions— They Locate in the Willamette Valley — Their 
 Plan of Operations— Sickness at the Mission and Hostility of the Indians 
 , —Parker and Whitman sent by the American Board— Parker's Triumphal 
 March— He Returns Home and Publishes a Book— Mr. and Mre. Whit- 
 man — Whitman Takes a Cart as Far as Fort Boise — Missions Founded at 
 Waiilatpu and Lapwai— Progress of the Missions of the American Board 
 -Mission Founded at The Dalles — Advent of the Catholics — A Religious 
 War at Once Begins— A Few Sample Incidents— Eftects of the Two 
 
 Forms of Worship upon the Natives 2o7 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Amkrican Emigrants 6roanize a Provisional Government.— Early 
 Advocates of Oregon Emigration -Efforts of Hall J. Kelley— The Ameri- 
 can Society for the Settlement of Oregon Territory — It Memorializes Con- 
 gress and Advertises for Emigrants— Wyeth, Kelley and Ewing Young 
 come to Oregon- Earliest American Settlers — McLoughlin's Account of 
 Settlement of French Prairie — The Willamette Cattle Company — Popula- 
 tion of Oregon in 1840 -First Effort at a Government— Settlement at Wil- 
 lamette Falls — Radical Change in the Policy of the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany as Regards Settlers— The Company's Deep Laid Plan— Attitude of 
 the Company and its Chief Representative — Dr. McLoughlin Considered 
 —Reasons for the Bitter Feeling Entertained by some Americans— Dr. 
 McLoughlin's Statement of His Conduct and the Treatment Received 
 from both English and Americans— A Bad Showing for the Gratitude of 
 some Americans — Classification of the Population as Regards Interests — 
 Reasons for Desiring a Government- A Petition Sent to Congress In 1840 
 —First Meeting to Form :i Covernment— Death of Ewing Young Leads 
 to the Organization of a Government— The Officers Elected— Failure to 
 Form a Constitution— The Wilkes Exiwdltion— The Wolf Meeting— The 
 First Legislative Committee — Organization of the Provisional Govern- 
 ment—The First Officers-Condition of the Missions— Antagonism of the 
 Indians to American Settlers— Dr. White Induces the Nez Perces, Was- 
 
 copunisand Cayuses to Adopt a Code of Laws 222 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Db. Whitman and the Emigration of 1843. — What Induced the Emigra- 
 tion of 1843— Steps Taken to Organize the Movement— Dr. Whitman's 
 Character— His Anxiety to Americanize Oregon— The Ashburton Treaty 
 and the Cod Fishery— Whitman's Decision to Visit Washington— The 
 Waiilatpu Meeting— The Unfortunate Controversy over the Services of 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Dr. Whitman— Gray's Walla Walla Romance— Its Absurdity Pointed Out 
 —The Facte— Whitman and Lovejoy's Journey— Extent of Whitman's 
 Influence in Inducing Emigration— His Visit to Washington and Boston 
 —Organization and Journey of the Emigrants— List of Emigrants and 
 Population of Oregon in 1843— Fremont's Exploring Party -"OO 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 1844 TO 1849.— Indian Difficulty at Oregon City— Firet Military Company- 
 Methodist Missions Abandoned— Increase of the Catholic Workers- Elec- 
 tion of 1844— Abstract of Votes— Proceedings of the Legislative Commit- 
 tee—Emigration of 1844— List of Emigrants— Election of 1845— GJeorge 
 Abernethy Chosen First Governor of Oregon. -Abstract of Votes— Oath 
 of Office- Dr. Whit«j and the Memorial to Congress— Wheat a Legal 
 Tender— Census of 1845— Emigration of 1845— Meek Takes the Emigrants 
 by a New Route and Loses Them in the Mountains— The Eventful Year 
 of 1846— Mr. Blaine's Account of tlie Settlement of the Oregon Question 
 —Election of 1848— Emigration of 1846— The Applegate Trail— Flags of 
 the Schooner " Shark "—Emigration of 1847— The Traveling Nursery- 
 Elections of 1847 and 1848— Emigration of 1848 - - 279 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 The Whitman Ma.S8ackb and the Cayuse War.— Condition of Protestant 
 and Catholic Missions in 184'i— Situation of AlTairs at Waiilatpu— Tom 
 Hill and Joe Lewis— Whitman Buys The Dalles Mission and Prepares to 
 Abandon Waiilatpu— Catholics Establish a Mission on the Umatilla— 
 Sickness among the Cay uses— Joe Lewis' Poison Story— Evidence of 
 Colonel Craig and the Whitman Indians— Details of the Massacre- 
 Charges Against the Catholics— Ransom of the Captives— Action of the 
 Provisional Government— Oregon Rifles take Possession of The Dalles— 
 A Regiment Organized— Campaign in the Cayuse Country— End of the 
 War— Five Cayuses Executed at Oregon City— .105 
 
 CHAPTER XtX. 
 
 Oregon Becomes an Obqanizbd Territory.— News Brought by Emigrants 
 in 1847 very Disheartening -Letter of Senator Benton— J. Quinn Thorn- 
 ton Sent to Washington to Urge Legislation— Incidents of his Journey- 
 Joseph L. Meek Sent to Washington after the Whitman Massacre— HIii 
 Mid-Winter Journey— Interesting Account of the Contest in the Senate 
 over the Oregon Bill— General Joseph Lane Appointed Governor- His 
 Trip Overland— Organization of the Gtovernment^Offlcers of the Old and 
 New Governments— Census of 1849— Discovery of Gold iii California- 
 Beaver Money 319 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Oregon as a Territory- Organization of the Territorial Government- 
 First Legislature— Towns in Oregon in 18.50 -A Military Episode— John P. 
 Gaines Succeeds General Lane as Governor— Inharmony between Demo- 
 cratic Legislature and Whig Officers- Three Newspapers Enter the Field 
 —The Steamer " Lot Whltcomb "—Oregon City and Salem Contest for 
 the Capital-Wreck of the "General Warren "—Indian Troubles in 1861- 
 52-63— George L. Curry becomes Governor— EflForts to Form a State Con- 
 stitution-Colville Mines-Indian War of 1856-66-Polltical Complica- 
 tions— Fraser River Excitement— Oregon Admitted to the Union 832 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 XI 
 
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 CHAPTER XXI, 
 
 Indian Wars of 1853 and 1854.— Outrages Committed In Rogue River Valley 
 — Volunteer Companies Organized— General Lane Takes Command — De- 
 feat of Lieutenant Oriflin and of Lieutenant Ely— Indians Defeated at 
 Battle Creek — Armistice of Seven Days— The Table Rock Treaty— Inci- 
 dents of the "Peace Talk"— The Grave Creek Massacre-Captain Miller 
 Sent to Escort Emigrants through the Modoc Country— Expenses of the 
 War Paid by the Government— Events of 1854 — The Snake River Massacre 
 —Expedition of Major Haller to Fort Boise — S58 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 The Qbkat Outbreak of 1855.— Inability of Indians to form a Coherent Com- 
 bination— Rogue River, Puget Sound and the Columbia Hostilities Dis- 
 tinct and Separate — Relation of Whites and Indians in Rogue River Val- 
 ley—Controversy between General Wool and the Citizens— Incidents be- 
 fore the Outbreak— The Lupton Affair— Quick Revenge of the Indians — 
 Massacre of October 9th— Heroic Defense of Mrs. Harris- Great Excite- 
 ment Prevails -A Review of the Situation— Causes which Led to the War 
 on the Columbia— Indian Treaties made by Stevens and Palmer -They 
 Mislead the People by Publishing Incorrect Statements of what they have 
 Accomplished— Discovery of Gold in the Colville Region— Sauce for the 
 Goose not Sauce for the Gander- Murder of Mattice- Hegira from Colville 
 and Walla Walla— Murder of Indian Agent Bolan— Regulars Invade the 
 Yakima Country -Defeat of Major Haller— Major Raines Calls for Volun- 
 teers—Governor Curry Calls for Ten Companies— General Wool's opinion 
 of Governor Curry's Conduct — Another Cause Assigne*! for the War - 
 Excitement in Willamette Valley— The " Oregonian " and " Statesman " 
 — Wars and Rumors of Wars Alarm the People 365 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 The Fall Campaigns in the South.— Governor Curry Calls for Two Bat- 
 talions of Volunteers— Siege of Galice Creek- Battle of Hungry Hill— A 
 Poor Commissariat, and Jealousy between Regulars and Volunteers Cause 
 Disaster— Organization of the Two Battalions— They Arrange with the 
 Regulars for a Joint Campaign— The First Meadows Campaign— Invasion 
 of the P.h^ fe^ xtleinent — Massacre of Peaceable Umpqua« in Looking-Qlass 
 Valley — Attack on the Camps of Jake and John — The Siege on Applegate 
 Creek— Fight on Murphy Creek — Close of the Campaign for the Winter-- 394 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 The Yakima, Wam.a Walla and Puget Sound Campaigns.- Troops 
 Concentrate at The Dulles— Conflict of authority— An Incident at Van- 
 couver—Block House Built at the Cascades — Efforts to Ec^uip the Volun- 
 teers—Regulars and Volunteers March North from The Dalles— Plan 
 of the Campaign— The Fight on the Banks of the Yukinia and at the 
 "Buttes" — Burning of the Catholic Mission Ends the Campaign— Ef- 
 forts to Treat with Peu-peu-mox-mox -Prelude to the Walla Walla Cam- 
 paign-Fort Henrietta — Regulars Refuse their Aid in a Useless Winter 
 Campaign — Unfitness of the Volunteers for such a CampalgL— Colonel 
 Kelly Marches Against the Walla Wallas— Capture of Peu-peu-mox-mox 
 Under a Flag of Truce— A Night of Suspense and Excitement— A Fruit- 
 less Ante-Breakfast March— Battle of Walla Walla -Killing of Peu-peu- 
 mox-mox and other Prisoners— Ears and Scalp of the Chief Exhibited in 
 the Willamett* Valley- The Situation after the Battle — Killed and 
 
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 mmwmwiww 
 
 xu 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Wounded— Great Excitement in the Willamette when the News is Re- 
 ceived— " Oregonlan " Editorials on the Situation — General Wool Con- 
 demned—His Opinion of the War and the People's Opinion of Him— 
 Governor Stevens Prefers Charges Against General Wool— Incidents At- 
 tending the Return of Governor Stevens from the Blackfoot Country— 
 The Charges of the Irate Governor Pigeon-holed— The Situation During 
 the Winter— Unpleasant Experiences of the Volunteers -Reinforcements 
 sent to Walla Walla— Colonel Cornelius Resumes the Offensive— Horse 
 Meat Causes a Mutiny— No Enemy Being Found, the Command Aban- 
 dons the Walla Walla Country— Farewell Courtesies of Kam»-i-akun- 
 The Volunteers Disband Without Official Recognition of their Services- 
 Honors Received from the People— Two Companies Raised to Guard the 
 Columbiar-Refrain of the "Horse-fed Volunteer "—The Political and 
 Speculative Aspect of the Campaign— Governor Curry goes to Washing- 
 ton to Counteract the Influence of General Wool, and Secure an Apprd- 
 priation to Defray the Expenses of the War 404 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 Closino Scenes of the Wak on Rowue Riveb.— Reorganization of the Vol- 
 unteers—Appointment of General Lanierick— Removal of the Table Rock 
 Band to the Coast Reservation— The Flag of Truce Incident— Battle of 
 Eight-Dollar Mountein- Campaign to Big Meadows— Battle at the Bar- 
 Fort Lanierick Built in Big Meadows— Massacre at Gold Beach— The Reg- 
 ulars Assume the Offensive— They ' aastlse the Indians at different Places 
 -Council of Oak Flat— Battle betwt?n Chief John and Captain Smith— 
 The Volunteers defeat Limpy and George — All the Hostiles Surrender 
 and are taken to the Coast Reservation 438 
 
 CHAPTER XXV I. 
 
 The Attack on the Cascades.— Colonel Wright Assumes Ccatmand of the 
 Regulars— His Instructions from General Wool— He Starts for the Walla 
 Walla Country with a Strong Force — Fears ot an Attack on the Cascades 
 —The Attack is Made on the Twenty-Sixth of March, ia56— r 's of the 
 Affair— Colonel Wright Comes to the Rescue from The Dalleu, and Lieu- 
 tenant Sheridan from Vancouver— Indians Captured and Hanged— List 
 of Killed and Wounded - Intelligence of the Attack Creates Great Excifj- 
 ment in Portland and up the Valley— Two Volunteer Companies go to 
 the Rescue — Pauley Rumors Distract the People— All Q,ulet on the Sandy 447 
 
 CHAPTER XXVll. 
 
 Campaigns of CoLONEriS Wright, Steptoe and Shaw.- Additional De- 
 fenses at the Cascades— Colonel Wright Invades the Yakima Countrj'— 
 He Fails to Negotiate with Kama-i-akun, and Returns to The Dalles- 
 Plans of Governor Stevens— He sends the Second Regiment into the Walla 
 Walla Country in two Battalions— Composition of the Regiment— Battle 
 of Grand Ronde— Buttle of Burnt River— Killed and Wounded- Colonel 
 Shaw Averts a War with the Nez Perces— Colonel Steptoe sent to Walla 
 Walla to Build a Fortr-His Proclamation that the Indian Treaties were 
 not yet in Force— Governor Stevens Invites the Tribes to Hold a Council 
 at Walla Walla— The Council an Unfriendly one— Lack of Harmony be- 
 tween Stevens and Steptoe— Stevens Attacked by the Indians and is Res- 
 cued by Steptoe— A Block-House Built' and Garrisoned and the Troops 
 Return to The Dalles— Colonel Wright Leads an Expedition to Walla 
 W»U»— He holds a Council and Arranges a Peace upon the Grounds of 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 XIU 
 
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 During 
 
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 Mutual ForglvenesE for the " Late Unpleasantness "—Governor Stevens' 
 Treaties and his Op'nion of Wright's Treaty— Northern Indians Invade 
 Puget Sound— Erejtion of Fort Walla Walla— Situation of Af&irs in the 
 Indian Country— Colonel Steptoe's Defeat in the Palouse Country— His 
 Disastrous Retreat South of Snake River— A Record of Heroism and 
 Cowardice— Colonel Wright Chastises the Indians at Medical Lake— The 
 Spokanes, Yakimas and Palouses Sue for Peace and Surrender Uncondi- 
 tionally—Hostages Taken and Twelve Indians Hung— The Walla Wallas 
 
 Tamely Submit to the Hanging of Four of their Number 456 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Aboriginal Inhabitants. — Character of the Indians of the Valley — De- 
 structive Influences— Sources of Indian History — Extract from Lewis 
 and Clarke's Narrative — Various Tribes Recounted — Their Locations— 
 The Klickitat Invasion— The Chinook Family— Ethnology— Habits and 
 Appearance— Tattooing — Clothing— Habitations— Food— Easy Ways of 
 Life— Salmon Catching— Canoes— Tribal Government— Weapons— Habits 
 of War— Diseases and Treatmentr— The Vapor Bath— Disposition of Dead 
 Bodies— Influence of the Missions— Antiquities of Linn County— Their 
 Probable Origin— Indian Names of Localities— Good Taste Demands their 
 
 Perpetuation 478 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 History of Railways.— Primitive Ideas— Pioneer Railway Projects— Elli- 
 ott's Plan of a Railway from Portland to California— Incorporation of the 
 Astoria & Willamette R. R. Co.— Names of the Incorporators— The East 
 Side Railway— Ben HoUaday— The Oregon Central R. R. Co.— Anecdote 
 -Need of Railways— The West Side R. R. Co.— A Railroad Boom in Or- 
 egon— EfTect of the Introduction of Railways— Public Opinion— Dissolu- 
 tion of the Oregon Central, and Organization of the Oregon and California 
 Company— Officers of the New Company— River Transportation — ^Holla- 
 day Buys a Newspaper— Its Character— Issue of Bonds of the O. & C. R. 
 R.— Completion of the Railway to Roseburg- Want of Economy— Cessa- 
 tion of Railway Building— Resumption of Work in 1888— Railways Needed 
 in Southern Oregon— The Railroad Leased to the Oregon and Transconti- 
 nental Co.— The West Side Road— Holladay's Shrewdness— Portland's 
 Princely Gift— Progress of the West Side Road— Two Factions— Exit Hol- 
 laday— Land Grants— The Conqueror Appears— A Giant's Plans— Vil- 
 lard~The Narrow-Gauge Road— The Oregon Paciflo— Railroad Lands- 
 Railway Officials— Concluding Remarks 491 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 Dbscbiptign of the Willamette Vallky.— Boundaries of the Valley— Di- 
 mensions— Streams— Mountains -Cascade Range— Peaks— The Minto 
 Pass — Coast Range- Animal Inhabitants -Trapping and Hunting- 
 Distances — Elevation of Places on the Willamette River— Lands — Prairie 
 and Timbered Lands— Those First Taken Up— Foothill Lands— Their Im- 
 portance and Great Value — Brush Lands— Advantages — Location — Unoc- 
 cupied Lands of '^alue— Altitude of Vacant Lands— How Brush Lands 
 are Cleared— Railroad and Government Land— Amount of Vacant Land 
 in the Valley— Railroad Grants— Tlml)ered Sections— Catalogue of Forest 
 Trees— Valuable Sorts— Trees Which Grow on Low Lands— Conjectures 
 Regarding the Amount of Timber now Standing — Effect of Denuding the 
 Land of Trees— Injurious Results Predicted— Forest Fires Produce Vast 
 Damage and Should be Prevented 513 
 
mmm" 
 
 XIV 
 
 OONTICNTB. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 Climate and Geology.— Peculiarities of Climate — Distinctions of the Seaaons 
 —Particular Seasons— Table of Pleasant, Rainy, Storrsy and Snowy Days 
 -Averages of Each— Tables of Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperap 
 tures and Rainfall for Thirteen Years— Table of Monthly and Annual 
 Mean Temperatures for Nine Localities— Geology— Dynamical Geology- 
 Sandstone the Prevailing Sedimentary Formation— It belongs to the 
 Tertiary Age— Newer Deposits— Erosion of Sandstone Strata— Fossils of 
 Tertiary Mammals— The Volcanic Rocks— Whence They Came— Enor- 
 mous Extents-Composed of Basalt— Volcanic Buttes in the Upper Part 
 of the Valley— Composition of the Cascade Range — Glaciers — Mines— 
 Santiam Gold Mines— Bohemia Districts-Other Minerals— Iron Ore— Im- 
 portant Developments at Oswego- Ore Beds Worked and Furnaces 
 Erected — Sketch of the Operations There— Quality of Product— Soils 
 Considered— Origin of Rich Basalt Soils— Their Constant Renewal— Red 
 Hills— Mixed Soils— Valley Loams the Result of Disintegration and Al- 
 luvial Action.- 529 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Grain Product's.— Wheat the Staple Production— Its Earliest Cultivation- 
 Impetus Given by Mining— Laxity of the State Government in the Mat- 
 ter of Statistics -Want of a Policy — Flour Successfully Made— Its Qurvlity 
 Never Elsewhere Surpassed — Wheat Crop Never Fails — Wheat the 
 Principal Factor in Commercial Affairs— Why Farmers raise Wheat- 
 Objections Theretx)- Persistent Wheat-Raising will Impoverish the 
 Country— Statistics— Productiveness and Endurance of the Soils— Cost 
 per Bushel to Raise Wheat— Influence of the Railways upon Wheat-Grow- 
 ing—Increase of the Business from 1869— Ite Probable Future — Its Possi- 
 ble Production— Varieties Cultivated— Wheat Crop of 1880— Other Grain 
 i rodu'^ts— Oats a Favorite Crop— Immense Production— Indian Corn not 
 a Success— Barley— Table of Production of Wheat, Oats, Corn and Barley 547 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 Other Field Products.- Flax— Well Adapted to the Lands of the Willam- 
 ette—Linseed Oil— Table of Flax Production— Quality— Hops a Certain 
 and Valuable Crop— Table— Hay— Clover— Grasses— Vegetables— Potatoes 
 —Market Gardening a Profitable Industry- Table— Fruits-Apples, Pears 
 and Prunes the Principal Varieties— Markets -History of Ajiple-Raising— 
 William Meek— Present Condition of Orchards— Yield of Apples— Deal- 
 ings with San Francisco— Mode of Culture— Fruit Drying- Importance of 
 the Industry— Prospective Growth— Prunes—Plums— Peaches— Future of 
 Fruit-Growing— Berries— Wild Speoies- Table Showing the Production 
 of Principal Varieties and Value of Orchard Products— Beet Sugar and 
 Potato Starch 6«0 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 Live Stock.— The Earliest Introduction of Cattle— Cattle Brought from Cali- 
 fomiar-Herds Brought by Immigrants— Improved Stock— Dairying— 
 Non-progressive Practices of the Farmers- Beef Animals- Table of Cattle 
 and Dairy Products— Statistics of Horses, Etc. -Sheep, Introduction of- 
 Brought from California and the East— Improved Breeds— The Merino- 
 Domestic Animals Uncared For— Woolen Mills— Watts Leads the Way- 
 Mill at Oregon City— Willamette Mill at Salem— Mill at Brownsville— 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 XV 
 
 Excellent Quality of ClotbH Manufactured— Table of Hheep and Wool 
 Production — Swine— Peculiar Advantages in Porli-Raising — Anlnialn 
 Neglected— Table Showing Number of Hogs and Their Value— Goats 578 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 Statistics.- Scarcity of Reliable Statistical Information— Duty of the State 
 Government — How Performed— Tables of Production of Wlieat, Indian 
 Corn, and Oats— Amount in Gross— Amount per Acre— Gross Value, nnd 
 Value per Bushel— Number and Size of Farms at Different Dates— Statis- 
 tics Gathered from the Census Report of 1880— Numtier of Farms— Of 
 Owners— Valuations— Industrial EstahlishmentH-Onnty Valuation and 
 Assessments oSJl 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 Rkview of AoRicui/ruKE.— Essay Necessarily Imperfect— Policy of the Farm- 
 ers—Injurious EfTect of Exclusive Devotion to one Ci'op- Farmers not In- 
 structed in Gi'eat Business AfTairs- Theory versus Practice—Productions 
 of Small Farms— Size of Farms— Twenty Acres Enough -Mixed Farming 
 —Chances for Improvement— Conclubion.-- 587 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 History of Immigration.— Table of Population of Each County in 1850, 1860, 
 1870, and 1880— Comparison of Aggregates— Proportion of Population Be- 
 tween the State and tlie Willamette Valley— Personal History of Pioneers 
 and Representative Individuals — 5i»l 
 
 1 
 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 « M 
 
 AMERICA IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Spain? s Foothold in the New World— The Age of Bomanoe and Adven- 
 ture — 2^e Method and Successive Stages of Conquest — Discovery of 
 the South Sea, or Pacific Ocean, hy Balboa and Magellan — Conquest 
 of Mexico and Peru — First Attempt to Colonize the Peninsula of 
 California — E forts of Portugal, England and France. 
 
 DURING the fifty years immediately following the discovery of 
 America, Spain gained a firm and lasting foothold in the 
 New World. Ferdinand and Isabella, those Christian rulers who 
 sat upon the united throne of Castile and Ai-agon, and freed their 
 kingdom from the invading Moors, and redeemed it from the faith 
 of Islam, and under whose patronage Columbus sailed upon that 
 voyage which revealed to an asttinished world a new continent and 
 a vast unknown ocean, were succeeded in power by the mighty 
 Charles V. Under the reiga of this enlightened monarch, the most 
 powerful, wise and enterprising ruler that ever sat \\\)on the throne 
 of Spain, that nation approached the zenith of its power, weal^' 
 and importance in the political affairs of Europe. This she reached 
 and passed during the reign of his son and successor, the haughty 
 Philip, whose power and magnificence was supported chiefly from 
 the endless stream of treasure which flowed into the kingdom from 
 conquered provinces in the New World, or from the commerce of 
 the East. There existed no rival to share with her the riches of the 
 long-sought Indies, save ambitious little Portugal, who had early 
 gained a footing there and established a considerable commerce by 
 the long and tedious route around the southern extremity of Afi'ica. 
 
 m -i 
 
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 •my 
 
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 w 
 
18 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMISTTE VALLET. 
 
 
 While other nntions confined themselves to occasional vo3'age8 
 of exploration and spasmodic eSovta at planting feelile colonies, 
 Spain was pni-suing a vigoroas policy of conquest and colonization. 
 That was the halcyon age of romance and adventure, and Spain led 
 the van. The whole nation seeme*! imbued with a spirit of con- 
 quest. Imagination and romance peopled this vast unknown land 
 with nations of strange civilization and amazing wealth; made it 
 the repository of gold, pearls and precious gems in such fabulous 
 (quantity that the greatest riches of the known world seemed but 
 the veriest dross in comparisijn; gave into its keeping the mystical 
 fountain of youth; endo we<l it with all the beauties and wondeiM of 
 earth, air and water the mind could conceive, and even located 
 within its confines the Terrestrial Paradise from whose gates the 
 angel of the Almighty had driven the great progenitors of mankmd 
 with a flaming sword (»f fire. Beyond this wa« the great South 
 Sea, with its thousands of islands — a region romance had filletl 
 with nations of Amazons and enriched with gold and pearls; while 
 still further was the Indies with its known treasures of silk and 
 porcelain; the magnificent Cathay, that land of great cities and 
 hoarded wealth, of wliich Marco Polo had written; and the marvel- 
 lous Island of Cipango, whose treasures were ready to fall into the 
 lap of him who was bold enough to seek them. 
 
 Stimulated by avarice, love of adventure and a religious zeal 
 which often approache<l fanaticism, many of the nobles of Spain 
 embarked upon expeditions of exploration and conquest, accom- 
 panied by l)ands of e»|ually avaricious, adventuresome and fanatic 
 soldiers, whose reward for their services consisted chiefly of the 
 plunder obtained in their bloody campaigns. Such expeditions 
 were fostered and encouraged by the Spanish monarch, who saw in 
 them a means of extending his power and dominions, and filling his 
 treasury with the suppose<l wealth of the New World. Whoever 
 discovered and con([uered a new* country in the name of the king 
 was commisfl' ned governor, or viceroy, of the subdued region, and 
 granted all riches he might thus ac(iuii<i, save only that which was 
 to be the portion of the crown. In this way America was invaded 
 from Florida to Ch!li. 
 
 Briefly summarized, the successive steps by which Spain grasped 
 
AMERICA IN THE SIXTEENTH OENTUKV. 
 
 19 
 
 the richest portions of the New World were as follovvH: In 1495, 
 only three yeai-s after the memorable voyage of Columlms, tin- 
 Island of Hajrti wac con(iuered and named " Nuevo liispanola," 
 a name afterwards transferred to Mexico. Here work was begun 
 in the mines, the natives being enslaved to perform the la) tor. 
 These being found physically unable to endure the hardships 
 imposed upon them, negroes were imported from Guinea for that 
 pui'pose, thus laying the foundation of African slavery, which the 
 civilization of the nineteenth century has not yet been able fully to 
 abolish. In 1511 the Island i^f Cuba was invaded by 300 meil, and 
 conquered in the name of the l<ing of Spain. In 1513 Vasco 
 Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Darien and discovered the 
 great South Sea, of which the natives had so confidently spoken 
 that it had already found a place on the maps of European geogra- 
 phers. Seven years later the great Magellan entered it through the 
 straits that bear his name, and christened it "Pacific." In 1510 
 Cortes landed in Mexico, and with an army of 950 soldiers and a 
 great cloud of Indian auxiliaries invaded the ancient kingdom of 
 the Montezumas. In two years ne completely subjugated the 
 country, his progress being marked by the blood of the Aztecs 
 poured out like water in the defense. Ten years later the cruel 
 Pizarro, whose only object was conquest and plunder, entered Peru 
 with a thousand men, subdued the country and plundered the king- 
 dom of the Incas of its treasures of gold and silver. In 1535 Meu- 
 doza entered Buenos Ayres at the head of 2,000 men and subjugated 
 the country as far as Potosi, whose famous mines of silver were 
 discovered nine years later. In 1537, Cortes, seeking further con- 
 cpiests to the westward of Mexico, landed at Santa Cruz, near the 
 lower extremity of the peninsula of California, but finding neither 
 wealth nor civilized nations, and being unable to subsist his force 
 in such a barren land, soon abandoned his effort at colonization and 
 returned to Mexico. In 1541, Chili was conquered by the restless 
 adventurers of Spain. 
 
 By the middle of the sixteenth century Spain had con(piei'ed 
 and colonized every portion of America inhabited by wealthy and 
 senii'- civilized nations, and was enjoying a revenue of almost fabu- 
 lous amount fi'om her provinces in the New World. Portugal alone, 
 of all her rivals, had accomplished anything of a similar nature. 
 
 'Mi 
 
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smamm 
 
 20 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTK VALLKY. 
 
 having planted a colony in Brazil. England and France had suc- 
 ceeded simply in laying a foundation for a claim of dominion in 
 North America, but, unlike their enterprising rival, received as yet 
 no revenue from the New World. Such was the condition of affairs 
 when the fii-st efforts were made to explore the coast of Oregon. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Ill 
 
 THE FABULOU8 HTRAIT8 OF ANIAN. 
 
 Cortereal DiaeoverH the Straits of lAibrador — Imagine* he has passed 
 through Ntnnis Mmulus — Vasco de Gama reaches India by doubling 
 the Cape of Good Hope — Naming of the Straits of Anian by Cor- 
 tereal — Magellan's Discovery of a Southwest Passage Confirms the 
 Belief in a Northwest one — Exploratums of Cortes in the Pacific — 
 Voyage of Francisco de Ulloa — Mendoza Dispatches Alarcon and 
 Coronado in Search of Cibola and Quivira — Voyage of Juan 
 Rodriguez Cabnllo — His Death — Ferrelo Continues the Voyage to 
 Latitiule J!f3" or k^f Spain Abandons the Search for the Straits of 
 Anian and Tii/rns her Attention to the Indies — Spanish Commerce 
 Supreme in the Pacific — Her Claim of Exchisive Domain — The 
 Buccaneers, or Freebooters of the Sjxinish Main, Invade the Pacific — 
 Piratical Voyage of Sir Francis Drake — He Searches for the Straits 
 of Anian — Disjmte among Historians as to the Extent of his Voy- 
 age — Drake Lands his Pilot in Oregon — Drake's Bay not the Bay of 
 San Francisco — Drake Takes Possession of New Albion — liorna/nces 
 of Chajytain Fletcher — Drake's Su<;cess Excites the Emulation of 
 otlier Adventurers — Fraudulent Claims of Discovery of a Northwest 
 Passage — Maldonado's Pretended Voyage through the SPraits of 
 Anian — His Memorial a SJium. 
 
 m 
 
 % : 
 
 
 
 
 THE immediate cause ^\•llich led to the discovery and eonseciuent 
 occupation of Oregon wai the long and eager search for the 
 mythical Northwest Passage, which continued for nearly three cen- 
 turies, and was participated in by seven of the leading nations of the 
 world, England, France, Holland, Spain, Portugal, Russia and the 
 United States; and since it makes so conspicuous an object in the 
 foregi'ound of Oregon's history, it is worthy an extended descrip- 
 tion. 
 
 ;1 
 
 -if 
 
 

 22 
 
 HIHTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 One of the most noted of the many explorers attracted to the 
 New World by the great discovery of Coliinil)Us, was Gaspar Cor- 
 tereal, a Portuguese. In the year 1500 this great navigator explored 
 the Atlantic coah't of North America — then called " Novus Mun- 
 dus," and supposed to })e a portion of the continent of Asia, extend- 
 ing a long distance to the eastwanl — and sailing round the coast of 
 Labrador entered the straits which lie in the 60th degree north lat- 
 itude. Through these he passed into Hudson's Bay, supposing he 
 had now entered waters which communicated with the Indian ocean. 
 Absurd as this supposition is in the light of our present knowledge 
 of the earth's surface, it was by no means so when the geograpical 
 ideas and theories prevailing at that time are considered. . it must 
 be remembered that eight years had not yet passed since the voyage 
 of Columbus had compelled the world to accept the theory which he 
 and a few others had for years been enthusiastically advocating — 
 that the earth was round and could be encompassed by traveling 
 either east or west. Though this was now generally admitted, no 
 one had ever actually accomplished the journey, and, in consequence, 
 the distance round the globe was a matter simply of conjecture. 
 That it was more than half the distance it was afterwards found to 
 be, no one at that time imagined ; and this accounts for the belief 
 that Novus Mundus was a portion of Asia, of whose eastern coast 
 geographers had no knowledge whatever, and for the supposition 
 of Cortereal that he had passed thicagh this new land and entered 
 a sea connecting with the Indian Ocean, when, in fact, he was not 
 within ten thousand miles of that great body of water. Tivo years 
 before, one of these Portuguese navigators, Vasco de Gama, had 
 reached the Indian Ocean by sailing eastward around the Cape of 
 Good Hope, a voyage historians believe to have been frequently 
 accomplished in ancient days by those venturesome mariners, the 
 Phoenicians ; and now Cortereal believed that he had found a route 
 into the same waters by passing around the northern extremity of 
 the New World. 
 
 To the straits through which he had passed he gave the name 
 
 of " Anian," and the land to the south of them he called Labrador, 
 
 and these were variously indicated on the subsequent maps as 
 
 ." Straits of Anian," " Straits of Cortereal," " Straits of Labrador," 
 
 " Land of Coii;ereal," and " Land of Labrador." The exact sig- 
 
THE FABULOUS STRAITS OF ANIAN. 
 
 28 
 
 no 
 
 as 
 
 
 la 
 
 n'.ficance of the word " Anian " is generally admitted to be un- 
 known, although it has been the subject of much dispute. By some 
 it was claimed to have been derived from the Japanese word Ani, 
 meaning " brother," and to have been applied to these straits because 
 Cortereal l)elieved them to separate Asia an«l Novus Mundus, which 
 stood on opposite sides in brotherly c(M1 junction; but as Japan was 
 at that time utterly unknown — unless, indeed, it was that wonder- 
 ful Island of Cipango, of whose fiibulous riches such extravagant 
 expectations had l)een created, — Cortereal can hardly be assumed 
 to have been sufficiently familiar with the language to employ it 
 in bestowing names to the exclusion of his native tongue, and 
 especially to the ignoring of that long list of saints which furnished 
 juch an inexhaustible supply of names for the devout Spanish and 
 Portuguese explorers, lying as thick upon the map of America as 
 pin holes in an old paper pattern. 
 
 A few years later the ideas of geographers in regard to the size 
 of the world began to expand, and with the discovery of the South 
 Sea all belief in the proximity of the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean 
 vanished. In i^20, Magellan, another Portuguese mariner, but 
 palling under the flag of Spain, entered the South Sea through the 
 straits which V»ear his name, and bestowed the name " Pacific " upon 
 it. The voyage was continued westward until the world had been 
 circumnavigated, and an approximate idea of the distance aroand 
 it was thus gained by geographers. Belief was innned lately revived 
 in the Straits of Anian. It was then supposed that Cortereal's 
 passage led from tlie Atlantic into the South Sea, of whose immen- 
 sity the world had liecome deeply impressed, since Magellan had 
 traversed it in it>i broadest part. If tlie Nf)rth American continent 
 narrowed nortiiward as South America had been found to do in the 
 ojiposite direction, then it nmst l)e l)ut a short distance from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific in the region of Lal)rador; and since a pas- 
 sage had been found through the land to the south — for in their 
 ignorance of the open sea below South America, geographers l>elieved 
 Magellan's Strait^ to l)e simply a narrow waterway piercing the 
 heart of the continent where it was much narrower than elsewhere — 
 it was reasonable to suppose that a similar one existed t^^) the nortli, 
 especially since Cortereal had reported finding it. To discover this 
 northwest passage was the desire of explorers for many years there- 
 
 ! 
 ) 
 
 
 SI 
 
24 
 
 III.STOUY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 after. England, France and Portugal, and Holland in later years, 
 sought it in the Atlantic, while Spain put forth her efforts to attain 
 the same object in the Pacific. To the effoi'ta made in the latter 
 direction this narrative will be chiefly confined, since to them is due 
 the discovery of Oregon and the complete exploration of the Pacific 
 Coast. 
 
 When Cortes had subjugated Mexico he at once began con- 
 structing vessels on the western coast of Central America for service 
 in the Pacific. He possessed a roving commission from his sover- 
 eign, the powerful Charles V., which granted him almost despotic 
 powei-s as a ruler in all new countries he might discover and sub- 
 . due in the name of the king, the conquests to be made at his own 
 expense and risk, and the expeditions to be fitted out from his own 
 resources. To follow his movements in detail is unnecessary. They 
 resulted in the discovery and temporary colonization of Lower Cal- 
 ifornia, the discovery of the Colorado River, and the knowledge that 
 the Sea of Cortes, or the Vermilion Sea, was a gulf, the one now 
 known as the " Gulf of California." 
 
 It had been the plan of Cortes to coast northward, westward and 
 southward, along America and Asia, until he reached the Indies, 
 noting the exact position of the Straits of Anian as he passed ; but 
 the vessels he had constructed for that purpose were ordered to be 
 sent in a direct path across the Pacific, and he was compelled to build 
 others. It w^is with these that his expeditions along the Mexican 
 Coast and in Lower California were conducted. The first attempt 
 to pass around the southern extremity of the Peninsula of Califor- 
 nia and follow the out«r coast northward was made in 15?9. On 
 the twenty- ninth of October of that year Francisco de UUoa, who 
 had been the energetic assistant of the great eonquesitador in all 
 his operations on the western coast of Mexico, sailed from the bay 
 of Santa Cruz, the scene of Cortes' disastrous attempt at coloniza- 
 tion in Lower California, and passed around the cape now known 
 as " San Lucas." On the first of February he had proceeded as far 
 north as 28°, when he encountered an island near the coast which he 
 christened " Isle of Cedars." For two months he was baflled by 
 h' ad winds and contended with sickness among his crew, afllic* d 
 with that dread malady the scurvy, the scourge of the early mariners, 
 who neither understood its nature nor knew how to prevent or cure 
 
THE FABULOUS STRAITS OF ANIAN. 
 
 25 
 
 it. The sickness unabating and his stock of provisions l^eginning 
 to run short, UUoa abandoned the effort to progress further and 
 returned to Mexico. 
 
 No immediate attempt was made to continue the explorations 
 thus begun by Ulloa. The fact was that Don Antonio de Mendoza, 
 a Spanish nobleman of high rank, who had succeeded Cortes as 
 Viceroy of New Spain, was deeply interested in exploring the inte- 
 rior to the northward, in search of a mythical country calletl 
 "Cibola," and another named "Quivira," storie.-i of whose wonc^'^r- 
 ful richness had been received from wandering refugees, who claimed 
 to have seen them or been informed of their existence by the Indians. 
 Two expeditions were sent out to accomplish this purpose. One 
 under Fernando de Alarcon ascended the Colorado a distance of 
 300 miles without observing anything suggestive of c.vilized nations; 
 while Francisco Vasquez de Caronado was equally unsuccessful in 
 a land journey which took him as far north as 40°, and extended 
 over two years of time. 
 
 Even before Coronado returned from following the ignis fatuus 
 of Quivira, Mendoza dispatched an expedition by sea to search for 
 the Straits of Anian, and incidentally to discover any of those civ- 
 ilized nations M'^hich Indian tradition and Caucasian imagination 
 located further to the northwest. This fleet consisted of two small 
 vessels, commanded by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, and sailed in the 
 year 1542. Cabrillo followed the coast as far north as latitude 38°, 
 when he encountered a violent storm which drove him nian}'^ miles 
 backward. From this he found shelter in a small harbor in the 
 Island of San Bernardino, lying near the coast in latitude 34°, 
 which he christened " Port Possession," being the first point on the 
 California coast of which the Spaniards took possession. While 
 the vessels were lying in this harbor, Cabrillo died, on the third of 
 January, 1543, and the command devolved upon Bartolome Ferrelo, 
 the pilot, as the second in power upon the Spanish vessels was des- 
 ignate<l at that time. This position was always occupied by an 
 experienced seaman, as it fi'equently happened that the commander 
 of the expedition was not a practical navigator; and this partially 
 accounts for the fact that but little accurate knowledge was gained 
 by Spanish explorers, who took but few observations and kept 
 exceedingly poor records, so much so, in fact, that after half a dozen 
 
 n 
 
 XxA' 
 
 ! 
 
26 
 
 HISTORY OF WII.LAMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 ! :i. 
 
 voyages of exploration they were unable to trace the contour of the 
 coast line upon the map with even an approach to accuracy. 
 
 Upon assuming command of the expedition, Ferrelo again 
 headed the vessels to the northwanil. Near latitude 41° he discov- 
 ered a prominent headland on a rocky and forbidding coast, which 
 he named Cabo de Fortunas, the " Cape of Perils," and which is 
 probably the one subsecpiently christened "Mendocino," in -honor 
 of the Mexican Vicerov , Mendoza, who had dispatched tJie expedi- 
 tion. On the first of ivlarch, 1543, Ferrelo reached the farthest 
 point to the northward, which is given by some authorities as lati- 
 tude 44°, and by others as 43°. Other historians, including Ban- 
 croft, do not accord him even so high a latitude as 43°. The con- 
 flict arises from the careless and meagre records above referred to. 
 However, it makes but little difference, as he progressed as far as 
 Rogue River, and possibly to the Umpqua, and can safely be cred- 
 ited with the discovery of Oregon, so far as sailing along its coast 
 without making a landing, or even drawing a chart of its outline, 
 may be considered to constitute a discovery. Lack of provisions 
 and the ravages of the dreaded scurvy among his crew compelled 
 Ferrelo to abandon the effort to proceed further and i*eturn to 
 Mexico. 
 
 The return of Ferrelo without having discovered the mythical 
 straits or the equally visionary cities and wealthy nations, reports 
 of which had attracted the cupidity of the Spanish adventurers, 
 following close upon Alarcon's fruitless voyage up the Colorado, 
 and Coronado's wild-goose chase in search of Quivira, and com- 
 bined with the report of the survivors of DeSoto's unfortunate 
 expedition to the Mississippi, satisfied the Spanish authorities in the 
 New World that neither wealthy nations nor navigable passages of 
 communication between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, were to be 
 found north of Mexico, unless beyond the 40th parallel of latitude. 
 With this conclusion they abandoned all effort to explore the country 
 to the northward, and turned their attention to more remunerative 
 ventures across the Pacific to the Indies. 
 
 By this time Portugal had established a large and immensely 
 profitable commerce with the Indies, by following the long route 
 around the Cape of Good Hope. Spain viewed this with jealous 
 eye, notwithstanding the enc^rmous revenue she was already receiv- 
 

 THE FABULOUS STRAITS OK ANIAN. 
 
 27 
 
 ing from her possessionn in the New World, and put forth great 
 exertions to secure a footing for herself in the Indies. Several un- 
 successful expeditions were dispatched across the Pacific from Mex- 
 ico, but, finally, in 1564, the Philippine Islands were subdued and 
 taken possession of in the name of the Spanish monarch. In a few 
 years an enormous revenue was derived from this new dependency. 
 Her ' sessions in America formed not only an intermediate station 
 as a basis of operations, but furnished, also, the gold and silver 
 with which to purchase the silks, porcelain and spices of the Orient. 
 No other nation possessed such facilities for commerce in the Pacific, 
 and no flag but that of Spain fluttered in the trade winds that sweep 
 steadily across that mighty ocean. Not a ship of war cruised on 
 its broad expanse to guard the commerce from hostile fleets. An- 
 nually the galleons sailed from Mexico with gold and silver, and 
 returned laden with the precious products of the East, which were 
 transported across the isthmus to ships waiting to carry them to the 
 mother country. The monarch of that powerful nation was the 
 personification of arrogance. Over all lands even technically dis- 
 covered by his subjects he claimed dominion and the exclusive right 
 of trade, even if no settlement of any kind had been attempted. 
 Foreigners of all nations were prohibited, under pain of death, from 
 having any intercourse whatever with such territories, or from nav- 
 igating the adjacent waters. 
 
 Spain was frequently involved in hostilities with her European 
 neighbors, the great revenue derived from her possessions in the 
 New World and her commerce with the Indies furnishing her the 
 " sinews of war." Much as they desired it, her enemies were unable 
 to attack her in this most vital part. Cargo after cargo crossed the 
 Pacific and not a hostile sail was to be seen on the bosom of the 
 ocean. On the Atlantic side, however, things wore a different aspect. 
 Armed fleets were necessary to protect her merchantmen from the 
 men of war sentf out to cut them off in times of national disputes, 
 and from the piratical crafts that infested the West Indies at all 
 seasons. These "freebooters," or " buccanners," plied their pirati- 
 cal calling even in times of peace, with the fidl knowledge and even 
 encouragement of their sovereigns. They sought diligently for the 
 Northwest Passage. If they could only find some route into the 
 Pacific other than the dangerous one by way of the Straits of Ma- 
 
 t 
 
 M- 
 
 
28 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ! :' 
 
 gellan, they could prey to their hearts' content upon the unprotected 
 commerce of that ocean. They well knew the value of the cargoes 
 canned in the unarmed galleons fi-om the Philippines. At last, 
 unable to find the Straits of Anian, they invaded the Pacific by the 
 dreaded Straits of Magellan, and the security of Spanish shipping 
 in the South Sea vanished forever. 
 
 The pioneer of this plundering band was Francis Drake, an 
 English seaman of much renown, a daring spirit and expert mari- 
 ner. With three vessels he thus passed into the Pacific upon a mis- 
 sion of plunder. One of these was wrecked soon after passing 
 through the straits, another returned to England, while with his 
 one remaining ship Drake sailed up the coast, scattering terror and 
 devastation among the Spanish shipping, and levying contributions 
 in the defenceless ports. The East India galleon, with its precious 
 cargo, fell into his hands off the California coast, and then, with his 
 vessel loaded with plunder, he sailed northward to search for the 
 Straits of Anian, intending to pass through them into the Atlantic 
 and thus reach England by a new route. By doing this he would 
 avoid a combat with a Spanish fleet which he hM every reason to 
 expect would be lying in wait for him at the Straits of Magellan. 
 He failed utterly to find any such passage, though how thoroughly 
 he searched the coast is unknown ; and even the extent of his voyage 
 to the north is a matter of much dispute. By some authorities it 
 is given as latitude 43°, and by others at 48°. To this latter opin- 
 ion all English writers hold, while American historians favor the 
 former, and the reason for adopting their separate opinions is not 
 such an one as should actuate the true historian. If Drake did not 
 proceed beyond latitude 43°, then he made no further progress north 
 than did the Spaniard Ferrelo, thirty-five years before, and was not 
 entitled to the honor of discovering any new region on the Pacific 
 coast. In that event England's claim to Oregon, by right of dis- 
 covery, was without foundation, since prior to any subsequent 
 English voyage along the coast, several Spanish expeditions coasted 
 its whole length as far as Alaska. If he reached latitude 48°, on 
 the contrary, England's title by right of discovery was undenial>le. 
 Such being the case, and the Spanish title to Oregon having been 
 acquired by the United States by purchase and treaty, the reason 
 for the historians of the two countries espousing different sides, 
 
THE FABULOUS STRAITS OF ANIAN. 
 
 29 
 
 without much reference to the truth of the matter, can be readily 
 perceived. 
 
 Two accounts of the voyage were puV>lished, thus furnishing the 
 foundation for the controversy, and neither of these narratives beai*s 
 either internal or external evidence of complete reliability. There 
 may well be a difference of opinion, but the fact that this difference 
 is drawn on national lines is suggestive of bias and a lack of those 
 qualities which mark the true historian. One of them was pub- 
 lished by Richard Hakluyt, the celebrated geographer of those times, 
 in a volume embodying the results of all previous voyages of ex- 
 ploration, and is said to be the production of Francis Pretty, one 
 of Drake's crew ; though English authors claim it to have been 
 written by Hakluyt himself from accounts of the voyage related to 
 him some time before, and thus subject to grievous errors. The 
 other account is one which was published by a nephew of Drake, 
 seventy years after the voyage was completed, and long after every 
 soul who had participated in it had passed to his final account; thus 
 there was no living witness who could dispute the wildest and most 
 reckless statement the compiler might be led to make in his eager- 
 ness to establish his relative's position as discoverer of New Albion, 
 the name Drake had bestowed upon California. The notes used in 
 preparing this volume were credited to Rev. Fletcher, the chaplain 
 of the expedition, and it must be said that in some respects he was 
 the most magnificent liar that ever undertook to deceive an audience 
 absolutely ignorant of the subject with which he dealt. The regions 
 visited were entirely unknown, since no information was gained by 
 Ferrelo's voyage, and the world was prepared to believe anything 
 of this region, of which new wonders were constantly being revealed. 
 Rev. Fletcher seems to have realized this, and unproved his oppor- 
 tunity ; yet the fact that his notes contain what are known to be 
 willful misstatements, is not proof that in this one instance he was 
 not correct, or that his notes were altered by the compiler to read 
 48° instead of 43°. This want of veracity is, of course, a presump- 
 tion against his statement in this particular; but it will require 
 something more authentic than the alleged narrative of Francis 
 Pretty to establish their inaccuracy beyond dispute. When the 
 whole matter is reviewed impartially, the mind naturally leans to- 
 ward the theory of 43 degrees, without, however, feeling completely 
 
30 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAJTETTE VALLEY. 
 
 «■ 
 
 satisfied that it is the triie one. In the nature of thingfi this con- 
 troversy can never be settled, and Drake and Ferrelo will ever bear 
 the divided honor of the discovery of Oref^on. 
 
 Drake's presence on the coast of Oregon, near the forty-third 
 parallel, is proven by Spanish records, which contain a piece of 
 inforniiitiou not to be found in either of the narratives mentioned 
 above. From this it appears that he had on board a Spanish pilot, 
 named Morera, with whom he felt dissatisfied for somp reason, and 
 in the region indicated he ran into a " poor harbor " and put the 
 offending seaman ashore, leaving him among savages, thirty-five 
 hundred miles fi-om civilization. That he accomplished the journey 
 across that unknown land and reached his countrymen in Mexico is 
 evidenced by the fact that the incident is recorded at all, since other- 
 wise it could never have been known. . Having been forced back 
 along the coast by adverse winds, he entered a small bay near lati- 
 tude 38°, where he cast anchor for thirty-six days. It was, until 
 recent times, supposed that this harbor was San Francisco Bay, the 
 name helping to support the idea with the unthinking. Later on 
 it will be seen that the bay was thus named in honor of an entirely 
 different personage. Sir Francis Drake was the revei-se of a saint 
 in Spanish eyes, and even had they named it in his honor they 
 would have been certain to associate with his name some title more 
 in harmony with their estimation of his character. Drake was in 
 search of the Straits of Anian, and that he lay thirty-six days in 
 San Francisco Bay without even attempting to explore the connect- 
 ing bays of San Pablo and Suisun, and the great navigable rivers 
 discharging into them, is so manifestly improbable as to be beyond 
 credence. There is no positive testimony to support the idea, and 
 the contrary is proven as nearly as purely negative testimony can 
 prove anything. It is generally conceded by historians that Drake's 
 harbor of refuge was the one lying just north of the Golden Gate 
 and known as " Drake's Bay." It is in speaking of this place that 
 Chaplain Fletcher displays his abilities as a romancer. The time 
 was the month of June, and yet he states that snow covered the 
 hills and that the weather was so cold that meat froze upon being 
 taken fi-om the fire. One familiar with the fact that snow is a 
 rarity there even in winter, and that at no time does it become cold 
 
THE FABULOUS STRAITS OF ANIAN. 
 
 81 
 
 •enough to freeze meat that has never been near a fire, has his confi- 
 dence in the veracity of the chronicler terribly shaken. 
 
 While lying in the harbor Drake landed and took possession of 
 the country in the name of his sovereign, christening it " New Al- 
 bion," in honor of his native land. Fletcher's narrative states that 
 the natives first mistook them for gods and offered sacrifices to them, 
 and that they removed this impression by themselves publically 
 offering up their devotions to the Creator. Of the incidents of their 
 landing the naiTative says: — 
 
 Our neceasarle busineBS being ended, our Greneral, with his coinpanie, travailed 
 up into the countrey to their villiages, where we found heardes of deere by 1,000 in 
 a companie, being most large and fat of bodle. We found the whole countrny to be 
 a warren of strange liinde of connieH ; their bodies in bigness as be the Barbarie 
 Connies, tlieir lieads as tlie heads of ours, the feet of a Want [mole] and the taile of 
 a rat, being of great length ; under iier chinne on eitlier side a bagge, into wliich 
 she gathered lier meate, wlien she liath tilled her bellie abroad. Tlie people do eat 
 their bodies, and make accompt for their sliinnes, for their King's coat was made 
 out of tliem. Our (lenerai called this countr'jy Nova Albion, and that for two 
 causes: tlie one in respect to the white banlies and clifTes which lie toward the sea; 
 and the other because it might have some afTinitie with our countrey in name 
 which sometimes was so called. 
 
 There is no part of eartli here to be taken up, wherein there is not a reasonable 
 ■quantitie of gold or silver. Before sailing away, our General set up a monument of 
 our being there, an also of lier majestie's right and title to the same, vi/.: a plate 
 nailed upon a faire great poste, whereupon was engraved her majestie's name, the 
 day and yeare of our arrival there, with the free giving up of the province and peo- 
 ple into her majestie's hands, together with her highness' picture and arms, in a 
 piece of five pence of current English money under the plate, whereunder was also 
 written the name of our General. 
 
 What the worthy Chaplain consi'dered a " reasonable quantitie " 
 of the precious metals it is impossible to conjecture, but the proba- 
 bilities are that he manufactured this statement from whole cloth. 
 The earliest authentic account** of the Indians of California do not 
 speak of them Jis possessing any gold or silver, and it was many 
 years after the Spaniards took possession of the State before gold 
 was discovered and mined. At that time the natives were com- 
 pletely ignorant of the character and value of the substance, and 
 had no traditions on the subject ; fi-om which may reasonably be 
 concluded that Chaplain Fletcher deliberately lied when he made 
 that assertion — the more so, that even to the present time no gold 
 has been discovered in the locality of which he speaks. It will be 
 remembered that a f(iw yetfrs before, when America was first dis- 
 covered, it was the general belief that it was speckled with gold 
 
 ^ rl ! 
 
 ■■>[;! i 
 
83 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTK VALLEY. 
 
 ll 
 
 and silver, and glistened with gems. These extravagant ideas had * 
 iHJConie modified in Drake's time, though by no means abandoned. 
 The Spaniards had been searching a few years before in this direc- 
 tion foi" wealthy nations, whose existence was reported to them by 
 the Indians of Mexico, but without success. They still entertained 
 the belief that pearls and the precious metals could be found in 
 abundance in this region, and Fletcher was simply supplying a 
 " long felt want " when he wrote that a " reasonable quantitie of 
 gold and silver " existed in every handful of dirt that might be 
 taken up at random on the California coast. His other statements 
 are probably correct, since ground squirrels exist in such abundance 
 there and are so destructive to crops that the state granted a bounty 
 for their extermination, and the early pioneers speak of immense 
 bands of antelope and elk that roamed the valley and foot-hills. 
 
 Having abandoned the hope of finding a passage into the At- 
 lantic, and fearing to attempt to return by the Straits of Magellan, 
 Drake undertook the long voyage across the Pacific, and reiched 
 England by weathering the Cape of Good Hoj^e. His retuni with 
 his vessel loaded with plundered riches of the Spaniards was hailed 
 with joy by his countrymen. The interests of Spain and England 
 were hostile. The latter looked A\'ith jealousy and fear upon the 
 power of the Castilian throne, sustaineil by the enormous revenue 
 derived fi'om America and the Indies, and Queen Elizabeth knighted 
 the daring robber for his services to his countiy in striking such a 
 severe blow at the resources of her rival. Ten years later, when 
 the grand Philip sent that wondei-ful Spanish Armada, which was 
 fitted out by revenues derived from this same commerce and was to 
 crush England at a blow, one of the gallant fleets which met and 
 defeated it was commanded by Sir Francis Drake. 
 
 Other English freebooters, encouraged by the brilliant success 
 of Drake, entered the Pacific in the same manner and preyed upon 
 the Spanish shipping. The first and most successful of these was 
 Thomas Cavendish, who voyaged the coasts of Chili, Peru and 
 Mexico in 1587; sunk and burned nineteen vessels, and captured 
 the galleon Santa Anna off the coast of California. The next year 
 he returned to England by the Cape of Good Hope, having accom- 
 plished the third circumnavigation of the globe, and it is said that 
 
THK FABULOUS STKAITS OF ANIAN. 
 
 88 
 
 his crew were dressed in silks, his sails made of dainaHk, and the 
 topmast covered with cloth of gold. 
 
 Great exertions were now made by the English and Dutch to 
 find the Northwest Passage, and frequent rumora were spread that 
 the Straits of Anian had actually been diHct)vered, creating much 
 joy in England and Holland, and causing great anxiety in Spain, 
 Spanish Ameiica and the Philippines. Many claims were nuide to 
 having made this discovery l>y [)ai'ties who could not substantiate 
 them. This was done for various reasons. Some enjoy«'d the n<»to- 
 riety and fame, as a gi-eat navigator, such rep(trts brought them; 
 others endeavored to secure a reward for their alleged services to 
 their countiy, and still others hoped to thus win eni])loyment in their 
 business, or receive the command of an exi)edition to lt)cate deiinitely 
 the position of the passage. So frequent were these tales, and 
 so much at variance with each other, that they all fell into disrepute, 
 and it is doid)tful had such a strait been actually found u geogra- 
 phers could have been brought to believe it. The fiction of this 
 character which attracted the most attention and which had the most 
 influence in dictating the character of exj)editions in after years, 
 was one made by Captain Lorenzo Ferrer de Maldonado, a Portu- 
 guese. In 1609 this gentleman presented a petition to the S])anish 
 Council of the In»lies — that august body which, sitting in Spain, 
 nded the Spanish possessions in India and America — asking for a 
 suitable rewar<l for his services, and the command of a Spanisli expe- 
 dition to take ])ossession of the straits and fortify them against the 
 piissage of ships of 'any other nation. 
 
 The voyage upon which Maldfmado ba.sed his claim he asserted 
 to have been made twenty-one years before, in loSS. By this time 
 it wjis conceded that the distance from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
 in the northern regions, was gi-eater than it was formerly supposed 
 to be, and this led Maldonado to jocate the Straits of Anian far to 
 the westward of those thiis christened l)y Cortereal. This latter 
 passage he placed as far north as latitude 75", instead of 00°, their 
 true location as given by Cortereal himself. His narrative asserted 
 that the vessel passed through a long and tortuous channel in the 
 seventy-fifth parallel, into the " North Sea," an entirely unknown 
 body of water at that time, but which corresponds in location to the 
 Arctic Ocean, which, however, has no such passage leading into it. 
 
 
 14 
 
 1i 
 
84 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTE VALLKT. 
 
 luul which is utterly uniiavigable by retwoii of its vtmt fieliis of ice. 
 AcroBH thin North Seu he sailed in a Houthvvesteily direction a dis- 
 tance of 7{)() leagues (about .*J,()<)0 niiles), when he came upon the 
 Straits of Auian, lemling directly south into the South Sea. This 
 wonderful jnwsage he thus describes: — 
 
 Having t'leured the Btralt of Labriulor, we began U) dewcend from tliat latitude, 
 Hteerlng west-woutliwest and tioutliwest, tliree liundred an<l fifty leagues, t« the 7lHt 
 degree of latitude, when we i)erceived a high coaat. without being able to tell 
 whether it was part of the continent or an island ; but we reniarlied that, if it were 
 the continent, it must be opposite the coast of New Spain. From this land we 
 directed our course west^toutliwest, four hundred and forty leagues, lUxiii s'o came 
 to the 60th degree, in which jiurallel we discovered the Strait of Anian. » » • • 
 
 The strait which we discovered in 60°, at the distance of one thousand seven 
 hundred and ten leagues from Spain, api)ear8, according to ancient tradition, to be 
 that named by geographers, in their majw, the Strait o/ Anian; and, if it be so, it 
 must be a strait having Asia on the one side, and America on the other, which 
 seems to be the case, according to the following narrative:-*' As soon a« we hud 
 cleared the strait, we coasted along the shores of America for more than one hundred 
 leagues southwestward, to the 55th degree of latitiide, on which coast there were no 
 inhabitants, or any opening indicating the vicinity of another strait, through which 
 the South Sea, flowing into the North, might insulate that part: and we concluded 
 that all that coast telonged to America, and that continuing along it, we might so<m 
 reach the Quivira and Cape Mendocino. We then left this coa»t and, sailing to- 
 wards the west four days, we discovered a very high land, and continued along the 
 coaat, from which we kept at a safe distance, always in the open sea— sailing, at one 
 time, to the northeast, it others towards the north-northeast, and again to the 
 north, whence it seeuttd t<' us that the coast ran northeast and southwest. 
 
 " We were unali' t< ,iiarlv any particular points, on account of our distance trom 
 land; and we can, ihtrefore, only iittlrm that it is inhabited, nearly to the entrance 
 of the strait, as we saw smoke rising up in many places. This country, according 
 I to the charts, must belong to Tartary, or Cathaia (China), and at a distance of a few 
 leagues from the coast must be the famed city of Cambula, the metropolis of Tar- 
 tary. Finally, having followed the direction of this coast, we found ourselves at 
 the entrance of the same Strait of Anian, wliich, lifteen days brfore, we had passed 
 through to the open sea ; this we knew to be the South Sea, where are situated 
 .Tapan, China, the Mouluccas, India, New tJuinea, and the land discovered by Cap- 
 tain Quiros, with all the coast of New Spain and Peru. * » * » « 
 
 " The Strait of Anian is fifteen Iwigues in length, and can easily be passetl with a 
 tide lasting six hours, for those tides are very rapid. There are, in this length, six 
 turns, and two entrances, which lie north and south ; that is, bear from each other 
 north and south. The entrance on the north side (through which we passed) is less 
 than half a quarter of a league in width, and on each side are ridges of high rocks ; 
 but the rock on the side of Asia is higher and steeper than on the other, and hangs 
 over, so that nothing railing from the tops can reach its base. The entrance into 
 the South Sea, near the harbor, is more tiian a quarter of a league in width, and 
 thence the passage runs in an obli(jue direction, increasing the distance between 
 the two coasts. In the middle of the strait, at the termination of the third turn, is 
 a great rock, and an inlet, formed by a rugged rock, three estadian (about one thou- 
 sand one hundred feet) in height, more or less; its form is round, and its diameter 
 may be two hundred pjMies ; its d}stt^nce from the land of Asia is very little ; but the 
 
TlIK FAIit'IiOt'S STRAITS OK ANIAN. 
 
 35 
 
 Hea on that Hide is fUIl of shoalH and reefti, and can be only naviK>itt>d by InxitM. Tlie 
 distance between this inlet and the continent of America Ih Ighh than a ((uurter of a 
 league in width, and, although lt« channel Is so deep that two or even three ships 
 sail a)>reaat through it, two bastions might be built on tlie bankn with little trouble, 
 which would contract the channel to within the n-acli of a nuiHket shot. 
 
 " In the harbor In which our shi|>8 anchored, at the entrance of the strait, on the 
 south side, we lay from the >>eginning of April to the middle of June, when a large 
 vesael of eight hundre«l t<ms burden came there from the Houth Sea, in order to pass 
 the citrait. Upon this we put ourselves on our guard ; but, having come to an uiuler- 
 Ht;<;dlng with her, I found them willing to give us some of their merchandise, the 
 greater part of which consisted of articles similar to those munufa(;tured in China, 
 such aa brocades, silks, porcelain, feathers, precious stones, pearls, and gold. These 
 jjeople seemed to Ik- Hanseatics, who Inhabit the bay of St. Nicholas, or the port of 
 St. Michael (Archangel, on the White Sea). In order to un<lerstand one another 
 we were force<l to speak Latin —those of our party who understood that language 
 talking with those on Iward the ship who were also acquainted with it. They did not 
 seem to be Catholics, but Lutherans. They said they came from a large city more 
 than one hundred leagues from the strait, and though I can not exactly remember 
 its name, 1 think they called it Rohr, or some such nan>e, which they said had a 
 good harbor and a navigabU- river, and was sul)ject to the great khan, as it belonged 
 to Tartttry ; and that in that port they left another ship belonging to tiieir country. 
 We could learn no more from them, as they acted with great caution and little con- 
 fidence, being afraid of our company ; wherefore we parted from them near the 
 strait. In the North Sea, and set sail towards Spain." 
 
 It is barely poMsihle tluit a vo^jige may have Ikhju uiacle about 
 the time mentioned in the memorial, during which the vessel entered 
 Hudson's Bay, and that MaldonacU* was a seaman or si;l)-offieer on 
 board, which would account for his ignorance on such technical 
 points as the degrees of latitude and number of miles sailed, and that 
 two decades later, \v hen his superior officers were dead and he him- 
 self had risen in rank, he desired the command of an expediticm to 
 search for these straits in whose existence he finnly believe<l, and 
 which he claimed to have seen simply to lend weight to his petition. 
 This, however, is improbable, and it is more than likely that the 
 Avhole narrative wjis a fabrication. Diligent seardi among Spanish 
 and Portuguese records of those times has failed to reveal uny indi- 
 cation of such a voyage, or any confirmatoiy evidence whatever, 
 other than the memoi'ial itself. At that time (1588) Spain and 
 England were abs()i'l)ed in the conflict over the Spanish Armada, 
 yet it is doubtful if that is a sufficient reiuson for the omission to 
 record in any manner such a voyage as the one thus <iescribed l)y 
 Maldonado. 
 
 The evidences against the genuineness of the narrative are almost 
 convincing, even when ctmsidernl without reference to the fact that 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
36 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 it is now evident no such passage exists. In his narrative, which 
 wa« unusually precise and careful in its details, Maldonado gave all 
 the geographical ideas of the time in regard to the regions that 
 would naturally be visited ; and this veiy fact is sti'ongly presumptive 
 evidence that the voyage wHvS a fiction, as these theories, so carefully 
 followed, have nearly all been found to be false. Even the minute- 
 ness of detail In suspicious, since it is chiefly the inaccurate records, 
 clumsy nanatives, and '' yarns " flomng fi'om the fertile imagina- 
 tion of the sea rovers, to which many of the erroneous, and even 
 ludicrous, ideas of those times are directly chargeable. No such 
 carefulness in statement characterized the narrative of an} prior or 
 contemporary voyage, and this was the firat one claiming to have 
 accomplished so much, which did not s::dly mar ; je maps of theo- 
 retical geographers. Its ready-made appearance was sufficient Ui 
 cause its entire rejection by the Council of the Indies. 
 
 In after years, however, two copiers of this uiemonal, of the ex- 
 istence of which the world was ignorant, were foimd among ancient 
 records at different places, each one purporting to be the original 
 document. They created great exciteuient, and, as will be seen 
 later, harl nuKsh to do with the shaping of explorations for a century 
 thereafter. As late as 1 790, when the heated controversy over the 
 Nootka affair seemed a}»out to })lunge England and Spain into war, 
 the question of the authenticity of Maldonado's narrative wjis gravely 
 discuased, and a last thorough search was made in Spain and Por- 
 t\igal for confirmative evidence, which was as fruitlens as had been 
 all previous efforts. With the end of that controversy Maldonado's 
 mythical straits disappeared forever from the plane of active history 
 and took its proper place in the domain of romance. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE 8TRAIT8 OF JUAN DE FUCA AND THE RIVER OF KINOS. 
 
 Narrative of Mifhael Lock, the Elder — Story of Jimn de Fwa, as told 
 hy Lock -DesnriptioH of the Straitu of Fiica — Controversy among 
 Uiatorinns over Fuca's alleged Voyage — Both Sides Carefully Con- 
 sidered — Probably a Myth — Admiral Fonte's alleged Voyage — The 
 River of Kings — Its Absurdity Pointed Out. 
 
 THERE 18 still another somewhat mythical voyage associated 
 with this search for the Straits of Anian., which has ])lave<l a 
 most im]>ortant part in the history of Oregon; and though it comes 
 entirely through English sources, is utterly repudiated by n\odern 
 English tiistorians, and even receives hut little credence among 
 American writers. This is the celebrat^^d voyage of Juan de Fuca, 
 who irt claimed to have discovered the Straits of Fu(!a, that broad 
 channel separating a portion of Wjishington Territory from Van- 
 cover Island, in British Columbia. 
 
 There was published in London, in 162."), a celebrated historical 
 and geographical work, e<lited by Sanuiel Purcliaw, which bore the 
 odd title of " The Pilgrims." Among other things, this volume c(m- 
 tftined "A note by Michael Lock, the elder, ttmchiug the Strait of 
 Sea, conunoniy caHed F'retum Anian, in the South Sea, through the 
 Northwest Passage of Meta Incognita." The most important por- 
 tion of this alleged document of Mr. Ijock is a.s follows:— 
 
 Wheu I wae in Venice, in April, 1596, haply arrived there an old man, alioui 
 sixty years of age, called, eoniiuonly, .Tuan de Fuca, l)iit named properly Apostolas 
 Valerlanus, of nation a Qreel<, lM)rn In Cejjhalonia, of profession a mariner, and an 
 ancient pilot of whipH. This man, being come lately out of Hpaln, arrived ttrst at 
 Leghorn, and went thence to Florence, where he found one John Dongiaw, an En- 
 glishman, a famous mariner, ready coming from Venice, to be pilot of a X'enetian 
 ship for England, in whose co^-pany they came both together to Venice. And 
 John Douglaa being af;qualnted with me before, he gave me knowledge of this 
 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 X II 
 
 
 
38 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET 
 
 Greek pilot, and brought him to my speech ; and in lonj; tallis and conference be- 
 tween us, in presence of John Douglas, this Greek pilot declared, in the Italian and 
 Spanish languages, this much in eflTect as followeth : First, he said he had been in 
 the West Indies of Spain forty years, and had sailiid to and from many places 
 thereof, in the service of the Spaniards. Also, he 8a*u that he wa.; in the Spanish 
 ship, which, in returning from the Islands Philippines, towards Nova Spania, was 
 robbed and taken at the Cape California by Captain Caiulish, Englishi xn whereby 
 he lost 60,000 ducate of his goods. Also, h; said that he was p'.'at o. "i.c<i o.-nall 
 ships which the Viceroy of Mexico sent from Mexico, armed \vii':j ;!^> .> "inder 
 a captain, Spaniards, to discover the Strait/) of Anian, along the c ., • •. douth 
 Sea, and to fortify in that strait, to resist the passage and proceedin, s of t! ,e English 
 nation, which were forced to pass through those straits into the South S<!a; and 
 that, by reason of a nmtiny which happened among the soldiers for the misconduct 
 of their captain, that voyage was overthrown, and the ship returned from Califor- 
 nia to Nova Spania, without anything done in that voyage ; and that, after their 
 return, the captain was at Mexico punished by justice. Also, he said that, shortly 
 after the said voyage was so ill-ended, the said Viceroy of Mexico sent him out 
 again, in 1592, with a small caravel and a pinnace, armed with mariners only, to 
 follow the said voyage for the discovery of the Straits of Anian, and the passage 
 thereof into the sea, which they call the North Sea, which is our northwest sea; 
 and that he followed his coarse, in that voyage, west and northwest in the South 
 Sea, all along the coast of Nova Spania, and California, and the Indies, now ctdled 
 North America (all which voyage he signified to me in a great map, and a sea-card 
 of my own, which I laid before him), until he came to the latitude of 47 degrees ; 
 and that, there finding that the land trended north and northwest, w'th a broad 
 inlet of sea, between 47 and 4S degrees of latitude, he entered thereinto, sailin. 
 therein more than twenty days, and found that land trending still sometimes no^' ,, 
 west, and northeast, and nortli, and also east and soutlieastward, and very ; uci! 
 broader sea than was at the said entrance, and that he i)a.sHed by divers islaau:^ ht 
 that sailing ; and that, at the entrance of this saicJ strait, there is, on the northwes'; 
 coast thereof, a great headland or island, with an exceeding high pinnacle, ()>":i.;»ed 
 rock, like a pillar, thereupon. Also, he said tliut he went on land in (!••. i-rs places, 
 and that he saw some fwople on land clad in hea«te' skins; and that the land is very 
 fruitful, and rich of gold, silver, pearls, and other things, like Nova Spania. Also, 
 he said that he being entered thus far into the said strait, and being come into tlie 
 North Sea already, and finding the sea wide enough everywhere, and to be about 
 thirty or forty leagues wide in the mouth of the straits where he entered, he thought 
 he had now well discluirged his office; and that, not being armed to resist the force 
 of the savage people that ndght happen, he therefore set sail and returned home- 
 wards again towards Nova Spania, where he arrived at Acapulco, Anno i'>'' ;. op- 
 ing to be rewarded by the Viceroy for this service done in the said voyage. • » 
 [Here follows an account of his vain endeavors for three years to secure a j. i 
 recognition of his services by the Viceroy or the Spanish monarch, and his resv.. - 
 tion to return to his native land to die among his countrymen.] Also, he said he 
 thouglit the cause of his ill reward had of tha .Spi>i.i-J ili.>, fo be for that they did 
 understand very well that the English uutior.. » *' now '^i run over all their voyages 
 for discovery of the northwest passage; whc etore, tb<> d not fear them any 
 more to come that wa.s into the South Sea, .md therefvvre they needed not his ser- 
 vice therein any more. Also, he said that, understanding the noble mind of the 
 Queen of England, and of her wars against the Spaniards, and hoping that her 
 majesty would do him justice for hl« goods lost by Captain Candlsh, he would l)e 
 content to go Into England and serve licr majesty in that voyage for the discovery 
 perfectly of the northwcMt pnHsage into the South Sea, If she woulil furulsli hliij 
 
STKAITS OF JUAN DE FIJCA AND KIVKR OF KINGS. 
 
 39 
 
 with only one ship of forty tons burden, and a pinnace, and that he would perform 
 it in thirty dayw' time, from one end to the other of the strait, and he willed me so 
 to writ« to England. And, from conference ha<l twice with the said Greek pilot, I 
 did writ© thereof, micordingly, to England, unt« the right honorable the old Lord 
 Treasurer Cecil, and to Sir Walter Raleigh, and to Master Richard Hakluyt, that 
 famous cosmographer, certifying them hereof. And I prayed them to disburse 
 £100, to bring the said Greek pilot into England, with myself, for that my own 
 purse would not stretch so wide at that time. And I had answer that this action 
 waa well liked and greatly desired in England ; but the money was not ready, and 
 therefore this action died at that time, though the said Greek pilot, perchance, 
 liveth still in his own country, in Cephalonia, towards which place he went within 
 a fortnight after this conference had at Venice. 
 
 There is more of the (lociiinent, detailing (juite a correspondence 
 between Lock and the Greek, from which it appears that the old 
 pilot was alive in 1598, but that in ]<50i>, when Lock had finished 
 his lousiness in Venice and was preparing to return to England, he 
 addressed a letter to Fuca, to which he received no answer, and that 
 a short time afterwards he learned that the (xreek was dead. 
 
 There htis been much controvei'sy among historians an to the 
 authenticity of this document. In the long negotiations between 
 England and the United States in regard to the location of the 
 international boundary line, it was vigorously supported by the 
 Americans and as earnestly combated by the representatives of Great 
 Britain. As in the discussion of Sii- Francis Drake's voyage, writers 
 were divided strictly upon national lines, and thus are subject to the 
 charge of bi.'is and prejudice. A fair examination will con\'ince an 
 impartial person that, although it is not imjiossible the voyage was 
 made, the probaf)ilitie8 are that the letter of Mr. Lock was one com- 
 posed for the piu'pose of creating a sensation, and lU) such pei-sonage 
 as Juan de Fuca ever existed. The English writers seem to have 
 espoust^l the better side of the argiunent, though there is no reason 
 to siippose they would not have as readily advocated the opposite 
 <me had the interests of Great Britain reipiired it. The (piestion 
 was long since st'ttled and the boundary estaV)lished at the forty- 
 ninth parallel and the Straits of Fuca; and now, freed from national 
 prejudice, American writers generally declare their belief that the 
 voyage of the (xreek pilot was a myth. Briefly presented, the argn- 
 ments on either side are j»s follows: — 
 
 It is maintained by the su})porters of the document that the 
 stat<'ments thei'ein contained are, many of them, known to be true; 
 that in it>< geographical descriptions it is more accurate tliaii the 
 
 
 t 
 
 ¥#1 
 
 •i'l, 
 
 H4l 
 
 'n 
 
40 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 report of any previous Spanish voyage ; that the fact of his locating 
 the entrance to the passage between latitudes 47 and 48 degi'ees, 
 iD'tf ad of 48 and 49 degi'ees, is not as serious as their opponents 
 asb L * ce much gi-eater eirors in locating well-kno^vn objects 
 appcii the accounts of voyages of whose authenticity there is no 
 dispute. The Spaniards were not scientific navigators, and their 
 repoiis bristle Avith errors in latitude, while longitude seems to have 
 been entirely beyond them. This lack of accui'acy prevented them 
 from making a correct map of the ct>ast line of California, even 
 after they had explored and sailed along it for two centuries. There 
 is, also, a marked absence of those stereotype<l discn[)tions of won- 
 derful cities and strange peoples which seems to iutve formed such 
 an important pan of the accounts of many previous and subse<|uent 
 voyages. A careful (comparison l)y one who is familiar with the 
 geography of that region will convince him that in the narrative the 
 Straits of Fuca are very accurately described — with the exception 
 of the gieat rocky pillar on the noi-thwest — especially in the fact 
 that the land north of the straits (Vancouver Island) trends to the 
 northwest. He sailed in the passage twenty days, finding numerous 
 islands and arms of the ocean limning in all directions, and finally 
 emerged into the North Sea. What could more accurately describe 
 a voyage through the Straits of Fuca and Gulf of fleorgia, between 
 Vancouver Island and the mainland, until the open oceau was again 
 reached on the northwest? It is not claimed that he entered the 
 Atlantic, but the North Sea of Maldonado; and it must be I tome in 
 mind that the Straits of Auian iis then undei-stood — that described 
 by Maldonado — was a long passage, leading in a general north and 
 south direction, connecting the South Sea with the supposed North 
 Sea, and that to reach the Atlantic rec^uii-ed a long voyage across this 
 North Sea and through the Straits of Labrador. It must be a<lmit- 
 ted, then, that the descriptions given in Lock's account are wonder- 
 fully accurate if tlu-y are wholly imaginary; and as to the error in 
 latitude — a matter of only a few miles — aside fi'om the reasons 
 already given, may it not V)e accounted for by the fact that the nar- 
 rative is written fi-om memory by a second party who had receive<l 
 but an oral account of the voyage? 
 
 The chief objection to the voyage is, that there is no confirmatory 
 evidence whatever to support it. Neither the royal nor colonial 
 
8TRAIT8 OF JUAN I)K FUCA AND RIVEK OV KINGS. 
 
 41 
 
 records of Spain contain the faintest allusion to it, although other 
 voyages, and especially some made but a few years later, are recorded 
 at length. The narrative of Lock was not given to the public until 
 a quarter of a century had elapsed, and every one who might have 
 had any pei-sonal knowledge of it was probably dead. Richard 
 Hakluyt, one of the three gentlemen to whom it is said Lock wrote 
 in relation to the matter from Venice, was one of the greatest men 
 of his age. He was an enthusiastic geogi'apher, who spent much 
 time and money in collecting and publishing the accounts of all 
 important voyages made by the representatives of England, or any 
 other nation. It is impossible to believe that he could have been so 
 indifferent to the subject of Lock's letter, since the Straits of Anian 
 were the absorbing geogi'aphical enigma of the tunes, as to have let 
 the matter of £100 prevent him fi'oni bringing the Greek pilot to 
 England ; and it is equally strange that no hint of such a voyage is 
 given in any of his works, though he is admitted to have been the 
 most thorough and correct geographer of the sixteenth century. 
 
 Another objection, and perhaps the strongest one, Is the fact 
 that at the very time Juan de Fuca is asserted to have been urging 
 his claim for a reward upon the King of Spain, another Spanish 
 expedition was dispatched in search of the Straits of Anian, and in 
 the letter of instructions, which details at length the reasons for 
 ordering the voyage, no allusion is made to Fucq, or his straits. Had 
 siich a voyage as Fuca's actually been made, this second expedition 
 would certainly have availed itself of the knowledge thus gained. 
 Instead of doing so, the record of that voyage conclusively shows 
 that the commander must have been utterly ignoi-ant of Fuca and 
 his alleged voyage; and this proves, also, that he could have had no 
 secret instructions on the subject. 
 
 In viewing the matter critically, it must be admitted that the 
 evidences against the authenticity of the voyage, though entirely of 
 a negative character, greatly outweigh the one circumstantial evi- 
 dence in its favor — the fact that a passage nuich similar to the one 
 described actually exists a few miles to the north of the location 
 fixed in the narrative. Juan de Fuca's voyage was probably a 
 myth. 
 
 The third and last mythical passage to receive popular credence 
 and engage the attention of geogi'aphers and explorers for years, 
 
 s 
 
 '^ 
 
 I ■■■ 
 
 Til 
 
 
42 
 
 IIISTOHY OF WILLAMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 1 
 
 was the River of Kings, the Rio de los Reyes of Admiral Fonte. 
 LiV.e the narratives of Maldonado and Fuca, this did not reach the 
 public until many years had elapsed from the time assigned to the 
 voyage, and this fact alone is almost conclusive evidence of its man- 
 ufactured character. 8uch a voyage as any of these would have 
 been made public soon after its completion, so eager were the learned 
 men of the time to gain all the information possible on these subjects. 
 It was natural for a person inventing such a tale to assign a date so 
 far back that he need have no fear of a personal contradiction. 
 
 A magazine entitled Monthly Miscellany, or Memoires of the 
 Curious^ was published in London in 1708, containing a long ac- 
 count of a voyage alleged to have been made in 1(340, sixty-eight 
 years previously, from the Pacific to the Atlantic and return, through 
 a system of rivers crossing North America about the fifty-third par- 
 allel. The man who is credited with making this wonderful voyage 
 is Admiral Pedi-o Bartolome de Fonte, of the Spanish Marine. 
 According to the account given in this magazine. Admiral Fonte 
 was instructed by the Viceroy of Peru to explore the Pacific coast 
 of North America for a passage leading into the Atlantic, and to 
 intercept some Boston vessels which the Viceroy had learned had 
 sailed upon the same errand on the Atlantic coast. He sailed fi'om 
 Callao in April, 1640, with four vessels. At Cape San Lucas he 
 dispatched one of these to explore the Gulf of California, and with 
 the remaining three continued up the coast. In latitude 58 degrees, 
 after sailing a long distance among islands, which he christened the 
 "Archipelago de Lazarus," he observed the mouth of a great river, 
 which he decided to enter. Ore of his vessels was sent further up 
 the coast, under the command of Captain Bernardo, while with the 
 other two he ascended the stream, whose great proportions won fi-om 
 him the title of " Rio de los Reyes," or " River of Kings." This he 
 followed in a northeasterly direction a long distance, finally reach- 
 ing its source in an immense lake, which he named " Lake lielle." 
 This was the country of a wealthy and civilized nation, whose chief 
 tovNTi, on the south shore of the lake, was called Conasset, and who 
 entertained the strangers who had so unexpectedly come among 
 them in a most hospitable manner. This lake \^m *'vidently on the 
 summit of the divide between the waters of the two oceans, for 
 flowing from it in an opposite direction from the river he had 
 
STRAITS OF JUAN DE FUCA AND KIVER OF KINGS. 
 
 48 
 
 ascended was another large stream, which he called " Parmentier." 
 Leaving his vessels at Conasset, he descended the Parmentier until 
 he entered another lake, upon which he bestowed his own name, 
 from which he passed through a narrow strait into the Atlantic 
 ocean. This last passage he named " Strait of Ron(piillo," in honor 
 of the captain of one of his vessels. Thus, through a continuous 
 waterway of rivei's and lakes, he had passed through the entire con- 
 tinent of North America. 
 
 When that stoiy was written the author little dreame<l that in the 
 latitude assigned to this wonderful passageway the continent was 
 more than five thousand miles in width. Having entered the At- 
 lantic the Admiral soon encountered the Boston vessel which it was 
 feared had designs upon the Spanish possessions in the Pacific. The 
 captain of the colonial craft was Nicholas Shapley, and on board 
 was its owner, one Seymour Gibbons, whom Fonte described as 
 " a fine gentleman, and major-general of the largest colony in New 
 England, called Maltechusetts." Fonte decided to treat these 
 strangers as peaceful traders, and the representatives of these two 
 nations indulged in a series of nnitual entertainments which appear 
 to have given the Admiral great satisfaction. He then returned to 
 the Pacific by the route he had come, finding his vessels M'aiting for 
 him in good condition in Lake Belle, the inhabitants of Conasset 
 ha\'ing refi-ained from molesting them. At the mouth of the River 
 of Kings he wjis joined by Bernardo, who had an equally wonder- 
 ful tale to relate. He, too, had discovered a great river, in latitude 
 (51 degrees, and had ascended it to its source in a large lake. These 
 he called " Rio de Haro," and " Lake Velasco." From the lake he 
 ascended another stream in canoes as high as the seventy-ninth par- 
 allel, but observing the land "still trending north, and the ice rested 
 on the land, he became satisfied that there was no communication 
 out of the Atlantic Sea by Davis' Straits; for tlie natives ha( con- 
 ducted one of his seamen to the head of Davis' Strait, which Germi- 
 nated in a fresh lake, of about thirty miles in cii-cumference, in the 
 eightieth degree of north latitude, and there were prodigious moun- 
 tains north of it." He, therefore, returned to the Pacific to rejoin 
 his con^mander. Fonte was satisfied from the report that the Straits 
 of Aniau did not exist, and returned to Peru to report that fact, 
 
 If 
 
 
 \ 
 i 
 
 : ;i 
 
 ( 
 
 < i 
 t < 
 I 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Ml 
 
 It 
 
44 
 
 HISTOKY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 and the winidei-ftil river route he had discovered through the con- 
 tinent. 
 
 This whole st«ry is utterly absurd, in the light of our present 
 knowledge of geography, but wa*< far from being so at the time it 
 was promulgated. Yet it contains enough inconsistencies and pal- 
 pable errors to have even then condemned it in the eyes of a critical 
 reader. The statement that in 1640, only ten years after Boston 
 was founded, the people of that struggling colony were searching 
 for the Straits of Anian is too improbable for belief. This English 
 historian shoidd have known, also, that Massachusetts was governed 
 at the date mentioned by John Winthrop and not by Seymour Gib- . 
 bons, whose name does not appear at all in the list of New England 
 governors or " major-generals." Not the slightest reference is made 
 to.it in the records of Spain or Peru, and it is now generally con- 
 ceded thai, the story is a creation of James Petiver, an eminent nat- 
 uralist, who was a frequent contributor to the magazine in which it 
 first appeared. 
 
 
 '"I! 
 

 CHAPTEK IV. 
 
 VOYAGES AND EVENTS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Philip orders a Voyage along the Pacific Coast — Reasons Assigned by 
 Torquemada and Venegas— Viscaino sent out by the Viceroy in 
 1696 — Viscaino's second Voyage in 160^— Ravages of the Scui-vy — 
 He Enters Monterey — Argument of the Claim that he Entered San 
 Erancisco Ray— Earliest Positive Knowledge of that Harbor— Vis- 
 caino goes to Latitude l^S^ and returns / but Aguilar reaches lf3° — 
 Cape Rlanco and the Riven' of Aguilar — California Supposed to he 
 an Island — Viscaino dies after Obtaining a Royal Mamiate to occupy 
 Monterey — Spain Ceases all Exploration of the Coast. 
 
 i't! 
 
 
 AS the variouH romances which have beeu considered were all 
 pul)lishe(l many years after the date ascribed to the voyages of 
 which they speak, it is now necessary \a) turn back tt) these times 
 and see what was actually being accomplished. The fii"st thing to 
 be foimd affecting Oregon is the voyage of Sel^astian Viscaino. It , 
 has been seen that at the very time when Juan de Fuca was impor- 
 tuning the Spanish monarch for recognition of liis services, accord- 
 ing to Lock's letter, tliat royal personage ordered a survey of the 
 Pacific Coast. The reasons that moved Philip II., in 1595, to issue 
 his royal mandate to the Mexican Viceroy are thus set forth by 
 Torquemada: — 
 
 Hia majesty knew that the viceroys of Mexico had endeavored to discover a 
 northern passage, and he had found, among his father's papers, a declaration of 
 certain strangers, to the eflfect that they had l)een driven, by violent winds, from 
 the codfish coast on the Atlantic, to the South Sea, through the Strait of Anian, 
 which Is beyond Cape Mendocino, and had, on their way, seen a rich and populous 
 city, well fortified, and inhabit«d by a numerous and civilized nation, who had 
 treated them well ; a« also many other things worthy to be seen and known. His 
 majesty had also been informed that ships, sailing from China to Mexico, ran great 
 risks, particularly near Cape Mendocino, where the storms are most violent, and 
 that it would be advantageous to have that coast surveyed thence to Acapulco, so 
 
 ^f - 
 
 
 1 
 
 i. 
 
46 
 
 HlftTOUY OF WILLASfETTK VALLEY. 
 
 I 
 
 f:^- 
 
 that the Mhips, mostly belonging to hiH luajesty, should And places for relief and 
 refreshment when needed. Whereujion his majesty ordered the Count de Monte- 
 rey, Viceroy of Mexico, to have those coasts sur>'eyed, at hU own expense, with all 
 (uire and diligence. 
 
 Half u century later another Spanish historian, Venegaw, gave 
 
 the following letwons for Spain's anxiety to K^^conie better informed 
 
 of the coast above Cape Mendocuio: — 
 
 That in the meantime the English shouid And out tae so-much-desired passage 
 to the 8outh Sea, by tho north of America and above California, which passage is 
 not universally denied, and one day may be found; that they may fortify them- 
 selves on l)oth sides of this passage, and thus extend the English dominion from 
 the north to the south of America, so as to border on our possessions. Bhould 
 English colonies and garrisons be established along' the coast of America on the 
 South Sea beyond Cajjc Mendocino, or lower down on California itself, England 
 would then, without control, reign mistress of the sea and Its commerce, and be 
 able to threaten by land and sea the territories of Spain ; invade them on occasion 
 from the E., W., N. and S., hem them in and press them on all sides. 
 
 In this is contained no hint of Juan de Fiica; and if the ct)nduct 
 of men can be considered as indicative of their motives, it must be 
 admitted that the King, the Viceroy and the commanders of the vari- 
 ous expeditions, were utterly ignorant of the Greek's alleged v<^))^age, 
 notwithstanding Lock's letter states that the old pilot hml in vain 
 urgetl the Viceroy and the King to take possession of the Straits of 
 Fuca. 
 
 The Viceroy of Mexico did not feel an interest in the Straits of 
 Auian, or the California Coast, deep enough to render him eager to 
 explore them at his own expense, as t«»mmanded to do by the king; 
 yet he dared not disol)ey the royal mandate. lie made a showing 
 of compliance, by dispatching Se}»astian Viscaino from Acapulco, 
 in the spring of 159(>, with three vessels. These did not proceed 
 beyond Lower California, where two feeble and tmsiiccessful effoi-ts 
 were made to })lant coloniew, leaving the great objects of the expe- 
 dition untouched. The death of the king, in 1598, served as an 
 excuse for ceasing even these feeble efforts, which made extensive 
 drafts upon the Viceroy's revenue. The respite was only temporary, 
 however, I'or Philip III. followed his father's ideas on the sid)ject, 
 and peremptorily ordered his representative in Mexico to make these 
 explorations without delay. 
 
 There was nothing now to do but to comply with the King's 
 command, and an expeditioti vvjis fitted out, composed <^f two vessels 
 and a small fragala, and entrusted to the command of Viscaino. 
 
VOYAGES AND EVKNT8 OF THE SEVENTEENTH OENTrUY. 
 
 47 
 
 The fleet sailed Mayo, 1602, fi'om Auapulco, well supplied with 
 pilots, draughtsmen and priests — the fiixt to navigate the shipis, the 
 second to make maps of the coast, and the third to keep an accurate 
 account of the voyage, a literary feat few l)eHides pi'ieHtw were able 
 to accomplish in those days, when the sword wins mightier than the 
 pen. The j)rieHtly authorship of the records of the voyage is fully 
 attested by the passage in Tor([uenuida, which, in speaking of thv. 
 head winds which baffled the vessels for a long time, says that they 
 were produced "by the foe of the human race, in order to prevent 
 the advance of the ships, and to delay the <liscovei'y of these coun- 
 tries, and the convemon of their inhabitants to the Catholic faith." 
 As the fleet advanced scurvy made its a])pearance among the 
 seamen, and itw terrible ravages added to the advei-se winds to con- 
 vince the priests that the Evil One was dtjing his utmost to oppose 
 their progi-ess. In the face of all this the vessels steadily advanced 
 northward, entering successively the ports of San Quentin, San 
 Diego and Monterey. Sixteen of the crew having died and many 
 othei-s l)eing utterly incapacitated for dut}' by the horrible malady, 
 it was decided at Monterey to send one of the vessels l)ack with the 
 invalids. This shij) was commanded l)y Torebio Gomes de Corvan, 
 and reac^hed Aca2)ulc(), with but few of her crew tdive, after a voy- 
 age whose horroi-s have nt) parallel in the annals of the sea. On 
 the third of January, 1003, the tAvo remainit " vessels sailed fi'om 
 Monterey, and were soon afterwards separr. . ■ oy a violent storm, 
 and were not again united. Viscaino, in the larger one, instituted 
 a search for the wreck of a Manila galleon, which had been cast 
 away on this part of the cojist eight years before. It was for a long 
 time supposed that he entered San Francisco Harbor, since Torque- 
 mada says: " He anchored behind a point of rocks called La Pimta 
 de los Reyes, in the port of San Francisco; " but that idea does not 
 seem consistent with other facts, and is not endorsed by the best 
 authorities. It does not seem possible that an explorer could have 
 pa.sHed the Golden Gate and entered the wonderful harbor of San 
 Francisco without making such a jecord and description of it as 
 would leave no room for error. As in the case of Drake, Viscaino 
 was engaged in the search for something, which, upon entering this 
 beautiful bay, he would have congratulated himself upon discover- 
 ing; and he certainly would have taken as much pains to describe it 
 
 I 
 
 ; ' 
 
 ■: VI 
 
 \ > 
 
48 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMEVTE VALLEY. 
 
 ). if 
 
 I'M 
 
 an he (lid other and comparatively inMigiiificant places. Viscaino 
 wjw searching for a har])or of refuge, and here, in the most desirable 
 locality p()ssi])le, wjw a magnificent harbor that could hold the fleets 
 of the world; yet upon his return to Mexico he strongly urged the 
 Viceroy to establish stations at the greatly inferior liarbors of San 
 Diego and Monterey, anil sai«l nothing about San Francisco what- 
 ever. In all pi()l)ability the port he entered wjw the same one in 
 whicli Drake htul anchored twenty-five years beftu'e. 
 
 Just when San Francisco Bay wiw discovere<i is uncertain. The 
 fii-st time (/'aucassians are knoAvn to have visited it ' in 1761), 
 when a party of S[)aniai'(ls unexpectedly came upon ii 'e search- 
 ing foi' the Bay of Monterey, and gave it the name it oeuiis. Yet it 
 is almost a nnitter of certainty that some one nuist have visited it 
 long before, for in 174'2 an English commodore, nameil Anson, cap- 
 tured an Ea.st Indian galleon, and upon a chart foimd on the vessel 
 appeared, in the latitude of this l»ay, seven little dots, marked "Los 
 Farallones," and opposite these was indicate<l a land-locked harbor 
 somewhat resem])ling San Francisco Bay, but having no name at- 
 tached. It seems prol)al)le that the existence of the bay was known 
 to those engage<l in the India trade, who kept it a profound secret, 
 and could thus profit by all its* advantages as a harbor of refuge, 
 without permitting it to become a rendezvous for the pirates who 
 preyetl upon theii" cuimuerce, or a station for the war ships of hos- 
 tile nations. 
 
 On the twentieth of January, Viscaino, having been unsuccessful 
 in his seaich for the wrecked galleon, again sailed northward. He 
 proceeded as far as latitude 42°, where he observe<l a large white 
 bluff, upon which he bestowetl the title of " San Sebastian." Dis- 
 couraged ]>y the unfavorable weather, the tenible sufFeringn of hi:; 
 crew from scurvy and the apparent loss of the consort, Viscaino 
 turned the prow of the Capitana to the south, £ud made his way 
 back to Mexico as rapidly as possible. Wlien the iitorm pai-ted the 
 two vessels off San Francisco Bay, the little fragata. which wjuj 
 under the ct)mmand of Martin de Aguilar, continued the nt)rthern 
 journey, encountering another gale in the vicinity of Cape Mendo- 
 cino, from whose fury it escaped by taking i-efuge in some sheltered 
 place on that portion of the coast. What this place of refuge was 
 does not appear, but Humboldt Bay and the Bay of Trinidad seem 
 

 VOYAGES AND EVENTS OF THE SEVENTEENTH OENTrKY. 
 
 40 
 
 to be the only ports in that region capable of sheltering a vesnel from 
 a severe storm, and one of these must have been entered by the 
 fragata ; though, if such is the case, it seems strange that a more 
 extended description of it is not given. The subneciuent movements 
 of the little craft are thus detaile<l by Toniuemwla: — 
 
 When the wind had become less violent they continued their Journey crloHc along 
 the shore, and on the nineteenth of January, the pilot, Antonio FloreH, found that 
 they were in the latitude of 43°, where the land formed a caije or point, wlilch wiw 
 named "Cape Blanco." From that poi< the coast beginH to turn to the northwest, 
 and near It was discovered a rapid an i abundant river, with ash trees, willows, 
 brambles, and other trees of Castile and its banks, which they endeavored to enter, 
 but could not from the force of the current. Ensign Martin de Aguilar, tlie com- 
 mander, and Antonio Flores, the pilot, seeing that they had already reached a 
 higher latitude than was ordered by the Viceroy in his instructlonw, that the Capi- 
 tana did not appear, and that the number of sick was great, agreed to return to 
 Acapulco. 
 
 They never performed their agreement, for \\'hen the fragata 
 reached Acapulco both the commander and }>ilot, jw well as the 
 greater portion of the crew, hatl fallen victims k) the scurvy and 
 had been cimsigned to the bosimi of the gi'eat unknown ocean. 
 
 It is impossible to realize the dreadful ravages conunitted by that 
 horrible disease ahiong the explorers of those early times. Every 
 prolonged voyage suffered the impress of its blighting finger. Death 
 took passage in every vessel sent into unknown Avaters. English 
 marinere seem to have suffered less than did the Spaniards, or, iir 
 later tunes, the Russians. Oi the sufferings on board of Aguilar\s 
 fated craft Torijuemada says: — 
 
 Nor Is the least ease to be expected from change of place, as the slightest motion 
 is attended with such severe pains that they must be very I'ond of lite who would 
 not wi'iiigly lay It down on the first appearance of so terrible a distemper. This 
 virulent humor makes such ravages in the body that it is entirely covered with 
 ulcers, and the poor patients are unable to bear the least pressure ; even the very 
 clothes laid :)n them deprive them of life. Thus they lie groaniing and incapable of 
 any relief. For the greatest assistance possible to be given them, if I may l)e allowed 
 the expression, Is not to touch them, nor even the bed clothes. These eflects, how- 
 ever melancholy, are not the only ones produced by this pestilential humor. In 
 many, the gums, both of the upper and lower jaws, are pressed both within and 
 without to such a degree, that the teeth can not touch one another, and withal so 
 loose and bare that they shake with the least motion of the head, and some of the 
 patients spit their teeth out with their saliva. Thus they were uii^^ble to receive 
 any food but liquid, as gruel, broth, milk of almonds and the like. This gradually 
 brought on so great a weakness that they died while talking to their friends. * * 
 * Some, by way of ease, made loud complaints, others lamented their sins with 
 the deepest contrition, some died talking, some sleeping, some eating, some whilst 
 sitting up in their beds. 
 
 m 
 
 Y\ 
 
 
50 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Such were the privations and afflictions endured by the early 
 explorei-s of the coast of Oregon. 
 
 A fourth geogi'aphical enigma was now added to the list of those 
 which perplexed the seekers for a Northwest Paiwage; though, more 
 }>roperly speaking, this was the tii-st, since kn<)wledge of this voyage 
 v-'as spread abroad several yeaiN before Maldonado entertainal ihe 
 C/ouncil of the Indies Avith his clever romance about the Straits of 
 Anian, or Ijock's letter gave to the world the dubious tale of Juan 
 de Fuca. iVccui-ding. to Torquemada, it wtm " supposed that this 
 river is one leading to a great city which was discovered by the Dutch 
 Avhen they were driven thither by storms, and that it is the Straits 
 of Anian tlii'ough which the ship passed in sailing from the North 
 Sea to tlie South Sea, itnd that the city called Quivira (the one 
 which led Coi-ouado such a dance sixty yeai"s before) is in those 
 paiis; and tiiat this higher latitude is the region refenvd to m the 
 account which his majesty read, and which induced him to oi-der 
 this expeilition." There is here a serious discrepancy — an erroi* or 
 jis great a iiiagnituJe as the one cited as evidence of the mythical 
 'tharactei' of the alleged voyage of Juan de Fuca. No great j'iver 
 exists in latitude 4;i", but a short distance up the coast is the Ump- 
 qua, which, though by no means as great a stream aw this one wan 
 supposed to be, may be considered of s\ifficient proportions to do 
 duty a.s the River of Aguilar. The same may be said of Rogue 
 River, some miles below the point hidicated. One can not hel}> 
 noticing here the f(»undation of the " River of Kings" story after- 
 wards concocted by Petivei". The great I'iver supposed to leml 
 thnmgh the continent, tmd the large city some distance up the stream, 
 both appear here in the origimil. The idea that this was the Straits 
 of Anian, or anything of a similar nature, did not long obtain. A 
 few years later it was ct»nceived that this and the Cok)ra<lo nvers 
 were the two ends of a long inland channel, which united in such a 
 manner an to make (California an islai.d. This theory found a place 
 upon the maps for a short time, till it was discovered that the Col- 
 orado led off to the northeastward instead of toward the northwest. 
 It M'aw then siipposed that this wax a vast river flowing fi'om un- 
 known regions in the heart of the continent, such a stream as the 
 (Johunbia wan in later years found to be, and maps thereafter bore 
 upon them an indication of such a river, bearing the name " River 
 
VOYAGES AND EVENTS OF THE SEVENTEENTH f'ENTr^Y. 
 
 51 
 
 of Aguilar," and various other titles, which, M'ith the reaw)ii for )ie- 
 sto ,/ing them, will appear later on in Hpeaking of the journey of 
 the early explorers of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Vincaino had kept in view the chief oliject of his voyage — the 
 discoveiy of a suital)le harbor of i-efuge for vessels in the Manila 
 trade — and immediately upon his return urged opon the Vicert)y 
 th'^ desirability of establishing suj)ply station^^; ai ••i.u Diego and 
 Monterey, the only suitable harbors he had eiicounu^iKl. lie reported 
 that diligent inijuiry among the nations had elicite<l the information 
 that California was extremely fertile and rich in the ])i'ecious metals. 
 There was one serious objection to so doing, wiiicli had givat weight 
 with the Viceroy. He had been instructed in the royal decree to 
 accomplish these things at his own expense, and he was much averse 
 to devoting his private revenues, which were, no doubt, vexy con- 
 siderable, to the accomplishment of public measures. In vain Vis- 
 caino urged, the Viceroy was obdurate, and, at last, the explorer 
 ',*^ent to Spain to lay the matter before his sovereign. Aftei' several 
 yeare of attendance at court he succeeded, in KJOd, in procuring a 
 royal mandate to the Viceroy, directing him to establish a supply 
 station at Monterey. While preparations for doing so were advanc- 
 ing Vis<'.auio died, and the Viceroy seized the opportunity to defeat 
 the projected colony. For a centmy and one-half thereafter Spain 
 mjuie no further attempt to explore the coast north of California. 
 The East India vessels fii-st sig! ' ;•(! land on their home voyage in 
 the vicinity of C'ape Mendociri' , and then followed the coa**t south 
 U> Mexico; l»ut north of that the Pacific Coast of North America 
 remained a /erra incognita for ages. The secret (»f tliis apparent 
 apathy vva« the unwillingness of the viceroys tt) explore new regions 
 at their own expense. There is a tradition floating about in South- 
 ern Oregon that one of these galleons was driven out of its course 
 and put into the Umptpia River to i*epaii' damages. Indlaji tradi- 
 •tions and the old stimijjs of trees are relied upon as corroborative 
 evidence; thought what the original authority is, or in what year 
 the event is said to have occurred, the writer has been unable to 
 learn. The story is probably an outgi'owth of the attempt of 
 Aguilar to enter some river in that region. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 ml 
 
 HUDSON'S BAY, CAPE HORN, AND BEHRING'8 STRAITS. 
 
 Discovery of Davis' Straits — Henry Hudson, William. Bajfin, and 
 other Explorers in the N m'th- Atlantic — Dutch Namgators Discover 
 the Passage around Cope Hom^^Biuicaneers Swarm into the Pacijic 
 by the New Houte — Otondo attempts to Colonize Lower California — 
 The Hudson's Bay Company Chartered, in JG69, to Discover the 
 Straits of Anian — Privileges Granted by the Charter — The Company 
 Heads off all Efforts at Exploration — Russians cross Siberia and 
 Explore the Paoifc — Plans of Petei' the Cheat — Discovery of Beh- 
 ring's Straits and Alaska — Voyage of Tchinkof — Behring Discovers 
 Mount St. Elias and Dies on Behnng\s Isle — The Early Fur 
 Trade of the North Pacific — Benyowsky Takes a Cargo of Furs to 
 Canton find thus Reveals the Magnitiule of the Pa^cific Ocean — Rus- 
 sian Idea of Alaskan Geogiuphy. 
 
 SEVERAL important voyages were made by Engliwh mariiierH on 
 the Atlantic coast in searching for the Northwest Pa.Hsage, all of 
 which Itear a close relation to the more direct steps taken on the 
 Pacific side in the discovery of Oregon. In 1588, at the time set in 
 MaldonadoV romance for his voyage through the Straits of Anian, a 
 celebrated English navigator waw actually exploring the seas about 
 the seventy -fifth pai-allel. This was John Davis. After searching 
 in vain for a passage westwai'd, lie finally discovered Davis' Straits, 
 Vmt was compelle<l to return to England before making a thorough 
 exploration of them, leaving in doubt the (juestion of whether through 
 them, or by some body of water connecting with them, the Pacific 
 might not be reached. About the same time the great freebooter, 
 Thomas Cavendish, returned with his vessel la<len with the ])lunder 
 of the South Sea, and Davis, dazzlefl by the glittering prospect of 
 great weaitii to be gained by plundering the Spanish cuinmerce» 
 
' ^f pr 'w'^ 
 
 HUnsO^j's BAY, CAPE HORN, ANI> BKHRINo's STRAITS. 
 
 53 
 
 abandoned his search for the Northwest Passage and sailed with 
 Cavendish upon his second expedition to the Pacific, a voyage which 
 ended in signal disaster. 
 
 In IfiOH, Henry Hudson, bent upon the same errand as Davis, 
 e.vplored the North Atlantic coast. He entered Hudson's Bay and 
 partially t-xaniined it; and though he bestowed his name upon the 
 bay, as well as the straits leading to it, he was but following the 
 course piirsue<l a century before by Cortereal. William Baffin was 
 the next noted mariner to navigate these sea.s. In 1616 he sailed 
 north, betAveen America and (xreenland, into Baffin's Ba}'. Other 
 explorei-H follownl in the wake of these moi-e noted ones, and exam- 
 ined the coast carefully an high a*< the seventy -fifth parallel. It was 
 of no use; the Straits of Anian could not l>e ftmnd. Geogi-aphers 
 became satisfie<l that if discovered at all they would be foiuad lead- 
 ing westward fi'om some ari' f Hudson's Bay which had been but 
 partially explored. Englai. ii became convulsed by civil war 
 
 between the people and the ILuise >>( Stuart, and America \ a.x neg- 
 lected for half a century. Meanwhih ai iin})ortant iliscovery was 
 made in an opposite dii'ection, one most (iisjixtrous i the Pacific 
 commerce of Spain. 
 
 While Baffin was pursuing his search amcmg the iceb^igw and 
 floes of the Arctic, two Dutch navigators. Van Sc liouten and Le- 
 maire, pjissed south of the Straits of Magellan ami discovered the 
 open sea connecting the Atlantic and Pacific. They rounded Cape 
 Horn, which they thus christened — in memory of tlu' i ..e of their 
 nativity, " Holland" — and entered the South Sea witii ut encounter- 
 ing the dangers attending a passage through the Straits of Magellan, 
 oi" meeting the Spanish shijil* of war which guarded the entrance to 
 that narrow passageway. Here, now, was a route open to all nations 
 — <me .hich Sj)ain could neither monopolize nor defend. Spain, con- 
 tinually involved in European wars, was ut)vv exposed to attack in 
 her most vital part. From America and the Indies came the revenue 
 with which she now made war upon England and France, oppressed 
 the Netheilands and sustained the te.rriV)le Inquisition. Prix'ateei's 
 of the three hostile nations swarmed into the South Sea and plun- 
 dere<l her <;ommerce. Buccaneers attacked the Spanish possessions 
 in America from both the Atlantic and Pacific sides. Especially 
 did the Dutch aid in this way the desperate struggle of the Nether- 
 
 1 I 
 
54 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTK VALLEY. 
 
 : i;. ■« 
 
 
 I iK 
 
 lands for Independence from Spanish lule. The Gulf of California 
 became their rallying place, their special rendezvous being the Bay 
 of Pichilingue, which won for them the title of "Pichilingues," a 
 name both feared and hated by the mariners of Spain. P^rom this 
 retreat they issued to commit their ravages, and often returned with 
 the rich prize of a Manila galleon. The feeble efforts of Spain to 
 dislodge these V)old marauders, who were literally drawing the life 
 blood of the nation, were of no avail. Several times she made 
 great preparations to exterminate them, but even if driven out they 
 returned again in greater numbers as soon as the way was open. 
 Finally, in 1683, an effort was made to plant a colony in Lower 
 California, which should serve as a basis for keeping the gulf free 
 from pirates, and of rescuing from threatened attack the annual 
 galleon. Admiral Don Isdro de Otondo was at the head of this 
 expedition, v/liicb consisted of soldiers, settlers and Jesuit priests. 
 For three years the effort was sustained in the face of droiitii and 
 sterile soil, and then the colony was abandoned; the last act being 
 to rescue and c<mvey safely to port the Manila galleon, whose safety 
 was threatened by the dreaded privateers. 
 
 Wlien the long fratricidal war in England was over and the son 
 of the murdered king was set upon the throne, attention wan once 
 more directed toward iVmerica. The belief that the Straits of 
 Anian could l)e found only in Hudson's Bay was then a general 
 one, and to aid in its discovery, in 16H9, Charles the II. granted 
 almost royal privileges in America to a company of his subjects. 
 Such were the relative importance in those days of the ricli com- 
 merce of the Indies and the Arctic wilds of unexplored America. 
 Reports of the valuable furs to be obtained from the natives along 
 the coast which were made by the old explorers, and the hope that 
 other and even more valuable articles could be obtained in trade 
 with the Indians, led to the organ i/.ation of a company to engage 
 in that profitable business. They applied to the King for a royal 
 charter, which was granted in consideration of their agreement to 
 search for the much-desired Straits of Anian. The two-fold object 
 — that of the King and that of the company — was expressed in the 
 chartier which created "The Company of Adventurers of England 
 Trading into Hudson's Bay." This object, as expressed, was "for 
 the discovery of a new passage into the South Sea, and for the find- 
 
 )" il 
 
hupson's bay, oapk horn, and bkhrino's straits. 
 
 55 
 
 ing of some trade in furs, minerals and other considerable commo- 
 dities." The company was granted the exclusive right of the 
 "trade and commerce of all those seas, straits and bays, rivers, 
 lakes, creeks and sounds, in whatsoever latitude they shall be, that 
 lie within the entrance of the straits commonly called Hudson's 
 Straits." Of this, region, which embniced all that vast territory 
 whose watei' shed is into Hudson's Bay, this company was given 
 absolute control to the exclusion of all persons whomsoever. It 
 was constituted "for all time hereafter, capable in law, to have, 
 purchase, receive, possess, enjoy and retain lands, rents, privileges, 
 liberties, jurisdiction, franchise and hereditaments of what kind, 
 nature or quality soever they be, to them and their successors;" 
 and all persons were forbidden to "visit, hunt, frequent, trade, 
 traffic or a<l venture" therein without permission of the company. 
 The annual rent of this great empire wiis " two elks and two black 
 beavers," which the King, if he desired to have it paid, must go 
 upon the land and collect for himself. Tlie company has few rent 
 receipts to exhibit. This is the organi/.a+ion known in history as 
 the Hmlson's Bay (Company, a name vivid in the memory of Oregon 
 pioneers. What a splendid thing this charter wsis to the company, 
 and what an obstacle it became in the pathway of England's pro- 
 gress in A mei-ica, will appear as this narrative unfolds. But for 
 the selfish p«»'".r_>' of the Hudson's Bay Company, Oregon would 
 to-<iay be a province of Great Britain. 
 
 The company soon learned that their ti-ue interests la>', not in 
 finding the Northwest Pjtssage, but in preventing the discovery of 
 it alt(\firether. They were able to accomplish this and to hold the 
 government and everv one else not connected with the organization 
 in complete ignorance of the region in which they were doing a 
 business whicji iissumed gigantic proportions in a few years. Thus 
 it happened that no more efforts of conse(juence were made by 
 England to discover the Straits of Anian for a whole centuiy after 
 the granting of this magnificent charter, the company being able to 
 prevent or bring to grief all expeditions of this character. Such 
 was the soulless conduct of this corporate monopoly to the govern- 
 ment to which it owed its very existence. 
 
 From the time Aguilar's little vessel conveyed her afflicted crew 
 back to Mexico in 1603, more than a century passed before another 
 
 hun 
 
56 
 
 HISTOUY OF WILLAMKTTK VALLEY. 
 
 voyage was attempted. Not a vessel cast its shadow upon the 
 waters of the North Pacific, nor " Caucasian eye gazed upon the 
 mountain peaks that stand like ancient sentinels along our coast. 
 Suddenly interest in this region was revived, and initial steps were 
 taken by a power previously supposed to have no interest whatever 
 in the American question. The sudden rise of Russia from obliv- 
 ion to a high rank among the powei-s of the world, a revolution 
 wrought by the genius of the enlightened monarch, Peter the Great, 
 is one of the marvels of history. Gradually he extended his power 
 eastward across the snowy wastes of Siberia until his dominions 
 were washed by the waters of the Pacific beating upon the Penin- 
 sula of Kamtchatka. The fui' trade of this vast solitude became 
 a valuable one, and added to the great revenue of the Czai". Hav- 
 ing reached the Pacific he became eager to extend his power still 
 further eastward until it touched the westei'n confines of the de- 
 pendencies of England, France and Spain in America. How far 
 that was, ui what was the nature of the region coveted, neither he 
 nor any one else had the faintest glimmering of knowledge. It 
 might be a great ocean of valueless water, a sea fille<l with islands, 
 a continent of ice, or a land of plenty, " flowing with milk and 
 honey." No one knew; biit this powerful autocrat proposed to 
 find out. His first step was to discover a waterway into the Pacific 
 from the Arctic Ocean which washed his dominions on the north — 
 just such a passage as the English mariners had searched for in 
 vain, though he expected to reach it by going east instead of to the 
 west. He ordered vessels to be constructed at Archangel, on the 
 White Sea, for the purpose of coasting in the Arctic eastward along 
 the shores of Siberia until an opening was discovered into the Pa- 
 cific. Other vessels were to be constructed on the coast of Kam- 
 tchatka, which were to take an opposite course and endeavor to 
 pass northward into the Arctic. Peter died before his plans were 
 executed, and the project was held in abeyance foi several years. 
 
 The Empress Catherine was a worthy successor of her noble 
 husband, and when firmly settled upon the throne she turned her 
 attention to completing the work he had begim. In 1728, in ac- 
 cordance with her instructions, vessels were built on the coast of 
 Kamtchatka, which were dispatched in search of the desired pas- 
 sage between the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific. In command of 
 
; ■ i:' ;■■ 
 
 Hudson's bay, cape horn, and bkhrin^'k htkaits. 57 
 
 the expedition was Vitus Behring, a Danish navigator of skill and 
 experience, in whose charge the former exploration was to have 
 been placed by Peter. Russia was not a maritime nation, and her 
 seamen were in no manner scientific navigators, hence the selection 
 of this skillful Dane for the command of so important an expedi- 
 tion. Behring sailed on the fourteenth of July, and followed the 
 coast northerly in his little vessel until he found it trending steadily 
 to the westward. From this fact he became convinced that he h?.d 
 already entered the Arctic and was sailing along the northern coast 
 of Asia ; and being unprepared for a long voyage, or the possibility 
 of being compelled to spend the winter in the ice, he returned at 
 once to the port of embarkation. The highest point reached was 
 67° 18,' but the longitude is not given. Neither going nor return- 
 ing through the straits did he espy the coast line of America, foggy 
 and cloudy weather obscuring it from view, and consequently he 
 reported upon his return that a great open sea lay to the eastward 
 of Asia, joining the Pacific Ocean with the Arctic. The next year 
 he endeavored to cross this ocean and reach the shore of America 
 by sailing directly eastward. In this attempt he was baflHed by 
 head winds and was driven by a gale into the Gulf of Okotsk. He 
 abandoned the effort and returned to St. Petersburg to report his 
 discoveries. During the few succeeding years a number of smaller 
 expeditions were made by Russian subjects; one of these being 
 driven upon the Alaskan coast in 1732, when it was discovered that 
 not an open sea but a strait connected the two great oceans. Upon 
 this was bestowed the name of the Danish explorer — the pioneer 
 navigator of the North Pacific. 
 
 Catherine died, and after the consequent delay, her successor, 
 the Empress Anne, fitted out an expedition for the piu'pose of 
 exploring on a more extended scale than had previously been done. 
 This consisted of two vessels, Behring being in command of one, 
 and Alexei Tchirikof, a Russian, who had been his lieutenant on the 
 first voyage, of the other. Anne died before the expedition was 
 ready to sail, but Elizabeth, who su«'.ceeded to the throne, did not 
 interfere with the plans which had been laid, and the two consorts 
 sailed from the Bay of Avatscha on the fourth of June, 1741. They 
 were soon separated in a gale and were not again united. Tchirikof 's 
 vessel, the 6V. Paul^ returned on the eighth of October, in a sad 
 
 i 
 
 (if- 
 
 
58 
 
 HISTOKY OF WIJiLAMETTK VALLKT. 
 
 i 
 
 plight. She had reached a gi-oup of islands in latitude 56°, where 
 sixteen of the crew, who landed to make a reconnoisance, were 
 slaughtered by the Indians, Besides these, twenty-one more suc- 
 cumbed to the ravages of the scurvy before the vessel found her way 
 back to port. 
 
 Sad as were the misfortunes that befel the crew of the Si. Paul., 
 they were slight compared with the disastere which crowded upon 
 their comrades on board the St. Peter. Behring steered a south- 
 easterly coui-se for many days, and at last reached latitude 46°, with- 
 out having encountered land. This is the latitude of the Columbia 
 River, but how near the coast of America he approached at that 
 point is not recorded. The mystt^ries of longitude seem to have 
 been beyond the penetration of the explorei"s of those days. Captain 
 Cook, nearly fifty years later, is the first explorer who seems to have 
 understood the necessity of locatmg an object by its longitude as 
 well as its distance fi'om the eipiator. Behring then turned his prow 
 to the northeast and continued his voyage until he had ascended to 
 the sixtieth degree, when he discovered land, the first thing to meet 
 his gaze being a giant snow- crowned peak. This he named " Momit 
 St. Elias," in honor of the saint whose name appeared in the Rus- 
 sian calen<lar as patron of the eighttienth of July, the date of the 
 discovery. The St. Peter sailed into a passage leading between the 
 mainland and a large island, when Behring discovered that the water 
 was discolored, as though it had been discharged from a large river, 
 the volume indicating the stream to be the water drain of a land of 
 continental proportions. That this was America no tme on board 
 doubted. The subordinate ofiicers desired to explore the coast 
 southward, in the direction of the Spanish ct)lonies, l)ut Behring, 
 who was in ill health, refused to do so, and started upon the return 
 voyage. They made but slow progress among the islands lying to 
 the southwest of the Peninsula of Alaska, and finally, being driven 
 hy a severe storm far to the southward, the vessel wandered aimlessly 
 about for two months, the sport of the winds and ocean cuiTents. 
 Horrible were the sufferings of the crew. Scurvy, in itf most ghastly 
 form, preyed upon them unchecked. Famine and disease went 
 hand in hand. The surgeon's journal says: " The general distress 
 and mortality increased so fast that not only the sick died, but those 
 who pretended to be healthy, when relieved from their posts, fainted 
 
CAPK HORN, Hudson's bay, and bkhring's straitk. 
 
 59 
 
 and fell down dead; of which the scantineHs of water, the want of 
 biscuits and brandy, cold, wet, nakedness, vermin, and teiTor, were 
 not the least causes." At last these hcyrors came to an end. On 
 the fifth of November they sighted a small island lying between the 
 Aleutian Archipelago and Kamtchatka, and running thevessel close 
 in they all landed, with the purpose of spending the winter. The 
 island was a small, rocky speck on the bosom of the sea. consisting 
 of a few barren granite peaks thrust up fi'om the water, whose sides 
 were continiially lashed by a heavy suif and uj)on which the waves 
 fuiiously dashed when storms swept across the surface of the ocean. 
 Here they lived uj)on the flesh of fur-bearing animals which aliinmded 
 in the water, and upon the fish they were aide to catch. Their 
 house was constructed of the timbei's of their vessel, whidi was 
 wrecked upon the rocky coast during a gale inunediately after they 
 di8emr)arked, and whose broken pieces were washed up by the sui'f . 
 Xheir sufferings did not end with their removal to this new abode. 
 Disease had taken too firm a grasp upon that afiiicted crew. Beh- 
 ring died on the eighth of December, and before spring thirty of 
 his followers also found a grave on those water- bound rocks. The 
 skins of slaughtered animals served them for both clothes and bed- 
 ding. Had this island been located at the same latitude in the 
 Atlantic Ocean not one of these enfeebled men could have survived 
 the rigors of winter. Here the great ocean ri\'er, known as the 
 Japan Current, imparts its genial warmth to the islands of the 
 Aleutian Archipelago and fringes the icy peaks and glaciers of 
 Alaska with a coast-line of verdure. Owing to this great modify- 
 ing element even floating ice fi'om the frozen Arctic is not seen in 
 Behring's Sea, though on the Atlantic side the ocean is rendered 
 nnsafe by floes and icebergs at a much lower latitude. Upon the 
 return of spring the survivors constructed a small vessel from the 
 wreck of the 5"/. Peter ^ and when that long task was finished, em- 
 barked and sailed directly westward, reaching the Bay of Avatscha 
 in August. That bleak island which had been their winter home, 
 and where were the graves of their commander and many of their 
 comrades, they christened " Behring's Isle," and as such it is known 
 to the present day. 
 
 Twenty years elapsed before another official exploration was 
 made, and half a century passed ere the full account of this fatal 
 
 |j:! 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 -^ 
 
 Vl 
 
60 
 
 HISTORY U* WILLAMETTK VALLKY. 
 
 
 il 
 
 one was publjshed to the world. Accompanying Behring on the 
 5"/. Peter was a (Jerman siir^';eon and scientist named Steller, and 
 his journal, which wiw not published until 1795, long after the 
 Alaskan coast had been thoroughly explored by Spanish, Russian, 
 English and American navigatoi-s, is the only record preserved of 
 the adventures and terrible sufFerings endured by the discoverers of 
 Alaska. The general features of the voyage, however, were well 
 known in Europe soon after its fatal termination. The skins which 
 the survivors wore when they retume<l to Avatscha were found to 
 be exceedingly valuable — probably seal and sea-otter — and several 
 private expeditions were fitted out by Russian traders, to visit the 
 islands lying to the eastward, in search of furs. In this way the 
 fur trade of the Pacific began, and >)efore the government was pre- 
 pared for another expedition this trade had reached considerable 
 proportions. Greenhow thus describes the infancy of this great 
 industry : — 
 
 The trade thus commenced was, for a time, carried on by individual adventurers, 
 each of whom was alternately a seaman, a hunter, and a merchant; at length, 
 however, some capitalists in Siberia employed their funds in the pursuit, and expe- 
 ditions t« the islands were, in consequence, made on a more extensi-e scale, and 
 with greater regularity and efficiency. Trading stations were established at partic- 
 ular points, where the furs were collected by persons left for that object ; and vessels 
 were sent, at stated periods, from the ports of Asiatic Russia, to carry the articles 
 required for the use of the agents and hunters, or for Ijarter with the natives, and 
 to bring away the skins collected. 
 
 The vessels employed in this commerce were, in all respects, wretched and inse- 
 cure, the planks being merely attached together, without iron, by leathern thongs ; 
 and, as no instruments were used by the traders for determining latitudes and lon- 
 gitudes at sea, their ideas of the relative positions of the places which they visited 
 were vague and incorrect. Their navigation was, indeed, performe<l in the most 
 sintple and unscientiflc manner possible. A vessel sailing from the Hay of Avatscha, 
 or from Cape Lopatka, the southern extremity of Kamtchatka, could not have gone 
 far eastward, without falling in with one of the Aleutian islands, which would 
 serve as a mark for her course to another ; and thus she might go on from point to 
 point throughout the whole chain. In like manner she would return to Asia, and 
 if her course and rate of sailing were observed with tolerable care, there could 
 seldom be any uncertainty as to whether she were north or south of the line of the 
 islands. Many vessels were, nevertheless, annually lost, in consequence of this 
 want of knowledge of the coast, and want of means to ascertain positions at sea ; 
 and a large number of those engaged in the trade, moreover, fell victims to cold, 
 starvation and scurvy, and to the enmity of the bold natives of the islands. Even 
 as late as 1806, it was calculated thut one-third of these vessels were lost in each 
 year. The history of the Russian trade and establishments in the North Pacific, 
 is a series of details of dreadful disasters and suflTerings ; and, whatever opinion may 
 be entertained as to the humanity of the adventurers, or the morality of their pro- 
 
OAPE HORN, HTTDRON'h BAY, AND BT:HRTNo'h STKAITS. 
 
 61 
 
 ceedings, the courage and perHeverunne (liuplayed by them, in HtruKgling itgainHt 
 such appalling difficulties, must command univei-Hiil Mdniiration. * 
 
 The furs collected by thette means, at AviitMcha and OcbotHl^, thi' ]irincipal fur- 
 trading points, were carried U> Irl<utsk, the capitul of Kastern Sjljeria, whence some 
 of them were taken to Europe ; the greater |Mirtion were, iiowever, sent to Kiaktu, 
 a small town Just within the Russian frontier, cIohc to the Chinese town of Maimat- 
 chln, through which places all the commerce i)etween these two emjjires passed, 
 agreeably to a treaty concluded at Kiaktii in 172H. In return for the furs, wliicli 
 brought higher prices in China than anywhere else, teas, tobacco, ri(!e, iK)rcelain, 
 and silk and cotton goods, were brought to Irkutsk, wlieie all the most valuable of 
 these articles were sent to Europe. These transportations were effected by land, 
 except In some places where the rivers were useci as the channel of conveyance, no 
 commercial exportation having lieen nuidc from Eastern Russia t>y sea before 177ft; 
 and when the immense distances between some of tlie points above mentioned are 
 considered (Irkutsk to Pekin, 1,,S0() miles ; to Bay of Avatscha, 3,45() miles; to St. 
 Petersburg, 3,760 miles), it l)ecome8 evident that none but objects of great value, in 
 comparison with their bulk, at the place of their consumption, could have lieen 
 thus transported with profit to those engaged in the trade, and that a large portion 
 of the price paid by the consumer must have been absorbed by tlie expense of trans- 
 port«ition. A skin was, in fact, worth at Kiakta three times as much as it cost at 
 Ochotsk. 
 
 For years the furs were conveyed to I^ekin and St. Petei"sl)urg 
 overland, as described above, China being then, as now, the general 
 fur market of the world. Not until 1771 was a cargo taken directly 
 by sea to Canton, and not until then was it known that tlie Hay of 
 Avatscha and th" Chinese Sea were connected by water. For the 
 first time wtis re.ilized the Immense magnitude of the Pacific; that 
 the same waters which beat upon Behring's Isle washed the shores 
 of the thousand islands of the South Sea, gazed up at the fi-owning 
 rocks of Cape Horn, and bore the Spanish galleons on their long 
 voyage from Acjipulco t*) the Indies. This innovation was not by 
 any means tlie result of Russian enterprise. A few of the patriotic 
 defenders of Poland, who had been exiled to Siberia by the Russian 
 Czar, made their escape in a smtill vessel from a port on the south- 
 west coast of Kamtchatka, under the leadership of ji Hungarian 
 exile. Count Maurice de Benyowsky. After much aimless wander- 
 ing among the Aleutian Islands, where they procured from the 
 natives a large (pumtity of furs, they sailed southward and finally 
 reached Canton, where their cargo found a good market. This was 
 the ilrst vessel from the Russian Possessions of the Pacific to enter 
 the hiirbor of a foreign nation, and the spreading of the information 
 that rich fur regions at the north were accessible to Canton by sea 
 was one of the greatest factors in the subsequent rapid growth of 
 the fur trade. 
 
 ! 
 
 4 
 
 m 
 
62 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Tlu' increaHing value of the fur business led the Russian Govern- 
 ment to dispatch other exploring expeditions in 17(56 and 1769. 
 They found the coast, wherever they reached the mainland at all, 
 fringed with islmids and the sea through which they passed dottc i I 
 with them. That the land on the east side of Behring's Straits was 
 of coiiHidevahle proportions was evident, ''^his they called "Alaska," 
 or "AliHsiiii," and supposed it to be a large island. In 1774 a map 
 was pi'cparetl, representing tiieir ideas of the geography of Russian 
 America. Upon this the coast of America was represented as run- 
 ning northwesterly from California to the seventieth degree of lati- 
 tude, which was it« extreme northern and western limit. Lyin^> 
 between America and Asia, in that latitude, was a vast sea of islai: 's, 
 <»f which the largest was Alaska, with only the channel of Behring's 
 Straits separating it from the coast of Asia. With this map was 
 published an account of the last two voyages, the book being enti- 
 tled " Description of the Newly Discovered Islands in the Sea be- 
 tween x\sia and America." Such was the Russian idea of a region 
 in which four official explorations had been made, and private enter- 
 prise had engaged in the fur trade for thirty years. It renmined 
 foi- an Englishman, the celebrated Captain Cook, only a few years 
 later, to reveal to them their error. He commanded the first English 
 vessel to visit the North Pacific, and in one voyage straightened out 
 the geographical tangle the Russians had made in Alaska, and 
 reformed the ideas the Spaniards entertained about the coast they 
 had several times explored fin*ther to the south. Such was the 
 difference, between scientific navigation and haphazai'd sailing. 
 
FROM CAPTAIN CABVKR TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 T 
 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 \ . ! 
 
 The JeHuits Colonise Lower (Jaiifuruia -The FrninHHcanH K liter C'tdi/'or- 
 nia — -Discover;/ of San Francisco Bay — Early French Explorers — 
 The River of the West — Vereiulrye Explores the Roekij Mountains— 
 — France Sells Louisiana to Spain and Looxes Canada to EnijUmd 
 hy Conquest — Journey of Captain Career — He calls the River of 
 the West ^^Oreyon" — Arynment upon the Origin <f the Word '^Ore- 
 gon^^ — The Generally Accepted S^xmish Theory does not Stand the 
 Light of Inct'xtlgation — TJoe Iludson^s Hay Coinpmy^s Policy of 
 Keeping the World Ignorant of the Geography of the Country Occu- 
 pied hy Them — Samuel Hearne Disco'oers Great Slave Lake,, Cop- 
 permine River and the Arctic Ocean — Russia''s Activity in Alaska 
 
 Incites Spain to Ren,ew her Explorations Voyage of Perez and 
 
 Martinez — Perez enters PoH San Lorenzo,, or Nooika Sound — Mar- 
 tinez Claims to have Obsei'ved the Straits of F'liea — Voyage of Ilecettt 
 and Bodega y Quadra — Benin's Wonderful Chart — Discovery of 
 Trinidad' Bay — Isla. de Dolores, or Destruction Island — Ileceta At- 
 tempts to Enter the Columhia — SjMnish and English Methods of Ex- 
 jdoration Compared Bodega and Maurelle Discover Monnt San 
 Jarinto, or Edgecumb — They Laiul and Take Possession for the King 
 of Spain — They Reach iMitiule 58° and Retv/rn — England, in Alarm 
 at the Progress Made by Spain and Russia, Sends Captain Cook to 
 the Pa^jic — His Particular Instructions — Cook Names the Sand- 
 ■icich Islands, Cape Flattery and Nootka Sound, and Searches for 
 the Straits of E\tca, River of Kings and Straits of Anion — He 
 Passes Through Behring^s Straits and Around the Northwestern Ex- 
 tremity of Alaska — Winters in the Sandwich Islands and is Killed 
 
 • by the Natives — I'he Expedition Again Visits the Arctic, Takes a 
 Cargo of E\irs to Canton and Returns to England — The Record of 
 the Voya</e Pigeonhole Until the War is Over — Enterprise of John 
 
64 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Ledyard — Arteaga, Bodega and Mwu/relle Folloro CooFs Route Up 
 the Coast. 
 
 iA 
 
 "'I -'! 
 
 DURINCt all the lonir absence of Spain from the North Pacific 
 she was not neglectint^ her interests still further to the south. 
 With the abandonment of Otondo's colony in Lower California in 
 1(>8(), a council of chief aiithorities in Mexico decided that the re- 
 duction of California by means of oiRcial colonies and expeditions 
 was impracticable. A few years later the Society of Jesus, whose 
 zealous missionaries liad long since carried the cross into the remote 
 fi'ontiers of Mexico, solicitetl the privilege of planting a colony and 
 founding missions in Lower California; and though this was just 
 the object the goxernment had sought so long to accomplish, it 
 took ten years to obtain the royal warrant, so jealous was the 
 throne of the growing power of the Jesuits. In 1697 the firet mis- 
 sion was founded at Loretto, and in 1767, when the Society of 
 Jesus was deprived of all its property in tlie SpanL«h dominions 
 and its members thro^^Ti into prison upon the order of Chai'les III., 
 there existed in Lower California sixteen thriving missions and 
 thirty-six village". This rich inheritance v/as bestowed upon th'* 
 Dominicans, while at tht same time the Franciscans were granted 
 full and exclurtive authority to found missions in Alta California 
 and take possession m the name of the Spanish crown. 
 
 The first mission in Aita California was founded by Father 
 Junipero Serra at San Diego, July 16, 1769, which was followed 
 by that of San Carlos, at Monterey, August 3, 1770; San Antonio 
 de Padua, July 14, 1771 ; San Gabriel, near Los Angeles, Septem- 
 ber 8, 1771; San Luis Obispo, in Septeml)er, 1772; Dolores, at 
 San Francisco, October 10, 1776; and others at later dates, to the 
 total number of twenty-two. The missions became so numerous 
 and p 'werful that the Mexican govenanent began in 1824 a series 
 of hostile actH which emded in 1845 in their- (;omplete seculaj'i/ation, 
 just one year before the country waK con<|uered })y the Unit^-d 
 States. 
 
 It was in 1 769, while Gaspar de Portala. at the head of a party 
 from San Diego, was searching for the Har>)or of Monterey, that 
 the Bay of San Francisco wps dist-overed and named. On the 
 thirtieth of (►otx>ber they came upon a bay which "they at once 
 
FBOM CAPTAIN CARVER TO CAPTAIN f OOK. 
 
 65 
 
 recognized," says Father Crespi, the historian who accompanied 
 them. There exists now no record of any prior discovery of the 
 great harbor at San Francisco, except the Manila chjirt previonsly 
 referred to, and it certainly seems strange that they would spend 
 nearly four months searching for such an inferior port as Monterey 
 at which to found a mission and harbor of refuge, when such a 
 glorious one existed only a few miles further north. They now re- 
 membered that Father Junipero Serra had ])een grieved because 
 the Visitadore (reneral had neglected St. Francis, the patron saint 
 of the order, in selecting names for their future missions, and that 
 he had said, " If St. Francis wants a mission, let him show you a 
 good port and we will put one there." They ])elieved that their 
 patron had purposely led them to this harbor, and they named it 
 " San Francisco," in his honor. It was first entered by a vessel in 
 June, 1775, when tiie San Carlos sailed tiirough the Golden Gate 
 and cast anchor before the site upon which the pueblo (town) of 
 Yerba Buena ( now San Francisco) was afterward built. 
 
 Having seen the Spaniai'ds take possession of California, it is 
 necessary to consider the relative claims of the couten<ling nations 
 in North America, in ordei' to fully understand the various acts of 
 each, which led to the discovery and settlement of Oregon. To do 
 this i-equires a return to the seventeenth century. 
 
 The Treaty of Kyswick was concluded in l(>95. In wliich was a 
 provision defining the boundaries of the colonial possessions of the 
 various rival nations in America. This was definite and positive; 
 t)ut, owing tf) the crude ideas of Amt?rican geography which pre- 
 \alle.l at that dme, was imperfect in many respects. Fk)rida, as 
 the Spanish possessions north of Mexico w^n'e callt*), was bordered 
 t)n the north by ilie C^arolinas, but further west the bt)undarie8 
 were quite indefinite, conflicting with the Louisiana of the French. 
 France claime»l as Louisiana all north of the mouth of the Missis- 
 sippi and west of the AUeghanies, the western boundary being in- 
 definite because no one knew how fai- towai'd the Occident the con- 
 tinent extended. She also claimed the region of the St. Lawrence 
 and the chain of great lakes under the general title of C'anada, 
 these two provinces joining and interlacing without any line of di- 
 vision either expressed or understood. The Hudson's Bay country 
 was also clahuKl by France, though not with much persist^'iice, and 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 if'!' 
 
 nil* 
 
 11 III 
 
 it was at that time actually in the possession of Englan<l, in the 
 person of the Hudson's Bay Company. The English colonies were 
 east of the Allegiianies, from Main to Georgia. In 1713 France 
 relinquished to England her claim upon the Hudson's Bay region, 
 and turned her attention to strengthening her position in Canada 
 and Louisiana. 
 
 During the latter part of the seventeenth century and the first 
 half of the eighteenth, French explorers and Jesuit missionaries 
 traversed the Mississippi Valley, established a chain of stations be- 
 tween Canada and Louisiana, among them the city of St. Louis, 
 and even penetrated the unknown wilderness lying between the 
 headwaters of the Mississippi and the "Shining Mountains," as 
 they first called the Rot!ky Mountains, whose snowy sides and 
 lofty spires of rock reflected the bright i-ays of the sun hundreds of 
 miles to the westward. The most noted of these French pioneers 
 were La Salle, Pere MHiquette, Baron La Hontan, Chevalier La 
 Verendrye and his sons, Father Hennepin, Dui)ratz and Charlevoix. 
 Nearly all of tJiese wrote accounts of their travels, ga\ e descriptions 
 of the country and the native tribes, and from their own observa- 
 tions and the information gleaned from the Indians made maps of 
 that region, embracing a little which they knew and a great deal 
 which they guessed at. These maps, to say the least, are very 
 queer. One of them, diawn in 1710 to show the results of a west- 
 ern journey accomplished by La Hontan, is especially odd. It 
 shows a great river (called the " Long Kiver"), up wliich he passed, 
 as entering the Mississippi in the I'egion of I)«bu(jue, [owa. This 
 wa«, l)eyond doubt, the Missoiiri, though that stream is also repre- 
 sented in it<>i propel- place where it unites with the " Father of 
 Waters," and is made to extend ahnost due west tt) the mountains. 
 Passing across from the headwaters of the Mississippi and coming 
 upon the Missouri so far to the north, he naturally supposed it to 
 be another stream. Up this he followed, apparently branching off 
 to ascend the Platte. He desci'ibes the upper part of the stream as 
 a series of lakes and swamps. Some of )iis descriptions an<i the 
 features of liis map are very peculiar, so much so that historians 
 have been inclined to doubt (he extent of his journey. Tliere is 
 one feature, however, which tells in his favor. The nuip shows, at 
 some distance to the southwest of the point indicate<l as the west- 
 
FKOM CAPTAIN CABVER TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 67 
 
 ern limit of his wanderings, a large lake, which the Indians told 
 him contained bitter water. This was undoubtedly Great Salt 
 Lake, the one which years before the Indians of Mexico had en- 
 deavored to describe to the Spanish explorers. The lakes indicated 
 as existing along the river beyond the point where the journey 
 ended were probably so marked because he misunderstood the In- 
 dians when they spoke of the many large lakes existing in the 
 region to the westward. 
 
 One feature is very prominent in the reports of nearly all these 
 early French explorers — the fact that beyond the "Shining Moun- 
 tains " was a large river flowing westward to the " Great Water," 
 in the latitude of the headwaters of the Mississippi. This they 
 learnen from the Indians with whom they came in contact. Though, 
 with the exception of the Verendryes and their successors in com- 
 mand along the Saskatchewan, probably none of them went further 
 west than the lied River of the North; still the Indians of that 
 region, in the yeiws of peaceful intercourse or bloody hostilities with 
 the tribes beyo.id the mountains, must have become sufliciently 
 familiar with the geography of the country lying between the Rocky 
 Mountains and the Pacific to know of the existencre of such a large 
 stream as the Columbia. When the trappers appeared among the 
 Cheyennes, Crows, Blackfeet, Pawnees, Sioux, and other tribes, 
 early in the present century, they found them to be possessed of 
 (juite an intimate knowledge of the topography of the country west 
 of the mountains occupied by the Shoshones, Bannocks, Flatheads 
 and Neic Perces, and there is no reason to suppose that a hundr'^l 
 years earlier their knowledge was not nearly as great. The asser- 
 tion that a great river existed beyond the mountains was not like 
 Hiose tales of the " City of Quivira" and the "Land of Cibola," 
 which led the Spaniards to take such long journeys into the <lesert« 
 of Mexico and Arizona two centuries before, Co)ming fi'om differ- 
 ent tribes, through sources that were recognized as being totally 
 distinct, it was accepted as a geographical fact that such a river 
 existed, and a stream of that nature was indicated on the maps of 
 the period, bearing the various titles of " River of the West," 
 "River Thegayo," "Rio de los Reyes" (the mythical stream of 
 Admiral Fonte), and " Rio de Aguilar " (the one whose mouth 
 Aguilar claimed to have diRcovered in 1608). The most definite 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Pll 
 
 r' 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 ,H \ < 
 
 
 1 i 
 1 
 
 
 J 
 
 j)ubli8he(l account of this great stream was given by Lepage Dupratz, 
 a French traveler of note, who received it from a Yazoo Indian. 
 It was to the effect that this Indian ascended the Missouri north- 
 westerly to its head, and going still further west came upon another 
 large river flowing to the westward. He passed dov/n the stream 
 until he was compelled to halt because of a wai' existing between 
 the natives living along its banks and a tribe further west. He 
 participated in the hostilities, during which his friends captured a 
 S(|uaw of the western triV>e, and from her he learned that the river 
 flowed mj):y miles until it emptied into a great water where ships 
 had been seen, on which were men with beards and whitt; faces. 
 The geographical statements are so accurate that there is no room 
 to doubt the knowledge of tlie Yazoo savage of the existence of the 
 Columbia River; but his statement about ships. and white men is 
 histoi'ically impossible, since no vessel had ever visited the mouth 
 of the Columbia, or even l)een so far north as that, unless it 
 be admitted that 8ir Francis Drake reached latitude 48° and was 
 near enough to the c(jast to have the faces and beards of his 
 men recognized; but that was a century and a half before, and if 
 his visit was known to the Indians at all it would probably be in 
 the form of a legend al»out a gi'eat white bird that swam in the 
 water, or the canoe of the Great Spint. That portion of the story 
 was prol>ably a creation of the Indian, or an amplification of the 
 tale, made by Dupratz himself. 
 
 I)e I^'Isle, geographer of the Academy of Science, Paris, wi'ote 
 March 15, 1710: "They tell me that among the Scioux of the 
 Mississippi there are always Frenchmen trading; that the course of 
 the Mississippi is from north to west, and from west to south [evi- 
 dently the Mississippi is here confounded with the Missouri |, from 
 that it is known that towards the source there is in the highlands a 
 river that leads to the western ocean." De I/Isle warmly urged 
 the government to explore the far West, in search of this river and 
 the '^Western ()c(fan'' into which it flowed, and was seconded in 
 his efforts by a learned priest named Bode. Temporary posts had 
 been established many years before in various parte of Minnesota. 
 I)u Luth built one near the head of Lake Superior, in 1678; Per- 
 rot fcmnded another below Lake Pepin, in 1683; a stocktuie was 
 erected abovf Lake Pepin on Prairie Islantl, in IfiOf), and Le Seur 
 
■I' 
 
 PROM CAPTAIN OABVKR TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 69 
 
 had a post in 1 700 on the Blue Earth, near the site of Mankato. 
 The importunities of De L'Isle and Pere Bode caused the govern- 
 ment to begin an energetic policy of Western exploration and occu- 
 pation in 1717, commencing with the re-establishment of the fort 
 of T)u Lutli and another fxirther west among the Sioux, Other 
 posts followed in rapid succession. In 1 7*28, Seur de la Verendrye, 
 who was in command of these advanced posts, received such definite 
 information of the "Shining Mountains" from the Indians, and of 
 the great river lieyond them which flowed towards the western sea, 
 that he decide<l to make a systematic ex})loration of those unknown 
 regions. His application for authority was favorably considered by 
 Charles de '^Jeauharnois, Governor-denei'al of Canada, and orders 
 Avere given for the fitting out of an expedition. 
 
 In 1781 two sons of the Chevalier Verendrye left Montreal with 
 a detachment of fifty men, their father not joining them until two 
 years later. They reached Rainey Lake in the fall, and at the foot 
 of the lake built Fort St. Pierre, named in honor of their father, 
 whose baptismal name was Pierre. Next year they established 
 F.ort St. Charles, named in honor of the Governor-General, on the 
 southwestern shore of the Lake of the Woods. F'urther on they 
 built a post on the Assini])()ine, five leagues from Lake Winnipeg, 
 and Fort Maurepas, on Winnipeg River. In June, 1786, a party 
 of twenty-six, among whom was the younger son of the Chevalier, 
 were massacred by the Sioux Indians while encamped tin a small 
 island in the Lake of the Woods. In October, 1788, the Veren- 
 dryes built Fort La Heine, furthei* west on the Assiniboine, which 
 V)ecame their base of operations. In 1742 the two sons of the 
 Chevalier left Fort La Reine with a small party for the purpose of 
 fully exploring the "Shining Mountains.'" They followed up 
 Mouse River in a southerly direction to the country of the Mandans 
 (called by theni "Montanes"), crossed the Missouri a little below 
 the site of F'ort Herthold, and ascended the stream to the canyon 
 below Helena, making a portage around the Great Falls, which 
 they describe<l in their report, differing in no essential particular 
 from the descri])tion given by Lewis an<l Clarke sixty-two years 
 later. At this point, now known as the "Gateway of the Moun- 
 tains," they ascended the summit of the range on the 12th day of 
 January, 1748, not far from Bear Tooth Peak, of vvhicii they speak 
 
 
 'i 
 
 i 
 
 ■ I 
 
 
70 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 as a tusk-shaped mountain. They then passed up Deep Creek 
 (Smith River), crossed the mountains to the headwaters of the 
 Musselshell, and thence across to the Yellowstone at the mouth of 
 Pryor River. They followed up this stream to the Stinkmg Water, 
 and on over the mountains to Wind River. Here their progress 
 was arrested by a fierce war raging between the Snakes and Sans 
 Arc branch of the Sioux; but they were told by the fi-iendly Snakes 
 of the location of Tongue and Green Rivers. They then returned 
 to the Upper Missouri, and raised a monument of stone near the 
 mouth of the Jefferson — in what they called the " Petite Cerise " 
 (Choke Cherry country) — as a witness that they took possession of 
 the country in the name of the King of France. This they chris- 
 tened " Beauharnois," and beneath it deposited a leaden plate bear- 
 ing the French coat-of-arms. This ceremony of dedication wa.s pei'- 
 formed May 19, 1744. They then resumed the homeward journey. 
 North of the Assiniboine they explored the Stuskatchewan — calle<l 
 by them " Poskoiac " — as far as the forks, and V)uilt two forts, one 
 near Lake Dauphin (Swan Lake) and the other on the " River des 
 Biches." They reached the Lake of the Woods on the 2d of July, 
 and reported the northern route by the Saskatchewan as preferable 
 to the Miasouri, because of the absence of danger of meeting Span- 
 iards, whom they feared might be encountered further mxiih. They 
 would not ha\e felt so much solicitude on the subject if they had 
 been awai'e that the Jesuit missions in the extreme southern portion 
 of the peninsula of Lower California were the farthest north of the 
 Spanish colonies of the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Before starting upon their two years' journey they had l»een in- 
 formed by the Indians that the "Shining Mountains" were fidl of 
 gold. When they reached the mountains they were disa})pointed to 
 find that it was not gold, but barren rock and snow, which reflected 
 the rays of the sun so brightly, and they changed their name to 
 " Stony, or Rocky, Mountains." The furthest west the information 
 gained by the Verendrye brothei-s extends is to the Flathead Indians, 
 of whom they speak, living just west of the main chain of the 
 Rockies and within the limits of Oregon, as that territory existed 
 when it was in dispute between the United States and Givat Britain, 
 but now in the western extremity of Montana. They encountered 
 a band of Flatheads, who told them of their country west of the 
 
*p 
 
 FROM CAPTAIN CAKVEK TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 71 
 
 mountairiH, and of the great lake from which a river ran. This 
 lake, they understood the Indians to say, was the source of a tribu- 
 tary of the Missouri, but the cause of their error is evident, as Sun 
 River flows from the mountains in that direction. They were also 
 told of the great river running westward to the ocean, but were not 
 able to cross the divide to explore it. The river to which the Indians 
 referred was probably the sti'eam first reached by Lewis and Clarke 
 when they crossed the main divide, and which they named " Clarke's 
 River." The stream is now kno\vn at various points along its 
 coui-se as " Deer Lodge," " Ilellgate," " Bitter- Root," "Missoula," 
 " Clarke's Fork," and " Pend d'Oreille," though a commendable 
 fidelity to history, and a j)roper regard for the honor of one of our 
 greatest expl(»rers, demands that the use of every name but that of 
 "Clarke's River" to be at once abandoned. 
 
 The Chevalier X'erendrye was relieved of his command of the 
 frontier soon after this expedition, but was restore<l a few years later 
 by Galiasonere, the successor of Beauharnois. He died December 
 <i, 1 749, while planning a tour up the Saskatchewan. His son was 
 deposed by Jonciuieri-e, the next Governor- (General, who dispatched 
 two expe<litions in search of the Pacific. One of these was com- 
 manded b}' St. Pierre, and wjis to ascend the Sjiskatchewan, while 
 the other, headed l)v Marin, was to go up the Missouri. St. Pierre 
 excited the hostility of the Kinsteneaux Indians, who attempted to 
 kill him; and thouijh thev failed in this thev succeeded in burnincr 
 Fort La Reine. He sent Lieutenant Bouchet de Neville to establish 
 a post at the head of the Saskatchewan. This effort proved a failui-e 
 because of sickness, but in 1753 some of the men established Fort 
 Jontpiierre in the Rocky Mountains. In 1754 St. Pierre was relieved 
 by De la Crone, and the following year fell in the battle before 
 F'ort St. George. The pi'oposed expedition of Marin up the Mis- 
 souri was a complete failure. 
 
 The explorations of these Fi-ench travelers ended with the war 
 between England and France, which was partici))ated in b}' their 
 respective coloiiit\s in America, and which is known f)n this side of 
 the Atlantic as the " French and Indian War." As that struggle 
 <^re^v toward its close, and France realized that her possessions in 
 America were about to fall into the grasp of her immemorial enemj^ 
 she secretly conveyed to Spain her province of Louisians.. AVheu 
 
 :j-:.i 
 
 >,% 
 
72 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMETTE VALLKY. 
 
 m 
 
 the gallant Wolfe dietl upon the PlaiuH of Abiahaui in the very 
 moment of triumph, one of tlie prizes to he gained l)y this crown- 
 ing victory of the war had already panwed into the keeping of an- 
 other. Louisana belonged to Spain. The treaty of Paris, in 17<)3, 
 conveyed Canada tt) Great Britain, and thns France wjw shorn of 
 all her possessions in America. All these frontier j)()sts were aban- 
 doned, and the Rocky Mountains again became the un(lisj)uted 
 home of the aborigine. 
 
 We now approach the memoral)l^ journey of the non-^ too vera- 
 cious Captain Carver, the man who stands sponsor for thv> W')i'd 
 " Oregon." This has led, by reason of the superficiality t)f many 
 historical writei*s, to the bestowing upon him of all the credit of 
 making known to the world the existence of the Columbia River, 
 when the fact is that it was known long before his doubtful journey, 
 and his account of it, so far from l>eing written u])on original infor- 
 mation, was but the re-publication of facts made known by the 
 French explorers above mentioned, many years before. Jonathan 
 Carver was a native of Connecticut, and served with gallantry as a 
 captain of the English colonial army in the wai' with France, which 
 was terminated by the Treaty of Paris in 1 703. He then conceived 
 the idea of exploring the western portion of England's new posses- 
 sions. In 1766 he left Boston, and going by the way of Detroit 
 and Fort Michilimacinac, reached the headwaters of the Miasissip])i. 
 Thus far historians admit that he traveled, probably to the Lake 
 Park region of Minnesota, Avhere rise streams flowing into the Mis- 
 sissippi, the Missouri and the Red River of the North. Carver's 
 claim to extensive traveling west of the headwaters of the Missis- 
 sippi, covering a period of five months, is a very doubtful one; 
 since his descriptions of the names, manners and customs of the Indian 
 trib&s of that region are but the translations into English of the 
 works of the earlier French explorers. His object, tus stated in 
 the introduction to his book wa*>, "after gaining a knowledge of 
 the manners, customs, languages, soil and natural productions of the 
 different nations that inhabit the back of the Mississippi, to ascer- 
 tain the breadth of the vast continent which extends from the At- 
 lantic to the Pacific Ocean, in its broadest part, between the forty - 
 third and forty-sixth degiees of north latitude, //ad / been able to 
 accomplish this^ I intended to have proposed to the government to 
 
VROM CAPTAIN CARVER TO CAPTAIlSr COOK. 
 
 78 
 
 establish a post in i^ome of those parts, about the Straits of Aniau, 
 which, haviug been discovered by Sir Francis Drake, of course lie- 
 longs to the English." The captain exposes his want of fitness as a 
 geographer or historian by asserting that Drake discovered the 
 •Straits of Anian. The circumstances of Drake's voyage were more 
 widely known than those of any other navigator, and in neither of 
 the two accounts published was there a statement that the great 
 robber had discovered those m;yi;hical straits, or any other passage 
 leading inland fi'om the Pacific. Carver did not seem to consider his 
 adventures or discoveries worthy of piiblication until twenty years 
 later, at a time when unusual interest was felt in England in the 
 discovery of the Northwest Passage, to find which the celebrated 
 Captain Cook had just been dispatched on a xoyage of exploration 
 to the North Pacific. Carver was at that time living in London in 
 much financial distress, and his fi'iends advised him to take advan- 
 tage of the public interest to publish a book. He consequently 
 wrote one, evidently compiled in a large measure from the narratives 
 before alluded to, large portions of them being translated literally 
 into English. He died in 1780 in extreme penury. The only 
 interest this work or its author can have to modern historians, is the 
 appearance therein of the word " Oregon," the fii-st use of that 
 term which has anywhere been discovered. It appears in the fol- 
 lowing connection : 
 
 From these natives, together with my own observations, I have learned that the 
 four most capital rivers on the continent of North America, viz.: — the St. Lawrencet 
 the Mississippi, the River Bourbon (Red River of the North), and the Oregon, or 
 River of the West— have their sources in the same neighborhood. The waters of 
 the three former are witliin tliirty miles of each other ; [this is practically correct, 
 and this point, somewhere in Western Minnesota, is probably the limit of his west- 
 ward journey,] the latter, however, is rathe" further west. This shows that these 
 parts are the highest in North America ; and it is an instance not to be paralleled 
 ■ in the other three-quarters of the world, that four rivers of such magnitude should 
 take their rise together, and each, after running separate courses, discharge their 
 waters into different oceans, at the distance of two thousand iidles from their 
 sources, for in their passage from this spot to the Bay of St. Lawrence, east, to the 
 Bay of Mexico, south, to Hudson's Bay, north, and to the Bay at the Straits of 
 Anian, west, each of these traverse upwards of two thousand miles. 
 
 In this statement Carver does not claim to have visited the head- 
 waters of the River Oregon, or even to know theii* exact location. 
 He expressly observes that he derived his information chiefly "from 
 
74 
 
 HISTOHY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 m 
 
 1j 
 
 I ' -^t 
 
 these natives," and it is possible that even from them it reached him 
 through the medium of his Frendi predecessors. 
 
 Whence Carver derived his authority for calling the River of the 
 West " Oregon " has been a matter of much discussion. Though 
 it is now generally admitted that the word originattnl with Carver 
 him8C;if, or was supposed l)y him to be the name of the stream from 
 some half- understood words uttered bv the Indians in referrin<' to 
 it; yet there are many who are not content unless they can build up 
 some theory founded upon a similarity of sound, and plausible only 
 to those who are ignorant of the details of the early exploratiims in 
 the Pacific. ( )f these the one most generally acc«ptetl in Oregon is 
 the following fi'om the pen of Archbishop Blanchet, speaking of 
 himself in the third pei"son: — 
 
 Jonathan Carver, an English captain in the wars by which Canada came into 
 the possession of (Jreat Britain, after the peace, left Boston, June 6, 17(16, crossed the 
 continent to the Pacific, and returned October, 1768. In relation to his travels, 
 which were publislied in 1774, and republishefl In 1778, he is the first who makes 
 use of the word "Oregon." The origin of that word has never l)een discovered in 
 the country. The first Catholic missionaries— Father Demers, now Bishop of Van- 
 couver Island, and Father Blanchet, now Bishop of Oregon Cltj' — arrived in Oregon 
 in 1838. They traveled through it for many years, from south to north, from west 
 to east, visiting and teaching the numerous tribes i^f Oregon, Washington Territory 
 and British possessions. But in all their various excursions among the Indians 
 they never succeeded in finding the origin of the word "Oregon." Now it appears 
 that what could not be found in Oregon has been discovered by Archbishop Blan- 
 chet in Bolivia, when he visited that country, Chile and Peru in 18.53 and 1857. 
 The word "Oregon," in his opinion, most undoubtedly has it« root in the Spanish 
 word oreja (ear), and came from the ({ualifying word orejon (big ear). For it is 
 probable that the Spaniards, who first discovered and visited the country, when 
 they saw the Indians with big ears, enlarged by the loud of ornaments, were natur- 
 ally Inclined to call them orejon (big ears). That nickname, first given to the In- 
 dians, became also the name of the country. Tiiis explains how Captain Carver 
 got it and first made use of it. But the travelers, perhaps Carver himself, not 
 knowing the Spanish language, nor the peculiar pronunciation of tlie j in Spanish, 
 for facility sake would have written it and pronounced it Oregon, iustead of Oryon, 
 in changing j to g. Such, in all probability, must lie the origin of the word " Ore- 
 gon." It comes from the Spanish word Orejon. 
 
 This is certainly a scientific explanation, and were it only sus- 
 tained by facts would be a satisfactory one; it mil not, however, 
 stand for a moment the light of investigation. At the time Carver 
 made his journey no Spanish explorer had set foot in Oregon nor 
 had the least communication with its native inhabitants; they were 
 not even familiar enough with the coast line to be aware of the 
 existence of the Columbia River. The only expeditions had been 
 
 pers, ill 
 
 ri'i 
 
FROM CAPTAIN CARVKK TO OAPTAIJS COOK. 
 
 75 
 
 those of Ferrelo and Aguilar, and iieithei if these had oveu made 
 an attempt to land. Con8e(j[nently they had not and could not 
 apply the title Orejon to its inhabitants— people whom they had 
 never seen and of whom they knew nothing. No allusion is made 
 to the natives of this unkno^vn land in the record of any Spanish 
 explorer previous to that date, and the Bishop's supposition that 
 they "discovered and visited this country," sln)ws how unfamiliar 
 he was with the history of Spanish explorations on the Pacific Coast. 
 His assertion that Carver crossed the continent to the Pacific is 
 equally at variance with tlic facts. The woi'd "Oregon" was un- 
 known to the Indians iintil after the country wa«i \n8ited by trap- 
 pers, and the Bishop himself b"ars testini y to the fact that in 
 all their extensive travels among the natives he and hi.> missionary 
 ii8st)ciates were unable to find authority for its use. Thus we see 
 that the Spaniards had not visited Oregon, and knowing nothing of 
 its inhabitants could not have called them " big ears"; that Carver 
 did not visit the Columbia; that the word "Oregim" wn.s unknovv^u 
 by the Indians, and, therefore, could not have been conveyed by 
 them from tribe to tribe until it reached Carver's ears; therefore, 
 the Bishop's theory is untiiiable. 
 
 Equally so is the idea that Oregon was the Indian name of the 
 Columbia, since if such were the case the early settlers of this region 
 would have learned the name from the natives, instead of having 
 to teach it to them. The same objections are valid to the theory 
 that the early Spanish explorers bestowed the name because of tli< 
 wild majoram {origanum) found along the coast, since we have seen 
 that the Spaniards had never set foot on the coast of Oregon, and 
 that the name nowhere appears in Spanish records. If euphony of 
 sound is to be relied upon, combined with the popular but errone- 
 ous idea that Oregon was explored in early times by the Spaniards, 
 then the wi'iter desires to announce that he, also, has a theory — that 
 in sailing along the coast some romantic Spaniard conceived a 
 resemblance between the graceful summits of the Coast Range and 
 the bhie hills of his native Aragon, and bestowed that name upon 
 this new land. To support this he calls attention to the fact that 
 the Spaniards named Mexico " New Spain " ; the Dutch called their 
 settlement on the Atlantic coast " New Amsterdam," it being sub- 
 sequently christened " New York "by the English ; the region set- 
 
 r • 
 
 ■•'i 
 
76 
 
 HISTORY or Willamette valley. 
 
 tied V)y the Puritaiin and the Massacliuset's Colony wa« named "New 
 England"; and the French at one time called Caujula "New 
 France." InstanceH of this kind might be easily multipHed, though, 
 pei-haps, the nearest and most convincing is the bestowal of the title 
 " New Al])ion " U})on California by Sir Francis Diake, because of 
 the chalkv bluffs he had ()l)served aloni; the coast. Profound and 
 brilliant as the writer conceives this theory to be, he feels compelled 
 to give place to the Irishman, who believed Oregon to be named in 
 honor of his royal ancestors, the O'Kegons. There we have not 
 only euph(my of soimd, but correct orthography, combined \vith a 
 proper degree of ignorance uj»on the stibject. 
 
 The traditionary policy of the Hudson's Bay Comi)any to head 
 off, or render nugatory, all attempts by the government to explore 
 its chartered domains in search of the Straits of Anian, or some 
 other passage into the Pacific Ocean from the North Atlantic, waa 
 strictly adhered to during the eighteenth century. They did not 
 want the government itself nor the people to have any knowledge 
 whatever of the regions lying contiguous to Hudson's Bay. To 
 that end they kept to themselves all geogi*aphical knowledge gained 
 year by year by their representatives in the course of business trans- 
 actions, or when sent upon special joiu-neys of exploration by the 
 company. In 1745 Parliament offered a reward of £ •20,000 to any 
 one discovering a passage into the Pacific fi'om Hudson's Bay, but 
 no one made a serious effort to eani the money. The company 
 was powei-ful enough to prevent it. Nearly thirty years later, 
 however, having become satisfied fi'om information gathered by 
 theii" employees that no such passage existed, they dispatched 
 Samuel Hearne in search of a copper mine, of which much had 
 been said by the Indians, and which was to be found on the bank 
 of a stream called by the natives the " Fai'-off Metal River." That 
 they might have the credit of exerting themselves in searching for 
 the passage \vho8e discovery htnA ostensibly been one of the leading 
 objects in organizing the company, they instrv^cteil Hearne to keep 
 his weather eye open for the Straits of Anian, and permitted it to 
 be understood that this was the chief aim of his journey. The first 
 object of note disco' ered by Hearne was Great Sh ve Lake, and he 
 followed this and the connecting system of lakes and the Copper- 
 mine River to the point of its discharge into the Arctic Ocean. 
 
FROM CAPTAIN CARVER TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 77 
 
 The Coppermine he believed to he the streum to which the Indians 
 referred, but he ftmnd the proverbial enchantment of distance vvtis 
 alone re8pt>n8ibh^ for the stories of its threat ridmess in copper, and 
 that, so far a.s minerals were concerned, his journey and sufferings 
 — for he endured nwuiv' hardships and privatioi s — luid 1»een in vain. 
 The Arctic he conceived to l)e an inland sea, simihu' to Hudson's 
 Bay, and such he re|)orted it upon his return to tiie coinpany's 
 headcpiarteix; also that no water passage connected the two great 
 Ixxlies (»* water. Though the journal kcjH by Ilearne was not 
 pidiiished for twenty years, the company immediately communi- 
 cated to the a(hnira)ty the faihire of Ilearne to discover any North- 
 west Passage This seemed to end all hopt' of tinding sucii a 
 waterway leading out of Hudson's Bay; but the discovery of the 
 new sea opened the (K)or to new hopes. There might be a means of 
 communication between it and Baffin's Bay, and from it might 
 possibly be fimnd the long-sought Straits of Anian, leading into the 
 Pacific. It certainly resembled Maldonado's " North Sea." 
 
 The rapidity with which Russia was extending her outposts in 
 Alaska began to cause serious alarm in Spain. Inactivity and 
 apparent apathy had marketl the conduct of that imtion for a 
 century and a half, so far as the region lying north of California wa.s 
 concerned. This, however, was not catised by lack of interest, but 
 by circumstances ejusily undei'stot)d. All voyages of exploration 
 had to be miule at the expense of the Viceroy's treasury, and this 
 the chief executive in the New World objected to. As long as 
 Spain was not threatened with, the loss of exclusive dominion on 
 tlie Pacific Coast, there wjis nothing t<') arouse the government to 
 action; nor was there anything in those unknown regions which 
 was sufficiently tempting to induce the Viceroy to undergo the 
 expense of a voyage of exploration unless stimulated by the positive 
 orders of the crown. Now, however, affairs presented a different 
 aspect. The extent of Russian exploration and occupation of the 
 North Pacific were unknown; no definite information had been 
 received ; the report of none of the Russian voyages had been pub- 
 lished; yet that Russia was making ([uite extensive discoveries in 
 that region was well known in Europe, and it caused much anxiety 
 in Spain. She was aroused to the display of gi'eai n^vlvity, 
 apparently comliine<l with a purpose of discovering and taking 
 
 ' »j 
 
 k' 
 
78 
 
 HISTOKY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 k 
 
 }X)8Sessiou of all the coast not already occupied by the Muscovites. 
 The first nioveiiient made by Spain was the colonizing of Cali- 
 fornia, j)r('vi()usly spol.en of. The next was a series of explorations 
 bv sea. January "25, 1774, the corvette Santiago sailed fi'om San 
 Bla.s, coninianded by Juan Pei'ez, and piloted by Estivan Martinez. 
 Perez was instructed to proceed tus far north as the sixtieth degree 
 of latitude, and then to return slowly along the coast, lauding at 
 sundry accessiVde jxVuits to take possession in the name of the King. 
 The Santiago touched at San Diego and Monterey. He sailed fi-om 
 the latter \wvi on tlie sixteenth of June, and sighted land again 
 thirty- two <lays Inter, in latitude 54", off the coa^st of Queen 
 (Tharlotte Islantls. Warned by the appearance of the dreaded 
 scurvy among his crew that tlie voyage could not be prolongwl, 
 Perez tui'ned about and coasted along to the southward. For a 
 hundred inih's he tlnis followed the coavSt, enjoying a highly profit- 
 able trade in furs with the natives, who came out to the vessel in 
 great canoes and exchanged sea otter and other valuable skins foi- 
 merest trifles. A storm then drove the Santiago seaward, and she 
 did not again make the land until the ninth of August, when she 
 anchored at the entrance of a deep wattjr bay in latitude 49° 
 and 30/. In the direction of nomenclature the Spaniards were 
 never at a toss, jn'ovided not more than one name Wfis re<[uired 
 {)er day. Whenevei* an oV)ject was discovered of sufficient impor- 
 tance to recjuire chi-istening, the devout Catholic turned to his Roman 
 calendar, and whatever saint was formd t<i have been declared by 
 the Chur(th to be worthy of' special honor upon that day, the name 
 of that canonized mortal wa*< bestowed upon it. Following tliis 
 I'ule Perez discovered Tijat the proper name of this harbor was "San 
 Lorenzo,'' and that name he entered upon his journal and chart. 
 This harbor was afterward re -christened by the English, and is now 
 known as " King George's Sound," or " Nootka Sound." It lies 
 on the west coast of Vancouver Island, »nd was a few yeai's later 
 the scene of an interesting episode wiiich nearly precipitated a 
 bloody conflict l)etAveen Great Bi'itain and Spain. Perez st(>pped 
 for a few days to trade with the natives, of whose intelligence and 
 light complexion he makes special mention '>,nd then continued 
 southward. He observed Mount Olympus, i latitude 47" and 47', 
 which he christened "Santa Rosalia." A few days later he sightfxl 
 
— TWHITifill' T' 
 
 FROM CAPTAIN OAaVKR TO CAPTAIN' COOK. 
 
 79 
 
 Cape Mendocino, whose exact latitiuie he nscertaiucd, and in due 
 time arrived at Monterey, b'<ring by liis Miiy>ei'ficial method added 
 but little to geo<iTaj)hical ki,' svledge. Many yrars afti'iward, when 
 the Straits of Fiu-a had been discovered l)y an Knglish captain, and 
 Spain was eager to prove a prior discovery, Martinez, the pilot of 
 the Smitiago^ declared that he had observed a broa<l o|>t-ning in 
 the coast line between latitudes 48" and 49", and that he had be- 
 stowed his own name upon the point of land at its entrance on 
 the south. Though there wa«i nothing recorded in the journal of 
 the voyage, Spanish geographers accepted this (|Ut-stiunal)le state- 
 ment as worthy of credence, and designated upon their maj)H as 
 "Cape Martinez" the headland now known as "<'aj>e Flatterj.** 
 
 A second expedition waw dispatched the following vf^ar, with in- 
 structions to [n'oceed as far north ax the sixty-fifth parallel. This 
 was composed of two vessels, the Santiaoo, commanded by Bruno 
 Heceta, and j)iloted by Perez, its former captain; and the Sotiora, 
 under Juan de Ayala, whose pih)t was Antonio Maurt-He. A Fi'tnch 
 geographer name< I Bellin had prepared a chart of the Pa«*ific, founded 
 upon printed rep()rts and rumored discoveries made l)y various 
 nations, a chart which was " wondertully and feartuljy made." It i» 
 ilifficult to conceive how such a map ccmld have been pro«lucetl ; 
 certainly nothing but the phosphoi'escent intellect of a Frenchman 
 could haveevohed such a geographical monstrosity. With Bellin's 
 •thart, the latest issuetl, the expU>rers were supplied, and it is a fact 
 far from creditable that Spaniards had made so long a voyage the 
 year before without being able to correct any of its excentricities. 
 The Santiago and Sonera, accompanied by the San Carlos, sailwi 
 frtmi San Bias, March 15, 177."), and pi'oceeded to Monterey. There 
 Ayala was transferred to the San Carlos. Lieutenant Juan Fran- 
 cisco de la Bodega y Quadra succeeding to the conunand of tite 
 Sonora. The latter vessel and the Santiago then sailed from Mod- 
 terey on their voyage ot discovery. On the ninth of June they 
 anchored in an open roadstead some distance north of Cape Men- 
 docino, calling it Port Trinidad for the all -satisfying reason that the 
 day mentioned was dedicated in the calendar to the Holy Trinity. 
 This is the same Bay of Trinidad which caused so much excitf*»ient 
 among the gold himters .n 1850, and the following year IjecAnw the 
 landing place for the devotees of " Ciold Bluff." Having spent nine 
 

 80 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 iiii 
 
 i 
 
 i: :! 
 
 '■ ' 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 t! i 
 
 f i| 
 
 1' 1 
 
 t; - • 
 
 1 
 
 (lays III Trinidad, the vessels again put to sea, and did not sight 
 land again till in latitude 48° and 27', according to their somewhat 
 faulty reckoning, being almost at the entrance of the Straits of Fuca. 
 The Greek pilot had l«»cated his pa.ssageway betAveen latitudes 47° 
 and 48° ; and it being thus indicated on Bellin's chart, the ex- 
 plorers turned to the southward to sear<;h for what waa almost 
 withhi the hoi'izon line on the nortli. Of course they found nothing. 
 The only adventure woi'thy of note in that region, was the killing 
 of se\en of the Soiiora s crew by the Indians. This occurred on the 
 mainland neai* a small island in latitude 47°, which wjis nam . 
 "Isla de Dolores'" (Island of Sorrows), the title, as usual, being 
 dictated by tlie calendar. It was afterward christened "Destruction 
 Island " by an English captain who lost a boat's crew near that 
 point m precisely the same manner. 
 
 Here Ileceta ])ecame alarmed at the ra\'ages the dreaded scm'vy 
 wiis committing, and desu'ed to retui'ii before his crews entii'ely 
 sucvumbed to tlie scourge. He was persuaded to continue the 
 voyage, but a few days later a stonn separate<l the two cons<jrts, 
 and Ileceta at once headed his vessel for Monterey. He observed 
 land in latitude 50°, being the southwest portion of Vancouver 
 Island, but overlooked the Port San Lorenzo of Perez, and the 
 StraitM of Fuca, beginning again the search for the latter in latitude 
 48°. He mtule a great discovery on the fifteenth of August, 
 1775, being no less than the entrance to the Columbia River. 
 While sailing quietly along the coast he suddenly noticed an open- 
 ing in the land from which floAved a stream of water with great 
 force. He endeavored tf) enter, but the current was too strong, and 
 for a whole day he was thus baffled in his efforts to explore what 
 he was satisfied was the channel of a great river, perhaps the Kio 
 de Aguilar, or, possibly, the Straits of Fuca, for which he had >)een 
 so diligently sc^arching. He at last abandoned the effort and sailed 
 again toward Monterey, observing, for the first time, the coast of 
 Oregon with sufficient carefulness to enter upon his jonrnal (piite 
 accurate descriptions. This wax the first time the coast of Oregon 
 was actually explored by the Spaniards, or any other nation, being 
 a year later than the first puldication of Carver's book ('ontaining 
 the word "Oregon," and nineteen years after the journey of which 
 the volume treated. It is plainly evident that the name vv."* not 
 
»^V)Mi^l 
 
 FROM CAPTAIN CAKVEE TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 81 
 
 hestowed by the Spaniards. Upon hin chart Hecseta entered the 
 river he had dincovered not a.s a river, since he had not j)roved it to 
 be such, but as an inlet, calling it "Ensenada de Asuncion/' This 
 name was bestowed for the all-sufficient reason, to a Spaniard, 
 that the fifteenth of August was the da\' of the Assumption. The 
 sixteenth was devoted by the calendar to the glorification of 
 Saint Roc, and he therefore called the promontoiy on the north 
 " Cabo de San Rocpie,'" The calendar having been exhausted he 
 was compelled to bestow a more sensible title uj)on the low point 
 of land on the south, which he christened " Cay)o de Froudoso " 
 (Leafy Cape). Maps made by the Spaniai'ds thereafttsr had in- 
 dicated upon them an indentation in the shore line at this point, 
 vai'iously marked " Ensenada de Heceta " and " Rio de San Roipie," 
 according as the map-maker believed it to be a rivt^i- or sinijdy an 
 inlet. 
 
 While Heceta was making these discoveries Bodega and Mau- 
 relle wei'e still sailing nort:hward in the little Sonora, endeavoring 
 to obey their instructions. It was, apparently, the policy t)f Span- 
 ish explorers to give the land as wide a berth as possible. English 
 navigators ji^ways kept ju* close in shore as circumstances would 
 permit, carefully examining every bay and inlet, making fivc^uent 
 observations and copious entries upon their journals. When their 
 voyage was completed they were prepared to make an approximately- 
 correct map of the coast, accompanied by long and careful descrip- 
 tions. Not so with the Spaniards. They kept well out to sea, 
 sighting land here and there, and when they returned were utterly 
 vmable to report anything save that they hiid sailed to a certain lat- 
 itude and had seen land several times during the voyage. \\h ether 
 the land observed was an island or a portion of the continent, or 
 whether the coast line was continuous, or was much indented with 
 bays and inlets, they could nott^-'l. This, is why the Spaniards, 
 even after the voyages of Per«-/, ileceta and Bodega, were utterly 
 unable to prepare a mnp of the coast wliich wai* the least approadi 
 to the origimil. It was now they began to appi'eciate the beauties . 
 of Bellin's Chart, which hat! been prepared p irtly fi'om the worth- 
 less reports of their predecessoi's, partly from the reports of equally 
 superficial Rui^nian explorers, and partly from imagination. On the 
 sixteenth of August, when the chart assured them they were one 
 
82 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Iniiidred jiiid thirty-live leagues distant from the American shore- 
 
 ?JM.'' ^'"':1'- 
 
 ]' 
 
 I ;ii 
 
 and it is difficult to understand how they could flatter themselves 
 that they were exploring a cotist line which wjis one hundred and 
 thirty-five leagues distant — they sxiddenly discovered land both to 
 the north and east of them. They were then above the fifty-sixth 
 parallel, in tlie vicinity of a huge snow-mantled peak, rising aln'uptly 
 fi'om a headland on the coast, wliich they christened "Mount San 
 Jacinto.'' This is the one named "Monnt Edgecumb" by Captain 
 ('ook, and stands on the chief island of King (reorge III.'s Archi- 
 pelago. Supposing it to be a portit»n of the main land, the Span- 
 iards landed to take p(»ssession in the name of their sovereign. 
 They planted a cross, \\i\h appropriate cei'emonies, and were busily 
 engaged in procuring a supply of fish and fresh water, when they 
 were sutldenly interrupted l)y the native prt)prietors. The cross 
 \vas \iprt)oted in scorn and those who had erected it ^^■ere given to 
 understand that a hasty departure would be agreeable, though they 
 were not permitted to nuike so much haste that payment for the 
 fish and water Wfis neglected. Thus ended the first effoi't of Spain 
 to take pi>ssession of the coa.st north of California. They then 
 continued their northwjird journey as far as latitude 58°, when 
 Boclegi) decided to l)egin the homeward voyage and explore the 
 coast line more thoroughly. They searched carefully for the Rio 
 de los Reyes ius far south a*i latitude 54", but did not find it; nor 
 would they have found it had it been in existence, since Admiral 
 Fonte located his wondei"ful stream under the fifty-third parallel. 
 They landed again «>n the twenty-fourth of August, in a little iiarbor 
 on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island, where they took pos- 
 session without intei-ference fi'om the Indians, and named the place 
 " Port Bucareli," in honor of the Viceroy xuider whose directions 
 they were acting, and whose proud pi-ivilege it wa« to pay the ex- 
 penses of the voyage. Occasional!}' obsei'ving the coast s»)uth <>f 
 this point, they began again, in latitude 45", to scrutinize the 
 Oregon shore in spurch of Aguihir's Kiver, and though they oh- 
 . served several streams of water entering the sea, they were not of 
 sufficient magnitude to indicate a large stream, such a*» Agiiilar re- 
 ported having seen near the forty-tliii'd parallel in l^^^y^. They 
 did, however, obsei've a promineni headland answering Aguilar's 
 description of (.'ape Blanco. Their next Ntoppiug place was in a hay 
 
 
FBOM CAPTAIN CARVER TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 83 
 
 which the Sonora entered on the third of October, and which Bo- 
 dega supposed wa!'" the Bay of San Francisco. He h^arned hiter 
 that it was a much smaller one lying a little further north, and this 
 has ever since been known as Bodega Bay. 
 
 These three voyages justly entitled Spain to a claim to the entire 
 coast from Cape Mendocino to Mount San Jacinto by title of explt)- 
 ration. If that title was of any value, it belonged to Spain ; but in 
 these modern times, possession is a far stronger title than simple 
 discovery, and the United States found the claim ac(juired from 
 Spain hard to defend against England's actual possession of the soil. 
 In fact, had she depended upon it at all Oregon woidd now Ije a 
 province of Great Britain. Accounts of these impoi-tant voyages 
 did not reach the public through the medium of the press; yet the 
 fact that the Spaniards had made several important voyages in the 
 Pacific, and were evidently seeking to take possession of the entire 
 coast, soon became known in England, and created great uneasi- 
 ness. She could nbt stand supinely by and see her ancient enemy 
 secure a territory which she iiad coveted for }'ears, ever since the 
 marauding expedition of Sii- Francis Drake two centuries l)efore, 
 but which, as yet, she had made no direct effort to reach fi'om the 
 Pacific side. This year, 1776, -saw England involved in war with 
 her colonies on the Atlantic Coast, yet she was n(me the less eager 
 to plant nev\- ones at the other extremity of the continent. Her 
 pjission for acquiring broad teiTitorial dependencies could not be 
 checked by her unpleasant experiences with the confederate coloyiies 
 who had just declared themselves free and independent, it is 
 rhis policy of colonial aggrandizement, systematically maintained 
 through loi)g series of years, which has made hei- the center of an 
 empii'e up(m which the sun never sets, and in which her "moi'ning 
 drum beat follows the course of the siui in one continuous roll 
 around the world." Parliament at once renewed her offer made in 
 1745, of a reward of iJ2(),0(>0 for the discovery of the Nt)rthwest 
 Passage, though not limiting it to exploration in Hudson's Bay. 
 The reward was offered to any vessel, sailing in any direction, 
 through jmy straits connecting the Atlantic with the distant Pacific, 
 north of latitude 52°. 
 
 This was inimical to the business interests of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, and consequently was productive of no greater results* 
 
84 
 
 HI8TCHY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 
 than the former one. The Admiralty had by this time become 
 satisfied tliat it Nvas useless t(j seek for the passage on the Atlantic 
 side, since all their efforts were in some manner rendered abortive; 
 ' and they decided to dispatch an expedition to the Pacific to search 
 for the passage on that side, and to learn, if possible, the extent of 
 S])anish and Russian occupation. For this important task the most 
 renowned navigator of his time was selected, Captain James Cook, 
 whose i'ec(^nt extensive explorations in the Soiith Sea and Indian 
 Ocean, extending into the Antarctic regions, had been so thoroughly 
 and intelligently conducted that little was left for his successoi-s to 
 accomplish in the same field. It was vitally necessary that this 
 means of entering the Pacific be discovered if England would plant 
 colonies in this region, for conmmnication with them by way of the 
 Horn or Cape of Good Hope would be too long and uncertain. 
 The public gaze was centered upon Captain Cook, and during the 
 foiu' years that passed between the departure and return of his 
 vessels, the gallant navigator and his mission were not forgotten, 
 even amid the exciting incidents of the conflict in America' and the 
 graver [)olitical complications in Eui'ope. The expedition was com- 
 posed of two vessels — the Resolution^ a craft which had just taken 
 Cook ai'ound the world, and a consort named the Discovery^ com- 
 manded by Captain C'harles Clerke. In every particulai" the vessels 
 were fitted for the woi-k expected of them. Charts were pre- 
 pared, embracing all the geographical knowledge of the time, 
 except that recently gained by the Spaniards, the details of which 
 had not yet been received in England. This left a comparative 
 blank in the Pacific between latitudes 4.^", the northern limit 
 of Aguilai-'s voyage, and 5()°, the most southerly point o\\ the 
 coast reached by the Russian explorers. In this were indicated 
 three important objects— the great rivei- supposed to exist some- 
 where within those limits, tlie Straits of Fuca and the River of 
 Kings. Cook's instructi(jns were very minute and particular. 
 England was involveil in war with lier Amei-ican colonies, while 
 her old enemies, France and Spain, seemed .•il»()ut to add material 
 aid to the open encouragement they gave the struggling rebels. It 
 wa»J iLcumbent upon her to do nothing whatever to incur the open 
 hoHtility of these warlike nations, or to even give them a plausible 
 excuse for dedai'ing a war which the}' seemed more than willing to 
 
FROM CAPTAIN CARVER TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 85 
 
 embark in. To tlui.s send an expedition into waters whicli Spain 
 had for centnries looked upon as her own special inheritance, and 
 to explore a coast line which she had just visited and formally 
 taken possession of, was a delicate matter, and Captain Cook was 
 relied upon to do nothing to offend the Spaniards or antagonize the 
 Russians, wlioni he was expected to encountei- on the coast of 
 Alaska. He was instructed to first reach the coast of New Albion, 
 for such the English still called California, in latitude 45°, and 
 was "strictly enjoined on his way thither, not to touch u})on any 
 part of the Spanish dominions on the western continent of America, 
 unless driven to it V)y some unavoidal)le accident; in which case 
 he should stay no longei' than shoidd be al)solutely netiessary, and 
 to be very careful not to give any umbrage or offense to any of 
 the inhabitants or subjects of his Catholic majesty. And if, in his 
 further progress noi'thward, he should meet any subjects of any 
 European prince or state (referring to the Russians), upon any 
 part of the coast which he might think pro[)er to visit, he was not to 
 disturl) them or gi\e them just cause of offense, Imt, on the con- 
 trary, to treat them with civility and friendship." He was also 
 instructed to examuie the coast thoi'oughly, and " with the consent 
 of the natives, to take possession in the name of the King of Great 
 Britain, of c<mvenient stations in such countries as he might dis- 
 cover ^/ta/ had not been already discovci'ed or visited by any other 
 European pozver. and to distribute among the inhabitants such 
 things a^ would remain as traces of his having \)w\\ there; but if 
 he should iind the ccmntries so discovered to l»e uninhabited, he was 
 to take possession of them for his sovereign, l)y setting up ])roper 
 marks and descriptions, sis first discoverers and j)ossessors.'' 
 
 A literal adherence to these instructions woidd have barred Cook 
 fi'oni the whole coast, since Spanish explorers had visited and taken 
 fm'mal possession at vari(>us iK)ints but the year before. It was 
 generally sup})osed that the ocean Ilearne had discovered at the 
 mouth of the Coppermine River was identical with the Pacific, and 
 that as progression was made northward the coast would be found 
 trending sharply to the east, the region occupied by the Russians 
 being a sea of islands lying much to the westward of the main land 
 of America. Begiiming when he first espied land, he was to search 
 for Aguilar's River, or the (xreat River of the West, then in latitude 
 
 m. 
 
 fli 
 
 > I . 
 
8« 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTK VALLEY. 
 
 m 
 
 irt 
 
 4><°, to look for the Straits of Fuca, aiul near the fifty-third 
 parallel to hunt for Fonte's Rio de los Reyes. Ui)(5n reaching the 
 Hi.Kty -fifth parallel he was expected to find the coast trending rai)i(lly 
 northeastward towards tlie mouth of the Coppermine; and from that 
 point he was to explore carefully " such rivers or inlets as might 
 appear to be of considerable extent and pointing toward Hudson's 
 or Baffin's bays." Through all such he was to endeavor to pass, 
 either in his large vessels or in smaller ones to be constructed foi- 
 that purpose from materials taken with him for that emergency. 
 If, however, he discovered that the Pacific and North Sea were not 
 identical, and that the coast line turned westward or held a north- 
 ward coui'se, he waw to continue on to the Russian settlements at 
 Kamtchatka, and fi'om that poinf sailed nt)i'thward " in further 
 search for a northeast or northwest passage from the Pacific Ocean 
 into the Atlanti'* or North Sea." Cook certainly had a gigantic 
 task before him. 
 
 On the twelfth of July, 1770, eight days after the beil of In- 
 dependence Hall had rung out to the world the glad tidings that a 
 free people had pledged "their lives, their fortunes and their sacred 
 honor" in the cause of liberty, Cook sailed from Plymouth on his 
 mission. He rounded the Cape of Grood Hope and spent nearly 
 a year in exploring the coast of Van Dieman's Land, New Zea- 
 land, and the Fi'iendly and Society groups t^f islands. It was not 
 until the eighteenth of January, 1778, that he encountered the 
 Hawaiian group of islands, making thus one of the most important 
 discoveries in the Pacific. Upon these he bestowed the name of 
 " Sandwich Islands," in courtesy to the First Lord of the Admiralty. 
 After a brief stay at this mid-ocean refuge, he resumed his course 
 eastward, and on the seventh of March espied the coast of New 
 Albion, near the forty-fourth parallel. This was the coast of 
 Oregon in the vicinity of the U mpqua River. After being forced by 
 headwinds a« far south as Rogue River, he sailed a northerly course 
 well out to sea, and did not again see land until he reached latitude 
 48°, To the prominent headland he then saw he gave the name 
 " Cape Flattery," because of the encouraging condition of affairs. 
 
 Immediately north of Cape Flattery lay the Straits of Fuca, but 
 on his chart the passage supposed to have been discovered by the 
 old Greek pilot was indicated as lying south of the forty-eighth par- 
 
 w$ 
 
KHOM CAI'TAIN ("ARVKK TO OAl'TAIN COOK, 
 
 87 
 
 allel ; and .so he coHHted southward to find it, little imagining that wiiat 
 he .souifht WHS "."'tliiii a few mih's of him, and that he was deli)>er- 
 ately tui-ninu; Iiis i aek upon it. Naturally he was unsuccessful in 
 his search, and concluded that no such ])assage existed. He then 
 sailed north, passing directly l)y the entrance to. the straitw without 
 observing them, and cast anchor in Nootka Sound, uua\mre that it 
 was the one which Pei-ez had entered a few years before and named 
 " Port San Lorenzo"; in fact, he was unaccjuainted with any of the 
 particulars of the recent Spanish voyages. This port he at first 
 called "St. George's Sound," but soon changed the name to "Noot- 
 ka," the proper Indian title. The natives were very intelligent, 
 possessed co})per, iron and lirass, and were familiar with the methods 
 of working them. They were extremely friendly and bartered val- 
 uable furs for triuk(4s of any kind, prefe.iing metal to anything 
 else. The vessels were constantly suri-ounded !;y a fleet of canoes, 
 whose occupants had come for many milei* along the coast for the 
 piu'pose of seeing the wdiite stn.iigers and trading \vith them. Here 
 he lay nearly a month, repairing his vessels and permitting the sea- 
 men to recover from the effects of their long voyage. About the 
 first of April he resumed his northwai-d course. In the vicinity of 
 the fifty-third parallel he intended to search foi' Admiral Fonte's 
 River of Kings, but was driven to sea by a gale and did not again 
 see land until considerably north of that point. This did not appear 
 to him in the light of a disaster, for his journal says: "For my 
 own part I gave no credit to such vague and improbable stories, that 
 convey their own confutation along with them; nevertlieless, 1 was 
 very desirous of keeping the American coast al)oard, in order to clear 
 up this point beyond dispute." From the fifty-fifth parallel, where 
 he again saw land, he continued noi-th, in full view of the coast, 
 o])serving the jjeak called " San Jacinto " hy Bodega, but which 
 he named " Kdgecumb"; discovci-ing and naming Mount Fair- 
 weather, and on the foui'th of May reaching an immense snow peak, 
 standing near the watei"'s edge, Avhich lie at once recognizetl as the 
 Mount St. Elias discovered by Hehriug. 
 
 The sharp westward trend of the coast from this point led Cook 
 to begin there a careful search for the Straits of Anian, which he 
 hoped to find leading northward into the North Sea, the existence 
 of which Hearne had vei-lfied, or eastward into Hudson's or Hafhn's 
 
 iM t' 
 
 i\ 
 
88 
 
 HIHTORY OF ^VILLAMBTTK VALLEY. 
 
 ^■'* 
 
 I. '■■■ I 
 
 Bay. The RusHian chartH showed this to Ik* the end of the Ameri- 
 can continent, all to tlie westward Wing a vast sea of islands; con- 
 seijuently he had good reasons for expecting to find a passage into 
 tlje North Sea. He began a diligent search, exploring carefully all 
 liays and inlets along the eojist. Prince AN'illianrs Sound and 
 Cook's Iidet received special attention, and on his map are very 
 accurately laid down. The latter he at iirst supposed to be a 
 river, and called it " Cook's River," but the error was soon discov- 
 ered. Unsuccessful in finding the desire<l passage in either of these 
 favorable localitieH, he continued westward, and soon found the 
 coast trending toward the southwest. His carefid explorations con- 
 vinced him that this region was by no means a sea of islands, but 
 that the American continent " extended much further to the west 
 than, from the modern most reputa}>le charts, he had reason to 
 expect," and that the Russians had been extremely supei^ficial in 
 their explorations. He determined to abandon his present effort 
 and to follow the coast line to its termination, and then to enter 
 Behring's Straits. On the nineteeenth of June he fell in with the 
 Schumagim Islands, where he saw the first tokens of Russian prea- 
 '3nce in that region. One of the many natives who swarmed about 
 the vessel possessed a piece of paper, upon which was writing 
 which lie conceived to be in the Russian language. When he had 
 passed the Aleutian Islands, he sailed around them to the north, 
 and then returned eastward, soon reaching the large island of 
 Ounalaska, where he remained five days without encountering any 
 Russians, though he knew this to be an important station in the fur 
 trade. On the second of July he resumetl his search for an east- 
 ward pjissage, sailing northerly along the west coa-st of the Alaskan 
 Peninsula. He reached a point on the ninth of August which he 
 properly concluded was the extreme northwestern corner of America, 
 since the coast beyond trended steadily to the east^vard. This he 
 named "Cape Prince of Wales." He then crossed Behring's 
 Strait and followed the Asiatic Coast on the Arctic side as far as 
 Cape North, in latitude 68° and 56'. Returning to the American 
 side, he proceeded beyond Cape Prince of AVales until his progress 
 was aiTested by the ice in latitude 70° and 29'. This point he 
 named " Icy Cape," and then returned to Ounalaska, where he found 
 a few Russian fur traders who were greatly surprised to learn how 
 
 if If 
 
 ;,. I all 
 
PKOM CAPTAIN OARVKR TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 89 
 
 erroneous had been the opiniouH they entertained of the geography 
 of the North Pacific. From Ounalaska he Hailed directly to the 
 Sandwich Islanils, where he spent the winter. 
 
 On the sixteenth of February, 1779, while preparing to renew 
 his voyage, he was slain in an unfortunate encoimter with the 
 natives of Hawaii, and notwithstanding the fact that every museum 
 in England and America has on exhibition "the club that killed 
 Captain Cook," it is a well authenticated fact that he was slain with 
 a spear. The command now devolved upon Captain Clerke, whose 
 ill health seriously affected the future movements of the expedition. 
 The loss of Cook was a calamity. (Uerke saile<l in March, with the 
 design of pushing still further eastward in the North Sea, and, if 
 possible, passing by that route into the Atlantic. On his way he 
 entered the Bay of Avatscha, and cast anchor in the Harbor of 
 Petropnulovski, the chief settlement of Kamtchatka. The Russian 
 officials received the visitors with great courtesy, being glad of an 
 op])ortunity to learn of the geographical discoveries the English- 
 men had made. The vo3'age was then resuuied,' but ignorance of 
 the climatic peculiarit'es of the Arctic region had led him to under- 
 take the passage too early in the Spring. The consequence was 
 that he was prevented by ice fi'om progressing even as far as the 
 season before, and returned to Petropaulovski with the conviction 
 that no northei'n passage existed between the Atlantic and Pa- 
 cific oceans. Being in ill health, Clerke lay at anchor in the 
 Russian harbor imtil the twenty-second of August, when he died. 
 The command of the expedition then devolved upon Lieutenant 
 John (xore, who sailed at once for England by the way of Canton 
 and the Cape of Good Plope, deeming his vessels unfit to encounter 
 another season in the Arctic. 
 
 The object of going to Canton was to dispose of a large collec- 
 tion of furs both the men and officers had made, chieiiy by trading 
 for them with the natives of Nootka Sound. They had not been 
 purchased for market, nor had they lieen selected according to theii* 
 commercial value, and many had lieen rendered unsala))le by being 
 used for clothing and l>eds. It was only when the Russians offered 
 a large price for them that they realized the value of what they 
 possessed; but as the traders had inadvertently told them what 
 great profits they made by shipping furs to Canton, they declined 
 
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 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 '>, 
 
 to sell, preferring to take them to the better mai'ket. For this 
 miscellaneous collection of fill's the Chinese paid them $10,000. 
 The men became excited at the prospect. The thought of return- 
 ing to England without engaging for a time in the fur trade made 
 them rebellious, notwithstanding they had been afloat over three 
 years. As the narrative of the voyage says, they became " possessed 
 with a rage to return to the northern coast, and, by another cargo 
 of slans, to make their foi-tunes, which was, at one time, not far 
 from mutiny." The rebellious crew waw rnluced to subordination, 
 and the homeward voyage was resumed. 
 
 It was early in October, 1780, that the Resolution and Discovery 
 reached England, after an absence of four years and three months, 
 during which time the country had been engaged in war with her 
 American ','olonies and her two imiuemorial enemies across the chan- 
 nel. Cook and his exjiedition hau almost become forgotten in the 
 excitement of current events, and the return of the vessels with in- 
 telligence of the death of the two senior commandei-s and of the 
 geographical discoveries which had been made, was an unexpected 
 surprise. Until the complications of war were removed, England 
 had neither time nor inclination to attempt further discoveries or 
 plant new colonies, and so the Lords of Admiralty pigeon-holed the 
 official record of the voyage, to be published after the conclusion of 
 peace. They could not seal the lips of the seamen, who scattered 
 about the xcory of their adventures, and the wondei-ful piofits to be 
 gained in ouying furs for nothing fi'om the Indians on the American 
 side of the Pacific, and selling them for a great deal to the Chinese 
 on the Asiatic side. One of these seamen, Jolui Ledyard, an Amer- 
 ican, endeavored to influence American and French capitalistw in a 
 fur enterprise, but unsuccessfully. He then conceived the idea of 
 traveling aroand the world by way of Rusnia, Siberia, the Pacific 
 and America. 'Having securtd a passport fi'om the Empress of 
 Russia, he traveled as far as Irkutsk, when he Avajs arrested, con- 
 ducted to the Polish frontier and released upon the condition that 
 he never again enter the empire. This arbitrary act is ascribetl to 
 the influence of the Rusvsiau fur monopoly, which did not relish the 
 idea of foreigners prying into their business. 
 
 While Cook's ve^els were lying at Hawaii, and only nine days 
 before the famous commander was killed, another Spanish expedi- 
 
 tion saile 
 was not 
 were unj 
 the govei 
 cally tha 
 preparati 
 manded 
 The rout< 
 Bodega a 
 had not 1 
 coast-line 
 searching 
 were by i 
 Arteaga 
 and hard^ 
 iliscourag 
 ance of sc 
 to San BIj 
 of his expl 
 his associfl 
 satisfied oj 
 involved i 
 tion until 
 
 % 
 
FROM CAPTAIN OARVKR TO CAPTAIN COOK. 
 
 91 
 
 tion sailed on a voyage of discovery in the North Pacific. This 
 veas not caused by Cook's movements, for the Spanish atithorities 
 were unaware of his presence in the Pacific, but was the result of 
 the government's desire to examine the northern regions more criti- 
 cally than Bodega and Heceta had dcme. After three years of 
 preparation the Princess and Favorita sailed — the former com- 
 manded by Ignacio Arteaga and the latter ))y Bodega and Maurelle. 
 The route of the vessels was much the same as that traversed by 
 Bodega and Cook, and nothing of uuportance was noticed which 
 had not been seen by those explorei-s. AVhen they oliserved the 
 coast-line beyond Mount St. Elias to trend westward, they began 
 searching for the Straits of Anian, jis had Cook the year before, but 
 were l)y no means as thorough oh the English navigator had been. 
 Arteaga lacked the quality of perseverance xuider disappointment 
 and hardships which is so necessary to the successful explorer, and 
 •liscouraged by his want of success, and frightened by the appear- 
 ance of scurvy symptoms among his crew% ordered the vessels liack 
 to San Bias. Instead of being reprimanded for the superficial nature 
 of his explorations, his faulty observations and useless charts, he and 
 his associates were rewarded by promotion. Spain was now well 
 satisfied of the extent and value of the coast to the north, but being 
 involved in war was compelled to postpone any effort at coloniza- 
 tion until her foreign complications were at an end. 
 
 % !* 
 
 :r! 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 SPAIN'S SUPREMACY IN THE PACIFIC OVERTHROWN. 
 
 Ttie Ruasiun-American Trading Company — France sends La Peroitse 
 to the Pacific — James Hanna makes the First Voyage in the Fv/r 
 Trade from England — England'' s Short-sighted Policy of Granting 
 Monopoly Charters — The East India Company and, South Sea Com- 
 pany — Their Conflicting Interests Leads to the Organization of the 
 King George's Sound Company — Belief that North America above 
 Latitude 49° was an Archipelago of Huge Islands — First Voyage of 
 Captain Meares — His Terrible Winter on the Alaskan Coast— Cap- 
 tain Barclay Discovers the Straits of Fuca — Meg,res Engorges in the 
 Fur Trade under the Portuguese Flag — He Builds the Schooner 
 ^'■Northwest America''^ at Nootka So^md — Explores the Straits of 
 Fuca — His Unsuccessful Search for the Bio de San Bogus — Decep- 
 tion Bay avd Cape Disappointment — Ths United States Enters the 
 Contest for Control of tlie Pacific Coast — The ^^Columbia liediviva" 
 emd "Lady Washington " — The Lai':}' Attacked by Indians, and the 
 Former Supplies Spain toith an Opportunity to Promulgate her Doc- 
 trine of Exclusive Bights in the Pacific Martinez sent to Explore 
 the Coast and Investigate the Bussians—His Beport of Bussian 
 Operations Causes Spain to Send a Bemonstrance to the Empress — 
 Martinez Fortifies Nootka. and Takes Possession in the Nams of the 
 King of Spain — He Seizes the "Iphigenia " and '^'^ Northwest Ameri- 
 ca'''' — Colnett and Hudson arrive i.i She "Argonauf aiid. '■'■Princess 
 Boyal" — Are made Prisoners by Martinez and sent to Mexico — 
 The Prisoners Beleased and Vessels Bestored — Controversy between 
 England and Spain Terminated by the Nootka Convention — Stipu- 
 lations of the Treaty Displease both Parties. 
 
 THE first to avail themselves of the discoveries made by Cook 
 were the Russians They were not embroiled in war with any 
 nation contending for supremacy in America, nor with any other 
 
 power \ 
 opened 
 they res 
 skimmin 
 pany w« 
 sent froi 
 main lai 
 were coi 
 Alajska 
 Unitetl 
 
 Thtt 
 the Trea 
 winter o 
 " yarns " 
 lation to 
 take atlv 
 French g 
 na\ngato] 
 of the no 
 by Cook, 
 to obtain 
 whether, 
 not be fo 
 La Peroii 
 reached t 
 After ren 
 ward, mil 
 where tht 
 not on th 
 the coast, 
 his vessel 
 and his j( 
 explorers 
 the world 
 
 Thefi 
 Hanna, a 
 port of M 
 and disp( 
 
SPAIN 8 SUPREMACY IN THE FACIFIC OVERTHROWN. 
 
 93 
 
 power which could attack theii' Pacific potweasious. Cook's voyage 
 opened their eyes to the natui'e and value of the fur regions, and 
 they resolved to enter deeply into that which they luwl ]>een simply 
 skimming for forty yeai's. The Russian- Amencan Trailing Com- 
 pany was organized in 1781. Two yeaix later three vessels were 
 sent from Petropaulovski, to establish stations on the islands and 
 main land as far east us Prince William's Sound. Three yeai's 
 Avere consiuned in this work. Th ; hold Russia then took ui)ou 
 Alaska was not relaxed until that region was purchased by the 
 United States nearly a century later (in 18H7) for $7,2()(),U()(). 
 
 The first oflicial voyage made by the ccmtending nations, after 
 the Treaty of Ghent was signed, was sent out by France, In the 
 winter of 1784-5 Cook's joimial was published, and though the 
 "yarns" of his sailors had been freely circidated, this wan a reve- 
 lation to the people, and caused much eagerness to be displayed ti> 
 take advantage of the golden opportiuiity therein ^'ointed out. The 
 French government immediately dispatched a skillful and scientific 
 naxigator, named La Perouse, with instructions to "exph)re the parts 
 of the northwestern coast of America which hail not been examined 
 by Cook, and of which the Russian accounts gave no idea, in order 
 to obtain infonnation respecting the fui' traile, and also to learn 
 whether, in those luiknown parts, some river or internal sea might 
 not be found communicating with Hudson's Bay, or Baffin's Bay." 
 La Perouse sailed in 1785, aud on the twenty -third of June, 178(), 
 reached the American Coast in the vicinity of Mount Fairweather. 
 After remaining several weeks at anchor, he proceeded slowly south- 
 ward, minutely examining the coast, and discovering that the places 
 where the English and Spanish explorei-s had formerly landed were 
 not on the main land, l)Ut on a long range of islands which fi'inge 
 the coast. For this imi)ortant ilisc,overy he received no credit, as 
 his vessels were wreckeil in the New Hebrides on the return voyage, 
 and his journal was not published for ten years, long after other 
 explorers had discovereil the same facts and made them known to 
 the world. 
 
 The first successful venture in the fur trade was made by James 
 llanna, an Englishman, who sailed from the Portuguese East India 
 port of Macao, in 1 785, secured a load of fui-s at Nootka Sound, 
 and disposed of them in China for $20,000. The next year he 
 
94 
 
 HIBTORT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 repeated the voyage, but found that other traders had arrived, 
 whose competition prevented the securing of a good cargo; also, 
 that the Chinese market was glutted with this avalanche of furs. 
 There was no profit in the business that year. Englan ^ adopted 
 an extremely short-sighted policy in her treatment of the Pacific 
 question, and suiTendered her claims into the hands of private 
 monopolies. A century before, eager to discover the long-sought 
 Northwest Passage, she chai-tered the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 gi'anting it almost royal power, and conferring upon it absolute 
 dominion in that vast region whose watei-s fall into Hudson's Bay. 
 Two centuries have gone by and it is still a wilderness. In her 
 an.viety to command the commerce of the Pacific, and plant her 
 foot on the western shore of America, she again committed the 
 fatal error of delegating her powers to private and selfish 
 monopolies. At that time the East India Company was already 
 firmly e>*tHl dished in India, and had laid well the foundation of 
 that power which has since «dded the title of " Empress of the 
 Indies "' to the crown of England. To this gigantic corjioration 
 was granted the monopoly of all trade with the ports of Asia and 
 adjacent islands — all other subjects of Great Britain being prohib- 
 ited from trading under severe penalties. A new association, 
 called the " South Sea Company," was chartered, upon which was 
 conferred the exclusive privilege of trade on the American Coast. 
 Thus was the whole commerce of the Pacific, so far as England 
 was concerned, given into the hands of two corporations, and all 
 other subjects of Great Britain, no matter how eager they might be 
 to embark in the fur trade and explore the unknown mysteries of 
 the great South Sea, were debaiTed fi'om so «loing. No English 
 ships could pass around Cape Horn save those of the South Sea 
 Company, while the ensign of the powerful East India Company 
 must fly at the mast head of every British vessel that doublet! the 
 Cape of Good Hojje. It was of course the supposition that these 
 two coi'porations, being rich and powerful, would at once embark 
 in the fur trade on an extensive scale, and, as the representatives 
 of the British crown, would lay as broad and deep a foundation for 
 English power on the American Coast and the Islands of the 
 Pacific, as one of them had already done in the laud of the Brah- 
 mins. Such vas not the caae, owing primarily to the conflicting 
 
 interests 
 but fi'oui 
 Company 
 rival asso 
 situated ; 
 ports, it 
 One cont 
 neither c( 
 companie 
 King Ge( 
 1785, an 
 enabling 
 auspices. 
 George a 
 and Dixci 
 Chinese : 
 fur. Tw 
 and whic 
 and Dixo 
 Sea Com] 
 it had for 
 street, am 
 clutches 
 These 
 La Perou 
 of Nootki 
 not porti 
 regicrti oci 
 whole noi 
 continent 
 gion, and 
 to reach 
 later by ( 
 ing the b 
 be Avide \ 
 water, an 
 wliales jti 
 of these t 
 
iw^ 
 
 Spain's supremacy in thk pacific ovkrthrown. 
 
 95 
 
 interests of the two companies. The givat fur market was China, 
 but fi'om tlie poi'ts of that company the ships of the South Sea 
 Company were debaireil by tlie exclufive trade privileges of the 
 rival association. Nor was the East India Company more happily 
 situated; with complete control of Enghuid's commerce in Asiatic 
 ports, it was excluded fi'om the fur-producing coast of America. 
 One controlled the stmrce of suj)ply and the other the market, and 
 neither could accomplish anything. The chasm between tlie rival 
 cfmipanies wjis bridged l>y the organization of a third one — the 
 King (xeorge's Sound Company. This jiKsociation Avas f<.>rmed in 
 1785, and wa.s gianted special permits from both monopolies, 
 enabling it to end)ark in the Pacific fur trade untler favorable 
 auspices. Two vessels were dis[)atched by this company, the A'/«^ 
 George and Queen Charlotte^ commanded by Captains Portlock 
 and Dixon. They traded two years without paying expenses, the 
 Chinese market having been flooded by this sudden shower of 
 fur. Two other vessels sent the next year by the same company, 
 and which reache<l Nootka in 1787, prior to the return of Portlock 
 and Dixon to England, were eipially unsuccessful, and the South 
 Sea Company suddenly collapsetl. Shares in the company, which 
 it had formally taken fortunes \m j>urchjwe, were thrown into the 
 street, and the projectoi*s of the enterprise barely escaped the rude 
 clutches of a mob. The South Sea Bubble was completely bureted. 
 These tradei-s, in passing up and down the coast, learne<i what 
 La Perouse had discovered two years before — that all points north 
 of Nootka yet N-isited by tradei-s ami explorei-s, were but islands and 
 not portions of the main land. The former Russian idea of the 
 region occupie<l by them was revived, and extended to embrace the 
 whole northern portion of America. It wa.s conceived that not a 
 continent, but an immense archipelago of islands occupied that re- 
 gion, and that through the channels separating them it was possible 
 to reach the Atlantic. This idea was also supportetl two years 
 later by Captain Meares, who assigned as one of his reasons for hold- 
 ing the belief, that "the channels of this archipelago were found to 
 be Avide and capacious, with near two hundred fathoms deep of 
 water, and huge promontories stretching out into the sea, where 
 whales and sea-ottei-s were seen in incredible abundance. In some 
 of these channelH there are islands of ice, which we may venture to 
 
 r» 
 
 1 
 
96 
 
 HISTORT OV WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 say could never have formed on the western side of America, which 
 poHsesweH a mild and moilerate climate; so that their existence can 
 not be reconciled to any other idea, than that they received their 
 formation in the eastern seas, and have been drifted by the tides 
 and currents through the passage for whose existence we are con- 
 tending." He was not awai'e that the Alaska glaoiere were con- 
 stantly dropping fi'ozen offerings into the sea. A few yeai-s later 
 Captain Vancouver demonstrated the fallacy of this theoiy, and 
 gave us the first connect idea of the American continent with its 
 coast fringe of islands. 
 
 In 178() the gi'eat East India Company, either having made some 
 conunercial aiTangement with the South Sea Company, or purposely 
 infiiuging upon the chartered rights of the rival organization, dis- 
 patched two small vessels to the American Coast for furs. They 
 met with sufficient success to encourage the company to engage in 
 the })usiue8s on a larger scale; consequently, two vessels were fitted 
 out, the Nootka and Sea-Otter^ in 1787, and dispatched to Nootka 
 Sound, which was then the obiective point of all fur traders. The 
 former was under the command of Captain John Meares, a foi-mer 
 lieutenant of the royal navy, and the latter by Lieutenant Walter 
 Tipping. 
 
 The Sea-Otter followed the Japan Curi'ent until she reached the 
 Aleutian Islahds, and then coasting along eastward arrived at Prince 
 WiUiam's Sound. Thus far was she traced by her consort, but be- 
 yond that point her ' movements never were known, nor was she 
 ever heard fi'om again. She was probably swamped in mid ocean, 
 for had she been wrecked on the coast some traces of her would 
 have been discovered by the natives and reported to the traders. 
 The Nootka followed the same general course, and came to anchor 
 in Prince William's Sound about the firet of October, Captain Meares 
 designing to spend the winter in that port and resume the voyage 
 along the coast in the spring. Unacquainted with the climatic con- 
 ditions, he had selected a place sufficiently removed fi'om the path 
 of the Japan Current and its ))ranches to be practically beyond its 
 influences, and thus a place where all the rigors of an Arctic winter 
 prevailed. During October, November and even December, the 
 climate was generally pleasant and always endurable, Init there sud- 
 denly came a change. All the chilling winds of the Borean cave 
 
 were unc 
 
 in icy fet 
 
 Indians ( 
 
 quickly f 
 
 face, 8av( 
 
 head abo 
 
 and then 
 
 mountain 
 
 nal shado 
 
 food and 
 
 scurvy, w 
 
 three diec 
 
 others we 
 
 last, in M 
 
 animals a 
 
 health ani 
 
 sun, the a 
 
 heartened 
 
 the death 
 
 Sandwich 
 
 by these ti 
 
 the Pacific 
 
 merce of '. 
 
 Anoth( 
 
 rial Eagh 
 
 commands 
 
 name is p( 
 
 couver Isli 
 
 age but th 
 
 sought an( 
 
 north of ti 
 
 he claimed 
 
 southward 
 
 simply enl 
 
 course, anc 
 
 Dolores, w 
 
 before at t 
 
 met a simil 
 
1 1 '\ 
 
 SPAIN 8 8UPBEMA0Y IN THE PACIFIC OVERTHROWN. 
 
 97 
 
 were unchained, and howled about the vessel, which was soon >>ound 
 in icy fetters and buried beneath the drifting snow. The migratory 
 Indians disappeared in seai'ch of a more agreea))le Hbcnle, and were 
 quickly followed by all animal <and aquatic life. The sun hid it» 
 face, save for a few moments at midday, when it seemed tc) raise its 
 head above the horizon to cast a derisive glance upon the siifferei's, 
 and then quickly disappeared. Meares' journal says : " Tremendous 
 mountains forbade almost a sight of the sky, and cast their noctur- 
 nal shadows over the ship in the midst of day." De))rived of proper 
 food and exercise, the imprisoned crew were quickly attacked with 
 scurvy, whose horrible ravages it was impossible to check. Twenty- 
 three died during the four months of their imprisonment, while th«^ 
 others were rendered so feeble as to be unfit to pei-form duty. At 
 last, in May, the ice released the vessel from its confining grasp; 
 animals and bii-ds returned, the natives again appeared, and won t<^) 
 health and strength by fresh food and the invigorating rays of the 
 sun, the aflfticted crew were soon ready to resume the voyage. Dis- 
 heartened by his terrible experience, and rendered short-handed by 
 the death of so many of his seamen, Meai-s sailed in June for the 
 Sandwich Islands, and from there proceeded to China. Discouraged 
 by these two disastrous voyages, the East India Company abandoned 
 the Pacific fur trade and confined its attention to the enormous com- 
 merce of India. 
 
 Another vessel was engaged in the fur trade in 1787, the Impe- 
 rial Eagle^ belonging to the Austrian East India Company, and 
 commanded by Captain Barclay, or Berkeley, an Englishman whose 
 name is perpetuated in Barclay Sound, on the west coast of Van- 
 couver Island. Nothing is remarkable in connection with this voy- 
 age but the discovery of what was then believed to be the much 
 sought and generally uncredited Straits of Fuca. only a few miles 
 north of the location assigned by the old Greek pilot to the passage 
 he claimed to have entered. This Barclay observed while passing 
 southward across the entrance; but he made no effort to explore it, 
 simply entering its location upon his chart. He continued his 
 course, and at the mouth of a small river just above the Isla de 
 Dolores, where Bodega had lost a portion of his crew a few years 
 before at the hands of the natives, sent a boat's crew ashore, who 
 met a similar fate to that which had befallen their Spanish prede- 
 
 ' II 
 
 ■". \ 
 
 W 
 
 k 
 
 '4, 
 
 k 
 
 % 
 
 'ii 
 
 I'- "' 
 
 J'' 
 
 M 
 
 ; 
 
 4,4 
 
 *,"iS3 
 
98 
 
 HI8T0KY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Ixffilt 
 
 cessore. In commemoration of the sad event he christened the ill- 
 fated place " Destruction River," a title which was later, by one of 
 those errors incident to map making, transfen'ed to the adjacent 
 island. 
 
 When Captain Meares returned to China from his unfoitunate 
 winter in Prince William's Sound, he did not, like the East India 
 Company, abandon the fur trade; on the contrary, he entered into 
 it on his own resjwnsibility. In order to avoid the restnction placed 
 u|)on British subjects by the charters Parliament had granted the 
 two great monopolies, he entered into a commercial aiTangement 
 with Juan Cavallo, a Portuguese merchant of Macao, a i)ort near 
 Canton l»elonging to the crown of Portugal. Two vessels were 
 fitted out and commissioned by the Portuguese Governor of Macao, 
 nominally l>elonging to SeSor Cavallo, and having Portuguese caji- 
 tains named in their shipping papere. Nominally, Meares went in 
 the ship Felice Adventurer as supercargo, though actually in com- 
 mand; and William Douglas occupied the same position in the 
 Iphigenia Nubiana. A double purpose was served by thus cloth- 
 ing the enterprise with Portuguese apparel, as special privileges were 
 enjoyed by the subjects of that nation in the ports of Chiua. Just 
 wnat interest Cavallo and the two nominal captains had in the 
 enterprise is uncertain ; for Meares, as long as his interests lay in that 
 direction, assei-ted that the undertaking was purely a Portuguese 
 one, but Avhen circumstances placed the balance of interest on the 
 other side, as strenuously asserted that he alone was the o^vner and 
 manager of the enterprise. The Iphigenia sailed for Cook's Inlet, 
 where she was to begin operations, and trade southward along the 
 coast until she reached Nootka Sound and imited with her consort. 
 The Felice headed for Nootka direct, where she arrived early in the 
 spring of 1788. Immediately upon reaching that general rendez- 
 vous of the fur trade, Meares began the construction of a small 
 schooner for the purpose of coasting along the shore to trade with 
 the Indians. He secured from Maquinna, the chief, permission to 
 erect a small house to shelter his men while at work upon the craft, 
 the consideration for this privilege l)eing a brace of pistols and the 
 house and contents when he should finally depart from that region. 
 Leaving his builders at work, the house having been erected and 
 encompassed by a rampart of earth, from which frowned the rusted 
 
H PA IN 8 SUPREMACY IN THE PACIFIC OVKRTHUOWN. 
 
 99 
 
 mouth of a diminutive cannon, Meares sailed down the coast in 
 search of the passage reported by Barclay as having been seen by 
 him the year before. June 29, 1788, he observed a broad inlet in 
 latitude 48° 39'. Though in the introduction to his narrative he 
 states that the observations of Captain Barclay were known to him, 
 in the journal itself he takes the full credit of the discovery, saying: 
 — " The coast along whi'-h we were now sailing had not been seen 
 by Captain Cook, and we know of no other navigator said to have 
 been this way except Maurelle." He continues: •• From the mast- 
 head it was observed to stretch to the east by the north, and a clear 
 and unbounde<l horizon was seen in this direction as far as the eye 
 could reach. The strongest curiosity impelled us to enter this strait, 
 which we shall call by the name of its original discoverer, John de 
 Fuca." The mate of the Felice^ John Duffin, was dispatched with 
 a boat's crew of thirteen men and a month's pro\nsions, to explore 
 the strait. In a week they returned, all of them having been 
 wounded in a conflict with the natives. Ten miles up the passage 
 (according to DuflSn's statement, ))ut thirty as given by Meares), 
 they were fiercely attacketl by Indians, who fought with great des- 
 peration and seemed not to be intimidated by either the noise or 
 deadly effect of the guns. Theii- weapons were clubs, arrows, stone 
 bludgeons, spears and slings, all of which they handled with great 
 skill. So fierce was their onslaught and so effectively did they use 
 their weapons that only to the protection afforded the seamen by 
 the boat's awning was due their escape with their lives. 
 
 Having found Fuca's Strait, or one which he believed to be the 
 paasage spoken of by Lock, he sailed southward in search of the Rio 
 de San Roque of the Spaniai'd Heceta. On the sixth of July he 
 discovered a promontory which he believed to be the one Heceta 
 had named " Cabo de San Roque." He describes his subsequent 
 movements as follows: 
 
 After we had rounded the promontory a large bay, as we had imagined, opened 
 to our view, that bore a very (.romising appearance, and into it we ateered with 
 every encouraging expectation. The high land that formed the boundaries of the 
 bay was at a great dlstaB oe, and a flat, level country occupied the intervening space ; 
 the bay itself tooli rather a westerly direction. As we steered in, the water shoaled 
 to nine, eight and seven fathoms, when breakers were seen from the deck right 
 ahead, and, from the mast-head, they were observed to extend across the bay ; we 
 therefore hauled out, and directed our course to the opposite shore, to see if there was 
 any channel, or if we could discover uny point. The name of " Cape Disappoiut- 
 
 ? ; 
 
 
 I' 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 •J 
 
 U- u 
 
100 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMSTTK VALLXT. 
 
 ment " waa given to the promontory (Cape Hanoook), and the bay obtained the title 
 of '* Deception Bay." • • • We can now with safety awert that there is no such 
 river as that of 8t. Rov exists, as iaid down in the Spanish charts. To those of 
 Maurelle (Bodei^a'H pilot) we made continual reference, but without '"riving any 
 information or asslHtauce from thum. We now reached the opposite sloe of the l)ay, 
 where disappointment continued to accompany us, and, beinv almost certain that 
 there we should obtain no place of shelter for the ship, we bore for a distant head- 
 land, keeping our course within two miles of the shore. 
 
 The distant headland he named "Cape Lookout," it being the 
 one called "Cape Falcon" by the Spaniards, and now known as 
 " Tillamook Head." 
 
 Mean-B then returned to Nootka, having, as he expressed it, 
 "tracetl every part of the 'joast which unfavorable weather had pre- 
 vented Captain Cook from approaching." The Iphigenia soon 
 arrived from the north with a large cargo of furs. The little 
 schooner being now comj)leted, she was launched and christ».ned the 
 Northwest America. She was the ffrst vessel constinicted on the 
 Pacific Coast aorth of Mexico. About this time appeared two 
 American vessels, the Columbia Rediviva, commanded by Captain 
 John Kendrick, and the Lady Washington, by Captain Robert Gray. 
 The new-born republic of the United States, as soon as a treaty of 
 peace was signed, began at once to resume those maritime commer- 
 cial- ventures which the war with England had suspended. Ameri- 
 can vessels visited the ports of every country, and the whale fishing 
 around Cape Horn, which had been abruptly terminated, was 
 resumed. 
 
 In 1784 an American vessel entered the harbor of Canton, and 
 in 1787 five vessels were engaged in the China tratie. Unti'am- 
 meled with the commercial restrictions which Pai'liament had 
 imposed upon British subjects, they could engage in the fur trade 
 with every prospect of success. It was for this purpose the Colum- 
 bia Rediviva and Lady Washington, two names now so intimately 
 associated with this region, had started from Boston with a load 
 of Indian goods, and had come to anchor in Nootka Sound. Their 
 voyage thither had not been unattended with adventure. In Jan- 
 uary, soon after passing Cape Horn, a severe storm separated the 
 two consorts. The Washington continued the voyage and reached 
 the Oregon Coast in August, where, near the forty-sixth parallel. 
 Captain Gray ran his vessel aground iu attempting to enter an 
 opening in the land, which he had explored in a boat and believed 
 
SPAIN 8 81TPRRMACY IN THE PACIKU! OVKHTHROWN. 
 
 101 
 
 to be the entrance to the gi'eat River of the VVest. While in thih 
 position the Hhip was attacked by Indiniw, and in rej)elling them and 
 getting the craft into deep water again, one mtin wiu> killetl and tlie 
 mate wounded. Thiw place he called " Murderers ''arbor," and in 
 coiiHidered by (irreeidiow to have been the mouth ol the Columbia, 
 and by Bancroft an Tillamook Bay. Captain ^Tiuy then pro<'e»'ded 
 to Noolka Sound, where lay the three vewsel .elon^'uig <^n MearcH. 
 his apt>err. ,vnce being a great suipriHe to the fc)n^'ii!-.hmen. The 
 Columdta wjw damagetl by the btorm whi«'h hnu uiiveu the two 
 msels apait near C-ai)e Horn, and entertnl thn Spanish i)ort on the 
 iHland of Juan Fernandez to repair damages. The connnandant, 
 Don Bias (ionzales, treated Captain Kendrick with great courtesy 
 and hospitality, for which he was promptly cashiered by the Cap- 
 tain-General of Chile, and this action wax approved by the Viceroy 
 of Peru. From the position taken by Spain in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, she had never in the least degree recede<i. She still claimed 
 complete dominion of the west coast of America , and the sole right 
 of trade with all regions approachable by the way of Cape Horn, 
 In 1692, nearly a century before, a royal ordinance had been pro- 
 mulgated, decreeing that foreign vessels of every nation, irrespective 
 of the relations existing between those nations and Spain, should be 
 seized wherever found in Pacific waters, unless they possessed a trad- 
 ing license from the government of Spain. The comnjandant at 
 Juan Fenia"idez was informed that he should have enforced this 
 ordinance and seized the Columbia^ and the authorities of all the 
 Spanish Pacific poi*t« were then specially instructed to carry out the 
 decree to the letter. Not only was this done, but the Viceroy dis- 
 patched a cruiser fi'om Callao to overtake and capture the Columbia. 
 In this it was unsm^cessful, and Captain Kendrick reached Nootka 
 unmolested. Soon after the arrival of the two American vessels. 
 Captain Meares loaded all his fiU's upon the Felice and sailed for 
 China; the Ip/r'genia and Nort Invest America soon after departing 
 for the Sandwich Islands to spend the winter. The Columbia and 
 Washington remained at anchor in Nootka Sound until spring. 
 The sight of these English and American vessels venturing into 
 the Pacific — and those spoken of above were by no means the only 
 ones, since several exploring expeditions traversed the South Pacific 
 whose work had no particular bearing upon the history of this 
 
 ■■\'\ 
 
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 ■ , i . 
 
 1 
 
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 i 
 
102 
 
 IIISTOKY OK WILLAMKTTK VALLT<;Y. 
 
 region — admonished Spain that if she would maintain her supremacy 
 she must be up and doing. While she, in her sluggish nature, had 
 been content with an occasional superficial exploration, productive 
 of little information of value to her or the rest of the world, these 
 foreigners were boldly infringing her prerogative and skimming 
 the rich cream of the fur trade. The northern limit of actual Span- 
 ish occupation was then at the Bay of San Francisco, and the 
 authorities determined to extend it still further without delay. 
 This resulted in the dispatching of an expedition for the purpose 
 of selecting suitable locations for several Spanish colonies, as well 
 as to ascertain the extent and character of the Russian settlements 
 in the extreme north. The fleet consisted of the Princesa, com- 
 manded by Estivan Martinez, former pilot of Juan Perez, and the 
 San Carlos, under the command of Lieutenant Gonzalo Haro. 
 
 On the eighth of March, 1788, the fleet sailed from San Bias and 
 cast anchor in Prince William's Sound on the twenty-fifth of May. 
 There they lay inactive for nearly a month. The Spanish idea of 
 exploration was very peculiar. While the English officers examined 
 carefully every bay and inlet, took frequent observations and sound- 
 ings, and prepared careful charts of their course and discoveries, the 
 representatives of Spain seem to have been satisfied with an occa- 
 sional sight of the coast, and their map making consisted of the 
 drawing of a straight line on a piece of paper, with an occasional 
 cape or bay marked upon it. Their maps of this region were cer- 
 tainly very peculiar. In June the San Carlos saileil towards the 
 southwest, and encountering a Russian trading post upon the Island 
 of Kodiak, Haro interrogated the man in charge as to the number 
 and "ondition of the Russian settlements in America. With the 
 information thus obtained he sailed again to Prince William's Sound 
 to join his superior. Meanwhile Martinez had made a few super- 
 ficial explorations of the Sound, to drive away the eniuii. The two 
 vessels then proceeded to Ounalaska and their officers were hospit- 
 ably entertained by the Russian traders for an extended period. 
 With the knowledge thus ac(juired of the Russian settlements, Mar- 
 tinez returned with his fleet to San Bias. He reported that there 
 were eight settlements in Ala.ska, all of them west of Prince Wil- 
 liam's Sound, while another was about to be estal)li8hed in the 
 vicinity of the Sound itself. These were chielly occupied by natives 
 
Spain's supremacy in the pacific overthrown. 
 
 103 
 
 of Siberia and Kamtcbatka, all subjects of the Russian Cro^v^l, He 
 also reported that he had been informed of two Russian vessels 
 which had been sent to effect a settlernent at Nootka, and of two 
 others under construction at Ochotsk to be used for a similar pur- 
 pose. 
 
 The information thus gained by Martinez was forwarded to 
 Madrid, and the Spanish Court was much agitated by the disclosure 
 of Russian. encroachment upon what were considered the dominions 
 of Spain. Her settlements were already sufficiently extensive to 
 give her undisputed title to Alaska, and she was now threatening 
 to extend her colonies far to the southward. The infringement of 
 English and American fur traders upon the commercial rights of 
 Spain was annoying enough, but here was a positive and imminent 
 danger of being supplanted entirely. The government determined 
 to take a firm stand, to meet the crisis and ward ofE the impending 
 blow. A remonstrance was sent to the Empress of Russia, calling 
 attention to the encroachments of her subjects upon the dominions 
 of Spain in the Pacific, to which the Empress responded that her 
 subjects were acting in accordance with her express instructions not 
 to invade the territory of other powers. As neither communication 
 stated what the corresponding powers considered the limit of their 
 claims in America, the diplomatic interchange settled neither the 
 question nor the intent of the two sovereign powers. 
 
 Meanwhile active operations were undertaken by the Mexican 
 Viceroy. Early in 1789 Martinez and Haro were ordered to sail 
 for Xootka in the Princesa and San Carlos^ and to take possession 
 of that port in the name of Spain. Their instructions were to treat 
 foreigners couiteously, but at all hazards to maintain the right and 
 authority of Spain in this region. On the sixth of May the Prin- 
 cesa reached lier destination, finding two vessels lying there at 
 anchor, the Columbia and Iphigenia. Only a few days before, the 
 Jphigenia^ Cai)tain Douglas, and the little Nortlnvest America^ Cap- 
 tain Ifcobert Funter, had arrived from their winter's sojourn at the 
 Sandwich Islands, still carrying the Portuguese flag at their mast- 
 heads. They reached port in a condition of exhaustion, so far as 
 supplies were concerned. From the natives and the American ves- 
 sels enough supplies and articles of barter were procured to enable 
 the little schooner to leave port upon a cruise along the const in 
 
 •■ -fill 
 
 
 
104 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLKY. 
 
 search of furs, and she accordingly took her departure. Captain 
 Gray also started out upon a similar errand in the Lady Washing- 
 ton, meeting the Princesa just without the harbor. Immediately 
 upon entering the port, Martinez informed Captains Douglas and 
 Kendiick that he had come to take posseasion in the name of his 
 sovereign, examined their papers, and then landed and began the 
 erection of fortifications on Hog Island, a commanding position in 
 the bay, calling the port " Santa Cruz de Nootka." No objections 
 were made either by the Americans or the English officers of the 
 quasi Portuguese vessel, and c t^^erything appeared satisfactory and 
 harmonious. Apparently it was the intention of the Spanish com- 
 mandant to seize the Iphigenia^ as subsequent events indicate, but 
 his action was delayed for prudential reasons. On the thirteenth, 
 Haro arrived in the San Carlos^ and the next day, deeming his force 
 now sufficiently strong, he summoned Douglas and Viana, the actual 
 and nominal captains of the Iphigenia, on board the Princesa,, to 
 have theii' papers again inspected. This time the documents were 
 not as satisfactory as he had previously found them. He took ex- 
 ceptions to the clause in theii* instructions requiring the officers to 
 capture any Spanish vessels which might interfere with them, and 
 carry their crews to Macao, to be tried for piracy. He considered 
 a vessel sailing under such instructions a lawful prize as soon as she 
 entered a Spanish port. In vain it was urged that the instructions 
 were only to apply to such vessels as might unjustifiably attack 
 them, and were purely defensive in their nature; the Spanish officer 
 refused to view the matter in that light, and put them under arrest, 
 sending a force to take possession of the brig and raise the Spanish 
 flag. Twelve days later, having had plenty of time to reflect and 
 becoming convinced that the objectionable clause was not of as 
 hostile a nature as he had at first assumed to believe it, and fearing 
 that he had overstepped the bounds of prudence, he released the 
 brig and restored his prisoners to their liberty. He also furnished 
 all the supplies needed for a voyage to the Sandwich Islands, taking 
 in exchange drafts upon Juan Cavallo, the nominal Portuguese 
 owner of the vessel. He also secured the signatures of Douglas and 
 Viana to a certificate that he had found the vessel in distress, had 
 furnished her with necessary supplies, and had not interfered with 
 her voyage. This certificate Douglas afterwards claimed to be un- 
 
8PAIN 8 SUPREMACY IN THE PACIFIC OVKBTHEOWN. 
 
 105 
 
 true; that he had signed it under duress, at the urgent solicitation 
 of his men, in order to secure the release of his vessel, and that the 
 brig had been plundered by her captors. That this was not the 
 case was attested by a letter signed by Captain Gray and Joseph 
 Ingraham, mate of the Columbia^ and, further, by the fact that, 
 although ostensibly bound for the Sandwich Islands, Douglas turned 
 northward as soon as he was out of sight, and engaged in a season 
 of highly profitable traffic along the coast. 
 
 The certificate, was not the only paper Douglas signed to procure 
 his release and supplies. He entered into a written agreement to 
 restore the Iphigenia or pay her value, in case the Viceroy of 
 Mexico should decide the captiu'e to have been lawful. Martinez 
 desired to possess the little schooner, and having her value appraised 
 by the Americans, requested Douglas to sell her at that price. He 
 was told that no one there had the authority to dispose of the 
 vessel, but he insisted. Douglas therefore gaVe him a letter to 
 Captain Funter, which Martinez supposed to be an order for her 
 delivery, but which was simply a note informing the commander of 
 the little craft of the Spanish officer's wishes, and intimating that 
 he might follow his own inclinations. He then set sail at once, 
 fearful his duplicity would be discovered, and made the voyage 
 previously alluded to. When the Ncrtliwest America ari'ived on 
 the ninth of June, Martinez seized her, claiming to do so by right 
 of his agreement with Captain Douglas. 
 
 Meanwhile, two other vessels were on their way to Nootka. 
 Meares, when he reached China the fall before, succeeded in mak- 
 ing a pooling aiTangement mth the representative of the King 
 George's Sound Company ; and as that company possessed trading 
 licenses from both the East India Company and South Sea Com- 
 pany, there was no necessity for longer maintaining the Portuguese 
 subterfuge. The two vessels of the company were com}>ined with 
 the three belonging to Meares. The Prince of Wales had been 
 sent to England, leaving the Princess Royal still in China. This 
 vessel was placed under the command of Captain Thomas Hudson, 
 and the Felice having been sold and the Argonaut purchased, Cap- 
 tain Colnett p" umed command of the latter. The last named 
 gentleman was given charge of the expedition, since Meares remained 
 in China, and was instructed to establish a permanent station on 
 
 It 
 
 \4 
 
 
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 w 
 
 \ 
 
 { f 
 
106 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 the American Coast, to be called " Fort Pitt." A small vessel, to 
 be launched upon anival and used for the coasting trade, formed 
 part of the cargo, and seventy Chinamen were taken along to be 
 employed at the new settlement. According to Spanish authority, 
 the Chinese passengei-s claimed they had embarked for Bengal, and 
 not America. What became of them after the subsequent troubles 
 there is no evidence to indicate. 
 
 The two vessels sailed from China, one in April and the other 
 in May — ^the Princess Royal being the first. She cast anchor in 
 Nootka Sound just five days after the seizure of the Northwest 
 America. As she brought intelligence of the bankruptcy of 
 Cavallo, the reputed owner of thp little schooner, Martinez decided 
 to retain personal possession of the craft to indemnify himself for the 
 unpaid bills drawn upon the insolvent Portuguese by Captain 
 Douglas. He accordingly changed her name to Gertrudis^ and 
 placing her in charge of David Coolidge, mate of the Lady Wash- 
 ington^ sent her out on a trading cruise on the joint account of him- 
 self and the Americans, with whom he had been on the most friendly 
 terms. The furs which had been collected were turned over to 
 Captain Hudson, with whom he did not interfere. By this time the 
 Americans had decided to send one of their ^"^essels to China with 
 the furs which had been collected, and from there to Boston to report 
 the condition of affairs. Accordingly, Captains Gray and Kendrick 
 exchanged vessels, the former sailing for China in the Columbia. 
 Martinez availed himself of this opportunity, and placed the crew 
 of the captured schooner on board and sent them to China. 
 
 On the second of July the Princess Royal sailed on a trading 
 voyage; the next day passing the Argonaut just outside the harbor 
 without communicating with her. Captain Colnett was informed 
 of what had happened by parties who had gone out to meet him 
 in a boat, and decided to anchor outside. Martinez came out and in 
 the most friendly manner invited him to enter the liarbor, assuring 
 liim of perfect security, and as Colnett afterward stated in a narra- 
 tive of his voyages, urgently solicited him to do so for the purpose 
 of supplying provisions and other necessaries to the Spaniards, who 
 were in great distress. Won by the cordial appearance of the in\ i- 
 tation, Colnett assented, and the Argonaut was towed into port by 
 Spaniards. There is no reason to suppose that it was not the inten- 
 
SPAIN 8 SUPREMACY IN THE PACIFIC OVERTHROWN. 
 
 107 
 
 tion of Martinez to treat the Argonaut with tlie name courtesy he 
 had shown to the Princess Royal, when he invited Ct)lnett to enter 
 port, but his conduct underwent a rapid transformation when he 
 learned from that officer that he was instructed to found a fortified 
 English colony. He at once informed the English Captain that he 
 had already taken possession of the country in the name of the 
 King of Spain, and could not permit any such proceeding. The 
 next day Colnett went on board the Princesa and requested permis- 
 sion to sail immediately, which was refused, since the Spanish 
 commandant feared it was the Englishman's purpose to seek some 
 other port in which to establish himself, and his duty to his govern- 
 ment required that he prevent such a consummation at all hazards. 
 He asked Colnett to exhibit his papers, and the Englishman 
 returned to his vessel, arrayed himself in full uniform, sword 
 included, and then again presented himself in the cabin of the 
 Princesa, with the papers in his hand. The papers were examined, 
 and Colnett was informed that he would not be permitted to sail 
 just yet, whereat he fell into a passion and a quarrel ensued, re- 
 sulting in the arrest of the captain and the seizure of his vessel. 
 
 Ten days later the Princess ^oya/ returned, her commander being 
 ignorant of what had happened during his brief absence, and was 
 at once seized by the Spaniards. A portion of the furs captured 
 wer<' «^wen to Captain Gray to pay the passage to China of the 
 crew ot the Northwest America. The officers and men of the 
 Argonaut and Princess Royal were placed on board the former 
 and sent to San Bias. In September, Martinez and Haro, in 
 obedience to instructions from Mexico, dismantled the fortifications 
 and departed from Mootka; and as the Lady Washington was away 
 upon a coastirg voyage, that bone of contention was left without a 
 claimant. 
 
 So prostrated was Captain Colnett with the severity an(\ sud- 
 denness of his misfortunes that he became temporarily insane, recov- 
 ering, however, before he reached San Bias. The commandant at 
 that port was the well known explorer J^odega y Quadra, and he 
 received the two captains with the greatest of courtesy, sending 
 them to Mexico to lay their case before the Viceroy, Revilla-Gigedo. 
 After considerable delay it was officially decided that Martinez, 
 though only following his special instructions and the royal 
 
 -k 
 
108 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLKT. 
 
 fir 
 
 ffl 
 
 in|: 
 lllf 
 
 ■mi 
 
 decrees, had overstepped the bounds of prudence. The prisoners 
 were accordingly released, and were paid the regular wages of the 
 Spanish navy for the whole time of their captivity. The Argonaut, 
 which, with the other two prizes, had been maintained in active 
 service, was restored to Colnett, rather the worse for wear. He 
 sailed in Ler for Nootka in the spring of 1790, and not finding his 
 other vessel there, set out in search of her, not obtaining possession 
 till a year later at the Sandwich Islands. During all these occur- 
 rences the Americans were on the most friendly terms with the 
 Spaniards, so much so that they were accused of co-operating with 
 them against the English. The facts are that they were inactive, 
 though not entirely disinterested spectatoi*s, since it naturally 
 pleased them to see their rivals so summarily disposed of; and it is 
 not impossible that they occasionally dropped a hint into the com- 
 mandant^s ear. Captain Kendrick remained on the coast till fall, 
 collecting a large cargo of furs, and then sailed for Boston by the 
 way of China. It is claimed by some historians that before leaving 
 he sailed clear around Vancouver Island, and Meares' chart bears 
 an indication of the route pursued. This chart is of itself evidence 
 that the maker of it was ignorant of the nature of the inland chan- 
 nel, and the probabilities are that Meares misunderstood Kendrick's 
 account of the movements of the Lady Washington while under 
 the command of Captain Gray, and confusing them wdth Kendrick's 
 assertion that there was a channel back of Nootka, a piece of infor- 
 mation gleaned from the Indians, Supposed that such a voyage had 
 been made. Although it is possible that he did circunmavigate the 
 island, yet it seems improbable, and Kendrick never laid claim to 
 such distinction in after years. If he did, then an American vessel 
 was the firat to enter the Straits of Fuca and exploi-e that wonder- 
 ful inland sea, the Gulf of Georgia; if not, then the honor belongs 
 to Spain, as will be shown later on. 
 
 So much for the events at Noocka ; but there was a greater field 
 of action on which these differences were decided — Europe. The 
 Viceroy of New Spain m|de haste to notify the home government 
 of the important events which had happened in the far-off Pacific. 
 It took a long time for news to travel in those days, when there 
 were no telegraphs and no regular routes of intelligence between 
 these distant shores and Europe; consequently Spain, which was 
 
 in the mo 
 
 uews long 
 
 by the Br 
 
 from Spa 
 
 that certa 
 
 possessioT 
 
 gonaut hi 
 
 The note 
 
 traffic wh 
 
 ment of ^ 
 
 of that ii 
 
 earnest p 
 
 to make : 
 
 on the A 
 
 the Kin^ 
 
 never lia( 
 
 leges (;lai 
 
 mit to th 
 
 tion of a] 
 
 prompt ii 
 
 ship of h 
 
 The Cou 
 
 the Span 
 
 their pro 
 
 faction f 
 
 would bi 
 
 beginnin 
 
 they had 
 
 further 1 
 
 a bold I 
 
 her resp 
 
 she mod 
 
 the restc 
 
 allowed 
 
 away f r 
 
 • this 
 
 China. 
 
 with in1 
 

 Spain's supremacy in the pacific overthrown. 
 
 109 
 
 in the most intimate connection with the Pacific Coast, I'eceived the 
 iiews long before it reached England. The fii-st intelligence received 
 by the British Cabinet was an arrogant and very undiplomatic note 
 from Spain, on the tenth of F'ebruaiy, 1790, notifying the King 
 that certain of his subjects had been trespassing upon the Pacific 
 possessions of Spain, and that in consecjuence of this the ship Ar- 
 gonaut had been seized as a prize and her crew made prisonei*s. 
 The note closed with an assertion of that exchisive right of Pacific 
 tratiSc which Spain had proclaimed for a century, and the enforce- 
 ment of which had led to the pi-esent complications; in pursuance 
 of that idea the punishment of the oifenders was demanded, and an 
 earnest protest made against the King permitting any of his subjects 
 to make settlements, or engage in fishing, or trade vnih the natives 
 on the American Coast of the Pacific, To such haughty language 
 the King of England was entii'ely unaccustomed. Great Britain 
 never had even constructively admitted any of the exclusive privi- 
 leges claimed by Spain, and she was not now likely to tamely sub- 
 mit to them when they were so an-ogantly promulgated in justifica- 
 tion of an outrage committed upon her subjects. The response was 
 prompt and characteristic of that nation, whose vigilant guardian- 
 ship of her citizenss extends to the remotest corners of the earth. 
 The Court of Madrid was notified that since it was evident fi'om 
 the Spanish protest that English subjects had been imprisoned and 
 their property confiscated, full reparation must be made and satis- 
 faction for the insult given, before the merits of the controversy 
 would be considei-ed at all. Spain, England and France were just 
 beginning to recuperate from the effect of the struggles in which 
 they had been engaged, and each of them was anxious to avoid 
 further hostilities; yet the dignity of England required her to take 
 a bold stand in defense of her subjects. The belligerent tone of 
 her response set Spain at once to preparing for war, to avoid which 
 she modified her demands considerably, notifying His Majesty that 
 the restoration had already been made and the matter would be 
 allowed to drop, if he would promise in^iture to keep his subjects 
 away from the Spanish possessions. 
 
 This was the status of affaii-s in April, when Meares arrived from 
 China. When the Columbia reached Canton, in the fall of 1789, 
 with intelligence of the Nootka proceedings, Meares armed himself 
 
 t 
 
 
 '.'11 
 ft 
 
no 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 with documents and depositions and embarked for London, to lay 
 his grievances before the King. On the thirtieth of May he addressed 
 a memorial to his sovertdgn, detailing the affair fi'om his standpoint, 
 and though it was full of misrepresentations, as has since been con- 
 clusively shown, it was adopted as the correct version by the '•ov- 
 ernment. From this report it seemed that three vessels had en 
 seized, instead of one, and that Englishmen had taken possessu .. of 
 Nootka before the Spaniards, since Meares declared that the North- 
 west America was an English vessel, and that when he built her 
 he had established apermanent settlement on land purchased from 
 the Nootka Chief, Maquinna. He did not inform the King that the 
 little schooner had never flaunted any flag but that of Portugal, and 
 that when the vessel was finished the building in which the work- 
 men had lived was turned over to Maquinna in payment for the 
 privilege of temporary occupation of the land, as had been agreed 
 upon in the beginning. England, on the fifth of May, sent a reply 
 to the second note from Spain, asserting that she was not prepared 
 to admit the exclusive privileges claimed by Spain, but that she was 
 prepared to protect her subjects, and would not consider the ques- 
 tion at all until proper satisfaction had been given. On the six- 
 teenth of May, England made a formal demand upon Spain for 
 restitution of the captured vessels, indemnity for losses sustained 
 (estimated by Meares at $653,433), and full acknowledgement of 
 the right of English subjects to trade in the Pacific, and to establish 
 settlements at any points not already occupied by Spain. On the 
 twenty-fifth the whole correspondence was laid by the King before 
 Parliament, which had before been ignorant of it, and he was warmly 
 applauded for his conduct and assured of support. 
 
 Spain's position was an exceedingly humiliating one. Even in 
 her decline she had maintained the haughty spirit and arrogant 
 assumption of superiority and exclusive rights which had first been 
 asserted by those potent monarchs, Charles and Philip, but which 
 now, with her fast waning power, she was not able to support by 
 force of arms. England's vigorous preparation? for war seriously 
 alarmed her. She had too many unprotected colonies, dependencies 
 fi'om which she derived great revenues, to risk a war with a power- 
 ful maritime nation, whose operations, of course, would be chiefly 
 directed against those vulnerable points. In the long negotiations 
 
8PAIN 8 SUPREMACY IN THE PACIFIC OVERTHROWN. 
 
 Ill 
 
 which followed she again modified her position, stating that she had 
 no desire to claim any territory not justly hers, that tlie vessels had 
 already been restored, and that she was willing to pay any damages 
 which might he assessed against her by arl)itrators to whom the 
 case should be 8ubmitte<l. England was proud and overbearing, 
 and putting aside equity, acted througiiout as her interests seemed 
 to indicate, conscious of her superior power. She assembled the 
 greatest armament the nation had ever prepared, and was ready at 
 a day's notice to make a descent upon the Spanish settlements in 
 America. She even formed an alliance with Sweden and the 
 Netherlands, in anticipation of the co-operation of France and Spain 
 against her. It was a well-known fact that there existed a compact 
 of mutual defense between the monai'chs of France and Spain, both 
 membei's of the Bourbon family, and it was natural for England to 
 expect it to be fulfilled. The King of Spain formally called upon 
 Louis XVI., of France, for the promised aid, and was assured 
 that it would be given ; but when the matter came before the Na- 
 tional Assembly that body refused to sanction any increase of the 
 military forces, and the King was powerless, for the spirit of that 
 bloo<ly revolution which broke out three yeai-s later had already 
 banished al)8olutei8m from the kingdom. The Assembly examined 
 the treaty between England and Spain, investigated the question of 
 Pacific discoveries, especially the alleged voyage of Juan de Fuca, 
 of which no evidence could be found, and finally decided that the 
 nation would stand on the defensive with Spain, but could not be 
 relied upon for offensive operations. The national armament was 
 therefore largely increased. It was now England's turn to come 
 down from her high horse. She saw that France would be drawn 
 into the war, and finding her new allies imreliable and that she 
 could not well afford the enormous expense of a war, the prepara- 
 tions for which had already depleted her treasury, she adopted a 
 more conciliatory tone, and her plenipotentiary submitted a propo- 
 sition which was accepted by the representative of Spain. This 
 was signed on the twenty-eighth of October, 1790, and is known as 
 the "Nootka Convention." 
 
 By this treaty it was stipulated that aU buildings and tracts of 
 land on the northwest coast of America of which Spanish officers 
 had dispossessed any British subjects, should ])e restored; that just 
 
 
 I'M 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 '.fj 
 
112 
 
 HISTORY or WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 itl 
 
 reparation should be made by both parties to the agreement for any 
 acts of violence committed by the subjects of either of them upon 
 the Mubjectw of the other; that any property seized should be re- 
 storwl or compensated for; that subjects of Great Britain should 
 not approach within ten leagues of any part of the coast already 
 occupie<l by Spain; that north of that point both parties should 
 have Hjual rights, as well as south of the limits of Spanish settle- 
 ments in South America. The treaty met with violent opposition 
 both in S))ain and England, but wan finally ratified and went into 
 effect. The SpaniardH looked upon it as a voluntary surrender of 
 their here<litary rights acquired by the explorations aad conquests 
 of their ancestors; that formerly Spain possessed exclusive rights 
 in the Pacific, which were now being surrendered to England with- 
 out any comj)ensation whatever. On the other hand, the opposition 
 in England claimed that, whereas, formerly British subjects enjoyed 
 the right of tratle in every quarter of the globe, the Government 
 had agreed by this treaty to surrender these rights in cei*tain re- 
 gions to Spain, and that England had agreed to restrict her settle- 
 ments within certain limits where she had before asserted her priv- 
 ilege of settling colonies at any place not previously occupied. It 
 seemed to both parties that valuable and immemorial rights had 
 lieen surrendered without any compensation. Captain George Van- 
 couver was appointed commissioner on the part of Great Britain to 
 proceed to Nootka and execute that portion of the treaty which 
 referred to the restoration of pioperty, and the celebrated Bodega 
 y Quadra was intrusted with the same duty on the part of Spain. 
 
 'I] 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 PUGET HOUND AND COLUMBIA RIVER DISCOVKRKD. 
 
 ' '1 
 
 Explorations of Lieuteiumt Quimper bb the Straitu of Fucti — lie takes 
 Formal Possession for Spain — Elisa Explores the Straits: of Fuca 
 and Gulf of Oeon/ia — Malasjnna and Bnstaiiutnte Search for the 
 Straits of Anian — Kerulriok Again Visits the Coast and Buys Land 
 from the Indians — Oray Arrives in the Columbia and Winters at 
 Clayoquot — Events of 1792 — Spain makes a Last Effort to Explore 
 the Disputed Region — Arrival of Vancouver's Expedition — He Ex- 
 amines the Oregon Coast — Searches in Vain for the Rio de San 
 Roque — He Records his Unqualified Disbelief in such a River — 
 Gray Builds the '^Adventure " at Clayoquot — He Discovers ' ' • Co- 
 lumbia River — Vancouver Explores Puget Sound and Falls in with 
 the Spaniards — He Examines the Coast Carefully — Meets Quadra at 
 Nootka — Finds Him Prepared with Proofs to Sustain the Cause of 
 Spain — They Fail to Agree on Terms — They Bestow their Names 
 upon the Island of Vancoii/oer and Quadra — Broughton Explores 
 the Columbia — Vancouver Finishes His Explorations and Returns 
 to England— The Nootka Question Settled and the Port Abandoned. 
 
 WHILE England and Spain were engaged in their belligerent 
 controversy, the Viceroy of Mexico was busily employed in 
 exploring the region under dispute. His object was two-fold — ^to 
 learn if it was worth an effort to hold it, and if ho, and Nootka had 
 to be abandoned to the English, to find a desirable point south of 
 that port for the foundation of a settlement. This he was doing with- 
 out being aware of the status of affairs in Europe. To this end he 
 dispatched a fleet in the spring of 1 700, with instructions to again 
 take possession of Nootka Sound, fortify and defend it — artillery 
 and a company of soldiers were taken along for that purpose — and 
 use it as a l«we of explorations. The fleet Wiis under the conunand 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 If 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 m\ 
 
 I 
 
 i I 
 
114 
 
 HI8T0KV OF WILLAMKTTE VALLKY. 
 
 of Lieutenant Francisco Elisn, and consiate*! of the Concepcion, San 
 Carlos {Filipino) antl the Princesa Real. A series of voyages was 
 at once undertaken, some of them directni northward to gain infor- 
 mation of the movements «)f the KuNHinnH. The most imijoi-tant was 
 that of Lieutenant Alfere/ Manuel Quim}»er, in the Princesa Real 
 {Princess RoyaH, which had not yet been restored to Captain Col- 
 nett. In the sunmier of 17i>0 he left Nootka and ent«'red the 
 Straits of Fuca, carefully examining both slioi-es of the j)jissage for 
 the distance of one huudretl miles. This was probably the fiivt 
 vessel ti> actually enter and explore the Straits of Fuca. He was 
 also the discoverer of Puget Sound, into which he penetrated a 
 short distance, an»l mistttok it for an inlet, calling it " Enceftada de 
 Caamano." He was prevented from extending his explorations 
 fuither in that direction l>y lack of time. Hv bestowed names upon 
 many objects in that region, all of which now bear the titles after- 
 ward given them by Vancouver and othei-s, except the main chan- 
 nel leading north, which he christened " Canal de Lopez de Haro." 
 On the tii-st of August he took formal possession of that region in 
 the name of his sovereign, at Port Nufiez (laona, n(.>w known as 
 Neah Bay. He wa« prevented by head winds fi'om returning to 
 Nootka. and falling ii. with the San Carlos, which had been on a 
 voyage to Alaska, the two vessels sailed for Monterey and San Bias. 
 There was no other vessel in those waters in 1790, so far as is 
 known, except the Argonaut, in which Captain Colnett was search- 
 ing for the Princess Royal, as before stated. 
 
 In May, 1791, Elisa himself embarked in the San Carlos, which 
 had returned to Nootka, and started out to make a complete recon- 
 noisance of.the coast fi'om Mount St. Elias to Trinidad, accompa- 
 nied by the Santa Saturnina (or Horcasitas), under Jose Maria 
 Narx'aez. Thwy entered the Straits of l'\ica, ascertained that Caa- 
 mano Inlet was an inland piwsage, which they did not enter, and 
 explored the Gulf of Georgia as far north as latitude 50°, calling it 
 "Gran Canal de iSuestra Senora del Rosario la Marinera." They 
 bestowed many names, some of which are still retained as originally 
 applied, such Jis " San Juan Archipelago," " (xuemes,'' " Tejada " 
 ("Texada") "Islands," and "Port Los Angeles." Other names 
 which appear in his chart are still in use, but have in some man- 
 ner been shifte*! to other objects than those to which they were 
 
PITOBT SOUND AND COLUMBIA RIVKR DISCOVKRED. 
 
 115 
 
 originally given, sucli an "Cminiano," "Fi(lalg«>," "Kosmio," 
 " Cordoba," etc. Many })awnagt'H leading inland were obnerved but 
 not explored for laek of time; and this led liini in his reitoi-t to 
 the Viceroy to say: "It appears that the ot-eanie i)as8age so zeal- 
 ously sought for by foreignei-H, if there is one, can not be elsewhei'e 
 than l>y this great channel." 
 
 The revival of interest in the almost foi'gotten romance of Mai- 
 donado, caused by the controversy between P^ngland and Spain, led 
 the latter to make another effort to find those fabiili;!i» straits for 
 which HO many had searched in vain. The corvettes Descuhierta 
 and Atrcvidiiy nn<ler the command of Alejandro Malaspina and 
 Jose de iustamante y (xuerra, had sailed nj)on a voyage of eircuni- 
 navigiition, and upon their arrival at Acapulco in the spring of 
 1791, were met by orders directing them to search for Mahlonado's 
 Straits of Anian, They sailed, and first sighted land on the twenty- 
 third of June, near Mount Edgecund). The coast line in the vicinity 
 of the sixtieth parallel was carefxdly examined, and being satisfied 
 that the passage he sought did not exist, Malaspimi sailed south- 
 ward and anchored in Nootka Souiifl on the thirtieth of August, 
 about the time Elisa returned from the Gulf of Georgia. lie soon 
 sailed southward to California. 
 
 During 1791, while the Spaniards were making these explora- 
 tions, the most complete and satisfactory ever accom[)lished by them, 
 one French, nine Eiv^lish and seven American vessels were also in 
 Pacific waters. As their objects w^re purely commercial, little of 
 importance was accomplished by any of them in the line of new 
 discoveries, though each added something to the increasing knowl- 
 edge of the cotwt. No trouble occuiTed between the'm and the 
 Spanish forces at Nootka. The Viceroy llevilla-Giiredo stated 
 {/nforme, iji): "Although various craft of England and the 
 American Colonies fre(juente<l the adjacent cojistM and ports, some 
 of them entering Nootka, nothing occurred to cause unpleasantness 
 or damage; and our new establishment wast ahvays respected by 
 them, and provided with all that wa.s needed by the other San Bias 
 vessels, which brought at the same time the supplies for tlie presid- 
 ios and missions of Altji California." Among these trading vessels 
 was the Lady M^as/iington, which hail been transformed into a brig 
 in China, in doing which Captain Kendrick, \vht> wjis an "'aj^y -going, 
 
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 i 
 
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 ...^itfilH 
 
116 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 procrastinating individual, liad lost a season's trade. This year he 
 was fairly successful in obtaining furs, and also in securing the pur- 
 chase of a large tract of land from Chiefs Maquinna and Wicana- 
 nish, for which he received written deeds, duly signed by the gi'ant- 
 oi's with a cross. Copies of these deeds, which included practically 
 the whole of Vancouver Island except that already claimed by the 
 Spaniards, were forwarded to Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, 
 and filed in the public ai'chives. The other American vessel of note 
 was the Columbia Rediviva^ which was again sent to the Pacific in 
 the fall of 1790. arriving at the harbor of Clayoquot, on Vancouver 
 Island, jusf north of the Straits of Fuca, in June, 1791. She was 
 still under the command of Captain Rcbei't Gray, her first officer 
 being Robert Haswell, whose diary of the voyage, as well as of the 
 previous one, at which time he was second mate (»f the Lady Wash- 
 ington, is one of the best and most reliable sources of information 
 in regard to the events of those voyages and the complications at 
 Nootka. Gray soon sailed for the Queen Charlotte Islands and 
 engage<i in trade with the natives foi" several months, exploring 
 many inlets and channels. In»latitude 54° 33', he entered a passage 
 and sailed noitlieastward a distance of one hundral miles without 
 finding an end. He then retmiied to the sea, supposing he had 
 discovered the Rio de los Reyes of Admiral Fonte. He named one 
 portion of it " Massacre Cove," because of the nuu'der of s(;Cond 
 mate Caswell and two seanien by the natives. This supposed pas- 
 sage was Portland Inlet, thr<»ugh which runs the Ixjundary separat- 
 ing British Columbia from Ahiska. Not having collected a suffi- 
 cient quantity of furs, owing to the number of vessels trading on 
 the coast. Gray decided to spend the winter at Claycxjuot. He 
 accordingly anchored the Columbia in that harbor, built a house, 
 mounted cannon upon it, and then l)egan the construction of a small 
 schooner, the frame of which he had brought from Boston. This 
 place he called " Fort Defiance." Kendrick had, a few weeks be- 
 fore, l)een engaged in repairing the Lady Washington, at a point 
 in the same harbor which he had chi'istened " Fort Washington," 
 but had dejmrted for China soon after Gray's arrival. 
 
 The year 1792 vva.s an imi)ortant one in the histoiy of the North- 
 west Coa.st. More discoveries were nuide and more imj»ortant 
 explorations carried ou than in any year before or since. Spain, 
 
> vr 7^ ♦li'*^ r-?! 
 
 PIMiKT SOUND AND COLUMBIA KIVKK DIHCOVKRKD. 
 
 11 
 
 m 
 
 England and the United States by sea, and h rei)re8entative of the 
 great Noilhwest Company l\y land, threw a flood of light npon the 
 dark geograjihy of the Coast. At least twenty -eight vessels visited 
 this region, the majority of them to engage in the fur trade, repre- 
 senting France, Spain, Portugal, England and the United States. 
 Passing by the majority of these without fiirther mention, let us 
 turn our attention to those which made valuable discoveries. These 
 were the Columbia^ under (^aptain Gray, two vessels imder Captain 
 Vancouver, and a small Spanish fleet. 
 
 Early in the spring of 179'2, the Mexican Viceroy, not satisfied 
 with the great discoveries made by Quimper, Elisa, Malaspina and 
 Bustamante, made a ^ast effort to determine the existence of the 
 Northwest Pa-ssage and the desirability of contending further for 
 the possession of Nootka. If there existed a navigalde passage 
 fi'om the Atlantic to the Pacific, then a station in that region would 
 be invaluable to the interests of Spain; Imt if the continent was 
 continuous, so that vessels must always entej" the Pacific from the 
 south, then an estal/lishment in such a high latitude would not be 
 sufficiently valuable to render a contest for its ])ossession advisable. 
 He, therefore, dispatched a vessel to search for the Rio de los Reyes 
 in latitude 5;5"; two others to explore nn>re fully the Straits of Fuca, 
 and ascertain the exact natui-e of those many iidand channels of the 
 existence of which simply the })revious explorers had reported; and 
 a fourth to seek a (lesiral>le location along the coast of the main land 
 south of the Straits of Fuca, where a station might be established 
 in case the ,settle)nent at Nootka had to be abandoned and it wa.s 
 deemed necessary to have one in this region. At the same time 
 Bodega y Quadi'u, who had been appointed commissioner to carry 
 out the stipuhitions of the Treaty of Nootka, proceeded to that port 
 to await the arrival of the representative of Great Britain. The 
 fii-st of these was the Aranzazu^ connnanded by Lieutenant Jachito 
 Caamanft, who mimitely examined th(! Queen Charlotte Islands, 
 sailed through the passage })etween them and the main land (enter- 
 ing by Dixon Channel, which he called " Entrada ile Perez," in 
 honor of the original discoverer), and nnide a comparatively accu- 
 rate map of tluit region. The expedition to the Straits of Fuca 
 consisted of the schooners Sutil awA Mexicana, connnanded by ofli- 
 cers detailed from Malaspina's exped'tion, and supplied l)y him with 
 
 .} 
 
 
118 
 
 msTOKY OK WILLAMKTTK VALLKY. 
 
 Lit: 
 
 scientific instruments. They were commanded by Dionisio Galiano 
 and Cayetano Valdez, and arrived at Nootka on the twelfth of May, 
 leaving that poi"t for tlieir field of action on the fourth of June. 
 The fourth vessel was the Princesa. In this ship Lieutenant Sal- 
 vador Fidalgo sailed fi-om San Bias on tlie twenty-third of March, 
 and arrived at Port Nunez Gaona (Neah Bay) just within the en- 
 trance to the Straits of Fuca, where he erected buildings and forti- 
 fications. In September, having received orders from Quadra to 
 abandon this post, he removed everything to Nootka. Other Span- 
 ish vessels passed up and down between Nootka and Monterey, or 
 San Bias, but their movements were immaterial. 
 
 The commiasioner appointed on the part of England to cany 
 into effect certain provisions of the Nootka Treaty, referring to the 
 restoration of propert}- at that port, was Captain George Vancouver, 
 of the Royal Navy. The Admiralty took occasion to make his 
 voyage one of e:ctended discovery, directing his attention especially 
 to the clearing up of geographical conundrums on the coast, par- 
 dcularly that of a river or any other inter-oceanic passage. Special 
 attention was to be directed to the " supposed Strait of Juan de 
 Fuca, said to be situated between the forty-eighth and forty-ninth 
 degrees of north latitude, and to lead to an opening through which 
 the sloop Washington is reported to have passed in 1 7H9, and to 
 have come out again at the northward of Nootka." This voyage 
 of the Washington, as has been already stated, was never made; 
 Meares, who had carried the report to England, having confused 
 Captain Kendrick's account of the movements of that vessel with 
 geographical statements of the Indians. Vancouver commanded 
 the sloop of war Discovery, and accompanied by the armed tender 
 Chatham, under Lieutenant W. K. Broughtou, sailed in March, 
 1791. It is needless to follow his movement" for the first year, as 
 they do not concei-n the purposes of this volume; it is sufficient to 
 say that after a year of exploration in otlier regions, he afi'ived off 
 the coast of California in April, 1792, in the vicinity of Cape 
 Mendocino. 
 
 Here he began a most careful examination of the coast, strict 
 watch being kept for signs of harbors and nav igable rivei-s, espec- 
 ially at first of the river reportetl above the forty-third parallel by 
 Martin de Aguilar in lfi()8. A point in latitude 42° 52' was at 
 
PI'dKT SOITND AND COLUMBIA lUVKR OIHCOVERKD. 
 
 119 
 
 
 first conceived to be the Cape Blanco of the Spaniards, but since it 
 was composed of dark, craggy rocks, instead of being white, Van- 
 couver entered it on his chart as " Cape Orford." A little further on, 
 in latitude 48° 23', he observed a cape with white cliffs, which he 
 believed to be the true Blanco, but as he also considered it the one 
 Captain Cook had called " Cape Gregory," he entered the latter 
 name on his chart. For some distance he ranged along the shore 
 within a league, looking carefully for Aguilar's River, but observed 
 no stream having any such volume of water as was ascribed to the 
 one reported by the Spaniard, and, indeed, saw none that offered 
 the least indication of being navigable for ships. The next point 
 of special interest to be examined was that in the vicinity of lati- 
 tude 46°, where was locatad the place called " Ensenada de Heceta," 
 or " Rio de San Roi^ue," on his Spanish charts, and " Deception 
 Bay" on the English ones. On the twenty-seventh of April he 
 recorded in his journal : 
 
 Noon brought us up with a conspicuous point of land composed of a cluster of 
 hummocks, moderately high and projecting into tlie sea. On the south side of this 
 promontory was the appearance of an inlet, or small river, the land not indicating 
 it to be of any great extent, nor did it seem to be accessible to vessels of our burthen, 
 as the breakers extended from the above point two or three miles into the ocean, 
 until they joined tliose on the beach nearly four leagues further south. On refer- 
 ence to Mr. Meares' description of the coa«t south of this promontory, I was at first 
 induced to believe it was Cape Shoalwater, but on a.Hcertaining its latitude, I pre- 
 sumed it to be what he calls Cape Disappointment; and the ojjening to the south of 
 it Deception Bay. This cape was found to be in latitude 46° 19', and longitude 236° 
 6'. [He reckoned east from Oreenwlcli.] The sea now (^hanged from its natural to 
 river-Coloured water; the probable consecjuence of some streams falling into the 
 bay, or into the ocean to the north of it, through the low land. Not considering 
 this ojwning worthy of more attention, I continued our pursuit to the N. W., being 
 desirous to embrace the advantages of the prevailing breeze and pleasant weather, 
 so favourable to our examination of the coast. 
 
 Vancouver rounded Cape r)ij*appoiiitment and continued up the 
 shore. He says: "The country before us presented a most luxuri- 
 ant landscape, and wt\x< j)ro])ahIy not a little heightened in value by 
 the weather that ])revaile(l. The more interior j)art8 were some- 
 what elevated, and agreeably diversiHed with hills, from which it 
 gradually descended to the shore, and terniinated in a wandy l)each. 
 The whole had the appearance of a continued forest extending 
 north as far as the eye could readi, which made me very scdicitous 
 to find a port in the vicinity of a country presenting s(» deliglitful a 
 prospect of fertility ; our attention was therefore earnestly directed 
 
 ! ! 
 
 ;i. 
 
120 
 
 IIISTOKY OF WILLAMETTK VALLKY. 
 
 to this object." At one time he was of the opinion that Shoalwater 
 Bay presented a suitable harbor, bnt renouncetl the l)elief upon 
 attempting to enter the bay ami failing because of the presence of 
 an imbroken line of breakers. . They passed Gray's Harbor in the 
 night, and after noting the position of Destruction Island and 
 obser\'ing Mount Olympus, " the most remarkable mountain we 
 had seen on the coast of New Albion," fell in with the Columbia a 
 few miles south of the Straits of Fuca. 
 
 Vancouver sent an officer to the American vessel to glean infor- 
 mation from its commander, Avho hesitated not to tell him all he 
 knew of the coast, including a denial of the report that he hatl 
 sailed around Vancouver Island in the Lady Washington. Among 
 other things the English captain notes in his journal: "He likewise 
 informed them of his having been ofE the mouth of a river in lati- 
 tude 46° 10', where the outset, or reflux, was so strong as to pre- 
 vent his entering for nine days. This was probably the opening 
 passed by us on the forenoon of the twenty-seventh; and was, 
 apparently, inaccessible, not from the current, but from the breakers 
 that extended across it." That' Gray must have made this effort to 
 enter the Columbia sometime the previous year is evident from 
 the fact that Vancouver states that he "was now commencing 
 his summer's trade along the coast to the southward." The above 
 remarks show plainly that Vancouver had no faith in the existence 
 of such a stream as Aguilar's River, Rio de San Roijue, Oregon, or 
 River of the West, and this is rendered more certain by an entry 
 in his journal made upon reaching Cape Flattery, that there — 
 
 Was not the least appearance of a safe or secure harbour, either in that latitude, or 
 from it southward to ('ajje Mendocino ; notwithstanding that, in that space, geogra- 
 phers had thought It exi^edlent to furnish many. * * * >So minutely had 
 this extensive coast been Inspected, that the surf had been constantly seen to break 
 upon Its shores from the mast-head ; and it was but in a few small Intervals only, 
 where our distance precluded its being visible from the deck. Whenever the weather 
 prevented our making free with the shore, or on our hauling off for the night, the 
 return of flne weather and of daylight uniformly brought us, if not to the identical 
 spot we had departed from, at least within a few miles of It, and never beyond the 
 northern limits of the coast which we had previously seen. Au examination so 
 directed, and circumstances happily concurring to permit Its being so executed, 
 afforded the most complete opportunity of determining it* various turnings and 
 windings. * • * It nmst be considered as a very singular circumstance 
 that, in so great an extent of aea coast, we should not until now [He had entered 
 tK Straits of Fuca] have seen the appearance of any opening In its shores which 
 pM'seuted any certain prospect of affi>rding shelter; the whole coast forming one 
 
PUGET SOUND AND COLUMBIA RIVKR DISCOVKHED. 
 
 121 
 
 compact, solid and nearly straight barrier against the sea. The river Mr. Qray 
 mentioned should, from the latitude he assigned it, have existence in the bay, south 
 . of Cape Disappointment. This we passed on the forenoon of the twenty-seventh ; 
 and, aa I then observed, if any inlet or river should be found, it must be a very in- 
 tricate one, and inaccessible to vessels of our burthen, owing to the reefs and broken 
 water which then appeared in its neighborhood. Mr. Gray stated that he had been 
 several days attempting to enter it, which at length he had been unable to efTect, in 
 consequence of a very strong outset. This is a phenomenon ditficult to account for 
 [Gray accounted for it easily en • . by the theory that the outset was the discharg- 
 ing of an unusually large river, a conclusion Vancouver would not admit because he 
 had been there and had not seen itj, as, in most caaes whero there are outsets of such 
 strength on a sea coast, there are corresponding tides setting in. Be that, however, 
 as it may, I was thoroughly convinced, as were also most persons of observation on 
 board, that we could not possibly have passed any safe navigable opening, liarbour, 
 or place of security for shipping on this coast, from Cape Mendocino to the Prom- 
 ontory of Classett (Cape Flattery) ; nor had we any reason to alter our opinions. 
 
 The coast has since been found much less barren of harbors 
 than this distinguished navigator supposed, though, with the single 
 exception of the Columbia, there are none affording entrance to 
 large vessels without first undergoing improvement. Leaving Cap- 
 tain Vanc<juver in the Straits of Fuca, let us follow the movements 
 of the American vessel. 
 
 The Columbia, as has been stated, wintered at Fort Defiance 
 in the harbor of Clayoquot, her crew being busily employed in con- 
 structing a small sloop, which was launched in February and chris- 
 tened the Adventure. This was the second vessel constructed on 
 the Pacific Coast north of the Spanish possessions, Meares' North- 
 west America being the fii*st. Haswell, the first mate, was placed 
 in command and sent northward on a trading voyage along the 
 coast on the second of April, while Gray sailed south in the Co- 
 lumbia. Nothing is known of his movements until the second of 
 May, except what Vancouver records as having learned fi'om him 
 jis stated al)ove. This was on the twenty-ninth of April, when 
 they met just below the entrance to Fuca Straits. From that it 
 appears he had been off Deception Bay, either that spring or the 
 year V)efore, which he believed to be the entrance to a large river, 
 and which he had in vain endeavored to enter for nine days. The 
 vessels parted ; Vancouver scouting the idea that a river could pos- 
 sibly exist at that point, since he had lieen there and had not ob- 
 served it, sailed into the Straits of Fuca in search of an inter-oceanic 
 passage; Gray, convinced of the con'ectness of his own observa- 
 tions, sailed southward to discover and enter the greatest river on 
 
122 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 li 
 
 the Pacific Coast and the second in size on the continent of North 
 America. 
 
 On the seA^enth of May Gray entered a port in latitude 46° 58', 
 which he named " Bulfinch Harbor," in honor of one of the owners 
 of his vessel. He sailed out again on the tenth, having, while 
 there, repulsed an attack by the natives, killing some of the assail- 
 ants, and on the eleventh safely crossed the bar which had before 
 baffled hiiu, and sailing ten miles up the stream cast anchor in the 
 mighty Columbia, for so he named it in honor of his vessel. He also 
 bestowed the name " Cape Hancock " upon the high promontory 
 on the north, which had before been known as " Cabo de San 
 Ro(iue " and " Point Disappointment ;" and upon the low point on 
 the south, formerly called " Cape Frondoso," he bestowed the name 
 " Point Adams." Three days later he ascended the stream fifteen 
 miles further, and having gotten into shoal water by reason of miss- 
 ing the channel, he dropped down again, and anchored nearer the 
 mouth. The inhabitants of tliv^ Chinook village on the north bank 
 were very friendly, and from them Cray obtained a large quantity 
 of furs. It was not until the twentieth that the bar was smooth 
 enough to permit the Columbia to cross out, l)ut on that day she 
 sailed northward, and later, at two points on the upper coast, had 
 bloody conflicts with Indians who attacked her. Here M^as met the 
 Adventure^ which had been twice around Queen Charlotte Islands 
 and had enjoyed only a moderate trade with the Indians. They 
 then made another trading voyage to the north, during which the 
 Columbia struck upon a rock in the inland passage just above lati- 
 tude 52°, and was considerably damaged. She succeeded in reach- 
 ing Nootka, where, with the assistance of the Spaniards, she was 
 soon made tight and seaworthy again. She again sailed north, met 
 the Adventure at Port Montgomery, on Queen Charlotte Island, 
 and both vessels returned to Nootka, where (xray found Captain 
 Vancouver and gave him a memorandiim of his discovery of the 
 Columbia River. He then sailed for home by way of Sandwich 
 Islands and China, having first sold the Adventure to Quadra for 
 seventy-five select sea-otter skins. 
 
 After speaking the Columbia^ Vancouver's two vessels entered 
 the Straits of Fuca on the thirtieth of April, and proceeded slowly 
 inland, making a careful examination as he progressed. The ves- 
 
 sels anchc 
 
 Lieutenan 
 
 Vancouve 
 
 the chani 
 
 Vanconve 
 
 " Puget S< 
 
 for Lord . 
 
 Admiral ] 
 
 tain Vash 
 
 ered it; " 
 
 and took 
 
 " Port To 
 
 name;" ' 
 
 Baker," . 
 
 " Decepti" 
 
 of Quim] 
 
 giness in 
 
 fourth of 
 
 above lat 
 
 very shor 
 
 nothing r 
 
 der the IS 
 
 rights b^ 
 
 dega and 
 
 As he 
 
 Canal del 
 
 fell in w 
 
 presence 
 
 liad enter 
 
 veyed as 
 
 and Eng] 
 
 change bi 
 
 For abou 
 
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 superiorii 
 
 had expl 
 
 made a s^ 
 
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PUaKT SOUND AND COLUMBIA RIVEK DISCOVEKKI). 
 
 123 
 
 sels anchored at Port Discovery ^the Porto Bodega y Quadra of 
 Lieutenant Quimper), and from that place, as a rendezvous, Captain 
 Vancouver and Lieutenants Menzies, Puget ancl Johnstone explored 
 the channels and bays to the southward for about four weeks. 
 Vancouver bestowed the following well-known names in that region: 
 " Puget Sound," in honor of Lieutenant Puget; "Hood's Canal," 
 for Lord Hood; "Admiralty Inlet;" "Mount Rainier," after Rear 
 Admiral Rainier of the English Navy; " Vashon Island," after Cap- 
 tain Vashon; "Port Orchard," the name of the officer who discov- 
 ered it; "Possession Sound," where he landed on the fourth of June 
 and took possession in the name of King George of England; 
 " Port Townsend," in compliment to the " noble Marq-uis of that 
 name;" " Whidby Island," after one of his lieutenants; "Mount 
 Baker," discovered by Lieutenant Baker; " Bellingham Bay;" 
 "Deception Passage;" " New Dunginess " (the Point Santa Cruz 
 of Quiuiper's chart), because of a fancied resemblance to Dun- 
 giness in the British Channel. When he took possession on the 
 fourth of June he applied the title " New Georgia " to all the coast 
 above latitude 39° 20', which was certainly cutting California off 
 very short above San Francisco Bay. This ceremony amounted to 
 nothing more than a celebration of the King's birthday, since, un- 
 der the Nootka Convention, neither party could acquire territorial 
 rights by any such proceeding, a farce which Perez, Heceta, Bo- 
 dega and Captain Cook had enacted years before at various jilaces. 
 As he emerged from Puget Sound and sailed northAvard into the 
 Canal del Rosario, which he re-christened " Gulf of Georgia," he 
 fell in with the two Spanish vessels, Sutil and Mexicana^ whose 
 [U'esence there has already been mentioned. Galiano and Valdez 
 had entered the Straits of Fuca on the fourth of June, and had sur- 
 veyed as far north as Tejada (Texada) Island. When the Spanish 
 and English fleets encountered each other there followed an inter- 
 change i)f coiu'tesies, leading to an agi'eement to iniite their laboi"s. 
 For about three weeks they explored in company, l^ut then the pride 
 of the Spaniards M^ould not permit them to longer endure the air of 
 superiority assumed by the English commander, who, when they 
 had explored an inlet, would not accept their report as final, but 
 made a second exploration himself. That his distrust of the Span- 
 ish surveys was unfounded is amply proven by the charts of each 
 
 ; ■ i 
 
124 
 
 HlftTOKY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 
 iiii 
 
 after they resumed indepemlent action. The Spanish maps were as 
 accurate in detail as those of Vancouver, and even more so, since 
 they noted the entrance to Eraser River, called "Rio Blancho," tJie 
 existence of which the Englishman denied. Galiano and Valdez 
 continued their explorations northward, entered the Pacific on the 
 twenty-third of August, ))y a passage at the north end of Vancouver 
 Island, and returned to Nootka, having made the first complete cir- 
 cumnavigation of the Island. 
 
 When the vessels parted company, Vancouver continued north- 
 ward, in advance of the Spaniards, and entered the ocean through 
 Queen Charlotte's Sound, where the Chatham grounded on the 
 rocks, but was safely put afloat again. The long channel above the 
 Gulf of Georgia he called "Johnstone's Strait," after one of his 
 lieutenants, and the names now Imrne V»y the most important objects 
 in that region were also bestowed by him, such as " Burrard Canal," 
 "Bute Canal," "Broughton Archipelago," "Knight's Canal," 
 " Smith's Inlet," " Rivers Can«l," etc. The fact that Vancouver's 
 report was published several years before that of Galiano and 
 Valdez's, and that this region was subsequently settled by English 
 speaking people, accounts for the 8ur\nval of the English nomen- 
 clature. He continued his explorations as far north as latitude 5*2° 
 18', when he turned about and sailed for Nootka Sound, reaching 
 that port on the twenty-eighth of August. Here he found the store 
 ship Dcedalus^ which had l)een sent out from England with supplies 
 and fresh instructions for his guidance in arranging aflfaire at Nootka. 
 There he remained for more than a month, engaged in the fulfill- 
 ment of the diplomatic purposes of his visit. 
 
 While awaiting Vancouver's arrival, Quadra had not l)een idle, 
 but had been gathering evidence from the Indians and traders, and 
 was especially fortunate in securing a statement of the events of 
 1788-9 at Nootka, signed by Gray, Viana (then commanding a Por- 
 tuguese vessel), and Ingraham, the latter l)eing now the commander 
 of the trading vessel Hope. All three of these were officers of ves- 
 sels which were present at Nootka during the occurrence of the dis- 
 puted events. They testified that the Englishmen had not been 
 dispossessed of any lands and buildings whatever; that the only 
 pretense to a settlement by them was the temporary occupation of 
 a small piece of ground by Meares in 1788, while he was building 
 
 the Nort. 
 occupied, 
 all this w 
 launche<l 
 ing to the 
 land of w 
 possessed 
 pose Van 
 surrender( 
 according 
 rendered, 
 port, thou 
 effect in t 
 vei' woidd 
 Spanish; > 
 land on ^^ 
 new port 
 could be 
 sitions wl 
 surrender 
 he would 
 should be 
 facts to t 
 dispatchet 
 guese tra( 
 thence to 
 way at N 
 ment ther 
 port. It 
 been sho\ 
 suiTender 
 relations « 
 left they j 
 was iutcoj" 
 as the " I 
 to plainly 
 title. Th 
 ciates wa 
 
^mmmm 
 
 PUOET SOUND AND COLUMBIA RIVEK DISCOVEREI'. 
 
 125 
 
 the Northwest America^ which, with the hut the workmen had 
 occupied, waa a})andoned when that work was coin[)leted ; also, that 
 all this was done under the Portuguese flag, the schooner being 
 launchetl and sent out upon a cruise under the same ensign. Accord- 
 ing to the treaty, it will he remembered, all buildings and tracts of 
 land of which the siibjects of His Britannic Majesty had l>een dis- 
 possessed by a Spanish officer, wei'e to be restored. For that pur- 
 pose Vancouver had come, expecting, of course, to have Nootka 
 surrendered; but he waa met by Quadra with proofs showing that, 
 according to the terms of the treaty, there \vas nothing to be sur- 
 rendered. Vancouver would listen to nothing but a transfer of the 
 port, though he was unable to show any precise stipulation to that 
 effect in the treaty. Quadra offered to give up Nootka if Vancou- 
 ver woidd recognize all the coast south of Fuca Straits as exclusively 
 Spanish; or he offered to surrender absolutely the small parcel of 
 land on which Meares' cabin had stood and to station himself at the 
 new port in the Straits of Fuca until a decision on the (question 
 could be had fi-om Europe. Vancouver \vould agl-ee to no propo- 
 sitions whatever. He came, he said, to receive an unconditional 
 surrender of the poi-t, and if Quadra would not cimsent tt) make it 
 he would dej)art. It was finally decide<l that the present status 
 should be maintained and the two commissioners should submit the 
 facts to their respective governments. Consequently, Vancouver 
 dispatched two messengers to England, one via China, on a Portu- 
 guese trading vessel, and one on a Spanish vessel to Mexico and 
 thence to Europe. Quadra returned to Monterey, stopping on the 
 way at Nunez Gaona, to order Fidalgo to abandon the new settle- 
 ment there and proceed to Nootka and assume command of that 
 poi"t. It W{is fortunate for Quadra that he waa aa cautious aa haa 
 been shown, for a few weeks later royal ordere were received to 
 suiTender Nootka upon no consideration whatever. The pei-sonal 
 relations of the commissioners were most cordial, and before they 
 left they agreed to name the large island after themselves, and it 
 was iu;cordingly entered upon both the Spanish and English charts 
 as the " Island of Vancouver and Quadra." In after years, owing 
 to plainly apparent causes, the latter's name was dropped fi-om the 
 title. The indemnity to be paid by Spain to Meares and his asso- 
 ciates was Anally fixed at $21(),()(H), less than one-third of the 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 f ■ 
 
 : '.V 
 
 '.-..'; 
 
 ^^K 
 
 r h' 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 ;' ; 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
126 
 
 HI8T0KY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 amojint claime<l, but much more than the actual damage suffered. 
 
 AVhen he had concluded his negotiations, Vancouver, armetl 
 with a rough chart of the Columbia's mouth, which Gray had left 
 at Nootka, sailed southward with his fleet, now increased to three 
 vessels. On the eighteenth of October the Dtedalus, commanded 
 by Lieutenant Whidby, entered Bulfinch's, or day's Harbor, to 
 make a thorough examination, while her two consorts continue*! to 
 the mouth of the Cohmibia. On the morning of the nineteenth the 
 Chatham and Discovery attempted the pjissage of the l)ar, the 
 former crossing safel}-, but the latter hauling off for fear there was 
 not a sufficient depth of water. This circumstance led Vancouver 
 to recf)rd in his journal that his " former opinion of this poi-t being 
 inaccessible to vessels of our burthen was now fully confirmed, with 
 this exception, that in very tine weather, with moderate winds, and 
 a smooth sea, vessels not exceeiliug four hundi'ed tons might, so far 
 a« we were able to judge, gain atlmittance," It was while lying at 
 Anchor off the bar that he gained a view of a " high, round snow 
 mountain " far up the stream, which he named " Mount St. Helens," 
 in honor of his Britannic Majesty's ambassador at the coin*t of 
 Madrid. 
 
 The first sound that saluted the commander of the Chatham 
 upon crossing the bar was the report of a cannon, which was an- 
 swered in a similar manner by Lieutenant Broughton. It came 
 from a Bristol brig called ihe Jenny, lying in a sheltered bay within 
 the mouth of the stream, which has ever since l)eeu known as 
 " Baker's Bay," in honor of the captain of that little craft. This 
 made the second vessel to enter the river ])efore these ofiicial repre- 
 sentatives of Great Britain undertook to explore it. The Chatham 
 lay in the river several days, during which time Broughton a.scended 
 the stream in a boat some one hundred and twenty miles, as far as 
 a point which he named in honor of the commander of the exj)edi- 
 tion, being the same upon which Fort Vancouver was afterward 
 built by the Hudson's Bay Company. The high snow-crowneil 
 peak rising above the Cascades to the east he called " Mount Hood." 
 During his stay he formally " took possession of the river and the 
 country in its vicinity in his Britannic Majesty's name, having every 
 reason to believe that the subjects of no other civilized nation or 
 state had ever entered this river before." The closing portion of 
 
 t 
 
 this sent* 
 at the til 
 been the 
 that he a 
 ■ stream as 
 though , 
 entered 
 maintain 
 the right 
 
 Vane 
 Nootka i 
 from Eui 
 fi'om the 
 mer in 
 chart, (|u 
 to 57" he 
 Georgia 1 
 nious jjoi 
 return to 
 rived fi-oi 
 remained 
 of trading 
 commerci 
 plishing !i 
 
 In A}) 
 report of 
 govennue 
 of Spain, 
 tically del 
 deed, it v 
 Heceta, ai 
 ing a stati 
 tection of 
 plored an* 
 New Mexi 
 ernmost st 
 any other 
 point. H 
 
-j^'—^'rvT 
 
 ir-'P^iBR^i 
 
 PUGKT SOUND AND COLUMBIA KIVKH DISCOVEKKD. 
 
 127 
 
 this sentence sounds strangely from one ^vh^) had in his possessioii 
 at the time he penned it the rough chart made by Gray, which had 
 been the cause of his l)eing there at all. It is explained by saying 
 that he affected to consider the broad estuary ni'arthe mouth of the 
 stream as no portion of the river, and that in consequence (xi-ay, 
 though he liad ascended the stream twenty-tive miles, had not 
 entered the river proj)er. This strained construction England 
 maintained in the after controversy witli the United States aI)out 
 the rights of discovery. 
 
 Vancouver wintered at the Hawaiian Islaiuls, returning lo 
 Nootka in May, 1793, and finding that no news Juid been received 
 from Europe, sailed noi-th to continue his examination of the cojist 
 from -the point he had reached tlie year bef«>re. He spent the sum- 
 mer in this work, making, with the aid of Caamaflo's previous 
 chart, (juite an accurate map of the coast. From latitude 53° 30' 
 to 57" he called the country "New Cornwall;" south of that to near 
 (xeorgia he named it " New Hanover," taking formal and ceremo- 
 nious possessitm of it all in the name of King George. Upon his 
 return to Nootka in October, lie found tlnit no instructions liad ar- 
 rived from home, and he sailed for California. The Spaniards still 
 remained in (juiet possession of the disputed port. Quite a number 
 of trading vessels were on the coast that sejison, but the peculiar 
 commercial character of their voyages prevented them fi'om accom- 
 plishing anything of geographical or historical value. 
 
 In April, 175)3, the Mexican Viceroy, Kevilla-Gigedo, sent a full 
 report of the events and status of affairs at Nootka to the home 
 government, accompanied by recommendations for the future course 
 of Spain. These were to the effect that recent explorations had prac- 
 tically demonstrated that no Northwest J^assage existed, unless, in- 
 deed, it was found by way of the Columbia River, or Entrada de 
 Heceta, and consequently that the trouble and expense of maintain- 
 ing a station as far north as Nootka was unnecessary for the pro- 
 tection of Spanish interests. He advised that the Columbia be ex- 
 plored and occupied, if found to connect \\'ith the Atlantic or with 
 New Mexico; otherwise he advised the strengtliening of the north- 
 ernmost stations in California, the occupation of Bodega Bay, and 
 any other desirable harbor which might be found north of that 
 point. He prepared to dispatcli two vessels to survey the Coluni- 
 
 •»•■; 
 
 1 
 
 mi 
 
 i 1 ' 
 
 m 
 
 
 I . 
 
 I 
 
 
 ' i 
 
 'IT 
 
 1 
 
 ^^^H 
 
 
128 
 
 HIHTOUY OK WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 }>ia in the spring of 1794, but for some reason the project was 
 abandoned. Early that year word wm received from Spain that 
 the points in disjmte had be( n settled. Quadra died in March, and 
 (ten. Jose Manual d Alava was appointed his successor, and sent to 
 Nootka with the understanding that his instructions would follow 
 him. 
 
 Captain Vancouver again visited the northern coast in the spring 
 of 1794, and extended his explorations as far tis the head of Cook's 
 Inlet, bei'oming convinced that no j)a>*sage wluitever connected the 
 Pacific with the Atlantic or any of the bays or seas leading off from 
 it. He then went to Nootka, arriving on the second of September, 
 where he found Alava, the Sj)anish comuiissiimer. Neither was 
 aware of the terms of settlement, so they enjoyed each other'« hos- 
 pitalities and awaited instructions. No orders having been received 
 by the sixteenth the commissioners sailetl tor Monterey, where Al- 
 ava soon afterwards receive<l his instructions. These were to the 
 effecc that an amicable settlement had been aiTivnl at, and that 
 England had appointed a new commissioner. Upon receipt of this 
 intelligence Vancoxivtr at once set sail for England, where he ai'- 
 rived in October, 1795. His naiTative of his four years' voyage 
 and explorations, the most complete arid i'viportant tner issued up 
 to that time, was published in 1798, pevious to which the great 
 explorer died. 
 
 The settlement spoken of whs the one signed at Madrid by the 
 representatives of Spain and England, on tht; eleventh of January, 
 1794. The tide of European jxditics had so turned that it was then 
 the best policy of ])oth England and Spain to form an alliance, 
 hence the mutual concessions in this agreement. The treaty pro- 
 vided that commissionei's of both nations should meet at Nootka, 
 and that formal possession of the tract claimed by Mcares be given 
 to the representative of England by the Spanish commissioner. It 
 continued in the following explicit language: — 
 
 Then the British officer shall unfUrl the British flag over the land thus rest<jred 
 as a sign of possession, and after these formalities the officers of the two crowns 
 shall retire respectively their people from the said port of Nootka. And their said 
 majesties have furthermore agreed that the subjects of both nations shall be free to 
 fi-equent the said port as may be convenient, and to erect there temporary buildings 
 for their accommodation during their residence on such occawions. But neither of 
 the two parties shall make in said port any permanent i«tabllshment, or cluim there 
 any right of sovereignty or territorial dominion to the exclusion of the (ither. And 
 
I'UOET SOUND AND f OLUMBIA UIVEU DIHC'OVKHKD. 
 
 120 
 
 their said m^jodtles will aid each other to maintain their subJectH In free accem to 
 the said port of Nootka agahiMt whatever other aatiun may attempt tu etitabliHh 
 there any sovereignty or dominion. 
 
 Thw Holciiin farce was actually enacted there on the twenty-third 
 of March, 1795, ])y General Alava on the part of Spain, and Lieu- 
 tenant Thomas Pierce jvh repreHentati\ »• of Great Britain. Every- 
 thing portable vvjw then embarked on the Spanish vessels, which 
 sailed away and left Nootka again in the sole pcjssession of the 
 natives. From that day to this no white settlement has been at- 
 tempted at that historical port. English historians, and many others 
 writing, like them, from incomplete data, iiave asserted that the port 
 of Nootka was surrendered to England by the Spaniards; but such 
 the above (quotation from the treaty shows not to have been the 
 case. Only the small patch of ground claimed by Meares to have 
 been purchased from Ma(|uinna wa« formally transftn-reil ; and Eng- 
 land was as ftrnily Ixnmd as Spain not to make any futiuv settle- 
 ment at that point, while both were at liberty to oci-upy any other 
 points they might see fit. Their interests in Europe, however, were 
 so closely linked for the next few years that neither felt it necessary 
 to attempt any settlements on the upper Pacific Coast as a safeguard 
 against the other. No other nation attempted to plant a colony 
 here, and thus the matter stood for nearly a score of years, when 
 the ((uestion of ownership was raised by a new claimant — the United 
 States. Traders continued to carry on the fur business as before, 
 but their operations were of little historical importance. 
 
 m 
 
 fa 
 
 
 (■'■ ?■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 hi 
 
 : I. 
 
 •tit 
 
 i 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 OVERLAND JOURNEYS TO THE PACIFIC. 
 
 Organisation of the Iforthwest Company of Montreal Mackemte's 
 Journey to the Arctic Ocean — ffis Trip to the Pacific in 179S — Dis- 
 covery and Naming of Fraser River — Treaty of 179 Jf. Opens a West- 
 em FiM for A.:r.<irivim Traders — Conjlicting Claims of Various 
 Nations at the Beginning of the Present Century — Spain Heeonveys 
 Louisiana to France in ISOO — Thomas Jefferson'' s Efforts to hove the 
 Unknown Region Explored — Louisiana Purchased by the United 
 States — The Lewis and Clarke Expedition — They Winter loith the 
 Marulan Indians — Isoend the Missouri — Cross to Clarke'' s Fork — 
 Reach the Nez Perces — Descend Clearwater, Lewis [Snake) and 
 Columbia Rivers to the Pacific — Winter at Fort Clatsop — The Mult- 
 no mah, or Willamette^ River- — The Walla Wallet, Cay use and Nez 
 Perce Indians — Lewis and Clarke Descend the Yellowstone and 
 Missouri — Effect of their Great Journey — Anxiety of Great Britain 
 — Fort E'raser Established in New Caledonia — Fort Henry Built 
 on Snake River. 
 
 IT haw been related how the early Fi'ench explorers pushed their 
 way gradually westward, until, in 1748, the Verendryes pene- 
 trated to the heart of the Rocky Mountains, and how, with the con- 
 (juest of Canada by the English, these explorations suddenly ceased. 
 Thirty years elapsed before they were again I't^umed l)y subjects of 
 the new rulers of C'anada, except in the instance of C!aptain Carver, 
 whose pretentious claims have already been considered. Meanwhile, 
 the American Coloni^^s had fought and gained the War of Inde- 
 pendence, and, as a result, England was deprived of all her posses- 
 sions south of the great chain of lakes. France had sold Louisiana 
 to Spain, as has been related, which gave that nation, in conjunction 
 with her California possessions, ^ "oprietary claim t« the whole 
 
OVERLAND JOURNEYS TO THE PACIFIC. 
 
 131 
 
 
 country lying between the Mississippi and the Pacific, and extend- 
 ing indefinitely northward. How extensive that region was, or 
 what it contained, no one knew, and the Spanish owners were not 
 inquisitive enough to find out. England was cut off from it except 
 in the region lying north of Minnesota, certainly not a very inviting 
 field for exploration ; and the young Kepublic was too busy setting 
 its government in good running order to engage in explorations of 
 new tei'ritories. When, at last, westward journeys were again 
 undertaken, it waa solely by private enterprise in the interests of 
 trade. 
 
 A number of Montreal fur traders pushed as far westward as 
 the Athabasca and Saskatchewan as early as 1775, and carried on 
 an independent tra^e with the natives. Competition with the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company became too hea^'y for them individually, and 
 in 1784 they combined together as the Northwest Company of Mon- 
 treal. Thus strengthened, and all its agents being interested part- 
 ners, it prospered wonderfully and became, in a few years, a most 
 powerful organization. In 1788 the station which liad been estab- 
 lished ten years before on Athabasca River was removed to Lake 
 Athabasca, some twelve huntb-td miles northwest of Lake Superior, 
 and called " Fort Chipewy."n," and this became the great western 
 headquai-ters of the company. Traders covered the whole country 
 east of the Rocky Mountains almost to the Arctic. 
 
 This advance post was nnder the charge of Alexander Macken- 
 zie, a partner in the Northwest Company, who made a journey to 
 the north in 1789, discovered the Mackenzie River, and followed it 
 from its source in Great Slave Lake to where it discharges its icy 
 watei-s into the Arctic Ocean. By this journey the character and 
 extent of the continent to the northwest was ascertained, as v^ell as 
 the fact that there existed no passage between the Atlantic and Pacific 
 south of the great northern sea. In 1791 he stai"ted with a small 
 party upon a western trip, intent upon reaching the Pacific. Fol- 
 lowing up Peace River to the base of the Rocky Mountains, he 
 camyied there for the winter, and in the spring continued his journey 
 along the course of that stream and came upon the Fraser River, 
 dovvTi which he passed in canoes a distance of two hundred and fifty 
 miles. To this stream he applied the Indian title of " Tacoutchee- 
 Tassee," a name somewhat similar to that which the naWgators liad 
 
 -if- 
 
 SB*; ! 
 
 air > 3 
 
 ■1 iiifiJ 
 
132 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 a few years before applied to the Straits of Fuca. He finally 
 abandoiied the river and struck directly westward, reaching the 
 coast at the North Bentinck Ann, only a short time after it had 
 been explored by Vancouver's fleet. When he learned upon his 
 return that the mouth of the Columbia had been discovered, he 
 supposed that the large river which he had followed so far south- 
 ward must be that gi'eat stream; and so it was considered to be 
 until twenty years later, when Simon Fraser, a representative of 
 the same fur company, descended it to its mouth in the Gulf of 
 Georgia, and ascertained its true character. As Mackenzie's name 
 was already applied to a large river, this stream was then christened 
 " Fraser River." 
 
 These various sea and land expeditions had proved- three very 
 important facts : first, that there was no water passage for vessels 
 across the continent; second, that by following the coui-ses of 
 streams and lakes the overland journey could be nearly accom- 
 plished in boats; third, that this vast imexplored region abounded 
 in fur- bearing animals, a fact which led, in a few years, to its occu- 
 pation by the rival fur traders, both English and American. At 
 this time the Spanish claim of Louisiana clouded the whole region 
 ost of the Mississippi, and though its limits were undefined, it 
 extended indefinitely into the unknown region lying north of Mexico 
 and California. The Americans were especially hampered in their 
 trading operations on the frontier. The Mississippi formed a defi- 
 nite and recognized western boundery to the territory of the Unite<l 
 States, and the line of forts along the south side of the chain of 
 great lakes were still held by Grt^at Britain, notwithstanding they 
 should have been surrendered imder the treaty o^' 1783. When 
 that convention was formed, the representatives of England endeav- 
 ored to have the Alleghanies fixed as the western limit of the 
 new nation, but the American commissioners insisted that as 
 British colonies the states had previously exercised juristliction hs 
 far west as the Mississippi, and the sat'ety of the Rep ?blic Tf(j.iir»i' 
 that she still continue to do so; and tht^y carried their y:;unt. li 
 a special treaty made in 1794, England surrendered poiseeiii; n of 
 the lake posts, and the two nations agreed that both should have 
 unrestricted intercourse and trade in the great western region. 
 From that time American tradei-s exten<led their operations further 
 
OVERLAND JOURNEYS TO THE PACIFIC. 
 
 138 
 
 westv/ai'd. The Hudson's Bay Company also began to invade the 
 field occupied by its great rival, the Northwest Company of 
 Montreal. 
 
 At the beginning of the nineteenth century the territorial claims 
 of the various nations on the Pacific Coast were exceedingly con- 
 fticting. The claim of Russia to Alaska was recognized 'as valid, 
 having been established both by discovery and occupation ; though 
 as yet no definite southern limit was fixed. Spain's claim to Cali- 
 fornia was also undisputed, extending to the forty-second parallel. 
 Between these two both England and Spain claimed title by right of 
 discovery only, since by the Nootka convention both had agreed to 
 base no claim whatever upon the actual or asserted occupation of 
 their representatives or subjects at Nootka Sound. The United 
 States, also, by reason of Gray's discovery of the Columbia, had 
 laid a foundation for a claim to the whole region drained by that 
 mighty river, as yet unasserted, but which was pressed with much 
 vigor and final partial success a few years later. Besides these dis- 
 covei y rights, the Louisiana Province, which France had transferred 
 to !^;....u!: in 1762, was construed by its possessor, or, more accu- 
 'V. ;elv -v,,.- iking, its technical claimant, to cover the whole region 
 m ' i * ue Mississippi not claimed by the same nation as portions 
 of ^.ic \ic«. and California. This title was reconveyed to France in 
 the yet^r 1 800, thus putting that nation again into the field as a 
 claimant of territory in the western portion of North America. 
 
 It will be remembered that John Ledyard, who had been one of 
 Captain Cook's seamen, xindertook to interest American and French 
 capitalists in the Pacific fur trad(\ soon after the return of that ex- 
 pedition to England. At that time Thomas Jefferson was the rep- 
 resentative of the United States at tlie Court of Versailles, and he 
 i> -(^pme deeply interested in this great western region. He naturally 
 ] ferred that liis own country should fall heir to such a magnifi- 
 cent inheritance; })ut more than a decade [lassed before the States 
 had perfected their government and regulated those national affairs 
 refjuiring immediate and careful consideration, and »lui'ing that 
 time it was icilc to think of further accessions of territory. Ho\\'- 
 ever, in 1792, he proposed to the American Philosophical Society 
 that a subscription be raised for the purpose of engaging some com- 
 petent pewjon to explore the countiy lying between the Mississippi 
 
 i^* 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 14 
 
 M 
 
 1, 
 
 Lf 
 
134 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 River and Pacific Ocean, " by ascending the Missouri, crossing the 
 Stony Mountains, and descending the nearest river to the Pacific." 
 His suggestion was acted upon, and the position ha^ang been eagerly 
 solicited by Lieutenant ^l^riwether Lewis, a Virginian, that gentle- 
 man was selected at tLt mmendation of Mr. Jefferson. His 
 traveling " companion was . Andre Michaux, a distinguished 
 French botanist, then living in the United States in the employ of 
 his government. When they had proceeded as far as Kentucky, 
 Mr. Michaux was recalled by the French Minister, and the expedi- 
 tion was abandoned. 
 
 Soon after France again acquired title to Louisiana, Napoleon 
 recognized the fact that it would only be a source of annoyance and 
 expense to the nation. His ambitious designs in Europe arrayed 
 England and other powerful nations in hostility to France, and to 
 avoid the necessity of having to provide for the protection of vast 
 territorial possessions, as well as to place in the field an active and 
 now powerful rival to England, he opened secret negotiations for 
 the transfer of the whole Province to the United States. Mr. Jef- 
 fei'son was then President, and grasped eagerly the opportunity to 
 realize his long- cherished desire, and by so doing render his admin- 
 istration one to be forever remembered by his countrymen. Even 
 before the treaty was concluded, he began to put his plan of oper- 
 ations into effect; and on the eighteenth of January, 1803, he sub- 
 mitted to Congress a special message on the Indian question, in 
 which he incorporated a suggestion that an oflicial expedition be 
 dispatched upon the oame journey as the private one would have 
 accomplished ten years before, had it not been abandoned. Con- 
 gress approved the idea and made an ample appropriation to carry 
 it into effect. Lewis was then acting in the capacity of private sec- 
 retary to the President, and once more solicited the direction of the 
 enterprise. In this he was again successful. He held at that time 
 the rank of captain, and having selected William Clarke as his asso- 
 ciate, that gentleman also received a captain's commission. 
 
 In the instructions di'awn up for the guidance of the party, the 
 President says: "The object of your mission is to explore the 
 Missouri River, and such principal streams of it, as, by its course 
 and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean, whether 
 the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado, or any other river, may offer the 
 

 OVERLAND JOURNEYS TO THE PACIFIC. 
 
 135 
 
 most direct and practicable water communication across the conti- 
 nent, for the purposes of commerce." They were directed to ac- 
 quire as intimate a knowledge as possible of the extent and number 
 of Indian tribes, their manners, customs and degiee of civilization, 
 and to report fully upon the topography, the character of the soil, 
 the natural procincts, the animal life and minerals, as well as to as- 
 certain by scientific observations and inquiry as much as possible 
 about the climate, and to inquire especially into the fur trade and 
 the needs of commerce. Since Louisiana had not yet been formally 
 conveyed to the United States, the instructions contained a para- 
 graph saying: " Your mission has been communicated to the min- 
 isters here fi'om France, Spain and Great Britain, and through them 
 to their governments; and such assurances given them as to its ob- 
 jects, as we trust will satisfy them. The countiy of Louisiana hav- 
 ing been ceded by Spain to l^rance, the passport you have from the 
 minister of France, the representative of the present sovereign of 
 the country, will be a protection with all its subjects ; and that from 
 the minister of England will entitle you to the friendly aid of any 
 traders of that allegiance with whom you may happen to meet." 
 
 The French passport was rendered needless by the receipt of the 
 joyful intelligence a few days before they started that Louisiana had 
 been formally ceded to the United States. Lewis left Washington 
 on the fifth of July, 1803, and was joined by Clarke at Louisville. 
 Having selected the men to compose their party, they went into 
 camp near St. Louis and remained until spring. The final start 
 was made on the fourteenth of May, 1804, the party consisting of 
 Captain Meriwether Lewis, Captain William Clarke, nine young 
 men from Kentucky, foui*teen soldiers, two French Canadian water- 
 men, of the class called "voyageui-s" among the fur traders, an in- 
 terpreter and hunter and a negro servant of Captain Clarke. There 
 were, also, a number of assistants who accompanied the party as 
 far as the Mandan countr}'. The Missouri river was ascended as 
 far as the region occupied by the Mandan Indians, with whom they 
 remained all winter, learning much from their hosts of the geogra- 
 phy of the surrounding country as well as its native inhabitants. 
 While there they negotiated a treaty of peace and friendship between 
 the Mandans and Ricarees, between whom hostilities had existed for 
 a long time. 
 
 if- i 
 
 i.ij 
 
 \i '■. 
 
 f 
 
136 
 
 HIHTORY OF WILLAMETTK VALLEY. 
 
 The westward journey was resumed in the spring of 1 805. They 
 still followed up the Missouri, of whose course, tributaries and the 
 great falls they had received very minute and accurate information 
 from their Mandan friends. Passing the mouth of the Yellowstone, 
 which name they record as being but a translation of "Roche Jaune," 
 the title given it by the French-Canadian trappers who had already 
 visited it, they continued up the Missouri, passed the castellated 
 rocks and the great falls and cascades, ascended through the mighty 
 canyon, and reached the headwatei*s of the stream, crossed the Rocky 
 Mountain divide and came upon the stream variously known along 
 its course as "Deer Lodge," "Hellgate," " Bitterroot," "Clarke's 
 Fork of the Columbia " and " Pend d'Oreille." Upon this they 
 bestowed the name " Clarke's River," and so it should be called 
 fi'om its source in the Rocky Mountains to where it unites with the 
 main stream in British Columbia. From this river the advance 
 party under Clarke crossed tne Bitterroot Mountains by the Lolo 
 trail, suffering intensely from cold and hunger, and on the twentieth 
 of September reached a village of Nezi Perce Indians, situated on a 
 plain about fifteen miles from the south fork of Clearwater River, 
 where they were received with great hospitality. This first passage 
 of the mountains by representatives of the United States and their 
 warm reception by the Indians contrast strongly with a scene 
 witnessed by this same Lolo trail seventy-two yeai-s later when 
 Howard's army hotl}^ pursued Chief Joseph and his little band of 
 hostile Nez Perces, who were fleeing before the avengers from the 
 scene of their many bloody massacres. 
 
 The almost famished men partook of such quantities of the food 
 liberally provided by their savage hosts that many of them became 
 ill, among them being Captain Clarke, who was unable to continue 
 the journey until the second day. He then went to the village of 
 Twisted -hair, the chief, situated on an island in the stream men- 
 tioned. To the river he gave the name "Koos-koos-kee," errone- 
 ously supposing it to be its Indian title. The probabilities are that 
 the Nez Perces, in trying to inform Captain Clarke that this river 
 flowed into a still larger one, the one variously known as " Lewis," 
 "Sahaptin" or " Snake," used the words " Koots-koots-kee," mean- 
 ing " This is tne smaller," and were understood to have meant that 
 as the name of the stream. The Nez Perce name is " Kaih-kaih- 
 
V 
 
 OVERLAND J0UBNEY8 TO THE PACIFIC. 
 
 137 
 
 koosh," signifying " Clearwater," the title it is generally known by. 
 
 Having been united, the two parties a few days later journeyed 
 on down the Clearwater. Concerning their deplorable condition 
 and their method of traveling the journal says: " Captain Lewis 
 and two of the men were taken very ill last evening, and to-day he 
 could scarcely sit on his horse, while others were obliged to be put 
 on horseback, and some, from extreme weakness and pain, were 
 forced to lie down alongside of the road. * * * The weather 
 was very hot and oppressive to the party, most of whom are now 
 complaining of sickness. Our situation, indeed, rendered it neces- 
 sary to husband our remaining strength, and it was determined to 
 proceed down the river in canoes. Captain Clarke, therefore, set 
 out with Twisted -hair, and two young men, in quest of timber 
 for canoes. * * * Having resolved to go down to some spot 
 calculated for building canoes, we set out early this morning and 
 proceeded five miles, and encamped on the low ground on the south, 
 opposite the forks of the river." The canoes being constructed, they 
 embarked, in the month of October, on theu- journey down the Clear- 
 water and connecting streams, for the Pacific, leaving what remained 
 of their horses in charge of the friendly Nez Perces. They had for 
 some time been subsisting upon roots, fish, hors ^meat and an occa- 
 sional deer, crow, or wolf, but having left their horses behind them, 
 their resort, when out of other food, now became the wolfish dogs 
 they purchased from the Indians. 
 
 Upon reaching Snake Kiver, which was named in honor of 
 Captain Lewis, the canoes were turned down that stream, which 
 * they followed to the Columbia, naming the Tukannon River " Kim- 
 so-emim," a title derived from the Indians, and upon the Palouse 
 bestowing the name "Drewyer," in honor of the hunter of the 
 party. They then followed down the Columbia, passing a number of 
 rapids, and arrived at the Cascades on the twenty-first of October. 
 A portage was made of all their effects and a portion of the canoes, 
 the remainder making the perilous descent of the Cascades in safety. 
 The mouth of the Willamette was passed without the addition of 
 so large a stream being noticed. Cape Disappointment was reached 
 November fifteenth, and the eyes of the weary travelers were 
 gladdened with a sight of the great ocean which had been their goal 
 for more than a year. The season of winter rains having set in. 
 
 !.:•; 1 
 
 'A 
 
188 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 they were soon driven by high water from the low land on the 
 north bank of the stream, eleven miles above the cape, which they 
 had selected for their winter residence. They then left the Chin- 
 ooks, crossed the river, and biiilt a habitation on the high land on 
 the south side of the stream, which they called " Fort Clatsop," in 
 honor of the Indians which inhabited that region. Here they 
 spent the winter, making occasional short excursions along the 
 coast. The departure for home was delayed with the hope that 
 some trading vessel might appear, from which sadly-needed supplies 
 could be obtained, but being disappointed in this they loaded their 
 canoes, and on March 23, 1806, took final leave of Fort Clatsop. 
 Before going they presented the chiefs of the Chinooks and Clatsops 
 with certificates of kind and hospitable treatment, and cu'culated 
 among the natives several papei"8, posting a copy on the vvhH of the 
 abandoned fort, which read as follows : " The object of this last is, 
 that through the medium of some civilized person, who may see 
 the same, it may be made known to the world, that the party, con- 
 sisting of the persons whose names are hereunto annexed, and who 
 were sent out by the Government of the United States to explore 
 the interior of the continent of North America, did penetrate the 
 same by the way of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, to the dis- 
 charge of the latter into the Pacific Ocean, where they arrived on 
 the fourteenth day of November, 1805, and departed the twenty- 
 third day of March, 1806, on their retui-n to the United States by 
 the same route by which they had come out." To this was appended 
 a list of the members of the expedition. One of these copies was 
 handed by an Indian the following year to Captain Hall, an Ameri- 
 can fur trader, whose vessel, the Lydia, had entered the Columbia, 
 by whom it was taken to China and thence to the United States ; 
 thus, even had the party perished on the return journey, evidence 
 of the completion of their task was not wanting. 
 
 Upon taking an invoice of their possessions before starting upon 
 the return, they found that their goods available for traffic with the 
 Indians consisted of six })lue robes, one scarlet robe, one United 
 States artillery hat and coat, five robes made from the national 
 ensign, and a few old clothes trimmed with ribbon. Upon these 
 must they depend for purchasing provisions and horses, an* /or 
 winning the hearts of stubborn chiefs. They proceeded up the 
 
f 
 
 OVERLAND JOURNEYS TO THE PACIFIC. 
 
 139 
 
 south bank of the stream, until they came unexpectedly upon a 
 large river flowing into it from the south. On an island near its 
 mouth, known to the early trappers as " Wapatoo," and now called 
 " Sauvie's Island," they came upon an Indian village, where they 
 were refused a supply of food. To impress them with his power. 
 Captain Clarke entered one of their habitations and cast a few 
 sulphur matches into the fire. The savages were frightened at the 
 blue flame, and looked upon the strange visitor as a great medicine 
 man. They implored him to extinguish the " evil fire," and brought 
 all the food he desired. The name of the Indian village was " Mult- 
 nomah," but Captain Clarke understood the name to apply to the 
 river, of whose course he made careful inquiry. Upon the map of 
 this expedition the "Multnomah" is indicated as extending south- 
 ward and eastward into California and Nevada, and the Indians 
 who resided along the streams that flow fi'om southeastern Oregon 
 into the Snake, are represented as living on the upper branches of 
 the Multnomah. The true Indian name of the river and valley is 
 " Wallamet," which has been corrupted to "Willamette" by those 
 who conceived the idea that it was of French origin. The confusion 
 between Indian, French and English names in this region has 
 resulted in many very peculiar and ridiculous appellations. 
 
 At the mouth of the Lapage River, the stream later named 
 " John Day," in memory of the bold hunter of the Astor party, 
 who met such a tragic fate, the canoes were abandoned, and the 
 party proceeded up the Columbia on foot, packing their baggage 
 upon the backs of a few horses purchased from the natives. Cross- 
 ing the Umatilla, which they called " You-ma-lolam," they arrived 
 at the mouth of the Walla Walla on the twenty-seventh of April. 
 Yellept, the Walla Walla chief, was a man of unusual capacity and 
 power, and extended to them the most cordial and bountiful hospi- 
 tality they had enjoyed since leaving the abodes of civilization. 
 How different would have been the reception extended them could 
 the old chief have gazed into the future with prophetic eye, and 
 seen his great successor, Peo-peo-mux-mux, killed while unjustly a 
 prisoner by members of the same race and tribe to which these 
 white guests belonged! It is related of Yellept that in after years, 
 having seen the last of five noble sons perish in battle or by the 
 hand of disease, he called together the tribe, and throwing himself 
 
 I 
 
140 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 upon the body of his last son, sternly bade them bury him with 
 
 his dead. With loud lamentations and heart-broken sobs they did 
 
 as he commanded, and buried alive the great chief they both loved 
 
 and feared. This was the mam who extended his hospitalities to 
 
 Lewis and Clarke, and because of the important part the Walla 
 
 Wallas and Cayuses played in the after history of this region, the 
 
 following account given by those gentlemen of their entertainers \i 
 
 presented. Their journal says: — 
 
 Immediately upon our arrival, Yellept, who proved to be a man of much infli- 
 ence, not only in his own, but in the neighboring nations, collected the inhabitants 
 and, after having made a harangue, the purport of which was to induce the nations 
 to treat us hospitably, set them an example, by bringing himself an armful of wood 
 and a platter containing three roasted mullets. They immediat«ly assented tb one 
 part, at least, of the recommendation, by furnishing us with an abundance of the 
 only sort of fuel they employ, the stems of shrubs growing in the plains. We then 
 purchased four dogs, on which we supped heartily, having been on short allowance 
 for two days past. When we were disposed to sleep, the Indians retired imme- 
 diately on our request, and, indeed, uniformly conducted themselves with great 
 propriety. These people live on roots, which are very abundant in the plains, and 
 catch a lew salmon-trout; but at present they seem to subsist chiefly on a species of 
 mullet, weighing from one to three pounds. » * * Monday, twenty-eighth, 
 we purchased ten dogs. While this trade was carrying on by our men, Yellept 
 brought a fine white horse and presented him to Captain Clarke, expressing at the 
 same time a wish to have a kettle; but on being informed that we had already dis- 
 posed of the last kettle we could spare, he said he would be content with any pres- 
 ent we should make in return. Captain Clarke, therefore, gave his sword, for 
 which the chief had before expressed a desire, adding one hundred balls, some pow- 
 der, and other small articles, with which he appeared perfectly satisfied. We were 
 now anxious to depart, and requested Yellept to lend us canoes for the purpose of 
 crossing the river. But he would not listen to any proposal of leaving the village. 
 He wished us to remain two or three days ; but would not let us go to-day, for he 
 had alreadj sent to invite his neighbors, the Chlmnapoos (Cayuses), to come down 
 this evening and join his people in a dance for our amusement. We urged, in vain, 
 that by setting out sooner we would the earlier return with the articles they desired ; 
 for a day, he observed, would make but little difference. We at length mentioned 
 that, as there was no wind, it was now the best time to cross the river, and would 
 merely take the horses over and return to sleep at their village. To this he assented, 
 and then we crossed with our horses, and having hobbled them, returned to their 
 camp. Fortunately there was among these WollawoUahs a prisoner, belonging to 
 a tribe of Shoshonee or Snake Indians, residing to the south of the Multnomah, 
 and visiting occasionally the heads of the Wollawollali creek. Our Shoshonee 
 woman, Sacajaweah, though she belonged to a tribe near the Missouri, spoke the 
 same language as this prisoner, and by their means we were able to explain our- 
 selves to the Indians, and answer all their inquiries with respect to ourselves and 
 the object of our journey. Our conversation inspired them with mucli confidence, 
 and they soon brought several sick persons for whom they requested our assistance. 
 We splintered the broken arm of one, gave some relief to another, whose knee was 
 contracted by rheumatism, and administered what we thought beneficial for ulcers 
 and eruptions of the skin, on various parts of the body, which are very common 
 disorders among them. But our most valuable medicine was eye-wat/er, which we 
 
OVERLAND JOURNEYS TO THK PACIFIC. 
 
 141 
 
 distributed, and which, indeed, they required very much ; the complaint of the 
 eyes, occasioned by living on the water, and increased by the fine sand of the plains, 
 being now universal. A little before sunset, the Chimnapoos, amounting to one 
 hundred men and a few women, came to the village, and joining tlie WollawollahH, 
 who were about the same number of men, fofmed themselves in a circle round our 
 camp, and waited very patiently till our men were disposed to dance, which they 
 did for about an hour, to tiie tune of the violin. They then requested to see the 
 Indians dance. Witli this they readily complied, and the whole assemblage, 
 amounting, with the women and children of the village, to several hundred, stood 
 lip, and sang and danced at the same time. The exercise was not, indeed, very 
 graceful, for the greater part of them were formed into a solid column, round a kind 
 of hollow square, stood on the same place, and merely jumj)e«l up at intervals, to 
 lieep time to the music. Some, however, of the more active warriors entered the 
 square and danced round it sidewise, and some of our men joined in the dance, to 
 the great satisfaction of the Indians. The dance continued till ten o'clock the next 
 morning. In tlie course of the day we gave small medals to two inferior chiefs, 
 each of whom made us a present of a fine horse. We were in a poor condition to 
 make an adequate acknowledgement for this kindness, but gave several articles, 
 among which was a pistol, with some hundred rounds of ammunition. We have, 
 Indeed, been treated by these people with an unusual degree of kindness and civility. 
 * * * We may, indeed, justly aftlrm that of all the Indians whom we have 
 met since leaving the United States, the Wollawollahs were the most hospitable, 
 honest and sincere. 
 
 Bidding adieu to these hospitable people, they left the Colum- 
 bia on the twenty-ninth of April and followed eastward what is 
 known as the "Nez Perce Trail." Tliey went up the Touchet, 
 called by them " White Stallion," because of the present Yellept 
 had made to Captain Clarke, the Patet and Pataha and down the 
 Alpowa to Snake river, which they crossed and followed up the 
 north side of Clearwater until they reached the village of Twip^cd- 
 hair, where had been left their horses the fall before. The ' o! > 
 trail wa« not yet fi'ee from snow, and for six weeks they resided 
 among the Nez Perces, a tribe closely woven into the history of 
 this region. Of them and the intercourse held with them the fall 
 before, the journal says: — 
 
 The Chopunnish, or Pierce-nosed, nation, who reside on the Kooskooske and 
 Lewis' Rivers, are in person stout, portly, well-looking men ; the women are small, 
 with good features, and generally handsome, though the complexion of both sexes 
 is darker than that of the Tushepaws. In dress they resemble that nation, lieing 
 fond of displaying their ornaments. The buffiiio or elk skin robe decorated with 
 beads, sea-shells (chiefly mother-of-pearl), attached to an otter-skin collar, and hung 
 in the iiair, which falls in front in two queues ; feathers, paint of different kinds 
 (principally white, green and light blue), all of which they find in their own 
 country ; tliese arc the chief ornaments they use. In winter they wear a short shirt 
 of dressed skins, long painted leggings and moccasins, and a plait of twisted grass 
 around the neck, The dress of the women is more simple, consisting of a long shirt 
 ' of argalia or ibex skin, reaching down to tlie ankles witliout a girdle ; to this are 
 tied little pieces of brass and shells, and other small articles ; but the head is not at 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALI^T. 
 
 :l 
 
 all ornamented. The drew of the female is, Indeed, more modettt, and more studi- 
 ously so, than any we have observed, though the other sex Is careless of the inde- 
 Ucaoy of exposure. The Chopunnish have very few amusementH, for their life la 
 painft'.i and laborious; and all their exertions are necessary to earn even their pre- 
 carious subsistence. During the summer and autumn they are busily occupied in 
 Ashing for salmon, and collecting their winter store of root«. In the winter they 
 hu.it the deer on snow-shoes over the plains, and towards spring cross the moun- 
 tain/4 to the Missouri, for the puriKwc of trafllcing for buflhio robes. The incon- 
 veuit ticcs of that comfortless life are Increased by frequent encounters with their 
 eneui.es from the west, who drive them over the mountains with the loss of their 
 horses, and sometimes the lives of many of the nation. Tliough originally the 
 same p 3ople, theU' dialect varies very perceptibly ftom that of the Tushepaws ; 
 their trtatmentof us difTered much from the kind and disinterestetl services of the 
 Hlioslionees (Snakes); they arc indeed selfish and avaricious; they part very reluc- 
 tantly with every article of food or clothing ; and while they expect a recompense 
 for every service, however small, do not concern themselves about reciprocating 
 any preseats we may give them. They are generally healthy — the only disorders, 
 which we have had occasion to remark, being of a scrofulous kind, and for these, 
 aA well a>4 for the amusement of those who are In good health, hot and cold bathing 
 Is very commonly used. The soli of these prairies Is of a light yellow clay, Inter- 
 mixed with small, smooth grnss ; it is barren, and produces little more than a 
 bearded grass about three Inches high, and a prickly pear, of which we now found 
 three species. 
 
 It 18 very evident that these gentlemen were not acquainted with 
 the attributes of tlie succulent bunch gi'ass, nor of the soil, for those 
 prairies constitute the now celebrated wheat lands of Eastern Ore- 
 gon and Washington and Northern Idaho. 
 
 They made an unsuccessful attempt to cross the Bitterroot 
 Mountains on the fifteenth of June, but found the trails blocked 
 with snow. On the thirtieth, however, they safely crossed. On 
 the fourth of -Tuly it was decided to pursue two routes for a dis- 
 tance; accordingly. Captain Lewis, with a portion of the party, 
 crossed the Rocky Mountains to the Missouri, and followed down 
 the main stream, exploring the larger tributaries and learning much 
 of the geography of Montana. With the remainder of the party 
 Clarke crossed to the Yellowstone, and descended that stream to 
 its mouth, uniting again with Captain Lewis some distance below 
 that point on the twelfth of August. There stands to the present 
 day on the south bank of the Yellowstone, beitween the cities of 
 Miles City and Billings, a monument to commemorate the visit of 
 this expedition. It is known as *' Pompey's Pillar," and consists of 
 a detached body of yellow sandstone, which rises abruptly on three 
 sides to the height of four hundred feet. On the north side, at a 
 place which can be reached by clambering over the heavy blocks 
 
OVEHJ^AND JOURNEYS TO THE PACIFIC. 
 
 143 
 
 of sandstone broken down from the body of the cliff, in a place 
 sheltered from the elements by an overhanging wall of rock, the 
 leader carved his autograph ; and the characters, " William Clarke, 
 July 25, 1806," can be still distinctly traced. When again united, 
 the party continued their journey down the Missouri, and reached 
 St. Louis Se{)tember 25, 180(5, having been absent neai-ly two and 
 one-half years. 
 
 The retui'n of Lewis and Clarke was the cause of great rejoicing 
 in the United States. Mr. Jefferson says: " Nevf did a similar 
 event excite more joy throughout the United States. The humblest 
 of its citizens had taken a lively interest in the issue of this journey, 
 and looked forward with impatience to the information it would 
 furnish. Their anxieties, too, for the safety t)f the corps had been 
 kept in a state of «\\citement V)y lugubrious rumors, circulateil from 
 time to time on uncertain authorities, and uncontradicted by letters, 
 or other direct information, from the time they had left the Mandan 
 towns, on theii* tuscent up the river in April of the jireceding year, 
 1805, until their actual return to St. Louis." Caj)tain Lewis was, 
 so<jn after his return, appointed Governor of Louisiana, with which 
 his journey hml rendered him more familiar than any other man 
 except his associate; and Captain Clarke was appointed General of 
 Militia of the same Territory, and agent for Indian affairs in that 
 vast region he had explored. During a period of temporary mental 
 derangement. Captain Lewis died by his own hand, in September, 
 1809, before he had fidly completed his narrative of the journey. 
 The history of the expedition wa^ prepared from his manuscript 
 under the direction of Captain Clarke, and was tii-st published in 
 1814. The general details, however, were spread througlumt the 
 country immediately up<m their return, especially on the fi'ontier. 
 During their absence other exploring parties were traversing Louis- 
 iana in various directions in search of information for the govern- 
 ^ment. Lieutenant Pike ascended the Mississippi to its headwaters 
 in 1805, and the following year journeyed south westward fi'oni the 
 mouth of the Missouri to the sources of the Arkansas, Red and 
 Rio Bravo del Norte. At the same time Dunbar, Hunter and 
 Sibley explored Red River and its companion streams. These 
 explorations served to greatly stimulate the fur trade carried on 
 
 ml 
 
 
 
144 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALl-EY. 
 
 from St. Louis and Mackinaw, as well as to strengthen the govern- 
 ment in its purpose of adhering to its right to Louisiana. 
 
 When Great Britain received the official notification mentioned 
 by President Jefferson in his letter of instructions to Captain LeAvis, 
 which Avas ({uickly followed by intelligence that the region to which 
 it referred had been ceded by France to the United States, much 
 anxiety was felt by the Government and such of its siibjects as were 
 personally interested in the country under consideration. Espec- 
 iall}' were the Northwest and Hudson's Bay Companies anxious for 
 the future of theii" interests in that region, more particularly the 
 former, ^vhose hunters were operating further south and west than 
 those of the rival company. The French claim to Louisiana, 
 founded solely upon technical gi-ounds, had not been a source of 
 much uneasiness ; but now that it had been transferred to a nation 
 both able and anxious to make an effort to perfect the title by re- 
 ducing the country to actual possession, the matter presented an en- 
 tirely different aspect. Naturally, the technical title was not recog- 
 nized in its entirety; that is, there wp" a vast region lying north of 
 the forty-second parallel and west of the Rocky Mountains, known 
 a few yeai-s later as " Oregon," and embracing the watershed of the 
 Columbia River, which might be held by the United States under 
 the Louisiana title and the discovery right of Captain Gray, pro- 
 vided these claims were perfected by a(!tual occupation ; similar oc- 
 cupation might entitle Great Britain to its possession as a perfec- 
 tion of her technical title, claimed by discovery tlirough Captain 
 Francis Drake, and exploration by Captain Cook, Captain Vancou- 
 ver and Alexander Mackenzie. Both nations having color of title, 
 possession became the decisive issue. The Northwest Company im- 
 mediately sent a party to establish trading posts on the Columbia, 
 under command of a trusted agent named Laroque. He stai-ted ui 
 1 804, but failed to progress farther than the Mandan t!ountry , and 
 the Columbia stations were not establislied. Simon Fraser, another 
 agent of the company, left Fort Chipewyan in 1805, and followed 
 the route pursued formerly by Mackenzie iintil he reache<l Fraser 
 River. At Fraser Lake, a few miles west of the point where the 
 river turns to the southward, he established a trading post, bestow- 
 ing the name " New Caledonia " upon that region. As the Fraser 
 was then considered identical with the Columbia, it was supjwsed 
 
OVBBtAND JOURNEYS TO THE PACIFIC. 
 
 145 
 
 that this post was on the great stream for the possefcsion of which 
 England and America were contending. Though this idea was 
 subsequently learned to be erroneous, the fact remained true that 
 the post was the first establishment made by the subjects of either 
 nation west of the Rocky Mountains. The Americans were not far 
 behind, for the Missouri Fur Company was organized in 1808, with 
 headquarters at St. Louis. The same year trading posts were es- 
 tablished on the affluents of the Mississippi and Missouri, and one 
 of the agents of the company, named Henry, crossed the Rocky 
 Mountains, and founded Fort Henry, on the headwaters of Lewis, 
 or Snake, River, the fiivt American establishment, and, a.s it proved, 
 the first of any kind on a tributary of the Columbia. The next was 
 made nearer the mouth of the stream in 1810, by an American whose 
 name has been variously given by superficial historians as " Smith," 
 " T. Wiuship" and "Nathaniel Winship," none of which are cor- 
 rect. Early in 1809 ;. partnership was formed in Boston between 
 Abiel Winsbip, Jonathan Winship, Nathan Winship, Benjamin 
 P. Homer and a few others, for the purpose of founding a settle- 
 ment on the Columbia as a base of trading operations, the settle- 
 ment to be a permanent one. With everything necessary to the suc- 
 cess of the project, Nathan Winship sailed in the Albaiross in July, 
 William Smith being his chief mate. He carried Avritten instruc- 
 tions, by which it appears that the projectors of the e' terprise were 
 wise enough to believe that Indian character was the same on the 
 Pacific as it had been found to be on the Atlantic. It was the de- 
 sign to buy the land from the natives; to erect a two-story log 
 house with port-holes for cannon and loop-holes for rifles; the 
 second story to be the arsenal where all the arms and ammunition 
 were to be stoi'ed, and to which no Indian was to l)e admitted upon 
 any consideration, entrance to be effected by means of a trap door 
 and ladder ; agricidture to V)e carried on under the guns of the fort, 
 which was always to be guarded by a sufficient force. William A. 
 Gale kept a journal, which gives the details of the expedition. 
 When the Albaiross reached the Sandwich Islands, Winship found a 
 letter there from his brother Jonathan, who was in command of the 
 trading vessel O'Cain, advising him to make haste, as the Russians 
 had designs on the Coliunbia. It was the twenty-sixth of May, 1810, 
 that the Albatross entered the river and began sounding it to locate 
 
 "' ] 
 
146 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 the channel, gradually ascending the stream. On the first of June 
 Winship and Smith selected a point on the south bank of the stream 
 some forty miles above its mouth, which they called " Oak Point," 
 because they observed there four oak trees, the first they had seen 
 since entering the river. The place now known as " Oak Point " is 
 on the opposite side of the river, a fact which has led some writers 
 into the error of stating that this first American settlement on the 
 Columbia was made in Washington Territory. They at once began 
 preparations in accordance with their plans, such as hewing logs for 
 the fort and clearing a patch of the fertile tract for a garden ; but 
 they were soon initiated into the mysteries of the " June Rise," for 
 the annual freshets of that season covered their building. site and 
 garden patch to the depth of several feet long before the}^ had the 
 fort erected. A patch of higher ground five hundred yards further 
 down the stream was selected, and the logs floated down to it, but 
 as the natives had begun to exhibit symptoms of hostility, Winship 
 decided to abandon tlie effort. On the seventeenth of June he 
 dropped down to the mouth of the river, learning on the way that 
 only his vigilance had prevented the capture of his vessel by the 
 Chinot)ks. He then sailed on a trading voyage, expecting to return 
 the ne.vt year and found a settlement, but in this he was forestalled 
 by the Astor party. The Albatross had quite a string of adven- 
 tures before again reaching Boston, being seized once on the Cali- 
 fornia coast, and once blockaded by British men of war at the 
 Hawaiian Islands. Thus were the first two settlements on the river 
 made by Americans, and it will be seen that the third and most 
 important was also made by them. 
 
 cans tn j 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 ASTORIA AND THE JOINT OCCUPATION TREATY. 
 
 Ths Pa^fio Fur Trade at the Beginning of the Present Century — Ameri- 
 cans in the Lead — Their Plan of Operations — Riissia Complains of 
 the Sale of Fire- Arms to the Indians—John Jacoh Astor''s Plans — 
 The Pacific Fur Com.pany Organized — Astor''s Alien Part/iers — The 
 "Tonguin" Sails from New York — Dissensions on the Voyage— Dan- 
 gers of the Columbia Bar — Astoria Founded — Sad ' ' tte of' the " Ton- 
 quin " and Her Crew — Appearance at Astoria oj \ti<nt of the 
 
 Northwest Company — Fort Okinagan — Lattnch of tne •• Dolh, " — 
 Sufferings of Wilson Price Hunfs Party — Operations aloiii^ the 
 Columbia — Astoria Sold to the Northwest Company — Captured by 
 the English and Named '■'■Fort Oeorge''^ — Unsuccessful Efforts of 
 Mr. Astor to Regain Possession — Negotiations xinder the Treaty of 
 Ghent — Conflicting Claims to Oregon Advanced by England and the 
 United States — Technical Surrender of Fort George — Joint Occu- 
 pation Agreed Upon — The Florida Treaty. 
 
 DURING the first ten years of the present century, Americans 
 took the lead in the fishing and fur trade of the Pacific, though 
 the vessels of other nations were not an unfrequent sight to the 
 waters of oiu* coast. The reasons for this were simple. Russians 
 did not enjoy the privilege o' entering the few Chinese ports open 
 to the commerce of more tavored nations, and therefore did their 
 trading by land from Kamtchatka, as previously described; the 
 PjUglish independent traders were excluded from the Pacific by the 
 monopoly grants of the East India Company and South Sea Com- 
 pany. Naturally this usurpation of the fur trade by Americans 
 was distasteful to rival nations, and especially to the English, who 
 did not then, and, in fact, seldom do now, recognize the enterprise 
 and commercial spirit of the " Yankees " as commendable, or admit 
 
 11 ■ 
 
 ■■414 
 
148 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 It 
 
 iif 
 
 their supeiiority, or even equality, in anything. Though often the 
 representatives of wealthy and long-established business houses, 
 these traders were classed by them as "adventurers," and very 
 slightingly spoken of, while their skill as navigators and judgment 
 as tradei-s were not recognized as deserving of praise. Archibald 
 Campbell gives the following contemptuous review of the " Yan- 
 kee" method of conducting the fur trade: — 
 
 These aiJventurera set out on the voyage with a few trinkets of very little value. 
 In the Southeii Pacific, they pick up a few seal skins, and perhaps a few butts of 
 oil; at the Gallipu^os, they lay in turtle, of which they preserve the shells; at Val- 
 paraiso, they raise a few dollars in exchange for European articles ; at Nootka, and 
 other parts of the Northwest Coast, they traffic with the natives for furs, which, when 
 winter commences, they carry to the Sandwich Islands, to dry and preserve from 
 .ermin ; here they leave their own people to take care of them, and, in the spring, 
 embark, in lieu, the natives of the islands, to assist in navigating to the Northwest 
 Coaat in se^ircii of more skins. The remainder of the cargo is then made up of 
 sandal, which grows abundantly in the woods of Atooi and Owyhee (Hawaii), of 
 tortoise shells, shark's fins, and pearli* of an inferior kind, all of which are accept- 
 able in the Chinese nxarket ; and with these and their dollars they purchase cargoes 
 of teas, silks and nankins, and thus complete their voyage in the course of two or 
 thre' years. 
 
 With the exception of the assertion that their outward cargo 
 consisted solely of a " few trinkets," this may be called a correct 
 statement of the Yankee method, and, so far from proving them to 
 have been mere adventwers, shows that their voyages were con- 
 ducted with a clear idea of the nature of the Chinese trade and the 
 only successful method of conducting it. Had the traders of rival 
 nations shown the same good judgment and managed their enter- 
 prises in the same systematic manner, they would have met with a 
 greater measure of success. The vessels were generally large ones, 
 dispatched by wealthy merchants, and besides the trinkets, carried 
 valuable cargoes of English and American manufn'tured goods, 
 with which they supplied the Russian and Spanish settlements on 
 the Coast. The Russians in particular were dependent upon the 
 American traders for ammunition, sugar, spirits, and manufactured 
 articles generally. The " trinkets " spoken of were used in tlu* 
 Indian trade, as has been the custom from time immemorial with 
 civilized nations in their dealings with inferior races. Commer- 
 cially of little value, they were highly prized by the natives, who 
 would give for them more furs than they would offer for some object 
 worth ten times the amount, but which did not strike their fancy, 
 
 or was of 
 of trading 
 Bay Comf 
 was it con; 
 bartered b 
 cles have 
 every nati< 
 Certain 
 conduct, h 
 into disrep 
 chandise, r 
 have swept 
 an October 
 session of f 
 successfully 
 dant, add t 
 the matter, 
 vicinity of 
 sions, were 
 troublesom 
 tremely hai 
 winning tl 
 objected to 
 themselves 
 by the Rus 
 American 
 could not 
 effect a ren 
 the Americ 
 in the regie 
 and was th 
 wjis called 
 His idea w. 
 wliich won 
 this was to 
 one of the 
 independen 
 at the moul 
 
ASTORIA AND THE JOINT OC('UPATION TREATY. 
 
 149 
 
 or was of no use to them in their manner of living. This method 
 of trading with the Indians was practiced as much by the Hudson's 
 Bay Company and Northwest Company as by the Americans; nor 
 was it confined to English-speaking nations, for the Russians also 
 bartered beads and cheap ornaments for valuable furs. Such arti- 
 cles have always been considered a " valuable consideration " by 
 every nation in dealing with uncivilized races. 
 
 Certain of these traders were guilty of improper and impolitic 
 conduct, however, and this was the chief cause of bringing them 
 into disrepute. They used whisky and fire-arms as articles of mer- 
 chandise, reaping present profit, but sowing the seeds of decay which 
 have swept away the native inliabitants of the Coast likes flies by 
 an October frost. It would, at the first glance, seem that the pos- 
 session of fire-arms by the Indians would enable them to hunt more 
 successfully, and thus, by rendering the supply of furs more abun- 
 dant, add to the profit of the traders; but there was another face to 
 the matter. Irving says: "In this way several fierce tribes in the 
 vicinity of the Russian posts, or within range of their trading excur- 
 sions, were furnished with deadly means of warfare, and rendered 
 troublesome and dangerous neigh V)ors." The Russians were ex- 
 tremely harsh and illiberal in their dealings with the aborigines, 
 winning their hostility instead of good will, and they naturally 
 objected to the placing of the defrauded tril)es on an equality with 
 themselves in the matter of weapons of war. Complaint was made 
 by the Russian Government to the State Department; but as the 
 Amei'ican traders were violating no law or treaty, the Govermuent 
 could not interfere directly. It did, however, use its influence to 
 effect a remedy. John Jacob Astor was then the central figure of 
 the American fur trade, lieing engaged extensively in that business 
 in the region c»f the great lakes and headwaters of the Mississippi, 
 and was the leading merchant of New York City. His attention 
 was called to the matter and he soon devised an effectual remedy. 
 His idea was to concentrate the trade in the hands of a company 
 which would conduct it properly, and one of the means of doing 
 this was to supply the Russian posts by contract, and thus cut off 
 one of the most profitable elements of the Pacific trade from the 
 independent traders. His plan was to estal)lish a permanent post 
 at the mouth of, the Columbia, which would be the headquarters for 
 
 i:"i. 
 
 !1 
 
 . .. 
 
 •ri 
 
150 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 a large trade with the interior and along the coast, and to supply 
 this post and the Russian settlements by means of a vessel sent an- 
 nually from New York, which should also convey the furs to China 
 and take home from there a cargo of silk, tea, etc. The independ- 
 ent traders would thus be superseded by a company which would 
 establish posts along the Columbia, a thing earnestly desired by the 
 Government, and the cause of irritation to Russia would be removed. 
 The scheme was heartily endorsed by the President and Cabinet. 
 As has been shown. President Jefferson had been for years a warm 
 advocate of American supremacy along the Columbia, and in a let- 
 ter written to Mr. Astor in later years, said of his opinion at that 
 time: "I considered, as a great public acquisition, the commence- 
 ment of a settlement in that part of the western coast of America, 
 and looked forward with gratification to the time when its descend- 
 ants had spread themselves through the whole length of the coast, 
 covering it with free and independent Americans, unconnected with 
 us but by the ties of blood and interest, and enjoying like us the 
 rights of self-government." How vastly grander is the actual than 
 even this grand conception of one of the greatest statesmen America 
 has produced! 
 
 Mr. Astor organized the Pacific Fur Company, himself supply- 
 ing the capital and owning a half interest. To manage operations 
 in the field, he selected competent men of much experience in the 
 fur trade, and to bind them to his interests he gave them the other 
 half share in the enterprise, divided in equal proportions. Wisdom 
 and prudence marked every step taken, with the exception of the 
 selection of partners. Among these were several men who had 
 formerly belonged to, or were employed by, the Northwest Com- 
 pany. They were of alien birth and sympathies. When they 
 united with Mr. Astor it was simply as a commercial venture, by 
 which they hoped to better themselves financially. His purpose of 
 founding an American settlement on the Columbia, so that the 
 United States might dominate this region, was not in harmony with 
 their national sentiments. They were British in thought and sym- 
 pathy, even as partnera in an American enterprise, and could not 
 be relied upon to support the interests of the United States when 
 they c&mfi in conflict in the disputed territory with those of Great 
 Britain, as represented by the great company in which they had 
 
ASTORIA AND THE JOINT OCCUPATION TREATY. 
 
 151 
 
 received their training and to which they were attached by the 
 strongest ties which time and association can weave. In an enter- 
 prise so purely American and of such deep political significance, 
 Washington's injunction to *' Put none but Americans on guard " 
 should have been wisely heeded ; and the failure so to do was most 
 disastrous in its consequences. These men were Alexander McKay 
 (father of the well known Tom. McKay and grandfather of Dr. 
 William C. McKay, of Pendleton, Oregon^, who had accompanied 
 Mackenzie on both of his great journeys, Duncan McDougal, David 
 and Robert Stuart, and Donald McKenzie. So far from undertak- 
 ing to Americanize themselves, these gentlemen took the precaution 
 before leaving Canada to provide themselves with proofs of their 
 British citizenship, to be used for their protection in case of future 
 difficulties between the two nations. Had this been known to Mr. 
 Astor it would doubtless have put a sudden termination to their 
 connection with the enterprise. Only one American, Wilson Price 
 Hunt, of New Jei-sey, was an interested partner from the first, and 
 to him was entrusted the management of the enterprise on the 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 The first movement was made on the second of August, 1810, 
 when the ship Tonquin sailed from New York for the mouth of 
 the Columbia, commanded by Captain Jonathan Thorn, a Lieuten- 
 ant of the United States Navy, on leave of absence. She mounted 
 ten guns, had a crew of twenty men, and carried a large cargo of 
 supplies for the company, and merchandise for trading with the 
 natives, as well as implements and seeds for cultivating the soil, 
 and the fame of a small schooner for use in trading along the coast. 
 She carried, as passengers, McKay, McDougal, the two Stuarts, 
 twelve clerks (among them Tom McKay), several artisans, and 
 thirteen Canadian voyageurs. The voyage was uneventful, except 
 as regards the dissensions that arose between the American Captain 
 and the Scotch partners. Captain Thorn was a strict disciplinarian. 
 He possessed great resjiect for himself as an officer of the Ameri- 
 can Navy, and had inherited from Revolutionary sires a lasting 
 contempt for " Britishers." He considered the authority of a com- 
 mander on the deck of his vessel as supreme, even to the point of 
 autocracy, and he made the Scotchmen understand this idea the first 
 time they undertook to exercise any of the authority they conceived 
 
 H^ ■ ^ ,|| 
 
 SM: /;,:; 
 
 ■ '"■' ' ■ '^-mv 
 
 r^ftn^lv 
 
 
 ■ ■' 
 
 % 
 
 
 j! 
 
152 
 
 HISTOKY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 themselves to be possessed of as partners in the company. He 
 informed them that when they were on shore they could do aa they 
 pleased, but when they were on board of his vessel they must do as 
 he pleased or be put in irons. He held himself responsible in his 
 management of the Tonquin solely to Mr. Astor, from whom he had 
 received his instructions, and would brook no interference what- 
 ever from the lesser partners, whom he considered as simply pas- 
 sengers. It may well be imagined that when the ship reached 
 the Columbia Bar, on the twenty-second of the following March, 
 after a voyage of nearly eight months, the snubbed partners were 
 delighted at the prospect of soon setting foot on shore, where they 
 could exercise a little of that authority which had been so com- 
 pletely bottled up; while Captain Thorn was equally pleased to be 
 rid of his passengers, who had been a continual source of annoy- 
 ance during the voyage. 
 
 When the Tonquin arrived off the bar the weather was stormy 
 and the breakers rolled high. He feared to take his vessel across 
 an unknown bar in such a rough sea. This fear was not a personal 
 one, for he was as brave as he was headstrong, but was solely in 
 reference to the safety of his vessel, to secure which he would have 
 forfeited his own life and those of bis entire crew, had it been nec- 
 essary to do so. , He accordingly ordered Mr. Fox, the first mate, 
 to take a whale boat, with a crew of one seaman and three Cana- 
 dians, and explore the channel. Although it was almost certain 
 death to make the attempt, Mr. Fox expressed a willingness to 
 undertake it if he were provided with a crew of seamen instead of 
 the green Canadians; but the willful captain insisted upon the exe- 
 cution of his order as originally given. The sui'ging billows soon 
 engulfed the boat and its brave crew, and they were seen no more. 
 The next day another boat was sent on the same errand, and was 
 swept out to sea by the tide and current, and only one of its occu- 
 pants finally reached land in safety. Just as darkness closed dovtTi 
 upon the scene, on the second day, the Tonquin succeeded in cross- 
 ing, and anchored just within the bar, where the wind and ebbing 
 tide threatened to sweep her from her precarious hold upon the 
 sands and swamp her amid the rolling breakers. The night was an 
 anxious and distressful one. Irving says: " The wind whistled, the 
 sea roared, the gloom was only broken by the ghastly glare of the 
 
A8T0aiA AND THE JOINT OCCUPATION TREATY. 
 
 168 
 
 foaming breakers, the minds of the seamen were full of dreary 
 apprehensions, and some of them fancied they heard the cries of 
 their lost comrades mingling with the uproar of the elements." In 
 the morning the Tonquin passed safely in and came to anchor in a 
 good harbor. 
 
 On the twelfth of April the partnei-s began the erection of a fort 
 on the south side of the river, on a point which Lieutenant Brough- 
 ton had named " Point George." This was christened " Astoria," 
 in honor of the founder and chief promoter of the enterprise, a 
 name now borne by a thriving commercial city, which marks the 
 spot where Aniei'ica first planted her foot squarely upon the dis- 
 puted territory of Oregon. After much delay and continued wrang- 
 ling over their respective authority, a store-house was built and the 
 supplies landed ; and on the fifth of J\uie, l>efore the fort was com- 
 pleted, Captain Thorn sailed northward to engage in trade with the 
 Indians, and to open that friendly communication with the Russian 
 settlements which formed such an important feature of Mr. Astor's 
 plan. With him went Alexander McKay, the only partner who 
 had possessed the good sense to refrain fi'om wrangling with the 
 irascible captain. 
 
 He came to anchor in one of the harbors on the west coast of 
 Vancouver Island, and Mr. McKay went ashore. During his ab- 
 sence the vessel was surrounded by a host of savages in their ca- 
 noes, who soon swarmed upon the decks. They were eager to trade, 
 but had evidently had considerable experience in dealing witli the 
 whites and were well posted upon the value of their furs, for they 
 resolutely demanded a higher price than Captain Thorn was will- 
 ing to pay. Provoked be^'ond measure at theii* stubbornness, Thorn 
 refused to deal with them, whereupon they became exceedingly inso- 
 lent. The Captain at last completely lost his temper, and seizing 
 the old chief, Nookamis, who was following him about and taunting 
 him with his stinginess, rubbed in his face an otter skin he had 
 been endeavoring to sell. He then ordered the whole band to leave 
 the ship, and added blows to enforce his command. The tragic 
 ending of this adventure is thus related by Irving: — 
 
 When Mr. McKay returned on board, the interpreter related what had passed, 
 and begged him to prevail upon the Captain to make sail, as, from his knowledge 
 of the temper and pride of the people of the place, he was sure they would resent 
 the indignity offered to one of their chiefe. Mr. McKay, who himself possessed 
 
 "I ■•: t. 
 
 -.5, 
 
 'M f 
 
 V' 
 
154 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 some experience of Indian character, went to the Captain, wbvi was still pacing the 
 deck in moody Lumor, represented the danger to which his ha8i,y act had exposed 
 the vessel, and urged u;H)n him to weigh anchor. The Captain made light of his 
 counsels, and pointed to his cannon and flre-arms as a sufHcie'it safeguard against 
 nailed savages. Further remonstrance only provoked tauntin^'; replies and sharp 
 altercations. The day passed away without any signs of hostility, and at night the 
 Captain retired, as usual, to his cabin, taking no more than usual precautions. On 
 the following morning, at daybreak, while the Captain and Mr. McKay were yet 
 asleep, a canoe came alongside in which were twenty Indians, commanded by 
 young Shewish. They were unarmed, their aspect and demeanor friendly, and 
 they held up otter skins, and made signs indicative of a wish to trade. The caution 
 enjoined by Mr. Astor in respect to the admission of Indians on board of the 
 ship, had been neglected for some time past, and th j officer of the watch, perceiv- 
 ing those in the canoes to be without weapons, and having received no orders to 
 the contrary, readily permitted them to mount the c'eck. Another canoe noon suc- 
 ceeded, the crew of which was likewise admitted. In a little while other canoes 
 came off, and Indians were soon clambering into tha vessel on all sides. 
 
 The ofBcer of the watch now felt alarmed, and called to Captain Thorn and Mr. 
 McKay. By the time they came on deck, it was thronged with Indians. The 
 interpreter noticed to Mr. McKay that many of the natives wore short mantles of 
 skins, and intimated a suspicion that they were secretly armed. Mr. McKay 
 urged the Captain to clear the ship and get under way. He again made light of 
 the advice ; but the augmented swarm of canoes about the ship, and the numbers 
 still putting off from the shore, at length awakened his distrust, and he ordered 
 some of the crew to weigh anchor, while some were sent aloft to make sail. The 
 Indians now offered to trade with the Captiin on his own terms, prompted, 
 apparently, by the approaching departure of the ship. Accordingly, a hurried 
 trade was commenced. The main articles sought by the savages in barter, were 
 knives ; as fast as some were supplied they moved off and others succeeded. By 
 degrees they were thus distributed about the deck, and all with weapons. The an- 
 chor was now nearly up, the sails were loose, and the Captain, in a loud and pre- 
 emptory tone, ordered the ship to be cleared. In an Instant a signal yell was given ; 
 it was echoed on every side, knives and war clubs were brandished in every direc- 
 tion, and the savages rushed upon their marked victims. 
 
 The first that fell was Mr. Lewis, the ship's clerk. He was leaning, with folded 
 arms, over a bale of blankets, engaged in bargaining, when he received a deadly 
 stab In the back, and fell down the companionway. Mr. McKay, who was seated on 
 the taffrail, sprang to his feet, but was instantly knocked down with a war-club 
 and flung backwards into the sea, where he was dispatched by the women in the 
 canoes. In the meantime, Captain Thorn made desperate fight against fearful 
 odds. He was a powerful us well as resolute man, but lie came upon deck without 
 weapons. Shewish, the young chief, singled him out as his peculiar prey, .and 
 rushed upon him at the first outbreak. The Captain had barely time to draw a 
 clasp-knife, with one blow of which he laid the young savage dead at his feet. Sev- 
 eral of the stoutest followers of Shewish now set upon him. He defended himself 
 vigorously, dealing crippling blows to right and left, and strewing the quarterdeck 
 with the slain and wounded. His object was to fight his way to the cabin, where 
 there were flre-arms ; but he was hemmed in with foes, covered with wounds, and 
 faint with loss of blood. For an instant he leaned upon the tiller wheel, when a 
 blow from behind, with a war-club, felled him to the deck, where he was dis- 
 patched with knives and thrown overboard. 
 
 While this was transacting upon the quarterdeck, a chance medley was going 
 on throughout the ship. The crew fought desperately with knives, handspikes 
 
ASTORIA AND THE JOINT OCCUPATION TUKATY. 
 
 155 
 
 and whatever weapons they could seize upon in the moment of surprlne. They 
 were soon, however, overpowered by numbers and mercilessly butt'hered. As to 
 the seven who had been sent aloft to make sail, they contemplated with horror the 
 carnage that was going on below. Being destitute of weapon**, tliey Ul themselves 
 down by the running rigging, in hopes of getting between docks. One fill in the 
 attempt, and was Instantly dispatched; anotlur received a death-blow in the back 
 as he was descending ; a third, Stephen Weeks, the arnwrer, was mortally wounded 
 as he was getting down the hatchway. The remaining four maiie good their re- 
 treat Into the cabin, where they found Mr. L^wis still alive, though morUilly 
 wounded. Barricading the cabin door, they broke holen througli the companion- 
 way, and, with muskets and ammunition wliich were at Imnd, opened a brisk fire 
 that soon cleared the deck. Thus far the Indian interpreter, from whom these 
 particulars are derived, had been an eye-witness of the deadly conHict. He had 
 taken no part In it and had been spared by the natives as being of their race. In 
 the confusion of the moment he took refuge with the rest, in the canoes. The sur- 
 vivors of the crew now sallied forth and discharged some of the deok guns, which 
 did great execution among the canoes and drove all the savages to shore. 
 
 For the remainder of the day no one ventured to put oft" to the ship, deterred by 
 the effects of the flre-arms. The night passed away without any further attempt on 
 the part of the natives. When day dawned the Tonquin still lay at anchor in the 
 bay, her sails all loose .and flapping In the wind, and no one ajiparently on board of 
 her. After a time, some of the canoes ventured forth to reconnoitre, taking with 
 them the interpreter. They paddled about her, keeping cautiously at a distance, 
 but growing more and more emboldened at seeing her quiet and lifeless. One man 
 at length made his appearance on the deck and was recognized by the interpreter 
 as Mr. Lewis. He made Irlendly signs and invited them on board. It was long 
 before they ventured to comply. Those who mounted the deck met with no oppo- 
 sition ; no one was to be seen on board, for Mr. Lewis, after inviting them, had dis- 
 appeared. Other canoes now pressed forward to board the prize ; the decks were 
 soon crowded and the sides covered with clambering savages, all intent on plunder. 
 In the midst of their eagerness and exultation, the ship blew up with a tremendous 
 explosion. Arms, legs and mutilated bodies were blown into the air, and dreadful 
 havoc was made in the suriounding canoes. The interpreter wa.i in the main 
 chains at the time of the explosion, and was thrown unhurt into the water, where 
 he succeeded in getting into one of the canoes. According to hi.s statement the Imy 
 presented an awful spectacle after the catastrophe. The ship had disappeared, but 
 the bay was covered with fragments of the wreck, with shattered canoes, and 
 Indians swimming for their lives or struggling in the agonies of death ; while those 
 who had escaped the danger remained aghast and stupitted, or made with frantic 
 panic for the shore. Upwards of a hundred savages were destroyed by the explo- 
 sion, many more were shockingly mutilated, and for days afterwards the limbs and 
 bodies of the slain were thrown upon the beach. 
 
 The inhabitants of Neweetee were overwhelmed with consternation at this 
 astounding calamity which had burst upon them in the very moment ot triumph. 
 The warriors sat mute and mournful, while the women filled the air with loud lam- 
 entations. Their weeping and wailing, however, was suddenly changed into yells 
 of fury at the sight of four unfortunate white men brought captive into the village. 
 They had been driven on shore in one of the ship's boats, and taken at some dis- 
 tance along the coast. The interpreter was permitted to converse with them. They 
 proved to be the four br.-ive fellows who had made such desperate defense from the 
 cabin. The interpreter gathered from them some of the particulars already related. 
 They told him further that, after they had beaten off the enemy, and cleared 
 the ship, Lewis advised that they should slip the cable and endeavor to get to sea. 
 
 •ifi 
 
 
 = 1 
 
 ■■^m 
 
 % 
 
156 
 
 HISTOKY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY, 
 
 They declined to take hia advice, alleging that the wind Het too stronKly into the 
 bay, and would drive them on Hhore. They resolved, as soon an it wom dark, to put 
 off quietly in the ship's Iwrnt, which they would be able to do unperceived, and to 
 coast along back to Astoria. They put their resolution into effect ; but Lewis re- 
 fused to accompany them, being disabled by his wound, hopeless of escape and 
 determined on a terril)le revenge. On the voyage out he had frequently expressed 
 a presentiment that he sliould die liy liis own hands— thinking it highly probable 
 that he should l)e engajred in some contests with the natives, and being resolved. In 
 case of extremity, to commit suicide rather than be made a prisoner. He now '"j- 
 clared his intention to remain on the ship until daylight, to decoy as numy of the 
 savages on board as possible, then to set fire to the powder magazine and ..erminate 
 his life by a single act of vengeance. How well he succeeded has been shown. 
 His companions bade him a melancholy adieu and set off on their precarious expe- 
 dlt'in. They strove with might and main to got out of the bay, but found it im- 
 possible to weather a point of land, and were at length compelled to take shelter 
 in a small cove, where they hoped to remain concealed until the wind should be 
 more favorable. Exhausted by fatigne and watching, they fell into a sound sleep, 
 and In that state were surprised by the savages. Hetter had it been for those un- 
 fortunate men had they remained with Lewis and shared his heroic death ; as it 
 was, they perished In a more painful and protracted manner, being sacrificed by 
 the natives to the raants of their friends with ail the lingering tortures of savage 
 cruelty. Some time after their death the interpreter, who had remained a kind of 
 prisoner at large, effected his escape and brought the tragical tidings to Astoria. 
 
 While this sati tragedy was being enacted, affairs progressed 
 rapidly at Astoria. The fort was completed and everything was 
 placed in readiness for an opening of the expected large trade with 
 the natives of the Colnmbia. On the ftfteenth of July a canoe, 
 manned by nine white men, was observed descending the rivei', and 
 when they landed at the fort they were found to be a party of em- 
 ployees of the powerful Northwest Company, headed by David 
 Thompson, a partner in that great organization. He had been dis- 
 patched from Montreal the year before, for the purpose of taking 
 possession of the mc^uth of the Columbia before the Astor party 
 should arrive. He had experienced much hardship, disappointment 
 and delay; had been deserted by nearly all his party, and now, with 
 but a few faithful ones, he arrived too late to accomplish his mis- 
 sion. The Americans were in possession. Thf Northwest Com- 
 pany held a warm place in McDoiigal's heart, and as that gentle- 
 man was in charge at Astt)ria, Thompson received a cordial wel- 
 come, and was bountifully supplied with provisions and necessaries 
 for his return journey, notwithstanding the fact that he wa/i but a 
 spy upon his hosts. When he set out upon his return, eight days 
 later, he was entrusted with a letter to Mr. Astor, giving the presi- 
 dent of the company information of the safe ai-rival of the Tonquin, 
 
ASTORIA AND THE JOINT OOOTTPATTON TREATY. 
 
 157 
 
 the founding of Astoria, and the ahHcnce of the vessel ui)on a trad- 
 ing voyage to tlie nortli, for the (h'striiction of th(^ slii]) and ti'agic 
 death of the crew were as yet unknown at the fort. With Thomp- 
 son went David Stuart, at the head of a party of nine men, with 
 instructions to establisli a post on the Up[)er Cohuid)ia. This he 
 accomplished ])y founding Fort Okinagan, near the mouth of the 
 Okinagan River. In the fall Stuart sent half his men back to 
 Astoria, not having sufficient provisions to subsist them all through 
 the winter. The schooner whose frame iiad been brought out in 
 the Tonquin, was constructed (bn-ingthe summer, and was launched 
 on the second of Octo<«er, receiving the name of Dolly. She was the 
 third craft constructed on the upper cojist, and the first built along 
 the Columbia River. While these steps were being taken V>y the 
 party which reached Ast»>ria by sea, the other one which attempted 
 the overland journ(?y was suffering terrible hardshi|)s. 
 
 The land party was under tiie command of W^ilson Price Hunt, 
 and was composed of McKenzie and three new partners, Ramsey 
 Crooks, Joseph Miller and Rol»ert McLellan; also, John Day, a 
 noted Kentucky hunter; Pierre Dorion, a French half-breed inter- 
 preter, and enough trappers, voyageurs, etc., to make a total of sixty 
 people. They reached Fort Henry, t)n Snake River, October 8, 
 1811. Small detachments were, from time to t'nie, sent out in the 
 Rocky Mountains to trap, who were to use Fort Henry as a base of 
 supplies and a depot for furs. 
 
 The remainder of the party continued the journey down Snake 
 River and met with a continuous succession of disasters. Antoine 
 Clappin was drowned in passing a rapid, and soon after famine 
 reduced them to a pitiable condition. They were finally forced to 
 separate into small detachments, one party going under Crooks, 
 another under McKenzie, and a third under Hunt, with the hope that 
 by such a division their chances for reaching the mouth of the Col- 
 umbia would be increased. Once the parties under Crooks and 
 Hunt camped with only the narrow, tvu'bulent waters of Snake 
 River separating them. The Hunt party had killed a horse and 
 were cooking it, while their starving companions on the opposite side 
 of the stream, with no means of crossing it, were forced to look on as 
 they dined. Not a man in Mr. Hunt's camp would make an effort 
 to send them food, until the arrival of Mr. Crooks, who, discovering 
 
158 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 I?: 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 il: 
 
 the condition of his men on the opposite side, called to the forlorn 
 band to start fires for cooking, that no time might be lost, while he 
 constructed a canoe out ctf skins in which to take the meat across to 
 them. In vain he tried to shame the more fortunate into helping 
 to succor their famishing companions, but "A vague and almost 
 superstitious terror," says Irving, " had infected the minds of Mr. 
 Hunt's followers, enfeebled and rendered imaginative of horrors by 
 the dismal scenej* and sufferings through which they had passed. 
 Tl'.ey regarded tne haggard crew, hovering like spectres of famine on 
 the oprosite bank, with ir.definite feelings of awe and apprehension, 
 as if something desperate and dangerous was to be feared fi*om them." 
 When the canoe wiis finished, Mr. Crooks attempted to naAngate the 
 impetuous stream with it, but found his strength unequal to the 
 task, and failing to reach his companions on the opposite bank, 
 made another appeal to Hunt's men. Finally, a Kentuckian, named 
 Ben. Jones, undertook and made the passage, conveying meat to 
 them and then came back. Irving, in describing the sad scene, 
 says: — 
 
 A poor Canadian, however, naiiied Jean Baptlste Prevost, whom famine had 
 rendered wild and desperate, ran frantically about the banks, after Jones had re- 
 turned, crying out to Mr. Hunt to send the canoe for iiini. and take him from that 
 horrible region of famine, declaring that otJierwiw li ■ would never march another 
 step, but would lie down there and die. The canoe was shortly sent over again, 
 under the management of .Joseph Delaunay, with further supplies. Prevost imme- 
 diately pressed forward to embark. Delaunay refused to admit him, telling him 
 ;hat there was now a sufficient supply of meat on his side of the river. He replied 
 that it was not cooked, and he should starve before it was ready ; he implored, there- 
 fore, to be taken where he could get something to appease iiis hunger immediately. 
 Finding the canoe putting off without him, he forced himself aboard. As he drew 
 near the oppo.site shore, and beheld meat roasting befon' the fire, he jumped up, 
 shouted, clapped hi.s hands, and danced in a delirium oi joy, until he upset the 
 canoe. The poor wretch was swept away by the current and drowned, and it was 
 with extreme difficulty that } »elaunay reached the shore. Mr. Hunt now sent all 
 his men forward excepting two r three, in the evening, he caused another horse 
 to be killed, and a c^uoe to be mai'e out of the skin, in which he sent over a further 
 supply of meat to the opposite party. The canoe broaeht back John Day, the iCen- 
 tucky hunter, who came to join his former commanaer and employer, Mr. Crooks.'^ 
 Poor Day, once so active and vigorous, was now reduced to a condition even more 
 feeble and emaciated than his companions. Mr. Crooks had such h value for the 
 mr.j, on account of his pa«t services and inithful character, that he determined not 
 to quit him; he exhorted Mr. Hunt, however, tx) proceed forward and join the 
 party, as his presence was all important to tiie conduct of the expedition. One of 
 the (Canadians, .lean Baptist* Duhreuil. likewise remained with Mr. - "rooks. 
 
 The occuiTences at this staniinon camp wer" on the twentieth of 
 
ASTORIA AND THE JOINT OCCUPATION TREATY. 
 
 159 
 
 December, 1811, both parties being on their way up Snake River 
 after having found the descent of that stream impossible. 
 
 It was now their intention to strike across the country fox* the 
 Cohimbia, as soon as it was practicable to do so. On the twenty - 
 third of December, Mr Hunt's followers crossed to the west side of 
 the stream, where they were joined by Crook's men, who were 
 already there. The two parties, when united, numbered thirty-six 
 souls, and on the next day they turned from the river into a ti'ack- 
 less countiy; but, before starting, three more of their number had 
 concluded to remain among the savages rather than face the hard- 
 ships and trials that lay before them. December 28, 1811, the head 
 waters of Grand Ronde River were reached, and the last day of that 
 year found them encamped in the valley of that name. Through 
 all their perils and wanderings since leaving St. Louis, one woman, 
 the Indian wife of Pierre Dorion, a guide, interpreter and trapper, 
 had accompanied them, liringing with her two children, and, as the 
 part)' entered the Grand Ronde Valley, she gave birth to another. 
 The next day she continued the journey on hoi-seback as though 
 nothing had happened, but the little stranger only lived six days. 
 Mr. Hunt, after halting one or two days to enable his followers to 
 celebrate, in their forlorn way, the advent of a new year that had 
 presented to them the Grand Ronde Valley , a kind of winter para- 
 dise in the mountains, continued his course to the west. The Blue 
 Mountain ridge was passed, and January 8, 1812, an Indian village 
 on the Umatilla River close to the mountains was reached, where 
 they were hospital )]y received. From there their route was down 
 this stream t<^ the Columbia River, thence to the mouth of the 
 latter, arriving at Astoria February 15, 1812. 
 
 Since leaving Fort Henry, October 19, 1811, out of Mr. Hunt's 
 party, two men had been <lrowned on Snake River, and poor Michael 
 Can-iere, when exhausted, had straggled behind in Grand Ronde 
 Valley, and wjis never heard from afterwards. Ramsey Crooks, 
 John Day and foiu' Canadian voyageurs liad been left half dead on 
 Snake River, to remain in the Indian country, die, or reach the Co- 
 lumbia as best they could. Eleven men, among whom were Donald 
 McK<>nzie, Robert McLellan and the unfortunate John Reed, had 
 been detached on Snak(* River, and following that stream until 
 its waters mingled with the Columbia, had reached Astoria a 
 
 ! 
 
160 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 
 month in advance of Mr. Hunt. Mr. Stuart, when returning from 
 his post on the Okinagan, during ihe first days of April, found Mr. 
 Crooks and John Day on the banks of the Columbia River, without 
 weapons, nearly starved, and as naked as wlien born, having been 
 robbed and stripped by the Dalles Indians. They had wintered in 
 the Blue Mountains about Grand Ronde Valley, and in the spring 
 had reached the Walla Wallas, who had fed, succored them, and 
 sent them on their way rejoicing down the river. AVhen found, they 
 were making their way back to these early friends of the Americans, 
 who never failed to assist our people when in trouble. At length 
 all but three of those starting from the head waters of the Snake 
 River for Astoria had reached that place, except the four voyageurs, 
 and later they, too, were found by a return party. 
 
 On the ninth of May, the ship Beaver, with reinforcements and 
 supplies, anchored at Astoria, and the Pacific Fur Company was 
 in condition to enter upon a vigorous fur-gathering campaign. Mr. 
 Hunt, who was at the head of affairs, set out in July for Alaska to 
 fulfill the mission upon which the ill-fated Tonqiiin had sailed, and 
 his departure left Duncan McDougal in charge. Prior to this, 
 however, the various expeditions to trap waters and trade with 
 natives between the Rocky and Cascade Mountains had started, 
 sixty-two strong, up the Columbia. Among the number was the 
 unfortunate John Day, and, as the party approached the scenes of 
 his former sufferings, his mind became delirious, and the mere sight 
 of an Indian would throw him into a frenzy of passion. He finally 
 attempted his own life, but was prevented from taking it, after 
 which a constant guard was kept over him. It was at length de- 
 termined to send him ]>ack to Astoria, and being placed in charge 
 of two Indians, he was delivered by them at the fort, where he died 
 in less than a year. His old compeers and staunch friends, who had 
 shared perils and privations with him, were forced to continue their 
 journey with a sad memory of this companion, whose brain had 
 been shattered by his many misfortunes. The stream which had 
 witnessed his sufferings still bears the heroic trapper's name. The 
 arrival of trappers at the present site of Wallula, on the twenty- 
 eighth of July, 1812, was the signal for general rejoicing among the 
 friendly Walla Wallas, who greeted them with bonfires and anight 
 danc€, in which they sang the praises of their white friends. Here 
 
ASTORIA AND THE JOINT OCCUPATION TKKATY. 
 
 161 
 
 the foui' expeditions were to separate, Robert Stuart to cross the 
 continent by Hunt's route; David Stuart to go up the Columbia to 
 Okinagan; Donald McKenzie to establish a post in the Nez Perce 
 country ; and John Clarke to locate one among the Spokane Indians. 
 Of these several expeditions, Robert Stuart, with his party, includ- 
 ing Crooks and McLellan, reached St. Louis eleven months later, 
 bearing news to Mr. Astor of his enterprise on the Pacific Coast. 
 McKenzie's operations were a failure; David Stuart's success was 
 equal to his most sanguine hopes, and Mr. Clarke's efforts resulted 
 second only to those of Mr. Stuart. 
 
 On the twenty-lifth of May, 1813, M;-. Clarke started fi'om his 
 post on the Spokane to reach the Wfdla Walla, the place agreed 
 upon as a general rende vous, where the different expeditions were 
 to meet and return to Astoria with the furs obtained in their ope- 
 rations during the past season. On his way up, Mr. Clarke had 
 left his canoes in charge of a Palouse chief, living at the mouth of 
 the river of that name, with whom he found them on his return. 
 He had twenty-eight horse j^acks of furs, and all his men were in 
 high spirits because of the nucces.^ that had attended their year's 
 work. While stopping at the mouth of this stream to repair their 
 cauoes, in which to embark upon the river, an incident happened 
 that can not well be passed in silence. Mr. Clarke was a strong 
 disciplinarian, something of an aristocrat, and disposed to impress 
 those with whom he came in contact witli the dignity of his pres- 
 ence and person. He was in the habit of canying a silver goblet 
 t<> drink from, and the glittering object carefully guarded by its 
 possessor, had a strange fascination for the superstitious Indians. 
 In ail their land, no such wondrous device had been seen before. 
 They talked to each other concerning it, ^vatched its appearance, 
 and the care with which the lui'ky possessor laid it away after 
 using. They 1)elieve(l it to be a givat medii ine, like the spotted 
 shirt, and the whit*^ (|uilt among the Cceur d'Alenes, a powerful 
 talisman to shield its owner from harm. One night it disappeared, 
 and Mr. C^irke was enraged, lie threatened to hang the first In- 
 dian detected in stealing, and the next night an unfortunate one 
 was caught in the act. A hasty trial followed, and the prisoner 
 was condemned to die, when Mr. Clarke made the assembled sav- 
 ages a spee<;L. He recounted the numei'ous gift^ that had be(;n be- 
 
 ll?- 
 
 i 
 
 
162 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 stowed, the benefit the white man's presence had been to theii* peo' 
 pie, and then, upbraiding them for thefts, told the Indians that he 
 should kill the thief he had captured with pilfered goods. The old 
 chief and his followers besought him not to do this. They were 
 willing that he should be punished severely, and then let go, V)ut 
 the trapper was inexorable, and the poor groveling wretch was 
 dragged to a temporary scaffold, constructed from oars, and was 
 launched into eternity. The other partners of the Pacific Fur Com- 
 pany were unanimous in condemning this act, and Gabriel Fran- 
 chere, who was one of the company clerks, wrote concerning tlie 
 killing of the unfortunate John Reed and his party by Indians dur- 
 ing the ensuing winter: " We had no doubt that his massacre was 
 an act of vengeance, on tlie part of the natives, in retaliation for 
 the death of one of their people, whom Mr. John Clarke had hanged 
 for theft the spring before." * Immediately after this hanging the 
 party embarked for the mouth of the Walla Walla, where Stuart 
 and McKenzie were waiting, and from this point they all continued 
 their way dowli the river, arriving at Astoria, June 12, 1813, 
 
 Upon re-assembling at head quarters, the return expeditions 
 found that, upon the whole, it had been a successfid year's labor; 
 that the pelti-y brought in, amounting to one hundred and fifty-seven 
 packs, if sold at market rates in Canton, would pay well for the 
 time spent, and reimburse them for local losses. In addition to this, 
 they had become well established in the fur-producing regions, and 
 the outlook wsis very encouraging except for one thing. War had 
 been raging between Gi'eat Britain and the United States for over 
 a year, and they had re(-ently become aware of the fact. On their 
 arrival at Astoria, J. (t. McTavish, with nineteen men, was found 
 camped near by, awaiting the appearance (jf a vessel called the Isaac 
 Todd, sent by the Northwest Company with stores for them, and 
 bearing letters of marque, and instructions from the British Govern- 
 ment to destroy everything American found on the Pacific Coast. 
 This latter fact wan unkni/wu at Ast<)ria at the time, however, but 
 the non-arrival of supplies by sea, combined wnth the unfavorable 
 news of British success in arms, led the partners to fear that none 
 whatever would reach them. Tliey, conse(}uently, determined to 
 
 • This Is undoubtedly Incorrect, sh Reed's party WM killed near Fort Henry, (eTeral hundred 
 miles distant, and by a totally distlnat tribe of ludiani. 
 
ASTOBIA AND THS JOINT OCCUPATION THKATY, 
 
 163 
 
 abandon the country and start on their return overland the ensuing 
 year, if their misgivings proved well founded. They sold their 
 Spokane fort co MoTavish for $848, and then furnished that gentle- 
 man with provisions to enable him to return to the upper country, 
 and, in July, they visited the interior themselves, to gather what 
 furs they could before taking final leave of the country. Three 
 months later, McTavish returned to Astoria with a force of seventy- 
 five men, for the purpose of meeting the vessel that had caused his 
 former visit, bringing, also, the news that her coming to the Colum- 
 bia was for the purpose of capturing Astoria, and to assist tlie 
 Northwest Company in gaining ascendency on the coast. He offered 
 to buy the furs of the Astoi-ians, and, on the sixteenth of October, 
 1813, a transfer of the entire stock, worth at least $100,000, was 
 made for less than $40,000. Two months later, on December 12th, 
 the fort was surrendered to the English under conunand of a naval 
 officer. Captain Black of the Raccoon^ when the American flag was 
 lowered to give the British colors place, and the name of Astoria 
 was changed to " Fort George." An amusing incident of this trans- 
 fer is related by John Ross Cox : — 
 
 The Indians, at the mouth of the Columbia, knew well that Great Britian and 
 America were distinct nations, and that they were then at war, but were ignorant 
 of the arrangement made between Messrs. McDougal and McTavish, the former of 
 wliom still continued as nominal chief at the fort. On tlie arrival of the Raccoon 
 which they quickly discovered to be one of " King George's lighting ships," they 
 repaired, armed, to the fort, and requested an audience of Mr. McDougal. He was 
 somewhat surprised at their numbers and warlike appearance, and demanded the 
 object of such an unusual visit. Concomly, the' principal chief of the Chinooks 
 (whose daughter McDougal had married), thereupon addressed him in a long speech, 
 in the course of which he said that King George had sent a ship full of warriors, 
 and loaded with nothing but big guns, to take the Americans and make them pM 
 slaves, and that, as they (the Americans) were the first white men who settled in 
 their country, and treated the Indians like good relations, they had reso'.ved to 
 defend them from King (Jeorge's warriors, and were now ready to conceal them- 
 selves in the woods close to the wharf, from whence they would be able, wi :h their 
 guns and arrows, to shoot all the men that should attempt to land from the English 
 boats, while the people in the fort could fire at them with their big guns and rifles. 
 This proposition was uttered with an earnestness of manner that admitted no doubt 
 of Its sincerity. Two armed boats fron> the lineconn were approaching, and, had 
 the people in the fort felt disposed to accede to the wishes of the Indians, every man 
 in tliem would have been destroyed by an invisible enemy. Mr. McDougal thanked 
 them for the'r friendly offer, but added, that, notwithstanding the nations were at 
 war, the people in the boats would not injure him or any of his j>eople, and therefore 
 requested ihem to throw by their war shirts and arms, and receive the strangers as 
 their friends. They at first seemed astonished at this answer; but, on assuring 
 them, in the most positive manner, that he was under no apprehension, they cou- 
 
 It ; 
 
164 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ^111 II 
 
 rented to give up their weapons for a few days. Tliey afterwards declared they 
 were sorry for having complied with Mr. McDougal's wishes, for when they ob- 
 served Captain Black, surrounded by his offlcers and marines, break the bottle of 
 port on the flag-stafT, and hoist the British ensign, after changing the name of the 
 fort, they remarked that however he might wish to conceal the fact, the Americans 
 were undoubtedly made slaves. 
 
 Seventy-eight days aftei* the surrender of Astoria to the British, 
 Mr. Hunt arrived at that fort in the brig Pedlar, and judge of his 
 atLonishment to learn that McDougal was no k)ngei' a partner of 
 the Pacific, but of the Northwest, Company; that he held posses- 
 sion, not under the American, but under the British, flag ; and that 
 all in which Mr. Hunt was interested on this coast had passed, 
 without a struggle, through treachery, into the hands of his country's 
 enemies. Mr. Hunt, finally, secured the papers pertaining to busi- 
 ness trausac;tions of the Paciiic Fur Company from McDougal, and 
 then sailed, April 3, 1814, from the shore that had seemed to yield 
 only misfortune and disaster in return for the efforts of himself, and 
 those with whom he was associated. The next day, David Stuart 
 McKenzie, John Clarke and eighty-five other members and employees 
 of the Pacific Fur Company, stai'ted up the Columbia River in their 
 boats on their way across the continent, and while passing Wallula, 
 learned fi'om the widow of Pierre Dorion, of the massacre of John 
 Reed and his eight associates, among the Snake Indians near Fort 
 Henry. 
 
 Thus matters remained until the war of 1812 was terminated by 
 the Tieaty of Ghent, by which it WJis stipidated that " all territory, 
 places and possessions, whatsoever, taken by either party fi'om the 
 other during the war, or which nuiy be taken after the signing of 
 this treaty, shall be restored without delay." The commissioners 
 could not agree upon a line of division between the possessions of 
 England and the Unitt^d States west of the Lake of the Woods, so 
 the Oregon (piestion was left for further discussion, and the (Colum- 
 bia remained disputt'd territoiy. Mr. Astor at once applied to the 
 President for restitution of his property under the terms of tlie 
 treaty, as he not only desired to recover his loss<^s, but to resume 
 operations on the Columbia and cai'ry out the plan of Americtin 
 occupation which had been so well begun. Accordingly, in July, 
 1815, the government notified the British Minister at Washington 
 that it would immediately reoccupy the ca[)tured fort at the mouth of 
 
A-NTOKIA AND THE JOINT Of'OtTPATION TKKATY. 
 
 165 
 
 the Columbia; but the notification elicited no official response from 
 Great Britain. For two years no active measures were taken, and, 
 finally, in September, 181 7, the sloop of war Ontario was dispatched 
 to the Columbia, commanded by Captain J. Biddle, who, with J. 
 H. Prevost, who went as a passenger, constituted a commission to 
 accomplish the purpose declared. They were instructed to assert 
 the claim of the United States to sovereignty over the region of the 
 Columbia, but to do so in an inoffensive manner. 
 
 This step compelled Great Britain to define her position. Her 
 representative at Wjishington officially inquired of Secretary Adams 
 the destination and object of the Ontario, and with the information 
 he received in response to his query was the intimation, that since 
 England had paid no attention to the notice given her two yeare 
 before, it had been Jissumed that she had no intention of claiming 
 any sovereign rights along the Columbia. In answer to this the 
 British Minister stated that the post at the mouth of the Columbia 
 was the private property of tlie Northwest Company, having been 
 purchased by its agent from a partner of Mr. Astor; furthermore, 
 that it was situated in a region long occupied by that company, 
 (referring, presumably, to the establishment on Fraser River, many 
 hundred miles to the north), and wjis consequently considered a 
 portion of His Majesty's dominions. Quite a spirited correspond- 
 ence was maintained for some time, involving on each side the ques- 
 tions of abstract rights by discovery and al)solute rights by posses- 
 sion, both parties to the controversy l)asiug a claim upon each of 
 these foundations. iVs the claims then put forward remained prac- 
 tically the same until tlie question was settled in 184(3 — with a 
 modification only in the direction of additional settlements made 
 between these periods — it is well to define here the position assumed 
 })y the contending parties. 
 
 The United States claimed Oregon under four distinct titles: 
 First, as a portion of Louisiana, purchased from France in 1803; 
 second, by right of discovery by the Sjianish explorers — Ferrelo, 
 Aguilar, Perez, Hecela, Bodega y Quadra, and others — the benefit 
 of whose discoveries accrued to the United States by the Florida 
 purchase made in 1819, denying at the same time that Sir Francis 
 Drake proceeded north of the forty -third degi'ee, a point claimed to 
 have been previously reached by Ferrelo [The Spanish title was not 
 
166 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMETTE VALLKY. 
 
 Lii-. 
 
 
 I 
 
 asserted, of course, until after the purchase, being subsequent to the 
 first temporary settlement of the question]; third, by reason of the 
 discovery of the Columbia by Captain Gray, claiming that Heceta, 
 Meares and Vancouver had all declared that no river existed there, 
 and that Broughton had simply entered it subsequent to its discov- 
 ery by Gray, and explored it a few miles further up; fourth, by 
 reason of the explorations of Captains Lewis and Clarke, and the 
 establishment of posts at Astoria, Okinagan and Spokane by the 
 Pacific Fur Company, denying that the sale of thos3 posts, effected 
 under the c^uress of threatened capture by a man-of-war, was such 
 as to affect the right of the Unite<i States to the benefits to be de- 
 rived from settlements made by her subjects, especially in view of the 
 terms of the treaty of peace. On the part of Great Britain it was 
 claimed that the country was originally discovered by Sir Francis 
 Drake, and its coawt thoroughly explored by Captain Cook and 
 Captain Vancouver; that the discovery of the Columbia had been 
 a progressive one. the successive steps having been taken by Heceta, 
 Meares, Vancouver, Gray and Broughton, claiming that Gray had 
 not entered the river proper, but simply the estuary at its mouth, 
 and that Broughton was the first to actually enter and explore the 
 Columbia, and denying that Gray, who was simply a trader, could 
 acquire discovery rights for his government; and, finally, that she 
 held the country by right of exploration and possession, since 
 McKenzie had made an overland journey prior to that of Lewis and 
 Clarke, Fraser had built a fort on Fraser Lake before Astoria was 
 founded, and the Northwest Company, having purchased at private 
 sale the property of the Pacific Fur Company, then held possession 
 of the Columbia region by means of settlements at Astoria and 
 other points along the river. 
 
 Such were the claims advancetl by the two nations for possession 
 of Oregon, there being many undeniable rights and equities on 
 either side. A temporary agreement was affected in a few months, 
 by which it was decided that Astoria and the other posts should 
 remain the actual property of the Northwest Company, but that 
 nominal possession should be given to the United States as a nation, 
 the question of title being deferred for future negotiation. This 
 decision was a severe blow to the hopes of Mr. Astor, who had 
 looked to the Government to place him in possession of the prop- 
 
ASTORIA AND THK JOINT OCCUPATION TItKATY. 
 
 167 
 
 erty which he had lont through the fortunes of war and the treachery 
 of one of his partners. So firmly intrenched was the Northwest 
 Company tliat he did not deem ic advisable to found a rival estab- 
 lishment, and he abandoned his effort to engage in the fur trade in 
 the Pacific. By thus failing to support its citizens who had imder- 
 taken to plant the flag of the United States firmly on the soil of 
 Oregon, the Government jeopardized, almost to total annihilation, 
 its chances for future possession of this region. 
 
 While these negotiations were in progress, the Ontario was ful- 
 filling her mission. She arrived at Valparaiso in February, 1818, 
 and Mr. Prevost debarked, having an oflicial mission to the Chilean 
 Government. Captain Biddle continued northward, and entered the 
 Columl)ia in August, taking formal possession of the country in the 
 name of the United States. He then sailed to other portions of the 
 Pacific. Meanwhile, the controversy having been temporarily settled 
 upon the terms outlined above, the British Government delegated 
 Captain Sheriff, of the navy, as commissioner to execute formal trans- 
 fer of Fort George. The agent of the North^vest Company, Mr. Keith, 
 was also notified by his superior oflftcei's of whai was about to be 
 done, the ordew going overland with the annual Montreal express, 
 and enjoined t(» offt-r no t)pposition to the formal transfer. Captain 
 Sheriff sailed in the frigate Blossom, and meeting Mr. Prevost in 
 Chile, offered him passage to the Columbia in his vessel, which 
 courtesy was accepted. The Blossom cast anchor at x^storia early 
 in October, and Mr. Keith suiTendered fcn-mal possession of the 
 property, retaining, (»f course, actual possession and o\vnership. A 
 certificate was given Mr. Prevost, stating that Fort George, on the 
 Columbia, had been duly siu'rendered to him as representative of 
 the United States; and he gave the officers a written acceptance of 
 the transfer. These formal preliminaries having been concluded, 
 the British standard was lowered and the stai-s and stripes were 
 temporarily disi>layed upon the walls of the fort, while the guns of 
 the Blossom roared a noisy salute. The American ensign was then 
 lowered, and the farce was o\er. The United States was thus 
 again nominally in possession of Oregon, while the actual possessors 
 were the agents of the Northwest Company, subjects of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Fort George in 1818 was a far different structure from Astoria 
 
1<>« 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTK VALLKY. 
 
 as it existed when surrendered to the Northwest Company in 1813. 
 A stockade of pine logs, rising tv/elve feet above the gi'onnd, en- 
 compassed a parallelogi'am 1 50x250 feet in dimensions. Within 
 this were dwellings, storehouses, magazines, shops, etc. The walls 
 mounted two eighteen -po'jnders, six six-pounders, four four-pound 
 carronades, two six-pound cohorns and seven swivels, an ainiament 
 sufficient to render it a strong fort in those days. These remained 
 after the surrender, and Fort George wjis, practically, as mudi of a 
 British post as liefore. 
 
 The two governments still continued to negotiate on the main 
 point at issue — title to Oregon. Neither would recede from the 
 positions assumed at the beginning of the controvei-sy, and to avoid 
 an open rupture, and with the hope that time would inject a new 
 element into the question, a treaty of procrastination was signed. 
 By this convention it was agreed that all territories and their waters, 
 west of the Rocky Mountains, should be free and open to the vessels 
 and to the use and occupation of the citizens and subjects of both 
 nations for the period of ten years, that no claim of either party, 
 should in any manner be prejudiced by this action, and that neither 
 should gain any right of dominion by su^ h use or occupati< >n during 
 the specified term. This treaty of joint occupation remained in 
 force, by extension with mutual consent, until the question was 
 definitely settled in 1846. On the twenty-second of February, 
 1819, the State Department consummated negotiations which had 
 been in progress for some time, completing the title of the United 
 States as defined in a previous paragraph. This was the signing 
 of a treaty with Spain, V)y which the Province of Florida was con- 
 veyed to the United States, including all the rights, claims and pre- 
 tensions of Spain to any territories north and east t)f a line drawn 
 from the source of the Arkansas, north to the forty-second parallel, 
 and thence to the Pacific. This remained the boundary between 
 the United States and Mexico, and between the disputed land of 
 Oregon and the Mexican possessions west of the Rocky Mountains. 
 It still continues to be the southern boundary of Oregon, but ceased 
 to divide the United States from Mexico when California, New 
 Mexico and Arizona were conquered or piu"cha8ed. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE RIVAL FUR COMPANIEiS. 
 
 Growth ami Power of the Northwest Conipani/ — Rivalry hetween it and 
 the Jlvdsun's Bay Company — The Red Rloer War—Bai'roioa' De- 
 scription of the Hwlsori's Bay Company — The Canadian Voya- 
 yeiirs — J'^ort Vancouver J^^otindsd- — Dunn's Description of i Fort 
 and the Methods of the lliulson^s Bay Company in Oregon. 
 
 THE Northwest Company had now full control of Oregon, but 
 a fierce and bloody struggle was going on between it and the 
 older Hudson's Bay Company, for possession of the f(ir regions of 
 America. The companies had grown too large to be tolerant of 
 each other; one must go the wall. Whet, first organized the old 
 company, enjoying chartered privileges and su[)reme monopoly of 
 a vast extent of territory, laughed with derision at the idea that a 
 few independent traders could so combine as to become dangerous 
 rivals; but that such was the fact was (juickly demonstrated. The 
 Northwest Company began operations on a thorough system, by 
 which it was soon developed into a powerf .1 and \vealthy corpora- 
 tion. All its managing agents were interested partners, Avho natur- 
 ally did their utmost to swell the receipts. In the plenitude of its 
 power it gave employment to two thousand voyageurs, while its 
 agents penetrated the wilderness in all directions in search of furs. 
 It was the pioneer of the Northwest. While the chartered monop- 
 oly clung like a burr to its granted limits, the new organization was 
 exploring and taking possession of that vast region lying between 
 Lake Superior and the Pacific, from the Missouri to the Arctic 
 Ocean. It has been shown how Mackenzie made a journey to the 
 Arctic and another to the Pacific, and how his footsteps were fol- 
 lowed by Eraser and a post e8ta})lished in the extreme west. While 
 the old company was sluggishly awaiting the advent of Indians at 
 
170 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 the few posts it had established in central locations, the rival organ- 
 ization sent its agents out to trade with the tribefi far and near. The 
 result was that all the tribes, except those in the immediate vicinity 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company forts, were gradually won to an 
 alliance with the yoimger and more vigorous organization. The 
 collection of furs was so over -stimulated that a complete extinction 
 of fur-bearing animals was threatened. A systematic effort was 
 being made to drive the old company from tlie most valuable beaver 
 country, and to so cripple it that a surrender of its charter would 
 become necessary. 
 
 The result of this aggressive policy was to arouse the Hudson's 
 Bay Company to a realizing sense of the precarious condition of 
 affairs, and the necessity of taking energetic steps to recover the lost 
 ground. Its efforts to do this soon resulted in hostile collisions 
 between its representatives and agents of the rival company, lead- 
 ing to a state of war between them. The first act of actual hostility, 
 other than mere trade rivalry, was committed in 1806, when a trader 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company was forcibly deprived of four hundred 
 and eighty packs of beaver skins, and a few months later of iifty 
 more. The same year another trader vva« attacked and robbed of 
 valuable furs by servants of the Northwest Company, and received 
 similar treatment again the following spring. These acts of plun- 
 dering were numerous, and since no law but the law of might existed 
 in the wilderness, there was no redress for the^ despoiled company 
 nor punishment for the offenders, since the latter were Canadians 
 and their victims citizens of England and not possessed of facilities 
 for securing redi'ess in the courts of Canada. In twelve years but 
 one case was brought to trial, in 1809, when a Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany man was convicted of manslaughter for killing an agent of 
 the other company who was making an attack upon him with a 
 sword; and this result was accomplished by the powerful influeniv 
 of the Northwest Company in Montreal. 
 
 In 1812, having received a grant of fertile land from the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company, Lord Selkirk, a man of energy and an enthusi- 
 ast on the subject of colonial emigration, commenced a settlement 
 on Red River near its junction with the Assiniboine, south of Lt ke 
 Winnipeg. No sooner was this accomplished than the rival com- 
 pany expressed a determination to destroy the settlement, and in 
 
THK IlIVAL FtlB COMPANIKK. 
 
 171 
 
 the autumn of 1814 fitted out an expedition for that purpose at its 
 chief establislnnent, Fort William, on the shore of liake Superior. 
 After haraHsing the settlement for some months, an attack was 
 made upon it in June, 1815, which was repulsed. Artillery having 
 been brought up, the buildings of Fort Gibraltar, the stronghold 
 of the settlement, were battei-ed down and the place cai)tured. The 
 governor was sent to Montreal a prisoner, the remaindei- of the set- 
 tlers were expelled from the country, the cattle were slaughtered 
 and the buildings demolished. In the fall, however, the colonists 
 returned with a great accession to their numbers and again estab- 
 lished themselves under the leadership of Colin Robertson, being 
 accompanied by Robert Semple, Governor of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company territories. In the spring of IHK;, Alexander McDon- 
 nell, a partner of the Northwest Company, collected a strong force 
 with the design of crushing the settlement completely. After cap- 
 turing the supply train on its way to Red River, the invading force 
 came upon Governor Semple and a force of thirty men all of whom 
 they killed, except one who was made a prisoner and four who es- 
 caped. The settlere still remaining in the fort, seeing the hopeless- 
 ness of resistance, surrendered, and to the number of two hundred 
 were sent in canoes to Hudson's Bay. They were chiefly Scotch, 
 as were also the attacking party ; but the love of gain was stronger 
 than the ties of blood. 
 
 In 1821 parliament put an end to this bloody feud and ruinous 
 competition by consolidating the rival companies under the name 
 of The Honorable Hudson's Bay Company, by which was created 
 an organization far more powerful than had either been before, and 
 England gained a united and potent agent for the advancement of 
 her interests in America. The settlements on the Red, Assiniboine 
 and Saskatchewan rivers were renewed, and Winnipeg became in a 
 few yeai-s the center of a prosperous community. The new com- 
 pany took possession of Fort George and other posts along the Co- 
 himbia, and as it thereafter became closely woven into the history 
 of this region, a brief description of its founding, growth and meth- 
 ods becomes necessary to a full understanding of subsequent events. 
 Dr. William Barrows gives the following description of that pow- 
 erful corporation: 
 
 Its two objects, as set forth in Its charter, were " for the discovery of a new pas- 
 
 t'l 
 
 f 1 
 
 I 
 
172 
 
 HISTOKV OK WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 
 
 ii' 
 
 sage into the South 8ea, and for the finding of some trade for furs, minerals and 
 other conniderable comnioditios." Tt may well be suspei'ttsd that the first was the 
 face and the second the soul of the charter, which grants to the company the ex- 
 clusive right of the "trade and commerce of all taose setui, straik and bays, rivers, 
 lakes, creeks, and sounds, in whatsoever latitude they sliall iye, that lie within the 
 entrance of the straits commonly called Hudson Straits," and of all lauds bordering 
 them not under any other civilized government. This covered all territory within 
 that immense basin from rim to rim, one edge dipping into the Atlantic and the 
 other looking into the Pacific. Through this vast extent the company was made 
 for "all time hereafter, capable in law. to have, purchase, receive, possesss, enjoy, 
 and retain lands, rents, privileges, liberties, jurlHdi(^tion, franchise, and heredita- 
 ments of what kind, nature, or quality soever they be, to them and their succes- 
 sors." The company held that region as a man holds his farm, or a.s the great bulk 
 of real estate in England is now held. They could legislate over and govern it, 
 bound only by the tenor and spirit of English law, and make war and peace within 
 it; and all persons outside the company could be forbidden to " visit, hunt, fre- 
 quent, trade, traffic, or adventure" therein. For all this, and a.s a confession of 
 allegiance to the crown as a dependent colony and province, they were to pay an- 
 nually as rent "two elks an<l two black beavers." Che.ip rent that, especially since 
 the king or his agent must collect it on the ground of the company. To dwell in 
 the territory or even go across it would be as really a trespass as if it were done on 
 the lawn of a private gentleman in Middlesex county, England. 
 
 Su(?h were the (ihartered rights of a monopoly that, growing bolder and more 
 grasping, became at last continental in sweep, irresistible in power, end inexorable 
 In spirit. In 1821 the crown gi-anted to this and the Northwest Company united, 
 and for a term of twenty-one years, the exclusive right to trade with all Indians in 
 British North America, north and west of the United States, and not included in 
 the first charter. This granted only trade, not owi\ership in the soil. Tlius, while 
 the chartered territory was imperial, it grew, by granted monopoly of trade, to be 
 continental. By degrees the trappers and traders went over the rim of the Hudson 
 basin, till they reached the Arctic seas along the outlet of the Coppermine and the 
 Ma(^kenzie. They set beaver traps on Yukon and Fraser rivers, around the Ath- 
 aba.sca. Slave and Bear Lakt^, and on the heads of the Columbia. f''roni the ad- 
 jmient I'acific shore they lined vheir treasury with the soft coats of the fui- seal and 
 the sea-otter. They were the pioneers of this trurtlc, and pressed tins monopoly 
 o*" fur on the sources, not only of the Missiasippi and J\Iis.souri, but down into 
 the Salt Lake basin of modern Utah. What nunor and rival companies stood in 
 the way they bought in, or crushed by underselling to the Indians. Individual en- 
 terjjrise hi tb'^ fur trade, from New Founciland to Vancouver, and from tl»e head 
 waters of the \all()wstone to ttie mouth of the Mackenzie, was at their mercy. 
 They practically controlled the introduction of supplies and the t)Utgoiiig of furs 
 and peltries from all the immanse region Iwtween tlu^se four points. 
 
 Within the Canadas and the other provinces they held the litdian and the Eu- 
 n>pean e(|ually at l)ay, while within all this vawt unorganized wilderness, their 
 hand over red and wliite man was absolute. At first the compartv rould govern 
 ass it pleas(;d, and was autocratic and irresponsible. By additional legislation in 1808, 
 the civil and criminal government of the Canadas wa^ made to follow the com- 
 pany into lands outside their first charter, commonly called Indian coimtries. The 
 (Governor of Lower Canada Imd the appointing power of officials within those 
 countries~l)ut lie did not send in special men; he appointed those connected with 
 the company and on the ground. The company, therefore had the admin. i:ati:)U 
 In those outside districts in its own hands. Thus tlie commercial life or "t.^ Can- 
 adas was so dependent upon the Hudson's Bay Company that the government could 
 
THE KIVAI- FITK COMPAXIKS. 
 
 173 
 
 be counted on to promote the wishes of the company. I n brief, the Kovernnient of 
 British America was practiwilly the Hudson's Bay Company, iiiid for all the privi- 
 lege and monopoly which it (enjoyed, without seemin : to demand it, tliere was an 
 annual payment, if called for, of " two elks and two . i .k beavers." 
 
 This company thus became a powerful organization. It had no rival to .nbare 
 the field, or waste the profits in litigation, or in bloody feuds beyond tbc region of 
 law. [Except the contest l)et ween it and the Xortlnv>'^l ((imiiany prior to tlieir 
 consolidation.] It extende<l its lines, nndti[)lied it.-i pi)st» and agents, systenniti/eil 
 communication through the innnense hunting grounds, economized time and funds 
 by increaaed expedition, made many of its factories really fortifications, and so put 
 the whole northern interior under liritish rule, and yet without a S4ildicr. Itivei's, 
 lakes, mountains and prairies were covered by its ageids and trapper". Tlie white 
 and the red men were on mo.st frien<lly terms, and the l)irch cunoe and the 
 pirogue were seen carrying, in mixed company, both races, and, what was m<nv, 
 tbeir mixed progeny. Tlie extent of territory imder this compuny s«ems almost 
 fabulous. It was one-third larger than all Europe ; it was larger than the I'liitt-d 
 Htatesof to-day, Alaska included, by half a million of Hipiare miles. ! 'lom the Am^rj- 
 ctm headquarters at Montreal to the post at Vancouver wa.s a distance of twenty- 
 flve hundred miles; to Fort Selkirk on the Yukon, or to tlie one on (ireat Bear 
 Lake, it was three thousand miles, and it was still further to the ricli fur seal and 
 seji-otter on the tide waters of the Mack(Mizle. .lames Bay and Red River at Win- 
 nipeg seem near to Montreal in com])arison. riiese distances woidfl conipare well 
 with air-line routes from Wiishington to Dublin, or Gibraltar or (iuito. 
 
 One contemplatfts this power with awe and fear, when lie regards the even mo- 
 tion and solemn silenre and unvarying sameness with which it has done its work 
 through that dreary animal country. It ha« been said that a hundred year.K has not 
 changed its bill if goods ordered from London. The company wants the same 
 muskrat and beaver and seal; the Indian hunter, unimproved, and the half-breed 
 Eurojiean, deteriorating, want the same cotton goods, and tiint-lock guns, and 
 t«ibacco and gew-gaws. To-day, as a hundred years ago, the dog sled runs out from 
 Winnipeg for its solitary drive of five hundred, or two thousand, or even three 
 thousand nules. It glides, silent as a spectre, over these snow fields, and througli 
 thesolenm, still forests, painfully wanting in animal life. Fifty, .seventy, an hun- 
 dred days it speeds along, and an many nights it "amps without fire, and looks up 
 to the same cold sta "s. .\t the intervening posts the sledge maktw a pause, as a sliip, 
 having rounded Cape Horn, heaves to before some lone Pacific island. It is tlie 
 8anu> at the trader's hut or factory a.s when the sledgeman's grandfather drove up, 
 the same dogs, the same half-breeds, or uui/aff-urn, to welcome him, the same foul, 
 lounging Indians, and the same nunk skin in exchange for the same trinkets. The 
 fur animal and its purchaser and hunter, as the landscajie, seem to be alike under 
 the saUiC immutable, unprogressixe law of nature, 
 
 " A land where all things always seoin the same," 
 
 as among tiie lotus-eaters. Human progress end Indian civilization have made 
 scarcely more improvement tluni that central, silent partner in file Hudson's Bay 
 Company — the beaver. 
 
 One feels towards (he power of this com])! iiy, moving thus witli evenness and 
 immutability through a hundred years, much as one does towards a law of nature. 
 At For^ Helkirk, for example, the fifty-two numbers of the weekly London Tiuws 
 came in on the last sledge arrival. The first nundier is already tliree years old, by its 
 tedious voyage from the Thames. Now one number only a week is read, thai the lone 
 trader there nuiy luive fresh news weekly until the next annual dog-mail arrives, 
 and each successive number is three years Upland time wlieu it is opened! In tiiis 
 
174 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ,1*1 
 
 day of Hteainers and telegraphs and telephones, does It seem possible that any 
 human, white habitation can be so outside of the geography and chronology of the 
 world? The goods of the company, packed and shipped in Fenchurch Street, 
 leave London, and at the end of the third year they are delivered at Fort Confidence 
 on Great Bear Lake, or at any other extreme factory of the company; and at the 
 end of three years more the return furs go up the Thames and into Fenchurch 
 Street again. 80 in cycles of six years, and from age to age, like a planet, the shares 
 in the Hudson's Bay Company nuike their orbit and dividends. A run of three 
 months and the London ship drops anchor in Hudson's Bay. "For one year,'' 
 says Butler in his " (ireat Lone I^and," "the stores that she has brought in lie in the 
 warehouse at York Factory ; twelve months later they reach Red River ; twelve 
 months later they reach Fort 8impson on the Mackenzie." 
 
 The original stock of this company was 150,820. In fifty years it was tripled 
 twice by profits only, and went u)) to $457,380, while not one new dollar was paid 
 in. In 1821 the (Company al)sorbefi the NorthT,rest Company of Montreal, on a basis 
 of value equal to its own. The consolidated stock then was §1,916,000, of which 
 $1,780,86^ was from profits. Yet, meanwhile, there had been an annual payment 
 of ten per cent, to stockholders. In 183(> one of the company's ships left Fort 
 George for London, witli a cargo of furs valued at $380,0(M). * » * When 
 the English (lovernment, in 184ti, conceded the claims of the United States to 
 <Jregon, property of the Hudson's Bay Company was found within Oregon for 
 which that company claimed $4,990,036.67. One can not but admire the foresight, 
 compass, policy, and ability with which those English fur trailers moved to gain 
 possession, and then keep in wilderness for fur-bearing, so much of North America. 
 * * * Travelers tell us of an oppressive, painful silence through all that 
 weird northland. Quadruped life, and the scanty little there is. of bird life, is not 
 vocal, much less musical. Tiiis company has partaken of the silence of its domain. 
 It makes but little nMse for BO great an organization. It says but few things, and 
 only the necessary ones, and even those with an obscurity often, that only the 
 Interested and Initiated understand. The statements of its works and results are 
 mostly in the passive voice. 
 
 The voyageurs, so often spoken of in connections with the fur 
 
 companies, were a special outgrowth of the fur trade, and are 
 
 deserving of more than a passing notice. Irving thus describes 
 
 them : — 
 
 The voyageurs may be said to have sprung up out of the fur trade, having origin- 
 ally been employed by the early French merchants in their trading expeditions 
 through the labyrinth of rivers and lakes of the boundless Interior. In the inter- 
 vals of their long, arduous ahd laborious expeditions, they were wont to pass their 
 time in idleness and revelry about the trading posts or settlements ; squandering 
 their hard earnings in heedless conviviality, and rivalling their nei:>hbors, the 
 Indians, in indolent Indulgence and imprudent disregard of the morrow. When 
 Canada passed under British domination, and the old French trading houses were 
 broken up, the voyageurs were for a time disheartened and disconsolate, and with 
 difficulty could reconcile themselves to the service of the new comers, so different 
 in habits, manners ;\nd language from their former employers. By degrees, how- 
 ever, they became accustomed to the chatige, and at length came to consider the 
 British fur traders, and especially the members of the Northwest Company, as the 
 legitimate lords of creation. The drt'ss of these people is generally half <'lvilized, 
 half savage. They wear a -"apot or surcoat, made of a blanket, a strli>ed cotton shirt, 
 cloth trowsers, or leathern leggings, moeeacilus of deer skiu, uud a belt of variegated 
 
 
^nmi^ 
 
 THE RIVAL FUR COMPANIES. 
 
 175 
 
 worsted, from which are suspended the knife, tobacco pouch, andotlier implements. 
 Their language isof tliesame piebald character, being a French patois, embroidered 
 with Indian and Englisli words and plirases. The lives of the voyageury are passed 
 in wild and extensive rovings. They are generally of French descent and inherit 
 much of the gaiety and lightness of lieart of their ancestors, being full of anecdote 
 and song, and ever ready for the dance. Their natural good will is i)rol)ably height- 
 ened by a community of ad venture and hardsiii]! in their jn-ecariouHand wandering 
 life. Thev are dexterous Iwatmen, vigorous and adroit with the oar and paddle, 
 and will row from morning until night without a imirmur. The steersman often 
 sings an old traditioiuiry l<>cn('h song, with some regular liurden in wliich they all 
 join, keeping time with tlaeir oars. In the course of years they will gradually dis- 
 appear; their .songs will die away like the eclu)es tliey once awakened, and the Can- 
 ■ 'Man voyageurs will become a forgotten race, or remenibered anu)ng tlie ^joetical 
 ir.wyes of past times, and as themes for local and romantic associations. 
 
 The North we,st Company, in 1S21, prio)' to the consoluhitiou, 
 e8ta))lished a post on the north bank of the t/ohinibia, several miles 
 above the mouth of the Willamette. As this was on the point 
 named "Vananiver" by Lieutenant BroUii;hton, in 1 792, the post 
 was christened " Fort Vancouver." In 18"2;5, soon after the con- 
 solidation, the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company wiu-* 
 removed fi'om Fort George to Fort Vancouver, because it possessed 
 the de.sii'able features of such an establishment more fully tluui any 
 other in this whole region. It was near the moutli of the Willamette 
 and therefore tlie center and natui'al converging point of ti'apping 
 parties coming <h)wn the Columbia from the vast wilderness to the 
 east, or with the annual overland express from Montreal; fi'om the 
 rich trapping grotinds to the south, or fi-om die upper coast and 
 Puget Sound. Agi'iculturally, the surroundings were all that could 
 he desire-^ to raise the large crops of grain and vegetables recpiired 
 at all the Company's posts, and to fiu'nish pasturage for the beef 
 and dairy cattle. It was easily apj^roachable by deep-water vessels 
 of large draft, and presented excellent natural facilities for loading 
 and discharging cargo. The ve^els tliat came at stated pei'iods to 
 bring supplies and carry away the accumulate* I fui-s, could spare 
 the few days' of extra time rexpiired to ascend the river, bett^'.r than 
 the employees of the company coidd s[)are it in pasningto and fi'om 
 hea<l(iuarters in the ti'ansaction of Inisiness. Vancouver was the 
 most eligible site on the Columbia f<n' the chief trading post, anti 
 remained the company's liead([mii*ters until it abandoned thi? region 
 entirely, in ISaiS. During the next four years the company spread 
 out in all directions, fronj ( 'nlifornia to Alaska, and from the Pacific 
 
176 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 to the Rocky Mountains. Some idea can be gained of its power 
 and methods in Oregon from the following description given by 
 John Dunn, for seven years a clerk and trader of the company: — 
 
 Fort Vanct)uver is tlie j^rand mart and rendezvous for the company's trade and 
 servants on the Pacillc. Thither all the furs and other articles of trade collected 
 west of the Rocky Mountains, from California to tlie Russian territories, are brought 
 from the several other forts and stations ; and from thence they arc shipped to 
 England. Thither, too, all the goods brouglit from England for traffic — the various 
 articles in woolens and eottoiin, in grocery, in hardware, ready-made clothes, oils 
 and ))' 'uts, ship stores, etc. — are landed, and from thence they are distributed to 
 the various i)osts of the interior, and along the northern shores by sailing vessels, 
 or by boats, or pack-horses, as the several routes permit ; for distribution and traffic 
 among the natives, or for the supply of the company's servants. In a word. Fort 
 Vancouver is the grand emporium of the company's trade, west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains ; as well within the Oregon territory as beyond it, from California to Kams- 
 tchatka. 
 
 The fort is in the shiipe of a parallelogram, about two hundred and fifty yards 
 long, by one hundred and fifty broad ; enclosed by a sort of wooden wall, made of 
 pickets, or large beams, fixed firmly in the ground and closely fitted together, 
 twenty feet higli, and strongly secured on the inside by buttresses. At each angle 
 there is a bastion, mounting two twelve-pounders, and in the center there are some 
 eighteen-pounders ; but from the subdued and pacific character of the natives, and 
 the long alisence of all apprehension, these cannon have become useless. The area 
 within is divided into two courts, around which are arranged about forty neat, 
 strong wooden buildings, one story high, designed for various purposes—such as 
 offices, apartments for the clerks and other ofi?" >rs, warehouses for furs, English 
 goods and other commodities ; workshops for the different mechanics — carpenters, 
 blacksmiths, coopers, wheelwrights, tinners, etc. — in all of which there is the most 
 diligent and unceasing activity and industry. There is also a school-house and 
 chapel, and a powder magazine l)uilt of brick and stone. 
 
 In the center stands the governor's resident, which is two stories high, the 
 dining hall, and the public sitting room. All the clerks and officers, including the 
 chaplain and physician, dine together in the hall, the governor presiding. The 
 dinner is of the most sul'Stantial kind, consisting of several courses. Wine is fre- 
 quently allowed, but no spirituous litiuors. After grace has been said the company 
 break up ; tlien most of the party retire to the publicsiiting room, called " Bachelor's 
 Hall," or the smoking room, ^o amuse tliemselves as they please, either in smoking, 
 reading, or telling and listening to stories of tlieir own and others' curious advent- 
 ures. Sometimes there is a great infiux of company, consisting of the chief traders 
 from the outposts, who arrive at the fort on business, and the commanders of vessels. 
 Tliese are gala times after dinner, and tliere is a great deal of amusement, but 
 always kept under strict discipline and regulated l)y the strictest propriety. There 
 is, on no occasion, ciiuse for etimii, or a lack of anecdote or interesting narrative ; 
 or, indeed, of any intellectual anuLsement; for if smoking and story-telling be 
 irksome, then there is the horse ready to mount, and the rifie prepared. The voy- 
 ageurand the trapper, wlio have traversed thousands of miles through wild ami 
 unfretpien ted regions, and the mariner, who has eh'cumnavigated the glolje, may 
 be found grouped together, smoking, joking, singing oiid story-ti'lling, and in every 
 way i)anishing dull care, till the j)eriod of their again setiing out for their respective 
 destinations arrives. The t^mokiug room, oi "Bachelor's Hall," presents the 
 appearance of an annory and ii museum. All worts of veapous, uu'i dresses, and 
 
THE RIVAL FUR COMPANIES. 
 
 177 
 
 curiosities of civilized and savage life, and of the various implements for the prose- 
 cution of the trade, might be seen there. The mechanics, and other servants of the 
 establishment, do not dine in the hall, or g' to the HUioking room. 
 
 The school is for the benefit of the half-breed children of the officers and servants 
 of the company, and of many orphan children of Indians who have been in the 
 company's employment. They are taught English (sometimes French), writing, 
 arithmetic and geography ; and are subsetjuently either api)roi)tice(l to traders in 
 Canada, or kept in the company's service. The front square is, the place where the 
 Indians and trappers deposit their furs and other articles, and make their sales, etc. 
 There may be seen, too, great numbers of men sorting and packing the various 
 goods, and scores of Canadians beating and cleaning the furs from the dust and ver- 
 min, and coarse hairs, previous to exportation. Six hundred yards below the fort, 
 and on the bank of the river, there is a neat village of about sixty well-built wooden 
 houses, generally constructed like those within the fort, in which the mechanics 
 and other servants of the company, who are, in general, Canadians tmd Scotchmen, 
 reside with their families. They are built in rows, and present the appearance of 
 small streets. They are kept in a neat and orderly manner. Here there is an hos- 
 pital, in which the invalided servants of the company, and, indeed, others who may 
 wish to avail themselves of it, are treated with the utmost care. 
 
 Many of the officers of the company marry half-breed women. They discharge 
 the several duties of wife and mother with fidelity, cleverness and attention. They 
 are, in general, good housewives ; and are remarkably ingenious as needlewomen. 
 Many of them, besides possessing a knowledge of English, speak French correctly, 
 and possess other accomplishments; and they sometimes attend their husbands on 
 their distant and tedious journeys and voyages. These half-lireed women are of a 
 superior class ; being the daughters of chief traders and factors, and other persons, 
 high in the company's service, by Indian women of a supericu* descent or of superior 
 personal attractions. Though they generally dress after the English fashion, 
 according as they see it used by the English wives of the superior officers, yet they 
 retain one peculiarity— the leggin or gaiter, which is nia«le {now that the tanned 
 deer skin has been superseded) of the finest and most gaudy coloured cloth, beauti- 
 fully ornamented with beads. The lower classes of the company's servants marry 
 native women, from the tribes of the upper country, where the women are round- 
 headed and beautiful. These, too, generally speaking, soon learn the art of useful 
 housewivery with great adroitness and readiness ; and they are encouraged and 
 rewarded in every way by the company, in their efforts to acquire domestic economy 
 and comfort. These, too, imitate, in costume the dress of the officer's wives, as 
 much a« they can; and from their necessities of position, which exposes them 
 more to wet and drudgery, they retain the moccasin, in place of adojiting the low- 
 quartere<i shoe. 
 
 .\ttached to the fort there is a magnificent farm, consisting of about three 
 thousand acres, of which fifteen himdred acres have already been l)rought to the 
 highest state of tillage. It stretches behind the fori, and on both sides, along the 
 lianks of the river. It is fenced into beautiful corn fields, vegetable fields, orchards, 
 garden and pasture fields, which are interspersed with dairy houses, shepherds' 
 and herdsmen's cottages. It is placed under the most judicious nmnagement; and 
 neither expense nor labour has been spared to bring it to the most perfect cultiva- 
 tion. There is a large grist mill, and a threshing mill, which are worked by horse- 
 power, and a saw niill worked by water-power. All kinds of grains and vegetables, 
 and many species of fruits, are produced there in abundance and of superior qual- 
 ity. The grain crops are produced without manure; and the wheat crop, espec- 
 ially, is represented by practical farmers to be wonderful. 
 
 Besides this farm, which they are every day extending, they have commenced 
 
178 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 *#* 
 
 farmlni< on a large scale on the Cowlitz, to the north, Umpqua, to the south, and 
 in other parts of the territory, where they have established posts, the produce of all 
 of which they use for exportation both to the Russia stations iu Kanistchatka (as 
 they entered into a contract with the Russians, In 1839, to supply their posts in 
 those regions with provisions at fixed prices), and to the islands of the Southern 
 Pacific, and to British and American whalers and to other merchant ships. They 
 also keep scores of wood-cutters employed to fell timber, which is sawed up in large 
 (luantities, three thousand feet a day, and regularly shipped for the Sandwich 
 Islands and other foreign ports. And as they can afTord to sell the goods purchased 
 in England Hnder a contract of old standing, together with the productions of the 
 territory and their own farms, fish, beef, mutton, pork, timber, etc., at nearly half 
 the American price, they are likely to engross the whole trade of the Pacific, as 
 they do already the trade of the Oregon, especially since they command all the 
 ports and safe inlets of the country. This the Americans feel and declare ; and it 
 is this which whets their cupidity and excites their jealousy and hatred. 
 
 Trapping parties leaving Vancouver are some weeks preparing for the mountains 
 and prairies. The blacksmiths are busily engaged making beaver-traps for the 
 trappers, the store-keepers making up articles for trade and equipping the men, the 
 clerk in charge of the provision store packing up provisions for them, to last until 
 they get into hunting ground, the clerk in charge of the farm providing horses and 
 other requisite articles. The party fiffenerally consists of about fifty or sixty men, 
 most o( them the company's servants, others free hunters. The servants have a 
 stated salary, while the freemen receive so much per skin. Previous to leaving the 
 fort for the arduous adventure, they are allowed a small quantity of rum per man ; 
 and they generally enjoy a grand holiday and feast the night previous to starting. 
 Each man has a certain number of horses, sutflcient to carry his equipment. The 
 free trappers generally provide their own animals. Both the company's servants 
 and the freemen frequently take their wives and families with them. The women 
 are very jisefnl on the expedition, in preparing meals and other necessaries for their 
 husbands during their absence from the camp. In summer and winter, whether 
 they have a sort of traveling camp or a fixed residence, they select the localities 
 that most al '>>und in fur-bearing animals. Though a party may be obliged, from a 
 variety of ciy-umstances, to winter in the plain, or in the recesses of the mountains, 
 or on the li<>nit'rs of lakes and rivers, some numbers of it return to the fort in the 
 fall, with the produce of the season's hunt, and report progress, and return to the 
 camp with a reinforcement of necessary supplies. Thus the company are enabled 
 to acquire a minute knowledge of the country and natives, and extend their power 
 and authority over both." 
 
 I ' ffif olfS 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 DIPLOMACY AGAIN END8 IN JOlNT OCCUPATION. 
 
 I " I 
 
 Claim of the United States to the Columbia Rimer — Spasm, jiiic Consid- 
 eration of the Oregon Question in Congress — The Russian Ukase — 
 The Monroe Doctrine — Negotiations in 182 J^ — Claims <f the United 
 States Advanced by Mr. Rush — The Opposing Claims of Great Brit- 
 ain — Reply of Mr. Rush and the English Comviissioners to Each 
 Other — England Rejects America's Offer of the Eifty -first Parallel, 
 and Proposes the Eorty-ninth and Columbia River — Rush Offers the 
 Forty-ninth to the Ocean — Rejected and the Negotiations Terminate — 
 Mr. Oallatin Sent to London in 182$ — Offer of the Columbia again 
 made by England a/nd Rejected — The Doctrine of Contiguity — The 
 Spanish Title as Modified by the Nootka Convention — Trading Posts 
 Declared not to be Settlements by Mr. Gallatin,, a Declaration which 
 Becomes a Boomerang — The Period of Joint Occupation Indefinitely 
 Extended. 
 
 DURINGr all these years the Oregon question was not neglected 
 in Congress. Jt was spasmodically discussed, and mudi cor- 
 respondence was had between the two governments on the subject; 
 but though many things were proposed at various times, nothing 
 was actually done to promote American interests in Oregon, unless 
 the leave of absence granted Captain Bonneville be considered as 
 an effort in that direction. During these diplomatic negotiations 
 the United States fii-mly maintained her claim to all the rights, of 
 any nature whatsoever, which Spain may have possessed prior to 
 the Florida Treaty. She also urged that the mouth of the Colum- 
 bia was hers by the dual right of discovery and settlement; and, 
 therefore, following the "general I'ule which had been observed by 
 European nations in colonizing America, all the country tributary 
 to that river, and its confluents, was also subject to her dominion. 
 
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180 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 As the Columhia sweeps northward to the fifty-first parallel, it waa 
 urged that, by this title alone, the government had indisputable right 
 to the whole region Ijnng between the forty-second and fifty-first 
 degrees of latitude. 
 
 In 1 820, a committee was appointed by the House of Represent- 
 atives, to incjuire into the condition of the settlements on the Pacific 
 Ocean, and the expediency of occupying the Columbia River. This 
 resulted in the reporting of a bill " for the occupation of the Colum- 
 bia, and the regulation <^f the trade with the Indians in the territo- 
 ries of the United States"; but, though much discussed, both then 
 and the ensuing year, the measiire was never passed. There were 
 several plans advocated, among them being one to send a body of 
 troops overland to occupy the disputed territory, and another to 
 construct a chain of forts across the continent, which should form a 
 basis of supplies and protectici for emigrants. The great draw- 
 back was the lack of emigi-ants to be supplied and protected. The 
 Mississippi Valley was still but sparsely settled, and no one thought 
 of moving two thousand miles across what was supposed to be a 
 region of nearly impassable mountains and almost interminable 
 deserts, when the rich lands ot Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa were 
 inviting them to make their home in the domain of the " Father of 
 Waters." 
 
 Russia stepped in as a disturbing element, by the piiblication, on 
 the sixteenth of September, 1821, of an imperial ukase, by which 
 exclusive title was asserted on the coast as far south as latitude 51°, 
 and ail foreign vessels were prf)hibited from approaching within 
 one hundred miles of said coast, under penalty of confiscation. Pro- 
 tests were instantly entered by both (ii-eat Britain and the United 
 States, Russia replying that her claim was based upon discovery, 
 exploration and unquestioned occuj)ation for a period of fifty years. 
 Separate negotiations were opened with Russia by the two contend- 
 ing powers. It was at this juncture that the celebrated Monroe Doc- 
 trine was first enunciated in an official document. In his message 
 to Congi'ess, dated December 2, 182:^, President Monroe declared 
 that the "American continents, by the free and independent condi- 
 tion which they had assumed, were hencefctrth not to be considered 
 as subjects for colonization by any European power." This elicited 
 a formal protest from both England and Russia. Another docu- 
 
DIPLOMACY AGAIN KND8 IN JOINT OCCUPATION. 
 
 181 
 
 merit, which was peculiarly offensive to Englaud, was a paper sub- 
 mitted to the House, ou the sixteenth of February, 1824, by Gen- 
 eral Jessup, in which it was proposed to establish a chain of foils 
 from Council Bluffs to the Pacitic, by which "present protection 
 would be afforded to our traders; and at the expiration of the priv- 
 ilege granted to British subjects to trade on the waters of the 
 Columbia, we should be enabled to remove them from our territory, 
 and to secure the whole trade to our (titizens." This suggestion of 
 a preparation to expel her subjects fiom Oregon by force of arms 
 was exceedingly, and properly so, distasteful to Great Britain, and 
 did much to complicate the negotiations which had been already 
 entered into. 
 
 The ten years' limit of joint occupation had now more than 
 half expired, and it became necessary to appoint commissioners to 
 again endeavor to affect a settlement. Mr. Hush, the American 
 commissioner, Avho had been an associate with Mr. Gallatin in 
 arranging the treaty of 1818, asserted that by^ the Louisiana title 
 the United States liad undisputed claim as far north iis the forty- 
 ninth parallel, since that had been recognized by the Treaty of 
 Utrecht as the boundary line between the possessions of France 
 and England, and should properly be extended to the Pacific. He 
 also claimed, under the Spanish title, as far north as the sixtieth 
 parallel, the acknowledged limit of the Russian possessions, and he 
 declared " the rights thus ac(|uired from Spain were regarded by 
 the Government of the United States m sur])iissing the rights of all 
 other European po^vers on that coast." A third claim was the one 
 outlined in a previous paragraph, based ujDon the discovery, explora- 
 tion and occupation of the Columbia. Asserting these three distinct 
 titles, he made the proposition that no future settlements be made by 
 subjects of Great Britain south of the fifty-first tlegree, nor by citi- 
 zens of the United States north of that parallel. Mr. Rush was, 
 however, authorized to make a considerable mollification of that 
 proposal, since his letter of instructions contained the following 
 words: "As, however, the line already nin. in latitude 4:9° to the 
 Stony Mountains, should it be earnestly insisted upon by Great 
 Britain, we will consent to carry it in continiiance on the same 
 parallel to the sea." 
 
 The plenipotentiaries of Great Britain not only declined the 
 
182 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
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 proposals, but denied in toto the principles upon which it had been 
 offered, especially the idea that no future colonization in America 
 should be attempted by European nations. They declared that all 
 unoccupied portions of America were subjects of colonization, 
 including the region on the Pacific Coast lying between the forty- 
 second and fifty-first parallel. They declared that Great Britain 
 could not concede to the United States, as the Huccessor of 8[)ain, 
 those exclusive rights which she had successfully resisted when tliey 
 had been advanced by Spain herself, and which the Nootka Conven- 
 tion, in 1790, declared should not be admitted. They also denied 
 the title by right of discovery, claiming that the discovery of the 
 Columbia was a progressive one, participated in more conspicuously 
 by British subjects than by Americans; that even admitting the 
 discovery by Gray, he, being a private citizen, could not, merely by 
 entering the mouth of a I'iver, gain title for his Government to the 
 whole coast for hundreds of miles above and below that point, 
 especially since the coast had been explored prior to that time by 
 an official expedition (Captain Cook's) of Great Britain, and a 
 British subject (Sir Francis Drake) had purchased land from the 
 natives only a f'.'W degrees south ; that the settlement at Astoria 
 was subsequent, or, at the best, only coeval, to similar settlements 
 made by British subjects upon that stream, or upon rivers flowing 
 into it (erroneously referring, perhaps, to the establishment on 
 Fraser Lake). 
 
 To this the United States embassador replied at length, asserting 
 that Gray sailed under the flag and protection of the Federal Gov- 
 ernment, whose rights followed him ; that he was unaware, and could 
 not admit the fact, of any prior or contemporaneous settlement by 
 British subjects on the Columbia; that Cook had been preceded by 
 Perez, Heceta and Quadra, in his exploration of the coast; and 
 closed by saying that " in the opinion of my government, the title 
 of the United States to the whole of that coast, fi'om latitude forty- 
 two degrees to as far north a.s latitude sixty degrees, was, therefore, 
 superior to that of Great Britain, or any other power: first, through 
 the proper claim of the United States by discovery and settlement, 
 and secondly, as now standing in the place of Spain, and holding in 
 their hands all her title." The British reply was a renewal of the 
 former objections, especially to the Spanish title, special stress being 
 
DIPLOMACY AGAIN ENDS IN JOINT OCCUPATION. 
 
 183 
 
 laid on the fact that England never had admitted the exclusive rights 
 claimed by Spain on the Pacific Coast of America, and had spticifi- 
 cally denied and com hatted them in the Nt)otka controversy; the 
 voyage of Sir Francis Drake wtus urged as giving England the dis- 
 covery rights prior, even, to the earliest claimed by Spain, the forty- 
 eighth degree being placed as the northern limit of his voyage. It 
 was also denied that Spain could ac(|uire title by simply sailing 
 along the coast, and not follow^ing up her discoveries by genuine 
 acts of possession and settlement. The response of Mr. Kush, was a 
 denial that Drake [)roceeded beyond the forty-third parallel, and a 
 reminder to the English plenipotentiaries that, even if all they 
 claimed for Drake were true, England was debarred from claiming 
 title through him by the rule laid down by them in the matter of 
 Spanish explorers, since the title thus acquired had not been per- 
 fected by acts of possession and settlement. 
 
 By these successive statements and answers both sides to the 
 question having been plainly set forth, the representatives of En- 
 gland, rejecting Mr. Rush's proposition, made another proposal — 
 that the boundary line follow the forty-ninth parallel till it struck 
 the Columbia, and then follow down the main channel of that stream 
 to the ocean, navigation of the river to be open to both nations. 
 This was submitted, they said, in a spiiit of compromise, though 
 they considered that in so doing they were departing largely from 
 the full extent of Great Britain's rights. Mr. Rush declared his 
 utter inability to accept such a pi'oposition, but that, actuated by 
 the same strong desire to effect a compromise, he would agree to the 
 forty-ninth parallel clear through to the ocean, stating that this was 
 the extreme limit of his authority. This was declined, and as 
 neither party would make fuither concessions the negotiations came 
 to an end. 
 
 In 1826, the attempt to settle this important question was 
 renewed, and Mr. Gallatin was sent to London, with full powers to 
 resume the discussion. The offer of the forty-ninth parallel and the 
 Columbia River was again made by the British Commissioners, 
 with a sop in the shape of a slice of Washington Territory si>uth of 
 Gray's Harbor and Hood's Canal throv/n in. Mr. Gallatin renewed 
 Mr. Rush's offer of the forty-ninth parallel, adding free navigation 
 
 
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184 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 to the sea from all branches of the Columbia lying north of that 
 line. The complete claims and offered compromises of the two na- 
 tions were submitted in written statements, and were published in 
 full in the message of President Adams, of December 12, 1827. 
 There was no essential difference in the claims mmle by the con- 
 tending parties from those set forth above ; they were simply iu"ged 
 in different language and with a better understanding of the sub- 
 ject. The Louisiana title was made a prominent feature by Mr. 
 Gallatin; but the insufficiency of this was clearly shown by the 
 representatives of Great Britain, who also claimed that the titles of 
 the United States and Spain, when taken separately, were imperfect, 
 and when taken together destroyed each other. Mr. Gallatin also 
 advanced the doctrine of contiguity, asserting that the populous 
 settlements in the valley of the Mississippi constituted a strong claim 
 to the extension of their authority " over the contiguous vacant ter- 
 ritory, and to the occupation and sovereignty of the country as far 
 as the Pacific Ocean." This was asserted by the British Commis- 
 sioners to be the doctrine of " might makes right," and to be wholly 
 repulsive to the principles of international law. 
 
 It was maintained, and with much justness, by the Fnglish n^- 
 gotiators that, since the Nootka Convention especially declared the 
 right of both England and Spain to either of them settle upon and 
 take possession of any portion of the coast now in dispute which 
 had not been previously settled upon by the other, the previous 
 rights of both nations acquired by diecovery were thus expressly 
 waived, and future titles were made to depend entirely upon acts of 
 possession and settlement; therefore, in succeeding to the Spanish 
 title, the United States had acquired nothing but the right pos- 
 sessed by Spain to settle upon and occupy any portion of the coast 
 not already in the actual possession of Great Britain. 
 
 Mr. Gallatin denied that mere fur trading factories, or posts, 
 could be considered settlements such as were necessary tc* perfect 
 title of a nation to an extended region; but by doing this he dis- 
 credited the title claimed by his own Government by reason of the 
 establishment by the Pacific Fur Company of a post at Astoria; 
 also, by a simple process of reasoning, of the discovery title claimed 
 through Captain Gray, since that gentleman was simply a fur trader, 
 and was not engaged in a voyage of exploration or discovery. 
 
biPLOMACY AGAIN ENDS IN JOINT CONVENTION, 
 
 185 
 
 Not being able to come to any understanding upon the main 
 (^[uestion at issue — a definite boundary line — the negotiations were 
 brought to a close in 1827 by the signing of an agreement indefi- 
 nitely extending the period of joint occupation, making it termin- 
 able by either party upon giving twelve months' notice to that effect. 
 Thus was the aid of time agam invoked to furnish a solution of this 
 vexatious problem. 
 
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 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 FAILURE OF ALL ATTEMPTS AT JOINT OCCUPATION BY 
 THE AMERICANS. 
 
 Outlook for Joint Occupation — Comparison of the Advantages of the 
 English and American Traders — Character of the American Trap- 
 pers — 77ie Iludson^s Bay Company's Methods and Servants — Growth 
 of the American Fur Trade — The American Fur Company — The 
 Missouri Fur Company — Ashley, of the Rocky Mountain Fur 
 Company, Penetrates the Rocky Mountains — Method of Conducting 
 Trapping Enterprises — The Annual Rendezvous — Jedediah S. 
 Smithes First Overland Journey — His Second Journey Fraught 
 vnth Disaster — His Adventures in California — IJis Party Massaci'ed 
 on the Umpqua — The Hudson's Bay Company Recover Smithes Furs 
 and Pay him. for Them — Gray^s Version ofthij Affair — The Subject 
 Discussed — Boston's and King George^ s Jlen — Dr. McLaughlin's 
 Account of this Episode — McLeod's Unfortunate Expedition — 
 Ogden's Expedition to the Humboldt and California — Death of 
 Smith — Major Pilcher and Ewing Young — Hudson's Bay Company 
 Establish Fort Umpqua and a Headquarters in California — Bonne- 
 mile's Trading Ventures — Two Efforts of Nathaniel « . Wyeth to 
 Trade in Oregon Result Disastrously — McLaughlin's Remarks on 
 Wyeth — Abandonment of Oregon by American Trappers. 
 
 THE great power and firm foothold secured in Oregon by the 
 Hudson's Bay Company has been thus minutely described in 
 order that an adequate idea can be had of the herculean task which 
 lay before any American company which might seek to compete with 
 it in its chosen field. Joint occupation, as contemplated in the 
 treaties of 1818 and 1826 was only possible, on the principle of 
 the lion and the lamb. Americans cculd live in Oregon if they 
 would permit themselves to be swallowed by the Hudson's Bay 
 Company — not othei-wise. The chief difficulty which lay in the 
 
FAILURE AT JOINT OCCUPATION BY THE AMERICANS. 
 
 187 
 
 pathway of American tradera in their efforts to compete with the 
 great English corporation, was a lack of unity of purpose and com- 
 bination of capital and effort. The » Americans were all inde- 
 pendent traders, operating alone or in limited partnerships. Sepa- 
 rately they had not the capital to carry on the business in the sys- 
 tematic and comprehensive manner in which the Hudson's Bay 
 Company operated. There was an utter lack of system, unity of 
 action or wise provision for the future. The trtide was not care- 
 fully fostered for future advantage, since none of them cared to 
 build up a business for some one else to enjoy, but each sought to 
 make all the immediate profit possible. The competition among 
 them was ruinous to all, and in a few yeai*8 the whole trade, so far as 
 Americans were concerned, was ruined. In theu- competition with 
 the English monopoly they were at a fatal disadvantage. One 
 unsuccessful season with them was often financially disastrous, while 
 to the gi'eat corporation, covering such a vast scope of country, 
 dealing with so many tribes and handling such varied classes of 
 furs, such a thing as a completely unsuccessful year was impossible. 
 Gains in one section compensated for any losses in another. For 
 this reason, whenever two trapping parties met in open competition 
 for the trade of any tribe of Indians, the Americans were at a dis- 
 astrous disadvantage, and, except in the few instances when they 
 outwitted the rival trader, were forced to the wall. The agent had 
 full authority to use his own discretion in such cases, his only in- 
 structions being to crush his rival at all hazards. No spectre of 
 bankruptcy shook his bony finger in his face; no vision of an angry 
 and distrustful partner rose up before him. He could g' " away 
 every dollar's worth of goods he had, and receive the approval of 
 his superiore, provided, that by doing so, he defeated the ri\^al 
 traders. On the contrary, the American, his entire fortune invested 
 in this single venture, could neither afford to give away his goods 
 nor to lose the opportunity to trade; for often it was the only one 
 of the season, and to miss it meant ruin. In 1815, Congress, in 
 order to aid the struggling traders, passed an act expelling foreign 
 trappers from the territories of the United States east of the Rocky 
 Mountains; but it remained a dead letter, since brigades of the En- 
 glish trappers continued to roam through the country along the 
 Missouri and its tributaries. 
 
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 mSTOBT OF WILLA3(£TTB VALLSY. 
 
 
 Candor compels the confession that there were other reasons for 
 the success of the English and utter failure of the American traders; 
 and these were the great difference in their methods of treating the 
 natives and the character of tt men engaged in the business. The 
 American trappers were, to a large extent, made up of a class of 
 wild, reckless and brutal men, many of them fugitives from justice. 
 With them might made right, and Indian fighting was one of their 
 chief accomplishments. A perpetual state of hostilities existed 
 between them and the Blackfeet and other warlike tribes. They 
 cared nothing for the interests of their employers, were insubordi- 
 nate and quarrelsome, and the histories of their lives and adventures,* 
 written for the glorification of the few of the most noted of them, 
 convince us that, as a whole, they composed the lowest stratum of 
 American society. Irving, in one of many similar passages, thus 
 speaks of one phase of their character: "The arrival of the sup- 
 plies gave the regular finish to the annual revel. A grand outbreiik 
 of wild debauch ensued among the mountaineers ; drinking, danc- 
 ing, swaggering, gambling, quarreling and fighting. Alcohol, 
 which, from its portable qualities, containing the greatest quantity 
 of fiery spirit in the smallest compass, is the only liquor carried 
 across the mountains, is the inflammatory beverage at these carousals, 
 and is dealt out to the trappers at four dollars a pint. When inflamed 
 by this fiery beverage, they cut all kinds of mad pranks and gam- 
 bols, and sometimes burn all their clothes in their drunken brava- 
 does. A camp, recovering from one of these riotous revels, presents 
 a serio-comic spectacle ; black eyes, broken heads, lack lustre vis- 
 ages.^^ Alcohol was a leading article of merchandise, and the annual 
 assemblage at the points of rendezvous and the meetings with 
 Indians for the purposes of trade, were invariably the scenes of 
 drunken debauchery like the one described. Many impositions 
 were practiced on the Indians, and the men, being irresponsible 
 and without restraint, were guilty of many acts of injustice. The 
 Indians learned neither uprightness nor morality from contact with 
 them, and had respect only for their bravery. 
 
 The reveree was the case with the servants of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, who were men, chiefly half-breeds and descendants of 
 the French settlers of Canada — the agents and factors being gener- 
 ally of Scotch nativity — who had been reared to the business, as 
 
>»> 5. 
 
 FAILURE AT JOINT OCCTPATION BY THE AMERICANS. 
 
 189 
 
 had been their fathem before them, and cheerfully submitted to the 
 rigid discipline maintained by the company. It was the company's 
 policy to avoid all trouble with the natives, to whom they gave no 
 liquor whatever. It was by pandering to the Indian's proverbial 
 thirst for "fire-water" that the Americans occasionally defeated 
 their opponents in competition for the trade of a tribe; still, it 
 sometimes happened that after the noble red man had been hilari- 
 ously and even pugnaciously drunk for a week on American 
 alcohol, they sobered up sufficiently to sell their furs to the English 
 trader, who could offer them such a greater quantity of goods in 
 exchange, and left their bibulous friends to mourn. By just and 
 generous treatment the company sought to bind the Indians to them 
 by a community of interest; yet an act of bad faith or treachery 
 was never permitted to go unrebuked. By this means it obtained 
 an influence among the tribes covering a region over a thousand 
 miles square, which amounted, almost to the authority of govern- 
 ment; and this influence was sufficiently powerful to cause the 
 Indians of some tribes to not only refuse to trade with Americans, 
 but to decline selling them provisions when in the greatest distress. 
 Bonneville found this to be the case when he undertook the experi- 
 ment of joint occupation, and sought to do business in Oregon, 
 the chosen field of the great monopoly. 
 
 The rise and gro^vth of the Hudson's Bay and Northwest Com- 
 panies have been traced till they united and spread like an octopus 
 over the whole West. Let us also trace the growth of American 
 fur enterprise imtil it began to enter Oregon in competition with the 
 Uiiited rivals. In 1762 the Governor of Louisiana, then a Province 
 of France, chartered a fur company imder the title of "Pierre 
 Legueste Laclede, Antoine Maxan <fe Co." The following year 
 Latjlede established Fort St. Louis, where now the great city of that 
 name stands, and this became the headquarters of the fur trade aa 
 carried on by the French of Louisiana. At that .time the Canadian 
 representatives of France had their general headquarters at Macki- 
 naw and Montreal ; but Canada becoming a British Province the 
 following year, subjects of Great Britain, chiefly Scotchmen, suc- 
 ceeded to the fur trade of that region. After the United States 
 l>ecame a nation, American traders engaged in the fur trade along 
 and west of the great lakes, Mackinaw becoming their general head- 
 
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190 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMSTTE VALLEY. 
 
 III 
 
 quarters. These men were chiefly New York merchants, the lead- 
 ing spirit being John Jacob Astor, whose ill-fated attempt to found 
 an establishment at the mouth of the Columbia has been related. 
 The trade as then carried on ran in four great belts. To the north 
 was the Hudson's Bay Company; next came the young and ag- 
 gressive Northwest Company; south of them the independent 
 American traders operated ; and still further south was the field oc- 
 cupied by the French. How the two English companies became 
 consolidated and spread out over the whole region north of the 
 Missouri and gained complete possession of Oregon, has been fully 
 set forth. 
 
 fhe next step was the substitution of Americans for Frenchmen 
 at St. Louis, the natural result of the purchase of Louisiana by the 
 United States. Immetliately foUov^nng this event St. Louis became 
 the goal of thousands of young men who loved the excitement and 
 adventures of a frontier life, and of a« "lany more of all ages who 
 preferred the obscurity of the frontier to the seclusion of a state's 
 prison or the notoriety of a public execution. To say the least, the 
 society, of that frontier city was far from choice. It was not long 
 before the Americans began to be in a majority in the various 
 brigades of trappers which roamed the plains as far west as the 
 bas? of the Rocky Mountains, while the direction of these enter- 
 prises fell almost .entirely into their hands. The French trappers, 
 however, never entirely disappeared, for their names are found fre- 
 quently mentioned in all narratives concerning the trapping frater- 
 nity. They have generally been confounded with the voyageurs 
 and trappers of French descent who formed the bulk of the ordinary 
 servants of the Hudson's Bay Company; but this is an error, since 
 the latter were the Canadian French, who had transferred their 
 allegiance to the British conquerors and successors of their old em- 
 ployers, while the former were the descendants of the French of 
 Louisiana, and, consequently, were Americans. 
 
 The act of Congress in 1815, expelling British subjects from the 
 territories east of the Rocky Mountains, served to stimulate the 
 American traders. The American Fur Company, at the head of 
 which was Mr. Astor, then operating in the lake region from Mack- 
 inaw, began to send trapping parties further west, reaching the 
 headwaters of the Mississippi and Mispouri. Other American 
 
FAILURE AT JOINT OCCUPATION BY THE AMERICANS. 
 
 191 
 
 traders opened an important trade between St. Louis and Santa F6, 
 the latter becoming headquartere for the fur business in the region 
 of New Mexico, then a Province of Mexico. Up Ui this time the 
 operations of American trappere had not extended beyond the base 
 of the Rocky Mountains, except in the instance previously men- 
 tioned, that of the Missouri Fur Company. This was a company 
 organized at St. Louis in 1808, stimulated by the reports of the 
 Columbia region brought in by Lewis and Clarke, &nd was headed 
 by Manuel Lisa, a Spaniard. Mr. Henry, a partner, established 
 Fort Henry the same year, on Lewis, or Snake, River, just west of 
 the summit of the mountains, and other posts were founded on the 
 Upper Missouri. Two years later, however, these were abandoned, 
 owing to a failure of supplies and the hostility of the natives. The 
 next effort was made by General VV. H. Ashley, who had long been 
 the leading spirit in such enterprises at St. Louis, and was the senior 
 partner of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. In 1 823 he led a 
 party of trappers up the Platte to the Sweetwater, followed up the 
 latter stream t<.» its source, discovered the famous South Pass (the 
 one Fremont endeavoreti to appropriate to himself twenty years 
 later), explored the headwaters of the Colorado, or Green, River, 
 and returned to St. Louis in the fall. The next year he again 
 entered the mountains and discovered Great Salt Lake and Lake 
 Ashley. On the lat«' he established Fort Ashley, and leaving one 
 hundred men at that post, returnai to St. Louis, From that time 
 the Rocky Mountains were the favorite trapping grounds of the 
 Americans. Their methotl of doing business was by no means sys- 
 tematic. Each company, when there were rivals, organized several 
 brigades of trappers, sufficiently strong to protect themselves from 
 hostile Indians, and seul them out in various directions, generally 
 under the leadership of an interested partner. Once a year these 
 parties assembled at p. previously designated rendezvous, generally 
 on Green River, where a settlement was made. There they met the 
 partner who was the connecting link between them and civilization, 
 such as it was, at St. Louis, He had come up with a train of sup- 
 plies and packs of goods for the Indian trade, and turning these 
 over to his partners, he loaded his train with the accumulated furs 
 and conveyed them to market at St. Louis. Often furs were sent 
 down the Missouri in a nondescript boat, made of buffalo skins — a 
 
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 HI8T0BT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 craft of eccentric unreliability. With the supplies was invariably a 
 liberal quantity of alcohol. Whisky was too bulky to carry, and 
 as the palates of the trappere and Indians were none too refined, 
 sour mash and bourbon were omitted from the wine list. There 
 was plenty of water at hand and the spirits could be easily' diluted 
 to any strength required, though there were hot a few who scorned 
 to spoil their drink by putting water in it. Frequently two or three 
 rival bantls of Crappers assembled at the same rendezvous, and it was 
 not unseldom that a thousand white men and two or three thousand 
 Indians were in camp at one time. The appearance of the train 
 from St. Louis was invariably followed by one of those wild 
 debauches described above by Irving, the greatest excesses being 
 committed by the free trappers, those who had been the longest in 
 the business and had abandoned all thought of any other existence 
 than the free and untrammeled life of the mountains. These men 
 worked for themselves, receiving a stipulated price for all the furs 
 taken by them. In return for a contract given by them to sell all 
 their furs to the company, they were allowed almost unlimited 
 credit, which they exercised as freely as it was offered. Their 
 heaviest expenditures were for spirits, horse, gun, traps, clothing, 
 and gaudy adornments of every kind for their Indian women, of 
 whom each possessed at least one. It not infrequently happened 
 that in a few days their reckless excesses and their heedless gener- 
 osity to their fair ones not only exhausted their balance with the 
 company, but ran up such an enormous bill of credit that their labor 
 for a year was pledged in advance. When it is known that some 
 of these men, when employed on a salary, received as high as two 
 thousand dollars a year, the full extent of their extravagance will 
 be better understood. That is a large sum to expend in two or 
 three weeks for spirits and gewgaws. 
 
 In 1825 the Rocky Mountain Fur Company dispatched Jede- 
 diah S. Smith into the country west of Great Salt Lake, with a 
 party of forty men. He discovered Humboldt River, which he 
 named " Maiy's River " in honor of his Indian wife, so the old 
 trappers testify, and following down that stream crossed the Sierra 
 Nevada Mountains, arriving in the Sacramento Valley in July. 
 This was undoubtedly the first overland journey to California, not- 
 withstanding that Cronise speaks of American trappei-s appearing 
 
^11 
 
 FAILUAE AT JOINT OCCUPATION BY THE AMERICANS. 
 
 198 
 
 m 
 
 there as early as 1820. He gives no authority for the statt'inent, 
 and there is no record of any other party having p<'netrated so far 
 west; the context, also, shows that he confoundetl tlu'se supposi- 
 tious early trappers with a portion of Sinitli's crompany which he left 
 behind him when he returned. Smith hud good success, and leav- 
 ing the majority of his company to contiiuie their o])erations, he 
 returned to the general rendezvous on Gn^en River. lie crossetl 
 the mountains on his homeward joiu'ney in the vicinity of Mono 
 Lake, discovering large deposits of placer gold in that region, spec- 
 imens of which be took with him to exhibit to his employers on 
 Green River. General Ashley, having made a fortune, was then 
 ready to retire from active participation in the business. He there- 
 fore sold his interests in the Rocky Mountain Fur Company to 
 William Sublette, Jedediah S. Smith and David Jackson. Smith 
 again started for California in the spring of 1S2»), to rejoin the 
 party he had left thei'e, of whose success he and his partners enter- 
 tained high hopes. It was his purpose tojnake a thorough inspec- 
 tion of the gold placers, trap through the Sacramento Valley, and 
 with his whole party return to Green River to j)articipate in the 
 annual meeting the following summer. In his journey he passed as 
 far south as the Colorado River, and, at some point on that stream, 
 his party was attacked by Indians, who killed all except Smith, 
 Turner and Galbraith. Those three escaped to Mission San Ga- 
 briel, and, notwithstanding their forlorn and distresse<i condition, 
 were arrested as filibusters by the panicy Mexicans and sent to San 
 Diego. At that point there happened to be several American ves- 
 sels, whose officere signed a certificate that Smith was simply a 
 peaceful ti'ader and possessed a passport from the Commissioner of 
 Indian Affairs of the United States. The certificate beai-s date of 
 December 20, 1820, and was potential to procure the release of the 
 prisoners. He then proceeded to hunt for the men he had left the 
 year before, and found them in camp on tlie American River, in 
 the vicinity of Folsom, their residence there leading to the bestowal 
 of that title upon the stream. It wa.s his purpose to return by way 
 of the Columbia River, but that sejison was one of unusual snows 
 and floods, and he was unable for a long time to leave the valley. 
 His movements are somewhat uncertain, but are partially revealed 
 in the following letter, written by him to Father Duran. The 
 
 I'i 
 
 Vi 
 
194 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VAI LET. 
 
 MexicatiH were uneasy about the intentioiis of this party of armed 
 Americanw, aiid the worthy Father wrot^e him a letter asking for 
 information. Smith readied: — 
 
 Kkvkkkni) Kathkb.— 1 undent and, thntiiKh therawHum of Bomeof yourOhrls- 
 tian IndlunH, tlmt you are anxlouH to know who we are, us some of tho Indians have 
 l>een at the nilraion and infonniKi you that there were certain white |>enple in the 
 country. We are Ainericans on our Journey t<) the River Columbia; we were in at 
 the Mitwion Han Oabrlei in January last. I went to Ban DleKo and saw the general, 
 and got a (W^Hport fr</<n hini to patw on to that place. I have made several cflltrts 
 to cross t'l': mountains, but tlie snows being ho deep, I could not suc(;eed in getting 
 over. I returned to this phice (it being the only point to kill meat), to wait a few 
 weeks until the snow melts s«i that I can go on ; the Indians here also l>eing f idly, 
 I consider It the most safe point for me to remain, until such time as I can cross tiie 
 mountains with my horses, liuving lost a great many in attempting to cross ten or 
 fifteen days since. I am a long ways from home, and am anxious to get there as 
 soon as the nature of the case will .tdmit. Our situation is quite unpleasant, being 
 destitute of clothing and most of the necessaries of life, wild meat being our principal 
 subsistence. I am. Reverend Father, your strange but real friend and Christian 
 brother. J. 8. HMITH. 
 
 May 19tb, 1827. 
 
 Soon after this correspondence Smith starteci northward, crossing 
 to the coast in the vicinity of Russian River. He continued along 
 the coast to the Umpqua, and while ferrying his effects across the 
 stream «:)n a nidely constjucted raft, his party was attacked by 
 Indians, with whom they were holding friendly intercourse, and all 
 but three were slain. Smith, Daniel Prior and one of the Indians 
 were on the raft at the time of the attack, and when the signal yell 
 was given the savage sprang into the water with Smith's gim in his 
 hand ; but. he never lived to enjoy his prize, for Smith seized his 
 companion's rifle and buried a bullet in the Indian's brain the in- 
 stant his head appeared above water. The two men landed on the 
 opposite side of the stream and succeeded in making their way to 
 Vancouver, where they received a warm and sympathetic welcome. 
 The officers of the Hudson's Bay Company would have done their 
 utmost to have ruined his business had he come into their field with 
 a band of trappers ; but one in his pitiable condition — his followers 
 massacred and his furs and accoutrements plundered — could only 
 excite their deepest sympathy. A few days later a third man made 
 his appearance, more forlorn, if possible, than the others. This was 
 Richard Laughlin, who was in camp at the time of the attack, and 
 had seized a burning brand from the fire, with which he rained 
 
V? 
 
 FAILUBE AT JOINT OCCUPATION BY THE AMKUH'A^H. 
 
 195 
 
 scorching blows upon the naked IxxiieH of his uHHiiiluntH until he 
 cleared a passage for himself and e«ca}>e<l. 
 
 It was deemed necewHary by the officers of the <'oni])any to chas- 
 tise the Indians who had '. t n guilty of this unprovok* d outrage, 
 as a warning to other tribes lio niighl feel ciicouraged to pounce 
 down upon unwary bauds )f trappers; besides, the furs stolen were , 
 exceedingly valuable '-^1 ougwt to lie recovered. It happened that 
 Governor Sim])son was at Fo 1^ Vancouver at the tiuu; Smith arrivetl 
 in such a forlorn condition a;nl h*' sent out a party under Thomas 
 McKay, to punish the Indians and recover the captured property, 
 both as a necessary step to maintain the c(»mpany's authority and 
 as an act of courtesy to the despoiled truJ r. .\ccounts vary as to 
 the degree of punishment inflicted, but at all events the furs were 
 recovered and conveyed to Vancouver, and since he could not cany 
 them, having no means, and since" the company, from a V)usineHs 
 point of view, could not afford to provide him with facilitias for 
 carrying on opposition to it, he sold the whole lot to the company 
 for $40,000. They were, to be sure, worth more in St. Louis, but 
 under the circumstances, this was a fair price for them on the 
 Columbia. The most detailed account of this incident is given by 
 Rev. Gustavus Hines, who received the facts from Dr. McLoughlin 
 in person. Gray's History of Oregon, a rabid anti-Hudson's Bay 
 Company volume, seriously questions the correctness of these state- 
 ments. It says: — 
 
 The property was recovered from the Indians by giving them presents of blank- 
 ets and powder, and such things as the Indians wished, ns stated to us by a French- 
 man, a servant of the company, wlio was one of McKay's party that went to get 
 the tars. They found no liodies to bury, and had no flght with the Indians about 
 the property, as stated by Mr. Smith, also. But, as the Hudson's Bay Company 
 tells the story, th • ugh Mr. Hines, they spread (error through the tribes. « * • 
 Mr. Hines says his Umpquji party returned in triuntph to Vancouver.' And well 
 they might, for they had ra^dt <he t)est season's hunt they ever made in getting 
 those furs and the property of Smith, which paid them well for the expedition, as 
 there was no market for Smith, except in London, through- the hypocritical kind- 
 ness of Mr. Simpson. By this time Mr. Smith had learned all he wished to of this 
 company. He preferred giving them his furs at their own price to being under 
 further obligations to them. Mr. Sublette, Mr. Smith's partner, did not speak as 
 though he felt under much obligation to Mr. Simpson or the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany, which was not long after the transaction referred to. I do not know how the 
 company regard these statements of Mr. Hines, yet I regard thein as true so far as 
 Mr. Hines is concerned, but utterly false as regards the company. • » » 
 According to the testimony given in the ease of the Hvdson^a Bay Company v. 
 United States 'he amount of furs seized by the company at that time was forty 
 
 lAv 
 
 I' , 
 
 
 i't 
 i.ll 
 
 i V! 
 i 
 
 At 
 
 I 
 
. 1 1 
 
 "■"■J 
 
 111 
 
 196 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 packs, worth at the time $1,()00 each, besides the animals and equipments belonging 
 to the party, a lar^e portion of which was given to the Indians to compensate them 
 for the services rendered the company in destroying Smith's expedition and killing 
 his men." 
 
 It is a sufficient refutation of the above to state that the author 
 is a monomaniac on the subject of the Hudson's Bay Company and 
 the Catholics, resulting from the religious struggle between rival 
 missionary establishments, with one of which he was connected. 
 No sin is too black or crime too heinous for him to charge to the 
 score of liis old opponents. It is true that it was the company's 
 policy to overbear all opposition ; that all Indians over whom they 
 exercised control were strictly enjoined from dealing A\ath in- 
 dependent traders or selling them supplies; that their agents were 
 instructed never to supply such parties with food or ammunition, 
 xmiess the dictates of pure humanity required it, as in the case under 
 consideration ; but that it eve^ encouraged the thought among the 
 natives that it would be pleased by the murder of Americans, is not 
 susceptible of proof, and the idea is inconsistent with the character 
 of the men who administered its affairs on the Pacific Coast, 
 especially the kind and benevolent Dr. John McLoughlin, Chief 
 Factor at Vancouver. Smith's party was the first band of American 
 trappers to invade the company's field in Oregon, and as their 
 presence was unsuspected, since the company had not yet begun to 
 operate in Southern Oregon and California, it is impossible that 
 these Indians could have been encouraged to attack them. Gener- 
 ally speaking, the Indians of this region, save those at the mouth of 
 the Columbia, did not at that time understand the difference in na- 
 tionality of white men, though V)ut a few years later the appearance 
 of Americans along the Columbia taught them all the difference 
 Vietween "Bostons" and " King George's Men," a distinction which 
 was carefully impressed upon them by the representatives of the 
 Hudson's Bay Conjpany, ahd which, in their eyes, was a most im- 
 portant one, as .subsequent events plainly indicate. To show that 
 the company did not encourage a general spirit of hostility against 
 Americans, though admitting, or, rather, not denying, that the 
 tribes were urged to hold no communication whatever with Ameri- 
 can traders, Dunn relates the following incident, occumng, proba- 
 })ly, subsequent to 1830; — 
 
FAILURE AT JOINT OCCUPATION BY THE AMERICANS. 
 
 197 
 
 On one occasion an American vessel, Captain Tliompson, was in the Coiumbia, 
 trading for fbrs and salmon. The vessel had got aground iu the upper part of the 
 river, and the Indians, from various quarters, mustered wltli the intent of cutting 
 the Americans oft', tliinking that they had an opportunity of r 'Vjnge, and would 
 thus escape the censure of the company. Dr. M'Loughlin, the governor of Fort 
 Vancouver, hearing of their intention, immediately dispat^lied a party to their ren- 
 dezvous, and informed them that if they injured one American, it would be Just 
 tlie same offense as if they had injured one of his servants, and they would be treated 
 equally as enemies. This stunned them, and they relinquished their purpose and 
 all retired to their respective homes. Had not this come to the governor's ears the 
 Americans must have perished. 
 
 Such conduct is characteristic of the kind-hearted Chief Factor, 
 and it is probable that he would have thus acted had he been im- 
 plicitly enjoined to the contrary by his superior officere. One thing 
 is certain — in after years he lost the favor of the Governor by not 
 withholding from American settlers the aid their necessities required, 
 thoMgh he well knew that by so doing he Wtis violating the well- 
 defined polic/ of the company of disct)uraging American immigi'a- 
 tion. Just when the title "Bostons" was first bestowed upon 
 Americans, to distinguish them from the English, or "King George's 
 Men,'' is a matter of uncertainty; but it was probably done in 1882, 
 when a Boston merchant, Nathaniel J. Wyeth, entered Oregon to 
 engage in the fur trade, as will appear subseijuently. In after years 
 all white people became known as " Bostons," with the exception 
 of the soldiers and the priests, and this classification exists at the 
 present day. 
 
 Dr. McLoughlin died on the third of September, 1857, at the 
 age of seventy -three, and a stone marks his last resting place in the 
 Catholic churchyard at Oregon City. Among hw papers was found 
 a quite lengthy manuscript, in his own liandwriting, detailing at 
 length his acts in connection with many events, and showing how 
 his efforts to be just, kind and generous to the settlei's had not only 
 failed to win him the good will of many of them, or justice from the 
 Government, but had lost him the friendship of liis former fellow - 
 officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. It details quite minutely 
 the incident which is now under consideration, and it will be ob- 
 served that the Doctor's version differs somewhat from that of Hines 
 or Gray in several particulars, especially in regard to the quantity 
 and value of the furs recovered. This posthumous paper has been 
 published iu full iu the " Transactions of the Oregon Pioneer Asso- 
 
 a 1 
 
 M 
 
 ill 
 
 
198 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VA.LLKT. 
 
 ciation," and will be frequently quoted from in the succef ding pages. 
 That portion referring to the Umpc^ua massacre is as follows: — 
 
 One night in August, 1828, I was surprised by the Indians malting a great noise 
 at the gate of the fort, saying they had brought an American. The gat« was opened, 
 the man came in, but was so aflected he could notspeali. After sitting down some 
 minutes to recover himself, he told he was, he thought, the only survivor of eighteen 
 (18) men, conducted by the late Jedediah Smith. All the rest, he thought, were 
 murdered. The party left San Francisco bound to their rendezvous at the Salt 
 Lake. They ascended the Sacramento Valley, but finding no opening to cross 
 the mountains to go east, they bent their course to the coast, which they reached 
 •>* the mouth of Rogue River, then came along the beach to tlie Unipqua, where 
 the Indians stole their ax, and as it was the only ax they had, and which they 
 absolutely required to make rafts to cross rivers, they took the chief prisoner 
 and their ax was returned. Early the following morning, Sndth started in a 
 canoe with two (2) men and an Indian, and left orders, as usual, to allow no 
 Indians to come into camp. But to gratify their passion for women, the men 
 neglected to follow the order, allowed the Indians to come into camp, and at an 
 Indian yell Ave or six Indians fell upon each white man. At the time, the 
 narrator. Black, was out of the crowd, and had just fluished cleaning and loading 
 his rifle; three (3) Indians Jumped on him, but he shook them off, and seeing all 
 his comrades struggling on the ground and the Indians stabbing them, he flred on 
 the crowd and rushed to the woods pursued by the Indians, but fortunately escaped ; 
 swam across the Umpqua and [went] northward in the hopes of reaching the Colum- 
 bia, where he knew we were. But broken down by hunger and misery, as he had 
 no food but a few wild berries which he found on the beach, he determined to give 
 himself up to the Killimour, a tribe on the coast at Cape Lookout, who treated him 
 with great humanity, relieved his wants and brought him to the Fort, for which, in 
 case whites might again fall in their power, and to induce them ki act kindly to 
 them, I rewarded them most liberally. But thinking Smith and his two men might 
 have escaped, we made no search for them at break of day the next morning. 1 
 sent Indian runners with tobacco to the Willamette chiefs, to tell them to send 
 their people in search of Smith and hid two men, and if they found them to bring 
 them to the fort and I would pay them ; and also told them if any Indians hurt these 
 men we would punish them, and immediately equipped a strong party of forty 
 (40) well armed men. But as the men were embarking, to out great joy. Smith and 
 his two men arrived. 
 
 I then arranged as strong a party as I could make to recover all we could of 
 Smith's property. I divulged my plan to none, but gave written instructions to 
 the officer, to be opened only when he got to the Unipijua, liecause if known before 
 they got there, the officers would talk of it among themselves, the men would hear 
 it and from them it would go to their Indian wives, who were spies on us, and my 
 plan would be defeated. The plan was that the officer was, as usual, to invite the 
 Indians to bring their furs to trade, just u« if nothing had happened. Count the 
 furs, but as the American trappers mark all their skins, keep these all separate, give 
 them to Mr. Smith and not pay tHe Indians for them, telling them that they 
 belonged to him ; that tliey got them by nmrdering Smith's people. 
 
 They denied having murdered Smith's people, but admitted they lK)ught them 
 of the murderers. The officers told them they must look to the murderers for the 
 payment, which they did ; and as the murderers would not restore the property 
 they had received, a war was kindled among them, and the nmrderers were pun- 
 ished more severely than we could have done, and which Mr. Smith himself 
 admitted, and to be much preferable to going to war on them, as we could not dis- 
 
^T^ 
 
 V !• 
 
 FAILURE AT JOINT OCCUPATION BY THE AMERICANS. 
 
 199 
 
 tinguisb the inuoceut from the guilty, who, if tliey chose, might fly to tlie mount- 
 ains, where we could not find them. lu thla way we recovered property for Mr. 
 Smith to the amount of three thousand two hundred dollars, without any expense 
 to him, and which was done from a principle of Christian duty, and as a leaeon to 
 the Indians to show them they could not wrong the whites with impunity. 
 
 Smith's report of the excellence of the region to the south aa a 
 trapping ground aroused the company to the importance of reaping 
 the benefit of the American trader's enterprise. Accordingly, two 
 expeditions were sent out in different directions to trap over the 
 field Smith had explored. It has been said that the service of guides 
 to these new beaver streams was part of the price paid by him for 
 the recovery of his furs and traps; ))ut a positive statement on that 
 point is impossible. One party, consisting of forty men, completely 
 equipped for a year's absence, started southward, led by Alexander 
 Roderick McLeod, and guided by Turner. Among them were some 
 of the men who had come out to Astoria ^vith the Pacific Fur Com- 
 pany, and had remained here in the employ of the Northwest Com- 
 pany and its successor. These were Etinne Lucier, Joseph Gervais, 
 both well known to the early pioneers, Alexander McCarty, William 
 Canning and Thos. McKay, whose lather perished in the Tonquin. 
 On theii' journey southward they bestowed several of the familiar 
 names of Southern Oregon, such as "Jumi)-ofF-Joe," " Rogue River," 
 and " Siskiyou Mountain." The first was so named because of an 
 adventure which happened to Joe McLoughlin, son of the Chief Fac- 
 tor. The second was called " La Rivier de Caqucain," because the 
 Indians stole some of their traps and horses, and gave them much 
 trouble. Ti'e last received its title because an old white, bobtailed 
 horse, belonging to Jean Baptiste Pairroult, was stolen while they 
 were camped on the mountain, " Siskiyou " meaning " bobtail " in 
 the patois French of the Canadian trappers. McLeod's party met 
 with consideralile su«'cess; but they were snowed in, early in the 
 winter, on the banks of a tributary of the Sacramento, lost their 
 horses, and were unable to get out of the mountains with the large 
 packs of furs and traps. In this emergency, McKay, Mcljoughlin 
 and Pairroult started on foot for Vancouver, to procure horses, and 
 after much hardship and suffering reached headquarters. McLeod, 
 however, unable to procure food for his men, did not wait for the 
 expected relief, but caelied his furs and traps, and also nuule his 
 toilsome way to Vancouver. The cache was made near the eastern 
 
 
 1 
 
200 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 base of Mount Shasta, which they called " Mt. McLoughlin." When 
 the relief party arrived at the deserted camp, the following spring, 
 •it was found that the snow and rains had caused the river to flood 
 its banks, and the furs had become wet and spoiled. The stream 
 was ever afterwards known among the trajjpers as " McLeod River," 
 the name it still beai"s in pronunciation, though the orthography 
 has been changed to " McCloud." The rea*ion for this is, that in 
 sound the two names are very similar, and that Ross McCloud, a 
 very worthy and well-known gentleman, resided on the stream in 
 an early day, though not for a quarter of a century after it received 
 its baptism of "McLeod." Care should be taken by all map 
 maker^ historians, and writers generally, to adhere to the original 
 orthography. 
 
 The other jaarty referred to was led by Peter Skeen Ogden, and 
 was accompanied by Smith. They passed up the Columbia and 
 Lewis, or Snake, rivers, to the source of the latter, where Smith left 
 them and proceeded to the general rende"' 'ous of his company on 
 Green River. Ogden continued southward uistil he reached the Hum- 
 boldt. That stream of many titles was known among the American 
 trappers as " Mary's River," and among the Krdson's Bay people 
 as " Ogden 's River," its present name having been bestowed upon 
 it by Fremont, who had sought through that region in \ain for the 
 fabulous " Buena Ventura." Ogden passed down the stream to the 
 "Sink," and then crossed the Sierra Nevada to Sacramento Vaiicy 
 through Walker's Pass. He trapped along the Sacramento, and 
 continued northward until he reached Vancouver, sometime in the 
 summer of 1829, with a valuable lot of furs. When Smith appeared 
 at the Green Riv«r rendezvous with the tale of his manifold fortunes, 
 he was as one risen fi'om the dead, as his partners, having received 
 no tidings of him for two years, supposed him to have perished. 
 In 1830 he disposed of his interest in the Rocky Mountain Fur 
 Company, and the following yt'ar was treacherously killed by In- 
 dians, while digging for water in the dry bed of the Cimeron River, 
 near Taos, New Mexico, and was buried there by his companions. 
 
 The second party of American trappers to enter Oregon was that 
 of Major Pilcher, They left (xreen River in 1828, and passed along 
 the western base of the Rocky Mountains to Flathead Lake, where 
 they wintered. In the spring they descended Clarke's Fork and the 
 
FAILURE AT JOINT OCCUPATION BY THE AMEKICANS. 
 
 201 
 
 main Columbia to Cclville River, up which they ascended to its 
 source and started on their return eastward. Gray says: "This 
 party of Major Pilcher's were all cut oif but two men, besides him- 
 self; his fui-s, as stated by himself to the writer, found their way into 
 the forts of the Hudson's Bay Company." The writer, though not 
 stating it positively, intends to convey the impression that these men 
 were murdered at the instigation of the Hudson's Bay Company, or, 
 at least, with its sanction. That the captured furs were sold to the 
 company is true, but as that was the only market open to the In- 
 dians, it is a very small foundation upon which to lay a charge of 
 murder against the purchasers. The next band of American trap- 
 pers was that of Ewing Young, who had been for years a leader of 
 trapping parties from Santa Fe to the headwaters of the Del Norte, 
 Rio Grande and Colorado rivers. He entered California through 
 Walker's Pass, in 1829, and returned the next year. In 1832 he 
 again entered California and followed Smith's route into Oregon m 
 far as the Umpqua, when he turned e?istward, crossed the moun- 
 tains to the tributary streams of the Columbia and Snake rivers, 
 entered Sacramento Valley again from the north, and finally crossed 
 out by the Tejon Pass, having been absent from Santa Fe two yeai-s. 
 Mr. Young soon returned, and became one of the first and most 
 energetic of the American settlers in Oregon, his death a few years 
 later leading to the organization of the Provisional Government. 
 While in the Sacramento Valley, in 1832, Young encountered a 
 brigade of Hudson's Bay trappers, led by Michael Lafrarabois. The 
 company had made this one of their fields of operation, and had 
 the year before established Fort Umpqua, at the confluence of Elk 
 Cre<^k and Umpqua River, as a base of supplies for Southern Ore- 
 gon and California. In 1883 an agency was established at Yerba 
 Buena (San Francisco), and trapping headquarters in Yolo and San 
 Joacjuin counties, both places becoming known to the early Ameri- 
 can settlei-s as " French Camp." J. Alexander Forbes, the first 
 English historian of California, and W. G. Ray, represented the 
 company at Yer])a Buona until it withdrew from Calilornia in 
 1845. 
 
 William Sublette and David Jackson retired from the Rocky 
 Mountain Fur Company in 1830, at the same time as Smith, the new 
 proprietors being Milton Sublette, James Bridger, Robert Campbell, 
 
 • ,.: > 
 
 
r 
 
 a 
 
 202 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Thomas Fitzpatrick, Frapp and Jarvis. In 1881 the old American 
 Fur Company, which had been managed so long by Mr. Astor but 
 was now directed by Ramsey Crooks, one of Mr. Astor's partners in 
 the Astoria ventuie, began to push into the trapping grounds of 
 the other company. Great rivalry sprang up between them, which 
 was the following year intensified by the appearance of two other 
 competitors in the persons of Captain B. L. E. Bonneville and Na- 
 thaniel J. Wyeth. Captain Bonneville was a United States army 
 oflScer, who had been given permission to lead a party of trappers 
 into the fur regions of the Northwest, the expedition being counte- 
 nanced by the Government only to the extent of this permit. It 
 was supposed, that, by such an undertaking, suflScient additional 
 information of the region explored would be obtained to warrant 
 authorizing an officer to engage in a private venture. The Captain 
 first reached the Rocky Mountains in 1832. In 1833 he sent Joseph 
 Walker with forty men to California over the route formerly pur- 
 sued by Smith, and on Christmas of the same year started with three 
 companions from his camp on Portneuf River, upon an expedition 
 to Fort Walla Walla. His object, as given by Irving,. was: "To 
 make himself acquainted with the country, and the Indian tribes; 
 it being one part of his scheme to establish a trading post some- 
 where on the lower part of the river, so as to participate in the 
 trade lost to the United States by the capture of Astoria." He 
 reached Powder River on the tw^elfth of January, 1834, whence his 
 journey was continued do\^Ti Snake River and by the Nez Perce 
 trail to Fort Walla Walla, where he arrived March 4, 1834. 
 
 This journey, in mid-winter, was attended with its accompany- 
 ing detail of hardships incident to the season, including the absence 
 of game and presence of snow in the moimtains. At one time tliey 
 had wandered among the Blue Mountains, lost amid its canyons 
 and defiles east of the Grand Ronde Valley, for twenty days, nearly 
 frozen and constantly starved until they were at the verge of despair. 
 At length a Nez Perce chief was met who in\ated them to his lodge 
 some twelve miles further along the trail they were traveling, and 
 then galloped away. So great had been the strain upon the 
 Captain's system in sustaining these successive days of unnatural 
 exertion, that when the chief disappeared he sank upon the 
 ground and lay there like one dead. His companions tried in 
 
FAILURE AT JOINT OCCUPATION BY THE AMERICANS. 
 
 203 
 
 vain to arouse iiim. It was a useless effort, and they were forced to 
 camp by the trail until he awoke from his trance the next day and 
 was enabled to move on. They had hardly resumed their tedious 
 journey when some dozen Nez Perces rode up with fresh horses and 
 carried them in triumph to their village. Everywhere after this 
 they were kindly received by this hospitable people — fed, cared for 
 and guided on their way by them. 
 
 Bonneville and his two companions were kindly received at Fort 
 Walla Walla by Mr. P. C. Pambruu, who, with five or six men, 
 was in charge of that station at the mouth of the Walla Walla 
 River. This Hudson's Bay Comijany's representative was a courte- 
 ous, affable host, but when asked to sell the Captain supplies that 
 would enable his return to the Rocky Mountains, said: "That 
 worthy superintendent, who had extended all the genial rights of 
 hospitality, now suddenly assumed a withered- up aspect and 
 demeanor, and observed that, however he might feel disposed to 
 serve him personally, he felt bound by his duty to th» .Hudson's Bay 
 Company to do nothing which should facilitate or encourage the 
 visits of other tradera among the Indians in that part of the country." 
 Bonneville remained at the fort but two days longer, for his desti- 
 tute condition, combined with the lateness in the season, rendered 
 it necessary for him to return immediately; and he started on the 
 back trail with his Nez Perce guide, and finally reached the point of 
 general rendezvous for his various expeditions. This is a true state- 
 ment of the position assumed by the Hudson's Bay Company ; its 
 agents would not themselves, nor would they permit the Indians 
 under their control to deal with or in any manner assist opposition 
 traders ; but that Bonneville traversed the country in safety with but 
 three companions, after the company was aware of his intention to 
 return and found a rival establishment on the Columbia, is convinc- 
 ing evidence that assassination was not one of its methods of over- 
 coming competition, however much such charges may be reiterated 
 by its enemies. 
 
 In July, 1 834, Bonneville started on a second expedition to the 
 Columbia, with a formidable number of trappers and mountain 
 men, well equipped, and with an extensive stock of goods to traflftc 
 with Indians. He still contemplated a restoration of American trade 
 in this country, and designed establishing a post for that purpose in 
 
 
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 •'•I 
 
204 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 the Willamette Valley. This time he passed the Blue Mountains 
 by way of Grand Ronde Valley and the Umatilla River, and upon 
 his arrival at the mouth of that stream, was surprised to find the 
 natives shunning him. They ran from his men, hid themselves, and 
 when intercepted, refused to have anr^hing to do with the Ameri- 
 cans. Not a skin, a horse, a dog, or ish, could be obtained from 
 them, having been warned by the i^! *dson's Bay Company not to 
 traffic with these new comers. It now seemed a question of imme- 
 diate evacuation or starvation, and Bonneville decided to abandon 
 his attempt at joint occupancy. Once more he turned his back upon 
 the Columbia and left the English company in undisputed possession 
 of the field. 
 
 A contemporaneous effort was made by Nathaniel J. Wyeth, a 
 Boston merchant. With eleven men who knew nothing of trapper- 
 life, he crossed the plains to Humboldt River, with Milton Sublette, 
 in 1832. From this point the twelve pushed north to Snake River, 
 and by way of that stream to Fort Vancouver, where they arrived 
 on the twenty -ninth of October. Mr. Wyeth had his whole fortune 
 invested in his enterprise, and had brought with him a large stock 
 of goods, such as were used in the Indian trade. He was received 
 with great hospitality by Eh*. McLoughlin. The next spring he 
 left for the East, a financial bankrupt, only two of his followers 
 accompanying him. It does not appear that the company's officei-s 
 contributed in any way to produce this result; but if they did not, 
 it was simply because it was unnecessary to do so. Had not natural 
 causes, the chief of which were the wrecking of his supply ship 
 which had been sent around Cape Horn, and his utter ignorance of 
 the business of fur trading, led to his failure, the company would 
 undoubtedly have protected its interests as it did upon his next 
 venture two yeai-s later. Arriving in Boston, Mr. Wyeth organized 
 " The Columbia River Fishing and Trading Company," with a view 
 of continuing operations on the Pacific Coast under the same general 
 plan that had been outlined by Astor, adding, however, salmon fish- 
 ing to the fur trade. He dispatched the brig Mary Dacres for the 
 mouth of the Columbia, loaded with supplies and implements needed 
 in his proposed undertaking. She had on board also supplies for 
 the Methodist Mission, to be spoken of hereafter. With sixty ex- 
 perienced men, Mr. Wyeth himself started overland in 1834. Near 
 
FAH,URE AT JOINT OCCUPATTON BY THE AMERlv ANS. 
 
 206 
 
 the headwaters of Snake River he built Fort Hall, a8 an interior 
 trading post, the name being that of one of hia partners. Here he 
 left twelve men and a stock of goods. He then pushed forward to 
 the Columbia and erected a fort on Sauvie's Island, at the mouth of 
 the Willamette River, which he called "Fort William.-.," in honor 
 of another partner; and again the American flag waved over soil 
 west of the Rocky Mountains. The officers of the company again 
 received him with much hospitality, and though they continued to 
 treat him with courtesy, this did not prevent them from taking the 
 steps necessary to protect the company's interests. Fort Boise was 
 established as an opposition to Fort Hall, and drew the bulk of the 
 trade of the Indians of Snake River. On the Columbia, Wyeth 
 found that the natives were so completely under the conti'ol of the 
 company that he could establish no business relations with them 
 whatever. In two years he was compelled to sell all his possessions, 
 including Fort Hall, to the rival company, and abandon this second 
 effort at joint occupation. To this result the American Fur Com- 
 pany and Rocky Mountain Fur Company largely contributed by 
 conduct towards Mr. Wyeth that was neither generous nor honor- 
 able, and it was finally, with a sense of gratification, that he sold 
 Fort Hall to the British Company, and thus gave them an impor- 
 tant post in the very heart of the trapping gi'ounds of his unpatriotic 
 and unscrupulous countrymen. 
 
 Dr. McLoughlin's account of Mr. Wyeth's venture, as given in 
 the document previously spoken of, is as follows: — 
 
 In 18.S2, Mr. Nathaniel Wyeth, of Cambridge, near Boston, came across land 
 with a party of men, but as the vessel he expected to meet here with supplies was 
 wreclied on the way, he returned to the East with three (3) men. The remainder 
 joined the Willamette settlement and got supplies and were assisted by the Hu''- 
 Bon's Bay Company's servants, and to be paid the same price for their wheat^that 
 is, three shillings sterling per bushel, and purchase their supplies at fifty per cent, 
 on prime cost. 
 
 In 1834, Mr. Wyeth returned with a fresh party, and met the vessel with supplies 
 here, and started with a large outfit for Fort Hall, which he bad built on his way, 
 and in 1836, he abandoned the business and returned to the States, and those of his 
 men that remained in the country joined the settlements and were assisted as the 
 others on the same terms as the Hudson's Bay Company's servants, and in Justice 
 to Mr. Wyeth, I have great pleasure to be able to state that as a rival in trade, I 
 always found him open, manly, frank and fair, and in short, in all his contracts, a 
 perfect gentleman and an honest man, doing all he could to support morality and 
 encouraging industry in the settlement. 
 
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206 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 In 1835 the two rival American companies were consolidated as 
 " The American Fur Company," Bridger, Fontenelle and Dripps 
 being the leaders. The retirement of Bonneville, and the sale of 
 Fort Hall by Mr. Wyeth, left only the consolidated company and 
 a few "lone traders" to compete with the English corporation. 
 For a few yeare longer the struggle was maintained, but gradually 
 the Hudson's Bay Company absorbed the trade until the American 
 trappers, so far as organized effort was concerned, abandoned the 
 field. 
 
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 CHAPTEK XIV. 
 
 FOUNDATION AND PROGRESS OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 Missionaries Introduce a New Element into the Oregon Question. — The 
 Flatheads send Messengers to St. Louis to Procure a Bible — Jason 
 Lee and others sent by the Methodist Board of Missions — They Locate 
 in the Willamette Valley— Their Plan of Operations — Sickness at 
 the Mission and Hostility of the Indians — Parker and Whitman 
 sent by the American Board — Parker's Triumphal March — He Re- 
 turns Home and Publishes a Book — Mr. and Mrs. Whitman — Whit- 
 man Takes a Cart as Far as Fort Boise — Missions Founded at 
 Waiilatpu and Lapwai — Progress of the Missions of the American 
 Board — Mission Founded at The Oalles — Advent of the Catholics 
 — A Religious War at Once Begins — A Few Sample Incidents — £f- 
 fects of the Two Forms of Worship upon the Natives. 
 
 
 THE opening wedge for American settlement and occupation of 
 Oregon, which was the new and decisive factor time intro- 
 duced into the Oregon Question, was the Protestant Missionaries. 
 In despair of coming to an amicable agreement, the plenipotentiaries 
 of England and the United States, in 1827, had continued indefi- 
 nitely the treaty of joint occupation, hoping that something would 
 turn up to put a new phase upon the question ; and in less than ten 
 years their expectations were fully realized, but in a manner little 
 dreamed of by the most astute of them all. Military posts were 
 thought of, emigrants were thought of, fur traders were thought of; 
 but no one seemed to have thought of the earnest and self-abnegat- 
 ing missionary — that is no one but the aborigines, whose rights 
 and preferences had not been considered by either party to this 
 long controversy. 
 
 From Lewis and Clarke the Indians of the Columbia first learned 
 of the white man's G(xi. They were told that the Great Spirit wor- 
 
 i 
 
 I! 
 
208 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 8hif)e<l hy their visitors had made of them a powerful nation, given 
 them hooks, guus, (^lotliing, and a thousand things the red man did 
 not possess. Other white men who came hiter whetted their already 
 keen desire to learn about this powerful (t(k1, and possess tiiat won- 
 dei-ful hook whifh he luul given to these strange people. One tribe 
 wjis [H'esented hy sonie irreverent trapi)ers with a well-thumbed 
 pack of cards, with the assurance that they were the bible for which 
 they longed; but the <leception was a brief one. Finally, in 1H82, 
 four (some authorities say five) B"'lathea(l Indians were delegated 
 by their tribe to pnxreed to St. Louis, which they believed to be 
 the great center of the white man's power, and procure this all- 
 powei-ful book ami some one to teach them it« contentw. It wa*i •• 
 strange ({Uest, and a stranger place in which to make it, for St. 
 Louis then overflowed with that turbulent and ungodly class that 
 in those early times swarmed along the western border of civiliza- 
 tion. The messengers were laughed at by the few to whom they 
 applie<l; and after two of their number ha«l died in the city, the 
 others set out sorrowfully on their return, without having procured 
 the great book, and \vith their faith in its eflScacy for good sadly 
 shaken by the scenes they had witnessed. One of them died on 
 the way, yet their journey was not wholly fruitless; for their 
 lamentations were overheard one day by one who immediately 
 wrote to the missionary societies in the East that there was a wide 
 and ripe field for their labors in Oregt)n. The matter was taken in 
 hand by two organizations, the Methodist Board of Missions, and 
 the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, a 
 society supported by the Congregational, Presbyterian and Dutch 
 Reformed denominations. 
 
 The Methodists were the fii-st to take the field. Rev. Jason 
 Lee was given direction of the work. Mr. Lee was born in Canada, 
 of American parents, and was ordained to the ministry in the United 
 States ; yet his American citizenship has been questioned by secta- 
 rian writei*8, who imagine that by doing so they gain for themselves 
 certain pioneer honors that are justly his due. His associates were 
 Rev. Daniel Lee, Cyrus Shepard and P. L. Edwards. When Na- 
 thaniel Wyeth made his second journey to the Cohimhia, in 1884, 
 as already related, this missionary party accompanied him. When 
 Wyeth stopped to build Fort Hall the missionaries left him acd 
 
FOUNDATION AND PR0ORE8H OK THE MlHMIUNH. 
 
 209 
 
 continued their journey with a brijjade of Hudson's Bay Company 
 trappers, under A. R. M('L«'<)d and Thomas McKay. On th«' fii-st 
 of September they reached Fort Walhi Walla, a |)OHt the Iludson'rt 
 Bay Company had established on the C-olumbia at the mouth of 
 Walla Walla River, where the town of Wallula now stands, (hi 
 the fifteenth they landetl from boat« at the company's headcjuarters 
 at Vancouver. They were m>st cordially welcomed by Dr. Mc- 
 Loughlin, who entertained them with the i^reatest hospitality. It 
 had been their intention to locate east of the mountains, but the 
 Chief Factor persuaded them to found their eNtablishment in the 
 Willamette Valley. It has been charged that his reasons for dewir- 
 ing them to choose the latter place were that he might secure the 
 services of one of them as teacher to children at the fort. If such 
 was the case his motive was far fi'om being an unworthy one; and he 
 did the Indians no wrong, since those on one side of the mountains 
 were as much in need of missionary labors as those on the opposite- 
 It was a fortimate thing for the United States that he did so, for 
 the mission became the center about which American settlers rallied 
 a few years later, and it l)ecame an important factor in wresting 
 Oregon from the grasp of Great Britain. On this subject McLough- 
 lin's document says: — 
 
 In 1834, Messrs. Jason and Daniel Lee, and Messrs. Walker and P. L. Edwards 
 came with Mr. Wyeth to establish a mission in the Flathead eoiintiy. I observed 
 to them that it was too dangerous for them to establish a mission ; that to do good 
 to the Indians, they must establish themselves where they could collect them around 
 them; teach them to cultivate the ground and live more comfortably than they do 
 by hunting, and as they do this, teach them religion : that the Willamette atforded 
 them a fine field, and that they ought to go there, and they would get the same 
 assistance as the settlers. They followed my advice and went to the Willamette, 
 and it is but justice to these pioneers to say that no men, in my opinion, could exert 
 themselves more zealously than they did till 1840, when they received a large rein- 
 forcement of forty (40) or more persons ; then the new-comers liegan to neglect their 
 duties, discord sprang up among them and the mission brolce up. 
 
 The location chosen was on the banks of the Willamette, some 
 sixty miles above its mouth and ten below the site of the present 
 city of Salem. They began the erection of a log house, 32x18 feet, 
 and so eager were they to begin their labors that they took posses- 
 «»ion of it on the third of November in an uncompleted condition, 
 and received Indian pupils befoie the roof was finished. Their re- 
 lations with the people at Vancouver were the most friendly and 
 
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 II 
 
 210 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 cordial. Twonty-one, persons were baptized at the fort by Jason 
 Lee on the fourteenth of December, seventeen of them children; 
 and he received a donation of twenty dollare to aid in his mission- 
 aiy work. Tiiey were viewed by the officei's of the comjiany solely 
 in their charai;ter as misnionaries, their nationality and creed not 
 being considered ; and as sudi they received hospitable treatment 
 and heaiiy encouragenieiit in a work which was deemed beneficial. 
 They proposed not only to teach religion to the Indians, but to 
 teach them to till the soil and to do other useful and jn'oductive 
 labor, by means of which their moral, mental and physical condi- 
 tion mit.rht be elevated. Realizing that the plastic mind of youth 
 is the easiest moulded, they opened a school for children, and fiu"- 
 nished tliem a house, whore they could learn to ivad, woi'ship God 
 and till the soil. To do this required food for their support; and 
 it became necessary for them to embark in fanning in order to pro- 
 duce it. This the}- began the following spring, and their first 
 harvest consisted of two hundred and fifty l)ushels of jiotatoes and 
 a (quantity of wheat, barley, oats and per-s. To this they added six- 
 barrels of salmon, procured from the Indians. In Septeml)er, one 
 year aftei- their arrival, the fi'^t of a series of misfortunes overtook 
 them. An intermitt^'iit fever became prevalent, and foiu- of the 
 children died. The Indians had been watching their movements 
 with considerable interest, and these sad occurrences had a powertul 
 effect upon their superstitious natures, causing them to view with 
 distrust the place where the Great Spirit was displaying his disaj)- 
 proval by causing the death of their children. One Indian, who 
 had lost a little brother, paid the mission a visit with the avowed 
 intention of killing Daniel Lee and Cyrus Sliepard, but was dis- 
 suaded from doing so by a companion. He gave vent to his wrath 
 against the "white medicines" by crossing tlie river and killing 
 several of his own race, presumal)ly his wife's relations. During 
 the fall an juldition, H)x82 feet, was l)uilt to the mission house, and 
 the close of the year found them comfortably housed, with a suffi- 
 cient supply of provisions and only ten pupils luider their charge, 
 while the Indians generally entertained serious doubts of the ad- 
 vantage of having them there at all. 
 
 The American lioard dispatched Rev. Samuel Parker and Dr. 
 Marcus Wliitman in the spring of 1885, as a pioneer committ«ie to 
 
FOUNDATION AND PROGKE88 OF THK MlSf*IONS. 
 
 211 
 
 examine the field and select suitable locations for missionary work. 
 They joined a party of the American Fur Company, and ac- 
 companied them to the grand rendezvous on Green River, where 
 they encountered a banl of Nez Perce Indians who had come across 
 the mountains to trade with the trappers, with whom the tribe was 
 on terms of warmest friendship. Among the Nez Perces was a 
 young chief who was a most ardent friend of the x\mericans. He 
 possessed great eloquence in debate, and was nameil " Lawyer " by 
 the whites, because of his forensic efforts. With this chief the 
 missionaries had a consultation, and resolved to eMtal>lish at least 
 two missions. Accordingly it was agreed that Dr. Parker would 
 continue the journey across the continent for the piu-pose of explora- 
 tion, so that suitable locations might be selected; he was then to 
 leave a letter of advice with the Nez Perces to l)e given to Whit- 
 man the next year, and return home by sea. Tliis was decidtid 
 upon because the peculiar characteristics of the two men were such 
 as to prevent cordial co-operation. Dr. Whitman was the veiy soul 
 of energy and devotion to duty, caring nothing foi- appearances or 
 the opinion of others if they stood l)etween him and the object to 
 which he had devoted hi;; life; while Dr. Parker .seems to have 
 been a self-important man to whom a little notoriety wa.s extremely 
 soothing. Dr. Whitman, accompanied by two yoiuig Nez Perces, 
 returned to the East to procure the necessary assistance for the two 
 missions to be founded. 
 
 Dr. Parker resmned his journey westward on the twenty-second 
 of August, and when he entered the Nez Perce country received 
 such an ovation fi'om the delighted Indians tis must have gratified 
 his vanity in the highest degree. No white man before or since 
 was ever received l)y the natives of the Columbia with such cortlial- 
 ity and ceremonious distinction as greeted Mr. Parker on his way 
 to Fort Walla Walla. His approach to an Indian village wius the 
 occasion of general display of sa\age grandeur an<l hospitality. 
 Here was one who liad come to tell them of that unseen and myste- 
 rious power which had done so many wonderful things for the 
 white man; and they hoped now to learn lu»w to woi-ship that Great 
 Spirit of whom they had heard tlieir first white xisitoi-s sptak, and 
 who, they hr>ped, might smile upon them and make them wise and 
 powerful. With this th«>ught they received the missionary ever) - 
 
212 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 where with outstretched arms and demonsti'ations of unbounded 
 joy. He held religious services in several places, and to a degree 
 inducted his eager neophytes into the mysteries of the white man's 
 religion. He reached Fort Walla Walla on the fifth of October, 
 receiving a cordial welcome from P. C. Pambrun, the gentleman in 
 charge. A few days later he passed down the Columbia in a boat, 
 and during the winter enjoyed the hospitalities of Dr. McLoughlin 
 at Vancouver. In the spring he returned east of the mountains and 
 made a journey through the Nez Perce, Spokane and Colville 
 countries, after which he embarked from Vancouver for the Sand- 
 wich Islands, and thence for home, arriving in 1837. He soon after 
 published an account of his travels, which was of special value at 
 that time 1/ecause of the deep interest the people were beginning to 
 take in the Oregon Question. 
 
 Dr. Whitman, with his two Indian companions, reached Rush- 
 ville, N. Y., his home, late on Saturday night, and his presence 
 there, instead of in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, was first 
 known when he walked quietly into church the next morning with 
 his copper-hued friends, his mother starting up with a cry of as- 
 tonishment and joy. During the winter all his arrangements were 
 made, including his mamage in February, 1836, with Miss Nai*- 
 cissa Prentiss, daughter of Stephen H. Prentiss. Mrs. Whitman 
 was a woman of refined nature, rare accomplishmerits of voice and 
 manner, of commanding presence, firm in purpose and an enthu- 
 siast in the line of her accept-ed duty. In this cause her deepest 
 sympathies had been enlisted, and she cheerfully yielded all her 
 fair prospects among friends and kindred, and devoted her life to 
 isolation in a country so far away that the very name conveyed to 
 the mind a sense of loneliness and mystery, and where a martyr's 
 grave was awaiting her. She was born at Pittsburg, N. Y., March 
 14, 1808, and was therefore but thirty-nine years of age when 
 merciless and ingrate hands crowned with her death the sacrifice of 
 her life. Marcus Whitman, M. D., was born September 4, 1802, 
 at Rushville, N. Y., and at the age of forty-five offered up his life 
 on the altar of duty. These two, accompanied by Rev. H. H. 
 Spalding and wife, a lady of much firmness of character and devo- 
 tion to duty, and W. H. Gray, set out on their westward journey 
 under the escort of a party of the American Fur Company. With 
 
■'r f 
 
 FOUNDATION AND PROGRESS OF THK MISSIONS. 
 
 218 
 
 the party were Major Pilcher, an independent trader previously 
 alluded to, and Sir William Drumniond, an English nobleman 
 traveling under the a/ias of " Captain Stewart " and accompanied 
 by a companion and three servants. The missionary party took with 
 them three wagons, eight mules, twelve horses and sixteen cows, 
 besides farming utensils, blacksmith and carpenter tools, seeds, 
 clothing, etc., to enable them to become self-supporting. At Fort. 
 Laramie all the wagons but one were ab'j,ndoned, but Whitman in- 
 sisted upon taking this one for the ladies to ride in ; the trappers also 
 concluded to try the experiment of wheels in the mountains, and 
 safely took a small cart to the grand rendezvous on Green River. 
 Here the missionaries met Nathaniel J. Wyeth on his return home 
 from his second unfortunate effort to test the virtues of joint occu- 
 pation in Oregon, and they were by him introduced to McKay and 
 McLeod, the two Hudson's Bay Company agents who had escorted 
 Jason Lee two years before, and who were about to return to Van- 
 couver from a trapping and trading tour. Notwithstanding the 
 urgent objection of the trappers and tlieir assurances that it was 
 impossible for a wagon to pass through tlie mountains, Whitman 
 insisted upon taking tlie vehicle along; but when he reached Fort 
 Hall he was compelled to reduce it to two wheels, and at Fort Boise 
 they insisted upon an entire abandonment of it. Nevertheless, he 
 had demonstrated that wagons could cross the Rocky Mountains, 
 and was satisfied that the remainder of the route presented no more 
 formidable obstacles. They were met on the route b}' a band of 
 Nez Perces who had been informed in the spring by Dr. Parker of 
 their expected coming, and their reception w^as only less impressive 
 than had been that of their herald, wlu)se failure to do anything for 
 them had served somewhat to cool the ardor which his appearance 
 had raised to fever heat. Mr. Pambrun gave them a hearty wel- 
 come to Fort Walla W^alla on the second of Septemlier, which was 
 repeated by Dr. McLoughlin a few days later when they landed 
 from the company's boats at Fort Vancouver. 
 
 Leaving the ladies to enjoy the hospitalities of the fort, the three 
 gentlemen returned to Walla Walla, and, with the aid of Mr. Pam- 
 brun, sought for suitable locations for their proposed missions. It 
 was decided to locate one among the Cayuses and the other among 
 the Nez Perces. The former was located at Waiilatpu, on the 
 
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214 
 
 HKSTORT OK WILLAMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 I 
 
 k 
 
 Walla Walla River, six miles west of the present city of Walla 
 Walla, and was taken charge of by Mr. and Mi's. Whitman. This 
 was known as the " Waiilatpu," or " Whitman, Mission," the former 
 name signifying "the people," being the proper title of the Cayuse 
 tribe. Mr. and Mi's. Spalding founded the " Lapwai Miasion " among 
 the Nez Perces, at a place on the Clearwater River a few miles from 
 the site of Lewisoon, Idaho. Mr. Gray rendered material aid in 
 cbnstruct'ng the two posts, and assisted the two principals in their 
 missionary labors. 
 
 The next year, it being deemed advisable to extend the field of 
 their operations, Mr. Gray returned East, to procure the necessary 
 means and additional aid to accomplish that purpose. He was 
 accompanied by four Nez Perces, who took a large band of horses 
 with them, the price of which they intended to contribute to the 
 Mission fund. On the Platte River the party was attacked by Sioux 
 Indians, their horses stolen and the four Nez Perces killed, Mr. 
 Gray barely escaping with his life. He returned in 1888, with Rev. 
 E, Walker and wife, Rev. Gushing Eells and wife. Rev. A. B. Smith, 
 J^'Irs. Gray, and Cornelius Rogers. With the party came Captain 
 John A. Sutter, the honored pioneer of the Sacramento Valley. 
 They brought with them fourteen cows of a superior breed, but at 
 Fort Hall were persuaded to leave them and accept in their place 
 an order for a similar number to be delivered them by the agent of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company when they reached their destination. 
 They failed to fully appreciate the beauties of this transaction until 
 after their arrival at the Whitman Mission in September, and wit- 
 nessed the efforts of an expert vaquero to catch some of the wild 
 heifers roaming with the herds belonging to the company. 
 
 The following brief and accurate account of the Missions of the 
 American Board is taken from Rev. Myron Eells' book, entitled 
 " Indian Missions," and carries them up to the time when the Amer- 
 ican settlers organized a government in Oregon, fi'om which time 
 they will only be considered in connection with concurrent events. 
 Mr. Eells says: — 
 
 On the arrival of this mission reinforcement, Mr. Gray was associated with Mr. 
 Bpalding. Mr. Smith wa« first stationed with Dr. Whitman, but the next year he 
 opened a new station at Kamiah, sixty miles from Lapwai, among the Nez Perces, 
 and Messrs. Wallter and Eells likewise began another station among the Hpokanes, 
 ut Tshimakain, six miles north of the Spokane Rivur, in the spring of 1839. Thu 
 
"^a^miWTT^ 
 
 I-'OUNDATION AND PROGRESS OF THK MISSIONS. 
 
 215 
 
 rtret few yearH of the mission were quite encouraging. Owing partly to the novelty, 
 the Indians seemed very anxious to labor, to learn at school, and to receive religious 
 instruction. In 1H87, as soon as a sctiool was opened ut Lapwai, Mr. Hpalding wrote 
 that a hundred, both old and young, were in attendance. As soon as one had 
 learned something more than the others, they would gather around him, while he 
 would become their teacher. Jn 1839 one hundred and fifty children, and as many 
 more adults, were in school. Similar interest wa^ siiown in religious instruction. 
 Tliey sometimes spent whole nights in repeating over and over what they had but 
 mrtly learned at a religious service. Two years later 1,0()(> to 2,0()0 gathered for 
 religious instruction. Then 2,000 made a public confession of sin, and promised to 
 serve God. Many of them evidently did so with imperfect ideas of what they were 
 doing, yet not a few were believed to give evidence of conversion. Among the 
 Cayuses, also, more were ready to attend school than the mission family could su])- 
 ply with books, or had ability to teach. Morning and evening worship was main- 
 tained in all the principal lodges, and a confession of sin was made somewhat 
 similar to that among the Nez Perces. For a time, when Dr. Whitman or Mr. 
 Hpalding traveled through tiie country, they were followed by hundreds of Indians, 
 eager to see them and hear Bible truths at night. They had a strong desire for hoes 
 and other agrlcultu -al implements, and were willing to part with any property they 
 had, in order to obtain them, even bringing their rifles to be manufactured into 
 such articles. From eighty to one Imndred families planted fields near Mr. Spald- 
 ing, and many near Dr. Whitman raised enough provisions for a comfortable sup- 
 ply for their families. 
 
 In 1838 Mr. Spalding reported that his field produced 2,000 bushels of potatoes, 
 besides wheat and other articles. In the year 1841 a saw and grist mill were erected 
 among the Nez Perces, and a grist mill among the Cayuses. At Kamiali a large 
 part of the Indians gave up tiielr roving habits for a time, and remained most of 
 the year at home, and the Spokanes received Messrs. Walker and Eells with glad- 
 ness. In 1837 a churdi was organized, and in September, 1838, the first Indian was 
 received into it; though, in .luly previous, two Indian girls, who afterwards died in 
 Mr, Spalding's family, gave evidence of conversion, and were baptized as tlie first 
 fruits of the work. In November, 1839, .losepli and Timothy, Nez Perces Indians, 
 were admitted to tlie church. In 1840 Mr. Eells reported a school of eigiity scliolars. 
 In 1839 the mission received a donation from Rev. H. Bingham's church, at Hono- 
 lulu, Sandwich Islands, of a small printing press, with types, furniture, paper, and 
 otlier things, of the value of $450. The same churcli had, the year before, sent 
 eighty dollars in money and ten bushels of salt to the Oregon mission. Mr. E. O. 
 Hall, a printer at the Sandwich Islands, on account of tlie health of his wife, came 
 with the press, and the first lH)()k printed west of tlie Rocky Mountains, so far as 
 knovn, was issued tliat fall'in the Nez Perces language. This added new interest 
 to the school, and other books in the same language, and one in that of the Spo- 
 kanes, followed. Mr. and Mi-s. Hall renuiinecl until the spring of 1840, when they 
 returned to the Sandwicli Islands. 
 
 '< . i- 
 
 But the novelty gradually wore oft" and discourugements began. Tlie natural 
 heart naturally resisted the truths of the Bible, and some of the Spokane chiefs led 
 in the opposition. In 18.38 two Roman Catholic priests arrived, spoke against tlie 
 missionaries, and persuaded some of tiie Cayuses to be baptized by tlu-ni. Others 
 afterwards came, established a mission among them, and one of tiie Roman Catholic 
 Indians instigated some others of the tribe to treat Dr. Whitman and Mr. Gray 
 with much Insolence and abuse, to destroy some property, and to demand payment 
 for the land, timber, fuel and water which had been used. But by moderation and 
 firmness, and with the aid of the Hudson's Bay Company, the Indians afterwards 
 
 
i4 : 
 
 3 
 
 
 216 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 admitted their guilt, and peace was apparently restored. In 1841, Mr. Bmlth, after 
 suffering no little annoyance from the savage manners of the Nez Perces, on 
 account of the failure of his own and his wife's health [he hud located among Ellis' 
 band of Nez Perces in 1839, and the following year was prevented from cultivating 
 any ground under pain of death, at the command of Ellis himself], left that mission 
 and Oregon, and joined the mission at the Sandwich Islands. He subsequently 
 returned to the Eastern States. In his opinion the Indians were pbarisaical, and 
 desired to make money out of the missionaries. 
 
 By February, 1842, affairs seemed so discouraging that the Board of Missions 
 concluded to give up the stations among the Cayuses and Nez Perces, and Rev. J. 
 D. Paris and Mr. W. H. Bice, who had been sent to the mission by the way of Cape 
 Horn and the Sandwich Islands, having reached the latter place, were induced to 
 remain there temporarily, an arrangement which was afterwards made permanent 
 by the Board at Boston. The roving habits of the Indians, and the decrease in the 
 attendance on the schools, increased the trials. Hence, Messrs. Spalding and Gray 
 were to return East, and Dr. Whitman was to join the Spokane Mission. In the 
 fall of 1842, however, afl'uirs took a more favorable turn : the Spokane Indians 
 showed more thoughtfulness and conscientiousness ; the school at Lapwai Increased 
 to an average of eighty, and afterwards to over 20t); 1,000 Nez Perces attended a 
 series of meetings for nine or ten days, seven of whom were examined for admission 
 to the church ; the Cayuse Sabbath congregations varied in tiie spring from 200 to 
 400, in the fall from 50 to 200, and less during the rest of the year. The two Nez 
 Perces received into the church four years previous, and some others of whom hope 
 was entertained, stood well as Christian workers ; and there was abundant evidence 
 that the truth was exerting a restraining influence over most of the Indians. Some 
 of them were becoming more settled, so that 50 Cayuse and 150 Nez Perces families 
 cultivated from a quarter of an acre to five acres each ; one Nez Perces chief raised 
 176 bushels of peas, 100 of corn, and 300 of potatoes. Mrs. Spalding had taught a 
 few of the Nez Perces women to knit, card, spin, and weave, and a large number to 
 
 sew. 
 
 ****** 
 
 It was also becoming evident that more Americans were soon to come into the 
 territory, and they would need something other than Roman Catholic preaching. 
 All these things determined the missionaries in the fall of 1S42, to continue all the 
 stations, notwithstanding the instructions received from the Board at Boston, until 
 the matter could again be reconsidered. These, and other considerations relating to 
 the possession of tlie country, to whicli reference will afterwards be made, rendered 
 it expedient, in the opinion of the mission, for Dr. Whitnum to return East. He 
 did so, leaving Walla Walla October 3d, 1842, and reaching Boston March 30th, 
 1843. He made such representations that the Board ratified the action of the mis- 
 sion, in continuing all the stations. After transacting Important I)uslnes8 at Wash- 
 ington, and visiting his friends, he returned to Oregon. He left the western 
 frontiers of Missouri, May 31st, and after a short time overtook a company of about 
 875 emigrants, some of whom, when lie was in the East, he had promised to aid, 
 should tliey determine to go to Oregon. Tills journey was successfully made, and 
 the first train of emigrant wagons rolled through to the Columbia River. 
 
 The Methodist mission, founded by Jasou Lee in the Willamette 
 Valley, and which had met with such misfortune by sickness, was 
 reinforced by Elijah White and wife, Alanson Beei-s and wife, W. 
 H. Willson, Annie M. Pitman, Susan Downing and Elvira Johnson, 
 
V • ^W "' i»'.v 
 
 FOUNDATION AND PK0GRE88 OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 217 
 
 who sailed from Boston in July, 1836, and reached their destination 
 the following May. The scourge of fever still afflicted the mission, 
 and it consequently bore ill repute among the Indians of the Wil- 
 lamette, in spite of the most earnest and conscientious efforts of Mr. 
 Lee and his associates to win the good will of those for whose ben- 
 efit they had made so great a sacrifice. In the fall of 1837 Rev. 
 David Leslie, Rev. H. K. W. Perkins and Margaret Smith were 
 added to their force of missionary laborers. Their field of opera- 
 tions was enlarged in the spring of 1838 by the establishment of 
 a mission at The Dalles, under the charge of Daniel Lee and H. K. 
 W. Perkins. To do this required money, if they would continue 
 their plan of operations. The Protestant method of working em- 
 braced the instruction of the Indian in the methods of procuring 
 food and clothing by his own intelligent effort, so that he might 
 not experience those alternate seasons of feasting and famine to 
 which he was subjected when relying solely upon the products of 
 nature. They sought, also, to destroy his roving habits by trans- 
 forming him from a hunter to a farmer. Jason Lee accordingly 
 started East to procure the necessary financial aid, accompanied by 
 P. L. Edwards, F. Y. Evs^ing and two Indian boys. During his 
 absence Mrs. Lee died, also Cyrus Shepard, who was teaching 
 school at the Willamette Mission. Mr. Lee returned in 1840 with 
 a party of forty -eight pei-sons, eight of them being clergymen, and 
 nineteen ladies. From this time the history of the missions be- 
 comes so closely interwoven with that of the settlements, that no 
 further effort will be made to keep it distinct. 
 
 A new element was introduced into the mission field in 1838, in 
 the form of two zealous Catholic priests. Rev. Francis N. Blanchet 
 and Rev. Modest Demers came overland from Montreal with the 
 regular express of the Hudson's Bay Company, reaching Vancouver 
 on the twenty-fourth of November, 1838, and having baptized fifty- 
 three persons while voyaging down the Columbia. They came pre- 
 pared to stay, and not without having received a cordial invitation. 
 The servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, such, at least, as were of 
 Canadian descent, had a natural leaning toward the Catholic church, 
 which had been the one to administer to the religious wants of them- 
 selves and parents, whenever they had been fortunate enough to come 
 within the radius of Chi'istian worship. When the Protestant mis- 
 
 ■n-. 
 
 »"' 
 
 
218 
 
 HISTOKT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 
 If i I 
 
 I! * 3 
 
 4. '- 
 li 
 
 I- 
 
 sionariea appeared it caused them to long for the presence of the 
 pious fathers ; not with that insatiable longing which has its source 
 in the deepest fountains of our nature; they simply preferred, in 
 case they were to enjoy religious privileges at all, to have those 
 with which they most naturally sympathized. Not only did they 
 feel thus themselves, but they told the Indians that there were 
 other and better missionaries than those who had settled amongst 
 them, men who wore long black gowns and who would teach them 
 the true religion. This created a natural desire among the tribes 
 to have these holy men come among them, a desire shared by the 
 officers of the company, who naturally preferred that religion which 
 would meet with the most favor among their servants and the In- 
 dians, and which was taught by subjects of Great Britain. This 
 was the reason why the society of Montreal sent out Fathers Blan- 
 chet and Demers, and why the advent of the " Black Gowns," as 
 they were called by the Indians to distinguish them from the Prot- 
 ebtants, was not unexpected by the natives. 
 
 The coming of Catholics was the signal for the commencement 
 of a contest for spii'itual control of the Indians, whose terrible 
 results wUl be seen as this narrative progresses. For this both 
 parties to the controversy were to blame. They were all firmly set 
 in their religious convictions, and intolerant of opposing or differing 
 opinions to the highe-st degree. Embued by the loftiest of motives 
 themselves, they did not possess sufficient charity or liberality to 
 ascribe equally exalted purj)08es to their opponents. This spirit is 
 exhibited to the present day in the rancorous writings of certain 
 participants on either side, in which they do not hesitate to charge 
 upon their adversaries crimes for which the scaffold and peniten- 
 tiary are the only adequate penalty; or motives and conduct, which, 
 being proven, would cause them to be shunned and despised by 
 every honorable man. It is but a continuation of that sectarian 
 rivalry, that battle of religious creeds, which has existed since first 
 primitive man began to worship his shadow as a manifestation of 
 some intangible and mysterious power, and which has caused so 
 much bloodshed, misery and horror in the world, and will not end 
 until man judges his fellow man more by his motives and deeds, 
 and less by his purely religious opinions. 
 
 A few instances will suffice to show the existence of this spirit 
 
FOUNDATION APD PB0OBE88 OF THE MIHSIOXS. 
 
 219 
 
 on both sides — a deteriniuation to impress upon the Indians the fact 
 that their particular creed and form of worship were tlie only true 
 and potent ones, and that all others were both false and harmful. 
 The Catholics were the chief aggressors in this respect, the more 
 energetic and crafty in undermining their opponents, but it was not 
 entirely lacking with the other side; and it must be admitted that 
 in the matter of subsequent acrimonious writings, the Protestants 
 lead the van. The first gun was fired and the nature of the cam- 
 paign outlined by Dr. Parker when he first entered the country, 
 and long before the Catholics appeared in the field. At the mouth 
 of the Alpowa Creek, on Snake River, he came upon a burial party 
 of the Nez Perces, who " liad prepared a cross to set up at the grave," 
 and because the symbol of the crucifixion offended his sight, and he 
 feared it would make, as he expresses it, " a stepping-stone to idol- 
 atry," he took " the cro&s the Indians had prepared and broke it in 
 pieces." As the Catholics had not yet appeared in the field, they 
 consequently "didn't know they were hit " ; and this incident is of 
 interest only to show the spirit of religious intolerance which held 
 possession of Dr. Parker, and which subsequent events proved to 
 also pervade his successors. When the Catholics appeared they 
 found the Protestants well entrenched, and they had either to attack 
 them there or enter new fields. They did both. Their plan of 
 operations is outlined by Father Blanchet, who, in af tei* years, wrote 
 thus of the duties of the missionary priests : — 
 
 They were to warn their flocks against the dangers of seduction, to destroy the 
 false impression already received, to enlighten and conflrm the faith of the waver- 
 ing and deceived consciences, to bring back to the practice of religion and virtue all 
 of them who had forsaken them for long years, or who, raised in infidelity, had 
 never known nor practiced any of them. * * * In a word, they were to run 
 after the sheep when they were in danger. Hence their passing so often from one 
 post to another — for neither the white people nor the Indians claimed their assist- 
 ance in vain. And it was enough for them to bear that some false prophet (mean- 
 ing a Protestant missionary) had penetrated into a place, or intended visiting some 
 locality, to induce the missionaries to go there immediately, to defend the faith and 
 prevent error from propagating itself. 
 
 Here is a direct statement from the Archbishop at the head of 
 the church, that it was the Catholic plan to counteract the influence 
 of the Protestants where they had already located missions, as well 
 as to hasten to any new point they might select in order to prevent 
 the founding of others. The first overt act of this kind was com- 
 
 It :\ 
 
 r} 
 
 J. ... 
 
 '■1 
 
220 
 
 HI8T0KY OF WILLAHETTB VALLBT. 
 
 H 
 
 mitted at Nesqually, only a few months after their arrival. Rev. 
 Blanchet says: — 
 
 The first mission to Nesqually was made by Father Demera, who celebrated the 
 first mass in the fort on April 22, [1839], the day after he arrived. His visit at such 
 a time was forced upon him by the establishment of a Methodist mission for the 
 Indians. * « • After hav'ng given orders to build a chapel, and said mass out- 
 side of the fort, he parted with them, blessing the Lord for the success of his mis- 
 sion among the whites and Indians, and reached Oowlitz on Monday, the thirtieth, 
 with the conviction that his mission at Nesqually had left a very feeble chance for 
 a Methodist mission there. 
 
 The priests introduced a novelty in the shape of a picture by 
 some ingenious artist. It wm a representation of a large tree, with 
 many branches, and the different Protestant sects were shown as 
 ascending the trunk and going out upon the various branches, fi'om 
 which they dropped into a fire, the blaze being fed by a priest with 
 the heretical books of his roasting victims. This tickled the Indians 
 immensely, and among the Nez Perces it seemed about to capture 
 the whole tribe. As an offset to this, Mr. Spalding had his wife 
 paint a number of illustrations of prominent Bible events, and this 
 colored panorama soon crowded the Catholic cartoon from the field. 
 Thus was the contest waged for several years. In 1841, the Cas- 
 cades Indians were won away fi'om the The Dalles Mission in spite 
 of Mr. Waller's strenuous efforts to hold them. This same Mr. 
 Waller gave expression to his feelings on doctrinal points by cutting 
 down a cross erected by the Catholics at Clackamas village. 
 
 There was one thing which gave the Catholics a decided advan- 
 tage among the natives — the use of symbols and ceremonies. Mi\ 
 Blanchet says: "The sight of the altar, vestments, sacred vessels, 
 and great ceremonies, were drawing their attention a great deal more 
 than the cold, unavailable and long lay services of Brother Waller." 
 These were more akin to their own ideas of religion than the simple 
 services of the Protestants. The mystery was fascinating to them, 
 and they preferred to see the priests " make medicine " to hearing 
 so much " wa-wa " from the ministers. By thus working upon the 
 superstitious nature of the savages, and making no effort to suddenly 
 change their old habits and time-honored customs, the Catholics 
 gained a firm hold upon them, and were thus able, gradually, to 
 bring about the desired change. The Protestants, on the contrary, 
 endeavored to accomplish too much at once, and having no censers 
 

 rCUNDATION AND PROGRESS OF THK MISSIONS. 
 
 221 
 
 to swing, or imposing vestments to wear, could gain but slight 
 influence over the natives when their opponents were abcmt. There 
 was also another distinction the Indians recognized, and one which 
 gradually led them to entertain a spirit of bitterness and hos- 
 tility against the Pi-otestants. This was their affiliation with the 
 American settlers, whose presence wjis highly distasteful to the 
 Indians, the reasons for which will be developed as the naiTative 
 progresses. 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 MKjiffi' r 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 ■:B' 
 
 . : 'ifi 
 
 tj ; ) 
 
 ■liP' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 t 
 .i, 
 

 i' 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 AMERICAN EMIGRANTS ORGANIZE A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Early Advocates of Oregon E migration — Efforts of Hall J. Kelley — 
 The American Society for the Settlement of Oregon Territory — It 
 Memorializes Congress and Advertises fur Emiyrants — Wyeth, Kelley 
 and Etoing Vnung ooiuf to Oregon — Earliest American Settlers— 
 M c lAnujhIin'' s Accotint of Settlement <f French Prairie — The Wil- 
 lamette Cattle Company — Population of Oregon in 18Ifi — Eirst 
 Effort at a Government — Settlement at Willamette Falls — Radical 
 Change in the Policy of the Ilmfstm^s Bay Company as Regards Set- 
 tlers — The Company'' s Deep Tjiid Plan — Attitude of the Company 
 and its Chief Representative— Dr. McLoughlin Considered — Reasons 
 
 for the Bitter Feelings Entertained by some Americans — Dr. Mc- 
 Loughlhyt Statement <>f His Conduct and the Treatment Received 
 
 from both E iglish and Americans — A had Showing for the Grati- 
 tuf/"- of nom-: Americans — Classification of the Population as Regards 
 Intereuia- -Reasons for Deriving a Gtyvernment — A Petition Sent to 
 Congres.} in 18^0- First Meeting to Form a Government — Death of 
 Ewing Young Leads to the Organization of a Government — The 
 Officers Elected — Failure to Form a Constitution — The Wilkes Ex- 
 pedition — The Wolf Meeting — The F'irst Legislative Committee — 
 Organization of the Provisional Government — The First Officers — ■ 
 Condition of the Missions — Antagonism of the Indian* to Ameri- 
 can Settlers — Dr. White Induces the Nez Perces^ Wascopums and, 
 Cay uses to Adopt a Code of Lu.tos. 
 
 TO the missionaries belongs the credit of opening tlie route to 
 Oregon and encouraging that large emigration of hardy pio- 
 neers of the Mississippi Valley which was the element to finally 
 decide the Oregon Question in favor of the United States. This 
 was not their object when they left their F^astern homes, but wa« 
 simply the natural sequence of events. Emigration to Oregon was 
 
 source oi 
 
wr^w^^'w 
 
 AMKHICANB OKGAMZK A PKOVISlONAt UOVKKNMKNT. 
 
 223 
 
 considered and advocated long before there wiw any thought of 
 founding missions, but it wtis deemed impracticable, and remained to 
 be so considered until the missionaries and their wives <lemonstrated 
 that the intervening mountains and deserts presented no barrier 
 which might not be overcome even by delicate ladies. It then be- 
 came but a matter of time, not a question of possibility, when emi- 
 grants should beat a well-woi-n trail to Oregon. 
 
 The first recorded instance of an effort to induce emigration to 
 seek the far distant coast of Oregon, was in 1817, when Hall J. 
 Kelley, of Boston, advocatetl the immediate occupation of the coun- 
 tiy in dispute by American settlei-s. At that time the United States 
 was making her iirst genuine effort tt) regain possession of the Col- 
 umbia, and wat negotiating with Great Britain on the question of 
 the restoration of Fort George, or Astoria. Mr. Kelley became an 
 enthu8ia«t upon the subject, and continued his exertions throughout 
 the subsequent years of diplomatic negotiation. In 1829 he organ- 
 ized a company which was incorporated by the Legislature of Mas- 
 sachusettw as " The American Society for the settlement of the Oregon 
 Territoiy." This society presented a memorial to Congress in 1881, 
 setting forth that they were " engaged in the work of opening to a 
 civilized and virtuous population that part of Western America 
 called Oregon." Among other statements, the memorialists said: 
 " They are convinced that if the country should be settled under the 
 auspices of the United States of America, from such of her worthy 
 sons who have drunk tlie spirit of those civil and religious institu- 
 tions which constitute the living fountain and the very perennial 
 source of her national prosperity, great l)enetit8 must result to man- 
 kind. They believe that there the skillful and persevering hand of 
 industry might be employed with unparalleled advantage; that 
 there science and the arts, the invaluable privilege of a free and 
 liberal government, and tlie refinement and ordinances of Chris- 
 tianity, diffusing each its blessing, would harmoniously imite in 
 ameliorating the moral condition of the Indians, in promoting the 
 comfort and happiness of the settlers, and in augmenting the wealth 
 and power of the Republic." They further stated "that the coun- 
 try in (juestion is the most valuable of all the unoccupied portions 
 of the earth," and they believed Providence designed it "to be the 
 residence of a people whose singular advantages will give them un- 
 
 i^: 
 
224 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 'f- s 
 
 ■ ; 
 
 exampled power and prosperity." They continued: "That these 
 things * * * have settled in the policy of the British 
 nation the determined purpose of possessing and enjoying the 
 country as their own, and have induced theii* Parliament to confer 
 on the Hudson's Bay Company chartered privileges for occupying 
 with their settlements the fertile banks of the Columbia. * * * 
 Already have they flourishing towns, strong fortifications and culti- 
 vated fields. * * * Their largest town is Vancouver, 
 which is situated on a beautiful plain, in the region of tide water, 
 on the northern bank of the Columbia. » * » Every- 
 thing, either in the organization of the govcrnmei t, or in the busy 
 and various operations of the settlements of this place, at Walla 
 Walla, at Fort Colville and at DeFuca, ii licate the intention of the 
 English to colonize the country. Now, therefore, your memorial- 
 ists, in behalf of a large number of the citizens of the United States, 
 would respectfully ask Congress to aid them in carrying into opera- 
 tion the great purposes of their institution; to grant them troops, 
 artillery, military arms and munitions of war for the security of the 
 contemplated settlement; to incoiporate their society with the 
 power to extinguish the Indian title to such tracts and extent of 
 territory, at the mouth of the Columbia and the junction of the 
 Multnomah with the Columbia, as may be adequate to the lauda- 
 ble objects and pursuits of the settlers ; and v^dth such other powers, 
 rights and immunities as may be at least equal and concuiTent to 
 those given by Parliament to the Hudson's Bay Company; and such 
 as are not repugnant to the stipulations of the convention, made 
 between Great Britain and the United States, wherein it was agreed 
 that any countiy on the Northwest coast of America, to be westward 
 of the Rocky Mountains, should be free and open to the citizens and 
 subjects of the two powers, for a term of years ; and to grant them 
 such other rights and privileges as may contribute to the means of 
 establishing a respectable and prosperous community." 
 
 Congress did not see fit to encourage this scheme of coloniza- 
 tion ; and it may well be said that, had Congress been relied uppn, 
 Oregon would inevitably hsve become a dependency of Gr^at Brit- 
 ain. That body of concentrated national wisdom lagged several 
 years in the rear of the line of progress, and it was only by constant 
 effoi ■ that through it the people were enabled to have their victories 
 
AMERICANS ORGANIZE A PROVISIONAL OOVKKNMKNT 
 
 O.)- 
 
 finally recognized and ratified. This halting and dilatory conduct 
 of the national legislature placed the acquisition of Oregon in con- 
 stant jeopardy. The society, however, which had constituted Mr. 
 Kelley its general agent, continued its efforts despite the supineness 
 of Congress. In 1831 a pamphlet was published entitled — "A 
 general circular to all persons of good character who wish to emi- 
 grate to Oregon Territory." The region covered by that designa- 
 tion is defined in the head lines and opening paragraph, which 
 read: " Oregon Settlement. — To be cotnmenced i» the spring of 
 i8j2 on the delightful and fertile banks of the Columbia River. 
 It has been for many years in serious contemplation to settle with 
 a free and enlightened but redundant population fi'om the Amer- 
 ican Republic that portion of her territory, called Oregon, bound- 
 ing on the Pacific Ocean and lying between the forty-second and 
 forty-ninth parallels of N. latitude." It was well known by ev^ry 
 intelligent man that the United States claimed as far north as the 
 Russian boundary at fift}-four-forty, but that forty-nine had been 
 offered as a compromise line ; and it is probable that the society 
 thus defined Oregon within the limits general)', believed at that 
 time it would eventually assume. The cry, " rifty-four-forty-or- 
 fight," had not then been heard, nor had the people as yet been 
 aroused to such a pitch of interest in this subject. That was re- 
 served for the time when negotiations were again resumed, prior to 
 the settlemo^t of the question in 1846. The pamphlet gave the 
 names of thirty-seven agents of the society, to whom persons de- 
 siring to emigrate should make application for proper certificates 
 and full information; and thes^ agents were located at various 
 points tliroughout the Union. One of these was Nathaniel J. Wy- 
 etli, whose unfortunate fur and salmon ventures on the Columbia 
 have been related. It was arranged for the expedition to start from 
 St. Louis in March, 1 832, with a train of wagons and a good supply 
 of stock. A town was to be laid out at the junction of the Co- 
 lumbia and Multiiornali, and each emigrant wjus to receive a town 
 lot and a farm, also, a lot in a town at the mouth of the Columbia, 
 these places being already platted on paper. The failure of Con- 
 gress to take any action in the matter ended the colonization scheme 
 for that year. Mr. Wyeth, it will be remembered, crossed the 
 country with a small party of Boston men, and returned the next 
 
 W-' W'- 
 
 
226 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 11- 
 
 year. He again visited the Colurahia in 1834, accompanied by Ja- 
 son Lee's party of missionaries. Mr. Kelley had undertaken to 
 send a ship loaded with supplies to the Columbia, but unsuccess- 
 fully. He then endeavored to open a route of trade through Mex- 
 ico; but in that country the revenue officei-s pounced upon his 
 goods and confiscated th(! greater portioa ^f th'^n.. He still perse- 
 vered, and falling in with Ewing Young, h.' ud pendent trader 
 whose operations on the coast have been i(?lar«<i, persuaded him 
 and several others to accompany him to Oregon They reached 
 Vancouver October 15, 1834. Mr. Kelley's healtl failed him, and 
 he departed for home the following March, having lost $30,000 in 
 his efforts to colonize Oregon. 
 
 Mr. Young, and others who had come with Mr. Kelley, or with 
 Wyeth's party, remained after the departure of those gentlemen — 
 among them were James A. O'Neil, T. J. Hubbard, Coui*tney M. 
 Walker and Solomon Smith. There were also two men of French 
 descent — Joseph Gervais and Etinne Lucier — who had come out 
 with Wilson G. Hunt's party, and whose sympathies wet, Ameri- 
 can, All told, aside from the missionaries, there were ab >r.> twenty- 
 five men in Oregon who were favorable to the Unitt^i. St t vWj -.aost 
 of them being mountaineers with Indian wives. Fov ■ ( ' ''".:■< inde- 
 pendent settlers were John Turner, George Gay, John V« - 'rhvnrth 
 and Dr. Bailey, the survivors of a party of nine which left *^',i'ifor- 
 nia in the summer of ISr.o for Oregon. The others were Daniel 
 
 Miller, Saunders, an Irishman called " Big Tom," a man whose 
 
 name is unknown, and a squaw. Turner wtw one of the survivors 
 of the Umpqua massacre of 182/<. The incidents attending their 
 arrival are thus relat'»i by Hon. J. W. Nesmith, who had them from 
 the lips of the survivoi-s: — 
 
 The party had forty-seven head of good horses and u eoiiipleJ' ,! for trai)ping. 
 
 About the middle of June, 1835, the party encamped for the i\i,^ near a place 
 known as "The Point of Rocks," on the south bank of Itogue Kiver. Early the 
 next morning the Indians commesuort rtn [ipinK into camp, a few at a time, Oay 
 was on guard, and not likii.j^ th' ",( i.earani > o; tiic Indians, awoke Turner, who 
 was the leader of the party, and uic latter < , rsed with the savages through his 
 siiuaw, wlio, Hpoke Chinook. Turner c iiiluded that there wa« no harm to be 
 apprehended from their dusky visitorn, and, forgetting the IV'arful massacre which 
 he 80 narrowly es<«|)od with Hmith's party seven years before, near the Umpijua, 
 the party became carelens. In the meantime, stmie four or live hundred Indiani* 
 had assembled in and about the camp of the little party, and at a aigntil. 
 furiously attacked the whit^ men with clubs, l)ows and arrows and knives. The 
 
AMERICANS OROANIZIC A I'KOVISIONAL GOVEIiNMKXT. 
 
 227 
 
 attack was so sudden and unexpected that the Indians obtained ttiree of the eight 
 guns with which Turner and his party were armed. The struggle of the trappers 
 for life was desperate and against fearful odds. The eight men seized whatev er they 
 could lay their hands on for defense. Some of them discharged their rifles in the 
 bosom of their assailants and then clubbed their guns and laid about them with the 
 barrels. Turner, who was a herculean Kentucky giant, not being able to reach his 
 rifle, seized a big fir limb from the camp Are and laid about him lustily, knocking 
 his assailants right and left. At one time the savages had Gay down and were 
 pounding him, but they were crowded so thick as to impede the force of their blows. 
 Old Turner, seeing Gay's peril, made a few vigorous blows with his limb whidi 
 released him, and the latter, springing to his feet, dealt fearful cuts, thrusts, slashes 
 and stabs with bis long, sharp sheath-knife upon the naked carcasses of the dusky 
 crowd. The other men, following Turner's and Gay's example fought witli the 
 energy of despair and drove the Indians from their camp. Dan Miller and another 
 trapper were killed upon the spot, while the six survivors of the melee were all 
 more or less seriously wounded. While tlie flght was going on, the scjuaws drove 
 off the herd of horses and carried ofTall of the baggage and cam|>-equipage, together 
 with three rifles. Three of the remaining guns were rendered useless by having 
 their stocks broken oflT in the clubbing process. The six badly wounded survivors 
 took to the brush and kept the Indians at bay with their two remaining rifles. 
 By traveling in the night-tirae and hiding in the brush in the day-time, they man- 
 aged to elude the Indians, but suffered terribly from their wounds and for want of 
 provisions and clothing. Dr. Bailey had received a fearful wound from a toma- 
 hawk, which split his lower jaw frtini the point of the chin to the throat. From 
 want of proper treatment, the parts never properly united, and uumy old pioneers 
 will recollect the unsightly scar that rlisttgured his face for life. Saunders' wounds 
 disabled him from traveling, and he was left on the South Umpqua, and "Big Tom" 
 was left on the North Umpqua. The Indians subsequently reported to Dr. Mc- 
 Loughlin that both men had died of their wounds where they were left. Turner, 
 Gay, Woodworth and Dr. Bailey, after reaching the head of the Willamette Valley, 
 differed about the route. Turner mistook the Willamette for the Columbia. Gay, 
 in his sea voyages, had seen a map or chart showing that the Columbia ran west, and 
 determined to strike due north in search of the great river, upon the banks of which 
 he expected to find Hudson's Bay trappers and traders. Turner, Bailey and Wood- 
 worth followed down the Willamette River until, in a famishing condition, they 
 struck the Methodist mission below Salem. Gay kept along the foot-hills on the 
 west side of the valley and crossed the Riekreal about where Dallas now stands, 
 and (Tossed the Yamhill River at the falls near Lafayette, passing along on the west 
 side of Wapatoo Lake, and crossing the Tualatin Plains, reached Wyeth's trading 
 post on Sauvie's Island some time in August. Before separating from his compan- 
 ions, Gay had cut up his buckskin breeches to make moccasins for the party, and 
 nuide the most of the journey in a naked condition, with the exception of the 
 tattered remnants of an old shirt. The mosquitoes nearly devoured him in the 
 ('oluml)ia bottoms. This perilous trip of nearly .5(K) miles was made nearly flfty 
 years ago, and was a terrible test of the endurance of a naked, wounded, and starv- 
 ing man. 
 
 There were, liuwever, other (settlers than the Americans. Tn 
 1 828, Sir George Simpson, Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 who was then on an official visit to Fort Vancouver, took possession 
 <>f the Willamette Falls, for the jiurpose, jus expressed liy him, of 
 
 .;i ^ 
 
 nii 
 
228 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 locating there a colony of their retired sei-vants. It had previously 
 been the policy of the company not to permit settlements to be made 
 by their servants whose term of contract had expired, since they 
 deemed them detrimental to the preservation of this region as a fur- 
 producing wilderness. They wanted no settlements here whatever, 
 neither British nor American. This move at Willamette Falls was 
 not persisted in, but a few years later some of their ex-servants located 
 about Champoeg, or French Prairie, in Marion county, and became 
 quite a flourishing colony; and there their descendants live to the 
 present day, useful and industrious citizens. 
 
 On the su Inject of the first settlements in the valley. Dr. McLough- 
 lin's posthumous manuscript has muc* ^'o say. The Etinne Lucier, 
 spoken of by him, is the one menaoned above. He first settled on 
 the east side of the Willamette, opposite the city of Portland, where 
 he lived several yeai-s before removing to French Prairie. The 
 Doctor says : — 
 
 In 1824 I came to this country to superintend the management of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's trade on the coast, and we came to the determination to abandon 
 Afstoria, and go to Fort Vancouver, aa it was a place where we could cultivate the soil 
 and raise our own provisions. In March, 1825, we moved there and that spring planted 
 potatoes and sowed two bushels of peas, the only grain we had, and all we had. In 
 the fall I received from New Yorii Factory a bushel spring wheat, a bushel oats, a 
 bushel barley, a bushel Indian corn and a quart of timothy, and all of which was 
 sown in proper time, and which produce well except the Indian corn, for wliich the 
 ground was too poor and the nights rather cool, and continued extending our im- 
 provements. In 1828, the crop was sufficient to enable us to dispense with the im- 
 portation of flour, etc. 
 
 In 1825, from what I had seen of the country, I formed tlie conclu.^ion from the 
 mildness and salubrity of the climate, that this was the finest portion of North 
 America that I had seen for the residence of civilized man, and as the farmers could 
 not cultivate theground without cattle, and as the Hudson's Bay Company had only 
 twenty-seven (27) head, bigand small, and as I saw at the time no possibility of getting 
 cattle by sea, and that was too expensive, I determined that no cattle should be 
 killed at Vancouver except one bull calf every year for rennet to make cheese, till 
 we had an ample stock to meet all our demands, and to assist settlers, a resolution 
 to which I strictly adhered, and the flrst animal killed for beef was in 1838; till that 
 time we had lived on fresh and salt venison and wild fowl. From morality and 
 policy I 'jtc^ped the sale and issue of spiritous liquor to the Indians, but to do this 
 eflTectually I had to stop the sale of liquor to all whites. In 1834, when Mr. Wyelh. 
 of Boston, came, he l>egan by selling liquor, Init on my assuring him that the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company sold no liquor to whites or Indians, he immediately adopted 
 
 the same rule. 
 
 * « * * . « « 
 
 In 1828, Etinne Lucier, a Willamette trapper, asked me if I thought this wouM 
 become a settled country. I told him wherever wheat grew, he might depend it 
 would liecome a farming country. He asked me what assistance I would aflbrd 
 
AMKRICANS OUOANIZK A PKOVI.SIONAL OOVKUNMKXT. 
 
 229 
 
 biin to settle an a farmer. I told him I would loan him seed to sow and wheat to 
 feed himself and family, to be returned from the produce of his. farm, and sell him 
 such implements as were in the Hudson's Bay Company's store, at fifty per cent, on 
 prime cost. But a few days after he came back and told me he thought there was 
 too remote a prospect of this becoming a civilized country, and as there were no 
 clergymen in the country, he asked me a passage for his family in the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's boats, to which I acceded. He started in September to meet the 
 boats at the mountain ; the express came in too late and he had to return, and went 
 to hunt for the winter. 
 
 In 1829 he again applied to begin to farm. I told him that since he had 
 spoken to me I heard that several trappers would apply for assistance to begin to 
 farm, and that it was necessary for me to come to a distinct understanding with 
 him to serve as a rule for those who might follow. That the Hudbca's Bay Company 
 were bound under heavy penalties to discharge none of their servants in tlie Indian 
 country, and bound to return them to the place where they engaged them. That 
 this was done to prevent vagabonds being let loose among the Indians and incite 
 them to hostility to the whites. But as I knew he was a good, honest man, and 
 none but such need apply, and as if he went to Canada and unfortunately died 
 before his children could provide for themselves they would become objects of pity 
 and a burthen to others. For these reasons I would assist him to settle. But I 
 must keep him and all the Hudson's Bay Company's servants whom I allowed to 
 settle, on tlie Hudson's Bay Company's books as servants, so as not to expose the 
 Hudson's Bay Company and me to a fine, but they could work for themselves, and 
 no service would be exacted from them. 
 
 Many of the Canadians objected to go to the Willamette, because it was to become 
 American Territory, which I told them it would, as the Hudson's Bay Company in 
 1825 officially informed that on no event could the British Government claim extend 
 south of the Columbia, and that they were afraid they would not have the same 
 advantages us American citizens. I told them from the fertility of the soil, the 
 extent of prairie and the easy access from the sea, that the Willamette (they must 
 admit) was the best and only place adapted to form a settlement which would have 
 a beneficial effect on the whole country north of San Francisco, where we could 
 assist and protect them from the Indians in case of difficulty, and as to advantages 
 I did not know what they would have, but this I knew, that tlie American Govern- 
 ment and people knew only two classes of persons, rogues and honest men, that 
 they punished the first and protected the last, and it depended only upon them- 
 selves to what class they would belong. 
 
 Others wanted to go and live with the relatives of their wives, but as their chil- 
 drtm would be brought up with the sympathies and feelings of Indians, and as tlie 
 half-breeds are in general leaders among Indians, and they would-be a thorn in the 
 side of the whites, I insisted they should go to the Willamette, where their children 
 could be brought up as whites and Christians, and brought to cultivate tlie ground 
 and imbued with the feelings and sympatliies of whites, and where they and their 
 mothers would serve as hostages for the good behavior of their relatives in the 
 interior. As Indians judge of whites by themselves, and I think if tliey injure 
 whites on their lauds, the whites would revenge it by murdering their Indian rela- 
 tives among them, and as the settlement increased by the addition of Indian women 
 half-breeds, the turbulence of the Indian tribes would diminij' ; and certainly the 
 Cay use war would not have been quelled so easily as it was if other halt-breeds hud 
 not joined the Americans; and I have great pleasure to be able to nay, what must 
 be admitted by all who know them, that the Canadian trappers and half-breeds 
 wlio have settled as farmers, are as peaceable, orderly, neighborly and industrious 
 a set of men as any in the settlement ; and that so far tlie Canadian settlement has 
 
 il 
 
 Mt 
 
rM) 
 
 UrsTOKY OF Wn-LAMKttK VALLKY, 
 
 produced and supplied three-fourths of the grain that has been exported. [Every 
 pioneer will heartily endorse this eulogy of the people of French Prairie.] 
 
 IV 
 
 I made it a rule that none of the Hudson's Bay Company's servants should be 
 aliowed to join the settlemento unless he had fifty pounds sterling before him, as he 
 required that sum to supply him with clothing and implements. He that begins 
 business on credit is seldom so careful and industrious bs he who does business on 
 his own means. By this I effected two objects — I made the men more saving and 
 industrious, and attached them to their farms. If I had not done so, they would 
 have abandoned on the least difficulty. But having their means invested on their 
 improvements, they saw if they abandoned the loss would be theirs, they therefore 
 persisted and succeeded. When the settlement was formed, though the American 
 trappers had no means, they were assisted on credit, and all in three years paid up 
 fh)m the produce of their farms. 
 
 The presence of American settlers was extremely distasteful to 
 the company ; not simply because they were Americans, but because 
 they were American settlers. The officers of the company were 
 instructed not to encourage them in any way. It stood ready to 
 sell to the settlers at a high price, but not to purchase from them 
 anything whatever. They were without cattle, except a few rented 
 to them by the company, and until they possessed them could not 
 be or feel independent of the overshadowing corporation. To 
 remedy this evil. Young and Jason Lee (who never let the fact that 
 he came to Oregon simply as a missionary prevent him from advanc- 
 ing American interests whenever possible), set on foot a scheme to 
 procure a supply of cattle from the vast herds gi'azing about the 
 Spanish Missions in California. The effort was opposed by the 
 company, but with the aid of Lieutenant William A. Slocum, an 
 officer of tlie United States Navy, who advanced money and gave a 
 free passage to California in his vessel to those who went after the 
 cattle, it wjis ijompletely successful, and "The Willamette Cattle 
 Company '' was organized. The party which went to California 
 was under the leadership of Mr. Young, and was composed of P. 
 L. Edwards (who kept a diary of the expedition, which is now pre- 
 served in the State Library at Sacramento and numbered 23,989), 
 Hawchurst, Carmichael, Bailey, Erequette, DesPau, Williams, Tib- 
 betts, George Gay, Wood, Camp, Turner, and enough others to 
 make a company of about twenty men, all inured to the dangers and 
 privations of mountain life. Thej' colh cted a band of seven hundred 
 cattle, at three dollars per head, and, with much labor and difficulty, 
 succeeded in bringing six hundred of them into the valley. They 
 
AMKKiC.VNH OKOANIZE A PKOVI8IONAJ. (iOVKKNMKXT. 
 
 231 
 
 had much troiil>le with the Indians on Siskiyou Mountain and along 
 Rogue River, and Gay, without any foundation, charges the com- 
 pany witli stirring up the Indians to cut them off. The fact is, as 
 Edwards' diary plainly shows, the trouble grew out of the unpro- 
 voked murder by one of the party of an Indian who visited their 
 camp on Klamath River. Turner, Gay and Bailey were three of 
 four survivors of the American trapping party which had been 
 attacked on Rogue River two years before, and shot this Indian in 
 a spirit of revenge. It is certainly difficult to trace any agency of 
 the company in this affair, or to assign any other cause than wanton 
 murder for their trouble with the Indians. The arrival of the cat- 
 tle was hailed with joy by the settlers, as it guaranteed them com- 
 plete independence of the company, and demonstrated that Ameri- 
 cans could settle in the Willamette Valley with an assurance of 
 being self-supporting. 
 
 Such is the version of the cattle question, as it comes from Amer- 
 ican sources. Dr. McLoughlin gives quite another tone to it. His 
 document says: — 
 
 Every settler had a» much wheat on loan as he wanted to begin with, and I lent 
 them each two cows, ax. in 1825 we had only twenty-seven head, big and small, old 
 and young. If I sold they would of course be entitled to the increase, and I 
 would not have the means to assist the new settlers, and the settlement would be 
 retarded, as those purchasers who offered me two hundred dollars for a cow would 
 put such a price on the increase as would put it out of the power of poor settlers 
 to buy. This would prevent industrious men from settling. For these reasons 1 
 would not sell, but loaned a» I say, two cows to each settler, and in case the increase 
 of settlers might be greatt.* than we could afford to supply with cattle, I reserved 
 the right to take any cattle I required (aljove his two cows) from any settlers to assist 
 new settlers. To the Methodist Mission, as it was a public institution, I lent seven 
 oxen, one bull and eiyht cows with their calves. In the beginning, several settlers 
 lost cattle, poisoned by eating water hemlock. It has been said by the lat« Mr. 
 Thurston, Delegate from Oregon, on the floor of Congress, that settlers paid for 
 dead cattle. This is a wanton falsehood, as it is well known to all old settlers that 
 no settler paid a cent for dead cattle. It was a loss to the company. 
 
 In 1836 we found means of forming a company to go to California for cattle. I 
 took half the stock for the Hudson's Bay Company, so that by urchasing a large 
 number (as the expense of driving five hundred or a thousand , as the same) as it 
 would make the cattle cheaper. Those of the settlers that had means put it in the 
 stock ; those that had none, engaged as drivers at one dollar per day, to be paid in 
 cattle at their actual cost. Mr. Slocam, who came here in a chartered vessel, gave 
 them a passage gratis from this place to San Francisco. Mr. Ewing Young was se- 
 lected to conduct the party. Mr. P. L. Edwards, who came with Messrs. Lee, of 
 the Methodist Mission, but now a lawyer in California, was appointe ' Treaj^urer. 
 They brought, I think, about seven hundred head of cattle, which cost eight dollars 
 per hefMl rendered. In the Willamette, the settlers kept the tame and broken-in 
 
 'i-: 
 
 
 i ■ 
 
282 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTK VALLKY. 
 
 oxen they had belougiug to the Hudson Bay Company, and gave their California 
 wild cattle in the place, 80 that they found themselves stocked with tame cattle 
 which coat them only eight dollars per head, and the Hudson's Bay Company, to 
 favor the settlers, toolc calves in place of grown-up cattle, because the Hudson's Bay 
 Company wanted them for beef. These calves would grow up before they were re- 
 quired. 
 
 At the close of 1837, the independent population of Oregon con- 
 sisted of forty-nine souls, about equally divided between missionary 
 attaches and settlers. With but few exceptions the arrivals during 
 the next two yeara were solely of persons connected with the various 
 missions, whose advent has already been noted. Those coming in 
 1839 were, Rev. J. S. Griffin and wife, and Mr. Hunger and wife, 
 who had made an unsuccessful effort to found an independent mis- 
 sion on Snake River, and Ben Wright, Robert Shortess, Sidney 
 Smith, Lawson, Keiser, Geiger, and Blair, a blacksmith. By add- 
 ing the following list of arrivals in 1840, to those previously men- 
 tioned, the population of Oregon at that time will be quite accu- 
 rately listed. Mr. Gray thus summarizes the arrivals of that sea- 
 son: — ' 
 
 1 > 
 
 In 1840— Methodist Episcopal Protestant Mission— Mrs. Lee, second wife of Rev. 
 Jason Lee; Rev. J. H. Frost and wife ; Rev. A. F. Waller, wife and two children ; 
 Rev. W. W. Kone and wife; Rev. G. Hines, wife and sister; Rev. L. H. Judson, 
 wife and two children ; Rev. J. L. Parish, wife and three children ; Rev. G. P. 
 Richards, wife and three children ; Rev. A. P. Olley and wife. Laymen— Mr. Geo. 
 Abernethy, wife and two children ; Mr. H. Campbell, wife and one child ; Mr. W. 
 W. Raymond and wife; Mr. H. B. Brewer and wife ; Dr. J. L. Bal)eock, wife and 
 one child; Mrs. Daniel Lee; Mrs. David Carter; Mre. Joseph Holnian ; Miss E. 
 Phillips. Independent Protestant Mission— Rev. Harvey Clarke and wife ; P. B. 
 Littlejohn and wife ; Roljert M<K)re, James Cook, and James [Travers, according to 
 Judge Deady,] Fletcher, settlers. Jesuit Priests— P. J. DeSniet, Flathead Mission. 
 Rocky Mountain men with native wives— William Craig, Doctor Robert Newell, 
 Joseph L. Meek, George Ebbert, William M. Dougherty, John Larison, Geo. Wil- 
 kinson, a Mr. Nicholson, and Mr. Aigear, and William Joh"8on, author of the 
 novel, "Leni Leoti, or. The Prairie Flower." The subject was first written and 
 read before the Lyceum at Oregon City, in 1843. 
 
 He classifies the population a.s follows: American settlers, 
 twenty-five of them with Indian wives, 36; American women, 33; 
 childi'en, 32; lay members, Protestant Missions, 13; Methodist Min- 
 isters, 13; Congregational, (>; American Physicians, 3; English Phy- 
 sicians, 1; Jesuit Priests, including DeSmet, 3; Canadian French, 
 60. Total Americans, 137; total • jnadians, including Priests, 63; 
 total population, not including Hudson's Bay Company operatives. 
 
AMEKICAN8 ORGANIZE A PROVISIONAL OOVKKNMENT. 
 
 233 
 
 , '1 
 
 within what now is a portion of Montana, and all of Idaho, Wash- 
 ington and Oregon, 200. 
 
 Up to 1839 the only law or government administered in this 
 region was the rules of the Hudson's Bay Company ; but that year, 
 deeming that there must be some authority which the settlers would 
 respect, the Methodist missionaries designated two persons to act a.s 
 magistrates. This was done entirely without the co-operation of 
 tlie settlers, but the action received their endorsement, or, at least, 
 was generally acquiesced in. Several cases came before these officers 
 for adjudication, the most important being the trial of T. J. Hub- 
 bard for mui'der, he having shot a man who was attempting to 
 enter his cabin through the window. The magistrate was Rev. 
 David Leslie. The prisoner was acquitted by the jury. 
 
 Settlements were made at this time with reference to the possi- 
 ble division of the country on the line of the Columbia River, all 
 Americans locating south of the stream, and none but British sub- 
 jects north of it. Cook, Fletcher and Moore settled on the banks 
 of the Willamette, near the falls, the last named locating directly 
 opposite the cataract, on the west bank. He purchased a section 
 of land of the Indians, a ti-ansaction which, of course, had no legal 
 force, and named his place "Robin's Nest." Dr. McLoughlin 
 claimed the opposite end of the falls, and, later, when he resigned 
 from the Hudson's Bay Company, located there and became as good 
 an American as any of them. He thus relates some of the diffi- 
 culties he experienced ^vith this claim: — 
 
 In 1840, as I already stated, the Methodist Mission received a large reinforce- 
 ment. I had selected for a claim, Oregon City, in 1829, made improvements on it 
 and had a large quantity of timber squared. The Superintendent applied to me for 
 a loan of some of it to build a mission house. I lent them the timber and had a place 
 pointed out to them upon which to build. In' 1840 the Methodist Mission formed a 
 milling association and jumped part of my claim and began to build a saw and 
 grist mill. They a^umed the right to judge of my rights, and said that I could not 
 hold it as part of my claim, though the stream that separates the islet from the main 
 land is not more than forty feet wide in summer. This island is what is called 
 "Abernethy Island," and is about three or four acres in extent. In 1842, Mr. 
 Walker, the resident missionary in the house, to build which I lent timber, which 
 they never returned, atid gave the ground upon which to build, set up a claim to 
 Oregon City in opposition to me, but after some difficulty, I paid them $500 
 and he gave it up. I preferred to do this and have done with it rather than here- 
 after trouble Government with it. 
 
 It has been remarked that the policy of the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 
 i , 
 
 'I 
 
 •n 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 f 
 

 884 
 
 HI8T0KY OF WILLAMKTTE VALhEt. 
 
 i 
 
 
 .1 s 
 
 
 j^ 1 
 
 s I 
 
 pany was to diswurage any settlements whatever, preferring that 
 the country should remain uninhabited bj all save the Indians and 
 the actual servants of the company. It had even gone to the ex- 
 pense of sending to Canada those employees whose terms of service 
 expired. Had they but themselves and employees to deal with, the 
 policy was a wise one for the purpose of effecting the end aimed at 
 — the preservation of the country in its primeval state — but with 
 the complication of independent American settlers it was the re- 
 verse. Had the company from thi beginning colonized Oregon 
 with its discharged servants, as it had previously done the Red 
 River region, there would now haA-e been such a flourishing colony 
 as would have completely overshadowed the Americans, if, indeed, 
 it did not prevent their coming altogether. Failure to do this lost 
 Great Britain her only hope of acquiring Oregon. The company's 
 eyes were fully opened to the danger when the Wallamet Cattle 
 Company was organized in 1837. It resolved then upon a radical 
 and immediate change of policy — to colonize the coimtry with sub- 
 jects of Great Britain as rapidly as possible. Accordingly, the 
 Puget Sound Agricultural Company was organized in 1837 as an 
 associate of the company, which it was to supply with its products 
 as well as carry on a trade with the Sandwich Islands and Alaska. 
 The company, for reasons previously stated, selected a location on 
 the north side of the Columbia, at Cowlitz and Nesqually. It took 
 several years to caiTy the scheme into effect, since it was necessary 
 to bring a large emigration from the company's older colony on 
 Red River. The settlement on French Prairie has been mentioned ; 
 this consisted of about twenty-five families at the time Father Blan- 
 chet arrived in 1838, and located there the Mission of St. Paul, 
 where a school and church have ever since been maintained. The 
 plan of the company was to thus ovei whelm the American settlers 
 in point of numbers, and at the same time to open negotiations be- 
 tween the home governments for a final settlement of the mooted 
 question of title, in which the great preponderance of English sub- 
 jects should be urged as a reason why Great Britain's claim to the 
 country should be conceded. To the defeat of this deep-laid plan 
 the United States is indebted largely to Dr. Marcus Whitman's per- 
 spicacity, determination and patriotism, as will appear later on. 
 The company's plans embraced, also, a studied and persistent 
 
AMKRICANS oaOANlXK A PROVISIONAL (JOVKRNMKNT. 
 
 2'.\h 
 
 miarepresentation of the j'^ricultural resourceH of the country. The 
 idea was industriously impressed upon every one tliat Oregon was 
 a barren waste, of no earthly value except as a fur region. By this 
 means it was hoped not only ^.o discourage emigration, but to im- 
 press upon American statesmen the idea that a country of such little 
 value for colonization was not worth contending for, and some of 
 the speeches made in Congress by several of the foremost men of 
 the nation show how well the plan succeeded. That England, and 
 Englishmen generally, became embued with the same idea was of 
 no consequence, since the company did not desii'e English settlers 
 other than such as, in a measure, belonged to it ; and England could 
 be relied upon to do her l)e8t to secure it as a perpetual trapping 
 ground for this great corporation, which was her powerful repre- 
 sentative in the extreme West. Not only was the region decried, 
 but it was asserted with great positiveness that it was absolutely 
 impossible for wagons to cross the mountains, and that emigrants 
 could not pass overland from the Mississippi Valley. Every book 
 of English origin laid great stress upon these facts, and they were 
 echoed by the magazines and newspapers. Said John Dunn, a 
 former clerk of the company, in his work on Oregon: "None but 
 the wild and fearless free -trappers can clamber over these pre(;ipices 
 and tread these deserts with security. It is true that there have 
 been published more favorable accounts, within the last year or two, 
 l)y parties who have made the ■ Mi! ley safely, and who encourage 
 others to make a similar experinn m, but these accounts are mere 
 bravado." In 1843, the Edinburg Review said: "However the 
 political (juestion between England and the United States, as to the 
 ownership of Oi-egon, may be decided, Oregon will never be colo- 
 nized overland from the United States. The world must assume a 
 new phase before the American wagons will make plain the road 
 to the Columbia, as they have done to the Ohio." These extracts 
 are sufficient to show the general tenor of them all. 
 
 In this there was nothing either criminal or dishonest, nothing 
 which Americans would not have done under the same circum- 
 stances ; and yet certain writers speak of this and other steps of the 
 company to obtain, or retain, possession of Oregon, as constituting 
 a heinous crime. In looking at this matter one should divest him- 
 self of all national and religious prejudice or bigotry. Both na- 
 
 j -, 
 
286 
 
 HISTORY OP W7LLAMETTE VALLKJ. 
 
 1^ ' 
 
 -i :' 
 
 'I i 
 I* 
 
 tions having well-founded claims to the country, the subjects of 
 Great Britain certainly were as fully justified in making an effort 
 for possession as ^vere the citizens of the United States; and the 
 actual fact is that they were less active, less aggressive than were 
 the Americans, to which is largely due their defeat in the contest 
 upon which they entered with every advantage. Because they made 
 these efforts, parties who were ec^ually active on the other side have 
 charged the company with grave crimes, not the least of which was 
 the inciting of the natives to murder American settles and mission- 
 aries. These charges rest solely upon the most ^imsy circumstan- 
 tial evidence, which is outweighed by the con( md character of 
 the officers who administered the company's a,.. . in Oregon. It 
 is not the purpose of the writer to engage in a general defense of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company, or acquit it of all censure; for he be- 
 lieves its policy to have been harsh and cruel, though natural and 
 human. He would, however, desire to defend the name of good 
 Dr. McLoughlin from the aspersions of men who were not worthy 
 to untie the latchet of his shoes; who possesse<l neither his large and 
 liberal mind, nor his warm and generous heart. He must be dis- 
 associated entirely from the company whose chief representative he 
 was, since he failed utterly to carry out its policy. He was ever the 
 sympathizing friend of the needy pioneer, and liberally aided him 
 in distress; and when called to account, in 1844, for not enforcing 
 the company's orders to withhold from American settlers all assist- 
 ance whatever, resigned his position and became nearly penniless 
 because of being held personally responsible for the debts he had 
 permitted many distressed emigrants to contract for necessary sup- 
 plies, which debts, it may be stated, many never had the honor or 
 gratitude to discharge. Aside from this order to withhold assistance, 
 which, had it been enforced by Dr. McLoughlin, would have caused 
 great distress, and which, of course, not being present to witness it, 
 the chief officei-s of the company could not fully appreciate, there 
 was nothing in the conduct of the company which would not be 
 looked upon in any country and by any people as proper and nec- 
 essary for the protection of their interests, could they be placed in a 
 similar position. It is questionable if the gentlemen entertaining 
 such bitter feelings had possessed the great power of the company, 
 whether they would have used it as honorably and conscientiously 
 
"•rp-;-^ 
 
 '•IV 
 
 AMKllICANS OUOANIZK A PROVIKIONAL OOVKRNMKNT. 
 
 '237 
 
 as did Dr. McLoughlin and his associates. These narrow-minded 
 views were not entertained by Dr. Whitman, the Nestor of tliem all. 
 He had a brain sufficiently large, and a nature sufficiently honor- 
 able, to divorce politics and personality, and he honored and respected 
 some of these men, and enjoyed their warmest friendship, whih; do- 
 ing more than any other man to counteract and defeat their [)lans. 
 The active part taken politically by the Protestant missionaries lost 
 them the support they at first received from the company, which 
 was transferred to the Catholics, who, as subjects of Great Britain, 
 could be counted ii[)on to further its interests. It was this support 
 of their religious adversaries which caused the bitter enmity of cer- 
 tain Protestant historians to the company. The mutual intolerance 
 of adherents of the two creeds, and the especially bitter spirit en- 
 gendered by the contest for spiritual control of the Indians, suffi- 
 ciently explain why those whose minds were thus wrought up to a 
 belief in the commission of fiendish acts by their Catholic opponents, 
 should extend their prejudices to the company which aided in their 
 defeat. 
 
 Dr. McLoughlin treats the subject of his attitude and conduct 
 towards American ststtlei-s at great length, and justice to him requires 
 that his words be given in full. He says: — 
 
 In 1843, about 800 emigrants arrived from the States. I saw by the looks of the 
 Indians that they were <;xcited, and I watched them. As the first stragglers were 
 Arriving at Vancouver in canoes, I was standing on the bank. Nearer the water 
 there was a group of ten or twelve Indians. One of them bawled out to his com- 
 panions, " It is good for us to kill these Bostons ! " Struck with the excitement I 
 had seen in tlie countenances of the Indians since they had heard the report of the 
 immigration coming, I felt certain they were inclined to mischief, and that bespoke 
 thus loud as a feeler to sound me, and take their measures accordingly. I imme- 
 diately rushed on them with my cane, calling out at the same time, ''Who is the 
 dog that says it is a good thing to kill these Bostons!" The fellow, trembling, 
 excused himself, " I spoke without meaning harm, but the Dalles Indians say so." 
 " Well," said I, " the Dalles Indians are dogs for saying so, and you also," and left 
 him, as, if I had remained longer, it would have had a bad effect. I had done 
 enough to convince them I would not allow them to do wrong to the immigrants 
 with impunity. From this Indian saying, in the way he did, that the Dalles 
 Indians said it was good to kill the Bostons, I felt it my duty to do all I could to 
 avert so horrid a deed. 
 
 Mr. P. L. Edwards, whom I mentioned, came in 1834, with Messrs. Lee, and 
 left in 1838, sent me a letter by Gen. McCarver, stating he had given a letter of in- 
 troduction to me to P. H. Burnett, Esq. I immediately formed my plan and kept 
 my knowledge of the horrid design of the Indiana secret, as I felt certain that if 
 Americans knew it, these men acting inde|)endent of each other, would be at once 
 for tlghting, which would lead to their total destruction, and I sent two (2) boats 
 
 'Tl 
 i I 
 
288 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ■J 
 
 with provisiony to meet them ; sent provisions to Mr. Burnett, and a large quantity 
 of provisions for sale to those who would purchase, and to be given to those ''ho 
 had not the means, being confident that the fright I had given (as already stated) the 
 Indians who said it was a good thing to kill the Bostons was known at the Dalles 
 before our boats were there, and that with the presence of the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany people, and the assistance they afforded the immigrants, would deter the 
 Indians from doing them any wrong, and J am happy to bo able to say I entirely 
 succeeded. At first I thought these Indians were excited by some of the Iroquois 
 Indians in the Hudson's Bay Company's service, and tried to find if so, but found 
 nothing to enlighten me on the subject. 
 
 Alwut a month after Dr. Whitman, from his mission Walla Walla to Vancou- 
 ver, as the Dalles was on his way, and lis he had seen the principal vnen there, it 
 occurred to me that he might have heard of it, and told him what T heard the 
 Indian say, and how I had alarmed him, what I h^d done to deter them and my 
 suspicion that all this sprung from some of our rascally Iroquois, and that I was 
 anxious to find that rascal out to punish him as an example to deter others. " Oh," 
 says the I)(K'tor, " T know all about it." " You do, Doctor," says i. " Yes," said 
 the Doctor, "and I have known it for two years." "You have known it for two 
 years and you told me nothing! Pray tell me his name." The Doctor, seeing I 
 was en the wrong scent, said, "His name is Thomas Hill." ^fter thinking for 
 some time, I replied, the Hudson's Bay Company had no man of that name in their 
 service. "Oh," says the Doctor, " Tom Hill the Shawnee." This Indian, it is said, 
 had been educated at Dartmouth College in the States, had told the Indians that a 
 few Americans had come to settle on their land ; that the Shawnees allowed them, 
 but when *':e Americans were strong enough they drove the Shawnees off and now 
 the Shawnees have no lands, and had urged the Indians to allow no Americans to 
 settle on their lands, which advice the Indians about Walla Walla say the Cayusew 
 are following to this day, and the Indians are inclined to follow by killing the immi- 
 grants who first came, and which I believe they would have done but for the decided 
 and cautious manner that I acted. And the reason the Indian made use of the ex- 
 pression he did, was beojiuse I punished the murderers of the Smith party, and be- 
 fore acting tliey wanted to know how I would treat them, and most certainly if I 
 had not been most anxious for the safety of the immigrants and to discharge to 
 them the duties of a Christian, my ear would not have caught so cjuickiy the words, 
 " it is a good thing to kill these Bostons," and acted as I did. In fact, if the immi- 
 grants had all been my brothers and sisters, I could not have done more for them. 
 I fed the hungry, caused the sick to be attended to and nursed, furnislied them 
 every assistance so long as they required it, and which some have not paid to this 
 day, though abundantly able, and for which, if they do not pay, I am answerable 
 to the Hudson's Bay Company. It may b«. -aid, and has been said, that I was too 
 liberal in making these advances. It is not so, but was done Judiciously and 
 prudently. 
 
 When the i»nraigrati(m of 1842 came, we had enough of breadstufft In the country 
 for one year, but as the immigrants reported that next seusoi) there would be it 
 greater immigrati(m, it was evident if there was not a proportionate Increase of seetl 
 sown in 1843 and 1844, there would be a famine in the country in 1845, which would 
 lead to trouble, a« tiiose that had fajnilies, to save them from starvation, would lie 
 oblif^ed to have recourse to violence t.o get food for them. To avert this I freely sup- 
 plied the hnmigrants of 1843 and 1844 with the nei-essary articiles to open farms, and 
 by these means avoided the evils. In short I afforded every assistance to the Immi- 
 grants so long as they re<|Uired it, and i)y management I kept i)eace In the country, 
 and In some cases had to put up with a great deal ; for instance, when the milling 
 comimny jumped part of uiy elaiui, the island upon which they built u mill, and 
 
 It 
 
 the g( 
 witli 
 
 TlJ 
 tli.stiin 
 Mionar 
 
 m 
 
AMERICANS OKOANIZK A PROVISIONAL .GOVERNMENT. 
 
 239 
 
 which subsequently Abernethy purchased, and when Williamson jumped part of 
 Fort Vancouver, as may be seen by my correspondence with the provisional govern- 
 ment on the subject, and which occurred in the presence of several American 
 citizens, who I am happy to say strongly expressed their disapprobation of William- 
 son's conduct, and which I am induced to believe made him desist, and it will be 
 
 seen, to their credit, that Messrs .., the 
 
 Executive Committee, acte<l in a straightforward, manly and correct manner, and 
 it was by such conduct on the part of respectr 'o American citizens, that peace and 
 order were maintained in the country. It iS 'ii ". several thought I was too for- 
 bearing ; but when I saw how much the good r ■ botii sides would suffer if I acted 
 differently, and that a war between (Ireat Kritain and the United States might be 
 caused by it, I considered it my duty to act as I did, and by which I think I may 
 have prevented a war between the ITnited States and Great Britain. And how 
 have I been treated by both ? 
 
 By British demagogues I have been represented as a traitor. For what? Because 
 I acted as a Christian ; saved American citizens, men, women and children from 
 the Indian tomahawk, and enabled them to make farms to support their families. 
 Amci'k'an demagogues have been base enough to assert that I hart caused American 
 citizens to be massacred l)y hundreds by the savages. T, who saved all I could. 
 I have been represented by the delegate from Oregon, the late S. R. Thurston, as 
 doing all I could to prevent the settling, while it was well known to every Ameri- 
 can settler who is acquainted with the history of the Territory, that this is a down- 
 right falsehood, and most, certainly will say, that they most firmly believe that I 
 did all I could to promote its settlement, and that I could not have done more for 
 the settlers if they hart been my brothers and sisters, and after being the first person 
 to take a claim in tlie country and assisting the immigrants as'I have, my claim is 
 reserved, after having exjiended all the means I had to improve it, while every other 
 settler in the country gets his. But as I felt convinced that any disturbance 
 i)etween us here Jiiight lead to a war between (Ireat Britain and the States, I felt it 
 my bounden duty as a Christian, to act as I did, and which I think averted the 
 evil, and which was so displeasing to some English demagogues that they repre- 
 sented me to the British Government as a pei-son so jjartial to American interests as 
 selling the Hudson's Ba.\ )mpany goods in my charge cheaper to American than 
 I did to British subject* On the other hand, tliough, if the American immigrants 
 had been my brothers M.d .'isters, I could not have done more for them; yet, after 
 acting as I have, spending my means and doing my utmost to settle the country, 
 my claim is reserved, while every other settler in the country gets his; and how 
 much this has injured me, is daily injuring me, it is needless to say, and certainly 
 it is a treatment I do not deserve and which I dirt not expect. To be brief, I founded 
 this settlement and prevented a war between the United States and Great Britain, 
 and for doing this peaceably and (juictly, I wa« treated by the British in such a 
 manner that from self respect I resigned my situation in the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany's service, l)y which I sacrificed $12,0<)() per annum, and the " Oregon Land 
 Bill " shows the treatment I received from the Americans. 
 
 It is a pleasure to state that all liberal-minded pioneers regard 
 the good Dt>ctor as one of the grandest and most noble characters 
 with whom they ever came in contact. 
 
 The population of Oregon may be dassitied, in 1840, into foui- 
 di.stiint divisions— the Hudson's Bay Company; the Catholic mis- 
 sionaries and their French proteges; the Protestant missionaries; 
 
240 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 and the independent settlers. The first two generally acted together, 
 though there were a few members of the Catholic church who favored 
 American rule. Though not always in full accord, and occasionally 
 opposing each other, the settlers and missionaries, as a rule, acted 
 together, the missions serving as a rallying point for the settlers. 
 These latter cared nothing for the religious creed the missionaries 
 represented, their sole object in securing homes in the Willamette 
 Valley being to better their wordly condition, yet they favored the 
 mission to the extent that it served their purpose of settling in the 
 country. The missions of the American Board located east of the 
 mountains, cut no figure at first in the organization of a government, 
 that movement being confined to the settlers in the Willamette Val- 
 ley. The motives which actuated them are thus set forth by J. 
 Quinn Thornton: — 
 
 Distant from the land of their birtli, surrounded by restless tribes of Indians, 
 who clamorously and insolently demanded of the immigrants pay for landc which 
 the immigrants had neither the means nor the right to purchase ; still ardently de- 
 siring to have their names and their destiny connected with that of the republic, 
 and yet, often pierced to the heart by the thought, which would sometimes, unbid- 
 den, obtrude itself upon the mind, that they were the victims of their country's 
 neglect and injustice, and suffering all the inconveniences and embarrassments 
 w hich are necessarily felt by a resident and civilized community, without a system of 
 laws for the conservation of peace and order, they were at length compelled to or- 
 ganize a provisional government. 
 
 Their first step was taken March 16, 1888, when J. L. Whit- 
 comb and thirty-five other settlei-s prepared a memorial, which was 
 presented to Congress January 28, 1889, by Senator Linu. This 
 document set forth the resource's and condition of the country, and 
 contained the following paragraph: — 
 
 We are anxious when we Imagine what will be, wliat must be, the condition of 
 so mixed a community, free from all legal restraint and superior to that monil inllu- 
 ence which has hitherto been the pledge of our safety. We flatter ourselves that 
 we are the germ of a great State and are anxious to give an early tone to the moral 
 and intellectual character of our citizens— the destinies of our jmsterity will lie 
 intimately affected by the character of those who immigrate. The territory must 
 populate— the Congress of the IJnitefl States nmst say by whom. The natural 
 resources of the country, with a well-judgefl civil code, will luvitea g(x)d community 
 but a good community w!M hardly emigrate to a country which promises no pro- 
 tection to life or property. » * « We can IxHutt of no civil code. We 
 can promise no protection but the ulterior resort of self-defense. » « * \Ve 
 have thus briefly shown that the security of our persons and our property, the 
 hopes and destinies of our children, are involved in thesulyectof our petition. We 
 do not presume to suggest the manuer in which the country should l)e occupied liy 
 the Government, nor the extent to which our settlement should be encouraged. 
 
 Till 
 
 i i 1 
 
.A. 
 
 AMEBICAIfS OROAKIZB A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 241 
 
 We confide in the wisdom of our national legislators, and leave the subject to their 
 candid deliberations. 
 
 This petition was read, laid on the table, and neglected. In 
 June, 1840, Senator Linn again presented a memorial, signed by 
 seventy citizens of Oregon : — 
 
 Your petitioners represent that they are residents in Oregon Territory, and citi- 
 zens of the United States, or persons desirous of becoming such. They furtiier rep- 
 resent that they have settled themselves in said Territory, under the belief that it 
 was a portion of the public domain of the United States, and that they might rely 
 upon the government thereof for the blessings of free institutions and the protec- 
 tion of its arms. But your petitioners further represent, that they are uninformed 
 of any acts of said Government by which its institutions and protection are ex- 
 tended to them; in consequence whereof, themselves and families are exposed to be 
 destroyed by the savages and others that would do them harm. And your petition- 
 ers would further represent thtit they have no means of prote«!ting their own and 
 the lives of their families, oti r than self-constituted tribunals, organized and sus- 
 tained by the power of an ill-instructed publu opinion, and the resort to force and 
 arms. And your pet'tiontrs represent these means of safety to be an insufficient 
 safeguard of life and perty. » » » » Your jietitioners wherefore 
 pray the Congress of i ;, nit<'d States of America, to e8tal>lisli is soon as may be, 
 a territorial government m Oregon Tirritory. 
 
 The phrase which is italiciz 1 in the &\ ove memorial undoubt- 
 edly refers to the Hudson's Bay Company, which, so some of tht* 
 settlers then believed and a few still affert to bt^ ev( , designed their 
 destruction. The absurdity of this has already been pointed out by 
 calling attention to the character of tln' company's officers in Ore- 
 gon, and to the very patent fact that had such been their intention 
 it would have been carried out, since notliin tuld have been easier 
 of accomplishment. That the compan} cded in ''freezing out " 
 
 opposition traders, by exeiling its authority to prevent the Indians 
 form trading with its rivals, and by refusing to sell such men sup- 
 plies when in business distress, is an undisputed fact; and that 
 it sought to " starve out " all American settlers, or, at least, keep 
 them in practical subjection, is equally undisputable, and would 
 probably have been as fully successful had another than Dr. Mc- 
 Loughlin been in charge at Vancouver; but that it sought to achieve 
 these ends by nmrder and inciting the Indians to slaughter them, 
 lacks proof of any kind. Its domination over the Indians was so 
 complete that a simple hint that the company desired the Americans 
 killed would have been sufficient to have accomplished that end. 
 The simple fact that these petitioners lived for many years exposed 
 
 U' 
 
 
242 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 r- 
 
 to attack and never once received it, is evidence enough to show 
 that the fears expressed in the memorial were ungrounded. 
 
 Having thus provided for making known the situation of affairs 
 to Congress, and being well aware that one, and possibly two, years 
 must roll around before they could even know that their petition 
 liad been presented, they addressed themselves to the task of pro- 
 viding such government as was absolutely required for the security 
 of their families and the proper conservation of the peace. The 
 principal settlement was at Champoeg, and there a meeting was 
 held on the seventh of February, 1841, the record of which shows 
 that it was " a meeting of some of the inhabitants * * * for 
 the purpose of consulting upon steps neceasary to be taken for the 
 formation of laws, and the election of officers to execute them." Rev. 
 Jason Lee was called to the chair, and requested to express his 
 opinion of what was necessary to be done. In a brief speech, which 
 indicates that he had given considerable thought U) the subject, he 
 advised the appointment of a committee to draft a constitution and 
 by-laws for the government of that portion of the territory lying 
 south of the Columbia. The people were also recommended to con- 
 sidered the question of a governor and other officers. Here the 
 matter rested temporarily ; but an event happened a few days later 
 which revived it with greater vigor. This was the death of that 
 able and energetic leader, Ewing Young, on the fifteenth of Feb- 
 ruary. His funeral, which was held tAvo days later, was attended 
 by nearly every settler in the valley. Mr. Young possessed con- 
 siderable property, and left no visible heirs to claim it and no one 
 to administer upon the estate. Had he been a servant, or even an 
 employee of the company, the offi<!ers would have taken charge of 
 the effects; or had he be< i associated with one of the missions, there 
 would have been no doutit about the disposition of his property; but 
 he was simply an indepnident settler, and no one had any color of 
 authority to act in thr premises. After the funeral ceremonies were 
 concluded, the people organized a "meeting of some of the inhabit- 
 ants of the Wallamet Valley, for consultation concerning the steps 
 necessaiy to be taken for the formation of laws, and the election of 
 officers to execute the same, and for the l)etter preservation of peace 
 and gocwi order." Rev. Jason Lee was chosen Chairman, and Rev. 
 Grustavus Hines Secretary. It was determined to institute a civil gov- 
 
 beincf 
 fallen 
 the pt 
 
AMERICANS ORGANIZE A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 243 
 
 eminent south of the Columbia, to the protection of which any per- 
 son living north of that stream and not connected with the company, 
 might be admitted upon application. The" form of government 
 decided upon was a legislative committee, a governor, a supreme 
 judge with probate powers, three justices of the peace, three con- 
 stables, three road commissioners, an attorney-general, a clerk of the 
 courts and public recorder, a treasurer, and two overseers of the 
 poor. Names of gentlemen to occupy the various offices were sug- 
 gested, and then the meeting adjourned to assemble the next day at 
 the Methodist Mission, and elect officers. Nearly all the male pop- 
 ulation south of the Columbia assembled at the time and place 
 specified. There were three distinct factions — the Methodist mis- 
 sionaries and their fissociates, the independent settlers, and the 
 Catholics as allies of the Hudson's Bay Company. The first busi- 
 ness was the choice of a committee to draft a constitution and code 
 of laws, the following gentlemen being selected: Rev. F. N. Blan- 
 chet, representing the Catholics; Rev. Jason Lee, Rev. Gustavus 
 Hines and Rev. Josiah L. Pa?'rish, representing the Methodist Mis- 
 sion; D. Donpierre and M. Charlevo, representing the French Can- 
 adian settlers; Robert Moore and Etinne Lucier, representing the 
 American settlers ; AVilliam Johnson, representing the purely English 
 element. The main point at issue between the factions seemed to 
 be the position of governor; Revs. Leslie and Hines and Dr. J. L. 
 Babcock were the mission candidates, and seemed liable to divide 
 the vote sufficiently to ensure the election of Dr. Bailey, a man of 
 strong English prejudices, who was opposed to religion generally. 
 He could secure the French Catholioj and a majority of the settlers' 
 votes, but the latter element he alienated by his extreme immodesty 
 in nominating himself. It was finally decided to dispense with a 
 governor, the duties of that office being discharged by the supreme 
 judge, to which position Dr. J. L. Babcock was elected. He was 
 instructed to render decisions in ca«es which might come before him, 
 in accordance with the New York code; but as there was not a New 
 York statute book west of the Kockv Mountains, it would have been 
 difficult to determine whether he com])lied or not. The committee 
 being divided between the different interests, and the b»«ich having 
 fallen to the Methodists, the Catholics were given therl*ecorder in 
 the person of George W. LeBreton, who had come out in the brig 
 
 ■n 
 
 
 : ( 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
344 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Maryland^ and was a young man of good education. Later, he 
 affiliated entirely with tb;: settlers, and is spoken of by the priests 
 at the time of his death, which will be subsequently noted, as being 
 an apostate. The English element was represented by William 
 Johnson, as high sheriff. Joseph Gervais, Hadier Laderaut (Zania 
 Ladaroot), Pierre Billique and William McCarty were chosen con- 
 stables. The other offices designated were not filled; to have done 
 St) would have required nearly every prominent man in the settle- 
 ments. The meeting then adjourned to assemble on the first Tues- 
 day in June, at the new building near the Catholic church. Dr. 
 Babcock administered upon the estate of Mr. Young, and as no 
 heirs appeared to claim it, the property was devoted to the build- 
 ing, two years later, of a jail at Oregon City, the first of its kind 
 west of the Rocky Mountains. A score of years later the Oregon 
 Legislature refunded the value of the estate to Joaquin Young, of 
 !New Mexico, who proved himself to be a son of the deceased 
 pioneer. 
 
 Upon the day appointed in June the people again assembled, 
 and learned that the committee had not framed a constitution, nor 
 had they even met for that purpose. Rev. F. N. Blanchet resigned, 
 and after choosing Dr. Bailey to fill the vacancy, the meeting in- 
 structed the committee to "confer with the Commodore of the 
 American squadron and John McLoughlin, Chief Factor of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, with regard to forming a constitution and 
 code of laws for this community." The meeting then adjourned 
 till the following Octo]>er. The naval officer alluded to was Com- 
 modore Charles Wilkew, who had been despatched by the United 
 States Government, in 1838, with a fleet of vessels, on an extended 
 voyage of exploration, continuing five years. Wilkes was then in 
 Oregon with the double pui-pose of obtaining geographical and sci- 
 entific information and learning the exact situation of affairs. Per- 
 sonally, he enjoyed the hospitality t)i Dr. McLoughlin during his 
 brief stay, several expeditions being sent t)ut fi"om Vancouver, one 
 going to Puget Sound, one to the missions east of the mountains, 
 and a third, under Lieutenant Emmons, passing up the Willamette 
 Valley aii4 going overland to the Bay of San Francisco, whither 
 the squadiiln proceeded by sea. Having visited the various mis- 
 sions, talked with the settlers, and consulted with the worthy Chief 
 
AMKRrCANS OtlOAMZE A PROVISIONAL OOVKRNMEXl', 
 
 345 
 
 Factor, he learned that only a minority were in favor of a govern- 
 ment, chiefly those associated with the Methodist Mission. It 
 seemed to he the prevailing opinion that the settlement was not 
 strong enough to sustain a government and not large enough tt> 
 absolutely require it. Accordingly, Wilkes advised the com- 
 mittee which waited upon him, to wait until they were stronger 
 before attempting a government, until the "Government of the 
 United States should throw its mantle over them." This advice was 
 accepted, and the adjourned meeting never convened. This ended 
 the first effort to organize a local government. 
 
 The first regular emigration from the East arrived in 1841, be- 
 ginning that steady stream of young and vigorous life which has 
 annually flowed into Oregon for over forty years; and the end will 
 not be seen for many years to come. There were deep and moving 
 causes for this living stream to force its way through the rocky bar- 
 riers and alkali deserts and cut a deep channel to Oregon. Trap- 
 pers who had visited the Pacific Coast sang the praises of the lovely 
 and fertile valleys of the Willamette and Sacramento, where winter 
 was unkno^vn and the grass remained green the year round. The 
 western frontiersmen caught up the refrain as it passed from cabin 
 to cabin ; and in a few years the tale was an old one with the hardy 
 pioneers of the West. The publication of Dr. Parker's book, Irv- 
 ing's "Astoria " and " Bonneville," John Dunn's work on Oregon, 
 a letter written by Robert Shortess, who had come out in 1839, 
 combined with a general financial depression in the Western States, 
 caused much attention to be directed towards Oregon, California 
 then being a province of Mexico and, conse<[uently, less attractive 
 to American citizens. The two steadfast frieiuis of Oregon in Congress 
 were the senators from Missouri, Thomas H. Benton and Lewis F. 
 Linn, whose names are borne by two of the oldest and best counties 
 in the Willamette Valley. They never ceased to urge upon the 
 Government the necessity of taking some decisive step to perfect 
 its title to the region of the Columbia, and to extend the jurisdic- 
 tion of the law over thit disputed country for the protection of 
 American citizens who were making, an d m ight in^hejuture mt 
 their homes in the far-off Occident. /'Tt was Senator Linn who pre- 
 sented the two memorials before alluded to, and who, at the same 
 time, introduced bills for the extension of the jurisdiction of the 
 
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 246 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 United States laws over Oregon, urging them warmly upon the 
 consideration of Congress. Early in 1842 he introduced a bill 
 granting donations of the public lands to all who might settle in 
 Oregon, his idea being that a liberal emigration alone could be re- 
 lied upon to win the Columbia for the United States, and that 
 special inducements should be offered to those brave and hardy 
 people who must be relie<l upon to thus ccmstitute the line of l)attle 
 on the frontier. With all earnestness he supported this measure in 
 the Senate, ably seconded by his eminent colleague, but his sudden 
 death on the 3d of October, 1843, suspended, for the time, the vi- 
 tality of these measures; yet, in the donation laws passed by Con- 
 gress a few years later, the pioneers of Oregon reaped the benefit 
 of his unselfish exertions, and received the fulfillment of that im- 
 plied promise which had induced many of them to undertake the 
 toilsome and dangerous journey. In his eulogy upon his distin- 
 guished colleague, delivered in the Senate, Mr. Benton said: "In 
 the character of such a man, so exuberant in all that is grand and 
 beautiful in human nature, it is diflftcult to particularize excellen- 
 cies, or pick out any one quality or circumstance which could claim 
 pre-eminence over all othei-s. If I should attempt it, I should point 
 among his measures for the benefit of the whole Union, to the Or- 
 egon bills." 
 
 The emigration of 1841 consisted of one hundred and eleven 
 persons, who, owing to the supposed impossibility of crossing the 
 country with wagons, made no attempt to bi'ing vehicles with them. 
 That such was not an impossibility had been demonstrateii in two 
 instances — when Dr. Whitman took his cart to Fort Boise in 1836, 
 and again in 1840 by Dr. Robert Newell, an old mountaineer, who 
 took a prominent and honorable part in the early affairs of Oi-egon. 
 He was one of the arrivals of 1 840 previously noted. Newell had 
 served as guide to the Methodist missionaries from Green River to 
 Fort Hall, where, as compensation for his services, he received the 
 two wagons belonging to the missionaries, which they had decided 
 to abandon at that point. The wagon party consisted of Dr. Rob- 
 ert Newell and family, Joseph L. Meek, Caleb Wilkins and Francis 
 Ermatinger, a Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. The inci- 
 dent is thus related by Dr. Newell: — 
 
 At the time I took the wagons, I had no Idea of undertaking to bring them into 
 
'i""i% 
 
 
 AMKKICAN8 OROANIZK A PROVISIONAI, OOVKKNMKNT 
 
 24' 
 
 this country. I exchanged fat horseH to these uiiMHiunarieH for their aniuials, and 
 after they had been gone a month or more for Wallamet, and the American Fur 
 Company had abandoned the country for good, I concluded to hitch up and try the 
 much-dreade<] job of bringing a wagon to Oregon. I sold one of these wagons to 
 Mr. Ermatinger, at Fort Hall. Mr. Caleb Wilkins had a small wagon which Joel 
 Walker had left at Fort Hall. On the fltth of August, 1840, we put out with three 
 wagons. Joseph L. Meek drove my wagon. In a few days we began to realize the 
 difficult task before us, and found that the continual crashing of the sage under our 
 wagons, which was in many places higher than the mule's hacks, was no joke. 
 Seeing our animals begin to fail, we began to light up, tlnally threw away our 
 wagon-beds and were quite sorry we had undertaken the job. All the consolation 
 we had was that we broke the first sage on that road, and were too proud to eat 
 anything but dried salmon skins after our provisions tiad become exhausted. In a 
 rather rough and re<iui'ed state we arrived at Dr. Whitman's mission station in the 
 Walla Walla Vulley, where we were met by that hospitable man and kindly made 
 welcome and feasted accordingly. On hearing me regret that I had undertaken to 
 bring wagons, the Doctor said, "Oh, you will never regret it. You have broken the 
 ice, and when otliers Hee that wagons have passed, they too will pass, and in a few 
 years the valley will be full of our people." The Doctor shook me heartily by the 
 hand ; Mrs. Whitman, too, welcomed us, and ihe Indians walked around our 
 wagons, or what they called "horse cuuoes," and seemed to give it up. Wet>penta 
 day or so witii the Doctor, and then went to Fort Walla Walla, where we were 
 kindly received by Mr. P. C. Pambrun, Chief Trader of the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany, Superintendent of that post. On the first of October, we took leave ol those 
 kind people, havinu our toayons and taking tiie river trail — but we proceeded 
 slowly. Our party consisted of Josepli L. Meek and myself, also our families, and 
 a Bnake Indian whom 1 brought to Oregon, where he died a year after our arrival. 
 The party did not arrive at the Wallamet Falls till December, subsisting for weeks 
 upon dried salmon, and upon several occasions compelled to swim their stock across 
 the Columbia and Wallamet. 
 
 The emigrant.s from the Red River colonies which were brought 
 to Oregon in pursuance of the plan of the Hudson's Bay Company 
 set forth a hove, arrived in the fall of 1841. Sir George Simpson, 
 governor of the company, visited Vancouver the same year, crossing 
 overland from Montreal. Just east of the Rocky Mountains he 
 passed this train of emigi-ants, which he records as consisting of 
 " twenty-three families, the heads being generally young and active.'' 
 They reached Oregon ip September and were located north of the 
 Columbia, in the vicinity of the Cowlitz farm of the Piiget Sound 
 Agricultural Company. A number of them relocated the next year 
 in the Willamette Valley. 3 
 
 The emigration of 184y consisted of one hundred and nine 
 people, fifty-five of them over eighteen years of age. They started 
 from Independence on the sixteenth oi May, with sixteen wagons 
 and a number of cattle. In the train was Dr. Elijah White, who 
 had spent three years in Oregon in connection with the Methodist 
 
 ) 1 
 
 
 
■"!■ 
 
 348 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 Mission. He had now secured an appointment as Indian Agent for 
 the region west of tha Rocky Mountains, and was on his way back 
 to the scene of his missionary labors. Alexander and John McKay, 
 sons of Tom. McKf*y, were also with the party, being homeward 
 bound from a few yeara of attendance at school in New York State. 
 These three had lived in Oregon, but were not acquainted with the 
 route thither. Judge Columbia Lancaster and his family accompa- 
 nied them as far as the Kansas River, but he was compelled by the 
 sickness of his wife to abandon the journey and return. A few 
 years later he was more successful and his name is now indelibly 
 stamped upon the pages of Oregon history. Stephen H. Meek, an 
 experienced mountaineer and brother of Col. Jo. Meek, served as 
 guide and general advisor, having 'trapped for years through the 
 mountains and been in Oregon several times, first with Bonneville 
 and afterwards as an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company. F. X. 
 Matthieu, well known in the State, joined the train at Fort Lara- 
 mie, with three Frenchmen whose names are unknown. Thomas 
 Fitzpatrick, a former partner in the Rocky Mountain Fur Com- 
 pany, and one of the most experienced of mountain men, wan en- 
 countered at Fort Laramie and engaged for $500 to pilot the train 
 to Fort Hall. At Independence Rock a youn^, man named Bailey 
 was killed by the accidental discharge of a rifle; and L. W. Hast- 
 ings and A. L. Lovejoy, two names prominent in Oregon history, 
 were captured by Sioux Indians while engaged in carving their 
 names on the face of the rock. They were ransomed by making 
 their captors a present of a few trinkets and pieces of tobacco; and 
 this was what gave rise to the story in after years that Hastings had 
 been bought for a plug of tobacco. At Green River one-half of 
 the wagons were dismantled and used to make pack saddles, since 
 it was deemed too slow and difficult a task to take the vvhole train 
 further. This event and the subsequent incidents of the journey 
 are thus related by Hon. Medorum Crawford, one of the party: — 
 
 Horses, mules and oxen were packed with such clothing, utensils and provisions 
 as were indispensable for our daily wants, and with heavy hearts many articU's of 
 comfort and convenience, which had been carefully carried and cared for on the 
 long Journey, were left behind. About the middle of August we arrived at Fort 
 Hall, th^n an important trading post belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 From Captain Grant, his officers and employees, we received such favors and assist- 
 ance as can only be appreciated by worn-out and destitute emigrants. Here the 
 remaining wagons were left, and our company, no longer attempting to keep up an 
 
AMERICANS OttOANIZR A PROVISIONAL OOVKRNMKNT. 
 
 249 
 
 organization, dividnd into small partlen, each travel ing an faHt as their nirciimstanceH 
 would permit, following the well-beaten trail of the HudsonV Bay C'om|)any to 
 Fort Walla Walla, now Wallula. The small party to which I whh altiiclied waw 
 one month traveling from Fort Hall to Dr. Whitmaii'H, where we were most hoH- 
 pltably received and supplied with flour and vegetables in abundame, a very 
 acceptable change after subsisting almost entirely on buffalo meat from Laramie to 
 Fort Hall, and on salmon from Fort Hall to Whitman's. In fact there had not 
 been in my mess a mouthful of l)read since leaving Laramie. * * * From 
 Walla Walla Dr. White and some others took passage down the Columbia River in 
 the Hudson's Bay Company's boats. Others pursued the journey by land to The 
 Dalles, and there embarlied in boats or cano&s, and still others, and the larger por- 
 tion of the emigrants, crossed the Cascade Mountains on the oltl Liulian trail. From 
 Fort Hall to the Willamette no precaution was tjiken agains^t, or the slightest 
 apprehension felt of Indian hostility, nor were we in any instance niolcHted by 
 them ; on the contrary, they furnished us with salmon and game, and rendered us 
 valuable assistance for very trifling rewards. From Waila Walla to the Willamette 
 Falls occupied atiout twenty days, and all things considered, was the hardest part 
 of the entire Journey — what with the drifting sands, rocky clittk, and rapid streams 
 along the Columbia River, and the gorges, torrents, and thickets of the Cascade 
 Mountains, it seems incredible how, with our worn-out and emaciated animals, we 
 ever reached our destination. 
 
 The members of that little train of 1842, such as were then over 
 eighteen years of age, are thus enumerated by Mr. Crawford : — 
 
 The following named men over eighteen years of age composed the emigration 
 of 1842: C. T. Arendell, James Brown, William Brown, Gabriel Brown, Barnum, 
 Hugh Burns, Geo. W. Bellamy, Bennett, Bennett, Jr., Bailey (killed), Nathaniel 
 Crocker, Nathan Coombs, Patrick Clark, Alexander Copelarid, A. N. Coates, 
 Medorum Crawford, Allen Davy, John Dearnn, John 'Dobblnliess, Samuel Davis, 
 Foster, John Force, James Force, Girtnian, Giblis, L. W. Hastings, J. M. Hudsjieath, 
 John Hofstetter, Hardin Jones, A. L. Lovejoy, Reuben Lewis, F. X. Mattliieu, S. 
 W. Moss, J. L. Morrison, Stephen Meek, Alex. McKay, John McKay, Walter 
 Pomeroy, Dwight Pomeroy, J. W. Perry, Dutch Paul, J. R. Robb, Owen Summer, 
 T, J. Shadden, Andrew Smith, A. D. Smith, Darling Smith, Adam Storn, Aaron 
 Towner, Joel Turnham, Elijah White, David Weston, Three Frenchmen. 
 
 The condition of the valley and the settlers, when these emigrants 
 arrived, is thus delineated by Mr. CraAN^ord: — 
 
 On the fifth day of October our little party, tired, ragged and hungry, arrived at 
 the Falls, now Oregon City, where we found the first habitations west of the Cas- 
 cade Mountains. Here several members of the Methodist Mission were located, 
 and a saw mill was being erected on the island. Our gratification on arriving 
 safely after so long and perilous a journey, was shared by these liospiiable i)eople, 
 each of whom seemed anxious to give us hearty welcome and render us every assist- 
 ance In their power. From the Falls to Vancouver was a trackless wilderness, 
 communication being only by the river in small boats and canoes. Toward Salem 
 no sign of civilization existed until we reached the French Prairie, where a few 
 farms near the river were cultivated by former employees of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company. West of the Falls some fifteen miles was Tualitan Plains, where a few 
 settlers, mostly from Red River, had located. Within the present limits of Yamhill 
 County, the only settlers I can remember were Sidney Smith, Amos Cook, Francis 
 Fletcher, James O'Nell, Joseph McLaughlin, Williams, Louis LaBoute and 
 
 \,\ 
 
 U 
 
250 
 
 HISTORY OF WILliAMETTB VALLEY. 
 
 George Gay. There may fiave been one or two more, but I think not. South of 
 George Gay's on the west end of Salem, on the east side of the Willamette River, 
 there were no settlement** In the territory. 
 
 There were In the valley some twelve or fifteen Methodist Missionaries, most of 
 them having families, under the general superintendence of Rev. Jason Lee. Some 
 of them were living at the Fulls, some at 8ulem, and some at the M "ion farm, ten 
 miles below Salem, opposite the place now known us Wheatland. Ai, these plaues, 
 especially at the Fulls and Halem, many Improvements were being made, and em- 
 ployment was given at fair wages to a.' who desired work. Payment was made in 
 lumber and Hour from their mills at Balem, cattle and horses from their herds, and 
 orders on the mission stores at the Falls, kept by Hon. George Abernethy. There 
 was no money In the country, and In fact I do not remembei' seeing a piece of 
 money of any description for more than a year after my arrival. A man's financial 
 condition was based upon his cattle, horses, and credit on the Hudson a Bay Com- 
 pany's or Abernethy 's books. With these he could procure ei^erj'thlng that was 
 purchaseable In the country. All kinds of tools and ImplenientM were scarce and 
 generally of the most i)rimltlve character. 'J'here were no wagonw h' the country. 
 Carts of the rudest manufacture were in general use, which ai '"■' he French 
 were frequently Ironed with raw-hide. Ground was plowed with wooden mould- 
 boards, grain was threshed In rail pens by the tramping of horses and cleaned by 
 winnowing In the wind, and transported In canoes and bateaux to Fort Vancouver 
 to market. Most of our clothing came from the Hudson's Bay Coinpany, was all 
 of one size, and said to have been made to fit Dr. McLoughlln, wlio was a very large 
 man. Boots and shoes were more dltflcult to be obtained than any other article of 
 clothing ; as for myself I had no covering for my feet for two years, either summer 
 or winter, but buckskin moccasins, still I never enjoyed better health In my life. 
 
 A number of our company, probably one-third, dissatisfied with the winter and 
 not willing to wait and see what the summer would bring forth— acting on their 
 migratory Instincts— determined early In the spring of 1843 to go to California. 
 It wafl said of some of those that they never remained In one place longer than to 
 obtain the means to travel ; and of one family In particular, that they had prac- 
 tically lived In the wagon for more than twenty years, only remaining In one 
 locality long enough to make a crop, which they had done In every State and Ter- 
 ritory In the Mississippi Valley. Accordingly, under the lead of L. W, Hastings, 
 they set out as |oon as the weather would permit, and, after encountering some 
 difficulty with the Indians, tbpy reached Sacramento Valley. Among this party 
 was Hon. Nathan Coombs, then a mere boy, who afterwards beoiime a large land 
 owner and stock raiser in Napa V^alley, and founder of the city of that name. 
 Uncle Tommy Shadden, who is here to-day, was also of that party. In the spring 
 of lSi.3 those of our party who remained in the country generally located claims in 
 different sections of the Willamette Valley, and laid the foundations for homes 
 they had traveled ho far to obtidn. These claims were by common consent recog- 
 nized and respected without other protection than public opinion until the pro- 
 visional government was established, which provided that non-residents could hold 
 claims by having them recorded and paying five dollars annually into the terri- 
 torial treasury. 
 
 It was in 1842 that the first regular educational institution in 
 Oregon was founded, one which has done noble work for the youth 
 of the coast, and which still flourishes under the management of its 
 founders, the Methodist Episcopal Church. On the seventeenth of 
 
^ imrT 
 
 p::T 
 
 AMERICANS OROANIZK A PROVISIONAL OOVERNMKNT. 
 
 251 
 
 January, 1842, at the call of Jlw. Jason L«^e, the peoph; assembled 
 at Chemeketa, now North Salem, to consider the question of es- 
 tablishing an educational institution capable of meeting the wants of 
 the growing community. A committ(;e was appointed and the meet- 
 ing adjourned till the first of February, when it convened in the old 
 mission building which had been erected in 18.'M. The Oregon 
 Institute was then founded with the following board of trustees: 
 Rev. Jason Lee, Rev. David Leslie, Rev. Gustavus Ilines, Rev. J. 
 L. Parrish, Rev. L. PL Judson, Hon. George Abernethy, Alanson 
 Beers, H. Campbell and Dr. J. L. Babcock. A location on French 
 Prairie was first selected, but that place being deficient in pure 
 water, the institute was finally located on Wallace Prairie, two and 
 one-half miles below the present City of Salem. A constitution 
 was adopted on the fifteenth of March, and on the twenty-sixth of 
 October the school was formally placed under the charge of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 The emigration of 1H42, small though it was and diminished by 
 tlie migration of several families to California, served to materially 
 strengthen the independent American element. Those who were 
 desirous of organizing a government began again to canvass the 
 subject, the leading spirit being W. H. Gray, who had left his 
 associates — Whitman, Spalding, Eells and AValker — and settled in 
 the Willamette Valle}'. He gathered a few of the trusty ones at 
 his house to consult upon the best means of getting the people 
 together so as to get a spontaneous action from them before oppos- 
 ing influences could have time to work upon them. A simple but 
 effective plan was devised — one which worked to a charm. Many 
 domestic animals had been destroyed by wild beasts, decimating 
 the small herds of the settlers, and how t j prevent such ravages had 
 become a serious question with every settler. It was decided to 
 call a meeting for the ostensible purpose of devising some means 
 for the protection of cattle from the ravages of wild beasts, and 
 notice was accordingly sent throughout the valley for every settler 
 to attend such a meeting at the Oregon Institute on the second day 
 of February, 1843. The attendance was very large. Dr. Babcock 
 occupying the chair. The presiding officer was unaware of the 
 secondary object of the meeting, to the principle of which he was 
 unfavorable. A committee of six was appointed to submit a plan 
 
252 
 
 HISTORY OK WILl.AMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 of operations to an adjourned meeting to be held on the ftrst Mon- 
 day in March, at the cabin of Joseph Gervais. These two gather- 
 ings are generally known among the pioneers as " Wolf meetings." 
 Prior to the second meeting LeBreton and a Mr. Smith quietly can- 
 vassed the sentiment of the people on the subject of a more com- 
 plete government, finding that quite a diversity of opinions prevailed. 
 There was a lyceum which met occasionally at Willamette Falls, 
 before which this question was introduced, and was discussed with 
 great animation. The decision there reached was that a government 
 at that time was inexpedient. A government wa.s advocated by 
 Dr. McLoughlin — one which would be entirely independent of the 
 two nations claiming Oregon. L. W. Hastings, as attorney for the 
 Doctor, introduced the rewilution, "That it is expedient for the 
 settlers of the coast to establish an Independent Government," and 
 this was the basis of the discussion. The negative side was taken 
 by George Abemethy and other Americans, the former introducing 
 another resolution for discussion the foll'wing week. This was as 
 follows: '''■Resolved, That if the United States extends its jurisdic- 
 tion over this country within the next four years, it will not be ex- 
 pedient to form an Independent Gt>vernment." After much earnest 
 discussio^: ?;hi8 was adopted, and the question \va6 placed at rest, 
 apparently. Dr. White, the Indian Agent, advocated a government, 
 provided he were placed at its head; but the adoption of the last 
 resolution did not seem to offer him a certainty of such a happy 
 consummation. By these discussions the public mind was some- 
 what prepared for a step of some kind to be taken beyond that of 
 mere protection from wild beasts, and the conse<|uence was that 
 the attendance at the second wolf meeting was even larger than 
 it would otherwise have been. James A. O'Neil, w)io had been 
 quietly notihed of the ulterior purpose of the meeting, was called 
 to the ckair, and he carried the proceedings ax i'a[)idly as possil>le 
 over the nominal object of tlie gathering, full provision being made 
 for the protection of the herds. William H. (Jray then ai'ose and 
 made the assembled settlers a little speech. He said that no one 
 would for a moment (juestion the propriety and judiciousness of 
 their action. It was just and natural to thus seek t<» protect their 
 animals from the ravages of wolves, bears and panthers. Contin- 
 uing, he said: — 
 
AMEHICANS ORGANIZE A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 253 
 
 How is it, fellow citizens, with you and me, and our wives and clilldren? Have 
 we any ori^anization on which we can rely for mutual protection ? Is there any 
 power or influence in the country sufficient to protect us and all we hold dear from 
 the worse than wild beasts that threaten and occasionally destroy our cattle? Who 
 in our midst is authorized to call us together to protect our own and the lives of our 
 families? True, the alarm may be given, as in a recent caao, and we may run who 
 feel alarmed, and shoot oft" our guns, while our enemy may be robbing our property, 
 ravishing our wives, and burning our houses over our defenseless families. Com- 
 mon sense, prudeuce and justice to ourselves demand that we act consistent with 
 the principles that we have comintn'sed. We have mutually and unitedly agreed 
 to defend and protect our cattle and domestic animals; now, fellow citizens, I sub- 
 mit and move the adoption of tlie two following resolutions, that we may have pro- 
 tection for our person and lives, as well as our cattle and herds: Resolved, That a 
 committee be appointed to take into consideration the propriety of taking measures 
 for the civil and military protection of this colony. Resolved, That said committee 
 consist of twelve persons. 
 
 The resolutions were unanimously adopted, and Dr. Babcock, 
 Dr. White, O'Neil, Shoitess, Newell, Lucier, Gray, Gervais, Hub- 
 bard, M'Roy, Smith and Gay, were appointed to serve on the com- 
 mittee. About two weeks later the committee assembled at the 
 Falls, many other gentlemen being present and participating in 
 their deliberations. Rev. Jason Lee and George Abernethy, as rep- 
 resentatives of the Methodist Mission sentiment, made speeches in 
 opposition to the proposed action. Unable to come to a definite 
 decision, the committee called a general meeting to be held at Cham- 
 poeg on the second of May, and then adjotirned. A document op- 
 posing the pr(>}>()sed action, and styled " An address of the Canadian 
 citizens of Oregon to the meeting at Champoeg," was prepared by 
 the anti- American element, and circulated among the Canadian 
 French population for signatures. This element held four meet- 
 ings to organize an opposition to the movement — one at Vancouver, 
 one at the Falls, and two at Champoeg. The Canadians were drilled 
 to vote "No" on all questions, and litdircton, whose previous affili- 
 ation with the Catholic element gave him an opportunity to learn 
 of these plans, advised that some measui'e be introduced upon which 
 they should i)ro})erly vote " Yes," to thus throw them into confu- 
 sion and expose their tiictii-s. The settlers assembled at Champoeg 
 in force on the s('<-oiid day of May, and considerable skirmishing 
 was indulge! in, the (Canadians invarialdy voting "No" on all 
 <iuestiuns vvitiiout reference to the l>earing they had upon the iu- 
 tertwtw they rejjiesented and becoming much demoralized in conse- 
 •{uence, I..eBreton, who had made a careful canvass of those in 
 
 ,.ii 
 
254 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 attendance, finally exclaimed, "We can risk it, let us divide and 
 coimt!" Gray shouted, "I second the motion!" Jo. Meek then 
 stepped quickly out of the crowd, and raising h\» voice to a high 
 pitch, shouted, " Who's for a divide? All for the report of the com- 
 mittee and organization, follow me?" The Americans quickly 
 ranged themselves on his side, and a count developed the fact that 
 fifty-two stood in line with him and only fifty on the opi)(>s'ng side. 
 "Three cheers for our side!" exclaimed Meek, and as the responsive 
 cheers rose in the air, the defeated Canadians withdrew and grad- 
 ually left the victors to conduct the remainder of the proceedings to 
 suit themscJves. 
 
 The Committee of Twelve then rf^norted in favor of the selec- 
 tion of a Legislative Committee, and this plan was adopted. Messrs. 
 Hill, Shortess, Newell, Beers, Hubbard, Gray, O'Neil, Moore and 
 Dougherty, were selected for the committee, and were instructed to 
 report a plan of government to a meeting to be held at Champoeg 
 on the fifth of July. Their session was limited to six days, and 
 their per diem was fixed at $1.25, which was at once contributed 
 to the Government by the members. Beers, Parj'ish and Babcock 
 volunteered to provide gratuitously for the board of the committee, 
 and the Mission tendered the free use of its old granary f' )r a council 
 chamber. The committee assembled at the Flails on the tenth of 
 May, in the building mentioned, certainly a most unpretentious 
 structure for the deliberations of a leglsloture. It was a frame 
 building, 16x30 feet, and one and one-half stories high, the upper 
 portion being used as a sleeping apartment and storage room. The 
 lower story was divided int^) two compartments, one of them doing 
 duty as a school room and church, and the other as a warehouse for 
 the 'storage of wheat. 8uch were the accommodations enjoytxl by 
 the first Legislature of Oregon. It was a plain, stTviceable struc- 
 ture, and they were plain, matter-of-fact men who had met there to 
 deliberate for the public good. The Legislature opened its session 
 by choosing Robert Moore for Chairman, and George W. LeBreton 
 for Secretar}/. The question of an exemitive head for the govern- 
 ment was first considered ; and this wjis a matter of considerable 
 delicacy. The interests represented by the various inhal»itants of 
 Oregon, as has been shown, were quite distinct, and in mme re- 
 spects, were inclined to clash with each other. To choos<' an exec- 
 
AMERICANS ORGANIZE A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 255 
 
 utive from any one of these was calculated to array the others in 
 either open or covert hostility to the Government. It was finally 
 decided that it would, under the circumstances, be judicious to re- 
 pose that authority in an Executive Committee of three persons, 
 who should represent the strongest and m<..^t desirable interests 
 among the various classes to be included in their jurisdiction. The 
 Legislature adjourned after a session of three days. 
 
 On the fifth of J uly the people again assembled at Champoeg 
 to hear the report of the Legislative Committee, the meeting being 
 presided over by Rev. Gustavus Hines. The Canadian citizens who 
 signed the address spoken of above were present in force at the 
 meeting on the second of May and participated in the proceedings, 
 votirg against organization, as has been related. Their address 
 wa!» not then presented, but later was placed in the hands of a sub- 
 coramittee of three to whom the Legislative Committee had dele- 
 gated the task of arranging the laws passed by them for submission 
 to the meeting now under discussion. After examining it the com- 
 mif/tee returned it to tlie Secretary, with instructions to file it among 
 the public documents, as a record of the interests and persons op- 
 posed to the organization of a government. At the meeting now 
 being considered many of them were ])rosent and took part, ex- 
 pressing themselves as favorably disposed towards the object sought 
 to be obtained by tlie Americans. Others, however, declined to 
 attend, and asserted that the}' woidd not submit to the authority of 
 any g(>vernment which might be organized. This was also the po- 
 sition assumed by the Catholic Missionaries and the representatives 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company, the latter even addressing a com- 
 munication to the leaders of the organization movement, stating that 
 they felt abundantly able to defend both themselves and their po- 
 litical rights. This was the status of affairs when Mr. Hines an- 
 nounced the meeting as prepared to hear the report of the com- 
 mittee. 
 
 The report of the committee was presented by Chairman Moore 
 and read by the Secretary, Mr. LeBreton. The debate which fol- 
 lowed was exceedingly animated, Mr. Hines vigorously opposing 
 the three-fold executive lieud proposed by the committee. Dr. Bab- 
 cock also oppost'd it t)n the ground that it lot)ked too much like a 
 j)ernuinent foiiu of government, instead of the temporary makeshift 
 
 li" 
 
 ■ i 
 
 !l 
 
256 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLBT. 
 
 which he sujjposed was the object of the gathering. O'Neil and 
 Shortess sustained the report, and Mr. Gray made a forcible, and, 
 as it appears, a convincing, argument in its favor, using the follow- 
 ing language: — 
 
 Mr. Pkksioent and Fellow Citizens :— The speech which we have just 
 listened to, from our presiding officer (G. H. Hines) is in tlie main correct. It is 
 true thut tlie Legislative Committee were not instructed to bring before you an 
 executive department in the law and governiuent you proposed to form, when you 
 appointed your committee to prepare these laws. It is also true that when that 
 committee met they found that they could not advance one step in accomplishing 
 the work you instructed them to perform, without some supervising inttuencesoine- 
 where ; in nliort, without n head. Their instructions being against a governor, 
 they have i)rovided an Executive Committee in place of a single man for governor. 
 The executive head is to act in place of a senate council and governor. This pro- 
 vision is before you for your api)roval or rejection. With the Executive Committee 
 our organization is complete; without it, we have no head; no one to 8et> that our 
 laws are executed, and no one to grant a reprieve or pardon in case the law should 
 be enforced against the life or property of any one for the violation of any law, no 
 matter what the circumstances connected with the real or supposed violation 
 
 might be. 
 
 **■»«»» 
 
 Now, fellow citizens, let us look calmly at our true situation. W«> are two thou- 
 sand five hundred miles from any point from which we can receive the least assist- 
 ance by land, and seventeen thousand miles by water. A portion of our community 
 are organized and ready to protect themselves, and to defend all their rights and 
 interests. Another organization of a religious character is in ou.' midst — I should 
 say, two. They each have a head or executive. How is it with us? Who is our 
 head in all that jiertains to our civil liberty, rigiits and property? It is possible the 
 gentleman niay wish us to remain as unprotected, as helpless and exposed to all the 
 dangers that surround us on every hand as we have heretofore been. If he does, 
 you, fellow citizens, I am sure do not wish to add to his feebleness by destroying 
 the organization you have commenced, be<*ause he is afraid of what some Cie.sar did 
 in Rome. We are acting for ourselves and those immediately dependent upon us 
 for protection. In union there is strength. I lielieve you are fully satisfied your 
 committee acted honorably, and, as they thought, for the good of all they repre- 
 sented. If such is the case, you will approve of their acts, and our organization 
 will be complete as they have prepared it for this meeting. 
 
 A vote was then taken, which resulted in an. almost unanimous 
 adoption of the report. The next thing in order was the election 
 of the necessary officers. Alanson Beers, David Hill and Joseph 
 Gale were chosen for the Executive Committee, and thus the first 
 regular governnient in Oi'egon was provided. That this wtis ji 
 movement pm-ely American, and the government of a temporary 
 character only, is attested by the preamble to the laws adopted, 
 which states that: — 
 
 We, the people o' Oregon Territory, for the purpose of nmtual protection, and 
 to secure peace and prosperity among ourselveB, a<(ree t<> adopt the following laws 
 
AMERICANS OROANIZE A PROVISIONAL OOVEKNMENT. 
 
 257 
 
 and regulations, until such time as the United States of America extend their Ju- 
 risdiction over us. 
 
 The following certificate was issued to the Executive Committee 
 as a warrant of office: — 
 
 This certifies that David Hill, Alanson Beers and Joseph Gale, were chosen the 
 Executive Committee of the Territory of Oregon, by the people of said Territory, 
 and have talien the oath for the faithful performance of the duties' of their offices, 
 aa required by law. 
 
 GEORGE W. LeBRETON, Recorder. 
 
 Wallamet, Okegon Territory, July 5, 1843. 
 
 Says Mr. Thornton, in speaking of the place where these pro- 
 ceedings were taken: — 
 
 It may not be quite uninteresting to say that the State House in which all this 
 was done was in several respects different from that in which laws are made at 
 Washington City. The Oregon State House was built with posts set upright, one 
 end set in the ground, grooved on two sides, and filled in with poles and split tim- 
 ber, such aa would be suitable for fence rails, with plates and poles across the top. 
 Rafters and horizontal polos, instead of iron ribs, held the cedar bark which was 
 used instead of thick copper for roofing. It was twenty by forty feet, and did not 
 therefore cover three acres and a half. At one end some puncheons were put up for 
 a platform for the President ; some poles and slabs were placed around for seats ; 
 three planks about one foot wide and twelve feet long, placed upon a sort of stake 
 platform for a table, were all that was believed to be necessary for the use of the 
 Legislative Committee and the clerks. It is due to the people who met to approve 
 or disapprove of the acts of that committee, to say that perfect order and decorum 
 characterized all the proceedings of July 5th, 1843. 
 
 The following officers, chosen at the meeting on the second of 
 May, were continued in office until the election of their successors 
 on the second Tuesday in May, 1844, at which time, also, a Legis- 
 lative Committee of nine was to be chosen: A. E. Wilson, Supreme 
 Judge; G. W. LeBreton, Clerk and Recorder; J. L. Meek, Sheriff; 
 
 W. H. Willson, Treasurer; A. B. Smith, Compo, L. II. Jud- 
 
 son and Hugh Burns, Magistrates; Squire Ebbetts, F. X. Matthieu 
 and Reuben Levvis, Constiibles; John Howard, Major; S. Smith, 
 C. McRoy and William McCarty, Captains. 
 
 Having thus related the steps taken for the organization of a 
 government, it is in order co consider the great immigration of 
 1843, which arrived a few weeks later, and created such a pre- 
 ponderance of American sentiment that the staliility of the Pro- 
 visional Government was avssured. There were, however, a few in- 
 cidents which occurred prior to that gi'eat era in Oregon history, 
 whose eff»'ct upon the subsequent events was extreuiely marked,, and 
 thus renders them of comparative importance. These relate to in- 
 
 ', ! 
 
 1 
 
 -4:.. 
 
268 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 cidents growing out of the intense competition of the opposing mis- 
 sionaries for spiritual control of the natives. In 1841 the Catholics 
 made proselytes of the Cascades Indians, who had formerly been 
 under the influence of the Methodist Mission at The Dalles, com- 
 pletely winning them away from Mr. Waller. This greatly in- 
 tensified the -existing bitterness between the religious factions. The 
 Catholics were rapidly growing in power and influence, the Method- 
 ists were as rapidly declining, and the missions of the American 
 Board were making but feeble progress. Aside from the ascen- 
 dency gradually being acquired by the Catholics, there was one 
 peculiar reason why the Protestant missionaries lost favor with the 
 Indians; and this was their affiliation with the American settlers, 
 who were regarded by tlie natives as intruders. They did not want 
 white people to settle here and take possession of the land over which 
 they and their fathers had ruled for yeare. This feeling led the 
 Nez Perce chief Ellis, in 1840, to forbid A. B. Smith to cultivate a 
 patch of ground on the Alpowa. The Hudson's Bay Company en- 
 couraged the idea among the Indians that the missions were but 
 stepping-stones to American occupation, and this idea was supported 
 by the conduct of those in charge of the Methodist mission in the 
 Willamette, which had become the general headquarters for Amer- 
 ican settlers, as well as the energetic and prominent part taken by 
 Dr. Whitman in bringing immigrants into Oregon. The fur com- 
 pany had been here for years, and had not only not taken their 
 lands, but had supplied them with a market for their furs' and 
 horses; yet the Americans, who were but newcomers, were already 
 taking away their lands, and more arrived yearly. The outgrowth 
 of this was a feeling of bitterness against the Americans and the 
 Protestant missionaries, in which neither the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany nor the Catholics were included; and this feeling intensified 
 from year to year. It was manifested in 1841 by insulting and 
 threatening conduct towards the missionaries both at Waiilatpu and 
 Lapwai, and in 1842 this became so threateniiig that an effort was 
 made to check it. Dr. Elijah White, whose airival that fall with 
 authority as an Indian Agent has been noted, paid a visit to tlie 
 Nez Perces in Novem})er, accomi)anied by Thomas McKay and Mr. 
 Archibald McKinlay, agent at Fort Walla Walla. A treaty was 
 concluded, aud the tribe adopted a system of laws, in which the 
 
':jrW' i 
 
 ■' 1 1 
 
 AMERICANS ORGANIZE A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 259 
 
 general principles of right and justice were embodied in a form suit- 
 able to their customs and condition. The same laws were adopted 
 by thv^ Wascopums, at The Dalles, but nothing was accomplished 
 with the Cayuses. The next year Baptiste Doric .., ^ half -breed in- 
 terpreter for the Hudson's Bay Company, upon his o) -n responsibil- 
 ity, circulated the story that the Americans were ccning up in the 
 summer to take their lands. This created great excitement among the 
 tribes along the base of the Blue Mountains, and the young braves 
 wanted to go to the Willamette at once and exterminate the settlers. 
 They were held in check by the older ones, while Peo-peo-mux- 
 mux, the great Walla Walla chief, went to Vancouver to investi- 
 gate. He was informed by Dr. McLoughlin that he did not Vjelieve 
 the Americans entertained such an idea, and his report to the tribes 
 allayed the excitement to a certain extent. Dr. White went up in 
 April to hold a council with the Cayuses, and they adopted the 
 Nez Perce laws, electing Five Crows, who lived on the Umatilla 
 not far from the site of Pendleton, as head chief. The result of 
 this was to restore the feeling of security for a time. Several French 
 Canadians were to have accompanied Dr. White, but were advised 
 to remain at home by Dr. McLoughlin. This action of the Ch^ef 
 Factor has been severely censured and has served as an argument 
 to prove that the Hudson's Bay Company was stirring up the 
 Indians to drive the Americans from the country. The Amer- 
 ican settlers had but a few days before unanimously signed a 
 memorial to Congress, in which Dr. McLougliliu was severely cen- 
 sured. About this time, also, Father Demers arrived from the in- 
 terior and informed him that the Indians were only incensed against 
 the Boston people, and had nothing against the French and King 
 George peojile; but they were determined the Bostons should not 
 have their lands and take away their liberties. Learning that his 
 people were in no dangei", and smarting under the undeserved 
 charges in the memorial, it is not at all unnatural that he should 
 say: " Let the Americans take care of themselves." It was thus 
 matters stood when the great immigi-ation of 1843 arrived, demon- 
 strating to the Indians that their fears were far from groundless. 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 :i 
 
 .1,1 
 
 ,; I 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 DR. WHITMAN AND THE EMIGRATION OF 1843. 
 
 What Induced the Emigration of ISJfS — Steps Taken to Organize the 
 Movement — Dr. Whitman^s Character — His anxiety to Americanize 
 Oregon — The Ashburton Treaty and the Cod Fishery— Whitman's 
 Decision to Visit Washington — The Waiilaptu Meeting — The Un- 
 fortunate Controversy over the Services of Dr. Whitman— Oray* s 
 Walla Walla Romance— Its Absurdity Pointed Out — The Facts — 
 Whitman and Lovejoy's Journey — Extent of Whitman's Influence 
 in Inducing Emigration — ffis Visit to Washington and Boston — 
 Organization and Joiirney of the Emigrants — List of Emigrants 
 and Population of Oregon in 18^3 — Fremont's Exploring Party. 
 
 i ' i t 
 
 IN nearly all previous writings upon this subject the eniigia- 
 tioii of 1843 has been considered from the wrong end — from 
 the Oregon end — the destination of the emigrants, instead of the 
 Mississippi Valley, their starting point. It should be viewed fi'om 
 the place where the movement had its inception, to obtain a correct 
 and adequate understanding of the subject. The great emigra- 
 tion to Oregon that year was the result of causes which had been 
 at work for a number of years, and was not a ha«ty and ill-consid- 
 ered action of people suddenly aroused by the voice of one man, a« 
 it has too often been represented. 
 
 With the diplomatic negotiations which terminated in a treaty 
 of joint occupation ; with the efforts of Hall J. Kelley and others to 
 induce emigration to Oregon, and with the struggle made by Bon- 
 neville, Wyeth and others to enjoy practically the theoretical bene- 
 fits of the compromise treaty, the previous pages have dealt at 
 length. All these had a tendency to turn the attention of the peo- 
 ple towards this far-off land, and especially of those hardy, self-re- 
 liant and adventuresome men who were then building up those 
 
DK. WHITMAN AND THE EMIGRATION OK FORTY-THUKK. 
 
 2H1 
 
 J; 
 
 powerful States which lie in the Valley of the Mississippi. They 
 received better, more direct and more reliable information of the 
 character and accessibility of Oregon than did the residents of the 
 Atlantic slope, whose ideas of this region were largely formed from 
 the depreciatory writings of English authors. As has before been 
 said, Irving's "Astoria" and "Bonneville," Dr. Parker's book, the 
 letter written in 1839 by Robert Shortess, Congressional reports 
 and debates, and other brief publications had given those who 
 cared to read them pretty correct ideas of Oregon. The trappers 
 who had in person visited this region in some of their numerous 
 journeys through the mountainous West, or had learned them from 
 the lips of such of their companions as had done so, sang the 
 praises of Oregon's mild climate and the beautiful Valley of the 
 Willamette, along the whole frontier. Oregon became a familiar 
 word in St. Louis and throughout the region bordering on the Mis- 
 sissippi and tributary to that great center of the .fur trade. The 
 "Oregon Bills*' introduced into Congress in the fall of 1842 by 
 Senator Linn, of Missouri, have been refen'ed to, as well as their 
 consignment to temporary oblivion by his death the following year. 
 These attracted much attention along the frontier, and hundreds 
 who had previously been deterred from following their inclination 
 to emigrate to this land of dispute, becoming convinced that it was 
 the intention of the Government to assert in earnest its claim to 
 this region, and that the bill donating to each emigrant one section 
 of land would be passed, resolved to make the hazardous journey. 
 Said one of these. Gen. E. L. Applegate, in a recent speech: — 
 
 This proposition deeply touclied the heart of the western pioneer. He had 
 probably crossed the Blue Ridge or the Cumberland Mountains when a boy, and 
 was now in his prime. Hugged, hardy and powerful of frame, he was full to over- 
 flowing with the love of adventure, and animated by a brave soul that scorned the 
 very idea of fear. All had heard of the perpetually green hills and plains of West- 
 ern Oregon, and how that the warm breath of the vast Pacific tempered the air to 
 the genial degree and drove winter far back towards the north. Many of them 
 contrasted in the imagination the open stretch of a mile square of rich, green and 
 grassy land, where the strawberry plant bloomed through every winter month, 
 with their circumscribed clearings in the Missouri Bottom. Of long winter evenings 
 neighbors visited each other, and before the big shell-bark hickory fire, the seasoned 
 walnut fire, the dry black jack fire, or the roaring dead elm fire, they talked these 
 things over; and, as a natural consequence, under these favorable circumstances, 
 the spirit of emigration warmed up ; and the "Oregon fever" became as a house- 
 hold expression. Thus originated the vast cavalcade, or emigrant train, stretch- 
 ing its serpentine length for miles, enveloped in the vast pillars of dust, patiently 
 
362 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 wending Its toilsome way across the American Continent. How familiar these 
 scenes and experiences with the old pioneers ! The vast plains ; the uncountiible 
 herds of bufTalo ; the swift-footed antelope; the bands of mounted, pimited warriors; 
 the rugged snow-capped mountain ranges; the deep, swift ami dangerous rivers; 
 the lonesome howl of the wild wolf; the midnight yell of the iwHuuiting savage; 
 the awful pauic and stampede; the solemn and silent funeral at the dead hour 
 of night, and the lonely and hidden graves of dei)arted friends -what memories 
 are associated with the "plains across ! " 
 
 The first united effort was a meeting held in Alton, 111,, on the 
 eighth of November, 1842, at which were paased resolutions urging 
 the importance of a speedy occupation of Oregon. These resolu- 
 tions were introduced by General Semple, a prominent citizen of 
 that State who had taken great interest in this region, and were 
 supported by him in an eloquent speech. Another meeting was 
 held at Springfield, the State Capital, on the fifth of the following 
 February, which was participated in by many distinguished men 
 of Illinois, and similar resolutions were passed. One of those 
 present was the gifted and ehxpient Col. E. D. Baker, who after- 
 wards became a United States Senator from Oregon, and, strange 
 to say, he was one of two gentlemen who spoke in opposition to the 
 resolutions. The following July, several weeks after the emigra- 
 tion had taken up its toilsome march, " a Convention of Delegates 
 from the States and Territories of the West and Southwest" as- 
 sembled in Cincinnati, and p.ossed resolutions urging Congress to 
 assert the claim of the United States as far north as " fifty-four- 
 forty " immediately. How this became a political question the fol- 
 lowing year, will be made clear in the next chapter. 
 
 In these various ways quite an interest was stirred up in the 
 Mississippi States, during the winter, and it became generally un- 
 derstood, and was so announced l)y the few papers printed along 
 the border, that a large emigration would start for Oregon the fol- 
 lowing spring, rendezvousing at Independence, Missouri. 
 
 It is now that Dr. Whitman appears upon the scene, and to ex- 
 plain his sudden entre it is necessary to relate incidents occuiTing in 
 Oregon the summer and fall previous. Although, for geographical 
 reasons, he did not participate in the various efforts of the settlers 
 in the Willamette Valley to form a Provisional Government, his 
 heart was in the movement. He was the most keenly alive to the 
 necessities of the hour, and more watchful of the true mterests of 
 the Americans than even the most prominent actors in the govern- 
 
 folloxl 
 
 arrivj 
 
 cepti 
 
 He I-. 
 
 hut 
 
 thwa 
 
 rest]( 
 
 some 
 
 Gove 
 
 dang 
 
 was 
 
 Whe 
 
 of th 
 
 these 
 
DR. WHITMAN AND THE 15MIOKATION OK FORTY-THRKE. 
 
 263 
 
 he 
 
 mental agitation. He was a true American, jealous of his country's 
 honor and zealous to prom )te her interests. His faith in the future 
 — the American future — of Oregon was unbounded, and his miud 
 penetrated the misty veil with prophetic power. As early as 
 1838 an incident occurred which revealed his abiding faith in the 
 destiny of Oregon. Dr. William C. McKay relates an anecdote 
 which is of importance to show Whitman's ideas on this subject at 
 that early day. His father, Thomas McKay, decided to send him 
 to Scotland to be educated, and with this end in view they started 
 up the Columbia. Whitman and McKay being warm friends, they 
 decided to spend a few days at Waiilatpu, where they were to 
 separate, William to accompany the annual Montreal express by 
 the Manitoba route, and hi father to proceed to Fort Hall, where 
 he was the company's agent. Dr. Whitman urged McKay to send 
 his son to the United States to be educated. "Make an American 
 of him," said lie, "for this country will surely belong to the Ameri- 
 cans." McKay was convinced, and William's route was changed 
 from Manitoba to the I'Yrt Hall trail. He went to Fairfield, N. 
 Y., and entered the same school at which Dr. Whitman was edu- 
 cated, returning to Oregon a few years later as a medical practi- 
 tioner. Several other incidents, the details of which it is needless 
 to relate, contirm tlie statement that the Doctor was a true, zealous, 
 watchful and energetic guardian of American interests in Oregon. 
 When Governor Sim{)Son visited this region in the fall of 1841, 
 followed a few days later by the immigrants from Red River, whose 
 arrival has been previously noted. Dr. Whitman, \\ ih his acute per- 
 ceptive qualities, in a measure defined the intentions of the company. 
 He realized with the convincing force of a revelation, that nothing 
 but a great and unexpected influx of American immigrants could 
 thwart the deep-laid plans of the great corporation. He became 
 restless and anxious. It seemed to him that it was necessary for 
 some one to return to the States and arouse the people and the 
 
 Government to the 
 
 exigencies 
 
 of the hour. Procrastination was 
 
 dangerous and supine inaction was fatal; yet his missionary work 
 was a charge upon his mind which could not be lightly shaken off. 
 When the immigration of 1842 arrived, as has been related, many 
 of them camped for a time in the vicinity of the mission. Among 
 these was A. Lawrence Lovejoy, with whom Whitman frequently 
 
264 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 and earnestly conversed on the subject of Oregon and events and 
 opinions in the Eyst affecting it. He learned that Lord Anhhurton, 
 an embassador of Great Britain, was even then in Washington ne- 
 gotiating for a settlement of the boundary line between Canada and 
 the United States; and naturally supposing that in this the Oregon 
 Question was involved, he became convinced that it was his dut) to 
 proceed to Washington with all dispatch possible, and enlighten the 
 Government upon the subject, knowing full well that tlu; value of 
 this magnificent region was not in the least realized by the author- 
 ities or the people generally. It has been frecjuently stated that the 
 Government was considering a proposition made by Lord Ashbur- 
 ton to abandon all claim to Oregon, in consideration of certain fish- 
 ing privileges on the Atlantic coast of British America, and that this 
 intelligence was conveyed to Whitman by Lovejoy. How this took 
 its rise it is impossible to ascertain, as all efforts to trace it to a source 
 have been futile. Lovejoy does not say so in his account of these 
 events; no one has testified that Whitman ever made such an asser- 
 tion, and it seems utterly without foundation. The records of the 
 State Department do not disclose any such negotiations; they were 
 publically and emphatically denied by Daniel Webster, through 
 whom, as Secretary of State, the negotiations were conducted, and, 
 finally, the Oregon Question was not included in the negotiations 
 at all, which had sole reference to the unsettled boundary line 
 further east. To be sure it is uov/ claimed — and it was not so at 
 first — that this portion of the negotiations was secret and confiden- 
 tial; but if such was the cjise it becomes s^till more incunnbent upon 
 those who make the assertion to produce some kind of evidence 
 which will weigh against the positive denial of one of the principal 
 actors. No such evidence has ever been produced, and it rests solely 
 upon unsupported assertion. It is evident that the cod fishery 
 episode, with all the changes that have been rung upon it by dra- 
 matically disposed writers and enthusiastic speakers, is utterly with- 
 out foundation. 
 
 As it was, however, WL'tman decided that his duty to his 
 country wa** paramount to his a;ity to the American Board, and he 
 determined to return East. Ab'"ut this time, proV)ably at the hands 
 of the emigrants, Whitman rece? ved notice from the Board that it 
 had decided to discontinue the missions, which were very expensive 
 
DR. WHITMAN AND TUB KMfORATION OF PORTY-THUKK. 
 
 266 
 
 and were making unsatisfactory progress, and though this, })roV)a- 
 bly, had something to do with his (hitennination to go East, hie 
 conduct while there shows this consideration to have been a second- 
 ary one. lie summoned his associates from the Lapwai and Tshim- 
 akain missions, to consult in regard to the matter. Spalding, (Jray, 
 Eells and Walker jiromptly responded to the call, and when the 
 Doctor laid before them the plan he had formed, they opposed it 
 unanimously. To their objt^ction that politics should not l)e per- 
 mitted to interfere with missionary work, he replied that his first 
 duty was to his country, and if necessary to choose between the two 
 he would resign his mission. Knowing his inflexible character and 
 dee}) convictions of duty, they dared no longer oppose him foi- fear 
 of losing the master spirit of their mission. Says Mr. Eells: "We 
 yielded only when it became evident that lie would go, even if he 
 had to become disconnected with the mission in order to do so." 
 Whitman was accordingly officially delegated to proceed to Boston 
 to transact business pertaining to the missions, and the various mis- 
 sionaries departed to their several stations to prepare reports and 
 letters for him to take, the date of his departure being fixed at the 
 fifth of October. This was done in order to conceal the real object 
 of such an unprecedented undertaking — a winter journey across the 
 mountains. An official record of this meeting was kept, upon the 
 face of which appeared only the proceedings which had reference to 
 missionary work. This was destroyed at the time of the AVhitman 
 Massacre, but its loss is immaterial, except that it would determine 
 the date of the meeting. As to the nature of the proceedings, there 
 is sufficient reliable oral testimony to settle that beyond dispute. 
 Mr. Eells, whose word no one who knew him would ever question, 
 says the meeting was held in September. He adds: "After an 
 extended discussion, it was voted unanimously that Dr. Whitman 
 have the approval of the mission to attempt to make the journey as 
 hereinbefore indicated. The controlling object was to make a des- 
 perate attempt to save the country to the United States. It w'»s 
 also expected that the opportunity would be improved for the 
 transaction of business relating to the mission. The fifth cf the 
 the following October was set as the day on which Dr. Whiiman 
 would start. Letters were to be prepared and forwarded accord- 
 
 
 ■;f 
 
 :i.^l 
 
 if 
 
266 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAJTETTE VALLl^T. 
 
 ingly. Probably events transpiring in the intervening time hastened 
 his departure, so that he left on the third of October." 
 
 This feature of Oregon history has been the subject of much lit- 
 erary conti'oversy. 'No one can have read the preceding pages with- 
 out having become convinced of the sterling integrity, firmness of 
 purpose and energy of action of Dr. Whitman. His character and 
 services to the American cause entitle him to the first place among 
 those whoso m'^mory the citizens of Oregon should ever revere, and 
 whom all trui^ Americans should honor; yet zealous friends have in 
 their eagerness lo place laurels on his brow, clauned for him more 
 than he ever would have sanctioned or permitted had he not fallen 
 before the treacherous blows of ungrateful savages. In their zeal 
 they have allowed their imaginations to take too lofty flights and 
 have wandered too far into the realms of romance. That most of 
 these have been absolutely sincere, their sympathies, perhaps, being 
 somewhat too deeply stirred by denominational influences, is beyond 
 question ; yet so much can not be said of the author of the ques- 
 tionable story upon which has been laid the foundation of their 
 claims, who, apparently, was actuated by the desire to shine in 
 the reflected light Avhich Wald naturally fall upon him as an asso- 
 ciate with the martyred missionary in his early labors among the 
 Indians. * In this he overshot the mark, and drew down upon him- 
 self the vigorous criticism of those who, wishing not to in the least 
 detract from the just merits of Dr. Whitman, earnestly desired that 
 the actual facts only should find a place in recorded history. It is 
 to be regretted that certain writtirs have been led l)y their disbelief 
 in this romance to take the negative throughout, and not only deny 
 Dr. Whitman any honor whatever, but even accuse him of deceit- 
 ful, treacherous and selfish conduct. Such writers are open to the 
 same charge of prejudice and unfa rness which they lay at the door 
 of the auth(»r of this unfortunate controversy. Well might Dr. 
 Whitman exclaim — with others v/hose reputation has Iteen je()])ard- 
 ized by mistaken zeal — "Save me from my friends!" The contro- 
 versy has not been without its benefits. It has settled beyond dispute 
 in the minds of those who have given the 8u})ject a just and careful 
 consideration, the permanent and exalted position Dr. Whitman 
 Kiust ever occupy in the annals of Oregon. To establish this the 
 romance was unnecessary, yd as it has been widely circulated, and 
 
DU. WHITMAN AND THE EMIGRATION OF FORTY -TIIUEK. 
 
 267 
 
 •finds a place in a number of historical sketches and ostensible 
 histories * Oregon, it becomes necessary to relate it, together 
 with the iew simple, undeniable facts wliich refute it. This ro- 
 mance was not the production of Mr. Eells. That gentleman 
 never unchained his fancy when relating facts. He would not un- 
 dertake the hazardous feat of reproducing the exact language used 
 by several people in a conversation occurring thirty years before, 
 at which he was not present, and mth the bare substance of which 
 he could ahnie be acquainted. That such was attempted indicates 
 how little the necessity of adhering t^ the ►'xact facts weighed upon 
 the mind of the author of the romance. It was first given to the 
 world in Gray's "History of Oregon," publb4ied a number of years 
 ago l)y William H. Gray, whose intense Aiuericani>*m and bitter 
 antagonism to the Hudson's Bay Company led him to take the 
 prominent and leading part we have just ^^en he acted in the or- 
 ganization of the Provisional Government, and which, becoming in- 
 tensified and more firmly settled as the years rolled by, rendered 
 him incompetent to form an unprejudiced opinion or do justice 
 to those to whom he was instinctively opposed. The work referred 
 to contains the following paragraph : — 
 
 In Sept«>mbpr, 1842, Dr. Whitman was called to rlsit a patient at old Fort Walla 
 Walla. While there a number of boat* of the H(idt»on'H Bay Company, with sev- 
 eral chief traders and Jesuit priests, on their way to the interior of the country, 
 arrived. While at dinner, the overland express from Canada arrived, l)i'in<.^ing news 
 that tlie emigration from the Red River settlement was ;ir, Colville. This news 
 excited universal joy amon}? the KueHti*. One of them, a younir priest, sang out: 
 " Hurrah for Oregon, America is too late; we have got the couDtry ! " " Now the 
 Americans may whistle; the country is ours!" said anoth<»r. Whitman learned 
 that the company had arranged for these Red River English i»ettlers to come on U) 
 settle in Oregon, and at tlie same time Governor Simpson wtm tojR' to Washington 
 and secure the settlement of the question as to the boundarief* on the ground of the 
 most numerous and permanent settlement in the country. Th*' Doctor was taunted 
 with the idea that no power could prevent this resuh a« r,- informiidon could 
 reatli Wasli jngton in time to prevent it. " /( shnll bf //»•• I'tned," ^-aid tlie Doctor, 
 "?/ 2 hnve (o go to Wanhington myself.^' " But you i*an not, go tliere to do it," was 
 the taunting reply of the Uriton. ''I will see" wiis tlie DiR'tor's reply. The reader 
 is sufficiently acquainted with the history of this man's toil and labor in bringing 
 his rtrst wagon througli to Fort Boise, to underaUmd what he me»nt when lie .-*aid, 
 "J n>iU ,sec." Two hours after this conversation af the fort, he dismounted fr<)m his 
 horse at Lis door at Waiilatpu. I saw in a nioment that he was fixed on some im- 
 portant object or errand. He 80<in explained that a Kpefjlal effort must ivi made to 
 sav( he country from becoming British territory. Kverytliing was in the best of 
 order about the station, and there seemed to be no important reason why be should 
 not go. A. L. Lo*joy, Esq., had a few days before arrived with the immigration. 
 
 I * 
 
26ft 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 It waw proposed that he should accompany the Doctor, which he consented to do, 
 and in twenty-four hours' time they were well mounted and on their way to the 
 States. 
 
 Though its melodramatic style at once stamps it as a piece of 
 fiction, it is as well to point out the certain evidences of its inac- 
 curacy. First — The Red River emigration came in the year be- 
 fore, as has already been related, and there were no emigrants from 
 that region in 1842. Second — Archibald McKinlay, the gentleman 
 in charge of Fort Walla Walla and a warm personal fH^nd of Dr. 
 Whitman, not only indignantly denies the imputation i h-v ; j would 
 permit him to be thus insulted while his guest, but states that there 
 was no one at the fort at the time of the visit referred to except the 
 half dozen regular attaches, and that the Montreal express did not 
 arrive until two weeks after Whitman's departure for the East, 
 during which time Mrs. Whitman was a guest at the fort, proceed- 
 ing to Vancouver under the protection of the express brigade. 
 Third — AVhitman's resolution to go East, as has been amply shown 
 above, was not a suddenly conceived one, as Gray asserts, but was 
 the result of long consideration and deliberate decision, the exact 
 day having been fixed for his departure prior to this visit to Walla 
 Walla, ;is Gray must have known, since he had pai'ticipated in the 
 meeting at Waiilaptu. No news had come overland from the Etist 
 except such as the American emigrants had brought, and of this 
 Whitman was thoroughly informed before he went to Walla Walla. 
 To meet this objection the adherents to Gray's version have of late 
 dropped the Canada express, and put the intelligence which created 
 such a scene of joy in the mouths of the brigade refei-red to as going 
 up the river; but they omit to state from what source this party 
 derived its gratifying information. Some of them are also equally 
 as reckless as the author of the fiction in the line of attempting to 
 relate the exact language employed by Whitman and the enthusi- 
 siastic Briton. It is needless to remark that they all succeed in 
 placing different words in the mouths of the principal actors in the 
 scene portrayed. Let us return to the domain of facts. Whitman 
 did pay a visit to Fort Walla Walla, his object in doing so l;"ing 
 variously stated by persons then at Waiilatpu. Some say that he 
 went as a physician to render professional service to a sick person ; 
 but Dr. Geiger, who, at the lequest of Whitman, hM consented to 
 
 i 
 
DB. WHITMAN AND THB EMIGRATION OF FOKTY-THREK. 
 
 269 
 
 remain in charge of the mission during the Doctor's aljsence in the 
 East, states that it was to interview his friend McKiiiUiy in regard 
 to the situation. Nothing remarkable occurred, but the visit whet- 
 ted Whitman's anxiety to depart, and as tlie papers from Lapwai 
 and Tshimikain had been received, he decided to start at once and 
 not wait until the day previously decided upon, thus saving two 
 days at the beginning of his journey. On the third of October, 
 184'2, Whitman and Lovejoy turned their backs upon Oregon and 
 entered boldly upon a journey they knew Avould be attended with 
 hardships and suffering such as they had never before experienced. 
 The only records of this memorable journey are a letter by Mr. Love- 
 joy detailing the incidents of the trip across the mountains, and de- 
 tached and fragmentary statements by several gentlemen w)io claim 
 to have conversed with Whitman on the subject, by emigrants who 
 saw him in the train in 1843, and by several parties who saw him 
 in the East, at St. Louis, Washington and Boston. From the noble 
 martyr himself there comes no word, save a letter written while at 
 St. Louis the following spring, which incontestably establishes tiie 
 fact that he was doing his utmost to promote a large emigration 
 and to be of personal assistance to the emigrants. From these are 
 gleaned the following facts, ones which no reasonable person will 
 dispute. Of that memorable journey Lovejoy's letter says: — 
 
 We left Waiilatpu October 3, 1842, traveled rapidly, reached Fort Hall in eleven 
 daya, remained two days to recruit and make a few purchases. The Doctor engaged 
 a guide and we left for Fort Wintee. We changed from a direct route to one more 
 southern, through the Spanish country via Salt Lake, Taos and Santa Fe. On our 
 way from Fort Hall to Fort Wintee we had terribly severe weather. The snows 
 retarded our progress and blinded the trail so we lost much time. After arriving at 
 Fort Wintee and making some purchases for our trip, vve took a new guide and 
 started for Fort Uucuinpagra, situated on the waters of Grand River, iu the Spanish 
 country. Here our stay was very short. We took a new guide and started for Taos. 
 After being out isome four or live days we encountered a terrific snow storm, which 
 forced u« to take shelter in a deep ravine, wliere we remained snowed in for four 
 days, at which tit le the storm had somewhat abated, and we attempted to make 
 our way out up<>ii »jigh lauds, but the snow was so deep and the winds so piercing 
 and cold we were compelled to return to camp and wait a few days for a change of 
 weather. Our next effort to reach the high lands was more successful; but after 
 spending several days wandering around in the snow' without making much head- 
 way, our guide told us that the di;ep snow hud so changed the face of the fountry 
 that he was completely lost and < ould take us no further. This was a terrible blow 
 to the Doctor, but he was detern.ined not to give it up without another effort. We 
 at once agreed that the Doctor should take the guide aitd return to Fort Uncumpagra 
 and get a new guide, and I remain iu camp with the animals until he could return ; 
 which he did in seven days with our new guide, and we were now on our route 
 
\im 
 
 270 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 again. Nothing of much Import occurred but hard and slow traveling through 
 deep snow until we reached Grand River, which was frozen on either side about 
 one-third across. Although so intensely cold, the current was so very rapid about 
 one-third of the river In the center was not frozen. Our guide thought it would be 
 dangerous to attempt to cross the river In its present condition, but the Doctor, 
 nothing daunted, was the first to take the water. He mounted his horse ; the guide 
 and myself shoved the Doctor and his horse off the ice into the foaming stream. 
 Away he went, completely under water, horse and all, but directly came up, and 
 after buflt'eting the rapid, foaming current, he reached the ice on the opposite shore, 
 a long way down the stream. He leaped from his horse upon the lee and soon had 
 his noble aninuil by his side. The guide and myself forced In the pack animals 
 and followed the Doctor's example, and were soon on the opposite shore drying 
 our frozen clothes by a comfortable fire. "We reached Taos In about thirty days, 
 suffering greatly from cold and scarcity of provisions. We were compelled to use mule 
 meat, dogs and such other animals as came in our reach. We remained at Taos a few 
 days only, and started for Bent's and Savery's Fort, on the head waters of the 
 Arkansas River. When we had been out some fifteen or twenty days, we met 
 George Bent, a brother of Governor Bent, on his way to Taos. He told us that a 
 party of mountain men would leave Bent's Fort in a few days for St. Louis, but 
 said we would not reach the fort with our pack animals In time to join the party. 
 The Doctor lioing very anxious to join the party so he could push on as rapidly as 
 possible to Washington, concluded to leave myself and the guide with the animals, 
 and he himself taking the best animal with some bedding and a small allowance 
 of provisions, started alone, hoping by rapid traveling to reach the fort in time to 
 join the St. liouis party, but to do so he would have to travel on the Sabbath, some- 
 thing he had not done before. Myself and the guide traveled on slowly, and reached 
 the fort in four days, but imagine our astonishment when on making inquiry about 
 the Doctor we I'cre told that he had not arrived nor had he been heard of. I 
 learned that the party for St. Louis was camped at the Big Cottonwood, forty miles 
 from the fort, and at my request Mr. Savery sent an express, telling the party not 
 to proceed any further until we learned something of Dr. Whitman's whereabouts, 
 as he wished to accompany them to St. Louis. Being furnished by the gentlemen 
 of the fort with a suitable guide, I started in search of the Doctor, and traveled 
 up the river about one hundred miles. I learned from the ludians that a man had 
 been there who was lost and was trying to find Bent'^ Fort. They said they had 
 directed him to go down the river and how to find the fort. I knew from their 
 description it was the Doctor. I returned to the fort as rapidly as possible, but the 
 Doctor had not arrived. We had all become very anxious about him. Late in the 
 afternoon he came in very much fatigued and desponding; said that he knew (hat 
 God had bewildered him to punish him for traveling on !he Salibath. During the 
 whole trip he was very regular in his morning and evt'ning devotions, and that 
 was the only time I ever knew him to travel on the Sabbath. 
 
 Whitman at once pushed on with the nioiintaineers, leaving 
 
 Lovejoy at Bent's Fort, and reached St. Louis in Fehruaiy. There 
 
 he inquired eagerly aV)out the status of negotiations on the Oregon 
 
 Question, and learned that the Asliburton-Welwter treaty had been 
 
 signed on the ninth of the preceding August, been ratitied by the 
 
 Senate, and had been proclaimed })y the PreMideut on tlie tenth of 
 
 November. He was too iate by more than three months to have 
 
 prevented the treaty; biit hia journey was not in \aiu, for the 
 
 breec 
 
 nips, 
 cloth 
 
 'MB-t 
 
"""PUPP^WSTT 
 
 DR. WHITMAN AND THJi EMIGRATION OF FORTY-THREE. 
 
 271 
 
 Oregon boundary had not been included in the treaty, had not even 
 been discussed, in fact, as appears from Mr. W ebster's speeches and 
 correspondence. This intelligence brought relief to the Doctor's 
 overwrought feelings. There was still an opportunity for him to 
 accomplish his jjurpose He found great preparations being made all 
 along the frontier to emigrate to the Willamette Valley, as luis been 
 previously shown, notwithstanding the prevailing opinion that 
 wagons could not proceed beyond Fort Hall. He immediately 
 wrote a small pamphlet describing Oregon and the nature of the 
 route thither, urging the people to emigrate and assuring them that 
 wagons could go through, and that he would join them and be their 
 pilot. This pamphlet and his eai-nest personal appeals were effica- 
 cious in adding somewhat to the number of emigrants, though it is 
 a fact that probably the gi'eater portion of those who started from 
 the border of Missouri in May never heard of Dr. Whitman until 
 he joined them on the route. That W^hitman's efforts added some- 
 what to the number of emigrants is true, but that he initiated the 
 movement, or even contributed largely to it, does not appear. He 
 was too late for that ; the movement was well vmder way before his 
 arrival. 
 
 After writing his pamphlet his next anxiety was to reach Wash- 
 ington before Congress adjourned, so that he might have an oppor- 
 tunity to meet Congressmen and urge upon them the claims of 
 Oregon. He did not undertake to change his apparel, which is 
 thus described by Dr. William Barrows, who TC"t him in St. Louis: 
 "The Doctor was in coarse fur garments and v.'?-ting, and buckskin 
 breeches. He wore a buffalo coat, with a head-hood for emergen- 
 cies in taking a storm or a bivouac nap. What with heavy fur 
 leggins and boot moccasins, his legs filled iip well his Mexican stir- 
 rups. With all this warmth and almost burden of skin and fur 
 clothing, he bore the marks of the irresistible cold and merciless 
 storms of his journey. His fingers, ears, nose and feet had been 
 frost-bitten, and were giving him much trouble." 
 
 Such was Whitman in St. Louis, and such was he on the third 
 of March when he appeared in Washington, having previously 
 visited Ithlca, New York, to obtain the co-operation of Dr. Samuel 
 Pnrker, his first missionary associate, and still later in Boston, where 
 he treated the rebukes of the officials of the American Board with 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 272 
 
 HI8T0RT OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 '^ii* 
 
 a quiet contempt that astonished them. He found the ideas of 
 Oregon prevailing at Washington to be far different from those ex- 
 isting on the frontier. Public men possessed but a faint idea of the 
 extent and nature of the vast area beyond the Kooky Mountains, 
 deeming it a region of sterile soil and inhospitable climate. Since 
 Lewis and Clarke had subsisted upon dog meat, and Hunt's party 
 had endured such terril>le privations in passing through it, the 
 country lying between the Cascades and Rocky Mountains had been 
 known as the " Great American Desert," and deemed lit only for 
 the abode of migratory trappei-s and famine-afflicted savages. A 
 year later, during a discussion of the Oregon Question in Congress, 
 a speaker advanced this idea in the following language: "With 
 the exception of the land along the Willamette and along a few of 
 the water courses, the wliole country is among the most irreclaima- 
 ble, barren wastes of which we have read, except the desert of Sa- 
 hara. Nor is this the worst of it — the climate is so unfriendly to 
 human life that the native population has dwindled away under 
 the ravages of its malaria to a degree which defies all history to 
 furnish a parallel in so wide a range of country." To demonstrate 
 the error of this idea, and that Oregon could be populated by emi- 
 gration from the East, was Whitman's task. He had numerous in- 
 terviews with public men, including Presiilent Tyler and Secretary 
 Webster, in which he urged upon them the importance of securing 
 as much of that indefinite region known as " Oregon " fis possible, 
 declaring that, so far was it from l:)eing a sterile waste, its agricul- 
 tural and timber resources were unbounded. He called their atten- 
 tion to the large emigration already preparing, and confidently de- 
 clared that he was able to, and would, guide them through by a 
 route over which wagons could travel to the Willamette. His 
 earnest protestations made a deep impression upon many, especially 
 President Tyler, and he was fissured that if he could thus demon- 
 strate the practicability of colonizing Oregon by emigration across 
 the Rocky Mountains, it would have a powerful effect upon the 
 solution of the vexed Oregon Question. The same writei-s, whose 
 tendency toward romancing has been pointed out above, have 
 allowed their imaginations too much liberty in their relation of the 
 incidents connected with Whitman's visit to Washington. Nothing 
 more is known of what occurred there than the crude facts just re- 
 
 
DE. WHITMAN AND THE EMIGRATION OF FORTY -THREE. 273 
 
 lated ; and yet these writers undertake to state the exact language 
 employed by Dr. Whitman, President Tyler, Secretary Webster, 
 and others. Those words were never recorded, nor do these writers 
 lay claim to direct information from the men who \ittered them, and 
 common regard for the purity of historical statements should cause 
 them to refrain from any such clairvoyant efforts. 
 
 When Whitman had accomplished the main object of his journey 
 at Washington, he procoeded to Boston to attend to the official 
 business which had been the ostensible cause of his visit. This was 
 so unimportant that the officers of the Board rebuked him for leav- 
 ing his mission upon such a trivial pretext; but he shamed them 
 into silence by treating their officious chidings with lofty contempt. 
 He then proceeded to his home, and, after spending a few days 
 there, hastened to the frontier to join the emigrants, some of whom 
 had already started and whom he did not overtake until they had 
 reached the Platte, his appearance among them at that time being 
 the first knowledge a majority of them had that such a man as Dr. 
 Whitman was in existence. The circumstances attending the final 
 starting of the emigrants, are thus related by Gen. J. W. Nesmith: — 
 
 Without orders from any quarter, and without preconcert, promptly as the grass 
 began to start, the emigrants began to assemble near Independence, at a place 
 called Fitzhugh's Mill. On the seventeenth day of May, 1843, notices were circulated 
 through the dift'erent encampments that on the succeeding day, those who contem- 
 plated emigrating to Oregon, would meet at a designated point to organize. 
 Promptly at the appointed hour the motley groups assembled. They consisted of peo- 
 ple from all the States and Territories, and nearly all nationalities ; the most, how- 
 ever, from Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri and Iowa, and all strangers to one another, 
 but impressed with some crude idea that there existed an imperative necessity for 
 some kind of un organization for mutual protection against the hostile Indians 
 Inhabiting the great unknown wilderness stretching away to the shores of the 
 Pacific, and which they were about to traverse with their wives and children, 
 household goods, aiul all their earthly possessions. 
 
 Many of the emigrants were from the western tier of counties of Missouri, 
 known as the Platte Purchase, and among them was Peter H. Burnett, a former 
 merchant, who had abandoned the yard-stick and become a lawyer of some celeb- 
 rity for his ability as a smooth-tongued advocate". He subsequently emigrated to 
 California, and was elected the first Governor of the Cilolden State, was afterward 
 Chief Justice, and still an honored resident of that State. Mr. Burnett, or as he 
 was familiarly designated, "Pete," was called upon for a 8i>ewh. Mounting a log, 
 the glib-tongued orator delivered a glowing, florid addro<*8. He commenced by 
 showiug his audience that the then western tier of States and Territories was over- 
 crowded with a redundant population, who had not sufficient elbow room for the 
 expansion of their eaterpriw *i\d genius, and it was a duty they owetl to them- 
 selves and posterity to stiike out in search of a more expanded field and moi'e 
 genial climate, where the soil yielded the richest return for the slightest amount of 
 
 i :1 
 
274 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 \ 
 
 cultivation, where the trees were loaded with perennial frwlt, and where a good sub- 
 stitute for bread, called La Camash, grew in the ground, salmon and other fish 
 crowded the streams, and where the principal labor of the settler would be confined 
 to keeping their gardens free from the inroads of buflUlo, elk, deer and wild turkeys. 
 He appealed to our patriotism by picturing forth the glorious empire we would 
 establish on the shores of the Pacific. How, with our trusty rifles, we would drive 
 out the British usurpers who claimed the soil, and defend the country from the 
 avarice and pretensions of the British lion, and how posterity would honor us for 
 placing the fairest portion of our land under the dominion of the stars and stripes. 
 He concluded with a slight allusion to the trials and hardships incident to the trip, 
 and dangers to be encountered from hostile Indians on the route, and those inhabit- 
 ing the country whither we were bound. He furthermore intimated a desire to 
 look upon the tribe of noble "red men" that the valiant and well-armed crowd 
 around him could not vanquish in a single encounter. 
 
 Other speeches were made, full of glowing descriptions of the fair land of prom- 
 ise, the far-away Oregon, which no one in the assemblage had ever seen, and of 
 which not more than half a dozen had ever read any account. After the election of 
 Mr. Burnett as captain, and otlier necessary officers, the meeting, as motley and 
 primitive a one as ever assembled, adjourned, with "three cheers" for Captain 
 Burnett and Oregon. On the 20th day of May, 1843, after a pretty thorough mili- 
 tary organization, we took up our line of march, with Captain John Gantt, an old 
 army officer, who combined the character of trapper and mountaineer, as our guide. 
 Gantt had in his wanderings been as far as Qreen River, and assured us of the 
 practicability of a wagon road thus far. Green River, the extent of our guide's 
 knowledge in that direction, was not half-way to the Willamette Valley, the then 
 only inhabited portion of Oregon. Beyond that we had not the slightest conject- 
 ure of the condition of the country. We wont forth trusting to the future, and 
 would doubtless have encountered more difBculties than we experienced had not 
 Dr. Whitman overtaken us before we reached the terminus of our guide's knowl- 
 edge. He was familiar with the whole route and was confldent that wagons could 
 pass through the canyons and gorges of Snake River and over the Blue Mountains, 
 which the mountaineers in the vicinity of Fort Hall declared to be a physical 
 impossibility. 
 
 Captain Grant, then in charge of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Hall, 
 endeavored to dissuade us from proceeding further with our wagons, and showed 
 us the wagons that the emigrants of the preceding year had abandoned, as an evi- 
 dence of the impracticability of our determination. Dr. Whitman was persistent 
 in his assertions .hat wagons could proceed as far as the Grand Dalles of the Colum- 
 bia River, from which point he asserted they could be taken down by rafts or 
 batteaux to the Willamette Valley, while our stock could be driven by an Indian 
 trail over the Cascade Mountains, near Mount Hood. Happily Whitman's ad- 
 vice prevailed, and a large number of the wagons with a portion of the stock, 
 did reach Walla Walla and The Dalies, from which points they were taken to the 
 Willamette the following year. Had we followed Grant's advice and abandoned 
 the cattle and wagons at Fort Hall, much suffering must have ensued, as a sufficient 
 number of horses to carry the women and chMdren of the party could not have 
 been obtained, besides wagons and cattle were indispensable to men expecting to 
 live by farming in a country destitute of such articles. 
 
 At Fort Hall we fell in with some Cayuse and Nez Perce Indians returning 
 from the buffalo country, and as it was necessary for Dr. Whitman to precede us to 
 Walla Walla, he recommended to us a guide in the person of an old Cayuse Indian 
 called " Sticcus." He wa» a faithful old fellow, perfectly familkr with all the trails 
 and topography of the country from Fort Hall to The Dalles, and aJthougb not 
 
DR. WHITMAN AND THE EMIGRATION OF FOUTY-TIIUEE. 
 
 ?75 
 
 speaking a word of English, and no one in our party a word of Cayuse, be huc- 
 eeeded by pantomime In talcing us over tbe rougbest wagon route I ever saw. 
 
 This is a glowing tribute to the energy, determination and patri- 
 otic zeal of the one man to whom is due the honor of clearly demon- 
 strating to the world the often-denied fact that there was a practicable 
 route into Oregon for the white-topped wagon of the emigrant. A 
 score of other intelligent gentlemen havo testified to the same effect, 
 but it is obviously unnecessary to give more than a bare mention 
 of the fact. 
 
 The following list contains the names of every male member of 
 that great train over the age of sixteen years. It was prepared by 
 J. W. Nesmith when the train was organized, and was preserved 
 among his papei-s for a third of a century before given for publica- 
 tion. All reached the Willamette Valley, except a few, the excep- 
 tions being designated by marks and foot notes: — 
 
 Applegate, Jesse 
 Applegate, Cbarles 
 Applegate, Linds.' y 
 Athey, James 
 Athey, William 
 Atkinson, John* 
 Arthur, Wm. 
 Arthur, Robert 
 Arthur, David 
 Butler, Anion 
 Brooke, George 
 Burnett, Peter H. 
 Bird, David 
 Brown, Thomas A. 
 Blevins, Alexander 
 Brooks, John P. 
 Brown, Martin 
 Brown, Oris 
 Black, J. P. 
 Bane, Layton 
 Baker, Andrew 
 Baker, John G. 
 Beagle, William 
 Boyd, Levy 
 Baker, William 
 Biddle, NicholaaJ 
 Beale, George 
 Braidy, James 
 Beadle, George 
 
 Boardman, * 
 
 Baldridge, Wm. 
 Cason, F. C. 
 Cason, James 
 Chapman, Wm. 
 Cox, John 
 Champ, Jacob 
 Cooper, L. C. 
 Cone, James 
 Childers, Moses 
 Carey, Miles 
 Cochran, Thomas 
 Clymour, L. 
 Copen haver, John 
 Caton, J. H. 
 Chappel, Alfred 
 Cronin, Daniel 
 Cozine, Samuel 
 Costable, Benedict 
 Childs, Joseph* 
 Clark, Ransom 
 Campbell, John G. 
 
 Chapman, 
 
 Chase, James 
 Dodd, Solomon 
 Dement, Wm. 0. 
 Dougherty, W. P. 
 Day, Williamt 
 Duncan, James 
 
 Dorin, Jacob 
 Davis, Thomas 
 Delany, Daniel 
 Delany, Daniel, Jr. 
 Delany, William 
 Doke, William 
 Davis, J. H. 
 Davis, Burrell 
 Dailey, George 
 Doherty, John 
 
 Dawson, * 
 
 Eaton, Charles 
 Eaton, Nathan 
 Etchell, James 
 Emerlck, Solomon 
 Eaker, John W. 
 Edson, E. G. 
 Eyres, Milesf 
 East, John W. 
 Everman, Niniwon 
 Ford, Nineveh 
 Ford, Ephriam 
 Ford, Nimrod 
 Ford, John 
 Francis, AlexanderJ 
 Frazier, Abner 
 Frazier, Wm. 
 Fowler, Wm. 
 Fowler, Wm. J. 
 
 Fowler, Henry 
 Fairly, Stephen 
 P'endall, Charles 
 Gantt, John* 
 Gray, Chiley B. 
 Garrison, Enoch 
 Garrison, J. W. 
 Garrison, W. J. 
 Gardner, Samuel 
 Gardner, Wm. 
 Gilmore, Mat, 
 Goodman, Richard 
 Gilpin, Major 
 
 Gray, 
 
 Haggard, B. 
 Hide, H. H. 
 Holmes, Wm. 
 Holmes, Riley A. 
 Hobson, John 
 Hobson, Wm. 
 Hembree, Andrew 
 Herabree, J. J. 
 Hembree, James 
 Hembree, A. J. 
 Hall, Samuel B. 
 Houk, James 
 Hughes, Wm. P. 
 Hendrick, Abijah 
 Hays, James 
 
 • Turned off at Fort Hall and went to California. 
 
 t Died on tbe route. 
 
 i Turned back at the Platte. 
 
r 
 
 276 
 
 Hensley, ThoraaH J 
 Holley, B. 
 Hunt, Henry 
 HolderneMs, H. M. 
 Hutchina, Isaac 
 Husted, A. 
 Heps, Joseph 
 Haun, Jacob 
 Howell, John 
 Howell, Wra. 
 Howell, Wesley 
 Howell, G. W. 
 Howell, Thomas E. 
 Hill, Henry 
 Hill, William 
 Hill, Almoran 
 Hewett Henry 
 Hargrove, Wm. 
 Hoyt, A. 
 Holman, John 
 Holman, Daniel 
 Harrigas, B. 
 James, Calvin 
 Jac-kson, John B. 
 Jones, John 
 Johnson, Overton 
 Keyser, Thomas 
 Keyser, J. B. 
 Keyser, Plasant 
 
 Kelley, 
 
 Kelsey, 
 
 Lovejoy, A. L. 
 Lenox, Edward 
 Lenox, E. 
 Layson, Aaron 
 Looney, Jesse 
 Lon-r, John E. 
 Lee, H. A. G. 
 Lugur, F.t 
 Linebarger, Lew 
 Linebarger, John 
 Laswell, Isaac 
 Loughborough, J.J 
 Little, Milton* 
 Luther, 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 *Lauderdale, John 
 
 McQee, * 
 
 Martin, Wm. J.* 
 Martin, James 
 Martin, Julius* 
 
 McClelland, • 
 
 McClelland, F.» 
 Mills, John B. 
 Mills, Isaac 
 Mills, Wm. A. 
 Mills, Owen 
 McGarey, G. W. 
 
 , Mondon, Gilbert 
 Matheny, Daniel 
 Matheny, Adam 
 Matheny, J. N. 
 Matheny, Josiah 
 Matheny, Henry 
 Mastire, A. J. 
 McHaley, John 
 Myers, Jacob 
 Manning, John 
 Manning, James 
 McCarver, M. M. 
 McCorele, George 
 Mays, William 
 Millican, Elijah 
 
 Otie, M. B. 
 O'Nell, Bennett 
 Ollnger, A. 
 Parker, Jesse 
 Parker, William 
 Pennington, J. B. 
 Poe, R. H. 
 Paynter, Samuel 
 Patterson, J. R. 
 Pickett, Charles E. 
 Prlgg, Frederick 
 Paine, Claybornt 
 Reading, P. B.* 
 Rodgers, 8. P. 
 Rodgers, G. W. 
 Russell, William 
 Roberts, James 
 Rice, G. W. 
 Richardson, John 
 
 Stevenson, 
 
 Story, James 
 
 Swift, 
 
 Shively, John M. 
 Shirly, Samuel 
 Stoughton, Alex. 
 Spencer, Chancey 
 Strait, Hiram 
 Sunmiers, George 
 Stringer, Cornelius 
 Stringer, C. W.t 
 Tharp, Lindsey 
 Thompson, John 
 Trainor, D. 
 Teller, Jeremiah 
 Tarbox, Stephen 
 Umnicker, John 
 Vance, Samuel 
 Vaughn, William 
 
 Richardson, Danielf Vernon, George 
 
 Ruby. Philip 
 Ricord, John 
 Reid, Jacob 
 Roe, John 
 Roberts, Solomon 
 Roberts, Emseley 
 Rossin, Joseph 
 
 McDanlel, William Rivers, Thomas 
 
 McKissic, D. 
 
 Malone, Madison 
 
 McClane, John B. 
 
 Mauzee, William 
 
 Mclntire, John* 
 
 Moore, Jacksont 
 
 Matney, W. J. 
 
 Nesmlth, J. W. 
 
 Newby, W. T. 
 
 Newman, Noah 
 
 Naylor, Thomas 
 
 Osborn, Neil 
 
 O'Brien, Hugh D. 
 
 O'Brien, Humphrey Seweli, Henry 
 
 Owen, Thomas A. Stout, Henry 
 
 Owen, Thomas Sterling, George 
 
 Otie, E. W. Stout, 
 
 Smith, Thomas H. 
 Smith, Thomas 
 Smith, Isaac W. 
 Smith, Anderson 
 Smith, Ahi 
 Smith, Robert 
 Smith, Ell 
 Sheldon, William 
 Stewart, P. G. 
 
 Wilmont, James 
 Wilson, Wm. H. 
 Wair, J. W. 
 Winkle, Archibald 
 Williams, Edward 
 Wheeler, H. 
 Wagoner, John 
 Williams, Benjamin 
 Williams, David 
 Wilson, Wm. 
 Williams, John* 
 Williams, James* 
 Williams, Squire* 
 Williams, Isaiu;* 
 Ward, T. B. 
 White, James 
 Watson, J no. (Betty) 
 
 Sutton, Dr. Nathan'l Waters, James 
 
 Stimmerman, C. 
 Sharp, C. 
 Summers, W. C. 
 
 Winter, Wm. 
 Waldo, Daniel 
 Waldo, David 
 Waldo, William 
 Zachary, Alexander 
 Zachary, John 
 
 There were in Oregon at the time the train arrived, the follow- 
 ing individuals, a few names, possibly, having been omitted from 
 the list: — 
 
 * Turned off at Port Hall and went to CalUornU. 
 
 t Died on the route. 
 
 I Turned back at the Platte, 
 
AM£K10aN8 OROANIZK A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT, 
 
 277 
 
 Armstrong, Pleaaant 
 Burii8, Hugh 
 
 Brown, 
 
 Brown, William 
 
 Brown, 
 
 Black, J. M. 
 
 Baldro, 
 
 Balis, James 
 Bailey, Dr. 
 
 Brainard, 
 
 Crawford, Medorem 
 Carter, David 
 Campl)€ll, Samuel 
 Campbell, Jack 
 Craig, Wm. 
 Cook, Amos 
 Cook, Aaron 
 
 Connor, 
 
 Cannon, William 
 Davy, Allen 
 Doty, William 
 Eakin, Richard 
 
 Ebhette, Hqulre 
 Edwards, John 
 Foster, Philip 
 Force, John 
 Force, James 
 Fletcher, Francis 
 Gay, George 
 Gale Joseph 
 
 Glrtman, 
 
 Hathaway, Felix 
 Hatch, Peter H. 
 Hubbard, Thomas J, 
 Hewitt, Adam 
 Horegon, Jeremiah 
 Holman, Joseph 
 Hall, David 
 Hoxhurst, Weberly 
 
 Hutchinson, 
 
 Johnson, William 
 
 King, 
 
 Kelsey, 
 
 Lewis, Reuben 
 
 LeBretou, G, W. 
 Larrison, Jack 
 Meek, Josej)!! L. 
 Matthleu, F. X. 
 McCiure, Jolin 
 Moss, H. W. 
 Moore, Rol)ert 
 
 McFadden, 
 
 McCarty, William 
 McKay, Charles 
 McKuy, Th(>m«8 
 McKay, William C. 
 
 Morrison, 
 
 Mack, J. W. 
 
 Newbanks, 
 
 Newell, Robert 
 O'Nell, James A. 
 Pettygrove, F. W. 
 Pomeroy, Dwight 
 Pomeroy, Walter 
 
 Perry, 
 
 Riniraick, 
 
 UuHHuil, Osborn 
 Robb, J. It. 
 fihortess, Roliurt 
 Smith, Hid noy 
 
 Smith, 
 
 Smith, Andrew 
 Smith, Andrew, Jr. 
 Smith, Darling 
 
 Spence, 
 
 Sailor, Jack 
 Turnham, Joel 
 Turner, John 
 Taylor, Hi rum 
 Tibbetts, Calvin 
 
 Trask, 
 
 Walker, C. M. 
 Warner, Jack 
 Wilson, A. E. 
 Wlnslow, David 
 Wiikins, Caleb 
 Wood, Henry 
 Williams, B. 
 
 In addition to the above were the following gentlemen con- 
 nected with the various Protestant missions: — ' 
 
 Leslie, David 
 Parrish, J. L. 
 Perkins, H. K. W. 
 Raymond, H. W. 
 Spalding, W. H. 
 
 Waller, A. F. 
 Walker, E. 
 Whitman, Dr. M. 
 White, Dr. Elijah 
 Wilison, Wm. H. 
 
 Abernethy, George Eells, C. 
 Babcock, Dr. J. L. Gray, W. H. 
 Beers, Alanson Hines, Gustavus 
 
 Brewer, Judson, L. H. 
 
 Campbell, Hamilton Lee, Jason 
 Clark, Harvey 
 
 In addition to these were some fifty former employees of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, nearly all of whom had settled on French 
 Prairie, and a number of priests connected with the Catholic 
 mission, making a total male population at the close of the year 
 1843 of about four hundred and thirty, exclusive of the officers and 
 actual servants of the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 Following in the wake of the emigrants came the party of Lieu- 
 tenant John C. Fremont, who had explored the Rocky Mountains 
 the year before, and who had been this season dispatched by the 
 Government upon an official tour of exploration to the Pacific. 
 After spending a few days at Vancouver, he passed south, crossed 
 the Cascades to Eastern Oregon, continued south into Nevada, and 
 in January, 1844, crossed the snowy summit of the Sierra Nevadas 
 to Sutter's Fort in Sacramento Valley. The title of " Pathfinder " 
 was bestowed upon him, though he was guided nearly everywhere 
 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

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 >. 
 
 HISTOBT OF WILLAMSTTB VALLEY. 
 
 by mountain men who were familiar with the country, and found 
 
 the route to Oregon plainly marked by the emigi-ants' wagon 
 
 wheels. On this subject Mr. Nesmith says: — 
 
 In the Easteru States, I have often been asked how long it was after Fremont 
 discovered Oregon that I emigrated there. !t is true that in the year 1843, Fre- 
 mont, then a Lieutenant in the Engineer Corps, did cross the plains, and brought 
 his party to The Dalles, and visited Vancouver to procure supplies. I saw him on 
 the plains, though he reached The Dalles in the rear of our emigration. His outfit 
 contained all of the conveniences and luxuries that a Government appropriation 
 could procure, while he "roughed it " in a covered carriage, surrounded by servants 
 paid from the public purse. He returned to the States and was afterward rewarded 
 with a Presidential nomination as the " Pathfinder." The path he found was made 
 by the hardy frontiersmen who preceded him to the Pacific, and who stood by their 
 rifles here and held the country against hostile Indians and British threats, without 
 Government aid or recognition until 1849, when the first Government troops came 
 to our relief. Yet Fremont, with many people, has the credit of " finding " every- 
 thing west of the Rocky Mountains, and I suppose his pretensions will be recog- 
 nized by the future historian, while the deserving men who made the path, unaided 
 by Government, will be forgotten. "And such is history." 
 
 Thus close the events of 1843, leaving Oregon with a Provisional 
 Government and a population of intelligent, earnest, hardy Ameri- 
 can pioneers sufficiently great to determine its future as a party of 
 the great Republic whose institutions they had thus plac '^ed in these 
 remote regions. 
 
l<f? 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 1844 TO 1849. 
 
 
 Indian Difficulty at Oregon City — First Military Company — Methodist 
 Missions Abandoned — Increase of the Catholic Workers — Election 
 of 18^. — Abstract of Votes — Proceedings of the Legislative Com- 
 mittee — Emigration of 18]^ — List of Emigrants — Electiori of 18^5 
 — George Abernethy Chosen First Oovemor of Oregon — Abstract of 
 Votes — Oath of Office — Dr. White and the Memorial to Congress — 
 Wheat a Legal Tender — Census of 18^5 — Emigration of 1845 — 
 Meek Takes the Emigrants by a New Route and Loses Tltem in the 
 Mountains — The Eventful Year of 1846 — Mr. Blaine's Account of 
 the Settlement of the Oregon Question — Election of 1846 — Emigra- 
 tion of 1846 — The Applegate Trail — Flags of the Schooner "Shark " 
 — Emigration of 1847 — The Traveling Nursery — Elections of 1841 
 and 1848 — Emigration of 1848. 
 
 )•■>.' 
 
 t*»il> ,. 
 
 THERE was trouble in the Willamette Valley in 1844, which 
 served to still more embitter the Indians against the Americans. 
 There was a sub-chief of the Molallas named " Cockstock," a man 
 of independent nature and belligerent disposition. He had a few 
 followers who partook somewhat of his spirit, and they were gen- 
 erally the prime movers in such small hostile acts as the natives of 
 the Willamette indulged in. He was rebellious of restraint, and 
 not friendly to the encroachment of the white settlers. A relative 
 of his having mistreated Mr. Perkins at The Dalles Mission, was 
 sentenced by the Wasco tribe to be punished according to Dr. 
 White's laws. The sub -chief was enraged at the whipping his 
 kinsman had received, and set out to revenge the insult upon the 
 
280 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMXTTX VALLXT. 
 
 Indian Agent. Reaching the Agent's Willamette home during his 
 absence, he proceeded to break every window- pane in the house. 
 He was pursued, but not caught, and became an object of terror to 
 the Doctor. All depredations committed in the country were 
 charged to this chief, and it finally resulted in the offer by Dr. 
 White of one hundred dollars' reward for the aiTest of the formid- 
 able Indian. Learning that he was being accused of acts commit- 
 ted by others, the chief visited Oregon City March 4, accompanied 
 by four of his band, with tlie avowed purpose of having a talk with 
 the whites for the purpose of exculpating himself. He entered the 
 town, staid for about an hour, and then crossed the river to visit an 
 Indian village to procure an Indian interpreter. He then re-crossed 
 the Willamette, when several men undertook to arrest him, and a 
 desperate fight ensued. Cockstock was killed, and his followers, 
 after fighting valiantly until the odds became too great, made good 
 their escape. On the other side George W. LeBreton was killed 
 by Cockstock, and Mr. Rogers, who was working quietly near by, 
 was wounded in the arm by a poisoned arrow, which caused his 
 death. It has been asserted that the Molalla chief attacked the 
 town, but it requires too much credulity to believe that five Indians 
 would in broad daylight attack a town containing ten times their 
 number. The whole affair is chargeable to the rash conduct of a 
 few men who were too eager to gain the paltry reward offered by 
 Dr. White, one of whom paid for his cupidity with his life. Fear- 
 ing that trouble might follow, the Executive Comff'ttee of the 
 Provisional Government issued a proclamation for the organization 
 of a military company. A company was organized on the tenth 
 of March by citizens who assembled at Champoeg. Nineteen 
 names were enrolled ; T. D. Keizer being elected Captain, and J. 
 L. Morrison and Mr. F. C. (or James) Cason, Lieutenants. Their 
 services were not required. 
 
 In May, 1844, Rev. George Gary arrived by sea to supersede 
 Jason Lee in charge of the Methodist missions, the latter being 
 already on his way East. The mission property was immediately 
 sold and the missionary work, which had amounted to little for 
 several years, so far as accomplishments were concerned, was dis- 
 continued, except at The Dalles. While the Methodists were thus 
 withdrawing from the field, the Catholics were largely increasing 
 
WILLAMETTE FALLS AT OREGON CITY. 
 
BIGHTEKW FORTY-FOXTB TO EIOHTEEN PORTT-NINE. 
 
 281 
 
 their force. Among other arrivals for that purpose were six sisters 
 of the order of Notre Dame, who came to found a convent in the 
 Willamette. Father P. J. DeSmet, who had previously founded a 
 mission among the Flatheads, brought the sisters to Oregon by sea, 
 being also accompanied by four priests and several laymen. Three 
 other priests came overland from St. Louis. As Father Blanchet 
 expresses it : " The schemes of the Protestant ministers had been 
 fought and nearly annihilated, especially at Nesqually, Vancouver, 
 Cascades, Clackamas and Willamette Falls, so that a visitor came 
 in 1844 and disbanded the whole Methodist Mission, and sold ita 
 property." 
 
 On the fourteenth of May, 1 844, an election was held for officers 
 of the Provisional Government, at which some two hundrtd votes 
 were cast. P. G. Stewart, Osbom Russell and W. J. Bailey were 
 chosen Executive Committee ; Dr. J. L. Babcock, Supreme Judge ; 
 Dr. John E. Long, Clerk and Recorder ; Philip Foster, Treasurer ; 
 Joseph L. Meek, Sheriff. The Territory had been partitioned into 
 three Legislative Districts. Tualatin District included what is now 
 Washington, Multnomah, Columbia, Clatsop, Tillamook, Yamhill 
 and Polk Counties. Champoeg District has since been divided into 
 Linn, Marion, Lane, Josephine, Coos, Curry, Benton, Douglas and 
 Jackson Counties. In the Clackamas District were Clackamas 
 County and the eastern part of Oregon, a portion of Montana, and 
 all of Idaho and Washington Temtories. On the following page 
 are the tabulated returns of this first popular election held in 
 Oregon : — 
 
 -,■■ -J 
 
 ni. 
 
 » r 
 
 ,'! 
 
 ,j ; 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
883 
 
 HISTORY OF W^ILLAMKTTX YALLXT. 
 ELECTION OF MAY 14, 1844. 
 
 OJ^HriDXDJk.'jrEiB. 
 
 Executive Committee. 
 
 P. G. Stewart* --- 
 
 Osborn Russell* 
 
 Alanson Beers 
 
 Jesse Applegate -. 
 
 Peter H. Burnett 
 
 Hutfh Burns 
 
 David Hill 
 
 W. J. Bailey* 
 
 William Dougherty 
 
 A. Lawrence Lovejoy 
 
 Robert Newell 
 
 A. J. Hembree-.- 
 
 William Geiger — 
 
 Spencer 
 
 Territorial Recorder or Clerk. 
 
 Dr. John E. Long* 
 
 O. ' " 
 
 C. 
 
 J. 
 
 A 
 
 F. 
 
 Johnson . 
 
 M. Wallter 
 
 O. Campbell — 
 
 E. Wilson-— 
 
 X. Matthleu 
 
 Supreme Court Judge. 
 
 James L. Babcock f * — 
 
 J. W. Nesmlth 
 
 Peter H. Burnett 
 
 P. G. Stewart 
 
 Osborn I'.UBsell 
 
 O. Johnson 
 
 Territorial Treasurer. 
 
 Phil. Foster*— 
 
 Nineveh Ford- 
 
 P. H. Hatch 
 
 A. E. Wilson 
 
 John E. Long - 
 
 W. C. Remick 
 
 Territorial Sheriff. 
 Joseph L. Meek* 
 
 B. Harragus 
 
 William Holmes-- „ 
 
 Legislative Committee. 
 
 M. Gllmore*--- 
 
 Peter H. Burnett* .- 
 
 David Hill*— 
 
 M. M. McCarver* 
 
 W. T. Perry 
 
 T. D. Keiser*- 
 
 Daniel Waldo* 
 
 Robert Newell* 
 
 W. H. Gray — 
 
 W. J. Bailey 
 
 F. C. Cason - 
 
 A. Lawrence Lovejoyt 
 
 dSTXbXOXS. 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 38 
 24 
 
 39 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 I 
 1 
 
 64 
 2 
 1 
 
 TUIUTDI. OliHnH. 
 
 15 
 22 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 27 
 82 
 24 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 84 
 
 182 
 
 18 
 
 67 
 
 14 
 
 65 
 
 88 
 
 79 
 
 67 
 75 
 75 
 20 
 11 
 18 
 
 mill. 
 
 140 
 
 244 
 
 49 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 70 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 73 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 65 
 
 80 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 48 
 10 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 143 
 2 
 1 
 
 27 
 32 
 24 
 20 
 8 
 67 
 75 
 75 
 20 
 11 
 18 
 
 • Elected. 
 
 t ResUned November U, 18(4. 
 
 I Elected from Clackamas District. 
 

 EIOHTEBK POBTT-FOUR TO EIOHTESN FORTY-NINE. 
 
 283 
 
 The Legislative Committee elected met at Willamette Falls, 
 in the house of Felix Hathaway, June 18, 1844, and chose M. M. 
 McCarver Speaker. A nine days' session followed, when they ad- 
 journed until December of the same year. On the sixteenth of 
 December the Legislative Committee met again, this time at the 
 house of J. E. Long, in Oregon City, when a message was submitted 
 to them from the Executive Committee, in which an amendment of 
 the organic law was recommended. A seven days' session followed, 
 during which an act was passed calling for a committee to frame 
 a constitution. Several acts were framed requiring submission to a 
 popular vote to render them valid, among which was a change from 
 the triumvirate to gubernatorial executive, and from a Legislative 
 Committee to a Legislature, which was adopted by the people. 
 
 The emigration of 1844 was nearly as great as that of the pre- 
 vious year, adding some eight hundred to the American population, 
 two hundred and thirty-four of them able-bodied men. " They were," 
 says Hon. John Minto, "self-reliant, determined men; devoted, 
 loyal, bravely -enduring women. They started from different points 
 under different leadere, and never united, but, on the contrary, 
 divided up still more as they traveled, a single man sometimes 
 separating himself from an entire company, under the settled con- 
 viction that they were all too contrary for him to keep company 
 with any longer." The main companies had three starting points 
 — one from Independence, one from near the mouth of the Platte, 
 and one from Capler's Landing, twelve miles above St. Joseph. 
 The last was commanded by Cornelius Gilliam, the first by Nathan- 
 iel Ford, and the other hf Major Thorp. The following nearly 
 correct list was made in later years by Joseph Watt, Willard H. 
 Rees, William M. Case and J. Henry Brown, and read by John 
 Minto in his address before the Pioneer Association in 1877: — 
 
 Alderman, 
 
 Bird, 
 
 Buzzard, Nathan 
 Burcb, Charles 
 Boyd, Robert 
 Black, William 
 
 Blakely, 
 
 Bush, George W. 
 Boggs, Thomas 
 Bowman, Wm., tir. 
 
 Bowman, Wm., Jr. 
 Bowman, Ira 
 Bunton, Elijah 
 Bunton, Joseph 
 Bunton, Wm. 
 Buich, Charles 
 Bennett, Capt. C. 
 Bordran, Francis 
 Bartrough, Joseph 
 Bray, Wm. 
 
 Bayard, Nathan 
 Brown, Adam 
 Bonnin, Peter 
 Crawford, David 
 Crawford, Lewis 
 Clark, Daniel 
 Clark, Dennis 
 
 Clemens, 
 
 Cave, James 
 Crisman, Joel 
 
 Crisman, Gabriel 
 Crisman, Wm. 
 Chamberlain, Aaron 
 Conner, Patrick 
 Crockett, Samuel B* 
 Case, Wm. M. 
 Clemens, Wm. 
 
 Dougherty, 
 
 Doty, 
 
 Davenport, James 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 '(*• 
 
 la 
 
 1 
 
 f'ii 
 it 
 
 M 
 
 f 
 
984 
 
 HISTORY or WILLAMXTTS YAXUCT. 
 
 DagoD, Dr. 
 Durbin, Daniel 
 Dupuia, Edward 
 Emery, C. 
 Edes, Moses 
 Everman, C. 
 Bades, John 
 Eades, Abr. 
 Eades, Henry 
 Eades, Clark 
 Eades, Solomon 
 Evans, David 
 Evans, N. D. 
 Eddy, Robert 
 Elliok, John 
 Fleming, John 
 Ford, Nathaniel 
 Ford, Mark 
 Fruit, James 
 Fruit, "Doc." 
 Fuller, Jenny 
 Gilbert, I. N. 
 Goff, David 
 Ootr, Bumuel 
 GofT, Marion 
 Grant, David 
 Gilliam, Mitchell 
 Gililam, Cornelius 
 Gilliam, Smith 
 Gilliam, William 
 Gilliam, Porter 
 Gage, William 
 Gage, Jesse 
 Goodwin, W. H. 
 
 Gillespie, 
 
 Oerrish, James 
 Gerrish, John 
 Gillahan, Martin 
 Giilahan, William 
 Gilmore, Charles 
 Hinman, Alanson 
 Hedges, A. F. 
 Hutton, Jacob 
 Hill, Fleming 
 Hawley, J. C. 
 Hoover, Jacob 
 Folt, T. 
 Harper, James 
 Holman, Joseph 
 
 Howard, John 
 Hunt, James 
 Humphrey, Norrls 
 Hammer, Jacob 
 HIggins, Herman 
 HIggtns Williams 
 Hibler, George 
 Inyard, John 
 Inyard, Abr. 
 Inyard, Peter 
 Johnson, William 
 Johnson, James 
 Johnson, David 
 Johnson, Daniel 
 Johnson, James 
 Jackson, John 
 Jenkins, David 
 Jenkins, William 
 Jenkins, Henry 
 Kindred, David 
 Kindred, Bart 
 Kindred, John 
 Kinney, Daniel 
 Lee, Barton 
 Lousenaute, John 
 Lewis, Charles 
 Morgan, William 
 McGruder, Theo. 
 McGruder, Ed. 
 MInto, John 
 MeDaniel, Joshua 
 McDaniel. Elisha 
 MeDaniel, Mrs. 
 
 MoMahan, 
 
 Martin, Nehemiah 
 McSwain, Samuel 
 McAllister, James 
 Morrison, R. W. 
 Moore, Michael 
 
 Neal, Calvin 
 Neal, Robert 
 Neal, Alex. 
 Neal, Peter 
 Nelson, George 
 Nelson, Cyrus 
 Nichols, John 
 Nichols, Frank 
 Nichols, Benjamin 
 Owless, Ruel 
 Owens, Henry 
 Owens, James 
 Owens, John 
 Owens, John 
 Perkins, Joel, Sr. 
 Perkins, Joel, Jr. 
 Perkins, John 
 Parker, David 
 
 Priest, 
 
 Parrot, Joseph 
 Paokwood, S. 
 Packwood, T. 
 Payne, R. K. 
 Prather, William 
 Prather, Theodore 
 Pettie, Eaben 
 Pettie, Amab 
 Rowland, J. 
 
 Smith, William 
 Smith, Noyes 
 Smith, Texas 
 SaffWin, Henry 
 
 ei«, Big 
 
 Stewart, James 
 Saunders, William 
 Shaw, Joshua 
 Shaw,A.C.R.(Sheep) 
 Shaw, Wash. 
 Shaw, Thomas 
 Shaw, B. F. 
 Shaw, Capt. Wm. 
 Stephens, James 
 Sager, , died on 
 
 the way at Green 
 
 River. 
 Sax ton, Charles 
 Saelling, Vincent 
 Snelling, Benjamin 
 
 Snooks, 
 
 Teller, Jerry 
 Thornton, Sebrin 
 Thomas, O. 8. 
 Thorp, John 
 Thorp, Alvin 
 Thorp, Theodore 
 Thorp, Mortimer 
 
 Robin8on,E.(Moun- Thorp, Milton 
 
 tain.) Trues, Cooper Y. 
 
 Robinson ,T.Q. (Fat- Tucker, Benjamin 
 
 ty.) 
 Robinson, Ben 
 Rees, Willard H. 
 Rice, Parton 
 Rice, Mao 
 Rice, (Old Man) 
 
 Ramsey,' 
 
 Rarasdell, 
 
 Marshall, James, the Sears, Franklin 
 discoverer of gold Shelton, Jackson 
 at Sutter's Mill. Sobring, WiUiam 
 
 Moreland, Lafe 
 Mulky, Westley 
 Mulkey, Luke 
 
 Murray, 
 
 Mudgett, 
 
 Neal, George 
 Neal, Attey 
 
 Scott, John 
 Sflott, Levi 
 Simmons, M. T. 
 
 Springer, 
 
 Smith, J. 8. 
 Smith, Charles 
 Smith, Peter 
 
 Tucker, Long 
 Vance, Thos., died 
 
 on the Platte. 
 Waunoh, George 
 Williams, Poe 
 
 Williams, 
 
 Wrjght, Harrison 
 Woodcock, Richard 
 Welsh, James 
 Walker, James, Sr. 
 Walker, James, Jr. 
 Walker, Robert 
 Williamson, Henry 
 Watt, Joseph 
 
 Warmbougb, 
 
 Werner, Thomas 
 
 The following turned off and went to California : — 
 
 Calvin, Foster, Joseph Greenwood, O. Hitchcock, — and 
 
 Flomboy, John Greenwood, Joha Qreenwoody Britein son. 
 

 
 XIOHrXXK FORTT-FOrR TO EIGHTEEN FORTY-NINE. 
 
 286 
 
 II 
 
 Jackson, Montgomery, Allen Schallenberger, M. Townsend, Dr. 
 
 Martin, Patrick Montgomery, James Stephens, Captain Scott and Rohbin, 
 
 Martin, Dennis Murphy,Martin,and Sullivan, John, and colored men with 
 
 Martin, William Ave sons. brother. Col. Ford. 
 Miller, James 
 
 Mrs. Wm. M Case furnishes the following list of ladies wlio 
 
 came in Major Thorp's company : — 
 
 Case. Mrs. Wm. M. Miggins, Mrs. Her- Snelling, Mrs. Vln- Horace Holden and 
 Eliza, a mulatto girl man cent May, his wife, ar- 
 
 Hammer, Mrs. Jac'b JohnHon, Mrs. D. ■ Tucker, Mrs. BenJ. rived in April of 
 Hannah, Aunt, ane- Shaw, Mrs. Joshua Thorp,Mis8 Amanda thiu year from the 
 gress Snelling, Miss Eliza Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Of this emigration Michael T. Simmons and a few others located 
 on Paget Sound, making the first American settlement north of 
 the Columbia. 
 
 GENERAL ELECTION, JUNE 3, 1845. 
 Theflrst annual election was held on the third of June, 1846. The following 
 tabular statement will prove interesting and of historical value :— 
 
 OJiJSlTiXDjL.'JKaB. 
 
 Oovemor. 
 
 George Abernethy* — 
 
 Osborn Russell 
 
 William J. Bairey 
 
 A. Lawrence Lovejoy 
 
 Total vote cast 
 
 Secretary, 
 
 John E. Long 1* 
 
 Noyes Smith 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Phil. Foster - 
 
 Francis Ermatinger 2* 
 
 Judge. 
 
 J. W. Nesmith 3» 
 
 Diatrict'Attomey. 
 
 Marcus Ford 4* 
 
 Aaseeaor. 
 
 8. W. Moss*- 
 
 Jacob Reed - 
 
 Sheriff. \ 
 
 Joseph L. Meek 6* 
 
 A. J. Hembree 
 
 xjisxnicrrs. 
 
 I 
 
 46 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 114 
 
 65 
 48 
 
 62 
 61 
 
 111 
 
 100 
 
 53 
 62 
 
 69 
 42 
 
 .a 
 s 
 
 9 
 Eh 
 
 o 
 
 58 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 123 
 
 70 
 . 47 
 
 49 
 60 
 
 116 
 
 78 
 
 39 
 
 48 
 
 77 
 43 
 
 61 
 
 47 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 167 
 
 117 
 63 
 
 47 
 118 
 
 166 
 
 168 
 
 119 
 
 111 
 64 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 16 
 
 61 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 77 
 
 26 
 36 
 
 38 
 20 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 6 
 66 
 
 16 
 61 
 
 I 
 
 228 
 
 130 
 
 75 
 
 71 
 
 604 
 
 283 
 196 
 
 197 
 251 
 
 473 
 
 409 
 
 216 
 204 
 
 267 
 216 
 
 • Oflloera elected. , ™ . . 
 
 1. Deceased. Frederick Prisg appointed to flU vacancy Jane 26, 1846. 
 
 3. KeslRned. John H. Couch appointed to vacancy March 4, 18W. 
 
 8. Succeeded by Alonzo A. Skinner. ^ ._ . ^ «, ^ .« 
 
 4. RealKned February 4, 1846, W. G. T'Vault appointed to vacancy ; he reslrned March 10, 
 
 1816, and was succeeded by A. L. Lovejoy. 
 
 6. Resigned, and was aocoeeded by H. M. Knlgbton. 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 ' ( 
 
 II 
 
 'i; 
 
 [^ 
 
 m 
 
286 UI8T0RT OF WILLAMZTTX VALLXT. 
 
 GENERAL ELECTION, JUNE 8, 1866-ConHnued. 
 
 ajLHTzxnjLTXB. 
 
 JiepreaentaHves. 
 
 H. A. J. Lee* 
 
 Hiram HtniiKht* 
 
 »V. H. Oniy* 
 
 C. E. Pkkett 
 
 N. Ford 
 
 M. M. MeC'urver* 
 
 D. Lt'nox 
 
 D. Hill* 
 
 C. Hatton - 
 
 V. W. DuwMon — 
 
 Josepli Gale 
 
 J. W. Hmith* 
 
 C. M. Walker - — 
 
 J. M. Garrison* 
 
 M. G. Folry* 
 
 Jofleph Gervais^ 
 
 Barton Lee* 
 
 W. H. VVillHon - 
 
 Robert Newell* 
 
 A. Chaml>f rluln 
 
 F. X. Mathieu - 
 
 John McClure* - 
 
 George Binunons 
 
 JesHC Applegate* 
 
 A. Hendrlck* 
 
 S. Bnilth 
 
 J. Richardson 
 
 R.Clark 
 
 Convention (to frame constitution) 
 
 No Convention (to frame constitution). 
 
 sx0Tx.xcrrs. 
 
 00 
 82 
 54 
 60 
 28 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 61 
 80 
 63 
 2^ 
 22 
 48 
 61 
 47 
 
 J3 
 
 128 
 181 
 68 
 00 
 40 
 70 
 74 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 O 
 
 11 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 XI 
 
 38 
 34 
 81 
 20 
 10 
 
 00 
 82 
 64 
 60 
 28 
 61 
 30 
 68 
 28 
 22 
 48 
 61 
 47 
 128 
 131 
 68 
 00 
 40 
 70 
 74 
 14 
 11 
 10 
 86 
 84 
 31 
 20 
 10 
 100 
 283 
 
 * OfllcerB elected. 
 
 Note— Theophilus McGrader waa appointed Recorder December 8, 1846. Wm. O. T'Vaalt 
 wao appointed Postmaster-General of Oregon In December, 1816. O. W. Bell was ap- 
 pointed Auditor. 
 
 Two new districts — Yamhill and Clatsop — had been formed out 
 of Tualatin, making five in all. In most of these were held nomi- 
 nating conventions, where, also, were chosen delegates to a general 
 convention at Charapoeg. A. L. Lovejoy was the successful aspi- 
 rant for the gubernatorial nomination, defeating Dr. William J. 
 Bailey, Osborn Russell and George Abernethy. The convention 
 was not satisfactory, and all these gentlemen appeared before the 
 people as candidates. By a combination of the friends of Russell 
 and Abernethy, the latter, who was then in the Sandwich Islands, 
 was elected. 
 
 
EIonXEKW PORTT-FOUR TO EIGHTEEN FOBTT-NINE. 
 
 287 
 
 The Legislature chosen assembled at Oregon City, June 24th, 
 elected M. M. McCarver Speaker, and remained in Hepsion two 
 weeks. The following onth of office wjia proposed by Jesse Apple- 
 gate, in view of the characv« i of the people and their divided alle- 
 giance, and was administered to the members: — 
 
 Oath ok Office— I do utimh «wear that I will aupport the or>?anIc laws of 
 the ProvlHional Oovernine. )f Oregon, m»> fur a« the «>lil orKunic Iuwh ure i-onsiHt- 
 ent with my dutleti w a nitlzen of tl,' TJnited States, or a subject of Oreut HriUiin, 
 and faithfully demean myself in ott' e. Bo help me God. 
 
 The most important, business transacted was the drafting of a 
 memorial to Congress, asking for a territorial governnu'nt, niid the 
 framing of a new organic law. On the twenty-eighth of June the 
 memorial was signed by Russell and Stewart, of the Executive Com- 
 mittee (Abernethy not having yet returned), Judge Nesniith, and 
 members of the Legislature. Dr. Elijah White was delegated all the 
 to convey the memorial to Washington. The Legislature then ad- 
 journed to await the result of the constitutional election, which was 
 held on the twenty-fifth of July. This resulted in two hundred 
 and fifty-five votes f jr the new law and only fifty-two for the old. 
 The Legislature again assembled, according to the provisions or the 
 new law, on the fifth of August. It was then that the memorial 
 was placed in the hands of Dr. White for transmission to Congress. 
 After he had departed they became dissatisfied with their messenger, 
 deeming that he intended using it for his personal advancement at 
 Washington, and they sent a courier to overtake him and demand 
 its return. The Doctor received the demand coolly and refused to 
 comply. His answer, which showed how correct was their opinion 
 that he pra^'osed making the memorial serve his personal ends, was 
 
 as follows: — 
 
 August 17, 1846. 
 To THE Hon., Etc.: 
 
 Gentlemen — Being on my way, and having but a moment to reflect, I have been 
 at much of a loss which of your two resolutions nioRt to respect, or which to obey; 
 but at length have becovae satisfied that the first was taken most soberly, and as it 
 answers my purpose best, I pledge myself to adhere strictly to that. Sincerely 
 wishing you good luck in legislating, 
 
 I am, dear sirs, very respectfully yours, 
 
 E. WHITE. 
 
 This letter, with a statement of the circumstances surrounding 
 it, was sf at by another messenger to Washington, and arrived just 
 in time to foil the scheming Doctor's chances for an important 
 
 :i 
 
288 
 
 niSTOBT OF WILLAMXTTS TALLET. 
 
 appointment which he was about to receive. Among other acts 
 the Legislature passed a law making wheat a legal tender at market 
 price, owing to the sca»city of a circulating medium. The body 
 adjourned sine die on the twentieth of August. On the second of 
 December, the day set for the assembling of the Legislature by the 
 new law, and no election having been held, the same gentlemen 
 again assembled, and organized by electing Robert Newell Speaker. 
 A session of seventeen days was then held, during which Polk and 
 Lewis counties were created, the latter embracing all of Washing- 
 ton Territory west of the Cascades. This had been designated 
 " Vancouver Distrifct " the year before, but had not sent a repre- 
 sentative to the Legislature. Sheriff Meek, in pursuance of an act 
 of the Legislature, took a census of the population. This did not 
 include those living north of the Columbia or east of the mount- 
 ains, consequently, except thf ninety-one reported for Clatsop, 
 represents only the population of the Willamette Valley. The 
 table, which does not include the immigration of 1845, is as 
 follows: — 
 
 CENSUS RETURNS OF OREGON IN 1845. 
 
 1 
 
 <U 
 
 i 
 -§1 
 
 d 
 
 Uu 
 
 12 y 
 
 ofa 
 
 der 
 ears 
 
 12 and 
 
 under 18 
 
 years. 
 
 l«and 
 
 unojr i6 
 
 years. 
 
 4.3 and 
 over. 
 
 Whole 
 Number 
 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ■3 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 •3 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 63 
 
 114 
 
 8 
 
 CO 
 
 57 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 "3 
 
 i 
 
 ■3 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 -1 
 1 
 
 d&ckani&a - 
 
 18 
 24 
 17 
 14 
 16 
 
 57 
 
 85 
 
 29 
 
 127 
 
 109 
 
 69 
 142 
 
 lit 
 
 79 
 
 54 
 186 
 
 18 
 IOC 
 
 66 
 
 382 
 
 12 
 45 
 1 
 28 
 81 
 
 15 
 37 
 3 
 24 
 24 
 
 136 
 171 
 42 
 142 
 124 
 
 15 
 42 
 4 
 2(5 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 1 
 6 
 9 
 
 234 
 
 120 .W1 
 
 OhaniDoeff - .- 
 
 4il0 306 7U5 
 
 dutaoD 
 
 61 i 30 91 
 
 Tualatin --- - 
 
 309 224 638 
 
 Yamhill - 
 
 257 158 416 
 
 
 i 
 
 Total — 
 
 89 ' 4(V> 
 
 419 
 
 117 
 
 loa 
 
 «15 
 
 ^?->. 
 
 110 
 
 41 
 
 12ri9 8fi1 2110 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The immigration of 1845 consisted of some three thousand souls, 
 about one-third of whom, under William B. Ide, of Bear Flag 
 notoriety, and guided by Greenwood, the trapper, turned off at 
 Fort Hall and went to California. There has never been prepared 
 a register of the half dozen trains into which it was divided, and it 
 is impossible to give a list of the pioneei-s of 1845. A few might 
 be mentioned — names familiar in Oregon annals — such as Col. W. 
 G. T'Vault, J. C. Avery, John Waymire, Frederick Waymire, John 
 Flemmiug, Captain English, James B. Eiggs, Rufus A. Biggs, 
 
m 
 
 
 EIGHTEEN FOHTT-FOUB TO EIGHTEEN FORTY NINE. 
 
 289 
 
 .: "!! 
 
 Stephen Staats, John Durbin, William J. Herren, General Joel 
 Palmer, Simeon Smith, David Carson, John M. Forrest, Dr. Ralph 
 Wilcox, Solomon Fetherous, James Allen, They brought the 
 cheering intelligence that James K. Polk had been elected Presi- 
 dent of the United States on the party cry of " Fifty-four-forty, or 
 fight," and had been duly inaugurated, and that the prospects for 
 an immediate favorable settlement of the mooted Oregon Question 
 were favorable. Their numbers, too, added so materially to the 
 strength of the American element that they then outnumbered the 
 representatives of Great Britain ten to one. 
 
 When the emigrants reached Fort Boise, Stephen H. Meek, 
 the same man who had served aa guide in 1842, offered to show a 
 shorter and easier route across the Blue and Cascade mountains 
 — oro to the south of the old trail. A great many of them followed 
 him, while others refused to depart from the regular route. Meek 
 had never passed through the country he was now entering, but 
 had heard of it from others when he had, as a free American 
 trapper, been for a time in the employ of the Hudscm's Bay Com- 
 pany. The route had never been used, but it was known that the 
 country through what is now Southeastern Oregon, was les^ mount- 
 ainous than that further north, and Meek naturally expected to find 
 a passable route and a good pass through the Cascades, In this he 
 failed, and as soon as the emigrants became satisfied that he was 
 traveling by guess, they became so indignant that he only saved 
 his neck by using his feet. They then undertook to pass down 
 John Day River, and finally reached the Columbia after almost 
 superhuman exertion. Had they trusted to Meek it is possible, 
 and even probable, that he would, by taking them further south, 
 have found them a comparatively easy route. This episode is thus 
 described by Hon. Stephen Staats, one of the immigrants of that 
 year: — 
 
 When nearing Fort Boise, much discusaion wiw had relative to the route to be 
 followed after leaving that point, Stephen Meek had met the emigrants and pro- 
 posed to pilot them over a new route by which to bring them into the valley, assert- 
 ing that it was much shorter and better than the route to The Dalles. I recollect 
 one old gentleman, John M. Forrest by name, who, when the subject was warmly 
 disouHsed, declared he would follow the old route, even if he had to travel alone. 
 Says he: "When I left the States, after reading the letters of Burnett and others 
 from Oregon, I determined I would not be led off on any new route claimed to have 
 been discovered by any adventurer, but would travel where others had traveled, 
 
 ■i 
 
 i 
 
 '■■I 
 
 ■'■'/' 
 
 
 ■if 
 
 "m 
 
S90 
 
 HISTOKT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 aiid thus be sure of arriving at the desired point to which we are all looking." But 
 now the time had come for action. One morning, after a night spent in spirited 
 discussion, Mr. Forrest broke camp and started on the old trail; others, with much 
 warmth, attempted to restrain him, but he persisted, and about twenty-five other 
 waffons followed his; others, under the leadership of Meek, struck off on the route 
 declared by him the best and shortest ; but well would it have l)een for all those so 
 doing, had they persevered in following the old route, for experience proved to them 
 that had they so done, much suffering, in almost every conceivable form, would 
 have been avoided, and that they would have arrived at their destination much 
 sooner and their condition more hopeful as to future resources to provide for their 
 wa^^n during the approaching winter. 
 
 It was but a few days after Meek left Fort Boise, that he became hopelessly lost, 
 and had it not been for the good Judgment and determined energy of some of the 
 emigrants, and their hiring an Indian to pilot them through to The Dalles, many 
 would have perished and suffered a most torturing death, that now survive and 
 to-day can recount the many sad incidents and afflictive events of their wearisome 
 travel to that point. It has been positively asserted that while Meek was thus lost, 
 he suffered to such an extent for the want of water to satisfy his thirst, that be 
 opened a vein in the neck of his mule, and thus, in all probability, secured his own 
 life by quafflug the life blood of that most noble and docile quadruped. But be 
 that as it may, whether true or not, there were moments when the sufferings of 
 husband, wife and children, became so unbearable, and so intensely torturing to 
 the mental vision of those having others depending upon them for support and pro. 
 tection. that had be who counseled them to take an unknown and trackless route 
 when almost out of provisions, and energies already nearly exhausted, made his 
 appearance among them, he might have been made a sacrifice tu appease the angry 
 passions with which they were inflamed. 
 
 The anti-Hudson's Bay Company fanatics absurdly charge that 
 Meek was employed by the company to lead this train of emigrants 
 to theii" destruction in the mountains, the only evidence being the 
 fact that Meek — as did alno a number of Americans who were known 
 as " free trappers," men who were somewhat independent of the 
 fur traders — had engaged himself for two or three seasons to the 
 company. The charge is too ridiculous to be considered. 
 
 The year 1846 was a momentous one for the United States. It 
 saw the settling of the Oregon Question, which confirmed to the 
 United States all that portion of Montana lying west of the Rocky 
 Mountains, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. It saw, also, the 
 beginning of the Mexican War, which gave us Texas, and the 
 wresting of California from Mexican rule by Lieutenant Fremont 
 and Commodores Sloat and Stockton. It was an exciting period, 
 and the country was held in suspense for months over the contro- 
 versy with England, during which war with that great power 
 seemed almost unavoidable. The incidents attending the settlement 
 of this great question are clearly and graphically described by 
 
 Til. 
 

 SIOHTEEK FORTT-rOTJR TO EIGHTEEN FORTY-NINE. 
 
 291 
 
 James G. Blaine in his "Twenty Years of Congress," in which he 
 displays a profundity of knowledge of the political intricacies of 
 that period which carries the weight of authority with his language. 
 To improve upon it would be impossible, and to epitomize it would 
 destroy its force and perspicuity ; nothing but a complete and 
 liberal quotation will suffice. Mr. Blaine says: — 
 
 The convention which nominated Mr. Polk took bcM ground lor the immediate 
 re-annexation of Texas and re-occupation of Oregon. This peculiar form of ex- 
 pression was used to indicate that Texas had already belonged to us under the 
 Louisiana purchase, and that Oregon had been wholly ours prior to the treaty of 
 joint occupancy with Great Britain. It further declared, that our title to the whole 
 of Oregon, up to 54° 40' north latitude, was "clear and indisputable"; thus carry- 
 ing our claim to the borders of the Russian possessions, and utterly denying and 
 defying the pretension of Great Britain to the ownership of ar>v territory bordering 
 
 on the Pacific. 
 
 « -» * « # • « 
 
 The election of Mr. Polk was an unquestionable verdict from the people in favor 
 of the annexation of Texas. Mr. Clay and Mr. Van Buren had been able to defeat 
 the treaty negotiated by Mr. Calhoun ; but the popular vote overruled them, and 
 pronounced in favor of the Democratic position after full and fair hearing. Mr. 
 Tyler was anxious that the scheme so energetically initiated by liim should be 
 fully accomplished during his term. The shtrt method of joint resolution was 
 therefore devised by the ever fertile brain of Mr. Calhoun, and its passage through 
 Congress intrusted to the skillful management of Robert J. Walker, then a senator 
 from Mississippi, and already indicated for the portfolio of the Treasury in the new 
 administration. Mr. Polk was in consultation with Mr. Tyler during the closing 
 weeks of the latter's administration, and the annexation by joint resolution had his 
 full concurrence. It was passed in season to receive the approval of President Tyler 
 on the first day of March, three days before the eventful administration of Mr. Polk 
 was installed in power. Its terms were promptly accepted by Texas, and at the 
 next session of Congress, beginning December, 1845, the constitution of tlie new 
 State was approved. Historic interest attached to the appearance of Sam Houston 
 and Thomas J. Rusk as the first senators from the great State which they had torn 
 from Mexico and added to the Union. 
 
 I s 
 
 The policy of maintaining an equality of slave States with free States was to be 
 pursued, as it had already been from the foundation of the government, with un- 
 ceasing vigilance and untiring energy. The balancing of forces between new States 
 added to the Union had l>een so skillfully arranged, that for a long period two States 
 were admitted at nearly the same time— one from the South, and one from the 
 North. Thus Kentucky and Vermont, Tennessee and Ohio, Mississippi and 
 Indiana, Alabama and Illinois, Missouri and Maine, Arkansas and Michigan, 
 Florida and Iowa, came into the Union in pairs, not indeed at precisely the same 
 moment in every case, but always with reference each to the other in the order 
 named. On the admission of Florida and Iowa, Colonel Benton remarked that 
 "it seemed strange that two territories so diflerent in age, m distant from each 
 other, so antagonistic in natural features and political Institutions, should ripen 
 Into States at the same time, and come into the Union by a single Act; but these 
 very antagonisms — that is, the antagonistic provisions on the subject of slavery- 
 made the conjunction, and gave to the two young States an luseparable admission." 
 
 hi ■ 
 
 1, 
 
298 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY, 
 
 During the entire period flrom the formation of the Federal Government to the ' 
 inauguration of Mr. Polk, the only variation from this twin birth of States— the 
 one free, the other slave— was in the ease of Louisiana, which was admitted in 1812, 
 with no corresponding State fh)m the North. Of the original Thirteen States, 
 seven had become free, and six maintained slavery. Of the fifteen that were added 
 to the Union, prior to the annexation of Texas, eight were slave, and seven were 
 f^ee; so that when Mr. Polk took the oath of office, the Union consisted of twenty- 
 eight States, equally divided between slave-holding and free. So nice an adjust- 
 ment had certainly required constant watchfulness and the closest calculation of 
 political forces. It was in pursuit of this adjustment that the admission of Louisiana 
 was secured, as an evident compensation for the loss which had accrued to the 
 slave-holding interests in the uqequal though voluntary partition of the Old Thir- 
 teen between North and South. 
 
 Lookin into the future, the Southern men took alarm lest the e<iuality of their 
 section should be lost in the Senate, and their long control of the Federal Govern- 
 ment ended. Even with Texas added to the Union, this equality was barely main- 
 tained, for Wisconsin was already seeking admission ; and the clause in the articles 
 of annexation providing that four new States might be carved out of the territory 
 of Texas whenever she asked it, gave no promise of speedy help to the South. Its 
 operation would, in any event, be distant, and subject to contingencies which could 
 notbe accurately measured. There was not another f' t of territory south of 36° 30', 
 save that which was devoted to the Indians by solemn compact, from which another 
 slave State could be formed. North of 36° 30' the Missouri Compromise had dedi- 
 cated the entire country to freedom. In extent it was, to the Southern view, alarm- 
 ingly great, including at least a million square miles of terr'tory. Except along its 
 river boundaries it was little known. Its value was underrated, and a large portion 
 was designated upon our maps as the Great American Desert. At the time Texas 
 was annexed, and for several years afterwards, not a single foot of that vast area 
 was organized under any form of civil government. Had the Southern statesmen 
 foreseen the immense wealth, population, ana -"alue of this Imperial domain i '^ 
 five great States and four territories into which it is to-day divided, they wouid 
 have abandoned the struggle for equality. But the most that was hoped, even in 
 the North, within any near period, was one State north of Iowa, one west of Mis- 
 souri, and one from the Oregon country. The remainder, in the popular Judgment, 
 was divided among mountain gorges, the arid plains of the middle, and the unin- 
 viting region in the north, which the French vof/ageurs had classed under the com- 
 prehensive and significant title of mauvaisea terrea. With only thr^ie States 
 anticipated from the great area in the north-west, it was the evident expectation of 
 the Southern men who then had control of the government, that, if war with 
 Mexico should ensue, the result would inevitably be the acquisition of sufficient 
 territory to form slave States south of the line of the Missouri Compromise as rap- 
 idly as free States could be formed north of it ; and that in this way the auoient 
 equality l)etween North and South could be maintained. 
 
 The Oregon Question, which now became associated, if not complicated, with 
 the Texas Question, originated many years before. By our treaty with Spain in 
 1819, the southern boundary of our possessions mi the Pacific had been accurately 
 defined. Our northern boundary was still unadjusted, and bad been matter of dis- 
 pute with Great Britain ever since we acquired the country. By the treaty of Octo- 
 ber 20, 1818, the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude was established as the bound- 
 ary between the United States and British America, from the Lake of the Woods 
 to the Stony Mountains, as the Rocky Mountams were then termed. In the same 
 
EIGHTEEN rOETY-FOUB TO EIGHTEEN FOETY-NINE. 
 
 298 
 
 treaty It was agreed that an\ country claimed by either the United States or Great 
 Britain westward of the Stony Mountains should, with ita harbors, bays, and rivers, 
 be open for the term of ten years to the vessels, citizens, and subjects of either 
 power. This agreement was entered into solely for the purpose of preventing 
 disputes pending flnal settlement, and was not to be construed to the prejudice of 
 eltlier party. This was the t>egluning of the joint occupancy of the Oregon country, 
 England having with prompt and cliaracteristic enterprise forced her way across 
 the continent after she had acquired Canada in 1763. Stimulated by certain alleged 
 discoveries of her navigators on the north-west coast, GreJit Britain urged and main- 
 tained her title to a frontage on the Pacific, and made a Ijold claim to sovereignty 
 as far south as the mouth of the Columbia River, nearly, indeed, to the northern 
 border of California. 
 
 Nothing had been done towards an adjustment during the ten years of joint 
 occupancy, and wlien the term was about to expire, the arrangement was renewed 
 by special convention in 1827, for an indefinite period — each power reserving the 
 right to terminate the convention by giving twelve-months' notice to the other. 
 The President, John Quincy Adams, made the briefest possible reference to the 
 subject in his message to Congress, December, 1827 ; speaking of it as a temporary 
 compromise of the respective riifhts and claims of Great Britain and the United 
 States to territory westward of the Rocky Mountains. For many years thereafter, 
 the Buljiject, though languidly pursued in our diplomatic correspondence, was not 
 alluded to in a President's message, or discussed in Congress. The contracting 
 parties rested content with the power to join issue and try titles at any time by 
 simply giving the required notice. The subject was also overshadowed by more 
 urgent disputes between Great Britain and the United States, especially that relat- 
 ing to the North-eastern boundary, and that touching the suppression of the African 
 slave-trade. The latter involved the old question of the right of search. The two 
 governments came to an agreement on these differences in 1842 by the negotiation 
 of the convention known as the Ashburton Treaty. In transmitting the treaty to 
 Congress, President Tyler made, for the first time since the agreement for a joint 
 occupancy was renewed in 1827, a specific reference to tlie Oregon Question. He 
 Informed Congress, that the territory of the United States commonly called the 
 Oregon country was beginning to attract the attention of our fellow-citizens, and 
 that " the tide of our population, having reclaimed from the wilderness the more 
 contiguous regions, was preparing to fiow over those vast districts which stretch 
 from tlie Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean ;" that Great Britain " laid claim 
 to a portion of the country and that the question could not be well included in the 
 recent treaty without postponing other more pressing matters." He si^iificantly 
 added, that though the difficulty miglit not for several years involve the peace of 
 the two countries, yet he should urge upon Great Britain the importance of its early 
 settlement. 
 
 As this paragraph was undoubtedly suggested and probably written by Mr. 
 Webster, it attracted wide attention on l)oth sides of the Atlantic ; and from that 
 rr\onjent, in varying degrees of interest and urgency, the Oregon Question became 
 an active political issue. Before the next annual meeting of Congress, Mr. Upshur 
 had succeeded Mr. Webster in the State Department; and the message v. f the Presi- 
 dent took still more advanced ground respecting Oregon. For political reasons, 
 there was an obvious desire to keep the action of the government on this issue well 
 abreast of its aggressive movements in the matter of acquiring Texas. Emboldened 
 by Mr. Wei)ster'8 position of the preceding year, Mr. Upshur, with younger blood, 
 and with more reason for a demonstrative course, was evidently disposed to force 
 the discussion of the question with British Government. Under his iufiuence and 
 advice, President Tyler declared, In bis message of December, 1843, that "after the 
 
 1 
 
 ■M ■ f 
 
 --'»■ 
 
 
994 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 most rigid, and, as far as practicable, unbiased, examination of the subject, the 
 United Btates have always contended that their rights appertain to the enilre region 
 of country lying on the Pacific, and embraced oetween latitude 42' and 54° 40'." 
 Mr. Edward Everett, at that time our minister In London, was Instructed to present 
 these views to the British Qovernment. 
 
 Before the President could send another annual message to Congress, Mr. Cal- 
 houn had been for several months at the head of the State Department, engaged In 
 promoting, with singular skill and ability, hla scheme for the annexation of Texas. 
 With his quick perception, he discerned that If the policy apparently indicated by 
 Mr. Webster and aggressively proclaimed by Mr. Upshur, on the Oregon Question 
 should be followed, and that issue sharply pressed upon Great Britain, complicntions 
 of a most embarrassing nature might arise, involving In their sweep the plans, 
 already well matured, for acquiring Texas. In order to avert all danger of that 
 kind, Mr. Calhoua opened a negotiation with the British minister In Washington, 
 conducting it himself, for the settlement of the Oregon Question ; and at the very 
 moment when the Democratic National Convention which nominated Mr. Polk 
 was declaring our title to tlie whole of Oregon as far as 54° 40' to 1)0 "clear and un- 
 questionable," the Democratic Secretary of State was proposing to Her Majesty's 
 representative to settle the entire controversy by the adoption of the forty-ninth 
 parallel as the boundary ! 
 
 The negotiation was very nearly completed, and was suspended only by some 
 dispute In regard to the right of navigating the Columbia River. It is not improb- 
 able that Mr. Calhoun, after disclosing to the British Government his willingness to 
 accept the forty-ninth parallel as our northern boundary, was anxious to have the 
 negotiation temporarily postponed. If the treaty had been concluded at that time, 
 It would have seriously interfered with the success of Mr. Polk's candidacy by 
 destroying the prestige of the " Fifty-four forties," as Colonel Benton termed them. 
 In Mr. Polk's eleciion, Mr. Calhoun was deeply and Indeed doubly interested: first, 
 because of his earnest desire to defeat Mr. Clay, with whom he was at swords' 
 points on all public Issues ; and again, because having assumed the responsibility of 
 defeating the nomination of Mr. Van Buren, he was naturally desirous that his 
 Judgment should be vindicated by the election of the candidate whom his Southern 
 friends had put forward. Urgently solicitous for the annexation of Texas, those 
 friends were Indifferent to the fate of the Oregon Question, though willing that it 
 should be made a leading issue in the North, where It was presented with popular 
 effect. The patriotic spirit of the country was appealed to, and to a considerable 
 extent aroused and Inflamed by the ardent and energetic declaration of our title to 
 the whole of Oregon. " Fifty-four forty or fight " became a Democratic watchword ; 
 and the Whigs who attempted to argue against the extravagance or inexpediency of 
 the claim continually lost ground, and were branded as cowards who were awed 
 into silence by the fear of British power. All the prejudice against the British 
 Governr^jnt which had descended from the Revolution and from the war of 1812 
 was successfully evoked by the Democratic party, and they gained immeasurably 
 by keeping a measure before the people which many of their leaders knew would 
 be abandoned when the pressure of actual negotiation should be felt by our gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Mr. Polk, however, In his Inaugural address, carefully re-afflrmed the position 
 respecting Oregon which his party had taken In the national canvass, and quoted 
 part of the phrase used In the platform put forth by the convention which nomi- 
 nated him. The issue had been made so broadly, that it must be squarely met, and 
 finally adjusted. The Democrats in their eagerness had left no road for honorable 
 retreat, and bad cut themselves off from the resources and convenient postpone- 
 ments of diplomacy. Dangerous as It was to the new administration to confront 
 
1| V- 
 
 EIGHTEEN FORTr-POUR TO EIGHTEEN FORTY-NINE. 
 
 295 
 
 the issue, it would have lieen still more dangerous to attempt to avoid it. The 
 decisive step, in the policy to which the administration was committed, was to give 
 formal notice to Great Britain that the Joint occupation of the Oregon country 
 under the treaty of 1827 must cease. A certain degree of moral strength was unex- 
 pectedly imparted to the Democratic position by the fact that the venerable John 
 Quincy Adams was decidedly in favor of the notice, and ably supported, in a unique 
 and powerful speech in the House of Representatives, our title t« the country up to 
 54° 40'. The first convention for joint occupancy had been negotiated while Mr. 
 Adutus was Secretary of State, and the second while he was President ; so that, in 
 addition to the weight of authority with which he always spolce, his words seemed 
 entitled to special confidence on a question witli which he was necessarily so famil- 
 iar. His great influence brought many Whigs to the support of the resolution ; and 
 on the 9th of February, 1846, the House, by the large vote of 163 to 54, declared in 
 favor of giving the treaty notice to Great Britain. 
 
 The country at once became alarmed by the growing rumors that the resolution 
 of the House was a direct challenge to Great Britain for a trial of strength as to the 
 superior title to the Oregon country, and it was soon apparent tliat the Senato would 
 proceed with more circumspection and conservatism. Events were rapidly tending 
 towards hostilities with Mexico, and the aggrandizement of territory likely to result 
 from a war witli that country was not viewed with a friendly eye, either by Great 
 Britain or France. Indeed, the annexation of Texas, which had been accomplished 
 the preceding year, was known to be distasteful to those governments. They de- 
 sired that Texas might remain an independent republic, under more liberal trade 
 relations tliau could be secured from the United States with its steady policy of 
 fostering and advancing its own manufacturing interests. Tlie directors of the 
 administration saw therefore more and more clearly that, if a war with Mexico 
 were impending, it would be sheer madness to open a quarrel with Great Britain, 
 and force her into an alliance against us. Mr. Adams and those who voted with 
 him did not believe that the notice to the British Government would provoke a 
 war, but that firmness on our part, in the negotiation which should ensue, would 
 induce England to yield her pretensions to any part of Oregon ; to which Mr. 
 Adams maintained, with elaboration of argument and demonstration, she had no 
 shadow of right. 
 
 Mr. Adams was opposed to war with Mexico, and therefore did not draw his 
 conclusions from tlie premises laid down by those who were charged with the policy 
 of the administration. They naturally argued that a war with Great Britain might 
 end in our losing tlie whole of Oregon, without acquiring any territory on our 
 south-western border. The bare possibility of such a result would defeat the policy 
 which tliey were seeking to uphold, and would at the same time destroy their party. 
 In short, it became apparent that what might be termed the Texas policy of the 
 administration, and wliat might he termed its Oregon policy, could not both be 
 carried out. It required no prophet to foresee which would be maintained and 
 which would be abandoned. "Fifty-four forty or fight," had been a good cry for 
 the political campaign; but, when the fight was to be with Great Britain, the issue 
 became too serious to be settled by such international law as is dispensed on the 
 stump. 
 
 A very bitter controversy over the question began in the Senate as soon as the 
 House resolution was received. But from the outset it was apparent that those who 
 adhered to the 64" i'Y policy, on which Mr. Polk had been elected, were in a small 
 minority. That minority was led by General Cass; but Its most brilliant advocate 
 in debate was Edward A. Hannegan, Democatic Senator from Indiana, who 
 angrily reproached his party for playing false to the pledges on which it had won a 
 victory over the greatest political leader of the country. He measured the situation 
 
 
 \:'i-;\ 
 
 
 :K: 
 
 ■; 4 
 
 ■i i 
 
 
$96 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 accurately, read with discrimination the motives which underlay the change of 
 policy on the part of the administration and Its Southern supporters, and stated the 
 whole case in a quicl< and curt reply to an interruption from a pro-slavery Senator, 
 — " If Oregon were good for the production of sugar and cotton, it would not have 
 encountered this opposition. Its possession would have been at once secured." The 
 change In the Democratic position was greatly aided by the attitude of the Whig 
 senators, who almost unanimously opposed the 'ution of notice to Great Britain 
 as passed by the House. Mr. Welwte?, for the ' if not the only time in his sena- 
 torial career, read a carefully prepared speech, i rhlch he did not argue the ques- 
 tion of rightful boundary, but urged that a settlement on the forty-ninth parallel 
 would be honorable to both countries, would avert hostile feeling, and restore amity 
 and harmony. Mr. Berrien of Georgia made an exhaustive speech, inquiring into 
 the rightfulness of title, and urged the line of 49°. Mr. Crittenden followed in the 
 same vein, and in a reply to Senator William Allen of Ohio, chairman of Foreign 
 Affairs, made a speech abounding in sarcasm and ridicule. The Whigs having in 
 the campaign taken no part in the boastful demand for 54° 40', were not subjected 
 to the humiliation of retracing imprudent steps and retracting unwise declarations. 
 
 Under the influences at work in the Senate, events developed rapidly. The 
 House resolution of notice was defeated ; and the Senate passed a substitute of a 
 less aggressive type, in which the House, through the instrumentality of a confer- 
 ence committee, substantially concurred. The resolution as finally adopted author- 
 ised the President "at his discretion" to give the notice for the tennination of the 
 tieaty to Great Britain. The preamble further softened the action of Congress by 
 declaring that the notice was given in order that "the attention of the governments 
 of both countries may be the more earnestly directed to the adoption of all proper 
 measures for a speedy and amicable adjustment of the differences and disputes in 
 regard to said territory." 
 
 The Southern Democrats in the House rece<led from their action, and the modi- 
 fled resolution was carried by nearly as large a vote as had been the previous one 
 for decided and peremptory notice. In short, the great mass of the Southern Demo- 
 crats in both Houses precipitately threw the Oregon issue aside. They had not 
 failed to perceive that the hesitation in the administration in forcing an issue with 
 Mexico was due to the apprehension of trouble with Great Britain, and they made 
 haste to promote schemes of territorial acquisition in the South-West by withdraw- 
 ing the pretensions so imprudently put forth in regard to our claims in the North- 
 West. Only forty-six votes were given in the House against what was termed a 
 disgraceful surrender. These wer« almost entirely from Northern Democrats, 
 though a few Southern Democrats refused to recede. Among tliose who thus 
 remained flrm were Andrew Johnson, Stephen A. Douglas, Howell Cobb, Preston 
 King, and Allen G. Thurman. 
 
 The passage of the modified and friendly resolution of notice dispelled all 
 danger of trouble witii Great Britain, and restored a sense of security in the United 
 States. Immediately after its adoption, Mr. Buchanan, Secretary of State, under 
 direction of the President, concluded a treaty with the British minister on the 
 basis discussed by Mr. Calhoun two years before. The forty-ninth parallel was 
 agreed upon as the boundary between the two countries, with certain concessions 
 for a defined period, touchin,^ the right« of the Hudson's Bay Company, and the 
 navigation of the Columbia River by the British. This treaty was promptly con- 
 firmed by the Senate, and the long controversy over the Oregon Question was at 
 rest. It had created a deep and wide-spread excitement in the country, and came 
 very near precipitating hostilities with Great Britain. There is no doubt whatever 
 that the English Government would have gone to war rather than surrender the 
 territory north of the forty-ninth parallel. This fad had made the winter and early 
 
EIGHTEEIT POETT-FOITR TO EIGHTEEN FORTY-NINE. 
 
 297 
 
 Spring of 1846 one of profound anxiety to all the people of the United Btates, and 
 more especially those who were interested in the large mercantile marine which 
 sailed under the American flag. 
 
 In simple truth, the country was not prepared to go to war with Great Britain 
 In support of "our clear and unquestionable title" to the whole of Oregon. With 
 her strong naval force on the Pacific, and her military force in Aurt-alasia, Great 
 Britain could more readily and more easily talce possession of the country in dispute 
 than could the United States. We had no way of reacliing Oregon except by 
 doubling Cape Horn, and malting a dangerous sea-voyage of many thousand miles. 
 We could communicate across the continent only by the emigrant trail over rugged 
 mountains and almost trackless plains. Our railway system was in its infancy in 
 1846. New Yorli City did not have a continuous road to BuflUlo. Philadelphia 
 was not connected with Pittsburg. Baltimore's projected line to the Oliio had only 
 reached Cumberland, among the eastern foot-hills of the Alleglianies. The entire 
 Union had but five thousand miles of railway. There was scarcely a spot on the 
 globe, outside of the United Kingdom, where we could not have fought England 
 with greater advantage than on the north-west coast of America at that time. The 
 war-cry of the Presidential campaign of 1844 was, therefore, in any event, alisurd ; 
 and it proved to be mischievous. It is not improbable, tiiat, if the Oregon Question 
 had been allowed to rest for the time under the provisions of the treaty of 1827, 
 the whole country would ultimately have fallen into our hands, and the American 
 flag might to-day be waving over British Columbia. The course of events and the 
 lapse of time were working steadily to our advantage. In 1826 Great Britain de- 
 clined to accept the forty-ninth parallel, but demanded the Columbia River as the 
 boundary. Twenty years afterwards she accepted the line previously rejected. 
 American settlers had forced her back. With the sweep of our emigration and 
 civilization to the Pacific Coast two years after the the treaty of 1846, when gold 
 was discovered in California, the tendency would have been still more strongly in 
 our favor. Time, as Mr. Calhoun said, "would have eflTected every thing for us" 
 if we could only have been patient and peaceful. 
 
 Taking the question, however, as it stood in 1846, the settlement must, upon 
 full consideration and review, be adjudged honorable to both countries. Wise 
 statesmen of that day felt, as wise statesmen of subsequent years have more and 
 more realized, that a war between Great Britain and the United States would not 
 only be a terrible calamity to both nations, but that it would stay the progress of 
 civilization throughout the world. Future generations would hold the governing 
 power in both countries guilty of a crime if war should ever be permitted except 
 upon the failure of every other arbitrament. The harmless laugh of one political 
 party at the expense of another forty years ago, the somewhat awkward receding 
 from pretensions which could not be maintained by the Executive of the nation, 
 have passed into oblivion. But a striking and useful lesson would be lost i. it 
 should be forgotten that the country was brought to the verge of war by the 
 proclamation of a policy which could not be, and was not intencied to be, enforced. 
 It was originated as a cry to catch votes; and except witli the ignorant, and the 
 few whose judgment was carried away by enthusiasm, it was from the first 
 thoroughly insincere. If the punishment could have fallen only upon those who 
 raised the cry, perfect justice would have been done. But the entire country suf- 
 fered, and prol>ably endured a serious and permanent loss, from the false step taken 
 by men who claimed what they could not defend and what they did not mean to 
 defend. 
 
 The emigration of 1846 consisted of some two thousand souls, 
 bringing with them four hundred and seventy wagons, and one 
 
 1 H 
 
 f- ! 
 
 
298 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 thousand and fifty cattle. At Fort Hall about one-half turned off 
 and followed the Humboldt River route to California, among whom 
 were the Donner Party, whose dreadful sufferings in the Sierra 
 Nevada Mountains form one of the saddest pages of Pacific Coast 
 history. The emigration was divided into a number of independ- 
 ent trains, each having its own leader and guide. Of those whose 
 destination was the Willamette Valley, the greater portion pursued 
 the old route down Snake River, and reached Oregon City without 
 any unusual incident. Not so with all of them, for one hundred 
 and fifty people, with forty two wagons, were induced at Fort Hall 
 to attempt a new route. At Fort Hall, Fort Boise and Fort Walla 
 Walla, the Hudson's Bay Company was doiug a thriving trade 
 with the immigrants, selling them supplies and buying for a song 
 their worn-out cattle, or giving in exchange for them an order on 
 the Chief Factor at Vancouver for a like number of the wild cattle 
 belonging to the company. The general feeling against the com- 
 pany was very bitter, and in the spring of 1846 a number of men 
 who had settled in the extreme southern end of the valley, decided to 
 explore for a new route that would miss the company's posts and 
 present less obstacles to the passage of wagons than the old one 
 down Snake River. They believed that further south it was less 
 mountainous, and that Meek's idea of the year before was correct, 
 his error consisting in not keeping far enough to the south. If this 
 new route could be found they would accomplish the two-fold 
 object of drawing the immigrants away from the trading posts and 
 bringing them first into the upper end of the valley, where, prob- 
 ably, the majority of them would settle — a result earnestly desired 
 by the few who had already made their homes in that region. 
 These men have been charged with having the latter result as their 
 sole object, and that to accomplish it they deceived the immigrants 
 as to the character of the route; but the allegation requires to sus- 
 tain it far more proof than has yet been adduced, especially when 
 made against such men as the Applegates. 
 
 The road party was composed of Captain Levi Scott, Jesse and 
 Lindsay Applegate, John Jones, John Owens, Henry Boggus, Wil- 
 liam Sportsman, Samuel Goodhue, Robert Smith, Moses Harris, 
 John Scott, William G. Parker, David GofP, and Benjamin F. 
 Burch. They passed through Umpqua Valley and Rogue River 
 
BiaHTEBX FOBTT-FOUB TO BIOHTEEN FORTY -NINE. 
 
 299 
 
 Valley, crossed the Cascades to Klamath, Tule and Goose lakes, 
 and thence over the arid hills and valleys of Nevnda to Fort Hall. 
 They found the route to present far less obstacles to the passage of 
 wagons than the old one, and were of the opinion that water and 
 grass existed at sufficiently short intervals to render it a practicable 
 one for emigrant trains. In this latter opinion they were not cor- 
 rect, though a few years later, the route having been remodeled and 
 new watering places found, it was quite extensively used l)y emi- 
 grants to Northern California and Southern Oregon. The trouble 
 lay chiefly in the fact that they were mounted, and traveled much 
 more rapidly than the slow-mo»'ing emigrant wagon, and were thus 
 easily led into a mistake in judgment. The consequence was, that 
 those who were led by their representatioiis at Fort Hall to try the 
 new route, found it almost devoid of water and grass imtil Goose 
 Lake was reached. They suffered severely, and their cattle became 
 so feeble that they could scarcely pull the wagons along, many of 
 them lying down in the endless sea of sage brush to die. From 
 Goose Lake to Umpqua Canyon water and grass were plentiful, 
 but the work kept the cattle from lecuperating fully, so that they 
 reached the canyon in very poor condition. Here was reached the 
 climax. The feeble cattle, such of them as remained alive, were 
 unequal to the task of pulling the wagons through. Added to this 
 their great loss of time had caused the exhaustion of their supplies, 
 which they had not the opportunity to replenish offered by the 
 trading posts along the old route. Their hardships were great ; 
 and many of them, abandoning everything in the canyon, reached 
 the valley in a deplorable condition. Among these were Hon. J. 
 Quinn Thornton and wife, who experienced exceptionally severe 
 hardships. The impression then received by Mr. Thornton, that those 
 who had induced him to depart from the old route had done so by 
 means of willful falsehood and for unworthy and selfish motives, 
 has never faded away. It has given rise to much acrimonious discus- 
 sion and bitter feeling, and is the more to be regretted because the two 
 leaders of the controversy — Mr. Thornton and Jesse Applegate — 
 are both gentlemen of great natural and acquired attainments, of 
 sterling integrity, and receive the universal respect and honor of 
 their fellow pioneers. A roster of the emigrant trains of 1846 has 
 never been prepared. 
 
 ;■ I 
 
 1 
 
 
 m 
 
 n:\ 
 
 \h 
 
800 
 
 HI6T0BT OF WILLAMETTE VALLXT. 
 
 The immigrants brought with them intelligence that the bound- 
 ary question was again being negotiated, and was in a fair way to 
 be settled, giving the country, as far north, at least, as the forty- 
 ninth parallel, to the United States ; and this had a most cheering 
 effect upon this small self-governed community. The annual elec- 
 tion for representatives and county officers occurred June 4, 1846. 
 The following gentlemen were chosen members of the Legislature : 
 Hiram Straight, A. L. Lovcjoy, W. G. T'Vault, from Clackamas ; 
 J. L. Meek, Lawrence Hall, D. H. Lownsdale, from Tualatin; Jesse 
 Looney, Angus McDonald, Robert Newell, A. Chamberlain, from 
 Champoeg; Governor Simmons, from Clatsop; Thomas Jeffre)8, 
 A. J. Henibree, from Yamhill; J. E. Williams, John D. Boon, 
 from Polk; Henry Peers, from Vancouver; W. F. Tolmie, from 
 Lewis. Lewis had been cut from Vancouver (now Clarke) by the 
 previous Legislature, both lying on the north -^ide of the Columbia, 
 
 Another event of 1846 was the foimding of the Oregon Spectator 
 at Oregon City, printed upon the press brought in 1839 from the 
 Sandwich Islands. The first number was issued in Febioiary, and it 
 was the first newspaper upon the Pacific Coast, since the initial 
 number of the Californian was not printed at Monterey until the 
 fifteenth of the following August. On the tenth of September the 
 United States schooner Shark was lost on the bar of the Columbia 
 while endeavoring to put to sea, and her stand of coloi*8 was a^l 
 the crew saved from the wreck. Lieutenant Howison, her com- 
 mander, enjoyed the hospitalities of the pioneers for several months, 
 and upon taking his departure presented the colore to the people 
 through Governor Abernethy, accompanied by the following letter : — 
 
 One of the few articles preserved from the shlp-wreok of the late United States 
 schooner Shark, was her stand of colors. To display the national emblem, and cheer 
 our citizens in this distant territory by its presence, was a principal object of the 
 Shark's visit to the Columbia; and it appears to me, therefore, highly proper that It 
 should henceforth remain with you, as a memento of parental regard from the 
 General Government. With the fullest confidence that it will be received and duly 
 appreciated as such by our countrymen here, I do myself the honor of transmitting 
 the flags (an Ensign and Union Jack) to your address; nor can I omit the occasion to 
 express my gratification and pride that this relic of my late command should be 
 emphatically the first United States flag to wave over the undisput^ and purely 
 American territory of Oregon. 
 
 The flags still, on proper occasions, flutter in the Oregon breezes. 
 Lieutenant Howison, upon his return, wrote a report of Oregon 
 
 M. 
 
r — P -^-^ -f I'' 
 
 EIGHTEEN FORTY-FOUR TO EIGHTEEN FORTY NINE. 
 
 301 
 
 and the Htniggles of her loyal citizens, which did much to open 
 the eyes of the Government to the condition of this region and 
 the neceesity of doing Hoinething for the protection of thone hardy 
 people vvho had carried the picket line of republican iuHtitutions 
 so far into the wilderness. 
 
 The immigration of 1847 has been estimated at five thousand 
 souls, fully two-thirds of whom came to Oregon, the remainder 
 adding their strength to the Americans who were struggling to 
 hold possession of California against the defeated Mexicans, from 
 whose grasp it had been wrested. Many most valuable things 
 were brought by them, things which added largely to the means 
 the people possessed to increase their comfort and wealth. As one 
 of them (Hon. Kalph C. Geer) expressed it in a recent speech, they 
 " brought everything nearly, from a paper of pins to a four-foot 
 buhr." The mill-stones were brought by a Mr. Ilaun, a Missouri 
 miller of considerable notoriety. Another important item was a 
 herd of pure Durham cattle, brought by John Wilson, of Illinois, 
 who also had among his effects some splendid brood mares. Cap- 
 tain Benser and J. C. Geer, Sr., also brought some fine cattle, and 
 M. L. Savage, the well known race horse " Old (Jeorge.'' In a few 
 years the cattle and horses of the Willamette Valley showed the 
 effects of this introduction of blooded stock among them. Mr. 
 Fields contributed a flock of fine sheep from Missouri, whose 
 descendants have always been held in high esteem by the farmers 
 of the valley. " Uncle " Headrick, William Turpin, Johnson Mulkey 
 and R. Patton also brought flocks of fine sheep. Thomas and Wil- 
 liam Cox brought a stock of goods and opened at Salem the first 
 store south of Champoeg. They also brought peach pits and 
 planted them. A. R. Dimick brought potato seeds, which he 
 planted in the northern part of Marion County, raising the famous 
 " Dimick " potatoes. Mr. Geer brought a bushel of apple seeds 
 and a half bushel of pear seeds, which went far toward supplying 
 the coast with fruit trees. But by far the most important under- 
 taking of all is thus related by Mr. Geer: — 
 
 But the greatest undertaking, and one that was crowned with success, and one 
 that contributed the most to the name and fame of Oregon, was the "Traveling 
 Nursery," brought across the plains by the late Henderson Luelling, in 1847. If a 
 man is a benefactor to his race who makes two spears of grass grow where only one 
 grew before, what is he to his State who makes luscious pears, cherries, plums and 
 
 • :\ 
 
 111 
 
 ■! ■: 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
302 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 apples grow, where only poor seedlings, or none, grew before ! Mr. Henderson 
 Luelling, by bringing that splendid assortment of apples, pears, plums, cherries, 
 quinces, grapes, berrits and flowers in his "Traveling Nursery" to Oregon in 1847, 
 gave to Oregon the name of "God's Country, or the Land of Big Red Apples," a 
 name that every pioneer of Oregon feels proud of. I never thought Mr. Luelling 
 received the reward tliat his enterprise merited. I liave dealt with him to the 
 extent of thousaiids of dollars, from one dollar to two thousand dollar transactions, 
 and always found him honest. Being honest himself he trusted too much, and 
 consequently was victimized to a fearful extent. The conception and carrying out 
 of that enterprise was not the sudden conviction as to the importance of the fruit 
 business, but was the result of a train of circumstances, the most controlling of 
 which was his long and successful engagement in the nursery business. 
 
 In the fall of 1845 he be^an to prepare to start to Oregon, but could not dispose 
 of his land in time to start until it Mould be quite late, so he concluded to wait 
 another year and bring the "Traveling Nursery." He planted his nursery thus: 
 He made two boxes twelve inches deep, and just wide and long enough to flU the 
 wagon bed, and filled them with a compost consisting principally of charcoal and 
 earth, into which he planted about seven hundred trees and shrubs, from twenty 
 inclies to four feet high, and protected them from the stock by a light though strong 
 frame fastened to the wagon bed. He left the Missouri River the seventeenth of 
 May. 
 
 On the Platte Mr. Luelling took charge of the nursery wagon and team to bring 
 it through in his own way and time, for it was already pronounced by some of his 
 friends as a very hazardous undertaking to draw such a heavy load all the way 
 over the Rocky Mountains; but every discouraging proposition he invariably 
 answered, that so long as he could take it without endangering the safety of his 
 family, he would stick to it. The last time that any one tried to discourage him 
 about the nursery wagon was on the North Platte. Rev. Mr. White suggested that 
 he had l)etter leave it, as the cattle were becoming weary and fOot-sore, and that 
 owing to the continued weight of that load, it would kill all his cattle and prevent 
 his getting through; but his answer war: ouch an emphatic "no," that he was 
 allowed to follow his own course after that without remonstrance. 
 
 The nursery reached The Dalles about the first of October, and the trees were 
 there taken out of the boxes and securely wrapped in cloths to protect them from 
 frosty nights and the various handlings that thoy had to undergo In the transit 
 down the Columbia. That load of trees contained health, wealth and comfort for 
 the old pioneers of Oregon. It was the mother of all our early nurseries and 
 orchards, and gave Oregon a name and fame that she never would have bad with- 
 out it. The load of living trees and shrubs brought more wealth to Oregon than 
 any ship that ever entered the Columbia River. Then I say bail, all hail, to the 
 " Traveling Nursery " that crossed the plains in 1847! 
 
 Besides those already mentioned the immigration of 1847 con- 
 tained many who subsequently became prominent in the political, 
 professional and industrial life of Oregon, one of them being Hon. 
 Samuel R. Thurston, who first represented the Territory in Con- 
 gress, and in whose honor Thurston County, now in Washington 
 Territory, was named. 
 
 A portion of the immigration of 1847 came down the Humboldt 
 and over the Applegate trail to Southern Oregon, the route which 
 
 cox. 
 
-pTT ' I*- ^tirVI ilVi 
 
 EIGHTEEN FORTY-FOUR TO EIGHTEEN FORTY-NINE. 
 
 ?03 
 
 had been found such a disastrous one the year before. They were 
 guided by Captain Levi Scott, the man who had been the leader of 
 the road exploring party, and ^vho accompanied the first of the four 
 trains which this year followed that route. They experienced no un- 
 usual difficulty, and accomplished the whole distance from Snake 
 River, at the mouth of Raft River, to the head of Willamette Val- 
 ley, in sixty-three days, a much shorter time than it took the unfortu- 
 nate part}' with Mr. Thornton. One of them, Hon. Thomas Smith, 
 says: "We got through ' the Canyon ' with but little trouble, although 
 it was such a bug-a-boo to the emigration the year before." The 
 easy pabsage of these trains in 1847 is conclusive evidence that the 
 disasters of 1846 can not be wholly charged up to the unfavorable 
 character of the route, and that the gentlemen who persuaded the 
 immigrants to attempt its passage were not guilty of so much mis- 
 representation of it as has been charged against them. Of the 
 members of these trains — one of which attempted to reach the Sac- 
 ramento Valley from near Lost River, but failed and came to Ore- 
 gon — Mr. Smith remembers the following, many of whom still re- 
 side in the State : John Grimsby, wife and six children; Abraham 
 Coryell and two grown sons, Lewis and George; Benjamin Davis, 
 wife and six children ; Ira Wells, wife and one child ; David Wells 
 and wife; William Wyatt, wife and two or three children; A/illiam 
 Aldrich, Sr., and wife; William Aldrich, Jr., and wife; Andrew 
 Welsh, wife and two or three children ; William Johnson; William 
 Risk; John Benson; David Cook; Thomas Smith; Mr. Davidson; 
 John Lebo; David D. Davis and family; Briggs, Sr., and wife; 
 Briggs, Jr., and wife; Prior F. Blair and family; James Frederick 
 and family; John Aiken and family; James Chapin; Cornelius 
 Hills; Charnell Mulligan; Wilkeson Gouldy; Joseph Downer; 
 John Gilliam; George Gilliam. 
 
 On the third of June, 1847, was held the annual election for of- 
 ficers, both territorial and county. There were 1,074 votes cast, 
 of which George Abernethy received 530, A. Lawrence Lovejoy 520, 
 A. Husted 11. and scattering 7; thus continuing Mr. Abernethy as 
 the Chief Executive of the Provisional Government. The follow- 
 ing gentlemen were chosen members of the Legislature: Medorum 
 Crawford, J. W. Wair, S. S. White, from Clackamas; Ralph Wil- 
 Jost ,/a L. Meek, David Hill, from Tualatin; Willard H. Rees, 
 
 cox, u^j^<n^> 
 
 ■ :! 
 
 ■ ; 
 
 i 'i 
 
 ■*; 
 
 ■. ■'■ 1 '-' 
 
 I 
 
304 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 A. Chamberlain, Robert Newell, Anderson Cox, "W. H. Rector, 
 from Champoeg; L. A. Rice, Lewis Rogers, A. J. Hembree, from 
 Yamhill; J. W. Nesmith, N. A. Ford, W. St. Clare, from Polk; 
 Henry Peers, William Ryan, from Vancouver; S. Plamonden, from 
 Lewis; J. Robinson, from Clatsop. 
 
 The next and last election under the Provisional Government 
 was held June 12, 1848. The usual county officers were chosen 
 and the following members of the Legislature: A. L. Lovejoy,* 
 George L. Curry, J. S. Snook,* from Clackamas ; William J. Bailey, 
 Robert Newell, A. Gaines, William Portius, from Champoeg; 
 Ralph Wilcox, Samuel R. Thurston, Peter H. Burnett, from Tual- 
 atin; William Martin, A. J. Hembree, L. A. Rice, from Yamhill; 
 H. Linnville, J. W. Nesmith, Osborn Russell, from Polk. 
 
 The emigration of 1848 was quite large, though statistics in re- 
 lation to it have never been gathered. Many who had originally 
 started for Oregon changed their destination for California when 
 learning while en route of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill. 
 
 * Resigned, and Medorum Crawford and A. F. Hedges chosen at special e<ection Nov. 27, 1848. 
 
(•TV 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE AND THE CAYUSE WAR. 
 
 Condition of Protestant and Catholio Missions in 18^.7 — Situation of 
 Affairs at Waiilatpu — Tom Hill and Joe Lewis — Whitman Buys 
 The Dalles Mission and Prepares to Abandon Waiilatpu — Catholics 
 Estahlish a Mission on the Umatilla — Sickness among the Cayuses 
 — Joe Lewis' Poison Story — Evidence of Colonel Craig and the 
 Whitman Indians — Details of the Massacre — Charges Against the 
 Catholics — Ransom of the Captives — Action of the Provisional 
 Government — Oregon Rifles Take I^ossession of The Dalles — A Regi- 
 ment Organized — -Campaign in the Caytise Co%intry^-End of the 
 War — Five Cayuses Executed at Oi'egon City. 
 
 THE condition of the various missions has been noted from time 
 to time, showing that the Catholics were making rapid pro- 
 gress, the missions of the American Board east of the mountains 
 advancing but slowly, and the Methodists losing ground so i-apidly 
 that work was discontinued everywhere but at The Dalles in 1844. 
 The mission property at that point waa sold to Dr. Whitman in the 
 fall of 1847. The Catholics at that time numbered in their con- 
 gregations fifteen hundred whites and half-breeds of Canadian 
 descent, and six thousand Indian neophytes. Bishop F. N. Blanchet 
 was at the head of the diocese, which included not only Oregon, 
 Washington, Idaho and Montana, but British Columbia, then 
 known as "New Caledonia." Bishop Blanchet was in personal 
 charge of the field west of the Cascades, Father A. M. A. Blanchet 
 east of the mountains, and Father Modest Demers in New Caledonia. 
 There were twenty-six clergymen employed, among whom were 
 Fathei-s Michael Occolti, Peter J. DeSmet, Peter DeVos, Audiian 
 Hoecken, Joseph Joaet, Gregory Meugarini, John Nobili, Nicholas 
 
 i- 
 
 
306 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 Point, Anthony Kavalli, Aloysius Vercruysse, Anthony Sandlois, 
 John Baptist Balduc. In the Willamette Valley there had been 
 built St. Paul's Cathedral, St. Mary's Convent, St. Francis Xave- 
 rius' Chapel, St. John's, in Oregon City, and a new church in 
 French Prairie; there were also churches at Vancouver, Cowlitz 
 and Whidby in Western Washington, four in New Caledonia, St. 
 Mary's among the Flat Heads, Sacred Heart at Cceur d'Alene, St. 
 Ignatius at Lake Pend d'Oreille, and St. Paul near Fort Colville. 
 There were also half a dozen other stations where chapels or 
 churches were contemplated. In the way of institutions of learning 
 St. Paul's College and an academy for gii-ls had been founded in the 
 Willamette Valley, and other schools were maintained at some of the 
 older missions. This array of strength is a startling comparison 
 with the feel)leness of tho Protestant Missions. The leading causes 
 have been pointed out— the powerful influence of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, the methods, ceremonies and discipline of the 
 Catholic Church, and the fact that they were not, like the Protest- 
 ants, held responsible by the Indians for the great influx of Ameri- 
 can settlers. 
 
 Of the missions of the American Board, that at Lapwai was 
 making slight progress, Tshimikain was holding its own, and 
 Waiilatpu was retrograding. At each station there were a few 
 who seemed to be in full accord with the missionaries, but the 
 majority were indifferent, and some were even hostile. At 
 Waiilatpu things had been going vsTong for some time. From the 
 time Whitman first went among them there was a small portion of 
 the Cayuses who were opposed to him and his work, Tam-su-ky, 
 an influential chief who resided on the Walla Walla, being at the 
 head of this turbulent faction. When Whitman returned with the 
 great train of emigrants in 1843, these Indians pointed to it as an 
 evidence that his missionary pretensions were but a cloak to cover 
 his design upon their liberties, that he was bringing Americans into 
 the country to take away their lands. This feeling of hostility 
 spread from year to year, especially among the Cayuses, through 
 whose country the emigrants nearly all passed, and who were thus 
 better able than the other tribes to see in what great numbers tliey 
 came and what a cordial welcome they received from Dr. Whitman 
 and his associates. In 1845 a Delaware Indian, called "Tom Hill," 
 
THE WHITMAN MA88A0BE AND THE CAYU8E WAR. 
 
 307 
 
 lived among the Nez Perces and told them how American mission- 
 aries visited his people to teach them religion, and were soon fol- 
 lowed by other Americans who took away their lands; and he 
 warned them to drive Mr. Spalding away, unless they would invite 
 a similar misfortune. This Indian visited Whitman's Mission and 
 • lated to the Cayuses the story of the ruin of his tribe which had 
 followed the advent of American missionaries among them. 
 
 In the latter part of 1847 another Indian came among the Cay- 
 uses, about whose pedigree there has been so much dispute that if 
 is as well to pass it by. He had spent much time among the whites, 
 and being serviceable as an interpreter, and being possessed of much 
 intelligence, the doctor gave him employment about the mission. 
 He seemed to be possessed of a fiendish disposition and to harbor a 
 special malignity against the Americans. Joe Levtds, for such was 
 his name, reaffirmed the statements of Tom Hill, and said that it 
 was the American plan to first send missionaries, and then a few 
 settlers every year, until they had taken all the land and made the 
 Indians slaves. Tam-su-ky and his followers were now triumphant, 
 and boasted of their superior wisdom in opposing the mission from 
 the first. Besides this faction there were now many who desired to 
 exchange to the Catholic religion, of which they heard favorable 
 reports from other tribes. The long black gowns and imposing 
 ceremonies had captured them. Whitman was warned of the 
 danger he ran by Um-howlish and Stick-us, but though he per- 
 ceived the gathering storm he thought it could be averted. Thoma^s 
 McKay, between whom and the doctor there existed a warm friend- 
 ship, also warned him that it was unsafe to live longer among the 
 Cayuses, and Whitman offered to sell the property to him, an offer 
 which he agreed to accept if he could dispose of his claim in the 
 Willamette Valley. With this sale in view, Whitman went to The 
 Dalles in the fall of 1847, and purchased the disused Methodist 
 Mission, and placing his nephew, P. B. ^Tiitman, in charge, re- 
 turned to spend the winter at Waiilatpu, preparatory to moving to 
 his new location in the spring. This was the condition of affairs 
 when the Catholics decided to take advantage of the desire of a 
 number of the Cayuses to embrace that faith and establish a mission 
 among them. On September 5, 1847, Father A. M. A. Blanchet 
 reached Walla Walla with three associate priests, and the fort be- 
 
 
308 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 
 came their headquarters for a number of weeks while they were seek- 
 ing a place suitable for a permanent location. There Whitman found 
 them upon his return from The Dalles, and quite a stormy interview 
 ensued, though it must be confessed that the storming was chiefly 
 done by the indignant doctor; and no wonder. He had just made 
 arrangements to abandon all he had accomplished by eleven years of 
 self-denial and labor, and here he found those to whom he attributed 
 his misfortunes ready to take his place even before he had left it, 
 He made known his displeasure in strong terms, but his rebuke was 
 received with an unruffled coolness that served but to increase his 
 aggravation. They finally located on the Umatilla at the home of 
 Five Crows, the head chief, two days before the massacre, Father 
 J. B. A. Brouillet being in charge. 
 
 That year immigrants from the States brought with them dysen- 
 tery and the measles, which soon became epidemic among the Cay- 
 uses. Many Indians died in spite of the remedies administered by 
 the doctor and the careful attention of his noble Avife. This was 
 Joe Lewis' opportunity. He told the Cayuses that Whitman 
 intended to kill them all ; that for this purpose he had sent home 
 for poison two years before, but they had not forwai'ded a good 
 kind ; this year the immigrants had brought him some good poison, 
 and he was now using it to kill off the Cayuses; that when they 
 were all dead the Americans would come and take their lands. He 
 even went so far as to declare that he overheard a conversation 
 between Mr. Spalding and Doctor and Mrs. Whitman, in which the 
 former complained because the doctor was not killing them fast 
 enough, and then the trio began to count up the wealth they would 
 acquire when the Indians were all disposed of. He also asserted 
 that the priest (Father Brouillet) had told him the Doctor was giv 
 ing them poison. A number of years before an American trapper 
 and renegade had purposely spread small-pox among the Blackfeet, 
 and killed hundreds of that tribe. This was well known by all 
 the Indian tribes from the Cascades to the Missouri, and had iis 
 effect in leading the Cayuses to believe the Doctor was poisoning 
 them. These statements are made upon the authority of the written 
 statement of Colonel William Craig, a well-known American trapper 
 and trader, who happened to be at Lapwai when a Cayuse messenger 
 arriv^.;d there nine days after the massacre, for the purpose of 
 
 uses I 
 Evei 
 to a| 
 largj 
 everl 
 Forf 
 
THE WHITMAN MASSACRE AND THE CAYTJ8E WAR. 
 
 309 
 
 informing the powerful Nez Perces of what had taken place and 
 securing their support. Colonel Craig was present at the council, 
 and heard these reasons given by the Cayuse courier. They are 
 also based upon an interview held by the writer with three of these 
 Indians at Pendleton, one of them, Um-howlish, being a chief at 
 the time of the massacre and a warm supporter of Whitman, and 
 still an adherent of the simple faith taught him by the Doctor. On 
 the point of the priest telling that Whitman was giving them poison, 
 they unanimously agreed that they never heard him say so, but 
 that Joe Lewis had told them the priest said it; that it was gener- 
 ally believed at the time that the priest had thus stated, but after- 
 wards, in canvassing the question among themselves, no one could 
 be found to whom the priest had said anything of the kind, and 
 that it all came through Joe Lewis. One thing the Roman mis- 
 sionary did say, and this helped to confirm them in the belief that 
 he had said the other — that Dr. Whitman was a bad man, and if 
 they believed what he told them they would all go to hell, for he 
 was telling them lies. Even vsuch a statement as that, coming from 
 such a source, and made to unreasoning and passionate savages, 
 already unduly excited by the loss of so many of their number, was 
 enough, in case they believed it true, to have caused the bloody 
 scene which followed, even had not the poison theory been so 
 industriously circulated by the scheming Lewis. Without knowing 
 of the perfidious conduct of Joe Lewis, Whitman recognized the 
 impending danger, and recjuested McKay to spend the winter with 
 him ; but he was unable to comply. 
 
 The followers of Tam-su-ky determined to put the poison theory 
 to a practical test. The wife of that chief was sick; and they 
 agreed among themselves that they would get some medicine from 
 the Doctor and give it to her; if she recovered, good; if not, then 
 they .would kill the missionaries. They made the experiment, and 
 the woman died. Waiilatpu was centrally located, since the Cay- 
 uses occupied the country from the Umatilla to the Tukannon. 
 Every Sunday large numbers gathered at the Mission, some of them 
 to actually participate in the services, and others because of the 
 large crowd they knew would be assembled. On week days, how- 
 ever, it was seldom that a dozen could be found there at a time. 
 For this reason Tam-su-ky and his followers chose a week day for 
 
310 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAITETTE VALLEY. 
 
 their bloody deed — a time when they thought none of the Whitman 
 Indians would be present to interfere. They were careful to con- 
 ceal their designs from the Christian Indians and fi'om Five Crows, 
 for fear its execution would be prevented. On November 29, 1847, 
 about fifty Indians assembled at the Mission, chiefly the relatives 
 and friends of Tam-su-ky. Of these, only five actually participated 
 in the bloody work, the othei-s simply looking on and preventing 
 the interference of any outsiders, and especially of the one or two 
 Whitman Indians who happened to be present. The horrible de- 
 tails of the massacre it is needless to relate. Mr. Spalding has 
 given them with a minuteness that is strongly suggestive of a liberal 
 use of the imagination, yet his narrative is, in the main, probably 
 as correct as could be gathered from the incoherent stories of fright- 
 ened women and children. It is only when he caiTies the melodra- 
 matic too far, and when he is endeavoring to make it appear that 
 the massacre was committed at the instigation of Father Brouillet, 
 and was sanctioned by the Huds^"'? Bay Company, that his* state- 
 ments become positively unreliable; though throughout the whole 
 account they closely border upon the line of uncertainty and doubt- 
 ful authenticity, and the deductions drawn are often extremely un- 
 charitable and illogical. He uses such expressions as " multitudes 
 of Indians," " cutting down their victims everywhere," " the roar of 
 guns," " <:rflj// of warclubs and tomaliawks" "shocks like terrific 
 peals of thunder" (referring to the desultory discharge of a few 
 guns), '"'• crash of the clubs and the knives" and yet, when the 
 whole is summed up, but thirteen were killed in all — nine that day, 
 two the next, and two eight days later. He is equally reckless in 
 his language when making charges against Father Brouillet, whom 
 he accuses of coming up from the Umatilla the day after the mas- 
 sacre and "baptizing the murderers." The facts are, that he came 
 upon an invitation given him by the Missionary several days before, 
 only learning of the horrible tragedy upon his arrival; and the 
 " murderers " whom he baptized were three sick children, two of 
 whom expired immediately after the ceremony. He also accuses 
 him of pretending to find the poison and burying it so that it could 
 have no more influence. On this point the Whitman Indians state 
 positively that this performance was done by Joe Lewis, and not 
 the Priest. The only interference the Priest dared to make openly 
 
 ness 
 
 cone 
 
 the 
 
 com 
 
 and 
 
 the I 
 
 mise 
 
 rise 
 
THE WHITMAN MASSACRE AND THE CAYUHE WAU. 
 
 311 
 
 was when he successfully interposed to stive Spalding's life, and 
 gave him food upon which to subsist during his flight to Lapwai. 
 
 The bloody excesses into which religious zealots were led in 
 times past suggest the possibility of the truth of these charges, yet 
 they are entirely unsupported by evidence which would appeal to 
 the intelligence of any one unbiased by denominational prejudice; 
 and common charity should demand convincing proof to sustain 
 such an accusation. The Catholics can not, however, escape a large 
 measure of moral responsibility. They went among the Cayuses 
 for the purpose of driving Whitman away and obtaining control of 
 the tribe; and to accomplish this they told the Indians that Doctor 
 Whitman was a bad man and was telling them lies, and if they did 
 as he said they would surely go to hell. Father Brouillet ought by 
 that time to have become sufficiently acquainted with the Indian 
 character to know that such assertions, if they were credited, were 
 calculated to bring about just such a tragedy as was enacted. The 
 massacre was the result of four distinct causes — the dislike of 
 Americans, the ravages of the epidemic, the poison intrigue of Joe 
 Lewis, and the Priest's denunciation, of Doctor Wliitman, and where 
 the responsibility for one of these rests is easily seen. The victims 
 ofnayuse ignorance and passion were: Doctor Marcus WTiitman, 
 Mrs. Narcissa Whitman, John Sager, Francis Sager, Crocket 
 Bewley, Mr. Rogers, Mr. Kimball, Mr. Sales, Mr. Marsh, Mr. 
 Saunders, James Young, Jr., Mr. Hoffman and Isaac Gillen. 
 
 Intelligence of the massacre reached Fort Vancouver by special 
 messenger from William McBean to James Douglas, the Chief 
 Factor. The courier did not warn the people at The Dalles of 
 their danger as he passed, and when questioned about his conduct 
 replied that he obeyed the instructions of Mr. McBean. This and 
 McBean 's conduct at Fort Walla W^alla in displaying an unwilling- 
 ness to give shelter to fugitives from Waiilatpu, have been cited as 
 conclusive evidence that the Hudson's Bay Company connived at 
 the massacre; but nothing in the conduct of other officers of the 
 company sustains such an opinion, while nuicli is to the contrary, 
 and it simply shows that McBean, knowing the general feeling of 
 the Indians against the Americans, was afraid he would compro- 
 mise the company by defending them. He had not soul enough to 
 rise to the emergency. Mr. Douglas sent a messenger to Governor 
 
 :t 
 
 ■ I 
 
 , ! 
 \ ■ 
 
 ] !^ 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
312 
 
 HI8T0BT OF WILLAMETTE V ALLEY. 
 
 Abernethy, apprising him of what had taken place; and without 
 waiting to see what steps the Americans would take, Peter Skeen 
 Ogden, an old and influential factor of the company, departed from 
 Vancouver with an armed force to the scene of the tragedy. He 
 held a council with the Cay ses at Fort Walla Walla, and offered to 
 ransom the captives, assuring the Indians that the company was 
 exceedingly displeased with their conduct, and they would nuich 
 regret it if they provoked the Americans to war. The conference 
 resulted in the surrender of forty-seven prisoners, chiefly women 
 and children, and on January 1, fifty Nez Perces arrived with Mr. 
 Spalding and ten others, who were also ransomed. On the tenth 
 they all reached Oregon City, and great was the joy of the people. 
 For his humane conduct and prompt action Pet*ir Ogden should 
 always occupy a warm place in the heart of Aiyericans; yet there 
 are those who ungratefully accuse him of attempting to arm the 
 Cayuses against the Americans, simply because a few guns and a 
 little ammunition formed a portion of the ransom paid ,o deliver 
 these helpless women from a captivity which was woi-se than death. 
 The pen fails utterly to depict the terrible sufferings inflicted upon 
 them, including even girls of a tender age, bordering upon infancy. 
 No ransom was too great for their release. 
 
 The first intelligence received by the settlers in the Willamette 
 Valley of the tragedy at Waiilatpu, was the note sent to Governor 
 Abernethy by Dr. McLoughlin. The Governor immediately com- 
 municated it to the Legislature, then in session, and called for vol- 
 unteers. A public meeting was held in Oregon City that night, 
 the eighth of December, and a company was organized for the 
 purpose of taking possession of The Dalles. As winter had set in, 
 there was no danger of an invasion from east of the mountains 
 except by way of The Dalles. How much of a combination there 
 was among the Cayuses and their neighbors was not known. Con- 
 sequently it waa necessary to provide against the worst that might 
 be expected. It was evident that a force at The Dalles was neces- 
 sary as a protection to the settlements in the valley. Of this com- 
 pany Henry A. G. Lee was elected Captain, and Joseph Magone 
 and John E. Ross Lieutenants. The credit of the Provisional 
 Government was pledged by the Legislature to secure equipments 
 for the command, but the committee which visited Vancouver found 
 
THE WHITMAN MASSACRE AND THE 0AYTI8E WAR. 
 
 313 
 
 that the Chief Factor preferred their individual responsibility. 
 Upon giving this, arms were issued to the " Oregon Rifles," who 
 reached Vancouver on the tenth to receive them. On the twenty- 
 first they reached The Dalles and went into camp. In the mean- 
 time the Legislature entered with energy upon a series of resolutions 
 and enactments with a view to a military organization of magnitude 
 sufficient to chastise the Indians, and the citizens by subscriptions 
 and enlistments seconded cordially the efforts of their Provisional 
 Government. Many were for pushing forward into the enemy's 
 country at once with a formidable force, but wiser counsels pre- 
 vailed, and nothing was done likely to prevent the Indians from 
 surrendering their white captives to Mr. Ogden. 
 
 In pursuance of the act of December 9, a regiment of fourteen 
 companies of volunteers was raised and equipped upon the credit of 
 the Provisional Government. It speaks volumes for the brave pio- 
 neers of the Willamette that they thus responded to the call of duty, 
 supplying, in most cases, their own arms, eciuipments and horses, 
 without a mercenary thought entering their minds. It was no specu- 
 lation either by the volunteers or the men who furnished supplies — 
 something which can not be said of certain subsequent campaigns. 
 The following is a roster of the oflicers: — 
 
 t^; 
 
 FIELD AND STAFF OFFICERS. 
 
 Colonel, Cornelius Gilliam (accidentally killed). 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, James Waters (promoted to Colonel). 
 
 Major, H. A. G. Lee. 
 
 Adjutant, B. F. Burch. 
 
 Surgeon, W. M. Carpenter. 
 
 Assistant Surgeons, F. Snider and H. Saffkrans. 
 
 Commissary, Joel Palmer. 
 
 Quartermaster, B. Jennings. 
 
 Paymaster, L. B. Knox. 
 
 Judge Advocate, Jacob S. Kinearson. 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 LINE OFFICERS. 
 
 Company A — 56 men— Captain, Lawrence Hall ; First Lieutenant, H. D. O'Bryant; 
 
 Second Lieutenant, John Engent. 
 Company B — 43 men— Captain, John W. Owens ; First Lieutenant, A. F. Rogers; 
 
 Second Lieutenant, T. C. Shaw. 
 Company C— 84 men— Captain, H. J. G. Maxon; First Lieutenant, I. N. Gilbert; 
 
 Second Lieutenant, Wm. P. Pugh. 
 Company D — 36 men— Captain, Thomas McKay ; First Lieutenant, Charles McKay; 
 
 Second Lieutenant, Alex. McKay. 
 
 m^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 i- 
 
814 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Company D— 62 men— Captain, Phil. F. Tborapiion ; Flrat Lieutenant, "Jas. Brown; 
 HtMx»nd Lieutenant, J. M. Qarriaon. 
 
 Company E— 44 men— Captain, Levi N. English ; First Lieutenant, Wm. Shaw ; 
 Second Lieutenant, F. M. Munkeni. 
 
 Company E— 36 men— Captain, William Martin ; First Lleut,enant, A. E. Oarrison ; 
 Second Lieutenant, David Waters. 
 
 Company E— 63 men— Captain, W. P. Pugh; First Lieutenant, N. R. Doty; Second 
 Lieutenant, M. Ramsely. 
 
 Company G — 66 men — Captain, James W. Neemlth ; First Lieutenant, J. S. Srook! 
 Second Lleuteuant, M. Gilliam. 
 
 Company H — 49 men— Captain, George W. Bennett; First Lieutenant, J. R. Bevin; 
 Second Lieutenant, J. R. Payne. 
 
 tCompany 1—36 men— Captain, William Shaw ; First Lieutenant, D. Crawford ; 
 Second Lieutenant, B. Darlo. 
 
 Company No. 7—27 men— Captain, J. M. Garrison ; First Lieutenant, A. E. Garri- 
 son ; Second Lieutenant, John Hersen. 
 
 F. 8. Water's Guard- 57 men— Captain, Wm. Martin ; First Lieutenant, D. Wes- 
 ton ; Second Lieutenant, B. Taylor. 
 
 Reorganized Company— Captain, John E. Ross; First Lieutenant, D. P. Barnes; 
 Second Lieutenant, W. W. Porter. 
 
 Colonel Gilliam reached The Dalles on the twenty -third of 
 February, with fifty men, followed a few days later by the re- 
 mainder of the regiment. On the twenty-seventh he moved to the 
 Des Chutes with one hundred and thirty men, crossed to the east 
 bank, and senl M^.jor Lee up that stream about twenty miles on a 
 reconnoisance, wlere he found the enemy, engaged them, killed 
 one, lost 80*:ru' of his horses and returned to report progi'ess. On 
 the twenty-ninth Colonel Gilliam moved up the Des Chutes to 
 Meek's Crossing, at the mouth of the cayon in which Major Lee had 
 met the Indians. The next morning, on entering the canyon, a 
 skirmish followed, in which were captured from the hostiles, forty 
 horses, ft>ur head of cattle and $300 worth of personal property, 
 all of which was sold by the Quartermaster for $1,400. The loss 
 of the Indians in killed and wounded was not known. There was 
 one white man wounded. The result was a treaty of peace with 
 the Des Chutes Indians. The command pushed immediately for- 
 ward to the Walla Walla country and reached the Mission prior to 
 March 4. On the way to that place a battle occurred at Sand 
 Hollows, on the emigrant road, eight miles east of the Well Springs. 
 It commenced on the plain where washes in the sand make natural 
 hiding places for a foe, and lasted until towards night. The volun- 
 
 * Died at Vancouver, February 30, 1848. 
 
 t Organized«t Walla Walla, June 7, 1848; muKtered out September 28, IStf. 
 Oompanle* E and No. 7 were coniolldated aa Company K, April 17, 1848. 
 
^^ 
 
 THE WHITMAlf MASSACRE AND THE 0AYU8E WAR. 
 
 315 
 
 teer force was arranged witli the train in the road, protected by 
 Captain Hali's company. The companies of Captains Thompson 
 and Maxon, forming the left flank, were on the north side of the 
 road, and those of Captains English and McKay, as the right flank, 
 were on the south or right of the command. Upon McKay's com- 
 pany at the extreme right the first demonstration was made. Five 
 Crows, the head chief of the Cayuses, made some pretensions to the 
 possession of wizard powers, and declared to his people that no ball 
 from the white man's gun could kill him. Another chief of that 
 tribe named " War Eagle," or " Swallow Ball," made similar pro- 
 fessions, and stated that he could swallow all the bullets from the 
 guns of the invading army if they were fired at him. The two 
 chiefs promised their people that Gilliam's command should never 
 reach the Umatilla River, and to demonstrate their invulnerability 
 and power as medicine chiefs, they dashed out from concealment, 
 rode down close to the volunteers and shot a little dog that came 
 out to bark at them. Captain McKay, although the order was not 
 to fire, could hold back no longer, and bringing his rifle to bear, 
 took deliberate aim and shot War Eagle through the head, killing 
 him instantly. Lieutenant Charles McKay brought his shot gun 
 down to the hollow of his arm, and firing without sighting it, so 
 severely wounded Five Crows that he gave up the command of his 
 waiTiors. This was a serious, chilling opening for the Indians — 
 two chiefs gone at the first onset and their medicine proved worth- 
 less — but they continued the batllo in a skirmishing way, making 
 dashing attacks and masterly retreats until late in the afternoon. 
 At one time during the engagement. Captain Maxon's company 
 followed the enemy so far that it was surrounded, and a sharp en- 
 counter followed, in which a number of volunteers were disabled. 
 In fact, eight of the eleven soldiers wounded tLa.t day were of 
 Maxon's company. Two Indians were known to have been killed, 
 but the enemy's loss could not be known as they removed all of 
 their wounded and dead except two. 
 
 That night the regiment camped on the battlefield without 
 water, and the Indians built large and numerous fires along the 
 bliiffs, or high lands, some two miles in advance. The next day 
 Colonel Gilliam moved on, and without incident worthy of note, 
 reached Whitman's Mission the third day after the battle. The 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 
316 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 main body of Indians fell back towards Snake River, and a fruit- 
 less attempt followed to induce them to give up the parties who 
 had committed the murders at Waiilatpu. Colonel Gilliam at last 
 determined upon making a raid into the Snake River country, and 
 in carrying out this programme surprised a camp of Cayuses near 
 that stream, among whom were some of the murderers. The cap- 
 tured camp professed friendship, however, and pointed out the 
 horses of Indians on the hill, which, they said, belonged to the 
 parties Mrhom the Colonel was anxious to kill or capture, stating 
 that their owners were on the north side of Srake "-liver, and be- 
 yond reach. So well was their part acted that the officers believed 
 their statements, proceeded to drve oflf t/'. stock indicated, and 
 started on their return. They soon found that a grievous error had 
 been committed in releasing the village, whose male population 
 were soon mounted upon war horses, and assailed the volunteers on 
 all sides, forcing them to fight their way as they fell back to the 
 Touchet River. Through the whole day and even into the night 
 after theii- arrival at the latter stream, the contest was maintained 
 — a constant, harassing skirmish. The soldiers drove the Indians 
 back again and again, but as soon as the retreat was resumed, the 
 enemy were upon them once more. Finally, after going into camp 
 on the Touchet, Colonel Gilliam ordered the captured stock turned 
 loose; and when the Indians got possession of it, they returned to 
 Snake River without molesting the command any further. In the 
 struggle on the Touchet, when the retreating soldiers first reached 
 that stream, William Taylor was mortally wounded by an Indian, 
 who sprang up in the bushes by the stream and fired with but a 
 few yards between them. Nathan Olney, afterwards Indian Agent, 
 seeing the act, rushed upon the savage, snatched from his hand a 
 war club in which was fastened a piece of iron, and dealt him a 
 blow on the head with it with such force as to cause the iron to 
 split the club, and yet failed to kill him. He then closed with his 
 antagonist in a hand-to-hand struggle, and soon ended the contest 
 with a knife. There were no other casualties reported. 
 
 Colonel Gilliam started from the Mission on the twentieth of 
 March, with a small force destined to return from The Dalles with 
 supplic >, while he was to continue to the Willamette and report to 
 the Governor. While camped at Well Springs he was killed by 
 
^w^ 
 
 ^I^^^PIP 
 
 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE AND THE CATU8E WAR. 
 
 317 
 
 an accidental discharge of a gun, and his remains were taken to his 
 friends west of the Cascades by Major Lee. This officer soon re- 
 turned to his regiment with a commission as Colonel, but finding 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Waters had been elected by the regiment to 
 that position in his absence, he resigned and filled a subordinate 
 office for the remainder of his term of enlistment. The attempt by 
 commissioners, who had been sent with the volunteers, as requested 
 by the Indians in a memorial to the Americans at the time the 
 captives were ransomed, to negotiate a peaceful solution of the 
 difficult problem, failed. They wanted the Indians to deliver up 
 for execution all those who had imbued their hands in blood at 
 Waiilatpu; they wished the Cayuses to pay all damages to emi- 
 grants caused by theii" being robbed or attacked while passing 
 through the Cayuse country. The Indians wished nothing of the 
 kind. They wanted peace and to be let alone; for the Americans 
 to call the account balanced and drop the matter. The failure to 
 agree had resulted in two or three skirmishes, one of them at least 
 a severe test of strengtii, in which the Indians had received the 
 worst of it, and in the other the volunteers had acco aplished noth- 
 ing that could be counted a success. The Cayuses, finding that no 
 iiompromise could be'effected, abandoned their country, and most of 
 them passed east of the Rocky Mountains. Nothing was left for the 
 volunteers but to leave the country also, ^vhich they did, and the 
 Cayuse War had practically ended. 
 
 The Cayuses, as a tribe, had no heart in the war. Joe Lewis 
 told them immediately after the massacre that now they must fight, 
 and advised them to send liim to Salt Lake with a band of hoi-ses, 
 to trade for ammunition Avith the Mormons. He started with a 
 select band of animals, accompanied by two young braves; and a 
 few days later one of them returned with the intelligence that Joe 
 Lewis liad killed his companion and decamped with the horaes; and 
 this w£is tl.-e last the Cayuses saw of the scheming villain. Thus 
 matters stood until the spring of 185(», when the Cayuses were given 
 to undei'stand that peace could be procured by delivering up the 
 murderers for punishment. At that time Tam-su-ky and his sup- 
 porters, including many relatives who had not in any manner par- 
 ticipated in the massacre, were hiding in the mountains at the head 
 of John Da;^ River. The Indians who desu'ed peace went after 
 
 ¥ 
 
 is 
 
 ■■' I 
 
 
 :| 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ 1 
 
 
 •■ 3 
 
 ' ; 
 
 
 ■:f 
 
 ' 
 
 ■ i: 
 
 
 
318 
 
 HI8T0RT OF WILLAMETTE \ ALLEY. 
 
 them, and a fight ensued, ending in the capture of nearly all of the 
 outlawed band. In this fight " Cutmouth John," an Indian well 
 known in Umatilla, while endeavorirg to captui? one of the mur- 
 derers, received the wound which gave rise to his peculiar appella- 
 tion. Only one of the five actually engaged in the hkcd]" work at 
 Waiilatpu (so the Whitman ladiaus assert) ws-n -.''"r '!-' 'Jl, and he 
 was Ta-ma-has, an ugly villain whom his count yiue" cF-lled "The 
 Murderer." It was he who commenced the work of death at 
 Waiilatpu by burying a hatchet in Dr. Whitman's brain. Taking 
 him and four others, several of tlie older men and cliiah went to 
 Oregon City to deliver them up as hostages. They were at once 
 thrown into prison, condemned and executed at Oregon City on 
 June 3, 1850; and even the ones who had escorted them, in view 
 of this summary proceeding, congratulated themselves upon their 
 safe return. They believed that Ta-ma-has should have been 
 hanged, but not the others; and to this opinion the few survivors 
 of the tribe cling to the present day. 
 
^^ 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 OREGON BECOMES AN ORGANIZED TERRITORY. 
 
 News Brought by Emigrants in 18Jf.7 very Disheartening — Letter of 
 Senator Benton — J. Quinn Thornton Sent to Washington to Urge 
 Legislation — -Tneidents of his Journey — Joseph L. Meek sent to 
 Washington after the Whitman Massacre — His Mid- Winter Journey 
 — Interesting Account of the Contest in the Senate over the Oregon 
 Bill — General Joseph Lane Appointed Governor — His Trip Over- 
 land — Organization of the Goverment — Officers of the Old and New 
 Governments — Census 0/ ISlfi — Discovery of Gold in California — 
 Beaver Money. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the treaty settling the boundary line was signed 
 and proclaimed in the summer of 1846, Congress, the follow- 
 ing winter, failed to pass any act creating a government for the 
 people of Oregon, notwithstanding the fact that more than ten 
 thousand A mericans were thus denied the protection of the General 
 Government. An appropriation, however, was made for mail ser- 
 vice to Oregon via Panama; an Indian Agent was appointed, also 
 a postmaster each for Astoria and Oregon City. One of these 
 officials, Mr. Shively, brought with him two letters for the people 
 of Oregon. One was from James Buchannan, Secretary of State, 
 expressing the deep regret of President Polk that Congress had 
 neglected them, and assuring them that he would do all in his 
 power to aid them, including occasional visits from vessels of war 
 and the presence of a regiment of dragoons to protect the emigrants. 
 The otlier was from Thomas H. Benton, explaining the situation of 
 affairs at Washington, where it was dated in March, 1847. Senator 
 Benton's letter ran as follows: — 
 
 ^,1 
 
 ,1 
 
320 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMBTTB VALLEY. 
 
 Washington City, March, 1847. 
 
 My Mends (for such I may call many of you from personal acquaintance, all of 
 > ou from my thirty years' devotion to the interests of your country ) — I think it 
 • make this communication to you at the present moment when the adjoum- 
 Congress, without passing the bill for your government and protection, 
 seeiv o have left you in a state of abandonment by your mother country. But 
 such is not the case. You are not abandoned ! Nor will you be denied protection 
 unless you agree to admit slavery. I, a man of the South, and a slaveholder, tell 
 you this. 
 
 The House of Representatives, as early as the middle of January, had passed 
 the bill to give you a territorial government ; and in that bill had sanctioned and 
 legalized your Provisional Organic Act, one of the clauses of which forever pro- 
 hibited the existence of slavery in Oregon. 
 
 An amendment from the Senate's committee, to vhich this bill waa referred, 
 proposed to abrogate that prohibition ; and in the del <j . and vexations to which 
 that amendment gave rise, the whole bill was laic' upon the table and lost for the 
 session. This will be a great disappointment to you and a real calamity, already 
 Ave years without law or legal institutions for the protection of life, liberty and 
 property, and now doomed to wait a year longer. This is a strange and anomalous 
 condition, almost incredible to contemplate, and most critical to endure! A colony 
 of free men, four thousand miles from the metropolitan government to preserve 
 them! But do not be alarmed or desperate. You will not be outlawed for not ad- 
 mitting slavery. 
 
 Your fundamental act against that institution, copied from the Ordinance of 
 1787 (the work of the great men of the South, in the great day of the South, pro- 
 hibiting slavery in a territory far less northern than yours), will not be abrogated! 
 Nor is that the intention of the prime mover of the amendment. Upon the record 
 of the Judiciary Committee of the Senate is the author of that amendment, but not 
 so the fact. It is only midwife to it. Its author is the same mind that generated 
 the "Fire Brand Resolutions," of which I send you a copy, and of which the 
 amendment is the legitimate derivation. Oregon is not the object. The most rabid 
 propagandist of slavery can not expect to plant it on the sliores of the Pacific in the 
 latitude of Wisconsin and the Lake of tlie Woods. A home agitation for election and 
 disunion purposes, is all that is intended by thrusting this fire brand question into 
 your bill as it ought to be I promise you this in the nnrae of the South, as well as 
 of the North ; and the event will not deceive me. I'n the meantime, the President 
 will give you ail the protection which existing laws can enable him to extend toyoui 
 and until Congress has time to act, your friends must rely upon you to continue to 
 govern yourselves as you have heretofore done under the provisions of your own 
 voluntary compact, and with the justice, liarniony and moderation which is due to 
 your own character and to tlie honor of the American name. 
 
 I send you, by Mr. Shively, a copy of the bill of the late session, both as it 
 passed the House of Representatives and as proposed to be amended in the Senate, 
 with the Senate's vote upon laying it on the tJible, and a copy of Mr. Calhoun's 
 resolutions (posterior in date to the amendment, but nevertlieless it« fatlier) ; also a 
 copy of your own Provisional Organic Act, printed by order of the Senate ; all of 
 which will put you completely in possession of the proceedings of Congress on 
 your petition for a territorial government, and for the protection and security of 
 your rights. 
 
 In conclusion, I have to assure you that the same spirit which has nuide me the 
 friend of Oregon for thirty years— which led nie to denounce the joint occupation 
 treaty the day it was made, and to oppose its renewal in 1828, and to labor for its 
 abrogation until it was terminated ; the same spirit which led me to reveal the 
 
OBEGON BECOMES AN ORGANIZED TEBRITORT. 
 
 321 
 
 grand destiny of Oregon in articles written in 1818, and to support every measure 
 for her benefit since — the same spirit still animates me and will continue to do so 
 while I live — which I hope will be long enough to see an emporium of Asiatic com- 
 merce at the mouth of your river and a stream of Asiatic trade pouring into the 
 valley of the Mississippi through the channel of Oregon. 
 
 Your friend and fellow-citizen, 
 
 THOMAS H. BENTON. 
 
 The assurance contained in these letters that powerful friends 
 were laboring in their interests, was a cheering thought amidst the 
 disappointment of the unfavorable intelligence. It was felt that a 
 representative direct from Oregon would be able to accomplish 
 much, and Hon. J. Quinn Thornton, Supreme Judge of the Pro- 
 visional Government, had been, during the past year, frequently 
 urged by influential men, to proceed to Washington and labor with 
 Congress in behalf of Oregon. In particular had the lamented 
 Dr. Whitman requested him to do so, asserting that only the estab- 
 lishment of a strong Territorial Government, one that the Indians 
 would recognize as powerful, would " save him and his mission from 
 falling under the murderous hands of savages." Mr. Thornton recog- 
 nized the importance of such a delegate, and solicited Hon. Peter H. 
 -Burnett, subsequently the first Governor of California, to undertake 
 the mission, but without success. The news of the state of affairs 
 at Washington brought by Mr. Shively, decided Mr. Thornton, and 
 on the eighteenth of October, 1847, having resigned his judicial 
 oflSce, he departed on his arduous mission, armed with a letter from 
 Governor Abernethy to President Polk. Mr. Thornton was by no 
 means a regularly constituted delegate, since Oregon was not 
 authorized to accredit such an official to Congress, but simply went 
 as a private individual, representing in an unofficial manner the Gov- 
 ernor and many of the prominent citizens of Oregon. In fact the 
 Legislature, deeming its functions infringed upon by this action of 
 the Governor, passed resolutions embodying their idea of the harm 
 done the colony by the officiousness of "secret factions." There 
 was not ready money enough in the treasury to have paid the pas- 
 sage of Mr. Thornton, even had it been at his disy ->sal. A collec- 
 tion was taken up, contributions being made partly in coin but 
 chiefly in flour, clothing, and any thing that could be of service or 
 was convertible into money. A contract wtis made with Captain 
 Roland Gelston, of the bark Whition, to convey Mr. Thornton to 
 
 ' ' ; ; 
 
 
322 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Panama, and the vessel sailed at once for San Francisco, and thence 
 to San Juan, on the coast of Lower California. Here the Captain 
 infonned his passenger that he must decline to fulfill his contract, 
 as he desired to engage in the coasting trade. From the perplex- 
 ing dilemma he was extricated by Captain Montgomery, command- 
 ing the United States sloop of war Portsmouth, then lying at 
 anchor in the harbor. This gentleman deemed the mission of Mr. 
 Thornton of sufficient importance to the Government to justify him 
 in leaving his station and returning with his vessel to the Atlantic 
 Coast. He accordingly tendered the delegate the hospitalities of 
 his cabin, and set sail as soon as preparations could be made for 
 the voyage. The Portsmouth arrived in -Boston Harbor on the 
 second of May, 1848, and Mr. Thornton at once hastened to Wash- 
 ington to consult with President Polk and Senators Benton and 
 Douglas, those warm champions of Oregon, as to the proper course 
 ^ to pursue. By them he was advised to prepare a memorial to be 
 presented to Congress, setting forth the condition and needs of the 
 people whom he represented. This he did, and the document was 
 presented to the Senate by Mr Benton and was printed for the use 
 of both branches of Congress. 
 
 There was still another representative of the people of Oregon 
 at Washington that session of Congress-^-one with even better 
 credentials than Mr. Thornton. This was Joseph L. Meek, the 
 mountaineer and trapper, who had taken such a prominent part in 
 organizing the Provisional Government. When, about six weeks 
 after the departure of Judge Thornton, the massacre of Whitman 
 at Waiilatpu plunged the settlers into a state of mingled grief and 
 alarm, it was thought necessary to dispatch a messenger at once to 
 Washington to impart the intelligence, impress the authorities with 
 the precarious situation of the colony, and appeal for protection. 
 Winter had set in with all its rigors in the mountains. The terrible 
 journey made at that season six years before by Dr. Whitman, on 
 his patriotic mission, the same person whose martyrdom now ren- 
 dered a second journey necessary, was fresh in the minds of all, 
 and appalled the stoutest heart. Mr. Thornton had taken the 
 longier, but safer, route by sea, but time was too precious, too much 
 was at stake, to admit of the delay such a journey would impose, 
 even if the vessel were at hand to afford the means. Nothing but 
 
 By 
 
OREGON BECOMES AN ORGANIZED TERRITORY. 
 
 323 
 
 a trip across the thousands of miles of snow-bound mountains, plains 
 and deserts, would be of any avail. In the emergency all turned to 
 Joseph L. Meek as the one man in their midst whose intrepid 
 courage, gi'eat powers of physical endurance, long experience in 
 mountain life and familiarity with the routes of travel and Indian 
 tribes to be encountered, rendered him capable of undertaking the 
 task with a good prospect of success. Unhesitatingly he accepted 
 the mission, resigned his seat in the I^egislature, received his cre- 
 dentials as a delegate from that body, and set out on the fourth of 
 January for Washington, accompanied by John Owens and George 
 Ebbetts, who decided to go with him and avail themselves of his 
 services as guide and director. 
 
 At The Dalles they were forced to delay several weeks until the 
 arrival of the Oregon volunteers rendered it safe for them to proceed, 
 since the whole upper country was overrun by hostile Indians. 
 They accompanied the troops to Waiilatpu, where Meek had the 
 mournful satisfaction of assisting in the burial of the victims of Cay- 
 use treachery, among whom was his own daughter, and then were 
 escoi^ted by a company of troops to the base of the Blue Mountains, 
 where they finally entered upon their long and solitary journey. 
 By avoiding the Indians as much as possible, and whenever 
 encountered by them representing themsehes as Hudson's Bay 
 Company men, they reached Fort Boise in safety. Here two of 
 four new volunteei-s for the journey became discouraged and de- 
 cided to remain. The other five travelers pushed on to Fort Hall, 
 saving themselves from the clutches of the Bannacks only by Meek's 
 experience in dealing with savages. It is needless to recount the 
 many hardships they endured, the sleepless nights and dinner- 
 less days, the accidents, dangers, fatigues, narrow escapes from 
 hostile Indians and the thousand discomforts and misadventures to 
 which they were subjected. It is sufficient to say thi'oag) all these 
 they passed in safety, never forgetting for an instant the impera- 
 tive necessity for haste, and never flinching from the trials that lay 
 in their path\vay. The hearty inviiatiou to spend a few weeks here 
 or there in the few places where they encountered friends and com- 
 fortable quarter, was resolutely declined, and with only such delay 
 as was absolutely required, they plunged again into the snoAvy 
 mountain passes with their faces resolutely set towards the rising 
 
324 
 
 mSTOBT OF WILLAMETTE VALLXT. 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 sun. They reached St. Joseph in but little more than two months 
 after leaving the Willamette Valley, having made the quickest trip 
 across the continent that had yet been accomplished at any season 
 of the year. Meek was now reduced to most embarassing straits. 
 Dressed in buckskin and blanket clothes and wolf skin cap, ragged 
 and dirty in the extreme, beard and hair long and unkempt, with- 
 out money or friends, how to get to Washington or how to conduct 
 himself when there, were perplexing questions. He decided that 
 the best way to accomplish his purpose was to be " Jo Meek." By 
 assuming an air of great importance at one time, making a clown of 
 himself at another, and generally interesting every one he met in 
 himself and his mission, he succeeding in reaching Washington only 
 a week or two later than Judge Thornton, though his news from 
 Oregon was three months fresher. Meek was a relative of the 
 President, and was well cared for during his stay in the Capital 
 City. The intelligence brought by him, as well as his individual 
 efforts, did much to aid Mr. Thornton and the fi'iends of Oregon in 
 Congress in securing the desired legislation. 
 
 In addition to the memorial. Judge Thornton drafted a bill for 
 organizing a Territorial Government, which was introduced and 
 placed upon its passage. This bill contained a clause prohibiting 
 slavery, and for this reason was as objectionable to the slaveholding 
 force in Congress as had been the previous one. Under the lead 
 of Senators Jefferson Davis and John C. Calhoun, this wing of the 
 National Legislature made a vigorous onslaught upon the bill, 
 and fought its progress step by step with unabated determination, 
 resorting to all the legislative tactics known, to so delay its consid- 
 eration that it could not be finally passed by the hour of noon on 
 the fourteenth of August, the time fixed by joint resolution for the 
 close of that session of Congress. The contest during the last two 
 days of the session was exciting in the extreme, and the feeling in- 
 tense throughout the Union. The friends of the bill had decided 
 upon a policy of "masterly inactivity," refraining entirely fi'om 
 debate and yielding the floor absolutely to the " filibusters," who 
 were therefore much distressed for means to consume the slowly 
 passing hours. Though silent in oeech they were constantly 
 present in force to prevent the opposition from gaining time by an 
 adjournment. The bill was then on its second passage in the Sen- 
 
;. ;J.'Ti'V 
 
 ORBOOK BECOMES AK ORGANIZED TERBITOBT. 
 
 825 
 
 ate, for the purpose of concurrence with amendments which had 
 been added by the House. On Saturday morning, August 12, the 
 managers of the bill decided to prevent an adjournment until it had 
 been disposed of, having a sufficient majority to pass it. The story 
 of that memorable contest is thus told by Mr. Thornton, who sat 
 throughout the scene an earnest spectator : — 
 
 I re-entered the Senate Chamber with tVie deepest feelings of solicitude, and yet 
 hopeful because of the assurances which had been given to me by the gentleman I 
 have named [Douglas, Benton and Hale.] I soon saw, however, that Calhoun and 
 Butler, of Houth Carolina ; Davis and Foote, of Mississippi ; and Hunter and Mason, 
 of Virginia, as leaders of the opposition, had girded up their loins and buckled on 
 their armor for the battle. 
 
 When I explain a little the reader will not be surprised that I felt very nervous. 
 The bill had previously been in the Senate and having passed went down to the 
 House where it was amended, and now it had come back for concurrence. The 
 debate when the bill was first in the Senate was one of thrilling interest. " There 
 were giants in those days," and the field on which they fought and measured 
 strength vith each other was one in wliich no man could be at a loss to find a foe- 
 man worthy of his steel, since here might be encountered such mighty men as 
 Douglas and Benton, Webster, Calhoun and Corwin. The last named gentleman 
 having gotten the floor in the debate on the Oregon bill, the Senate adjourned. In 
 this manner it became known at once throughout the city that Mr. Corwin would on 
 the next day, after the preliminary business of the morning hour had been disposed 
 of, address the Senate on that bill— the provision in it taken from the ordinance of 
 1787, prohibiting slavery being the point of his departure, and human rights the 
 subject of his address. At an early hour the gallery was literally packed full of the 
 elite and beauty of the capital, most of them being brought hither by an unconquer- 
 able desire to witness the triumph of right over wrong and of reason over passion 
 which they felt sure would be achieved by their favorite orator's burning words 
 consuming to ashes the sophisms relied upon by the advocates of slavery to defend 
 the most gigantic evil that ever cursed a nation or stained its escutcheon. On the 
 floor of the Senate were diplomatic representatives from every Court in Europe, 
 already impatient to drink in the Inspiration of the wonderful eloquence of an 
 orator who had no equal in some respects and no superior in any. 
 
 The preliminary business of the morning hour having been hurried through, 
 Mr. Corwin, of Ohio, rose to his feet ; and during two hours commencing with his 
 saying "Mr. President," and ending with the close of his wonderful address, no 
 other sound was heard save occasionally that of one who seemed to catch at his 
 breath, and no movement could be seen save in the varying muscles of the faces of 
 the listening hearers as the orator's matchless manner, melodious voice, and ready 
 command of most apt language alternately melted the heart into pity or kindled it 
 into resentment, while, with inimitable skill and unequaled power, he portrayed 
 " the sum of all villainies." 
 
 This description of the effects of the address does not of course apply to such of 
 his hearers as were the advocates of " the patriarchal institution." The faces of 
 these seemed at times to be as much blanched with fear as would that of a nervous 
 woman on being suddenly confronted by a death's head. At other times the face 
 waa equally white, yet the compressed lips, and the flashing eye and a peculiar ex- 
 pression of the countenance as clearly as language could speak, showed that the 
 heart was a burning volcano of the most fiery passions in the throes of a terrible 
 eruption. 
 
 < I 
 
326 
 
 HISTORY 07 WILLAMSTTX VALLST. 
 
 When Mr. Corwin closed his memorable speech, there seemed to be quite an in- 
 terval before those who heard gained their self-recollection, and a motion was made 
 for the a^ournment of the Senate. As, with others, I was slowly and thoughtfully 
 retiring, Father Ricliie, the most venerable Journalist in the United States, a life- 
 long advocate of slavery, and at that time editor of the government organ, nervously 
 laid his hand upon my shoulder, and with lips as white as paper and quivering with 
 emotion, he said: "A few speeches such as thai; would sever the bonds of this 
 Union!" 
 
 With such a scene as this fresh In my memory the reader will not be surprised 
 if on Saturday morning, the 12th of August, 184'<, I felt, after my Interview with 
 Mr. Benton, Mr. Douglas and Mr. Hale, anxious for the results of the day's pro- 
 ceedings on the bill returned for concurrence n the amendments made in the 
 House. 
 
 The friends of the bill, led by Mr. Benton, having taken their position, waited 
 calmly for the onset of their adversaries, who jpent Saturday until the usual hour 
 of adjournment in skirmishing in force, as if feeling the strength of their oppo- 
 nents. When the motion was made at the usual time in the afternoon for adjourn- 
 ment, the friends of the bill came pouring out of the retiring rooms, and on coming 
 inside the bar they voted No with very marked emphasis. I ought, perhaps to ex- 
 plain that when many of the friends qf the Oregon bill went into this room to rest 
 upon lounges, and to smoke and chat and tell anecdotes, they left behind a trusty 
 corps to observe the movements of the enemy, and through a vigilant page stationed 
 at the door to give notice when it was necessary, to rise and rush inside the bar to 
 vote No on all motions for adjournment. 
 
 This state of affairs continued until after night when Judge Butler, of South 
 Carolina, being the colleague of Mr. Calhoun, resorted to a sort of legislative flli- 
 busterlng with a view to thrusting aside the Oregon bill, under a motion to go into 
 executive session for the purpose of enquiring into the conduct of Mr. Benton, who, 
 he alleged, had communicated to Dr. Wallace, the reporter of the New York Herald, 
 some things that had t)een said and done in secret session. During his remarks, 
 Judge Butler characterized Mr. Benton's conduct as being "dtsAonoraftte." Tiiis 
 word had only been pronounced when Mr. Benton sprang to his feet in great anger, 
 and advancing rapidly toward Judge Butler with his clenched flat and violently 
 gesticulating, said : "You lie, sir! You lie!! I cram the lie down your throat!! !" 
 Both men wore long hair that age had made as white as wool, and yet they were 
 only kept from violence on the floor of the Senate Chamber by Gen. Dix, of New 
 York, Moson, of Virginia, and others, who, by placing themselves between the 
 venerable Senators, prevented them from coming to blows. Thus restrained. Judge 
 Butler said to Mr. Benton in a very loud and angry tone, " I will see you, sir, at 
 another time and place." Mr. Benton immediately rejoined in great heat, "Yes, 
 sir, you can see me at any other time and in any other place ; but you and your 
 friends will take notice that when I flght, I fight for a funeral." 
 
 Order being at length restored, the vote was taken on Judge Butler's motion to 
 go into executive session, and the real object of the motion being seen to be the de- 
 feat of the Oregon bill through the consumption of time, it was lost. 
 
 Gen. Foote, the colleague of JefT. Davis, then arose and in a drawling tone, as- 
 sumed for the occasion, said his powers of endurance he believed would enable him 
 to continue his address to the Senate until Monday, 12 o'clock M., and although lie 
 could not promise to say much on the subject of the Oregon bill, he could not doubt 
 that he would be able to interest and greatly edify distinguished Senatore. The 
 friends of the bill, seeing what was before them, posted a page in the doorway open- 
 ing into one of the retiring rooms, and then, after detailing a few of their number to 
 keep watch and ward on the floor of the Senate, withdrew into the room of which 
 
OBEGOrr BECOMES AN ORGANIZED TERRITOBY. 
 
 327 
 
 I have spoken to chat and tell anecdotes and to drink wine, or, perhaps, something 
 even much stronger, and thus to wear away the slowly and heavily passing hours 
 of that memorable Saturday night. Soon great clouds of smoke filled the room, and 
 from it issued the sound of the chink of glasses and of loud conversation, almost 
 drowning the eloquence of the Mississippi Senator as he repeated the Bible story of 
 the cosmogony of the world, the creation of man, the taking from his side the rib 
 ftom which Eve was made, her talking with the " snake," as he called the Evil One, 
 the fall of man, etc., etc. The galleries were soon deserted. Many of the aged 
 Senators prostrated themselves upon the solas in one of the retiring rooms, and 
 slumbered soundly, while "thoughts that breathed and words that burned " fell in 
 glowing eloquence from the lips of the Mississippi Senator, as he continued thus to 
 instruct and edify the few watching friends of the bill, who, notwithstanding the 
 weight of seventy winters pressed heavily upon some of them, were as wide awake 
 as the youngest, and they sat firm and erect in their seats, watcthlng with lynx eyes 
 every movement of the adversaries of the bill. 
 
 At intervals of about one hour, the speaker would yield the floor to a motion for 
 adjournment, coming from the opposition. Then the sentinel page at the door 
 would give notice to the waking Senators in the retiring room, and these would Im" 
 mediately arouse the slumbering Senators, and all would then rush pell-mell 
 through the doorway, and when the inside of the bar was reached, would vote No 
 with a thundering emphasis. 
 
 It happened, however, on more occasions than one, that a sleeping Senator, not* 
 yet quite awake, even after getting inside the bar, voted '' aye," then "nay," and 
 then "aye," and finally " nay " again, to the great amusement of those who were 
 sufflciently wide awake to see where the laugh came in. 
 
 Occasionally southern Senators toward Sunday morning relieved (ien. Foote 
 by short, dull speeches, to which the friends of the bill vouchsafed no answer ; so 
 that Mr.' Calhoun and his pro-slavery subordinates had things for the most part all 
 their own way until Sabbath morning, August 13th, 1848, at about 8 o'clock, when 
 the leading opponents of the bill collected together in a knot, and after conversing 
 together a short time in an under tone, the Misp'ssippi Senator, who had been so 
 very edifying and entertaining dOring the n! i % aid that no further opposition 
 would be madje to taking a vote on the bill. 'lu. u^os and nayes were then called 
 and the bill passed. 
 
 President Polk affixed his signature to the bill within a few 
 hours after its passage. To have the TeiTitorial Government fully 
 organized before the expiration of his term of office on the fourth 
 of the succeeding March, was earnestly desired by him, in view of 
 the circumstances attending his election. He appointed Meek the 
 United States Marshal of the new Territory, and delegated him to 
 convey the Governor's commission to General Joseph Lane, then 
 residing in Indiana and unaware of the duty about to be imposed 
 upon him, for such, under the circumstances, it really was. With 
 that promptness of decision and energy of action so characteristic 
 of him — qualities which won him the title of the " Marion of the 
 Mexican War" — General Lane accepted the commission without 
 hesitation, and in three days had disposed of his property, wound 
 
 i 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 I! 
 i- 
 
 
 : 1 
 
 ■ l 
 
 p 
 
828 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 up his business affairs, and begun his journey to the far-off wilds of 
 Oregon. A small detachment of troops escorted the Governor and 
 Marshal, and after a journey of six months, by the way of Mexico 
 and Arizona, seven only of them reached San Francisco, two hav- 
 ing dieil and the others succumbed to the allurements of the new 
 gold fields of the Sierras. These seven were Governor Lane, 
 Marshal Meek, Lieutenant Hawkins, Surgeon Hayden, and three 
 enlisted men. At San Francisco they toolv passage on the schooner 
 Jeannette^ and reached the Columbia after a rough passage of 
 eighteen days. Ascending the Columbia and V 'amette in small 
 boats, a distance of one hundred and twenty r they debarked 
 
 at Oregon City on the second of March, 1849. ine following day 
 Governor Lane issued a proclamation and assumed the duties of his 
 oflBce, having succeeded in instituting the Government just one day 
 prior to the close of President Polk's administration. Other officers 
 , of the Territory did not arrive till several months later. The fol- 
 lowing is a roster of the first officers of the Territorial Government, 
 and those of the Provisional Government at the time of its dissolu- 
 tion : — 
 
 PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Governor, George Abernethy ; Secretary, S. M. Ilolderness ; 
 Treasurer, John H. Couch ; Auditor, Geo. W. Bell (Public Ac- 
 counts), Theo[)hilus McGruder (Territorial); Supreme Judge, J. 
 Quinn Thornton ; Cbcuit Judge, Alonzo A. Skinner ; 'Marehal, H. 
 M. Knighton. 
 
 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Governor, Joseph Lane ; Secretary, Kintzing Pritchett ; Treasurer, 
 *Jame8 Taylor ; Auditor, *B. Gevvais ; Chief Justice, William C. 
 Bryant ; Associate Justices, O. C. Pratt, P H. Burnett ; Marshal, 
 Joseph Meek ; Superintendent of Schools, *Jc'«s. McBride; Librarian, 
 *W. T. Matlock ; Territorial Printer, *\Vilson Blain ; Commis- 
 sioner of Cayuse War Claims, *Alonzo A. Skinner. 
 
 One of the first acts of Governor Lane was to appoint marshals 
 to ta;ke the census, as provided in the organic act. The following 
 table shows the population as thus ascertained : — 
 
 •Apjiolntod by Legislature, September 2B, 1M0. 
 
OBEOON BECOMES AN OROANIZEH TERniTORY. 
 
 320 
 
 
 si 
 
 1^ 
 
 Males 21 years 
 and over. 
 
 Females of all 
 ages. 
 
 Fr 
 
 reigners. 
 
 Total number of 
 citizens. 
 
 Total number of 
 foreigners. 
 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 
 > 
 
 m 
 
 a* 
 
 
 
 -1 
 
 1 
 
 (JlackaniHS 
 
 401 
 346 
 46.5 
 
 40 
 304 
 337 
 
 39 
 
 205 
 
 271 
 
 4 
 
 300 
 293 
 458 
 100 
 402 
 327 
 
 33 
 269 
 229 
 
 22 
 
 5H5 
 468 
 647 
 
 75 
 567 
 509 
 
 37 
 359 
 870 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 04 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 39 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 1376 
 
 1107 
 
 l.->70 
 
 224 
 
 1363 
 
 1173 
 
 100 
 
 0i'3 
 
 870 
 
 80 
 
 17 
 
 36 
 
 112 
 
 3 
 16 
 
 1 
 36 
 
 70 
 
 1303 
 
 Tualatin 
 
 1142 
 
 Chuniuoeiir 
 
 1682 
 
 Clatsop 
 
 227 
 
 Yamhill 
 
 1368 
 
 Polk 
 
 1174 
 
 Lewis 
 
 14'> 
 
 Linn 
 
 0:.'3 
 
 Benton 
 
 870 
 
 Vancouver 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 2tl01 
 
 2523 
 
 3627 
 
 15 
 
 211 
 
 46 
 
 8795 
 
 298 
 
 008;^ 
 
 While Thornton and Meek were representing the people at 
 Washington, an event occurred that in a few years wrought a 
 marvelous change on the Pacific Coast. Captain John A. Sutter, a 
 Svnss, had come to Oregon in 1838 and the following year gone to 
 California, whei-e he founded a settlement on the site of the present 
 City of Sacramento, which he named " New Helvetia," though it 
 was known far and wide an "Sutter's Fort." In the Oregon immi- 
 gration of 1844 was James W. Marshall, who went to California 
 the following y^ar and entered the employ of Captain Sutter. In 
 the fall of 1847 Marshall and Sutter entered into a partnership to 
 do a saw-mill business, and Marshall went up into the Sierra 
 Nevada Mountains and selected a location for the mill at Coloma, a 
 place on the South Fork of the American River. It was on the 
 nineteenth of January, 1848, that Marshall discovered gold in the 
 tailrace of the mill. As soon as this news was spread throughout 
 California, nearly every able-bodied man hastened to Coloma, work 
 of every kind being abandoned and much property sacrificed. The 
 excitement was intense. The news of Marshall's wonderful dis- 
 covery was carried East by the various routes of travel, and hun- 
 dreds of emigrants learned of it while slowly plodding along on 
 the Oregon trail, and were thus induced to change their destination 
 to California. For several years thereafter overland emigration 
 was almost exclusively to the gold fields of California. The intelli- 
 gence did not reach Oregon till August, seven months after the 
 discover)'. There were then no regular means of communication 
 
 1 ! 
 
 
 'U 
 
 •'! » 
 
 
 = 1^ 
 , ..4. 
 
 t 
 
 ; 
 
 \ ■! 
 
 ' 1 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 
380 
 
 HIHTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ,■1 ill 
 
 between the Sacramento Valley and the Willamette. Every year 
 a few people followed the old Hudson's Bay Compau}- trail, some 
 one wav and some the other, and occasiouailv coantins: or oth';r 
 
 ft. ' ft' ~ 
 
 vessels came to the Columbia from San Francisco; but the excite- 
 ment of the gold discovery prevented the news fi'oiii rejuliing 
 Oregon by either of these routes, until it was finally brought by a 
 vessel w^hich came for a cargo of supplies for the San Francisco 
 market. The effect produced upon such an adventurous duss as 
 were the early pioneers, can well be imagined. There was at once 
 a rush for California, chiefly overland, as vessels were scai'ce, and it 
 seemed as though Oregon would become depo])uhited. But this 
 was only temporary. Family and business ties were sti'ong enough 
 to hold back many and to hasten the return of others. Not only 
 was Oregon not depopulated, but she foiuid in California the first 
 outside luaivket for her [)roduct8 she had ever enjoyed. It wajs for 
 her the beginning of actual prosperity. Besides the gold dust 
 brought back by returning miners, California gold poured into Ore- 
 gon in a pei-fect stream, in exchange for grain, flour, vegetables, beef, 
 bacon, and food products of all kinds. Minej-s pushed further noith 
 every year, until, in 1851, they crossed the line into Southern Ore- 
 gon, and discovereii rich diggings. After the first excitement sub- 
 sided, emigration again turned in the direction of Oregon, while 
 great numbers, abandoning the gold fields, came north to settle 
 in the beautiful valley of the Willamette. 
 
 The scarcity of money htwl always been a serious c^'i], inctreasing 
 yearly with the population. When, in the wintei- of 184.S-U, gold 
 dust began to arrive from (/alifornia, the nuiterial for such a 
 medium w»is iit hand; but, though the gold dust Wiis worth from 
 sixteen to eighteen dollars an ounce, returning miners could obtain 
 }>ut eleven dollars for it, while much of it was lost in passing from 
 hand to hand. The Legislature promptly passe<l ai\ act for the 
 " assaying, melting and coining of gold," but the termination of the 
 Provisional Government by ttie aiTival of Governor Lane, i-eridfircd 
 the htatute nugatory. Private enterprise stepped to the front an'd 
 supplied the want by issuing what is known as " bnaver money," 
 somewhat after the manner in which the "gold slugs" of Califor- 
 nia were issued. These coins were of five and ten dollar denomi- 
 nati(m8, bearing on the obverse side the figure of a beaver, above 
 
OKEGON BF.roMKS AS OROANIZKI) TERRITORY. 
 
 331 
 
 vvhicli were the letters "K. M. T. A. \y. R. C. S.," and beneath 
 '*0. T., 1849." Ou the reverse side was "Oregon Exchange Corn- 
 pan}, 130 Grains Native Gold, 5 D," or " 10 pwt,s., 20 grains, 10 
 D." The initial letters were those of the gentlemen composing the 
 company — Kilbonrn, Magruder, Taylor, Ab^^rnethy, Wilson, Rec- 
 tor, Campliell and Smith. The workiha 'lip on the coin was quite 
 creditable. The dies were made by iiaji/ilfci; Campbell, and the 
 pres;-! and rolling machineiy by Wil'liam Rector. When money be- 
 came more plentifid, the beavei- coins <[uickly disappeared from cir- 
 culation, since they contained about eight per cent, more gold than 
 the national coins, and are now only to be found as mementoe^s in 
 the possession of pioneei's, in cabinets oi- among the collictions of 
 numismatologists. No one was ever prosecuted foi- this infringe- 
 ment of the constitutional prohibition of the coining of money by 
 State Govei-nments or individuals. 
 
 ;i. 
 
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CHAPTER XX. 
 
 OREGON AS A TERRITORY. 
 
 Organization of the Territorial Government — First Legislature — Towns 
 in Oregon in 1850 — A Military Episode — Jonn P. Gaines Succeeds 
 General Lane as Governor — Inharrnony between Democratic [legisla- 
 ture and Whig Officers — Thrfe Netos papers Enter the Fields — The 
 Steamer '■'•Lot Whitcoinb'^ — Oregon City and Salem Contest for the 
 Capital — Wreck of the ''■General Warren" — Indian Troubles in 
 1851-2-3 — George L. Gurry becomes Governor — Efforts to Form a 
 State Constitution — Colville Mines — Indian War of 1855-6 — Polit- 
 ical Complications — Eraser River Excitement — Oregon Admitted to 
 the Union. 
 
 OREGON remained in the Territorial state for ten years, suffer- 
 ing all the evils of partisan government and political strife. 
 The people early jispired to the rights and dignity of statehood, 
 and the question of framing a constitution was ever present in pol- 
 itics. The adjoining State of California was admitted into the 
 Union* under phenomenal conditions, without passing through the 
 Territorial stage, and this did much to render the people of Oregon 
 discontented with a Territorial government. But the most prolific 
 cause of discontent was the length of time required to communicate 
 with the seat of government at Washington. All laws passed by 
 the liegislature were subject to disapproval by Congress, and it took 
 several months to learn whether an act would not ])e thus rendered 
 void. The same delay occurred in filling official vacancies, in im- 
 parting instructions for the guidance of ofiicers, and in transacting 
 all business requiring communication between the Territorial author- 
 ities and those at Washington. It was certainly an unwieldy and 
 cumbersome form of government, and the people necessarily found 
 it irksome and repulsive. 
 
T^ 
 
 OREGON AS A TEREITORT. 
 
 333 
 
 Governor Lane called an election for the sixth of June, 1849, to 
 choose a Delegate to Congress and members of the Territorial Leg- 
 islature. The total vote cast for Delegate was 943, of which Sam- 
 uel R. Thurston received 470; Columbia Lancaster, 321; James W. 
 Nesmith, 104; Joseph L. Meek, 40; J. S. Griffin, 8. The appor- 
 tionment of Councilmen and Representatives was made by the Gov- 
 ernor in his proclamation. The names of the gentlemen elected to 
 the first Territorial Legislature were as follows; Council — W. 
 Blain, Tualatin; W. W. Buck, Clackamas; S. Parker, Clackamas 
 and Champoeg; W. Shannon, Champoeg; S. F. McKean, Clatsop, 
 Lewis and Vancouver; J. B. Graves, Yamhill ; W. Maley, Linn; 
 N. Ford, Polk; L. A. Humphrey, Benton. Representatives — D. 
 Hill and W. M. King, Tualatin; A. L. Lovejoy, J. D. Holman 
 and Gabriel Walling, Cla« kamas; J. W. Grim, W. W. Chapman 
 and W. T. Matlock, Champoeg; A. J Hembree, R. C. Kinney and 
 J. B. Walling, Yaij 1; J. Dunlap and J. Const r, Linn; H.N. 
 V. Holmes and S. But I' )lk; M T. Simmons, L u , , Vancouver 
 and Clatsop; J. L. Muikt-} an(' G. B. Smith, Benton. 
 
 The Legislature assembled at Oregon Citv, July 16, 1849, and 
 held a brief session, in which the} apportiom d their future mem- 
 bership; changed the names of Champoeg, Tualat'i and Vancouver 
 counties to "Marion," "Washington," and "Clarke," respectively; 
 decided what officers the various counties hould have, and provided 
 for their election the following October, and divided the Territory 
 into three judicial districts. In October the c nty elections were 
 held and the officers chosen qualiiied immedin' ^ . This was the last 
 step in the comj)lete organization of tht government under the 
 Oregon Bill. 
 
 The yeai' 1850 opeue<l auspiciously for Oregon. A custom 
 house had been established at Astoria, and regular steamer commu- 
 nication opened between the accessible ports on the Willamette 
 and San Francisco. Oregon contained then a dozen aspiring- 
 towns — Astoria, St. Helens, Milton (one and one- half miles above 
 St. Helens), Portland, Milwaukie, Oregon City, Champoeg, Syra- 
 cuse, Albany, Marysville (Corvallis), Cincinnati, Hillsboro, Lafay- 
 ette, Salem, Lexington (on Clatsop Plains). Between Milwaukie 
 and Portland there was much rivalry, each aspiring to be the head 
 of permanent navigation for ocean steamers; and this was shared 
 
 T): 
 
 1 
 
 .i' 
 
334 
 
 HISTOEY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 at times by St. Helens, as well as other ambitious points which 
 never acquired much greater dignity than a mere name. It waH 
 found that navigation to Milwaukie was not practicable in low-water 
 season, and even Portland was considered as too far up at one time, 
 owing to the troublesome bar at Swan Island. The steamship com- 
 pany decided to make St. Helens, or Columbia City (a new town 
 below the mouth of the Willamette), the terminus, but were quickl} 
 brouglit back to Portland by a movement on the part of the mer- 
 chants of that city to establish an opposition line. Since then, with 
 but one exception, the ocean steamship terminus has remained con- 
 stantly at the city of Portland. 
 
 The military headquarters wei'e at Oregon City in 1849-50, and 
 at that point the greater poi'tion of the First Mounted Riflas were 
 stationed, the remainder taking post at Vancouver, Astoria and on 
 Puget Sound. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Loriug, 
 aftervpards Greneral, who achieved a reputation in Egypt, as Loring 
 Pasha. Early in the spring of 1850, a majority of the men suc- 
 cumbed to the seductive influence of the gold excitement and deserted. 
 Fully four hundred of them started for the California mines, and at 
 Eugene City fortitied themselves so that the soldiere and citizens 
 who pursued them could not effect their capture. They then 
 started south in small bands. Grovernor Lane was appealed to by 
 the commanding oiiicer, and hastily collecting a company of volun- 
 teers he pursued and overtook a body of them in Rogue River Val- 
 ley, who surrendered to him without resistance. Of the four humbled 
 deserters, two hundred and sixty were thus captured, the remainder 
 succeeding in reaching California and losing themselves among the 
 miners. 
 
 In April, 1850, Governor Lane received notification that he had 
 been removed by the Whig President, Taylor, and Major John P. 
 Gaines appointed in his place on the second of the previous October. 
 On the twenty -seventh of May, he wrote to the Seci-etary of War 
 that he was al)out to start for Rogue River, to make a treaty with 
 the Indians of that region, which he hoped to conclude by the 
 eighteenth of Jime, and this date he fixed as the termination of his 
 official duties. The new Governor had not yet arrived, and Gov. 
 Lane set out immediately. He came to an amicable understanding 
 with this turbulent tribe, and then passed into California to try his 
 
T 
 
 TT^!?^ 
 
 OREGON AS A TERRITORY. 
 
 835 
 
 fortune in the mines. It was during this time that the Cayuse hos- 
 tages were tried and executed at Oregon City, the uncertainty as to 
 whether he was still in Oregon or not preventing tlie Secretary from 
 assuming any authorit}'. 
 
 The general election for county officers and members of the Leg- 
 islature was held in June. The new Territorial officers arrived in 
 August, September, October and November — trovernor Gaines 
 assuming his duties on the nineteenth of Septendx^r, being careful, 
 however, to draw his salary from the date of his appointment, nearly 
 a year before. The other new officials were: Edward Hamilton, 
 Secretary; John McLean and William Strong, Judges; Amory Hol- 
 brook. United States Attorney; John Adair, Collector of Customs; 
 Henry H. Spalding, Indian Agent; Joseph L. Meek retained the 
 office of Marshal. The Legislature assembled in December; being 
 strongly Democratic in its composition, a want of haruKmy was at 
 once developed between it and the Whig Territorial officers. In 
 some respects this was the most imj)()rtaut legislative session ever 
 held in Oregon. Hut little had been accomplished the previous 
 year, and it devolved upon this session to give Oregon a code of 
 laws, and legislate for the radically new state of affairs l)rought 
 about by a Tei"ritorial form of government, and the great increase 
 in population and the sudden commercial awakening. It was com- 
 posed of the leading and representative men of the Territory, and 
 ably performed its function. 
 
 Three newspapers sprang into being in the winter of 1850-51. 
 On the twenty-ninth of Noven)ber, 1850, the first nund)er of the 
 Western Star appeared at Milwaukie, then a formidable rival of 
 Portland for metropolitan honors. Lot Whitcomb was the pub- 
 lisher, John Orvis AVaterman the editor, and Waterman and W. D. 
 Carter the printers. ( )n the fourth of I)ecend)er, Thomas J. Dryer 
 began the piddication of tlie Oregonian at Portland. A prospectus 
 
 for a papej' at (.)regon City had been issued by Russell the fall 
 
 V>efore, also by Asahel Rush, but as they had no material they were 
 compelled to delay publication. Mr. Bush was elected Public 
 Printer by the Legislature, notwithstanding the fact that he was 
 utterly without facilities for discharging the duties of the office, while 
 the Star and Oregonian were ignored. In March his material 
 arrived, and the first nund)er of the Statesman was issued at Oregon 
 
 t 'f::.J 
 
 ■•;.i 
 
 1^ 
 -i- 
 
 -a- 
 
 
 ■■i: 
 
336 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 City. Mr. Bush was a representative Democrat, and the Statesman 
 for years, while under his control, was the mouthpiece and official 
 organ of the dominant faction of the Democratic party. The Star 
 was also Democratic, but did not enjoy such a generous proportion 
 of the "loaves and fishes" as did the official organ. The Oregonian 
 wa§ a Whig paper of the most pronounced type, and Mr. Dryer 
 was a man of strong prejudices, energetic character and fiery dispo- 
 sition. He had but one standard of measurement — political opin- 
 ion. Everything that savored of Whiggery was good, while any- 
 thing in the least tainted with Democracy was vile. The papers 
 were full of politics and personal abuse, based upon political con- 
 duct — the Oregonian and Statesman presenting the most marked 
 antagonism. It was then the " Oregon style " of journalism had 
 its birth, and flourished like the product of the mustard seed for a 
 series of years. Argument gave way to invective; intelligent dis- 
 cussion of political affairs there was none; the presentation of the 
 most trivial piece of news was done in such a manner that its truth 
 was made of secondary importance to its political effect, and even 
 the most common of the social amenities were lost in the whirlpool 
 of political animosity. Whatever may be said of other things as 
 compared with pioneer days, there has certainly been a vast and 
 most gratifying improvement in the character of Oregon journalism. 
 In the fall of 1850, Lot Whitcomb began, at Milwaukie, the 
 construction of a small steamer to ply upon the Willamette and 
 Columbia, the pioneer of the great fleet which, in later years, bore 
 the whole inland commerce of this region. A public meeting was 
 held in the hall of the House of Representatives at Oregon City, 
 early in December, at which it was decided to name the steamer the 
 " Lot Whitcomb of Oregon," and a stand of colors was pi'esented 
 to the enterprising owner. On Christmas day the little craft wa^ 
 launched, amid the |)eal of cannon and the cheers of a great crowd 
 of people who had assembled to witness the event. Governor (iraines 
 formally christening hei* as above. This was followed by a grand 
 ball in the evening. When the salute was fired, Captain Frederick 
 Morse, of the schooner Merchantman^ which was then in port, wa'' 
 killed by the bursting of a cannon. The steamer, a month later, 
 made a trial trip, with a company of invited guests, to Vancouver 
 and Astoria. She then took her place as a pjissenger and freight 
 
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 53 
 
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 Rogu 
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 1851, 
 
 OCCUJ 
 
tTmr 
 
 ORKGON AS A TERKITORY. 
 
 337 
 
 boat, and did excellent service. Captain Whitcomh retired from 
 tlie S/ar, and in June, 1851, Waterman & Carter moved it to Port- 
 land, and changed its name to the Oregon Weekly Times, being led 
 to take this step by the plainly apparent fact that Portland was the 
 coming metropolis of Oregon. 
 
 On the ninth of April, 1851, Samuel R, Thurston, Delegate to 
 Congi'ess, while on his way back to Oregon, died on board the steamer 
 California, while between Panama and Acapuko, and was buried 
 at the latter place. The news reached Oregon a few weeks later — 
 a month prior to the general election at which his successor was to 
 be elected — and caused a general expression of sorrow from the 
 people. At its next session the Legislature bestowed his name 
 upon a county north of the Columbia River, now a portion of Wash- 
 ington Territory, and later defrayed the expense of bringing his 
 body to Oregon for burial. The general election was held on the 
 second of June, and General Lane, who had returned from the mines 
 of Northern California, became the Democratic candidate for Dele- 
 gate to Congress. He received 2,093 votes, wliile only 548 were 
 cast for William H. Willson, his Whig opponent. 
 
 There were other things than politics to interest the people in 
 1851 and 1852. Eai'ly in 1851, gold was discovered in Southern 
 Oregon; several thousands of miners crowded into the diggings on 
 the tributaries of Rogue River, and the town of Jacksonville sprang 
 suddenly into existence. This opened a new market for Oregon 
 products, and added greatly to the prosperity of the Willamette 
 Valley. In an eflFort to find a suitable seaport for a base of sup- 
 plies for the new mines, the Umpqua River was entered and several 
 towns laid out, the most important of which was Scottsburg. The 
 following year Douglas and Jackson counties were organized, from 
 which Coos, Curry and Josephine were, in later years, cut off. The 
 mines in Northern California, at Yreka (then called Shasta Butte 
 City), and along Klamath and Scott rivers, also drew heavily upon 
 the Willamette Valley for support. The discovery of gold in the 
 Rogue River region led to the immediate occupation of (jhoice loca- 
 tions in the valley by farmers, who raised hay, grain and vegetables 
 for the mines. Quite a number of these locations were made in 
 1851, and in two or three years the best part of the valley was 
 occupied. In the Umpqua region, also, settlements, which were but 
 
 1 ! 
 
 t ' 
 a 
 
 Is 
 
 t 
 
 !■ 
 
 I M 
 
 It 
 
 'J- 
 
 %i 
 
338 
 
 HISTO'.tY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 few prior to 1850, began to be more numeroiw, and in a few years 
 (|uite a population was found in Southern Oregon, exclu8i\e of those 
 engaged in mining. The Indians of Rogue River Valley had shown 
 a hostile spirit ever sinee tht^ first Americans passed through their 
 country, as has been shown in the naiTative of several early e\ent8, 
 and numerous collisions occurred between them and parties passing to 
 and fro between the mines and the Willamette Valley ; several men 
 were killed in this way, and many pack and saddle animals stolt^n. 
 Brevet Major (afterwaids (General) Phil. Kearney, while passing 
 through that region, on his way fi'om Vancouver to Renicia, with 
 two companies of troops, was appealed to for aid in punishing the 
 Indians. They came upon the savages on the bank of the river ten 
 miles above Table Rock. Captain Walker took his company of 
 infantrymen across the river, to get in the rear of the enemy, while 
 Captain Stewart dismounted his dragoons and made an attack upon 
 the rancheria. The Indians fled with the loss of several of their 
 number. The only cjisualty on the part of the troops was the death 
 of Captain vStewart, a gallant officer who had won distinction in the 
 Mexican War, who was sh(jt with an arrow by a wounded Indian 
 after the battle was over. Later in the day a Miore severe battle 
 was fought. 
 
 Kearney was soon joined by Major Alvord, who, \vith a military 
 escort, was engaged in surveying a route for a military road through 
 Southern Oregon. With him was Jesse Applegate, General Lane 
 happened to be passing through the country witli a numlxM' of 
 others, and uj)ou hearing the news at once hastened to the aid of 
 the military. The united force of soldiers and civilians then set 
 out in pursuit of the saxages. In a short time they came upon a 
 party of them, who fled upon being charged, and escaped in the 
 chaparral, leaving one of their number dead on the ground. Late 
 in the evening another band was encountei-ed and several were 
 wounded, while twelve women and children were captured. The 
 next day a long march revealed no enemy. Th(^ troops then con- 
 tinued their march south, and the civilians returned to their homes 
 and mines, or resumed their uninterrupted journeys. Soon after- 
 wards Governor Gaines went to Rogue River Valley and negotiated 
 a treaty with a portion of the Indians, assigning them a reservation 
 north of the river. Soon afterwards Dr. Anson Dart was designated 
 
 wee 
 passi 
 from 
 from 
 (liffic 
 the in 
 of 11 
 tion 
 
 geral 
 
pll . 
 
 OREGON AS A TERRITOUY. 
 
 339 
 
 Superintendent of Indian AfFairn by the President, and lie appointed 
 A. A. Skinner agent for the Indians of that region. In spite of the 
 treaty, trouble continued to arise between the incoming si^ttlers and 
 the native proprietors. A detachment of troops was stationed at 
 Port Orford, under the impression that it was the nearest practica- 
 ble route to the valley, though it was soon discovered that comnui- 
 nication between thost! two points M'as tlifficult and hazardous. 
 There had been trouble at Port Oxford, and a party of men had 
 been besieged on Battle Rock in that harbor. An exploring expe. 
 dition from Rogue River Valley to the coast, headed by W. G. 
 T'Vault, had met with disaster; conse(piently, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Casey led a detachment of troops up Co(piille River, and severely 
 punished the hostile Indians. 
 
 Early in the summer of 1852, the Rogue River Indians began to 
 give signs of an intention to go on the war path, and Agent Skin- 
 ner arranged for a peace talk to settle all cause of grievance. A 
 company of men, commanded by J. K. Lanierick, went to the Big 
 Bend, the scene of the proposed conferen<'e. There they met a small 
 company, under Judge Elijah Steele, who had come over fi'om 
 Yreka in search of two Indian murderers. During the progress of 
 the council a fight began and thirteen Indians were killed. The 
 next day, after a brief conflict, the Indians expressed a desire t(» 
 make peace, and it was agreed that hostilities should cease. A few 
 weeks later the Modocs })egan massacring emigrants who were 
 |)a8sing through their country around Tult' Lake. Two companies 
 from Yreka, under Charles McDermit and Ben Wright, and one 
 from Jacksonville, under John E. Ross, hastened to the scene of 
 difficulty, buried the mangled bodies of two score emigrants, guarded 
 the incoming trains, and severely chastised the savages. In the fall 
 of 1 852 it was decided to establish a military post for the protec- 
 tion of Northern California and Southern Oregon. Major Fitz- 
 gerald accordingly built Fort Jones, in Scott Valley, and garrist)ned 
 it with his company of dragoons. He was soon succeeded in com- 
 mand by Captain B. R. Alden. The subsequent hostilities in that 
 region are related in another chapter. 
 
 On the thirty-first of January, 1852, the steamer General War- 
 ren wa** wrecked at the mouth of the Columbia River. She sailed 
 from Astoria for San Francisco on the twenty-eighth of January, 
 
 1 , 
 
 
 
 ■■4^ ( 
 
 
 ' ' ■ Ik 
 
340 
 
 HIHTORY OF WILLAMKTTE VALLKY. 
 
 and was Hafely taken to sea by the bar pilot, Captain George Flavel. 
 On the second day out she met with heavy weather and })egan to 
 make water ho alarmitigly that the captain, (Jharh's ThomjtHon, j)ut 
 about for the purpose of returning to Astoria, an nhe had iii.kU' but 
 >ilight progress. Captain Flavel was picked up t)fF the bur and 
 took the steamer across,' but when just inside she refused to mind 
 her helm and drifted upt>n Sand Islanil. She again floated into 
 deep water, when it was iliscovered that slie would sink within a 
 few minutes. As a last i-esort. Captain Thompson ordered th." pilot 
 to beach the vessel on Clatsop Spit. As suon as she struck, the sea 
 began to Invak over her. This was at seven o'clock in the ( '.'ening, 
 and two haul's later she broke in tvvt). The paMsengers and »■♦^^^' dung 
 to the WTeck with the hope that it would hold together until morn- 
 ing, but at about three o'clock Captain Thompson selected a crew 
 of ten men, and putting them in the only l»oat left, re<jiiHsted Cap- 
 tain Flavel to take command and go for aid. Aftei* a long and 
 exceedingly hazardtms trip they reached Astoria, sent a volimteer 
 crew back to the wreck in a whale boat and followed in another 
 (me themselves. When they reached Clatsop Spit they were unal)le 
 to discover even a vestige of the steamer. She had broken in pieces 
 and been swept out to sea with the forty-two human beings who 
 had clung to her. The steamer was an unseaworthy hulk that 
 should have been condemned long before. 
 
 The immigration of 1 852 was very large. The tide which had 
 turned towards California during the few years immediately follow- 
 ing the discovery of gold, now set in towards ()regon again. Prac- 
 tical experience in the mines had served to dispel, in a measure, the 
 glamour surrounding them, and people with their eyes tm-ned west- 
 ward began to realize that the homestead the goverament gener- 
 ously offered them in Oregon was preferable to the has^ardous occu- 
 pation of a miner. Many of them came with the intention of fii"st 
 locating a permanent home in the beautiful Willamette Valley and 
 then make a trip to the mint's to " try their luck," returning again 
 to their land claim v^rhen satisfied with their experience with the 
 rockier and sluice-boz. The season was dry, and the great throng 
 of cattle and horses soon disposed of every vestige of grass along 
 the route, so that thousands of stock coming later in the summer 
 famished and died, their putrid carcasses marking the route for those 
 
OltKOON AS A TKRRITOKY. 
 
 841 
 
 who cHine after. -tvTlu'i'c wuh much Hickiieaet, too, aiiioug the emi- 
 gi'antH, caused l)y searcity of water and food, for the slow progress 
 made hy the <'nfe<'l>led cattle cauHed tlie supplies in many of the 
 wagons to giv«' out long before the ('oluuibia was reachui, while 
 some emigrants whose stock all died had to struggle along on foot 
 with only such food as could l)e packed upon their hacks. When 
 news of tlie famishing condition of the emigrants i-eached the Wil- 
 lamette, the people held public meetings in various places, to receive 
 donations of money and supplies, and appoint commission' "s to 
 attend to their pi'opei' distribution. Flour and beef-cattle were the 
 chief form in which ai«l was sent. Headquarters were e8tal)lished 
 at Tlie Dalles, and men went out on the route as far as the (xrand 
 Ronde Valley to carry food to those who were suffering. This 
 movement of the people was spontaneous and unselfish in the highest 
 degree, and the men who gave theii- services did so with«)Ut asking 
 or receiving an}' I'eward whatever; and ytit loud t;omplaints were 
 made by some of the emigrants because tiiey did not receive a^ 
 large a share as- they deemed themselves entitled to. At the Uma- 
 tilla Agency — then called " Ttilla" — Sylvester and John B. Hall 
 interviewed the emigrants as they passed by, and took the name, 
 age, and former residencie of those wlu) had died on the route. 
 Tlieir list, which must have been nearly complete, contained one 
 hundred and twenty-one names, nearly all adults, chiefly from Illi- 
 nois, Iowa and Miasoiu-i, and was published in Portland on the 
 eleventh of December, 1852. It may be found by referring to the 
 old files of the Times, or Oregonian. Another list, taken from the 
 Sacramento Union, was published in the Titiies^ November "JO, 1852, 
 giving names of tht)se who died in th<' California trains, but em- 
 bracing the losses of the entire emiscration ejist of Fort Hall. 
 
 On the first of January, 1853, and for a day or two following, 
 occurred a disiistrous flood in the Willamette. Heavy falls of snow 
 in December were ff)llowe(l by copious warm i-ains, converting every 
 l)rook into a foaming torrent and the riser into a raging flood. The 
 steamer Loi IVhitcomh was wrecked near Milwaukie, but \viis after- 
 wards raised and repaired. At Oregon City, the old Aljeruethy 
 store, McLoughlin's saw mill, the Island bridge, and other objects 
 were washed away. General Palmer's mill, at Dayton, was carried 
 down the stream, a number of tenements at Linn City started on a 
 
 M'i: 
 
1 ,1 
 
 ;'i 
 
 342 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 voyage to the Columbia, and much damage was done all along the 
 stream. During the severe M'eather which preceded the flood, large 
 numbers of cattle, horses and mules died on the plains e^st of The 
 Dalles. Many of them had }>een left there by the emigrants, to be 
 grazed during the winter, while othei-s belonged to men who had 
 already gone into the cattle business on those since famous bunch- 
 grass ranges. But a small percentage of the stock survived. 
 
 The Legislature assembled at Salem in December, 1852, as did 
 also the Supreme ('ourt, the Whigs having been convinced that Salem 
 was the legal seat of government. The Democrats still maintained 
 u political ascendency, and when Governor (iaines addressed them 
 a long gubernatorial message at the opening of the session, they 
 declined to receive it, on the ground that as the Governor was not 
 required to sign acts passed by them, and Hid not even possess the 
 veto power, he was in no sense a portion of the legislative branch 
 of the government, and had no more right to inflict them with mes- 
 sages than iiD.\ })rivate (Citizen. Had the executive been of the right 
 political faith they would, no doubt, have listened to a message 
 from him as long as the moral law. During the session the subje(!t 
 of a State constitution was much discussed, and a bill providing for 
 the holding rf a convention passed the house, but died in the senate. 
 
 The question of a division of the Territory also received the 
 attention of the Legislature. Oregtm at that time contained three 
 hundred and forty-one thousand square miles, ecpial in area to the 
 six great States of Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota ami 
 Wisconsin, by far too large for admission into the Union as a single 
 State. Through it ran the great Columbia River, dividing it into 
 nearly ecjual northern and southern parts, from the ocean to old 
 Fort Walla Walla, where the stream made a long sweep to the north. 
 Tht^ great et-'nters of population were the Willamette, Umpqua and 
 Rogue Rivei- valleys. The region north and west of the Columbia 
 was known as " Northern ( >regon," and, during the previous five 
 orsix years, had become quite populous. Quite extensive ship- 
 ments of coal, lumber and fish were being made from Puget Sound, 
 on which three saw mills- liad already V)een established. The chief 
 settlements in Northern Oregon at ihat time wvvtr. Pacific City and 
 CJiinook, near the mouth .)f the Columbia; Vancouver, occupied by 
 the Hudson's Bay Corapati} and a large number of employes, 
 
 J. 
 
 to 
 low 
 
 reqt 
 
 in ti 
 
 gon 
 
 Oly 
 
 U. 
 
 Cha 
 
 An( 
 
 Mol 
 
ORTIOON AS A TEBIUTOKY. 
 
 343 
 
 United States troops, and many Americans who had settled in or 
 near the town ; Fort« Walla Walla, Okinagan and Colville, further 
 up the ColumVjia; Fort Nisqually, on the Sound, belonging to the 
 Paget Sound Agricultural Company; Olympia; New Market, or 
 Tmnwater; Steilacoom, and Port Townsend, on the Sound, and 
 many locations for agricultural purposes, especially along the Cow- 
 litz, where the little town of Monticello was located. Besides being 
 separated by a natural geographical boundary, the interests of the 
 two sections were, to a large extent, different and often conflicting, 
 and, as Northern Oregon was in a hopeless minority in the legisla- 
 ture, it could accomplish nothing for itself in the matter of legisla- 
 tion. The people of that region greatly desired self-govermnent, 
 and their fellow pioneers of the Willamette were willing thev should 
 have it. 
 
 The first step taken was on the foui'th of July, 1851, when a 
 public meeting was held in Olympia, to consider the question of a 
 (!onvention of delegates to memorialize Congress on the subject. 
 Another was held in Cowlitz Precinct on the seventh, and on the 
 twenty-third of August still anotlua- at Steilacoom. Nothing defi- 
 nite was agreed upon. In September, 1852, T. F. McElroy and 
 J. W. Wiley founded the Colinnhian at Ohm^na, and l)egan at once 
 to advocate a sepai-ute government. On the twenty-fifth of the fol- 
 lowing November a convention of delegates assembled at Monticelk* 
 and prepared a memorial to Congress, which was foi-warded to 
 Wiushington and pi'esented by Delegate Lane to Congress. He 
 had previously procured the introduction of a bill by the Conmiit- 
 tee on Territories to create the Territory of Coluiiibia. This was 
 amended by chauiiinji; the name to " Washint»:ton," and finallv 
 passed, receiving the Pi'esident's approval on the third of March. 
 The Oregon Legislature had addressed a memorial to Congress 
 requesting such action as above, 1>ut it did not reach Wtushington 
 in time to be of service. The new Tei'ritory embraced all of Ore- 
 gon north of the ('oliun})ia liivcr and the fcnty-sixth pai-allel, with 
 Olympia as the seat of government. Major Isaac I. Stevens, of the 
 U. S. Engineers, wjus appointed Governor by President Pierce; 
 Charles H. Mason, Secretary; J. S. Clendenin, Attorney; J. Patton 
 Anderson, Marshal; Edward Lander, Victor Monroe, and O. B. 
 McFa^lden, Judges. The (Tovernor's proclamation assuming tlit> 
 
 1' 
 
344 
 
 llrsTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 dQti*^8 of his oflice was issued while he was crossing the Rocky 
 Moiintains, September 29, 1853. 
 
 On the fifteenth of March, 1853, less than two weeks after his 
 inauguration, President Pierce made a clean sweep of the Whig 
 officials of Oregon, and appointed Democrats in their places, as fol- 
 lows: Governor, General Joseph Lane; Secretary, Geo. L. Curry; 
 Chief Justice, Geo. H. Williams ; Associate Jui><tices, Matthew P. 
 Deady and Cyrus Olney; Marshal, James W. Nesmith; Collector of 
 Customs, John Adair; Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Joel L. 
 Palmer; Attorney, Benjamin F. Harding. Governor Lane reached 
 Portland, by steamer, on the fourteenth of May, and was tendered 
 a public reception in that city. He was nominated l>y the Demo- 
 crats to succeeil himself as Delegate to Congress, having for an 
 opponent., A. A. Skinner, of Jacksonville, the " Peo])le's Candidate." 
 The election was held on the sixth of June, Lane receiving four 
 thoiisand five hundred and si.xteen votes, and Skinner two thousand 
 nine hundred and fifty-one. General Lane soon departed again for 
 Washington, leaving the executive office in the hands of Secretary 
 Curry, who was later appointed Governor. In November, John W. 
 Davis was appointed Governor, and O. B. McFadden, Justice, vice 
 Deady removed. Deady was re-appointed in August, 1854, 'oice 
 McFadden resigned. 
 
 The Legislature met in Decern b.^r, 185.'i, the government being 
 then Democratic in all its branches. During the session the (!oun- 
 ties of Coos, Columbia, Tillamook and Wasco were created. The 
 formation of a State constitution was a pet measure among tlie 
 leaders of the Democratic party, and they had but little trouble in 
 passing a ]>ill to test the opinion of the peo})le on the subject at tlie 
 next June election. The Whigs were opposed to the movement for 
 the same reason that the Democrats favored it — the present strength 
 of the latter at the [)olls, which would give them control of the gov- 
 ernment and supply fat offices for the leaders of the movement. At 
 the same time General Lane was endeavoring at Washington to 
 have Congress authorize the people of Oregon to frame a constitu- 
 tion, but unsucce.^sfully. The election was held on the fifth of 
 June, resulting in a defeat of the measure by a vote of three thou- 
 sand two hundred and ten in favor of it to four thousand and sev- 
 enty-nine opposed, notwithstanding the fact that in other respects 
 
'i-,,. ::,.'■ -I'.;,H 
 
 OREGON AS A TERRITORY. 
 
 345 
 
 the Territory gave a large Democratic majority. The gi'eaiest con- 
 trast was in Jackson County, a great Democratic stronghold, which 
 voted almost unanimously against it. The secret of this was that 
 a movement was on foot in that region to have a new territory cre- 
 ated out of Northern California and Southern Oregon, and the ad- 
 mission of Oregon into the LFnion would be fatal to the scheme. 
 Nothing daunted, the Democratic leaders and newspapers at once 
 made that an issue I'or the next election. 
 
 Governor Davis resigned and started for his home in Indiana on 
 the fifth of August, 1854, and the executive duties again devolved 
 upon the Secretary, George L. Curry. He was afterwards ap- 
 pointed Governor, and B. F. Harding was appointed Secretary, be- 
 ing succeeded as Attorney by W. H. Farrar. The Legislature con- 
 vened at Salem in December, and one of the first ({uestions it con- 
 sidered was the creation of a county along both sides the Willam- 
 ette Prom above Milwaukie to its mouth, taking in portions of 
 Clackamas and Washington. A bill of a similar nature had been 
 presented to the former Legislature, but too late in the session to 
 secure favorable action. The county seat of Washington was at 
 Hillsboro, and the people of Portland, now l)ecoming ({uite a city, 
 desired a county of their own. The peculiar shape of the proposed 
 county won for it the jocular name of " Boot," but though this may 
 have been extremely funny it did not prevent the bill for the crea- 
 tion of Multnomah County passing the House on the twenty -third 
 of Decenil)er by a vote of twenty -one to four. It also passed 
 tlirough the Coimcil. Later in the session another new county efEoi-t 
 came to grief. After much discussion in the House on a bill to 
 create Willamette County out of portions of Yamhill, Clackamas 
 and Marion, with county seat at Champoeg, it was indefinitely post- 
 poned. A bill passed on the thirteenth of January, 1855, removing 
 the seat of Territorial Government from Salem to Corvallis and 
 the University from Corvallis to Jacksonville. 
 
 The subject of a constitutional convention occupied much time 
 during the session of this Legislature. The discussion was warm 
 and j)rotracted. Action, at one time, took the form of appointing 
 a committee to draft one, but finally the controversy ended by the 
 passage of a bill to take the sense of the peop.e on the su])ject at 
 the ne.xt general election. At the same time General Lane was 
 
 ;,, 
 
 
 
346 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 seeking to have Cougfess to pass a bill authorizing a State constitu- 
 tion to be formed b}' the people living west of the Cascades and 
 south of the Columbia, but without success, beyond passing it 
 through the House. At the June election the State went strongly 
 Democratic, General Lane defeating John V. Gaines for Delegate 
 by a vote of six thousand one hundred and seventy-eight to three 
 thousand nine hundred and forty -three. Gaines was the candidate 
 of the American, or Know-Nothing, party, which had succeeded the 
 Whig organization as the opponent of Democracy. Notwithstand- 
 ing the great majority, the Constitutional Convention, a pet measure 
 of the Democratic leaders, was again defeated, and, as before, by 
 Jackson County, which gave a Lane majority of one hundred and 
 forty-two, and against convention of four hundred and twenty-two. 
 The convention was defeated by a vote of four thousand eight hun- 
 dred and thirty-five to four thousand four hundred and twenty, a 
 majority of four hundred and fifteen, or seven less than in Jackson 
 bounty. The opposition fought the constitution project fiercely, and 
 were aided by Democrats in Jackson who still cherished the idea 
 of a new Territory, and oth(?rs who looked upon the State move- 
 ment as prematiu-e. 
 
 In April Mr. Bush moved the Statesnian from Salem to Corval- 
 lis, as he had previously done from Oregon City to Salem. Much 
 fun was made of the paper which was being carted about the Ter- 
 ritory " on wheels," but the publisher replied that the Statesman 
 was pul)lished at the seat of government, where-er that might 
 chance to be. The opposition to removal of the seat of govern- 
 ment to Corvallis was very strong. Work had been commenced by 
 contractors on the public buildings at Salem, whicli was at once 
 discontinued. The matter was at once referred to the Secretary of 
 the Treasury by Governor Curry for instructions us to the course to 
 pursue in regard to money to be expended foi" public buildings. 
 Early in July he received instructions from the department not to 
 annul existing contracts nor make new ones, and not to remove his 
 office from Salem, as the relocation act was dei-med inoperative 
 till acted upon by Congress. Contractors at once resumed work on 
 the buildings at Salem. Governor Curry and Secretary Harding 
 promptly removed their offices back to Salem, in accordance with 
 instructions, and again Oregon had two capitals. 
 
OREGON A 51 A TERRITORY. 
 
 347 
 
 The incidents attending the discovery of gold, and the Indian 
 wars of 1855 to 1858, are related at length in subsequent chapters. 
 On the second of November, 1855, the Pacific Telegraph Company 
 began stretching wircis south from Portland. The first telegraphic 
 message in Oregon wan sent over this wire from Oregon City to 
 Portland, on the sixteenth of November, 1855. It was as follows: 
 
 Obkoon City, Friday Ki, 5 i>. m. 
 First flash from Oregon City to Portland. Compliments of the Pacific Telegraph 
 Company to the editor of the Oregonian. How are you, old fellow? Give us your 
 hand. Please send us the latest news from The Dalles and Yukima country. [This 
 was just after Major Haller's defeat in Yakima.] Any news of interest from Puget 
 Sound? The machines work well. More to-morrow. 
 
 CHAS. F. .TONES. 
 
 In S<^.ptember, Secretary Harding received instructions from 
 Washington not to disburse any money for public buildings not 
 located in Salem, nor for mileage or pay of members of Legislature 
 meeting at any place except Salem. This settled the question prac- 
 tically, and it became the general opinion of members that they 
 must assemble at Corvallis for sake of legality, but nuist adjourn 
 at once to Salem, for sake of their salaries. On the third of Decem- 
 ber both houses convened at Corvallis, and the first bill introduced — 
 on the sixth — was to relocate the seat of government at Salem. 
 The House passed it on the tenth, to take effect on the twelfth. It 
 was reported at once to the Council and an effort made to rush it 
 through, which failed for want of a quoium. The next day motions 
 were made to amend, so as to submit it to popular vote, also to 
 substitute Eugene City for Salem, then Portland, Roseburg and 
 Albany, all of wiiich were defeated. On the twelfth it was amended 
 to take effect the fifteenth, antl passed. The House concurred in the 
 amendment the same day. The nieml)ers at once journeyed to 
 Salem, accompanit'd by the Siaicsjuan^ and the session was reopened 
 on the eighteenth. On the- night of the twenty-ninth the State 
 House — nearly completed — was destroyed hy fire, together vvith the 
 library and archives of the Territory. It was conceded to be the 
 work of an incendiary. A bill was introduced into the House for 
 submitting the question of location of the capital to popular vote 
 at the next general election. It pa.ssed muster in both houses ai«d 
 became a law. 
 
 Just before the session came to a close, a bill providing for an 
 election, in April, of delegates to a convention in July, which should 
 
 
348 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 frame a constitution, to Ije voted upon at the next general election, 
 was rushed through the House, under a suspension of the rules. 
 The Council was equally prompt in passing it. At the election 
 eight thousand four Inmdred and forty -three votes were cast, and a 
 majority of two hundred and forty-nine were in favor of not hold- 
 ing a convention. The delegates elected never attempted to as- 
 semble. 
 
 At the general election in June the voters indicated their pref- 
 erence for a permanent seat of government. The act provided that 
 in case no town had a clear majority of all the votes cast, a special 
 election should be held the first Monday in October, to decide 
 between the two receiving the greatest number. The ballots, as cast, 
 and canvassed in the different counties, gave the four leading con- 
 testants the following votes: Eugene City, two thousand six hun- 
 dred and twenty-seven ; Corvallis, two thousand three hundred and 
 twenty -seven ; Salem, two thousand one hundred and one; Portland, 
 one thousand one hundred and fifty-four. Neither liad a majority, 
 but Eugene City and Corvallis were the highest two, and between 
 them the final decision ^vas to be made in October. So it was pub- 
 blished in all the papers, and so it was understood universally. There 
 was a surprise in store for everybody. It was one of the provisions 
 of the act that the returns should be filed with the Secretary of the 
 Territory within forty days, and at the expiration of that time he was 
 to canvass them and oflSiciariy declai'e the result. The counties of 
 Wasco, Tillamook, Jackson, and Josephine failed to comply Avith the 
 law in this respect, and were omitted from the eanvtiss. Corvallis 
 had received a large majority in Jackson County, and the loss of it 
 placed her ])ehind Salem. The official result was certified by Sec- 
 retary Harding, as follows: Eugene, two thousand three hundred 
 and nineteen; Salem, two thousand and forty-nine; Corvallis, one 
 thousand nine hundred and ninety -eight; Portland, one thousand 
 one hundred and fifty-four. In accordance witli this, a special elec- 
 tion was called for the first Monday in October, to decide finally 
 between Eugene City and Salem. It is needless to say that the 
 people generally were very much disgusted, while the citizens of 
 Cl()rvalli8 were greatly incensed. The subject was much discussed, 
 and it became known that the authorities at Washington held that 
 Salem was the seat of government by virtue of an act of Congress, 
 
ORK(}0N AS A TBRIIITORY. 
 
 349 
 
 which act neither the Legislature nor people had the power to 
 change; and that no money would be paid for the construction of 
 public buildings or rental of offices at any other point, or for the 
 expenses of a legislative session held at any place but Salem, 
 (xeneral apathy followed, and when the lirst Monday in October came 
 around few people took the trouble to vote. Less than a hundred 
 votes were cast in the city of Portland, while in many places no polls 
 were opened whatever. Curry, Marion, Tillamook, Polk and 
 Wasco made no returns to the Secretary. Of the legal votes cast, 
 Eugene City received two thousand five hundred and fifty-nine, and 
 Salem four hundred and forty-four. Corvallis received one regular 
 vote, and three htmdred and eighteen irregular ones, the latter be- 
 ing ciist by the citizens of that place, who did not propose to be 
 cheated out of their honors by a mere technicality, but who did 
 not open their polls in a regular manner. 
 
 According to the returns of the special election Eugene City be- 
 came the seat of justice; but the election wjis ignored, and both 
 the Legislature and tlie Supreme Court assembled at Salem in De- 
 cember. No salary would have been received by the members had 
 they met in Salem, and there was danger that Congress woidd de- 
 clare the session illegal. These difficulties were obviated by re- 
 maining in Salem. The (juestion of a constitutional convention 
 again came before tlie Legislatiu'e, and an act was passed providing 
 for the holding of one in August, 1857, provided the people so de- 
 cided at the previous June election, at which time, also, delegates 
 were to be chosen. A great change had come over the sentiments 
 of the people on this ({uestion. owing to divers causes. The people 
 of Jackson and Josephine counties had abandoned their idea of a 
 new Territory ; the people generally had become tired of the crudi- 
 ties and annoyances vf a territorial government; and, finally, the 
 Territory had claims to the amount of several million dollars against 
 the Government for expenses incun-ed in the Indian wars, and it 
 was evident to all that they stood a much better chance of securing 
 these with two Senators and a Representative to talk and vote for 
 them, than simply with a Delegate who had no vote at "all. The 
 consecpience of this revolution in popular sentiment was a great ma- 
 jority in favor of a convention, the vote standing seven thousand two 
 hundred and nine to one thousand six hundred and sixteen. Gen- 
 
 
 ' I, 
 
i 
 
 350 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 eral Lane was again the Democratic nominee for Delegate, and was 
 elected, receiving five thousand six hundred and sixty-two votes. 
 There was no regularly organized opposition, since the Whig party 
 was dead, the American, or Know-Nothing had become disorgan- 
 ized, and tlu^ new Re[)u})]ican party had not been organized as yet 
 in Oregon. Tlie opposition concentrated on G. W. Lawson as an 
 independent candidate, ard gave him three thousand four hundred 
 and seventy -one votes, a minority of two thousand '^ne hundred 
 and ninety- one. 
 
 The delegates convened at Salem on the seventeenth of August, 
 1857, and organized by electing M. P. Deady, President, and C. N. 
 Terry, Seci'etary. After an animated session the convention ad- 
 journed on the eighteenth of September, their work, as a whole, 
 being adopted l)y a vote of thirty-five to ten — fifteen members being 
 absent. The following gentlemen composed the convention: — 
 Benton — John Kelsay, H. C. Lewis, H. B. Nichols, Wm. Matzger; 
 Clatsop— CyvxxH Olney; Columbia — John W. Watts; Clackamas — 
 James K. Kelly, A. L. Lovejoy, Wm. A. Starkweather, H. Camp- 
 bell, Nathaniel Robbius; Coos — P. B, Marple; Curry — William H. 
 Packwood ; Dotiglas — M. P. Deady, Solomon Fitzhugh, Stephen S. 
 Chadwick, Thomas W^hitted ; Josephine — S. B. Ilendershott, W. H. 
 Watkins ; Jackson — L. J. C. Duncan, J. H. Reed, Daniel Newcomb, 
 P. P. Prim; Linn — Delazon Smith, Luther Elkins, John T. Crooks, 
 J. H. Brattain, James Shields, Reuben S. Coyle; Lane — Enoch 
 Hoult, W. W. BristoM^ Jesse Cox, Paul Brattain, A. J. Campbell, 
 Isaac R. Moores; Marion — George H. Williams, L. F. Grover, J. 
 C. Peebles, Joseph Cox, Nicholas Shrum, Davis Shannon, Richard 
 Miller; Multnomah — S. J. McCormick, AVilliam H. Farrar, David 
 Lggan; Multnomah and Washington — Thomas J. Dryer; Wash- 
 ington — E. D. Shattuck, John S. White, Levi Anderson; Polk — 
 Reuben P. Boise, F. Waymire, Benjamin F. Burch; Polk and Til- 
 lamook — A. D. Babcock; Umpqua — Levi Scott, Jesse Applegate; 
 Wasco— Q. R. Meigs; Yamhill—^. Olds, R. V. Short, R. C. Kin- 
 ney, John R. McBride. 
 
 The questions of slavery and fi'ee negroes had been purposely 
 avoided in th'> convention, and were engraft^id upon the schedule 
 as special articles, to be voted upon by the people separately. The 
 constitution was opposed by some people because it did not pro- 
 
 whi( 
 
..,<' 
 
 OREGON AS A TEIUtlTOUY. 
 
 .'151 
 
 hibit slavery, and })y othei's because it did not establish slavery. 
 The seat of government wjis also objectionable to some who were 
 opposed to Salem. A special election was held on the second of the 
 following November, and resulted as follows: For constitutioti, 
 seven thousand one hundred and ninety-five; against, three thousand 
 two hundred and fifteen. For slavery, two thousand six hundred 
 and forty-five; against, seven thousand seven hiuiih-ed and twenty- 
 seven. For fi-ee negi'oes, one thousand and eighty-one; against, 
 eight thousand six hundred and forty. The Territorial Legis- 
 lature convened on the eleventh of Decembei', 1857, and held its 
 usual session. For the regular June election, 1858, full State 
 tickets were nominated by the Democratic and Republican parties^ 
 the contest resulting in a sweeping \ictory for the Democrats, as 
 follows: Kepresentative to Congress — L. F. Grover, five thousand 
 eight hundred and fifty-nine; Janins K. Kelly, four thousand one 
 hundred and ninety. Governor — John Whiteaker, five thousand 
 seven hundred and thirty-eight; E. M. Bai-num, four thousand two 
 hundred and fourteen. Secretary of State — Lucien Heath, five 
 thousand seven hundred and forty-six; E. A. Rice, three thousand 
 six hundred and fifty-nine. Treasurer — John D. Boon, five thousand 
 six hundred and seventy-six; J. S. Bramley, three thousand five 
 hundred and thirty-one; E. L. Applegate, five huTidred and ninety. 
 State Printer — Asahel Busli, four thousand nine lumdred and fifty - 
 eight; James O'Meara, four thousand five hundred and fifty-seven; 
 D. W. Craig, four hundred and thirteen. M. P. Deady, R. F. Strat- 
 ton, R. P. Boise, and A. E. Wait were chosen Justices of the Su- 
 preme Court. According to the constitution a special term of the 
 newly elected State Legislatui'e convened in Salem on the fifth of 
 July, for the purpose of electing two United States Senators. It 
 was composed of thirty -eight Democrats and eleven Republicans. 
 On the eighth of July the oath of office was administered to Gov- 
 ernor Whiteaker by Judge Boise, and the machinery of the new 
 Government was put in operation. 
 
 The Legislature elected Joseph Lane and Delazon Smith to rep- 
 resent Oregon in the United States Senate, and adjourned after a 
 session of four days. Soon afterwards word was received tliat Con- 
 gress had adjoTU-ned without the House passing the enabling act 
 which had passed the Senate early in May, and that Oregon must 
 
B62 
 
 HIHTORT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 remain a Territory until the next session. For some time the proper 
 course to pursue was warmly discussed. There were two full sefcs 
 of officers and two forms of government. Gradually it became the 
 general opinion that the State officers should remain (juiet and per- 
 uiit the Territorial Government to proceed unembarrjissed. Under 
 the con8titutit)n the State Legislature sliould have met in September, 
 but at the appointed time only nine representatives and two sena- 
 tf)rs made their appearance in Salem, and these adjourned afti'r two 
 useless meetings. On the sixth of December the Territoi-ial Legis- 
 lature again assembled and held its regular session. Soon after its 
 adjournment news was received that Oregon had been admitted into 
 the Union. Senator Smith and Representative Grover had gone to 
 Wjishingtou the fall before, and when Congress assembled had 
 joined with Delegate Lane (Senator elect) in urging the passage of 
 an enabling act for Oregon. It early pa.ssed the Senate, but met 
 with bitter opposition in the House, being supported by the Demo- 
 crats and opposed by the Republicans. Finally, on the twelfth of 
 February, 1850, it was passed by a strict party vote. It then 
 received the signature of President Buchanan, and Oregon Territory 
 was a thing of the past. 
 
vw > 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 INDIAN WARS OF 1863 AND 18.54. 
 
 Outrages Committed in Rogue River Valley — Volwiiti-er Companies 
 Organized — General Lane Takes Command- Defeat of Lieutenant 
 Orijfin and of Lleuttnant Ely — . dians Defeated at Battle Creek — 
 Armistice of Seven Days — The Tahle Roi'k Treaty — Incidents of the 
 '■'■Peace Talk "—The Grave Creek Massacre — Cnjttain Miller Sent to 
 Escort Emigrants through the Modoc Country Expenses of the War 
 Paid by the Government — Events of 185 If. — The Snake River Massa- 
 cre — Expedition of Major Haller to Fort Boise. 
 
 TROUBLE wa.s again experienced with the Indians in Rogue 
 River Valley in the fall of 185M. It began early in August 
 by the perpetration of several murdei-s in different localities by 
 members of several different bands of the tribe, apparently without 
 any preconcerted action whatever. Feeling uneasy at the presence 
 of a small })and of these Indians, tlumgh there is no evidence to 
 show that they had been concerned in any of the niui'ders mentioned, 
 a pai't)'' of men attacked their camp, killed one buck and wounded 
 others, and carried the women and children to a st()eka<le which 
 had been erected for the protection of the settlers, retaining them 
 there as hostages. A few days later the warriors surrendered, and 
 were kept with their families at the stockade, where, also, the 
 settlers were assembled for mutual protection. In a few days the 
 warriors rebelled, killed four of the men and woimded three others, 
 making good their escape. A state of war now existed. The 
 people collected at Jacksonville and at half-a-dozen central points 
 in the settlements, and " forted up," while the Indians busied them- 
 selves in destroying the al)andoned homes. A courier was at once 
 dispatched to notify Captain Alden, at Fort Jones, and that officer 
 hastened to Jacksonville with twenty men, all the force that could 
 
354 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMBTTIC VALLET. 
 
 l>e spared from the post. l\iro companies of volunteers — ninety 
 men under Captain J. P. Goodall, and sixty under Captain Jacob 
 Rhcades — were organized at Yreka and came over to aid the Ore- 
 gon settlers. Six companies of volunteers were rai»<'d in Southern 
 Oregon, commanded by Captains R. L. Williams, .1. K. Tiamerick, 
 John F. Miller, Elias A, Owens, and W. W. Fowler, the hiat named 
 being designed solely for the protection of Jacksonville. The other 
 companies all assembled at Camp Stewart and were organized into 
 a battalion, of which Captain Alden assumed command by re(iuest, 
 the effective force numl)ering some three hundred men. Each 
 volunteer was mounted, armed and dressed according to his own 
 fashion. It was a nondescript l)ody of soldiery, but, none the less, 
 one well fitted for the work in hand. 
 
 Meanwhile, the Indians had also united and taken up a position 
 on Table Rock, which they fortified with considerable skill by 
 means of a ditch and a rampart of earth and rocks. This, however, 
 they soon abandoned, and retired into the mountains, and it took 
 several days to ascertain their whereabouts. A messenger was dis- 
 patched to Acting Governor Curry, soliciting aid in prosecuting the 
 war, but before it arrived the war was over. General Lane heard 
 of the difficulty while at his home on Deer Creek, Douglas County, 
 and hastily collecting about fifty volunteers, he was soon with the 
 battalion at Camp Stewart. Capt<iin Alden tendered him the com- 
 mand of the force, and h<^ accepted it. Meanwhile, several collisions 
 had occurred between the whites and detached bands of savages. 
 Lieutenant Burrell B. Griffin, vvith some twenty men of Miller's 
 company, had a fight with about twice that number of Old John's 
 band, led by the chief in person. The whites were defeated with a 
 loss of one killed and two wounded, including the Lieutenant. The 
 Indians subsequently admitted the loss of five killed and wounded. 
 This battle occurred near the confluence of Applegate and Williams 
 creeks. Two days before this, John R. Harding and William R. 
 Rose, of Lamerick's company, while on their way from Camp Stew- 
 art to Jacksonville, were fired upon by Indians when near Willow 
 Springs. Rose was killed and Harv'ing so severely wounded that 
 he died shortly afterwards. Other iiicidents were the capture and 
 shooting of a suspected Indian by Angus Brown, the hanging of an 
 Indian child in the town of Jacksonville, the hanging of five Indians 
 
INDIAN WARS OF EIGHTEEN FIKTY-THKEE-FOUR. 
 
 855 
 
 upon one tree at another point, and a number of other incidentw 
 which reflect no credit upon thone enj^uged in them, and serve to 
 show to what a pitch the feelings of the people hud bi-en aroused. 
 A collision occurred a few days before the aiTival of General 
 Lane, which showed that the campaign was to be something more 
 than child's play. On the sixteeiitii of August a detachment of 
 twenty-two men from Goodall's company was sent out under Lieu- 
 tenant Simeon Ely, to i-econnoitre. The next day, when about two 
 miles northwest of Table Rock, the men picketed their horses in the 
 flat and sat down to enjoy dinner; sentries were stationed, but 
 soon left their post« and gathered with the rest around the smoking 
 viands. Just at this blissful moment there came a volley of bullets 
 from a fringe of willows close by, that killed and wounded ten of 
 their number. Leaving their horses they rushed to cover, and gain- 
 ing a strong position amid the brush and fallen timber, they kept 
 the savages at l)ay. Privates Terrell and McGonigle set out for 
 help, and before the enemy had completely surrounded them got 
 away and hastened to Camp Stewart, seventeen miles distant, where 
 Goodall's company was stationed, (loodall and his men set out at 
 top speed, and in the shortest practical time arrived on the field. 
 J. D. Carly and Ave others were in the advance, and when the In- 
 dians saw them they decamped at once, carrying away eighteen 
 horses, blankets, etc. The casualties inflicted on Ely's men were 
 found to be — Sergeant Frank Perry and Privates P. Keith, A. 
 Douglas, A. C. Colbourn, L. Stukting, and William Neff, killed 
 outright; and Lieutenant Ely and Privates Zebulon Sheets, John 
 Alban and James Carroll, wounded. Carl Vogt, a German, is said 
 to have been killed at this fight, although his name is not to be 
 found in any official documents relating to the killed in the war. 
 The Indians had fallen back, and the main force under Captain 
 Alden came up during the night, and all camped on the flat. The 
 next morning the dead were buried with the honors of war. Scouts 
 sent out reported that the Indians had retired a long distance into 
 the mountains, setting fire to the woods in their rear, and almost 
 obliterating their trail. It was decided by the council of officers 
 that it was necessary to return to headquarters and recruit with 
 jerked beef and other frontier relishes, in preparation for still more 
 arduous duties. This was done, and they were thus preparing for 
 
 ■IBS 
 
356 
 
 HISTORY OF WTLLAMZTTE VALLEY, 
 
 ;i 
 
 m 
 
 a campaign when General Lane arrived, as described above, and 
 assumed comi? and. 
 
 The companies of Milltr and Lamerick, composing a battalion 
 in charge of Colonel Ross, were ordered to proceed down Evans' 
 Creek to the supposed vicinity of the enemy. The regulars and the 
 two California companies of Goodall and Rhoades, under Captain 
 Alden, were ordentl to proceed up Trail Creek to the battle gi'ound 
 where Ely was found by the Indians. General Lane himself pro- 
 ceeded with Captain Alden 's battalion. Scouts reported late in the 
 day that the Indians had taken to the mountains west and north 
 of Evans' Creek. Early on the following day (August 23), the 
 line of march was taken up and the Indian trail followed through 
 a very diificult country — mountainous, precipitous and )>ushy — 
 where there was constant prospect of going astray, as the trail left 
 by the savages was veiy dim and nearly obliterated by fire. On the 
 morning of the twenty -foui-th a shot was heard, and scouts came in 
 directly afterward and reported the enemy encamped in a thick 
 Avood filled with underbrush, apparently impenetrable to horses. 
 (Tcneral Lane decided to attack instantly. The first intimation the 
 savages had of the approach of the enemy, was a volley of bullets. 
 They were not stampeded by this rough salute, however, but, catch- 
 ing up their guns, entered with zest into the fight, Avhile the squaws 
 and other impedimenta were se7it out of harm's way. Captain 
 Alden was wounded early in the fight, and his regulars ha<l diffi- 
 culty in preserving him from the Indians, who attempted his cap- 
 ture as he lay upon the ground. Pleasant Armstrong, of Yamhill 
 County, a much respected gentleman who had volunteered with 
 General Ijaiie, was mortally wounded by a bullet in the breast and 
 fell, it is said, exclaiming, "A dead center shot!" The fight was 
 very warm, and lasted for an hour, when the pack trains arrived 
 with their guard. Leaving fifteen men to guard the animals, Gen- 
 eral Lane took command of the others, not more than ten in num- 
 ber, and ordered a charge, to drive the natives from their cover. 
 Being in advance he approached mthin thirty yards of the nearest 
 Indians, when he received a severe bullet wound through the right 
 arm. Still exposing himself , he -is Vrcibly dragged behind a tree, 
 where he continued to direct the ■,'ht. He gave orders to extend the 
 line of battle so as to prevent the Indians from outflanking his force 
 
 the] 
 
 resu 
 
 his 
 
 the 
 
 Hail 
 
 Ald^ 
 
 sup] 
 othe: 
 
 of til 
 
 proc 
 
INDIAir WARS OK EIGHTEEN FIFTY -THKEE-FOUK. 
 
 357 
 
 and feeling tlie loss of blood, retired temporarily to have his wound 
 attended to. A' this juncture the Indians, having found that Gen- 
 eral Lane was im command of the whites, began to call to him and 
 to the soldiers, professing their readiness to treat for peace. Robert 
 Metcalf, Sub-agent for the Indian.'*, went to their camp, and through 
 him and otliers negotiations Avere commenced, (ieneral Lane having 
 returned to the front. Not wishing to inform the savages of his 
 wound, the General went among them, having thrown a heavy coat 
 over his shoulders so as to conceal his arm. An armiMtice of seven 
 days was agreed upon, at the conclusiuii of which a tinal peace talk 
 should be held at Table Rock, where a treaty was to be arranged, 
 the Indians deliver up their arms, and a ret*ervati^«i be assigned 
 them at Table Rock. 
 
 During the following night Colonel R<iss arrived with his bat- 
 talion, and Chief !Sam came in \nth about half the warriors, with 
 whom he had been reconnoiteriug for a j»ermanent camp, it seems 
 that as soon as the engagement began, runners were Hent out by Joe 
 to apprise his brother of the state of afEair^;, and hasten his return. 
 The distance prevented his an'ival in time to take part in the tight, 
 and his braves had no opportunity to display their vahjr. It, thert?- 
 fore, may have been providential that Rtiss' battalion arrived when 
 it did. The Indians owned to a loss of twelve killed and wounded. 
 John Scarborough, of the Yreka volunteers, and Pleasant Arm- 
 strong wei'e killed, and General Lane, Captain Alden, Privates 
 Thomas Hays, Henr\ Flesher and Charles Abbe were woundefl, 
 the latter mortally. Captain Alden died two years later frr>m the 
 result of his wound, and General Lane never <|nite recov^-red from 
 his own hurt. As soon as the terms of the armistice were ammgetl, 
 the troojjs took \ip their march homeward and went iDt<^) camp at 
 Hailey's (By bee's) Ferry, giving the location tlie umxie of "Camp 
 Alden," in honor of the gallant Captain. 
 
 Reinforcements began to arrive from various (quarters by the 
 time the forces returned to the valley. Among othet- things a 
 howitzer was sent by the autliorities at Fort A'aucouver, with a 
 supply of ammunition, forty muskete, four thousand carti'idges, and 
 other articles. Lieutenant Kautz, since General, was sent in charge 
 of the howitzer, with seven men. Acting Governor CmT\ made 
 proclamation for an armed guard to accompany the Lieutenant, and 
 
 1! 
 
358 
 
 IIISTOKT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 U ^ .: 
 
 forty-one men volunteered, led by J. W. Nesmitb, with Lafayette 
 Grover as Lieutenant, Lieutenant Grover went in advance with 
 twenty men, and was joined at South Umpqua, on September first, 
 by Judge Matthew P. Deady, who was on liis way to Jacksonville to 
 hold court. Joel Palmer, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and 
 Samuel II. Culver, Indian Agent, also arrived. From Port Orford 
 came Captain A. J. Smith with his company of First Dragoons, 
 sixty strong. Owing to Palmer's failure to arrive at the time ap- 
 pointed, the peace talk was postponed until Septem' ■ tenth. 
 Judge Dehdy thus describes the scene whiiih was enacitJ * a the 
 day last appointed; — 
 
 The scene of this famous "peace talk" between .Toseph Lane and Indian Joseph 
 —two men who had so lately met in mortal combat— was worthy of the pen of Sir 
 Walter Beott and the pencil of Salvator Ross. It was on a narrow bench of a long, 
 gently-sloping hill lying over against the noted bluff called Table Rock. The 
 ground was thinly covered with majestic old pines and rugged oaks, with here and 
 there a clump of green oak bushes. About half a mile above the bright mountain 
 stream that threaded the narrow valley below, sat the two chiefs in council. Lane 
 was in fatigue dress, the arm which was wounded at Ruena Vista in a sling from a 
 fresh bullet wound received at Battle Creek. Indian Joseph, tall, grave and self- 
 possessed, wore a long, black robe over his ordinary dress. By his side sat Mary, 
 his favi>rite child and faithful companion, then a comparatively handsome young 
 woman, unstained with the vices of civilization. Around these sat on the grass 
 Captain A. J. iSniith— now General Smith, of St. Louis — who had just arrived from 
 Port Orford w Ith his company of the First Dragoons ; Captain Alvord, then eu. 
 gaged in the construction of a military road through the Unip((ua canyon and since 
 paymaster of the U. K. A. ; (Colonel Bill Martin, of Umpqua, Colonel John E. Ross, 
 of Jacksonville, and a few others. A short distance above us on the hillside were 
 some hundreds of dusky warriors in fighting gear, reclining quietly on the ground. 
 The day was beautiful. To the east of us rose abruptly Table Rock and at its base 
 stood Smith's dragoons, waiting anxiously with hand on horse the issue of this at- 
 tempt to make peace without their aid. Aftes* a proposition was, discussed and set- 
 tled between the two chiefs, the Indian would rise up and coTiununicate the matter 
 to a huge warrior who reclined at the foot of a tree quite near us. Then the latter 
 rose up and communicated the matter to the host above him, and they belabored it 
 back and forth with many voices. Then the warrior communicated the thought of 
 the multitude on this subject back to the chief; and so the discussion went on until 
 an understanding was finally reached. Then we separated— the Indians going back 
 to their mountain retreat, and the whites to tlie camp. 
 
 J. W. Nesmith has left some additional particulars of interest. 
 He says: — 
 
 Early in the morning of the tenth of September, we rode toward the Indian en. 
 campment. Our party consisted of the following persons: General Lane, Joel 
 Palmer, Samuel H. Culver, Captain A .,1. Smith, 1st Dragoons ; Captain L. F. Mosher, 
 adjutant; Colonel John Ross, Captain J, W. Nesmith, Lieutenant A. V. Kaut"., 
 R. B. Metculf, J. D. Mason, T. T. Tierney. After riding a cop >le of miles we came 
 to where it was too steep for our horses to ascend, and dism^uating, we proceeded 
 
INDIAN WAB8 OF KIGHTKEN KIFTY-THKKK-FOni{. 
 
 359 
 
 on foot. Half a mile of scrambliug over rouks and through brush brought us into 
 the Indians' stronghold, just under the perpendicular clitf' of Table lloek, where 
 were gathered hundreds of fierce and well-ariued savages. The business of the 
 treaty l>egan at once. Much time was lost in translating and re-translating and it 
 was not until late in the afternoon that our labors were completed. About tlie mid- 
 dle of the afternoon an Indian runner arrived, bringing intelligence of the murder 
 of an Indian on Applegate Creek. He said that a company of whites under Cap- 
 tain Owens had that morning captured Jim Taylor, a young chief, tied liim to a 
 tree and shot him to death. This news caused the greatest confusion among tlie 
 Indians, and it seemed Ibr a time as if they were about to attack General Lane's 
 party. Tlie General addressed the Indians, telling them that Owens, who had 
 violated the armistice, was a l)ad man and not one of his soldiers. He added con- 
 siderable more of a sort to placate the Indiana, and tlnally the matter of "Jim's " 
 death was settled by the whites agreeing to pay damages therefor in shirts and 
 blanket.s. 
 
 The volunteers were at once di-sbanded and I'eturned to their 
 homes. It was freely predicted by a certain class of people, wLo 
 were satisiied with nothing less than the extermination of the In- 
 dians, that the treaty would prove a failure, and they so conducted 
 themselves as to render it such its quickly as possible. During the 
 armistice and subseij^uent to the signing of the ti'eaty, these exter- 
 minators maintained theii' effc)rts to kill as many Indians as they 
 could, regardless of any restriction whatever. Kevenge was then- 
 motto, and they lived up to it. Not half of the outrages perpeti'ated 
 on Indians were ever heard of through newspapers; yet there are 
 accounts of sev(!ral, and these are of a most cold-blooded description. 
 We will allude lightly to a few examples. Captain Bob Williams, 
 stationed with his company on the banks of Rogue River, attempted 
 to kill two children, the sons of Chief Joe, but General Lane, with 
 the utmost haste, ordered his rehioxal fi'om the locality to another, 
 where there would be less opportunity for the exercise of his pro- 
 pensities. Of another outrage Judge Deady writes: — 
 
 At Grave Creek I hcrpped to feed my horse and get something to eat. There was 
 a house there called the ' Bates House,'' after the man who kept it. It was a rough, 
 wooden structure witbou a lloor and hud an immense clapboard funnel at one end 
 which served as a chi 'imey. There was no house or settlement within ten or twelve 
 miles, or more, of it, rhert I found Caj)tain J . K. Lamerick in command of a com- 
 pany of volunteer)}. It .seems lie had been sent there by General Lane after tlie light 
 at Battle Creek, on account of the murder of some Indians there, of wiiu^h he and 
 others gave me the following account: "Bates and some others had induced a 
 small party of peaccal-le Indians, who bi longed in tliat vicinity, to enter into an cii- 
 gagement to remain at peace with the whites during the war which wan going nn 
 at uome distance from them, and by way of ratitlcHtion to this treaty, invited thcni 
 to partake of a feast in an uniMjcupied log house just across the road from the ' ' Bates 
 HouBc" ; and while they were partaking, unarmed, of this proffered hospitality the 
 
 . l\ 
 
360 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 door was suddenly fastened upon them, and they were deliberately Bhot down 
 through the cracks between the logs by their treacherous hosts. Near by, probably 
 a quarter of a mile this side of the creek, I was shown a large, round hole into which 
 the bodies of these murdered Indians had been unceremoniously tumbled. I did 
 not see them, for they were covered with fresh earth." 
 
 It does not require the thorough investigation to which the 
 records of these events have been subjected by the writer, to deter- 
 mine conclusively that while tlie whites as a class were content 
 with the treaty and obedient to its provisions, there was a consider- 
 able minority who lost no opportunity to manifest theii- contempt 
 of the instrument and their disregard of its obligations. Nor were 
 the Indians idle. As soon as the report of the killings at Grave 
 Creek, at Applegate and other places, had been bruited abroad, 
 and the natives had become convinced that they were individually 
 in as much danger as before, they began committing outrages as great 
 as those from which they had been suffering. It is unnecessary to 
 detail the many incidents which occurred. It is ^^ufficieut to say 
 that these mutual outrages were committed from time to time until 
 they resulted in a long and bloody war in 1855. 
 
 The Indians were settled on the reservation at Table Rock, 
 where, also. Captain Smith established a military post, which he 
 called " Fort Lane "; and this was for the next tliree years the base 
 of all military operations in Southern Oregon by the regular army. 
 Captain Miller's company of volunteers, one hundred and fifteen 
 strong, was not disl>anded \vith the others, but was dispatched to 
 the Modoc country by General Lane, where it did excellent service 
 for six weeks in protecting emigrant trains in that hostile region. 
 Two men were wounded while engaged in this service. These 
 occurrences complete the history of what is known as the "War of 
 1853." There is a short note to be appended relating to the indebt- 
 edness which grew out of the war. This wa** assumed by the 
 United States. The muster-rf)lls and accounts of all the eight com- 
 panies and General Lane's staff (the General refused to accept 
 compensation for himself), were made out and adjusted by Captain 
 Goodall, as inspecting an<l mustering otticei'. acting under orders 
 from General Lane, at the close of tlie war; and the(«i' papers were 
 forwarded to Captain Akieu at Washington, and being presented 
 to Congress were promptly acted upon at the instance of that officer 
 and General Lane, in his capacity as Delegate to Congress from 
 
INDIAN WARS OF EIGHTEEN FIFTY- THKEE- FOUR. 
 
 361 
 
 Oregon Territory. Major Alvord, Paymaster of the United States 
 army, under orders from the Secretary of War, paid off the volun- 
 teers, in coin, at Jacksonville and Yreka, in June and July, 1855. 
 The commissary and (juailermaster accounts were at the same time 
 sent iu draft to Governor Curry, and by him disliursed to tlie proper 
 creditors. The total cost to the United States was about $285,000. 
 
 During the year 1854 there was considera})le trouble with the 
 Indians of Southern Oregon, causing much ti"oul)le and anxiety to 
 the settlers, but never amounting to a state of war. Much of this 
 was caused by Tipsu Tyee, an unruly chief of a small band living 
 in the Siskiyou Mountains. He was killed by Shasta Indians that 
 summer, much to the satisfaction of all parties. In the fall Colonel 
 Ross dispatched a company of volunteers, under (Japtain Jesse 
 Walker, to escort emigrants through the Modoc country, where 
 they performed excellent service, and effectually guarded the emi- 
 grants till all had passed through that dreaded region. 
 
 What is generally known as the " Snake River Massacre," oc- 
 currred in the fall of 1S54, and nearly added another to the long 
 list of Indian wars of the Pacific Coast. For a number of years 
 immigrants had been accustomed to relax their vigilance after 
 entering the region dominated by the Hudson's Bay Company, as 
 Indians under the influence of that powerful organi:iation had never 
 committed depredations upon them. After leaving Fort Hall they 
 generally broke up into small parties, which were strung along the 
 route for miles without any organization whatever A party of 
 this kind, consisting of Alexander Ward and famii^y of wife and 
 ten children, Mrs. William White, Dr. Charles Adams, Samuel 
 Mulligan, William Babcock, and a German whose name is un- 
 known, were attacked by Indians on the twentieth of August, on 
 the south bank of Boise River, twenty-five miles above Fort Boise. 
 The struggle was biief. Ward and his eldest son Robert, Dr. 
 Adams, Babcock, Mulligan and the German fought bravely and 
 were sot)n killed. Norman Ward, a lad of thirteen years, was 
 wounded, but hid himself in the bushes, and thus escaped death. 
 The oldest daughter fled, but was pursued and overtaken after run- 
 ning some four' hundred yards. She fought desperately to frustrate 
 the hellish designs of the savages, and so enraged them by her re- 
 sistance that she was shot through the head and killed. One of 
 
 \'\ 
 

 362 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 the five wagons was burned at that point, and the body of Miss 
 Ward mutilated with a red hot iron. The other women and chil- 
 dren were captured, and the savages started with them and four 
 wagons for their camp, some half mile distant on the river bank. 
 After progressing a short distance through the thick brush, they 
 stopped and burned three more of the wagons. Here they selected 
 Mrs. White as a victim for the'r lust, and after they had abused her 
 in a most horrible manner, she was dispatched by a bullet wound 
 in the head. Mrs. Ward and three small children were taken with 
 the remaining wagon to their camp, only to undergo still greater 
 tortures. The wagon was burned, and with it the three children, 
 who were grasped by the hair and held across the burning pile 
 until their cries of agony were hushed in death ; their mother being 
 compelled to witness their horrible sufferings. She was then sub- 
 jected to the samti fearful ordeal endured by Mrs. White, and was 
 then killed by the blow of a tomahawk. The fate of the other 
 four children never was kno\vn. 
 
 The same day a party of seven men — among them Mr. Yantis 
 and a youth named Ammen — came to the scene and attacked the 
 Indians. In the fight young Ammen was killed, and the others 
 were compelled to retreat, taking with them the wounded Norman 
 Ward, whom they had found in the brush. Two days later John 
 F. Noble left Fort Boise with a party of eighteen men and discov- 
 ered the bodies and evidences of the horrible details as above de- 
 scribed. They saw no Indians, and after burying the mangled 
 bodies they returned. The news was carried in haste to The Dalles, 
 and Major Raines at once dispatched Major Haller with a strong de- 
 tachment of troops to the scene. Nathan Olney, Indian Agent, 
 raised a company of thirty-seven volunteers and accompanied the 
 troops. When they reached Boise River they found the Indians 
 had retreated to the mountains beyond reach. A few days of cam- 
 paigning disclosed the fact that nothing could be accomplished, and 
 the force returned to The Dalies. 
 
 The excitement and indignation was great in the Willamette 
 Valley. Ex-Governor John P. Gaines was known to be near Fort 
 B()\>n'' with two of his sons, and it was reported thafthey, as well as 
 others, had also been killed. There was a demand for punishment 
 of the perpetrators, both as an act of vengeance and because it was 
 
 men 
 
 meni 
 
 acti( 
 
 with 
 
 disp 
 
 just] 
 
INDIAN WARS OP ElOHTKEN FIFTY-THRER-FOUR. 
 
 363 
 
 necessary as a measure of protection for the emigration the follow- 
 ing year. At last Governor Curr}^ issued a proclamation calling for 
 two companies of volunteers, to be armed, equipped and mounted 
 at their own expense. A few days later he countermanded it, the 
 high officials of the State Militia — Brigadiei- General J. W. Nes- 
 mith. Adjutant General E. M. Barnun'., and others — having advised 
 him that a winter campaign was not advisable. This brought out 
 a public indignation meeting in Portland, held September 30, and 
 adjourned to October 2, at which resolutions, strongly condenming 
 the Governor and his jidvisers, were passed. In this there was a 
 spice of the some j)olitical feeling which tinged every important 
 movement in those days. T. J. Dryer was one of the committee 
 which drafted the resolutions, and being editor of the Oregonian 
 and an intense Whig, this was a splendid opportunity for him to 
 deal the Democratic administration a stinging blow. In this in- 
 stance he was in the right, for, in case a campfiign were deemed 
 necessary at all, the winter season was the best one in which to 
 make it. Because of the snow the Indians could not retreat into 
 the mountains before the advance of troops, but must remain in the 
 valleys with their families, where they could be easily found and 
 attacked. In the summer, on the contrary, twice as many troops 
 and twice the expense would be reipiired to pursue them through 
 the mountain wilds. It was charged by the Whigs that this greater 
 expense was Avhat the " Government ring " desired, preferring a war 
 with "something in it" to a short and decisive campaign. The 
 question was taken into the Legislature the following January. A 
 majority of the committee to which it was referred reported in favor 
 of doing nothing, while the minority reported a bill providing for 
 raising fixe conqianies of x-oluntcers and jtrosecuting a war against 
 the Snake River Intlians. The majority report was adopted, and 
 the proposed war collapsed. 
 
 The following May, General Wool, commandant of the Depart- 
 ment of the Pacific, dispatched Major Ualler with a strong detach- 
 ment of troops to guard the emigrant I'oute from Fv>rt Boise. His 
 action was heartily praised by every one, and he was in high feather 
 with the people of < )regon until his conduct, a few months later, 
 displeased them and la-^t him his place in public esteem, whether 
 justly or not the circumstances will show. When Major Haller 
 
 l: 
 
364 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 reached Fort Boise he held a council with the Indians of that re- 
 gion. During its progress four of the Winnass Indians, the tribe 
 which had committed the massacre, came in to see what was going 
 on. These were arrested as soon as the council was over, and tried 
 by military court. One of them confessed and related the circum- 
 stances, offering to conduct the troops to the hiding place of the 
 tribe. Soon after doing this he broke from his guard and ran 
 toward the river, but was killed by a bullet fi'om Sergeant Kille- 
 hard's gun. The other three were condemned to be executed on the 
 scene of their crime. The next day the command marched to the 
 place of execution, and, after burying in one grave the bones of the 
 murdered emigrants which had been dug up by coyotes, erected a 
 gallows over the mound and hanged all three at one time. The 
 next morning they were cut down and buried, while the gallows 
 was left standing as a warning to others who might feel disposed 
 to murder unprotected emigrants. The command then went into 
 camp on Big Camas Prairie and remained during the summer, re- 
 turning to The Dalles when the emigration had all passed through. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THE GREAT OUTBREAK OF 186.5. 
 
 mmmm 
 
 Inability of Indians to form a Coherent Combination — Royiie River, 
 Pnget Sound and Columbia Hostilities Distinct and Separate — Re- 
 lation of Whites and Indiana in Rogue River Valley — Controversy 
 between General Wool and the Citizens — Incidents before the Outbreak 
 — The Lupton Affair— Quick Revenge of the Indians— Massacre of 
 October 9th — Heroic Defense of Mrs. Harris — Great Excitement Pre- 
 vails — A Review of the Situation — Cattses which Led to the War on 
 the Columbia — Indian Treaties made by Stevens and Palmer — They 
 Mislead the People by Publishing Incorrect Statements of what they 
 have Accomplished — Discovery of Gold in the Colvllle Region — Sauce 
 for the Goose not Sauce for the Gander — Murder of Mattice — Ilegira 
 from Colville and Walla Walla — Murder of Indian Agent Bolon — 
 Regulars Invade the Yakima Country — Defeat of Major Haller — 
 Major Raines Calls for Vohmteers — Governor Curry Calls for Ten 
 Companies — General Woofs Opinion of Governor Curry'^s Conduct 
 —Another Cause Assigned for the War — Exciteynent in Willamette 
 Valley — The " Oregonian''^ and '^'^ Statesman''' — Wars and Rumors of 
 Wars Alarm the People. , 
 
 THE greatest Indian war known on the Pacific Coast was the one 
 — or, more properly sj^eaking, the three — which raged along 
 the Columbia, around Puget Sound, and in the region of Rogue 
 River from the fall of 1855 to the summer of 1856. No less than 
 four thousand warriors were at times in arms against the whites, 
 and only a lack of hearty and intelligent co-operation on the part 
 of the hostiles saved the outlying settlements from total annihila- 
 tion, and the more populous communities of the Willamette Valley 
 fi'om all the horrors of barbaric warfare. 
 
 Petty jealousies, ancient feuds, tribal antipathies, and a lack of 
 confidence in the honor of their allies has always prevented the 
 
 t 
 
366 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 formation or long existence of a strong combination among the abor- 
 igines of America. Treachery is the predominating trait of the 
 Indian character, and no one seems better aware of that fact than 
 the Indians themselves. No matter liow extensive an alliance some 
 powerful and enlightened chief might be able to effect, tribal jealous- 
 ies and distrust soon l)roke in pieces his rope of sand. Tlie Indians 
 of America liave been compelled to contend with the advancing tide 
 of Caucasian supremacy, tribe by tribe, as the wave of civilization 
 reachtsd and engulfed it and the^u rolled on to the next. In every 
 struggle they have made to breast and beat })ack this mighty flood, 
 they have found themselves opposed by members of their own race, 
 who helped to render futile their impotent efforts. Not infrequently 
 has it happened that, in the very heat of the campaign, the treach- 
 ery of allies has dashed to earth the fondest hopes of some great 
 chief, whose voice had called to arms the warriors of neighboring 
 tribes. King Philip, Tecumseh, Black Hawk, Osceola, Captain 
 Jack, Chief Joseph, Egan, and even Sitting Bull, each in his turn, 
 saw members of his own race raise their weapons against hiui and 
 aid the white foe to crush him to the ground. Had it been other- 
 wise the picket fires of Caiicfisian civilization might even now be 
 burning on the summit of the Alleghenies, and the settlements on 
 the Atlantic Coast only preserved from annihilation by a continuous 
 line of fortifications from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf. A people 
 so warlike, so brave, so intelligent, and so numerous, lacked only 
 the ability to successfully combine to have checked there the ad- 
 vancing wave of conquest, and, possibly, to have rolled it back to 
 the shore of the great Atlantic Sea. 
 
 The almost simultaneous beginning of hostilities by the tribes so 
 widely separated as those of Eogue River Valley and the Plains of 
 the Columbia, was at the time, regarded as conclusive evidence of an 
 extensive and well-planned combination for the extermination of 
 the settlements; and this has been the prevailing opinion to the 
 present day. To one who looks deeper than these surface indica- 
 tions, and studies the various causes which led to the beginning of 
 hostilities in the different regions, the question presents another 
 aspect. He sees that totally distinct causes were in operation to 
 produce these effects, though, primarily, they sprang from the one 
 great fountain head of all our Indian wars — the aggressiveness of 
 
THE GREAT OUTBREAK OF EIOHTEEN FIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 ar.7 
 
 the higher civilization and the natural reHistance of a warlike [)('<)])le 
 to the encroachments of a superior race. It was an effort, in the 
 one case, to expel white intruders from the home of their anci'stors, 
 suptTinduced by special acts of ill-treatment by the invaders; and in 
 the other case an attem[)t to wai-d off the same evils they saw had 
 befallen the tribes of other regions. The only coud)ination was 
 among the tribes living along ])oth sides of tlie Colinnbia, east of 
 the Cascade Mountains, and this was biit an incoherent union, man- 
 ifested chiefly in a spasmodic and transient co-o[)eration, brought 
 aboTit by a connnunity of interest and a similarity of grievances. 
 Had there been as thorough a imion and as perfect a blending of 
 forces as was imagined, the consequences to the settlements in the 
 Willamette would have been fearful to contemplate. The uprising 
 along Rogue River was distinct, find l)rought about by local 
 events, but occurring at the same time, tlui resoiu'ces of the Terri- 
 tory were severely taxed to conduct campaigns in two regions so 
 remote from each other — where the machinery and organization of 
 two separate and distinct armies had to be maintained. This con- 
 dition of affairs served, also, to divide the regular ti'oops stationed 
 here by the Government into detachments so small that they were 
 totally unable to cope with the enemy. The outbreak along the 
 southern and eastern shores of Puget Sound, was, no doubt, a re- 
 sult of the hostilities across the moinitains; or, to better define it, 
 the Indians of the Sound took advantage of this favorable oppor- 
 tunity to make an attempt to break up the settlements in their 
 midst, while warlike tribes living to the north, in British Columbia, 
 made hostile incursions in their war canoes, drawn hither by the 
 supposed defenseless condition of the people. 
 
 The first outburst of war's destructive flame occurred in Rogue 
 River Valley, and was but a continuation of that fierce race conflict 
 which began with the first advent of settlers into the valley, and 
 ended only with the extermination or removal of the native pro- 
 prietors of the soil. Here, more than at any other place, had race 
 prejudice been developed to its extreme pitch by four successive 
 years of conflict. Indians were both despised and hated. The least 
 "insolence" on their part met with swift retribution, while on the 
 other hand, indignities put upon them, even, in instances, to the 
 taking of life, went uncondemned by the better portion of the com- 
 
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 miinity, and by the more irresponsible and less morally developed, 
 were approved as being " good enough for them." There were 
 many who deprecated this condition of affairs; but when they led 
 to the inevitable outbreak, the relentless ferocity and barbarovis 
 cruelty of the savages soon united the whole community in one uni- 
 versal demand for their extermination. When their property was 
 being destroyed, their families threatened with death, and all the 
 horrors of barbaric warfare were hovering over their homes, there 
 was no time for moral philosophy, no time to inquire into the causes 
 that had produced this teiTible state of afFaii*s. The natural instinct 
 of self-preservation and a spirit of vengeance for the death of neigh- 
 bors and friends bound them together in a demand for retribution, 
 and that the savage perpetrators of these horrible deeds be either 
 exterminated or placed beyond the possibility of repeating them. 
 The officers of the regular army, whose duty it was to protect the 
 people and keep the Indians in subjection, were inclined to inquire 
 more closely into the origin of these difficulties, and in their official 
 reports frequently condemned irresponsible whites for precipitating 
 the uprising which they were called upon to subdue. It was so in 
 this instance, and Captains Judah and Smith and General Wool 
 were severely condemned by the people and press of Oregon for 
 their strictures upon the ante-bellum conduct of the white people ; 
 though it was their dilatory action and half-hearted method of 
 conducting their campaigns which drew down upon them the 
 severest criticism. Much of this was undeserved, yet it must be 
 admitted that General Wool allowed himself to be governed too 
 much by his opinion of the causes which led to the wars and not 
 enough by the critical condition of affairs after hostilities had 
 r^tually been commenced. Believing firmly that the whites were 
 responsible for the outbreak, he considered that his duty only re- 
 quired him ix) defend the settlements from attack, while, on the 
 other hand, the people demanded of i^m an aggressive campaign. 
 This led to a lack of harmonious action between the volunttiers and 
 regulars in the field, and to much abuse and misrepresentation. 
 Passion, pride and prejudice seemed t<> hold such perfect sway, that 
 newspaper editorials and communications, pi'ivate correspondence 
 and official reports all passed beyond the limits of reliability. Had 
 General Wool recognized the fact that, no matter what was the 
 
TT— 
 
 THE OBBAT OUTBBBAK OF EIGHTEI;N FIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 369 
 
 origin of hostilities, the future security of the people required that 
 a severe castigation be administered to the turbulent tribes, and had 
 he promptly entered upon the vigoious campaign he was afterwards 
 compelled to make, his name would now be revered in Oregon as 
 is that of his successor — the noble Colonel Wright. War having 
 once been begun with savages, it was folly to adopt a defensive 
 policy. Nothing but an aggressive campaign, ending in a complete 
 defeat and humiliation of the enemy, can ever conquer a lasting 
 peace with such a foe. General Wool should have known this and 
 acted accordingly. He was right in condemning the conduct of the 
 whites in drawing down upon innocent heads the vengeance of 
 savages, but he was \vrong in permitting this vo interfere with that 
 vigorous discharge of his duty as the commanding officer of this 
 department, which the proper protection of those innocent heads 
 demanded. A brief summary of the events of the intercourse be- 
 tween the two races in the Rogue River Valley, between the close 
 of hostilities in 1854 and their inauguration again the following 
 year, will show that the severe war which then began was caused 
 by the custom both the wliites and Indians had of taking revenge 
 for the killing of any of their number, by attacking parties not only 
 innocent, but entirely ignorant, of the deed for which vengeance 
 was being exacted. This habit, and especially its manifestation in 
 the Lupton affair, explain General Wool's strong condemnation of 
 the men whom he charged with responsibility for the war. 
 
 There were a few detached incidents in 1854, which could not 
 be said to be associated in any way with a design on the part of the 
 Indians to make war or commit outrages, yet they served to keep 
 alive the general feeling of insecurity and spirit of hostility on the 
 part of the whites. About the middle of April Edward Phillips 
 was murdered in his cabin on Applegate Creek, and an investiga- 
 tion showed that Indians had committed the deed fur the purpose 
 of robbery. Though this should have l)een considered an individual 
 crime, as it v^ould have been had the perpetrators been white men 
 — and such acts by white men were by no means rare — it was 
 charged to the general Indian account, to be settled, whenever op- 
 portunity occurred, with any Indians who might be so unfortunate 
 as to be selected to balance the score. In September a number of 
 people were killed by the members of Tipsu Tyee's baud. An im- 
 
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 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 migrant namerl Stewart was murdered while passing with his wagon 
 along the trail. On the second of September an affray occurred in 
 the upper part of Bear Creek Valley, Jackson County, which re- 
 sulted in the death of a white man and the wounding of two others. 
 A few days previously Indians stole some horses from B. Alberding. 
 The owner summoned his neighbors to assist in recovering them, 
 and a very small company set out on the quest. Following the trail, 
 they walked into an ambuscade and were fired upon. Granville 
 Keene was killed, and Alberding, J. Q. Faber and another man 
 were wounded. The party hastily retired, leaving the body of 
 Keene where it fell. " On the following day a detachment of troops 
 from Fort Lane proceeded to the scene of the conflict and obtained 
 the much mutilated remains, but the Indians, of course, were gone. 
 The next event occurred on the twenty-fifth of September. On 
 the previous day Harrison B. Oatman, Daniel P. Brittain and Cal- 
 vin M. Fields started from Phoenix, each driving an ox-team loaded 
 with flour destined for Yreka. Camping the first night near the 
 foot of Siskiyou Mountain, the train started up the ascent in the 
 morning. When within three hundred yards of the summit, Brit- 
 tain, who was in the rear, heard five shots fired in the vicinity of 
 the men in the advance. Hurrying up the rise ue quickly came in 
 sight of the teams, which were standing still, while an Indian was 
 apparently engaged in stripping a fallen man. Turning back, Brit- 
 tain ran down the mountain, followed by a bullet from the Indian's 
 rifle, but made his way unhurt to the Mountain House, three mi.v's 
 from the scene of the attack. Six men hastily mounted and re- 
 turned to the summit. Oatman, meanwhile, had escaped to Hughes' 
 house, on the California side, and obtained help. He reported that a 
 youth named Cunningham was passing Oatman and Fields when the 
 attack was made, and that he was wounded at the instant Fields fell 
 dead. The latter's body was lying in the road, stripped, but Cun- 
 ningham was only found the next day, lying dead by a tree behind 
 which he had taken refuge. On the following day Samuel Warner 
 was murdered on Cottonwood Creek, not far from the scene of the 
 other tragedy, and most likely by the same Indians. These repeated 
 outrages produced a very considerable degree of alarm, but no 
 military measures of importance were taken, except by the ofl^cials 
 at Fort Lane, who sent forty mounted troops to the various scenes of 
 bloodshed, who returned without having effected anything. 
 
THE OKBAT OUTBREAK OF EIGHTEEN FIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 371 
 
 The first overt act in 1855 was committed by a party of Illinois 
 Indians, who crossed tbe mountains to Klamath River and robhed 
 some cabins near Happy Camp, and then proceeded to Indian 
 Creek and killed a man named Hill, or Hull, retreating to the head 
 of Slate Creek with cattle they had stolen from Hay's ranch. This 
 was on the eighth c c May, and on the following day Samuel Frye 
 set out from Hay^s ranch with a force of eight men, and coming 
 suddenly upon the culprits, killed or wounded three of them. He 
 then returned for reinforcements, and returning with them the next 
 day he found the enemy had taken advantage of the respite from 
 attack to visit Deer Creek and kill a man named Philpot, and 
 seriously wound James Mills. Settlers were thrown into a fever 
 of apprehension, and hastily gathered into a stockade at Yarnall's. 
 Lieutenant Switzer hastened from Fort Lane with a detachment of 
 twelve men, and soon discovered that the Indians had nmrdered 
 Jerome Dyer and Daniel McCiie, on Applegate Creek, and escaped 
 eastward. They were followed, captured and taken to Fort Lane, 
 where they were placed under close guard, both for their protec- 
 tion from the enraged citizens, and to prevent them from escaping. 
 
 The next event was what is known across the line in Siskiyou 
 County as the " Humbug War." This had its origin in a shooting 
 scrape between a citizen and a drunken Indian, and consisted of the 
 massacre of eleven innocent miners, and the indiscriminate killing of 
 many innocent and inoffensive Indians by the whites of that region. 
 The only connection it had with Oregon was the flight of a band of 
 Indians, among them the originator of the trouble, to Fort Lane, 
 and their pursuit by five companies of volunteers from the Cali- 
 fornia side. These made a demand upon Captain Smith for the 
 fugitives, but the officer declined to surrender them to any one ex- 
 cept the regular authorities, and though the exasperated volunteers 
 threatened to take them by force, they thought better of that rash 
 project and returned to California. 
 
 Our account now approaches the beginning of the war of 1855-6, 
 by some thought to have been the result of the incidents above re- 
 counted. It is truly difficult at this time to accord these circum- 
 stances their proper influence in the acts which followed. It is 
 evident that the people of Rogue River Valley, toward the end of the 
 summer of 1855, must have felt an additional degree of insecurity, 
 
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 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 but that it was wholly in consequence of the murdei-s which had 
 previously taken place does not seem pr jable, inasmuch as these 
 murders were committed outside the valley, and the most aggra- 
 vated ones nearly a year before. Their legitimate resiilts could 
 hardly have been sufficient to stir up a general war against the 
 Indians, so we are left to conjecture the growth of a public senti- 
 ment deteimined upon war. The vast majority of settlers, wearied 
 of constant anxiety, heartily and unaffectedly believed that the re- 
 moval of the Indians was desirable and necessary. Whatever may 
 have been the exact status of the war party, and whatever the in- 
 fluence of the speculative branch of it, it is clear there was no out- 
 spoken opposition, such as would have been created by a general 
 sentiment in favor of peaceful methods. Almost the only outspoken 
 advocate of Indians' rights was compelled to leave the country of 
 his adoption from fear of personal violence. Whoever doubts the 
 acerbity of public sentiment at that date, will do well to pause; here 
 and digest that statement, comparing with it the tenor of the edito- 
 rial remarks to be found in the Jacksonville Sentinel at that time. 
 If such publications may be trusted to gauge public sentiment, the 
 feeling of absolute enmity against the natives must have increased 
 ten-fold since the signing of the Lane Treaty. This feeling of hos- 
 tility was sufficient to cause the following outrage to receive the 
 endorsement of a large portion of the community; and this was the 
 incident which General Wool so freely criticised and strongly con- 
 demned, and for doing which he was so roundly abused by the press 
 of Oregon. 
 
 On the seventh of October, 1855, a party of men, principally 
 miners and men-about-town, in Jacksonville, organized and armed 
 themselves to the number of about forty (accounts disagree as to 
 number), and under the nominal leadership of Captain Hays and 
 Major James A. Lupton, Representative -elect to the Territorial 
 Legislature, proceeded to attack a small band of Indians encamped 
 on the north side of Rogue River, near the mouth of Little Butte 
 Creek, a few miles above Table Rock. Lupton, it appears, was a 
 man of no experience in bush fighting, but was rash and headstrong. 
 It is the prevailing opinion that he was led into the affair through 
 a wish to court popularity, which is almost the only incentive that 
 could have occurred to him. Certainly, it could not have been 
 
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THK ORBAT OUTBREAK OF EIOUTEEN FIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 373 
 
 plunder; and the mere love of fighting Indians, which drew the 
 greater part of the force together, was, perhaps, absent in his case. 
 The reason why the particular band at Butte Creek was selected as 
 victims also appears a mystery, although the circumstances of their 
 location being accessible and their numbers small, possibly were 
 the ruling considerations. This band of Indians appear to have 
 behaved themselves tolerably; they were pretty fair Indians, but 
 beggars, and, on occasion, thieves. They had been concerned in 
 no considerable outrages that are distinctly specified. The attack- 
 ing party arrived at the river in the evening, and selecting a hiding 
 place, remained until daylight, the appointed time for the attack. 
 The essential particulars of the fight which followed are, when 
 separated from a tangle of contradictory minutiae, that Lupton and 
 his party fii-ed a volley into the crowded encampment, follomng up 
 the sudden and totally unexpected attack by a close encounter with 
 knives, revolvers, and whatever weapon they were possessed of, and 
 the Indians were driven away or killed without making much re- 
 sistance. These facts are matters of evidence, as are also the kill- 
 ing of several squaws, one or more old decrepit men, and a number, 
 probably small, of children. Captain Smith reported to the Gov- 
 ernment that eighty Indians were slaughtered. Others place the 
 number at thirty. The exact condition of things at the fight, or 
 massacre, as i<ome have characterized it, is difiicult to determine. 
 Accounts vary so widely that by some it has 'oeen termed a heroic 
 attack, and (Others have called it an indiscriminate butchery of de- 
 fenseless ard peaceful natives. To temporize with such occurrences 
 does not become those who seek the truth only, and the world 
 would be better could such deeds meet at once the proper penalty 
 and be known by their proper name. Lupton was mortally 
 wounded by an arrow which penetrated his lungs, and a young 
 man named Shepherd was slightly wounded. As usual, the storm 
 of barbaric vengeance fell upon the heads of the innocent and de- 
 fenseless. Swift and cruel was the revenge of the Indians for this 
 great and unexpected outrage which had been committed upon 
 them, and the massacre of defenseless settlers, unwained of their 
 danger, is one of the saddest pages of Oregon's pioneer history. 
 Language can not too strongly condemn the act which precipitated 
 such a bloody scene, and much of the time and breath spent in 
 
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874 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 abuse of General Wool and execration of the Indians should have 
 been devoted to the denunciation of this brutal and unwarranted act. 
 Early on the morning of October ninth, two days after this affair 
 on Butte Creek, several of the more war-like bands gathered about 
 Table Rock, and started down the river with their families, arms, 
 and other property, bent on war. Their first act was to murder 
 William Goin, or Going, a teamster, native of Missouri, and em- 
 ployed on the reservation. Standing by the fire-place in conversa- 
 tion with Clinton Schieffelin, he was fatally shot, at two o'clock in 
 the morning. The particular individuals who accomplished this 
 killing were, says Mr. Schieffelin, meml»ers of John's band of 
 Applegates, who were encamped on Ward Creek, a mile above its 
 mouth, and twelve miles distant from the camp of Sam's band- 
 Hurrying through the darkness to Jewett's Ferry, these hostiles, 
 now reinforced by the band of Limpy and Geoigv, foufld there a 
 pack-train loaded with mill-irons. Hamilton, the man in charge 
 of it, was killed, and another individual was severely wounded. 
 They next began firing at Jewett's house, within which were several 
 persons in bed. Metrting with resistance, they gave up the attack 
 and moved to Evans' Ferry, which they reached at daybreak. Here 
 they shot Isaac Shelton, of the AVilla»nette Valley, en route for 
 Yreka. The next victim was Jones, proprietor of i ranch, whom 
 they shot dead near his house. The house was set on fire, and 
 Mrs. Jones was pursued by an Indian and shot with a revolver, 
 when she fell senseless, and the savage retired, supposing her dead. 
 She revived and was taken to Tufts' place and lived a day. O. P. 
 Robbins, Jones' partner, wjvs hunting cattle at some distance from 
 the house. Getting upon a stump he looked about him and saw 
 the house on fire. Correctly judging that Indians were abroad, he 
 proceeded to Tufts and Evans' places. The former place the 
 Indians had already visited and shot Mrs. Tufts through the body, 
 but being taken to Illinois Valley she recovered. Six miles north 
 of Evans' Ferry the Indians killed two men who were transporting 
 supplies from the Willamette Valley to the mines. The house 
 of J. B. Wagner was burned. Mi's. Wagner being previously mur- 
 dered, or, as an unsubstantiated story goes, was compelled to remain 
 in it until dead. This is refinement of horrors, indeed. For a time 
 her fate was unknown, but it was finally settled thus. Mary, her 
 
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THE GREAT OUTBREAK OF EIGHTEEN FIFTY -FIVE. 
 
 876 
 
 little daughter, was taken to the Meadows, on Lower Rogue River, 
 some weeks after, according to the Indians' own accounts, but died 
 there. Mr. Wagner, being away from home, escaped death. Com- 
 ing to Haines' house, Mr. Haines being ill in bed, they shot him to 
 death, killed two children and took his wife prisoner. Her fate 
 was a sad one, and is yet wrapped in mystery. It seems likely, 
 from the stoi'ies told by the Indians, that the unhappy woman died 
 about a week afterwards, fi'om the effects of a fever aggravated By 
 improper food. 
 
 At about nine o'clock a. m. the savages approached the house of 
 Mr. Harris, about ten miles north of Evans', where dwelt a family 
 of four — Mr. and Mi's. Harris and their two children, Mary, 
 aged twelve, and David, aged ten yeare. With them resided T. A. 
 Reed, an unmarried man. Reed was some distance from the 
 house, and was set upon by a party of hostiles and killed. His 
 skeleton was found a year after. David, the little son, in all like- 
 lihood, was taken into the woods by his captors and slain, as he 
 was never after heard of. Mr. Harris was surprised by the Indians, 
 and retreating to the house, was shot in the breast as he reached 
 the door. His wife, with the greatest courage and presence of 
 mind, closed and barred the door, and in obedience to her wounded 
 husband's advice, brought down the fire-arms which the house con- 
 tained — a rifle, a double-barreled shotgun, a revolver and a single- 
 barreled pistol — and began to fire at the Indians to deter them from 
 assaulting or setting fire to the house. Previous to this a shot fii-ed 
 by the Indians had wounded her little daughter in the arm, and the 
 terrified child climbed to the attic of the dwelling where she re- 
 mained for several hours. Throughout all this time the heroic 
 woman kept the savages at bay, and attended, as well as she was 
 able, the wante of her husband, who expired in about an hour 
 after he was shot. Fortunately, she had been taught the use of fire- 
 arms ; and to this she owed her preservation and that of her daughter. 
 The Indians, who could be seen moving about in the vicinity of the 
 house, were at pains to keep within cover and dared not approach 
 near enough to set fire to the dwelling, although they burned the 
 out-buildings, fii-st taking the horses from the stable. Mrs. Harris 
 steadily loaded her weapons and fired them through the crevices be- 
 tween the logs. In the afternoon the Indians drew off and left the 
 
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 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLXT. 
 
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 stout-hearted woman mistress of the field. 8he had saved her own 
 and her daughter's life, and added a deathless page to the record of 
 the country's history. After the departure of the savages, the 
 heroine, with her daughter, left the house and sought refuge in a 
 thicket of willows near the road, and remained there all night. 
 Next morning several Indians passed, but did not discover tht^m. 
 
 When, on the day of the mjissacre, a rider dashed into Jackson- 
 ville and quickly told the news, great excitement [jrevailed. Al- 
 most immediately a score of men were in their saddles and pushing 
 toward the river. Major Fitzgerald, stationed at Fort Lane, went 
 at the head of fifty-five mounted men, and these going with the 
 volunteers, proceeded along the track of niin and desolation left by 
 the savages. At Wagner's house some five or six volunteers, who 
 were in advance, came upon a few Indians hiding in the brush near 
 by, who, unsuspicious of the main body advancing along the road, 
 challenged the whites to a fight. Major Fitzgerald came up and 
 ordered a charge ; and six of the " red devils " were killed, and the 
 rest driven "on the jump" to the hills, but could not be overtaken. 
 Giving up the pursuit, the regulars and volunteere marched along 
 the road to the Harris house, where they found the devoted mother 
 and her child and removed them to Jacksonville. A company of 
 volunteers led by Captain Rinearson, hastily came from Cow Creek 
 and scoured the country about Grave Creek and vicinity, finding 
 quite a number of bodies of murdered men. On the twenty-fifth 
 of October the body of J. B. Powell, of Lafayette, Yamhill County, 
 was found and buried. James White and Fox had been pre- 
 viously found dead. All the houses along the Indians' route had 
 been robbed and then burned, with two or three exceptions. 
 
 It would be diflScult to picture the state of alarm which pre- 
 vailed when the full details of the massacre were made known. 
 The people of Rogue River Valley, probably without exception, 
 withdrew from their ordinary occupations and " forted up " or re- 
 tired to the larger settlements. Jacksonville was thf» objective point 
 of most of these fugitives, who came in on foot, on horse or mule 
 back, or with their families, or more portable property loaded on 
 wagons drawn by oxen. In every direction mines were abandoned, 
 farms and fields were left unwatched, the herdsman forsook his 
 charge, and all sought refuge from the common enemy. The in- 
 
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 THE GREAT OUTBREAK OP EIGHTEEN FI' IT- FIVE. 
 
 377 
 
 dustries were V>rought to a standstill, and trade and commerce be- 
 came instantly paralyzed. All business and pleasure were forsaken 
 to devise means to meet and vanijuish the liowtile bands. Nor was 
 this state of affairs coniincd to the Rogue liiver country. The 
 people of the Willamette V^ alley caught the infection, and for a 
 time the depressing expectation of Indian forays racked many a 
 breast. The Oregon papers of that date were full of mattta* calcu- 
 lated to show the extreme state of ajiprehension existing throughout 
 the State, caused by these events and outrages committed at the 
 same time by Indians north of the Columbia. It will l>e believed 
 that there whs ample reason for such a feeling among those who 
 lived south of the Calapooins. The settlers on the Umpipia and its 
 tributaries were obviously endangered. They retired to places of 
 safety until the Indian scare Imd settled down to a steady wai"fare. 
 At Scottsburg, more than a hundred miles from the seat of war, the 
 inhabitants thus took refuge. On Cow Creek on the twenty-fourth 
 of October, Indians made an attack on some hog-(h"overs from Lane 
 County, who were traversing the road. H. Bailey was killed in- 
 stantly, and Z. Bailey and three others wounded. The Indiana 
 burned, on that day, the houses of Turner, Bray, Fortune, Redfield, 
 and one other. Mr. Redfield placed his family in a wagon and 
 started for a place of safety, but soon his horses were shot, and he" 
 took his wife upon his back and carried her to a fortified place, be- 
 fore reaching which she was wounded. 
 
 It should be remarked that the situation in Southern Oregon 
 waft even more serious than was thought possible by those who 
 viewed these affairs from abroad, or through the distorting medium 
 of the newspapers. The people were beset on all sides by savages, 
 they knew not how numerous, who might strike, they knew not 
 where. The extent of the Indian uprising was not at first under- 
 stood. The Indians were well supplied with ammunition, and had 
 guns, rifles, revolvers and knives, as great in assortment and better 
 in quality than the whites themselves were provided with. Besides, 
 of tie several thousand Indians who inhabited Southern Oregon, no 
 one could tell which band might dig up the hatchet and go on the 
 war path in imitation of those who were already so actively butch- 
 ering and bui'ning. The Table Rock band, steadfastly fi'iendly, 
 withstood the temptation to avenge their undoubted grievances, and 
 
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 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTB VALLBT. 
 
 remained upon the reservation, thereby diminiahinj;! the enemy's 
 force very con.siderably. The Co""* Indians, formidable and 
 dangerous barbarians, as yet hj^d nc*^ been influenced to join tht* 
 malcontents. To oppose such an array of active murderers and in- 
 cendiaries, the General Government had a small number of troops, 
 unfitted to perform tjit, duties of Indian fighting by reason of their 
 unsuitable mo<h< of dress, tactic«i, and their dependence upon (pmr- 
 termaster and commissary traint . The formation of volunteer com- 
 panies and the enrollment of nen, began immediately upon the 
 receipt rf the news of the outbreik. The chief settlements became 
 centers of enlistment, and to them resorted the farmers, miners, ami 
 traders of the vicinity, who, with the gi-eatest unanimity, enrolled 
 themselvas as volunteers to carry on tlie war which all now saw 
 to be unavoidable. On the twelfth of October, John E. Ross, Col- 
 onel of the Ninth Regiment of Oregon Militia, jvssumed command 
 of the forces alreatly raised. Recognizing the need of mounted 
 troops, he made proclamation calling into service men provided 
 with horses and arms, and in two days had increased his command 
 to nine companies, aggregating five hundred men. Several of these 
 companies had been on duty from the day succeeding the massacre, 
 so prompt did their members respond to the call of duty. The reg- 
 iment was increased by the first of November to fifteen companies, 
 containing an average of fifty men each, or seven hundred and fifty 
 in all. It is justly thought remarkablp that such a force could have 
 been so quickly raised in a country of such a limited population as 
 Southern Oregon. If we examine the muster-rolls of the different 
 companies we shall be struck by the youth of the volunteers — the 
 average age being not beyond twenty-four years. From all direc- 
 tions they came — these young, prompt and brave men — from every 
 gulch, hill-side and plain, from every mining claim, trading post and 
 farm of that extensive region, and from the sympathizing towns and 
 mining camps of Northern California, which, also, sent their contin- 
 gents. Their animals were gathered from pack-trains, farms and 
 towns, and were in many cases unused to the saddle. But the exi- 
 gencies of war did not allow the rider to hesitate between a horse 
 and a mule, or to humor the whims of the stubborn mustang or in- 
 tractable cayuse. With the greatest celerity aad promptness the 
 single organizations had hurried to the rescue of the outlying settle- 
 
 pany m 
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THE GREAT OUTBREAK OF EIGHTEEN FIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 379 
 
 mentfi, and in many cases preserved the lives of settlers menaced by 
 Indians. Captain Rineareou, at Cow Creek, enrollc^d thirty-five 
 men on the day following the muen i re, and by nightfall hiul 
 stationed his men so as to effectually g(i;ird many miles of the road, 
 leaving mt^n at the Canyon, at T.^^vt-ns' Station, at Turner's, and 
 a strong force at Ilarkness and " ogood s (imve Creek House, and 
 sending others down Grave Creek a.iu to (ialece Creek. Jiy this 
 prompt display of force the Indiuiis .vera o\ erawed, and refrained 
 from exposing themselves by continuing their raids in the valley; 
 and the people, seeing such an anued force in their midst, began to 
 regain calmness and confidence. 
 
 Having considered the various incidents which led to the out- 
 break in Southern Oregon, we will leave the mustering hosts and 
 turn to the north to review the causes of the war along the Colum- 
 bia. The totally different condition of affairs renders it self-evident 
 that hostilities here were begun without the slightest reference to 
 what was being done to the sruth. Their concun-ent happening 
 was simply a coincidence, and there is no reason to suppose that 
 either would not have occurred had the other in any numner been 
 prevented. Among the Yakimas, Klickitats, Des Chutes, Walla 
 Wallas, Cayuses, Spokanes, Palouses, Snakes and kindred tribes, 
 the hostility to Americans was deep-rooted and of long standing; 
 and even the Nez Perces were beginning to imbibe the infection. 
 The cause of this has been made to plainly appear in the preceding 
 pages — the fear that the Americans intended to take their lands. 
 This was the great fundamental cause of the Whitman tragedy in 
 1847, and wa« the seci.'t of the ill favor with which a "Boston"' 
 met in the eye of an Indian of that region. The Hudson's Bay 
 Company was not included in tiiis feeling of hostility to the Ameri- 
 cans, and even during the times of trouble a well-known employee 
 of that corporation could travel among the hostile tribes in perfect 
 security. The Bostons had not as yet taken up claims in that re- 
 gion, and the Indians did not propose to permit them to do so until 
 the land was purchased and paid for. Brooke, Bumford and Noble 
 had a claim at Waiilatpu, and H. M. Chase on the Touch et. Wil- 
 liam C. McKay, son of Thomas McKay, and looked upon as a com- 
 pany man, had located on the Umatilla, and with him were Jones 
 £. Whitney and family. A short dbtance below them was the 
 
 'H 
 
 
 'A 
 
880 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE TALLBT. 
 
 agency. Louis Kaboin, an old American trapper of French descent, 
 was living on the Tukannon. The only other settlers were a 
 number of French Canadians and half-breeds, former servants of 
 the company, and nearly all married to Indian women, the greater 
 number living along the Walla Walla. These were the only settle- 
 ments in the Walla Walla region. 
 
 As early as February, 1855, reports of a hostile spirit being ex- 
 hibited by the Indians east of the mountains, were circulated, and 
 trouble in the near future was predicted. One of the incidents 
 where this feeling was displayed was in the case of S. M. Hamilton 
 and T. Pierce, who, about that time, went lo the Simcoe country 
 to locate a stock ranch. The Yakiraas would not permit them to 
 do so, and informed them that Americans could not settle in theii- 
 country until the Government had bought and paid for the land. 
 In consequence of this feeling, which wj-^ displayed by the various 
 tribes on different occasions. Governor Stevens, of Washington 
 Territory, in his capacity of Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and 
 Joel Palmer, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon, started 
 on an extended trip through that region, intent upon forming 
 treaties with the tribes and extinguishing the Indi?n title to the 
 country. After a long conference near Fort Walla Walla, they 
 concluded treaties the ninth of June, with seventeen tribes, by 
 which was ceded to the Government nearly all the region embraced 
 in Klickitat, Yakima, Kittitas, Spokane, Lincoln, Douglas, Adams, 
 Franklin, Whitman, Columbia and Walla Walla counties, in Wash- 
 ington Territory, and a portion of Union and Umatilla counties, in 
 Oregon, excepting the Yakima and L'matilla reservations. 
 
 The area thus lost to the Indians Wai5 a little over twenty-nine 
 thousand square miles, for which they were to be paid t»s follows: 
 The fourteen tribes termed the "Yakima Nation,'' including the 
 Palouse Indians, with Karaa-i-akun as head chief, were to be given 
 $200,000. This was to he paid in yearly installments — during the 
 fii-st five $10,000, the next five $8,000, then $6,000 for five years, 
 and for the last five $4,000 — pa}Tnent8 to commence in September, 
 18o6. This left $60,000 which were to be expended in getting these 
 tribes on their reservation, for fitting it up and to aid them in learn- 
 ing the art of husbandry. In addition to this the head chief of 
 the nation was to have a house built for him, with ten acres of land 
 
 ness. 
 
THE GREAT OUTBREAK OF EIGHTEEN FIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 381 
 
 enclosed and plowed, and he was to be paid $500 per year for 
 twenty years as a salary. To the Indians generally this was a glit- 
 tering temptation, but Kama-i-akun was hostile to the transaction 
 and used his influence against it without avail. From that time 
 until his death he was never friendly to the whites, and later with- 
 drew from the war-path against tliem only for want of followers. 
 Fourteen chiefs in all signed this agreement, among whom was the 
 unwilling Kama-i-akun. The Walla Wallas, Cayuses and Uma- 
 tilla«, were to be paid $100,000 for their birth-right, with a twenty 
 years' afinuity of $500 to the head chief of each of those tribes. 
 But for the blood stain upon their hands of a murdered Whitman, 
 the Cayuses would not have sold their country to the whites. The 
 Umatillas, knowing they were not guiltless in that affair, and looking 
 to the reward olxered for compliance, placed their names to the treaty. 
 The Walla Wallas, too weak for resistance, reluctantly joined in the 
 transfer of their homes, and thirty-six chiefs from among the three 
 tribes signed the conveyance. Peu-peu-mox-mox, chief of this last 
 mentioned tribe, was sullen and would not talk. He remembered 
 that his own son had been educated at the mission; had visited 
 California by invitation of Captain J. A. Sutter; had been as wan- 
 tonly and maliciously murdered while m that gentleman's fort as 
 had been Dr. Whitman among the Cayuses; and lie no longer 
 courted their fi-iendship or believed in their promises. A special 
 clause was placed in the treaty giving this chief permission to build 
 a trading post at, or near, the mouth of the Yakima River, which 
 he could occupy for five yeai-s and trade with the whites. He was 
 to be paid his first year's salary on the. day he signed the treaty, and 
 the other chiefs had to wait. A house was to be built for his liv- 
 ing son, around which five acres of land were to be plowed and en- 
 closed, and he was to be paid annually $100 for twenty years. In 
 addition to all this, Peu-peu-mox-mox was to be given, within three 
 months, "three yoke of oxen, three yokes and four chains, one 
 wagon, Lwo plows, twelve hoes, twelve axes, two shovels, one sad- 
 dle and bridle, one set of wagon harness, and one set of plow har- 
 ness." None of the other chiefs received promise of like privileges 
 or payments, and it is a striking evidence of the necessity that 
 existed for obtaining the influence of this evident leader among the 
 tribes at the council. The two treaties were signed on the ninth of 
 
 M- 
 
 i.-t 
 
 t. 
 
882 
 
 HI8T0BT OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 i 
 
 June, 1855, at Camp Stevens within the limits of what now is 
 Walla Walla City. Then Stevens and Palmer opened negotiations 
 with the Nez Perces, who had been present since the gathering of 
 the tribes at this great council. On the eleventh of that same 
 month these old and tried friends of the Americans, who had been 
 one of the strong powei-s to influence the other tribes to cede their 
 lands in the two treaties of the ninth, conveyed their immense do- 
 main to tl:" Government, withholding a rather extensive reserve. 
 Their territory, about one-fourth of which was retained, included 
 over eighteen thousand scjuare miles; and they were to be paid for 
 it in annuities through a term of twenty years, a total of $200,000. 
 In addition, the head chief was to be paid $500 per year for twenty 
 years, and the tribe was to receive other benefits tending toward 
 civilization. Fifty-eight chiefs signed it, among whom were Law- 
 yer, Looking Glass, and Joseph. At the close of this council at 
 Walla Walla Governor Stevens started for Colville, accompanied by 
 a few Americans and a body-guard from this tribe. The Indians 
 in that region refused to sell their lands. The Governor passed 
 over the Bitterroot Mountains and concluded a treaty with the 
 Flathead Nation on the sixteenth of July, by which they ceded 
 over twenty thousand square miles of territory to the Government, 
 less a reservation. The tribes constituting the Flathead Nation in- 
 cluded the Flathead, Kootenai, and Upper Pend d'Oreilles. In 
 addition to the $200,000 there were to be a $500 salary paid to the 
 head chief of each of those tribes annually for twenty years, and the 
 other usual advances to the nation for educational and agricultural 
 purposes. Over this nation the Catholic missionaries had an almost 
 unlimited control, and, had they opposed it, no treaty could have 
 been effected. From among the Flatheads, Governor Stevens passed 
 beyond the Rocky Mountains to treat with the Blackfeet. 
 
 When the treaties had been signed fit the Walla Walla councU 
 and Governor Stevens had started north, Joel Palmer returned to 
 The Dalles, where he induced the Wascoes, Des Chutes, and John 
 Day Rivers to cede their lands to the Government, on the twenty- 
 fifth of June, for $150,000. Payment was to be divided into annu- 
 ities that would reach that amount in twenty years, with salaries to 
 chiefs and advances for improvements similar to those contained in 
 the other treaties. The land ceded by these tribes, from which 
 
 should 1 
 Jefferson 
 Each 
 treaty sh 
 the same 
 States." 
 bound h] 
 fied, and 
 until the 
 and Sup€ 
 the Oreof( 
 eluded tr 
 Indian ti 
 ries they 
 and impi 
 time as t] 
 course, tli 
 treaties w 
 ratificatio 
 10, 1855, 
 Mountain 
 the reserv 
 and for tl 
 accomjDli.s 
 justly chii 
 ities whic 
 their vie\ 
 quire the 
 dissatisfac 
 American 
 conduct, t 
 In such a 
 of their r 
 been comj 
 nade on 
 -imerican 
 the count 
 duct of 
 which the 
 
THB GREAT OUTBREAK OF EIGHTEEN FIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 383 
 
 should be deducted their reservation at the eastera base of Mount 
 Jefferson, included over sixteen thousand square miles. 
 
 Each of these treaties contained the following clause: "This 
 treaty shall be obligatory upon the contracting parties as soon as 
 the same shall be ratified by the President and Senate of the United 
 States." It is thus seen that neither the whites nor Indians were 
 bound by the provisions of the treaties until they had b-en so rati- 
 fied, and the usual dilatoriness of Congress postponed that event 
 until the eighth of March, 1859. Nevertheless Governor Stevens 
 and Superintendent Palmer caused to be immediately published in 
 the Oregon papers an official announcement that they had " con- 
 cluded treaties," by means of which they had extinguishe'' th^ 
 Indian title to all the country except the reserves, whose bounda- 
 ries they gave, and notifying trie people that the actual settlements 
 and improvements of the Indians must not be molested until such 
 time as they were official!}' removed to the reservations, which, of 
 course, though they did not so state, could not be done until the 
 treaties were made binding upon the contracting parties by formal 
 ratification. Mr. Palmer expressly stated in a notice dated July 
 10, 1853, that all the country east of the summit of the Cascade 
 Mountains, and from latitude 44° north to Kettle Falls, excepting 
 the reservations, was " open to settlement." Such was not the case; 
 and for thus giving the people an incorrect idea of what had been 
 accomplished. Governor Stevens and Superintendent Palmer are 
 justly chargeable with a i.irge share of responsibility for the hostil- 
 ities which follow(;d. The Indians did not so understand it, and 
 their views were correct. The effort which had been made to ac- 
 quire their lands in this wholesale manner had caused universal 
 dissatisfaction among them, and deepened their ill-will toward the 
 Americans. The chiefs had signed the treaties reluctantly, and their 
 conduct, though acquiesced in, was not approved by their followers. 
 In such a frame of mind they would not submit to any infringement 
 of their rights under those documents, and, until their terms had 
 been complied with, did not propos? to permit any settlements to be 
 'nade on the ceded lands. They even determined to exclude the 
 ^imericans from the privilege previously enjoyed of passing through 
 the country. The people were thus led by this injudicious con- 
 duct of pompous officials, to claim rights they did not possess and 
 which the Indians wculd not admit, and trouble naturally followed. 
 
su 
 
 HI8T0BT OF WILLAMETTE VALLBT. 
 
 I 
 
 Only a few days subsequent to the signing of the treaties at 
 Walla Walla, an event occurred which placed the relations between 
 the whites and Indians in a still more precarious and strained con- 
 dition. This was the reported discovery of gold at the junction of 
 the Columbia and Pend d'Oreille rivers, thirty miles from Fort 
 Colville, a post of the Hudson's Bay Company. The discoverers 
 were four French Canadians who had gone on a prospecting trip to 
 that region from French Prairie the preceding March, induced so to 
 do by one of their number, a half-breed named Wau-ka, who had 
 found color on the river. Small parties began leaving for the 
 mines, and as r^'ports of the richness and extent of the diggings be- 
 came circulated, the number of these adventurers increased. Wells, 
 Fargo <fe Co. sent an agent to examine them, and his report was to 
 the effect that the mining ground was very extensive, but the gold 
 so fine that it could not be panned or cradled to advantage; sluices 
 and quicksilver would be required ; also that the w ater in the river 
 was too high for successful mining at that season Exaggerated re- 
 ports, however, continued to find their way into print, and, in a few 
 weeks, travel to the Colville Mines became quite extensive. Parties 
 from the Willamette Valley went by way of The Dalles and Simcoe 
 Valley at first, and later through Walla Walla and the Palouse 
 Country ; while those from the Sound crosses the mountains by the 
 Natchess Pass, and headed direct for the mines. In the frame of 
 mind in which the Indians then were, this was more than they 
 could stand. The treaties had not been ratified and were not yet 
 in force; every inch of the country belonged to the native proprie- 
 tors as completely as before the signing of the compact. Not a 
 plow nor a hoe, not a cow nor a dollar of money, had they received ; 
 and yet the whites were streaming through their country and talk- 
 ing and acting as though the Indians had no rights in the matter 
 whatever. General Wool charged these men as interfering with 
 the Indian women, and thus precipitating hostilities; but that 
 charge was never sustained, though such conduct as that has been 
 one of the most fruitful causes of trouble between the two races. 
 It is not necessary, however, to account for the war in that manner, 
 since there was ample cause without. The ideas the Indians enter- 
 tained on the subject of white occupation, have been explained. 
 The Yakima tribes, under the leadership of Kama-i-akun, now de- 
 
h- :. mv 
 
 THE ORXAT OUTBREAK OF EIOHTEEK FIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 385 
 
 termined that no white men should reside in, or pass through, their 
 country until the treaties had been ratified and the purchase price 
 of their lands been paid. This determination thej' made known 
 on several occasions. About the middle of July a man named Mc- 
 Cormick, who had a claim on Klickitat River at a point known as 
 " St. Charles City," was driven from his place, and spent a day and 
 night in a treetop on the bank of the Columbia, when the steamer 
 Mary came along and took him aboard. The Indians sent word 
 that whites would not be permitted to settle on their lands until 
 they had been paid for. About the same time Pierre Jerome, chief 
 of the Indians of Kettle Falls, refused to permit A. F. Wilson, the 
 man whom Wells, Fargo <fe Co. had sent to inspect the mines, to 
 go from Colville to Pend d'Oreille River, saying that Americans 
 would not be permitted to pass through or mine in the country 
 until the land was paid for by the Government; also that all the 
 tribes named would hold a " big talk " in August on the subject. 
 This great council was never held, but that, in some way, the 
 various tribes along the Columbia arrived at a mutual under- 
 standing of what they would do in certain events, was made 
 evident by their conduct a few months later. 
 
 The people, as haa been shown, had not been notified that, as 
 yet, the treaties were not in force, and that they had thereby ac- 
 quired no rights they did not previously enjoy. On ^e contrary, 
 they looked upon the hostile position assumed by the Indians as 
 utterly unjustifiable, and in direct violation of rights conferred by 
 treaty. This idea appears prominently in all contemporaneous 
 writings and isi subsetpient discussions of the war and its causes, 
 especially in those evoked by the unfavorable reports and comments 
 of General Wool. Looking at it fi'om this stand-point, they were 
 much excited in August when the Statesman publisheti a rumor 
 that seventy men had been killed in the Colville country, though 
 this was promptly contradicted. A few days later, when the news 
 of the murder of Mattice was received, they became still more so, 
 and charged the Indians with violating treaty obligations. Mr. 
 Mattice was a resident of Olympia, and with Judge Yantis and 
 others, crossed the mountains in August on his way to the mines. 
 When near the Columbia, Mattice became separated from his com- 
 panions and soon fell in with a Sj)okaue Indian, who traveled 
 
 
386 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 with him. Not long afterwaids four Isle de Pere Indians overtook 
 them and shot Mattice, boasting to his companion that they had 
 'already killed three Bostons that day. News of the tragedy was 
 taken to Colville by the Spokane and did not reach the Willamette 
 Valley until late in September. Much apprehension was felt for 
 the safety of a score of others fi'om Puget Sound, who were known 
 to be passing through the hostile country. The agent of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company at Fort Colville, Mr. McDonald, on the twenty- 
 sixth of August, sent a messenger to the mines notifying the Amer- 
 icans of the death of Mattice and that the Indians were combining, 
 and advising them to leave the mines unless they were prepared to 
 defend themselves against large numbers. Many had previously 
 started upon their return, disgusted with the mines, and now nearly 
 all of the remainder took McDonald's advice and returned by the 
 way of Walla Walla, reporting the Indians along the route as being 
 veiy surly and threatening in their conduct. Whitney, at McKay's 
 place on the Umatilla, was warned by Stick-as and Umhowlish, 
 two Cay use chiefs, that it was unsafe for him to remain, and was 
 told that they had given Dr. Whitman a similar warning before his 
 death. He hastened with his family to The Dalles, and the few 
 other Americans in that region did the same, or took refuge with 
 the friendly Nez Perees. The French and half-breed settlers re- 
 mained, beirfg considered Hudson's Bay Company men, and some of 
 the later arrivals from Colville, among whom were McKay and 
 Vic. Trevitt, only passed safely through by representing themselves 
 as employees of the company. 
 
 In the absence of Governor Stevens, the Secretary, C. H. Mason, 
 discharged the duties of executive. On the twenty-second of Sep- 
 tember he addressed a communication to Major G. J. Raines, com- 
 mandant at Fort Vancouver, informing him of the murder of Mr. 
 Mattice and the reported death of a number of othere, and request- 
 ing him to dispattih a military force to the Yakima country to 
 punish the aggressors and protect the small parties of miners travel- 
 ing through that region. A. J. Bolan, Indian Agent for Washing- 
 ton Territory, a man who had great influence among the Yakimus 
 and for whom they entertained gi'eat respect, started for that region 
 from The Dalles as soon as he heard of the first hostile acts, and aw 
 no word was received from him for a number of days it was feared 
 
THE ORXAT OUTBREAK OF EIGHTEEN FIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 887 
 
 he had been killed by his wards. Governor Mason had hardly 
 dispatched his letter before intelligence was received at Olympia 
 that two citizens of that place — Walker and Jamison — had been 
 killed near the Natchess Pass. He at once made a requisition upon 
 Captain M. Maloney, commanding Fort Steilacoom, for a detach- 
 ment of regulars to proceed to the Yakima country and punish the 
 perpetrators of these murders and protect the straggling parties 
 passing through. Lieutenant W. A. Slaughter' was detailed for 
 this duty with forty men ; and departed on the twenty -seventh of 
 September with forty days' rations. Mason addressed a second 
 letter to Major Raines on the twenty-sixth, informing him of the 
 new developments, and requesting him to send a military force to 
 co-operate with Lieutenant Slaughter. To this Major Raines re- 
 plied as follows: — 
 
 Governor— Your letter by Mr. Pearson I have the honor to ucknowledge, and 
 have ordered into the field a company of eighty-four men from Fort Dalles, O. T., 
 all mounted, and with provisions on pack mules for one month, to proceed without 
 delay and sweep through the Yakima country to the points you indicated, co-oper- 
 ating with the force from Steilacoom ; also, to inquire into the safety of Agent 
 Bolan, who has now been absent an unusual length of time ; a respectful attention to 
 whose views are enjoined— if alive— for there are grounds to fear otherwise. I shall 
 approve of the action of the commanding officer at Fort Steilacoom in the premises, 
 and only regret that the forty men under Lieutenant Slaughter were not a full 
 company. I have also located an officer and twenty men at the ('ascades. 
 
 This expedition wa« placed under the command of Major G. O. 
 Haller, a brave and experienced officer who had just returned from 
 a successful campaign in Southwestern Idaho against the Snake 
 Indians who had murdered the Ward family the fall before. Pre- 
 vious to his departure the fate of Agent Bolan was settled. Nathan 
 Olney, Sub-agent in Oregon, had dispatched from The Dalles a 
 trusty Indian to bring him intelligence of the missing man. He re- 
 turned with the startling report that seventeen men had been killed 
 (D'.^ver substantiated), and that Bolan had been murdered. The 
 Agent had threatened the Indians with punishment by the troops 
 unle&s they refrained from molesting the whites who ptisseii through 
 their country. When he left to return he was followed by several of 
 them, and a son of Show-ah-way, an influential chief, shot him. 
 His throat was then cut, and the murderers shot his horse and biu-ned 
 the two bodies together. About the same time, Werbannahan, a 
 Cascades chief, came into the settlement there and reported that 
 
 > i 
 
 •i 
 
 * - 
 
 n- 
 
888 
 
 HISTbRT OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 five hundred Yakiniati and Klickitata were within fifteen miles of 
 White Salmon, and at once the military detachment locateti there 
 embarked on the steamer Wasco and proceeded to the mouth of 
 that river, only to find their presence there u ss, and at once 
 returned. 
 
 On the third of October, Major Haller's force, consisting of one 
 hundred and seven, rank and file, started north from The Dalles, 
 dragging with them a mountain howitzer. News of this movement, 
 of the death of Bolan, and the White Salmon canard, reached Port- 
 land at the same time and created much excitement throughout the 
 Valley. This force marched north, and on the sixth encountered a 
 strong body of Indians on Simcoe Creek. By a dashing charge the 
 savages were dislodged from the brush along the stream, but the 
 fortunes of l)attle soon turned, and the troops were forced to take 
 refuge on the crest of a neighboring hill, where they were imme- 
 diately suri'ounded by the enemy, whose number was estimated at 
 one thousand warriors. A courier succeeded in slipping through 
 the environing savages, and after two days of fatigue and danger, 
 reached The Dalles with intelligence of the precai'ious position of 
 the troops. Lieutenant Day at once started to their relief with 
 forty-five men and a howitzer, l>ut soon met the troops in full re- 
 treat. Unable to maintain their position, they had forced a passage 
 through the enemy's lines and fought their way out of the country, 
 losing, in the whole fight, five of their number killed and seventeen 
 wounded. 
 
 On the ninth Major Raines made a requisition upon Governor 
 Mason for two companies of volunteei's, and addressed a communi- 
 cation to Governor George L. Curry, of Oregon, containing the 
 following language: — 
 
 An commanding officer, I have ordered all the United Utatee disposable force in 
 thio district into the field immediately, and shall take the command. ^Vs this force 
 is questionable to subdue these Indians— the Yakimas, Klickitate, and may be some 
 other smaller bands — I have the hon r to call upon you for four companies of vol- 
 unteers, composed, according to our present organization, of one captain, one firHt 
 lieutenant, one second lieutenant, four sergeants, four corporals, two musicians, 
 and seventy-four privates. This number of companies is just enough for a major's 
 command, and would authorize that officer ilso. We have only arms enough at 
 this post for two companies, so it is advisable to have two of the four compauicH 
 come armetl witli rifles, or such arms as can best be obtained. We have plenty of 
 ammunition, however. As celerity is the word, we want as many of the volunteers 
 as can be immediately obtained, to rendezvous at this post, and proceed with the 
 troops to Fort Dalles. They can be mustered here. 
 
THE GRKAT OrTBKKAK OF EIOHTKKN KIFTY-FIVE. 
 
 3S1» 
 
 Governor Ma«on at once issued a proclamation for two com- 
 panies, which were speedily filled, (lovernor Culry did better. 
 Instead of four companies he called for eight — one each from Mult- 
 nomah, Clackamas, Washington, Marion, Polk, Yamhill, Lane and 
 Wasco — and a few days later added a company fi-om Benton and 
 another fi'om French Settlement, in Marion Coimty ; the last l>eing 
 designed for scout and guide duty. Just why this was done is not 
 perfectly clear, but it was charged at the time that he proposed to 
 render the regulars auxiliary to the militia instead of the reverse, 
 and therefore desired companies enough to require a colonel, who 
 would outrank Major Raines. It was also charged that speculation 
 was an important factor here aa well as in Southern Oregon, and 
 that ever since the glorious trip of the year before " to fight the 
 emigrants," the powers that were, and their friends, looked upon 
 an Indian war as a bonanza of considerable proportions. This may 
 be doing the memory of the executive and his advisers an injustice, 
 but certain it is, even if that element was not then present, it cropped 
 out later, and with sufficient prominence to give color to the suspi- 
 cion of its existence from the very beginning. 
 
 It is proper here to give another version of the cause of hostili- 
 ties and the reason for this rather wholesale calling to arms by 
 Governor Curry. General Wool, in a letter to the National Intel- 
 ligencer^ under date of April 2, 1S66, detailed the situation in 
 Oregon from his stand-point. This is one of the letters which 
 drew douTi upon his devoted head such a storm of indignation, 
 which will be more fully referred to in its proper place. In it he 
 says: — 
 
 It is said that the Yakimati having become dissatisfied with the treaty made 
 with them the summer before by Governor Htevens, determined on war. This was 
 hastened, as it would seem, by some miners forcibly carrying away and ill treating 
 some Yaliima sijuaws. The Yalcimas, according to their own story, complained of 
 this wronK to A. J. Bolan, 8ul>Indian Agent, who was at that time in tlie Indian 
 country, and demanded redress. An altercation took place, when the Indians 
 threatened revenge. The agent, in turn, threatened to send against them troops of 
 the United States. It was under such circumstances that the agent and the Indians 
 separated. The former, however, was followed and overtaken by the Yakimas, 
 when they demanded to know if he intended to send the troops of the United 
 States against them. On answering them in the aftlrmative, as the Indians say, 
 they killed him, and afterwards, as reported, some miners on their way to the t'ol- 
 ville mines. * * * The M^jor, however, partaking somewhat of the 
 alarm pervading the country, increased and stimulated by political demagogues, 
 called upon Acting-Governor Mason for two companies of voluuteei-s, whicli wan 
 
 1 
 
 " .' 
 
390 
 
 HISTORT OF WILLAMKTTK VALLET. 
 
 promptly and favorably reaponded to ; and upon Governor Curry, of Oregon, for 
 fnur ooiupanies, which he refused, be<>auBe, as he said, the Oregonians would no^ 
 serve under United BtatoR offlcera. At the Hanie time be called into the Territorial 
 service two mounted regiments — one to serve against the Indians of Washington 
 Territory, and the other against the Indians in Southern Oregon. Of the former, 
 no part of It, in any sense of the term, was necessary to defend the inhabitants of 
 Oregon against the Indians in Washington Territory, east of the Cascade Mountains, 
 ftroro whom they had n«) danger whatever to apprehend. « » ♦ Buch have 
 been the results of one of the most unwise, unnecessary and extravagant expedi- 
 tions ever fitted out in the United States, and for no other reason than to plunder 
 the treasury of the Uniteil States and to make ))olltical capital for somebody. It 
 could not have been projected for the defense of the inhabitants of Oregon, nor for 
 the protection of Oregonians in Washington Ten itory, for none resided there. What, 
 then, could have been the object? Nothing but a crusade against the Indians, and a 
 long war to enrich the country. If such was not the ol»ject. Governor Curry, instead 
 of sending his troops against the Indians of Washington Territory and beyond his 
 own jurisdiction, would have sent them all to Southern Oregon, where the war 
 raged, and no where else in his territory. The Oregonians say that the war is a 
 Godsend to the country. * * * It is said by intelligent men that the 
 expenses of Governor Curry's army will amount, in scrip, to three or four millions 
 of dollars. If Congress should foot the bill, some Governor of another Territory 
 will make a bill of ten millions. I do not know how the question will be con- 
 sidered. One thing, however, is certain, that It is an example which, if counte- 
 nanced by the United States Government, may, when least expected, lead to no less 
 embarrassing than disastrous results. 
 
 In the " River of the West," the author, who evidently was in- 
 spired by the communications and reports of General Wool, thus 
 speaks upon this subject: — 
 
 But when at last the call to arms was made in Oregon, it was an opportunity 
 sought and not an alternative forced upon them by the politicians of that Territory. 
 The occasion was simply this: A party of lawless wretches from the Sound 
 Country passing over tiie Cascade Mountains into the Yakima Valley, on their way 
 to the Upper Columbia mines, found some Yakima women digging roots in a lonely 
 place and abused them. The women fled to their village and told their chiefs of 
 the outrage, and a party followed the guilty whites and killed several of them in a 
 fight. Mr. Bolan, the Indian Sub-Agent for Wash'ngton, went to the Yakima vil- 
 age, and. Instead of judging the case impartially, made use of threats in the name of 
 the United States Government, saying that an army should be sent to punish them 
 for killing his people. On his return home, Mr. Bolan was followed and murdered. 
 Thje murder of an Indian Agent was an act which could not be overlooked. Very 
 properly the case should have been taken notice of in a manner to convince the 
 Indians that murder must be punished. But, tempted by an opportunity for gain, 
 and encouraged by the somewhat reasonable fears of the white population of Wash- 
 ington and Oregon, Governor G. L. Curry, of the latter, at once proclaimed var, 
 and Issued a call for volunteers, without waiting for the sanction or assistance of 
 the General Government. 
 
 Though the camas incident may have occurred, it has not been 
 established by proof; and even if an actual occuiTence it was but 
 an incident and not a sole cause of trouble. For this contracted 
 
 and SI 
 familii 
 sustaii 
 He pn 
 course 
 Goven 
 
 Th/ 
 
 hardly 
 
 straits 
 
 call for 
 
 rible n 
 
 wafi at 
 
 Oregon 
 
 tion agt 
 
 paper, i 
 
 cious sc 
 
THK GKKAT OUTBRKAK OF KIOHIT'IKN KIFTY-FIVF,. 
 
 391 
 
 and superficial view, General Wool, who was a stranger and un- 
 familiar with the relations the whites and Indians had previously 
 sustained toward each other, may, perhaps, be considered excusable. 
 He probably acted " to the best of his knowledge and belief." His 
 course, was certainly better than the other extreme adopted by 
 Governor Curry. 
 
 Th^ excitement and panic created in the Willamette Valley can 
 hardly be appreciated at this distant day. News of the terrible 
 straits to which Major Haller was reduced, and of Major Raines' 
 call for aid, was followed two days later by intelligence of the ter- 
 rible massacre in the Rogue River Valley, already described. It 
 wan at once asserted, and generally believed, that all the Indians in 
 Oregon and Washington had combined to wage a war of extermina- 
 tion against the settlements. The Oregonian especially was a panicy 
 paper, filling its columns with all the absurd rumors which menda- 
 cious schemers or timid idiots might invent or conceive. Other 
 papers seconded the hot-headed Dryer in his efforts to create a war 
 feeling among the people, with the exception the Statesman ; and 
 this exception was caused by the simple fact that Bush, its editor, 
 always espousetl the negative of any question upon which Dryer 
 had pronounced in the affirmative. It was somewhat anomalous 
 and paradoxical in this case, since the Statesman was the apostle of 
 Democrac}', and the Territorial Government was completely in the 
 hands of that party, which would, cousetiuently, control all appoint- 
 ments and the letting of all contracts — as subsecjuent events proved 
 that it did. On the contrary the Oregonian^ as the organ of the 
 Whig, or American, party, could hope for no benefit for itself oi' 
 friends, save such as might come indirectly, because the " war was 
 a Godsend to Oregon." By warmly advocating the war, and then as 
 hotly criticising its management by the Democratic officials and con- 
 tractors, while not forgetting at the same time to bestow unlimited 
 praise upon " the brave men in the field," the Oregonian made 
 itself extremely popular. This was an astute piece of journalism, 
 and it may be said that the Oregonian here laid the foundation for 
 its subsequent greatness and prosperity. 
 
 To enumerate the various rumore which flew about the \' alley, 
 racking the nerves of the timid and rousing the martial ardor of the 
 more warlike, would be impossible. The same evening the start- 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 j- "'If'^ 
 
 % 
 
 I it 
 
 
 
 
 
 •,. It 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ "'H' 
 
 V 
 
392 
 
 BISTORT OK WILLAMKTTB VALLKT. 
 
 [I 
 
 ling intelligence was brought into Portland that Major Haller was 
 defeated, a rumor was spread that the Cjwoudes was threatened and 
 that six hundred Indians were opposite St. Helens. Hastily a meet- 
 ing was called, excited and warlike speeches made, a committee of 
 safety appointed "to keep an eye on the Indians in and about the 
 city," and another to enroll the names of volunteers. Quite a com- 
 pany was rai8e<l before the canard was explo(UMl. Throughput the 
 M hole valley there was a general preparation for defense, extending 
 from the simple inspection of fire-arms to the building of stockades, 
 according as the panic took deep or shallow hold upon the ui- 
 dividual. The Methodists of Tualatin Plains, in Washington County, 
 apparently more exposed to annihilation by lightuiilg than attack 
 by Indians, constructed a stockade around their church, and pre- 
 pared for a defense of their families within the protecting wall of 
 pickets. The following extract from an editorial in tin* Statesman 
 of October 25, two weeks after the excitement began, throws much 
 light upon the subject: — 
 
 * * * The Idea that Indians are going to attaclc the Willamette towns 
 or settlements is groundless and silly in the extreme, and it retiuires more patience 
 than we possess to treat it soberly and without ridicule. * * * Upon what 
 are all these "dread alarums " based ? Upon silly rumors, dreams, and crazy imagina- 
 tions of excited and half-crazy brains. And bow rapidly have they all been exploded 
 In their order ! First, The Dalles and Cascades were to be immediately attacked ; 
 next, 8t. Helens ; then Major Haller was aliout to be cut off'; Lieutenant Slaughter's 
 conomand was, without doubt, murdered ; and also Governor Mason, who followed, 
 with Btuart, Trevitt, Burnhart and McKay, and several others, too numerous tu 
 mention, who had not been heard of for twenty-four hours or so, They have all 
 finally turned up unharmed, except Haller's command, which sustained a loss of 
 five men. * » » Upon the heels of the above list of rumors followed 
 some other members of that innumerable family to the effect that three or four 
 hundred Klamatbs were at the head of the Bantiam, armed, and threatening an 
 attack upon the neighlx)rhood, 8alem, Albany, and probably Corvallis. No Indians 
 could bo found there ; and then rumor located a still larger and more dreadftil band 
 on the Calapooia, with the intention of sweeping the country and burning Eugene 
 City. B'iit nary Indian was found there, and we heard nothing of madam rumor 
 for two or three hours, when she came in breathless and reported the Tillamook 
 Indians as being in an awful flz, and al)out to blow out Lafayette and Yamhill. A 
 party started over to Tillamook to surprise the red rascals and head off their dire in- 
 tentions; in due time they returned, without any scalps, and not very much fright- 
 «ned for their lives. They probably conveyed to those Indians the <irBt intelligence 
 they had of the combination of all the tribes against the whites. * « » 
 Now, nothing remains of the rumors i^m that quarter (the north) but the report of 
 a combination of tribes, and a purpose of giving battle to the whites. We have 
 noticed that in times past, upon the occurrence of Indian hostilltiee, it is at once re- 
 ported that there is a combination of all the tribes in the section where the dis- 
 turbance exists ; and we have noticed, also, that when it was over and the dust* 
 
THR ORKAT OTTTBKKAK OK KIOHTEEN KIFTVKIVK. 
 
 'MV.\ 
 
 obtainable, that there wbh no general combination, and do preconcerted purpoHC of 
 war. There niay lie a general combination of trll>eH north of us. We hope not ; and 
 we have neen no evidence that such is the case, and do not believe that it in. 
 
 The troops under tlie fommand of Major RaineH w«^re portions 
 of the 4th Infantry. Immediately upon receiving the Major's re- 
 port of the condition of affairs on the Co]iim>»ia, as well aw intelli- 
 gence of the Rogue River complications, Major General Wool, com- 
 mandant of the Military Division of the Pacific, with headciuarters 
 at San Francisco, forward<Ml all the Iroops at his disposal, together 
 with stores, ammunition, etc. lie also made a requisition upon the 
 Government for reinforcements, in response to which the 9th Infantry 
 was sent to the Coast; but owing to the insufficient means of com- 
 munication and travel, the regiment did not arrive until the follow- 
 ing spring. 
 
 
 
CHAPTER XXTTT, 
 
 THE FALL CAMPAIGNS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 Governor Curry Calls for Two Battalloius of Volunteers — Siege of 
 Oalice Creek — Battle of Hungry Hill — A Poor Commissariat, and 
 Jealousy between Regulars and Volunteers Cause Disaster — Organi- 
 zation of the Two Battalions — They Arrange with the Regulars for 
 a Joint Cainpaigii — The First Meadows Campaign — Invasion of 
 the Rice' Settlement — Massacre of Peaceable Umpquas in Loohing- 
 Glass Valley — Attack on the Camps of Jake and John — The Siege 
 on Applegate Creek — Fight on Murphy Creek — Close of the Cam- 
 paign for the Winter. 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 THE narrative now turns hack to the Rogue River Valley, whose 
 stirring events will be considerwl while Major Raines and 
 Governor Curry's troops are preparing for their expedition against 
 the Yakimas. Upon the news being received at Corvallis, the tem- 
 porary seat of Government, that the flame of war had burst out 
 afresh in Southern Oregon, Governor Cuit}', immediately after Iiis 
 proclamation for troops to fight the Northern Indians, issued a 
 second call for volunteers to quell the uprising in the South. He 
 called for two battalions, to be designated as the " Northern Bat- 
 talion" and "Southern Battalion." The former was to consist of 
 five companies, two fi'om Lane County, and one each fiw^ni Douglas, 
 Linn and Umpqua, and was to rendezvous at Roseburg and elect 
 a Major to command it. The latter wa.« to consist of four compa- 
 nies, all fi'om Jackscm Councy, to a.'»semble at Jacksonville, and also 
 choose a Major as commander. 
 
 While the work of organizing the forces was going on, the Indian 
 marauders retired to the neighborhood of Grave Creek, Cow Creek 
 and Galice Creek, on each of which were important settlement*. 
 On the morninyr of the seventeenth of October the united bands of 
 
fHE VXLh CAMPAIGNS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 395 
 
 Limpy, George, John and Tenas Tyee made an attack on the head- 
 quarters of the volunteers on Galice Creek, and the fight ensued 
 which has been celebrated as the " Sipge of Galice Creek.'' Cap- 
 tain William B. Lewis, in command of a company of about thirty- 
 five men, was stationed at the creek. On the day mentioned Ser- 
 geant Adams was fired upon by hostiles, who appeared in strong 
 force on the hill overlooking the houses used as headquarters. 
 Several volunteers who were standing near were also fired upon, 
 and Private J. W. Pickett was mortally wounded by a shot through 
 the body, and died during the day. The headquarters consisted of 
 two board houses, situated some twenty yards apart, and about an 
 equal disrance fi'om the stream. Some four or five men took a 
 position in a ditch which had been cut for defensive purposes; others 
 took shelter within a log corral adjoining one of the houses, while 
 within the latter the remainder were installed. The enemy were 
 hidden behind natural obstructions in all directions from the de- 
 fenses. Very soon the men were driven from the ditch, and took 
 refuge in the houses. While retreating towai'd the house. Private 
 Israel jJ. Adams was shot and fell, mortally injui-ed, near the house, 
 being assisted into it by Private Allen Evans, who, while thus en- 
 gaged, received a severe wound in the jaw. The Indians imme- 
 diately occupied the ditch to the number of twenty or more, and 
 kept up a fire on the houses, within whicli the volunteers were erect- 
 ing defences by digging up floors, piling up blankets, etc. Umpqua 
 Joe, a fi'itJiKJly Indian who was taking part with the whites, had the 
 misfortune U* be wounded; and a bullet penetrated the thin walls 
 of the house and struck Private Samuel Sanders in the head, killing 
 him instantly. Several attempts were made by the enemy to set fire 
 to the houses, and Chief George particularly distinguished himself 
 by attempting to throw burning faggots upon the roofs. The en- 
 gagement lasted nearly all day, the Indians at nightfall retiring fi'om 
 the scene. When they had disappeared, the volunteers went to work 
 to strengthen their defences by extending their ditch, at which they 
 occupied themselves nearly all night. In the mi>rning some Indians 
 appeared, and seeing from the preparations that the whites were 
 ready to receive them, fired their guns, retreated, and were not 
 again seen on Galice Creek. Besides those mentioned, Benjamin 
 Tufta, severely wound 1, died on the twenty-eighth of November 
 
 A 
 
396 
 
 HI8TOUY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 I f 
 
 s. '■ 
 
 i'ii 
 
 ■, 1 
 
 following. Captain Lewis, First Lieutenant W. A. Moore, and 
 Privates John Erixson, Louis Dunois, and Milton Blacklidge were 
 wounded. How great the Indian loss was could not be determined, 
 but common opinion was that it was about equal to that of the 
 whites. 
 
 A few days subsequently, and while the whereabouts of the 
 Indians was unknown, an opportune circumstance revealed their 
 place of abode. Lieutenant (since General) A. V. Kautz, of the 
 regular army, set out from Port Orford with a guard of ten soldiers 
 to explore the country lying between that place and Fort Lane. 
 Leaving the river near the mouth of Grave Creek, he ascended the 
 neighboring hills, and, much to his surprise, came upon a very 
 large band of Indians. As they proved hostile, there was no re- 
 source but to run for it, and losing one man by the savages' fire, 
 the men escaped to Fort Lane. Having now been made aware of 
 the Indians" exact whereabouts. Colonel Ross and Captain Smith, 
 combining forces as well as the mutual jealousies of regulars and 
 volunteers would permit, began to plan an active campaign. All 
 the disposable troops at Fort Lane consisted of eighty -five men and 
 four officers. These set out on the twenty -seventh of October, and 
 on arriving at the Grave Creek House were joined by Colonel Ross' 
 command, of about two hundred and ninety men, besides a portion 
 of Major Martin's force fi'om Deer Creek. From this point the 
 combined forces moved, on October thirtieth, to the Indian cam^), 
 arriving at daybreak at a point where Captains Harris and Bruce 
 were deployed to the left, while Captain Smith, with the regulars, 
 took the ridge to the right, with the expectation of arriving in the 
 rear of the position. Captains Williams and Rinearson ft)llowed in 
 Captain Smith's tracks. The country not being perfectly known 
 by the whites, several mistakes followed in consequence, and Harris 
 and Bruce came directly upon the Indian encampment, and were in 
 full view of the savages, before any strategic movement could be 
 made, and no opportunity for surprising the enemy offered itself. 
 The ^^^ me was sunrise, and Captain Smith had gained his rear posi- 
 tion and had built fires for his men's refreshment, at the place where 
 Lieutenant Kautz had been attacked. By these fires the Indians 
 were warned of the party in their rear, and prepared themselves 
 accordingly. The regulars descended into a deep gorge, climbed 
 
THE FALL CAMPAIGNS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 397 
 
 () 
 
 up the other side aud directly were eugaged with th<^' Indlaus, wh^ 
 advanced to meet them. From tlie crest of .the hill for a mile oi- 
 more in the rear of the Indianj, wa^ a dense tliicket; on the right 
 and left were precipitous descents into a gorge filled with pines and 
 undergrowth, in which the natives concealed themselves almost per- 
 fectly from the view of the whites, who possessed no resources suffi- 
 cient to dislodge them. The ridge being bare on top, the men were 
 necessarily exposed, and some casualties resulted. Mi^vements were 
 made to get in the rear of this new position, but such attempts were 
 futile. Several charges were made by the regulars, but ineffectually, 
 although the Mien were for considerable periods within ten or twenty 
 yards of the hostiles. The latter fought bravely and steadily, pick- 
 ing off the whites by a regular fire from their rifles, which were 
 pitted against the inferior weapons of the troops, or at least of the 
 regulars, two-thirds of whom had only the " musketoon," a short, 
 smooth-bore weapon, discharging inaccurately a heavy round bullet, 
 whose range was necessarily slight. About sunset the commanders 
 concluded to retire from the field, and encamped for the night at 
 Bloody Spring, as it was then named, some distance down the hill. 
 On the following morning Lieutenant Gibson, of the regulars, 
 with ten men, proceeded up the hill to the battlefield, to secure the 
 dead body of a private of his detachment, and when returning with 
 it was pursued by the savages, who came down and attacked the 
 camp in force. No damage was done except the wounding of Lieu- 
 tenant Gil)son, and after a time the savages were driven off. No 
 further attempt against the Indians Wius made, and after advising 
 with their officers, the two commanders decided to remove their 
 troops from the vicinity. The total loss was thirty-one, of whom 
 nine were killed, and twenty -two wounded. Several of the latter 
 died of their injuries. The volunteei's killed were Privates Jacob 
 W. Miller, James Pearcy and Henry Peai-1, of Rinearson's company; 
 John Winters, of Williams'; and Jonathan A. Pedigo, of Harris'. 
 The wounded were Privates William H. Crouch, Enoch Miller and 
 Ephraim Tager, of Rineai'son's ; Thomas Ryan and William Stamms, 
 of Williams'; L. F. Allen, John Goldsby, Thomas Gill, C. B. Hin- 
 ton, William M. Hand, William L Mayfield, William Purnell and 
 William White, of Harris'; C. C. Gocnlwin, of Bruce's; and John 
 Kennetly, of Welton's. Tlie latter died on the seventh of Novem- 
 
 
398 
 
 HISTORY OV WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 W 1 
 
 il 
 
 ber, and C. B. Hinton, in endeavoring to make his way alone to 
 the Grave Cieek House, lost his road and perished from exposure. 
 This fight is known by the sevefal names of the " Battle of Bloody 
 Springs," "Battle of Hungry Hill," and " Battle in the Grave Creek 
 Hills," and was practically a defeat. 
 
 Inclemency of the weather and inadequate clothing and accoutre- 
 ments are ascribed as reasons for the failure of this campaign; but 
 more especially an utter failure of the commissariat. The commis- 
 sary and ([uartei-niaster departments were at fault, nor do they ap- 
 pear tt) have been efficiently administered at any time during the 
 war, although their expenses (duly charged to the United States) 
 were prepostei-ously great. Figures are at hand to show that the 
 expense of the latter department exceeded, for a time, eight hundred 
 dollars per day! And this for transportation alone. A large 
 number of Mexicans were borne on the rolls as packers, whose 
 daily pay was six dollars, and who had the care and management 
 of about one hundred and fifty pack animals, which were used in 
 carrying supplies fi'om Jacksonville or Crescent City to the seat of 
 war. They • belonged to the volunteer service, and were entirely 
 distinct from the trains by which the regulars at Fort Lane wei'e 
 supplied. It was to this mismanagement the failure of the cam- 
 paign was attributed, and apparently with considerable justice. As 
 was customary at that date, a great deal of blame was cast upon 
 the volunteers for theii* alleged failure to properly second the efforts 
 of the Government troops. This charge is retorted upon Captain 
 Smith's soldiers by counter-charges of similar tenor; and as neither 
 side in the controversy is supported by any but intta-ested tn-idence, 
 we can not, at this date, satisfactorily discuss the ({uestion. The 
 matter, however, is connected with the invariable teudeucy to an- 
 tagonism, which shows itself on every similar occasion. 
 
 These preliminary engagements were followed by a comph'te 
 organization of the hastOy collected companies as designated in the 
 proclamation of Governor Curry. John K. Lamerick was appointed 
 Acting Adjutant General for the Southern Battalion, and reached 
 Jacksonville a few days subsequent to the V>attle of Hungry Hill. 
 About a dozen companies, of from twenty to eighty men each, ap- 
 plied to be mustered. Of these four — Bruce, Williams, Wilkin- 
 son, and Alcorn's — were mustered at Vaunoy's Ferry on the tenth of 
 
T;% 
 
 THE FALL CAMPAIGNS IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 399 
 
 November, the othei"s being disbanded. The l)attaliou elected 
 James Bruce Major, his only competitor being Captain K. L. 
 Williams. The Northern Battalion perfected its organization some- 
 what earlier at Roseburg, electing William J. Martin Major on the 
 twentieth of October. M. M. McCarver, who had been appointed 
 Quarterin iw General, established his headquartei" at Roseburg. 
 Major Martin's force consisted of live companies of one hundi-ed 
 and ten men each, consideraldy in excess of the number assigned in 
 the proclamation. The company from Douglas County was com- 
 manded by Samuel Gordon ; Jonathan Keeney was in command of 
 the one from Linn, W. W. Chapman wjis Captain of the Umpqua 
 
 company, and Joseph Bailey and Buoy of the two from Lane. 
 
 Major Martin established headquarters at Camp Leland, seven miles 
 north of Grave Creek, and stationed detachments of his men at suit- 
 able points for the genei-al protection of the Avhole region north of 
 Rogue River — in Cow Creek Valley, Camtis Valle}-, the Canyon, 
 North Umpqua, and at Scottsburg. Detachments of the Southern 
 Battalion were stationed at Evans' Ferry, Bowden's, on Grave 
 Creek, and other points. 
 
 This disposition of the troops effectually prevented the Indians 
 from reaching the more important settlements, and the savages, find- 
 ing all avenues closed to the eiistward, left Bloody Springs and 
 passeti down Rogue River, taking refuge in a region almost inac- 
 cessible because of its steep mountains, deep gorges and dense 
 underbrush. The two battalions were mutually independent, though 
 expected to co-operate. Their commanders arranged with Captain 
 Smith for a joint campaign againt the Indians, whose location on 
 Rogue River had been discovered. Major Fitzgerald and his com- 
 pany of dragoons had been ordered to report for duty at Vancou- 
 ver, much reducing the force of rc^gulars at Fort Lane. Captain 
 Judah, who was stationed at Fort Jones, was sent, by Captain 
 Smith, to accompany the volunteei-s with all the troops which could 
 be spared from those two posts. Here was the most unmilitary 
 spectacle of three separate and distinct commands starting out upon 
 a campaign, with no commander-in-chief and no definitely outlined 
 plan of operations. 
 
 The line of march was taken up by Major Martin, Major Bruce, 
 and Captain Judah on the twentieth of November, the latter taking 
 
 II 
 
400 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 with him, with infinite difficulty, a clumsy mountain howitzer. A 
 day or two later they encamped at the mouth of Whiskey Creek, 
 and iound traces of Indians. Proceeding down the river the next 
 morning, keeping along the high lands back a mile Or two from the 
 stream, they found the Indians in strong force in the woods border- 
 ing the river. It was deemed proper to cross to the south side of 
 the stream, and for this purpose Major Bruce proceeded with his 
 battalion down the river, being then near the mouth of Jackass 
 Creek, and attempted to cross. There was no discipline whatever. 
 The commands were but newly organized, and each private con- 
 sidered his judgment as good as that of his officers. The men were 
 scattered out over the bar, some engaged in constructing rafts and 
 others in prospecting for gold. No effort was made to keep them 
 in order by their officers, though they were almost in the presence 
 of the enera3^ The consequence was that when the Indians began 
 firing upon them from out of the dense thicket on the opposite 
 bank, the men made a wild rush for shelter in the forest above the 
 bar. Although some of the officers made a vain effort to halt them 
 and form a line, they preferred to take the advice of a fleeing Lieu- 
 tenant and " break for the brush." While this was being done the 
 commands of Martin and Judah lay upon the hill above and several 
 -miles distant, while the latter trained his piece in the direction of the 
 enemy and awoke the echoes with its harmless bang. After con- 
 tinuing this amusement for some time the martial toy was strapped 
 upon the back of a lusty mule, and the three commands marched 
 back to their camps at Vannoy's Ferry, Fort Lane and Camp Le- 
 land. Thus ended the First Meadows Campaign, William Lewis, of 
 Kenney's company, was killed, five other volunteers were wounded, 
 and one Indian scalp was taken home by the retiring troops. 
 
 The various companies were now detailed for guard duty at the 
 more exposed places, and no regular campaign was again under- 
 taken until spring. Though comparatively inactive, they served as 
 a bulwark of safety to the settlements along Rogue River and the 
 Umpqua. There were, however, a few war-like incidents l)efore 
 the close of the year, which served to show that the Inilians were 
 still hostile, and that the spirit of proraiscuf»U8 extermination had 
 not forsaken the whites. The first of these was the descent of some 
 twenty or thirty Indians upon the Rice Settlement, at the mouth of 
 
THX FALL OAHPAIOKS IK THX SOUTH. 
 
 401 
 
 Looking Glass Creek, eight miles south of Roseburg. The hostiles 
 burned Rice's house, captured some fire-arms, and did other damage. 
 A small company of men, commanded by J. P. Day, went from 
 Deer Creek to the scene and engaged and defeated the Indians on 
 the second of December, killing three. The stolen guns, horses, 
 etc., were re-captured. Castleman, a member of the company, was 
 slightly wounded. The Indians were probably Cow Creeks who 
 had not formally joined the forces of Limpy and George on the 
 banks of Rogue River. Some few of the peaceable Umpquas 
 resided in and around the pleasant vale of Looking Glass. When 
 war broke out on Rogue River, these inoffensive people were gath- 
 ered in Looking Glass Valley, occupying a rancheria on the creek, 
 where they lived at peace with all the world, and ignorant and 
 careless of everything outside of their own little sphere. In an evil 
 hour certain white people of that vicinity, who imagined that they 
 were dangerous neighbors, organized themselves into a company, 
 and fell suddenly upon the helpless little community, and scattered 
 thera to the four winds. " Several men and an old squaw were 
 killed. 
 
 The people on Butte Creek, in Jackson County, had, with the 
 first alarm of war, sought safety in a camp of log houses on Felix 
 O'Neal's donation claim. Alcorn's company was recruited among 
 the hardy settlers thereabouts, and subsequent to their return from 
 the First Meadows Campaign, were posted in part at this fortified 
 camp. Jake, a well-known chief of a small band of Indians^ with 
 his braves, had long inhabited that portion of the country and had 
 refused to go on the reservation. On the night of December twen- 
 ty-fourth Captain Alcorn marched to tiieir rancheria and camped 
 within a mile of it, in the cold and snow. At daybreak the next 
 morning the troops moved within rifle range, and began to shoot. 
 This they kept up until the natives were killed or dispersed, their 
 loss being eight " bucks " killed, and the remainder wounded. One 
 squaw was wounded in the jaw, and two men were captured. A 
 similar affair, similarly managed, occurred at the same date between 
 a detachment of Captain Rice's company and the Indians of a ranch- 
 eria four niiles nortli of Rogue River, and just below the mouth of 
 Big Butte Creek. The Indians were taken by surprise, and after 
 several hours' fighting, eighteen males were killed, twenty squaws 
 
 m 
 
402 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMBTTK VALLEY. 
 
 and children captured and the rancheria bm-ned. On the same day 
 twenty men of Bushey's company set out on a scouting t(jur to the 
 neighborhood of Williams' Creek, where a portion of Old John's 
 band were busying themselves in many a hostile way, much raised 
 in self-esteem by the partial success of their bold leader since the 
 war began. On the fourth day a detachment of seven men came 
 upon the camp, and immediately attacked it, killing three braves 
 and putting the others to flight. 
 
 Toward the last of December some scout-*, near the forks of the 
 Applegate, discovered that a body of Indians had taken possession 
 of two deserted miners' cabins, and had gone into winter quarters 
 there, preparing themselves for a state of siege by excavating the 
 floors and piling the dirt against the walls. A body of sixty or 
 more from Sterling went immediately to watch the cabins and 
 prevent the Indians from escaping, while word was sent to various 
 military companies. Captain Bushey arrived, and finding the 
 position too strong for his small force, awaited the arrival of 
 others. Capt. Smith sent Lieutenants H'agen and Underwood with 
 twenty-five regulars and the inevitable howitzer; but the mule 
 carrying the ammunition was so heedless as to fall into a deep 
 creek and be killed, while the powder was ruined. More ammu- 
 nition was sent for, and Lieutenant Switzer, with sixteen regulars, 
 brought it on a mule. The regulars then tired a shell, which 
 passed into or through a cabin and killed, Jis the records say, two 
 savages. Before the howitzer's arrival the Indians had killed one 
 man and wounded five. After the shell was fired, the regulars 
 postponed further operations until the morrow, as night was near. 
 When they arose the next morning the birds had flown and their 
 cages were empty. A much regretted event occurred during the 
 day; this was the killing of Martin Angell, of Jacksonville, who 
 set out to accompany the regulars to the scene of the siege. When 
 two and a half miles from Jacksonville, Angell and Walker, who 
 were about two hundred and fifty yards in advance, were fired on 
 by Indians concealed in the brush beside the road. Angell was 
 killed instantly, four balls passing through his head and neck. On 
 the same day (January 2) Charles W. Hull was hunting on the 
 divide between Jackson and Jackass creeks, and becoming sepa- 
 rated from his fi'iends, was waylaid and murdered by Indians. 
 
m^ 
 
 THE FALL CAMPAIGNS IK liai SOUTH. 
 
 403 
 
 After it was found that the Indians had made their escape from 
 the cabins, the regulars returned to the seclusion of Fort Lane, 
 while Major Bruce, who had arrived upon the field, set out a few 
 days later, with a portion of Rice, Williamson and Alcorn's com- 
 panies, to follow the trail of the fleeing Indians to the west. The 
 scouts came suddenly upon a single brave, who ran at the top of 
 his speed directly to his camp. The savages, warned by the shout- 
 ing of the pursued, prepared for a fight, and for quite a while re- 
 sisted that part of Bruce's command which came into action, killing 
 one man, Wiley Cash, of Alcorn's company, and seriously wound- 
 ing Private Richardson, of O'Neal's company. Some ten or twelve 
 horses, left unguarded by the whites, were taken by the Indians, 
 and several more were shot. This fight occurred on the twenty- 
 first of January, the locality being Murphy's Creek, tributary to the 
 Applegate. Only twenty-five men participated at first, but Lieu- 
 tenant Armstrong came up with a small reinforcement, and after a 
 most plucky fight succeeded in saving the lives of the detachment. 
 The total number of Indians engaged, under the leadership of John, 
 was probably about fifty. No further active campaign was made 
 until spring. 
 
 ■!:!^ 
 
 \.'i,r 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE YAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PUGET 80UND CAMPAIGNS. 
 
 r 
 
 
 m 
 
 Troops Concentrate at The Dalles — Conflict oj- Authority — An Incident 
 at Vancoii/ver — Block House Built at The Cascades— Efforts to Equip 
 the Volunteers Regulars and Volunteers March North from The 
 Dalles— Plam. of the Campaign — !%> Fight on the Banks of the 
 Yakima anxd at the " Buttes " — Burning of the Catholic Mission 
 Ends the Campaign — Efforts to Treat with Peu-peu-mox-mox — Pre- 
 lude to the Walla Walla Catnpaign — Eort HenHetta — Regular's 
 Refuse their Aid in a Useless Winter Campo/ign — Unfitness of the 
 Volunteers for such a Campaign — Colonel Kelly Ma/rches Against 
 the Walla Wallas — Capture of Peu-peu-mox-mox Under a Elag of 
 Truce—A Night of Suspense and Excitement — A Fruitless Ante- 
 Breukfast March -- Battle of Walla Walla — KiUiiuf of Peu-peu- 
 mox-7nox a/nd other Prisoners — Ewrs and Scalp of tht' Chief Ex- 
 hibited in the Willamette Valley -The Situation after the Battle — 
 Killed and Wounded — Great Excitement in the Willamette when the 
 News is Received- -Oregonian Editorials on, the Situation — General 
 Wool Condemned — His Opinion of the War and the People's Opinion 
 of Him. — Governor Stevens Prefers Charges Against General Wool — 
 Incidents Attending the Return of Governor Stevens from the Black- 
 foot Coumtry — The Charges of the Irate Governor Pigeon-holed— 
 The Situation During the Winter— Unpleasant Experiences of the 
 Volunteers — Reinforcements sent to Walla Walla — Colonel Cornelius 
 Resumes the Offensive — Horse Meat Causes a Mutiny — No Enemy 
 Being Found, the Command Abandons the Walla Walla Country — 
 Farewell Courtesies of Kama-i-akun — The Volunteers Disband 
 Without Offcial Recognition of their Services — Honors Recei/oed 
 
YAKIMA, WALLA M'ALLA AND PUOKT SOUND CAMPAIGNS. 406 
 
 from the People — Tm> Vompo/nies raimd to Giirtrd the Columbia — ■ 
 Refrfiiv of the '• Horsufed Volunteer''' — The Political and Specula- 
 time Aspect of the ihimpaign — Governor Curry goes to Washington to 
 Counteract the /nfaence of General Wool, and Secure an Appro2yn- 
 ation to Defray the Ji'xpensea of the War. 
 
 THE ten conipaniey called for V)y Governor Curry for service in 
 the north were quickly recruited, and hastened to the general 
 rendezvous at The Dalles, Colonel J. W. Nesmith in command. 
 The regulai*8 also concentrated there, commanded by Major G. J. 
 Raines, of the 4th United States Infantry. The conflict of authority 
 began at once. Major Kaines notified Governor Curry that he stood 
 ready to mu8t<^r four companies into the United States service, to 
 be commanded by oflicers of their own selection. This was the 
 number he had requested. He said that he could not take the re- 
 sponsibility of enlisting a larger force, deeming it not required, nor 
 could he arm and equip any of them unless regularly mustered into 
 the service. His proposition was rejected, and the effort to place the 
 volunteei-s on a war footing was continued. The two companies 
 called for by Governor Mason were quickly raised, one at Vancouver 
 and one at Olympia. Both were mustered into the regular service, 
 the former under the command of William Strong and the latter 
 of Gilmore Hays. The acting executive of Washington Territory 
 pursued an opposite couree to that taken by Governor Curry, and 
 sought in every way to sustain and aid the regular army officers, 
 instead of opposing them and endeavoring to conduct an independ- 
 ent campaign. To offset the supposed superiority of rank of the 
 commander of the Oregon regiment, he commissioned Major Raines 
 as Brigadier- General of Militia in Washington Territory. This 
 conflict of rank, however, cut but a small figure, the two commands 
 acting entirely independently, though oo-operating, to a degree, in 
 the first campaign. 
 
 While these preparations were progi-essing, an incident occuiTed 
 at Vancouver which called for the services of Captain Strong's 
 company. There was a village of a branch band of the Klickitat 
 tribe at the mouth of Lewis River, opposite St. Helens, which was 
 a source of apprehension to the people. A number of the wairiors 
 
 \:\ 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
i06 
 
 BISTORT OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 were known to have crossed the mountains to join the hostile 
 Yakiraas; and as a precautionary measure, a party of thirty men 
 from Vancouver went to the rancheria and escorted the tljirty 
 remaining warriors and their families back to that city, where they 
 were disarmed and instructed to remain in peace. This party was 
 headed by T. H. Smith, Special Indian Agent. On the eighth of 
 November the captives, to the number of one hundred and fifty, 
 stampeded ior the Yakima country, and were pursued by Captain 
 Strong's comoany and a few regulars. In about ten days they 
 were all brought back, except Umtux, the chief, who had been 
 killed in some mysterious way, no one being able to tell " how it 
 happened." At the same time a block-house was built at the Cas- 
 cades by Captain Wallan, who mounted upon it a six pound cannon 
 and garrisoned it with a detachment of ten men from his company. 
 Colonel Nesmith had command of the Oregon volunteers by 
 virtue of his rank as Brigadier General of Militia ; but soon after 
 the companies reached The Dalles an election was held for line offi- 
 cers, in accordance with instructions from Governor Curry. This 
 resulted in the choice ol J. W. Nesmith, Colonel; J. K. Kelly, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel; A. N. Armstrong, First Major; M. A. Chiun, 
 Second Major. Coloi-.i-J Nesmith's election wtis almost unanimous — 
 the vote standing five hundred and eighty-three to forty-one — and 
 undoubtedly his equal could not have been found in the Territory 
 With infinite difficulty and persevering energy he secured arms 
 ammunition, horses, supplies, etc., and was prepared to move al 
 most as soon as the regulars, who encountered no such difficulties 
 An application to Major Raines for arms and equipments was re 
 fused, on the gi'ound that he was not authorized to issue them to 
 any but troops in the United States service. Major Raines was, 
 however, very anxious that something should be accomplished, and 
 partially supplied them under the militia law of the country, which 
 entitled every Territory to draw a certain amount of arms and am- 
 munition from the Government. Still they were not ready to take 
 the field. Major Raines, as a last effort at a compromise, offered to 
 muster the whole force into the regular service, with Colonel Nes- 
 mith in command as Major, and equip them from the Government 
 stores, but the offer was declined. He then began his march into 
 the Yakima country with the regulars, informing Colonel Nesmith 
 
YAKIMA, WALI.A WALLA AND PUOKT HOUND CAMPAIGNS. 4(>7 
 
 that if liis ('(minmnd whs defeatt'd by reiwoii of its inferioi- muuhi-rs, 
 the hliuiie would wM with the volunteers, who, by refusing to be 
 mu8t('i'«'d into the service, prevented themselves from being ej^uipped 
 and taking jmrt in the eampaign. A few days later Colonel Nes- 
 mith was so far })repar('d with a portion of his command as to feel 
 ju8tifie(' in taking the Held for a short campaign. He accordingly 
 hastened to overtaki- Major Raines with some four hundred men, 
 leaving the remainder at The Dalles under command of Major 
 Chinn. The volunteers and regulars were united on the third of 
 November, and continued the march together. 
 
 The plan of the campaign embraced an invasion from two di- 
 rections. Besides the force marching north from The Dalles, Cap- 
 tain Maloney was instructed to enter the Yakima country ])y way 
 of the Natchess Pass with his company of the -ith Infantry and. 
 Captain Hays' company of volunteers, and to form a junction with 
 Major Raines. The movements of Captain Maloney's command 
 will be detailed later. It is suflBcient to say that this force did not 
 participate in the Yakima campaign, though its supposed move- 
 ments served to complicate matters considerably, and caused much 
 needless anxiety. As the united forces passed through tiu Indian 
 country they found and destroyed, or used, about ten thousand 
 pounds of provisions the enemy had secreted, chiefiy dried salmon 
 and camas. On the morning of the eighth of November Captain 
 Cornelius, with seventy men, made a detour to the left from the 
 night's camp on Simcoe Creek. Towards evening the main body 
 reached the Yakima and went into camp, the regulars some two 
 miles in advance. Major Raines soon discovered Indians in the 
 bushes on the opposite bank of the stream, and opened upon them, 
 at the same time dispatching a courier to Colonel Nesmith. The 
 latter dashed awa>" to the front at the head of sixty men, where he 
 found the regulars and Indians passing leaden compliments with 
 the river flowing between them. He at once commenced searching 
 for a ford, found it, crossed the stream, and dislodging the savages, 
 followed them ineffectually until they took refuge in the direction 
 of the " Buttes " to the northeast. He then withdrew and went 
 into camp. Lieutenant Phil. Sheridan, at the head of some twenty 
 United States dragoons followed the force under Colonel Nesmith 
 across the river, and gallantly joined the successful advance. That 
 
40« 
 
 HISTOTtY OF WILLAMETTB VALLEY. 
 
 
 evening Captain Cornelius reached Nesmith's camp, having beeu 
 engaged during the greater part of the afternoon with a large body 
 of Indians, in which three of his men and several horses had re- 
 ceived Avounds. 
 
 On the morning of November 9, the entire force moved in the 
 direction of a gap in the hills through which flows the Yakima 
 River, at a point known as the " Two Buttes," The advance guard 
 consisted of companies commanded by Captains Cornelius, Hem- 
 bree and Bennett. These drove the Indians from their lurking 
 places in the bushes along the river until all — ix)rae three bundled — 
 had fallen back and taken possession of their rude fortifications 
 upon the " Buttes." At first a howitzer wa- tried, bu-, for want of 
 sufficient elevation, it failed to reach the enemy. Then Major Mai- 
 ler and Captain (now General) Augur with their com'^-ands, aided 
 by a force of volunteers, charged up the rugged, broken face of the 
 mountain, the Indians fleeing down the opposite side. The savages 
 had made no resistance ; consequently no one was hurt. That night 
 the whites camped at the base of the " Butte«i." and the Indians re- 
 occupied the abandoned heights; but in the morning they were 
 again dislodged with a loss of two killed. The capture of their 
 entire force at this time only failed through the misconception of 
 orders by Lieutenant D. B. Hannah. The Indians at once aban- 
 doned that section of country, and there was no more fighting, save 
 a little skirmishing with a few straggling bands in the valley. ' At 
 night the troops bivouacked by the Atahuum Kiver, some two 
 miles east of the Catholic Mission. 
 
 Up to this time no communication had been received from Cap- 
 tain Maloney, and feais vvei-e entertained that the entire force of 
 Indians had gone in the direction of the Natchess Pass for the pur- 
 pose of overwhelming him by numbers. Colonel Nesmith, with 
 two hundred and fifty men, among whom were Phil. Sheridan and 
 his dragoons, started on the morning of November 11, with a view 
 of rendering assjatauce to Captain Maloney if he needed it, or at 
 least to open communication with him. A violent snow storm set- 
 ting in, he was forced to return; and, after an absence of t'lree 
 days, his tents were pitched at the old Catholic Mission, whero the 
 main force undei Major Raines had preceded him. While stationed 
 there the troops " accidentally " burned the mission building, a rude 
 
 !l 
 
 Ui 
 
YAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PUGET SOUND CAMPAIGNS. 409 
 
 structure formed ot poles and mud. On the fifteenth a council of 
 war decided unanimously that the reduced commissary supplies 
 warranted an immediate return to The Dalles, and the line of 
 march was at once taken up. Thus ended the Yakima campaign. 
 While the troops were first assembling at The Dalles an effort 
 had been made to placate the great and influential chief of the 
 Walla Wallas, whose signature to the treaty had been secured only 
 after great concessions to him individually, and whose former 
 friendship for Americans had been changed to hatred by the un- 
 provoked muruer of his son at Sutter's Fort, in California, a few 
 years before. The chief cause of anxiety was the small party of 
 Go^ ernor Stevens, which, in the event of the joining of the AValla 
 Wallas and Cayuses in the war, would be cut off from any avenue 
 of return which did not lead through a hostile country. It is 
 doubtful, however, if he would have been mole<<ted had the subse- 
 quent campaign in that region not been undertaken. To accom- 
 plish the desired end Nathan Olney, the Indian Agent, started from 
 The Dalles with five hundred dollars in silver and some present? of 
 goods to pay Pcu-pew-mox-mox the first installment due him under 
 the treaty. He was accompanied on the journey only by Ta-be-bo, 
 a half-breed, .md A. P. Woodard, On their arrival, October 12, 
 at Old Fort Walla Walla, near the mouth of the river of that name, 
 they wero; co'dially received by James Sinclau', who, with three or 
 four men, had charge of the fort as representative of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. Peu-peu-inox-mox was sent for and told that the 
 promised money and goods awaited him, but he returned a sullen 
 and defiant reply. He repudiated the treaty; said lie would accept 
 neither pi-esents nor money from the Government, and wanted the 
 whites to leave his country. A council between the Agent and 
 Sinclair resulted in a determination to abandon the fort. The sur- 
 plus ammunition, stored there by the Hudson's Bay Company, was 
 taken out in a boat and dumped in the Columbia River, to prevent 
 its falling into the hands of Indians. Then the settlers, the Hud- 
 son's Bay men, and a number of miners who had reached this point 
 from Colville, started for The Dalles, leaving the hostile country 
 east of the Cascade Mountains untenanted, save by a few old em- 
 ployees of the company who wpr« married to Indian women. Nar- 
 cisse Kemond, who enjoyed immunity from molestation because of 
 
 .in 
 
410 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 
 his former connection with the Hudson's Bay Company, was com- 
 missioned by Mr. Olney to remain and report upon the conduct of 
 the suspected tribes. This wholesale abandonment of the country 
 was accepted by the Indians as an invitation to do as they pleased 
 with what had been left behind. Thev burned the Um'^tiU i Tils- 
 sion, in which had been stored a quanfity of supplies ir l^'T- *> v 
 Stevens, plundered McKay's house and other places, drov ue K.ddi.e 
 of Brooke, Bumford and Noble away from Waiilatpu, and took 
 possession of and pillaged Fort Walla Walla. This v/as done by 
 Yakima and Palouse Indians, assisted by certain factions of ihe 
 Walla Wallas, Cayuses and Umatillas. Howlish-Wampoo, head 
 chief of the Cayuses, endeavored in vain to prevent the Yakimas 
 and Palouses from driving tlie cattle away from Waiilatpu. The 
 Walla Walla affair was the work of Peu-peu-mox-mox and his fol- 
 lowers. On the whole these acts can hardly be considered as a 
 sufficient cause for an invasion of their country by the forces of 
 Governor Curry, at an expense of millions of dollars to the Gen- 
 eral Government. If protection of the settlers in the Willamette, 
 along the lower Columbia and on Puget Sound, was desired, tlia<^ 
 object could have been more effectually accomplished by guardiir 
 the lines of approach. By leaving these open and invading the 
 Indian country, they not only invited the danger they apprehen.ltia, 
 but showed that on the part of the leaders, at least, the war was 
 an offensive, and not a defensive, one. Even if an invasion were 
 in any event to be feared, it certainly could not be made until 
 spring, the routes through the mountains being, with the aid of a 
 few troops, sufficiently guarded f-om approach by the icy hand of 
 winter. Furthermore, this conduct on the part of the Indians \. ■* 
 not known until after the campaign had been decided upon ai I > 
 force dispatched from The Dalles to begin its execution. 11. • 
 rescue of Governor Stevens from possible attack }iy the disaffected 
 Walla Wallas or Cayuses, then, c( uld htj the or^ly excuse for send- 
 ing an armed force into the Walla W liia cotui'v but this object 
 in itself by no means required so h-ng t; orunpaign — continuing 
 some months after the Governor's return — nor the employment of 
 so large an army at such an enormous outlay. The safe return of 
 His Excellency could have been accomplished at a comparatively 
 trifling expense. 
 
YAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PUGET SOUND CAMPAIGNS. 
 
 411 
 
 Without waiting for the information expected from Mr. Kemond, 
 Governor Curry decided to invade the Walla Walla country in 
 force. He dispatched two companies on the seventh of November 
 to reinforce Colonel Nesmith in the Yakima country, and at the 
 same time sending orders for him to proceed directly to Fort Walla 
 Walla, where he would be joined by one hundred and fifty men 
 from The Dalles. The reinforcements lost their way, and failed to 
 reach Colonel Nesmith until they met him on the seventeenth in 
 the Simcoe Mountains, on his way back to The Dalles. It was 
 then impossible to obey the Governor's instructions, and Colonel 
 Nesmith continued his homeward march to The Dalles. Mean- 
 while, on the twelfth. Major Chinn started witlrtvvo companies for 
 Fort Walla Walla, along the south bank of the Columbia. On the 
 night of the seventeenth they encamped at W-^ll Springs, where 
 they were joined by two couriers from Narcisse Remond with intel- 
 ligence from the Walla Walla country, the substance of which has 
 been previously given. This information caused Major Chinn to 
 abandon the march for Fort Walla Walla, and to proceed to the 
 site of the burned Catholic Mission on the Umatilla, to await rein- 
 forcements, for which he dispatched a courier. He there erected 
 defensive works, and on the twenty-first sent another courier asking 
 for two more companies and some artillery. He thus describes Fort 
 Henrietta: "We have an abundance of timber and water, and 
 tolerable grass for stock. We have picketed in with large split 
 timber one hundred feet square of ground, and erected two bastions, 
 of round logs, on two of the angles; and from Llie rails found here 
 made two corrals for the horses and cattle. This, a.s a defence, is 
 good against any body of Indians." 
 
 Considerable excitement was created at The Dalles by the intel- 
 ligence brought in from Major Chinn. It was at once assumed that 
 his command was in a perilous situation, and must be immediately 
 reinforced to preserve it from disaster. The companies of Captains 
 Munson, Wilson and Cornoyer, consisting of some one hundred and 
 seventy-five men, were at once sent forward, accompanied by Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel James K. Kelly, who was to take command of the 
 whole battalion. Application was made by Colonel Nesmith to 
 Major Raines for two howitzers and artillerymen to man them, 
 stating that he had preferred a similar request to General Wool, at 
 
412 
 
 SISTOBY or WlI/LAHETTlt VALLEY. 
 
 Vancouver, but could not delay action for a reply. In this letter 
 he que \^ , with telling effect, a few lines which had been addressed 
 to him / or Raines, as he started upon the Yakima campaign, 
 
 reproachm^. ,m for obstructing the movements of his allies and 
 permitting them to encounter the enemy unaided. General Wool 
 had arrived from San Francisco a few days before, bringing sixty 
 regulars, two thousand stand of arms, and three hundred tons of 
 stores and ammunition. He was in ill-health, and did not visit the 
 seat of operations at The Dalles, but remained at headquarters in 
 Vancouver. He received the reports of his subordmates as to the 
 cause of hostilities and the present situation, and came to the con- 
 clusion that there was no necessity for a war and no need of a win- 
 ter campaign. With the regular troops to occupy the Columbia 
 there was no danger of invasion of the Willamette, and all that was 
 required to end the war was for the volunteers to return home and 
 disband. Such was the opinion of the commander of the depart- 
 ment, and it must be confessed that he was, in the main, correct. 
 Such a line of conduct would have saved the lives of a score of 
 brave volunteers and the Government many thousands of dollars, 
 though, to be sure, not ,eo profitable to the contractor and those 
 whose patriotism was confined to questionable dealings with the 
 commissary department. With troops stationed at The Dalies, 
 Cascades, Vancouver, and suitable points on Puget Sound, no attack 
 need be feared from the Eastern Indians imtil spring, even assum- 
 ing that they were disposed to risk an invasion of the settlements 
 at all. A whole regiment of regulars was on the way and would 
 arrive in ample time to participate in a campaign in the spring, if 
 one should prove to be necessary. It was certainly the duty of 
 Governor Curry to recall Major Chinn and disband the volunteer 
 army, or, at least, the greater portion of it. If necessary, the safe re- 
 turn of Governor Stevens could have been provided for by sending 
 him an armed escort to accompany him home after he had reached 
 the friendly Nez Perces. General Wool, consequently, refused to 
 furnish howitzers, or to participate in the proposed campaign in any 
 way, and withdrew his forces to winter quarters at Vancouver, 
 including the Washington Territory volunteers. 
 
 The absurdity of undertaking a winter campaign so far away 
 from the base of supplies becomes still more apparent by the fol- 
 
 
YAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PU»«T 80UND CAMPAIGNS. 418 
 
 lowing quotation from the report of Colonel Nesmith of the condi- 
 tion of his command upon their return from only three weeks' cam- 
 paigning in the Yakima country: 
 
 Mj»ay of the men were frost-bitten on the late expedition, and can hardly be 
 b^d to be fit for duty. An inspection of horses has been had at camp, and about 
 one-fourth of the whole number were found fitted for present duty. About one- 
 half of the men composing the whole command desire their discharge. I have 
 given a few dischargns upon the written report of the surgeon, stating that the men 
 were unfit for duty. I have, also, granted furloughs to a few of the men who have 
 urgent business requiring their personal attention for short periods ; and am now 
 anxiously awaiting orders for the disposition of the remainder of the command. 
 * * * * The right column, which was under my immediate command, 
 suflTered intensely during the campaign, for want of tents to protect them from the 
 inclemency of the weather. My requisition for tents is still unfilled. There is 
 much Justifiable complaint on the part of the men, by reason of their exposed con- 
 dition. 
 
 On the twenty-eighth he forwarded to Colonel Kelly the com- 
 panies of Captains Bennett and Cornelius, increasing the force in 
 the field to four hundred and seventy-five men, besides two com- 
 panies under Major Armstrong, in the vicinity of the Des Chutes 
 and John Day rivers. He then started for the Willamette Valley 
 for a temporary absence, leaving Captain Farrar in command at 
 The Dalles, but soon after reaching Portland resigned his commis- 
 sion and retired to private life. While preparations were being 
 made for this campaign the Oregonian editorially commented upon 
 the selfishness, greed and want of patriotism on the part of the 
 people, who demanded enormous prices for everything furnished 
 for the use of the troops. 
 
 Colonel Kelly reached Fort Henrietta on the twenty-ninth of 
 November, and learning that the Indians were in force in the 
 vicinity of Fort Walla Walla, determined to march upon them 
 without delay. His command moved on the fifth of December in 
 two divisions. Major Chinn, with one hundred and fifty men and 
 all the baggage, proceeded to the mouth of the Touchet River, 
 while Colonel Kelly, with two hundred men, unincumbered, moved 
 up the stream for the purpose, as his subsequent report declares, 
 " of attacking the Walla Wallas," who were supposed to be en- 
 camped there. As they proceeded up the Touchet, Captain Cornoyer 
 and a few of his company of scouts marched a long distance in ad- 
 vance. Suddenly, while approaching the summit of a hill, several 
 Indians appeared in his immediate front, advancing from the oppo- 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 J -■= 
 
 
414 
 
 HI8T6RT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 site side of the crest. In an instant the Captain's gun was leveled 
 upon the one in advance, but, before he could fire, a flag of truce 
 was discovered in the hand of the savage; and the Captain's com- 
 panions cried out, "Don't shoot! don't shoot! it's Peu-peu-mox- 
 mox!" A parley followed; but, while it was going on, the Captain 
 discovered a band of about one hundred and fifty Indians on horse- 
 back, advancing in the direction from which the chief had come. 
 In a twinkling his gun again covered Peu-peu-mox-mox, who was 
 told that if his followers continued to approach, his own life would 
 pay the forfeit; and, at a signal accompanied by a peculiar cry, the 
 advancing party halted as if by magic, every one of whom dis- 
 mounted and stood by his horse. The Chief asked if Nathan 01ney» 
 the Indian Agent, was with the soldiers; and on being told that he 
 was, expressed a desire to see him. He stated that he wanted no 
 fighting; that he had determined at first to make war on the whites, 
 but, after reflection, had concluded that it was not policy for his 
 people to do so ; that he was willing to make all amends that lay 
 in his power for what his tribe had done; and was anxious to se- 
 cure a permanent peace. The Captain sent one of his men back to 
 report, asking Colonel Kelly to come with Olney and meet the flag 
 of truce party. Accordingly, the volunteers were baited in plain 
 sight of the little squad on the hill, while the parties indicated, with 
 John McBean for interpreter, went forward to meet the redoubtable 
 chief. 
 
 Considerable time was consumed in the conference ; and, as it 
 passed, gradually the main body of both Indians and volunteers 
 approached the central group until all were together, the soldiers 
 surrounding the flag party with the main force of Indians on the 
 outside. Finally, the entire body moved toward the Indian village, 
 until it was discovered that the trail they were following passed 
 through a dangerous canyon, when another halt was made. A 
 portion of the troops had already entered the canyon, among whom 
 was Captain Cornoyer, who, on turning back to learn what caused 
 the delay, found that fears were entertained by soi le of the oflScers 
 that treachery was intended by Peu-peu-mox-mox. Captains Cor- 
 noyer, Bennett, and others were of a different opinion ; they said 
 treachery on his part would cost him his life, and he knew it. " Put 
 him in my charge," said Captain Cornoyer, " he will then know that 
 
 thefi 
 and i 
 and t 
 all in 
 Nathfi 
 they c 
 risk o 
 
YAKIMA., WALLA WALLA AND PTJGET SOUND CAMPAIGNS. 415 
 
 the first gun fired upon our ranks will be a signal of his own death, 
 and there will he no danger. Let us go to their village to-night, 
 and the peace he promises will be a certainty, for we will have them 
 all in our power." This advice was not taken. Colonel Kelly and 
 Nathan Olney insisted that if his professions were in good faith, 
 they could be carried out the next day just as well as to run the 
 risk of a dangerous pass that evening; and it was determined to 
 move back on the trail a short distance and camp, supperless, for 
 the night. The flag of truce Indians were taken with them, under 
 close guard, as disarmed prisoners, held as hostages for the good 
 conduct of the others until the next day, the chief being informed 
 that he must so remain with them or his village would at once be . 
 attacked. 
 
 That night the camp and its vicinity were the scene of stormy 
 councils and of stormy elements. The volunteers were tired, hun- 
 gi'Y and dissatisfied, while the inhospitable elements, shedding their 
 fleecy carpet of snow uj)on the ground for the soldiers to lie upon, 
 made them angry and almost mutinous, in their belief that it was 
 the prisoner's fault that had placed them in their disagreeable 
 position. " Shoot the damned Indians !" was a cry frequently 
 heard from different parts of the camp, and the captives became 
 restless and ill at ease, believing that their lives were in danger. 
 The chief requested to be given his freedom, and some of the officers 
 were in favor of permitting him to go, while others were not. 
 Finally, an Indian appeared on an adjacent hill who desired to talk 
 with the chief, but would not come in ; and Captain Cornoyer went 
 out to talk with him, accompanied by several, among whom was 
 John McBean, the interpreter. The interview was unsatisfactory, 
 as the Indian seemed only desirous of being heard by the captive 
 chief, and talked in a very loud voice. What he said was not 
 made clear to the Captain and his associates, and, concluding that 
 all was not right, they took the loud-voiced messenger back with 
 them a prisoner into camp. At different times in the night In- 
 dians came around upon the hills and shouted communications to 
 the chief, who told his captors that his people were becoming 
 frightened for their own safety and his. Morning revealed the 
 fact that the camp had been surrounded during the night by a 
 cordon of mounted Indians, who evidently had listened to the 
 
 111 ;. 
 
416 
 
 HIBTOBT or WILLAMXTTX YALLXT. 
 
 ! 
 
 threats, dissensions, and unfriendly talk in the volunteer camp, 
 which was enough, in combination with the fact that their chief 
 was a prisoner, to make them fear treachery on the part of the 
 whites. 
 
 All existing evidence goes to prove that this great Walla 
 Walla leader came to sue for peace in good faith ; that his ad- 
 vances were received with mistrust ; that he was taken prisoner 
 while under a flag of truce, to make sure that he would do what he 
 affirmed a willingness to do ; and that the actions and talk in camp 
 that night made both him and his followers fear treachery from the 
 whites, which caused the Indians to alter their plans. This change 
 in policy was evidently made known to Peu-peu mox-mox by 
 those who shouted messages to him from the surrounding hills. 
 In doing this they used the Cayuse tongue,, a language unknown to 
 the interpreter, and one not in general use, even by the Cayuse 
 tribe themselves, Nez Perce being the common language of all 
 these Indians. The next morning the captive chief, in pursuance 
 of the new plans, secured a delay in moving, by urging that his 
 people needed time to prepare breakfast for so many men. Shortly 
 before noon the march was taken up, the dangerous canyon passed, 
 and the village reached ; but no smoking repast or cordial welcome 
 awaited them. The village was deserted, and as the hungry and 
 disappointed men gathered around the still smoldering camp-fires, 
 they knew that a battle muvst be fought. Straggling Indians could 
 be seen on the surrounding hills, and three of them, one a son of 
 the captive chief, came within speaking distance and demanded to 
 see the prisoner. The son was persuaded to enter the camp, upon 
 assurance of safety, and when he did so the father told him he 
 wanted his people all to come in and make peace. The young man 
 went away saying that he would do as requested, but nothing fur- 
 ther was heard from him ; and, finally, Colonel Kelly proceeded to 
 march his hungry command "to the mouth of the Touchet, with a 
 view of going from thence to some spot near Whitman's Station, 
 where I had intended to form a permanent camp for the winter," 
 His report continues thus : " On the morn' ; of the seventh, com- 
 panies H and K crossed the Touchet, leading the column on the 
 route to Whitman's Valley, and when formed on the plain were 
 joined by Company B. A few persons in front were driving our 
 
 cattle, 
 
 foot o 
 
 well a 
 
 serted, 
 
 ei-s of 1 
 
 was re 
 
 to guai 
 
 inimedi 
 
 diataiic( 
 
 River, J 
 
 stand oi 
 
 Creek ti 
 
 Canadia 
 
 Their Ij 
 
 Along tl 
 
 brush, w 
 
 These a]] 
 
 ones linei 
 
 When tl 
 roen, belnjf 
 a munJeroii 
 «age bushes 
 back. 'J'he 
 surrounds I 
 Ing this ord 
 son, of Com 
 were wounc 
 to come Ton 
 and with fl; 
 hour Captal 
 the enemy 
 of a farm h 
 Bennett, of 
 zer found at 
 brought to , 
 wounding C 
 and fence wi 
 recovered, 
 fell slowly bi 
 during th« e 
 
 While 
 which fur 
 tellbg of 
 
 
TAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PUGET SOUND CAMPAIGNS. 417 
 
 cattle, and a few wore on the flanks of the companies and near the 
 foot of the hills that extend along the river. These persons, as 
 well as I can ascertain, were fired on by the Indians." It is as- 
 serted, however, by membei's of Company B, that one of the flank- 
 ere of that company, a man called " Jont," fired the first shot, which 
 was returned by the savages. Companies A and F were detailed 
 to guard the baggage, and the remainder of the command made an 
 immediate attack upon the enemy. The Indians were pursued a 
 distance of seven miles across the hills and up the Walla Walla 
 River, a running fight being kept up, until they made a temporary 
 stand on Dry Creek. They again fled ; but four miles beyond Dry 
 Creek they made a determined stand, near the cabin of a French 
 Canadian named " La Rocque," where a desperate battle occurred. 
 Their line extended from the hills across the flat to the river. 
 Along the stream was a thick growth of cotton wood and under- 
 brush, while the flat was covered with sage brush and sand knolls. 
 These all furnished a good screen for Indians on foot, while mounted 
 ones lined the hillsides. The report says : — ■ 
 
 When the volunteers reached this point there were not more than forty or fifty 
 men, being those mounted upon the fleetest horses. Upon these the Indians poured 
 a murderous Are from the brushwood and willows along the river, and from the 
 sage bushes along the plain, wounding a number of the volunteers. The men fell 
 back. The moment was critical. They were commanded to cross the fence which 
 surrounds La Rocque's field and charge upon the Indians in the brush. In execut- 
 ing this order Lieutenant Burrows, of Company H, was killed, and Captain Mun- 
 son, of Company I, Isaac Miller, Sergeant-Mujor, and G. W. Smith, of Company B, 
 were wounded. A dispatch having been sent to Captain Wilson, of Company A, 
 to come forwarri, be and his company came up on a gallop, dismounted at a slough, 
 and with fixed bayonets pushed on through the brush. In the course of half an 
 hour Captain Bennett was on the ground with Company F, and with this accession 
 the enemy were steadily driven forward for two miles, when they took possession 
 of a farm house and close fence (Teliier's), In attempting to carry which Captain 
 Bennett, of Company F, and Private Kelso, of Company A, were killed. A howit- 
 zer found at Fort Walla Walla, under charge of Captain Wilson, by this time was 
 brought to l}ear upon the enemy. Four rounds were fired when the piece bursted, 
 wounding Captain Wilson. The Indians then gave way at all points; the house 
 and fence were seized and held by the volunteers anti the bodies of our men were 
 recovered. These positions were held by us until nightfall, when the volunteers 
 fell slowly back and returned unmolested, to camp around the cabin of La Bocque 
 during the night. 
 
 While the battle was progressing, there was enacted a scene 
 which fumivshed General Wool with mateilal for one of the most 
 telling of his reflections upon the spirit evinced by the people in 
 
 ■ 
 
 i,i 
 
 ! t 
 
 I 
 
4X8 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 the conduct of the war. Thb was the killing of Peu-peii-uiox-mox 
 while a prisoner, held in duress in defiance of the rules of civilized 
 war which guarantee the sanctity of a flag of truce. The details of 
 this affair, as related by several eye-witnesses and purtici pants, were 
 as follows: The surgeons had decided to use LaRocque's cabin, 
 where the Indians had made their first stand, an a hospital for the 
 wounded. Near it the unfortunate Lieutenant J. M. Burrows lay 
 dead, and several wounded were being attended *.o. The coiriV)atant« 
 had passed on up the valley, and the distant detonation of their 
 guns could be heard. The flag of truce prisoners were there under 
 guiird, and every one seemed electrified with suppressed excitement. 
 A wounded man came in with his shattered arm dangling at his side, 
 and reported Captain Bennett killed at the front. This added to 
 the excitement, and the attention of all was more or less attracted 
 to the wounded man, when some one said, " Look out, or the Lidi- 
 ans will get away!" At this, seemingly, every one yelled, "Shoot 
 'em! Shoot 'em!" and on the instant there was a rattle of musketry 
 on all sides. It was over in a minute, and three of the five pris- 
 oners lay dead, another was rendered insensible by a blow^, but re- 
 covering in a few moments was shot to end his misery ; the fifth, 
 being a Nez Perce, was spared, and the fact that they were able to 
 control their excitement suflSciently to make this nice discrimination 
 shows there was a " method in their madness." Some of the wit- 
 nesses say the shooting was caused by an attempt on the part of 
 the prisoners to escape, but the greater number state that a refusal 
 by Peu-peu-mox-mox to be tied led to a struggle which ended aa 
 above. The men were angry and preferred the excitement of the 
 fight to the unpleasant duty of guarding Indians, and took the first 
 good opportunity which offered to rid themselves of their incum- 
 brances. Only one had an opportunity given him to fight for his 
 life. This was a Willamette Indian named " Jim " or " Wolf Skin," 
 who had a knife upon his peraon. Drawing this he fought des- 
 perately until he was laid lo^ with a blow on the head from a 
 musket in the hands of a soldier who had approached him from 
 behind. The dead prisoners were scalped in true barbaric style. 
 This was not the end ; the scalp and eare of the great " Yellow 
 Bird " were taken to the Willamette Valley as trophies of war, 
 though at this late date it is difficult to conceive how the ears of a 
 
 slaii 
 
 be], 
 
 is nc 
 
 man^ 
 
 gonic 
 
 of L 
 
 Port) 
 
 aceon 
 
 chief) 
 
 Genei 
 
 newsp 
 
 Th 
 lonsrer 
 
 O 
 
 follow.' 
 
 

 TAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PrOTCT SOUND CAMPAIGNS. 419 
 
 slain prisoner, who had been captured under a flag of truce, could 
 be looked upon in the light of honorable trophies of war. There 
 is no question about this fact, and there are living in Oregon to-duy 
 many before whose eyes these trophies were displayed. The Ore- 
 gonian of January 5, 185(5, records the fact that on the thirty-first 
 of December Dr. Shaw, Assistant Surgeon O. M. V., arrived in 
 Portland, having in his possession the ears of Peu-peu-mox-mox, 
 accompanied by Mr. Story, of Company A, who displayed the same 
 chief's scalp. It can well be imagined with what telling effect 
 General Wool related this incident in his official report, his various 
 newspaper communications and [)rivate letters. 
 
 The battle was renewed the following day and lasted four days 
 longer, 
 follows: 
 
 The incidents, as reported by Colonel Kelly, were as 
 
 Early on the morning of the eighth the Indians appeared witli increased forces, 
 amounting to fully six hundred warriors. Tliey were posted as usual iu the thick 
 brusi) by tlie river — among the sage hushes and sand knolls, and on the surround- 
 ing hills. This day Lieutenant Pillow with Company A, and Lieutenant Hannon 
 with Company H, were ordered to take and hold the brush skirting tlie river and 
 sage bushes on the plain. Lieutenant Fellows with C-mpany F was directed to 
 take and keep the possession of the point at the foot of the hill. Lieutenant Jef- 
 fries with Company IJ, Lieutenant Hand with Company I, and Captain Cornoyer 
 with Company K, were posted on three several points on the hills with orders to 
 maintidn them and to assail the enemy on other points of the . e hills. As usual, 
 the Indians were driven from their position, although thf , iLi^ht with skill and 
 bravery. On the ninth they did not make their appearance until about ten o'clock 
 in the morning, and then in somewhat diminished numbers. As I had sent to 
 Fort Henrietta for Companies D and E, and expected them on tlie tenth, I thought 
 it l)est to act on the defensive and hold our positions which were the same as on 
 the elglith, until we could get an accession to our forces sulBclent to enable us to 
 assail their rear and cut off their retreat. An attack was made during the day on 
 Companies A and H in the brushwood, and upon B on the hill, both of which were 
 repulsed with great gallantry by those companies, and with considerable loss to the 
 enemy. Companies F, I and K also did great honor to themselves in repelling all 
 approaches to their positions, although in doing so one man in Company F and one 
 In Company I were severely wounded. Darkness as usual closed the combat, by 
 the enemy withdrawing from the field. Owing to the inclemency of the night the 
 companies on the hill were withdrawn from their several positions. Company B 
 abandoning its rifle pits which were made by the men of that company for its pro- 
 tection. At early dawn on the next day the Indians were observed from our camp 
 to be In possession of all points held by us on the preceding day. Upon seeing 
 them Lieutenant McAullff of Company B gallantly observed that his company' 
 had dug those holes and after breakfast they would have them again, and well was 
 his declaration fulfilled, for In less than half an hour, the enemy was driven from 
 the pits and fled to an adjoining hill which they had occupied the day before. This 
 position was at once assailed. Captain Cornoyer with Company K, and a portion 
 of Company I, being mounted, gallantly charged the enemy on his right flank, 
 
 ..1 
 
430 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 while Lleutenaut McAullif with (Jompauy B dlBiiiouiited, rushed up the hill In 
 face of a heavy Are and scattered them in all directions. They at once fled in all 
 dlrectlonH to return to thl-s buttlefleld no more, and thuH ended our Kmg contested 
 fight. 
 
 The bravery of the volunteers and their gallant conduct in 
 charging and dispersing the enemy time after time, is worthy the 
 highest pi'aise. Veteran troops could not have done better service. 
 The rej)oit says that it was learned from friendly Indians that the 
 battle was participated in by Walla Wallas, IJmatillas, Oayases, 
 Palouses, and Stock Whitley's band of Des Chutes ; and *' after 
 their defeat some of them went to Grand Ronde and othe nsed 
 
 to the north side of Snake River, while Stock Whitley, disgusted 
 with the manner in which the others had fought, took his band to 
 the Yakima country to join Kama-i-akun. The Indians were pur- 
 sued a distance towards Snake River, and much provisions and 
 cattle were captured. Narcisse Remond and the other French 
 Canadians on the Walla Walla, appealed for protection, and were 
 escorted to the temporary camp where they were exempt from 
 danger of molestation. The report concludes : — 
 
 We have now the undisputed possession of the country south of Snake River, 
 and I would suggest the propriety of retaining this possession until such time as it 
 can be occupied by the regular troops; » • « but j would suggest the 
 propriety of following up the Indians with all possible speed, no\(r that their hopes 
 are blighted and their spirits broken. Unless this is done they will perhaps rally 
 again. I must earnestly ask that supplies may be sent forward to us without delay, 
 ^or the last three days none of the volunteers, except the two companies from Fort 
 Henrietta, have had any flour. None is here, and but little at that post. We are 
 now living on beef and potatoes, which are found en cache, and the men are be- 
 coming much discontented with this mode of living. Clothing for the men is much 
 needed as the winter approaches. To-morrow we will remove to a more suitable 
 point, where grass can be obtained in greater abundance for our worn-out horses. 
 A place has been selected about two miles above Whitman Station, on the same 
 (north) side of the Walla Walla, consequently I will abandon this fort, named in 
 honor of Captain Bennett of Company F, who now 8leej>8 beneath its stockade, and 
 whose career of usefulness and bravery was here so sadly but nobly closed. 
 
 The losses sustained by the volunteers in the five days' conflict 
 were comparatively slight, only twenty being Injiifed in any way. 
 The list is as follows : Killed, Captain Charles Bennett, Company 
 F ; Lieutenant J. M. Burrows, Company H ; Private S. S. Van 
 Hagerman, Company I. Mortally wounded. Privates Kelso and 
 Joseph Flemming, Company A ; Henry Crow, Company H ; Joseph 
 Sturdevant, Company B. Wounded, Captain Lyman B. Monson, 
 Company I ; Captain A. V. Wilson, Company A ; Captain Davis 
 
 Cra 
 pan 
 Fra 
 The 
 8e\ei 
 foun 
 for 8 
 espec 
 diana 
 denc) 
 to Or 
 total i 
 comm 
 in exo 
 both t 
 disease 
 of War 
 Ne^ 
 timeG 
 courier 
 flict wJ 
 could c 
 teers hi 
 to his 
 ~-needJ 
 ffiauderl 
 the couf 
 which il 
 citemenf 
 feniaric!^ 
 The Or 
 attentioJ 
 the samJ 
 
 U lookl 
 coming 01/ 
 down of a I 
 <iQd a largJ 
 o'provlaio 
 
YAklMA, WAM.A WALLA AND PUOET HOrND CAMPAIONH. 421 
 
 Layton, Company II ; Privates Casper 8nook, T. J. Payne, F. 
 Crahtree, Nathan Fry, Inuac Miller and A. M. Addington, Com- 
 pany H ; .1. B. Gervais, Company K ; G. W. Smith, Company H ; 
 Franklin Duval, Company A ; and Sergeant Major Isaac Miller. 
 The loss of the Indians was placed by Colonel Kelly at about 
 seventy-five, his report stating that thirty-nine bodies had been 
 found by the volunteers. It is d ,licult to understand the reason 
 for such a marked contrjist in tiie losses sustained by the two sides, 
 especially since the volunteers acted on the offensive and the In- 
 dians only fought when protected by natural defenses. The ten- 
 dency to over-estimate the loss of the defeated enemy is not confined 
 to Oregon ; it is as widespread as the earth's green carpet. The 
 total footing of the estimated loss of the enemy reported by the 
 commanders of the opposing forces during the Rebellion, was far 
 in excess of the actual number of killed, wounded and cajitured in 
 both the Confederate and Union armies, including the deaths from 
 disease, to which can be charged fully fifty per cent, of the mortality 
 of war. 
 
 News of the battle of Walla Walla reached The Dalles at the 
 time General Wool was removing the regulars to Vancouver. The 
 courier who brought the first intelligence had left the scene of con- 
 flict while the fight of the second day was raging, afid, consequently, 
 could only say that a great battle was in progress, several volun- 
 teers had been killed, and the result was yet in doubt. Adhering 
 to his determination to let the volunteers conduct their operations 
 — needless, in his opinion — unaided by the regular troops, the com- 
 mander apparently paid no attention to the startling intelligence of 
 the courier, who took passage fi'om The Dalles upon the very boat 
 which conveyed the troops to Vancouver. Not so the people. Ex- 
 citement was raised to a high pitch, and many uncomplimentary 
 remarks were made about the indifferent conduct of the troops. 
 The Oregonian was especially bittei' in its denunciations, calling 
 attention to the circumstances of the courier and troops being upon 
 the same steamer, in the following language: — 
 
 It looks bad, to say the lea«t, that a steamer should be loaded with U. 8. troops 
 coming out of the Indian country at the same time that news was being brought 
 down of a severe and bloody conflict of five days' duration, between the volunteers 
 and a large body of Indians ; particularly so when the volunteers were nearly out 
 of provisions, short of ammunition, and entirely destitute of other necessary articles 
 
 i 
 
 :.'i 
 
422 
 
 HISTORY OB" WILLAMErXE VALLEY. 
 
 to carry out the war ; and, withal, far In the Indian country, and, for aujrht any- 
 body ijnew, surrounded by the enemy and in danger of beiUK cut oft" entirely. Are 
 the people, the civiliiina, to protect themselves and defend the country from barba- 
 rian marauders, while those who have contracted for that service remain idle and 
 listless in their winter ((uarters, eating, drinking, and making merry? 
 
 Also appeared the following remarks ou the state of the war: — 
 
 How goes ou the war? We answer, that the U. 8. troops, who are paid for fight- 
 ing, and who have l)eeii sent here at the expense of the General CJovernment to i)ro- 
 tect the people, arc till housed up in good winter quarters, eating, drinking, and 
 making merry, wliile a few bare-footed, liaif-starved volunteers, who came here at 
 tbt'r own expense, are in the field fighting the battles of their country. In every 
 fight north, they wime out first best. Thus gfjes the war. Volunteers can go bare- 
 footed, can sleep witiiout blankets, eat their horses, if need be, while tlie " carpet 
 knights" [he would have called them "Dudes" in this age of more ample epithet- 
 ical vocabulariy] of the regular service must lie well fed, well shod, and well 
 blanketed, and hiive howitza-s, withal, or tliey can not take the field. The f^tr- 
 casses of one hundred and fifty dead Indians at Walla Walla plains sliow how ^oes 
 on the war. 
 
 Mr, Dryer, thinking Colonel Kelly's estimate of the number of 
 " good Indians," made at Walla Walla, too modest, multiplied it 
 by tv/o It was a little reckless under the circumstances, but such 
 was the style of that paper when under that enthusiastic gentle- 
 man's management. These uncomplimentary remarks were br(»ught 
 to the attention of General Wool, and the old veteran replied to 
 the effect that he professed to do his duty as he understood it ; that 
 the people of OVegon might SJiy what they pleased, it was not the 
 first time he had had dogs barking at his heels. This was too 
 much for the Orcgonian ; it smote General Wool hip and thigh ; 
 said he was in his dot.-ige, was an old woman, had insulted the 
 people and called them dogs. The object of these fierce tirades 
 made no reply, yet it may well be imagined that they only served 
 to make him more set in his purpose to pay no attention whatever 
 to the movements of Governor Curry's army, but to act entirely 
 upon his own responsibility at his own chosen time. He had 
 decided to occupy the Indian country with a strong force in the 
 spring, and was awaiting the arrival of the 9th regiment to enable 
 hiui to do so. In January he ordered Captain (now General) Ord's 
 company of dragoons to San Francisco, and wa.s abused for send- 
 ing troops out of the country and depriving the {)eople of the pro- 
 tection they had a right to expect from the Government. These 
 complaints were soon silenced by the arrival of the 9th regiment, six 
 hundred of whom were landed at Vancouver the last week in January 
 
 had 
 retary 
 again,- 
 safe re I 
 refijsi;, 
 guilty 
 that G( 
 if the ,. 
 of Go^., 
 tory w( 
 of his ill 
 inakingi 
 Govern f 
 been soj 
 *''e gle/j 
 Hellgati 
 
YAKIMA, WAM.A WALLA AND PUftET SOUND CAMPAIONR. 423 
 
 ■^■!^ 
 
 ro- 
 lese 
 six 
 ary 
 
 by the steamers Oregon and Republic, two hundred more being sent 
 to the Sound. The San Francisco papers published interviews with 
 the General, who had i-eturned to that city, in which he was made to 
 state that the troubh^s in (3regoa were caused in \)o^\ casos by the 
 whites, and that ah>ng the Columbia there was no w,/,i "ther than 
 that-reated by the unwarranted conduct of Govduor Curry in 
 sendinir Oregon trooj)?* into Washington Territory, at great expense 
 to the Government, to attack Indians from whom the people of 
 Oregon had no reason to apprehend any danger to themselv-es 
 whatever. This drew out two columns of the "Oregon style" 
 from the exasperated editor of the Oregonimt, was severely com- 
 mented upon by the other papers, and caused much indignation 
 amoui: the people generally. It was at this time General Wool 
 wrote the letter to the National Intelligencer, which has been 
 referred to, giving a history of the cause and progress of the war, 
 and lajang particular stress upim the killing and mutilation of 
 Peu-peu-mox-ioox. It was several months before a copj' of this 
 reached Oregon, but when it did another bapti^*m of wrath was 
 showered upon the gray hairs of the Mexican hero. On the ninth 
 of February the Oregon Legislature addressed a memorial to the 
 President, recjuesting the removal of General Wool from c(mimand 
 of this department. About the sam'^ time, Governor Stevens, who 
 had returned in safety, addressed a l>ng communication to the Sec- 
 retary of War, stating his personal .,rievances and preferring charges 
 against General Wool. He made it appear that his immediate and 
 safe return was the great question of the hour, and in neglecting, oi* 
 refusii.g, to provide for this the comirianding t)lficer had been 
 guilty of a most heinous crime. General Wool had taken the view 
 that Governor Stevens' party was al)l(' to look out for itself ; that 
 if the executive of Washington Territory did aot return to the seat 
 of Government for six niontlis, the material interests of the Terri- 
 tory would not be in the least jeopardized ; at least the necessity 
 of his immediate return was not great enough to justif\' him in 
 making an inva<<ion of the Indian country in the dead of winter. 
 Governor Stevens' opinion of his own importance seems to have 
 been somewhat greater than this. From this letter of the Governor 
 are gleaned the incidents attending his return journey. At the 
 Hellgate he was met by fourteen Nez Perces, among whom were 
 
 
 \'\ 
 
 ■i' ll 1 
 ■SI. 
 
424 
 
 HISTORY Oy WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Spotted Eagle, Looking Glass and Three Feathers, who, after a 
 brief council, invited him to go to their country, where a large force 
 of braves would escort him to The Dalles. Thev united with his 
 party, and all crossed the Bitterroot Mountains on the fourteenth 
 of November, passing through three feet of snow, and reached the 
 Coeur d'Alene Mission on the twenty-fifth. Here he heard con- 
 tradictory and vague rumors of the events happening below, and of 
 the condition of affairs, nothing appearing certain except the fact 
 that the Walla Wallas, Cayuses and Umatillas cherished a hostile 
 spirit, rendering it dangerous for him to attempt to pass through 
 that region without a strong escoit. He pushed on to the Spokane 
 country, where he held a council with the three tribes of Spokanes, 
 Coeur d'Alenes and Colvilles, Mr. McDonald, Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany agent at Fort Colville, and the Jesuit Fathers stationed at 
 that point, being present. The Indians were much excited and 
 were wavering between peace and war. " After a stormy council 
 of several days,'' so says the communication, "the Spokanes, Cceur 
 d'Alenes and Cclviiles were entirely conciliated, and promised 
 they would reject all overtures of the hostile Indians, and continue 
 the firm friends of the whites." He augmented his party, and 
 made a forced march to the Clearwater, at I^apwai, where the Nez 
 Perces were as<sembled. He was there informed that the Walla 
 Walla country was occu|)ied by hostile Indians, and it would be 
 unsafe to attempt a passage through unguarded. While nego- 
 tiations were In progress for a body guard oi one hundred and fifty 
 braves to escort him to The Dalles, news was received that the 
 hostiles had been driven out of the comitry by the\olunteers ; and 
 the next day he started with sixty-nine well armed Nez Perces, and 
 reached Walla Walla without encountering any opposition. There 
 he found the Oregon volunteers encamped, also ihe French settlers 
 before alluded to, the friendly Indians, and B. F. Shaw, Colonel of 
 Washington Territory Militia fud Special Indian Agent. The 
 Governor placed him in command, with instructions to fortify and 
 maintain his ground in case the Oregon trooi)s should return honip. 
 He then disbanded his Nez Perce auxiliaries, and continued his 
 journey to the seat of government at Olympin. The communica- 
 tion concludes with the following specific charges : — 
 
 very cc 
 Wool < 
 lect o 
 the 
 charge: 
 gon 
 Genera 
 Tht 
 cated 
 When 
 invasio 
 tenant 
 throng 
 with 
 River, 
 five me 
 joined 
 whole 
 
yAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PtJGET SOUND CAMPAIGNS. 425 
 
 Mb. Sfcketary— Major General Wool, cninmandlng the Pacific Division, neg- 
 lected and refused to send a force to the relief of myself and party, when l<now n to 
 be in ininiinent danger, and believed by those who were not kss capable of judging, 
 to be coming on to certain death, and this when he had at liis conintand un t tticitnt 
 force of regular troopt;. He refused to sanction the agreeniint made lietween Gov- 
 ernor Mason and Major Raines for troops to lie sent to my at^sistance, and ordered 
 them to disl>und. It was reserved for the Oregon troops to rescue us. Tlie only 
 demonntration made by Major Haines resulted in ishowing his utter incapacity to 
 command in the field. As has heretofore l}een said, his expedition ugainst the 
 Yakimas effected nothing but driving the Indians into the very country tlirough 
 which I must pass to reach the settlements. I therefore jjre.er charges against 
 General Wool. I accuse him of utter and signal incapacity, of criminal neglect of 
 my safety. I ask for an investigation into the matter, and for his removal from 
 command. 
 
 Until this epistle saw the light, it was the general opinion 
 that iViajor Raines and Colonel Nesm-th had accomplishtd consid- 
 erable when they invaded the Yakima country and compelled 
 the hostile bands of Kama-i-;tVun to evacuate it; but Governor 
 Stevens, viewing it simply iii light of the effect it had upon 
 
 him personally, and not with reg.iid to the punishment of the In- 
 dians or the safety of the people generally , charged Major Kaines 
 with "utter incapacity," because he drove "the India >s into the 
 very country through which I must pass." He also accnsed General 
 Wool of "utter and signal incapacity," because of a "t-rimini. neg- 
 lect of my safety." It is no wonder that neither th<' President nor 
 the Secretary of War paid the least attention to such frivolous 
 charges so gravely made. Nor did a memorial voted by the Ore- 
 gon Legislature on the ninth of February, asking the i .oval of 
 General Wool, receive any better treatment. 
 
 The C(mdition of affairs up to this time had been much compli- 
 cated V)y the hostile attitude of Indians living along Puget Sound. 
 When Major Haller started from The Dalles upon his unfortunate 
 invasion ^ the Yakima country, it will be remembered that Lieu- 
 tenant, vv'^. A. Slaughter undertook to go from Ft. Steilacoom 
 through the Natchess Pass with forty men, and form a junction 
 with him. Haller was defeated and Slaughter fell back to White 
 River, where he was joined by Captain M. Maloney with seventy- 
 five men. On the twenty-fourth of October Captain GilmoreHays 
 joined him with a company of volunteers from Olympia, and the 
 whole force took up its march for the Natchess Pass, expecting to 
 co-operate with Major Raines and Colonel Nesmith. who were about 
 to invade the Yakima country in force. A few days later, having 
 
 
 
 k u 
 
 ' \ 
 
426 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 
 been informed by courier that Major Raines would not start for 
 some weeks, his provisions beginning to run low, and the lateness 
 of the season threatening soon to blockade the mountains with 
 snow, he deemed it judicious to return to Ft. Steilacoom, especially 
 as the Sound Indians were evincing a hostile spirit, and the invasion 
 of warlike tribes from British Columbia was feared. These North- 
 ern Indians, like the Saxons, Danes and Norsemen of old, were ac- 
 customed to make long coasting voyages in their immense war ca- 
 noes, and invade whatever region they might see fit. Puget Sound 
 Indians and, after its settlement, the whites, were frequent sufferers 
 from these plundei'ing raids. While returning, Maloney and Hays 
 were attacked by Indians on White Eiver, and a severe engage- 
 ment followed, resulting, as reported, in the death of one regular, 
 the wounding of one volunteer, and the killing of forty Indians. 
 The force continued its retreat to Ft. Steilacoom. The greatest 
 alarm prevailed among the settlers of that region. They hastened 
 to points of safety with their families, and built stockades and 
 block-houses for their protection. Many of the abandoned cabins 
 were destroyed by the Indians. 
 
 This was the condition in which Governor Stevens found things 
 when he reached Olympia on the nineteenth of January. Three 
 days later he issued a call for six companies of volunteers to serve 
 on the Sound, and thrcie companies to be I'ecruited along the Co- 
 lumbia for service east of the mountains. He also made arrange- 
 ments with Captain Gausevoort, of the United States steamer Aciive, 
 to cruise on the Sound below Seattle, on the lookout for Northern 
 Indians; and requested Governor Douglas, of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, to keep a vessel cruising iu the vicinit}- of Victoria, and 
 warn him of the approach of war <;anoes. A few days later the 
 Indians attacked Seattle, burned and destroyed everything in King 
 County, except Seattle itself, and the little settlement of Alki. 
 About this time the force under ('olonel Wright ai'rived from San 
 Francisco, and Lnmtenant- Colonel Casey was sent to Paget Sound 
 with two hundred men. The organized forces on the Sound were 
 divided into three battalions — "Northern," "Central" and "South- 
 ern " — which established separate headquarters, and constructed a 
 chain of block-houses from Yelm Prairie to Bellingham Bay, The 
 central position of the regulars was at Muckleshoot Prairie. The 
 
YAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PUGET SOUND CAMPAIGNS. 427 
 
 naval forces were stationed at Seattle, and were commanded at this 
 time by Captain Svvartwout. Thus was the Sound guarded while 
 Governor Stevc^ns was making preparations for an invasion of the 
 country east of the mountains. A retiirn to the Oregon volunteers 
 left in winter camp at Walla Walla is now necessary. 
 
 The Oregon troops held possession of the Walla Walla country 
 during the winter, occasionally moving, for convenience, to a new 
 camping ground. Though the route to The Dalles was open and 
 comparatively free from danger of attack upon trains of supplies, 
 but limited quantities of those necessaries reached the front. The 
 troops depended chiefly upon meat, procured by killing captured 
 stock, and, at times, being I'educed to an uninviting fare of horse 
 meat. The officers of the commissary department were too busy 
 running up big bills of expense for the Government to pay, to give 
 much attention to the suffering men in the field. Warmly clad and 
 bountifully fed at The Dalles, how could they be expected to ap- 
 preciate the necessities of the ragged and half-starved volunteers, 
 bravely enduring the rigors of winter in the enemy's country? 
 
 Soon after the battle of Walla Walla, Lieutenant-Colonel Kelly 
 proceeded to the Willamette Valley temporarily, and during his 
 absence an election occurred to fill the vacancies caused by the res- 
 ignation of Colonel Nesmith and Major Armstrong, in pursuance 
 of instructions from hea<lquarters. This resulted in the choice of 
 Captain Thomas R. Cornelius, Colonel, and Captain N. A. Cor- 
 noyer, Major. About the middle of January Governor Curry issued 
 a proclamation calling for five companies — one each from Linn, 
 Marion, Polk, Yamhill, and Clackamas — to take the place of those 
 disbanded, also forty men to recruit Cornoyer's company of scouts 
 from French Prairie. These were in due time recruited, mustered 
 in, and marched to the camp at Walla Walla. The French settlers 
 and friendly Indians were sent to The Dalles, and on the tenth of 
 March Colonel Cornelius marched with his entire command in search 
 of the enemy. In two days they reached Snake River at Fish-hook 
 Bend. On the opposite side was an Indian village, whose inhabi- 
 tants, thinking the stream could not be crossed, were very insulting 
 and defiant, until the most demonstrative one was laid low with a 
 bullet. At the same time the volunteers launched the boats they 
 had prepared, and the savages fled in terror. They were pursued 
 
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 v 
 
428 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 by scouting parties, who overtook them as they were about cross 
 ing the Columbia near the mouth of the Yakima, and succeeded in 
 killing one of them and capturing some horses. On the foui'teenth 
 the entire command moved up Palouse and Snake rivers, and en- 
 camped three miles above the falls. Here they remained several 
 days and were reduced to the necessity of subsisting upon horse 
 meat. So poorly was the commissary department administered, 
 that even in their winter camp they had been for weeks at a time 
 without receiving supplies; and now that they were on the move 
 their chances for beiug fed upon regular rations were much less. 
 A few days of Cayuse diet were all the fresh levies could stand. 
 They had heard of some of the privations, including the equine 
 provender, which the men at the front had endured; but it was as 
 a " tale that is told," and made slight impression upon their minds. 
 Here, however, was the actual reality experienced in their own 
 proper persons, and the impression was on their stomach and more 
 vivid and lasting. They mutinied, and declared an intention to 
 march back to The Dalles at once. They were told of the disgrace 
 of turning back in the face of the enemy, of the hardships of cold 
 and hunger the veterans had endured, and were promised a remod- 
 eling of the bill of fare as quickly as possible. They finally con- 
 sented to give the commissary department one day of grace, and be- 
 fore that time expired provisions arrived and the mutiny was at an 
 end. The command marched to White Bluffs, on the Columbia, 
 without encountering any Indians. On the sixth of April they 
 crossed to the west side of the river at the mouth of the Yakima, 
 and followed the stream down to a point opposite Fort Walla 
 Walla. Here a limited amount of supplies was received, and the 
 homeward march to The Dalles was taken up by way of the 
 Yakima country. 
 
 About the sixteenth of April, the force reached the mouth of 
 Satas Creek on the Yakima River, and went into camp. A divid- 
 ing ridge only shut out from them a view of the valley of the reser- 
 vation, where they had found plenty of cattle the fall before. 
 Since leaving the Palouse Falls, one-half their subsistence had been 
 upon horse meat and they yearned for the fresh meat of the 
 Yakimas. In the morning Captain Hembree, with five or six men, 
 crossed the creek, and commenced ascending the bluffs to the north. 
 
TAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PUGET SOUm) CAMPAIGNS. 429 
 
 He was going a short distance to see if any beef cattle could be 
 discovered, and, while passing to the right of a hill, the volunteers 
 in camp discovered some forty loose horses galloping around the 
 opposite side of it towards him. Suddenly, as those horses reached 
 a point between the camp and the Captriin, every one of them was 
 found to have an Indian rider ; and the next instant, with a savage 
 yell, the Yakimas charged upon the little squad of whites. Cap- 
 tain Hembree fell from his horse, and in a minute was scalped and 
 lifeless. Two of the assailants were shot by him in the brief 
 struggle, and another was killed by one of the soldiers, all of whom 
 broke through the lines and escaped. The Indians carried off their 
 dead, but afterwards acknowledged the loas of two braves in the 
 death struggle with the white chief. Upon the instant that the 
 attack was discovered the alarm was given in camp, and Major 
 Cornoyer, with a few hastily gathered men, dashed across to the 
 rescue. They had hardly started when firing was commenced on 
 the south side of the creek by the Indians, who were making a 
 general move to stampede the soldiers' horses. Captain Hembree 
 was found stretched upon the ground, naked, mutilated, dead. The 
 effort to stampede the horses failed, and the Indians disappeared 
 as suddenly as they had come. That day Major Cornoyer, in com- 
 mand of several companies of the regiment, followed the enemy, 
 and an engagement ensued that resulted in driving the Indians 
 from their fortified stronghold, and the killing of six of them with 
 no loss to the whites. The ensuing day saw the line of march for 
 The Dalles resumed by the entire force, bearing with them the 
 body of the gallant Hembree. Without incident, other than the 
 killing of two Indians who were met in the trail, the volunteers 
 reached Klickitat Valley, and camped to recruit their stock, and 
 received orders for mustering out of service. While occupying 
 this camp, April 28th, a band of some fifty hostiles made a dash 
 upon the grazing stock of the command, and stampeding them, 
 captured three hundred and ninety head of horses, which left the 
 Oregon volunteers dismounted. The regulars at The Dalles came 
 to their assistance, but having no orders to pursue the enemy, 
 Kama-i-akun was left to fall back slowly to the north unmolested. 
 Thus ended the campaign, and the volunteers who had so 
 gallantly fought in the field and endured uncomplainingly so 
 
 ii 
 
480 
 
 HISTORY OP WILL'AMBTTB VALLET. 
 
 many unnecessary privations, were mustered out, with the excep- 
 tion of the company from Clackamas, and found their way home- 
 ward without even a word of thanks from the Governor, at whose 
 call they had left their homes and business. They were poorer iu 
 purse, poorer in flesh and poorer still iu their faith in humanity, 
 but they had gained a vast fund of experience. The people, 
 however, were more generous in their conduct. The citizens of 
 Yamhill gave a grand banquet to the volunteers from that county, 
 at Lafayette, on the fifteenth of May ; and the Washington county 
 troops were entertained at Hillsboro on the thirty-first. Governor 
 Cuiry called for two companies to guard the south side of the 
 Columbia, and on this subject the Oregonian remarked : — 
 
 None of those in the field were wiliinfr to volunteer for the required service, 
 showing too plainly that their previous hardships hud taken from them all desire 
 to run any risk by a second campaign. Colonel Cornelius and his command have 
 done all that it was possible to do ; they nobly responded to the call ; they left home 
 when thuir services were needed ; they endured the exposure and fatigue of a cold, 
 inclement winter ; they were left (by someliody) to provision themselves. * * * 
 They are kft to thank themselves for the important services rendered the country. 
 No executive official is present to welcome them back, and, in the name of the 
 people, thank them for having so nobly done their duty. They arrive and are 
 mustered oub like so niany heathen. 
 
 The two companies were raised and left Portland on the four- 
 teenth of June for The Dalles, commanded by Captains Wilson and 
 Wilbur. 
 
 The mal-administration of affairs in the commissary department 
 was the subject of much controversy at the end of the campaign. 
 Frequent complaints had been made during the winter, but the fol- 
 lowing somewhat disconnected and incoherent, bn.t easily compre- 
 hended, communication, sent to the Oregonian from The Dalles on 
 the twenty-first of April and signed "A Horse-fed Volunteer," was 
 the signal for a war of words and printer's ink: — 
 
 It has become my painful duty to announce, through your paper, to the citizens 
 of the Willamette, the treatment the volunteers have received, and their apprecia- 
 tion of the same. Six months ago they volunteered in good faith, to fight their 
 country's foe. They expected to meet with ordinary hardships and privations, but 
 they did not expect to starve, to eat /)oor old mares and colts. » » » Our 
 hui^iness has been neglected, on account of which we have sustained heavy losses, 
 our property has been sold to pay taxes, and all by the well-wishers of the Willam- 
 ette; and now, when discharges are called for, the Governor says, "The country 
 must be protected," and that, too, by us. If we had been treated as we should have 
 been, we would willingly remain iu the field till the close of the war. But since 
 the congregated wisdom of Oregon Territory convened at Salem, decreed that a 
 
TAKIMA, WALLA WALLA AND PtIGET SOUND CAMPAIGNS. 431 
 
 Cayuae horse waa worth as much as a volunteer and should receive the same pay ; 
 notwithstanding, the pack masters, last winter, would load them down to the 
 guards, one-half with oats and the other half with whisky, neither of which ever 
 reached the half-clad, half starved volunteers, and the quartermaster politely i)rom- 
 Ises to pay to a transcendentally pntriotic Jew $2400 per dozen for hickory shirts, 
 which cost that noble man from $3.o0 to $^4.00; the volunteers to pay $2 03 for each 
 shirt. Now there are boys here who have the blood of '76 coursing through their 
 veins with railroad velocity, who say the country nmst and shall be protected, but 
 they can not, and will not, endure such treatment; that they will come home and 
 take the desperate chances with the citizens, at least till they can settle their ac- 
 counts and outfit themselves for a new cam))aign, not being willing to trust to the 
 Departments for the same. 
 
 The discussion was very warm and was conducted on a })olitical 
 basis. Early in the campaign, the previous November, the acute 
 sense of propriety possessed by Mr. Bush, editor of tlie Statesman, 
 and other leaders of the Democracy, was shocked by the knowledge 
 that a few Whigs and Know-nothings held positions in the army. 
 There was a loud outcry at this infringement of the undisputed 
 right of the party in possession of the government to hold all the 
 oflSces and enjoy all the emoluments and perquisites. Spiiited 
 communications appt^ared in the Statesman, in which the motto, 
 "To the victors belong the spoils," was frequently quoted as hav- 
 ing the authority of law and the gospel. A. M. Belt, Surgeon 
 General, was specially singled out for attack, and the Governor was 
 informed that competent surgeons were to be found in the Demo- 
 cratic ranks. Finally, a petition was circulated through the Valley, 
 which received so many signatui'es that the Governor did not dare 
 to longer remain unmindful of the wishes of his political support- 
 ers. A clean sweep was made in ev(!ry office occupied by a Wliig 
 where the executive posseased the appointing power, from the ob- 
 noxious Surgeon to the officers and clerks in the commissary de- 
 partment, contractors, and mule drivers, and a good Democrat given 
 the position. This done, they deeply lamented the fact that many 
 of the commissioned officers in the field were Whigs, but, being 
 elected to their positions, could not be removed except for cause. 
 Too much attention was paid to politics and securing the spoils, to 
 provide for the wants of the men in the field. When the contro- 
 versy arose the officers at The Dalles reported to the Governor that 
 there had always been an ample supply of provisions on hand, but 
 that they could get no escorts for their safe transportation to the 
 front. This Colonel Cornelius denied, and demanded a coiut of 
 
 i;! 
 
 ■til 
 
 m 
 
 
489 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTB VALLEY. 
 
 inquiry, which Governor Curry declined to order, taking care in 
 hia letter of refusal to state that the failure of supplies could not be 
 attributed to any fault or carelessness of Colonel C'^rnellus, and to 
 highly compliment him for his conduct during the campaign. Thus 
 the officer was mollified and the dangerous breakers of an investi- 
 gation were avoided. Governor Curry then sailed for the East to 
 look after an appropriation by Congress to defray the expenses of 
 his war. The subject had already come up, and General Wool's 
 report, the character of which can be surmised from his previous 
 conduct and expressed opinions, had caused the National Legisla- 
 ture to refuse to appropriate anything whatever. 
 
 Jiei 
 
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 Fhu 
 
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 surdity oj 
 soon recc 
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 Colonel, 
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 Gregon 
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 inactivity,! 
 Williams 
 pecuniary 
 of tl^e war 
 
Tr 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 CLOSING SCENES OF THE WAR ON ROGUE RIVER. 
 
 lieorganisation of the Volunteers — Appointment of General Lamerich — 
 Removal <>f the Table Rock Band to the Coast Reservation, — The 
 Flag of Truce Incident — Dutlle of Ehjht-Dollar Mountain — Cam- 
 paign to Big Meadows — Buttle at the Bar — Fort Lamerick Built 
 in Big Meadows — Massacre at Gold Beach — The Regulars Assume 
 the Offensive — They Chastise the Indiana at Different Places — Coun- 
 cil of Oak Flat — Buttle between Chief John and Captain Smith — 
 The Volunteers difeat Limpy and George — All the Ilostiles Surren- 
 der and are Taken to the Coast Reservation. 
 
 DUUING the winter of 1355-6 there was no fighting in South- 
 ern Oregon. The volunteers lay all winter stationed at all 
 the strategical points for the protection of the settlements from raids 
 by the Indians, who remained secluded in the mountain . The ab- 
 surdity of having two battalions with independent commanders was 
 soon recognize], and on the seventh of December they were united 
 and regimental officers elected. Robert L. Williams was chosen 
 Colonel, W. J. Martin, Lie'itenant-Colonel, and James Bruce, Major. 
 The regiment, which was designated the " Second Regiment of 
 Oregon Mounted Volunteers," consisted of the companies of Cap- 
 tains Bailey, Buoy, Keeney, Rice, O'Neal, Wilkinson, Alcorn, Gor- 
 don, Chapman, and Bledsoe, aggregating on paper nine hundred 
 and one rank and file, the effective force being much less. In Feb- 
 ruary Major Bruce and Captains O'Neal, Rice, Alcorn and Wilkin- 
 son preferred charges against Colonel Williams, alleging intentional 
 inactivity, etc. They were based upon the connection Colonel 
 Williams was supposed to have with a clique of speculators, whose 
 pecuniary interests lay in the direction of an indefinite prolongation 
 of tl^e Avar. The same speculative and pulitica) complications ex- 
 
 
? 
 
 484 
 
 HISTOBT OF WILLAMiCTTlS VALLEY. 
 
 iated here as we have seen were so productive of harm in the oper- 
 ations along the Columbia, and it is unnecessary to refer to them 
 in detail. It is enough to say that the war was declared a " God- 
 send " by those who were of the ruling pol'+ical faith and had any 
 hold upon the Government; and the consequence was, that more 
 than one man of influence would have been sorry to see it ter- 
 minated too quickly. The otitcome of the charges was the appoint- 
 ment of J. K. Lamerick as Brigadier-General to take supreme com- 
 mand «>f the forces. Colonel Williams being thus relieved of the 
 responsibility, though retaining his command. In February two- 
 thirds of the men received their discharge, and new companies wei*. 
 enlisted, commanded by O'Neal, SheflSeld, George, Busliey, M. M. 
 Williams, Wallan, Robertson, and Barnes. The companies were 
 composed chiefly of discharged men, who re-enlisted almost unani- 
 mously. On the eighteenth of March reg-.mental officers were 
 elected, John Kelsey becoming Colonel, W. W. Chapman, Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel, and James Bruce and W. L. Latshaw, Majors of the 
 two battalions. 
 
 Subsequent to the events just detailed, a transaction of con- 
 siderable importance took place. This was the removal of Chief 
 Sam's band to the reservation west of the Willamette Valley. The 
 Table Rock band took no part in the massacre of the ninth of 
 October. On the contrary, the members of that band crossed the 
 river to Fort Lane, and besought the protection of Captain Smith 
 from the violence of the white settlers, which, but for such protec- 
 tion, would surely have befallen them. During the succeeding 
 months they remnined under the immediate care of Captain Smith 
 and Agent Ambrose^ and gave not the remotest cause for suspicion 
 on the part of the whites. Finally, when the Bureau of Indian 
 Affairs decided to remove all the natives from Southern Oregon, 
 the Table Rock band was sent to the permanent reservation about 
 Yaquina Bay. Such was the 8tat(! of public sentiment that a 
 guard of one hundred soldiers was deemed necessary in order to 
 protect them on their progress northward. And this, notwith- 
 standing the fact that by their friendship for the whites, they had 
 incurred the enmity of all the hostile Indians on Rogue River. 
 The people of the Willamette Valley, jealous of the removal of 
 warriors into their neighborhood, and scarce understanding the 
 
OLOsnro soisinss of thb war ov kooue hiver. 
 
 4S5 
 
 situation of affairs, held public meetings to consider the question of 
 raising an armed force to resist their coming ; but the excitement 
 soon calmed, and the Indians found a final home by the shores of 
 the Pacific. A few days later — about the middle of February, 
 Chiefs Limpy and George, with thirty mounted warriors, went to 
 Fort Lane with a flag of truce, desii'ing to have a talk and secure 
 possession of some squaws. As soon as their presence was known, 
 there was great excitement, and the volunteers prepared to attack 
 them. Thoy were, however, notified by Captain Smith that he 
 recognized the flag of truce and would guard its sanctity ; and the 
 result was the warriors were permitted to depart in safety. The 
 indignation of the people was intense, and the regular army, from 
 General Wool and Captain Smith down to the sutler, was anathe- 
 matized. The Sentinel dischai'ged fiery editorials, similar to those 
 the Oregonian was about the same time directing at General Wool, 
 and with no better result. All this abuse of the regular army be- 
 cause its commanders insisted upon discharging their full duty and 
 not being governed in their conduct by passion, prejudice or 
 speculation, served only to delay and reduce the amount of Govern- 
 ment appropriations for the expenses of the war, and proved very 
 costly indeed for the contractors. 
 
 Hostilities began in earnest towards the end of March. On the 
 morning of the twenty-fourth word was received at the headquarters 
 of General Lamerick, at Vannoy's Ferry, that two men had been 
 killed while in camp at the base of Eight-Dollar Mountain, and 
 another man mortally wounded in the same vicinity. Captain 
 Hugh O'Neal hastened with his company to Fort Hays, where was 
 but a small garrison, and arrived just in time to be driven into the 
 fort with the loss of one man. The Indians besieged the fort till 
 morning, and then retired southward, capturing a pack train, and 
 killing one man and wounding another. Here they were overtaken 
 by Major Bruce at the head of several companies. The foremost 
 of these engaged the enemy while yet the remainder were dis- 
 mounting. All horses were left at the foot of the hill which it 
 was necessary to ascend to find the enemy ; and a long b'ne of 
 battle, reaching several hundred yards along the side of the moun- 
 tain, was foi'med, and the troops advanced up the rise. The battle 
 was a lively one ; the rattle of rifles and revolvers was almost con* 
 
 li 
 
m 
 
 HI8TOET or WXLLAMXTTS VALLET. 
 
 UUl 
 
 tinuous, and frequent attempts were made by each party to charge 
 the other. All sought cover, and there was little chance for life 
 for the man who neglected thus to protect himself. At this inter- 
 esting juncture a shout waa raised that the Indiana were making 
 off with the horses, left at the foot of the hOl. A numbei- of the 
 savages, spying the condition of affairs ran hastily to the spot and 
 mounting some and leading others, escapetl with some fifteen of 
 the animals belonging to Abel George's Yreka company. The 
 most oi the fighting for ft time was done by M. M. Williams and 
 about a score of his bravest men, who ntood their ground valiantly, 
 and only retreated when the Indians had nearly or quite surrounded 
 them. Alcorn's men and othere fought well, also, but a great 
 many either ran away during the fight, or else could not be brought 
 into it at all. Over two hundred men were within sound of the 
 firing, but not one-half that number took any part in the fight, and 
 probably not over fifty engaged in it with energy and lesolution. 
 A hundred or more Indians held with determination the hill and 
 the thick woods, and successfully barred the way. Against this 
 force the volunteers effected nothing. They soon began to retire, 
 and gaining the hme of the hill, mounted and returned to Fort 
 Hays, hardly yet sensible of a defeat. The Indians withdrew in 
 their characteristic manner, and the battle of Eight-Dollar Moun- 
 tain was ended. 
 
 Early in April, General Lamerick determined upon a camptvign 
 to Big Meadows, the rendezvous of the hostiles. The Southern 
 Battalion, under Lieutenant Colonel Chapman and Major Bruce, 
 started on the fourteenth of April and marched down the south 
 side ot Rogue River, halting at Peavine Mountain. On the sev- 
 enteen 'h. Colonel Kelsfv and Major Latshaw mai-ched from Fort 
 Lejand, on Grave Creek, with the Northern Battalion, and pro- 
 ceeded to the Little Meadows of Rogue River, some twelve miles 
 from the camp of the other battalion. Chapman and Bruce then 
 joined him, raising the force to five hundred aiitl thirty -five men. 
 They camped two miles north of the river, un a high teiTaoe, a 
 breastwork of pine logs enclosing tkv encampment. Scouts located 
 the Indian camp on a lai^ bar on the south side of the river and 
 three miles farther down. Several f'.ays were spent in reconnoiter- 
 ing, and then it was decided to make an attack. General Lame- 
 
 left 
 whi 
 fir A 
 the 
 posiri 
 in j)() 
 'vas 
 hand 
 pose( 
 loss t(l 
 the 80 
 whole 
 the foi 
 Major 
 the riv 
 to the 
 with < 
 
CLOSING fiT.CST.S OF THB WaR ON BOGUE RIVEE. 
 
 437 
 
 fick ordered Major Bruce to cross the river and cut off the retreat 
 of the Indians, while Colonel Kelsey was to move on the north side 
 until directly opposite the camp, and then attack it from across the 
 stream. Both detachments started out to execute these orders, but 
 when the I'iver was reached Bruce's men refused to cross in the two 
 canvas lioats brought for that purpose. This is a fair example of 
 the difficulties the officers had to contend with. Every volunteer 
 thought himself as good as his superior officers, and refused to obey 
 all orders he did not deem judicious. Under such circumstances 
 it is no wonder so large a force accomplished so little. 
 
 Major Bruce being thus compelled to remain on the north side 
 of the river, concluded to move down stream and join Colonel Kel- 
 sey at the bar. Meanwhile, this commander had reached a point 
 on the declivity nearly opposite his objective point, and started di- 
 rectly down hill, following a ridge which afforded comparatively 
 little obstruction to his advance. The detachment was formed in 
 line of battle, and rushed down and took position on the bank of 
 the river facing the Indian encampment on the bar, and opened a 
 brisk tire upon the enemy. The savages were thrown into confu- 
 sion by the sudden attack, and did not return the fire for some time. 
 The women and children, the former carrying heavy packs, soon 
 left the camp and passed up the hill toward the Illinois River, 
 while a greater pai't of the males sought shelter in the edge of the 
 fir woods behind their encampment, and watched the movements of 
 the whites. Major Bruce arrived with his command, and taking a 
 position on the left, began firing at the enemy, who, however, were 
 in positions of comparative safety. Desultory and ineffectual firing 
 was kept up all day, but no means of crossing the river being at 
 hand, nothing could be done to complete tlie victory. It is sup- 
 poseii tliat (juite a ntmil)er of Indians were killed, while the only 
 loss to the whites was the mortal wounding of Elias Mercer, and 
 the severe wounding of John Henry Clifte. In the evening the 
 whole force went into camp at the Big Meadows, six miles below 
 the former camp. On the following morning Colonel Kelsey and 
 Major Latwhaw with one hundred and fifty men went to a point on 
 the river two miles below the bar, with the expectation of crossing 
 to the south side. At the same time Lieutenant-Colonel Chapman 
 with one hundred men marched to the battle-ground of the pre- 
 
 ' < ' i 
 
 ■ ■ '1 
 
 ■1 
 
 III 
 
 m 
 
438 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 vious day to engage the enemy if still there. The former found 
 Indians scattered along the shore, who showed fight, consequently 
 the detachment did not cross. Lieutenant- Colonel Chapman found 
 no Indians at the bar, and returned. Major Biiice had gcme in 
 another direction with one hundred men, and he also returned with- 
 out having accomplished anything. On the twenty-ninth the regi- 
 ment encamped on the bar from which the Indians had been driven. 
 Scouts soon ascertained that^the Indians had abandoned that region, 
 and it being impracticable to follow them, the regiment broke camp 
 on the first of May, five companies taking permanent station in Big 
 Meadows, which was called " Fort Lamerick," and the others re- 
 turning to Fort Leland. The chief accomplishment of thi? cam- 
 paign was to add greatly to the bill for supplies which the con- 
 tractors were running up against the day of settlement. 
 
 In the Spring of 1856 a new complication was introduced into 
 the troubles in Southern Oregon. The Indians of the coast had 
 remained peaceful, though those living at and below the mouth of 
 Rogue River were urgently solicited to join the hostiles. Their 
 relations with the settlers and minei-s Imd been none too pleasant 
 for a year past, and several incidents had occurred to intensify the 
 natural feeling of race antagonism. Ben Wright, of Modoc fame, 
 was the agent in charge of the Indians in thnt region, having his 
 residence at Gold Beach at the mouth of Rogue River. At Port 
 Orford, thirty miles north, was a military post known as " Fort 
 Orford," and garrisoned by Captain Reynolds' company of the 3d 
 Artillery. During the winter, and at the instance of Agent Wright, 
 a volunteer company of thirty-three men, under Captain John Po- 
 land, occupied a strongly fortified post at Big Bend, some fifteen 
 miles up the river, where they served to separate the hostiles from 
 the Indians below. About the first of February they abandoned 
 this post and returned to Gold Beach. Wright, observing the grow- 
 ing discontent of the native,?, put forth every effort to induce them 
 to go to the temporary reser ration at Port Orford, where they would 
 be safe from the attack of ill-disposed whites and the solicitations 
 of hostile Indians. It has always been supposed that it was owing 
 to the intriguing of one mou that this effect was not brought about. 
 This man was an Indian of some eastern tribe — Canadian, it was 
 said — and had been with Fremont on his last expedition ten years 
 
 before, 
 fidant 
 ful sul 
 reachin 
 this (loi 
 to defet 
 the Ind; 
 
 The 
 •"^nd the 
 having c 
 his Indij 
 ti^e mou 
 cabin, en 
 club slat 
 perhaps, i 
 Concludii 
 Jng the ni 
 twenty -fiv 
 ^'arious m 
 John Gelt 
 H. Braun, 
 McCollou. 
 Sean 
 i^eed, Hen 
 Mrs. Gei.s( 
 taken pns 
 hands of t] 
 and now 1 
 «nd captiv 
 that fafcfi, 
 faih^d of (1, 
 on arn'vjuol 
 corpses \\v\ 
 perhaps, oil 
 arms and A 
 constrnc(;('(l[ 
 «i"ed and fo 
 of a po&sibll 
 
tam 
 
 mimm» 
 
 CLOSING SCTINBS OF THE WAU ON KOGUB RIVER. 
 
 489 
 
 before. Enos, calletl by the Indians "Acnes," had become a con- 
 fidant of Wright's to the extent of knowing his plans for the peace- 
 ful subjugation of the Indians. Enos laid with the braves a far- 
 reaching plan to destroy utterly the s^mali colony of whites; and 
 this (lone, to join the l)ands of savages who were waging war, and 
 to defeat and drive from the country the invadera who so harrowed 
 the Indian soul. 
 
 The firet step in Fnos' portentous plan was to slaughter Wright 
 and the settlers along the coast. On the evening of February 22, 
 haviiig completed his arrangements, Enos, with a sufficient force of 
 his Indians, fell upon the scattered settlement at the south side of 
 tUe mouui of the river, and finding Agent Wright alone in his 
 cabin, entered it seen, but unsuspected, by him, and with an axe or 
 club slaughtered this hero of a hundred bloody fights. So died, 
 perhaps, the greatest of Indian fightei-s whom this Coast ever knew. 
 Concluding this villainy, the Indians sought new victims, and dur- 
 ing the night killed mercilessly, with shot or blows, twenty-four or 
 twenty-five persons, of whom the list is here presented as given by 
 various authorities: Captain Ben Wright, Captain John Poland, 
 John Geisel and three children, Joseph Seroc and two children, J. 
 H. Braun, E. W. Howe, Barney Castle, George McClusky, Patrick 
 McCollough, Samuel Hendrick, W. R. TuUus, Joseph Wagoner, 
 
 Seaman, Lorenzo Warner, George Reed, John Idles, Martin 
 
 Reed, Henry Lawrence, Guy C. Holcomb, and Joseph Wilkinson. 
 Mrs. Geisel and her remaining children, Mary and Annie, were 
 taktMi prisoners. Aftei* suffering the worst of hardships at the 
 hands of the Indians, they were delivered from them at a later date, 
 and now live to recount with teal's the story of their bereavement 
 and ca}itivity. A large portion of the inhabitants had gathered on 
 that fatefnl night at Big Flat to attend a dance given there, and so 
 failed of death ; and on the morrow these set out for the village, and 
 on arriving there found tlie fearful remains of the butchery. The 
 corpses were buried; and the remaining population, numbering, 
 perhaps, one hundred and thirty men, scantily supplied with fire- 
 arms and provisions, sought protection in a fort which had been 
 constructed in anticipation of such need. Here the survivors gath- 
 ered and for a time sustained a state of siege witli the added iiorrors 
 of a possible death by starvation. Their only communication from 
 
 
440 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLATCETTE VALLEY. 
 
 without was by means of two small coasting schooners which made 
 occasional trips to Port Orford or Civscent City. The Indians sur- 
 rounded them and commanded every approach by land. Meantime, 
 the savages were not idle. Every dwelling and every piece of 
 property of whatever description that fire could touch was destroyed. 
 The country was devastated, and, beside the fort besieged, only the 
 station of Port Orfoi-d remained inhabited. The buildings at Gold 
 Beach were all burned, and an estimate of the property destroyed 
 along the coast fixes the damage at $125,000. Subsequent to the 
 first attack a number of other persons were killed by the Indians, 
 these \»eing Henry Bullen, L. W. Oliver, Daniel Richardson, Adolf 
 Schmo.dt, Oliver Cantwell, Stephen Taylor, and George Trickey. 
 By an unhappy cliance H. I. Gerow, merchant; John O'Brien, miner; 
 Sylvester Long, farmer; William Thompson and Richai-d Gay, boat- 
 men, and Felix McCue, were drowned in the breakers opposite the 
 fort whils bringing aid and provis^ions from Port Oi-ford. Captain 
 Davis and Henry Defremany succeeded in swimming ashore and 
 reaching the fort. 
 
 Messengers from the beleaguered settlers succeeded in reaching 
 Port Oi'ford and Crescent City. At the former place, Captain 
 Reynolds, who only had twenty-six men, did not dare go to 
 their aid and leave the place unprotected. The unfortunate party 
 mentioned above at once started with provisions to their relief. At 
 Crescent City was Captain Jones with a company of regulars, who, 
 as he was under marching orders from General Wool for a concerted 
 movement of all the troops against the hostiles, was not at liberty 
 to go to the relief of the settlers at Gold Beach. The volunteers 
 in Rogue River Valley, when appt alcd to, also declined to go, 
 alleging a fear of leaving the settlements exj)osed. A company of 
 volunteers was formed at -Crescent City, conunanded by Captain 
 G. H. Abbott. On the eightli of March Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Buchanan arrived at Crescent City from San Francisco with a 
 company of regulars under Captain E. O. C. Ord, afterwards 
 Major- General, and with Jones' regulars and Abbott's volunteers, 
 marched northwai-d. Abl)ott was souie distance in advance, and 
 encountered the Chetco and Pistol River Indians, losing one man 
 and having several wounded. When the regulars arrived, and 
 rescued them, they were surrounded by Indiana and sheltered be- 
 
 under 
 
 Mai-ch 
 
 proceec 
 
 theii- asf^ 
 
 two woi 
 
 of citize 
 
 quille R 
 
 squaws 
 
 care of t 
 
 before tl 
 
CLOSING SCENES OF THE WAR ON ROGUE RIVER. 
 
 i4l 
 
 hind logs on the beach. The whole force remained in the vicinity 
 a few days, until they had severely chastised the savages and 
 destroyed their village. 
 
 On the twentieth of March Lieutenant-Colonel Buchanan 
 arrived at the mouth of Rogue River, having left Captain Abbott 
 at Pistol River to keep open communications with Crescent City, 
 the base of supijlies. Operations began by an assault upon the 
 Makanootenai rancheria, about ten miles up-stream and four or six 
 below Big Beml. Captains Ord and Jones took the town, killing 
 several Indians and driving the rest to their canoes. One man, 
 Sergeant Nash, was severely wounded. A few days later Captain 
 (now General) Augur, with a small detachmejit, leached the mouth 
 of Illinois River and found some ten or twelve Indians belonging to 
 John or Limpy's l)and, and fought them. The Indians strove des- 
 perately and five of them fell dead before the conflict was decided. 
 Captain Augur, after the tight, found it necessary to return toward 
 Gold Beach. Captain Smith set out from Fort Lane about this 
 time with eighty men — fifty dragoons and thirty infantrymen. All 
 went on foot, and marched down Rogue River, up Slate Creek to 
 Hays' farm, from thence to Deer Creek and thence down Illinois 
 River to the Rogue, and encamped a few miles further down that 
 stream, having c(nne to their destination. 
 
 Negotiations had been in progress for a few days, thanks to the 
 exertions of Superintendent Palmer, and it was hoped that an 
 agreement would be reached with the Coast Indians, v/ho were now 
 much scattered. Enos, with quite a number of his followers, had 
 joined the up-river bands, who wtre lying on the river above the 
 Big Bend. Others had gone to Port Orford and placed themselves 
 under the protection of the military. On th.^ twenty-seventh of 
 March a party of regulars were fired upon from the brush while 
 proceeding down the banks of the Rogue, whereupon they charged 
 their assailants and killed eight or ten, with a loss to themselves of 
 two wounded. On April 1st, Captain Creighton, with a company 
 of citizens, attacked an Indian village near the mouth of the Co- 
 quille River, killing nine men, wounding eleven and taking forty 
 squaws and childi'en prisoners. These Indians had been under the 
 care of the Government authorities at Port Oi-ford until a few days 
 before the fight, and had left that place because some meddleBome 
 
 ti 
 
 ^^H 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ■H: 
 
 ' 
 
 
 :Si'M-i 
 
 1 
 
 
 »i 
 
442 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAHBTTE VALLEY. 
 
 whites had represented to them that it was the soldiers' intention 
 to kill them. A party of volunteere intercepted several canoe 
 loads of Indians near the mouth of Rogue River and killed eleven 
 males and one squaw ; one male and two squaws only escaped. 
 On the twenty-ninth of April a party of sixty regulars, con- 
 voying a pack-train, were attacked near Chetco by the remnant 
 of the band of savages of that name, supposed to number about 
 sixty, but probably less, and two or three sold'ers were killed or 
 wounded. The battle ended by the defeat of the natives, who lost 
 six braves killed, and several wounded. In the month of April 
 three volunteer companies operated on the coast, and did much 
 service in spite of their being badly armed and equipped. These 
 were the Gold Beach Guards, the Coquille Guards and the Port 
 Orford Minute Men. 
 
 Besides tne regulars who were now hemming in the savages and 
 cutting them off from all avenues of escape from the mountain 
 fastnesses in which they had been so secure, the volunteers played 
 an important part. Fort Lamerick had been built at Big Meadows 
 by Major Bruce, who occupied it with a force of two hundred men, 
 and was later reinforced by the entire body of volunteers. General 
 Lamerick being present and in command. Hemmed in on all 
 sides, without resources and with no hope of assistance, the hostiles 
 began to feel their inability to cope with the forces now operating 
 against them. 
 
 On the twenty- first and twenty-second of May, Superintendent 
 Palmer and Colonel Buchanan held a conference with the Indians. 
 This is officially known as the " Council of Oak Flat," the locality 
 being on the right bank of the Illinois River, some three miles 
 above its mouth. Nearly all the regular troops were present, 
 amounting to about two hundred. Almost all the hostiles were 
 present, and most of them agreed to surrender on a certain day. 
 Not so, however, with Chief John. This undaunted chieftain said 
 to Colonel Buchanan : " You are a great chief ; so am I a great 
 chief ; this is my country ; I was in it when these trees were very 
 little, not higher than my head. My heart is sick fighting the 
 whites, but I want to live in my country. I will not go out of my 
 country. I will, if the whites are willing, go back to the Deer 
 Creek country and live as I used to do among the whites ; they can 
 
 visit m 
 -''^rms ai 
 The 
 many I 
 On or I 
 Big Mej 
 the volu 
 pany ha 
 the conn 
 meet the 
 t\venty-f 
 goons an 
 escort du 
 north sid 
 On the t\ 
 and leavi 
 with Auj 
 passage o 
 expected 
 Colonel I: 
 miles fron 
 miles wes 
 the Illinoi 
 Port Orfc) 
 the Indiai 
 Smith. 
 Smith was 
 would bt 
 (lay, Geoi^ 
 Captain S 
 instantly 
 position h( 
 the north w 
 and fifty y 
 this mounc 
 but which 
 as " Big m\ 
 locality is 
 from the 
 
 I'S 
 
CLOSING SCENES OF THE WAR ON ROGUE RIVER. 
 
 443 
 
 visit my camp and I will visit theirs ; but I will not lay down my 
 virms and go to the reserve. I will light. Good bye." 
 
 The result of the negotiations was the agreement of a great 
 many Indians, notably the Coast bands, to give up their arms. 
 On or be'fore the twenty-sixth of May they were to assemble at the 
 Big Meadows, several miles from the Big Meadows occupied by 
 the volunteers, and be escorted thence to Port Orford. Oj'd's com- 
 pany had been sent to Port Orford to escort a provision train to 
 the command at Oak Flat. Reynolds' company was sent out to 
 meet the same train, as its safety was veiy imp )rtant. On the 
 twenty-fourth Captain Smith left Oak P^lat with his eighty dra- 
 goons and infantrymen to proceed to Big Meadov\'s and perform 
 escort duty when the Indians si^rrendered. He encamped on the 
 north side of the river, near the place fixed upon for the surrender. 
 On the twenty-fifth the chief in command moved down the Illinois, 
 and leaving Jones' company at its mouth, went across the Rogue 
 with Augur's company, and set about opening a trail for the 
 passage of the surrendered Indians with their guard, who were 
 expected the next day. On the evening of May twenty-sixth 
 Colonel Buchanan was on the north side of the river, some few 
 miles from the mouth of the Illinois ; Captain Ord was about ten 
 miles west of Oak Flat, with the train ; Jones was at the mouth of 
 the Illinois ; Reynolds about ten miles belo\v that point, on the 
 Poi't Oi-ford trail ; Smith at Big Meadows ; and the main body of 
 the Indians were on the bank of the Rogue, about five miles above 
 Smith, The twenty-sixth passed and no Indians came in, but 
 Smith was informed that they were delayed l)y slippery roads, and 
 would be in sometime the next day. During the evening of the same 
 day, George, a well-known chief, caused it to become known to 
 Captain Smith that an attack was meditated on his camp. He 
 instantly set about moving his command to a much more secure 
 position between two small creeks entering the main stream from 
 the northwest. He occupied an oblong elevation some two hundred 
 and fifty yards in length, and about twenty in width. Between 
 this mound and the river is a narrow bottom called " Big Meadows," 
 but which was not the same locality designated by the volunteers 
 as " Big Meadows," and whereon stood Fort Lamerick. The latter 
 locality is several miles further up the river, and further removed 
 from the sti'eam. The top of the elevation on which Captaia 
 
444 
 
 rttStOnr ok WltLAiWEffl! tALtlCt. 
 
 Smith was now encamped formed a plateau of size sufficient for 
 one company to encamp upon, and was of slight elevation. Directly 
 to the north is another elevation of equal height and within rifle 
 range of the first. Early in the morning of the twenty -seventh the 
 savages came in from all directions and soon the north mound was 
 covered with them. A body of forty warriors attempted to enter 
 camp, but were halted on the spot and told to lay down their arms 
 at a certain place. There being a howitzer planted so as to rnke 
 that approach, the Indians felt it best to retire. At ten o'clock in 
 the forenoon the Indians made a sudden rush from both sides ; but 
 they were repulsed by the howitzer and infantry. John developed 
 all the tactics and strategy of a consummate general in his manage- 
 ment of the battle. His method of attack was by means of small- 
 arm fire at lonf* : »nge, charges by the larger bodies of braves, and 
 unexpected attacks by smaller numbers, who sought to gain the 
 mound by scaling the steeper portions where the guard was weak. 
 Only thirty of Smith's men had arms adapted to long range shoot- 
 ing, the musketoon of the dragoons being useless except at close 
 quarters. John's men, on the contrary, possessed excellent pieces 
 and shot effectively from long distances. At night the Indians 
 drew off and encamped. Smith occupied his men in constructing 
 rifle pits and building with his camp equipage temporary defences, 
 and in procuring water from the river for his thirsty troops. On 
 the following morning the Indians again opened fire and continued 
 the battle. Old John put forth all his efforts to seize victory, as 
 there was every chance that reinforcements for Smith would soon 
 arrive ; but in spite of his generalship and personal bravery the 
 assaults were successfully repulsed. About four o'clock in the 
 afternoon the Indians formed in two bodies with the intention of 
 attacking both flanks simultaneously. Just at the critical moment 
 of their attack, Captain Augur's company was seen advancing. In 
 conjunction with these Smith charged and dispersed the enemy, 
 John and all the rest escaping into the woods. Smith's loss was 
 twenty-nine in killed and wounded, the most of whom were hit by 
 bullets from the north mound. The loss of the Indians is unknown. 
 To prevent any like attempts for the future, Buchanan concentrated 
 his forces at the Big Meadows on the thirtieth of May, and re- 
 mained there until the greater part of the Indians had surrendered. 
 
OLOSIITO SCENES OF THE WAR ON ROOITE RIVEE. 
 
 446 
 
 While Captain Smith was thus contending with John, the vol- 
 unteers, some miles up the river, were fightini? Limpy and George. 
 Major Latshaw left Fort Lamerick on the twenty-seventh with two 
 hundred and thirteen men, and marched twelve miles down the 
 river, and the next day skirmished with the Indians of some 
 rancherias still lower down, killing some and taking fifteen prison- 
 ers. On the twenty-ninth, the day following John's defeat by Cap- 
 tain Smith, more skirmishing was done, and H. C. Houston, Ser- 
 geant in Keith's company, was badly wounded. On the following 
 day fighting took place on the south side of the river between a 
 party of volunteers and some Indians, and Private Cooly, of Wal- 
 lan's company, was wounded in the thigh and liaiul. On the thirty- 
 first Major Latshaw, with one hundred and fifty men, moved to 
 Buchanan's headquarters, at Big Meadows. They found hare that 
 Limpy and George had surrendered, with their bauds, ou May 
 twenty-ninth, the day following their fight with the volunteers. On 
 the fifth of June General Lamerick moved down the river and en- 
 camped at Big Bend, where the regulare were lying. The next day 
 a combined movement was made down the river by three com- 
 panies of regulars and Captain Bledsoe's com})any of volunteers, 
 and an Indian encampment was destroyed, some twenty or more 
 natives being killed or drowned in endeavoring to escape. Two 
 volunteer were wouuded. The main body of the Indians were en- 
 camped on the river about fifteen miles below Big Bend, but their 
 cabins were found deserted when the attacking party arrived. The 
 remaining acts of the citizen soldiery can be briefly told. Major 
 Bruce headed an expedition down the coast to the country of the 
 Chetco and Pistol River bands, and killed three males and took fifty 
 prisoners. On June twenty-second Major Latshaw, with Keith, 
 Noland and Blakely's companies, marched from the mouth of the 
 river via Fort Lamerick to Camas Prairie and Deer Creek, and the 
 troops going to Eugene City were there disbanded. General Lam- 
 erick, with Barnes' company, proceeded to Port Orford with orders 
 for this organization to be mustered out on July first. Captain 
 Bledsoe, with his men, remained in service for a short time subse- 
 quently. 
 
 On the twentieth of June Chief John sent five of his braves to 
 Buchanan's head -quarters to announce that their leader would sur- 
 
 :^i- 
 
446 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 render on the same terras as had Liuipy, George and other chiefs, 
 but he wished the whites to guarantee safety to Enos, who was an 
 object -^f particular aversion to the volunteei's. Previously, the 
 chier had refused all overtures of peace, saying that war suited him, 
 and that in spite of the desertion of all the other Indians he would 
 remain in his beloved country and fight. By the first of July all 
 the known hostiles had surrendered save a few about Pistol River, 
 and John's own band. Sated with unequal combats, John surren- 
 dered to the regular ai'my, nn escoi-t of one hundred and ten soldiers 
 being sent out to accompany him and his little band of thirty -five 
 to Port Orford. 
 
 The objects of the war were now accomplished. The last band 
 of hostile Indians had surrendered. On the temporary reservation 
 at Port Orford were gathered about one thousand thi'ee hundred 
 Indians of various tribes, and including all the surviving members 
 of the bands which had begun and carried on the war. The Coast 
 Reservation was fixed upon us their future abode — a tract seventy 
 miles long, lying upon the coast of Oi-egon and extending from 
 Cape Perpetua to Cape Lookout, and from the Pacific Ocean to the 
 western water-shed of the Willamette. By the first of September, 
 1856, two thousand and seven hundred Indians had been removed 
 there. Enos, too, was there for a time, but his restless habits got 
 him into diflSculties, and he made illicit expeditions to various parts 
 of the State, and being detected therein was denounced by certain 
 nervous people as a fire-brand who was seeking to again spread 
 the flames of war. There is a tradition in Curry county that Enos 
 was hanged upon Battle Rock at Port Orford ; but the Indian then 
 executed was one of four Coquille Indians hanged for the murder 
 of Venable and Burton. The fate of Enos is unknown. 
 
 Colonel 
 from 
 a Sti 
 Madt 
 
 Coluh 
 ant h 
 List ( 
 Great 
 Co7upi 
 AllQ, 
 
 living in 
 of war. 
 was plac(j 
 received 
 San Fran] 
 ment coul 
 station in 
 war upon 
 duct, but 
 lawful iul 
 of all suci 
 action waJ 
 been ratifi| 
 the rights I 
 of the wh| 
 suauce of 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 THE ATTACK ON THE CASCADES. 
 
 Colonel Wright Ansumes Command of" the liegv irs — His Instructions 
 from General Wool — He Starts for the Walht Wiilhi Country with 
 a Strong Force — Fears of an Attack on the Cascades— The Attack is 
 Made on the Twenty-Sixth of March, 1856 — Details of t/i< Affair — 
 Colonel Wright Comes to the Rescue from The Dalles, and Lieuten- 
 ant Sheridan from Vanconner — Indians Captured and Hanged — 
 List of Killed and Wounded — Intelligence of the Attack Creates 
 Great Excitement in Portland and up the Valley — Two Volunteer 
 Companies go to the Rescue -Panicy Rumors Distract the People — 
 All Qtiiet on the Sandy. 
 
 WHILE the tomniand of Colonel Cornelius was hunting for 
 Indians along the Snako and Columbia rivers, the people 
 living in fancied security in the valley experienced the dread alarms 
 of war. When the 9th Infantry arrived the entire force of regulars 
 was placed under the command of Colonel George Wright. He 
 received general instructions from his superior, who remained in 
 San Francisco, to occupy winter quarters until a successful move- 
 ment could be made in the spring, and then to establish a military 
 station in the Walla Walla country, not for the purpose of making 
 war upon the Indians, unless compelled so to do by their own con- 
 duct, but for the protection of the Indians in their rights from un- 
 lawful intrusion or conduct of white men, and to insure the safety 
 of all such as might lavrfully reside in the Indian country. This 
 action was taken in view of the fact that the treaties had not yet 
 been ratified by the Senate and were not in force, and consequently 
 the rights of the Indians were more liable to be infringed than those 
 of the whites. He was to establish and maintain peace. In pur- 
 suance of this policy he moved a strong force to The Dalles, and set 
 
 :■: m 
 
 A ;;■::,;:( 
 
 
 m 
 
448 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 out for the Walla Walla country on the twenty-sixth of March. At 
 that time the Oregon volunteers were campaigning about the mouth 
 of Snake River, and all was quiet below iheni. 
 
 Previous to this the possibility of an attack upon the Cascades 
 Settlement by the Klickitats, had been anticipated. On the fifth of 
 March the steamer Wasco was fired upon by Indians while opposite 
 the nioath of Hood River. The day before thfy had burned the 
 residence of E. S. Joslyn, on the Washington side, and the Wasco 
 had on board Lieutenant Davidson and foity men on their way to 
 the scene of the trouble, when she was fired upon. She returned to 
 the south side of the stream. Soon the Mary came dc^wn the river 
 with Major Haller and fifty men, and a lamling was made, but no 
 Indians could bt* found. From this and other indications the peo- 
 ple living at the Cascades feai'ed they might be attacked, and made 
 preparations to take refuge in time of danger in the block-house 
 which had been erected. Therj was at that time a railroad under 
 construction from the Lower to the Upper Cascades, on the Wash- 
 ington side, to be used as a freight and passenger portage between 
 the Lower and Uppei- Columbia, and quite a force of workmen 
 was employed. The block-house was at the Middle Cascades, while 
 the majority of the workmen wei'e at the uppc^r landing, a store on 
 the river bank serving as headcpiai'tei-s at the lattei* point. The 
 following very accurate account of the attack was written by L. W. 
 Coe a few days afterwards, addressed to Putnam Bra<Iford, who, 
 with his brother, Daniel F., was constructing the railroad, which 
 was simply a wooden tramway: — 
 
 On VVe<liu'H<!ay, Mnich 2fi, nt about 8:30 A M., lifter the men had gone to their 
 work oil tilt' two bri(lf?eH of ihe new niilwiiy, mostly on the bridge near Bush's 
 hoiiBC, the Vukiiiias came down on us. Tht-re wfus a line of thorn from Mill Creek 
 above us to the big jjoint at the head of tlie falls, firing simultaneously on the men ; 
 and the first notice we had of them was the bullets and the crack of their guns. 
 Of our men, at the first fire, one was killed and several wounded. I will give you 
 a list hereinafter. Our men on seeing the Indians, all run for our store through 
 a shower of bullets, except three who started down sireaiu for the middle block- 
 house, distant one and a half miles. Bush and his family also ran into our store, 
 leaving his own house vacant. The VVatkins family came tv> the store after a Dutch 
 boy, who was lame from a cut in the foot, — had been siiot i:? 'lieir house. Watkins, 
 Flnlay and Baily werf at work, on the new warehouse on tlv island, iirouud which 
 the water was now high enough to run about three feet c^ep under the bridges. 
 There wati grand confusion in the store at first; and Sinclair, of Walla Walhi, go- 
 ing to the railroad tloor to look out, was shot from the bunk above the store and in- 
 •tently kiUed. Borne of lu tbeo oommenoed gvttiug the guna aud riflea, which 
 
.1' 
 
 ?=. -J%A S?f 
 
 ^Jlfl,.-JJ*^,-l!s»_^ 
 
 ^^?-, 
 
 .'.^^:%|f' 
 
 '^^*«lUu 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ '"T iii-ar 
 
 
 BLOCK HOUSE AT THE CASCADES.-See Paokb 448, 462. 
 
Iji 
 
 ll I 
 
 the; 
 
1 
 
 THE ATTACK ON THE CASCADES. 
 
 449 
 
 
 were ready loaded, from beliind the counter. Fortunately, about an hour before, 
 there had been left with u;* for t . ^uportatiou heiow, oini' Uiiitfd States govern- 
 ment rifles with cartridge boxes an i .mrnunition. Tliese .taved uh. Aw the u|)i)iT 
 story of tlie house was abandoned, (Smith, tlie eooit, having- come below, and ii-s llio 
 stairway wa*> outside where we dare not go, tlie stovepipe wa.'^ iiauled down, the hole 
 enlarged with axes, and a party of men crawled up. .uid the ui)per part of tlie house 
 was soon secured. We were surprised that the Indians had not rushed into the 
 upper story, as there wa.s notliing or nobody to prevent tbem. 
 
 Our men soon got some shots at the Indiatis on the itaiilv above us. I saw Bush 
 shoot an Indian, the first one killed, who was drawing a bead on Mrs. Watkins as 
 she was running for our store. Ho dropped instantly. Alexander and otlien* 
 mounted into the gable under the roof, and from there was done most of our tiring, 
 It being the best place of observation. In the meantinie, we wtro barrieiid.ng in 
 the store, making port-holes and firing when opportunity presented. But iIih In- 
 dians were soon very cautious about exposing themselves. I took charge <>) riie 
 store, Dan Bradford of the second floor, and Alexander of the garret and ronf. 
 
 The steamer Marij wa.s lying in the mouth oi Mill Creek, and tlie wind was 
 blowing hard down stream. When we saw Indians running tiiwurd b^r and heard 
 tlie shots, we supposed she would be taken ; and as she lay just out of our sight, and 
 we saw smoke rising from her, concluded she was burning, but what wa.s our jlad 
 surprise after a while to see her put out and run across the river. I will give an 
 account of the attack on her hereinafter. 
 
 The Indians now returned in force to us, and we gave every one a shot wb« 
 showed himself. They were nearly naked, painu'l red, and bad guns and bows 
 .snd arrows. After a while Finlay came creeping around the lower point of the 
 island toward our house. We halloed to him to lie down behind a roek, and he 
 did so. He called that he could not get to the store as the bank al)ove us was cov- 
 ered with Indians. He saw Watkin's house burn while there. The Indiau»i first 
 took out all they wanted— blankets, clothes, guns, etc. By this time tlie Indians 
 bad crossed in canoes to the island, and wc saw them coming, as we supjiosed, after 
 Finlay. We then saw Watkins and Bailey running around the river side towards 
 the place where P^inlay was, and the Indiiins in lull chase sifter them. As our own 
 men came around the point in fu'l view, Bailey was shot through the arm and leg. 
 He continued on, and, plunging .nto the riv<r, swam to the front of our store and 
 came in safely, except for his wounds. He narrowly escaped going over the falls. 
 Finlay also swam across and got in unharmed, which was wonderful, as there was 
 a shower of bullets around them. 
 
 Watkins next came running around the point, and we called to him to lie down 
 behind a rock, but before he coubl do so he was shot in the wrist, the liall going up 
 the arm and out atiove the elbow. He dropped behind a rock just as the pursuing 
 Indians came following around the point, but we gave them so hot a rew-ption from 
 our house that they backed out and lolt poor Watkins where he lay. We catUid to 
 Watkins to lie still and we woukI get liim off; but we were not able to do so until 
 after the arrival from The Dalles of the steamer .l/rt/v/ with troops — two days and 
 nightiH afterwards. During this time Watkins fainted several times from v» -aku^-ss 
 and exposure, the weather being very cold, and he was strijiped down to his under- 
 clothes for swimming. When he fainted he would roll down the .steep bank into 
 the river, and the ice-cold water reviving him. he would crawl back under fir*' \a 
 his retreat liebind the rock. Meantime, his wife and children were iti the stor*-, m 
 full view, and moaning plteoush' at his terrible situation. He died from exbans- 
 tion two days after lie was rescued. 
 
 The Indians were now pitching into us " right smart." They tried to burn us 
 out; tlirew rocks aod firebrands, hot icons, pitch wood— everything on to the luuf 
 
 ;k( 
 
 1 5 
 
 
450 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 that would burn. But you will recollect that for a short distance back the bank 
 Inclined toward the hou»e, and we could see and shoot the Indians who appeared 
 there. So they had to throw from such a distance that the lareewt rocks and bun- 
 dles of ttre did not quite readi um; and what did, generally rolled ofT the roof, 
 rtomethnes the roof got on fire, au*l we cut it out, or with cups of brine drawn from 
 pork barrels, put it out, or witli long sticks 8hove<l ofT the Are balls. The kitchen 
 roof troubled us the most. How they did pepper us with rocks; some of the big 
 ones would shake the house all over. 
 
 There were now forty men, women and children in the house— four women and 
 eighteen men that could fight and eighteen wounded men and children. The 
 steamer Wcmco was on the Oregon side of the river. We saw lier steam uj) and 
 leave for The Dalles. Shortly after, the steamer Mary also left. She hud to take 
 Atwell'a feiu't' rails for wotxl. So passed the day, during which the Indians had 
 burne<i Innian's two houses, your saw-nilU and houses, and the lumber yards at 
 the mouth of Mil! Creek. At daylight they set flre to your new warehouse on the 
 island, making it as light as day around us. I suppose they reserved this building 
 for night that we might not get Watkins off. They did not atuvck us at night, but 
 the set'ond morning commenced an lively as ever. We had no water, but did have 
 about two dozen ale and a few bottles of whisky. These gave out during the day. 
 During the night, a Spokane Indian who was traveling with Sinclair, and wiuj in 
 the store with us, volunteered to get a pail of water from the river. I consented, 
 and he stripped himself naked, jumped out and down the bank, and was back in 
 no time. By this time we looked for the steamer from The Dalles, and were greatly 
 disappointed at her uon-ariival. We weathered it out during the day, every man 
 keeping his post, and never relaxing in vigilance. Every moving object, shadow, 
 or suspicious bush on the hill received a shot. The Indians must have thought 
 the house a bomlishell. To our ceaseless vigilance I ascribe our safety. Night 
 came again ; we 8«iw Sheppard's house burn ; Bush's house near by was also tired, 
 and kept us in light until about four a. m., when darkness returning, I sent the 
 Spokane Indian for water from the river, and he filled two barrels. He went to 
 and tro like lightning. We also slipped j)oor James Sinclair's body down the slide 
 outside, as the corpse was ijuite offensive. 
 
 The two steamers now liaving exceeded the length of time Me gave them in 
 which to return from The Dalies, we made up our minds for a long siege and until 
 relief came from below. We could not aecount^for it, but supjjosed the ninth regi- 
 ment had left The Dalles for Walhi Walla, and had proceeded too far to return 
 The third morning dawned, and lo! the Mary nwS f.ie Hlasco, blue with soldiers, 
 and towing a flat-boat witli dragoon horses, hove in in sight : isuch a hallo as we 
 gave. 
 
 As the steamer landed the Indians fired twenty or thirty shots into them, but 
 we could not ascertain with any eff"ect. The soldiers as they got ashore could not 
 be restrained, and plunged into the woods in every direction, while the howitzers 
 sent grape after the retreating redskins. The soldiers were soon at our store, and 
 we, I think I may say, experienced quite a feeling of relief on opening our doors. 
 
 During this time we had not heard from below. A company of dragoons under 
 Colonel Steptoe went on dowtj- Dan went witli them. The blo<?k-ljou8e at the 
 Middle Cascades still held out. Allen's Iiouhc wsis burnt d imd every other one ijc- 
 low. George W. Johnson's, S. M. Hamilton's K. A. (.'henoweth's, the wharf boat 
 at ('ascades— all gone up. Next in order comes the attack on the Marj; She lay 
 in Mill Creek, no fires, and wind hard ashore. Jim Thompson, John Woodard, 
 and Jim Herman were Just going up to the boat from our store, and had nearly 
 reached lier aa tliey were fired upon. Herman asked if they had any guns. No. 
 He w«nt on up to luumo's bouse, the rest stayiog to help get tbester ..erout. 
 
THE ATTACK ON THE CASCADES. 
 
 451 
 
 Capl. Dan Baughmnn and Thompson were ashore on tl>e u])per Hiile of the creek 
 hauling on lines, when the firing from the Indiuns hecamu ho hot tluit the.v run for 
 the woods, pnwt Innmn's house. The tireintin, .lames Liiidsiiy, was sliot tlirou^h 
 the shoulder. Engineer Buckniinster shot un Indian with his revolver on the 
 Kan;;-phink, and little Johnny Cluiuce went climhinj? up on the hurricane deck, 
 with an old dragoon i)iStol, killed his Indian; hut he was shot through the leg In 
 doing so. Dick Turpin, half crazy, probably, taking the only gun on the steam- 
 boat, jumped into a flat-boat lying alongside, was shot, and jumped overboard and 
 was drowned. Fins were soon started under the boiler and steam wils raising. 
 About this time, Jesse Kenipton, shot while driving an ox team from the saw-mill, 
 got on board ; also a half-breed named " Bourbon," who was shot through the l)ody. 
 After sufflcient steani to move wan raised, Hardin Chenoweth ran up into the pilot- 
 house, and, lying on the floor, turned the wlieel as !ie was directed from the lower 
 deck. It is almost needless to say that the pilot-house was a target for the Indians. 
 After the steamer was fairly backed out and turned around, he did tool that whistle 
 at thein good. Toot! toot ! toot I it was music in our ears. The steamer jjicked up 
 Herman on the bank abovt. Inman's family, Shcppard, and Vanderjjool all got 
 across the river in skiffs, and boarding the Mnr;/, went to the Dalles. 
 
 Colonel George Wriyht and the ninth regiment. Second Dragoons, and Third 
 Artillery, had started for Walla Walla, and wore out five miles, camped. They re- 
 ceived news of the attack at eleven p. M., and by daylighf, were back at The Dalles. 
 Starting down, they only reached Wind Mountain that night, as the Mary's boiler 
 was in bad order, because of a new ttreimm the day before. They reached us the 
 next morning at six o'clock. 
 
 Now for below. George Johnson was about to get a boat's crew of Indians, when 
 Indian Jack came running to him, saying the Yakinuis had attackeil the block- 
 house. He did not believe it, although he heard the cannon. He went up to the In- 
 dian village on the sand-bar to get his crew ; saw some of the Cascade Indians, who 
 said they thought the Yakimas had come, and George now hearing the muskets, 
 ran for home. E. W. Baughman was with him. Bill Murphy had left the block- 
 house early for the Indian camp, and had nearly returned before he saw the Indi- 
 ans or was shot at. He returned, two othere witii him, and ran for George John- 
 son's, about thirty Indians iu i base. After reaching Johnson's, Murphy continued 
 on and gave Haiiiilton and all below warning, and the families embarked in small 
 boats for Vancouver. The men would have barricaded in the wharf-boat but for 
 want of ammunition. There was considerable government freight in the wharf- 
 boat. They stayed about the wharf-boat and schooner nearly all day, and until the 
 Indians commenced firing upon them from the zinc house on the bank. They 
 then shoved out. Tommy Price was shot through the leg in getting the boats into 
 the stream. Flouting down they i»;et the steamer iifirte with I'hil rtheridan and 
 forty men, sent up on report of an express carrietl down by Indian !r-imi)son in the 
 morning. George and those with hin. went on board the steamer and volunteered 
 to serve under Sheridan, who lande<' at George's place and found everything 
 burned. The steamer returned, t.nd t.he Indians pitched inio Sheridan, fought 
 him all day, and drove him with forty men and ten volunteers to lielow H.indl- 
 tou's, notwithstanding he had a small cannon— one soldier killed. 
 
 The steamer i5rWt' returned the next day (third of , he attack) and brought am- 
 munition for the block-house. Your partner. Bishop, who was in Portland, came 
 up on her. Steamer Fashion, witn volunteers from Portland, came at the same 
 time. The volunteers remained at the Lower Cascades. Sheridan took his com- 
 nuipd, and v\ith a bateaux loaded with ammunition, crossed to Bradford's Isbnd 
 on the Oregon side, where they found most of the Cascade Indians, they having 
 been advised by George JoUubou to go on there *be first day of the attack. They 
 
 :i i 
 
 [t : )\ 
 
 ri 
 
 v\ 
 
452 
 
 HISTORT OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 were crossing; and recrossln)? all the time, and Sheridan made them prisfmers. H« 
 prewied iv boat's (Tew. and as they tt>wed up to the head of the island and above, 
 saw great numbers of Indians on the Washlnfirfon Terrltorv side and opposite them. 
 Sheridan expected them tocrossand fljrht him, and between them and the frlendly(?) 
 Indians in his charare, thought he had his hands full. 
 
 Just then Sheridan discovered Steptoeand his dra>!f<K)n infantry and volunteers 
 coming down from the Mnrf/, surprising completely the Tndiaas, who were cooking 
 beef and watdiing Sheridan across the river. But on the sound of the bugle the 
 Indians fled like deer to (he woods, with the' loss of only one killed — "old Joanam." 
 Hut for the bugle they ought to have captured fifty. 
 
 The ninth regiment are building a block-house on the hill above us. also at 
 Oeorge Johnson's, and will hereafter keep a strong force here. Ijieutenant Bissell 
 and twelve men who were stationed at the Upper ('a.scades, were orden?d away, and 
 left for The Dalles two days before the attack was made upon us. 
 
 The Indians Sheridan took on the island were closely guarded. Old Chenowith 
 (chief) was brought up before Colonel Wright, tried, and sentenced to be hung. 
 The Cascade Indians, being under treaty, were adjudged guilty of treason in fight- 
 ing. Chenowith died game; was hung on the upper side of Mill CreeVr. T acted as 
 interpreter. He offered ten horses, two squaws, and a little something to every 
 "tyee," for his life ; said he was afi-aid of the grave in the ground, and begged to be 
 put into an Indian dead house. He gave a terrific warwhoop while the rope was 
 t>eing put around his neck. I thonght he expected the Indians to come and rescue 
 him. The rope did not work well, and while hanging he muttered, " Wake nika 
 kwasa kopn mf^malooge!'^ (I'm not afraid to die.) He was then shot. I was glad 
 to see he old devil killed, being satisfied that he was at the bottom of all trouble. 
 But T can not detail at too great length. 
 
 The next day Teeomeoc and Oap. Jo were hung. Cap. Jo said all the Cascade 
 Indians were in the fight. The next day Tsy, Sim Las8«>laB, and Four-fingered 
 Johnny were Jiung. The next day Chenowith Jim, Tumalth, and Old Skein were 
 bung, and Kanewake sentenced, but reprieved on the scaflTold. Nine in all were exe- 
 cuted. Banaha is a prisoner at Vancouver and decorated with Imll and chain. The 
 rest of the Cascade Indians are on your Island, and will lie shot if seen off of it. 
 Such are Colonel Wright's orderw. Dow, \V.atiquln, Pcfer, Mahooka John, Kotyne, 
 and maybe more of them, have gone with the Yaklmas. 
 
 T forgot to mention that your ho\i8e at the Lower Cascades, also Bisiiop's, was 
 burned ; also to account for f 'apt. Dan. Baughman and Jim. Thompson. They put 
 back into the mcuntalns, and at night came down to the river at Vanderpool's 
 place, fished up an old boat ^md crossed to the Oregon side. They concealed them- 
 selves in the rocks on the river bank opposite, where they could watch us ; and at 
 night went back into the mountains to sleep. They came in safely after the ti'otips 
 arrived. 
 
 We do not know how many Indians there were. They attacked the block-hotjse, 
 our place, and drove Sheridan all at the same time. \/o think there was not less 
 than two or three hundred. When the attack whs made on us three of our carpen- 
 ters ran for the middle block-house, overtook the cars nt the salmon house, cut the 
 mules loose, and, with *he car drivers, all kept on. Tliey were not firod on until 
 they got to the spring on the railroad, but from there they ran the gauntlet of bul- 
 lets and arrows to the fori. Little Jake was killed in the run. Several w ere wounded. 
 
 I append a list of killed and wounded. Hut this is a long letter; hut kno-wingyou 
 would be anxious to hear all the particulais, I have ctiik'Hvore<i to give you a true 
 description. Ban is writing to others at home, ami iuw read this letter. We luive 
 got to work again building and transporting ; are going to build a aaw-mlll as soon 
 M we can. We h>ul but few poi>r gpecimens of men here tluring th*> fight, genoralty 
 
THE ATTACK ON THK CASCADES. 
 
 46d 
 
 all behaving wull. 'l"b< iv \\»^, howtver, one notnble exception— » person wboW- 
 rived at the store bii'. a lew uiiiuiteH before the fight commenced, and whiwe name 
 1 will give you in perscm. Am a little al'rnid to go to Koek Creek to tish, in fact 
 have htui no time ho fur. Don't think 1 shall have much tiuliing thia »ununer. 
 Wish you were buck. 
 
 Kix-iiiiu — George Oriswoltl, B. VV. Brown and wile, killed at the saw-mill, bodies 
 found stripped uuked in Mill Creek; Jimmy VVatkins, driving team at mill; Henry 
 Hagar, shot In VVatkins' bouse, body burueil ; Jake Kyle, German boy; Jacob 
 White, sawyer at mill ; Boiiroou, liall'-breed, died on the Mai\y going to The Dalles ; 
 James Hlnclair, of the Hudson's Bay Company, Walla Walla; Dick Turpln, colored 
 cook on the steamer Muvy ; A'orman Palmer, driving team at mill; Calderwooii, 
 working at mill ; three United States soldiers, names unknown ; Oeorge Watklns, 
 lived four days ; Jacob Housh, carpenter, lived six days. 
 
 WouNUEU.— Fletcher Murphy, arm ; J. Llndsey, shoulder; Tommy Price, thigh ; 
 Molt'at, railroad, haml ; M. Bailey, leg and arm ; two soldiei-s, United States army ; 
 P. Snooks, boy, leg ; Jesse liemptou, shoulder; H. Kyle, German ; Johnny Chance, 
 leg; J. Algln, slightly. 
 
 The conduct of Colouel Wright in this affair was liighly praised 
 by the press and people. Although in cauip, on his way to Walla 
 Walla, when the courier brought him news of the attack just be- 
 fore midnight, he at once roused his men and inarched the whole 
 command, infantry, artillery and dragoons back to The Dalles, 
 loaded all of them he could [tossibly crowd upon the steamers aud 
 barge, and hastened to the rescue. They were delayed by the con- 
 dition of the boilers, but wken they finally reached the scene of 
 action CJolonel Wi-ight and Colonel Steptoe led the troops in per- 
 son in a charge before which the enemy tied like sheep. No less 
 gallaut was the conduct of Lieutenant Phil Sheridan. Tii" news 
 reached Vancouver late iu the evening of the attack, aud hi five 
 next morning he started up the river with forty dragoons and a 
 few volunteers. His contluct while thei'e has been related. 
 
 The intelligence reached Portland late on the night of the 
 twenty-sixth, and created great excitement. A public meeting Wfis 
 called, and a company of xolunteers organized the next day. They 
 were refused the u.se of Tcu-ritorial arms by those who had them 
 in charge, «nd liaving picked up tw-enty pieces of various descrip- 
 tions, started early in the morning of the tvventy-eightli, on the 
 steamer Fashion. The company was forty strong, and was com- 
 manded by Captain h. J. Powell and Lieutenant A. B, Stewart. 
 Procuring arms and ammunition at V'ancouver, after mncix delay, 
 they arrived at the Lt)wer Cascades too late to l>e of any assistance 
 to Lieutenant Sheridan, and but a short time before tht; iudianii 
 
 '^■A 
 
 'im 
 
\il 
 
 5 li?. 
 
 Im 
 
 WM 
 
 
 464 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 kHf 
 
 
 were scattered by Colonel Wright. Later, a company of sixty- 
 eight men, commanded by Captain S. Coffin and Lieutenants R. N. 
 McLaren and J. M. Breck, went up on the steamer Jennie Clark, 
 and, finding ever}'thing quiet, returned to the city. A second 
 public meeting wai^ held in Portland on the twenty -eighth. Li 
 times of excitement there are always to be found plenty of men 
 who seem to find pleasure in intensifying the panic by inconsider- 
 ate language, lugubrious predictions and rash conduct. People of 
 this character having conceived the idea that Portland was in 
 danger of attack, though just why they were never able to explain, 
 called a meeting for the purpose of taking measures to defend the 
 city. H. W. Davis was appointed to the command of the forces 
 to be ro.ised, and two hundred men enrolled their names in response 
 to a call for volunteers. Before the company was fully organized 
 the absurdity of the whole proceeding became apparent, and the 
 matt<^]" was quietly dropped. 
 
 The latent exhil)ition of anxiety was the departure from Portland, 
 on the fifth of April, of a mounted company of twenty-five rangei's, 
 under Captain W. S. Buckley and Lieutenant L. J. Powell, who 
 made a fruitless scout in the direction of the Sandy, in search of 
 Indians who might harbor evil designs upon the peace and welfare 
 of the city. Not finding any, they returned, and the people, now 
 relieved of all anxiety, again aband<med themselves to "the sweet 
 vicissitudes of pleasure and repose." 
 
wc« 
 
 CHAPTER XX VII. 
 
 CAMPAIGNS OF COLONELS WRIGHT, 8TEPT0E AND SHAW. 
 
 Additional Defenses at the Cascades — Colonel Wright Invades the Yak- 
 ima Country — lie Fails to Negotia'.e with Kama-i-akun, and Re- 
 turns to The Dalles — Plans of Governor Stevens — lie sends the 
 Second lieyinient into the Walla Walla Country in two Battalions — 
 Composition of the licylment — Battle of Grand Itonde — Battle of 
 Burnt River — Killed and Wounded— Colonel Shaw Averts a War 
 with the Nex Perces — Colonel Steptoe sent to Wall^ Walla to Build 
 a Fort — Ills Proclamation that the Indian Treaties were not yet in 
 Force — Governor Stevens Invites the Trlhes to Hold a Council at 
 Walla Walla — The Council an Unfriendly one — Lack of Ilarinony 
 between Stevens and Steptoe — Stevens Attacked by the Indians and 
 is Rescued by Steptoe — A Block-house Built and Garrisoned and 
 Troops Return to The Dalles — Colonel Wright Leads an Expedition 
 to Walla Walla — He holds a Council oiut Ai ranges a Peace upon the 
 Grounds of Mutual Forgiveness for the " Late Unpleasantness " — 
 Goveiiior Stevens' Treaties and his Opinion of Wright's Treaty — 
 Northern Indians Invade Paget Sound — Erection of Fort Walla 
 Walla — Situation of affairs in the Indian, Country — Colonel Step- 
 toe's Defeat in the Palouse Country — His Disastrous Retreat South 
 of Snake River- -A Record of Heroism and Cowardice — Colonel 
 Wright Chastises the Indians at Medical Ijxke — The Spokanes, Yak- 
 imas and Palousfs Sue for Peace and Surremler Unconditionally 
 -Hostages Taken and Twelve Indians Hung — The Walla Wallas 
 Tamely Submit to the Hanging of Four of their Nuinht'r. 
 
 THE proposetl raovcment into the Walla Wnlla countr}, so 
 suddenly interrupted Ijy the attaek upon the Cascades, was 
 abandoned by Colonel Wright, whose forces cauip^d for a time at 
 The Dalles. Two block -houses weix^ built at the Cascad(^s, one at 
 the Upper landing and one at the Lower, which vV'ere well gar- 
 riacned and provisioned. A large block-house was also built at 
 
 
416 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 k 
 
 luu 
 
 t 
 
 I; 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Vancouver, in the rear of the barracks. Having thus fortified 
 those points ap;ainst attack, and heaving a strong force at The 
 Dalles, Colonel Wright moved north into the Yakima country, ex- 
 pecting to form a junction at the Natchess Pass with Colonel 
 Casey, whom he had ordered to move with two companies across 
 the mountains to meet him. His object was not to make an attack 
 upon the Indians, but, in pursuance of the instructions of General 
 Wool, to meet Kama-i-akun in council and agree upon the basis 
 of a lasting peace. He mo\ed north early in May, and on the 
 eighth met the Indians near the Natchess River. He undertook to 
 negotiate with them, but failed utterly to accomplish anything. 
 On the eleventh, having ascertained that at least one thousand 
 warriors confronted him, representatives being present from neai'ly 
 all the disaffected tril)es, he dispatched a couriei- to The Dalles for 
 reinforcements. Three companies at once moved to his aid, raising 
 his effecti\'e force to two hundred and iifty men. There he I'e- 
 mained for several weeks, vainlv endeavorino: to hold a council 
 with Kama-i-akun. A few Indians visited his camp from time to 
 time, more for the purpose of keeping posted on his movements 
 than anything else, but no chiefs came near him. He constructed 
 a fort on the bank of the Natchess, where the stream was two 
 hundred feet wide ; and the Indians, having been reduced to living 
 upon their horses and what salmon could be caught, moved away. 
 Colonel Wright then returned to The Dalles, having accomplished 
 nothing of importance, tinless it was to more lirmly settle the In- 
 dians in their previous opinion that the settlers and the troops 
 were distinct peojjlcs, and the latter would not aid the former to 
 fight them. 
 
 Meanwhile, the two companies, called out by Governor Curry, 
 had taken station at The Dalles, and Governor Stevens was pre- 
 paring for a campaign on his own accoimt. He was feai-ful that if 
 something was not done at once to humble the hostiles, they would 
 corrupt the Nez Peices, Spokanes, Colvilles and Cojiir d'Alenes, 
 and a most powerful combination be formed against the whites. 
 Quiet had been restored on the Sound, the last sign of war being a 
 brief battle on the Nesqually early in April, between Indians and 
 Captain Maxon's company. Consequently, Governor Stevens began 
 early in May, while Colonel Wright was in the Yakima country, to 
 
 *i^.v3v 
 
-^v 
 
 'i'l 
 
 :^v^ 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 ^a 
 
 "^^^ 
 
 ^^^^>^ 
 
 SCENE AT THE UPPER CASCADES. -See Paoi.» 448, 452, 
 
 ^T^ ' 
 
CO' 
 
 
 Sh 
 an< 
 tilt 
 
CAMPAIGNS OF COLONELS WRIGHT, STETTOE AND SHAW. 457 
 
 organize a force to accomplish his purpose of making a pi'oper dis- 
 play of power where it would have the desired effeet. His ideas, 
 plans and mcvements iwv. fully detailed in the following extracts 
 from letters addressed hy him to the Secretary of War, at Wash- 
 ington. D. C. On the twenty-third of May he wrote : — 
 
 Two himdred horHemen on the NatcihesB, well siipillicd, nioimtcd aixl uikIui- u 
 vigorous officer, at tliiH juiictiire, will, with the opiration of llie regular tmoijg, 
 drive hlin (the enemy) aerosH tlie (.'olumhiu. Tills force I am now or)j;ani/.iiiK Ht 
 Cump Montgomery, and it will be ready in ten days. In this view tlie Walhi 
 Walla country must l)e held; communication lie eHtiihllHhcd with the Nez Perce 
 auxiliaries, and the enemy rentricted to tlie country north of the Snake, and on the 
 immediate l)ankH of the Columhia, north of the Bnake. 1 am organi/in^' a force of 
 two hundred men tn oeeui)y the Walla Walla. ^J"** hundred men are already at 
 The Dalles. They will move with one hundred days' provisions, and some to spare 
 for the Nez Perce auxiliaries and the troops which nuiy be concentrated there from 
 the Yakima country. The Yakima and Walla Walla country lirmly held, the 
 passes well watched over the Cascades, the main force of tlie enemy on the Snake 
 and Upper Columbia, we may tlien be able to disband the bulk of the remaining 
 volunteers on the Sound. This most favorable view of the progress of the war, 
 whicli can not be developed in a shorter period than four to six weeks, will jirac- 
 tically keep in service all the volunteers for their six months' term of service, and 
 may render It necessary to extend tlie term on tlie part of those oecujtying the 
 Walla Walla. * * Thus, to transfer the war from the settlements on tlie 
 Sound and the Columbia River to the interior, to strike such blows as oiiportunitics 
 may offer, and to l)e in readiness to prepare for a vigorous winter can.paign, I shall, 
 in ten days, be ready to move over the Natchess with two hundred horsemen and 
 one hundred and filty pack animals, and to the Walla Walla with two hundred 
 horsemen and one hundred days' jirovisions. 
 
 Under date of June 8th, he says : — 
 
 The two expeditions referred to, one over the Cascades into the Yakima 
 country, the other from The Dalles to the Walla Walla, are nearly ready for the 
 movements. Both expeditions I deem of vital consetjuence, in view of tlie present 
 coridition of tilings in the interior. Ail the information which I liave received, 
 goes to satisfy me, that unless the most vigorous action is at once taken, all the 
 tribes from the Cascades to the Bitterroot will be in the war, a portion of the Nez 
 Perce3 alone excepted. I shall to-morrow push to The Dalles, and urge the Walla 
 Walla expedition forward Avith all ))ossible dispatch. I trust It will be in season. 
 The troops all reached The Dalles on yesterday, but it was supposed that a portion 
 of the animals which were taken on the emigrant trail from the Willariette to The 
 Dalles, will be a day or two behina. If the troops reach the Walla Walla before an 
 overt act has been committed, I am certain that the combination can be broken up, 
 and that the Nez Perces and the Indians on and in tlie neighborhood of the 
 Spokanes will remain friendly. 
 
 July 7th, the Governor details additional events as follows : — 
 
 The force from the Sound, under the immediate command of Lieut. Col. B. F. 
 Shaw, moved from Camp Montgomery on Wednesday and Thursday, June 11th 
 and 12th, and crossing the mountains with the loss of only one animal, camped on 
 the WeuasB on the twentieth. At that point Lieutenant-Colonel Shaw received 
 
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458 
 
 HiSTORT OF WILLAMETTE VALLKT. 
 
 orders flrom me to push to the Walla Walla, unite his force with that moving fVom 
 The Dalies, and take command of the whole. The force from The Dalies moved 
 flrom the camp Ave miles beyond the Des Chutes River, on Wednesday, June 2oth, 
 and was expected to reach the Walla Walla on the fourth of July. Each column 
 numbered nearly two hundred men. The whole force consists of three hundred 
 and fifty enlisted men, and about one hundred quartermaster and Indian employes. 
 From the Walla Walla, Indian supplies will be puslied to the Nez Perces and 
 Spolianes, and an escort wiU accompany them, should the simple presence of a 
 force in the Walla Walla valley be not sufficient to insure the safety of the train, 
 protected, as it is exi>ected it will be, by Indian auxiliaries. Letters have bteen 
 received from Lieut. Col. Wm. Craig, agent of the Nez Perces, of the twenty-ninth 
 of May and eighth of June, speaking more favorably of the condition of things iu 
 the interior. Kama-i-akun, at a council held with the Spokancs on the twenty- 
 fifth of May, wherein he urged that tribe to join the war, received a negative to his 
 proposition. The Bpokanes, however, harbor the hostile Cayuses, which has caused 
 me to be somewhat apprehensive of the sincerity of their professions. I was at 
 The Dalles from Saturday, June 14th, to Monday, June 30th, getting the expenition 
 oflTaud collecting information in relation to the Indians. At tliat time tlie hostile 
 bands were much scattered. Borne three hundred bostiles were at the head of John 
 Day's River ; a large camp of hostlles, supposed to be Walla Wallas under the sou 
 of Peu-peu-mox-mox, were at Fort Walla Walla. Tiie Cayuses were on the 
 Spokane. The Klickilats and Yakinias were on che Pischouse River, and probably 
 small parties at Priest's Rapids. The large camp reported by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Craig, in his letter of May 27th, and composed of individuals of several tril)es, in- 
 cluding th^Hnakes, I have no information that tliey have moved from the place 
 where they were when Colonel Craig wrote. There were Snakes with tlie party at 
 the head o' John Day's River, and the force was increasing. It is proi>ose(i to 
 strike the party at the head of John Day's River, by a force of about one hundred 
 and seventy-five men, consisting of one hundred volunteers of Oregon, under 
 Major Layton, and seventy-five volunteers of Washington, under Captain Goff. 
 The plan was to move from Well Springs on tlie thirtieth of June, wiiich point is 
 oil the emlKrant road, some eighty-five miles from The Dalles. 
 
 The force which thus invaded the Walla Walla country was 
 known officially as the "Second Regiment W. T. Mounted Volun- 
 teers," and was under the uomraand of Colonel B. F. Shaw. The 
 Liextenant-Colonel was William Craig, the old mountaineer who 
 was living hraong the Nez Perces, and had orji^anized a company of 
 sixty ot these friendly Indians to co-operate with the volunteers. 
 They were led by Spotted Eagle. George Blankenship and H. J. 
 G. Maxon were Majors of the first and second battalions. There 
 were six companies of volunteers, amounting t<» a total of three 
 hundred and fifty men, one each raised by H. J. G. Maxon in 
 Clarke County ; by Captain Achilles on Lewis River ; by B. L, 
 Henness in Thurston County, and by Bluford Miller and M. P. 
 Goff in the Willamette Valley. The two Oregon companies, re- 
 ferred to iu the Governor's letters, as commanded by Major Lay- 
 
OAMPAIONS OF COLONELS WRIGHT, 8TEPT0E AND RHAW, 459 
 
 ton, were those called out by Governor Curry, to guard the 
 Columbia. 
 
 Immediately after going into camp on Mill Creek, two miles 
 above the present city of Walla Walla, one hundred mule packs of 
 Indian supplies were sent with a light escort to the friendly Nez 
 Perces, under the charge of A. H. Robie, as- special agent. On 
 the fourteenth of July Colonel Shaw moved with one hundred and 
 sixty men and ten days' rations, to attack a band of hostiles who 
 were reported as concentrating in the Grand Konde VaUey. He 
 was guided through the Blue Mountains by Captain John, a Nez 
 Perce chief. The following account of his movements is taken 
 from his official report : — 
 
 We arrived in tiie Grand Ronde Valley on the evening of the sixteenth, and 
 camped on u brancli of tlie Grand Konde River in the tinil)er, Bending etpiiB in ad- 
 vance, who returned and reportfd no fresh sign. On tlie morning of tlie seven- 
 teenth, leaving Major Hlanlienship of the Central, and ('aptain Miller of tiie South- 
 ern battalions, assisted i)y Captain DeLaoy, to tal(e up the line of niareli for the 
 main valley, I proceeded ahead to re<!onnoltre, accompanied liy Major Maxon, Mi- 
 chael Marchniean, Captain John, and Dr. Burns. After proceeding about live miles 
 we ascended a Itnoll in tiie valley, from which we discovered dust arising along the 
 timber of the river. I immediately sent Major Maxon and Captain John forward 
 to reconnoitre, and returned to hurry up the command which was not far distant. 
 The command was instantly formed in order; Captain Miller's company in ad- 
 vance, supported by Maxon, Henness and P<>-..eirs companies; leaving tiie pacli 
 train in charge of the guard under Lieutenant Goodwin, with a detachment of 
 Goff's company under Lieutenant Wait ; and Lieutenant William's company in 
 reserve, with orders to follow on after the command. 
 
 The whole command moved on quietly in this order, until within half a mile of 
 the Indian village, where we discovered that the pad; train liad moved to the left, 
 down 'he Grand Ronde River. At this moment, a large body of warriors came 
 forward, singing and whooping, and one of tbem, waving a white man's scalp on 
 a pole. One of them signllied a desire to speak, whereupon 1 sent Captain John 
 to meet him and formed the command in line of battle. When Captain John came 
 up to the Indians, they cried out to one another to shoot him, when he retreated to 
 the command, and I ordered the four companies to charge. 
 
 The design of the enemy evidently was to draw us into the ijrush along the 
 river, where, from our exposed position, they would have the advantage — they no 
 doubt having placed an ambush there. To avoid this, I charged down the river 
 toward the pack train. The warriors then split, part going across the river, and 
 part down toward the pack train. These were soon overtaken and engaged. The 
 charge waa vigorous and so well sustained that they were broken, dispersed and 
 slain before us. After a short time, I sent Captain Miller to the left and Mt^or 
 Maxon to the right, the latter to cross the stream and cut them ofTfrom a point 
 near which a large body of warriors had collected, apparently to fight, while I 
 moved forward wttli the coimnands of Captain Henness and Lieutenant Powell to 
 attack them in front. The Major could not cross the river, and, on our moving 
 forward the enemy fied, after firing a few guns, part tailing to the left, and part 
 oontinulng forward. 
 
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 HIBTORT or WrLLAMKTTli VALLST. 
 
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 Those who took to the left foil in with Captain Miller's company, who killed 
 five on the spot, and the rest were not less successful in the pursuit, which was con- 
 tinued to the crossing of the river, where the enemy had taken a stand to defend 
 the ford. Being here rejoined by Captain Miller and by Lieutenant Curtis with 
 part ot Maxon'ti company, we ttred a volley, and I ordered a charge across the river, 
 which was gallantly executed. In doing this, Privuto Hhirley Ensign of Hennesu' 
 company, who was in the front, was wounded in the face. Several of the enemy 
 were killed at this point. We continued the pursuit until the enemy had reached 
 the rocky canyons leading towards Powder river and commenced scattering in ev- 
 ery direction, when, finding that I had but five men with me, and the rest of the 
 command scattered in the rear, most of the horses being completely exhausted— I 
 called a halt, and fell back, calcuiatiug to remount the men on the captured horsex 
 and continue the pursuit after night. 
 
 I found the pack train, guard and reserve, encamped on a small creek not far 
 from the crossing, as I had previously ordered them to do, i nd learned that a body 
 of the enemy had followed them up all day, and annoyed them, but had Inflicted 
 no damage beyond capturing many of the unlnials which we had taken in charge, 
 and left behind. 
 
 I learned, also, that Major Maxon had crossed the river with a small party, and 
 was engaged with the enemy, and wanted assistance. I immediately dispatched a 
 detachment under Lieutenants Williams and Wait, sending the man who brought 
 the information back with them as a guide. They returned after dark, without find- 
 ing the MiOor, but brought in one of his men whom they found in the brush, and 
 who stated that one of the Major's men was killed, and tliat tiie last he saw of them 
 tfaoy were fighting with tiie Indians, At daylight I sent out Captain Mi ler witli 
 seventy men, who scouted around the whole valley without finding him. nut wlio, 
 unfortunately, bad one man killed and another wounded whilst pursuing some In- 
 dians. I resolveii to move camp the next day to the head of the valley, where the 
 emigrant trail crosses it, and continue the search until we became certain of their 
 fate. Tiie same evening I took si^ty men under Captain Henness, and struck ujrau 
 the mountain and crossed the heads of the canyons to see if I could not strike hiH 
 trail. Finding no sign I returned to the place where the Major had last been seen, 
 and there made sterch in different directions, and finally found the body of cne of 
 his men (Tooley) and where the Major had encamped in the brush. From other 
 signs it became evident to me that the M^jor had returned to this post by the same 
 trail by which we first entered the valley. 
 
 Being nearly out of provisions, and unable to follow the Indians (torn this 
 delay, I concluded to return to camp, recruit for another expedition in conjunc- 
 tion with Captain Ootf, who had, I presumed, returned from his exixKlition to John 
 Day's River. 
 
 I should have mentioned previously that In the charge, the command captureil 
 and afterwards destroyed about one hundred and fifty horse loads lacumas, drie<i 
 beef, tents, some flour, coft'ee, sugar, and alM>ut one hundred ]H)undH of ammunition 
 and a great quantity of tools and kitchen furniture. We took also about two hun- 
 dred horses, r.iost of which were shot, there being but about one hundred service- 
 able animals. 
 
 There were present on the ground from what I saw, and from information re- 
 ceived from two squaws taken prisoners, about three hundred warriors of the Cay- 
 use, Walla Walla, Umatilla, Tygh, John Day and DesChutes tribes, commanded by 
 the following ohieb: Btook Whitley and Him-mis-tas-tas (DesChutes and Tygh); 
 Chlok-lah, Plyon, Wio-e-cal, Wat-ah-stuartib, Win-lm-snoot (Cayuses) ; Tah-kln 
 CayuM, the ion of Pau-peu-moz-mox (Walla WallaJ, and other ehie&of lm» note. 
 
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 OAMPAIONS OF OOLOKELS WRIGHT, STXPTOX AND SHAW. 461 
 
 The whole ooromimd, ofilcera and men, behaved well. The enemy waa run on 
 the gallop flftecn miles, and most of them who fell were shot with the revolver. 
 It Is impossible to state how many of the enemy were killed. Twenty-seven bodies 
 were counted by one individual, and many others we know to have fallen and been 
 left, but were so scattered about that it was impossible to get count of them. When 
 to these we add those killed by Major Maxon's command on the other side of the 
 river, we may safely conclude that at least forty of the enemy were slain, and 
 many went off" wounded. When we left the valley there was not an Indian in it ;* 
 and all the signs went to show that ' aey hud gone a great distance from it. 
 
 On the twenty-flrst instant we left the valley l)y the emigrant road, and com- 
 menced our return to camp. During the night Lieutenant Hunter, of the Wash- 
 ington Territory volunteers, came Into camp with an express from Captain Goff". 
 I learned, to my surprise, that the Captain and Major Laj'ton had seen Indians 
 on John Day's River ; had followed them over to the heatl of Burnt River, and had 
 bad a flght with them, in which Lieutenant Eustus and one private were killed, 
 and some seven Indians. They were shaping their course for the Grand Ronde 
 Valley, and had sent for provisions and fresh horses. I immediately sent Lieuten- 
 ant Williams back with all my spare provisions and horses, and continued my 
 march. On Wild Horse Creek I came across Mr. FItes, a pack master, who had 
 been left in camp, who informed me, to my extreme satisfaction, that Major Maxon 
 and his command arrived safe in camp, and were th :i near us with provisions and 
 ammunition. These I sent on Immediately to Captain Goff. 
 
 I learned that Major Muxon had been attacked in the valley by a large force of 
 Indians on the day of the fight; ha<l gained the brush and killed many of them; 
 that at night he tri*>d to tind our camp, and hearing a noise like a child crying, 
 probably one of the captured s(|uawa, had concluded that my command had gone on 
 to Powder River, and that the Indians had returned to the valley by another can- 
 yon. He move<l his position that night, and the next day saw the scout looking for 
 him, but in the distance thought it was a band of Indians hunting his trail. Con- 
 ceiving himself cut off* from the command, he thought it best to return to his camp, 
 thinking that we would be on our way back to Grand Ronde with provisions and 
 ammunition. 
 
 The force inuler Captain F. M. P. Goff, seventy-five men, and 
 Major Layton, one hundred men, had moved up the John Day, and 
 crossing the Bhie Mountains reached the vicinity of Burnt River on 
 the twelfth of July. Owing to severe illness of Captain Goff, he 
 was forced to remain in camp until the fifteenth, with a portion of 
 his command, while the remainder of the force, under Major Lay- 
 ton, was scouting in search of the enemy. Layton 's scouts reached 
 the head of Burnt River on the fifteenth and camped, when Lieu- 
 tenant John Eustus, with two men, proposed ascending a neighbor- 
 ing bluff to get a view of the surrounding country. They were 
 advised not to attempt it, but determined to do so, and, as they ap- 
 proached the summit, were fired upon by ambushed hostiles, the 
 Lieutenant and Daniel Smith of Company K being killed. The 
 third man made a miraculous escape, and was met in hie wild flight 
 by comrades coming to his assistance, before he reached the camp 
 
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463 
 
 HXSTORT or WILLAMXTTX TALUCT. 
 
 that lay in plain view below. Lieutenant Hunter, at the head of 
 his command, charged up the hill, drove the Indians off from it, re- 
 covered the botlies of the dead sohiiers, and then xell back to camp. 
 The next morning found them surrounded by the enemy, and a 
 skirmishing engagement followed through the day, wliich resulted 
 'in nothing decisive except the wounding of one soldier named 
 Cheney, the wounding of one, and killing of three Indians. On the 
 seventeenth, as Captain Goff approached the battle ground with 
 his company, the hostiles disappeared, and, on the eighteenth, the 
 line of march in the direction of Grand Ronde was resumed. Form- 
 ing a junction with Major Maxon, both forces moved to the general 
 camp on Mill Creek. 
 
 In the battles on Burnt River and in Grand Ronde Valley, the 
 following casualties occurred: Killed, Lieutenant John Eustus, and 
 privates Daniel Smith, William Holmes, of Company K; William 
 Irven, William F. Tooley, of Company A. Wounded, James Che- 
 ney, of Company K; Thomas Conio, of Company A; Shirley En- 
 sign, of Company C; William Downy, of Company D; T. N. Lilley, 
 of Company I. 
 
 When Colonel Shaw reached Mill Creek, he found Agent Robie 
 there, having been ordered out of the Nez Perce country with his 
 goods, and having made a forced march of one hundred miles to 
 reach a place of safety. From this it was apparent that the war 
 party in that tribe had gained the ascendency. The danger wlii ;h 
 (Governor Stevens had feared was imminent; but Colonel Shaw 
 acted promptly in the emergency, using the prestige of his recent 
 victory at Grand Ronde to the best possible advantage. He sent 
 the Nez Perce chief, Captain John, to his countrymen at Lapwai 
 with intelligence of recent events; and charged him to convey to 
 them the following message: *' I am your friend. I have not come 
 to fight you, but the hostiles; but, if you beat your drums for war, 
 I will parade my men for battle." This news and message was 
 enough. The peace party again gained control of the tribe and the 
 threatened danger was averted. Hatl the Nez Perces gone to war, 
 every tribe between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains would have 
 joined in a war of extermination, and the settlements on Puget 
 Sound, in the Willamette Valley and in Southern Oregon would 
 have been hemmed in and threatened, if not actually attacked, by 
 
OAVi>AION8 OF COLOmSLS WBIOHT, HTEPTOE AND SHAW. 468 
 
 a cc'rdon of warriors extending from California to British Columbia, 
 uptJ a sufficient force of troops could lie sent to their relief. What 
 horrors might have resulted, appals the mind to contetaplate. 
 
 Colonel Shaw remaine<l in camp on Mill Creek to hold the key 
 to the Indian country and retain the advantages gained by so 
 great a sacrifice. Meanwhile, Colonel Wright had returned to The 
 Dalles from his fruitless expedition into the Yakima country, and 
 proceeded to carry out his previous design of establishing a 
 military post in the W^alla Wtilla country, which had been so 
 hastily abandoned when the attack was ma^le upon the Cascades. 
 He assigned thin duty to Lieutenant-Colonel E. J. Steptoe, placing 
 at his disposal a battalion of two hundre<l and fifty men. It was 
 then determined to do what should have Wen done in the first 
 place — to notify tin? people that the treaties were not yet in force, 
 and every one must n^maiu out of the Indian country until the 
 pending treaties were ratified, except the sen'ants of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company and others who, like that corporation, had made 
 special arrangements with the Indians. Before starting, therefore. 
 Colonel Steptoe made the following announcement : — 
 
 Fort Dam.E8, O. T., August 20, 1866. 
 The undvreigiied, huvinK been defliKnated to et«tjtbliHh a military post in ttie 
 Walla Wulla country, and witli a view to prevent all uiisundenttandiug on the sub- 
 ject, believes it proper to make loiown the following instruction be has received 
 from the Pacific Military Department:— 
 
 "No emigrant or other white pcrnon, except the Hudson's Bay Company, or 
 persons having cc<led right^< t'r<>m the Indians, will be permitted to battle or to re- 
 main in the Indian country, or on land not settle<l, or not oonflrmed by the Senate 
 and approved by the President of the United Htatcs." 
 
 These orders are n'>t, liowever, to app^y to the miners engaged in collecting gold 
 at Colville min^^j. 
 
 [Signed] E. J. STEPTOE, 
 
 Brevet Colonel U. 8. A. 
 
 Five days before the issuance of this proclamation, Governor 
 Stevens, having conferred with Colonel Wright as to his plans, 
 went up to the Walla Walla camp for the purpose of mustering 
 out the volunt«'ei's, whose term of service expired on the eighth of 
 September, as soon jus Steptoe should arrive to relieve them. He 
 also proposed to hold councils with the tribes and agree upon 
 terms of a permanent peace. When he arrival at Colonel Shaw's 
 camp, on Mill Creek, near the pn-^'nt city of Walla Walla, he 
 sent out ruunei-s to all the tribes, inviting them to attend a general 
 
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 BIBTOBT or WtLLAXBTTX TALLST. 
 
 council in the Walla Walla Valley. Colonel Steptoe arrived on 
 the fifth of September, and went into camp, five miles below the 
 proposed council ground. What occurred there is related by 
 Governor Stevens in a letter to the Secretary of War, and, in 
 perusing it the reader is cautioned to keep constantly in mind the 
 strong prejudices and marked egotism of the author. The events 
 related are no doubt correct, but inferences drawn and opinions 
 expressed fall short of doing full justice to the regulars, or repre- 
 senting tlieir conduct in the proper light. Throughout the whole 
 war, Ji8 has been amply shown by previous events, he acted as 
 though every one, including the oflScers of the regular army, must 
 bend to his ideas ; everything must be measured with his tape line ; 
 his idea of co-operation was for the regulars to be guided entirely 
 by him ; when they failed so to do he freely charged them with 
 incompetency and willful misconduct, and in that spirit this letter 
 was written. It says : — 
 
 On the evening of the tenth, the Indians being all in exoept the Yaktmas, and 
 none friendly except a portion of the Nez Perces, and orders having been given to 
 all the volunteers to go home the nex^ day, I made a requisition upon Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Steptoe for two C0 11 pan ies of his tr(K>ps and his mountain howitzers, 
 and to my surprise, learned fiwHi his answer that he had moved his camp to a p«lnt 
 on Mill Cre'ek some seven or eight miles alvive my ctimp, and that his orders from 
 General Wool did not allow him to ooniply with my requisition. I say to my sur- 
 prise, for in my interview with Colonel Wright at Vancouver, referred to in my 
 report of the fourteenth of August, I understood. af< I went to the interior in my 
 capacity simply of Superintendent of Indian AttUirs, that in effecting the objects of 
 file council, I was to have the co-operation of the military force he was about to send 
 there ; a uo-operation which the good of the service most urgently demanded. I 
 had already raised nearly two hundred six months' men to strengthen the command 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel Shaw, under a proclamution issued immediately after the re- 
 ceipt of the news of the battle of Grand Ronde, and I had four months' supplies to 
 subsist them. This proclamation was revoked on my arrival at Vancouver, and the 
 troops raised under It disbunded. In interviews held afterwards with Colonel 
 Wright at The Dalles, I dwelt upon the objects to be gained by the council ; referred 
 to the effect of the presence of his troops there, and left him with the belief that It 
 was an arranged and agreed on thing between the Colonel and myself, that I was 
 to have the countenance and support of the regular force in the Walla Walla to 
 carry Into effect the beneficent designs of the council. Colonel Wright state<l that 
 other duties would prevent bis accompanying me ; that he had entire confidence in 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe, the officer In command, and his presence would be un- 
 necessary. Accordingly, previous to Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe's reaching the 
 valley, I sent him two letters, each urging hlra to camp near me ; my object being 
 to show the Indians the strength of our people, and the unity of our councils ; and 
 I also wrote Captain D. Russell, on his way from the Yaklmas with tliree com- 
 panies, to the same effect. On the arrival of Lleutenant-Colnnel Sf.otoe in the 
 ▼alley, I urg«d bim personally to coup nwr .me. The requiaitiuD was refused and 
 
CAMPAION8 OF 0OLONKI.8 WBIOHT, 8TBPT0K AND SHAW. 465 
 
 T waa therefore obliged to oountormand the order aeudiiig hmiiu the volunUjora 
 whose terra of enliBtment had all expired, and of which only QoflT's tympany, fcixty- 
 nine rank and file, remained, a portion of whom were on their way down, and had 
 to be called back. ThlH force only remained to guard my camp. 
 
 The council op«ne<l on the eleventh and i-ontinued on the twelfth and thirteentii, 
 when 80 alarming waa the condition of att'airM, that I deemed it my duty, on the 
 morning of the thirteenth, to addretw a confidential note t<> Steptoe, adviaing him 
 that one-half <»f tlie Nez Perces were unquestionably homtile; that all the other 
 tribefl were hoetile, with a very few exoeptiona, and that a company of his troo|)« 
 wa« eesentlal to the security of my cam|> ; and at hlH HUggestion I moved my party, 
 train and supplier, with UoflT'n company of voiunteen*. to the vicinity of his camp. 
 I met Kuma-i-akun and hiH followers on my way there, and it is prol)ably owing to 
 no one being advised of my intention to move till the order was given an hour be- 
 fore I started, that I was not attacked on the mad. Kama-i-akun had un<|uestion- 
 ably an understanding, as subsefjuent events showed, with all the Indians, except 
 the friendly Nez Perces (alK)nt one-half the nation), and a smiill number of friendly 
 Indians of the otiier triltes, to nutke an attack that day or evening upon my caiiii). 
 He found me on tlie road to his great surprise, and had no time to (perfect his ar- 
 rangements. I had learned in the niglit that Kama-i-akun lind encitmped on the 
 Touchet the nislit l)efore, iind that he would be in this day. Tlie council re o|)ene<l 
 on the sixtecntli ; all the Indians were camped near, Kaniii-i-Hkun and his band 
 iieing only separated from tlie council ground by a narrow skirt of wimnIs in the 
 iMtttom of Mill (JriH^k ; and was closet! the next day, all my efforts, both to make an 
 arrangement witli the hostiles, and to do away with the disaffection of the Ne7. 
 Perces liaving prove<l abortive. On the eighteenth, at a separate council with tlie 
 Ne/, Perces, all, both hostile and friendly Nez Perces, iwlvised the sub-agent, Wm. 
 Craig, not to return to the Nez Perwi country as his life would be in danger, and 
 they were afraid lie would lie kiiletl. .\t the conclusion of this council, in a brief 
 address to the Indians, I expre«se<l my regrets that I had failed in my mission ; 
 that no <Mie said " Yw " to my propositions, and now had only to say, " Follow your 
 <>wn hearts; those who wish t<» go into war, go." My propositions were uncondi- 
 tional submission to the justice and mercy of the Glovemment, and the rendition 
 for trial of murderers. 
 
 In the afternmm Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe informed thene Indians that he 
 came there to establish a |)ost, not to tight them ; trusted they should get along as 
 friends, and ajiiiointed the next day, a little after noon, for a special conference. 
 Tile Indians did not, however, come to see Steptoe at the time upjiointed. They 
 previously set fire to his grass, and following mo as I set out ainnit eleven o'clock 
 oil my way to The Dalles, they attacked me within three miles of Stept<ie'8 camp 
 at alKiut one o'clock in the afternoon. Bo satisfied was I that the Indians would 
 carry into effect their avowed determination in tbe councils in their own camps for 
 several nights previously to attack me, that, la starting I formed my whole party 
 and moved in order of battle. I moved on under flre one mile to water, when 
 forming a corral of the wagons and holding the adjacent hills and the brush on the 
 stream by pickets, I made my arrangements to defend my {losition and fight the 
 Indians. Our position in a low open basin, Ave or six hundred yards across, was 
 good, and with the aid of our corral, we could defend ourselves against a vastly 
 superior force of the enemy. The fight (xintiuued till late in the night. Two 
 cliarges were made to disperse the Indians, the last led by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Shaw in person with twenty-four men ; but, whilst driving before him some one 
 hundred and fifty Indians, an equal number pushed into his rear, and he was com- 
 pelled to cut his way through them towards camp, when, drawing up his men, and 
 aided by the teamsters and pickets, who gallantly sprang forward, he drove the 
 
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 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTK VALLKY. 
 
 [ndlaiiH imcV in full uharge ii|kiu the uurral. Just before tliu charge the friendly 
 Xes PerntHt, fiiiy In number, wh«> Iiod been atwlj^ned to hold the ridKO on the Muith 
 Bide of the eorral, were told by the enemy, they came not t«> Hi^ht the Nez Perce«, 
 but the whitet*. "Go to your camp," Hald they, "or we will w1|h' it out!" Their 
 iwnip, with the women and children, was on a Htream alaiut a mile ilUtant ; and I 
 directeil them to retire at* I did not require their aiwiHtanco, and wan t'earl'iil tliat my 
 men nilKht not !>« able to dLitinguinh them from liootileH, and tluiK friendly IndiuuH 
 l)e killed. 
 
 TowardH night I notified LieutenantrC'olonei Hteptoe that I waa flghtinK the 
 Indiana; that I aliould move tlie next morning, and expr)>iiM>d the opinion that a 
 oompany of iiia troopn w«)uld iie of Bervioe. In hlB reply lie Btated that the Indiunx 
 had burnt up his gra«H, and HUggeBtcd that I Hhnuld return to hiH eanip, itnii place 
 at his dlBpoHal my wagonn, in order that he might move IiIb whole eommiind and 
 hitt auppiieM to the Umatilla or Home other |M>int, wliere HUHtenanee could l)e found 
 for his animalH. To this arrangement I aBaentcd, and liieutenant-C'olonel Hteptoe 
 Bent to my camp Lieutenant Davidaon, with detachments from the eompanieH of 
 drugoona and artillery with a mountain howitzer. They reache<l my camp alKint 
 two o'cl(K^k in the morning, everyttiing in good order, and moHt i>f the men at the 
 corral asleep. A picket bad lH>en driven in an hour and a half before by the 
 enemy: that on the hill south of the corral, but the enemy wim Imiiieiliati-ly dis- 
 l(Hlged and ground pita lieing dug, aH the pointa were held. The howitzer having 
 been flred on the way out, it was lielieved nothing would be gained by waiting till 
 morning, and the whole force immediately returned to liieutenant-Colonel Kteji- 
 toe's camp. Soon after sunrise, the enemy attacked the camp, but were soon dis- 
 lodged by the howitzer and a charge by a detachment from Steptoe's coiiiniand. 
 On my arrival at the camp, 1 urged Lieutenant-Colonel Kteptoe to buiiti a block- 
 house immediately; to leave one company to defend it with all his supplies; then 
 to march l>elow and return with an additional force and additional supplies, and' 
 by a vigorouH winter campaign to whip the Indians into submisaion. I plaited at 
 bis diniHwal for the building, my teams and Indian employes. The block-house 
 and stockatle were built in a little more than ten days. My Indian ntorcroom was 
 rebuilt at one corner of the stockade. On the twenty-third 8ei)tembei, w»' started 
 for The Dalles, which we reached on the second Octol)er. Nothing of interest 
 occurred on the road. 
 
 In the action of the nineteenth, my whole force consisted of Gotr's company of 
 sixty-nine rank and file, tlie teamsters, herden* and Indian employes, nnnil)ering 
 about fifty men. Our train consisted of al>out five liundred animals, not one of 
 which waa captured by the enemy. We fought four hundred and fifty Inilians, 
 and had one man mortally, one dangerously, and two slightly wounded. We 
 killed and wounded thirteen Indians. One-half the Nez Perces, one liundred and 
 twenty warriors, all of the Yakimas and Palouse, two Lundred warriors ; tlic great 
 
 bulk of the Cayuses and Umatillaa, warriors; of the Walla 
 
 Wallas and Indians from otlier bands, were in the fight. The principal war cliiefs 
 were the son of Ouhi, Isle de Pere and chief Qultomee; the latter of whom bad two 
 horsee abot under him, and who showed me a letter from (Colonel Wriglit, acknowl- 
 e<lging his valuable services in l)ringing ai)out the peace of the Yakiuiiui. I liuve 
 failed, therefore, in making the desired arrangements with the Indians in tlie 
 Walla Walla, ami the failure, to be attributed in part to the want of co-operation 
 witii me as Superintemlent of Indian Allhirs on the part of the regular troops, liax 
 its causes also in the whole plan of operations of tiie tr<M)ps since ('olonel Wright 
 assumed c<mimand. I state boldly, that the cause of thu Nez Perces l)econdng 
 disaffected and finally going into war, Is the ojierations of Colonel Wright cast of 
 the Caaiwles— operations so feeble, so procrastinating, so entirely unctjual to (he 
 
OAVPAIOKS OP 00L0ITEL8 WRIGHT, HTEPTOE ANU SHAW. 461 
 
 emergency, that not only haa a moat aevere blow been ittruek ut tbu credit of the 
 Oovernment and the proaperlty and character of thin remote Hectlon of country, but 
 the impreeeion has been made upon the Indians that the people and the soIdierH 
 were a different people. I repeat to you offlcially that whuu toe Indiana attaclced 
 me, they expected Colonel 8teptoe would not asslHt me, und when they awoke 
 from their delusion, Kama-1 akun said "I will now let tiieue people know who 
 Kama-i-akun is." One of the good eff'ects of the flgbt In, that the Indians have 
 learned that we are one people, a fact which hnd not previouMly been made apparent 
 to them by the operations of the regular troops. Is, sir, the army sent here t,o pro- 
 tect our people and to ]iunish Indian tribes, who without cause, and in cold bItHid, 
 and In spite of solemn treaties, murder our {>eople, burn our houses, and wipe out 
 entire tiettlements? Is it the duty of Genera! Wool and his officers to refuse to co- 
 operate with nic in my appropriate duties as Superintendent of Indian Affliirs, and 
 thus practically to assume those duties themselves? Is it the duty of General 
 Wool, in his schemes of pacifying the Indians, to trample down the laws of Con- 
 gress; to issue edicts prohibiting settlers returning to their claims, and thus for at 
 least one county, the Walla Walla, make himself dictator of the country? 
 
 Early iu November the regulars again marelied iuto the Walla 
 Walla country, Colonel Wright taking command of the expedition 
 in person, and camped on Mill Creek on the site of the city of 
 Walla Walla. Here he held a council with the tribes and agreed 
 upon terms of peace. He promised them inmiunity from punish- 
 ment for their past conduct, and that the treaties should not be en- 
 forced until duly ratified by the Senate and promulgated by the 
 President, until which time no white man would be permitted to 
 settle in their country without their permission. Thus ended the 
 war. That this did not meet with the approval of Governor Ste- 
 vens can well be imagined. He had always maintained that the In- 
 dians had bound themselves by solemn obligations, which they had 
 deliberately broken, and for which conduct they were deserving of 
 severe chastisement. It is one of the simplest rules of equity that 
 a contract mtist be ecjually binding upon both parties to be valid. 
 Governor Stevens knew this ; and yet he insisted that these treaties 
 were in full force with the Indians while as yet they were not bind- 
 ing upon the Government, being as yet unratified. Had he, as the 
 Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Washington, and his associate 
 official in Oregon, Joel Palmer, acted pinidently, and, instead of 
 hastening to notify the people that the Indian title had been ex- 
 tinguished by treaty, cautioned them, that, as yet, the treaties were 
 but blank paper, and no rights whatever had been acquired under 
 them by the whites, the whole difficulty, with its attendant train 
 of bloodshed and expense, might, perhaps, have been averted. It 
 
 1} 
 
 in 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ' \ 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 
468 
 
 HI8TOttT OK WILLAMETTK VALLEY. 
 
 18 not Certain that such would have Iwfii tin* cjiw, but lieyoinl a 
 doubt there would have been one powei*ful diM«^""Mii^ element ab- 
 Hent. The G()vernor relieved his feelings in ajwither of thone long 
 lettei-H t«> the Secretary of War, none of which wwin to have influ- 
 enced the Depai'tnient t<t remove, or even ceiwure, (General Won! or 
 (Colonel Wiight. He closed his epistle with tin- following paira- 
 graph: " 1 nt)w make the direct itwue with Colonel Wright; that 
 he has made a concesHion t^t the Indians which he luul no aiithoritv 
 to make; that by no doing, he has done nothing but to get the sem- 
 blance of a peac^. | This was, in a nieaHU-e, true; f«»r the Indians 
 still entertained their bitter feelings ag:iinst the Americans, and 
 exhibited a very defiant spirit); and that by his uctn he has, in a 
 measure, weakenefl the influence of the service liavinir the auth(»ritv 
 to make treaties and having in charge the friendly Indians. | (iov- 
 ernor Slevens himself wjis resjM>nsible for weakening the influence 
 of the treaty -making power, by endeavoring to enforce treaties he 
 well knew were not in eflFect. ] He haj<, in my judgment, abandoned 
 his own duty, which was to reduce the Indians to submission | to 
 (Jovernor Stevens |, and has trenched upon and usurped mine." 
 It is well enough to let the matter drop; the war was ended, and the 
 ptx)ple had a large bill against the General Government, which was, 
 finally, after experiencing the usual vicissitudes and procrastina- 
 tions of Congressional action, paid in a somewhat nuKlitied form. 
 It was subsequent to this affair at Walla Walla, and after all 
 the volunteers had been disbanded, that the long dreaded invasion 
 of Northern Indiaus occun'ed on Puget Sound. Information wjis 
 received by Captain S. Swartwout on the eighteenth of November, 
 1856, that Northern Indians were committing depretlations in the 
 vicinity of Steilacoom, and he at once set sail from Seattle to inter- 
 cept them. Leaiiiing at Steilacoom that the Reservation Indians 
 had defeated these Northern intruders in battle, killed two of them 
 and captured one canoe, Swartwout pursued the retreating savages 
 down the Sound. Passing Port Madison, where they had commit- 
 ted ravages, he continued on to Port Gamble, where, on the twen- 
 tieth he found them encamped in force. An effort to open a peace 
 talk was fruitless, as they would not pennit a boat to land. Ac- 
 (jordingly, Lieutenant Young was dispatched with three boats, forty - 
 five men and a howitzer, to escort an interpreter, who v. as to offer 
 
( AMI'AlrtNS OK rol.MNKI.S WRIOMT, STKI'TOK ANI» s||AW. 4^9 
 
 them pwatT if they would Hlxindon the Sound. They I'efuMHt U* 
 accopt the tcrnfiN, and insultingly challenge*! the marinen to fight. 
 Lieuteiu\nt ^'oung n'tuiii»'<| on board, a.; 1 '^'aptain Swartwout de- 
 termined to iittat^k tlieni in the morning. Dnring the night the 
 ship was in(»ved in whore, and anchored w ith her broadside bearing 
 upon the «!amp, only i^i.v hundrnl yr"''^ difUint. In the morning 
 Lieutenant Senmies \v«Mit in the first <'Utte! to th" oonsort Steamer 
 ..avcller^ which wax ai"'hore<l abov*- tb' <• niip s»i .hat it could bt- 
 raked by the fitild piefe>i on board. P^om there he lande<l with 
 Lieiitenant Forest and twenty-nine saiioi-s and marines, wjwling 
 waist deep t«» reaeh the shore and carrying a howitzer iu their nrms. 
 With them went the interpreter to carry a final propt>sition of peace. 
 Instead of being daunted by the ftjrmidal)le preparations for their 
 subjugation, the Indians refused to aceept the terms offered, and 
 taking .slielter behind trees and logs point<'<l their guns at tiie little 
 party on the beach. The Traveller at once tipencd fire upon them 
 from her field guns, the fii-st discharge being simultaneous with the 
 fii*st volley fired by the savages. Instantly the shij) poui'eil a bi-oad- 
 sidt- of round shot and grape into the camp and woods where they 
 wen* concealed, while the howitzer on the beach also sent in itw 
 compliments. Under cover of the guns, the little party made a 
 bold charge and drove the In<lians from their camp into the woods. 
 Owing to the density of underbnish and fallen timber, it was im- 
 possible to follow them, and, after de,stroying the camp and prop- 
 erty of the marautlers and disabling all l>ut one of their eauoes, 
 Lieutenants Semmes and Forest returned on board. During the 
 day the guns playe<l upon the woods whei-ever an Indian couhl be 
 seen, and it was thought tlu' execution was considerable. On the 
 part of the a.ssailant.s, one nuin was ki'b'd and an<»ther wounded. 
 The ne.xt day the Indians .sent two of their chiefs on l)oard to beg foi- 
 niercy and offer to surreuder unconditionally. They said that they 
 hud lo.st twenty-seven of their number, besides many wounded, that 
 their property and canoes wer{' destroyed and they had been with- 
 out food two days. Tlx-y were all supplied with food, taken on 
 board the ship, and cari'ied to \'ic.toria, promising never to return. 
 Never after that were the whit«> settlements molestwl by marauding 
 savages from the north, tLjugh the aborigines of the Sound have 
 frequently suffered from their hostile incursions. 
 
 t:.\ 
 
 Tl ' 
 
 'I? 
 
470 
 
 HISTOBT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 There was now a semblance of peace everywhere. The volun- 
 teers had all been disbanded, and an ample force of regulars was 
 stationed in Southern Oregon, on the Columbia and on Puget 
 Sound. A strong force occupied the Walla Walla country, and 
 endeavored, while the treaties were being ground through the 
 official mill at Washington, to stand as a bulwai'k between the 
 two races, and prevent either from infringing the rights of the 
 other. A small saw mill was taken up in the spring of 1857, and 
 lumber cut for the erection of barracks and officers' quarters, which 
 were built within the present limits of the city of Walla Walla. 
 In the command of this post was Lieutenant- Colonel E. J. Step- 
 toe, the garrison consisting of several companies of the 9th In- 
 fantry. The Indians W(.re still in a hostile frame of mind, and 
 the presence of the troops in their country was distasteful to them, 
 the feeling extending to, and affecting, the tribes as far north as the 
 Spokanes. This feeling is revealed in a letter wi'itten April 15, 
 1857, by Father A. Hoeken, of the Flat Head Mission, addressed 
 to a brother priest. A paragraph of that epistle says : — 
 
 Father Ravalli labored as much as he could to pacify the tribes which reside 
 towards the west, namely: the Cayuses, the Yaklmas, the Opelouses [Palouse,], 
 etc. As our neophytes [Flat Heads and Coeur d'Alenes] hitherto have taken no 
 part in the war, the country is as safe for us as ever. We can go freely wherever 
 we desire. No one is ignorant that the Black Gowns [Catholic priests] are not 
 enemies— those, at least, who are among the Indians. Almost all the Cceur 
 d'Alenes, in order to shield themselves from the hostilities of the Indians, and to 
 avoid all relations with them, are gone bison hunting. A few days since. Father 
 Joset wrote me that Father Ravalli had already written him several weeks before. 
 I fear a general rising amimg the Indians toward the commencement of spring. 
 Let us pray, aud let us engage others to pray with us, to avert this calamity. I 
 think that it will be well to add to the ordinary prayers of the mass, the collect for 
 peace. 
 
 The outbreak did not occur as predicted, owing, possibly, to 
 the efficacy of the worthy missionaries' prayers, but apparently due 
 to an absence of a sufficient provocation which might serve as a 
 pretext for war. That not much of a provocation was required 
 was made evident the following year. 
 
 In the spring of 1858 Palouse Indians stole some stock from 
 the troops at Walla Walla, and on the eighth of May Colonel 
 Steptoe marche<i north, with a force of one hundred and fifty men, 
 intending to visit Fort Colville, and on his return to capture the 
 thieving Indians. This expedition met with signal disaster, 
 
f'AMPAlONS OF COr.ONEliS WRIOHT, STEPTOK AND 8HAW. 471 
 
 thr6ugli most uumililary cArelessuess. One hundred inules were 
 detailed for the pack train, and when these were loaded it was 
 found that there wa-s no room for the surplus ammunition which 
 had been set out. This was taken back to the magazine, and the 
 eoninijind inarched with only the ammunition carried in the car- 
 tridge boxes of the men. Such carelessness invited the disaster 
 which followed, 
 
 Steptoe crossed Snake River, near the mouth of the Alpowa 
 where he was joined by a friendly Nez Perce chief named " Timo- 
 thy," and three of his warriors. Continuing north, he approached 
 four lakes lying north of Pine Creek, the Indians gradually collect- 
 ing in great numbers. Here he was informed by them that he 
 must leave this region and return to Walla Walla, or they would 
 attack him. Camping at the lakes for the night, the command be- 
 gan its retrograde march at three o'clock on the morning of the 
 seventeenth of April, the Indians continually hovering on its flanks. 
 Steptoe held a conference with Saltees, a C(eur d' Alene chief. Father 
 Joseph acting as interinvter, being assured that no attack would be 
 made upon him. The chief then shouted something to his follow- 
 ei-s, when one of the friendly Nez Perces, named Levi, struck him 
 on the head with a whip, sayiug, " What for you say ' no tight' and 
 then tell y()ur people ' wait awhile' ? You talk two tongues." About 
 nine o'clock in the morning, as the command approached Pine Creek, 
 near the present town of Rosalia, passing down a natural " wash," 
 it wa.5 tired upon by Imlians secreted in the timber across the stream, 
 and occupying elevated positions on the flank. Lieutenant Gaston 
 promptly charged and cleared an opening to the highlands south 
 of th<' creek, being followed by the entire force. The howitzer 
 was iiulimbered and discharged, killing no one, but serving, by its 
 noise, to somewhat intimidate the a-ssailants. By charging them, 
 the enemy were cleared, away, and the retreat was resumed with 
 the pack train in the van, the flanks and rear being covered. Lieu- 
 tenant James Wheeler was on the I'ight, Lieutenant William Gaston 
 on the left, and Ca2>tain (), II. P. Ta>lor guarded the rear, each 
 with a company. Chai'ge after charge of the enemy was ivpulsed, 
 men falling continually and being left to the tender mere}' of the 
 savages in many cases where it wa« impossible to carry them away. 
 At last many of Lieutenant Gaston's men iised their last round of 
 
 1 f 
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472 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ammunition, and he sent an orderly to Colonel 8teptoe, who was 
 with the train in the van, asking that the command be halted until 
 more could be issued; but the request was not gi-anted. Captain 
 Taylor's company next fired its last shot, and this fact, as well as 
 the fall of Gaston, was communicated to the superior officer. He 
 then ordered a halt. The contest in the rear was now a desperate 
 hand tt> hand struggle. Both Gaston and Taylor lay on the ground, 
 their men fighting stubbornly for possession of tlieir bodies. Among 
 them was a private named DeMay, who had been an officer in the 
 French army in Algiers and the Crimea, and was an excellent 
 swordsman. Clubbing his musket he made a furious onslaught 
 upon the assailing savages, and as he was borne down by numbeiv 
 he cried, " Mon Dieu, Mon Dieu, mine saber!" At last the Indians 
 were driven back and the body of Captain Taylor was rescued. 
 So demoralized had become the main body of the troops, that the 
 call of Lieutenant Gregg for volunteei's to go to the assistance of 
 the hard-pressed rear guard, was answered by only ten men. He 
 then led a charge, but soon found himself alone and rode back with- 
 out uttering a word. To save the retreat fi-om becoming a com- 
 plete rout, which would have resulted in the utter annihilation of 
 the force, Colonel Steptoe went into caiup and threw <.tut a strong 
 line of pickets. The Indians encamped near by, apparently will- 
 ing to bide their time, feelins; certain of their victims. Every 
 a\'enue of escape was guarded but one, and that one was a difficult 
 pass which they supposed the soldiers could not travel. The Nez 
 Perce chief was then their savior. When the night was well ad- 
 vanced, having cached the howitzers and left their surplus stores to 
 engage the attention of the savages, so as to delay piu'suit in the 
 morning, the ti'oops mounted and followed Timothy in single file, 
 as he led them through the unguarded pass. 
 
 The wounded of each company were plaged in charge of some 
 of theu' comrades, a few of them being so badly hurt as to l)e 
 utterly helpless. These were tied upon pack animals. Two of 
 them, Sergeant Williams and Private McCrosson, suffered such ex- 
 cruciating agony fi'om the motion of the animals, that they begged 
 to be killed, to be given poison, or a pistol with which to end their 
 misery. Both of them succeeded in wriggling off from the animals 
 they rode in different places ; and their comrades, cutting them 
 
WiJU ' ',' 
 
 CAMPAIGNS OF COLONELS WKIGHT, 8TEPT0E AND SHAW. 
 
 47H 
 
 free from the lashings, left them lying on the ground, and rode 
 away into the darkness unmindful of their pleadings for something 
 with which to end their misery and save themselves fi-om the tor- 
 tures of their cruel pui-suers. One by one the wounded, such as 
 could not take care of themselves, were left behind, and the men 
 hastened forward, intent only upon putting the swift current of 
 Snake River between themselves and the cruel enemy in their rear. 
 Seventy miles were traversed in twenty-four hours, when they 
 reached the river near the mouth of the Alpowa, where lived 
 Timothy's band of Nez Perces. Summoning liis people, the chief 
 placed the warriors on guard in the rear, while the women ferried 
 tlie exhausted soldiers, with their animals and efPecta, across the 
 stream. It took a day to accomplish this task, and then they 
 moved on to the Pataha, where they were met by Captain Dent, 
 with supplies and reinforcements. Here, also, they were overtaken 
 by a war party of Nez Perces under Lawyer, who desired them to 
 return and give the Indians battle ; l)ut they desiretl no more fight- 
 ing for the present, and the march t<i Walla Walla was continued. 
 Two officers and sixteen men -were left upon the field or along the 
 line of the retreat, while more than a score of those who found 
 safety by crossing Snake River, were severely wounded. 
 
 Intelligence of this disaster was conveyed to General Clark, 
 successor of General Wool in command of the department, and he- 
 ordered all available troops on the Coast to as8enil)le at Walla 
 Walla, for the purpose of administering to ^the Indians such a 
 oastigation as would teach them the power of the Government. 
 This force was placed under the command of Colonel Wright. A 
 base of operations, named " Fort Taylor," was established on the 
 soutli side of Snake River, near the Tukannon, and on the 
 twenty-seventh of August Colonel Wright moved forward with 
 six hundred and eighty soldiers, thirty Nez Perce allies, and two 
 hundred packers, herders, ett^ On the first of September he en- 
 countered the hostiles near Medical Lake, and whipped them 
 severely. They were driven from the timber and hills by the 
 howit? rs, and a charge by the troops, and attempting to make a 
 stand on the open plain, were mowed down by the fii'e of the 
 steadily advancing troops, who were armed with long range guns 
 for the first time in their encounter with Indians. When they 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
474 
 
 H18TOBT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 broke, two hundred dragoons, under the command of Major 
 William N. Grier, swooped down upon them, and they fled in a 
 panic, the companies of the dead Taylor and Gaston taking grim 
 revenge upon the fleeing savages who had slain their commanders. 
 How many were killed is not known, as all but those who fell 
 during the last charge were cairied from the field. Seventeen 
 bodies were left upon the ground, which was strewn with blanketj^, 
 robes, guns and the miscellaneous paraphernalia of Indian war- 
 riors. Not a soldier was killed in the battle. 
 
 Four days later the command reached Spokane River, six miles 
 below the falls, having driven the hostiltjs before them for fourteen 
 miles, killing many of them. This was the end ; the Indians fled 
 in terror, and dared not again offer battle to such a terrible foe. 
 Colonel Wright pushed on toward the C(Kur d'Alene Mission, and 
 was met by Gearry, chief of the Spokanes, who asked for peace. 
 The stern avenger told the suppliant chief that he came to fight, 
 not to make peace ; that he had force enough to whip the com- 
 bined tribes of that whole region ; that he offered no terms of 
 peace, the Indians, men, women and • children, must come in and 
 trust to his mercy ; otherwise he would exterminate the tribe. On 
 the eighth Wright captured nine hundred and eighty-six horses 
 from the Palouses, and, knowing how vital they wer in Indian 
 warfare, he ordered every one of them to be shot. This was more 
 than they could endure, and the concurrent appearance of a 
 brilliant comet in tl»e heavens, made them think Colonel Wright 
 was a scourge sent by the Great Spirit, who hung his flaming 
 sword in the sky as a sign of his anger. They suetl foi' peace. 
 
 Councils were held with the various tribes, at which, upon the 
 demand of Colonel Wright, the men who had commenceil the attack 
 upon Colonel Steptoe were delivered up for punishment, and hos- 
 tages were given for their future good conduct. Twelve of the 
 guilty ones were hanged, among whom was Qualchien, who had 
 killed Agent Bolan in 1855. His father, Owhi, second chief of 
 the Yakimas, was a prisoner, and attempting to escape near Fort 
 Taylor, was killed by the guard. On the seventh of October the 
 bones of those who fell in Steptoe's battle were buried at Fort 
 Walla Walla, and Wright then held a council with the Walla Walla 
 tribe. So great had become the fear of him, that when he called 
 
 
 for all 
 five Wi 
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 people 
 Joseph 
 later, n 
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 Cole 
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 energy, 
 rising fl; 
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 day of J 
 watery ^ 
 stormy v 
 tieth of .: 
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 the demfl 
 througli 
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 quent to 
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 July 17, 
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 1858 J," , 
 company, 
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 Lane, anc 
 recommei 
 penses of 
 claims — a 
 coming ni 
 sequence 
 
m '• 
 
 
 •> CAMPAIGNS OK COLONELS WRIGHT, STEPTOE AND SHAW. 475 
 
 for all those who had taken part in the battle to stand up, thirty- 
 five -warriors promptly rose to their feet. Four of these were 
 selected for execution, and their hanging was witnessed by their 
 people with fear and trembling. This was the end, and until chief 
 Joseph and his small band of Nez Perces broke out twenty years 
 later, not an Indian of all those tribes went again upon the war 
 path against the whites. 
 
 Colonel Wright was promoted during the civil war to the rank 
 of Brigadier, and commanded the Department of the Pacific. His 
 energy, watchfulness, and sterling patriotism kept down the ever- 
 rising flame of treason, and held the Coast loyal to the Government 
 throughout the bloody struggle. He became very dear to the peo- 
 ple who liad so long relied upon him for protection, and it was a 
 day of mourning when the sad news came that he had found a 
 watery grave. With his family and staff he was engulfed in the 
 ,^^,^ stormy watei-s of the Pacific, when, off Crescent City on the thir- 
 ( JU 5? *^*'*'^ of July, 1855, the Brother Jonathan carried her human cargo 
 to a resting place beneath the billows. 
 
 The financial history of these Indian Wars presents considerable 
 of importance to interest the reader. It has been mentioned that 
 the demands of the war of 1853 were paid in full two years later, 
 through the action of General Lane and others. The accounts 
 growing out of the Walker expedition in 1854, " To fight the emi- 
 gia?\ts," as some facetious ones have termed it, were paid subse- 
 quent to the War of the Rebellion. The act of Congress which au- 
 thorized their payment, was based upon a previous act approved 
 July 17, 1854, entitle*] "An act to authorize the Secretary of War 
 to settle and adjust the expenses of the Rogue River War [of 
 1858]," which was extended to cover the case of Captain Walker's 
 company. The claims growing out of the last Indian war achieved 
 quite a history. lu the summer of 1856 the matter of these claims 
 was brought before Congress by tlie Oregon Delegate, General 
 Lane, and being referred to the Committee on Military Affairs, a 
 recommendation was made favorable to the payment of the ex- 
 penses of the wars in Oregon and Washington, the two sets of 
 claims — arising from the Rogue River and the Yakima ware — be- 
 coming mingled in all Congressional and oflicial reports. In con- 
 sequence of this recommendation Congress, on the eighteenth of 
 
 
 
 , ! 
 
 n 
 
 fit 
 
 m 
 
476 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTK VALLKY. 
 
 August, passed an act, one of whose provisions is: " Be in enacted^ 
 That the Secretary of War Vie directed to examine into toe amount 
 of expenses necessarily incui-red in the suppression of hostilities in 
 the late Indian war in Oregon and Washington by the Territorial 
 (xovemnients in the maintenance of the volunteer forces engaged, in- 
 eluding pay of volunteers, and he may, if he deem it necessary, 
 direct a commission of three to report these expenses to him," etf. 
 In conse(iuence a commission, consisting of Captain Andi'ew J, 
 Smith, previously many times mentioned in the account of the wui-s, 
 Captain Rufus Ingalls, now General, and Lafayette Grovpr, of Sa- 
 lem, Oregon, was appointed to make the examination. They began 
 work in October, 185H, and after spending more than a year in a 
 careful investigation of these claims, "traveling over the whole 
 iield of operations occupied by the volunteei-s, during hostilities, 
 and becoming thoroughly convei-sant with the matter," made their 
 report t<^> the Secretary of War. According to their examination 
 the sum of !i>4,449,949.38 was due as the expenses on the part of 
 Oregon. The muster-rolls of companies represent^'d an indebted- 
 ness, after detlucting stoppag*^* for clothing, etc., of $1,409,(544. 53; 
 while scrip had been issued to the extent of $0,040,344.80 in 
 payment of supplies, etc, furnished. This aggregate was exclusive 
 of claims for spoliation by Indians, and include<l only what were 
 thought to l)e the legitimate* .expenses of maintaining the volunteer 
 force in the field. The report and accompanying documents were 
 transmitted to Congress, and on the eighth of Fel»ruary, 1859, a 
 resolution pansed the House of Ilepresentatives. providing that it 
 should be the duty of the Third Auditor of the Treasury to exam- 
 ine the vouchere and papei-s connected with the subject, and make 
 a report in the December following of the amount due each indi- 
 vidual engaged in the military service of the two 'JVrrilories during 
 the war. The resolution also provided that he should allow the 
 volunteei-s no higher pay than w»u« received by the ofticei-s and sol- 
 dier of like gi'ade in the regular ainny, including the extra pay of 
 two dollars per month conferred l)y act of Congress of 1852 on 
 troops serving on the Pacific Coast; that he was to recognize no 
 company or individual as entitled to pay except such as had been 
 duly called into service by the Territorial authorities; that in au- 
 diting claims for supplies, transportation, etc., he was directed to 
 
: I'd 
 
 CAMPAIGNS OF COLONELS WRIGHT, STEPTOE AND SHAW 
 
 1 ( 
 
 have a due regard to the number of troop>», to their period of ser- 
 vice and to the prices which were current at the time and place. 
 Ou February 7, 18()U, K. J. Atkinwn, Third .\uditor, made his 
 report. It was an exhaUMtive and voluminous document, and it 
 I'educed the grand total of the claims of various sorts, acted on l»v 
 the three commissioners, from )i«»,()ll, 457.30 to !?2,714,M»t8.5r), a 
 reduction of about fifty-five per cent. This estimate was taken as 
 a basis for these claims, and by a sulist-ipient ju-t of Congress a sum 
 of money to correspond was appropriatitl to ]»ay them, the greater 
 portio|i of which has been disliuiM***!. 
 
 
 
 ,.?■ 
 
 § 
 
 i «■ 
 
 ■»,! 
 
 —4-. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 ABORIGINA.L INHABITANTS. 
 
 Chara( 'erpf the Indiana of the Valley — Destructive Inftuencea — Sourcet 
 of Indian History — Extract from Lewis and Clarke^s Narrati/oe — 
 Various Tribes Recounted — Their Locations — The Klickitat Inva- 
 sion — The Chinook Family — Ethnology — Habits and Appearance 
 — Tattooing — Clothing — Habitations — E'ood — Easy Ways of Life — 
 Salmon Catching — Canoes — Tribal Government — Weapons — Habits 
 of War — Diseases and Treatment — The Vapor Bath — Disposition 
 of Dead Bodies — Infiuenee of the Missions — Antiquities of Linn 
 County — Their Probable Origin — Indiati Names of Localities — Good 
 Taste Demands their Perpetuation. 
 
 THE subject of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Willamette 
 Valley presents little of interest or importance. When the 
 early white explorers arrived, they found the banks of the streams 
 thinly populatetl with savages, who were generally the most peace- 
 ful of their kind and a world different fi'om the sanguinary red- 
 skins of the plains. With these Indians the whites held agreeable 
 enough relations, except the occurrence of a few slight jars, and 
 there is little thereof to chronicle. The most pertinent fact of which 
 we have to make note, is that the Indians speedily died out, and 
 to-day scarcely a hundred individuals exist, the relics of once numer- 
 ous tribes. The causes of that circumstance are neither lamentable 
 nor difficult to ascertain. Fire-water, restriction within narrow 
 bounds, loss of freedom, the prevalence of diseases, " the influence 
 of civilization," each of these, probably, had its weight. The same 
 caiises have acted in the extinction of hundreds of other Indian 
 tribes who have died and left no sign. 
 
 The principal evidence on the subject of aborigines, is derived 
 from the following works : Lewis and Clarke's Travels, Parker's 
 
m 
 
 ABORIGINAL INHABITANTB. 
 
 4ld 
 
 y':i 
 
 Expbring Tour, Stuart's Annales des Voyages, Moi-se's Reports, 
 Hunter's Captivity, Scht)olcraft'8 Archaeology, Wilkes' United States 
 Exploring Expedition, Ross' Adventures, Domt'iiech's Deserts, Mo- 
 fras' Explorations, Gass' Journal,, aud The London Geographical 
 Society s Journal. The recollections of various old settlers have 
 also been made use of. 
 
 Of the Willamette Valley nations, Lewis and Clarke, wrote 
 thus : " The nations who inhabit this fertile neijjjhborhood ai'e 
 very numerous. The Wappatoo inlet extends three hundred yards 
 wide, for ten or twelve miles, iw far as the hills, from which it re- 
 ceives the waters of a small creek, whose sources are not far fi'om 
 those of the Killamuck [TillamookJ River. On that creek resides 
 the Clackstar nation, a people of twelve hundi'ed souls, who subsist 
 on fish and wajipato, and who trade by means of the Killanuick 
 River, with the nation of that name on the coast. liower down the 
 inlet, towards the Columbia, is the tribe called the Cathlacumup. 
 On the sluice which connects the inlet with the Multnomah, are 
 the tribes Cathlaiuihipiiah and Cathlacomatup ; and on Wappatoo 
 Island, Clannaminjunuu and Clahnaquah. Immediately opposite, 
 on the north side of the Columbia, are the Quathlapotles, and the 
 Shotos. All these tril)es, lus well as the Cathlahaws, who live 
 lower on the river, and have an old village on Deer Island, may 
 be considered pai-ts of the great Multni)mah Nation, which has its 
 principal residence on Wappatoo Island, near the mouth of the 
 large river to which they give their name [The WillametteJ. 
 Forty miles above its junction with the Columbia, it receives the 
 waters of the Clackamiis, a river which may be traced through a 
 wooded and fertile country, to its sour(!e in Mount Jefferson, almost 
 to the foot of which it is navigable for <;anoes. A nation of the 
 same name resides in eleven villages on the borders ; they live 
 chiefly on grass and roots, which abound in the Clackamas and 
 along its banks, though they sometimes descend to the Columbia 
 to gather wappatoo, where they cannot be distinguished by dress 
 or manners or language from the tribes of the Multnomahs. Two 
 days journey from the Columbia, or about twenty miles beyt)n<l 
 the entrance to the Clackamas, are the falls of the Multnomah. 
 At this place are the permanent residences of the Cushooks and 
 Chaheowahs, tw^o tribes who are attractetl to that place by the 
 
 
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 480 
 
 lIiaTORY OF WILLAMKTTK VALLEY. 
 
 fish, and by the conveniences of trading across tlie mountains and 
 down the Killamiick River, with the nation of Killamucks, from 
 whom they procure train-oil. These falls are occasioned V>y the 
 passage «)f a high range of mountains, beyond which the countiy 
 stretches into a high level plain, wholly destitute of timber. As 
 far a«i the Indiann, with whom we conversed, had ever penetrateil 
 that country, it was inhabited by a nation called Calahpoewah, a 
 veiy numenrus peojile, whose villages, nearly forty in number, are 
 scattered along each side of the Multnomah, which fui'nishes them 
 with theii" chief subsistence — lish, and the roots along its banks." 
 In Schoolcraft's Archaeology the names are subjected to a slightly 
 different spelling : Calapooyjis, Clackamas. The former tribe 
 " live in the Upper Willamette Valley." According to Stuart's 
 Annales des Voyages^ the Cathlacamaps lived at the mouth of the 
 Oullammat ; the Cathlapoutles opposite ; the CathlanarniniminH on 
 an island a little higher up ; the Mathlanobes [Multnoraahs | on 
 the upper part of the same island ; the Cathlapouyeas just abc^ve 
 the falls ; the Cathlackla« on the eastern l)ranch higher up ; and 
 still higher, the Chochonis. According to Morse's Reports^ the 
 Cathlathlas lived " sixty miles above the mouth of the Wallaurmit," 
 while the Multnomahs or Mathlanobs at the upper end of the 
 island, 'n the mouth of the Wallaumut. Morse speaks of the 
 Nemalquinners, on the nort/heast side (rf the Wallaumut. 
 
 By numerous eOTly writers we are told of the Calapooias' 
 residence on the Upper Willamette, and the name is spelt with all 
 imaginable variations. Some have it Kalapuyas ; othei-s Vule 
 Puyas, Kalapooyahs, Callipooyas, Calapooah, Callaw})ohyea!is, and 
 Callapohyeaass. The Calapooias are divided by one writer into 
 the Wacomeapp, Naumooit, Chillychandize, Shookany, Coupe, 
 Shehee, Long-tongue- buff, Lamalle, and Pecyou tribes. The 
 Clackamas, on Clackamas river, are variously spoken of as the 
 Clackemas, Clakamas, Klakamus and Clarkamees. Of nine snl)- 
 divisions, the Katlawewallas [Clough-e-walhis] lived at the Falls 
 of the Wallamet. The " Nemskees extend eastward of the head- 
 watere of the Multnomah toward a large lake." The Lee-shteelosli 
 occupied the headwater of the Multnomah. The Cloughewallhah 
 lived a little below the falls. Yhe Yamkallies ( Yoncallas | dwelt be- 
 yond the sources of the Wallamut River, in the beautiful valley now 
 
ABORIGINAL IITHABITAKTS. 
 
 481 
 
 known by this name. The Yamhills lived in the county of that 
 name. Their cognomen is corrupted from Che-utn-il, a ford, we 
 are told. 
 
 The Molallas resided not far from Oregon City, and in the 
 region now known as Marion and Clackamas counties. They are 
 described as having been of different extraction and habits from 
 . the neighboring nations, and are said to have been an offshoot from 
 the Cayuse tribe of Eastern Oregon. For purposes of war or 
 trade some Cayuses had removed temporarily to the west of the 
 Cascades, and were unable to return, owing to the hostility of the 
 tribes of the Des Chutes, by whom they were cut (^ff from their 
 own country. They settled in the valley and remained there until 
 overtaken for the most part by the fate which met their neighbors. 
 In person they were larger and more prepossessing than the 
 Chinook peoples. A small number of them settled in the eastern 
 part of Douglas County at some period within the memory of 
 whit« men, and their descendants, to the number of a dozen or so, 
 live there yet, in the possession of farms, which tht^ cultivate with 
 quite as much industry and judgment as their white neighbors. 
 This fact argues an extraction many grades higher than the com- 
 mon run of Indians, and far beyond the capacity of the Chinook 
 tribes. 
 
 At a time, subsequent to the arrival of the whites, and before 
 their numbei's and influence became overpowering, the Kliekitats, 
 a restless and enterprising tribe, whose home is on the north side of 
 the Columbia, emigrated from the broad plains of that region, and 
 settled in the Willamette Valley. Some say that they conquered 
 the peaceful and inoffensive Calapooias. and made vassals of them ; 
 but this is uncertain. It is more likely that they merely settled 
 among them. The characteristics of the invaders, according to 
 some, entitle them to the name of the Jews of the Northwest, for 
 their peculiarities are seen more in barter and commei-ce than in 
 aught else. As for their warlike tastes it is related that upon the 
 breaking out of the first Indian war in Southern Oregon, a V)and of 
 Kliekitats offered their services to the Territorial Government, pro- 
 posing to serve against the Rogue River tribes, and there were 
 many who were of opinion that they would have been able to 
 bring the latter to subjection very quickly. This, however, is only 
 
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482 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTX VALLEY. 
 
 supposition, as these tribes knew nothing of each other, being 
 always separated by hundreds of miles. Toward the whites the 
 Klickitats ever maintained a peaceful attitude, though numerous 
 enough to have occasioned infinite trouble. Their forbearance was 
 ill appreciated ; and this fine tribe, after occupying a part of the 
 valley for several years, was, at hist, compelled to withdraw, 
 owing to the aggressions of the incoming white settlers. Tiiey. 
 were, at one time, in a fair way to become permanent cultivators 
 of the soil, and had, in many cases, taken up land, acquiring it by 
 trade from the Calapooias, its previous possessors. About 1854 
 they returned to their own country in the north. 
 
 According to Bancroft the Indians of the Willamette Valley 
 possessed analogies to those of the Lower Columbia River in general, 
 and he has erected them into a group, which he styles the Chinook 
 family. Originally the name Chinook was restricted to a 8 lall 
 tribe living on the north bank of the Columbia, near its mouth. 
 The Indians of the Chinook family once formed numerous and 
 powerful communities, but are now represented by a few squalid 
 and miserable survivoi's, especially where the country has been oc- 
 cupied thickly by whites, as in this valley. " Whole tribes have 
 been exterminated by war and disease, and in the few miserable 
 remnants collected on reservaticms or straggling about Oregon 
 towns, no trace is present of the independent, easy-living bands of 
 the not remote past. It is, however, to be noted that at no time 
 since this region has been known to Europeans has the Indian pop- 
 ulation been at all in proportion to the supporting capacity of the 
 land while yet in a state of nature, with its fertile soil and well 
 stocked streams and forests." 
 
 In titature the Indians of the Valley rarely exceeded five feet, six 
 inches, while the fomales were scarcely above five feet. Both sexes 
 were strongly built, but loosely. They were said to have improved 
 physically in proportion to their distance from the Columbia and 
 its fisheries, which is a consequence of the often observed fact that 
 the fish-eaters were, and always are, inferior to hunting tribes. The 
 Calapooias on the Upper Willamette were thought to have been 
 the finest in physique. Some observers have noticed a similarity 
 between the Chinook and the Mongolian visages, in the matter of 
 the broad and ilat noses, and the eyes turned obliquely upward at 
 
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 been 
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 fiouth\ 
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ABORIOINAL INnABITAKTS. 
 
 488 
 
 the outer corners. The Chinook nostrils were large, the mouth 
 wide and thick-lipped, the teeth irregular and fre(iuently much 
 worn, the eyes black, dull and expressionless, tiiougli some have 
 credited tliem with possessing bright eyes and an aspect of liveliness. 
 Their features, though in general coarse, wen sometimes regular, 
 and not disagreeable, especially among the women, who have often 
 been credited, in individual cases, with at least ordinary charms. 
 The Chinook family generally conformed to the habit of flattening 
 the heads of young children, which uniq le custom extended as far 
 southward as the Falls of the Willamette. The subject is referred 
 to in Bancroft's incomparable ethnological work, the Native Races 
 of the Pacific Coasts but he declares himself ignorant of the origin 
 of this strange freak, but supposes it to spring from the innate love 
 of ornamentation. (See vol. I, pages 226-7.) 
 
 Another hideous custom, and a more general one, was that of 
 slitting their noses and wearing a string of beads or shells therein. 
 Tattooing is said not to have been practiced universally as in the 
 more southern tribes, but was frequent, es[)ecially among the fe- 
 males. It usually consisted of lines of dots pricked into the limbs 
 and cheeks with pulverized charcoal. The women were fond of 
 daubing the body with bright colored earths and the juice of ber- 
 ries, and grease was extensively applied. The hair was worn long 
 and was p great source of filth. The women wort it braided in 
 two tails. As is customtiry with Indians, they preferred to go as 
 nearly naked as the weather would permit. However, females wore 
 nearly always a skirt of cedar bark-fibre, hanging to the knees. 
 Other garments were composed of the skins of beasts sown together 
 and sometimes ornamented with fringes or paints. 
 
 The houses of the Chinooks were usually taken down each year 
 and re-erected to get rid of vermin. They were built of wood ; 
 often of the bark of trees, or, in some cases, of cedar planks, though 
 this degree of advancement was not possessed by many. The 
 planks were fastened by strings of bark, by which they were tied 
 to upright posts forming a frame. The ordinary dimensions of 
 these houses were, length, twenty-five to seventy-five feet; width, fif- 
 teen to twenty-fivG feet. The door was just large enough to admit 
 the body, and there was no window nor chimney; for convi nience 
 of fire there were fire-places sunk in the dirt floor, and the smoke 
 
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 ';i 
 
 
 
 
484 
 
 HISTOBT OP WILLAMETTE TALLET. 
 
 fouud its way out through the cracks in the sides of the roof. Several 
 families occupied each house ordinarily, sleeping in raised berths 
 along the sides of the building. These structures were the houses 
 of the permanently located and more wealthy elf sses. The very 
 poor Indians lived in huts built of sticks and mud, or of sticks 
 covered with mats, b:.rk, rushes or skins. " The interior and ex- 
 terior of all dwellings were in a state of chronic filth." Lewis and 
 Clarke saw a house in the Willamette Valley which was two hun- 
 dred and twenty-six feet long, divided iato two ranges of apart- 
 ments, separated by an alley four feet wide. It should be I'ecollected 
 that these Indians remained habitually in one location instead of, 
 like the nomadic tribes of the interior, changing their habitation 
 frequently. 
 
 The Indians of the valley raised corn, beans and squashes. Nuts, 
 berries, wild fruits and roots were in much use as food. Wild fowl 
 were snared or shot, and elk and deer were killed with arrows or 
 caught in pit-falla. The wapato, a bulbous roct which grows in 
 shallow ponds, was much relied on by them for food, and was 
 gathered by the squaws, who sought it with their f<;et as they waded. 
 Fish formed a ver}' important part of the Indian diet. The enor- 
 mous abundance of salmon supplied them with a very nutritious 
 and easily procured aliment, upon which they live<3 for a great part 
 of the year. Those of the tribes who lived about the mouth of the 
 Willamette, were expert fishers and followed that pureuit more 
 closely than further removed tribes on the upper river. It is well 
 understood that the Columbia was, and is, the greatest natural de- 
 pot of salmon in the known world. It is an apparently inexhaus- 
 tible store-house for that noble fish, and the natives made such use 
 of it as their desires prompted. They had, in the season, fresh 
 salmon upon which they feasted with delight, and were provident 
 enough to cure and put aside a sufficient quantity to serve as their 
 support until the next "run." They caught them with nets, or, 
 perhaps more frequently, by spearing. The Falls of the Willamette 
 was a very celebrated place for salmon catching, and in the neigh- 
 borhood there resided a large number of natives. There they 
 speared them by standing on rocks or on scaffolds, and watching 
 their attempted ascent of the falls, or they scooped them up in small 
 dip-nets, or caught them with large fish-hooks used as gaffs. Such 
 
 bein 
 Aim 
 drill 
 
ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS. 
 
 486 
 
 flsh as vere killed by accident — and there are always a great many 
 such — were gathered up from the rocks '-, hereon they had fallen in 
 their efforts to pass the obstructions, and added to their store. Such 
 is the abundance of these fish that the rudest means are sufficient to 
 secure an unlimited quantity at the season of their runs. When 
 taken, the fish were cut open by the women — the universal drudges 
 —dried in the sun, and smoked in the lodges. They were some- 
 times powdered finely after being dried, and packed away in mats 
 for winter use. The sturgeon was caught by the Lower Willamette 
 Indians, as also were oCher varieties. It will be seen that no other 
 country on eirth possessed such resources for the support of a savage 
 population, and considered as beings whose utmost desires were an 
 easy living, we shall have to admit that the Willamette tribes were 
 fortunately located. 
 
 Thoy were somewhat expert in the management of canoes, of 
 which they possessed a great number. These vessels were always 
 dug out of a single log of fir, cedar or pine, and varied in length 
 from ten to fifty feet, and were often made with much skill. The 
 Willamette tribes, however, were less expert in the management of 
 their boats than the Coast Indians, and their vessels vvere less skill- 
 fully constructed, as they were only in use for navigating the placid 
 waters of the interior streams. 
 
 The government of the tribes was by the usual institution of 
 chiefs, of whom there was one to each village. At one tim&, we 
 are told, there were four principal chiefs in the valley, holding au- 
 thority over the nine tribes which then existed. The chiefships 
 were sometimes hereditary, though probably more often selected 
 because of wealth and consequent influence. Offenses against 
 tribal regulations were generally expiated by a fine or by the pay- 
 ment of pecuniary recompense to the party injured. 
 
 Slavery existed, as among all the west coast tribes, the slaves 
 being obtained by purchase from other tribes. Like all North 
 American Indians, those of the Willamette were fond of strong 
 drink, and indulged inordinately in it whenever it was procurable. 
 They gambled as a steady habit, and sacrificed their property, their 
 wives and children, and t^"ir own liberty in order to satisfy their 
 devotion to that vice. 
 
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486 
 
 HI8T0BT OP WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 The aboriginal weapons were those in common use among the 
 North American tribes, being the bow and arrow. The former was 
 from two and a half to four feet long, and usually made of cedar. 
 The arrow heads were composed of bone, flint, chert or copper, and 
 were of the usual forms of fabrication. Bancroft regards it as very 
 doubtful if they ever used either spears, tomahawks or scalping 
 knives, though many travelers and settlers have spoken confi- 
 dently of seeing such. They, however, commonly used a wooden 
 sword, double-edged and two or three feet long. They were in the 
 habit of wearing in time of war a thick arrow-proof armor of elk- 
 skin or of short sticks bound together with grass. Theii* quarrels 
 were frequent but not blood-thirsty. They never, in time of war, 
 resort'^jd to nijrht attacks, surprise, or the massacre of children and 
 women. They never approached near enough for hand-to-hand 
 fighting, and as their clothes were arrow-proof, they were subject 
 to no great casualties. 
 
 The principal diseases among these Indians were consumption, 
 various fevers, liver complaint and ophthalmia. Their treatment 
 of such was simple; it consisted of sweat baths followed by a plunge 
 into a running stream — a method of doubtful utility in any case 
 and almost uniformly fatal in the treatment of fever. This custom 
 is common to a great many of the tribes of the Pacific Coast, ex- 
 tending as far as the frontiere of Mexico to the south, and to an 
 unknown distance toward the north. The sweat house — a struc- 
 ture devoted to the vapor bath — was seen in nearly every village, 
 the whole population of which wei'e accustomed to avail themselves 
 of it at frequent intervals, though not at all for the purposes of 
 cleanliness. As among most, if not all other ti'ibes in America, 
 there were medicine men, whose functions were divination, the cure 
 of diseases, etc.; and singing, the beatirg of sticks and pressure 
 and kneading of the patient's body, made up the pi'incipal medical 
 treatment. These doctors, if unsuccessful in their ministrations, 
 were sometimes nubjected to beatings and even put to death. 
 
 About the mouth of the Willamette the Indians were in the 
 habit of burying their dead in canoes, the deceased's pro{)erty being 
 placed in the vessel with him and the Mhole being placed in a tree 
 top, or upon an eminence. Several rocky bluffs along the Colum- 
 bia were favorite placeo for the bestowal of the remains, and such 
 
¥ 
 
 T 
 
 ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS. 
 
 487 
 
 have received names to denote that use. At other places a kind of 
 vault was made of planks and earth, and the deceased, tied up iu 
 mats, placed therein. The Calapooiaa buried their dead in regular 
 graves, erecting over them a head -hoard. 
 
 In regard to the Indians' susceptibility for civilization, we can 
 hardly form an opinion, as the poor creatures did not live long 
 enough to give it a fair trial. In 1834 the Methodist M'osionaries 
 founded a mission near Salem, as narrated in another part of this 
 work, and began giving instruction. It appears that the natives 
 took kindly to the matter, and several of them became apt pupils. 
 The teachers were much encouraged, but the institution was not 
 fully the success that had been expected. Several causes con- 
 tributed to this, and, in spite of the ardor with which the mission- 
 aries labored, but a few years elapsed before the supply of pupils 
 ran out, and the self-denying ministi-ations of the good missionaries 
 was chansjed to other directions. The Indians' numbers decreased 
 frightfully in the years immediately succeeding the coming of 
 the whites, and of the Calapooias, who were tliought to number 
 eight thousand in 1836, only six hundred could be found in 1840. 
 It is probable that the Ilev. Mr. Perkins, who made the former 
 computation was in error ; but it is a well-attested fact that there 
 was a very serious diminution in their numbers between the years 
 mentioned, and also for each succeeding year until their final ex- 
 tinction, which may be said to be about accomplished now. The 
 number existing at present is thought not to exceed one hundred 
 persons, and these are mainly, if not all, of mixed blood. 
 
 Some interesting discoveries of antique remains, presumably of 
 Indian origin, were made in the early months of 1884, by Dr. J. L. 
 Hill, of Albany. Seven miles southwest of that town, and also in 
 Linn County, exist some artificial mounds of earth, which, until 
 then, had never been examined. Quite a number of mounds, of a 
 nearly uniform size and shape, are said to exist in that locality, 
 the one selected for examination being two hundred feet long, by 
 one hundred wide, the height not being stated. Within this mound 
 there was found four skeletons, which had been buried therein 
 with care, and were accompanied with various implements, which, 
 in the life-time of their owners, had probably been objects of great 
 value. As given in Dr. Hill's account, these objects were as fol- 
 
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488 
 
 HISTOBT OP "Vv ILLAHETTE VALLEY. 
 
 lows : flints, rudimentary arrowheads, beaver tusks, awls com- 
 posed of " bones about three inches long and tapering to a point ;" 
 a pipe three and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide 
 at top, and one inch at bottom ; spoon of wood or bone, necklace 
 of copper rolls (tubes), white beads, matting, solid copper rings 
 encircling the arm ; "ugly green glass beads," stone beads, flat 
 headed, square brass nails with sharp points ; curiously formed 
 bone implements for weaving, bone spatula like a paper knife, 
 and minute brass bells for ornament. The skeletons found were 
 in a good state of preservation, and would seem to be somewhat 
 unlike the framework of the ordinary Indian of to-day, being with- 
 out the frontal ridge, and having a peculiarly receding forehead. 
 The explorer seems inclined to the belief thnt the remains belonged 
 to some tribe which inhabited the region anterior to the Calapooias, 
 but the relics would not seem to warrant such a belief, as they 
 may have been derived from recent sources, and, indeed, are 
 familiar to the ethnologist as articles of esteemed value and com- 
 mon occurrence among the Indians of to-day. It is worthy of re- 
 mark that these burial mounds have been found at various points 
 on the Northwest Coast. There are thousands of them at Tenino, 
 near Olympia, on the Northern Pacific Railway, which, for a time, 
 formed a great puzzle to the antiquary, but are now satisfactorily 
 settled to be nothing more nor less than burial places, most 
 probably constructed by the ancestors of the present race of In- 
 dians. To such an origin it would seem proper to assign the 
 mounds of Linn County. 
 
 Qiiite a large number of geographical names constitute the only 
 legacy of the aborigines to the present population of the valley. 
 Willamette is the corruption of the former designation, Wallamei, 
 by which the earlier explorers and settlers knew this river and val- 
 ley. The name, in its corrupted form, is now universally known, 
 and the task of restoring its more characteristic, suitable and manly 
 spelling is, doubtless, impossible. In conformity with general usage 
 this volume retains the spurious orthography, although its com- 
 pilers are perfectly sensible of the superior fitness of the former 
 style. The name is thought to have been derived from the tribe of 
 Indians who lived near the Falls, and who are mentioned herein 
 as the Clough-e-walhahs ; the name being supposed to be taken 
 
COFFIN ROCF.-INDIAN BURIAL PLACE. -Bee Page 486. 
 
r 
 
 in : 
 
AB0BI0II7AL INHABITANTS. 
 
 489 
 
 from the latter syllables. As this tribe have long since perished, 
 and their language with them, the efforts of etymologists are di- 
 rected in vain to the perfect solution of the question, but enough 
 is known to make this hypothesis the only tenable one. We owe 
 the Frenchified form of the name to the ill-judgment of Wilkes, 
 who was the first, as far as is known, to adopt the ])resent spelling. 
 The Willamette, or more pro[)erly s[)eaking, the Wallamet River, 
 was once known to some few as the McKay River, but this desig- 
 nation did not long adhere. It is said that this name was given by 
 D. McKenzie. 
 
 The uncertainty of tracing etymological derivations is, in these 
 instances, largely increased by the fact of the purely arbitrary 
 spelling necessarily employed to represent the sound of Indian 
 words. To this difficulty must be added that produced by the 
 habitually indistinct tones of an Indian's voice, and the almost 
 impossibility of representing those tones by means of combinations 
 of the twenty-six letters of our alphabet. Perfect rendition of their 
 tones cannot be achieved, and the task of ai^proximation is no easy 
 one. Under such circumstances, nothing of value has been re- 
 tained of the extinct languages of these tribes, and the names 
 which have been perpetuated are, probaVdy, in no case, more than 
 a loose approximation to the original sound. No two observers, 
 hearing the Indian designation of a place, will spell the sound in 
 the same way. This is jM'oved by the multiplicity of forms which 
 the spelling of geogra[)hical words has taken, such as Calapooia, 
 for example. Long Tom is the name of a stream in the upper end 
 of the valley. It is supposed, by most people, to be a name of 
 American extraction, but, in reality, is the modification of its 
 Indian name, Lung-tiim-ler. 
 
 Notwithstanding the uncertainty of meaning and pronunciation 
 of these aboriginal terms, good taste demands their perpetuation. 
 They are preferable, in all respects, to the hackneyed and com- 
 monplace names which are so generally bestowed upon geographical 
 localities. It is greatly to be deplored that the authorities have 
 seen fit to change the appropriate and mellifluous Indian designa- 
 tions to worn and every-day terms. Salem was formerly called 
 Che-raek-e-te, which, we are told, meant gravelly. The legislature 
 in 1854 made Ta-ke-uah into Albany, and, by universal usage, the 
 
 
 : : 
 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 ■A 
 
 'M. 
 
490 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 river Han-chi-u-ke degenerated into Pudding ! The lofty snow- 
 clad summits of the Cascades have mostly the names of dis- 
 tinguished white men, and, like the level lands of the Northwest, 
 are thickly sown with Washingtons, Jeffersons, Adamses and 
 Jacksons. This lack of taste and fitness will be bewailed more 
 and more with the flight of time, but the objectionable names will 
 then have become immovably fixed, and posterity can never revenge 
 itself. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 HISTORY OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 Primitive Ideas — Pioneer Railway Projects — ElliotVs Plan of a Rail- 
 way from Portland to CidiJ-ornla — Inoorpo ration of the Astoria <j& 
 Willamette R. R. Co. — Navies of the Incorporators — The East Side 
 Railway — Ben Ilolladay — The Oregon Central R. R. Co. — Anecdote 
 — N'eed of Railways — The West Side R. R. Co. — A Railroad Boom 
 in Oregon — Effect of the Introduction of Railways — Public Opinion 
 — Dissolution of the Oregon Central and Organization of the Oregon 
 and California Company — Officers of the New Company — River 
 Transportation — Ilolladay Buys a Newspaper — Its Character — 
 Issite of Bonds of the O. & C. R. R. — Completion <f the Railway 
 to Roseburg — W(tnt of Economy — Cessation of Railway Building — 
 Resumption of Work in 1883 — Railways Needed in Southern Oregon 
 — The Railroad Leased to the Oregon and Transconiinental Co. — Tlia 
 West Side Road — Ilolladay'' s Shrewdness — Portland's Princely Gift 
 — Progress of the West Side Road — Two Factions — Exit Ilolladay 
 — Land Grants — The Conquerer Appears — A Gianfs Plans — Vil- 
 lard — The Narrow-Gauge Road — The Oregon Pacific — Railroad 
 Lands — Railway Officials — Concluding Remarks. 
 
 THE railroad and telegraph are now everywhere recognized as 
 necessary accompaniments in the grand procession in which 
 the world is marching onward toward a perfected state of social 
 and commercial relations. Without these adjuncts the growth of 
 any country, when growth is possible, is slow, enterprise hindered, 
 and prosperity comes on with sluggish steps and the most toilsome 
 efforts of the people. As the old process by which the scribes in 
 ancient times wrote a single book in years of constant labor, and a 
 duplicate could only be had by a repetition of the task, compares 
 with the method by which thousands of volumes can now be made 
 in a single day, so the means of communication and travel possessed 
 
492 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 for the first quarter of a century by the people who settled the 
 Willamette Valley compare with the facilities which now enable a 
 resident of Portland to reach Chicago in less time than it would 
 have taken him to go to Jacksonville, in our own state, twenty 
 years ago. All the people of the Willamette Valley now have 
 daily communication with the commercial centers, and ready trans- 
 portation, at reasonable rates, for their various products. 
 
 For some time after the great resources of Oregon were pretty 
 generally known by the civilized world, but few of her people were 
 sanguine enough to entertain a hope that they would live to see the 
 completion of a railroad connecting this part of the Pacific Coast, 
 by a continuous line, with the Atlantic Seaboai'd. Twenty-five 
 years ago, however, it was thought that the commercial relations of 
 the Southern and Northern Coast would ultimately necessitate the 
 construction of a railway from San Francisco to tide water on the 
 Columbia. But little happened, however, at that early period to 
 encourage this idea, and in the unsettled condition of financial af- 
 fairs throughout the country, consequent upon the civil war then 
 going on, no enterprise of the kind made any headway. However, 
 men who foreseen the necessity were agitating the question, and in 
 November, 1863, a meeting was held in Eugene City at which, per- 
 haps, the first decided expression of opinion was set forth. There 
 were present quite a number of prominent citizens of Oregon, 
 among whom were Col. W. W. Chapman, Jesse Applegate, Judge 
 A. J. Thayer, and others. The Oregon and California line was dis- 
 tinctly contemplated in the discussion which took place, and resolu- 
 tions were passed favoring and supporting that project. The pro- 
 vision, however, was included that Oregon directors were to have a 
 voice in the distribution of the proceeds of public lands given by 
 Congress to aid the enterprise, and that the work of construction 
 should begin simultaneously at Portland and Sacramento, or some 
 other point in California. 
 
 In December of the same year (18fi3) S. G. Elliott made public 
 a report of a survey of a route from Marysville, California, to Port- 
 land, Oregon, a distance of six hundred and thirty-five and one-half 
 miles, the estimated cost of construction being $30,472,000, or 
 an average of about $48,000 per mile; the most expensive por- 
 tion of the route lying within this State being the twelve miles 
 
HI8T0ET OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 493 
 
 just south of Canyonville, in Douglas County, to cost 8 100,000 
 per mile, and the least expensive the one hundred and fifty miles 
 from the head of the Willamette Valley to Portland, which could 
 be built for $35,000 per mile. Under these estimates the total cost 
 of the road from Roseljurg to Portland would have been a little less 
 than $7,000,000. What it cost under the Holladay regime will be 
 seen further on. 
 
 This survey was the first step in railroad enterprises in the Wil- 
 lamette Valley which culminated in actual effort at construction 
 and ultinuitely in tangible results, though agitation of the question 
 was rife several years previous and some corporations hatl been 
 formed with glaring prospectuses and millions of money on paper. 
 In 1858 an act was passed incorporating the Astoria and Willam- 
 ette Valley Railroad Company. Among the incorporators were 
 the following named gentlemen, some of whom have been quite 
 prominently identified with other and more permanent enterprises 
 of the kind in the country: John Adair, John McClure, J. Im- 
 brie, Wm. Wilson, James Taylor, J. Welch, C. Boelling, W. W. 
 Parker, P. Wilkes, W. R. Bassett, T. R. Cornelius, Chaa. McKay, 
 M. Wolf, R. C. Kinney, Jo. Meek, R. Bean, W. T. Newby, Andy 
 Shuck, Edward Shiel, J. D. Boon, J. H. Moores, W. C. Griswold, 
 S. Parker, Jacob Conser, Jos. Holman, W. H. Rector, L. Westa- 
 cott, L. F. Grover, E. F. Skinner, E. Bristow, G. Humphrey, Jos. 
 Teal, I. R. Moores, P. Brattain, A. A. Smith, W. C. Gallagher, B. 
 F. Whitson, Thos. Kendall, W. Blair, Chas. Drain, R. Newell, J. 
 H. Stevens, J. D. Crawford, H. N. V. Holmes, A. C. R. Shaw, J. 
 H. Lewis, B. F. Burch, H. Linville, J. Thorp, J. C. Avery, J. 
 Barnhart, I. N. Smith, Jno. Kelsay, A. J. Thayer, Wm. Gird, I. 
 Moore, J. Dohse, Leonard <fe Green, Ladd «fe Co., Thos. Pritch- 
 ard. Job McNamee, Thos. Carter, D. H. Lownsdale, J. S. Rinear- 
 son, S. W. Moss, Geo. Abernethy, W. C. Bowring, Thos. H. Smfth 
 and H. Stevens. These men were all well known in Oregon at 
 that day and their names as incorporators gave an air of responsi- 
 bility to the enterprise that was regarded by many as an augury 
 of success. But many of them, though possessing much knowledge 
 of frontier life and good talent for the ordinary business of the 
 countvy in that day, had not even a faint idea of the expense or 
 difSculty of building railroads. The capital stock was fixed at first 
 
 i'W 
 
494 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 at $5,000,000 and wa'* afterwards increased to $10,000,000, and the 
 proposed road was to run from Astoria to Salem and thence to Eu- 
 gene City; work of construction to begin in two years and the road 
 to be built in ten years. But further than securing its charter and 
 exciting some hopes in the breasts of sanguine peo[>le, the company 
 did nothing. Dying in a few months, it " left no sign " that it had 
 ever existed. Other corporations were formed to build other roads 
 to run from and to alr:ost every promitient point in the valley, 
 with no greater results and except the short lines built, owned and 
 run by the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, on the portages at 
 the Cascades and The Dalles, Oregon had not a foot of railway 
 until the East Side road wa« built, ground bt ing broken for that 
 enterprise on the sixteenth day of April, ISOS, though the work of 
 construction progressed very slowly for a year or two. The first 
 rails were laid in October of the following year when twenty-three 
 miles were ready for the iron and the road wjis finished to the 
 Molalla River on the third of July, 1870, and the first train arrived 
 at Salem in the latter part of October the same year. 
 
 About the middle of Decern otr the line was completed to Al- 
 bany, and an excursion wufe given t • that place from Portland, upon 
 which occasion there was a goo-l deal of enthusiasm and some ag- 
 gravations of the ill-feeling which had been engendered against 
 Ben Holladay by the active part which he had taken in political 
 affaii-s. Hon. Geo. K. Helm, a prominent lawyer of Linn county, 
 had been selected by the citizens of Albany as one of the speakers 
 on the occasion, and on arriving there Holladay gave him an un- 
 deserved snubbing in the presence of a number of distinguished 
 guests, to which Mr. Helm retaliated fittingly, and for a time there 
 was much less shouting than swearing. The occurrence, in one 
 way, forcibly illustrated Holhulay's character. He would brook 
 no opposition. Imperious as Caesar, his very friends were com- 
 pelled to accept his policy or submit to his denunciations, which 
 were not generally delivered in language or manner that at all co- 
 incided with Chesterfieldian rules. With power irrevocably in his 
 hands he would have been a great tyrant, but in a republican 
 community he used the necessary policy more to fortify his own 
 prominent position and to clinch his hold on the country, than be- 
 cause he set any great store on the will of the people in the abstract. 
 
UI8T0RT OP RAILWAYS. 
 
 495 
 
 While, he was for such reasons, disliked as a man, he was, in many 
 respects, wyll fitted to pioneer the enterprise of which he was the 
 head. Many obstacles were in his way, many conflicting interests 
 had to be reconciled. While there was a universal popular desire 
 to see the road built, there were various antagonistic influences 
 tending to hinder and obstruct the work in its very incipiency. 
 
 Four (A five corpoi-ations were in existence when Mr. HoUaday 
 first turned his attention to the State, having been formed to take ad- 
 vantage of any National or State aid. that might be given to railroads, 
 but none of these corporations had the influence to secure such aid, 
 the energy to begin the work, or the means, financially, to carry it 
 on. They were all sickly, moneyless institutions, existing only on 
 paper, the membei-s themselves having little or no knowledge of 
 railroad building and little or no intention of ever undertaking the 
 real work. These corporations, though utterly powerless to do 
 anything themselves, stood much in the way of any enterprise giv- 
 ing promise of actual, tangible results, and Holladay's first object 
 was necessarily to secure control of some one of these corporations, 
 remodel it and place it upon a substantial basis. As presenting 
 the best nucleus, the Oregon Central Railroad Company was se- 
 lected. It had been organized some time, but had done nothing 
 looking to the accomplishment of the ostensible object of its form- 
 ation. Its Directors were George L. Woods, I. R. Moores, E. N. 
 Cooke, J. H. Douthit, J. H. Mooi-es, T. McF. Patton, Jacob Con- 
 ser, A. M. Loryea, H. Boyd, A. L. Lovejoy, Phil. Wasserman, F. 
 
 A. Chenoweth, S. Ellsworth, S. F. Chadwick, J. P. Russ, S. A. 
 Clarke, J. H. D. Henderson, Jno. F. Miller, A. F. Hedges and S. 
 
 B. Parrish. The board was officered as follows: President, I. R. 
 Moores; Vice President, A. M. Loryea; Treasurer, E. N. Cooke; 
 Secretary, S. A. Clarke. Holladay took hold of this organization 
 in 1868 and at once infused it with some life and vigor; proposing 
 to build the line from Portland, through the valley on the east side 
 of the Willamette River and on to the southern boundaiy of the 
 State, where it was to connect with the California and Oregon Road 
 coming northward from San Francisco. Operations were soon be- 
 gun. Ground was broken with much ec/a^, at East Portland on 
 the sixteenth of April, 1868, in the presence of five thousand in- 
 terested spectators, addresses being made by Hons. J. H. Mitchell, 
 
 :! 
 
496 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 John F. Caples, Rev. J. L. Parrish, and others. Mr. Parrish threw 
 the first earth with a shovel made of Oregon silver. 
 
 The capital stock of the company was $7,250,000, of which it 
 was proposed to raise $4,800,000 on the first mortgage bonds, and 
 the company promised to raise $450,000 in cash. With this 
 financial basis, actual work was begun and pushed ahead with a 
 good deal of vigor. Some embarrassments were created by the 
 demands of tbe land owners along the line of the road for the 
 right of way. Exorbitant prices were asked in maiiy cases. Geo. 
 E. Cole Wiis authorized to negotiate for the right of way, and Hon, 
 C. A. Dolph accompanied him most of the time as attorney for the 
 company. On their return they related some very amusing 
 anecdotes of their adventures and encountei-s with the Oregon 
 pioneers, some of which forcibly illustrate the idea which p ople 
 then had of the operations of railroad builders. They believed 
 that the company hud such an enormous (juantity of money, that 
 they would as, soon give a thousand dollars for the right of way 
 across a tract of land as to give a hundred. But when they met 
 the company's agent they soon found their mistake, for while he 
 was willing to pay all that was reasonable, he positively refused 
 to accede to the extravagant demands made by many of the land 
 owners along the rout^e. A rancher in Cluekamas County, whose 
 claim of three hundred and twenty acres was, as improved, worth not 
 to exceed $2,000, asked $3,000 for a strip throngh it, containing 
 about fifteen acres. " What," said Mr. Cole, " that is more than the 
 value of your entire claim. I will give you $800." "No, sir," 
 replied the rancher, " we will never take it, will we wife," appeal- 
 ing to his better half, who was present. " No, sir," she responded, 
 " we'll law 'em till doomsday before we'll take it." After further 
 consultation, the man and his wife fixed their very lowest price at 
 $1,500, but the agent had made u[) his mind before he saw them, 
 what he was going to give, and felt pretty sure, when they began 
 to come down, that they would, at last, come to his figures. It 
 took a good deal of talk, and the land owner and his wife argued 
 long and earnestly to get the agent to raise his figures to $500, and 
 seemed determined to :*^«nd by that sum, even to the extent of a 
 lawsuit. Mr. Cole opened his gi-ip sack, filled with $20 pi ?e8, 
 and counting out fifteen of them, tendered the man the $300, ask- 
 
 acres 
 
 adapte 
 
 proper 
 
 the ac 
 
 produc 
 
 prolific 
 
 furnish 
 
 With 
 
 the Wi 
 
 cf hea 
 
 interru 
 
HISTOKT OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 497 
 
 ing him and his wife to sign the deed of the right of way, which 
 the attorney had all ready. It was refused, and the agent and 
 lawyer started for their conveyance, which stood at the gate. As 
 they reached the door, the man, seeing that business was meant, 
 recalled them, and, with a good deal of seeming reluctance, con- 
 sented to accept what was about four times as much for his land 
 as he could have got for it, from any one els3 in the world. His 
 claim is now worth $30 an acre, an increase in value largely 
 attributable to the fact that the road was built across it, an event 
 which he so strenuously endeavored to prevent. A great many 
 others exhibited the same spirit, and had all the demands of the 
 land o'., ners along the line been complied with, the entire capital 
 stock would scarcely have been sufficient to pui^chase the right of 
 way. There were, however, some who were liberal to the com- 
 pany, beyond expectation, and gave every encouragement to 
 the enterprise which was in their power. Lands for stations, 
 side tracks, etc., were often secured at almost nominal rates. 
 The people generally were anxious for the road, and if its 
 completion has not filled their expectations of the benefits to 
 be derived fro'ri it, every one who views the matter in its 
 proper light admits that those who opposed and hampered it 
 in its incipiency, opposed the true interests of the country. And 
 while there may be some who occasionally long for the return to 
 muddy roads and ox teams, almost aD are willing to admit that 
 the railroad era in Oregon was the great impetus, if not the begin- 
 ning of its prosperity. 
 
 The Willamette Valley alone contains over three million 
 acres of agricultural land, of which, at least, one million is well 
 adapted to the production of grain, and, in ordinary years, with 
 proper cultivation, will produce an average of twenty bushels to 
 the acre of wheat or barley, or thirty bushels of oats. Other 
 products, equal in quantity, are possible, with the mild climate and 
 prolific soil, and this valley alone, did the markets of the world 
 furnish the demand, would yield fifty million tons of food products. 
 With such a possible capacity anil such a climate, the future of 
 the Willamette can not be said to be doubtful. Without extremes 
 cf heat or cold, free from violcul storms, earthquakes or other 
 interruptions of nature's even course, no floods nor drouths, where 
 
 'V'^ 
 
 \ 
 
 : I . 
 .1 1 
 
 ■-1.: 
 
498 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 good crops are the almost unexceptional rule, the products 
 possible being almost everything growing any where in tb« tem- 
 perate zone, a dense and prosperous population is certain in ibe 
 future to make this valley the garden spot of the country, unexcelled 
 in its producing power by any region of the s;ime size on the Ha 
 of the earth. Hence, it was no short-sighted policy, or failure a: 
 predict the future, that led to the investment of capital in en' u- 
 prises looking toward doing the carrying trade of such a country. 
 With the country sparsely settled, as it then was, and isolated by 
 the vast distances from the densely-peopled countries of the world, 
 it required a full comprehension of the advantages which Oregon 
 offered to induce the undertaking, with years of efforts to be cer- 
 tainly a necessity before paying returns could be expected. But 
 those who undertook the task " built wisely," for they calculated 
 upon a future which was almost assured. With two lines of rail- 
 way from tide water, one on each side of the river, to the head of 
 the valley, and feeders out into the tributary sections, a business 
 will, in the not very distant future, be built up, that in magnitude 
 ought to exceed that of any other system, of the same extent, in 
 the world, and, as large quantities make cheap rates, the people of 
 this valley ought then to enjoy a freedom from everything savoring 
 of burdensome freight charges. 
 
 The enthusiasm with which ground was broken for the East 
 Side road had not abated when, with similar demonstrations, the 
 same ceremony was gone through with on this side the river, with 
 reference to the beginning of the West Side road. The commence- 
 ment of these two roads at Portland, both m the same week, cret^ted 
 the first real railroad boom which Portland enjoyed or suffered — 
 the reader, if a Portlander, will take whichever of the terms suits 
 him, according to the ultimate effects of the boom upon his indi- 
 vidual financial interests. Other booms, from similar causes, have 
 been experienced since. They come to e.ery loivii tt> or through 
 which a railroad is being built, their aggregaio eSerts \ ig some- 
 what like those of the waves of the ocean upon thi- beach. If the 
 mariner who is trying to reach the land strikes the wave right at its 
 flood, he is carried to the firm shore, but coming upon it at its ebb, 
 he is most probably carried back into the billows, and, without un- 
 usual^effort, or extreme good fortune, engulfed and lost. In the 
 
 i^-fo- 
 
 tinu 
 
 ficti 
 
 c]in« 
 
 weal 
 
 wou 
 
 only 
 
 regrx 
 
w 
 
 the 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 HISTORY OF EAILWAY8. 
 
 499 
 
 booms which Portland and Oregon have experienced in times of 
 railroad or mining excitement, a few men have been fortunate 
 enough to be lauded by the wave upon financial terra firma^ but a 
 great many others have struck the boom at the wrong end and have 
 been swept back into the yawning gulf of poverty by the tide which 
 they expected would carry them to the golden shore of competence, 
 if not of substantial wealth. The advantages which a country gets 
 from the construction and operation of railways are not to be meas- 
 ured by these temporary excitements in which business of all kinds 
 is inflated beyond the ordinary demand or exigencies of the times, 
 or what the actual bedrock facts of the situation require. These 
 booms are, it is true, generally regarded as prosperous times, but 
 they are not so much so as the surface of things indicate, and every 
 good business man knows that the prosperity which they excite is 
 of the mushroom character, and that the part oi wisdom is to be pre- 
 pared for the reactionaiy period which is sure to follow. 
 
 Upon the beginning of railroad work in Oregon the usual effect 
 was everywhere observable. The expenditure of large sums by 
 the company was anticipated by the enlargement of investments 
 in business of other kinds. Supplies of all connnodities, which men 
 buy and sell, were increased. Augmented facilities were added ; 
 larger stores, and more of them, were demanded, rents went up, 
 and real estate doubled or trebled in value, or rather in prices. 
 Speculation was rife in everything, and, more especially, in land. 
 Money was, or seemed to be, plenty, and many men engaged in 
 business, apparently with the idea that this state of affairs would 
 continue. Debts were incurred, upon the supposition that when 
 they became due, the means to liquidate would be as easily 
 obtainable as when they were contracted. Men paid high prices 
 for things, of which they had no real need, and out of which no 
 immediate profit could be expected, calculating upon a long con- 
 tinued advance in values, not regarding the fact that values were 
 fictitious, or, that when the public pi»lse began to indicate a de- 
 cline of the fever, the vitality of speculation would suddenly 
 weaken, and many enterprises possessed of much seeming vigor, 
 would greatly relax, or totally collapse. Many, who then looked 
 only at the shining side of the subject, now see their mistake, and 
 regret that railroads were ever introduced into Oregon. But all 
 
 
 ■r^i 
 
 '"t 
 
 u 
 
 
500 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 who have been guided by their better judgment, who, in the times 
 of excitement ai v' "nflation, kept in mind the fact that all former 
 experience was .j effect that reaction would most certainly 
 
 come, and regulatet. ir affairs accordingly, now admit the great 
 advantage which the country has derived from the work of those 
 who first seriously undertook these great enterprises in the North- 
 west. They see that the benefit was not the flush times or era of 
 undue speculation, incident to the building of the roads, but in the 
 gradual and permanent development of the country, which would 
 follow upon the revolution of the transportation business, the in- 
 creased facilities for intercourse and trade, and the impetus given 
 to the general progress of the people toward what is regarded as 
 the highest state of civilization. The greatest prosperity is not 
 that which gives the speculator the largest returns on his venture, 
 but that in which the whole people are inspired with confidence in 
 the business situation, and feel a reasonable degree of assurance in 
 the success of obtaining the unit€d returns for the labor they per- 
 form and the capital they invest in legitimate enterprises. Infla- 
 tion and fluctuation of values always militate against that safe and 
 permanent condition of affairs in which public confidence is most 
 prevalent. The " greatest good," which the building of railways 
 through a country, gives to the greatest number, is realized not in 
 the era of speculation incident to the work of construction, but 
 afterward, when the operation of such roads is the means by which 
 the business pulse of the country is quickened, and a healthy busi- 
 ness activity brought about. 
 
 Such, notwithstanding the murmurs of the croakers, has been 
 the effect of railroad enterprises in Oregon, and with a continuance 
 of that fairness which has characterized their operations under the 
 present management, the time will come when none wiU be found 
 to regret that the days of pack trains and ox wagons, over long, 
 rough and muddy roads in Oregon, have forever passed away. 
 
 At the time ground was broken on the east side of the river, 
 the company was known as the Oregon Central Railroad Company of 
 Salem, the late I. R. Moores being President and S. A. Clarke, Sec- 
 retary, but the leading spirits were Ben Holladay and C. Temple 
 Emmett, and the company remained in existence and continued 
 work under the old name until March, 1870, when The Oregon 
 
 nia 
 
 a 1( 
 
 rai 
 
 tior 
 
 frei 
 
 the] 
 
HISTORY OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 601 
 
 Central was dissolved and The Oregon & California was organized 
 with a new board of directors, as follows: Ben Holladay, W. L. 
 Halsey, C. Temple Enimett, Geo. W. Weidler, I. R. Moores, C. H.. 
 Lewis, J, C. Hawthorne and Medorem Crawford. Ben Holladay 
 wa& chosen President, W. L. Halsey, Vice President, and A. G. 
 Cunningham, the Secretary. The capital stock was fixed at $20,- 
 000,000. This company also proposed to build the road on the 
 east side of the river, extending it south through the Umpqua and 
 Rogue River valleys to the California line. In the meantime the 
 road had been finished to Albany, a distance of eighty miles from 
 Portland. The company then owned six passenger cars, one Pres- 
 ident's car, one hundred and thirty flats and box cars and seven 
 locomotives. The steam ferry between Portland and East Port- 
 land had also been built, and was launched in December, 1870. 
 The road was, of course, accepted by the Government Commissioners, 
 as all sorts of roads are, but much of the work was poorly done 
 and soon needed repairs. Notably, the bridge across the Clacka- 
 mas River was at once condemned by every one who had any knowl- 
 edge of such things, as a piece of work most wretchedly designed 
 and executed. It was used for some time, however, but when Hol- 
 laday went out of railroading in Oregon, it was at once abandoned 
 and a new one built. The rolling stock, however, was of a sub- 
 stantial character, and the people found no fault with the road it- 
 self though, then as now, there were plenty of men who began to 
 be dissatisfied with its management and especially the attempt of 
 Mr. Holladay, not only to be a railroad king, but also a political 
 dictator. While the company only had a short line of road, eighty 
 miles in length, the head was cursed as a "grinding monopolist," 
 whose aim was to get the whole country under his iron heel and 
 crush out every enterprise that in any way interfeied with his ob- 
 jects. While this view of his character was, to a considerable ex- 
 tent, exaggerated, there was some good ground for the hostility 
 manifested toward him in this respect. As an example, he organize '\ 
 a local transfer company in Portland and, in connection with his 
 railroad, river and ocean steamers and ferry, made such discriitiina- 
 tions as to drive almost every one in the business of ti'ansferring 
 freight in the city out of it entirely, by imposing such burdens upon 
 them as to make any profit in the business impossible. Charges for 
 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 ...M : 
 
 fi >. IV- 
 
 ill 
 
 4 
 
 h-^ 
 
502 
 
 HISTORY OF "WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 freights upon the road were quite high, and while the river was 
 still open to the people, and some efforts were made to furnish 
 transportation by that means at moderate rates by outside parties, 
 Holladay got control of the principal fleet of boats on the Willam- 
 ette, and by charging high figures for transportation by rail and 
 very low rates by steamer, was able to crush out all opposition and 
 at the same time save himself from a<;tual loss in the aggregate. 
 The criticisms of the press of the State upon his course induced 
 him to undertake, at great expense, the enterprise of publishing a 
 newspaper. He purchased a large plant and started the Portland 
 Daily and Weekly Bulletin. Sparing no expense in the matter 
 of obtaining news, and employing some of " the brightest, wisest 
 and meanest" writers on the coast, he issued a journal that was 
 at once a credit end a disgrace to the country. By pei"sisteut en- 
 ergy on the part of the management of this paper, it obtained quite 
 an extensive patronage, but never got much hold on the public 
 confidence, and being the organ of one man, when he failed it soon 
 followed suit. 
 
 Reverting to the work proper of the railroad company, construc- 
 tion south of Albany was vigorously pushed forward. Holladay 
 had plenty of energy and succeeded in obtaining a large amount of 
 money which he expended with a lavish hand. He went east in 
 1872 and negotiated $10,950,000 of mortgage bonds at prices that 
 netted about six and a half million dollars, and with this the road 
 was completed to Roseburg and other enterprises embraced in the 
 Holladay regime set on foot. These bonds sold by Holladay were 
 never worth more in the market than he got for them, and in a few 
 months after were quoted down to thirty-five cents on the dollar, a 
 decline as much due to the way the road and its construction were 
 managed as to aught else, though there have at no time yet been 
 circumstances or good reasons why the road should be considered a 
 good paying piece of property. Reaching Roseburg, two hundred 
 miles south of Portland, in 1872, work was entirely suspended, 
 means for further construction being exhausted, though, with a rea- 
 sonable degree of economy, it has been asserted that the money 
 which had been expended by Holladay would have finished and 
 equipped it to the California line. When it reached the Calapooia 
 Mountains it was confidently predicted that in eighteen months 
 
W'W'r ■ 
 
 HISTORY OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 503 
 
 more Portland would be connected by a continuous line with San 
 Francisco and the east; the eastern connection has been made, but 
 by another route and by other men than those thought of by the peo- 
 ple, who had an idea formed on Holladay's liberal, if not extrava- 
 gant, disbursement, that his resources were illimitable. 
 
 But, though Holladay failed, he had accomplished a great work, 
 and Western Oregon had her first railroad built through a country 
 unsurpassed in fertility of soil or variety in all the resources the pos- 
 session of which go to support convenience and prosperity of a peo- 
 ple. The southern section of the road was generally of a very good 
 character, and in ten or twelve yeai-s' operation has required only rea- 
 sonable outlays for renewals and repairs. The rolling stock, though 
 not extensive, was sufficient for the business offering and has gener- 
 ally been kept up to the demands of the times. 
 
 In point of time many other railroads in Oregon were projected 
 and some of them carried to the extent of partial construction, be- 
 fore, under other auspices, the Oregon and California line was again 
 taken up and built to a point further south by one hundred and 
 forty miles, reaching the town of Ashland, in Jackson (^ounty. 
 This work was done in 1883-84 under the Villard management, 
 the road having been leased to the Transcontinental Company by 
 the bondholders, who took it in charge upon the failure of Holla- 
 day. The country tapped by this extension embraces the Rogue 
 River Valley, one of the finest sections of land in Oregon, and one 
 long settled and peculiarly in need of railroad facilities, being with- 
 out na\'igable streams and so remote from commercial centers of the 
 Coast. The freight on supplies for the growing population of that 
 region was oppressive to an extreme on consumers, while j)roducers 
 had no market for their products, except the local demand. Noth- 
 ing could be shipped abroad except at a loss. On account of these 
 high freights the Rogue River Valley was made as nearly self-sup- 
 porting as possible, but twenty years ago the people of Jackson 
 County alone were paying annual freight charges amounting to 
 over $100,000. Further development of that region, and the large 
 population certain to fill it in a few years, will demonstrate the 
 wisdom of the enterprise which extended the road into that section. 
 
 The lease by the bondholdere to the Oregon Transcontinental 
 Company, however, was soon terminated, its validity being con- 
 
 ril 
 
 ',5 
 
 i^t 
 
 ',< 
 
 ! 
 
 i ! 
 
 ■ f 
 
 
604 
 
 HI8T0BT OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 tested in the courts, and successfully impeached. The manage- 
 ment, therefore, reverted to the Oregon & California Company, 
 Mr. Koehler, Manager, the source of authority being the German 
 bondholders, but the company retaining its old name. Under this 
 management the road is now operated in a manner quite satisfac- 
 tory to the public. It runs through the best poi'tions of Clackamas, 
 Marion, Linn, Lane, Douglas and Jackson counties, and, by 
 careful management, is paying a small interest on the investment. 
 The construction of the Oregon and California Road naturally 
 stimulated the desire of the people on the west side of the 
 Willamette River for a line of railway through the counties of 
 Washington, Yamhill, Polk and Benton, on this side. These 
 counties contain about one-half of the arable land of the Willam- 
 ette Valley, and, with the development of their resources, will, 
 one day, furnish a large and paying business to the roads now in 
 operation through them, as well as to other branches yet to be 
 built. 
 
 Various projects for securing a road on the west side of the 
 river had been broached, and some organizations, with a show of 
 apparent strength, had been formed for the purpose of construct- 
 ing such a road. But none of them did very much to advance the 
 work which Holladay, who had control of a corporation known as 
 the Oregon Central Railroad Company, evinced a disposition to 
 undertake. It is not strictly within the scope of this article to put 
 on record the history of the various organizations that were 
 formed and that issued prospectuses, and made pretensions to the 
 puldic as railroad companies, or volumes might be filled with the 
 narration concerning corporations formed years ago with great 
 flourish, but which, long ago, ceased to exist, having never accom- 
 plished any part of the gigantic schemes set forth on paper. In 
 those days almost everybody was talking in favor of railroads. 
 The people who are often liable to go to extremes, were then as 
 far from acting on the old maxim "the middle ground is the 
 safest," as are those of the present time, who are unsparing in theii' 
 denunciation of all railway corporations as monon lies and sub- 
 versive of public prosperity. Those were willing io concede too 
 much, these are unwilling to grant what is just. Men who gave 
 hundreds of dollars to Ben Holladay to build the road on Fourth 
 
 Stret 
 ness 
 
 day, 
 peop] 
 sidy ^ 
 a poll 
 do thi 
 the pt 
 hundr 
 which 
 direct 
 was to 
 day do 
 which 
 people 
 donate 
 Elysian 
 Witl 
 had not 
 organizi 
 portant 
 guarant 
 land, w\ 
 good de| 
 on the 
 in the h 
 next yes 
 hil] RivJ 
 This terj 
 and his 
 had doni 
 him, so 
 were hea 
 the west 
 hands in| 
 howeverj 
 length, 
 three yes 
 
HI8T0BT OF BAILWAT8. 
 
 606 
 
 Street, in Portland, a year or two afterwards expressed a willing- 
 ness to give thousands if the track could be removed. But Holla- 
 day, who had a clever way of eliciting contributions from the 
 people, persuaded Portlanders to believe that unless a large sub- 
 sidy was given him, his road would be carried across the river, at 
 a point five or six miles above their city. The fear that he would 
 do this was, of course, not the most reasonable, but it answered 
 the purpose, and the people made him the magnificent gift of one 
 hundred thousand dollars to do something, the privilege to do 
 which was worth more than that sum. For, by it, he obtained a 
 direct and easy entrance into the heart of the city, whence his road 
 was to secure most of its business, and it is doubtful if Ben Holla- 
 day doesn't yet sometimes " laugh in his sleeve " at the way in 
 which this princely d.jnation was obtained. But it taught the 
 people of Portland a lesson, and they would not now, probably, 
 donate a dollar for a station and side track on a line from the 
 Elysian fields to Paradise. 
 
 With the hold he had upon the situation in Oregon, Holladay 
 had not much trouble in getting control of the most promising 
 organization on the west side of the river, and, having secured im- 
 portant aid from Washington and Yamhill counties, in the way of 
 guaranteed interest on bonds, in addition to the gift from Port- 
 land, work was undertaken on the west side in 1870-71, with a 
 good deal of energy. Some heavy grading and expensive bridging 
 on the firet few miles out from Portland made the work slow, and 
 in the fall of 1871 only fourteen miles of iron had been laid. The 
 next year, however, the road was finished to St. Joe, on the Yam- 
 hill River, a distance, from Portland, of about thirty-five miles. 
 This terminated Holladay's work at building railroads in Oregon, 
 and his decline, much less brilliant than his rising, began. He 
 had done much for the State, and the people had done much for 
 him, so that the honors were about even, and the maledictions that 
 were heaped on him were, in a measure, unjust. Where he left 
 the west side road, it stood for some years, passing out of his 
 hands in about the same way as did the east side division. It was, 
 however, steadily operated, and did a fair business for a line of its 
 length. He maintained a hold on the roads, however, for two or 
 three years longer, and as late as May, 1875, waged a bitter fight 
 
 :: ^1 
 
 
 'i ! 
 V; 
 
 1 ■ ■ 
 
 4 At 
 
 
 ■H 
 
606 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 against a faction of the stockholders, with Jos. Gaston at the head, 
 for the absolute control of the road. At a meeting, held in Port- 
 land, May 27th, Stephen CofBn, W. T. Newby, Henry Bagster, 
 Robt. Imbrie, D. C. Lewis, O. H. Kimball and Jos. Gaston, were 
 elected a board of directors ; and on the same day thd Holladay 
 faction chose as directors Ben. Holladay, W. L. Holsey, J. N. 
 Dolph, Geo. W. Weidler, H. W. Scott, M. Crawfoid and Jos. 
 Gaston. 'Each of these factious claimed to be entitle i to control 
 the road, and to the possession of the company's ofScf) in Portland, 
 over which, at one time, a small riot seemed imminent, the police 
 of the city being called on to protect the Holladay men, who were 
 in actual posse&=jion. Litigation long and vexati«>us ensued, which 
 was finally terminated by a compromise, in which, it was said, 
 some parties, who began with nothing, came out with fair-sized 
 fortunes. The Holladay side came out victorious, at considerable 
 expense, which so weakened the company, of which he was the 
 head, that but a short time elapsed ere he gave up all control of 
 Oregon railroads, and left the State, it is said, a good deal poorer 
 than when he came into it. 
 
 The West Side road, as it is usually called, received a very consid- 
 erable amount of aid in the way of subsidies and land grants, more, 
 proportionately, than any other road in Oregon. Congress gave 
 twenty sections of land per mile, Portland gave 1 100,000 outright, 
 Yamhill County guaranteed interest on bonds to the amount of 
 $75,000, and Washington County, we believe, to the amount of 
 $50,000. The people, also, individually were liberal in their treat- 
 ment of the enterprise, and grounds for stations, side-tracks, right 
 of way, etc., was secured with comparatively small outlay. But 
 only the fifty miles between Portland and St. Jo. were built with 
 all this help, and the people of the southwest quarter of the valley 
 were compelled to wait several years longer before they obtained 
 any railway communication with the balance of the State. After 
 the failure of Holladay another and more powerful than he turned 
 his attention to railroad matters in Oregon. The eyes of Wall Street 
 were directed to the Northwest, and Henry Villard came hither to 
 take a closer survey of the advantages which the situation presented. 
 He was a man in some respects like Holladay, but in others the 
 exact opposite. His views were broader, his manner polished and 
 
HISTORY OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 507 
 
 his methods far more systematic. His movements were altogether 
 upon a larger scale. Holladay's plan was to control the commerce 
 of the Northwest Coast; Villard's to form it as a part of the great 
 commercial system of the whole country of the United States. Hoi- 
 laday would become an important tributary; Villard assumed to be 
 a co-equal branch. Holladay failed because of hia lack of economy; 
 Villard rather missed success by reason of financial stringency, 
 then beginning to be felt throughout the country and which has 
 since become so general and engulfed such a vast number of men 
 and so many stupendous enterprises. Both did a great work for 
 Oregon, and for much that they did deserve the gratitude of the 
 people. Both failed, and while both are remembered, the kinder 
 feelings of the people are doubtless for the one whom disaster over- 
 took rather than for the one who brought it on himself. 
 
 Mr. Villard, possessed of and representing vast capital, saw the 
 resources of this region with the eye of a prophet, took hold of the 
 work with the hand of a giant and conducted it with the j)olicy of 
 a diplomat. He interested all and repulsed none. Grasping con- 
 trol of railroad matters with a firm hand and imbued with an en- 
 thusiasm and an ambition to accomplish a great work, he called to 
 his aid all the elements within his reach. He awoke an interest in 
 the people and brought into fuller recognition the p' "'bilitic'S of 
 the country. His grand idea of a direct road across 'i > .continent, 
 taken up where the crash of 1873 and the failure of Jay Cooke had 
 left it, at once resolved itself into practical form, and the stupendous 
 work at once begun. With the vigor of his own mind it was 
 pushed forward, and, while he gave it all his strength and fortune, 
 he lived, financially, to see the fruition of his hope in its comple- 
 tion ; but weakened by the supreme effort, was compelled to yield 
 his position among the moneyed magnates and commicrcial kings of 
 the world. 
 
 To Mr. Villard's influence and work is not only due the grati- 
 tude of the people of the Northwest, for the two thousand miles of 
 road which connect us with the East, but throughout the State 
 monuments of his enterprise may be found to remind all portions, 
 of his day. The branch road from Albany to Lebanon in Linn 
 county, the extension from St. Jo. to Corvallis, and from Roseburg 
 to Ashland, are all the result of his efforts, and bring the Willam- 
 
 
 •i ; 
 
 , -ri 
 
 
 'fi i: 
 
 'h 
 
608 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTB VALLET. 
 
 ette Valley system about up to the demands of the times. The line 
 to Paget Soimd, though finished after his retirement from the con- 
 trol, is a part of his great plan and the result of his efforts, as is 
 also the branch from Umatilla to Baker City. These various roads, 
 forming a partially completed system, that will give the Northwest 
 almost perfect facilities for transportation and intercourse, certainly 
 constitute a monument to the ability, enterprise and energy of their 
 projectors and builders, that will be as enduring as the hills which 
 they pierce, and keep the memory of Oregon's pioneer railroad i ^n 
 green as the valleys they traverse. 
 
 What is known as the narrow-giiuge roads, built by the C..^ 
 nian Railway Company (limited), William Reid, President, have 
 hardly fulfilled the expectations of the projectors, though had the 
 original design been carried out, they would have formed a very 
 important part of the transportation system of the Willamette Val- 
 ley. The plan of Mr. Reid was to connect these roads with Port- 
 land, and the grading wa8 done to a point within ten miles of the 
 city, but a failure to secure certain privileges within the city limits 
 caused a stoppage of the work which has not yet been renewed. 
 Constr action was begun in 1879 and carried steadily forward for 
 two years, the road being finished to Dallas in Polk county, in May, 
 1880, and to Silverton in Marion county, in July of the same year, 
 the former being on the west side and the latter on the east side of 
 the liv'^r. The point of commencement was at Ray's Landing on 
 the Willamette, about forty miles above Portland, where it was 
 designed to construct a bridge, thus connecting the two lines at 
 that point. Though these roads have not been finished, nor the 
 bridge built, they have done an important business, tapping, as 
 they do, large sections of the best agricultural lands in the State, 
 the western branch having been extended to Airlie in Polk county, 
 and the eastern to Coburg in Linn county. They have been used 
 to quite an extent as feeders to the transportation business done by 
 steamers on the Willamette River, but the passenger traffic has 
 never been large. Some steps are now being taken, looking to- 
 ward the extension of these roads so as to render them more avail- 
 able as outlets for the country they were designed to serve. They 
 were, at one time, in a state of active operation which induced a 
 feeling of rivalry with the Oregon and California lines, but the 
 
 latter 
 offeree 
 Th 
 passin* 
 the en< 
 in carr 
 of a ra 
 agitate( 
 Linn cc 
 very lil 
 Bay, bi 
 plett^d ] 
 is to ct 
 Mounta 
 or Unio 
 Oregon 
 and whe 
 the Gen( 
 form an 
 Mr. T. ] 
 peihaps, 
 Ho]]ada;5 
 and has 
 he has 
 Oft 
 only two 
 the sou re 
 division 
 Congress 
 hundred 
 hundred 
 thousanc 
 Oregon C 
 
 0. & a 
 
 1882, one 
 seven acre 
 one and 
 yeai-s pas 
 
 
HISTORY OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 509 
 
 latter very easily overcome what opposition the narrow-gauge roads 
 offered and ultimately obtained control of them. 
 
 The Oregon Pacific Railroad Company deserves more than a 
 passing notice, because of the work which it has mapped out and 
 the energy which has been displayed, in the face of great difficulty, 
 in carrying it forward. In 1875 the question of the construction 
 of a railway from Yaquina Bay to Corvallis, which had long been 
 agitated, assumed a definite form, and ' (i people of Benton and 
 Linn counties were asked to aid the enterprise, which they did by 
 very liberal subscriptions. Work was shortly begun at Yaquina 
 Bay, but has been delayed by various causes, and now the com- 
 plett^d portion of the road is just nearing Corvallis. The design 
 is to carry it on through the upper valley across the (Cascade 
 Mountains and Eastern Oregon, to a junction with the Central 
 or Union Pacific. At least, it bids fair to be the first railroad in 
 Oregon to connect the Willamette Valley with the Pacific Ocean, 
 and when the harbor at Yaquina is improved, as it should be, by 
 the General Government, this line will do a large business, and 
 form an important part of the transportation system of the State. 
 Mr. T. Egerton Hogg, who is at the head of the enterprise, though, 
 perhaps, not representing as much capital as either Villard or 
 Holladay, has staid with the work with commendable perseverance, 
 and has seen the downfall of both these power-ful magnates, while 
 he has held his own, or gone steadily, though slowly, forward. 
 
 Of the roads doing the local business of the Willamette Valley, 
 only two have been aided by land grants, and these have not been 
 the sources of revenue that most people imagine. The east side 
 division of the Oregon and California htis earned, under the acts of 
 Congress, one million seven hundred and eighteen thousand four 
 hundred and seventy-eight acres, and the west side division two 
 hundred and thirty-seven thousand. Of the latter portion eleven 
 thousand eight hundred and forty-two acres had been sold by the 
 Oregon Central Company before its consolidation in 1880 with the 
 0. & C. Since the consolidation, there were sold, up to May, 
 1882, one hundred and forty-six thousand one hundred and forty- 
 seven acres, leaving a balance undisposed of, at that time, of over 
 one and three-quarter million acres. The sales, during the two 
 yeai-8 past, have not proportionately increased, and all the sales 
 
 ■M 
 
510 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 that have been made would probably not have paid the expenses 
 of repairs on the roads for any one year of their operation. The 
 assistance which the people of the State gave to these roads has 
 been of more actual money value to them, as yet, than the land 
 grants, though, when the lands still held by them, come into de- 
 mand, very considerable sums may yet be realized from them. 
 
 The various individuals who have oeen prominent in railway 
 matters in this valley, mainly came from abroad to confer the ben- 
 efits of their experience upon the State, and quite a number of them 
 are of foreign birth. This State has not as yet bi-ed any distin- 
 guished financiers, although quite a number of her adopted citizens 
 have manifested sufficient intelligence and euterpi'ise to have at- 
 tained a reputation even in so arduous a work as railway construc- 
 tion and operation. During its existence the Oregon and California 
 Kailrcad has served to test the judgment, perseverance and energy 
 of its builders and operators as strenuously as any line in America; 
 and, beyond a doubt, thoae who have conducted it have found their 
 task a most trying one. Of late years the control and management 
 of this road has fallen exclusively into the hands of Mr. R. Koehler, 
 and the financial and other difficulties which have beset the com- 
 pany are on the road to a happy solution. Mr. Koehler, by his 
 familiarity with the road and its needs, has made himself a most 
 capable and indispensable manager, and in the ten years or more of 
 his connection with it, has seen it grow from the nucleus formed by 
 Ben Holladay, into the extensive system which the Oregon and 
 Caiif(>rnia Railroad Company own and maintain to-day. 
 
 The intimate connection which the necessities' of traffic foster 
 between an important railroad and the inhabitants of the country 
 through which it passes, requires that the management of such a 
 road shall partake of qualities of perseverance and judgment in a 
 marked and extraordinary degree. It has been pointed out how 
 Ben Holladay failed partly through liis autocratic behavior, and 
 partly through the system of wasteful expenditure fostered during 
 his regime. On the accession of Mr. Koehler, who, as agent of 
 the German bondholders, whose purses sustain this, the principal 
 railway of Oregon, the injurious policy of his predecessor was in- 
 stantly "abandoned, and a carehil and conscientious mode of pro- 
 cedure took its place. Instead of the overbearing, tyrannical and 
 
JffrSTORT 01.' RAtLWATS. 
 
 5n 
 
 cowboyish behavior of the first epoch, the gentlemanly and cour- 
 teous methods of the polished business world came in vogue and 
 still remains. It has been well said that " Mr. Koehler brings to 
 bear, in the handling of the road, an experience and judgn^-^ut tbat 
 are extremely valuable. He is an affable, courteous gcn>U'...;Hn, 
 enjoying the confidence and respect of the owners of the .oad, as 
 well as all who come in contact with him. His ofBcial conduct is 
 marked b)*^ an enlightened regard for the true interests of the 
 country through which the road passes." 
 
 The principal officers of the Oregon and California Road at the 
 beginning of the year 1885, were, H. Villard, President; C. E. 
 Bretherton and Donald Macleay, Vice-Presidents ; R. Koehler, 
 General Manager ; E. P. Rogers, General Fi-eight and Passenger 
 Agent ; and J. Brandt, Superintendent. The Oregon Railway 
 and Navigation Company's affairs iu the valley are administered 
 by Elijah 8mith, President ; C. H. Prescott, Vice-President and 
 Manager ; Dr. P. T. Keene, Assistant Manager ; and A. L. Stokes, 
 General Freight and Traffic Agent. Messrs. Prescott, Keene and 
 Stokes reside in Portland, while the stock of the road is mostly 
 held in the East, and the President resides there. The Northern 
 Pacific Railway officials resident in Portland are A. D. Charlton> 
 General Western Passenger Agent ; and P Schulze, Land Agent. 
 Robert Harris, of New York, is thePre-'.dent, and T. F. Oakes, 
 Vice-President. 
 
 To conclude, it may be said that Oregon has obtained fair rail- 
 road facilities, with as little trouble and actual expense to the 
 people as any other State in proportion to her population, and 
 though there have been instances when the com2)laints of the 
 peoj)le had good foundation, there never has been a moiety of the 
 cause for the denunciation of railroads, that has time and again 
 been furnished by the relentless monopolies that control the carry- 
 ing trade of our sister State on the south. Generally, the manage- 
 ment of the roads has been mingled with a degree of fairness that 
 has made their exactions bearable, if not satisfactory to the public. 
 Rates of transportation have, it is true, been tolerably high, but 
 those who comprehend the great expense of building and operating 
 the roads, see the necessity, in a country comparatively sparsely 
 settled, of higher rates than could be justified when by reason of 
 
 
 ateti 
 
 ^1 
 
 ii 
 
 '^'11 
 
613 
 
 mSTORT OF WrLLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 \m 
 
 the greater population, the business is by so much increased. Ex- 
 tremists on the subject of monopolies are seldom right, and legisla- 
 tion upon it ought to be begun with careful scrutiny of probable re- 
 sults upon the commercial interests of the country. While such 
 legislation ought to go to the constitutional limit in guarding the 
 rights and furnishing adequates remedies for the wrongs of the 
 people at large, it ought not to cripple this all -important part of 
 our commercial system by unjust or useless restrictions. Pi-operly 
 controlled and regulated, the railroad enterprises become a most 
 powerful factor in promoting the general prosperity of the country, 
 but when by a persistent opposition to the maintainance of their 
 legal rights by the people, or when by extortion and oppression V)y 
 the roads, war springs up between them and the public, it results 
 in evil only, to bo^h -sides. There are now in operation in Oregon 
 less than one thousand miles of railroad, all told, to fui'uish 
 transportation for the products of a tract of country capable of 
 sustaining a population of more than two million people, and of 
 furnishing the world's markets with millions of tons of staple 
 food products. 
 
 Hundreds of miles of road are yet needed or will be in a few 
 years when the population increases, as it will. The four roads 
 leading out of Portland will be fed by branches coming from the 
 various sections of the Willamette Valley and from the plains of 
 Eastern Oregon and from Washington Territory, constituting one 
 grand system and doing the business of a region greater in extent, 
 richer in products and better adapted to the support of a large pop- 
 ulation than any one of several states, each of which now have five 
 times the facilities in this respect possessed by Oregon. With mod- 
 eration in the laws affecting this important interest, so that the peo- 
 ple will be treated with fairness, the rights of persons and jiroperty 
 protected, we may, with confidence, look forward to a supply of the 
 demand of the country for further improvements of the kind, and 
 the time when Oreg(m shall rimk with the older states in the fjioll- 
 ities enjoyed for the intercourse of her people and the business of 
 the times; — a time when every home in our State shall be closely 
 connected with every other by the iron band, and the iron horse 
 shall wake the echoes in every green valley and on every hillside 
 in our fair State. 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ffei 
 
 Boundaiies of the Valley — Dimensions — Streams — Mountains — Cas- 
 cade Jiange — Peaks — The Minto Pass — Coast Range — Animal In- 
 habitants — Trapping and Hunting — Distances — Elevation of Places 
 on the Willamette River — Lands — ' lirie and Timbered Lands — 
 Those First Taken Up — Foothill > Their Tviportance and 
 
 Great Value — Brush Lands — Advant'<je» Loci'iun- Unoccupied 
 Lands of Value — Altitude of Vacant Lands — IL w Brush Land x are 
 Cleared — Railroad and Government Land — Amount >f Vacant Lund 
 in the Valley — Railroad Grants — Timbered Sections — Catalogue of 
 Forest Trees — Valuable Sorts — Trees Which Grow on Low Lands — 
 Conjectures Regarding the Amount of Timber now Standing Effect 
 of Denuding the Land of Trees — Injurious Liesults Prtdicted — 
 Forest Fires Produce Vast Damage and Should be Prevented. 
 
 ;.! 
 
 ',1 
 
 the 
 ind 
 n\- 
 
 IS of 
 
 orse 
 side 
 
 THE Willamette Valley constitutes the most valuable poi n of 
 the State of Oregon, and, in fact, of the Pacific Northwest; while 
 in point of fertility it is inferior to no locality in the United States. 
 It lies on both sides of the Willamette River — whence its name — 
 and extends to t^ . ranges of mountains which enclose it upon either 
 side. To avoid ambiguity we will, in the following pages, consider 
 that the valley embraces not only the flat or nearly flat laud be- 
 tween the base of the mountains, but includes the inner slopes of 
 the mountains whici are drained by the river, namely, the eastern 
 slope of the Coast Range, and the western slope of the Cascades. 
 
 To the north the valley terminates at the Columbia River, 
 whereto the Willamette River flows, while on the south its boundary 
 is the Calapooia Mountains, which form the waterehed separating 
 the Willamette from the Umpqua valley. Thus the dimensions of 
 the valley are about one hundred and thirty miles in length, by one 
 
 IS 
 
 ' * 
 
514 
 
 niSTORT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 hundred in average breadth ; whence the area is computed to be 
 thirteen thousand square miles, or nearly one-seventh of the whole 
 State of Oregon. There are several remarkable geographical facts 
 in this connection, which it is suitable to point out. If the reader 
 will provide himself with a map of the Northwestern portion of 
 .t^merica, he will have his attention directed to the unique system 
 of pv-'rallelism of the rivers, mountain ranges and coast lines of this 
 part of the world. Nt)tice the north and south line which the Coast 
 Range and Cascades pursue, and their close parallelism with the 
 course of the Pacific shore. Of necessity the Willamette flows in 
 the same direction and discharges into the Columbia at a point 
 about one hundred miles from the ocean. Observe the numerous 
 aflluents of the Willamette, and compare their number with the 
 comparative dearth of living streams in the eastei-n portion of this 
 State and the adjacent 'r'erritories. There are the Tualatin, Cheha- 
 lem, Yandiill, La Cre- le, Luckiamute, Mary's River, Long Tom, 
 Coast Fork, McKen? e, Calapooia, Saiitiam, Mill Creek, Putin 
 (miscalled "Pudding"), Molalla, and Clackamas, all streams of 
 note and importance in every sense. Some of these ai-e navigable; 
 and all flow from their elevated source in the mountains, through 
 heavy, dense forests, tiien enter ui)on a slower course through fertile 
 bottom lands, and finally reach their destination in the Willamette. 
 The observing student of geography will doubtless cast his eye 
 upon the page where is indicated the station of the mighty range 
 which stands forever on guard to the eastward. Far out of sight 
 to the north, among the Alaskan wilds, are Mts. St. Elias and Fair- 
 weather — the former named for a Russini saint, and the only 
 lofty mountain so far from the Equator. Southward are Mts. 
 Brown (16,000 feet high) and Hooker (1;),700); both are in the 
 British Possessions. Just within the ATiierican boundary is Baker, 
 a redoubtable volcano, still active, and ten thousand eight hundred 
 and fourteen feet high, although a large portion of its top fell in or 
 off in October, 1864. Next comes Rainier, or Tacoma, fourteen 
 thousand and four hundred feet high and one of the loftiest moun- 
 tains in the United States, and regarding its height above its own 
 base, one of the highest in the world. It rises from a compara- 
 tively IcAV situation. St. Helens, south of Rainier, is nine thousand 
 seven hundied and fifty feet in altitude, if we may believe the to- 
 
DESCRIPTION OP THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 515 
 
 the 
 cer, 
 (Ired 
 n or 
 teen 
 oun- 
 own 
 oava- 
 isaud 
 le to- 
 
 pographical surveyors, and Adams is somewhat less, though the 
 latter was once supposed to have been just thirteen thousand two 
 hundred and fifty-eight feet. South of the Columbia, Hood towers 
 aloft to a height of eleven thousand two hundred and twenty-five 
 feet, and is the most noticeable peak of the whole chain. Its fame 
 is great; and when its height became a matter of speculation, there 
 were men who said it was twenty thousand feet high, and these 
 figures went down on ma})s. Later they fixed on eighteen thousand 
 as a good round, majestic-sounding number, and clung to that until 
 the military surveys of Colonel Williamson in 1867 proved to the 
 sorrow of Oregon that the peak was but eleven thousand two hun- 
 dred and twenty-five feet high above sea-level. It has been as- 
 cended many times and the trip is not dangerous nor particularly 
 fatiguing. The ascent has been made, in at least two instances, by 
 ladies." Mount Jefiferson (9,000 feet high) and the Three Sis- 
 ters are also snow peaks, but of less than Hood's altitude. The 
 former is east by south of Salem, the latter are at the head of Mc- 
 Kenzie Fork. At the head of the main branch of the Willamette 
 is Diamond Peak, marked five thousand and five hundred feet alti- 
 tude in most maps, but undoubte<lly through mistake, for the moun- 
 tain can not be much less than nine thousand feet, according to the 
 judgment of capable mountaineers and travelers. 
 
 The main range of the Cascades, aside from the prominent peaks 
 named, is supposed to average about seven thousand feet high, with 
 some few "passes" at lower levels, notably, the Minto Pass at the 
 head of the North Santiam, five thousand five hundred and thirty- 
 six feet in altitude by barometrical determinations, and another near 
 by, six hundred and twenty-five feet less. By those a railroad 
 could be built over the range, whose average grade from Salem to 
 the summit would be but fifty feet per mile. Such a road has long 
 been proposed, and lacks only the ripeness of time to become a re- 
 ality. A number of valley people have been more or less wrapped 
 up in the idea of railway connection with Eastern Oregon by way 
 of the Minto Pa.ss, and its necessity, if it exists, will doubtless be 
 decided in the not distant future. The discovery of the Minto Pass 
 is by Mr. Minto ascribed to the Canadian trappera and settlers in 
 Marion county, who, about 1844 and earlier, were in the habit of 
 crossing over from the Willamette to the DesChutes River to trap 
 
 ^■l\: 
 
 
 '\ 
 
 - ! 
 
516 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 and hunt. But this fact was not generally known. Stephen Hall 
 Meek, brother of Joseph Meek, had, however, ascertained the fact, 
 and deeming it likely that the route would be practicable for im- 
 migrants he, in 1845, undertook to lead a party to the Willamette 
 from Fort Hall by the new route. They proceeded up the Malheur 
 River and got safely to the east slope of the Cascades, but could 
 not find the trail of the trappers. Their condition becoming des- 
 perate, they were about to do violence to their guide, when he fled 
 from their wrath. They, finally, after severe suffering, got safely to 
 the Willamette via The Dalles. Mr. Minto is of the opinion that 
 The Dalles route should have crossed the Cascades at the head of 
 the Santiam River (Minto Pass), instead of the circuitous and dif- 
 ficult route it took. 
 
 The Coast Range presents fewer points of interest than the Cas- 
 cades, inasmuch as it is less lofty, dues not separate the valley from 
 any extensive country beyond, and hence is not such a barrier to 
 mankind as the more notable range. It is, however, a very beau- 
 tiful and picturesque chain of mountains, and except by being over- 
 shadowed by its mighty rival, would be exceedingly prominent and 
 important. Its maximum height does not rise to the snow line, 
 and, indeed, is scarcely more than five thousand feet. The highest 
 summits are in Benton county, and are of little prominence, ex- 
 cepting Mary's Peak, near Corvallis. 
 
 Within the forests which cover the flanks of the great ranges 
 roam many species of vnld animals, some of them valuable for 
 food or their fur. The elk is one of them, although this magnifi- 
 cent game animal has become almost extinct in this part of 
 Oi'egon, and now is to be found in small numbers only about the 
 head of the Nehalem River, while a very few specimens inhabit 
 the Cascades about Mount Jefferson, whei'e they live in compara- 
 tive security, far from the haunts of men. The black-tail C\cor is 
 very plenty, and under the protection of a good game la*v, vigi- 
 lantly enforced, will, no doubt, continue so. The black bear finds 
 ample stores of food in the roots and berries of this favored 
 region, and is able, on occtwion, to tempt his omnivorous appetite 
 with the flesh of such of the lesser animals as he may capture by 
 surprise. Though his strength is great, the bear is a timid animal, 
 and, under ordinaiy circumstances, not dangerous. Along with 
 
DESCRIPTION OP THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 517 
 
 the bear, and, occupying, like him, the densely wooded canyons 
 and slopes, the puma is found. He is distinctly carnivorous, is 
 veiy powerful and active, and is known by the names of Oregon 
 lion, mountain lion, cougar, and panther. He is, in appearance, 
 like a great, fawn-colored cat ; is seven, or even eight feet in ex- 
 treme length, including a tail which measures thirty inches, and is 
 thought to weigh as much as two hundred pounds. His consti- 
 tutional cautiousness prevents him from being dangerous to man, 
 and he is merely a troublft^^ome neighbor, prone to destroy young 
 stock. Of lesser animals there are the coyote, the wild cat, and the 
 other ordinary forest inhal)itauts of this latitude. 
 
 The skins of some of these animalfs have been sought for, and, 
 in past years, have furnished a portion of the resources of the 
 country. Now, the fur-bearing animals are nearly extinct, and 
 their .pursuit is not followed exce])t by a few \vho, through the 
 winter, brave the isolation and the cold, trapping the remnant of 
 the former forest inhabitants. 
 
 Though the most valuable fur-bearing animals have long since 
 disappeared from the forests and rivers, there are a great many 
 game animals, which furnish such sp(}rt for the hunter as few 
 localities can equal. The streams, too, are full of trout, and, in 
 their season, salmon and salmon trout, and the combination of fish 
 and game and scenery, makes West<'rn Oregon an exceptionally 
 favorable sphere for the pleasure seeker's exertions. 
 
 Travelers have spoken in terms of admiration of the magnificent 
 scenery of the Cascades, with the gigantic snow peaks, standing at 
 measured distances, as if guarding the land they overlook ; the 
 grand evergreen forests, almost endless in extent ; the numerous 
 lakes with which the region is dotted ; the valley to the west, with 
 the dark back-gi'ound of the Coast llange, bounding the extensive 
 prospect. No finer views exist in any land. With very many 
 considerations affecting it, it is a fact that no country in the world 
 possesses more attractions, inviting the tourist and the pleasure 
 seeker, thati this portion of Oregon. To enumerate these attrac- 
 tions is to recall the glories of a delightful summer and a moderate 
 and even winter climate ; to describe and compare the changing 
 phases of gorgeous and sublime scenery ; to expatiate upon thj 
 luxuriance of rich vegetable productions ; and to realize the hospi- 
 tality and kindliness of a generous public. 
 
 
 '\l 
 
i 
 
 n? 
 
 m 
 
 618 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 The Willamette flows, as has been stated, parallel with the coast, 
 from which it is distant, in the mean, about fifty miles. From 
 Engcne City the distance to the nearest point on the coast is fifty 
 miles; from Corvallis, forty-two miles; Albany, forty-eight; Salem, 
 fifty-one; Oregon City, sixty-six; Portland, sixty-two; all these 
 towns lie upon the river. The summits of the Coast Eange are at 
 distances varying from twenty to thirty-eight miles from the sea, 
 while the mean distance of the Cascade Kauge from the Pacific may 
 be set down as one hundred and ten miles. The mouth of the Wil- 
 lamette is in latitude 45° 32' north; longitude 122° 45' west of 
 Greenwich. The southern extremity of the valley is approximately 
 in 43° 40' north latitude. The States of Wisconsin, Michigan, 
 New York, and Massachusetts are in nearly the same latitude. 
 
 The central portion of the valley lies at an elevation of from 
 seventy to four hundred feet above tide water, as the figures follow- 
 ing will show: The heights are referred to the level of the " basin" 
 below the Willamette Falls. Baker's Pruirie, near Oregon Citj', 
 is one hundred and thirty-five feet above said level ; Molalla Prai- 
 rie, one hundred and thirty-seven; Barlow's, forty-nine and a half; 
 the surface of Pudding River (formerly known as Putin, of which 
 "Pudding" is a clumsy imitation), thirty - seven ; French Prairie, 
 one hundred and thirty-eight: Lake La Biche, ninety-seven; Salem 
 (corner of Commercial and State Streets), one hundred and thirteen; 
 Jefferson, one hundred and seventy-three; Albany, one hundred and 
 sixty-one; Corvallis, one hundred and fifty; Eugene City, three 
 * hundred and seventy-three. To these elevations must be added a 
 constant quantity representing the height of the " basin " above 
 sea-level, which, for ordinary purposes, may be assumed as twenty 
 feet. 
 
 On the arrival of the earlier settlers in the valley, the lands were 
 found to consist of two sorts — forest and " prairie " — the latter bare 
 of vegetation other than the rank grasses which then grew luxuri- 
 antly upon every open spot. The prairie extended on both sides of 
 the river from the vicinity of the Falls of the Willamette southward 
 to the Calapooias. Nearly all the elevations of land were timbered, 
 but hardly to their present extent. The Indians, it is said, were in 
 . the habit of burning the brush upon the hills to serve some aborig- 
 inal purpose, and this custom perishing with the natives, the hills 
 
 now 
 have 
 ceptin 
 dencef 
 featun 
 and fe 
 land, e 
 and hi 
 Tht 
 able trj 
 a more 
 tracts a 
 the Jane 
 taken. 
 Land A 
 ga^'e to ( 
 forty aci 
 three hu 
 grants ci 
 came, as 
 The leve 
 the settl( 
 clothe til 
 populatit 
 donation , 
 or paitiai 
 Outsicl 
 i«g into 
 almost eil 
 part of tljf 
 of great ^ 
 those of 
 These roJj 
 quire to 
 advantage 
 good vvatti 
 general sul 
 parative ff 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 519 
 
 now are covered with brush and young trees which are said to 
 have made their growth since the cessation of that custom. Ex- 
 cepting for the marks of tillage on cultivated fields, and the evi- 
 dences of civilization, the valley remains, as regards its salient 
 features, about as the first explores found it. There are the broad 
 and fertile prairies separated by streams, shaded by strips of wood- 
 land, and the heavy forests of timber trees, covering the mountains 
 and hilly slopes as with a garment. 
 
 The fii-st acts of the earlier settlers were to select the most avail- 
 able tracts of praii'ie as the sites of the future homes. Some, with 
 a more skilled prescience than the majority, laid claim to such 
 tracts as in the nature of things would become most valuable. Thus 
 the lands in the vicinity of boat landings and water-powers were soon 
 taken. There was a sufficiency of laud for all, though ihe Donation 
 Land Act, passed by Congress for the exclusive benefit vi Oregon, 
 gave to each married settler the generous sul)sidy of six hundred and 
 forty acres of land of his own selection, and to the single person 
 three hundred and twenty acres. With sucii inducements immi- 
 grants came in rapidly, and in due process of time the vall-r-y be- 
 came, as to its prairie, covered by the claims of pei'manent settlers. 
 The level open land was nearly all occupied thiity years since, and 
 the settlements extended to the edges of the great forests which 
 clothe the flanks of the inclosing ranges. The later increase in 
 population has been co-incident with the divisions of the original 
 donation claims, and to a less extent the settlement of waste spaces 
 or partially wooded tracts. 
 
 Outside of the level prairies there is a belt of rolling land verg- 
 ing into hills and mountains in the higher portions, which extends 
 almost entirely around the valley and constitutes a very valuable 
 part of the country. The soil is mainly basaltic and sandstone, and 
 of great general fertility. Its products are more diversified than 
 those of the lower lands and frequently exceed them in quality. 
 These rolling or hill lands are usually covered with brush and re- 
 quire to be cleared before cultivation is possible. The principal 
 advantages of these brushy tracts are good soil, natural (.Irainage, 
 good water, a climate beyond tb,^ reach of malaria, an ample and 
 genera] supply of wood for fuel and building purposes, and com- 
 parative freedom from early frosts. The latter consideratiou has 
 
 
 :'\i 
 
 m 
 
520 
 
 HI8T0ET OP WILLAMEVTE VALLEY. 
 
 not yet received due attention, but it ia probable that a moderate 
 elevation secures here the same advantages as are known to exist in 
 the hilly regions of California and elsowhere. The subject, hoW' 
 ever, requires further investigation. 
 
 The tract now being described does not by any means embrace 
 all the so-called brush lands of the valley, but includes the greater 
 portion. There are comparatively small tracts of bushes and young 
 trees in nearly every section, but they are isolated by stretches of 
 prairie. The foot-hill lands, as we may with propriety terin them, 
 lie at an elevation of from five hundred to two thousand feet, 
 roughly speaking, and vary greatly in width between those bound- 
 aries. At present it is only to stock-growers that these lands pre- 
 sent encouragement. To them, the excellent water, green grass and 
 freedom from burrs that injure wool, are superior inducements. 
 When cleared, the brush lands will be as productive as any that 
 exist. Such special occupations as bee-keeping, the raising of goats, 
 the fattening of cattle for the shambles, and the raising of most va- 
 rieties of fruit and vegetables, will doubtless find a better location 
 there than elsewhere. 
 
 Large quantities of these desirable lands, mostly wooded, ^'e 
 about the upper courses of nearly every one of the tributaries of 
 the Willamette, and only await the hand of the energetic settler to 
 produce abundantly. Such lands have the advantage of drying 
 earlier in the year than valley lands, whereby it becomes possible 
 to cultivate the soil to better advantage. The cause is that the water 
 runs quickly off these sloping surfaces, whereas it remains for a time 
 on the level plains, and is only removed, usually, by the slow 
 process of evaporation. A greater variety of farm products can be 
 raised in the hills, and their quality is choicer. 
 
 The greater extent of valuable hill lands exists in Lane and other 
 southern counties where, on the large affluents of the Willamette, 
 room for many hundred settlers is easily found. Of these streams, 
 the McKenzie, the Coast Fork and the main Willamette, are the 
 principal. The second named is, by way of example, a fine stream, 
 flowing northward over a rocky bottom, through narrow channels 
 and entering the main river not far from Eugene city. Fifteen 
 miles above its mouth three lovely valleys join, of which the prin- 
 cipal one is twenty-five miles long and three wide. Through it the 
 
 land 
 
 Usui 
 of 
 
 in t] 
 gre£ 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THB WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 521 
 
 be 
 
 Oregon & California Railroad runs, and it is settlfd well, contain- 
 ing fine farms and a flourishing community. Other branches of 
 the Coast Fork rise in the dense evergreen forest that clothes the 
 Calapooias, sixty miles above Eugene. For forty miles of the 
 course of the Coast Fork, settlements have been made, but the re- 
 maining length is mostly unoccupied. The valley land along the 
 stream is said to be held at from five to thirty dollars per acre. The 
 McKenzie flows through large tracts of unclaimed timber and rail- 
 road lands, where settlement might be profitably made. They are 
 accessible by means of a good road. 
 
 Much good agricultural land lies as high as two thousand, 
 five hundred feet, being in small, isolated valleys, and diflicult of 
 access. The quality of soil is said to be high, producing with un- 
 failing regularity the crops possible to the latitude. They are par- 
 ticularly adapted to stock-raising, and are partially occupied for 
 that purpose. Still, there are many thousands of acres yet subject 
 to settlement. 
 
 As for the mode of clearing brush lands, it is recommended to 
 slash down the bushes in June; by September they will be dry and 
 may be burned. The larger poles are used oftentimes for fencing 
 or for fuel. The growth usually consists of oak grubs, young fir, 
 maple, hazel, etc. None of these trees reach much size except irf 
 age, and hence may be easily handled and removed from the soil. 
 The fern is a far more troublesome growth, requiring much labor, 
 time and patience for its extirpation. It grows iu many fields, both 
 in the prairies and in the hills, and gives a vast deal of trouble by 
 its jDresence. It lives at almost any altitude and is found growing 
 high up on the Cascades. The Chinese are most frequently em- 
 ployed for clearing brush land, for which their charges are about 
 ten dollars per acre for felling and burning the growth, and eighty- 
 five cents per cord for chopping the sticks into cordwood. The 
 lands uncleared are supposed to be worth at present about five dol- 
 lars per acre. A great many rails are made from the fir saplings 
 which grow in such profusion, and the newly-cleared fields are 
 usually fenr^ed with them. There are, approximately, two millions 
 of acres of brush lands lying unclaimed, a large proportion of it 
 in the central portion of the valley, the remainder verging into the 
 great timber belts. Wheat grown in the new fields is free from all 
 
 wi \ 
 
 i; ii 
 
 
 I' 
 
 ^1:1 
 
622 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 injurious seeds — that is, it is clean. Commonly enougL, the farm- 
 ers slash and burn the brush at the proper season and then sow 
 wheat which they brush into the ashes by dracjging a clump of 
 bushes over it, no plowing or harrowing being done. The result 
 usually is a crop of wheat of twenty to thirty bushels per acre, 
 which frequently pays all the expenses of bring. .ig the soil into 
 cultivation. The stumps of fir and hardwood trees rot quickly and 
 disappear from the husbandman's track, and more enduring sorts 
 are usually left alone until time compasses their destruction. 
 
 The vacant lands of the Willamette Valley, or those open to 
 settlement, are of four kinds — United States Government, State, 
 Railroad and Wagon Road grants, and School and University lauds. 
 As elsewhere, the Government lands are held at the price of one 
 dollar and twenty -tive cents per acre, or in case of lands within the 
 limits of railroad grants, at double this rate. The railroad lands are 
 suV)ject to a price which varies according to location, being from one 
 dollar and twenty-five cents to seven dollars per acre. They are, 
 moreover, to be had on favorable terms aa to time and modes of 
 payment. Generally speaking, ten years' credit is given, or less, ac- 
 cording to the i-equirements of the purchaser. The Oregon <fe Cal- 
 ifornia Railway has yet a large portion of its grant in its possession, 
 &nd the character of their land compai-es, of course, favoi-ably with 
 that of the adjoining Government or private holdings. It is chiefly 
 hill land, covered more or less thickly with brush, often beai'ing an 
 immense amount of the finest timber, V)ut sometimes is open [)rairie, 
 suitable for cultivation and grazing. In respect to the cost of clear- 
 ing, it is the same as the adjacent tracts. It is well for intending 
 purchasers to bear in mind that the lauds spoken of as vacant are 
 so because they require to be cleared before they will be of any use. 
 As for their productiveness, they are not generally a whit behind 
 the best valley lands, and they have, as before pointed out, very 
 great advantages over any valley land. As to the total quantity of 
 unoccupied or untilled lands suitable for settlement along the edges 
 of the valley, there can not be much less than two million acres, 
 making proper deductions for tracts which are worthless because 
 too rocky or too steep. This amount would be, in the present con- 
 dition of affairs in Oregon, capable of supporting from fifty thousand 
 to one hundred thousand parsons; and a greater number, of course, 
 
 wa^ 
 
 wid 
 A 
 
B 'f-p. ■;i • 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 623 
 
 when the condition of trade, and particularly of agricr.lture, shall 
 have advanced. At present, such tracts yield no inciouie to any 
 person, excepting the few who graze cuttle or sheep in the more 
 open spots. 
 
 All the land of Oregon became the property of tlie United 
 States Government, aiid no part of it is or was subjected to any 
 foreign grant. The Government gave three million three hundred 
 and seventy-five thousand acres to the State for educational pur- 
 poses, and five hundnd thousand for public buildings ; reserved one 
 million and forty thousand acres for the Indians, and granted one 
 million eight iiundred and thirteen thousand acres to aid in the con- 
 struction of wagon roads ; four million five hundred thousand acres 
 to the Oregon and California Kailroad ; and three million two hun- 
 dred thousand acres to the Noi'thern Pacific Railway. A portion of 
 each of these grants lies in the Willamette Valley. The Oregon 
 and California Railway grant extends through the center of the 
 valley, from the Columl)ia to the Calapooias, and passes thence 
 through the Umpqua and Rogue River valleys, to the California 
 state line. The grant is of great value. It consists of the alter- 
 nate sections of unsold land on either side of the road for thirty 
 miles, and embraces the greatest variety of prairie, timber 
 and brush lands. The wagon road grants extend fi-om Eugene 
 City, by way of the Middle Fork of the Willamette, more 
 commonly called the main Willamette, to the eastern bound- 
 ary of the State ; from Corvallis to Yaquina Bay ; from Albany, 
 by way of Canyon City, to the boundary of Idaho. It is, perhaps, 
 unnecessary to add that the unoccupied lands, of which we have 
 been speaking, belong, indifferently, to each of these classes, and 
 whatever be the present ownership, may be had on nearly the 
 same terms as to price, with some distinction in favor of the rail- 
 way lands, as far as terms of payment are concerned. 
 
 The timber lands lie mainly iipon the interior slopes of the 
 enclosing mountains. The extent of the forests is prodigious, but, 
 as yet, only the vaguest statements can be given as to the available 
 quantity. Speaking generally, there is a belt of timber trees upon 
 the western slope of the Cascades that is twenty or more miles 
 wide, and extending north and south the whole length of the range. 
 A great portion of it is inaccessible at present, and will so remain 
 
 ii(f' 
 
 
 m 
 
!■"! 
 
 ^ilS' 
 
 624 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE TALLET. 
 
 for many years. The limited present demand has caused the 
 building )i a few small mills for the supply of isolated localities, 
 while a considerable amount is annually floated down the Wil- 
 lamette, or its tributaries, and sawed into lumber at convenient 
 mills. The locality of the forest extends from the snow line 
 downwards nearly to the plains, hut may l>e said to termmate in 
 the brushy lands. There are some detached bodies of evergreen 
 trees, particularly firs, growing down in the valley, which are large 
 enough for use as saw logs. The trees attain their greatest 
 development at a considerable altitude. Their niaxmium sizes, 
 varieties, etc., may be ascertained from ^the accompanying table, 
 which is given on the authority of Professor Collier, of the Univer- 
 sity of Oregon. : — 
 
 FOREST TREES OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 B 
 
 a 
 B' 
 
 i 
 
 Acer cercinafum. Vine maple 25 
 
 " mucro-jjIiytluTn. Large-leaved maple 7U 
 
 Abiea uinubUix. Lovely tir. (Habitat iroiii 3,U00 to 5,(i00 leet eleva- 
 tion) — - 100 
 
 " concolor. Called wliite fir in (Juiit'tiruia - 100 
 
 " douf/loHMU — - 300 
 
 " mertunHiu/ii. Hendock IJO 
 
 " nobiliH. Noble Hr—3.(i(>(; to ').0)HMeet - - 200 
 
 " anlt-ti/pinti. From 3 .0 to 3.0 10 teat — 60 
 
 Alnus rhomhifo'ia. Aider 8) 
 
 Anwlanchiti Canadennin. Service berry --- i.0 
 
 ArhutuH mtnzieHii. Madrone 50 
 
 ArctiiHtaphi/los puityetiH. Manzaiiitu --- 20 
 
 Betula occid niuHs. Birch. (Eastern Oregon) 
 
 Cftntanopum chryHophylUi. C'hiniapin 60 
 
 CorntM nut/alHi. L)ogw(K)d 60 
 
 Vrataeyus douf/ta&Hu. Black haw — 2) 
 
 " rivu/artH 20 
 
 Cupresma NontkaenniH. Sitka cedar. Found at base of Mt. Hood.-- 80 
 
 FraxinuH Ore{)(ma. Oregon ash --- CO 
 
 Librocedrua 'l-currens. Thick-barked cedur. (From Santiam Hoiith- 
 
 wards) 158 
 
 Neuundo CuHj'irnica 
 
 NultaUia ceraa./ormia. Hquaw l)erry — Beam berry - 20 
 
 Fintut contorta. Black pine— jack pine. (Near summits of Cascade 
 
 range) 70 
 
 " lamberliiiaa. Simar pine 2i0 
 
 " monticola. Silver pine - 15) 
 
 ponderona. Coi>minn valley pine 175 
 
 ■ " ■ • 30 
 
 fl(') 
 35 
 8;) 
 1)0 
 93 
 9) 
 40 
 40 
 ft) 
 175 
 
 Pirus rivularM. Crab apple 
 
 " mmbucifolia. Mountain asli — 
 
 Prunua {cerasm) cmarf/muln. Wild cherry 
 
 " " demiau. Choke cherry 
 
 Pbpulua (remuloideH. C^,uaking asp -- .— 
 
 " trlchocarpa. Balm 
 
 Querctta f/urrj/tina. White Oak — 
 
 " kellof/gii. Blank oak (Junction City southrvarda) 
 
 Rhamnua pwnhiana. ..'hittiin wood — naarberry.. — 
 
 Sambriaus fflduoa. Elder 
 
 S'Uix laaiandrn. Willow 
 
 TAuiya gigantea. Gauimoa ueiar— tbla or son otH-barkecl cedur— 
 
 111 
 
 8 
 40 
 
 38 
 36 
 144 
 4) 
 72 
 24 
 30 
 4 
 36 
 
 12 
 10 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 48 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 100 
 
 4) 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 "i 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 72 
 40 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 2) ' 
 13 
 60 
 
 timl 
 feetl 
 the 
 
 the 
 grol 
 wit J 
 
 I 1 ' 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 525 
 
 Of these varieties, the one most valuable for ordinary uses is 
 Abies Douglassii, the Douglass fir, which yields great quantities 
 of the best lumber, and is the main reliance of the lumbermen. 
 This noble tree grows to the height of three hundred feet, with a 
 perfectly straight trunL, and is frequently one hundred feet high to 
 the lowest limbs. It is generally sound, and produces very tough, 
 strong lumber, which is very much in demand for ordinary build- 
 ing purposes. This species is called yellow or red fir, and its lum- 
 ber is known in California as " Oregon pine " — a decided misnomer. 
 It is shipped largely to that State and to the Pacific ports generally. 
 Ocean and river vessels of various sorts have been constructed of 
 this wood, and it has proved very well adapted for that purpose, 
 possessing, as it does, strength, toughness and durability beyond 
 most varieties; and with the additional advantage of being procu- 
 rable in planks and spars of any desirable length — even a hundred 
 or more feet. The large-leaved maple, acer macro -pky Hum, is an 
 extremely beautiful tree, exactly suited for purposes of shade and 
 ornament. It grows throught)ut the level lands of the valley and 
 has been planted extensively in cities and towns. Its seeds have 
 come to form quite an article of export. Mr. AV. H. Leininger, of 
 Salem, has entered upon the business of gathering and selling them 
 in the Eastern States, where the size of the leaves is esteemed 
 almost incredible. His exports amount to many tons of seeds an- 
 nuall;'. 
 
 Of the timbered lands, the best trees are found at UKnlium ele- 
 vations, and are accessible by ordinary logging roads. They liave 
 a value depending upon their nearness to market, or to streams of 
 sufficient size to float the logs. The land is worth, for the trees 
 alone, from five to fifty dollars per acrre, depending upon the size 
 and the number of the trees. "Stumpage," or the price of standing 
 timber, is usually one dollar or one dollar and a half per thousand 
 feet, board measure. The principal trees found on low lands, are 
 the fir, pine, yew, ash, oak, maple, balm, and alder; on the hills, 
 there are scattering oaks and fii-s, while in the mountain regions 
 grow the firs, pine, spruce, hemlock, cedar, larch, and madrono, 
 with more or less undergrowth, dependiug on the altitude. 
 
 No one has yet ventured to make an estimate of the quantity of 
 timber yet standing on all the bordei-s of the Willamette Valley, 
 
 ijl1 
 
 t'u 
 
526 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 for the data for such a calculation has yet to be supplied. Speak- 
 ing without regard to exactness, the total area from the crest of one 
 range to the other must be composed of five-sixths forest, to one- 
 sixth prairie or cleared land. Hence, there are rather more than 
 ten thousand square miles of brush land, timber land and elevated 
 waste tracts. This corresponds to six million four hundred thousand 
 acres, from which, if the two million acres of brush land be sub- 
 tracted, there is left four million four hundred thousand acres of 
 timber and waste land, the proportion of the former being, by a not 
 extravagant estimate, nine-tenths of the whole, or nearly four mil- 
 lions of acres. What amount of lumber an average acre would 
 yield, is, of course, undetermined. Some mill men have set it at 
 twenty thousand feet, but the calculation embraces too many ele- 
 ments of uncertainty. Few people have ever concerned themselves 
 with the matter, and all that is known at present of the vast stores 
 of timber upon the east and west is that the total must run into 
 billions of feet, or enough, in the ordinary process of events, to sup- 
 {)ly the valley with lumber for many centuries, providing the forest 
 fires, which are so recklessly and wantonly set out, do not destroy 
 this munificent legacy of nature to humanity. 
 
 Doubtless it is only a question of a few score years when the 
 enormous forests that now surround the AV'^illamette Valley will 
 have been cleared off and converted into lumber, or burned where 
 they fell ; for the lumberman in search of trees, and the farmer 
 seeking to enlarge the productive capacity of his farm, are moved 
 by no considerations of sentiment. There is, however, a utilitarian 
 consideration of importance, enough to cause even the industrious 
 timber cut*^er to pause. It is certainly demonstrated that the loss 
 of her forests lays a country open to destructive inundations. This 
 fact has been shown in too many localities to admit of doubt. Nor 
 are the evil affects confined to freshets ; the rainfall becomes eX' 
 cessively capricious, now exceeding, now falling far below the 
 normal quantity, as if the controhing influence which once main- 
 tained a happy medium had lost its power, and the a[)paratus of 
 the heavens was left, as a steam engine, to the operations of change. 
 
 So far has the evil of forest denudation progi-essed, that certain 
 governments — notably some European ones, and the State of New 
 York — have legislated in favor of the retention of forests, and 
 
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 \Vi 
 
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 ca 
 
 for( 
 
 doi 
 
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 G( 
 
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 eavsti 
 
 desi 
 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 !|;. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 527 
 
 ex- 
 tbe 
 ii'ui- 
 of 
 
 Hjre. 
 
 aucl 
 
 others have had their attention drawn to the matter. The United 
 States Government has instituted a tentative measure, designed to 
 originate forest culture in the western States and Territories ; but 
 the effort made seems thus far to be abortive. Whatever sort of 
 legislation — whether imposing a penalty for the destruction of 
 woods, or promising a reward for the planting of trees — shall pre- 
 vail, it will certainly have to be urged with vigor and carried out 
 witii determination. No one can doubt that the extensive forests 
 of Western Oregon have a \'ast influence upon the climate, par- 
 ticularly on the rainfall, but there will be found many who will 
 scoff at the Mea that the clearing of land, carried (m through any 
 ordinary period of time, could possiV)ly make any difference with 
 the climate of this region. The subject is one that demands, in the 
 opinion of some, the illuminations of sul)sequent time, when the 
 matter shall have readied an experimental stiige. 
 
 Every timber tree, suited by its si)ecies and size to produce 
 lumber, is worth saving. It has been, and still is, the custom to 
 cut down and burn them, v/ithout regard to their increased value. 
 Of course the idea of clearmg lands is incompatible with that of 
 presei'ving the forests, but in many cases the best trees might be 
 left, while the worthless underbi'ush — generally abundant in these 
 woods — is cleared out. It happens, however, that the aggregate 
 damage, resulting from the operations of lumbermen and the in- 
 tentioned destruction wrought b} farmers, is nothing in comparison 
 to the loss from general forest fires on vacant land. The habit of 
 setting out fires in dry seasons is responsible for the most universal 
 destruction of woods and timber ever recorded. There have been 
 calculations made, showing that the average damage by extensive 
 forest fires amounts to between one million and two millions of 
 dollars annually. All this loss is sustained through the careless- 
 ness of farmers in allowing the fires, kindled upon their own lands, 
 to get beyond their control, and to sweep over large tracts of 
 Government timber land. The most destructive fires have occurred 
 on the west slope of the Coast Range, sometimes extending to thi 
 eastern slope. The effect of such conflagrations is not only tc' 
 destroy every tree, shrub and living plant, but to actually consume 
 the soil to some depth. This phenomenon arises from the fact that 
 the ground is covered with a considerable thickness of organic 
 
 :ai 
 
528 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 matter, consisting of the leaves and roots of plants, in a state of 
 decay, which mixture is usually combustible, and as it constitutes 
 the larger part of the soil, that, too, appears to burn. This 
 destruction of the soil is an evil of no small magnitude, inasmuch 
 as it can not be replaced until the vegetation shall again cover the 
 ground, to be in turn decomposed. 
 
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 count 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 Peculiarities of Climate — Distinctions of the Seasons — Particular Sea- 
 sons — Table of Pleasant^ liainy, Stormy and Snowy Days — Averages 
 of Each — Tables of Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperatures 
 and Rainfall for Thirteen Years — Table of Monthly and Annual 
 Mean Temperatures for Nine Localities — Geology — Dynamical Geol- 
 ogy — Sandstone the Prevailing Sedimentary Formation — It Belongs 
 to the Tertiary Age — Newer Deposits — Erosion of Sandstone Strata — 
 Fossils of Tertiary Mammals — The Volcanic Rocks — Whence They 
 Came — Enormous Extent — Composed of Basalt — Volcanic Buttes in 
 the Upper Part of the Valley — Composition of the Cascade Range — 
 Glaciers — Mines — Santiam Gold Mines — Bohemia District — Other 
 Minerals — Iron Ore — Important Developments at Oswego — Ore Beds 
 Worked and Furnaces Erected — Sketch of the Operations there — 
 Quality of Product — Soils Considered — Origin of Rich Bxsalt Soils 
 — Their Constant Renewal — Red Hills — Mixed Soils — Valley Loams 
 the Result of Disintegration and Alluvial Action. 
 
 THE climate of Western Oregon ^s extremely peculiar in some 
 respects. It is as if nature had struck a medium between the 
 climate of California, with its alternations of wet and dry seasons, 
 and that of the Eastern States, with their shifting and uncertain 
 changes. In the summer the torrid heat of California is not ex- 
 perienced, nor in the winter is there any but gentle reminders of 
 Eastern snows. The influences at Work have given the Willamette 
 Valley a climate that is esteemed perfectly adapted to the needs of 
 humanity. No sudden or wide variations of temperature take place; 
 no extreme or long-continued heated terms are known; the cold of 
 winter is less than the most favored Eastern States and European 
 countries feel. The trade- winds of the Pacific moderate the heat 
 
 ili 
 
 .T 1 1- 
 
 ii 
 
 i ii 
 
 <Jf 4 ' 
 
530 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 and cold, and with the great Japanese Ocean current, serve as a 
 regulator of temperature. The thermometer rarely rises above 
 ninety degrees, in summer, in the hottest days, and scarcely ever sinks 
 below twenty in winter. So the most active out-dooi' labor may be 
 performed throughout the year. Strictly speaking, the distinction 
 of the seasons does not exist in Western Oregon as in the Eastern 
 States, nor is the application of the terms dry and wet season en- 
 tii'ely suitable. The rains, beginning in September or October, fall 
 with increasing frequency in the succeeding months, reaching their 
 maximum in any one of the winter months. Diminishing then 
 in intensity, they continue until June, July or August, falling 
 then ^emi- occasionally and exerting no ill -effect, excepting in case 
 that the grain crop may suffer if far enough advanced. The rain- 
 fall during a summer month may amount to two inches, or it may 
 be nothing. Only twice in forty years have the grain crops been 
 injured by untimely rains, for the season of harves.ting is pre-emi- 
 nently the dry time. The summer of 1883 was exceptionally dry; 
 Jess than one-fifth of an inch of rain fell in June, July and August, 
 and it was not until the last of September that the rain fell in suffi- 
 cient quantities to extinguish the forest fires and clear the atmos- 
 phere of smoke which had for months obscured the country. Not- 
 vnthstanding the lack of rain and the uncommonly warm season, 
 no loss occurred to the farmers, but a very profitable crop was 
 harvested. Drouth is never known in the Willamette Valley. 
 
 Western Oregon is exempt from hurricanes, cyclones, and 
 strong winds of all description. Such have been known here, but 
 in only few instances of a force sufficient to do damage. Hail 
 storms and thunder storms are likewise innocuous, and hardly 
 known. Earthquakes, it may be observed, are never felt with 
 any degree of violence. There is, however, a peculiarity worthy 
 of note. The occurrence of " cold snaps " of considerable severity, 
 at intervals of ten or twenty years, constitutes an evil, which, 
 although of no consequence, in comparison with the extremes of 
 other climates, is yet sufficiently remarkable to be noticed. These 
 storms have only occurred, with severity, twice, or, at most, three 
 times, since the advent of white men. They are characterized by 
 the depression of the thermometer nearly, or quite to zero, and 
 more particularly by strong and long continued north or east 
 
CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 531 
 
 winds, accompanied by a fall of snow. They are, in fact, 
 " blizzards," tempered by the position of the valley and its current 
 of wind from the Pacific. 
 
 Concerning individual seasons, it is recorded that the winter of 
 1852-3 was not severely cold, but on Christmas morning the snow 
 stood two feet deep on Salem Prairie, and stock suffered much 
 from the consequent deprivation of food. The coldest day in 1854 
 was January 19th, when the mercury stood at two degrees below 
 zero, Fahrenheit. On December 28, 1855, it was at fourteen 
 above ; and during the winter the Willamette was frozen over 
 below the Falls at Oregon City. The winters succeeding, until 
 1861-62, were mild, and no figures of temperature are at hand. The 
 season last mentioned was exceptional for its severity. Snow fell 
 profusely, and staid on the grormd for fifty-two successive days. 
 The thei-mometer on January 30th reached a minimum of ten 
 degrees below zero. The Lower Columbia was blocked with ice, 
 rendering the passage to Portland impossible for ocean and river 
 steamers — a phenomenon repeated several times since. The Wil- 
 lamette was frozen, and men crossed on foot. Snow disappeared 
 by the tenth of March. The season of 1863-64 was a mild one as 
 regards temperature. The maximum cold of the year 1864 was 
 twelve degrees above zero, occurring on January 1 2th. On Decem- 
 ber 13th, of the following year, the mercury reached its minimum 
 for the year at sixteen degrees above zero. The year 1866 was a 
 mild one. The coldest day of 1867 was January 11th, three de- 
 grees above zero. January 10, 1868, saw the thermometer at four 
 degrees below zero, and steamer trafSc on the Willamette and 
 Columbia was suspended. These rivers had likewise been closed 
 in 1864-65. The winters of 1868-69, 1869-70 and 1870-71, were 
 not marke^^ by severe weather, and the lowest temperature recorded 
 was twenty degrees above zero. On December 25, 1871, it was 
 sixteen degrees above zero. In 1872 it descended to twenty-two 
 degrees above zero, and in 1873 to twenty-five degrees. On 
 January 13, 1875, it stood at three degrees above zero, and on 
 January 21st following, it was at twelve above. In 1876 it went 
 no lower than twenty degrees above, and in 1877 its lowest w,as 
 twenty-five degrees above zero. The year 1878 was mild, and 
 only eighteen above zero was felt. The following year saw some 
 
 14! 
 
 I'M 
 
 
 i'ii 
 
532 
 
 HI8T0BY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 jH'. 
 
 sharp weather, namely : three degrees above zero in December. A 
 year later the mercury descended as low as nineteen degrees above 
 zero. In 1881 it was once at twenty-four degrees above zero. In 
 1882 it registered eighteen degrees above, and in 1883, seven 
 above. 
 
 The annexed table shows the relative proportion of " pleasant," 
 " rainy," " shower and sunshine " and " snowy " days in the years 
 1869 to 1868 inclusive:— 
 
 Shower and 
 Pleasant. Rainy. Sunshine. Snowy. 
 
 1859 228 78 47 17 
 
 1860 - 232 72 57 5 
 
 1861 224 20 61 10 
 
 1862 --- 250 47 52 16 
 
 1863 - — - 220 82 55 8 
 
 1864 - - --- 252 60 47 7 
 
 1865 - _ 227 65 63 10 
 
 1866 - - 280 73 59 3 
 
 1867 - _ 244 65 49 7 
 
 1868 272 30 55 9 
 
 2879 687 545 92 
 
 Dividing those totals by ten, the number of years during which 
 the observations were taken, we have an average, disregarding frac- 
 tions, of two hundred and thirty-seven "pleasant" days, sixty- 
 three " rainy " days, fifty-four of alternate " shower and sunshine," 
 and nine "snowy" days. Thus there are, roughly speaking, sixty- 
 five per cent, of " pleasant" days during which the sun shines with 
 undisturbed serenity. 
 
 The meteorological observations, taken at the Signal Service 
 Station, in Portland, in the years 1872 — 1884, serve to set forrh 
 the peculiarities of the climate more fully than could be done 
 otherwise, and also afford the only practicable basis of comparison 
 with the climates of other localitic . Observations taken in other 
 parts of the valley show that the rainfall at Portland somewhat 
 exceeds the average in the valley, but this excess has not yet been 
 determined. For the purposes of comparison, it is allowable to 
 assume that the rainfall and temperature at the station is the aver- 
 age of the valley, and on tuat assumption we proceed to give, in 
 tabulated form, the principal observations there taken: 
 
 The meteorological tables show the temperature and rainfall at 
 the Portland station since its establishment. The maxiinum and 
 
 driz 
 whi 
 
CLIMATE AND OEOLOOT. 
 
 688 
 
 sen 
 to 
 
 Jer- 
 in 
 
 minimum temperature (taken only since June, 1874) are useful as 
 showing the extreme range of the thermometer. Every reliance 
 may be placed upon these figures, the determinations having been 
 made with the utmost system and regularity by skilled observers 
 accustomed to more than military promptness and accuracy. The 
 table of monthly mean temperature includes nine separate 
 stations, taken for the purpose of comparison with localities with 
 which such a comparison seems most interesting and useful. The 
 means represent in the strongest light the advantages of the Oregon 
 climate as regards evenness of temperature over every other locality 
 in the catalogue. This is a characteristic of the Pacific Coast. We 
 find the annual mean temperature to be below that of Washington, 
 Memphis, Sacramento, Umatilla, Chicago and Albany; and we see 
 that the summer months are a gi'eat deal cooler than in either of 
 those places, while beginning with November the contrary is 
 the case, the average winter temperature being higher with us 
 than in the other places named, excepting Sacramento. As the 
 season progresses the comparison becomes still more favorable to 
 the Willamette Valley, for, with two exceptions, the Portland climate 
 is warmest in December and January. February shows less favor- 
 able; March and April present a fair average; while the sudden 
 rise of temperature which heralds the spring in the Eastern States, 
 is mellowed, as it were, and in the Willamette the temperature of 
 winter shades into summer heat with a scarcely perceptible but very 
 pleasant progi'ession. 
 
 Regarding the rainfall, it appears that notwithstanding the oft- 
 repeated assei-tions and gibes concerning the superabundance of 
 Oregon moisture, the average supply is not in excess of what falls 
 in Memphis, New Haven, and other places not distinguished for 
 extreme dampness. It appears that the main characteristic of the 
 Western Oregon climate is not that it rains overmuch, but that it 
 threatens too much. The depressing effect of fogs, clouds and light 
 drizzling rains is truly felt deeper than the heavy downpouring to 
 which the land is often subjected. It has been said that " It always 
 rains in the Webfoot country, or is always going to." We may con- 
 clude that the continuous threatening and lowering aspect of the 
 heavens has a great deal to do with the prevailing reputation of the 
 climate, even more than the quantity of rain that actually falls, 
 which, as the tables show, is not really excessive: 
 
 1^! 
 
534 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
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 CLIMATE AND GlCOLOOY. 
 MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE, 
 
 68i^ 
 
 Portland, Or 
 
 Allmny.N. Y 
 
 Chicago.-- 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 Umatilla, Or 
 
 Yankton, D. T---. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 New Haven, Ct- 
 Meuipbia, Tenn. 
 
 1881. 
 
 3 
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 «.i.7 62, 
 |7;i.9i73, 
 
 i72,9|76, 
 ;71.l!68, 
 «9.0'e7 
 75.0|76, 
 |77.4i70, 
 I70.5|71 
 83.2183 
 
 
 6.5.!»2'49. 
 
 70.95.5 
 69.5[65 
 (i7.8 56 
 61.149 
 
 «0.1 
 77.0 
 69.6 
 76.7 
 
 
 43.4143. 
 43.6;.S8. 
 i».9 37, 
 50.8 4(1, 
 40.5 36, 
 32 1 .S2, 
 47.5,41, 
 43.1137, 
 60.6148, 
 
 1882. 
 
 a 
 
 
 39.3 37, 
 27.432, 
 28..3i38, 
 45.i;46, 
 33.fi;;«, 
 2,3.4 29, 
 33.2 40, 
 20.831. 
 43.4i52, 
 
 43.7'48, 
 
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 38.8 47 
 38.3 46 
 53.0 .Jo 
 44.950 
 34.44- 
 44.1.,.( 
 36.943 
 57.4163 
 
 03 
 
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 56.362.850.8 
 V).9 09.0.V2.2 
 01.7163.651.4 
 64.0168.1 '57. 8 
 59.0 68.4 37 3 
 54.:. 6».()48.6 
 59.273.867 
 61.3ti6.250 4 
 67.179.164.5 
 
 53.68 
 38.42 
 36.36 
 24.63 
 9.94 
 29.04' 
 42.15 
 62.61 
 53.64 
 
 li- 
 
 
 The geological history of the valley is not in any respect 
 singular or striking. Such of the natural phenomenon as are 
 represented in its strata, have not, as yet, received the attention 
 and study which so important a subject deserves. The State, as 
 might be supposed, has made no efficient provision for geological 
 explorations, and the status of this interesting science in Oregon 
 is quite low. Chance observations, thus far not made with care, 
 and, consequently, only partially reliable, and always cursory in 
 their character, form its only basis. There are certain general facts 
 which repeated observation has well attested, which comprise about 
 all of permanent value thus far ascertained. 
 
 The valley, it is conceded, must have been formed by the eleva- 
 tion of the enclosing ranges, at a time subsequent to the deposition 
 of the strata which compose it, this time being referred usually 
 to the middle tertiary. The identification of these strata has al- 
 ready been accomplished, and the fossils enclosed have been 
 studied sufficiently to prove their identity with those of similar 
 strata in other portions of North America. The rocks which 
 underlie this portion of Oregon are of aqueous origin, and consist 
 exclusively, it is supposed, of sandstone. Upon this stratum, 
 which reaches a vast and unknown thickness, possibly of several 
 mileB, are superimposed the deposits of alluvial matter which form 
 
 H ' ! 
 
 •T-H 
 
686 
 
 HISTOBT or WILLAMZTTX VAZ.LST. 
 
 soils, together with, in many places, other materials, the most com- 
 mon of which is a deposit of water- worn pebbles, intermingled 
 with finer material, also of fluviatile origin. The pebbles and 
 sand are the representatives, or rather the relics, of a time when a 
 part, or rather the whole, of the valley, was under water, but still 
 not ancient as compared to the age of the sandstone. Their de- 
 position antedates probably the arrival of man upon the scene, but 
 does not, by any means, reach back to the time of the early 
 mammals of the tertiary. The water- worn deposits may be seen 
 and studied at many points in the valley, particularly wherever the 
 railway cuttings have exposed considerable thicknesses of this 
 material, but more particularly upon the sides of high banks 
 where the process of erosion may be in ]• ogress. Such a place is 
 the high bluff on the east side of the Willamette, some four miles 
 below Portland. The banks of gi'avel, clay and pebbles, says one, 
 were formed as a sea beach in the age of the mammoth, and being 
 coeval with that great mammal, are thought by geologist Dana 
 to be 180,000 years old. A still older sea beach is visible along 
 the slope of the Coast Range, distinctly traceable for many miles. 
 
 As regards the sandstone floor of the valley, it is best studied in 
 the Coast Range, where the upturned edges of the strata afford 
 abundant opportunities for investigation. Here, too, the dynamical 
 agencies may be studied, paiticularly the phenomena of erosion, a 
 process now going on with a rapidity hardly elsewhere known. 
 As regards the extent of these contemporaneous tertiary beds, they 
 are said to reach Sitka on the one hand, and San Francisco on the 
 other. Eastward they are lost to view under the prodigious lava 
 deposits of Central Oregon, of which we will speak anon. 
 
 At various points in the valley there have been found remains 
 of the mammoth, and, possibly, of the mastodon ; two incisors and 
 a rib of the latter were reported to have been dug up at Butteville, 
 in the center of the valley, and nine feet below the surface. One 
 of the teeth weighed eighteen pounds. Other m.istodon or mam- 
 moth remains have been exhumed at Middletcn, Washington 
 County (1880), and Albina (1883). 
 
 With regard to the volcanic rocks, we find the ancient basalts 
 well represented. In fact, the eastern and northern portions of 
 the valley contain a very considerable area of basalt, both scoria- 
 
olucatx and oeoloot. 
 
 687 
 
 ceous and columnar, covering the underiying floor of sandstone to a 
 depth, varying from a few inches to many hundred feet. The 
 genesis of the volcanic rooks is an interesting study in itself, but 
 one that does not seem indispensable here. It is sufficient for the 
 purpose that the lava has a common origin with that which coxers 
 Eastern Oregon to a givat dei)th ; in fact, the lava which en- 
 croaclies upon the fertile lands of the Willamette, is a portion of 
 the enormous lake which once covered the whole Columbia region 
 with liquid f^i-e. This great sea of lava was the product of the 
 immense volcanoes of the then newly erected Cascade Range. 
 Successive depositions of melted basalt, in varying conditions as to 
 fluidity, density, and, probably, of chemical composition, were 
 formed in ages which are of enormous absolute remoteness, but 
 seem near when compared with the age of even the newest created 
 mammals. These deposits of basalt have been exposed since to 
 the decomposing and modifying influences of sun, light and heat, 
 the rain, rapid changes of temperature, the atmospheric oxygen 
 and carbonic acid, and, finally, the erosion of rain and streams of 
 water ; and the result has been their extensive wearing down. In 
 connection with the topic of soils we will speak further of those 
 instances, and show how these ancient volcanic rocks play a 
 weighty part in effecting and maintaining the fertility of soils. 
 The lava, we are told, overlies only tertiary rocks in the valley, 
 but east of the Cascades it rests upon metamorphic slate, mica 
 schist, gneiss and granite. It remains mostly, if not entirely, in 
 the position that it assumed on cooling. It exists, as trap rocks 
 most frequently do, in successive horizontal layers, the product of 
 successive deposition. Its principal chemical characteristic is the 
 apparently varying tendencies of different specimens to decompo- 
 sitiou. 
 
 The geology of the upper portion of the valley presents some in- 
 teresting peculiarities. There are in Linn and Lane counties some 
 peculiar elevations which have attracted the attention of scientific 
 and non-scientific people alike. These elevations are locally termed 
 buttes, and are of volcanic origin, Peterson's Butte, so called, 
 about twenty miles from Albany, is, in shape, somewhat like Mt. 
 Hood. Its composition is trachyte, overlaid with columnar basalt. 
 Washington Butte, five miles from Albany, rests on miocene strata, 
 
 it 
 

 538 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 it is said, and shells crop rit at the base. These and other eleva- 
 tions evidently were islands in the expanse of v/ater which once 
 covered the Willamette Valley. At the Saddle Buttes the alluWal 
 deposits cover ancient depositions containing fossil impressions of 
 leaves and twigs. Another observed fact of considerable import- 
 ance, is that granite boulders, waterworn and evidently erratic, are 
 found on Albany Prairie, and at other points in the valley. 
 
 Near the former butt/e a boring was once sunk for a well. The 
 surface soil was one yard in thickness, supported by a soft, white 
 rock containing shells, and extending to a further depth of nine 
 and a half feet. Below this were found in succession, soapstone, 
 one hundred and four feet; "gray granite," four feet; soapstone, 
 ten feet; soft sandstone, fort3'^-eight and one-half feet. 
 
 Proceeding to the Cascade Range, we find that chain of mount- 
 ains to be composed mainly of granite, with slate on the lower 
 spui-s, and great masses of trap and other sort^s of lava in the vicin- 
 ity of the volcanoes, of which there are at least half a dozen, all 
 now extinct. These volcanic points have attained great height, and 
 form the snow peaks known as Mounts liood, Jefferson, the Three 
 Sisters, etc. 
 
 Among the dynamical agencies M^hich shaped the valley, glacia- 
 tion has an important place. The pectiliar and impressive phe- 
 nomena of the glaciers of the Cascade Kange, is a subject that has 
 not yet got beyond its initial stage of inquiry. It happens, how- 
 ever, that the evidences of their action is too evident for doubt, and 
 the vast and far-extending moraines and glaciated surfaces are 
 easily referred to their proper cause. On this coast the first observer 
 to point out the habitat of a living glacier was Edward T. Cole- 
 man, who, in 1866, explored the ice fields of Mt. BaKer. ^his dis- 
 covery proved the key to a number of similar ones, and it was soon 
 known that nearly all the prominent peaks v.'cre the abodes of 
 glaciers. That of Mt. Hood Is well known, and those of other 
 members of the Cascade Range are equally accessible, and the sites 
 of former extensive but now extinct glaciers are frequent. 
 
 The principal discoveries of the precious i!H:i,«ls in tbe country 
 tribiitary to the Willamette Valley, have b''.'i. made in the Cas- 
 cades, about the headwaters of the rivers flowing into the east side 
 of the Willamette. The only gold or silver-bearing veins which 
 
 but 
 
 indi 
 
 aiK 
 
 Cas 
 
 and 
 
 impi 
 
 discc 
 
nni 
 
 CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY, 
 
 539 
 
 have ever attracted much attentic f are the group of veins about the 
 heads of the Santiam and the Moiaila. Of these, tlie former are of 
 the greater importance. The Santiam mines have l)een worked, 
 more or less, for nearly twenty j'ears, but the explorations made 
 have resulted in no pecuniary gain. Some "pockets" of rich 
 quartz, carrying gold profusely, have been found, and, as is usual 
 in such cases, a considerable impetus is given to prospecting on 
 each recurring " strike " of this sort. In the judgment of Mr. 
 Veatch, a capable mineralogist, who visited them in 1870, the 
 Santiam mines give the strongest proof of being rich, and are cer- 
 tainly very extensive, " requiring only labor and the expenditure 
 of money in their development." 
 
 At the head of the Middle Fork of the Willamette lies the 
 so-called Bohemia Mining District. According to the authority 
 already quoted, this is a promising field for the employment of 
 capital. Its rock is metal-bearing quartz veins, and has b^'-en ex- 
 plored and worked somewhat. A» in the Santiam district, mills 
 have been put up, but no great measure of success has been met 
 with. 
 
 Near Eugene City extensive group of gold-bearing quarti 
 veins are said to exist, where their working and reduction would 
 be favored by the co-existence of unlimited water power, good 
 roads, and plenty of timber for fuel and lumber. Whatever of 
 real wealth may be enclosed within thes.- veins does not appear. 
 
 On the McKenzie River the "color" has repeatedly been found, 
 but no promising veins. In perhaps one hundred other localities 
 indications of gold and silver have been numerously discovered, 
 and small mining camps have existed at various points in the 
 Cascades and Coast Range. Future strikes are likely to take place, 
 and the discovery of great mn^eral wealth is neither impossible nor 
 improbable. 
 
 Of other minerals of economic value, little can be said. Some 
 insignificant deposits of coal have been found on the eastern slope 
 of the Coast Range, and lead ore — galena mostly — is known to 
 exist in quantity. In 1872 some veins or chimneys of galena were 
 discovered at the foot of the Cascades, in Linn County, which 
 essayed sixty per cent, of lead, with eighteen dollars per ton in 
 silver. In 1875, mining interests having become prominent by 
 
 '■^\ 
 
S40 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 reason of the Galice Creek discoveries in Southern Oregon, an 
 association calling itself the Oregon Mining Bureau was formed in 
 Portland, its object being "to develop the mining resources of the 
 State, to keep a record of discoveries and locations, and to deal in 
 mining property." Its existence was short. 
 
 Iron ore forms by far the most important mineral resource of 
 the valley. The deposits of ore at Oswego, nine miles above 
 Portland, and on the Avest side of the Willamette River, have been 
 worked for nearly tv/enty years, though unsteadily, and have 
 already been a considerable source of wealth, and promise still 
 greater things. The history of the enterprise is instructive and in- 
 teresting. 
 
 General M. M. McCarver is credited with the discovery of the 
 ore beds. In 1802 six tons were taken out and sent to California 
 to be tested. The test was successful, it yielding from fifty-six to 
 sixty -five per cent, of metal of a good quality. Immediately a 
 company was formed (in February, 1865) to utilize the deposits, 
 crlled the Oregon Iron Company, of whom W. S. Ladd. H. D. 
 Green and John Green were the incorporators, and the capital 
 stock was fixed at $500,000, of which nearly two -thirds were sub- 
 scribed by residents of Portland. This company erected the first 
 iron -smelting furnace ever built upon this coast. The structure 
 was thirty-two feet high, nine feet in interior diameter, hot blast, 
 and had a capacity for ten tons of iron per day. Charcoal was 
 necessarily adopted as the fuel, in the absence of stone coal of 
 suitable quality. 
 
 A chemical analysis of the Oswego ore gave sesquioxide of iron 
 77.16 per cent., corresponding to 54.37 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 The other constituents were, water 11.16, silica 11.08, sulphur 
 and phosphorus together one-tenth of one per cent. The ore was 
 of the sort called brown hematite, was abundant and easily mined, 
 lying, as it did, near tlie surface. The beds were irregular, in- 
 clined some eight or ten degrees from the horizontal, and appeared 
 to have been deposited from solution on the lava below. Dirt had 
 accumulated on the ore to the depth of several feet. The ore did 
 not continue of so rich a description as the test sample, but had 
 fallen off in richness to ten per cent, sometime during the wor ang. 
 
 Work has gone on by fits and starts during the intermediate 
 years, and the production of iron has not been so great as t<o justify 
 
 bur 
 
CLIMATE AND GEOLOOT. 
 
 541 
 
 the former hopes of pecuniary success. In 1874-75, when the 
 furnace was producing ten tons per day, a calculation of the cost of 
 production exhibited the following figures. They are based on the 
 cost of producing one ton of iron. The necessary ore at the furnace 
 cost $10.75; charcoal, one hundred and fifty bushels at nine cents 
 per bushel, $13.50; wages, $4.00; limestone — brought from Puget 
 Sound — five hundred pounds — $5.00. Total cost of one ton, $33.25. 
 At that time the iron sold in San Francisco in limited lots at 
 $46.00 per ton. It was in use for special purposes where iron of 
 unusual strength was required, but its cost prevented it from com- 
 ing into competition with Scotch and English brands of pig iron, 
 which are profitably produced at less than $20 per ton. The Cen- 
 tral Pacific Kailroad Company tested its adaptnbil'ty to the manu- 
 facture of car wheels and found it to answer the purpose excellently. 
 From the date of its completion the furnace was run until 
 April, 1869, making meanwhile two thousand three hundred and 
 ninety-five tons of iron. It was idle then until March, 1874, when, 
 the company having re -organized, work again began and continued 
 until September, 1876, making five thousand and seventy-five tons. 
 The property was then sold at sheriff's sale to satisfy the demands 
 of creditors. The purchasers started the furnace again in June, 
 1878, and made eleven hundred and seventy tons, stopping then to 
 rebuild the furnace, increasing its size. The next run was fi'om 
 April, 1879, to September, 1881, when they paused to introduce 
 further changes. The sales of iron in the latter year amounted, it 
 was said, to $200,000. From whatever cause, the furnace is not 
 now (1 885) in operation. This is said by some to be owing to 
 timidity on the part of the owners; ])ut doubtless has its cause in 
 well-defined business reasons. It is conceded that the metal is of 
 excellent quality, and that the cost of prxluction is slightly lessened 
 since the preceding computation of cost was made. At least, the 
 necessary limestone need not cost the fourth of what was stated, 
 and it is probable that labor of a more skilled sort ¥ ould he avail- 
 able since the furnaces of the east have reduced their wages and so 
 driven many trained optratcrs to seek other situations. Besides the 
 experienced and high-priced assistants, the necessities of the iron 
 company require the services of several hundj'ed men, the charcoal 
 burueiB alone aggregating three hundred at times. The supply of 
 
 
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 \'^ 
 
 
 
 r 
 
643 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
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 I. 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
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 i 
 
 ore is deemed practically inexhaustible, and is of a very high 
 quality. The company has owned a large amount of property, in- 
 cluding the furnace and grounds, several thousand acres of wood 
 lands and mineral -bearing territory, as well as its extensive improve- 
 ments, which embrace a narrow-gauge railway connecting the 
 furnace with the ore beds, a canal to Sucker Lake to furnish water- 
 power for running the blast, etc. 
 
 In connection with the geology of the valley a short discussion 
 of the soils seems in place. It has been mentioned that a consider- 
 able portion of the valley is now, or has been at some time, covered 
 by superincumbent lava beds. These deposits of lava have been 
 much changed in their appearance by the erosive effects of rivers, 
 but have been subject to another destroying influence scarcely less 
 important — this is chemical decomposition. Considerable thicknesses ' 
 of once solid lava have been changed by the slow action of perco- 
 lating rain drops and the active constituents of the air — oxygen and 
 carbonic acid — until they are fairly decomposed and disintegrated. 
 To understand this change, it is necessary to remember that basalt, 
 the common lava, is composed mainly of augite and feldspar, 
 bodies capable sometimes of decomposition in contact with the 
 atmosphere, and in the case before us particularly so. Every one 
 must have noticed certain characteristics of the lava deposits at 
 various points in the valley, wherever cuttings have been made. 
 There the basalt presents frequently the appearance of decay, show- 
 ing upon its surface the familiar yellow or red stains which sometimes 
 penetrate the solid portion of the rock, and which result from the 
 oxidation of iron, which is an invariable though small constituent 
 These symptoms of decay are found to extend to the depth of a 
 hundred or more feet, or as far as the combined influences of air and 
 water extend. This action is not rapid ; it takes a lengthened term 
 of years to reduce a large boulder to line matter, but time if a factor 
 to which, in geological hypotheses, very gnat extension is allowed. 
 At any rate, the process of rotting, ho to speak, has gone on until 
 the loi'ge arean of lava on the western slope wl the Csu^cades are 
 
CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 543 
 
 covered mainly Avith p. la'er of earth resulting solely from the de- 
 composition of the rocks in situ ; or else have had and lost this 
 covering through the influence of heavy rains, landslides, etc. Be- 
 neath the surface of such soil we find a rather coarse deposit — in 
 fact the size of the particles shades from the fine detritus upon the 
 surface, into the gravel beneath, then becomes stones of notable size, 
 those resting upon boidders split fi'oni each other and decomposed 
 only upon their outer surface. Below all is the solid mass of lava, 
 resting upon the aqueous strata beneath. 
 
 Thus the lava is decomposed and converted into soil — partly by 
 mechanical, partly by chemical forces working conjointly. The soil 
 created in this curious way might be supposed to be barren, because 
 of its unpromising parentage. This, however, is a mistake; it con- 
 tains nearly all the elements of fertility. Basalt, in its constituent, 
 feldspar, contains potash, which, when set fi'ee from the silica with 
 which it is combined, by the action of carbonic acid is converted into 
 the carbonate of potash, and goes to enrich a soil more than tolera- 
 bly fertile without it. It also contains lime, derived from another 
 constituent — augite. And these, with magnesia, silica, and one or 
 two less important minerals, make up the soil as it exists befoi'e veg- 
 etable growth begins. Should trees, grasses or shrubs become es- 
 tablished upon such a soil, their natural course from life to death, 
 from cohesion to decomposition, results in addition of organic mat- 
 ter to this soil whereby its adaptability for producing such new 
 growths is vastly increased. Decayed vegetable matter in proper 
 condition, is, as everybody knows, a most valuable fertilizer. It is 
 highlj probable that the presence of organic matter in the basaltic 
 soils hids the process of decomposition and wearing down of the 
 particles of rock. The decay of wood, giuss roots, and in fact almost 
 every form of woody fibre gives rise to compounds called humus, 
 which have an affinity for potash and other alkalies. As potash is 
 set free from the rocks it doubtless combines with the humus and 
 forms a new compound, of use to vegetation. It would seem that 
 the decay of the rocks would be hastened by the presence of the 
 hunms, and the decomposition of the mineral and of the vegetable 
 substances would go on with equal steps. From this source a large 
 part of the .soil of the valley is derived. 
 
 
 K'< ! 
 
 MiM'^ 
 
^1; 
 
 Mm 
 
 ■ i «^ 
 
 544 
 
 HI8T0BT" OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Large portions of hilly tracts possess a soil whose upper surface 
 is dark brown or black from the intermixture of organic matter, 
 with the lower particles of a lighter and lighter tint, until the 
 basalt blocks below are reached, whose interstices are filled with 
 fine fragments broken off from above. Still lower is the solid 
 ledge. The surface soil varies greatly in depth, according to its 
 more or less protected situation. If exposed to running water or 
 on a considerable slope the thickness will not be great ; if, on the 
 contrary, the level is horizontal, or in the bottom of a sloping 
 canyon, the thickness may be many feet. The soil of the Waldo 
 Hills has become celebrated for its fertility. It is of basaltic 
 origin, and is the best type of that class of soils, as the mode of its 
 formation and its value, endurance and strength are being studied. 
 Such soil, as we may conclude from the circumstances, is inex- 
 haustible in fertility, inasumch as the materials for renewing its 
 strength exist beneath it, and the process of renewal is constantly 
 going on, and by the process of tillage the renewal is quickened. 
 Stirring up the ground exposes more rock to the action of the 
 air, and the elements do their work of pulverizing, replacing the 
 exhausted particles by fresh materials, and supplying the loss 
 caused by cropping, and the unavoidable waste by running streams 
 which carry away the finer portion. Vast quantities of fine soil are 
 brought down from all sloping lands by the winter rains, but are 
 replaced, in the course of time, by fresh decompositions. In a wet 
 climate, like that of Western Oregon, such decompositions take 
 place much more rapidly than in a dryer one, and the very abun- 
 dance of our rains is an advantage, and a very decided one. To 
 sum up all this in one sent'^rce, it seems that the basaltic rocks 
 furnish an inexhaustible source of manure, which nature herself 
 applies to the unsated soil. The most noticeable results of this 
 kind are found in the hills already spoken of. These are known 
 by the general name of the "red hills," the term being derived 
 from the prevailing color of the exposed rocky surfaces and the 
 soil. Generally speaking, the hills are composed of basalt, sand- 
 stone, conglomerates, argillaceous rocks, and brecciated volcanic 
 materials. Chalky marl is likewise said to exist. 
 
 Besides the localities — chiefly upon the tops and slopes of hills — 
 where basaltic soils exist, unmixed with other mineral resultants, 
 
 he 
 in; 
 m-c 
 
 sUm 
 
 str 
 
 of 
 
 wi 
 
 cu] 
 
CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 545 
 
 earns 
 are 
 are 
 wet 
 take 
 ibun- 
 To 
 rocks 
 rself 
 tliis 
 nown 
 M-ivecl 
 the 
 
 there is a far larger proportion of mixed soils, which owe a great 
 deal of their productiveness to a percentage of basaltic admixture. 
 Such soils exist on the bottom lands, or on the lower courses of 
 streams whereby they have been brought from a distance. The 
 transporting power of water is sufficient to have brought the finer 
 particles from a very long distance. Formerly it was thought — a 
 common error — that the bottom lands of streams must be more 
 fertile than the uplands to whose loss the former are indebted for 
 their fatness. That this supposition is untrue it is only necessary 
 to examine the relative productiveness of the Waldo and other 
 ranges of hills, with the lands bordering the Willamette River. 
 The latter gain in the comparison only as regards ease of tillage 
 and immediate adaptability to a crop. In fertility, endurance and 
 certainty of a crop, the hill soils — in selected localities — are found 
 to be superior to most bottom lands. 
 
 Regarding the location of the exclusively basaltic soils, they are 
 confined, as before hinted, to the tops and sides of hills where they 
 were generated. All tl)e bottom lands, almost without exception, 
 possess an alluvial soil, made up of the above named detritus from 
 the hills, added to the clays and loams from other sources. Of 
 course the ingredients of these soils are in general finer than 
 ordinary, and, in many places, have been subjected to the sifting 
 action of the streams by which their materials are assorted as re- 
 gards size and specific gi-avity. The soil of the level portic)ns of 
 the valley is entirely alluvial — that is, was brought to its present 
 position by water agencies. It varies greatly in deptli, from a few 
 inches to many feet, and somewhat in quality, which is mainly, 
 however, excellent. In composition it is made uj) from the wash- 
 ings of tlie hills, aided by organic matter. The hill washings, it 
 may be said, are of two principal kinds, the basaltic and the sand- 
 stone particles, the latter of which are mainly derived from the 
 streams of the Coast Range. The soils of the west side are chiefly 
 of the latt(^r class, to all appearance. In another connection we 
 will consider the adaptability of these soils to various branches of 
 culture. These derivative soils are usually described as loam, 
 which is a term of indefinite significance. The varieties of loam 
 are designated by their colors, and are almost endless. Loam, in 
 general, is a mixture of sand (silica) with clay, and contains com- 
 
 i^l il 
 
546 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 monly carbonate of lime, iron oxides, the oxides of other metals, 
 and organic matter. The color is owing to the predominance of 
 the oxide of iron and organic matter. Loam, particularly rich in 
 the latter, is usually dark brown or black. The presence of iron 
 oxide is known by a reddish or brownish color. Loam is derivable 
 from a mixture ot disintegrated soils, brought down by water. 
 The portions furnished by the destruction of the basaltic rocks 
 would be the clay — ^^silicate of alumina — produced by decomposing 
 f"Mspar, and the valuable potash. Broken up or decomposed 
 granite, gneiss or sandstone furnishes the sand. These substances, 
 mingled wath organic matter and other matters, form loam. This 
 is found extensively in the valley, mostly near its center, and is 
 spoken of under the names of black loam, sandy loam, brown 
 loam, etc. It is often found to rest upon a clay or marl subsoil, 
 and can usually be depended on for good crops. 
 
 
w 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 GRAIN PRODUCTS. 
 
 Wheat the Staple Production — Its Earliest Cultivation — Impetna Given 
 hy Mining — Laxity of the State Government in the Matter of 
 Statistics — Want of a Policy — Flour SuccesffuUy Mode — Its 
 Quality Never Elsewhere Surpassed — Wheat Crop Never Fails — 
 Wheat the Principal Factor in Commercial Affairs — Why Farmers 
 liaise Wheat — Objections Thereto — Persistent Wheat Raising will 
 Impoverish the Country — Statistict —Productiveness and Endurance 
 of Soils — Cost per Bushel to Paise Wheat — Influence of the Pail- 
 ways upon Wheat-growing — Increase of the Business from 1869 — Its 
 Probable Future — Its Possible Production — Varieties Cultivated — 
 Wheat Crop of 1880 — Othei' Grain Products — Oats a Favorite Crop 
 — Immense Production — Indian Corn not a Success — Barley — 
 Table of Production of Wheat, Oats, Co'm and Barley. 
 
 WHEAT is the staple product of the Willamette Valley. Its 
 suitableness has ever been recognized since the arts of agricul- 
 ture began in the northwest, and the first rude attempts at cultiva- 
 tion were made. When the Hudson's Bay trappers, superannuated 
 in the service of their company, were placed on the retired list and 
 sent to the Willamette prairies to become farmers, their first and 
 principal operations were directed to the cultivation of that ad- 
 mirable cereal. If we may believe Leonard in his statements con- 
 cerning the productions of this country in those early times, these 
 retired trappers, aided by a few Americans, produced, in the 
 valley, in the year 1844, such a quantity of wheat that there were 
 one hundred thousand bushels as a surplus for export. (See page 
 61, of Leonard's book). When, some years later, the California 
 miners began to make demands on this valley and, indeed, every 
 accessible region, for food, the farmers of the Willamette, by this 
 
 Mil] 
 
 ¥''^ 
 
 't;^ 
 
548 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 time largely increased in numbers, unclei1:ook to supply a portion 
 of the meat and breadstuffs wanted, and Lhe culture of wheat 
 attained great prominence. For a time the miners of Yreka and 
 Jacksonville and their vicinity drew the greatei' portion of their 
 food supply from this valley, whence it was carried upon the backs 
 of pack animals. Rapid as was the expansion of the wheat aud 
 flour industry on the Willamette, its growth was destined not to 
 flourish long upon the demands from those mines, for, within a 
 surprisingly short space of time, not over three years at the most* 
 the fertile, though contracted valleys of Southern Oregon, were 
 taken up by an incoming tide of p?ople from the border States, 
 who instantly discovered the adaptability of the soil of that region 
 for raising imiiiense crops of wheat, and very shortly the abnormal 
 demand of the miners was met by supplies of flour made from 
 grain grown upon the banks of the streams from whose bed their 
 active hands were washing the precious metals. 
 
 The new and promising industry which had been so favorably 
 inaugurated in the valley of the Willamette was not, however, 
 suffered to languish. San Francisco, then in the years of her 
 energetic youth ; the Pacific ports, in every zone ; and the gi'eat 
 empires of China and Japan, became customers, and bought the 
 wheat and flour of this favored State in quantities greater than any 
 mining region could ever hope to control. 
 
 Statistics of the production of subsequent years are scarce. The 
 most important pursuit that Oregon has ever engaged in has seemed 
 not to be thought of sufficient importance to justify the systematic 
 preservation of the few and easily procured facts that would enable 
 the history of Oregon agriculture to be written. Indeed, we may 
 say, with entire truth, that no facts whatevei', concerning the, his- 
 tory and resources of this State, have ever been preserved by State 
 enactment. Oregon has never appropriated a single dollar to pre- 
 serve the record of what her people have done. What is raoi-e to 
 the purpose, the State Government has not made a single efficient 
 effort to attract settlers to the State. When the United States are 
 receiving accessions of half a million European immigrants each 
 year, worth to the country, economists say, not less than $1,000 
 each, the State of Oregon, calmly contemptuous of her proper 
 destiny, sits in lonely grandeur by the sounding Pacific shore, and 
 
ORAIN PRODUCTS. 
 
 549 
 
 only aspires to be let tilone. In this behavior she is unique; — no 
 other State or Territory manifests a like spirit. Some of the lesser 
 States, whose natural resources would be no perceptible addition 
 to these of the Willamette Valley, could they be joiiied to hers, 
 exert tlic machinery of their Governments to encourage immigra- 
 tion, and, invariably, with healthful effects. Suqh is the moral in- 
 fluence of immigration that the ai-rival of one thousand families of 
 steady and industrious Americans in this valley, would be more 
 beneficial, immediately and remotely, than the harvesting of the 
 heaviest wheat crop. Such a policy as is manifested by the State 
 Government of Oregon, is detrimental to what political economists 
 and practical men of every profession would esteem the best in- 
 terests of a State or conmiunity, and is defensible on no rational 
 grounds. There should, by all means, be some means provided for 
 procuring statistical information, and publishing it. The welfare 
 of the State is concerned in it, notwithstanding its small apparent 
 importance, and to further neglect a matter of the kind is to render 
 the collection of this sort of information more difficult with each 
 recurring year. 
 
 lieturning to the subject of wheat, we find that that crop early 
 assumed the most important position among agricultural produc- 
 tions — a position that it has held with constantly increasing im- 
 portance until now. The causes of this are obvious, and hence 
 hardly to be considered. The foreign demand for wheat during 
 the first twenty years amounted to nothing ; yet there were scatter- 
 ing mining populations to be fed, and the very considerable home 
 demand to be met. The art of flour making grew apace, and 
 when in the 'sixties, the shipping of wheat attained prominence, 
 the (luality of flour made in Oregon was of the best. The small 
 mills of that date have, as regards flour for export, given way to 
 the massive structures known and celeljrated over wide areas for 
 the excellence of their brands. At Oregon City, Salem, Albany, 
 and elsewhere, large flour mills have long been in operation ; and 
 the Albina flour mill, erected in 1883, and having a capacity of 
 a thousand barrels per day, has been added to the number. 
 
 There has never been any que.stion raised as to the adaptability 
 of the soil for wheat raising. The experience of forty years, with- 
 out a failxire of the crop, has proved that. In quantity and quality 
 
 prt' 1/ • 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 140 
 
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 2.0 
 
 11= 
 
 14 ill 1.6 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4S03 
 
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650 
 
 HI8T0BT OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
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 the Oregon product is undoubtedly distinctly superior to that of 
 any other section. A great part of the excessively high reputation 
 of California in this regard was, doubtless, built up upon the 
 merits of Oregon wheat in the days when the surplus of the latter 
 State was always sent to San Francisco, and then re-shipped to 
 European ports as first-class California wheat. From the first, the 
 grain was found to be heavier, per bushel, than ordinary, and 
 there were no insect depredators to injure the crop. Nor was rust 
 known. Drouth, as we have said, never troubled the farmer of 
 Western Oregon, for one sure dependence he has ever had — the 
 copious rains of heaven, which, however, have thrice, in forty years, 
 injured his crop by vailing untimely. The yield, per acre, has 
 been various, oscillating between moderately narrow extremes. 
 
 Wheat, then, being so important a factor in the affaire of the 
 valley, the general prosperity of the people has depended upon its 
 successful and profitable production. When wheat is high, every- 
 body has money, and when it is low, times are hard and poverty 
 becomes, as it were, a present circumstance. It is always saleable 
 at tome price or other, and the ready cash can be commanded for 
 it. In this respect it is the best crop to raise, for the market for 
 it, H'hich includes the whole world, is reliable, and extensive 
 enough to satisfy the most cautious farmer. Being easily raised 
 and quickly sold, for cash, without the necessity of barter, it has 
 become the favorite crop ; but it has obvious drawbacks. It has 
 to be sold at the minimum price in the whole world ; for such is 
 the state of the wheat market that every civilized and serai-civilized 
 wheat-producing country comes into competition, and the wheat of 
 India, Southern Russia, England, and elsewhere, seeks for a sale 
 at the expense of Oregon grain. Any surplus beyond the wants 
 of the farmers here is thrown into competition with the grain, per- 
 haps, of the antipodes, and with it awaits the consumer. 
 
 Having now sold his wheat at a price, regulated in Liverpool 
 or London, and received for it the price that rules there, less com- 
 missions to mi idle- men and brokers, and the cost of transportation 
 from the home farm to vvhatever port it may be destined, the 
 farmer draws his pay, and pays it over for articles, which, in a 
 majority of cases, are of eastern or foreign manufacture, and which 
 he has to pay for at the highest price for which they are sold in 
 
 work. 
 

 GBAIN PRODUCTS. 
 
 691 
 
 any civilized country. His wants are varied ; the Oregon farmer, 
 despite his pioneer training, is not particularly simple in his tastes, 
 nor ultra-economical. Consequently, he is a ready purchaser, and 
 quicklj- expends the proceeds of his wheat sold at a minimum 
 price, for manufactured goods bought at a maximum price. So 
 apparent are these evils, and so many other ones exist, that people 
 of intelligence have seriously questioned whether the culture of the 
 one great staple should not cease, and mixed husbandry take its 
 place. 
 
 It has become almost an axiom with political economists that 
 agricultural communities, devoted to the culture of any one great 
 staple, in preference to the culture of several or many products, 
 become impoverished ; and they have endeavored to account for 
 it on the supposition that the soil is robbed of its valuable elements, 
 or else that a class of middle-men spring up and fasten themselves 
 like barnacles upon the industry, and by absorbing the profits, 
 ruin the farmers. These are evils, doubtleas, but both insufficient 
 and >)oth imavoidable. It seems that the real rea^ion for the decay 
 and impoverishment of a country so circumstanced is to be sought 
 for on other grounds. The impoverishment arises from ^Ae loss of 
 tlie labor of the fanning class. Wheat-raising demands the active 
 energies of men for but a limited part of the year. In plowing, 
 seeding and harvesting the wheat-grower is, undoubtedly, urged to 
 his utmost ; but for more than two-thirds of the year his exertions 
 are confined to the routine work about the farm-house, with short 
 and irregular spasms of fence-building, etc. And the inevitable 
 result of an exclusive devotion to wheat-growing, or other special 
 employment, is to cause the farmer to slight all other necessary 
 work. Hence, there arises a class of skilled and efficient specialists 
 in agriculture, l)ut whose exertions only extend over a fraction of 
 the year, and who esteem all other pureuits trivial and unworthy 
 beside the one tt) which they are devoted. It is, undoubtedly, the 
 loss of labor that prevents a wheat or cotton -growing country 
 from attaining opulence. One of the direct consequences of such 
 habits would be the general air of untidiness about the farm — the 
 fences down, the fields full of weeds, bogs rooting in the door-yard, 
 and the other familiar signs of unthrift and decadence. And these, 
 it is often said, are the rule in agricultural communitias devoted to 
 
 .' 1 
 il ;1 
 
 1 
 
 : ! 
 
 M 
 
 < M 
 
 ! 
 
 ■1:1 
 
 m 
 
 ..iv 
 
 11 
 
552 
 
 illSTOnlr of WILLAITETTE VALLEt. 
 
 ' 1': 
 
 i-T — ec 
 
 
 a single staple, while the closest observers fail to detect their 
 general application to regions where mixed farming prevails. 
 
 There are some peculiar features connected with the wheat in- 
 dustry in Oregon that deserve mention. In the first place, wheat 
 commands a price lower by many per cent, in Oregon than in the 
 United States, at large, and lower than in any other State or Terri- 
 tory. The average price throughout the State in 1878 was ninety- 
 two cents per bushel ; in the United States it was seventy-eight 
 cents, and in no other recorded year have these figures approached 
 so closely. In 1881 the Oregon price averaged eighty-eight cents ; 
 the average price in the United States, one dollar and nineteen 
 cents. In the former year the wheat pioUuction, per acre, in 
 Oregon, averaged twenty-one bushels per acre ; in the United 
 States, eight bushels, three pecks. In 1881 these numbers were 
 seventeen bushels and two-tenths, and ten bushels and two-tenths. 
 Taken throughout, the average wheat product, per acre, in Oregon, 
 is about twice that of the country at large, but this difference is 
 partly compensated by the lowness of the price in Oregon. Ap- 
 proximately, the Oregon farmer receives about twenty per cent, 
 more for the product of an acre than does the average American 
 wheat-raiser. His disadvantage consists, finally, in the greater 
 depletion of his soil, which must yield annually a vory large 
 quantity of its fertile elements to produce over twenty bushels of 
 wheat, with a corresponding amount of straw. 
 
 It is likely that a comparison of soils would likewise redound 
 to the credit of the Willamette Valley, for instances of almost ex- 
 haustless fertility are connected with nearly every farm. Con- 
 tinuous wheat-cropping for thirty years hiis been followed at 
 certain places in Marion County, wt'/A unimpaired production. Cer- 
 tain soils in the French Prairie, have been devoted to wheat for 
 that time, and still raise a good crop. Such results are unheard of 
 in other States, and would seem highly improbable in the Missis- 
 sippi States, where a much less test has reduced the average of 
 whole States from twenty or more bushels to less than ten. One 
 well-attested case illustrat'ng the singular strength of Willamette 
 Valley land is that of the farm of William Ruble, near Eola, Polk 
 County, who tilled a portion of red hill land, and for fifteen, and 
 even nineteen years, raised crops usually exceeding thirty bushels 
 
 per a 
 know 
 the 80 
 are d 
 the so 
 In 
 valley 
 lation 
 set on 
 two ac 
 acre ; i 
 fifty ce 
 teen ce 
 and bo; 
 average 
 tear of 
 land, se 
 Total, \ 
 meant t 
 seventy- 
 brought 
 to the fi 
 eight cei 
 was one 
 have be( 
 Portlanc 
 taken fo 
 under tli 
 per bush 
 Whe. 
 and rapi( 
 to wh( at 
 tion to P 
 wheat be 
 surplus o 
 demandet 
 all of whi 
 The price 
 
i-;i<t 
 
 GRAIN PRODtTCTS. 
 
 553 
 
 ''1 
 
 per acre, without the addition of any fertilizer — such being un- 
 known in Oregon — and without the least perceptible impairment of 
 the soil. How this apparently paradoxical result can take place 
 are discussed in another connection, where the characteristics of 
 the soil and its constant renewal on a gigantic pcale are treated of. 
 
 In 1875 it was said th it the average production of wheat in the 
 valley was nineteen and x half bushels per acre. Elaborate calcu- 
 lation of the cost of raising wheat and its comparative profits were 
 set on foot at that time. To raise a ton of wheat required about 
 two acres of land, to plow and seed which cost four dollars per 
 acre ; the seed wheat for the two acres was worth two dollars and 
 fifty cents ; cutting and binding, two dollars ; threshing, at four- 
 teen cents per bushel (the price has receded one-half since then), 
 and boarding hands, five dollai-s and forty-six c(nts ; hauling an 
 average distance of six miles to warehc ise, four dollars ; wear and 
 tear of machinery and de[»reciation of land, three dollars ; taxes on 
 land, seventy-five cents ; interest on value of land, four dollars. 
 Total, twenty-nine dollars and seventy-one cents. Under these, 
 meant to denote ordinary conditions, the cost per bushel would be 
 seventy-six cents. Wheat raised in this valley, in that year, 
 brought one dollar and fifty-eight cents in Liverpool, while its cost 
 to the farmer and shiiDper in freights and cost of production was 
 eight cents more tluin the quoted price, in San Francisco the price 
 was one dollar, which was nineteen cents less than the price should 
 have been to pay expenses. The same sort of wheat was selling in 
 Portland for eighty cents ; in Albany for sixty cents. It is usually 
 taken for granted, and is, indeed, pretty well substantiated, that 
 under the ordinary circumstances that rule in the valley, one dollar 
 per bushel for wheat, in the field, makes farming fairly profitable. 
 
 When the railway fever struck Oregon, the prospect of cheap 
 and rapid freights for agricultural products gave a great impetus 
 to whtat-growing, which it still feels. With railroad transporta- 
 tion to Portland, that culture assumed a very advanced stand, and 
 wheat became a very important article of export. In 18(37 the 
 surplus of wheat was very large, and a better market began to be 
 demanded. This surplus was estimated at two millions of bushels, 
 all of which had to be moved by the Willamette River steamers. 
 The price in that year was seventy cents per bushel, as late as the 
 
 1! 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 *ii5 
 
 i; 
 
564 
 
 HISTOBT OF WILLAMETTE VALLBT. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 
 first of September, but a sudden rise took place, and on October 
 20th, the quotation was one dollar and ten cents. The amounts of 
 wheat and flour received in Portland in that ^ ear were one hundred 
 and four thousand seven hundred and forty-one barrels of flour, 
 and fifty-five thousand three hundred and sixty -eight sacks, of one 
 hundred and twenty pounds each, of wheat. This was practically 
 all exported to San Francisco by vessel. In 1866 the exports had 
 been twenty-nine thousand eight hundred and fifteen barrels of 
 flour, and a very small quantity of wheat. Walla Walla and 
 Eastern Oregon and Washington did not figure in these statistics. 
 Their day came later. . 
 
 The exports of 1869, to the same port, were forty-one thousand 
 six hundred and fifty-nine sacks of wheat, and one hundred and 
 thirty-five thousand five hundred and thirty-nine barrels of flour. 
 The wheat product of the valley was roughly estimated at one 
 million five hundred thousand bushels, vahietl at $1,760,000. In 
 1870 the corresponding figures are forty-five thousand and sixty 
 sacks of wheat, and one hundred and forty thousand nine himdred 
 and fifty-eight barrels of flour. The wheat product increased very 
 considerably over the preceding year, for the estimated crop was 
 one million seven hundred and ninety-four thousand bushels spring 
 wheat, and five hundred and forty-six thousand bushels fall wheat ; 
 making a total of two million three hundrefl and forty thousand 
 bushels. Rendered into centals, etc., the accounts are thus : For 
 the fiscal year 1868-69, the amounts shipped to San Francisco were, 
 wheat, thirty-four thousand eight hundred and forty centals ; flour, 
 eighty-two thousand five hundred and eighty one barrels ; being 
 the equivalent of fourteen thousand one hundred and twenty-nine 
 tons of wheat. For 1869-70, the year in which direct shipment to 
 Europe began : To Europe, eleven thouoand two hundred and 
 sixty-seven centals wheat ; to San Francisco, fifty-one thousand 
 eight hundred and forty-two centals wheat, and one hundred and 
 sixty-four thousand five hundred and seventy-four barrels flour. 
 Total, the equivalent of twenty -seven thousand eight hundred and 
 forty-one tons wheat. In 1870-71 : To Europe, one hundred and 
 eighty thousand nine hundred and twenty-four centals wheat ; to 
 San Francisco, thirty-six thousand two hundred and seventy-one 
 centals wheat, and one hundred and sixty-four thousand six 
 
 hund] 
 four 1 
 barrel 
 hundr 
 two hi 
 centals 
 thousa 
 thu-ty- 
 thousa 
 To Ell 
 centals 
 and nil 
 sixty -ei 
 forty-ei 
 tons wl 
 one tl o 
 thousan 
 cisco, t] 
 sixty-thi 
 twenty-j 
 thousau< 
 million 
 of deter] 
 for the 
 factor in] 
 enter to 
 tables in 
 tion of tl 
 As to 
 great dea 
 the valle 
 wheat ci 
 acres ; or 
 At the 
 amount 
 fifty thou 
 as the qui 
 fraction 
 
1 ' 
 
 OBAIN PR0DXT0T8. 
 
 655 
 
 ,,4 
 
 hundred and' seventy-eight barrels flour ; to Rio, five thousand 
 four hundred and thirty-six barrels flour ; to China ten thousand 
 barrels flour. Total, the equivalent of thirty-seven thousand eight 
 hundred and seventy-six tons wheat. In 1871-72 : To Europe, 
 two hundred and forty-two thousand four hundred and fifty-seven 
 centals wheat ; to San Francisco, two hundred and sixty-two 
 thousand six hundred and sixty-three centals wheat, one hundred and 
 thirty-eight thousand and fifty-five barrels flour. Total, forty-five 
 thousand nine hundred and sixty-four tons wheat. In 1872-73 : 
 To Europe, five hundred and sixteen thousand and seventy-three 
 centals M'heat ; to San Francisco, fifty-five thousand four hundred 
 and ninety -four centals wheat, ninety -six thousand five hundred and 
 sixty-eight barrels flour ; to China, ten thousand four hundred and 
 forty-eight barrels flour. Total, forty-four thousand and thirty 
 tons wheat. In 1873-74 : To Europe, eight hundred and seventy- 
 one tl.ousand seven hundred and ninety-nine centals wheat, sixty 
 thousand one hundred and ninety-six barrels flour ; to San Fran- 
 cisco, three hundred and forty-six thousand three hundred and 
 sixty-three centals wheat, ninety-two thousand nine hundred and 
 twenty-five barrels flour. Total, the equivalent of eighty-three 
 thousand eight hundred and seventy-five tons, or about two 
 million eight hundred thousand bushels. There is no exact means 
 of determining the corresponding numbers for the succeeding years, 
 for the product of Eastern Oregon and Washington became a great 
 factor in the total, and the proportions furnished by those regions 
 enter to an undetermined extent into the figures of exports. The 
 tables included herewith will give a sufiScient idea of the produc- 
 tion of the valley. 
 
 As to the possible and probable expansion of wheat-growing, a 
 great deal has been said. It seems, from a study of the surveys of 
 the valley counties, that the total amount of land suitable for 
 wheat culture is two million seven hundred and fifty thousand 
 acres ; or at least these figures were put forth in 1875 as a fact. 
 At the average of twenty -five bushels of wheat per acre, this 
 amount would produce sixty-eight millions seven hundred and 
 fifty thousand bushels annually, which would, mostly, be exported, 
 as the quantity required for domestic use could be bat a small 
 fraction of the production. Roughly speaking, that amount repre 
 
 hi 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 ,'i' 
 
 :i 1 
 
 i.i 
 
 V 
 
 
556 
 
 &I8T0BY OF WILLAMETTE VALLBT. 
 
 sents ten times the present crop, whereby we discover that the 
 average acreage at present mast be about two hundred and seventy- 
 five thousand, which is about correct. Probably the time will 
 never come when such an amount of wheat is cultivated, and there 
 are mauy who do not look for any further expansion of the present 
 wheat fields. Other calculations, giving each county its possible 
 production, have been published. The Willamette Fanner, in 
 December, 1873, gave the following estimate of possible wheat 
 production, allowing twenty bushels per acre as the average crop. 
 Marion County, whose total area is one million one hundred and 
 nine thousand seven hundred and sixty acres, of which seven- 
 eighths is arable land, could produce ten million seven hundred 
 thousand bushels ; Linn County, containing a total area of one 
 million eight hundred and twenty-four thousand acres, fifteen 
 million nine hundred and eighty thousand bushels ; Lane County, 
 three million one hundred and seventy-one thousand eight hundred 
 and forty acres area, one-half arable, ten million nine hundred 
 thousand bushels ; Benton, seven hundred and ten thousand acres 
 area, three million five hundred thousand bushels ; Polk, three 
 hundred and ninety-nine thousand three hundred and sixty acres, 
 of which seven-eighths are supposed to be arable, two million seven 
 hundi'ed thousand bushels. The remaining counties of Yamhill, 
 Washington and Clackamas, it was thought, could together, on 
 occasion, produce twelve million bushels. Total possible produc- 
 tion, after making the necessary deduction for territory required 
 for other necessary crops and pasturage, fifty-five million seven 
 hundred and eighty thousand bushels. The average yield, per 
 bushel, was taken at twenty bushels per acre, it appears, because 
 the production throughout the valley ^vas at that rate during the 
 year in which the calculation was made, that is, in 1873. In that 
 year the acreage, in wheat, was thought to have been two hundred 
 thousand, and the total product four million bushels. The exports 
 from Portland during the year ending July 1, 1874, were eighty- 
 three thousand tons of wheat, or its equivalent, corresponding to 
 two million six hundred and fifty-six thousand bushels. The 
 quantity required for home consumption then, was in the neigh- 
 borhood of one million three hundred and forty thousand bushels. 
 That quantity has since kept pace with the increase in population 
 and bears a regular proportion thereto, as might be expected. 
 
GRAIN PRODUCTS. 
 
 557 
 
 The following summary is introduced to show the effect of the 
 introduction of railways upon wheat-growing. The total exports 
 of wheat and flour (the latter rendered in its equivalent of wheat) 
 from the port of Portland were : — 
 
 In 1870, 6 cargoes, aggregating 4,379 tons. 
 " 1871, 11 » " 9,274 " 
 
 " 1872, 17 " " 15,215 " 
 
 " 1873, 39 " « 38,344 " 
 
 The exportation of wheat has continued mainly in the hands of 
 several influential firms in Portland, but occasionally some exten- 
 sive farmer or wareliouseraan, impatient of the ordinary modes of 
 business, charters a ship, and loads her on his own account, and 
 often realizes well on the sale of her cargo in Europe. The most 
 satisfactory example of the kind was that of AV. A. Wells, of Cor- 
 valHs, who sent a cargo of grain around the Horn, and realized, 
 from the venture, a very handsome profit, the proper reward of so 
 much enterprise and commcn sense. 
 
 Many varieties of Avheat have been introduced, and it is believed 
 that all have been successfully grown. Of the soils in common 
 use, the White Chili Club has been regarded as the best spring 
 wheat. It threshes easily, yields heavily, and makes the best of 
 flour. It succeeds best on high, dry ground. One bushel and 
 three pecks, or two bushels, are usually sown on an acre. The 
 Little Club is a good variety, with shorter straw, darker and 
 smaller grain than the other, but making as good flour. This also 
 is suited to dry soil, and should be sown between the middle of 
 February and the middle of April. The former variety should be 
 sown between New Year's and March first. The Australian is also 
 an excellent kind. For wet land, Sonora wheat is, probably, the 
 best variety. It is more apt to lodge than those named, and its 
 flour is not so good. Its chaff is red, its grain white. The kinds 
 most in repute for winter wheat are the common white wheat 
 and White Velvet wheat. Some farmers are of opinion that the 
 latter is the best variety grown or known in Oregon. It has the 
 largest grain and makes the finest flour, but does not yield the best. 
 The common white wheat yields very heavily, and makes good 
 flour. It is sown from October 15th to February 15th. 
 
 i 
 
 111 
 m 
 
 5;i! 
 
 1 ' 
 
 ' ! 
 
668 
 
 HI8T0BT or WILLAKSTTB VALLXT. 
 
 !:*! 
 
 The average yield, per acre, of the crop of 1880, was fifteen and 
 three-tenths bushel. The value per bushel in Portland, in that 
 year, varied from $1.41 to $1.92 per bushel. The value of the 
 crop, per acre, without taking into account the cost of transportation 
 to Portland, assuming the average price to be $1.67, would have 
 been $26. The total value of the crop at Portland prices was 
 $8,836,825. 
 
 Concerning soil products of the second rank, oats are found to 
 stand next to wheat. The climate is exceedingly well adapted to 
 their culture, and the crop is certain. They are raised generally 
 throughout the valley. The crop of the nine counties aggregated 
 three million one hundred and forty-one thousand eight hundred 
 and eighty bushels in the year 1880, according to the census re- 
 turns. Of this amount the two counties of Marion and Linn 
 produced nearly half, their proportions being six hundred and 
 ninety -three thousand six hundred and thirty bushels, and six 
 hundred and seventeen thousand one hundred and sixty-four 
 bushels respectively. The value, per bushel, has, of late years, 
 averaged about forty-one cents throughout the State, and some- 
 what less in the valley. The great value of the crop consists in 
 its certainty, as well as in the slight amount of labor attending its 
 cultivation. The yield, per acre, is supposed to average thirty-four 
 bushels ; but three times that quantity have, at times, been raised 
 on an acre. The standard weight, per bushel, is thirty-six pounds ; 
 but they frequently weigh as high as forty pounds per bushel, and 
 even forty-three. For additional facts relating to this valuable 
 product, see the statistical tables annexed. 
 
 Indian corn is found not to succeed well in the valley. It re- 
 quires a comparatively warm and dry climate, with an exceptionally 
 high temperature during its growing period, which the climate of 
 Western Oregon does not perfectly furnish. Hence the product is 
 very inconsiderable, as shown in the tables. The average price 
 ruling in Oregon in 1878 was ninety-two cents per bushel ; in 
 1879, ninety-three cents ; in 1880. eighty-two cents, and in 1881, 
 eighty cents. 
 
 Barley, from its comparatively limited demand, has not become 
 a crop of much importance, but appears fairly well adapted to the 
 soil and climate. The lead in the culture of this cereal is taken by 
 
GRAIN PRODUCTS. 
 
 569 
 
 Linn County, whose product exceeds that of any other. In 1880 
 her yield was fifty^thousand one hundred and seventeen bushels ; 
 the other counties following in this order : Lane, Polk, Yamhill, 
 Marion, Clackamas, Benton, Washington and Multnomah. The 
 total product of the valley, for vhe year, amounted to one hundred 
 and fifty-six thousand and sixty-six bushels 
 
 PRODUCTION OF WHEAT, OATS, CORN AND BARLEY IN 1880. 
 
 County. 
 
 Wheat, 
 Bushels. 
 
 i 
 (J 
 
 r 
 
 J3 
 
 Oats, 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 99 3 
 
 a 
 
 a § 
 .5< 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 at 
 
 
 Benton 
 
 Claokanms .. 
 
 Lane 
 
 Linn -- 
 
 Marion 
 
 Multnomah.. 
 Polk 
 
 486,561 
 217,608 
 507,038 
 861,593 
 1,055,886 
 11,554 
 830,214 
 375,813 
 957,929 
 
 30,511 
 13,592 
 39,662 
 75,109 
 62,922 
 599 
 52,342 
 20,10.1 
 52,008 
 
 257,79.1 
 215,00!) 
 286,216 
 62!».164 
 693,630 
 28,809 
 843,705 
 315,4S9 
 379,033 
 
 8,853 
 
 8,;iS9 
 
 11,727 
 
 25,764 
 
 23,901 
 
 851) 
 
 11,882 
 
 9,226 
 
 12,335 
 
 779 
 2,7.S6 
 8,249 
 4,911 
 4,067 
 1,029 
 1,01)0 
 1,956 
 2,032 
 
 21 
 
 127 
 
 260 
 
 14H 
 
 134 
 
 28 
 
 60 
 
 68 
 
 73 
 
 5,172 
 
 5,449 
 
 43,629 
 
 50,117 
 
 9,996 
 
 1,189 
 
 25,0;i7 
 
 155 
 
 179 
 1,880 
 2,221 
 
 .368 
 48 
 
 957 
 
 Washington . 
 YamhiU 
 
 3,277| 121 
 12,195 571 
 
 Totals... 
 
 5.302,096 
 
 346,848 
 
 3,143,840 
 
 112,877 
 
 26,759 
 
 919 
 
 157,0611 6,450 
 
 m 
 
 )■ m 
 
 it 
 
 :;?' 
 
 m 
 
 ni 
 
 ■\'\ 
 
 !,1 J 
 
 ■|t;s 
 
 ■\ . i 1 
 
 .' i! 
 
 ri". 
 
 'I' 
 
 m 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 OTHER FIELD PRODUCTS. 
 
 If'lax — Well Adapted to the Lands of the Willamette — Linseed Oil — 
 Table of Flax Production — Qualitj — Hops a Certain and Valuable 
 Crop — Table — II ay — Clover — Graaaes— Vegetables — Potatoea — JUar- 
 ket Gardening a Projitable Industry — Table — Fruit — Applea, Pears 
 and Prunejt the Principal Varieties — Markets — Uiatory of Apple- 
 Raising — William Meek — Present Condition of Orchards — Yield of 
 Applea — Dealings with San Francisco — Mode of Culture — Fruit 
 Drying — Importance of the Industry — Prospective Growth — Prunes 
 — Plums — Peaches — Future of Fruit-G rowing — Berries — Wild 
 Species — Table Showing the Prvductiun of Principal Varieties and 
 Value of Orchard, Products — Beet Sugar and Potato Starch. 
 
 FLAX has been a promising crop in the valley, and except for 
 the discouragements incident to the introduction of a new 
 agricultural product, doubtless, would have become a staple of still 
 greater importance. Something like twenty years have elapsed 
 since the fii*st attempts were made to raise the plant ; and in that 
 time a valuable fund of experience has been acquired, and, in some 
 cases, considerable success achieved. In the first place, flax grows 
 exceptionally well in Oreg<m. Its fibre is strong and valuable, 
 and worth more, for manufacturing purposes, than any grown in 
 the Eastern States. So say good judges. It is generally known 
 that two valuable products are realized from the growth of flax, 
 one being the fibre itself, the other, and secondary one, the see'd, 
 from which linseed oil is expressed. A bushel of seed yields two 
 and a half gallons of oil. To obtain this oil, machinery is ne- 
 cessary ; and after the flax culture came to demand it, a mill was 
 built at Salem, since called the Pioneer Oil Works. The 
 proprietors purchased the seed from the farmers of Marion and 
 
OTHER FIELD PBODUOTS. 
 
 5«l 
 
 Linn, where the new industry had taken root, and 8tarte<l work on 
 December 21, 1807, and have continued with success ever since. 
 They had ten thousand six hundred biv^h-ls of seed the first year, 
 and made one hundred gallons of oil (\&u t first. Quite a num- 
 ber of the farmers of the east side becaraT Interested in flax -raising, 
 and in 1876 Walter Huston had ghty acres in flax. Joseph 
 HoUnan and R. C. Geer and many ociiers live also been identified 
 V ith the industry. The farmers of only three counties have en- 
 gaged largely in flax-raising. 
 
 TABLE OP FLAX PRODUCTION IN 1880. 
 
 County. 
 
 Lane — 
 Linn — 
 Marion 
 
 Totals 2,. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 887 
 1,479. 
 17 
 
 Bushels Seed. Tons Straw. Pounds Fibre. 
 
 7,187 
 18,769 
 
 21,076 — 166 
 
 121- 
 
 83. 
 
 2. 
 
 28,176 — 
 
 28,176 
 
 Quantities of flax exported to New York and Great Britain have 
 been pronounced of excellent quality and a really superior article. 
 It has brought from $300 to $500 per ton. The yield per acre 
 varies from four to eight hundred pounds of clean lint. There has 
 been talk of starting a factory somewhere in the Willamette Valley 
 for the purpose of manufacturing thread, twine, and linen goods 
 from the flax. As for the esteem in which the product is held 
 abroad, it may be noted thai samples of Oregon flax were exhibited 
 at the Centennial Exposition, and received diplomas and medals for 
 very fine quality, extraordinary length, strength, good color, superior 
 gloss and silky softness. The oil made at Salem was pronounced 
 of superior quality, being clear, fine and free from sediment, of ex- 
 cellent body and high merit. 
 
 Hops have proved a very successful crop, nothing lacking to 
 their vigorous growth and advance to full perfection. In several 
 seasons, however, untimely rains have set in and retarded the pick- 
 ing of the ripened and mr 'ured crop. Some loss has been felt from ' 
 this account, but nothing serious. The regions mainly devoted to 
 
 m'\ 
 
 m 
 
 m- 
 
 '(I 
 
 ■i-i' 
 
 pi 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
563 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 
 hop-raising are in Lane, Marion and Linn counties, whose produc- 
 tions stand, as regards amount, in the order named, whereof the 
 former produced in 1880, the census year, ninety-twt) thousand 
 two hundred and ninety -eight pounds of hops. The statistics con- 
 cerning the crop of that year are annexed. The home, par ex- 
 cellence, of the hop is on the McKenzie River, in Lane County, 
 where the largest and most productive plantations are found. 
 That portion of the valley has been celebi-ated for hop-culture ever 
 since the pioneer of the industiy, J. W. KunofF, began his experi- 
 ments. Speaking in general terms, hops grow luxuriantly and 
 yield heavily in the valley. Messrs. Beckett aud Hudson, of Eola, 
 raised in 187fi one thousand seven hundred pounds per acre, and 
 in the same year George E. May, of Lane County, secured three 
 thousand two hundred and ninety pounds from an acre. Other 
 instances show a yield of from one thousand three hundred to twt> 
 thousand nine hundre<l pounds, the former number, doubtless, 
 recurring oftenest. 
 
 The following table exhibits the production of hops in 1880, in 
 the whole valley : — 
 
 County. 
 
 Lane 
 
 Linn 
 
 Marion 
 
 Multnomaii . 
 
 Polk 
 
 Washington 
 
 Acres. 
 
 - 131 
 -- 32 
 
 41 
 2 
 
 35 
 4 
 
 YanihiU- - 14 - 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Averago per Acre. 
 
 92,798 
 25,83(» 
 H7,0«0 
 
 1,425 
 17,020 
 
 .1,.540 
 
 708 
 807 
 1,636 
 712 
 486 
 885 
 
 6,160 430 
 
 Totals - 1 269 
 
 213,84;^ -..1 826 
 
 The hay crop of the valley is not excessive, as the demand for 
 prepared stock feed is necessarily small. The natural grjisses oi 
 the State are very abundant and nutritious, and it has not been 
 found necessary to replace them by trultivated varieties, as has 
 been done in the Eastern State*. In the open spots in the moun- 
 
OTHER FIKLD PK0DU0T8. 
 
 663 
 
 tains the grasses, green for the greater part of the year, grow 
 thickly, and are generally covered and shaded by fern. These 
 gi'asses form the principal sustenance of the cattle and sheep 
 which may chance to be in the neighborhood. The wild peavine 
 grows there also, and is one of the most valuable forage plants. 
 In these isolated places, oases, as it were, many thousand sheep 
 and cattle pasture, high up in the mountains, and far above the 
 settled localities. They are removed thence on the failure of feed 
 or the approach of cold weather. Bunch grass is a main depend- 
 ence of the nomadic cattle men. and is, indeed, of inestimable 
 value. The cultivated grasses are numerous. Timothy, othei-wise 
 called herd's-gi'ass, is the principal variety, and is the staple for hay 
 production. It grows extremely well. Red and white clover are 
 esteemed of great worth, and their culture is practiced to consider- 
 able extent. Three, and even five tons of cured clover hay, the 
 product of a single acre, in one year, are not uncommon yields. 
 This fact alone is enough to prove the adaptability of Western 
 Oregon to dairying, for clover hay and clover pasturage are well 
 known to be extremely valuable in that pursuit. A very good sod 
 results from seeding with clover or herd's-grass, and the open hilly 
 lands, it is thought, could, very quickly, be reduced to first-rate 
 pasturage of this sort. There is not the least danger, usually, that 
 the lack of rain in summer will prove fatal to the rootlets. It will 
 be seen by the tables of hay production in 1880 that the average 
 yiek' was one and six-tenths tons, or three thousand two hundred 
 pounds per acr^. 
 
 It has been well said that superior vegetables of all species com- 
 mon in the temj)erate zone, gi'ow to profusion in Western Oregon. 
 Potatoes, cabbage, onions, turnips, squashes, beets, carrots, par- 
 snips, cucumbers, melons, lettuce, celery, tomatoes and other 
 varieties, are always abundant and good and none of them afflicted 
 with disease. Enormous crops are the order of the day. P. M. 
 Rinearson, of Clackamas, raised four hundred and twelve bushels 
 of onions on one-half acre, one thousand one hundred and thirty- 
 three bushels of carrots per acre, and forty-one tons two hundred 
 and sixty pounds of ruta baga turnips per acre. These immense 
 crops were harvested in the same year. The potato remains free 
 from disease and insect parasites, and forms an important product. 
 
 i.l 
 
564 
 
 HISTORY or WILLAMBTTB VALLEY. 
 
 <i 
 
 
 Its average production, per acre, in 1880, throughout the valley, 
 was one hundred and thirty -three bushels. 
 
 In spite of the almost spontaneous growth of the best-flavored 
 vegetables and garden produce, there in not a sufficient quantity 
 raised by the American farmers to supply the demand, and the 
 larger towns and cities have to depend for their supply mainly on 
 the Chinese market gardens, or on the produce of California gar- 
 dens, brought by the steamship line from San Francisco. No 
 considerable cliu,j of white market gardeners has yet made its ap- 
 pearance in Oregon, although representatives of that class have 
 achieved notable success in their pursuit in Portland, Salem and 
 elsewhere, and not one hos failed to make money. At the prices 
 that are cheerfully paid for "garden truck" there is an ample 
 margin for profit, and industrious men never fail to realize money 
 from such pursuits. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF POTATOES AND HAY IN 1880. 
 
 County. 
 
 Benton 
 
 CIackama8.. 
 Lane 
 
 Linn 
 
 Marion 
 
 Multnomah 
 
 Polk - 
 
 Waahin 
 Yamhll 
 
 igton 
 
 TOTAL- 
 
 32,982 
 208.810 
 
 52,706 
 
 72,236 
 153,355 
 203,730 
 
 21,724 
 115,013 
 
 63,406 
 
 924,000 
 
 
 
 10,ftS8 
 0,1 0<{ 
 15,956 
 19,000 
 18,474 
 9.655 
 14,361 
 9,623 
 12,347 
 
 6,950 
 
 114,244 
 
 6,339 
 5,403 
 9,593 
 13,107 
 8,322 
 5,655 
 8,479 
 7,623 
 6,706 
 
 71,227 
 
 The subjects of fruit and fruit-raising, by their relative impor- 
 tance, deserve the deepest consideration, and the profoundest treat- 
 ment. Much has been said concerning the qualities and varieties 
 of Oregon-grown fruits, but whoever would infonn himself upon 
 what has been said would be astonished at the inconsequential 
 character of it all. The literature of fruit-raising appears to con- 
 sist mainly in repetitions of what some one or other originally re- 
 marked ; and the utmost depth of men's investigations is the dis- 
 covery that the fruit of Western Oregon is superior to that of 
 every other region. The beat essay on the subject of the resources 
 
OTUKB FIELD PRODDOT8. 
 
 565 
 
 of Oregon, which has heretofore appeared, is a small pamphlet 
 issued by the railroad people in 1878, entitled " Oregon, Facts Re- 
 garding its Climate, (Soil and Agricultural Resources ;" written 
 and published with a design of attracting immigi'ation. Its judg- 
 ment on fruit is in the following words : — 
 
 Western Oregon excels as a fruit country. No finer fruit, of thie kinrm raised 
 there, ia produced in any quarter of the globe. Fruit trees will grow rrcm six to 
 eight feet the first year ; bear fruit the second, third and fourth years, according to 
 variety. They tlirive in the valleys, as well an on the foot-hills, and up to a con- 
 siderable height in the mountains, but especially in dry, sheltered soil. Yearling 
 prune, peach and plum trees, eight feet high, and yearling cherry trees seven feet 
 high have been exhibited. Apple trees commence bearing very oung, sometiniex 
 producing fine fruit the second year after grafting ; and, if propt/ly cultivated, are 
 always in l)eariug when four or five years old. The fruit is large, highly-colt-.:d 
 and of the most delicious flavor. It is free from the apple worm and the bitter rot, 
 and keeps remarkably well, many varieties lasting through the whole year. Pears 
 also grow in great perfection. The trees begin to bear when remarkably young, 
 and are exceedingly healthy and vigorous, and being entirely free from diseases, 
 will live to a great age. The trees are very productive and the fruit highly-flavored. 
 Pears have been grown, weighing over three pounds. Oregon is the very Eden for 
 cherries, plums and prunes. The trees are perfectly liealthy, grow vigorously and 
 bear much earlier than in the States east of the Rocky Mountains ; and for size, 
 beauty and excellence of flavor, the fruit is unsurpassed in any part of the globe. 
 The plum and prune are entirely free from the attack of the curculio. Plums and 
 prunes, especially the latter, are found to be so profltable for drying, that orchards 
 are being planted for that purpose. Not less than two hundred thousand trees 
 have been planted within twenty or thirty miles of Portland in tlie last three or 
 four years. Trees of all varieties of apple, pear, plum, prune, cherry, etc., known 
 in the best catalogues can be obtained in the nurseries near Portland, at reasonable 
 prices. Strawberries, currants, raspberries and gooseberries, of a fine (]uality, are 
 raised in abundance. Several of the hardier varieties of grapes are successfully 
 cultivated. The summer nights A'i too cool for the successful cultivation of 
 peaches. Fruit-raising in Western Oregon already constitutes a considerable busi- 
 ness, and promises excellent returns. In 1875 establishments were erected at 
 various points for drying fruits, which are of the best quality, and find a ready 
 market in San Francisco, as well as jn Now York, China, Japan, South America, 
 Australia, and other localities. Much of the fresh fruit is exported to California 
 and the adjacent territories. The Oregon apples, in particular, find a ready market 
 in California, where only a much inferior article is raised. 
 
 This is a very fair review of an important industry, which is 
 apparently destined to become of prime consequence to the people 
 of Western Oregon. The aspect of the question has not materially 
 changed since 1878, the date of publication of the words above 
 qur .. d, and they still remain applicable to the condition of affaii-s. 
 There axe, however, certain statements that require explanation 
 and enlargement. 
 
 ■V 
 
 r 
 
 ■; 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 i: 
 
566 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ( 
 
 The first apple orchard in the Willamette Valley was grown from 
 trees brought across the plains by William Meek and H. Lewelling 
 (see page 301). They were planted at Milwaukie, six miles south 
 of Portland. The firm of Lewelling & Meek came in time to 
 possess, at that place, the largest orchard and nursery in Oregon. 
 They sent apples in 1852, and subsequent years, to California, 
 where they were sold, at enormous prices, to miners and others. 
 The sales of fruit and grafts and young trees brought wealth' to 
 the enterprising proprietors. In 1860 Mr. Meek removed to Cali- 
 fornia, settled at San Lorenzo, near Oakland, and, in the pursuits 
 of horticulture, acqir-ed celebrity and great wealth. He died 
 several years since. Many orchards were set out by the pioneer 
 immigrants, and some of the trees planted at that early period are 
 still in vigorous bearing. Fruit-culture, especially of the apple, 
 proved very profitable ; the limited product of thirty years ago 
 selling at fancy prices. Several people attained considerflble wealth, 
 though few adopted fruit-raising as an exclusive pursuit. The 
 high prices of the early years gave a great impetus to orchard 
 planting, and when those came into full bearing, the incrci'^e of 
 the supply brought prices down rapidly. The demand has not 
 been great, nor has it materially increased of late ; but the supply 
 is immense. Nearly every farm in the valley has its orchard of 
 fruit trees, mainly apples, and not one-tenth of the crop is or could 
 be sold. The waste of good fruit is invariably great. The prices, 
 of late years, have been extremely low ; good apples are to be had 
 in any quantity at twenty cents per bushel, and cider apples, of a 
 poorer quality, and taken without' sorting, can be bought for 
 slightly less. The inevitable result of such prices is seen in the 
 ill-kept condition of the orchards, which, in most cases, are un- 
 pruned, unploughed and uncared for generally, with moss on every 
 trunk, and brush and weeds upon the ground and in the fence 
 corners. A great falling off in the quantity and <|uality of fruit 
 results from such carelessness. 
 
 The yield, throughout the valley, has been judged to average 
 one million three hundred thousand bushels, besiden which a large 
 amount has annually rotted upon the ground, or been eaten by 
 hogs. There are enough trees already planted to supply any 
 probable extension of the present dem.and, although that demand 
 
OtHlfiR FIKLD PKOl>UC±.S. 
 
 56Y. 
 
 has been increased within a season or two, by the completion of the 
 overland railways, and, doubtless, will keep pace with the incretise 
 of population in the territories to the eastward. 
 
 As long ago as 1 865, the value of Oregon apples shippeti U) 
 San Francisco, amounted, in one twelve-mcmth, to about ii>UtO,()()(). 
 The following year the sales declined to half that. They sold 
 sometimes at the rate of one dollar and seventy-live cents per box, 
 or nearly four and a half cents per pound, anil were said by the 
 (Jalifornians to be " better apples, of a better color, and of better 
 keeping (qualities than California fruit." The average price 
 received in San Francisco has been about one dollar per box, or 
 two and a half cents per pound. We notice a gradual decline in 
 the price from the earliest times, vvlien the price reached, in isolated 
 examples, it« niaxinuim of a dollar pei" apple, which was sometimes 
 paid. On the export Califoi-nia-wards depends the greater part of 
 the prosperity of the fruit- raisers. Tliere has always been a 
 sufficient amount of green fruit shipped there to form a very con- 
 siderable item in the State's exports, and it appears that that tle- 
 mand is not likely to be much increased, oj-, at leaat^ not immedi- 
 ately. 
 
 Fruit trees, in Western Oregon, may be planted either in spring 
 or fall, whenever the ground is in proper ccmdition, and apple trees 
 are set from eighteen to twenty-fouj- feet apart, or with seventy-eight 
 to one hundred and thirty-five trees to the acre. Sometimes they 
 are properly attended to, cultivated, freed from insects and en- 
 croat^hing weals ; but more often are left untended and subject to 
 the attackn of parjisites, animal and vegetable, the moss accumulated 
 upon their stems, and before its full growth, or while it is in a scarcely 
 mature age, the tree presents an aspect of decrepitude and decay. 
 Frequently the ground included in the orchard is seeded to wheat 
 or other grain crop ; and the soil, which should have been left for 
 the exclusive sustenance of the trees, becomes sapped of its fertility, 
 its strength going to increase the contents of the farmer's grain bins. 
 
 The industry of drying fniit for home consumption, and sale to 
 distant markets, has engaged some few Oregonians for a lengthened 
 period of years. It seems to present assui'ances of positive present 
 gain, with every chance of increased usefulness. Since tlie inti'o- 
 duction of improved apparatus and processes of curing, very much 
 
 m 
 
 r 
 
 i} 
 
 1 W 
 
 Srl-: 
 
 in 
 
568 
 
 HISTOBT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 a] 
 
 : m 
 
 incre£ted attention has been called to the subject. By the aid o£ 
 the Alden, or any one of the several patent dryers, apples, peare, 
 prunes, and other fruits, are cured and prepared for shipment to 
 market at very cheap raties. The art of curing fi'uit, little under- 
 ocood until within the last two decades, has advanced with giant 
 strides, and promises a competence to everybody who can command 
 sufficient means to buy a dryer and a quantity of fruit. Previously 
 it has often been remarked that the sun-dried Oregon fruit was 
 badly prepared, oftentimes being infested with insects and present- 
 ing an uninviting appearance generally, owing to its dark color, 
 etc. The objections which once gave Oregon dried fruit a bad 
 reputation and materially injured its sale, have now been removed, 
 and the machine-cured apples, prunes, etc., find ready sale, at 
 prices which are usually very remunerative. Many people have 
 embarked in the business, some of them with success. The ex- 
 pected pecuniary results have not, in all cases, been I'ealized, partly 
 because of a decline in prices ; but sufficient experience has been 
 had to place the business in a condition of permanency, and to 
 guarantee it fis one of the occupations upon which the State will, 
 in future, depend for her prosperity. 
 
 It is highly probable that Western Oregon can, and does pro- 
 duce more and better prunes than any other section of the United 
 States. It would seem that this valley is exactly suited for their 
 culture, by reason of its soil, temperature and circumstances 
 generally. The varieties mostly cultivated are the Fellenberg, 
 Gros Prune d'Agen, Petit Prune d'Agen, and some others. They 
 produce, at six years old, one hundred, or more pounds of fruit, if 
 cultivated carefully, and at twelve years they reach thrae hundred 
 or five hundred pounds. The fruit begins to ripen in the last of 
 August, and will remain sound while yet hanging upon the trees 
 for two months or mo. e. The division of prunes into German and 
 Italian is oi some importance to fruit-growers, who discriminate 
 between them to the prejudice of the one or the other. One 
 hundred pounds of the green fruit will make thirty pounds when 
 dried, without considering the weight of the pits, and the dried 
 fruit sells, usually, at from twenty-five to thuty cents per pound, 
 without pits, and about thirteen cents with. T^ne green fruit costs, 
 at the dryers, about two or two and a half cents per pound, and 
 
OTHER riBLD PRODUCTS. 
 
 569 
 
 the buyers, usually, have not the slightest difficulty in procuring 
 all they want. 
 
 Plums are of equally luxuriant growth and excellent flavor, 
 with the prunes, and are found in greater variety. It has been the 
 custom for the orchard owners to set out in each a few plum trees, 
 sufficient for the home demands. The sorts mostly planted are the 
 Washington, Columbia, Eeine Claude de Bavay, General Hand, 
 Ickworth Iraperatrice, Green Gage, Jefferson, Coe's late Red (will 
 hang on the tree until January), Coe's Golden Drop (a mammoth 
 plum), Egg Plums, and other sorts numerous beyond mention. 
 The Royal Hattine is a great bearer, ripening in July. The 
 Quackenboss is large, suited for table use. 
 
 Plvuns are in comparatively small demand in the markets, and, 
 consequently, are very cheap. The most excellent fruit can often 
 be purchased for twenty-five cents per bushel, at which rate their 
 culture is not profitable. They are considered of less value than 
 prunes for drying. 
 
 Of other fruits, etc., there is less to say. The peach is not very 
 successfully cultivated, by reason of the peculiarities of climate. 
 The few that are raised are of fair size and good flavor. Exhaustive 
 experiments have been made with good prospect of finding a 
 variety suited to the climate. A few were raised, in early 
 years, which were sold in 1 855, in Portland, for five dollai-s per 
 bushel. Pears lack nothing of full perfection, when grown in the 
 valley, taking a place second only to the apple and the prune. 
 All the commoner and more esteemed varieties are cultivated with 
 entire success, among othei^s, the well known Bartlett and Duchess 
 pears, etc. Their fruit is dealt in at the Portland and other 
 markets, where it attains a price corresponding to that of apples 
 and prunes. 
 
 Under the circumstances in which the people of Oregon are 
 placed, an to transportation, climate, soil, etc., it seems that no de- 
 mand for fi-esh or dried fruits, such as grow in this latitude, could 
 arise beyond the power of the Willamette valley to supply. The 
 existing demand is of a constant nature, and is subject to a slight 
 but certain increase. The home demand is, of course, fixed and 
 unwavering, but does not enter into commercial calculations. It is 
 probable that a considerable movement of green fruit toward the 
 
 !i 
 
570 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 East will take place, because the apples, pears, and fruits of that 
 sort, are not grown in plenty, or of sufficiently good quality, in the 
 districts with which the railways connect us. It is much the same 
 with dried fruit, and men of judgment are confidently expecting 
 an immense increase to the present considerable pr' 3tion. The 
 exportation of dried fruit, from Portland, in the elve months 
 ending July 31, 1888, amounted to $53,707. 
 
 The testimony of travelers and botanists rtho\^'s, beyond cavil, 
 that there is no country in the known world where wild berries 
 are so common as in Oregon. In the woods and j>rairie8 of this 
 part of the State, no less than eighteen varieties of edible berries, 
 some of them equal in flavor to cultivated sorts, exist, abundant, 
 large and delicious, mostly unknown or little appreciated })y man, 
 but furnishing a large part of the diet of the numerous wild birds 
 and beasts of the forest and field. The kinds best known are the 
 blackberry, strawberry, huckleberry, salmon -berry, sallal, Oregon 
 grape, squawberry, and others. The Indians of the valley once 
 derived a large part of their subsistence from various berries, 
 gathered and dried, and eaten with dried salmon". The enormous 
 quantities of wild blackberries, growing in the woods, are of im- 
 portance to the cuisine of many white families who repair in July, 
 to favorite localities, where they engage in picking them for future 
 consumption. They grow in almost unlimited (juantities, only 
 approached in that respect by the huckleberries, which have a 
 more contracted habitat, being confined to the mountain regions, 
 where whole townships are covered by their bushes. Their fruit 
 is of some use, as food for human beings, and plays a very im- 
 portant part in the dietary of many wild animals, particularly 
 bears, which grow fat on them. The sallal is a delicious berry, 
 which is peculiar to Oregon, and is, by some, ignorantly supposed 
 to be poisonous. It is found widely extended over the Coast and 
 Cascade Ranges, but each plant (two to three feet high) bears 
 but a few berries, the size of small pistol balls. The salmon-berry 
 grows upon usually high bushes beside running streams ; its berry 
 is red or yellow, and, in structure, like a raspberry, but more 
 insipid. It is not highly regarded as fond, and possesses a com- 
 paratively short season, whereas the blackberry, huckleberry and 
 sallal remain upon the bushes, in a state of ripeness, for weeks, and 
 even months. 
 
 Benton 
 Claokan 
 Lane ... 
 Linn ... 
 Marion . 
 Multnon 
 Polk .._ 
 Wasliinji 
 Vanillin 
 
 TOTA 
 
 This 
 introdui 
 a setting 
 value to 
 this plai 
 on the < 
 applied 
 Willamt 
 growth, 
 developi 
 sweeteni 
 complica 
 period, 
 this coun 
 article of 
 foreign li 
 citizens, 
 least, the 
 are unski 
 examine 
 The line 
 sugar ricl 
 of uncrys 
 the ash o 
 relative p 
 
OTHER FIELD PRODUCTS. 
 
 FRUIT PRODUCTION IN 1880. 
 
 571 
 
 County. 
 
 Benton 
 
 Claokamas -- 
 
 Lane 
 
 Linn 
 
 Marion 
 
 Multnomah 
 Polk 
 
 Washington . 
 Yamlilll 
 
 Total - 
 
 4,154 
 166,428 
 
 85,304 
 155,777 
 191,221 
 
 68,219 
 117,686 
 
 64,744 
 118,567 
 
 J9 
 
 < 
 
 961,0ft5 
 
 58,976 
 130,136 
 121,712 
 199,185 
 213,416 
 
 34,893 
 164,286 
 
 73,540 
 216,147 
 
 
 1,212,288 
 
 254 
 
 2,186 
 
 599 
 
 473 
 
 436 
 
 1,141 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 290 
 
 4 
 
 '1 
 
 *,-?! 
 
 > 
 
 101 
 832 
 490 
 787 
 22 
 51 
 
 36 
 40 
 
 5,429 
 
 2,359 
 
 $14,167 
 32,995 
 37,144 
 66,768 
 64,448 
 26,268 
 28,814 
 19,472 
 62,054 
 
 $331,130 
 
 This chapter would he incomplete without a reference to the 
 introduction of the sugar beet, which has been advocated with such 
 a setting forth of the merits and profits of this culture, that its 
 value to the State would se«m enormous. It is well known that 
 this plant is the source of the gi*eater part of the sugar consumed 
 on the continent of Europe, and, that it has been successfully 
 applied to sugar- making in the United States. The soil f)f the 
 Willamette Valley has been found to be very well adapted to its 
 growth, and the seasons are sufficiently long to admit of the fullest 
 development of the contained sugar. The extraction of the 
 sweetening product is a simple art, but sufficiently detailed and 
 complicated to give employment to many men for quite a prolor ged 
 period. Beet sugar works then would have a doiible advantage to 
 this country, m being the means of furnishing a very important 
 article of consumption, which, at present, has to be imported from 
 foreign lands, and second, in furnishing work to a class of desirable 
 citizens. No great degree of skill is necessary in this art, or, at 
 least, the gi'eater number of the operatives in beet sugar refineries 
 are unskilled. It is worth while for intelligent experimenters to 
 examine further into the availability of this region for beet culture. 
 The line of experiments would embrace a determination of the 
 sugar riches of various approved varieties of beets, the proportion 
 of uncrystallizable syrup, the percentage of alkaline ingredients in 
 the ash of the beet, the area of land suitable for the crop, and the 
 relative profit of the culture, as compared with other products. 
 
 
 11 i:: 
 
 -l-H 
 
 -ii.;'; 
 
 1 ■■•1 
 
 1 '$ 
 
 1 ^ .11 
 
 
 t! -n 
 
672 
 
 HI8TORT OF WILLAMBTTB VALLBY. 
 
 Potatoes having been found to grow so successfully, it is highly 
 possible that the manufacture of starch from that source will, one 
 day, be an industry of consequence. In certain districts in the 
 East, particularly in Maine and New Hampshire, potato starch- 
 making has become the chief manufacture, and contributes largely 
 to the resources of those States. Starch is there made at a profit, 
 when potatoes bring twenty-five or thircy cents a bushel — a price 
 that enables them to be raised, but not very profitably. What 
 conditions would surround the culture of potatoes for starch - 
 making in Oregon can only be surmised. It is probable that it 
 would prove a gi'eat benefit to the more retired districts, but would 
 hardly assume a leading position among the occupations of a com- 
 mon character. Like beet sugar- making, it would afford lucrative 
 employment for a considerable number of peraons, who, by the 
 way, need not be of exceptional skill as operatives. 
 
 r 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 T%6 Earliest Introdnetion of Cattle — Cattle brouyhi from California — 
 Herds hrought by Immigrants — Improved Stock — Jjairyiiig — Non- 
 prugressi/oe Practices of the farmers — Beef Animals — Table of 
 Cattle and Dairy, Products — Statistics of Horses, Etc. — Sheep 
 Introduction of — Brought from California and the East — Improved 
 Breeds — The Merino — Domestic Animals Vncared Firr — Wooleio 
 Mills — Watts Leads the Way — Mill at Oregon City — Willamette 
 Mill at Salem — Mill at Brownsville — Eacellent Quality of Cloths 
 Manufactvred — Table of Sheep, and Wool Prod ion — Swine — 
 Peculiar Advantages in Pork-raising — Animals Neglected — Table 
 Showing Number of Hogs a/nd Their Value — Goats. 
 
 THE earliest introduction of cattle into Oregon was accom- 
 plished by the Hudson's Bay Company, who, as a measure of 
 expediency, brought a few horned animals to Vancouver, sometime 
 in 1835. These animals, probably, came fi*om the Sandwich 
 Islands. Their practice was to retain exclusive ownei'ship of 
 every animal, with the offspring of the cows, although they, at 
 times, leased the cows to American and other settlers, exacting the 
 return of the beasts, with their calves, if any were born during the 
 term of hire. Consequent upon this severe condition, no progress 
 could be made in stock raising, until, in 1837, the first Spanish 
 cattle were imported from California, being brought overland by 
 individuals who went to that countijy for the purpose of obtaining 
 stock for the use of American settlers in the Willamette Valley. 
 Ewing Young and Rev. Jason Lee organized the plan, and six 
 himdred head were successfully brought overland, through the 
 valleys of the Sacramento, Rogue and Umpqua, to the fertile and 
 grass-covered plains of the Willamette. (See page 230). These 
 
 1 ; 
 
 ' 
 
 . f 
 
574 
 
 HIrtTORT OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 cattle cost three dollars per head, iu California, and were of the 
 genuine long-horned Mexican breed, and of no great value for 
 Htock purposes, except as being the only animals to be had. The 
 cattle monopoly was now broken, and the few settlers were each 
 enabled to go into cattle-raising at their option. The extensive 
 plains of the Willamette, covered with the most nutritious of native 
 grasses, affordtnl abundant pasturage throughout the year. The 
 cattle increase<l satisfactorily, and their numbei's were further 
 added to by the arrival of herds driven across the plains. These 
 were of better blood than the raw-bt)ned and ferocious Mexican 
 breed, and from them the herds of to-day are, in pai*t, descended. 
 The number of head brought across the plains can hardly be told, 
 but for the year 1853 it is known to have approached fifteen 
 thousand iive hundred, of which num})er nine thousand were oxen and 
 six thousand five himdred cows and calves. The large number of 
 importations speedily stocked the country with animals of tolerable 
 breeds and of value and usefulness. By 1850 the number of cattle 
 in the valley w,a» so great that a considerable number were returned 
 to California to furnish beef for the northern mines, and the 
 miners of Southern Oregon were indebted to the same source iu 
 1852, and subsequent yeare, for their own supply of beef. Ac- 
 cording to Hon. John Minto, the ordinary route of travel for those 
 driving cattle across the plains, was via Fort Hall to The Dalles, 
 thence along the south bank of the Columbia to a point about 
 four miles from Hood River, where the cattle were made to swim 
 across to the north side of the great river, thence following down 
 to a point below the mouth of Sandy River, where they were swum 
 back to the south side, being then neai* their destination. There 
 was, at that time, an Indian trail across the Cascades, by way of 
 the north side of Mount Hootl, but the gentleman mentioned as 
 authority, is of the opinion that it, probably, never was used to 
 bring cattle over. This refers to the earlier years ; in 184G the 
 Barlow Road, the first wagon road across the Cascades, was 
 opened, and was made generally useful. In the same year the 
 Applegates and others opened the Southern Route. 
 
 Fine imported stock and gi'aded animals have been introduced, 
 until they are no rarity in Oregon. The effect of the introduction 
 has been to raise the average value of neat stock for breeding and 
 

 LIVK STOCK. 
 
 575 
 
 for milking piirpoHen very materially. None of the oi-if^inal trjiitM 
 of the Mexican pioneer cuttle exist in Oi'egon, but on the othrr 
 hand the fine points of Jei>jey, Alderney. Ayrshire, Sliortliorn, or 
 other valuable breedn, are to be noted in alnu>8t every heitl. The 
 Willamette Valley, doubtless, pt)8HeHHe8 uh good stock as uiiy portion 
 of the Union. S. G. Ree<l'8 exertions were directed to the im- 
 provement of Oregon stock, and, at the Keedville farm of S. (i. 
 Reetl and W. S. La(kl, in Washington County, not far fi-om Port- 
 land, a large nund)er of costly imported aninnils are kept. Among 
 them are, ov have ])een, the Short h()rn Durhams, Ayrshires, and 
 other horned animals, and horses, sheep and hogs of the most ap- 
 provetl breeds. Mr. Reed's example has been of priceless value to 
 the State. Recently, Mr. J. L. Ilallett, a celebrated railway con- 
 tractor, has embarke<l in stock-farnung in a very extensive way, at 
 his estate, near Dilley, Washington County, and the outcome of 
 his projects is awaited with a givat deal of interest. He proposes 
 to introduce select breeds of farm animals, and racing stock and 
 valuable varieties of farm productions. Such projects are always 
 the best means of educating the farming population, m they lead the 
 way to higher and more useful results than are ever attained by 
 ordinary farming, even were that followed for centuries. 
 
 Butter and cheese-making are followed to an extent suflicient to 
 supply the home demand, but the processes are, even for such 
 simple and iinprogi'essive ai'ts, often exceedinglj' cinide, and the 
 product usually unsatisfacti)ry. The stranger, in his first view of 
 the valley counties, is apt to conclude that the facilities for dairying 
 must be excellent, even unsurpassed, by rejvson of the almost per- 
 petually green glass, the pure water, the abundant shelter ; and, to 
 a close observer, it seems extraordinary that the ample opportuni- 
 ties foi" that industry are not taken advantage of. The dairying 
 interests, like that of fruit-gi'owing, are capable of indefinite exten- 
 sion ; and the supply of butter and cheese might be made equal 
 to any demand. Cows can be kept alive all the winter, sustained 
 solely by the natural gra«J8es, and a slight addition to their food 
 will keep them in excellent condition. In no case is it necessary 
 to resort to the expensive stall-feeding, practiced with dairy cows 
 in the East, for, Vv^ith far less care and attention, the Oregon cow 
 equals the Eastern animal in quality and flow of rnilk. Henrc, the 
 
 AM 
 
 
 1^ 
 
576 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 l4i 
 
 fl 
 
 dairyman, an regards the expense of keeping cows, stands at an ad- 
 vantage in Oregon. 
 
 Dairying has been the subj ?ct of several experiments on a very 
 large scale. The Ankeny farm, on the Santiam, some ten miles 
 southeast of Salem, has been the scene of the most important, and, 
 withal, the most successful attempt yet made. Some two hundred 
 cows have been kept there, and butter and cheese manufactured 
 with patent appliances of the most approved style. The results 
 are such as to justify the erection of " creameries," like those of 
 New York. There, we are told, the farmers of a neighborhood, 
 each a possessor of a few cows, carry thei^' milk to an establishment 
 called a creamery, fitted up for butter, or, more frequently, for 
 cheese-making, and the milk being measured, is paid for at the 
 average rate of twelve cents per gallon, and converted into butter 
 or cheese, which is invariably of a high class, and brings a cor- 
 responding price. New York creamery cheese has achieved a great 
 reputation, international in its extent, and has become a large 
 article of export to England. The annual yield of a New York 
 cow is averaged at four hundred and fifty gallons, which, at the 
 price mentioned, is et^ual to a yearly sum of fifty-four dollars. 
 Ten pounds of milk make one pound of cheese, and twenty-seven 
 pounds make one of butter. Considering the natural advantages 
 that Western Oregon possesses, dairying should be one of the 
 most prominent occupations, as it would certainly be one of the 
 most remunerative of all agricultural arts. , 
 
 Raising horned cattle for beef has long been an important 
 occupation in Western Oregon. At first it was the exclusive 
 occupation of the greater number of settlers, and has only yielded 
 the first place to wheat-raising since the level lands became too 
 valuable for pasturage. The soil, climate, grasses and natural ad- 
 vantages generally favored cattle-raising beyond most other pursuits, 
 and the business is still a favorite one. The sphere of operations 
 of the stock man has now been removed from the Willamette 
 region, and has passed beyond the Cascades. The almost limitless 
 pastures of Eastern Oregon, and the fields, once occupied by his 
 herds, are now given over to grain crops. The gi'cat herds have 
 beon subdivided, theu" pasture grounds contracted, and, although 
 the number of cattle in the valley counties has much increased, 
 
UVB STOCK. 
 
 577 
 
 cattle-raising, as an exclusive pursuit, has dropped from the 
 prominence it once had. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF HO^VNED CATTLE IN 1880 AND 
 1883, AND THE PRODUCT OF BUTTER AND CHEESE IN 1880. 
 
 County. 
 
 Benton 
 
 Clackamas-. 
 
 Lane 
 
 Linn 
 
 Marion 
 
 Multnomah 
 
 Polk 
 
 Washington 
 Yamhill — . 
 
 Total - 
 
 1880. 
 
 o 
 
 ^W 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 2,197 
 3,252 
 6,300 
 5,000 
 4,348 
 2,735 
 2,340 
 2,614 
 2,766 
 
 30,542 
 
 xi 
 
 3,796 
 6,884 
 7,873 
 7,542 
 6,168 
 1,512 
 4,244 
 3,428 
 6,204 
 
 40,661 
 
 
 5,993 
 
 10,136 
 
 13,173 
 
 12,542 
 
 10,516 
 
 4,247 
 
 6,684 
 
 6,042 
 
 7,760 
 
 76,993 
 
 1883. 
 
 •So 
 
 6,667 
 
 6,206 
 
 13,088 
 
 8,072 
 3,643 
 4,616 
 6,950 
 6,892 
 
 0-5 
 go 
 
 > 
 
 56,124 
 
 $115,188 
 
 42,19(i 
 
 228,749 
 
 160,444 
 
 154,237 
 
 47,965 
 
 73,990 
 
 88,450 
 
 86,945 
 
 $998,164 
 
 1880. 
 
 4) O 
 
 3 
 
 86,547 
 
 148,490 
 185,323 
 292,434 
 224,019 
 226,673 
 92,844 
 151,982 
 136,749 
 
 CR 
 
 TS 
 
 a 
 s 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 8,625 
 
 450 
 
 24,900 
 
 3,453 
 
 15,784 
 
 42,160 
 
 60 
 
 2,9,30 
 
 360 
 
 I f i. 
 
 Hi ■ 
 
 1,544,061 I 98,722 
 
 Sr; ATTSTIC8 SHOWING THE NUMBER OF HORSES, ETC. 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 1883. 
 
 County. 
 
 t§ 
 
 •a $ 
 
 r 
 
 1^ 
 
 3 
 
 Benton 
 
 3,326 
 2,561 
 5,988 
 7,827 
 6,734 
 1,263 
 4.774 
 2,720 
 4,464 
 
 83 
 
 136 
 
 118 
 
 129 
 
 222 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 81 
 
 173 
 
 2,940 
 2,166 
 6,040 
 
 $165,438 
 119,.581 
 
 Clackamas 
 
 Lane 
 
 318 404 
 
 Linn 
 
 375,595 
 374,178 
 
 Marion 
 
 6,013 
 2,178 
 3,782 
 3,240 
 4,791 
 
 Multnomah- - 
 
 120,900 
 
 Polk— 
 
 205,756 
 169,366 
 
 229,872 
 
 Washington 
 
 Yamhill 
 
 
 Total — 
 
 38,647 
 
 1,029 
 
 31,149 
 
 $2,077,088 
 
 '■ \ 
 
 1; 
 
 The Hon. John Minto, of Marion County, an early pioneer, 
 and an authority in matters oi fact, writes that the first sheep ever 
 seen in Oregon were brought from Californiji by a man named 
 Lease, an American, who had nine hundred head in the Sacramento 
 Valley in 1887. Ewinsr Young and Hubbard, while importing 
 
 'h 
 
578 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMBTTE VALLEY. 
 
 
 
 cattle, 08 already mentione^l, met Lease and advised him to take 
 his ilock to the Willamette country. He, accordingly, drove one- 
 half his flock through in the year in which cattle were first driven 
 from California. These sheep were sold, mostly, to the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's retired tiappers, and to the Puget Sound Agricul- 
 tural Company, at Nisqually. Lease is thought to have brought a 
 second drove through in 1 842, for some four or five hundred sheep 
 came m that year from Califoraia. In 1844, the first sheep that 
 ever came to Oregon ft'om the Eastern States, were brought by 
 Joshua Shaw and his son, A. C. R. Shaw. In 1847, a fine flock — 
 the property of one Fields — was driven aci'oss the plains by H. 
 Vaughan. Fields settle«l in Marion County, but died soon after, 
 and his sheep were scattered among various owners, and became 
 the foundation of many excellent flocks. In 1848 Joseph Watt 
 brought three hundred head across the plains, and during subse- 
 tjuent yeai"s a gi-eat many were brought, so that by 1851, shee]) 
 were so numerous that, like cattle, they were driven to the Cali- 
 fornia mines for food. 
 
 Improved breeds began to be 4ntroduced alwut the time of the 
 civil war, and every sheep-raiser paid attention to the condition of 
 his flock, and, in due time, the native sheep, of ordinary aspect, 
 were replaced by graded and mixed l»reeds of very high (pmlity, 
 so that now the sheep of Oregon, like the cattle, are eijual to any 
 in the world. Those breeds have been introduced which seemed. 
 most adapted to the conditions existing in this State. The merino 
 has been the favorite, and more flocks of this i-ace are found than 
 of any or perhaps iill others. Extraordinary pains have Itecii 
 taken in the matter, and the most useful results achieved. The 
 consequence is, that the Willamette Valley wo(tl is esteemed the 
 very beat grown in America, and commands a })i'ice higher hy 
 from four to six cents a })ound than the product of California and 
 other States. It is strong, even, free frojn l>uri's, of a fine texture 
 and much sought after by manufacturers. It is a notic»^a})le ad- 
 vantage, or is sc) esteemed, that the sheep <lo not, or are sup])ose([ 
 to not, require any protection through the winter ; nor are they 
 habitually fed during that time, their only sul)sistence being what 
 they can pick up. Although it is a fact that the cattle and other 
 domestic animals of this pail; of Oregon do not, in general, receive 
 
LIVE STOCK. 
 
 579 
 
 the least care during winter ; and although the season is not 
 sufficiently severe and long- continued to make feeding and pro- 
 tection absolutely essential, yet it would seem that self-interest — 
 to say nothing of humanity — would sometime suggest a different 
 treatment of these faithful and enduring domestic animals, which 
 are man's best and most indispensable friends. There are many 
 farmers who thiiik that feed and shelter would result in improving 
 the condition of stock animals, and the implanting of strongcjr consti- 
 tutions ; and it is certain that increased production would result 
 from better treatment of dairy animals. 
 
 The rapid multiplication of sheep in Oregon, and the costliness 
 and scarcity of woolen fabrics, was the cause of the construction of 
 the first woolen mill. This was built in Salem in 1857, and was 
 the first on the Pacific Coast. Watt, the originator of the idea, had 
 evolved it as early as 1853, and by persistent agitation brought it to 
 a realization at the time mentioned. The mill was called the 
 Willamette Woolen Mill, and its machinery was run by the power 
 of water brought in a ditch from the Santiam River. The concern 
 was quite extensive, and used four hundred thousand pounds of 
 wool annually, and paid out $100,000 per annum for the wages of 
 operatives. It prospered for many years, but was most un- 
 fortunately burned, on the third of May, 1876. The large woolen 
 mill at Oregon City was built in 1865, the company having been 
 organized in February, 1864, with a capital of $60,000, increased 
 soon to $100,000. It was begun as a three-set mill, but by 1873 
 had increased its size to seven sets, with two thousand three hundred 
 spindles and twenty-four broad looms. Its yearly consumption of 
 wool is in the neighborhood of half a million pounds, and its 
 output averages one hundred and thirty thousand yards of cassi- 
 meres and one hundred and twenty thousand yards of flannels and 
 blankets, valued at perhaps $300,000. It has employed about one 
 hundred hands usually, who earn about $(iO,000 per annum. 
 These figures refer to its work in 1873. The mill was destroyed 
 by fire November 23, 1872, with a loss of $250,000, but immedi- 
 ately rebuilt. 
 
 The third mill in importance, and also in the order <^^ its 
 establishment, was the Eagle mill, at Brownsville, Linn Coimty, 
 called now the Brownsville Woolen Mill. It was built in 1866, 
 
680 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 at a time when the wool crop of the whole State of Oregon was 
 only about seven hundred thousand pounds, of which more than 
 half was used at the local mills at Salem and Oregon City. It 
 was a one-set mill. It has been run with various degrees of success, 
 by several individuals and companies, and is still active. Its goods 
 have an excellent reputation. Another mill was in action at 
 Dallas, in Polk County, for a time. 
 
 At present (1885) two mills, those of Oregon City and Browns- 
 ville, are manufacturing. Their products are highly esteemed, and, 
 in some respects, are une^ualed elsewhere in the world. The 
 former mill uses in preference, wool fi'om mixed Southdown and 
 Merino shecip, which is most useful for average wants. With this 
 it makes a class of goods superior to any others known. 
 
 There was a notable increase in w<>ol production in the deca(ie 
 commencing with 1865, and toward tlie end of that term the in- 
 crease was nearly thirty per cent, per year. The total crop for 
 the whole State in 1876 was three million one hundred and fifty 
 thousand pounds. 
 
 STATISTICS OF SHEEP IN 1880 AND 1883. 
 
 County. 
 
 Benton 
 
 Clackamas — 
 
 Lane 
 
 Linn 
 
 Marion 
 
 Multnomali . 
 
 Polk 
 
 Washington- 
 Yamhill 
 
 Total 
 
 Number of Sheep. 
 
 1880. 
 
 28,812 
 14,180 
 40,561 
 .55,82(» 
 ;«,230 
 2,771 
 24,177 
 11,637 
 23,447 
 
 236,535 
 
 1883. 
 
 17,167 
 
 !>,424 
 
 44,520 
 
 43,060 
 1,642 
 
 10,100 
 7,823 
 
 15,064 
 
 157,8(MI 
 
 Value of Kheei) 
 in 1883. 
 
 $32,044 
 13,267 
 74,638 
 76,51 1 
 60,301 
 
 1,715 
 37,+")l 
 
 8,2{»o 
 20,171 
 
 «;^;i3,393 
 
 The rearing of hogs for focnl purposes has never become more 
 than a mibordinate, incidental matter, a part of the l)usiness of 
 nearly every farmer, whose exertions only led to the prttdnction of 
 enough pork for the wants of his family, leaving but a small 
 (quantity for exportation. The pork of the Willamette Valley has 
 long been commended for its good (quality, its firmness and solidity, 
 and flavor. Although Indian corn can not be successfully grown, 
 
LIVK STOCK. 
 
 581 
 
 and the swine lack this importuut fattcuiiim' f<>(Hl, its placi^ is partly, 
 or perhaps fully supplied by the abundant waste fruit, with roots, 
 peas, and in some seasons, wheat and oats. Generally speaking, 
 wheat is held as too valuable for feeding to hogs, more especially 
 since the railroads were l>uilt. Oregon hams have a very high 
 reputation, a^d in point of fact are unsurpassed. There are 
 evidently ve.y substantial profits in hog-raising for those whose 
 judgment and expei'ience are sufficient for that pursuit, for the 
 prices of pork, on foot or cured, are always high, and the outside 
 demand is always great and steady, although the local markets are 
 unreliable, weak and easily glutted. At times the demand is ex- 
 ceedingly active, an<l the possessors of fat or stock hogs realize 
 han<lsomely. So fre(]uently do the extreme high prices prevail 
 that the judicious pork-raiser ought to make as much money as 
 anyl)ody, and far more than grain -raisers. Wheat has been fed to 
 hogs with such good results as to pay back one dollar per bushel. 
 This was the experience of I. T. Day, of Turner. But as the 
 general rule of hog-raising in Oregon provides only uncooked food, 
 and not enough of it, no shelter even in the roughest weather, and 
 no attention to the comfort or condition of domestic animals, such 
 successes as Mr. Day's are few and far between. 
 
 NUMBER AND VALUE OF SWINE. 
 
 CoiTNTY. 
 
 Benton 
 
 Clackanuw -- 
 
 Luue 
 
 Linn _ 
 
 Marion 
 
 Multnomah . 
 
 Polk 
 
 Washington- 
 Yamhill 
 
 ToTAI> 
 
 1880. 
 
 No. Hogs. 
 
 1883. 
 
 No. Hogs. 
 
 Value. 
 
 5,467 
 
 9,222 
 10,978 
 12,690 
 13,808 
 
 3,345 
 10,433 
 
 8,597 
 10,733 
 
 85,273 
 
 5,212 
 
 6,654 
 
 11,444 
 
 $11,951 
 11,863 
 24,540 
 15,997 
 
 9,481 
 1,785 
 7,098 
 6,620 
 9,407 
 
 22,858 
 4,645 
 15,312 
 16,005 
 18,468 
 
 56,701 
 
 $141,639 
 
 The quantity of wild grasses and herbage generally, whicli are 
 found in the hills and mountains surrounding the valley, is such 
 that thousands of goats might on occasion find ample sustenance. 
 That animal, as is well known, thrives best cu a coarse diet of 
 
 4 -■-_., 
 
 ■-■; 
 
 i^ 
 
 /:. 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 •■■. 
 
 
 1 • 
 
 ■■' 
 
 i.,t 
 
 
 u 
 
 ■■A 
 
 f. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 
 k 
 
 
682 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 leaves, grass and the tender shoots of young plants. A vast 
 amount of rough land is capitally adapted to such uses, and goat- 
 keeping could, and probably will, become an important industry. 
 The few experiments thus far made have been very successful. The 
 stock has usually been the Angora breed, which are usually 
 regarded as the most valuable. The income from them is said to 
 average three times that of the same number of sheep. The 
 fleeces have commanded as high as one dollar per pound, the flesh 
 is said to be as good as mutton, and the animal is much hardier 
 than the sheep and less subject to disease. Dr. Carpenter owned a 
 herd of one hundred and fifty Angoras, aiid by his experience 
 substantiated the above statements. Still, people's experience can 
 not, in average instances, equal his, for if it did, the business of 
 raising goats would long since have attained greater proportions. 
 
CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 Scardty of Reliahle Statistical Infmination — Duty of the State Oovem- 
 men.t'^Hoio Perfotined — Tables of Pruduction of WheM, Indian 
 Coim, and Oats — Amount in Gross — Amount per Acre — (h'oss 
 Value, and Value per B^ishel — Number and Size of Farms at 
 Different Dates — Statistics Gathered from the Oens^is Report of 1880 
 — Number of Farms — Of Owners — Vahmtions — Industrial Estab- 
 lishments — County Valuation and Assessments. 
 
 i 1 
 
 RELIABLE statistical information is extremely rare in Oregon. 
 The State luus made no effective provision for gathering in- 
 formation of the .sort, and private individuals, corporations and 
 jussociations find themselves unable to collect it, owing to inherent 
 difficulties. Prol)al)ly there is no State in the L^nion, and scarcely 
 a Territory, where there is so little active interest taken and so 
 little done in these matters. Oregon is half a century behind the age 
 — not in the one respect of gathering statistics, but in all relate<l 
 subjects. The only official statistics gathered are those pul)li8hed 
 by Hon. R. P. Earhart, Secretary of State, who, as a task outside 
 of the specified duties of his office, and at much trouble and private 
 expense, print** biennially, in tabular form, figures showing the 
 most important facts relating to the counties of this State, such 
 facts being ascertained l)y the assessors of the several counties and 
 forwarded to the Secretary of State, as a part of the duties of the 
 assessor's office. And the summary, printed on one side of a sheet 
 of paper, ten by eighteen inches in size, at private expense, is all 
 that the great State of Oregon has to show the world concerning 
 her boundless resources, her present prosperity, or her prospective 
 wealth. No State in Amenca has done so little io attract immi- 
 
 
 
 % 
 
584 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 gration, or to inform her own citizens of the condition of their own 
 commonwealth. Were it only out of curiosity to know these things, 
 far better provision should have been made. Many little com- 
 munities — counties, towns, cities — struggling to build themselves 
 up, have, in this matter of collecting and publishing statistics and 
 descriptions, made exertion besides which the indolent apathy 
 of the Oregon Legislature and people seem lamentably short- 
 sighted. 
 
 Statistical matter is usually gathered for the purpose of inform- 
 ing the public of the condition of the State, city, county or what- 
 ever civil division they may reside in ; or of informing strangers of 
 matters which may induce them to become settlers. Statistics have 
 also a higher value, separate from these functions. Without their 
 industrious collection the most reliable and important part of 
 history itself would be impossible. Says Buckle: "The study of 
 statistics has thrown more light upon the laws of human nature 
 and human progi-ess than all the sciences put together." Every 
 cultured — yes, every civilized — community, owes much to the culti- 
 vation of statistics, and for a State to neglect such evidences of 
 civilization is itself an evidence of non-progression, perhaps even of 
 retrogression. 
 
 The statistics which find a place in this chapter relate to the 
 material possessions of the people of the valley. They should be 
 studied in conjunction with those already given concerning special 
 crops, live-stock, etc. These tables were mainly compiled from the 
 United States Agricultural Reports, the Tenth Census, and 
 Secretary Earhart's excellent and meritorious, though brief, com- 
 pendium, dated January, 1884. The latter publication refers to 
 the assessment of the preceding year, 1883. 
 
 The following table shows the aggregate production of wheat, 
 Indian com, and oats, for the State of Oregon, together with the 
 yield, per acre, the price per bushel in Oregon, and the total value 
 of the crop: — 
 
STATISTICS. 
 
 585 
 
 ( 
 
 a s 
 
 < 
 
 Yield per 
 Acre in 
 Bushels. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Total 
 
 Values. 
 
 1878— Wheat— - — 
 
 Indian Corn 
 
 Oata 
 
 7,666,000 
 
 166,000 
 
 2,790,000 
 
 21 
 
 33J 
 
 31 
 
 $ .92 
 .92 
 ..50 
 
 $7,051,800 
 
 1.52,720 
 
 1,395,000 
 
 1879 Wheat 
 
 8,188,000 
 
 142,000 
 
 2,916,000 
 
 16 
 32 
 36 
 
 .98 
 .93 
 .44 
 
 8,024,240 
 
 132,060 
 
 1,283,040 
 
 Indian Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 "" 1 
 
 1880— Wheat 
 
 Indian Corn 
 
 1 Oats 
 
 11,734,000 
 113,000 
 
 4,754,000 
 
 17 
 
 23.3 
 
 31.2 
 
 .78 
 .82 
 .40 
 
 9,152,520 
 
 92,660 
 
 1,901,600 
 
 1881— Wheat 
 
 Indian Corn 
 
 Oats — - 
 
 12,673,000 
 
 101,000 
 
 5,278,000 
 
 1 17.2 
 20.2 
 34.6 
 
 .88 
 .75 
 .43 
 
 11,152,240 
 
 75,075 
 
 2,269,540 
 
 NUMBER AND SIZE OF FARMS AT VARIOUS DATES, THROUGHOUT 
 
 THE STATE. 
 
 Date 1 1850. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Number Farms _. 
 
 1,164 
 
 432,000 
 
 132,000 
 
 372 
 
 203 
 
 5,806 
 
 2,060,000 
 
 896,000 
 
 365 
 
 199 
 
 7,587 16,20J) 
 
 Extent in Acres 
 
 2,.<J89,01X) 4.214.000 
 
 Improved Land— Acres- - 
 
 Average Size— Acres 
 
 Average Size in U. S 
 
 1,116,000 
 315 
 153 
 
 2,198,000 
 205 
 134 
 
 
 
 ■/i 
 
 ■ i 
 
 CENSUS OF 1880. 
 
 County. 
 
 Benton 
 
 Claclcanias . 
 
 Lane 
 
 Linn 
 
 Marlon 
 
 Multnomah 
 
 Polk 
 
 Washington 
 Yamhill 
 
 Total.. 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
 606 
 
 1,374 
 
 1,067 
 
 1,532 
 
 1,462 
 
 .507 
 
 789 
 
 935 
 
 1,008 
 
 9,270 
 
 s a 
 
 I© 
 
 602 
 
 1,197 
 
 1,050 
 
 1,123 
 
 1,210 
 
 434 
 
 682 
 
 808 
 
 780 
 
 7,686 
 
 ■s 
 
 "^ 
 
 " -.s 
 
 66,070 I 
 
 36,687 ! 
 
 03,680 
 174,119 i 
 159,264 I 
 
 10,584 
 101,104 
 
 46,540 ! 
 100,867 ' 
 
 $3,171,496 
 2,817,544 
 4,789,330 
 4,052,022 
 7,867,303 
 2,279,280 
 2,634,719 
 3,231,703 
 5,181,735 
 
 787,806 
 
 $36,925,131 
 
 - §'3.3 
 
 Sii o.a 
 
 $149,095 
 126,57(i 
 2.53,161 
 .371,143 
 322,898 
 65,549 
 194,686 
 143,695 
 241,663 
 
 See 
 
 $415,871 
 ,3()5,177 
 610,009 
 896,101 
 740,870 
 186,44) 
 546,049 
 382,519 
 551,754 
 
 $1,878,365 1 $4,701,465 
 
 1 
 
 
 
580 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMKTTK VALLET. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS 
 
 Benton 
 Clackanias .. 
 
 Lane 
 
 Linn 
 
 Marion 
 
 Multnomah 
 
 Polk 
 
 Washington 
 Yamhill — . 
 
 .56 
 
 $ 158,986 : 
 
 200 
 
 «2 
 
 «92,{i00 
 
 863 
 
 .54 
 
 250,669 , 
 
 246 
 
 110 
 
 466,900 
 
 306 
 
 8.5 
 
 527,250 
 
 378 
 
 162 
 
 1,345,.S25 
 
 1,732 
 
 46 
 
 122,810 
 
 161 
 
 .S3 
 
 112,200 
 
 170 
 
 95 
 
 268,123 
 
 301 
 
 Total . 
 
 698 
 
 11,934,862 4,347 
 
 t 35,622 
 114,473 
 60,200 
 99,648 
 126,962 
 .593,469 
 39,848 
 26,871 
 42,815 
 
 $1,139,898 
 
 $ 207,530 
 1,169,640 
 297,410 
 8.54,060 
 1,285,991 
 2,602,544 
 233,931 
 434,940 
 494,720 
 
 $7,550,666 
 
 FROM STATE RECORDS OF 1888. 
 
 Tsr 
 
 County. 
 
 Benton 
 
 Clackamas -- 
 
 Lane... 
 
 Linn 
 
 Marion 
 
 Multnomah - 
 
 Polk 
 
 Washinf^ton 
 Yamhill —. 
 
 
 281,280 
 .'{26,549 
 425,929 
 
 338,847 
 160,624 
 229,850 
 261,805 
 3a5,142 
 
 $ 2,1.30,829 
 2,118,.365 
 2,484,030 
 5,131,520 
 4,289,82^ 
 2,307,84.') 
 2,140,427 
 2,307,255 
 2,63.5,295 
 
 Total i 2,399,526 ! ji25,545,389 
 
 * 
 
 395,293 
 
 317,540 
 
 433,755 
 
 738,297 
 
 1,101,793 
 
 7,274,915 
 
 (W,139 
 
 191,275 
 
 57,3f>3 
 
 O' 
 
 
 $ 4,284,151 
 3.844,146 
 5,827,814 
 8,646,793 
 9,8(K),2!)4 
 24,545,850 
 4,412,214 
 4,2( (5,905 
 o,7(i8,781 
 
 $10,666,310 $71,335,^48 
 
CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 REVIEW OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Essay Necessarily Imperfect — Policy of the Farmers — Injjunous Effect 
 of Exclusive Devotion to one Crop — Farmers not Instructed in 
 Great Business Affairs—Theory versits Practice — Productions of 
 Small Farms — Size of Farms — Twenty Acres Enough — Mixed 
 Farming — C/uincea for Improvement — Conclusion. 
 
 THE preceding chapters contain facts which are intended to 
 show the material progress which has been made in this part 
 of Oregon since the coming of white men, and especially American 
 farmers. The facts are not as numerous and complete as could be 
 wished, but for reasons which have been alluded to they can not at 
 present be bettered. Several industries of minor importance are 
 disregarded, not from a conviction of their slight consequence, but 
 because no connected or intelligible data could be procured con- 
 cerning them. 
 
 As regards the position which agriculture has already attained 
 in this State, it may be said that while it is not so exalted as 
 might with the almost matchless opportunities have been achieved, 
 yet it presents no reason for repining. Progress has been slow ; 
 but the community have attained the position of a self-supporting 
 people, relying on themselves only for the great bulk of the 
 necessities of life and some of its luxuries. The exportations are 
 the leading necessities of life, and hence indispensable to the 
 recipients. 
 
 It is customary for writers, in speaking of the favorite products 
 of the valley, to express surprise that theii* culture is not much 
 more widely extended. Wheat, they say, might be raised in ten- 
 fold its present quantity, and as for fi'uit the world itself might be 
 supplied with apples, pears and prunes, were the vast tracts of 
 
 t 
 
588 
 
 HISTORY OP WILI.AMKTTE VALLKt. 
 
 hillsidt) liud other aviulablr lands j)lMMte(l iis orchards. All this is 
 po88iy)le, and is perhaps demonstrable. But it is impracticable to 
 enter so largely upon any special branches of tndture while the 
 present condition of labor and the markets continues. Farmers do 
 not plant *vhole sections and s(piare miles with fruit trees because 
 labor can not be hired advantjigeously to harvest and dry such 
 amounts of fruit. The management and direction of a hundre<l or 
 half hundred men is beyond the capacity of most individuals, and 
 inexperienced farmei-s Avould find the care of large numbers of 
 employees with attendant complications arising from their pay, 
 provision, etc., entirely beyond their skill, and entailing vastly 
 more annoyance and trouble than most of them, easy-going to a 
 degree, would submit to. These remarks are called forth because 
 every one, newspaper writers and all, have adopted a tone of 
 querulousness and fault-finding because the farmei-s of the Wil- 
 lamette Valley have not seen fit to convert, their extensive pastures 
 into immense orchards or wheat fields, and therel)y enrich them- 
 selves beyond the wildest dreams of avarice. To follow such ad- 
 vice, were it practicable, which it is not, would l>e to place the 
 State on the high road to '.m^overishment. The opposite coiu-se, 
 namely, the cultivation of a variety of crops, or as it is called, 
 diversified farming is, in {]',<■ opinion of practical men, the surest 
 road to independence, and this has already been carried (»ut in a 
 notable scale in the valley, although the future gives promise of 
 far better results. The farmers, aided by the various manufactur- 
 ing crafts, were enabled, in a single month, to supply Portland 
 with consignments of the following articles : — 
 
 Flour, wheat, oats, dried apples, potatoes, lard, horse-feed, mid- 
 dlings, woolen cloths, hides, furs, linseed oil and oil cake, pig iron, 
 buckwheat, fowls, skins, earthenware, apples, bacon, pork, beef, 
 butter, eggs, salmon, hams, cider, pears, beans, })arley, hogs, 
 tobacco, peas, woolen sacks, hoop-poles, staves, lumber, dried 
 peaches and prunes, bran, cheese, fire-wood, hay, leather, straw, 
 flax, flax seed, onions, sheep, and dressed mutton. 
 
 If the reader asks, Whence came the greater number of "these 
 various field products, he is answered, From the smaller farms, and 
 from the gardens and orchards of the small landholders, the 
 proprietors of a few acres, whose land is tilled as if he expected to 
 
REVIEW or AORIOITLTITRE. 
 
 589 
 
 live upon its procwds for liis life-time, and leave it to his ihildieii 
 with itH fertility uniinpainHl. The i-eal fanners of the valley are 
 few ; but they are numerous enough to have pointed out the way 
 to prosperity ami wealth. The reader will find included herein a 
 table showing the average size of Oregon farms in the census years 
 1850, 1860, 1870 and 1880. He will notice their gradual diminu- 
 tion, fi'ou'. 'hree hundnnl and seventy-two acres in the former year, 
 to two hundred and sixty-five in the latter, whence, it apjiears, 
 that if the latest rate of decrease holds out until 180<>, they will 
 then average but little more than two himdre<l acres, and in A. I). 
 1900, rather less than one hundred and seventy. This is satisfac- 
 tory iuiprovemeut, but even at the latter date the famis will be 
 still three times too lai'ge. That is, taking it for gi'anted, as it is 
 presumetl most readers will, that the holding of land in large tracts 
 is an evil. It has also been taken for granted by some that in 
 times past, and even at the pi'esent, a small holding, say of twenty 
 acres, did not furnish means for the subsistence of a family. That 
 country must be very singularly circum8tance<l as to its wants, where- 
 in the produce of twenty acres, in one form or another, could not b(^ 
 8old for enough to maintain even the largest of families, providing 
 that its product was properly and sensibly selected, raised and sold. 
 Of this there are few instances, but enough to prove the assertion that 
 twenty well chosen acies will support a family if carefully tilled. 
 If sowed in wheat, for which a moderately good price be had, 
 that amount of land may yiehl a crop worth frcm four hundred to 
 eight hundred dollars. If planted with fi"uit trees, berry bushes, 
 etc., it may, in exceptional cases, yield ten times that amount, and 
 furnish, besides, interesting, useful and lucrative employment for 
 several people of either sex or any age. The stimulation of the 
 intellect by the pursuit of mixed or small farming is not the leait 
 of its advantages over wheat-farming and stock-raising. 
 
 Small and mixed farming — interchangeable terms — are the 
 tendency of the <layi and in their progress point to the decline of 
 wheat-raising, because by their pui*suit the land becomes gradually 
 too valuable to devote to a crop which is liable to return its raisei' 
 otdy ten or twi^lve dollars per acre. More lucrative pui-suits will 
 take iti^ place, and these will be e(|ually well adapted to the 
 climate and soil, but will recpiii-e much labor for their proper 
 
 r 
 
590 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMBTTB VALLEY. 
 
 production, and with the expected ordinary reduction of the size 
 of donation and other claims by forced sales, etc., will, in due time, 
 have changed the character of the Willamette Valley from a 
 wheat-growing and grazing country to a purely agricultural region 
 of a high grade — or rather will have completed a change which is 
 already auspiciously begun and well under way. It is now about 
 forty years since agriculture existed in Oregon as the crudest 
 beginnings of that noble art — merely the raising of inferior horses 
 and cattle, and enough of vegetables to vary the settler's otherwise 
 exclusively meat diet. At this fortieth milestone we can belt anc 
 consider what may be in store for the farmer of forty yeare hence. 
 
 The good result of a state of affairs wherein the present large 
 and uiiiaanageable tracts of land have been subdivided into small 
 holdings, will probably be most noticeable. The present country 
 roads, which are only called roads through a mistaken bwnse of 
 courtesy, will be improved by an application of the abundant 
 means which nature has so lavishly provided. Schools, now 
 mostly inefficient and wretchedly managed, because of inadequate 
 State provision, will attain a character equal to those of other en- 
 lightened regions. Social life then will take on a new aspect, in 
 accordance with the new advantages, and the blessings of educa- 
 tion, taste and refinement will follow closely upon material 
 prosperity. 
 
 The splendid examples of the settlers of the Mohawk, the 
 Genessee and the Connecticut valleys should not l)e in vain. With 
 her invigorating climate, her ample I'ainfall, her freedom from 
 whirlwinds, cyclones, hurricanes, earthquakes; the a))sence of in- 
 fectious diseases, her ample expanse of the richest soils, her 
 navigable rivers, abundant water-power ; her profusion of natural 
 produ(rts ; her advantageous commercial location ; and innumerable 
 other advantages <iifficult to enumerate, Oregon, and particularly 
 the Willamette Valley, should, and doubtless will, in the natural 
 sequence of things, become the chosen abode of a numerous, 
 prosperous and intelligent people. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION, 
 
 Table of Pojyulatijn of Each County in 1H60, I860, 1870 and 1880-— 
 Comparison of Agi/reyates — Proportion of Population Between the 
 Strte and the Willamette Valley — Personal History of Pioneers and 
 Mepi'esentative Individuals. 
 
 I 
 
 THE aunexed table is derived fi'om the United States Census 
 Report of 1 880. It gives the popuhition of each county of 
 the Willamette Valley in 1850, 18(i0, 1870 and 1880, together with 
 the total population of the Valley and of the State at those dates. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 County. 
 
 Benton 
 
 Clackainatt.- 
 
 Lane 
 
 Linn 
 
 Marion 
 
 Miiltnon'nh-, 
 
 Polk 
 
 Washington 
 Yamhill 
 
 1860. 
 
 814 
 
 1,860 
 
 994 
 2,749 
 
 1860. 
 
 1.061 
 12,652 
 1,612 
 
 3,074 
 3,466 
 4,789 
 6,772 
 7,088 
 4,150 
 .^,623 
 2,801 
 3,245 
 
 The Willunietto Valley 
 
 11,622 
 
 The State- 
 
 18,294 
 
 .19,008 
 52,466 
 
 1870. 
 
 4,584 
 5,993 
 6,426 
 8,717 
 9,965 
 11,510 
 4,710 
 4,281 
 5,012 
 
 61,178 
 
 90,923 
 
 1880. 
 
 6,354 
 
 9,287 
 
 9,376 
 
 12,711 
 
 14,811 
 
 29,092 
 
 6,513 
 
 7,091 
 
 7,950 
 
 103,885 
 
 174,768 
 
 Comparing the population of the valley with that of the State, 
 we find the former to have been in 1850, eighty-seven per cent, of 
 that of the whole State ; in 18H0 it had fallen to seventy-five per 
 cent.; in 1870 to sixty-seven, and t(» fifty-nine in 1880. This rate 
 of decrease in the relative population of the valley hjis continued 
 since the last census, if the current estimates of population be 
 reliable. The Ore^onian nev.opapcr, basing its conclusions upon 
 
 i ' 
 
 '■7lH 
 
 -m- 
 
 \" 
 
592 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 the vote in the presidential election of November, I884, estimated 
 the population of Oregon at two hundred and twenty-five thousand. 
 The proportion residing in the Willamette Valley v onld h." ve been 
 one hundred and twenty-five thousand, or about fifty-seven per 
 cent. If this rate be continued until the year 1895, it is possible 
 that the people residing in the valley will amount to abou' c-i^ 
 half of the State's total population. But inasmuch as the ^j-i ^ . 
 capable of supporting a permanent populavion as large or . \i<fe^ 
 than all the remainder of the State, it is probable that its popula- 
 tion will never be much less than half that of the State. There is 
 also the consideration that it is likely to contain the largest cities 
 of Oregon, which will fm'ther increase its proportionate population. 
 The following series of brief sketches relate principally to the 
 pioneei-s of this State, in the meaning of the term pioneer, which 
 has of late been restricted more or less clcsely to the people who 
 arrived before 1855. The information upon which these sketches 
 has been based is reliable and is Ijelieved to be perfectly accurate. 
 It is in all respects worthy of preservation, both on account of the 
 past or present importance of the individuals treated of, but also 
 for the future importance of them or their descendants. The in- 
 troduction of this species of matter needs no ajjology ; it has long 
 been deemed valuable and suitable for pul^lication in local histories, 
 and becomes more so with each succeeding social atlvance. The 
 individuals herein mentioned have, almost without exception, con- 
 tributed their life energies to the up-building of civilization upon 
 this coast, and th(^ names of many have become liousehold words. 
 To select the most notable from among the meritorious many 
 would be an invidious task ; and all procurable sketches are in- 
 serted, having in view no (jualification save that of useful citizen- 
 ship. They will be found to be arranged according to the yeai* of 
 the subject's amval, and to include a large proportion oi the early 
 permanent settlers of the Willamette Valley. 
 
 1817. 
 
 LACHAPELLE, ANDRE. 
 
 Born in Montreal, Canada, Aug. 14, 1781 ; left home in 1817, 
 having hired to the Hudson's liny ('ompany for three years ; came 
 tt» Oregon in the same year, arriving at Fort Georgi' (Astoria). 
 Worked for two years as Idacksmitli. Spc^nt several succeeding 
 
 I 
 
 ^'^.■ 
 
HISTOEY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 593 
 
 I 
 
 w* 
 
 it 
 
 
 years at the same place, until in 1824 Dr. McLoughlin arrived and 
 ordered the removal of the station to Vancouver. There Lacha- 
 pelle remained until 1833. In that year he traveled eastward with 
 the design of going home ; but arriving on the Saskatchewan he 
 gave up his intention and hired again to the powerful fur com- 
 pany, and came again to Vancouver. He staid until 1836, when 
 being again taken with the idea of going home, he made a second 
 trip to the " Great Lone Land," and again returned at Dr. Mc- 
 Loughlin's solicitation. In 1841, being superannuated, he was 
 allowed or encouraged to go, with sundry other Canadians, to the 
 Willamette, where they engaged in farming. He married and 
 settled on a farm in French Prairie, and remained there for forty 
 yeai*s. He died on June 11, 1881, at St. Vincent's Hospital, 
 Portland. He was undoubtedly the oldest pioneer of Oregon. 
 
 1824. 
 
 HARVEY, ELOISA, (McLOUGHLIN). 
 
 Born in Fort William, on the northern shore of Lake Superior, 
 Feb. 13, 1817. Her father was Dr. John McLoughlin, then 
 physician at her birthplace, which was a post of the Northwest 
 Fur Company. Her mother was the widow of Alexander McKay, 
 John Jacob Astor's partner in the Pacific Fur Company. Father 
 and daughter came overland to Oregon in 1824, the latter having 
 been, undoubtedly, the first female to cross the continent. In 1838 
 Miss McLoughlin married at Vancouver, William Glen Rae, an 
 employee of the Hudson's Bay Company, and lived with him at 
 various trading posts until 1845, when he died at San F'rancisco. 
 Tlieir childi'en were three, of whom Mrs. Theodore Wygaut and 
 Mrs. Joseph Myrick, of Pc^rtland, survive. She returned to Oregon 
 and lived with her father until 1850, when she married Daniel 
 Harvey, by whom she liad three children — Daniel Hai'vey, James 
 VV. McLoughlin Harvey, and Mrs. D. F. Leahy, all residents of 
 Portland. Daniel Harvey, Sr., died in 1868, and his widow died 
 in the fall of 1884, at her residence in Portland. 
 
 McLOUGHLIN, JOHN, M.D. 
 
 Scotch by birth, ami wjis employe<l as a physician by the 
 North w<'st Fur Compan}' in the first (quarter of this ctmtury, and 
 
 I- 
 
 I'^'A] 
 
 l.. f 
 
 i 
 
 M:n 
 
 i ! 
 
 I 
 
 ,1 i 
 
694 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 was stationed for a time at their posts in Canada. On the con- 
 solidation of the two rival companies, Dr. McLoughlin was ap- 
 pointed, i ^8^3, chief factor on the west side of the Rocky 
 Mountains, < jadquarters at Vancouver, and came overland in 
 
 1824, bringing family and a retinue of the Company's nervants. 
 He served his employers with marked iidelity and an accurate and 
 broad appreciation of his duties as a Christian. His conduct to 
 the eai'ly American settlei-s was admirably humane, and showed 
 that the claims of humanity outweighed mere business considera- 
 tions of every degree. Americans of every stripe came to think 
 well of him and to discriminate between his course oi frankness 
 and generosity, and the mercenary and heartless policy ojt his em- 
 ployers. When the direetoi-s of the Hudson's Bay Company 
 rebuked him for his sympathy with, and toleration of the 
 Americans, he resigned his position, and retiring to his land neat- 
 Oregon City, died there in 1857. His opportunities for doing 
 good were very great, and he made the most of them. In his place 
 an ignorant or a bad man could have worked an infinity of mis- 
 chief ; and it is to his credit that in spite of ingratitude from those 
 he benefited, his life waa full of good deeds. His kindness wan 
 ill-requited ; and he lived to be a witness of the classical niaxun 
 that republics are uugiateful, for the (irovernment of Oregon de- 
 prived him of the valuable claim which he occupied at Oi-egoii 
 City. The life of Dr. McLoughlin, abounded with such incidents 
 as form attractive reading ; and his connection with and participa- 
 tion in the afFaii's of the great fur companies, and the new states 
 and territories of the west, increase the importance of his actions. 
 The story of his life has never been written, but no doubt it will 
 some time be fully told. 
 
 1829. 
 BAIES, JAMES M. 
 
 Born in Washington, D. C, in 1809 ; went to sea in 1827, and 
 <luring the next year found his way to the Pacific Ocean, coming 
 in a vessel owned in Boston. When the shi[> ari'ived on this coast 
 an accident compelled it to put into Gray's Harbor to refit. 
 This was in 1829. The ship's crew went in boats up the Chehalis 
 River, and after putting to sea again they coasttnl southward, and 
 wintered at Scappoose, where they "raised vegetables." In the 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 595 
 
 spring of 1830 they coasted north to Sitlca, and returning, entered 
 the straits of Fuca. Took a load of horses to the Sandwich 
 Islands, and sold them, and Mr. Bates proceeded on another ship 
 to China, and thence home via the Cape of Good Hope. In 1 837, 
 sti^l a sailor, Mr. Bates came to Oregon in the ship Don Quixote^ 
 and landing, joined the Missionaries as blacksmith, and has been 
 in this valley ever since. Located at Jefferson, Marion County, in 
 1847, his present home. Was married in that year to Mrs. Mar- 
 garet Caldwell, and has had one child — Julia, V)y name, now the 
 wife of Eli Vaughn, of Jefferson. Mrs. Bates died in 1882. Mr, 
 Bates is, beyond a doubt, the earliest living pioneer of Oregon, if 
 /}% consider his first coming to have constituted him a pioneer ; 
 and considering that he spent a considerable part of a yeai- in 
 Oregon, his claim to have become then a pioneer is well founded. 
 Solomon Smith, who resided at Clatsop Plains, in 1872, claimed to 
 have come to Oregon in 1832 with Wyeth ; but this date was 
 several years subsequent to Mr. Bates' arrival, so Smith could not 
 be considered as the earliest living pioneer, which claim was put 
 forth by some one on his behalf several years since. 
 
 1833. 
 EBBERTS, GEORGE W. 
 
 Born in Bracken County, Kentucky, in 1810; went to the Rocky 
 Mountains in 1829 in the employ of the American Fur Company. 
 Visited Oregon first in 1833 and again in 1839. Lived for a year 
 in Marion County, but removed then to his present residence in 
 Washington County, near Hillsboro. Married in 1838. Children 
 — John, Anna and Alfred. 
 
 1835. 
 GAY, GEORGE. 
 
 Born in Gloucestershire, England, in 1810; at the age of eleven 
 years he was apprenticed as a sailor and followed the sea for twelve 
 years, and in 1833 found himself at the port of Monterey, in Call- 
 fornia. Here he deserted his ship and joined Ewing Young in a 
 trapping expedition northward. In 1835 he came overland to the 
 Willamette Valley with John Turner, Dr. Bailey, and one or two 
 others. The next year he returned to California again, to bring up 
 
 1. i 
 
 V\ 
 
 \i'^ 
 
 ! ' 1 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 ' A- A 
 
596 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 a band of cattle, whose increase soon made him i-ich. lie occupied 
 a great and undefined tract of land in Yamhill and Polk comities. 
 He died near Wheatland on October 7, 1882. 
 
 WILKINS, CALEB. 
 
 Kesides four and a half miles northeast of Hillsboro, ai\d is a 
 farmer by occupation, lie was born in Ohio in 1810; was for ten 
 yeai-s a trapper in the Rocky Mountains in the employ of the 
 American fur Company, and one of the earliest pioneers of Oregon. 
 His first settlement in tlie State was in Benton County; has held 
 office as county treasurer of Washington County for two years. He 
 married Marian Stevens in 1852, and their children are — William 
 Lloyd, Alfred C, and Florence. 
 
 1837. 
 
 LEE, ANN MARIA (PITMAN). 
 
 Sailed from New York in July, 1836 ; landed in Oregon, June, 
 1837 ; married July 16th, to Rev. Jason Lee, and died June 2(5, 
 1838; died when her first-born child was ten days old, and is 
 bulled with it in the Lee Cemetery, at Salem. The headstone of 
 their grave bears the inscription : " Beneath this sod, the first 
 broken in Oregon for the reception of white mother and child, lie 
 the remains of Ann Maria Pitman Lee." 
 
 LESLIE, DAVID. 
 
 Born in New Hampshire in 1797. Was a descendant of Rev. 
 Geo. Leslie, of Puritan stock. In 1837, crossed the plains to 
 (-)regon as a Missionary, commissioned by the Methodist Church. 
 He took up his residence ten miles below the present site of Salem, 
 but in 1843 came to Salem, then Chemekete. Subsequently he 
 pei-formed a term of ministerial service at Oregon City. Was one 
 of the foundei-s of the Willamette University, and vvjis President of 
 its Board of Trustees for twenty-five consecutive yeai-s. Mr. Leslie; 
 was married to Miss Mary A. Kinney, and by her had six childivn. 
 The wife died in 1841, and he was again married in 1844, to Mrs. 
 A. (Judson) Alley, by whom he had two children, bot'i deceased. 
 One of his children is buried in the East ; one in tropical lands ; 
 two daughters and a son were carried over the Willamette Falls in 
 the dreadful accident related by Dr. White ; three daughters and 
 
 18, 
 ME 
 
 the 
 
ttlSTORV OF IMMIOKATION. 
 
 59? 
 
 :^^| 
 
 the firet Mrs. Leslie sleep in Oregon graves, while the seconil wife 
 and one dnnghter — Helen Leslie — now live in Salem. 
 
 SMITH, SIDNEY. 
 
 Born in Fulton County, N. Y., in 1809; the son of a Revolu- 
 tionary captain and the grand nephew of Ethan Allen of Ticondei*- 
 oga fame. He lived through the earlier years in his native State, 
 and in 1835? found himself in Ohio. Set out for Oregon in the 
 spring of 1837, in company with fifteen friends — Oakley, Faruham, 
 Wood, Cook, Fletcher, and others — who made their way overland 
 with great difficulties and hardships, most of which arose from their 
 ignorance of the proper route. They li\ed on such game as the 
 country afforded, eking out an often insufficient supply with roots 
 and the flesh of dogs which they bought of the Indians. Their horses 
 were stolen hy the Sioux, and it was only by the cool courage of 
 Smith and Oakley that they were recaptured. Smith was wounded 
 by the accidental discharge of his own rifle, but would allow no 
 delay or change of plans on his account, and the cavalcade in time 
 reached The Dalles, arriving there on October 2, 1837. In the 
 succeeding years, while the strife as to the possession of Oregon 
 waxed warm. Smith then, as afterwards, a resident of the Willam- 
 ette Valley, bore his part in fav(>r of our go\'ernment and nation. 
 In 184r) he married Miss Miranda BailcN-, by whom he had eight 
 children, of whom Ave are now living. They are — Irene C, born 
 1847, and now the wife of Dr. J. F. Calbreath, of Lafayette; Mary 
 Alraira, born in 1 845), and now married to A. M. Hurley, of Lafay- 
 ette; Miranda M., born in 1851, now Mrs. D. L. Kimberlain, of 
 AVest Chehalem; Dr. (t. II. Smith (born 1861), and John Bayley 
 Smith (born ISOS). Sidney Smith passed most of his life on his 
 farm in West Chehalem, purchased by him from the estate of Ewing 
 Young. For ten yeai"s, however, he was engaged in mercantile 
 pui-suits at Lafayette (1S5()-18()0, prol)ably). Died September 
 18, 1880. 
 
 1838. 
 
 MEEK, JOSEPH L. 
 
 Born in Washington County, Virginia, in 1810 ; left home at 
 the age of eighteen and went westward to Louisville and St. Louis, 
 and joined Sublette's hunting party, and set out in March, 1829, 
 
 "I 
 
 
 
 •U 
 
 if 
 
598 
 
 HISTOnY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 upon the plains, and for naany .yeara thereafter led the life of a 
 hunter and trapper. (For particulars of his life in the mountains 
 and subsequently, see "River of the West.") In 1841 Meek settled 
 in the Tualatin Plains, in Washington County, and made that his 
 home until his death on the 20th of June, 1875. 
 
 MEEK, COURTNEY. 
 
 Born in Oregon in 1838, the son of Joe Meek. Is a farmer, 
 and resides three miles north of Hillsboro. He married Delia 
 Newton in 1878, and their children's names are — George and Josie. 
 
 WALKER, MARY RICHARDSON. 
 
 This venerable lady, who is unquestionably the leader of all 
 living female immigrants to the region west of the Rocky Mountains, 
 resides at present at Forest Grove, in the enjoyment of all her 
 mental and most of her physical faculties. Like so many of the 
 honored and venerated pioneers of this coast, Mrs. Walker was 
 born in the State of Maine. The place of her nativity was the 
 town of Baldwin, and the date was 1811. She became the wife of 
 Rev. Elkanah Walker, and with him set out for the Pacific 
 Slope, and after the usual adventures, hardships and misfortunes 
 incident to the trip across the plains arrived, in the year 1838, on 
 the Columbia. For nearly ten years Mr. and Mrs. Walker con- 
 tinued to reside at the Mission, a short distance below Fort 
 Colville, and here some of their children were born. During all 
 this time their existence was almost wholly with the Indians, no 
 white people living within hundreds of miles, excepting Rev. C. Eells 
 and family, who shared with the Walker family the discomforts 
 of their life and lot. To the people of to-day it must seem wonder 
 ful and altogether inexplicable, how human beings as tenderly 
 nurtured as the Walker and Eells families were, could live at all 
 amid such surroundings, and the wonder increases when it is 
 learned that ten years did not serve to dampen the ardor of these 
 pious missionary people. Leaving Walker's Claims, as the locality 
 of the mission was called, the Walker family removed in 1848, to 
 the Willamette Valley, and have since made Washington County 
 their home. Mr. Walker died in 1877. The ch I iren's names are, 
 Cyrus H., Abigail B., Marcus W., Joseph E., John R., Levi C. 
 and Samuel T. 
 
 tlu 
 
fTISTORY OK IMMIGItATION. 
 
 599 
 
 1839. 
 
 BALDRA, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in England in 1810; came to America in 1836, and lived 
 three years on Red River in Manitoba; came then to Oregon and 
 settled on the Tualatin Plains, locating in 1843 three miles north- 
 west of the site of Hillsl)oro. Had married Maria Callaby in Eng- 
 land in 1835. Their children are, Thomas W. and Richard C, 
 and a daughtei-, now Mrs. R. E. Wiley, the later having been the 
 tii-st white child born in Washington County. Her bu'th took 
 place August 1, 1840. Mr. Baldra was an employee of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company in the earliei- years of his residence in America. 
 He speaks of the Indians in Washington County in the " forties " 
 as having })een numerous, but not troublesome except V)y their 
 thieving. 
 
 GEIGER, WM., M. D. 
 
 Doctor Wm. Geiger, one of the oldest and best known of the 
 pioneers, was born in 1816 in Alleghany County, New York, but 
 in the year 1833 had settled in Illinois. The American Board of 
 Foreign Missions being at that time concerned for the welfare of 
 the Indians of the Columbia basin. Mi', (jeiger ofiEered his services 
 and was appointed missionary teachei', «'ith instructions to procee<l 
 t<) the Pacitii' Coast and engage in the work of proselytizing. It 
 happened, however, that the fumls of the association ran low, and 
 the new plans were defeated. Dr. Geiger, however, did not relin- 
 ([uish liis intention of engaging in missionaiy work, but set out on 
 his own account to cross the continent in company with quite a 
 numl)er of kindred spirits, whose names are set forth in another 
 connection. The cavalcade came on horseback, paying their own 
 expenses, and got safely to Oregon in 1839. In the winter follow- 
 ing his arrival, the doctor taught school at the old mission not far 
 from Wheatland. The station was long since deserted and now re- 
 tains no signs of it** former use, the buildinjrs being completely gone. 
 The next spring he set out for California with the design of meet- 
 ing a party of his friends who were to rendezvous at Sutler's Fort; 
 but, going by sea to Monterey, he was forbidden to travel in the 
 interior without a passport, which was not procurable short of the 
 Sandwich Islands. Proceeding there he spent some months, pro- 
 
 
 M 
 
 i ■ 
 
600 
 
 JItHTORY OF WILLAMETTK VAhLKY. 
 
 cured the necessary papers and returning to California went to 
 Sutter's Fort. The date of his arrival was 1841. There he stayed 
 a year surveying for the proprietor, and eventually formed the 
 intention of going East by way of Fort Hall. Exchanging his 
 property for mules and horses, he set out, but, arriving at the last 
 mentioned place, found it impossible to proceed, owing to the hos- 
 tility of the Indians along the route. The result waf that he came 
 back to Oregon, and has since remained on this joast. In the 
 winter of 1842-43 Dr. Geiger occupied Dr. Whitman s place as mis- 
 sionary, that individual being on his famous trip to the East, the re- 
 sults of which are supposed to h^ve proved so momentous to the peo- 
 ple of this country. On Whitman's return, Dr. Geiger came to the 
 Willamette Valley and located, November, 1843, on a tract of land 
 near the town of Cornelius, in Washington County, which he has 
 held ever since. A year or two previous he had begun practice as 
 a physician, having studied the healing art in the Eastern States, 
 and has continued in his profession until the present. Beginning 
 as a " regular " of the blood-letting, fever -starving sort, he has of 
 late become a convert to the virtues of the homoeopathic cult, and 
 follows its teachings. Of public oflBces Dr. Geiger has held several, 
 being county clerk, county surveyor, etc. The Doctor relates that 
 on his arrival in the valley the only practicing physicians were 
 Doctors White and Bailey. Doctors Whitman and Gray were in 
 the habit of treating the natives who fell under their care, but their 
 professional skill was not often called upon by white people. Two 
 medical men attached to the Hudson's Bay Company attended the 
 sick at Vancouver, and made extended trips into the interior when- 
 ever their services were asked in behalf of the higher servants of 
 that company. Dr. Geiger was married in 1847 to the daughter of 
 Rev. J. A. C. Cornwall, who arrived in the valley during the early 
 part of that year. The reverend gentleman, with his family, had 
 crossed the continent with the immigration of 1846, but entering 
 Oregon by Applegate's southern route had been compelled to halt 
 in the Umpqua Valley, by reason of their utter lack of transporta- 
 tion facilities. The rainy season coming on, these unfortunates had 
 to abandon their property and make their way to the settlements. 
 But the Rev. Cornwall, unwilling to leave his beloved books, chose 
 to abide in the valley during the rough and inclement season ap- 
 
HISTORY OF IMMKJHATION. 
 
 601 
 
 preaching. They safely whittuvd; iiiid iu the spring Dr. (leiger 
 proceeded to their assistance and aided them on their way to the 
 Willamette. Settling here, the minister occupied himself in reli- 
 gious ministrations until 1865, mainly at different points in the 
 valley. Removing from the State in that year, he died in San 
 Buenaventura, Southern California, in 1879. Mrs. Coi-nwall and 
 her daughter, Mrs. Geiger, now reside at Forest Grove. 
 
 GRIFFIN, JOHN SMITH. 
 
 The reverend gentleman whose name heads this article has 
 attained and preserved iu the coui-se of a long and eventful life of 
 over three-fourths of a century, a wide reputation as a man of 
 action and integrity and strong convictions. His name has been 
 on the tongues of the people for very many years ; his opinions 
 and his character have always been "influential ; and his professions 
 of sanctity and integrity have not exceeded his performances. He 
 has lived up to principles as commendable in tlieory as they have 
 proved unique in practice. The strength, earnestness and out- 
 spokenness of his convictions has raised up enemies ; but even 
 these enemies have borne testimony to the uprightness of his 
 principles. Rev. J. S. Griffin was born in Castleton, Vermont, in 
 November, 1807. His ancestors were of English descent. The 
 S(m was educated for the ministry, acquiring the Troundwork of 
 extensive learning in various schools and seminau. > m New Eng- 
 land, Vermont and Ohio. Finishing at Oberlin, he was ordained 
 as a Congregationalist minister, and was selected to peiionn 
 evangelical work among the Indians of the west. It was in the 
 winter of 1838-39 that he was outfitted as a missionary by the 
 Congregational church of Litchfield County, Connecticut, and 
 in February, 1839, he left that State with the intention of crossing 
 the plains to Oregon. He ti'aveled in a light wagon to 0})erlin, 
 Ohio, and there took in Asahel Munger and wife, destined for 
 missionary work, as Mr. Griffin's assistants. In St. Louis, Mr. 
 Griffin, feeling the need of a help-meet, married a young lady. Miss 
 Desire C. Smith, of Boston, Massachusetts, who being educated in 
 the eastern towns, had magnanimously devoted the pleasant years 
 of her youth to teaching the children of the western settlers, and 
 for that purpose had moved to Illinois. While iu such employ- 
 
 
 , 1 
 
 M 
 
602 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMETTK VALLKY. 
 
 ment she met Mr. Griffin, aud their marriage foHowed in a few 
 days. Of the lady's life, the following details are commmiicatcd 
 by her husband : Born in Boston in June, 1805 ; in 1H34 was one 
 of the fii-st to answer the call for lady teachers to go to the then 
 frontier ; was married to Khv. Mr. Griffin in St. Louis, on April 
 10, 1889 ; on her bridal tour crossed the American continent in 
 the summer of 18;{9 ; taught the first Indian school west of the 
 Rocky Mountains (1839-40), and was the fii-st white woman in 
 the settlement of the Tualatin Plains, Oregon ; still lives (July 1, 
 1884,) in the first building erected in that settlement. M' id 
 Mrs. Griffin crossed the plains orj horseback, in compan> h 
 
 some emigrants and trappers, and stopped at Rev. H. H. Spald- 
 ing's missicm among the Nex Perces, at Lapwai. In March, 1840, 
 Mr. Griffin set about the estaldishm^'nt of a mission among the 
 Snake Indians, in Idaho, but' was unnuccessful in two attempts. 
 Later, he became chaplain at Fort Vancouver, but in 1841 he 
 proceeded to the Tualatin Plains anil began that settlement in a 
 locality admirably suited for the purposes of a colony. Here, 
 when a sufficient number of neighV)ors had been drawn around 
 him, he assumed the function of pastor, which he still, though at 
 an advanced age, carries on. " Rocky Mountain R«itreat " is the 
 fanciful name which was bestowed upon his place ; and here he 
 haa since remained, taken up with his agi'icultural and other occu- 
 pations, but entering with vigor into the political affairs of the 
 State and country. His acts are elsewhere alluded to, and his 
 career may be profitably studied by those who would imderstand 
 the peculiarities of the puritanic Yankee type, Hoftened and 
 ameliorated by the stanchest patriotism and magnanimity. 
 
 HOLMAN, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in Devonshire, England, in 1815; came to America when 
 nineteen years of age, and, after hearing a lecture on Oregon by the 
 Rev. Jason Lee, he joined a company of emigrants for Oregon. 
 They arrived the following spring after suffering many hardships 
 and privations, and only four of the eighteen who started camt; 
 through; the others becoming dissatisfied, dropped out of the com- 
 pany and went to New Mexicx). Mr. Holman being a carpenter by 
 trade, was immediately employed as mission carpenter. In 1843 
 
HISTOUY OK IMMKIKATION. 
 
 608 
 
 he took a claim aud fuimed uutil 1849; theu follovvetl the mercan- 
 tile business in Salem until 1853. In 1872 he was appointed one 
 of three commissioners on the new penitentiary and w»w also super- 
 intendent of the State capitol; he built the Cheniekete Hotel in 
 Salem. Married a missionary, Miss Almira Phelps, and had four 
 children, two of whom now live — (ieorge P., of Portland, and Mi-s. 
 J. H. Albert, of Salem. Mr. Ilolman was the founder of the 
 Pioneer Oil Mills of Salem. In 1875 he was married to Miss 
 Libbie Buss, ile died June 25, 1880. 
 
 1840. 
 
 ABERNETHY, GEORGE. 
 
 Born in New York City, in 1807, and resided there until 1839. 
 Set out for Oregon and arrived in May, 1840. For many years he 
 lived on the banks of the Willamette below Oregon City. He was 
 instrumental in bringing about the Provisional Government of Ore- 
 gon, and was chosen the first Governor, holding the position until 
 in 1849, when the Territorial Government was organized. Subse- 
 quently he became interestetl in large mercantile enterprises, nota- 
 bly in the large mills at Linn City (falls of the Willamette). Re- 
 sided in Portland for the last sixteen years of his life, dying in 
 May, 1877. 
 
 CLARKE, EMELINE. 
 
 Born in Lowville, New York ; married Rev. Harvey Clarke in 
 Independence, Missouri, in 1838. They set out for Oregon two 
 years later, to do missionary work among the Indians. They stopped 
 at Waiilatpu, upon their arrival in August, until the next year, 
 when they located at Tualatin, and eventually at Forest Grove. 
 Here they lived the most of their lives, excepting one year spent in 
 teaching at the Methodist Mission below Salem. Mr. Clarke died 
 in 1858; Mi-s. Clarke, August 1, 18H(). 
 
 COUCH, JOHN H. 
 
 Born in Newburj-port, Mass., February 21, 1811; became a 
 sailor and made many voyages during the years preceding 1839. 
 Entered the Columbia River in the spring of 1840 on board the 
 brig Maryland. Arrived again in the Willamette in 1843 in com- 
 mand of the brig C/ienamus, of Boston. Remained in this country 
 
604 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 and kept a store in Oregon City until 1845, in that year removing 
 to Portland and taking up a land claim which forms a large pait 
 of that city. Was appointed treasurer of the Provisional Govern- 
 ment of Oregon, but went to the Eastern States in 1847. In August, 
 1849, he arrived at Portland again in the bark Madonna^ of New 
 York. Locating permanently in Portland, he filled the positions 
 of county treasurer, county commissioner, pilot commissioner, port 
 warden, and U. S. inspector of hulls. Hecame very widely kn<)\vn 
 in the State. Died January 19, 1870. 
 
 JUDSON, LEONARD B. 
 
 Mr. Judson was-? one of the Methodist missionaries who came to 
 Oregon in 1840 in the ship Lausanne. He was l)orn in New York 
 State. He now reside;? in Salem. To use his own words: "Isaw- 
 the Willamette Valley when it was a wilderness, peopled only by 
 wild Indians and the Hudson's Bay Company subjects; witnessed 
 the first Provisional Government in the new territory; saw Port- 
 land when its site was a dense ])ody of timber; saw Oregon City 
 when only the log cabin of a single trader was there; saw Salem 
 wlien only two bu'ldings were up, and the whole valley above was 
 but a trackless wilderness, roamed over by the red man ; lived the 
 first year on boiled wheat slicked over with Hudson's Bay molasses, 
 strong enough to go alone, with an occasional cake made of fif)ur 
 ground in the coffee mill." 
 
 NAVLOR, T. G. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1814; he was one of the oldest pioneers of 
 Oregon, and one of the earliest settlers of Foi-est Grove, Washing- 
 ton County, where he fanned for an occupativHi. lie married 
 Catharine Storey in 1853, and their children mmiher six, four sons 
 and two daughters. Mr. Naylor died in 1872. 
 
 PARRISH, JOSIAH L. 
 
 Of all the ol<l settlers of Oregon none commander a greater share 
 of respect than the oubject of this sketch, nor has any indixidual 
 accumulated a greater amount of experience and knowledge of 
 this State. Mr. Parrish came to Oregon as an assistant to the 
 Methodist Missionary Board, and continued the work of evangeliz- 
 ing the Indians for nearly twenty years. He was born in Onon- 
 
■H?ff 
 
 HISTORT OF IMMIGllATION. 
 
 (i()5 
 
 daga County, New York, iu 18(»H, a id is of Dutch and Eui^dish 
 extraction. He was taught the blacksmith's trade, and being a 
 member of the Methodist Ckurcli, and gifted with a desire to 
 proselytize, he became local preacher for that sect iu Alleghany 
 County, New York. The Methodist Missionary Board, ac will be 
 seen by a reference to previous pages, was intent up forming an 
 establKiiment in Oregon, and in 1S.S9 Mr. Parrish vol-i.itetred his 
 services, and set out for Oregon with the missioiijiry fimily 
 organized by the Rev. Jastui Lee, and set sail for Oregon in 1h;?9, 
 in the ship Lausanne, Captain Josiah Spauldiug. The missionary 
 force consisted of the following persons : Rev. Jason Lee and wife ; 
 Rev. J. H. Frost, wife and child ; Rev. Gustavus Hines, wife and 
 child ; Rev. William Kone and \vife ; Rev. Alvan F. Waller, wife 
 and two children ; Dr. J. V. Richmond, wife and four children ; 
 Dr. Ira F. Babcock, wife and child ; George Abernethy (mission 
 steward), wife and two children ; W. W. Raymond (farmer) and 
 wifv' ; Henry I^. Brewer (farmer) and wife ; Lewis H. Judson 
 (cai)inet-maker), wife and three children ; Josiah \j. Parrish 
 (blacksmith), \vife and three children ; .fames Alley (carpenter) ; 
 Hamilton Campbell (cai'penter), wife and child ; Misst^s Maria T. 
 Ware, Chloe A. Clark, Elmira Phillips and Almira Phelps, 
 (teachers) ; Orpha Lankton (stewardess), and Thomjis Adams 
 (Indian boy). The above came safely around Cape Horn and 
 located first at the old mission near :he present town of Wheat- 
 land. There, for thi-ee years, Mr Parrish performed the black- 
 smithing, and was then appointed missionary to the Indians at the 
 Clatsop Plains, and staid there three years. Then returning to the 
 valle;y he became preacher to the circuit which extended fi'om 
 Portland to Corvallis, performing these iluties in conjunction with 
 Rev. David Leslie and Dr. W. H. Willson. In 1847 and succeed- 
 ing years he preached in the west side circuit, and for a time in 
 Portland. In 1849 he received the appointment of sub-Irulian 
 agent from President Taykn", and served for five years, or until 
 1854. He was thus the first regularly appointed Indian agent in 
 Oreg<m, the circle of his duties extending to all parts of the then 
 Oregon. In 1 854 President Pierce extended his appointment, but 
 owing to ill-health he was comj)elle(l to resign. In 1855 he be- 
 came a misiiionary among the Indians, and visited many tribes, 
 
 
 
 ■■ -^i 
 
 ;:tl 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 AM 
 
 i ' ■ 
 
 \. 
 
 n 
 
 
 i.y 
 
806 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ministenng particularly at the Grand Ronde Agency. For three 
 or four subsequent years he rode a circuit and preached, in widely 
 varying localities ; but owing to ill-health he was compelled to 
 retire from active duties, and settled at Salem, his pi-esent home. 
 Mr. Parrish is regarded as one of the best informed individuals, as 
 regards Oregon history, that is to be found ; and his statements in 
 all things reflect the candid and straightforward mind of an 
 honest gentleman. His recollections cover an interesting and 
 extended period in the State's history, and his evidence is indis- 
 pensable to any one who would seek to obtain an accurate knowl- 
 edge of the events of early years. 
 
 SMITH, ALVIN T. 
 
 Mr. Smith was born in Connecticut in 1802, and now, at' the age 
 of four-score and two yeai-s, is still a hale man, living out the latter 
 years of a long and varied life in the town of Forest Grove. Mr. 
 Smith left Illinois for Oregon in 1840, the year of his marriage. 
 His principal occupation has been farming, at which he has been 
 very successful and has accumulated wealth. 
 
 1841. 
 
 BUXTON, HENRY. 
 
 Bom on the Red River, British North America, six miles north 
 of the United States line, in October, 1829. He arrive<l in Oregon 
 in 1841, coming with the famous Red River immigration of that 
 year. He now lives at Forest Grove and cultivates a farm. Has 
 eleven children, and has been a resident of Washington county fin- 
 forty -two years. The political significance of the Red River immi- 
 gration has been elsewhere touched upon, but Mr. Buxton has con- 
 tributed the following facts jvs to its actual experiences : '^Phe parties 
 composing the expedition numl)ere<l some sixty, and were mostly of 
 mixed blood — English, Indian, Scotch, and P^-ench. The Icadci- 
 was James Sinclair. They set out under an agreement with tlic 
 Hudson's Bay Company to remove from their habitations in British 
 North America to Puget Sound, there to engage in agricultural 
 pursuits upon land to be set apart for them, and they were to liave 
 houses specially prepared against their arrival. They came l)y wa}' 
 of Fort Pitt and the Saskatchewan valley to Forts Carlton ami 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 607 
 
 Edmonton, cro.ssing the Saskatchewan and Aasiniboine, and sur- 
 mounting the Rocky Mountains at Devil's Pass, so-called, at the 
 head of Red Deer River. These were i-outes never before traveled, 
 and of course abounded in difficulties. They had set out with carts 
 drawn by animals, but abandoned these and resorted to packing 
 when at the eastern foot of the Rockies. Coming by way of Lake 
 Pend d'Oreille and crossing the rivers Flat Bow, Spokane and Snake 
 (at Riparia), they struck the Columbia near Foit Walla Walla, and 
 proceeded down it to near theii- objective point. The colony, however, 
 did not succeed. The lands were found to be unsuitable, and ([uite 
 disadvantageous in comparison with the fruitful jilains of the Wil- 
 lanu^tte; so, while a portion of the colony tried faithfully to carry 
 out their agreement, the most of them drifted off to other sections, 
 mostly choosing the Willamette valley as their abod<^ wh«nv a few 
 survivors may yet be found, amaltrfiniated with the American pop- 
 idation, and identified with tht *>\ community of tastes and 
 interests. =-, 
 
 JOHNSON, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Washington Territory in 1839; is of I'^nglish pui 'utage. 
 Came with his parents to Oregon when two years of age. I- a 
 farmer, and a resident of Glencoe, Washington Count\ *He luav 
 ried Miss Nancy Smitli, a native of Oregon, in 1866, at"! they have 
 eight children. 
 
 WILLIAMS, SAMUEL. 
 
 Re^iides one mile cast of Hillsboro, and is a farmer -ccupa- 
 
 tion. He was born in Missouri in 18.'53; came to Oregon at a very 
 early day and settlwl in Washington county on the place where he 
 still lives. He married Ann E. Jolly in 1866, and their children 
 are Eliza J Amaiuhi M., William W., and Frank. 
 
 • •.,;! 
 
 i ;i 
 
 i.t 
 
 1842. 
 CRAWFORD, MEDOREM. 
 
 Born in Or. nge County, New York, June 24, 1S19. In early 
 life was apprenticed to a farmer in Seneca County, with whom he 
 lived from his thirteenth to his sixteenth year. Left his home in 
 Havana, Sduiyler County, on March 17, 1842, boinul for Oregon. 
 His route of travel \v.d through Seneca Lake, Lake Erie, Pittsburg, 
 
608 
 
 HISTOilY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Cincinnati, St. Louis and Independence, and the trip is well 
 described in his Occasional Address to the Association of Pioneers, 
 delivered on June 15, 1881. On his arrival in Oregon, the young 
 traveler located at Salem, and taught the Mission School for nine 
 months. In the following year he married Miss Brown, and pur- 
 chased an interest in James A. O'Neil's claim, covering the present 
 town of Wheatland, where he resided imtil the fall of 1 844. At 
 the Wheatland farm, in January, 1844, his oldest son was born, 
 being the first male child of American parentage born on the west 
 side (<f the Willamette River. In April, 1845, he removed to 
 Oregon City, where he resided for seven years, engaged in trans- 
 porting merchandise and produce around the Willamette Falls. 
 He was a member of the Provisional Legislature in 1847, during 
 which session the Whitman massacre occurred, and again, in 184^), 
 the last session under the Provisional government. In 1852 he 
 removed to the moi.th of the Yamhill river, and settled permanently 
 on the "Joe McLoughlin claim," one of the earliest settled farms 
 in the valley, to which he subsequently acquired a patent under the 
 Donation Law. He was elected to the first State Legislature, but 
 wsis counted out by partisan opponents; wjis again elected in 186i), 
 and tool^ an active part in the election of Oregon's first Republican 
 Senator, Col. E., D. Baker. He visited his father in New York, in 
 1861, and on returning westward, across the plains, was taken into 
 government service and made Jissistant to Captain Maynadier, U. S. 
 A., who commanded the emigrant escort. In the following year he 
 went East again, and received fi'oin President Lincoln the appoint- 
 ment of assistant quartermaster, with the rank of captain, and was 
 ordered west, to organize, arm and e<£uip one hundred men, and to 
 proceed westward, across the Rocky Mou i ains for the purpose of 
 assisting and protecting the emigrants. The company performed 
 that duty throughout the scjison, and \\(ii"e disbanded at Walla 
 Walla in October, 1862. Returning Kast again, in 186.'}, he, for 
 the third time, crossed the plains westward in charge of emigrants, 
 and in the next year resigned his commission. President liincolu 
 then conferred upon him the appointment ot collector of internal 
 revenue, which Captain Crawford held for five years. In 1H71 he 
 was appointed by President Grant appraiser of merchandise for tlu' 
 port of Portland. This office he administered also for about Hvf 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGKATIOW. 
 
 «09 
 
 years, retiring, in 1876, to his farm on the Yamhill, where he has 
 since resided. Mrs. Crawford died, May 20, 1879, and in the fol- 
 lowing year he married Mrs. E. Burrows. His children, all of 
 whom are by the first wife, are: Medorem, Frederick A., Mary E. 
 (Mrs. H. C. Stevens), John M., Albert, and Henrietta. Medorem, 
 Jr. (who, as before mentioned, was born at Wheatland), was, in 
 1862, appointed by President Lincoln to West Point, and without 
 other educational advantages than the then primitive schools of 
 Oregon afforded, passed his examination and was admitted as a 
 cadet. Graduating with honor, in 1867, he took rank as lieutenant 
 in the Second Artillery, where he still remains. 
 
 HOLMAN, GEORGE P. 
 
 Born in Salem, Oregon, in 1842, being the fourth white person 
 born in the State. Represented Marion County in the Legislature 
 in 1870. 
 
 LOVEJOY, ASA L. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts, March 14, 1808; came to Oregon in 
 1842; was an attorney by occupation; died at Portland, September 
 11, 1882. Wife's previous name, Elizabeth McGary. Children — 
 Ada M. (deceased), Amos L., Elizabeth M., Nellie, and William R. 
 
 McKAY, CHARLES. 
 
 Was born at sea of Scotch parents in 1808; lived at Winnipeg 
 where he was married to Letitia Bird in 1827; in 1841 went to 
 Washington Territory, remaining at Steilacoom one year; then 
 came to Oregon and settled at Glencoe, Washington County, where 
 his family yet reside, farmers by occupation. His children's names 
 are — Charles, Mrs. Elliott and Mrs. Plumey. Mr. McKay is de- 
 ceased. 
 
 MATTHIEU, FRANCIS XAVIER. 
 
 Born in Canada in 1818 and removed to New York in 1838 
 from political reasons, having been one of the insurrectionary party 
 in 1837-38. He became clerk for the American Fur Company, and 
 made two trips to the Rocky Mountains in 1840-41. He entered 
 Oregon in 1842 and settled among the Canadian-French inhabitants 
 of the northern part of Marion County. His presence among them 
 
 W] 
 
'I 
 
 1 1 'jl 
 
 610 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 was useful to the American cause, for hi" influence was thrown in 
 favor of republican principles and movements. Contemporary 
 writers have spoken of F. X. Matthieu in terms of giatitude and re- 
 spect. He was, doubtless, the most influential of the people of that 
 nativity in Oregon. Reserved in the State Legislature in 1874 and 
 1878; and in the Cayuse war was deputy quai-termaster. Resides 
 now on his original donation claim one and a half miles south of 
 Butteville. Married, in 1844, Rosa Ossaug, who bore him seven 
 sons and seven daughters. His occupations have been farming and 
 merchandising, and for twenty yeare he was in trade at Butteville. 
 
 MOSS, SIDNEY W. 
 
 Born in Bourbon County, Kentucky. Came t<^ Oregon in 
 September, 1842. Residence, Oregon City, and occupation, stone- 
 cutter. Mr. M<1 ^' first wife's name was Rebecca Taylor, and the 
 second, Dorcas Richardson. Their children were — Sarah E., 
 Catharine M., Alfred, William H. H., Sidney, John M., Walter S., 
 Henrie Lenora, Volney C, and Charles P. — of whom the firet five, 
 and the last named, are deceased. 
 
 WESTON, DAVID. 
 
 Born in Indiana, July 4, 1820 ; removed to Arkansas in 183f) ; 
 set out for Oregon in 1841, but had to winter in Missoun, and 
 during the next year arrived in this State. Mr. Weston was a 
 blacksmith, and after his arrival worked at that trade for T. J. 
 Hubbard, in the Willamette Valley, who had come here with 
 Captain Wyeth. He took up a land claim adjoining Dr. Newell's, 
 on the Willamette, where his family yet reside. In 1847 he be- 
 came a soldier in the Cayuse war, attaining the rank of lieutenant. 
 
 1843. 
 
 APPLEGATE, CHARLES. 
 
 Born in Henry County, Kentucky, January 24, 1806 ; removed 
 to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1820. Married in 1829 to Miss Melinda 
 Miller. Set out with his brothers, Jesse and Lindsay, for Oregon 
 in the memorable year 1843. Settled in Polk County, and le- 
 mained there until 1860, when he removed to Yoncalla, Douglujs 
 County, and resided there until his death, August 9, 1879. 
 
IMF 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 611 
 
 APPLEGATE, JESSE A. 
 
 Bom in Missouri in 1835 ; came to Oregon with the world- 
 famous party led by his relatives, Charles, Jesse and Lindsay 
 Applegate, in 1843. Has lived at various points in the valley. 
 Studied law with the firm of Wilson <fe Harding, at Salem, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1864. Was married in 1863 to Vii'ginia 
 Watson. Their children are — Glendower, McClellan and Erie. 
 Mr. Applegate was superintendent of schools for Polk County in 
 1863-64, and member of the Legislature in 1865-66. Residence, 
 Salem. 
 
 APPLEGATE, LINDSAY. 
 
 Bom in Henry County, Kentucky, September 18, 1808; his 
 family settled near St. Louis, Missouri, in 1820, and about three 
 years later he joined General Ashby's fur company, and participated 
 in an expedition into the country of the hostile Indians. Return- 
 ing to St. Louis he was married in 1831 to Elizabeth Miller. He 
 served in the Black Hawk war. Set out for Oregon in May, 1843, 
 and settled in Polk County. The expedition of the above year 
 was, probably, the most important of all the movements of tbri 
 sort whose direction was to this State, and Lindsay Applegate, 
 with his brothers, Charles and Jesse, were the moving spirits 
 therein. Its details are elsewhere set forth. In 1844 Lindsay 
 Applegate served Jis a member of the first organized company of 
 soldiers designed to protect the infant settlements from the invasion 
 of hostile Indians. In 1846 he, with Jesse Applegate, sought out 
 the Southern Immigrant Route, by which, in that year, a con- 
 siderable number of pioneers entered this State. In 1848 he went 
 to California by land, and returned during the same year by 
 water. In 1850 he joined General Lane in pursuit of the deserting 
 regulars from Vancouver. In the same year he served as special 
 Indian agent under Gen. Palmer. Commanded, in 1853, a com- 
 pany of volunteers who enlisted to combat the Rogue River tribes, 
 but was not in action. In 1859 he purchased the toll road leading 
 from Northern California to Southern Oregon, and went to reside 
 on the Siskiyou Mountains. In 1861 he was chosen captain of a 
 volunteer company, whose object was to protect incoming immi- 
 grants, and set out to patrol the southern route from Klamath 
 
 W'l 
 
 w ^ 
 
 't 
 
612 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 eastward. Was a member of the Legislature of Oregon in 1862, 
 and was likewise special Indian agent. Served at Klamath, as 
 such, until 1869. Kesides at Ashland, Jacksim County. 
 
 ARTHUR, DAVID. 
 
 Born m Kentucky, in 1843 ; lived mainly in Missouri, and 
 joined the emigi'ation of 1843, with his parents, William and 
 Millie Arthur, to cross the continent with the Applegate party. 
 Settled in Yamhill County, near McMinnville. Lived afterwards 
 in Lane County. Married, in 1846, Mary J. Malone. Has family 
 of four living children — Sophronia G., Abbie E., Arcelia A., and 
 Eugene L. Mrs. Arthur, who also belonged to the aforesaid 
 party, died in 1879. Tlie family now reside in Salem. 
 
 BAKER, ANDREW J. 
 
 Born in North Carolina in 1820 ; went to Tennessee at the age 
 of twelve, and staid there three years ; spent the next six years in 
 Missouri ; came to Oregon in the memorable year 1843, and 
 settled in Yamhill County. In 1846 he made a trip to California, 
 but returned in 1849, having participated in the hostilities between 
 the Americans and Mexicans. Mr. Baker's present luldi'ess is 
 Lafayette, and his occupation is farming. Was married in 1857 
 to Miss Mary Lake, by whom he has had Charles, Annie, Rosa, 
 Alsa and Lina. 
 
 BAKER, JOHN G. 
 
 Bom in Hopkins County, Kentucky, in 1818. At the age of 
 nineteen he emigrated to Missouri. Two years later he married 
 Catherine Blevins, the mother of his present family of four children 
 — William D., Morgan A., Mary A., and Aville L. He set out 
 with his family for Oregon along with the important immigration 
 of 1843. With the party were one hundred and twelve wagons 
 drawn by oxen, making a very imposing train, which was six 
 months on the way, and obtained all the usual experiences attend- 
 ant upon that long and arduous journey. Arriving in Oregon, Mr. 
 Baker became the first settler between "the two Yamhills." In the 
 early years of his residence he was troubled somewhat by the dep- 
 redations of mischievous Indians, who killed his stock and made 
 themselves detested and feared. Mr. Baker, unwilling to endure 
 
 SI 
 
 vi 
 
 tht 
 
 tiv 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 613 
 
 Huch ills, raised a company of volunteers and pursuing the ravagers 
 gained a decisive victory over them, killing two of the miscreants 
 and removing from the others any further desire to V)rave the white 
 man's wrath. Mr. B. became sheriff of Yamhill County under the 
 Provisional Government. This position he held for four years, and 
 when the Territorial (xovernment wa« organized by General Lane, 
 his appointment was continued for an additional term of two years. 
 While performing the duties of sheriff in the new and unorganized 
 region, he gained many unique experiences. For example: He 
 narrates how, when in charge of the first jury impanelled at Lafay- 
 ette, he asked instructions of the presiding judge iis to where he 
 should take them to deliberate, the judge replied with a touch of 
 humor liorn of much experience with domestic animals, " Stake out 
 the foreman, and I guess the others will stay around." This learned 
 judge was A. A. Skinner, a very useful and careful judge and, 
 withal, an exemplary citizen, who became Indian agent at a later 
 date, and was for a time settled in Rogue River Valley on the tirst 
 donation claim ever taken in that beautiful region. In 1 852 one 
 McCormack was tried, found guilty and sentenced to three years' 
 imprisonment for an infamous crime. The ti'ial occurred at Lafay- 
 ette, and from lack of either a county jail or a State penit^ntiaiy, 
 the judge remanded the convict to the care of the sheriff, to l)e kept 
 until the county commissioners could meet and make provision foi- 
 his imprisonment. Private instructions were given that in case the 
 commissioners did not act, that the prisoner should be allowed to 
 take French leave. This coiu'se was folic »wed and the guilty man 
 escaped. Such was the coiu'se of justice in the early <lays, where 
 the absence of courts and the machineiy of the law made it impos- 
 sible to properly punish crime. Mr. Baker now resides at McMinu- 
 ville. He is the proprietor of a square mile of valuable land, in 
 the immediate vicinity of the town, of the richest and most produc- 
 tive quality. 
 
 li 
 
 ; i 
 
 BROWN, ORUS. 
 
 Born in 1800; came from Missouri to Oregon. J^ocated a 
 donation land claim a mile north of Forest Grove. Returned to 
 Missouri in 1845, and brought his family to Oregon in 1846. 
 Resided in Washington County for twenty years, then removing to 
 Salem, and lived there until 1874. Died May 5, 1874. 
 
su 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 CARY, CYRENE B. (TAYLOR). 
 
 Was born in Richmonil City, Virginia, July 24, 1815. "My 
 parents moved to Christian County, Kentucky, when I was three 
 years old. There I married Miles Cary in 1831, and moved to 
 Missouri in 1834, where we remained until 1843, when we started 
 to Oregon. We started with plenty of provisions and took in 
 three men on the plains that had been turned off by others, but 
 still we had plenty. Had no trouble, only sickness and the death 
 of a little daughter three years old, at Fort Bridger. Had a false 
 Indian alarm, when Fremont came up with the American flag. 
 Wome of the men were without bullets. While the men corralled 
 the cattle, Mrs. Andrew Hembree and myself run bullets. Mr. 
 Gray came to our wagon to borrow a gun. My husband told him 
 he could have mine; I said, 'No you can not have my gun, for 1 
 am going to fight for my little ones and need my gun.' My 
 husband said I had better get in the wagon and put the feather 
 beds around the children and myself so the arrows would not hit 
 us; I told him I could not do that, for we had better be killed than 
 taken prisoners. But just as we were ready for battle, the word 
 came that it was Fremont's company. When we arrived at tLe 
 Hudson's Bay post on the Columbia River, we left our cattle in 
 the care of a man there, until the next summer. My husband 
 worked for Dr. McLoughlin, at Oregon City, until the next June, 
 when we moved uji to Yamhill County, and took up a claim and 
 began farming. For a new country that was inhabited by Indians, 
 and so few white people, we fared exceedingly well. The first 
 winter there were but three settlers on the north side of the 
 Yamhill river; two of them were bachelors — Di'. Sittpn and Mr. 
 Paul. A negro girl I brought with me and myself were the only 
 women on that side of the river, and no way to cross only foot 
 logs. We sent for our cattle, bought some pigs and chickens from 
 a man on Sauvie's Island, in the Willamette River. We then 
 made plenty of butter and cheese. We had to go to Oregon City 
 for our flour and groceries. Some wore moccasins for lack of 
 shoes. The men wore buckskin pants. The women could get 
 clothing from Vancouver or Oregon City by paying for it. We 
 had no more trouble with the Indians than we could expect; I 
 was frightened worse than hurt many times; but I look back now 
 
^nsTORV OK IMMIOKATION. 
 
 (Jin 
 
 It was a higher 
 
 and wonder how we ever escaped as we did. 
 power than ours that protected iis. Von asked me what our 
 provisions connisted of. We had beef, vt^nison and elk, sugar, 
 coffee, Itutter, clieese and V)vead. There were no fruits heiv at that 
 time. I have V)een a widow since 1858. My husband died on 
 Sept/ember 2<ith of that year. I have tluee children living — J. J. 
 Gary, W. B. Cary and M. Ettie Gary. 1 live in Lafayette, 
 Yamhill Gounty." 
 
 CASON, ADONIRAM J. 
 
 Born in Richmond, Virginia, November 27, 1829; came to 
 Oregon in 1848. Occupation, farmer; residence, Oregon Gity. 
 Wife's previous name, Eliza J. Glover. Ghildren, Katie E., Honor 
 J., George L., VVilhelmina (deceased), Ada J., and Gharles L. 
 
 CASON, FENDAL C. 
 
 Born near Richmond, Virginia. Was a farmer by occupation, 
 and died near Oregon Gity in 1S«>(). Wife's previous name was 
 Rebecca R. Holliday. Ghildren — Francis G. (deceased), Rebecca 
 R. (deceased), William A. (deceased), Adoniram J., James P., John 
 L. (deceased), Joseph H. (deceased), and Benjamin F. (deceased). 
 
 CAVE, REV. JAMES. 
 
 Game to Oregon in 1843; he ha<l entered the ministry when 
 quite young, and prea^jhed forty, years. He died in Washington 
 County, in 1868. 
 
 CAVE, RILEY. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1841 ; came with his parents to Oregon. 
 Was educated at the Pacific University. Has served fourteen years 
 as justice of the peace at Hillsboro, his present residence. Is now 
 a dealer in hardwai'e, also practices the blacksmith's trade. Mar- 
 ried Miss Malinda Boyd in 186(), and l>y her has four children — 
 LiUie M., James W., Gharles M., and Lottie B. 
 
 COZINE, SAMUEL. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1821; came across the plains to Oregon. 
 After his arrival he lived in Oregon Gity two years ; then moved to 
 Yamhill County and settled on the land where the McMinuville Col- 
 
 
616 
 
 HI6TOBT or WILLAMBTTS VALLET. 
 
 I ' i: 
 
 lege now stands; he still owns part of the claim. Married Mies 
 Mahala Arthur in 1845, and has had eight children, five of whom 
 are deceased. The living are — Lucretia, Pleasant, and Auburn L. 
 Mr. Cozine is a blacksmith by occupation, and lives at McMinnville. 
 Owns one hundred and seventy -five acres of land and city property. 
 
 Came 
 
 EMERICK, SOLOMON. 
 
 Born in Montgomery County, Ohio, November 30, 1821. 
 across the plains with Peter H. Burnett's company. With James 
 Hayes went over the Cascade Falls in a thirty-foot canoe. In No- 
 vember, 1843, came into what was known as Tualatin County, now 
 Washuigton County, and has resided there since, farming most of 
 the time, and still owns a donation claim at Cornelius; was a vol- 
 unteer in the Cayuse war. Was married in June, 1845, to Miss 
 Luceta Zachary; has five children living and six deceased. The 
 living are — Thomas, John, David, Ellen, and Charles. 
 
 HiMBREE, W. C. 
 
 Is a farmer and merchant of McMinnville, Yamhill County. He 
 was born in Warren County, Tennessee, in 1829; moved to Mis- 
 souri in 1837; came to Oregon in 1843 and settled at Lafayette, 
 Yamhill County. Married Nancy A. Garrison in Yamhill County 
 in 1861, and their children's names are — Oscar L., Minnie E., Rosa 
 L., Carrie I., Walter L., Clark P., Nellie D., Eva G., and Maud. 
 
 HILL, ALMERAN. 
 
 Born in Chariton County, Missouri, in 1822; when he arrived 
 in Oregon he settled on what is now called " Spring Hill Farm," 
 near Dilly; two years later took a donation claim near Gaston, 
 Washington County, on which he still lives. Mr. Hill has had the 
 rough experience known only to the earliest pioneers of Oregon, 
 and can relate many instances regarding life among the Indians, 
 and the manners and customs of pioneer life, that are both startling 
 and amusing. He married Sarah J. Reed in 1841, and their 
 children's names are — Deantha, Frank M., Mrs. M. Campbell, Mrs. 
 T. Mooney, Mrs. H. Cowles, Mrs. S. J. Brisbine, and A. L. Hill. 
 
 HOLMAN, DANIEL S. 
 
 Born in Lincoln County, Tennessee, November 15, 1822. In 
 1829 went to Clay County, Missouri. In 1848 came to Oregon 
 
 m 
 Cc 
 
 ye 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 «17 
 
 and settled at Forest Grove. His present residence is Helh'vue, 
 Yamhill County, and occupation, farming. He married Martha E. 
 Burnett in Polk County, August 21, 1847, and their children's 
 names are— William D., Woodford P., Glen ()., Lucretia M., Wil- 
 lis M. (deceased), Mary E., Charlie W., John E., Rowell L., and 
 Walter B. 
 
 W 5 
 
 HOLMES, WILLIAM L. 
 
 Born near Nashville, Tennessee, May 30, 1807; came to Oregon 
 in November, 1843; occupation, farmer. Was elected sheriff of 
 Clackamas County in 1844, and served eleven years. Married 
 Mary A. L. C. Williams, and had by her the following children — 
 Elizabeth J, (deceased), Minnie G., Samuel D. (decetised), Frances 
 E. (deceased), Mary L., William N. B. (deceased), Ennina A. 
 (deceased), and Theodore E. Mr. Holmes died in 1879, at his 
 at his residence. Rose Farm, near Oregon City. 
 
 HUCK, JAMES. 
 
 Mr. Huck was born in Ohio, in 1819; left that State twenty 
 years after, and located in Iowa; started overland to Oregon, with 
 the emigration of 1843, crossing the plains with Colonel Nesmith 
 and party. Two years' residence in Oregon being ended, he went 
 to California, and then to Mexico, and took part in the war of 
 1846. After a variety of experiences he returned in 1857 to Ohio 
 and married Miss Mary Jones, who, however, died a year later. 
 Mr. Huck's second wife was Miss Frances E. Albert. He returned 
 to Oregon again in 1875, and now resides in McMinnville. Mr. 
 Huck's life has been remarkable for its multiplicity of adventures 
 and incidents. His travels have been wide, and his experiences 
 remarkable. 
 
 LENNOX, DAVID T. 
 
 Born in New York in 1801 ; removed to Kentucky, and thence 
 in 1837 to Missouri. Settled in the Tualatin Plains, Washington 
 County, Oregon, and resided there for many years. Lived subse- 
 quently in Portland, and Umatilla County, dying there on Octo])er 
 19, 1874. Was a deacon in the Baptist church for more than forty 
 years. 
 
 U, 
 
 ■■i'. 
 
 ■ I* 
 
 
 l^r^i; 
 
 iVAi 
 
 
618 HISTORY OF tVILLAMETTlC A'ALLEY. 
 
 LENNOX, LOUISE. 
 
 Bom in in 1808; came to Oregon with her husband, 
 
 Judge Lennox, and settled on a farm in Washington County. She 
 became the mother of nineteen children. She died on November 
 16, 1879, h iving outlived her husband by several years. 
 
 McCARVER, MORTON M. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1807; after coming ro Oregon was com- 
 missary genei'al in the Rogue fiiver war, and held a number of 
 other public positions. His first wife's previi^us name wan Maiy 
 A. Jennings, and that of the second, Julia Backalow; his children 
 were — Thomas J., Mary A., Jennie, Elizabeth, .luiia, Dollie an<l 
 Ntiomi. Of these, Thomas .F., Julia and Dollie ai-e decea-sed. 
 
 McCLANE, J. B. 
 
 Is a native of Pennsylvania, and was born in 18'_M>. He left his 
 home in 1842 and went to Te.xas, and shortly aftei' to Iowa, and in 
 1843 set out for (.Oregon with th(: Applegatt-Nesraith party. In 
 early days Mr. McClane was engaged in flour milling and lumbei- 
 producing, and owned miilh in North Salem, which were among 
 the first of their kind. His occupation, also, included merchandis- 
 ing. He took part in the .'a^'use war, was the first postmaster of 
 Salem, holding the oflict- for several years preceding 18(11; was 
 county treasurer of Marion County in 1850-51, and has been prom- 
 inent in a variet)^ of ways. ( )f all the living male residents of 
 Salem, Mr. McClane came earliest. He married, in 1846, Miss 
 Helen C. Judson. There have been nine children, namely — George 
 F., Isabella, Louie (aeceaaed). Eva, Charles, James, Helen, Harold, 
 and John. 
 
 MAUZEx, WILLIAM. 
 
 Reside^ five miles northwest of Hillsboro, Washington County, 
 where he settled in 1845: is a farmer by occupation. He was ))orn 
 in Fleming County, Kentucky, in 181V>; married Eleanor Evans in 
 1847, and th(!ii' (ihildren are — Lucinda J., Thoma« A., Maria, Anna, 
 and Mary. 
 
 NESMITH, J. w. 
 
 Of all the early pioneers of Oregon, noue have becomt; more 
 widely known, and none hav* done wove to dt«erve celebrity, than 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 619 
 
 Mr. Nesmith. Through more than forty years his name and his 
 person have been familiar to the people of Oregon, who have come 
 in the lapse of time to regard his fame and that of the State as one 
 and the same. From the time of his arrival h6re, coming as he did 
 with the Applegate party in 1843, he has been a leader in enter- 
 prises and deeds demanding vigor of mind and body, and determin- 
 ation of spirit. He ivas the adjutant of the emigration of 1843, 
 and the list given in these pages of the names of his party was com- 
 piled by him in the pursuit of his official duties. His birthplace 
 was New Hampshire, and his ancestry of Scotch -English type. He 
 took a valiant part in the Cayuse war, as narrated elsewhere. Some- 
 what later Captain Nesmith, as he was then called, led an explor- 
 ing band southward through the dangerous Indian country of South- 
 ern Oregon, seeking for a practicable route to California. In the 
 Yakima war he served the country, having previously led a com- 
 pany of volunteers from the Willamette to the Rogue, in defence of 
 the settlers of Southern Oregon, and was present at the Lane treaty 
 of peace, in September, 1853. At a later date he entered upon 
 political life. He had, however, been judge of Oregon in 1845 
 under the Provisional Government. Subsequently, lie held many 
 high offices, culminating in his election as U. S. Senator, his col- 
 league being E. I). Baker, who fell at Ball's Bluff, in Virginia. His 
 conduct during the trying times of the civil war, when he stood up 
 manfully for the Union, is his best pa.«sport to fame. It is impos- 
 sible to give within the brief limits of a sketch like this, the names 
 and aates of all the offices he held, or all the services he rendered 
 to the people of the Northwest; but, to sum up all in a sentence, 
 it seems clear and indisputable that he has done more for Oregon 
 than any other Oi'eg(,»nian, and that he has attained an equal posi- 
 tion among the three greatest of them. Geu. Nesmith's residence 
 for many years was at Deny, Polk County, where he fanned on a 
 large scale and kept house in the old style of hospitality and wel- 
 come. As for his qualities of mind, he will be longest remembered 
 for his wit and strong sense of humoi-. He is of a border type of 
 mankind— -not refined, but masculine, forceful and strong in art and 
 expression. His "Stories and sayings gained a world-wide celebrity, 
 and rivaled Lincoln's in their appositeness and wit. 
 
 I- 
 
 -1 
 
 rli 
 
620 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 NEWBY, W. T. 
 
 Bom in McMinnville, Warren County, Tennessee, March 25, 
 1820; moved to Missouri in 1839, and came t« Oregon in 1843. 
 Lived for a short tfrrie at Oregon City. Founded the town of 
 McMinnville, Yamhill County, in 1855, naming it after his old 
 home. There were six settlers in that part of the valley on his 
 ari'ival in 1844. Some difficulty was experienced with the Indians, 
 who made raids upon the cattle. In 1853 Mr. Newl)y built a 
 grist-mill, and in 1854, a store. He held the office of assessor in 
 1848, and in 1870 that of State Senator. Married Miss Sarah J. 
 Gray, in 1841, having by her eight children — Luther A., Virginia, 
 Harrison C, Ollie, Emma, Martha A., Rosa Lee, and James B. 
 (deceased). Mr. Newby died October 22, 1884. 
 
 OWENS, THOMAS. 
 
 Born in Wales, July 4, 1813; in 1833, came to New York; in 
 1836, moved to Ohio, and in 1841, to Missouri. Two years later, 
 came to Oregon and settled at Lafayette, Yamhill County. His 
 present residence is at McMinnville, and occupation, farming and 
 stock-raising. He married Emiline Young, in Portland, Oregon, 
 December 25, 1850, and they have eight childi-en — Catharine K., 
 EUen E., James R., Thomas L., George, Evan, Mary E., and 
 Annie J. 
 
 SHADDEN, THOMAS. 
 
 Lives in McMinnville; was born 'n T^^nnessee; lived in Ar- 
 kansas and Missouri prior to coming to Oregon. He arrived in 
 the Willamette Valley, October 3, 1843. Was with Fremont in 
 the Mexican war; afterwards engaged in farming and stock-raising. 
 Man'ied Miss Martha Sumner in 1832; has had twelve children, 
 three of whom are living. 
 
 SITTON, N. R. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 182.5. Mr. Sitt^>n came to Oregon in 1843, 
 })y way <if Fort Hall. Sool after, taking uj) a residence in 
 Yamhill County, where he has since remained. His post-office 
 address is Carlton. Mr. Sitt(m was married in 1847 to Miss P. 
 Rogers, by whom he had Charles E., Wilbur, Hubert, Fred., and 
 Elbridge. The lady dying a1)out 1870, lie afterwards married 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 621 
 
 Mrs. Mary Laughlin, by whom he had issue, Ward, Pratt, and 
 Minnie. 
 
 STRAIGHT, HIRAM A. 
 
 Born in Washingtt)n County, New York, in 1814; arrived in 
 Oregon in December, 1843. Occupation, farmer ; present residence, 
 Oregon City. Wife's previous name, Susan La«swell. His chil- 
 dren are — Cyrus B., Mary, Jane, John, Hiram, and Julia. 
 
 WALDO, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in (xasconade County, Missouri, in 1832, and removing 
 with his parents to Orer^on, settled in Marion County. His father, 
 Daniel Waldo, attained great prominence in this State. He was 
 educated in part at the Willamette University, and studied law at 
 Salem under L. F. (irrover, in 1860, and was admitted to the bar 
 in 1863, was elected State Senator in 1880, and again in 1882, 
 and President of the Senate in 1885. Resides in Salem, 
 
 WALLER, O. A. 
 
 Is a resident of Salem. He was born in Oregon City, in 1843, 
 and is a son of the Reverend A. F. Waller, celebrated in the history 
 of the State. Salem has l)een his place of residence foi' many 
 years, the town consisting of a very few houses on his arrival. His 
 education was received at the Willatnette University; he is now a 
 gunsmith by occupation. In 1804, he was married to Miss Mary 
 Cham})erlain, >)y whom he him five children — Charlie A., Alpha, 
 Riley C, Albert B., and George C. 
 
 1844. 
 
 CASE, WILLIAM M. 
 
 Born in Randolph County, Indiana, in 1820. Set out for 
 Oregon with his family in 18 i2, but being compelled to delay his 
 progress, arrived here in December, 1844, having crossed the 
 plains with ox -teams in tlie ordinary manner of that date. He 
 settled with his family on a donation claim of six hundred and 
 forty acres, three miles south of Champoeg, Marion C/Ounty, where 
 he still resides. He went to the California mines in 1849, remain- 
 ing one sumnier. Held the office of county commissioner of 
 Marion County for eight years. Married Sarah A. PottiT in 1841. 
 
 li 5 
 
 \ 
 
 it 
 
•HfKWMVM 
 
 622 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Children — Mrs. Fanny Moreland, John N,, Mrs. M. E. Felt, Mrs. 
 Alice Borthwick, Mrs. Annie Hoyt, Mrs. Jane E. Croghan, Geo. 
 W., Elenora, and Ida Bell. Mrs. Case was born near Mount 
 Holly, New Jersey, January 17, 1822, but was reared to woman- 
 hood in Wayne County, Indiana. She died March 30, 1877. 
 
 EMBREE, C. D., 
 
 Of Dallas, Polk County, was born in Clark County, Kentucky, 
 in February, 180(5; in 1820 moved to Missouri; in 1844 started 
 across the plaias with a party of emigrants, with Colonel Ford, his 
 brother-hi-law, as captain. The party arrived at The Dalles late 
 in the fail of that year; in 1845 Mr. Enibree took up a claim in 
 Polk Cou'ity, upon which he now lives: his house was the second 
 built on La Creole Creek. He sat on the first grand jury held in 
 Polk County, the jury holding their consultation in the brush on 
 the creek. In 1846 he was elected sheriff and served over one 
 term of cou't and then resigned. In 1834, and while in Missom'i, 
 he married Miss Lucinda Fowler; they had six children, all of 
 whom are yet alive. Their names are — Thomas V. B., now a 
 physician in Corvallis, Mary I., Marcus A., Benton, Alice I., and 
 John B. Mrs. Embree died May 7, 1881, fi-om injuries received in 
 a fall. 
 
 FORD, NATHANIEL. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1795; reared in Kentucky; in 1844 came to 
 Oregon across the plains, and held the position of captain of the 
 emigrant train which he accompanied. He settled in Polk County 
 in 1845, and that county continued to be his home until his death. 
 In early times he was engaged in surveying, and at the time of the 
 Indian outbreak in 1855 was examining a line between California 
 and Oregon. Col. Ford held public offices in Missouri and served 
 several terriis in both houses of the Legislature of Oregon. Mar- 
 ried Miss Lucinda Embree in Missouri in 1820, and ten chihlren 
 were born to them, only two of whom are now alive, namely — 
 Josephine, who was the wife of James Boyle; and Sarah Burch, 
 both of whom live near Dixie, Polk County. Col. Ford died in 
 1870, and his wife in 1874. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 G23 
 
 ana 
 
 HAWLEY, J. H. 
 
 Born in Civnada in 1834, but was taken to Michigan at an early 
 age. He removed subsequently to Iowa and Missouri. His parents 
 came to Yamhill County, Oregon, in 1 844, and their son worked 
 upon his father's farm until 1857, when he removed to Polk County 
 and entered upon merchandising at Bethel. Was justice of the 
 peace fi'ora 1862 to 1808. Was Representative in the Legislature 
 of 1882. Married Miss Eliza Mulkey in 1857. Their children are 
 — Horace G., May, William H., Curtis, Constance, Luke, and 
 Maud. Mr. Hawley is now occupied in farming, and is also a grain 
 dealer. 
 
 HINMAN, ALANSON. 
 
 Mr. Hinman also belongs to the band of immigrants known as 
 the Ford company, who crossed the plains in 1844. He had then 
 reached the age of twenty-tw^o yeai's, and was a native of Chenaugt) 
 County, New York. His earliest work in Oregon was teaching 
 school iu the Salem Institute, the precursor of the Willamette 
 University. He stayed here two years, and in 1847 went to The 
 Dalles aiid took charge of the missionary station there as secular 
 agent, that being an outpost of Whitman's station at Waiilatpu. 
 This wtis shortly before the Whitman massacre. The occurrence 
 of that dreadful tragedy was unknown to Mr. Hinman, whose first 
 intimation of wdiat had occui-red wa'^ given him on a ro^v-boat in 
 which he wiis pioceediug to Vancouver. The messenger who 
 carried the tidings had acc(>mpanie(l him, jui-i on the way disclosed 
 his secret. Mr. Hinman i-eturned from Vancouver as quickly as 
 possible to the a.ssistance of Ihl wife, but, fortunately, found mat- 
 ters at The Dalhs in the same condition 'is he left them. The 
 situation, however, was critical. The Witscoes, who inhabitetl the 
 country round about, were not to be depdided on to protect the 
 white occupants, who were few and unable to protect themselves. 
 The Indians ri-fused t<.> assist in the departure of Mr. Hinman and 
 his fi'iends, until he hit upon the ruse of telling r.hem that the 
 white i»eople of Oregon would hold them responsible for any harm 
 that migiit result from an invtjsion by the hostile Cayuses. Upon 
 this the ^^'Ju^coes, in alarm, offered their sei'vices to assist the 
 mission party awa) , and the whites immediately left the dangerous 
 
 
 11.'/ 
 
 [> ti 
 
 . 'I 
 ■ . f 
 
 i , I ' 
 
 ■f 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
624 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLBT. 
 
 locality. The names of the white occupants of The Dalles station 
 were, Mr. Hinman, wife and children; Mrs. McKinney, Miss War- 
 ren (sister of Henry Warren, of Yamhill, and afterwards married 
 to Mr. White), and Perrin Whitman, nephew of Dr. Marcus Whit- 
 man. Soon after these occurrences, Mr. Hinman moved with his 
 family to what is now Washington County^ and located on a claim 
 nine miles from Forest Grove, and stayed thereupon until about 
 1855, when he removed to Forest Grove, and has since remained 
 there. His occupations have been farming, dealing in live-stock, 
 and merchandising. For six years he served as collector of 
 customs at Astoria. Has been a member of the State assembly. 
 Is now a merchant in Forest Grove. Has a family of six children. 
 Mrs. Hinman (born Miss Gferrish) came with the Gilliam immigra- 
 tion in 1844. 
 
 HOLDEN, HORACE. 
 
 Bora in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, July 10, 1810. Re- 
 sided in various localities, in early life; followed the sea for a time; 
 turned sugar planter in the Sandwich Islands. After many adven- 
 tures, came to Oregon in April, 1844. (See page 285.) Resides 
 now three miles north of Salem on an extensive farm. He was 
 married in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1836. His childen are — 
 Horace, Eugene, Ellen, Isabelle, and Theodore. 
 
 HOOVER, JACOB. 
 
 Born in Green County, Kentucky, in 1814; lived in Indiana, 
 Illinois, and Missouri prior to his anival in Oregon. His first place 
 of residence in this State was near Glencoe, Washington County. 
 His present residence is one mile south of Glencoe, and occupation 
 farmer. He has been a constant resident of Washington County 
 for forty years, and, with the exception of four years spent as county 
 treasurer, has remained on his farm. He married Malinda Cave in| 
 1843, and their children's names are — Thomas, Jackson, Jacob, 
 Harriet, and Lucretia. 
 
 JOHNSON, DANIEL. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1812; moved to New York and after- 
 wards to Indiana; left then in 1844, and coming to Oregon brought 
 cattle with him and located in Yamhill Coimty and began faiming. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 625 
 
 Has spent the subsequent years in the same pursuit with good re- 
 sults. Has always been one of the principal farmers of the West 
 Side. Married in 1844 to Elsina Perkins, and has had Hall, Me- 
 lissa, Anna, Lilian, J. P., Effie, G. D., Jennie G., and Minnie 
 Maud. Residence, Lafayette. 
 
 JOHNSON, DAVID. 
 
 Lives in Independence, Polk County, and is a farmer. Was born 
 in North Carolina in 1815; came to Oregon from Missouri in an 
 early day and settled in Polk Coimty; took a donation claim. He 
 was married in 1840 to Miss Araminta Thorp; by her had two 
 children — Angelina, and Richard M. She died in 1849, and in 
 1854 he married Mrs. L. Webb; by her he had two children — 
 Anna and John — both now deceased. 
 
 JOHNSON, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1814; moved to New York and resided 
 there until twenty -two; lived in Indiana six years. Married Juliet 
 Perkes in 1 83V), and they have the following children — Burr, Juliana, 
 Wright W., Viola, Julia, James K., Augustus, Ellen, and Clara. 
 Resides in Lafayette, having retired from his occupation of farming, 
 but is still a large land owner, possessing several hundred acres in 
 Yamhill County besides town lots. 
 
 McDANIEL, ELISHA P. 
 
 Born on the Cumberland River, in Kentucky, in January, 1824; 
 reared to manhood in that State and Illinois, and set out for the 
 Pacific Coast in 1844. Settled first in Yamhill, but removed in 
 1845 to Polk County, where he still remains, at his residence near 
 Independence. Married in 1846 to Miss L. J. Carmack, a native 
 of Tennessee. Their children numbered nine, named AVilliam, 
 Joseph, Lane, John, Elisha, S. J., J. D., Robert E., and S. P. Mr. 
 McDaniel's occupations liave included farming and stock-raising, 
 which latter pursuit he carries on in Yakima County, W. T. He 
 saw rough servi(!e in the Cayuse war, and on the discovery of gold 
 in California visited that country twice. 
 
 MINTO, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Wylam, Northumberland, England, in October, 1822; 
 came to Oregon " with Americans and as an American " across the 
 
 1 ■ j 
 
 ^I'i 
 
 u 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 t ■ 
 
 i ■' 
 ,1; 
 
626 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMKTTB VALLEY. 
 
 plains, in 1844, and settled at the old mission, near Wheatland. 
 On July 7, 1847, he married Martha Ann Mon-ison, a native of 
 Montgomery County, MisHouri, born December 17, 1831, the 
 (laughter of K. W. Morrison, also an emigrant of 1844. Mt. Morri- 
 son was one of the captains in Gilliam's overland trains, and served 
 in the Cayuse war, and afterwards represented Clatsop, Tillamook, 
 and Yamhill in the Legislature, Mr, and -Mrs. Minto reside now 
 five miles south of Salem. Their children were — John Wilscm^ 
 Mary Ellen, Robert Burns, William Ji'sper, Irwin, Douglas, Harry 
 Percy, and May. Of these, Robert Biuris, Irwin, and May, are de- 
 ceased. Mr. Minto's seivices to the State have been very great, and 
 his standing as an old pioneer is hardly second to any one. He has 
 always been regarded as an authority on Oregon's history. He has 
 held several civil offices of importance. 
 
 MOORE, M. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1820; moved to Indiana when eight years old; 
 and later to Illinois. In 1844 left for Oregon, coming by ox-train, 
 and landed in Tualatin County. Occupation, farmer and black- 
 smith, residing in Hillsboro, Washington County. Was married 
 in 1847 to Mary McWilliams. Their children's names are — Sarah 
 J., Robert S., William E., Lucy E., Edward W., Ralph A., and 
 John M. 
 
 NEAL, OLDAY. 
 
 Born in Tennessee in 1802, and married at the ag^' of twenty- 
 one, to Jane Adams, by whom he had two children — Robert and 
 William. He came to Oregon in 1844, crossing the plains, and 
 some time after purclia.sed a farm of six hundred acres in Marion 
 County. He married his second wife while in this State. Their 
 children were — Elvira, Phtebe, Melinda, Moses, and Jesse. Mr. 
 Neal possesses property in Montana Territory and resides there a 
 part of the time. 
 
 NELSON, GEORGE S. 
 
 Born in Cox County, Tennessee, July 20, 1801. Mr. Nelson 
 left that State in his eighteenth year for Missouri and there re- 
 mained imtil 1844, when he set out for Oregon, accompanied by a 
 large concourse of fellow travelers, whose effects were caiTied in 
 
HISTORY OF IHMIOBATIOir. 
 
 627 
 
 seventy wagons. He went immediately to Yamhill County and 
 there remained until 1848, when he proceeded to California, l)ut 
 soon returned to Oregon. Mr. Nelson was married in 1825 to Miss 
 Margaret Crawford. They have three children now living — Josiah 
 C, Cornelius G., and Thomas B. Three died — two boys and a girl. 
 Mr. Nelson resided for the closing years of his life in Lafayette, dying 
 there in January, 1885. 
 
 NELSON, J. C. 
 
 Born in Jackson County, Missouri, in 1827. Came to Oregon 
 in 1844, going direct to Yamhill County, and remaining there ever 
 since. He secured a donation claim of five hundred acres, it being 
 yet in his possession. Mr. Nelson was a volunteer in the Cayuse 
 war; and was afterwards elected to the first State Legislature. In 
 1882 he was again a member of the Legislature, and was re-elected 
 in 1884. Was prominent in Lafayette as a merchant, in partner- 
 ship with Mr. Bird, and married Miss Mary E. Bird in 1850, by 
 whom two children were born to him — Nancy Jane (Mrs. Belcher) 
 and William W. Mr^. Nelson died in 1850, and in IS GO Mr. 
 Nelson married Sarah Cummings, who has brought him five 
 children, named Cora A. (deceased), Cornelia M. (Mrs. Fletcher), 
 Mary Estella, Maggie L., and Walter H. 
 
 NICHOLS, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 Born in Clay County, Missouri, in 1825. Coming to Oregon in 
 1844 he wintered first at Waiilatpu, Dr. Whitman's station, and re- 
 moved the next year to Oregon City and soon after to Dallas. Here 
 he resided until 1877, farming. Was sheriff of Polk County under 
 the Provisional Government, and again after the territory was or- 
 ganized. Studied law and became an attorney, and was clerk of 
 Polk County for one tenn. Married Miss Sarah Ann Gilliam in 
 1850. Mr, Nichols now resides in Wasco County, which he has 
 represented in the Legislatui'e. 
 
 PRATHER, WILLIAM B. 
 
 Mr. Prather came with the immigrants of 1844. He was a 
 Virginian by birth, born in 1818; being bred to the life of an 
 agriculturist, he took a claim in the Luckiamute Valley; now 
 
 II;: 1 
 
 
 
 WA 
 
 i r 
 
 ^■' 
 
628 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 resides at Buena ViHta. His wife was formerly Miss Clara Barl)ra, 
 whom he married in Polk County, in 1848. Their children were — 
 Perry W., Martha, James M., Eliza Jane, Martin V. B., Miles, and 
 Ruth. 
 
 REES, WILLARD H. 
 
 Mr. Rees is a native of the State of Delaware, and was born in 
 Dover, the capital of the State, in 1819. He was taken to Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio, in 1826, and fifteen years later moved to Illinois. He 
 came very early to Oregon, arriving with the immigration of 1844, 
 and settled on the Willamette near Butteville, taking a donation 
 claim, which he still possesses. His occupation is farming, and in 
 this patriai'chal pursuit he has been very successful. He servetl in 
 the Provisional Legislature in 1847 and 1848. Went overland to 
 California in 1848, during the gold excitement, and retui-netl the 
 next year. In 1850 he officially took a census of Marion County. 
 He married in 1847, Amanda Hall, by whom he has had live sons 
 and seven daughters. 
 
 ROWLAND, JEREMIAH. 
 
 Born in North Carolina in 1805; removed to Tennessee, and 
 thence, in 1844, to Oregon, Settling in Yamhill County, he was 
 appointed by Governor Al^ernethy probate judge of that county, 
 serving seven consecutive yeare. Occupation, farmer. Married in 
 Tennessee in 1830 to Miss Lucy Butler. He <iied in 1880, leaving 
 a large family, of whom Dr. L. L. Rowland, of Salem, is one. 
 
 ROWLAND, L. L. 
 
 Born in Tennessee in 1831; came to this State with his father, 
 Jeremiah Rowland, and settled in Yamhill County. Was dis- 
 tinguished as a student in his youth, and acquired, mostly without 
 aid, a very unusual amount of knowledge. Went to Virginia and 
 graduated from Bethany College in 185B. Taught school for a 
 time, studied medicine, and, eventually, in 1859, returned to Oregon. 
 Teaching for a while in Polk County, he became in due time su- 
 perintendent of schools for that county. This occurred in 1860. 
 During his term of office he organized the first teachei's' institut<^ 
 ever held in the State. For a time he waH president of the Chris- 
 tian College at Monmouth. Removing to Salem in 1870, he held a 
 
HrsTORY OK IMMIGRATION. 
 
 professorship in tlu- medical department of tlir Willamette Univer- 
 sity for eight years, and was made an emeritus professor from long 
 service. Waa elected State Superintendent of schoolis in 1874, and 
 served oik; term. 'J'he doetor, in addition to his professional de- 
 grees, has recivetl the honorary degree of LL. D., and signs himself, 
 also, as member of the Royal Society (»f Great Britain, an honor 
 held by few but Englishmen. Dr. Rowland is now engaged in 
 practice in Sa1<'m, au<l is president of the State Insurance Society, 
 one of the most meritorious and substantial business institutions in 
 Oregon. He was marrie<l in 1859 to Miss Emma Sanders, and has 
 had five children, of whom but one — Livia — is alive. 
 
 SCOGGIN, W. G. 
 
 Bojw in Missouri in 1830; came to Oregon and settled in Wash- 
 ington County, and now lives in the same county near Oilii-y, and 
 is a farmer by occupation. He married Amanda Grubb in 1852, 
 and theii" children's names are — Mary T., Thompson, James W,, 
 Woodson v., Thomas G., Lizzie J., John F., A vara G., Alonzo J., 
 and Eva K. 
 
 SHAW, B. F. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1829; came to Oregon in 1844. 
 at Vancouver. Is u dealer in live-stock. 
 
 Novv lives 
 
 SHAW, THOMAS C. 
 
 Born in Missouri, February 2;i, 1828, and was raised on a farm. 
 Came with his parenfe^ to Oregon in 1844. Served in the Cay use 
 war, and became second lieutenant of a company. Took up a 
 farm on Howell Prairie, Marion County, about 1851, where he 
 still lives. Was elected county commissioner in 1864, holding that 
 office four years. Wa^ county assessor from 1870 imtil 1874, in 
 the latter year being elected sheriff. Became county judge in 1 880. 
 Married Miss Josephine Headrick, November 28, 1850. 
 
 SUVER, JOSEPH W. 
 
 Born in Berkeley County, Virginia, in 1814; came to Oregon 
 in 1844, and settled at Luckiamute Valley, where he still lives, 
 engaged in the occmpation of farming. He married Delia Pyburn 
 in Polk County, Oregon, in 1851, and their children's names were 
 Caroline, Marshall, and Green B. 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 !• 
 
MO 
 
 HI8TOET OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 WATT, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in* Knox County, Ohio, December 17, 1817; at the age of 
 twenty be went west as far as Missouri, where he lived two years 
 engaged at the carpenter's trade. Started for Oregon in 1848, but 
 did not arrive until the following year. Returned east in 1847 
 and accompanied his father's family to Oregon in 1848, who came 
 direct to Yamhill County and settled there. Mr. Watt shipped the 
 first load of wheat around Cape Horn from Oregon in 1 8G8 ; is now 
 a farmer and stock grower and owner of three thousand six hun- 
 dred and forty acres of land. On his return to Oregon in 1848 he 
 brought a carding machine, the firat on the Pacific Coast. Married 
 Miss L. A. Lyons, daughter of Hon. Lemuel Lyons, consul to Japan 
 under President (irant, the marriage taking place in I860. The 
 children by that union are — John L., Maria L. (deceased), Arling- 
 ton B., Earl B., and Mary C. Mr. Watt's residence and addi'ess are 
 Amity, Yamhill County. 
 
 WARRENER, THOMAS. 
 
 Born in Virginia, July 30, 1809; moved to Kentucky with his 
 parents in 1815; to Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1834, and to 
 Missouri in 1839. In 1841 married Miss Lucy McFall. In 1844 
 came with Colonel Gilliam to Oregon. Served in Captain Maxon's 
 company during the Cayuse war. Resides on a farm near Zena, 
 Polk County. 
 
 WHEELER, SOLOMON. 
 
 Is a farmer living at Harris Bridge, Washington County. He 
 was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1809; settled in Clackamas 
 County on his arrival in the State, in 1844. He married Melissa 
 Foster in Missouri, and their children numbered twelve, nine of 
 whom are now living. 
 
 WILLIAMS, J. J. 
 
 Born in Tennessee, January 5, 1830; cau:e to Oregon in 1844; 
 settled on the Luckiamute River, in Polk County, in 1845; was 
 occupied in farming until 1874, then being elected sheriff, and in 
 1876 was re-elected. Owns now five hundred acres of land and 
 city property in Dallas. Married Miss Sarah A. English in 1852, 
 and their family consists of ten children, namely — Susan, James F. 
 
History ity immkiuatimn. 
 
 »).Hl 
 
 Mary A., Jtmnie, (!ljiia, Otho, Ethel, Ralph, llattie, mid Walt«'r. 
 Mr. Williams is the son of J. E. Williams, who wtw a nicmher of 
 the Krst I.e^islature of Oregon under the Pntvisional (Joveriiment. 
 
 1845. 
 
 BABER, G. H. 
 
 Born in Bedford County, Virginia, February 14, 1817; came to 
 Oregon in 184r), and remained in Oreu^on City until the following 
 year, .vvhen he moved to what is now Linn County. The gold 
 excitement in Califoriiia called him to that State in 1848; he 
 mined three months with great succesH, on the American River. 
 Returned to Oregon in 1849; in 1851 was elected county judge of 
 Linn County, and served one term; livcrl in Napa County, Cali- 
 fornia, in the year 18(i8, hut again returned to Oregon, and is now 
 a resident of Forest drove, Washington County. The judge Inis 
 been marrieci twice; fii-st, in 184!i, to Miss Elizabeth J. Knox, who 
 died in 1874; and in 1875, to Miss Minnie Krauss. He has one 
 child— Livern Hayward. 
 
 BACON, J. M. 
 
 Born in Buffalo, New York, October 27, 1822; came to Oregon 
 in 1845. 0(!cupation, postmaster and merchant at Oregon City. 
 Wife's previous name, Rachel Newman. Children — Robert D., 
 Theodore A., Ella L, James J,, May A., Laura E., Lennie E., 
 Elmer J., Oscar .)., Grant C, Herbert B.,*and Claude M., five of 
 whom ai'e deceased. 
 
 BAILEY, CAROLINE E. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1827; came to Oregon wilh her parents; was 
 manned first to Mr. Dorris, by whom she had — George P., Alice 
 S., James T., and Sidney S. In 1872 she married Dr. J. W. Watts. 
 Resides now at Lafayette, Yandiill County. 
 
 BARLOW, JOHN L. 
 
 Born in Marion County, Indiana, May 25, 1828; came to Ore- 
 gon in December, 1845. Merchant by occupation. Died at Oregon 
 City, March 8, 1879. Wife's prev-lous name, Mary E. Miller. Chil- 
 dren — Margaret J., Samuel (decea-sed), James W., Frank T.. Ada 
 (deceased), and Netta N. 
 
 i \: 
 
 H : 
 
1 n 
 
 M 4 
 h hi 
 
 632 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMP:TTE VALLEY. 
 
 BOON, H. D. 
 
 Was l)orn in Iowa in i84(); camf to Oregon with his father, J. 
 D. Boon; resides in Salem, Marion Cou.ity, and is a dealer in }>(>ok8, 
 stationery, etc. Married Miss Duenna Jones in 18G9, and has five 
 children — Enimett R., Daisy, Cora, Shelby, and an infant. 
 
 BOON, J. D. 
 
 Born and reared in Ohio; then came to Oregon and settled iu 
 the Willamette Valley, where he farmed for some time, after 
 which he went into the mercantile business in Salem, and carried 
 it on for several years. Was elected to a territorial office, and 
 when Oregon became a State, was chosen the first State Treasurer. 
 Married Miss Martha J. Hawkins, by whom he had seven children. 
 
 BOYLE, JAMES V/., M.D. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1815; studied medicine in St. Louis, and 
 graduated from the medical college there. In 1845 he crossed the 
 plains to Oregon, and practiced in this State until his death, which 
 occurred in 1864. In Polk County, in 1846, he was married to 
 Mias Josephine Ford, daughter of Col. Nat. Ford; by that marriage 
 there are five children living, namely, Hannah, Rena, James, 
 William, and Charles. The family still reside on their old dona- 
 tion claim near Dixie, Polk County. 
 
 BUCK, WILLIAM W. 
 
 Born in Cayuga County, New York, January 19, 1804; came to 
 Oregon in 1845. Is now a retired merchtmt and resides at Oregon 
 City. He was mai'ried twice; his first wife's pi'CA'ious name was 
 Olive Charles, and that of his second, Jane Hurd, Hi.s children's 
 names are — R. E., Hannah S. (deceased), Marion E., Charlotte L., 
 and Fannie H. 
 
 BUFFUM, WILLIAM G., 
 
 Is a resident of Amity, Yamhill County, and a farmer by occu- 
 pation. Born in Vermont, June 25, 1804; moved to Ohio at eleven 
 years of age and resided there until 1825; then vent to Illinois, and 
 from thence to Missouri in 1841 ; four yea r, later came to Oregon. 
 Married, in 1828, Miss Caroline Thurman. 
 
HI8TURT OF iMMKJRATlON. 
 
 G3a 
 
 BURCH, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 Born in Chariton County, MisKOuri, May "2, 1H25. Crossed th«^ 
 plains to Oregon when tweni) years ohl, and the next year as.sisted 
 in opening tlie Appjegate route to incoming st^ttleiis. In the 
 Cayuse war he served as adjutant, and in the Yakima war com- 
 manded a company of volunteer troops. In 1857 he hjwl a sejit in 
 the Constitutional Convention; wan a member of the lirst State 
 Legislature, and was State Senator in 18H8, 1870, and 1884, being 
 president of that body in the former year. Mui-ried Miss Eliza A, 
 Davidson, September 6, 1848, the daughter of Ilezt-kiah Daviiison, 
 and herself a pioneer of 1847. The pair have hmi two children, of 
 whom one, Benjamin F. Burch, Jr., is now living. 
 
 BURTON, J. J. 
 
 Born in in ; came to Oregon in 1 845 and set- 
 tled on a farm upon the North Yamhill River; resided there until 
 a few months before his death, which took place in Portland, Sep- 
 tember 15, 1879. He built the Barton Hou^se in that city. 
 
 BUTLER, ISAAC. 
 
 Born in Alabama in 1820; came to Oregon and settled u«*r 
 Hiilsboro, Washington County, which is his pi'esent place uf rew- 
 dence, and farming is his occupation. He married Tabith.-i J. 
 Tucker in 1845, and fifteen children are the fruits of this marriage. 
 
 LUTT, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1810, and lived there until 183<i. He wm 
 married in 1830. In 1845 he started for Oregon and his wife died 
 while on the way, and he came on to Washington ('ounty, Oregon, 
 with his children. His principal occupation since arriving in thii- 
 State has been farming. He held the office of county treasurer rw <> 
 years. At present he lives with his son Wilcox, at Forest (rrovr. 
 
 CHAMBERS, ROLAND. 
 
 Born in Madison County, Ohio, in l8Ui, anil coming to Oregon 
 in 1845, settled at King's Valley. He built the King's \' alley 
 mill in the summer of 1854. His occupation was milling and 
 farming. He married oarah King, in 1841, who died Sef/t"=inber 
 3, 1845; married Lovisa King in 184(j. Children —Martha, 
 
684 
 
 III8TORT OK WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Margaret, James, William, Jackson, John, Franklin, Henry, 
 Ordelia, Samuel, Lydia, Rebecca, Julia, Lincoln, Anna, and Alice. 
 
 COOLEY, E. C. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1K12; crossed the plains in 1845 and located 
 in Oregon City, but eventually removed to Woodburn, Marion 
 County. Wtu< married in 1849 to Lydia Bonney. Their children 
 were — R. F., Laura E., and Mary E. 
 
 CORNELIUS, JESSE. 
 
 Born in Howard County, Missouri, in 1S"29; is a fanner by 
 occupation, and lives four milei5 northwest of Hillsboro, where he 
 has reMJcied since his arrival in the State. He married Julia Mills 
 in 1854, and Caroline Freeman in 1808; his children are — John 
 W., Thornius E., Rachel A., Eliza J., Julia A., Edwin C, Margaret 
 E., Benjamin I)., Hettie, and Jesse. 
 
 CORNELIUS, T. R. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1827; is the son of Benjamin Cornelius. 
 He came with his paivnts to Oregon, and three years later entered 
 the Cayuse war as a vohniteer an<l was in all the actions with the 
 Indians dui'ing tliat war. In 1855 he enlisted in the Yakima war 
 and served as captain of a company three months when Col. Nes- 
 mith resigned and he \vm elected to till the vacancy, and held that 
 position dui'ing the remainder of the war. In 185<) was elected to 
 the Territorial Council, and served until the State was admitted ; 
 was then sent into the State Senate and elected to every session of 
 the Legislatui'e until 187(3, but was out one term durmg the war, 
 when himself and two others were authorized by President Lincoln 
 to raise a cavalry regiment for the Ignited States service. He was 
 elected colonel of the regiment. The regular troo])s being ordered 
 east, Col. Cornelius was placed in cf)nmiand of the ])ost at Walla 
 Walla in 18(52; during the suLMf.ier he resigned and returned to his 
 home. He has twic<^ served as President (>f the Senate. In 187(i 
 he resigned public duties and returned to private life. In 1872 he 
 had removed from his farm to the town of Cornelius, in Wr^^hing- 
 ton County, it having been laid out the pi'eceding yeai" and named 
 for the colonel. A large warehouse had been built in 1871 and 
 the railroad was built through the town in 1872. The (\yionel 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 685 
 
 uaiiUHl 
 
 opened a store there in 1873, which is now conducted by his son, 
 Thomas S., and his son-in-hiw, G. H. Shaw. The colonel was 
 married in 1850 to Miss F'lorentine Wilkes, by whom he hud six 
 children; she died in 1864; he married again in IHOf! to Miss Mis- 
 souri A. Smith. The colonel is now a resident of Cornelius; owns 
 three farms aggregating elcA^en hundred and forty -eight acres, and 
 two unimproved farms of three hundred and sixty acres, a saw mill, 
 warehouse, and store. 
 
 CRABTREE, JOHN J., 
 
 Is a resident of Scio, Linn County, and a farmer by occupation. 
 Born in Lee County, Virginia, June 20, 1800; married in 1825, 
 Melinda Geary, a native of Kentucky, born in 1808; tlieir children 
 were- -George, Peggy, Job, William, Hiram, Isaac, James, Polly, 
 Betsy, Becky, Jasper and Newton (twins), Phcebe, Virginia, and 
 Martha. Twelve of them are yet alive, and Mr. Cral)tree has a 
 long list of grandchildren. Since 1 846, he has resided on his farm 
 at Scio; he is of English extraction and of old Revolutionary stock. 
 
 DAVIS, MRS. NANCY. 
 
 Born in Saratoga, Ncav York, in 1799. She married Joan L. 
 Northrop in Onondaga County, in that State, in 1821, her family 
 name being Baird. She came with him to Oregon and they settled 
 at Glencoe, Wa.shington County. Their children are — Perrin, 
 Harvey, Sarah, and Cliarlotte, Mrs. Northrop married Thomas 
 Davis at Glencoe, in 1870, with whom she is still living, at 
 Mountain Dale, Washington County. . - 
 
 DOVE, BETHUEL. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1814; married in 1842 to Rachel Story; their 
 children are — E. P., Elizabeth, C. J., John, Andrew, David, and 
 Bethuel C. Came to Oregon a td settled in Polk County- Mr. 
 Dove has a fine farm and culti v at'^s it. Post-office address, Salem. 
 
 ELKINS, J. E. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1822; came to Oregc n and settled in the 
 Luckianuite Valley His present resident e is Monmouth, and 
 occupation, farming. He married Lucy J. Zumwait in 1851, and 
 their childini's names are — .John, William D., Anna, Eliza, 
 Lorenzo, and Laura E. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 i.i 
 
63(i 
 
 HISTORY OF WIL/.AMETTE VALLKY. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 mi:;n::. ■■ ,6-,'>' 
 
 FIELDS, HUGH. 
 
 Live.^ at Brownsville, Linn County, engaged in farming and 
 stock -growing. Was born in Grayson County, Virginia, December 
 28, 1828, and was married May 10, 1855, to Miss Sidney Younger. 
 Their children — Annie and Emma — are both deceased. 
 
 HALE, MILTON. 
 
 Boi-n in Mercer County, Kentucky, September 6, 1821. Was 
 the first settler m Linn County, on the Santiam River, and built 
 the first ferry on that stream — said ferry being now owned b}' 
 Ashby Pierce. He is now a farmer by occupation, and lives near 
 Albany. Married Miss Susanna Brown in 1843, by whom he has 
 had eleven children, only four of whom are alive. 
 
 HARRITT, JESSE. 
 
 Born in Lidiana in 181 8. Started for Oregon in 1844, went as far 
 west as the Mississippi River and laid over until the next year, when 
 he completed his travels. Went to Polk County the year of his 
 arrival. Made an excursion to California in 1848 but returned to 
 Oregon in the succeeding } jar. Has resided in Polk Couuty ever 
 since. Occupation, farming. Lives two miles from Salem on his 
 old donation claim. Married Miss Julia F. Lewis in 184(1. Chil- 
 dren — John W., Caroline A., Byron W., and Elmer E. 
 
 HARVEY, AMOS. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania, March 29, 1799; was of Quaker extrac- 
 tion, and was reared in the State of his nativity. Came to Oregon 
 and settJai on the present site of Portland, but afterwards removexl 
 to Yamhill and then to Polk County, where he took a donaHon 
 land claim. Married in Pennsylvania to Jane Ranuige, ))y whom 
 he had a large family, four children still siu'viving. These are — 
 Eleanoi" (Mrs. Denny), James (now in Eastern Oregon), Mary 
 (Mrs. Rol)bii)s), and Jane (Mrs. Kelty). The mother died in 
 18(>(), and Mr. Harvey followed her in 1877. 
 
 HELMICK, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1832; came to Oregon and s»'ttled in 
 Washington (A)untv. Present residence, Monmouth. l*olk County, 
 and occupation farming and stock-raising. He married Sarah 
 
 It 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIORATION. 
 
 637 
 
 m 
 
 Steepson in Iowa in 1845, and their children's names are — ^Ticvvis, 
 James, Harmou, Mar- C, and William H. When Mr. llelmiek 
 arrived in Oregon, he, with a e()mj.)any of others, eame down tlu; 
 Columbia River on a i-aft, which also contained all theii- goods. 
 The raft was wrecked at the Cascades and one man was drowned 
 and all theu- property lost. 
 
 HERREN, DOSHA (ROBBINS). 
 
 Born in Henry County, Kentucky, in May, 1804; married to 
 John Herren, in June, 1822; removed to Indiana and settled in 
 Decatur County, in 1838, l)ut went to Piatt County, Missouri, and 
 there resided until 1845, when they came aci-oss the })laius to 
 Oregon. Located tirst near Wheatland, but in Febi'uary, 184(), 
 settled in Marion County, where they continued to reside until 
 their respective deaths. Mi". Herren died March 2, 18()4, Mrs. 
 Herreu September 15, 1881. Their family included thirteen chil- 
 dren — seveji sons and si.\ daughters — ten of whom survived their 
 mother. 
 
 HERREN, W. J. 
 
 Born in Henry County, Kentucky, Jamiary 17, 1824; came to 
 Oregon in 1845, settJing in Marion County. Present residence, 
 Salem; occupation, manager i>f the Salem flouring mill company. 
 Marriec, in 1847, Evelina Hall, by whom he had — David, Bertha 
 (deceased), Albert, George, Willard, and Edward. Mr. Herren, in 
 1875, built the Farmers' Warehouse and managed it until 1S82 wiien 
 it wfjn sold to the present flouring mill company. He has oeld 
 several publii-. oflices, and has been a man of note for many yeara. 
 
 HILTIBRAND, PAUL. 
 
 Horn in Adams County, Ohio June 7, 1823; moved to 
 Kentucky in 1.S32, to Missouri in 1842. Then came to Oregon 
 and settled in Luckiamute Valley, where he still lives, and his 
 occupation is farming and stock-raising. He married Evaline 
 Tetherow, in Polk County, Oregon, in 1846, and their children's 
 names are Lavenia, Iba E., James, and John W. 
 
 HIASHAW, SANDFORD. 
 
 Horn in Warren County, Indiana, 1841; came to Oregon from 
 Missouri and settled in Luckiamute Valley. Present I'esidence, 
 
 (. :■ 
 
638 
 
 HISTOF.T OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 i 
 
 Mill Creek, Polk County, and occupation, farming. He married 
 Elma C. Childers in Dallas, Polk County, in 1878, and their chil- 
 dren's names are — Isaac, Emma, and Stella. 
 
 HOSFORD, E. F. 
 
 Born in Green County, New York, in 1820; came from Indiana 
 to Oregon and lived until the following year in Yamhill County; 
 then, in 1846, went to California and volunteered in the Mexican 
 war. Returned to Oregon in 1849, and settled in Polk County, 
 near Salem, on a farm, and still resides there. Married Miss Mary 
 Emmett in 1857, by whom he has had seven children — Lucia, 
 Walter S., Olive, William, Stella (deceased), Minnie, and Ethel. 
 
 HOWLAND, JOHN S. 
 
 Lives at Oregon City and is a fai'mer by occupation ; he was 
 born in Kent, Englaiid, in 1809; married Elizabeth Howe and their 
 chihlven are — Cornelia, Charles, Henry E., Lenora, Alfred T., 
 Mary E., Levina, John, Maggie and May (twins), and Edward. 
 The first three named are deceased. 
 
 JOHNSON, HEZEKIA.H. 
 
 Born in Maryland in 1798. He was sent as a missionary to 
 the Pacific Coast by the Baptist denomination, and died at Oregon 
 City in 186(5. His wife's previous name was Eliza Shepherd. 
 Children — Martha (deceased), Mary E., Olive, AVillinm C, Tappau 
 (deceased), Franklin, Julia A., Hugh (deceased), Charlotte, Hugh 
 (deceased), Lucetta (deceased). Amy, Albert (deceased), Hezekiah, 
 an<l Noble S. (deceased). 
 
 JOHNSON, W. CAREY. 
 
 VVa.s the son of the Reverend Hezekiah Johnson (^. v.). He 
 was born in Frankfort, Ohio, October, 1833; was employed in 
 Oregon City, firet as clerk in a store, and afterwai'ds as compositor 
 in the printing offices of the Spectator and Argus newspapers. 
 He studied law in 1855, and was admitted to the bar in the 
 foil' >wing year; in 1857 he ran on the Republican ticket for the 
 Legislature. Subsequently he held the offices of city attorney, 
 recorder, and treasiuer of Oregon City, which has been his home 
 fur nearly forty y«*r8. Was elected district attorney in 1862, and 
 
HISTORY OF IMMlORATION'. 
 
 639 
 
 State Senator four vcars after. Is a stroiiL' advocate for srliools, and 
 equally active in foi-A\'ai'din<; religious entciprises. Mis time is 
 mainly taken up with the profession of the law. Mr. Johnson 
 married Josephine Devore, December 25, 18()«, and they have foui- 
 children — Balfe I)., Nello T)., M. [)., and an infant boy. 
 
 LEWIS, WILLIAM H. 
 
 Born in Marion (\>unty, Oregon, in lS4i); lived in that county 
 imtil 1863; served three years in the First Oregon Caxali-y. Since 
 then has lived in California, Oregon, and Washington Territoiy. 
 His present place of residence is ])un(k;e, \'jindiill County, and oc- 
 cupation, railroad forenian. lie married Maria S. Dibble in 1S7<», 
 and their chihh'en's mimes are — Mark T., and Ilex W. 
 
 LOWNSDALE, DANIEL H. 
 
 Born in Marion County, Kentucky, April 8, ISO.'}. Married, at 
 the age of twenty-three, Miss Ruth Overtield, and I'emoved to (rib- 
 son County, Indiana. Here his wife died in 1880, leaving three 
 children— a boy (J. P. (). Lownsdale, of Portland), and two girls. 
 After traveling in the south and in Eur«>pe, he aet out for Oregon 
 in 1845; ari-iving late iji the year, he immediately took a land claim 
 near the site of Portland, then a wilderness and untrodden by 
 whites. This claim is now known as the Amos King claim, and 
 adjoined that of Lt)vejoy and Pettygrove. In 1848 he purchased 
 the site of Portland from F. W. Pettygrove, paying live thon.^and 
 dollam — doubtless then an extravagant price.' In 1850 he married 
 Mi's. Nancy (lillihan and had ])y her two children — M. O. Lowns- 
 dale, now of Poitland, and Mrs. Kuth Hoyt, of Columbia County. 
 Mr. ]jO\viis(hde !i(-ld several public positions, among them that of 
 U. S. Postal Agent in r"'illmoi'e's administration, and he also had a 
 seat in the Legislature. Died May 4, 18H2. 
 
 McBRIDE, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Tennessee about the year 1801 ; resided for a time in 
 Springfield, Missouri; emigrated to Oregon in 1845; settled upon 
 a farm in Yamhill County, but about 1870 removed to St. Helens, 
 Columbia County. He was a physician, but did not practice much 
 in the latter half of his life. Was Cuited States Minister to the 
 Hawaiian Kingdom from ISfi.'Ho iSfUi. Was the father of four- 
 
'la 
 
 •; 
 
 It 
 
 6^0 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLKT. 
 
 teen children, Home of whom have attained distinction. Died in 
 St. Helens, December 18, 1875. The doctor was one of the most 
 prominent and useful men of the early days, and left a large fund 
 of endearing recollections to posterity. 
 
 McKINNEY, CHARLES. 
 
 Hoi-n in Indiana in 1830; left that State eight years lattsr, went 
 to Iowa and remuini'd there until 1845, when he came to Oregon, 
 traveling by way of Meek's celebrated cut-off. His occupation is 
 rarming, and he possesses real estate in Hillsboro, Wfishington 
 County, his present residence and post-office address. 
 
 McKINNEY, J. N. 
 
 Born in Iowa in 1838; his first place of residence in Oregon was 
 in Wiishington County, and his present residence is at Hillsboro, in 
 that county, wliere he keeps a feed and livery stable. He married 
 Miss Cornelius in 1 8C<) and they have five children. 
 
 McNARY, ALEXANDER. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1800; mo\ed to Indiana and thence to 
 Illinois, and from there to Oregon; settled in r<)lk County and set 
 out the first peach orchard in that county. While in Illinois he 
 married Miss L. Stockton, by whom he had five children. Those 
 now- living are — Sarah, Hugh M., and Alexander W; and the de- 
 ceased are — Nancy C, and Davis. 
 
 McNARY, ALEXANDER W. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1833; is the son of the preceding, and came 
 with his father to Oregon. Lived in Polk County, engaged iu 
 stock-raising and farming. Served in the Yakima war as a 
 volunteer under Captain B. F. Burch. Married Miss Seatta 
 Grubbs in 1857, and by her had two children — Elizal)eth and 
 Ella. Tliat lady died in 18t)L>, and in 1874 Mr. McNary married 
 Mrs. E. J. Miller, and by her has one child, named Archie A. 
 Mr. McNary lives at; Eola, and is the oldest settler of that place. 
 That village was fij-st settled by William Durand about 1849, was 
 laid out in 1851, and called Cincinnati, and was once jn-oposed as 
 the State Capital. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 641 
 
 McNARY, HUGH M. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1827; removed to Missouri, and Inter crossed 
 the plains to Oregon. Went direct to Polk County with his father, 
 Alexander McNary, and took a donation ehiiin near Eohi. His oc- 
 cupations have l)een stock-raising and fariiiiiig. In the interest of 
 the former pursuit he spent seventeen years following IS.")!* in Ejist- 
 em Oregtm and Washington Tei-ritory, returning to Polk County 
 in 1876. Was county commissioner of Klickitat County for four 
 years. Married, in April, 1854, Miss Catherine Frizzell. Children 
 — Sarah, Lena, Anna, Lillie, Angelo, Lawrence, Hugh, and Wilson. 
 
 McNEMEE, JOB. 
 
 Settled on the site of Portland in 1845, and after the foimdation 
 of that city attempted to acijuire title to the land as a donation 
 claim; was unsuccessful after carrying the matter tlirough sev(!ral 
 courts. Died in Portland October 1, 1872. 
 
 MELDRUM, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Kentucky, March 27, 1808. His ancestors were of 
 Scotch descent, and are traceable back to the times of Robert the 
 Bruce and William AVallace. Rev. Wm. Meldrum, the father of 
 John, originated the American line, he coming to the United 
 States in 1804, and settling in Kentucky. John Meldrum lived 
 subsequently in various western States, and on December 11, 1834, 
 married Susanna Depew Cox, in Green Coimty, Illinois. The pair 
 celebrated their golden wedding — the fiftieth anniversary — in Oregon 
 City in 1884. Their children have been — Margaret Octavia (Mrs. 
 W. S, Moore, of Klamath Cotmty, Oregon), George McDonald 
 (deceased), John William, Mary Relief (Mrs. D. P. Thompson, of 
 Portland), Sarah Mabry (Mrs. F. O. McCown, of Oregon City), 
 ('harles Westley fdeoeased), Edwin O. (deceased), Henry, Susan 
 Frances (deceased), and Helena. The five first-named were bom 
 before the family removed to Oregon, the othere subseipiently. 
 They came with the emigration of 1845, and soon after settled at 
 Oregon City. Mr. Meldi'um's occupation was farming. 
 
 MELDRUM, JOHN W. 
 
 Born near Burlington, Iowa, December 17, 1839; and came to 
 Oregon with his parents in 1 845. Resides near Oregon City, and 
 
642 
 
 HISTORY OB" WILI.AMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 is a farmer and deputy U. S. surveyor. MaiTied Miss Georj^ia 
 Pope, and there were born t<» them — Charles K., Willie (deceaMwi), 
 Eva S., and I). Thomjjson. 
 
 MILLER, WILLIAM P. 
 
 Born in Missouri, March I'J, 183H, of parents wlio were farmers. 
 The family came to Oi-egon and settled at iirst in Washington 
 County, removing to Sauvie's (Sauveur's) Island a yeai- later. 
 From thence tliey went, in 1«55, to Jackson County, and W. P. 
 served in tiie wai- against the Indians in that year. Col. Miller led 
 the V^and of prospectors who discovered the placers of John Day, 
 Powder, and Burnt rivers in 1861. He lived in the Yakima Coun- 
 try from 1S69 until 1877, returning then to The Dalles. He wa« 
 appointed warden of the 8tate prison in 1878. Married Miss Sarah 
 E. RafPety September 21, 1864. 
 
 PALMER, JOEL. 
 
 Born in Canada, in 1810, of pai'ents wh(» were residents of 
 New YiU'k; moved in early life to Indiana, and resided there for 
 many years, becoming in 1844 a member of the State Legislature. 
 In the spring of Ti845 he set out for Oregon, arrivinv; in the fall of 
 the year. His eri'and was U) view the country; and so well was 
 he pleased, that in the following year he returjied home, proj)osing 
 to bring out his family. In 1847 the Palmer emigration took 
 place accoi'dingly, which derives its name fi-oni his leadei-ship, 
 which he attained fiom his knowledge of tiie way. A lai-gc num- 
 ber of peo[)le constituted the party, among whom weiv Messi-s. 
 (reer and Grim, of Marion County, the (Jraliams and Collards, and 
 Christopher Taylor, of Yamhill, and others. .\n'ivin'j again in 
 Oregon, General Palmer took up a donation claim upon the 
 Yamhill River, and laid out the town of Dayton. When the 
 Whitman massacre (occurred he jointnl the volunteer forces and 
 was chosen quartermaster and commissary general, and served 
 throughout the C'ayuse war, thus earning the title of general. 
 Subsec^uently he held the position of Supei-intendent of Indian 
 Affairs. For several terms he was a membei- of the liCgislature, 
 and in 187o was Republican candidate for Governor of Oregon. 
 but wa« defeatexJ- He wjis twice married, and his second wife and 
 
HTRTOKT OF IMMTfRATTON. 
 
 648 
 
 seven of theh' children survived him. Gen. Palmer died Jiuui *.), 
 1881. 
 
 PENTLAND, ROBERT. 
 
 Bom in Newcjwtle, England, in 1820; came to the United Stiites 
 in 1844 and joined the Oregon inmiigration of the succeeding year. 
 Amving on the Willamette, he took charge of a grist niill at Ore- 
 gon City belonging to George Abernethy, and continued therewith 
 until 1849, when he paid a visit to California. Settled next on a 
 donation claim near Albany, and engaged in flour milling and mer- 
 chandising at that place. In IS55 he become a partner with Abei-- 
 nethy and Leander Holmes in the purchase of the Linn City property 
 at the Willamette Falls. They erected the largest flouring mill in 
 Oregon; at the same time Mr. Pentland owned an interest in the 
 Portland water works with Stephen Coffin. In ISGO the Linn City 
 improvements were destroyed by fire, and as soon as the transpoi'- 
 tation works were renewed by Mr. Pentland in company with 
 Colonel Kelly, the great flood of 1861-62 washed all away. Mr. 
 Pentland then removed to The Dalles and engaged in business for 
 fifteen years, building, among other structures, two flouring mills. 
 In 1878 he purchased the flouring mill at Scio, Linn County, and 
 now runs it besides a sash and door and furniture factory. Married 
 Miss Jane Law at Newcastle, England, in 1841. She died in 1875, 
 and the next year he wedded Mrs. Eliza E. Reynolds, a native of 
 Maine. Has two children living — Mrs. S. L. Brooks, of The Dalles, 
 and E. C. Pentland, of Alkali, Wasco County. "• ■■. 
 
 PETERSON, ASA H., 
 
 Is an Eclectic physician and dentist, residing in Lebanon, Linn 
 County. Born in Lewis Coimty, West Virginia, April 12, 1822; 
 came overland to Oregon, and in the year following his arrival, 
 settled in Linn County, on the north side of Peterson's Butte, so 
 named for his family. He was a descendant of John Paul Jones, 
 of Revolutionary fame. Our subject is coi-oner of Linn County, 
 his name having been placed on both the Republican and 
 Democratic tickets. Married Susanna Johnson, a native of Ken- 
 tucky; born November 16, 1826; and their childi'en are — David 
 H., Lawson J., Melissa J., and Walter C. 
 
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 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE V ALLEY. 
 
 PETERSON, HENRY J. 
 
 Born in Virginia; came from Iowa to Oregon and settled in 
 Linn County; took a donation claim and became a farmer; was 
 elected to the Territorial Legislature in 1848 and served one term. 
 He was a descendant of John Paul Jones, of revolutionary fame. 
 Died in 1864. 
 
 PETERSON, W. A. 
 
 Lives in Albany; hjis been a farmer; was born in V^irginia in 
 1828; married, in 1852, Miss Eliza Smelser, who died in 18fi7; by 
 her he had five children. 
 
 PHILLIPS, JCHN. 
 
 Born in Wiltshire, England, in 1814; came to America in 1H;^4 
 Resided for a time in Florida, and was in governiueut employ 
 during the Seminole war. Lived in New Orleans and St. Louis 
 successively, and came* to Oregon in 1846. Settled on a donation 
 claim in Spring Valley, Polk County, where he now lives. Married 
 Miss Elizabeth Hibbard, in New Orleans, in 1839, and haa eleven 
 children, of whom the following are alive, namely — John K., 
 Charles, Samuel, Hannah, Amelia (now Mrs. Basey, of Salem); 
 Mary J. (now Mrs. Martin, of Weston); Elizabeth J. (now Mi's. 
 MoCurly, of Umatilla); Cornelia (now Mrs. Claggett, of Inde- 
 pendence). 
 
 RIDGEWAY, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Buchanan County, Missouri, September 3, 1842; came 
 to Oregon and settles! at Mil' Creek, Polk County, which is still 
 his plac'j of residence; he is a farmer by occupation. In 1878 he 
 married Matilda J. Blair, and they have one child — Mary C. 
 
 RINEARSON, PETER M. 
 
 Bom in Butler County, Ohio, February 6, 1819. Came to Ore- 
 gon in November, 1846. Resides now at Oregon City and is a 
 farmer by occupation. Married twice — to Rebecca Cornelius, and 
 to Isabelle McDonald. Children's names — Cornelius (deceased), 
 Sarah, Abraham B., Isaac V., Pet<3r M., Jacob (deceased), Cicero, 
 Emma, George, Edward, and Jacob S. 
 

 HISTORY OF IMMIOKATION. 
 
 645 
 
 RISLBY, JACOB S. 
 
 Lives near Oregon City, and is a farmer by occupation; he was 
 born in Columbus County, Ohio, in 1832; married Miss Mary S. 
 Scholl, and their children are — Charles W., Orville (deceased), 
 John F., Arthur B. (deceased), Elmer S. (deceased), Mary A., and 
 Ralph E. 
 
 RISLEY, ORVILLE, 
 
 Lives in Portland, but is a farmer by occupation ; he was born 
 in New York, in 1808, and was twice married; first to Miss Mary 
 Ball, and second to Miss Amelia Snyder, Plis children are — Jacob 
 S., and Charles M. The latter is deceased. 
 
 RITNER, S. 8. 
 
 Born in Switzerland in 1815; came to Oregon and settled in 
 Luckianmte Valley, Polk County. Occupation, farming. He mar- 
 ried Sarah Woetling, and their children's names are — John, Louis, 
 Sophi'onia, and Franklin. 
 
 ROBINSON, JAMES B. 
 
 Born in Westnioi-eland County, Pennsylvania, in 1824. He 
 came to Oregon an.l settled near where Hillsboro now stands, in 
 Washington County, and engaged in farming. He married Melissa 
 H. Warner in 1S42, and their children's names are — Francis M-, 
 and George A. Mr. Robinson Is <leceased, but his wife and chil- 
 dren still reside on the old homestead in Washington County. 
 
 ROGERS, JAMES W. 
 
 liives near McMinnville, Yamhill County, and is a farmer by 
 occupation. He w{\s born in Indiana, April 18, 1821; moved to 
 Iowa in 1880; six yeai-s later came to Oregon and settled at 
 McMinnville. He married Mary E. Hendereon in 1849. She 
 died in 18(»i», and in 1878 he married Mary A. Small. Their 
 children's names are — James O., June A.. Priscilla E., Lewis J., 
 Thomas H., Cora B., and Frank. 
 
 SAPPINGTON, GEORGE W., 
 
 Son of J. M. Sappingtou; was born in 1841, and came across 
 the plains with his parents. Since 1846 has lived in Yamhill 
 County ; has been a farmer and butcher, and is now a merchant in 
 
 
 M.' 
 
 •]• 
 
646 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 partnership with James Roberts. Was postmaster four years, but 
 has now resigned. Married Mary F. Laughlin in 1864, who died 
 in 1868, leaving one child. In 1870, he married Miss Mary E. 
 Robinson, and by her has had five children. Residence, North 
 YamhUl. 
 
 SAPPINGTQN, JAMES M. 
 
 Was a native of Kentucky, and a farmer by occupation. Mar- 
 ried Miss Mary A. Anderson, of Kentucky, who died, leaving four 
 children, namely — John W., Georp-o W., Eliza F., and Sarah P. 
 Mr. Sappington died on the Tualatin Plains in 1846. 
 
 SAPPINGTON. JOHN A. 
 
 Born in Montgomery County, Kentucky, in 1837; the son of 
 James M. Sappington; after his arrival in Oregon, settled in Yam- 
 hill County ; now lives three miles east of Gaston ; is a farmer by 
 occupation. He married Lucinda Laughlin in 1857, and their chil- 
 dren's names are — I. M., E. B., Rosa E., W. D., Fanny, Nancy, and 
 Henry H, Mr. Sappington served as justice of the peace in 1880, 
 and was elected to the Legislature in 1882, anc served one term. 
 He also served in the Yakima war. 
 
 SAVAGE, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Oswego County, New York, in 1826; in 1842 moved 
 to Hancock County, Ohio; came to Oregon across the pla'ns, and 
 drove the third wagon of the first train that crossed the Cascade 
 Range, in July, 1846. He settled in Yamhill County; now lives 
 on the Yamhill River, in Polk County, near Sheridan, and his 
 occupation is that of farming and stock-raising. He married Sarah 
 Brown in 1854, and Mary C. Lady in 1883. Their children are — 
 Edison, Gibson, James, Laura, William, Sarah, Austin, and Irving 
 (deceased). Mr. Savage was a member of the Oregon Legislature 
 from Polk County in 1880. 
 
 SIMPSON, ISAAC N. 
 
 Born in Georgia in 1813; moved to Tennessee in 1815, and to 
 Arkansas in 1833. Came overland to Oregon, arriving here with 
 no property but three cows, a mule and a pony, and eight dollars 
 in cash. Settled in the Luckiamute Valley, where he still resides. 
 
TTfTT 
 
 HISTORY OK IMMIOKATION. 
 
 647 
 
 Occupation, farming and stock-raising, Marrietl Martha JaclcHou 
 in ArkansaH, in 1^85. Children — Amos C, Marshall W., Eliza, 
 an<l Tsaarr N. 
 
 SKINNER, ALONZO A. 
 
 Born in Huron County, Ohio; studietl law and was admitted to 
 the bar. Car.ie to Oregon in company with Orville Risley and 
 others, in 1845. In the year afUn' his arrival he was made Circuit 
 Judge of Oregon under the Provisional Government. The salary 
 of this office was originally fixe<l at $200, but it is said that it wjis 
 raised to $800 tf> induce Judge Skinner to accept the place. Peter 
 H. Burnett, afterward (xovernor o^ California, was Supreme Judge 
 of Oregon, but resigned because Judge Skinner received the largest 
 salary. Skinner was a Whig originally, buf l>ecame a Republican 
 on the formation of that party. From 1851 to 1858 he was Indian 
 Agent, and was located in the Rogue River Valley, where he took 
 up the first donation land claim re(!orde<l in that section. In 1853 
 he was cantlidate foi* Delegate to Congress, against Joseph Lane, 
 by whom he wa.s bjidly beaten. From I8fi'2 to I8(i4 he vva« clerk 
 of Lane County. He was e>iteemed a well-read lawyer, modest and 
 unassuming, and of good morals and fine feelings. 
 
 SMITH, HIRAM. 
 
 l^orn in Dunnville, New York, and grew to manhood there ; re- 
 moved to Ohio, and in 1845 organized an expedition for Oregon. 
 Subsequently he crossed the plains six times. In 186:2 he went out 
 upon the plains to protect and guide the immigrants of that ^enr. 
 lie resided mainly in Portland and accunuilated a fortune. Wa« 
 verj- widely known, and was a man of great usefulness and strength 
 of character. Old pioneers will remember him best by his nick- 
 name of "Red Shirt Smith." Me died in San Francisco, January 
 17, 1870. His widow still lives. Iter residence is in the city of 
 Portland. 
 
 SMITH, JOSEPH S. 
 
 Born in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, June 20, i824. In the 
 fall of 1844 he started for Oregon Territory, reaching Oregon City in 
 the sj)ring of the following year. He began the study of law, and 
 while he was acquiring knowledge supported himself by manual 
 
 
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 il 
 
 r 
 

 648 
 
 HI8T0KT OF WlLLAMETTlr VALLEY. 
 
 labor, such as sawing logH and splitting rails. One of liis early jobs 
 of work was helping to build a wai . aous;. for ex-Senator Nesmith 
 at Canemah. In July, 1849, he was maiTied in Salem to Miss 
 Julia A. Carter, who survives him. Before this he had been ad- 
 mitted to the bar. In 1853, Mr. Smith moved to Puget Sound 
 and served some time as prosecuting attorney for the thii'd district 
 of Oregon Territory. In 1854 or 1855 he was elected to the 
 Territorial Legislature, and was unanimously chosen Speaker of 
 the house. Subsequently he was appointed by President Buchanan 
 United States district attorney for the territory. In 1858 he 
 returned to Salem, where he resided until 1870, when he removed 
 to Portland. He was a member of the law firm of Grover, Smith 
 & Page for a number of years. In 1860 he became manager and 
 financial agent of the Willamette Woolen Mills at Salem, the oldest 
 industry of the kind on the Pacific Coast. In 1867 Mr. Smith 
 went with his family to Europe, his health necessitating a change 
 of climate. Upon his return in the following year he was 
 nominated by the Democracy for Congress, and was elected, defeat- 
 ing David Logan by 1200 majority — the first Democratic Con- 
 gressman sent from Oregon in eight yeai-s. After his term in Con- 
 gress had expired Mr. Smith came to Portland, and lived there 
 continuously until his death, though he spent a great deal of time 
 in travel, principally in the Southern States, whose mild climate 
 suited his weak constitution. In 1882 he was nominated for 
 Governor on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by the Re- 
 publican nominee. Governor Z. F. Moody. He made judicious in- 
 vestments in real estate in Portland in early days and died wealthy. 
 His decease took place on the twenty-eighth of September, 1884. 
 Mr. Smith left three children— Walter V. Smith, Mi's. H. Y. 
 Thompson, and Preston C. Smith. 
 
 STAATS, ISAAC. 
 
 Born in Albany, New York, in 1814; came to Oregon and set- 
 tled at Luckiamute Valley, where he still resides. Occupation, 
 farming and stock-raising. He married Orlena M. Williams in 
 Oregon in 1846, and their children's names are — James M., Henry 
 D., John O., Isaac W., Clarence E., Asa C, and Mary I. 
 
rr^ 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 649 
 
 STAATS. STEPHEN. 
 
 Born in Albany, New York, July 16, 1821 ; removed succes- 
 sively to Kansas (1835), Missouri (1837), and to Oregon (1845). 
 Married Miss Cordelia C. Forrest March 29, 184(5, in Polk County, 
 the mamage being the first that ever took place in that county, 
 and, probably, the first on the West Side. Went overland to Cali- 
 fornia in the spring of 1H47, taking his family along, the mode of 
 travel being by horse or mule back. Spent some months in that 
 State acting as clerk for Sam Brannan, but returned to Oregon in 
 the fall of 1848, coming in the Sabine^ a sailing vessel. Subse- 
 qently, Mr. Staats was elected to the Legislature of Oregon. His 
 residence is in Monmouth, Polk County, and occupation, farmer and 
 stock-raiser. The names of his children are — John 11. (died March 
 29, 1871), Elizbeth A., Cordelia J., Clara A., Mary C, Cordelia 
 C, Stephen A. D. (died January 21, 1884), William IL, Charles S., 
 and LiUie F. 
 
 STUMP, DAVID. 
 
 Born in Ohio in the year 1819; lived for a time in Iowa, and 
 arrived in Oregon in 1845. He settled in Polk County, and took 
 a donation claim of six hundred and forty acres, which he still 
 owns. In 1850 went on a prospecting expedition in Rogue River 
 Valley. In 1874 was elected to serve in the legislature. He has 
 worked as surveyor at times. He was married to Elizabeth Cham- 
 berlain in 1850, and has four children — Mary A., Joseph S., Kath- 
 erine B. and John B. 
 
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 TETHEROW, THOMAS B. 
 
 Born in Platte County, Missouri, in 1838; came to Oregon and 
 settled in Polk County. Present residence, Monmouth, and occu- 
 pation, farming and stock-raising. He married Martha A. Mc- 
 Loughlin in Buena Vista, November 18, 1858, and their children's 
 names are — Joseph A., and Minnie E. 
 
 THOMAS, FREDERICK. 
 
 Was a soldier in the war of 1812; came overland to Oregon at 
 a very early day and settled in the forks of the Santiam River. 
 Was the first settler on Thomas Creek. Children — Sally E., Jesse 
 B., John S., George C, Susan W., Thomas A., Chai'les M., and J. W. 
 
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 14 
 
 'n\ 
 
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650 
 
 HlftTORT OF WILLAMKTTR VALLKY. 
 
 * * 
 
 WALKER, C. C. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1819; removed with parents to Missouri in 
 1829, and crossed the plains to Oregon sixteen years later. In 
 1849 he went to California, accompanie<i by his brother, W. P. 
 Walker, also an immigrant of 1 845, and labored in the mines for a 
 short time. Took a donation claim in Spring Valley, Polk County, 
 on which he still resides. Occupation, farming and fruit-raising; 
 address, Zena, Polk County. Was married July 4, 1850, to Miss 
 Louisa Purvine, an immigrant of 1848. 
 
 WALKER, JOHN H. 
 
 Resides three miles southeast of Gaston, Washington County, 
 and is a farmer by occupation. He was bom in Jefferson Count} , 
 Indiana, in 1819; came to Oregon and settled near Forest Grove. 
 He married Lucinda Wilkes in 1841, and iLey have five children — 
 William B., Winfield S., Leonard IC., Mi's. Louisa Gahey, and Mi's. 
 Lucinda Johnson. 
 
 WAYMIRE, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1813, and after living at various times in 
 Indiana, Illinois and Missouri, and serving as a volunteer in the 
 Black Hawk war, came to Oregon in 1845. Worked in Portland 
 in 1846, and built the first wharf there. Afterward, moved to 
 Dallas and worked as carpenter. Still resides there. Mr. Way- 
 mire has been married three times and has eleven children. 
 
 WHITE. EDWARD NEWTON. 
 
 Born April 27, 1828, in Illinois. Settled 'n Linn County, Ore- 
 gon. MaiTied July, 1848, Miss Catharine J. Burhail. They had 
 three children — Cynthia L., Adalia A., and M. T. Mrs. White died 
 in 1859, and Anna Woodsides became his second wife. Eight 
 children were born to this union, seven being now alive — Jane, 
 Eudocia, Grant, Aaron, Bertha, Eleanor, and Edward, Mr. White 
 resides mainly at Prineville, Crook County, being engaged in the 
 stock business. 
 
 WILCOX, RALPH. 
 
 Bom in Cattaraugus County, New York, in July, 1818, the 
 son of a physician, with whom he studied medicine. Removed to 
 
HISTORY OP IMMIGRATION. 
 
 651 
 
 Missouri and practiced. Marrietl Miss Fickels. Removed to 
 Oregon, and in 1846-47 was a member of tlie ProviHional Legisla- 
 ture. In 1851 was a member of the Territorial Legislature and 
 Speaker of the House. From 1856 to 1859 wjis Register of the 
 Oregon City Land Office. From 1859 to 18<)9 was judge of 
 Washington County. Served a term in the State Legislature in 
 1862, and in the next year became clerk of the United States Dis- 
 trict Court at Portland. Shot himself, and died on April 18, 1877. 
 
 WILEY. RICHARD E. 
 
 Bom in Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1823; came to Oregon in 
 1845; married to Jane Baldra; children — Wilbur D., Annie M., 
 William V., Dora A., Ella F., and Benemma. Mr. Wiley's pres- 
 ent residence is Hillsboro, Washington County, and his occupation 
 is dealing in wines, liquors and cigars. 
 
 WILLIAMS, P. W. 
 
 Bom in East Tennessee in 1882. Coming to Oregon he settled 
 in the Luckiamute Valley, and has resided there since. Is a car- 
 penter and farmer. He mariied Emma Snelling in Benton County. 
 Children — Dora, Minerva, George, Thomas, and Richard. 
 
 WOOLEY, JACOB. 
 
 Born in New Jersey ; from there he went to Ohio, then came to 
 Oregon and settled on the Tualatin Plains, where he resided until 
 his death, which occurred in 1868. His wife's previous name was 
 Miss EUen Rose, by whom he had four children. 
 
 ZUMWALT, C. P. 
 
 Born in Calloway County, Missouri, August 12, 1827. Settled 
 fii'st in Yamhill County, liesides now on his farm at Perrydale, 
 Polk County. Married Irene Goodrich in 1849. Children — John 
 T., C. A., Henry O., May E., Sarah M., Glenn B., William B., 
 Guilford L., Frank, Tamine (deceased), and F'red (deceased). 
 
 1846. 
 ALDERMAN, A. L., 
 
 Lives in Dayton, Yamhill County; has been a farmer and fruit- 
 grower, and at one time owned' the largest orchard in the State. 
 
 
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6R2 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 He waa born in New York in 1820; married in 1850 to Miss Mary 
 J. Burns, who died in 1863. In 1867, he married Miss Charlotte 
 Odell. Has four children by the first wife and five by the second. 
 
 BLAKELY, JAMES, 
 
 Lives near BrownsviUe, Linn County, engaged in stock-growing 
 and farming. He was born in Knox County, Tennessee, in 1812; 
 in 1835 he married Miss Sarah Dick, and theii* children are — Ellen, 
 Catherine, William, Caroline (deceased), Harriet, Henry, Margaret, 
 James, Joseph, Sarah, and George. 
 
 BONNEY, JAIRUS. 
 
 Jairus Bonney, with his wife Jane, and their six children, crossed 
 the plains from Illinois to California in 1845, and in the following 
 year came to Oregon. The survivoi-n of the family are the mother, 
 Jane Bonney, who is aged seventy-five years; Martha (Bonney) 
 Rhodes, aged forty-eight; B. F. Bonnfey, aged forty-six; Emily 
 (Bonney) Broyles, of Wasco County; and Ellen (Bonney) Bid well, 
 agwl thirty-eight, of Drain, Douglas County. The latter is said to 
 have been the fii-st child born in California of parents wht) were 
 American citizens. The mother and her two first named children 
 live in Clackamas County. 
 
 BOUNDS. JOHN. 
 
 Bom and raised in Tennessee; settled in Polk County. (Occupa- 
 tion, farming. Married Miss Elizabeth Lovelady. Children — Nancy 
 (deceased), Margaret (Mi-s. Tharp), Thomas, Jane (Mrs. A. V. Mc- 
 Carty), Jesse, Amanda (Mrs. E. W. McCarty), John, Ann (deceased), 
 Sarah (deceased), and James S. 
 
 BROCK, EUNICE. 
 
 Born in Wood County, Ohio, in 1839; came to Oregon and 
 settled near Forest Grove; now lives at Gaston and conducts a hotel. 
 She maiTied George Brock in 1857, and their childi'en's names are 
 — James W., Mrs. Florence Bryant, and Wilson E. 
 
 BURNETT, GEORGE W. 
 
 Born in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1811; lived, the first yeai" of 
 his residence in Oregon, on Tualatin Plains. In 1847 moved to 
 Yamhill County; was a farmer. Served during the Cayuse war 
 
imr 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 653 
 
 as captain of the company organized in Yamhill aiul VVashingtx^n 
 counties. Returned to Yamhill (^ouiity after tlio war, where he 
 spent the remainder of luH life. He served (»ne term in the Legis- 
 lature. Married Mia-' Sidney Younger in 1H31, and seven chil- 
 dren were born to tiiem, four of whom iu)w live — Anna Mary, 
 Lucretia, Emily J., and (feorge M. Mrs. Burnett lives in McMinn- 
 ville. Mr. Burnett died in . 
 
 CARLIN, JOHN. 
 
 Bom in Massachusetts in December, 1820; came across the plains 
 in an immigrant train, of which Captain William Martin was the 
 leader; lived in Yamhill County two years. In 1H4'.> went to Cal- 
 ifornia in the first schooner ever built in Oregon. Ketin-ned to 
 Yamhill County, Oregon, the following year and settled on a farm 
 three miles from McMinnville. Moved to McMiunville iu 1M84 
 and now lives there, but still owns five hundred acres of land. Mar- 
 ried Miss Martha E. (xarrison in 18.50, and has four children living 
 — George D., Heni-y W., Mary O., and Wayne — aiul tw^) deceiusetl 
 — James W., and Martha E. 
 
 COLLINS, F. M. 
 
 Born in Missouri, in 1834, the son of Smith Collins; carae to 
 Oregon in 184ti. His father settled in Polk County, and took a 
 donation claim in 1847, on which he lived until his death. The- 
 subject of this sketch has trade<l in stock, and kept a meat market 
 for some time. Served as deputy under Sheriffs Smith and S. T. 
 Birch. In 1859 he married Miss Martha E. Blake, daughter of 
 the Colonel Gilliam who wjis killed in the Cajruse war. Mr. 
 Collins has two children — Henrietta Blanche and Anna Bertha. 
 He is now a resident of Dallas. 
 
 COLLINS, JAMES L. 
 
 Born in Warren County, Missouri, May 9, 1833. Came to Ore- 
 gon with his father. Smith Collins, in 1846, by way of the "South 
 Road," or Applegate's cut-off, his company being the first that 
 came that way. Settled in Polk County; went to California in 
 1853, and remained for a time; served in the Yakima war; was 
 mlraitted to the bar in 1859. Marrie<l Miss Mary "Whiteaker in 
 1861, who died in 1865, leaving one child. In 1867 mairied Miss 
 
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 ■41-- 
 

 854 HI8TOBT OF WII.LAlTRTnC T/LLBT. 
 
 Mary E. Kiinen. Woh appoii 1 county judge of Polk County in 
 1869. 
 
 COLLINS, SMITH. 
 
 Boru in V^irginia in 1H()4; (rnuie to Oregon ami Hottled in the 
 Luckianiute Valley, Polk CoJinty, where he still lives. lie \h a 
 farmer. IJe laarriwl Emily Wyatt, in MirtHouri, in 1H8(1. Children — 
 Elizabeth T., James L., P'rank M., Eliza M., Doughuw W., William 
 W , (ieorge W., David C, Alexander II., Emily A., Samuel \ , 
 and Mary. 
 
 COLLINS. WILLIAM W. 
 
 Born in Warren County, MinHouri, in 1843 (the non of Smith 
 Collins), and wjw taken to Oregon with the emigration of 184«). 
 Located in Luckiamute Valley, and is a farmer. He married Letitia 
 Fuciua, in this State, in 1S70. Children — Mary .1., Lauj-a E., Joseph 
 W., and Ralph L. 
 
 CURRY, GEORGE L. 
 
 Bora in , in 1820; came to Oregon in 184<), and H<M>n 
 
 after became editor of the Oregon Spectator, the t^arliest and then 
 only newspaper of the Northwest. In 1854 President Pierce ap- 
 {K)inted him Governor of the Territory, and he held that position 
 until the organization of the State government in 1857. Died in 
 Portland, July 28, 1878, aged 58 years. 
 
 DAVIDSON, ANDREW. 
 
 Bora in Tennessee in 1812; came to Oregon In 184(5. Lives at 
 Ballston, Polk County, and is a farmer. He marrie<i Mre. Rachel 
 Owens in 1845. Children — Mary J., Nancy, Sabrina, Margaret, 
 Joseph, Ellen, Martha, Rachel, H. D., Dollie, and James. 
 
 DAVIS, A. C. 
 
 Born in Wood County, Ohio, March 4, 1888; was taken to 
 Missouri in the same year, and to Oregon ten years later. He set- 
 tled in Washington County, but later removed to McMinnville, 
 Yamhill County, where he still resides engage<l in farming an<l 
 stock-raising. He married Pauline Beman in Yamhill County, 
 November 29, 1874, and their children's names are — John B., Lizzie 
 E., Roaley A., and Lelah B. 
 
IIIHTORY OK IMMKJKATIOX. 
 
 656 
 
 DAVIS, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in New Jerwy, Aui;iwt .'$, I Mil'. Il»* canw to Oregon mid 
 nettled at wliut is now knowii • Dilley; bin oi'cu{Hition wtw fann- 
 ing. He marri»Ml Lucy Cftr|>t'ni • ,f»uiimiy 'H, lH'M\, and their cliil- 
 (Jren numbered hix, only two if whom are livint^, namely — Mi-h. 
 Eunice Brock, and Mi-s. I' • .derso;;. Mr. l>avi.« die«l in 1H77. 
 
 DAVIS, LEVI T. 
 
 Born in An.lrew Count>, Mi«<50uri, March "Jh, \Hi\H; came to Or- 
 egon an<l HctthHl in Wawhinjjton County. In \HM, Mr. Levi Davis 
 and his !)rother invented a combined head- r and thresher; it was 
 pat«mtHi in 18H7, and sold in ISH.'t. lb- and his f;ither, Samuel 
 Davis, were the incorporators of the lilue Mountain wagon road, 
 which wjis built in 1H<>5. In Marion County, June 17, 1^73, he 
 was married to Margaret A. llunsakcr, and th<'ir children's nanu^s 
 were — Mary K., and Earnest W., both decejwe<l. Mr. Davis is now 
 a farmer and stock nuKi-r, and lives at McMiimville, Yandiill County. 
 
 DAWSON. WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Scotland, Decemb»^r 31, 181«», and left that ccmntry for 
 America in 1838. I*n)ceeded U» Missouri and followed the occupa- 
 tion of farmer in that Stjite until 1843, when he startetl for Oregon 
 and arrived on the Pacific coast 184(3, an«l settled on a farm in 
 Yanihill County. In 187C» he moved to Monmcmth, where he has 
 since l>een engaged in the business of grocer, and druggist. Mr. 
 Dawson served jus county conunissioncr t)f Yamhill County before 
 and after ()reg< 'i was ov^tmm-\\ as a State, and wjis United States 
 commissioner of that county seven yeai-s. He was marrie<l to Miss 
 Mary E. Searcy in 1843^ a nl six children were the fruits of this 
 union, namely — I*h(ebe F>., Ann, Margaret, Amanda, Ella, and Lou. 
 His wife dying, he marrietl again in 18<>4, and one t)ther child was 
 lK>rn to him, named William. 
 
 DESKINS, DANIEL. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1820; on his arrival in Oregon he settled 
 at North Yamhill; was a farmei-. He nuu'ried Miss Shuck in 
 1854, and their children's names are— Ellen, Caroline, Emma, and 
 Edith. Mr. Deskins died in 1873. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 ■ 1 < 
 
666 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLBT. 
 
 DICE. E. C. 
 
 Was born in Adair County, Kentucky, January 4, 1816. Re- 
 sided in that State until 1841, when he went to Illinois, and the 
 same year to Missouri. In 1846 he came across the plains to 
 Oregon, and was met at Fort Hall by Jesse Applegate, and came 
 with him across the mountains by the Applegate route. During 
 the Cayuse war he was one of a company of sixteen to take dis- 
 patches to California, but the deep snow in the Siskiyous prevented 
 them from crossing, and they were obliged to return to the valley. 
 They then enlisted in a volunteer company, and after considerable 
 hard traveling in pursuit of the Whitman murderei-s returned to 
 Oregon City, and were dischargetl in Juno, 1848. Mr. Dice then 
 returntJ to his claim in Polk County. Since then he has resided 
 at various' times in California and Walla Walla. He now owns 
 a farm of two hundred acres near Independence and also city 
 property. W^as married to Miss Minerva A. Steward, September 
 27, 1848, and to them the following named children have been 
 born — Frances M., Mary E., Orlena E., and Benjamin C. 
 
 EDGAR, RANKIN. 
 
 Born in Boone County, Indiana, December 18, 1844; came with 
 his parents to Oregon in 1846. Resides now at Camp Polk, Crook 
 County, Eastern Oregon. Is a prominent stock-raiser. Married 
 Elizabeth A. Tracy, and has three children — Effie, Elizabeth E., 
 and Wayne. 
 
 ELLIOTT, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Vincenues, Indiana, September 14, 18ir). Occupation, 
 farmer. Postoffice address, Oregon City. Wife's previous name, 
 Nancy Sconce. Children — Annie M., John W., Robert II. (de- 
 ceased), Eliza C, and Ella L. 
 
 FAULCONER, A. B. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1816; came from Missouri to Oregon; set- 
 tled in the Willamette Valley and took up a claim near Sheridan, 
 on which he still lives. In 1 840 he married Miss Mary Graves, and 
 by her had four children, two of whom, James and Anna, are liv- 
 ing. Mrs. Faulconer died and he was married again to Mrs. Mary 
 A. Cutting; has six children by her — Mary, Estella, Hattie, Thomjis, 
 Edward, and Sheridan. 
 
HI8T0BT OF IMHIOBATION. 
 
 667 
 
 GARRISON, JOHN M.. A.M. 
 
 Born in Atchison County, Missouri, in 1845, and brought to 
 Yamhill County, Oregon, the next year. His father settled near 
 Amity, and was a farmer. The son was educated at the Willamette 
 University, Salem, graduating in 1866. Is now a teacher of pen- 
 manship. Married Miss Mary Blank, of Forest Grove, in January, 
 1876. 
 
 GEER. F. W. 
 
 Born in Connecticut in 1817; came to Oregon and settled in 
 Clackamas County. Present residence on the banks of the Wil- 
 lamette, opposite Butteville, and occupation hop-farming. He 
 married Mary A. Prentis, of Rochester, New York, July 17, 1841, 
 and their children are three sons and four daughters. 
 
 GOOD, D. H. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1818; came across the plains to Oregon 
 and settled in Clackamas County, where he died in 1871. Married 
 in 1847 to Miss Mary E. Dunbar, and had nine children, six of 
 whom now live. 
 
 GRAVES, CHARLES B. 
 
 Bom in Kentucky, in January, 1824; was the son of James B. 
 and Diana Graves; parents removed to Missouri eight years later, 
 and in 1846 the son left that State for Oregon, crossing the plains. 
 Settled in Yamhill, but now lives in Polk County, where he has 
 resided since 1864. Is a farmer by occupation; was married in 
 Polk County, in 1851, to Miss Mary H. Burnett. Their children 
 numbered thirteen, of whom the eight following still live — Emma 
 S., Thomas J., Glenn O., James, Mary F., Nellie, Nettie, and Daisy. 
 
 GUTHRIE, DAVID M. 
 
 Born in Boone County, Missouri, May 28, 1824. Started over- 
 land to Oregon in May, 1 846, and arrived in December. Being a 
 farmer, he settled in Polk County, taking up a land claim. His 
 residence is four miles south of Dallas. Here he has a fine farm, 
 with excellent improvements, and lives thereon in comfort, with his 
 large family. A part of his attention is given to stock-raising, at 
 which he is regarded as very successful. He married Mary Ellen 
 
658 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Davidson, September 21, 1851, in Polk County. She died Octo})er 
 23, 1860, leaving five children — Harvey Elias, Aaron, James 
 Thomas, Sarah Margai-et, and Henry. Mr. Guthiie was mairied to 
 Martha Emeline Miller, in Polk County, October 18, 1868. By 
 her he has had — David A., George H., Jonathan F., Odis M., Joseph 
 L., Mary E., Lattm A., Forest L., Martha T., and Lillie M. 
 
 HALL, TOWARD C. 
 
 Bom in Illinois in 1841, the son of Reason B. Hall. Has 
 resided in Polk County since coming across the jilains with his 
 father in 1846. Now lives in Buena Vista, and is a farmer; was 
 for nine years a vvagon -maker. Married Miss Margaret L. Leasure, 
 and has seven children — George S., Josephine E., John E., Henry 
 R., Charles C, Ralph, and James C. 
 
 HALL. REASON B. 
 
 Born in Georgia in 1794; was taken to Kentucky by his father 
 and reared there. Served in the war of 1812 and in the Black 
 Hawk war. Married in 1823, while in Indiana, Miss Martha 
 Wright, by whom he had ten children, eight of whom still survive 
 — Mary (Mrs. H. Crtnsan), Sarah (Mrs. Joseph Smith), Lawrence 
 M., Edward C, Reuben and William (twins, born on the plains), 
 Andrew Jackson, and Benjamin F. Mr. Hall brought his family 
 across the plains in 1 846. and in the next year settled permanently 
 on a donation claim where Buena Vista now standi. This town 
 he laid out in 1861, and named it fi'om the celebrated battle iield 
 in Mexico. Mr. Hall died December 13, 1M70. 
 
 HALL, REUBEN P. 
 
 Born in 1846, upon the plains, while his parents were en route 
 for Oregt)U. Son of R. B. Hall. Was raised in Polk County, 
 which has been his home ever since. Resides in Buena Vista, and 
 conducts the livery stable of that place. Married Miss Fannie 
 Beve:i8 in 1869, and has had seven children, fi\'e of whom are 
 living — Mary B., Nettie, Pearl A., Rupert, and Grace E. 
 
 HAYES, SARAH A. 
 
 Born Sarah A. Finlay, in Missouri in 1843, and came with her 
 parents t-o Oregon. Mrs. Hayes has l)een twice married, her fii'st 
 
1 " ', h 
 
 HISTOBT OF IMHIOBATIOK. 
 
 659 
 
 husband having been a Mr. Vawter, and by whom she had two 
 children — W. J. and Ira Vawter. Her second husband was S. W. 
 Hayes, who was murdered in Halsey in 1876. (See Seth Hayes). 
 Mrs. Hayes' present residence is Halsey. 
 
 HENDERSON, J. J. 
 
 Bom in Buchanan County, Missouri, April 16, 1842; when 
 four yeai*8 of age he came to Oregon and lived in Yamhill County, 
 and now resides in Bellevue, that county, occupied in farming. 
 He married Lucinda Van Buskirk in Yamhill County, February 
 19, 1865, and they have one child, namec Lloyd B. 
 
 HOLMAN, JAMES D. it 
 
 Bom in Woodford County, Kentucky, August 18, 1814; was 
 married in 1840 to Miss Rachel Summers; came to Oregon six years 
 afterwards, and settled in Pacific County, W. T. Represented that 
 district in the first legislative session under the Provisional Govern- 
 ment. Went to California in 1848; return^id in 1850, and founded 
 Pacific City, on Baker's Bay, at the mouth of the Columbia. Moved 
 to Portland in 1856, and resided there until his death, on the 20th 
 of December, 1882. He was one of the first directors of the pub- 
 lic schools of Portland, and was also identified with the affairs of 
 the First Presbyterian Church, of which he was a member. His 
 wife survives him, as also four of their children — Fannie A., Kate 
 S., Fred. V., and vreorge F. 
 
 IMBRIE, JAMES. 
 
 Mr. Imbrie's native State was Ohio, where he was born in 1818. 
 Coming to Oregon, he settled in Washington County, and is now a 
 resident of Hillsboro. His occupation is farming and stock-raising. 
 He married Miss Mary Cornelius in 1851. Children — James J., 
 Lizzie, Josephine, Thomas, William C, and Nellie. 
 
 JONES, WILLIAM T. 
 
 Bom in Dorsetshire, England, September 15, 1819; came to the 
 Pacific Coast in 1846, and lived in California a short time prior to 
 coming to Oregon. On his arrival here he settled at Muddy Creek, 
 Yamhill County. His present place of residence is at McMinn- 
 ville, and occupation, farming and stock-raising. He married Eliza- 
 
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660 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 heth Header, a native of England, in Yamhill County, July 14, 
 1857, and they have seven children, viz. — Eliza J., John W., Mary 
 E., Charlotte A., Thomas A., Esther E., and Walter H. 
 
 KINSEY, ANSON. 
 
 Born in Howard County, Missouri, February 6, 1824. Located 
 in Yamhill County in 1846; went to the California mines in 1849, 
 returning in 1852. Since then has resided in Polk County. Oc- 
 cupation, farming; address, Deny. Married Miss Elizabeth Beatty 
 in 1853. <^ hildren — Nancy J., and Willard H. Mrs. Kinsey died 
 in March, 1882. 
 
 LANCEFIELD* ALBERT J. 
 
 Born in Kent, England, March 12, 1817; came to New York in 
 1832, to Missouri in 1837, and to Oregon nir* years laier. He set- 
 tled at Amity, Yamhill County, and still resides there. He is a 
 farmer. He married Sarah Henderson in Canada in 1835, who 
 died in 1849; married Sarah Mulkey in Oregon in 1850, deceased 
 December 5, 1855; married Eliza Allen in Oregon in 1863. Chil- 
 dren — Robert W., and Mary E. 
 
 LINVILLE, HARRISON. 
 
 Born in Campbell County, Tennessee, September 22, 1813; 
 removed when seven yeara old, to Missouri. In 1836 married 
 Nancy Bounds, and in 1846 came to Oregon with his family. 
 Settled on a fann at what was known as Bloomington, Polk 
 County, and remained there until 1865, when he removed to Buena 
 Vista, and subsei^uently to Parker's Station, on the West Siile 
 railroad, and in 1884 to Independence, where he still lives, Mr. 
 Linville was elected a member of the Territorial Legislature in 
 1848, and was the first county judge of Polk County. For a time 
 he was United States Indian Agent at the Malheur Agency. The 
 first Mrs. Linville died in 1855; and two years later Mr. Linville 
 married Mrs. Clara L. Frederick. His children by his first wife 
 were — Mary E., Harriet I., Cordelia, Joan, Hannah J., Julettie, 
 Willard S., (xranville, and Clara. Of these, Joan, Julettie, and 
 Granville are dead. By his second wife he ha.** had Joseph A. and 
 Viola H., both now living. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 661 
 
 LOVELADY, T. J. 
 
 Horn in Tenue.ssee, March 19, 1806; in 1832 went t<> Missouri 
 and served there as justice of the peace for eight yeare. In L846 
 came to Oregon and took a donation claim in Polk County, two 
 miles east of where Dallas now stands. Was county judge under the 
 Iowa statute in 1848, and the county court was held in his house 
 for some time. Was county commissioner until 1856. Moved 
 to Dallas in 1858, and built a hotel, which he kept until 1867. 
 Married Miss Mary Bounds in 1827, and ten children were the 
 fi'uits of this marriage, five of whom are now dead. The living 
 are Thomas B., Margaret, Eliza A., Andrew J., and Mary F. Two 
 sons were in the Indian war. Mr. Lovelady is still a resident of 
 Dalhis. 
 
 POMEROY, F. F. 
 
 Was a native of New York; came to Oregon in 1846, then went 
 to California, and was murdered in 1849, for money in his 
 possession. He had been married to Miss Mary Catching, who 
 died in 1852, and left a family of four children. 
 
 SHELTON, J. W. 
 
 BoiTi in Franklin County, Missouri, in 1883; came to Oregon in 
 1846, and settled at Lafayette, Yamhill County. Occupation, 
 farmer, and residence Carlton, Yamhill County. Married Miss 
 Mary J. Burford, in 1853, and their children's names are — Mattie, 
 C. M., Lucy, Arthur, Bertie, Ward, and Lena. 
 
 SIMPSON, BEN. 
 
 Born in Tennessee in 1818, but taken by his parents to Missouri 
 in 1820, where he resided until 1846. Was married in 1839 to 
 Miss Wisdom, who died two years after. In 1843 he married Mias 
 Nancy Cooper; came to Oregon in 1846, bringing his family, con- 
 sisting of his wife and three sons, John Thomas, Sylvester C, and 
 Samuel L. Settled on French Prairie in 1847. Served in the 
 Cayuse war. Was a member of the second Territorial I^egislature. 
 Made a voyage to California in 1849, and sold a cargo of timber. 
 Has represented, at various times, Clackamas, Benton and Polk 
 counties, in the legislature; was Indian agent at the Siletz reserva- 
 
 m ^ 
 
 I 
 
662 
 
 HI8T0ET OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 tion for eight years; was in the J umbering business at Clackamas 
 City, Parkersville, Yaquina Bay and Santiam City; was surveyor- 
 general of Oregon from 1872 to 1876. 
 
 SMITH, B. F. 
 
 Born in Cedar County, Missouri, in 1840; his first home in Ore- 
 gon was in the Luckiamute Valley; his present residence is Louis- 
 ville, Polk County, and occupation that of a fanner and merchant. 
 He married Rachel M. Burns in Polk County in 1864, and their 
 children's names are — William W., and Mary E. 
 
 SMITH, ELIZABETH M. (WRIGHT). 
 
 Born in Clarke County, Kentucky, in 1812. She married James 
 Smith in Missouri in 1831. Their children were — John H., Henry 
 S., Minerva J., Maria, Eliza A., Margaret E., James D., Benjamin 
 F., (jeorge W., L. D., and Cornelia C. Mr. and Mrs. Smith came 
 to Oregon and settled in the Luckiamute Valley, where the lady 
 still lives. Her husband died March 22, 1872. 
 
 SMITH, J. D. 
 
 Born in Missouri, January 5, 1839, and came with his parents to 
 Oregon in 1846. They settled in Polk County and took a dona- 
 tion claim near Louisville, which is still owned by the heirs and is 
 the present home of the mother. The subject of this sketch lived 
 on the farm until 1877, when he removed to Dallas and has since 
 held the office of postmaster, and was elected county commissioner 
 in 1874. Married Miss L. P. Sheldon in 1856, and they have one 
 child — Otis C. Mr. Smith owns a farm of one hundred and seventy 
 acres near Louisville. 
 
 SMITH, Lrcius s. 
 
 Born in Iowa, October 6, 1841; came to Oregon in 1846. His 
 father, William Smith, died on the plains, while on his way to Or- 
 egon. Mr. Smith is a livery stable keeper, and stage contractor; 
 resides at Turner. Wife's previous name, Sai'ah E. Snodderly, 
 Children — Mary A., Addie, William C, and Walter E. 
 
 WHEELER, JAMES. 
 
 Born in East Tennessee in 1820. On his arrival in Oregon he 
 settled in Luckiamute Valley, where he still resides, engaged ia 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 fi(58 
 
 fanning. In Oregon, in 1860, he married Mary E. liawkiiiH, who 
 died in 1869. In 187(>, he married Eliza J. Miller, who is also 
 deceased; she rlied in 1K79. His children's names are — Sarelia, 
 Mansel, Willmr, Ida, Zillah, Alonsjo, Johanna, Ellis, and E. J. 
 
 WHEELER, JOHN. 
 
 Lives in Hillslxmt, Washington C(»imty; was born in Oregon 
 in 1846, and is the sou of Solomon Wheeler who crossed the plains 
 in 1845. He was rearefl on a farm near Oregon City, Clackamas 
 County. 
 
 ZUMWALT, ISAAC. 
 
 Born in St. Charles County, Missouri, in 1815, He married 
 Sarah Crow in 1837, and in 1846 left that State for Oregon. 
 Settled in Washington County, but now resides in the Luckiamute 
 Valley, where he carries on the business of farming, and is also a 
 millwright. His children are — William U., Matilda J., Commo- 
 dore, Lewis S., Andrew J., Nancy A., Benjamin F., Melinda C. 
 Mary E., Charles N., George W., and Amelia C. 
 
 1847. 
 
 ADAMS, E. M. 
 
 Was born in New Jersey ; came to Oregon from Missom'i ; fanned 
 in Yamhill County. Died in 1877, and left two children.. 
 
 ALDERMAN, ORLANDO. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1833; went to Illinois when young, and crossed 
 the plains when foui-teen yeai's of age, accompanying his mother, who 
 was then a widow. Resided at first in Linn, but a few yeai-s later 
 located at Dallas. Later still (in 1 865) he went to his present farm 
 in Spring Valley, Polk County. AVas married in 1851 to Miss 
 Isabella Baker, a pioneer of 1 845. Her father, George M. Baker, 
 now lives at Shoalwater Bay, W. T. The Aldermans have eleven 
 children — Charles L., John W., Sarah A. (Mrs. Parrish), Nancy E. 
 (Mi-s. Wesley), Mary M. (Mi-s. Lewis), George L., William J., 
 Henry N., Ira O,, Rosa A., and Albert E. 
 
 APPERSON, J. T. 
 
 Captain Apperson was born near Hopkinsville, Kentucky, in 
 1834; was taken by his parents to Missouri, and lived there until 
 
 Mil] 
 
 a1 !' 
 
 it: . 
 
 
664 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTB VALLEY. 
 
 1847, when they started to Oregon. His father died on the plains, 
 but his mother brought him across and settled near where Portland 
 now stands. He lived in California from 1849 to 1855, returning 
 in the latter year. In 1858 he entered >on river steamboating 
 and in the course of years achieved si jss. He served in the 
 United States army throughc>ut the years of the war, returning to 
 the command of a Willamette river boat at its end. In 1870 he 
 befcame a representative in the State legislature; in 1874 he was 
 elected sheriff of Clackamas County, and at the close of the term 
 became State senator. In 1882 he was defeated for that office. He 
 is a successful farmer and stock-raiser, and is President of the State 
 Agricultural Society, and likewise President of the Oregon Pioneer 
 Association. Resides at Oregon City. Wife's previous name, Maiy 
 A. Elliott. 
 
 BEDWELL, E. 
 
 Was born in Missouri in 1819, and was reared on a farm in that 
 State. He came to Oregon, settled in Yamhill County, and took a 
 donation claim, and lived on it twenty-five years. Moved to Polk 
 County in 1874, and now lives on a farm near Monmouth. In 1850 
 he was married to Miss A. M. Shelton, and ten children have been 
 born to them, only five of whom are now alive, namely — Mary, 
 Mildred, Barbara, Edward B., and Loring. 
 
 BELLINGER, J. H. 
 
 Born in New York State in 1791; served in the war of 1812, 
 Built the first canal boat used in New York. Emigrated to 
 Oregon in 1847, and later became a farmer in Marion County. 
 Died near Salem, in November, 1878. 
 
 BEWLEY. T. R. 
 
 Born in East Tennessee in 1834; moved to Indiana in 1836. 
 Settled first at Oregon City. Lives now at Sheridan, Yamhill 
 County; occupation, f aiming and stock-raising. Married Elizabeth 
 E. Patty, in September, 1859. The lady is a native of East 
 Tennessee, and was born September 8, 1841. 
 
 BIRD, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1819; went to Illinois when nineteen years 
 old, and became a farmer. Served in the Black Hawk war. Mar- 
 
WT^ 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 665 
 
 ried Mrs. Bland, and had four children — two sons and two daughters, 
 the later being now dead. The sons' names are James M,, and 
 Robert P. In 1847 Mr. Bird brought his family to Oregon by the 
 route across the plains, and went to Clackamas County. J^Tade a 
 visit to California during the time of the gold excitement, but 
 stayed only four months. Returned to Oregon and settled in Yam- 
 hill County, where he has since lived. lie was a volunteer in. 
 Captain Ankeny's company in the Yakima war. He has filled 
 several civil offices, among them that of county treasurer. Resides 
 at Lafayette. 
 
 BRIDGEFARMER, D. 
 
 Born in Missoui-i in 1837 ; arrived in Oregon at an early day and 
 settled near Vancouver; now lives two and a half miles north of 
 Gaston, and is a farmer by occupation. He married Sarah J. 
 Archer in 1867, and their children's names are — John W., William 
 S., Mary E., and Julia A. Mr. Bridgefarmer served three years in 
 the war of the rebellion in the 1st Oregon Cavalry; also in the 
 Indian war of this State. 
 
 BROWN. GEORGE. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1823; moved to Indiana in 1825, and to 
 Missouri in 1831. P'rom there, came to Oregon and settled in 
 Polk County, and he now lives near Dallas where he has a farm. 
 He married Martha O. Hines in Yamhill County, in May, 1850, 
 and their children are — William N., June E., James M., Emma E. 
 (deceased), Thomas M. (deceased), Lillian M,, Nettie B., Edgar M., 
 Alvin R., and George F. 
 
 BROWN, ALVIN CLARK, 
 
 Of Forest Grove, was born in Warren County, Missouri, in 
 1829, and in 1847 came to Oregon and settled near his present 
 location. His occupation is farmer. His wife's name was Sarah 
 E. Ross, whom he married in 1854. Their children are — Elma 
 M., A. Victor, Ernest C, Mary T., Emma Q., and Elizabeth. A. 
 C. Brown's father, Orus Brown, crossed from Missouri to Oregon 
 in 1843, and after quite a series of adventures, returned and 
 brought lus family out in the year mentioned. The old gentleman 
 was bom in Massachusetts in the year 1800, and after an active 
 
 ; '■ 
 
 'Ji 
 
666 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTK VALLEY. 
 
 I 
 
 and useful life, died in this State in 1874. He held claim to the 
 land upon which Forest Grove now stands, but sold his right to 
 Harvey Clark for five himdred bushels of wheat. 
 
 BROWN, W. C. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1824, and came to Oregon and settled near 
 where Albany now stands, but moved the following year to Dallas. 
 ■ Carried a chain in the first survey of Albany, also of Dallas. Built 
 the first brick building of old Dallas. Erect<»d the second building 
 intended for bxisiness purposes in old Dallas, and the first in the 
 present town. Was engaged in the mercantile business nearly 
 thirty years, and at present owns a half interest in a hardware store 
 in Dallas. Mr. Brown is the owner of two thousand acres of land 
 in Polk County. He served in the Legislature in 1874. Tttarried 
 Miss Martha J. Townsend in 1848, and has five children — John (t., 
 Joseph L., Alonzo, Hemy, and Ann, all of whom are marrietl. 
 
 BRUSH, JOHN. 
 
 Lives in Albany, Linn County; is proprietor of the Oregon 
 Wire Works. Born in New York in 1822; married in 1854 to Miss 
 Almira Brewster; children — Sarah (deceased), Charles L., Emma, 
 and Ida. 
 
 BUTLER, GEORGE W. 
 
 Born in Washington County, Oregon, in 1847. Is a salesman 
 and surveyor by occupation, and resides at Salem. Mr. Butler is 
 remarkable as having been one of the first white children born in 
 Oregon. 
 
 CAUFIET.D, ROBERT. 
 
 Bom in County Antrim, Ireland, May .5, 1805. Came to the 
 United States in 1832, and lived in Cincinnati imtil 1837. In that 
 year he was married to Miss Jane Burnside. Came to Oregon and 
 settled in Oregon City, where he still lives. In 1850 he was elected 
 treasurer of Clackamas County, and re-elected the following terra. 
 In 1852 was elected Probate Judge, and served two terms. Was 
 the first County Judge of Clackamas County after the admission of 
 Oregon as a State. The names of his children were — John (de- 
 ceased), Mary J. (deceased), Robert F., David, Clarinda, Charles 
 H., Edwin G., and Elizabeth (deceased). 
 

 HIBTORT OF IMMIQBATION. 
 
 667 
 
 CAREY, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia in 1802; came to Oregon in 1847, settling 
 in Yamhill County. He removed later to Polk County, and died 
 there in 1880. Was postmaster of Dayton, and justice of the peace; 
 had a seat in the legislature for a term. Mr. Cary possessed poet- 
 ical gifts of a noticeable order, and produced several creditable 
 poems. He married Ruth Odell in 182B, and had by her Sarah, 
 John W., Joseph D., George W., Amanda E., Alfred M., and Car- 
 oline E. 
 
 CHAPMAN, M. N. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1845; is the son of W. Chapman (deceased), 
 and came with his parents to Oregon. Is now a resident of Salem 
 and clerk of Marion County, elected in 1882; has serveti as deputy 
 clerk, at different times, for twelve years. Married Miss Jennie 
 Thatcher in 1868. Children — Lorie, May, Nina (deceased), and 
 Oda. 
 
 CHAPMAN. W. 
 
 Born in South Carolina in 1814; came from Illinois to Oregon; 
 settled in Marion County in 1848; served as Representative in the 
 Lower House of the Territorial Legislature ; held offices in Salem 
 for many years. Married Miss R. Farmer in 1833, who died in 
 1847; by her he had five children. Married again in 1850 Miss 
 Ellen Matlock, by whom he had three children. He died in Clack- 
 amas County in 1884. 
 
 CHAPMAN. WILLIAM W. 
 
 Bom at Clarksburg, Virginia, August 8, 1808. Studied law 
 and was admitted to practice. Married Margaret Ingram in 1832. 
 Moved in succession to Ohio, Illinois and Iowa. Was United States 
 attorney for Wisconsin, and was the first Territorial Delegate to 
 Congress from Iowa. Was a member of Iowa's Constitutional Con- 
 vention, and sat in the Legislature of the new State. Came to 
 Oregon with his family in 1847. Visited California in 1849. Was 
 several times a member of the Legislature under the Provisional, 
 Territorial and State governments. Participated in the Rogue 
 River Indian war of 1855-56. (See pages 433-438.) Rose to the 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1849 he acquired a third interest in 
 
 1 >. 
 
 ( I 
 
 
 li' 
 
 I 
 
 . ! - 
 
 ' 
 
668 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMKTTK VALLKY. 
 
 the town hiU' of Portland, and devoted himself thenceforward to 
 building up that city. Haw always been enterprising in a high de- 
 gree, doing a great deal for the introduction of railways, steamship 
 lines, and everything progressive. (See pag<^ 492.) 
 
 CHAPMAN, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in New York, Se])tember 16, 1824; in 1843 went U> 
 Michigan, but returned to New York in 1846; came from New 
 York to Oregon. He immediately enlisted in the Cayuse war, and 
 was in all the fights which followed. In 1848 he went to t\u- 
 mines in California; returned to Oregon in 1849. In 1852 took a 
 donation claim near where Sheridan now stands, and which is still 
 his place of residence, and employed in farming. Married Miss 
 'Esther L. Bewley in 1849. Miss Bewley had been captured by 
 the Indians at the Whitman massacre, and w»u> their prisoner tlnee 
 weeks, and a brother. Crocket Bewley, was killed. (See page .311.) 
 Ten children were born to them, namely — John M., Catherine, 
 Eusebia J. (deceased), Leonora, Mary, Charles (deceased), Frank, 
 Nettie, Charles, and Fred. » 
 
 COCHRAN, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Madison County, Kentucky, November 20, 1813; he is 
 a stock -grower, and resides in Brownsville, Linn County; has lived 
 in that county since 1849. He married Miss Mar}' Johnson, and 
 his children are — Nelson, Robert, William, Sarah E., Nancy E., 
 and Mehala. 
 
 COFFIN, STEPHEN. 
 Born in Ohio, in 
 
 came to Oregon, brining his family. 
 
 Settled at Oregon City, but two yeai*8 later purchased a half- interest 
 in the town-site of Portland, it being the Lownsdale claim, now 
 covered by that portion of the city between the Willamette river 
 and Sixteenth street, and A and Caruthei's streets. He grew rich 
 by the sale of lots, and manifested immense enterprise in the vari- 
 ous projects for building up the city of Portland. Steamship com- 
 panies, roads and railroads, felt his inliuence, and the city owes 
 much to his sagacity. General CoflSn, as he was commonly known, 
 helped organize the People's Transportation Company in 1860, 
 which, for many years, controlled the traffic on the Willamette, and 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIOKATION. 
 
 660 
 
 carried on a fierce battle with the O. S, N. Co. for the control of 
 that of the Columbia. PrevioUHly iu* had, in company with his part- 
 nere, Lownsdale and Chapman, purchase 1 a controlling interest in 
 the steamer Gold Hunter^ which was to run between San Fi-aucisco 
 and Portland, in opposition to the vssels of the PaciHc Mail ('om- 
 pany, which w»ik opposed to I'oitbind and strove to build up St. 
 Helens in opposition to it. The proj«'ct of the Gold Hunter proved 
 unsuccessful. In 1X51 he orv'««M:<cd a company to l»uild a plank 
 road to connect the risinjjj metrojxdis with the towns of the "west 
 .side." The project wjih oidy j»artially succeasful. In 1S(H> he was 
 contractor for the bridge work of the Oregon Central Railroad, 
 west side division. Stephen Coffin dieil at Dayton, Yamhill County, 
 in March, 1883. 
 
 COLEMAN. JAMES. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1831; came to Oregon and settled in Yandnll 
 County. Present residence, St. Paul, Marion County, and occiipa- 
 tion, farmer. He marrietl Fanny Murray, of Iowa, in 1845, and 
 they have eleven childi-en. 
 
 COLLARD, E. B., 
 
 Of Lafayette, was born in Illinois, in 1838; came with his 
 parents to Oregon in 1847. His father, F. A. Collard, was a 
 member of the Legislature of Oregon for three terms. The 8id>ject 
 of this sketch worked at various times in Idaho and Eastern Oregon 
 before settling in Yamhill County, which he did in 1874. Since 
 coming to that county he was in the grain business at Dayton until 
 1882, in which year he was eh^cted sheriff, and was re-elected in 
 1 884. He is a membei* of the Masonic and Odd Fellow's Orders. 
 Married Miss Isaphenea Waldron in 1S<U>, and their family con- 
 sists of eight children — Frank A., Agnes A,, Lyman, Roy L., Ella 
 Maud, Mabel, Samuel, and an infant unnamed. 
 
 CONKLIN, CHARLES. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1818; on arriving in Oregon he .settled one 
 mile northeast of Glencoe,, and was a farmer by occupation. He 
 married Margaret A. Beach nee Dobbin, in 1851, and their chil- 
 dren's names are — Ann Louisa, ■ "atliarinr, Charles T., Ada, and 
 Sarah. Mr. Conklin died in 1882. 
 
 
 i. 
 
 ■: 
 
 
 
 
 
 , • i 
 
 
 V ■ 
 
 2^ 
 
 : 
 
670 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 CONNER, NATHAN. 
 
 Born in Preston County, Missouri, in 1821. Came to Oregon 
 and settled in Polk County, and resides there still. Is a farmer by 
 occupation. He married Miss E. Buell (born in Louisa County, 
 Iowa), and they have had eight children. 
 
 CONNOR, J. 
 
 Born in Darke County, Ohio, and came to Oregon in 1847. 
 Settled at Ballston and engaged in the pursuits of agriculture. He 
 married Miss P. A. Riggs in 1353. Children— R. S., T. E., C. J., 
 L., R., M. L., and N. A. 
 
 COSGROVE, HUGH. 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1811; arrived in Canada in 1820; came to 
 Oregon and settled two and a half miles south of Champoeg on a 
 farm and still resides there. Manied Mary Rossi ter in 1831, who 
 is now dead. Children — Mrs. A. Eldridge^ Mrs. Mary Jackson, 
 Mrs. E. Miu'phy, Mi's. C. Vantine, Susan Cosgrove, and Mrs. E. 
 Wagner. 
 
 CYRUS, WILLIAM, 
 
 Is engaged in farming and stock-grovidng at Scio, Linn County. 
 He was born of Scotch and Enj^^ish parentis in Granger County, 
 Tennessee, on the seventeenth of December, 1820; came overland 
 to Oregon and has lived for a great number of years on his farm in 
 Linn County. Was elected a State Senator from that county in 
 1866, and in 1872 was elected county commissioner. His farm at 
 Scio consists of eleven hundred acres of land. He was married 
 three times; his first wife's pj'evious name was Mary A. Deakins, 
 a native of Indiana. By her his children are — Rebecca J., Enoch, 
 Rachel, Hepsibah, Henry, Charlotte, Mary E., Nancy C, Chris- 
 tiancy M., and John E. By his second wife, Jane Brisco, of In- 
 diana, his children are — Owen B., Jane, and Warren. His third 
 wiffc was Margaret H. Charlton, of Virginia. In 1884 there were 
 photographed on Mr. Cyrus' farm, his family, consisting of sixty- 
 four children and grandchildren. 
 
 DAVIDSON, J. £., M.D. 
 
 Bora in Barron County, Kentucky, November 17, 1823. Mov- 
 ing in 1829 to Illinois, he resided there until be came to Oregon, 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 671 
 
 and took up a claim to the land whereon Independence now stands. 
 In 1850 he erected there the first business house of that place, in 
 company with Burbanks. Two years preceding he had spent in 
 the California gold mines. When the Cayuae war ensued, Dr. 
 Davidson joined Nesmith's command and served against the Indians. 
 The Doctor has practised medicine since 1853, but secured his di- 
 ploma in 1868, at the Willamette University. He was married in 
 1850 to Mary Davis. Is in medical practice at Independence. 
 
 DAVIDSON, JAMES O. 
 
 Born in Warren County, Kentucky, in October, 1825, and wa** 
 ti'ken to Illinois two years later. He came to Oregon in 1847, and 
 settled at Monmouth, Polk County, but now resides at Buena Vista. 
 Is a farmer and stock-raiser. He married Mary E. Linville in 
 1850, in Polk County, and their children are — Annette, Lida, Or- 
 ville P., Ellis, Mary B., James L., and Ralph L. 
 
 DORRIS, J. J. 
 
 Born in Nodaway County, Missouri, April, 1841; set out with 
 his parents for Oregon when six years old; the father died on the 
 journey, and the family, destitute and unprotected, settled on the 
 La Creole in Polk County. Subsecpiently the widow mamed Al/is 
 Kinsey, who lived four miles south of Dayton, Yamhill County; 
 but he dying in 1858, the Doi-i'ises, with their mother, removed to 
 Lijm County, where J. J. Dorris has continuously resided since, ex- 
 cepting five years which he spent in Cal'fornia. He married Mary 
 E. Shields in 18(30, and they have had twelve children, of whom 
 ten are now living. Address, Scio, Linn County. 
 
 DURHAM, GEORGE H. 
 
 Born in Springfield, Illinois, December 4, 1843. His parents 
 settled in Clackamas County, (Jregon, in 1847. He was educated 
 in the Willamette Univei-sity and the Pacific University, graduating 
 from the latter in i 86(). Was a membei' of the First Oregon Cav- 
 alry. Studied law and was admitted to practice in 1869. Was 
 elected ilistrict attorney of the Fourth Judicial District of Oregon, 
 ill 1872. Is in legal practice at Portland. Married Miss S. E. 
 Clarke, dauf^i^^er of. Rev. Hai'vey Clarke. 
 
 i!,! 
 
 ¥'''' 
 
 ; V' 
 
 v,h 
 
 p- fiV' 
 
 |:: . 
 
 f 4 
 
672 
 
 HISTOEY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 FREDERICKS, JAMES M. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1814; went thence to Illinois and Iowa, coming 
 to Oregon in 1847, and settling in Polk County. Bought the 
 Applegate farm and cultivated it. Married Clara L. Downer, in 
 1837. Children — Martha J., Irene, Judith E., and Jacob W. Mr. 
 Fredericks died in 1856. 
 
 FULKERSON, JAMES W. • 
 
 Born in Virginia, August 28, 1803; in 1807 his family moved 
 to Tennessee, and in 1817 to Missoiu'i. In the spring of 1847 he 
 set out for Oregon, and arrived in Polk County in October of that 
 year. He made that locality his home until his death, May 31, 
 1884. Served several terms in the Territorial Legislature. Was 
 married in 1823 to Miss Mary Fuller, by whom he had eleven 
 children, six of whom still live. These are — Elizabeth (Mrs. 
 Willis Gaines), Sarah (Mrs. A. Cain), Virginia (Mrs. J. McDaniel), 
 Margaret (Mi-s. Caleb Curl), Hannah (Mi's. S. Crowley), and 
 William H. Mrs. Fulkei-son died on the plains, and in 1848 he 
 married Mrs. Catharine Crowley, mother of the Miss Leland 
 Crowley, whose death and burial at Grave Creek form such a 
 romantic episode in the history of Southern Oregon. The lady 
 was a pioneer of 1846. 
 
 FULKERSON, WILLIAM H. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1840; the son of the preceding. Came with 
 his parents to Oregon when seven years of age, and has lived in 
 Polk County ever since. Is a farmer by occupation, his farm being 
 in Polk County, near Salem. Married Miss Sarah J. Craven in 
 1867. They have Jiad five children — Frederick (deceased), Albert 
 N., Pearly P., James M. (deceased), and Lois F. 
 
 GEER, JOSEPH C, Sr. 
 
 Born in Windham County, Connecticut, February 5, 1795; 
 served in the war of 1812, for which, many years after, he obtained 
 a pension. In 1816 married Mary Johnston, a native of Rhode 
 Island, and three years after moved to Madison County, Ohio, and 
 was a farmer for twenty-two years. In 1 840 he moved westward 
 again, settling in western Illinois. In 1847 he set out for Oregon. 
 He located in Clackamas County, opposite Butteville, and died 
 
in 
 
 HISTORY or IMMIGRATION. 
 
 67a 
 
 there of old age, August 27, 1881. He left an aged widow, seven 
 sons and four daughters. His lineal descendants, all residing on 
 this coast, number one hundred and fifty persons. He was the 
 oldest member of the Pioneer Association. 
 
 GIBSON, W. O. 
 
 Bom in Tennessee in 1810; crossed the plains with a family of 
 six children and his mother. The year follon ing his arrival in 
 Oregon he settled in Washington County — tb^^n Tualatin County — 
 and took a donation claim near Forest Grove, on which he lived 
 twelve years. He has resided in Hillsboro since 1875; owns city 
 property and some land. In 1830 married Miss M. Bprgin, and 
 has four living children and six dead. The living are — James W., 
 Elizabeth, Eliaa J., and Jacob. 
 
 GILLIAM, ANDREW J. 
 
 Was bom in Carrol County, missouri, in 1818; came to Oregon 
 and settled in Polk County. His present residence is Dallas, and 
 occupation, farming. He married Sarah T. Clay in Missouri in 
 1839, by whom he has eleven children. 
 
 GRAVES. G. W. 
 
 Born in Warren County, Missouri, in 1833, the son of the 
 succeeding. Coming to Oregon, he settled at Sheridan, near which 
 town he still resides, occupying himself in the pursuits of agricul- 
 ture. He married Miss Ellen McCanein October, 1855. Children 
 — Walter, Lucy E., James F., Ezra C, J. O., Cora B., and C. C. 
 
 GRAVES, JAMES B. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1797; moved to Kentucky in an early day, 
 and was married to Diana Newton in 1823. Moved next to Mis- 
 Houri, and from there to Oregon in 1847. Settled near what is now 
 Sheridan, in Yamhill County. Was a member of the Territorial 
 Legislature one term. Had a family of nine children, of whom 
 eight grew up. Six of these still live. Their names are — Charles 
 B., Helen M., Thomas N., George W., Lucy, and Harrison T. 
 Mr. Graves died in 1882. 
 
 GRAVES. THOMAS NEWTON. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1831; came to Oregon in 1847, and settled 
 in Yamhill County, where he still resides. Is a farmer. Married 
 
 , i 
 
H18T0KY or WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 H18TUK.X "- 
 
 , •„ ,860 ohiUren-Henry H. Eugtne 
 rSf WarF!5.°a"a B,, U C. Heme ... Lo„. ., 
 
 GREEN, JAMES. „i„1847. His bWh t«'k l''""' '." 
 
 M... Green -^ 7,«XL toughoUt bU early y-r- - 
 
 Pennsylvania, in 1817, '«•"«« »^^ ^^^^ ^^.^^^^ ,„ i^T, 
 
 lat sU, Ne* York, -^ ^-^^4 tt, ,,,n«u ha» l-eeu fann.ug, 
 and settled in YamMl '- ""'^[■^ ^te. 
 and his present residence is at Latay 
 
 ''T«dgic*n,n. waslHirn in Oh», ^,^';:^:,J^r::^ 
 JmL. at the age of .«» yea^. -^l' J^ ^o Oregon by 
 Tnd important immigranon^jbaty^^.^^^^^^^ .^^ ,,„ ,, 
 
 the usual route ^-ross .be P «na ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^,^, ^j ,, 
 
 ..„a still resides there. Hk ho. ^, ,„„„«t„l i..th e 
 
 Aurora. The Judge b;'^ '«en ^ i,dd various nniH.rt. t 
 
 ,n-o«lb and P-^e- "'' "", l**^, „f the ««. Territonal l,eg sh ■ 
 
 offices. In 1849 be was a ■»«»*^;„^^i„,„, and « #«" pvol.a . 
 
 ■« 1 ftftO he became countj conim cliosen btate 
 
 3,age, una w^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^.^ ^,,,. Again, fun » ^ 
 
 Senator m 18.'.>^, •««" ^'=- j^- j^ccepfaiu-e ol uie 
 
 1S82 he heia the same posit "• ^^^^^^.^^^^^ ,,,^,, l .nc 
 
 oLewa. only at the ^f^^^^^^ , prominent men.hev of 
 Senator, E. D. Baker Judge Grnn.^^ .^^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^^ y^. 
 
 t,be Pioneer A^^^f *",.,,, ,lve children, whose names a - 
 Geer, by whom he ^^^J"^'^ ^Z^^,,,. William, Thurston iH.ualu 
 
 Byron J., Martha ^-^]i^^U..M^^^^^-- 
 
 Edgar, Edwin, John W., Mary 
 
 HACKLEMAN. A. ^ ^^^ took a .lunation elami^ 
 
 Born in Indiana' can.e . O^g ^^^^^^^ owns a faim 
 
 ,, which a part of the ctty of Albany ^^^^^^ ^^^ r. 
 
 ,, ,.. hundred acres -- »^.^ „an.ely --Pauline, Thurs- 
 l)aviB, by whom he has ha hve ^^^^ ^,^^^j^ 
 
 ton P., Josephine (deceased), Denver 
 HARRIS. REUBEN. . . removed, when young, to llh- 
 
 j;::d:rx~^^^^^^^^^ 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 675 
 
 Buck, by whom he has had — John E., Lafayette T., Sultaua, Al- 
 zada, Mehala, Mary, W. E., and Thomas J. Crossed the phiins by 
 ox-team in 1847, and halted in Washington County. Spent a year 
 in California. Farmed in Yamhill County. Is partner with John 
 Hamv in the boot and shoe business at Lafayette. 
 
 HEMBREE, J. M. 
 
 Born in Oregon in 1847; farmer until 1879. Married, in 1874, 
 to Miss Mary Perkins; family includes two children — Clinton E., 
 and Dora; residence, Lafayette. 
 
 HILL, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Jefferson County, New York, in 1820; moved to Ohio 
 in 1831; to Illinois in 1340; and seven years later left Illinois for 
 Oregon ; arrived in Polk County and became the founder of Inde- 
 pendence in 1 868, which town is still his place of residence, and oc- 
 cupation, farming. He married Martha A. Virgin in 1851, and 
 their children's names are — Roseltha, Clarinda, Ladue, Mary E., 
 Lucy v., Nellie M., Homer V., Verdie, and one other. 
 
 HOLMAN, HARDY. 
 
 The son of James S. Holman, was born in Missouri in 1840, and 
 came with his parents to Polk County, Oregon, in 1847. He en- 
 gaged in farming, and now possesses considerable real estate. He 
 was in the mercantile business at Buena Vista for eight years. Was 
 also in the stock business in Eastern Oregon. Was elected sheriff 
 of Polk County in 1882, having previously been deputy for his 
 father. Married Miss Margaret E. Allen in 1861, and they have 
 seven children— James M., Mary E., Eva H., Nathaniel A., Addie 
 E., Alice, and Meda. 
 
 HOLMAN, JAMES S, 
 
 Born in Tennessee in 1813; emigrated to Missouri when young, 
 and while there married Miss Mary Bowman in 1832. Came across 
 the plains to Oregon and settled in Polk County. Became a mem- 
 ber of the Territorial Legislatiu*e and of the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion ; was sheriff of Polk County seven years, and held that office at 
 the time that Oregon was admitted to the Union. Was a member 
 of the Legislature two terms after tlie State was organized. He was 
 
 i-!.?;i 
 
 '1 
 
676 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 'y.f''ti.- 
 
 an active member of the Baptist Church, and one of the founders 
 i>f the college at McMiunville, His children numbered seven when 
 he came to the State of Oi-egon, namely — Hardy, John, Preston, 
 Nathaniel, Amos H., Nancy, and Mary H. Three of them, John, 
 Nancy, and Mary H., are now deceased. Mr. Holman died Janu- 
 ary 13, 1881. 
 
 HOLMAN, NATHANIEL. 
 
 Boni in Platte County, Missouri, in 1846, sou of James S. 
 Holman; came when an infant to Oregon, and now lives at Dallas, 
 Polk County. His occu[)ation is that of a farmer and lively stable 
 keeper. He nuu'ried Martha A. Watere, in Polk County, in 1<S(>8, 
 and theii- children's names are — William H., Nettie J., John D., 
 and James N. 
 
 HOLMAN, PRESTON. 
 
 Lives in Dallas, Polk (bounty. He was born in Missouri in 
 1844, the son of James S. Holman, and came with his parents to 
 Oregon when three years of age; received his education at the 
 Baptist College, McMinin ille, and entered the ministry at twenty- 
 live years of age, and now, in connection with ministerial duties, is 
 engaged in a tannery, in partnership with Charles McDonaUl. 
 Wiis in the war in 18(54-67. Married Miss I. E. Iluhhard in l8(i<;. 
 Children — Frank, Mollie K., Nellie M. (deceased), Fred J., and 
 Juanita P. 
 
 HUB3ARD, G. 
 
 Born in Pike Ct»unty, Missouri, in IS.'JO; oanie from Ulinctis to 
 Oregon and settled in Polk County. His present residence is Dixie, 
 and occupation fanning. He married Nancy J. Smith, in Polk 
 County, in 1858, an<l their children's names are — Laura, SamucO 
 H., McClellan, David R., Hannah H., Nettie A., John V., Thonuu-; 
 (t., James L, Charles A., Jemima E., Grace J., Joseph C, Lee F., 
 ami Metzler. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, THOMAS DABNEY. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1822; spent his early life in the Mississippi 
 States, -md taught school on reaching sufficient age. Left St. Jo., 
 Missoiu'i, May 5, 1847, for Oregon, and arrived at Oregon City on 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIORATION. 
 
 
 September IStli of that year. Mined on Feather River, California, 
 in the early days, but returned in less than a year, settled on a 
 donation olaiu] in Washington C/Ounty, and engaged in farming. 
 His first location, made in 1847, wa*i on the Tualatin, nine miles 
 from Hills1)oro, but altout 1868 he removed to that town, and has 
 lived there since. Was probate judge in old times, and since has 
 been United States assessor, county clei-k, and county judge, and 
 now (1880) acts in the latter capacity. Married in 1840 to Miss 
 Elizabeth A. Taylor, and their children, eight in number, were all 
 born in Oregon. Their names are — S. TL, Mrs. J. ]). Morgan, 
 Mrs. Bruce Wolverton, John H., Thomas J.. Araminta E., Arthur, 
 and Samuel. 
 
 HUNT, G. W. 
 
 Born in Wayne (Jounty, Indiana, in 1880; set out for Oregon 
 at the age of seventeen, and arrived in Oftol)er. Is now a resident 
 of Whiteaker, Oregon, dealing in general nien^handise. Imports 
 Shropshire and Leicestei- sheep and Essex swine, and has done 
 much to improve the l)reeds of domestic animals in this valley. 
 
 HUNT, JOHN A. 
 
 Born in Tnion County, Indiana, in 183(). Removed to Oregon 
 and scttlt'd ten miles east of Salem. \'isited ( •alifornia during the 
 gold excitement. Removed to Douglas (Jounty. Represented that 
 section in the Legislature of 1882. Married in 1860 to Miss Ellen 
 AnnneJi. 
 
 ILER. W. E. 
 
 Born ill Missouri in 1845; came to Oregon in 1847 and settled 
 at Oi'egou City. Present residence two miles east of Butteville; 
 and occupation farmer. He married Loulie Stevens in 1870, and 
 their children's names are — Emma R., Arthur, Birdie, and Ettie. 
 
 JENNINGS, BERRYMAN. 
 
 Born in Jessamine County, Kentucky, June 16, 1807; resides 
 near Oregon City, and is a farmer l)y occupation. Has been mar- 
 ried tvsdce, the first wife's name having been M. White, the 
 second, Martha Pope. The children were — Edward T., Charles H., 
 Ella A., Ada C, William B., May E., John F., and LiUie M. 
 
 'I 
 
 rt. i 
 
 ', 
 
 I'; . ( . 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 
678 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 JOHNSON, H. A. 
 
 Born in New York in 1819; moved to Illinois when twenty-one; 
 married Miss Elizabeth Whitley the next year; in 1847 set out for 
 Oregon, and settled in Marion County; went next year to the 
 California mines for a short stav; in 1862 went into mercantile 
 business, and so occupied himself for five years. Mr. Johnson re- 
 sides at Salem with his family, which includes seven children — J. 
 C, W. G., W. W., H. A., Jr., S. T., F. M., and Rachel C. 
 
 JOLLY, W. B. 
 
 Born in Knox County, Illinois, May 26, 1843, and was brought 
 by his parents to Oregon in 1847. Married, November 9, 1865, a 
 daughter of Rev. J, S. Griffin; she died on October 25, 1877, and 
 on April 10, 1879, he married Miss Hattie E. Woodworth, of 
 HowelVs Prairie, Marion County. Mr. Jolly resides near Hillsboro, 
 Washington County, and is a farmer. 
 
 JORY, HUGH S. 
 
 Born in St. John's, New Brunswick, in November, 1833; 
 present residence, South Salem. Occupation, wagon and carriage 
 maker. Married in 1857 to Miss Mary Budd, who came to Oregon 
 in that year. Their children were — Charles, Oliver, Allie, and 
 Ralph. The two latter were diowned in the Willamette in 1879. 
 
 KENNEDY, BARNEY. 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1811; came to Oregon and settled on a farm 
 two and a half miles south of Champoeg. Occupation, farming. 
 Married Arab Underwood in 1839, and they had John, William, 
 Mary, and Sarah. Mr. Kennedy died in 1865. Mrs. Kennedy 
 still resides near Champoeg. 
 
 KETCHUM, W. M. 
 
 Lives in Albany, Linn County, engaged in a planing mill and 
 sash and door factory. He was born in New York in 1820; mar- 
 ried in 1851 to Miss Laura Patterson; have four childi'en — Emma, 
 Ella, Frank, and Alva. 
 
 KINNEY, ROBERT CROUCH. 
 
 Born near Summerville, Illinois, July 4, 1813; married Miss 
 Eliza Bigelow in 1833; founded the town of Muscatine, Iowa; par- 
 
HISTORY OF IlkkMlOHA'noX. 
 
 679 
 
 ticipated in the Black Hawk war; came to Oregon with his family 
 and hin brother Samuel, in Palmer's company; the brothere settled 
 in the ('hehalem Valley, Yamhill County, and became successful 
 farmers. Robert removed to McMinuvillc in 1857, to be near school; 
 liought the McMiunville flouring mill; in 1S(V2 bought the Brooklyn 
 flour mill opposite Portland; removed to Salem, in 1867 and in- 
 vested in the woolen manufacturing company, and afterwards en- 
 tered upon flour milling with great success, handling one -fourth of 
 the Oregon wheat crop, and shipping great <piantities of floiu- anti 
 grain to Europe. Mr. Kinney died in February, 1875. He had 
 held several public offices, having been a member of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention and Territorial Legislature. His children were 
 — Mary Jane, wife of J. H. Smith, of llari'isburg; Albert William, 
 of Salem (died January 1, 1881); Augustus C, a physician; Mar- 
 shal J., of San Francisco; Alfred C, a physician; Josephine E., of 
 San Francisco; William S., and Eliza L. 
 
 KINSEY, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1784; settled eventually in Missouri after 
 (!onsideral>le wan<lering, and was county judge of Holt Oounty for 
 several years, (''auie to ( )i'egon, and settled in Polk (bounty. His 
 residence was n«^ai' Dixie. Occupation, farming. Married Miss 
 Hannah Mc(^racken. rhildren— Edson, Benjamin, and Anson. 
 Mr. Kinsey died in 1861, and his widow two years later. 
 
 KNIGHTEN, THOMAS. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1831; came to Oregon, and his fii-st settle- 
 ment in this State was made near Gales' Peak, Washingtcm County. 
 He now lives three miles west of Forest (irove, engaged in farm- 
 ing. He married Nancy Ranes in 1855, and they now have six 
 children. 
 
 LAROQUE, GEORGE. 
 
 Born near Montreal, (Canada, in 1820; came to the United 
 States in 1836, and three years later entered the service of the 
 American Fur Company, and set out to the Rocky Mountain 
 country. He continued in the wild plains life for several years, 
 and in 1847 settled in the Willamette Valley. In the fall of 1848 
 he went to California on the brig Henry ^ and spent several mouths 
 
 
 (^ 
 
 I" 1 
 
 1" 
 
 SE-i^t 
 
 i 
 
 ;; I 
 
680 
 
 HI8T0ET OF WILI<AM1CTT£ VALLEY. 
 
 prospecting for gold. In one year he took out $12,000 in gold, 
 and returned to Oregon. In 1851 he became a member of the 
 firm of F. X. Mathieu & Co., at Butteville, and remained therewith 
 for several years. He afterwards embarked in the wheat trade and 
 milling business at Oregon City, and so remained until his death 
 at Oakland, California, Februaiy 23, 1877. Left a wife, daughter, 
 and three sons. 
 
 LAUGHLIN, LEE. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1833; came to Oregon when fourteen yeare 
 of age; was in the Yakima war in 1856, and served until its close. 
 He took a donation claim when he became of age. Commenced 
 mercantile business in 1866 at North Yamhill, and is still engaged 
 therein. In 1860 was elected assessor; was elected to the Legisla- 
 ture in 1870, and re-elected in 1874. Was a candidate for a seat 
 in the State Senate in 1884, which is now being contested. Mar- 
 ried Miss Emma Stewart in 1856. 
 
 LAUGHLIN, SAMUEL, SR. 
 
 Born in Pendleton County, S. C, December 2, 1792; removed 
 to Kentucky in 1803, and to Missouri in 1815; came to Oregon in 
 1847 and settled in Yamhill County. In 1868 the members of the 
 Laughlin family residing in Yamhill numbered one himdred and 
 eleven persons. Mr. Laughlin died in 1869. 
 
 LEE. NICHOLAS. 
 
 Born in Pike County, Ohio, in February, 1818; learned the 
 trade of cooper; married in 1840 to Miss Sarah Hopper, a native 
 of Virginia. They moved westward in the following year, and 
 stopped for a time in Iowa, but in 1847 came overland to Oregon 
 by the southern route. In the following spring they moved to Polk 
 County, and one year later settled on the Lee homestead, two and a 
 half miles south of Dallas. Mr. Lee tilled the soil and raised stock 
 until 1862, when he established a business house in Dallas and con- 
 ducted it until 1876, when he disposed of it and retired to the old 
 homestead. He died on July 11, 1879, and Mrs. Lee survived him 
 for eighteen months, djing on the eleventh of January, 1881. Mr. 
 Lee was instrumental in founding the LaCreole Academy and was 
 one of the first trustees. He was licensed as a local preacher of the 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIOKATION. 
 
 681 
 
 M. E. Church in 1854. Of their children, Josepli D., E. Jennie 
 Smith and George W. Lee live in Polk County; Mrs. Martha A. 
 Odell, in Yamhill County; Miss Sarah L. Lee, and Mrs. V. A. 
 Gwynn, in Benton County, and Mrs. Mary A. Butler in Whitman 
 County, Washington Territory. 
 
 LEE, PHILANDER. 
 
 Lives at Canby, Clackamas County, and is a farmer by occupa- 
 tion: waa born in New York in 1802; married Miss Annie Green, 
 by whom his children were — Emily A. (deceased), Edwin T. 
 (deceased), Heman A., Elvira, Oren (decejused), Caroline, Jason R. 
 (deceased), and Albert H. 
 
 MARVIN, LUCINDA (COFFIN). 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1839, the daughter of General Stephen 
 CoflBn (q. v.)\ came with her parents to Oregon in 1847; lived 
 mainly at Oregon City and Portland, and married, fii'st, C. A. 
 Reed, and, second, Albert M. Marvin. Residence, Salem. 
 
 MAY, HARVEY B. 
 
 Born in Shelby County, Kentucky, in September, 1833; came 
 to Oregon in October, 1847. Resides now at Canemah, and is a 
 carpenter T)y trade. Married Nareissa A. Morris, and their chil- 
 dren are — Albion W., Emma A., Minnie E., Eugenia, P^'ranklin 
 M., Lawrence, Lake A., Elvin S., and Fred O. 
 
 MAY, THOMAS W. 
 
 Born in North Carolina in 1812; was a farmer by occupation; 
 married Caroline McNealey, and their children were — Harvey E., 
 Wiley W., Sophia, Delilah, and Stephen L. (deceased). Mr. May 
 died near Oregon City in 1880. 
 
 McBRIDE, T. A. 
 
 Born in Yamhill County in 1847, the son of Dr. James McBride, 
 a well known pioneer. He was educated at McMinuville, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1870, and has practiced law ever since. 
 Was a member of the Legislature from Columbia County, and 
 later, prosecuting attorney for the Fifth Judicial District. 
 
 iN 
 
 
 
 • } 
 
 r 
 
 hi 
 
B82 
 
 HIHTORY OK WII.r.AMKTTK VAI-LKT. 
 
 McCAIN, PARIS. 
 
 Born in Butler County, Ohio, in 1824; came to Oregon in 1847, 
 settling in Polk County, where he ctill residen. Mr. McCain i« a 
 farnier, and his address is Sheridan, Yamhill ('ounty. He married 
 Miss Franees J. Story in 18.')7, and they have six children, whose 
 names are >w follows — Ollle, Flor, James L., Orville, Charles awd 
 Esther. 
 
 Mccarty, e. w. 
 
 Born in Jackson County, Missouri, in 1S27; came to Oregon 
 overland at the age rtf twenty, and settle<l in Polk ('ouuty; still re- 
 sides in that county, near Bueiia Vista, and is a fanner. lie mar 
 ried Miss Amanda Bounds in Buena Vista in 1850, and they have 
 — Mary, Alexander, Parmeas B., Josejdiine, Leroy, ('hai'les, and 
 Eddie. 
 
 McKAY, JAMES. 41 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1819, and came to America in 1842. Came 
 to Oregon and settled at St. Paul, Marion County. Resides upon 
 his farm thre* xjiil '^ east of that place. Is proprietor of a mill, the 
 successor of ./a which was constructed in 1844 by the St. Paul 
 mission, ami sold to Mr. McKay in 18.5(». The. present structure 
 wjw built by him in 18<;i. Mr. McKay married Cecelia Lawyon in 
 1840, who died June i;i, 1871. Their children are — William, Kat.- 
 (Mrs. Mc-Cormack), Cecelia (Mrs. Kirk), Mary, and John N. 
 
 McKINNEY, WILLIAM, 
 
 Is a farmer, merchant and miller, and lives at Turner, Marion 
 County. Bom in Missouri in 1820; married Matilda Darby, and 
 their children are — Edwin E., Martha E., Anna E., Ilenriette V., 
 John W., Mary E., Fanny O., Alice N., M., E., and Oneatia. Mr. 
 McKinney built the first mill in Marion County north of Salem. 
 
 MONTEITH, THOMAS. 
 
 Born in New York in 1824; lived in Illinois for six years; 
 came to Oregon in 1847 across the plains; located in Linn County, 
 and with his brother Walter, laid out the town of Albany in 1848, 
 upon their own claim of six hundred and forty acres. He paid a 
 visit to California in 1848, but soon returned. Part of his time 
 
 MONTGOMER 
 
HIHTORY (»K IMMFOKATION. 
 
 68H 
 
 htm been devoted to trade iind tlu- iimnufiictiire of Hour. The 
 Albany City Flouring Mills, owned by Monteith tk Sou, have a 
 capacity of one hundred and sixty barrels daily. Mr. Montieth 
 married Christine M. Dunbar, and their children are — Aichibald, 
 Lotta, Thomas, and Christine. Kesidence, AlV)any. 
 
 MrNTGOMERY, JOHN A., 
 
 Is a farmer, residing at Seio, Linn County; was born in Hick- 
 man County, Tennessee, January <S, 18"J<); came overland to 
 Oregon, and in the same year participated in the Indian troubles. 
 Married ICliza E. Hester, and their children's names are — George 
 S., Thomas J,, and William. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, WILLIAM. 
 
 Lives in Scio, Linn County, and is a farmer by occupation ; born 
 in Kentucky; married Mary L. Cusick, and their children are — 
 Amanda L, Anna M., Eli/.a J., Martha O., William (),, Roger S., 
 Howard, George S., Elva M., Lena J., Mary L, and Frank. 
 
 MULKEY, MARION F. 
 
 Born in Johnson County, Missouri, November 14, 1880. Came 
 to Oregon with his father, Johnson Mulkey, in 184 i", and settled in 
 Benton County, on a donation claim. AVas educated in Yale 
 College, graduating in 1862. Read law, and In 1804 was admitt( ;! 
 to the bar. Became prosecuting attorney of the fourth judicial 
 district in 1 860, and next year a memVx'r of the city council of 
 Portland, his place of residence. In 1872 and IHT.'i he was city 
 attorney cf il;at town. Man-ied Miss Mary K. Porter in 1862. 
 
 MYER, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Hanovei-, Germany, November 30, 1818. Went to 
 Illinois in 1883, moving tiience overland to Oregoii in 1847. 
 Settled in Polk Coiuity, and now resides at Smithfield, in the 
 same county. He is a farmer and stock-raiser. He married 
 Elizabeth J. Shankline in Cass County, Illinois, October 26, 1842. 
 Children— William H., William T., John H., George W., Sarah 
 E., Amanda J., Mary A. IL, James W., A. E., and Frank I. 
 
 PENNINGTON, STEWART M. 
 
 Born in Monroe County, Kentucky, in 1824; came overland to 
 Oregon, part of the way with a train, partly on hoi-seback and with 
 
 
684 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 but four companions. Reached Oregon City in September, and 
 worked for a while in George Abernethy's sawmill. Farmed on the 
 Tualatin Plains. Went to California in 184V> and mined for two 
 years. Retxirning, he located in Linn County, and married Miss 
 Abigail E. Cooper and took a donation claim of six hundred and 
 forty acres. Removed to Umatilla County in 1871 and engaged in 
 stock-raising. Resides at Pendleton. Was chosen State Sen-ntoi' 
 in 1878 and 1880. Has seven children and several grandchildren. 
 
 PIERCE, ASHLEY. 
 
 Born in Harrison County, Indiana, June 30, 1821; came to 
 Oregon and settled in Linn County, and was one of the active men 
 who aided in forming that county; was the first delegate from tlmt 
 county to take fruit to the horticultural society Is now a ferryman 
 by occupation, and resides at Albany. Married, in 1860, Miss 
 Susan Read. 
 
 POUJADE, L. H. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1829, and moved thence to Louisiana. In 1S47 
 set out by ox-team for Oregon and located at Gervais, Marion 
 County, and has remained there ever since. There were only thre^ 
 houses there on his arrival, and no English-speaking family for eiglit 
 miles. His occupation wsis farming. In 1 853 he married Catherine 
 Simmons, who bore him, Henry B., Mary E., Anna, Louisa M., 
 and Joseph, and died in 18H7. Three yeai-s later he wedded Mary 
 Ann Barnes, and has had — T. D., Agnes, Eveliiui, and Franklin, 
 by her. Mr. Poujade was assessor in 1853, and since 18()2 has been 
 justice of the peace. 
 
 POWELL, L. J., A. M. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in May, 1834; the son of David and Almedia 
 Powell, who emigi'ated first to Missouri (1837), and to Oregon 
 (1847). They settled at a point seven miles east of Poi-tland. The 
 son went to California in 1849, and remaintid a year. Ser' ed in 
 the Yakima war. Was educated in the Wesleyan University at 
 Delaware, Ohio, chiss of ISfil, and in the same year married Miss 
 Martha Ransom, of Yamhill County. Held the chair of mathe- 
 matics in the Willamette University for fourteen years (I8f>2-1 87*)). 
 Was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 685 
 
 x\t the close of his term he became president of the University of 
 Washington Territory, at Seattle, where he now resides. 
 
 PRETTYMAN, DAVID D. 
 
 Birthplace, Delaware; date, 1832; moved to Missouri in 1830, 
 and to Oregon in 1847. In 1849 went to farming, three miles from 
 Portland, and remained there until 1801 ; then went to Polk Coimty 
 and settled upon a farm of one hundred and tifty acres, near Salem. 
 Mr. Prettyman was married in 1850, to Miss Sarah A. Kiggs, and 
 they hav(.^ two children. He has distinguished himself in agricul- 
 tural pui-suits, and at the Centennial Exposition, in Philadelphia, 
 took prizes for his line wheat exhibits. Plis residen<-e now is Salem. 
 Dr. Prettyman, father of the gentleman spoken of, \vas a physician 
 of eminence in (Jregon, and did much to develop the Staters resoiu'ces. 
 
 PUTNAM, D. B. 
 
 Born in Kentucky, in IMIO, and came to Oregon in 1<S47, settling, 
 in the following year, in Linn County. In 1850 he i-emoved to 
 Amity, Yamhill County, and has lived there ever since. He '3 propri- 
 etor of a large farm, and propei-ty in the town mentioned. He 
 niarr" ■(! Isabella Finlcy in Illinois, in 1830. Children- -Martha, 
 Mahala, David IL, John, James, ami Maiy. Mrs. Putnam dying, 
 Mr. P. married, in is.')!, Mrs. Kebecca Landingham, by wh(mi he has 
 had the following c-iiildren— Sarah (Mrs. Levi Walker, of Forest 
 Grove), Joseph J., Robert B., Daniel B., Nancy A. (Mrs. J. Duraiit, 
 of Ainsworth, W. T.), Frances (Mi-s. E. Conner), and Rebecca (Mrs. 
 E. Henderst)n). 
 
 RAMSEY, DAVID. 
 
 Resides at Newburg, Yamhill ('ounty, and is both farmer and 
 miller by occupation. He was r)orp in Indiana in 1815; married 
 Miss Susan Shuck in 1838, and by her had live sons and five 
 daughters. 
 
 RAMSEY, WILLIAM M, 
 
 Born in Monroe ('ounty, Iowa, December 25, 1840; present 
 residence, Salem. (Occupation, attorney at law. Was county 
 judge of Yamhill ('oimty from 1870 to 1874. Was married in 
 187(» to Mahala A Hiaris. They have children — Nellie, Fred A., 
 Horace M., and Mary E. 
 
 h W: 
 
 ii<< 
 
 K 
 
686 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMBTTiS VALLBT. 
 
 RICHARDSON, NATHANIEL C, 
 
 Is a farmer, and lives three miles s;>uth oi Hillsboro, his home 
 since 1852. His first place ff residence in thiti State was near 
 Oregon City, in Clackama? County. He was !iorv in Madison 
 County, Illinois, in 1808; married to Anna, (f i 
 and their children's names ire — John A., Ei. ibeiu, 
 Frances M., Lois Ann, Ccrnelia, and Petei. Mr 
 married Mj's. C. L. Cox in 1873. 
 
 lel in 1829, 
 
 iieorge W., 
 
 Richardson 
 
 ROTH, CHARLES. 
 
 Born in Baden, Germany, in 1818; came to Oregon and settled 
 near Harrisburg, in Linn County. He learned the trade of wood 
 turner and chair maker, when young; is now a farmer by occupa- 
 tion. Was married to Miss Martha Conovert in 1807. 
 
 ROWELL, JAMES M. 
 
 Lives in Eola, Polk County; was born in New Hampsh-t; in 
 '1809; moved from there to Vermont and then to Illinois. \c->\t 
 came to Oregon and located in Washington County, but u.o^ ?.^ 5< 
 Polk in ^857; his occupations have been farming, gard* iiit; .-, a ,d 
 teaching school. Was in the Cayuse war. ^ 
 
 SHELTON, HAMAN. 
 
 Born in Andrew County, Missoui*!, November 1, 1843; is a 
 farmer, and resides in Scio, Linn County; mamed Ollie Holman, 
 and has one child— Vardemon E. Shelton. 
 
 SHELTON, HARVEY. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1822; came overland to Ore< < ?• jin.d took 
 a donation claim in Linn (Joimty, near Scio, which is .s'.,; i.i . phv,t> 
 of residence. He was ck^'ted a member of the State Legt.--.itnre ui 
 1872, and re-elected in 1874, 1880, and 1884. Married Caroline 
 Thomas, a native of Missciri, md who came to Oregon in 1852. 
 Theii* children are — Riley, Mary C, II' \;^, George, Isal)el, Melviri 
 H., and Enoch. Mr. Shelton waij u volunteer in the f!ayuse war 
 of 1847-48. 
 
 SHUCK, ANDREW. 
 
 Lives in McMinnville. Was born in Indiana in IS 1.5; went to 
 Iowa in 1835, and livwl there until c<>ming to Oregon; after his 
 
TTn 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 687 
 
 ,31 And took 
 
 arrival in this State he settled in Yamhill (bounty on a donation 
 claim. Moved to McMinnville a few yeai*s since. He was ap- 
 pointed sheriff by Governor Lane during the Territorial Govern- 
 ment, and was elected for two terms aft<^rwards, and has served six 
 sessions in the Legislature. Married Miss Mary Conway in l!S88, 
 and has seven children. 
 
 STEWART, BENJAMIN E. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1815; came to Oregon and settled at North 
 Yamhill, Yamhill County, on a donation claim, where he resided 
 until his death, which occurred in 1877. His occupation wjus that 
 of a farmer and stock-raiser. He married Ann Crumbakcr in 
 188H, and their children's names are— Emeline, David C, Eriuin- 
 ger, James Y., Orville, Montgomery, Fanny A., and Emma. 
 
 TAYLOR, CHRISTOPHER. 
 
 Born in Germantown, Ohii), in 182'2, and in 1847 crossed the 
 plains with General Joel Pahner. In the ("ayuse war he was em- 
 ployed in the coinn)issary's department. Afterwards In'came a 
 clerk for Pettygi'ove, who owned the only store in Portland, at 
 that time. Went to California dui-ing the gold excitement. Settled 
 at Dayton, Yamhill County, in 1850, and ]>egan general merchan- 
 dising. Married December 31, 1850, to Miss Sarah A. Williams. 
 They have one child — Ella E — now Mrs. G. E. Detmering. 
 Colonel Taylor has liorne an important part in the organization of 
 the Oi-egon State Militia. On Angv.'t 2G, 1864, he was com- 
 missioned iVssistant Adjutant-(Teneral on the staff of Major-General 
 Palmer, by Governor Gibbs; and on May 24, 1883, he received at 
 the hands of Governor Moody, the ct)mfnission of Major-General of 
 the State Militia. 
 
 TOWNSEND, J. M. 
 
 Born in Fulton County, Illinois, in 1834; came to Oregon and 
 settled at Dallas. Present residence. King's Valley, and occupation, 
 farming. He mai'ried Sophronia Price at Salt Creek, Polk County, 
 in I860, and their children's names are — John M., and W. \j. 
 
 TOWNSEND, IRA S. 
 
 Born in Jackson County, Missouri in 1820, and lived in that 
 State and Illinois until 1847, in which year he crossed the plains to 
 
 
 
 ii^ 
 
 , ? 
 
 ii -i 
 
 
 '■]■ 
 
 
6S8 
 
 HI8T0BT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Oregon. Took up a donation claim near Perrydale, in Polk County, 
 where he still resides. Visited the California mines in 1848. Was 
 lieutenant in Captain Hayden's company in the Yakima war. 
 1.. irved two terms in the Legislature, in 1868 and 1878. Was 
 married inl853 to Miss B. F. Smith, and has two sons — James H.. 
 an attorney at Dallas, and George N. 
 
 WAIT, AARON. 
 
 Born in Whately, Massachusetts, December 26, 1813. After two 
 years passed in the study of law, he was admitted to the bar in 
 Michigan in 1841. On his arrival in Oregon he settled at Oregon 
 City and commenced practice. In the Cayuse war he acted as 
 assistant commissary general, and at the same time edited the Oregon 
 Spectator, newspaper. After the admission of Oregon as a State, 
 he was eh^cted one of the three judges of the supreme court, and acted 
 as chief justice of the same for four years. In 1873 he moved with 
 his family to Canby, Clackamas County ; owns about six hundred 
 acres of land near Canby, and over three thousand acres elsewhere 
 in Oregon and Washington Territory. He was first married to 
 Mary N. Springer, and next to Catharine Quivey; his children are 
 — Columbia L. (deceased), Charles N., Mary C. (deceased), Annie 
 E., Katie C. (deceased), and Mary L. (deceased). 
 
 WALLER, G. T. 
 
 Born in Morgan County, Illinois, September 24, 1830, and came 
 across the plains in 1847 to Oregon and settled in Polk County, 
 where he has since resided. For six years after his ari'ival he gave 
 his attention to stock -i-aising, but in 1854 began the mercantile 
 business in Eola. Went to Monmouth in 1876, and October 17, 
 1882, the present mercantile association, of which he is a member, 
 was formed. This gentleman was married to Mary J. Doty, June 
 25, 1857, and their children are — Oliver F., Emma C, Larin W., 
 Ada A., Minnie, Lula, Allan J., and Allie (deceased). 
 
 WALLER, H. M. 
 
 Lives in Monmouth, Polk County; was born in Indiana, 
 
 * September 9, 1817; entered the ministry while quite young and 
 
 taught school at the same time; has been a resident of Polk 
 
 County since his arrival in Oregon ; assisted to organize the first 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGBATION. 
 
 689 
 
 churcli of the Disciples of Christ on the Pacific Coast, and is still 
 actively engaged in the ministry. Owns farm and city property. 
 On August 18, 1850, he was married to Miss Mary E. Davidson. 
 Six children — Melissa J. (deceased), Mary J., Melissa Ann, Thomas 
 C, Etta M., and Ida. 
 
 WALLING, JESSE D. 
 
 Bom in Ohio in 1816; moved to Illinois and thence to Iowa, 
 where he was residing in 1847. Came across the plains in that 
 year in a large company led by Captain Davidson. On Christmas 
 of the same year settled in Spring Valley, Polk County, taking a 
 donation claim, which is still possessed by his family. In 1849 
 Mr. Walling went to California and mined for a short time. Was 
 married in Illinois in 1839, to Miss Eliza A. Wise, a native of New 
 York. The children resulting from this union numbered fourteen, 
 of whom thirteen survive. Mr. Walling died in 1870. His widow 
 resides on the donation claim in Spriag Valley. 
 
 WALLING. NELSON. 
 
 Born in Fulton County, Illinois, February 13, 1832, and came 
 with his father, Gabriel Walling, to Oregon in 1847, settling near 
 Oswego, in Clackamas County. Nelson Walling died at his home, 
 a mile east of Amity, December 3, 1884, 
 
 WARREN, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Nova Scotia in 1817, of English-Scotch parentage. Mr. 
 Warren left home at a very early age, and thenceforward sustained 
 himself by his unaided exertions. He found his way to Baffalo, 
 und afterwards resided for a time in Illinois and Missouri. He left 
 the latter State in 1847 bound for Oregon, and came by ox-team to 
 this coast. In 1848 he settled in Yamhill Coimty. Mr. Warren 
 was married in Missouri to Miss Nancy Palmer, who died in 1859 
 leaving five children. He pursued farming until 1857, when he 
 was chosen sheriff of Yamhill, and held that office o<A'eu years. 
 Since that time he has been successively a member of the Lower 
 House of the State Legislature, receiver of the land office at Oregon 
 City, in which he remained ten years, recorder and mayor of Mc- 
 Minnville, and, finally. State Senator. Mr. Warren was married a 
 second time, in 1865 to Mrs. Nellie Schrader, 
 
 ( ! 
 
 h '<. . 
 
 
 ■\ . i 
 
 1 
 
 
 \ '■ i 
 
 
 •!m' 
 
 
 •■', . * 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■■!■■ 
 
 \ 
 
 ^Bi> 
 
 
 • 
 
 fmti ) 
 
 -i 
 
 1 
 
ft90 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 WATSON, JAMES M. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1839. On his arrival in Oregon,1ie settled in 
 King's Valley, where he still resides, engaged in farming. He mar- 
 ried Mary M. Bryant in 1H74, and their children's names are — 
 James E., and Marv A. 
 
 WATTS, FRANCIS AUSTIN. 
 
 Born November 17, 1846, in Sangamon County, Illinois; was 
 brought to Oregon by his parents the next year, who isettled at 
 Peoria, Linn County. Was married in Jun,e, 1872, to Emma Gil- 
 bert. Children — Linnie M., and Lawrence R. Wat* a merchant 
 in Shedd until lat<i in 1884. 
 
 VHEELER, JASON. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1828; resided for a time in New York, leaving 
 that State in 1844, and living for the three subsec^uent years in 
 Michigan. In 1847 came to Oregon across the plains. Served in the 
 (^ayiise war under General Gilliam, and took part in various conHictjs 
 with the Indians, especially at Wells' Springs, where he received a 
 wound in the thigh. Settling in Linn County, Mr. Wheeler be- 
 came sheriff in 1848. The next yeai* he went to California and 
 mined for a time, but returning to Oregon by sea, the vesst'l was 
 wrecketl at the mouth of Rogue River, and it was with difficulty 
 that the survivors were emibled to find their way overland to a 
 plae« of safety. In 1850 Mr. Wheeler married Elisia ]). Claypoole. 
 Their family contained live children — Melissa J., Ellen N., Delia 
 A., Frank P., and Mary F. Mr. Wheeler was a member of the 
 Legislature in 1878-79. His occupatioti is farming, and liis 
 residence is at Albany. 
 
 WHEELER, LEONARD M. 
 
 Born in Cayuga County, New York, February 7, 1826, and 
 came across the plains to Oregon when twenty-one years of age. 
 Resides at Lebanon, Linn ('ounty, and is a farmer. Married Isabel 
 Miller, and their children are — GeorL'c F., James M., Nettit\ 
 Douglas M., and A. C. 
 
 WHITE, LUTHER, 
 
 Is a farmer and stock-grower, residing at Brownsville, Linn 
 County; \\i\» born in Ohio, January 20, 1815; settled near 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 691 
 
 s> '-r 
 
 Brownsville immediately on his amval in Oregon. In 1843 he 
 was married to Miss Martha A. Mansfield, and their children are — 
 Rosa B., Margaret, and Robert, and eight others deceased. Mr. 
 White was a member of the Legislature in 1851-52. 
 
 WHITNEY, WILLIAM. 
 
 Bom in England in 1808; came to America when twenty-two, 
 and resided in turn in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Indiana, and 
 crossed the plains to Oregon in 1847. Located at Butteville and 
 died there June 1, 1878. 
 
 WILCOX, GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 Born in Putnam County, Ohio, and came to Oregon in 1847, 
 settling at Salem. Lives now at Ballston, and is a farmer. He 
 married Miss Mary E. Dixon in 1856. Children — Alice M., W. T., 
 Sarah E., Jacob H., Hubert T., I. C, and Felix M. 
 
 WILCOX, SANFORD E. 
 
 Born in New York in 1827; came to Oregon and settled near 
 Wapatoo Lake, Washington County, where he still has his resi- 
 dence, on a donation claim ; his occupation is farming. He mar- 
 ried Mary A. Butts in 1852, and their children's names are — John, 
 Louis, Dudley, Olive, Melva, and Mary. Mr. Wilcox is county 
 commissioner of Washington County. 
 
 WOODS, GEORGE L. 
 
 Caleb Woods, the father of Governor Woods, is a native of 
 Madison County, Kentucky, and was born in 1806. He came to 
 Oregon in 1847, bringing his family. Besides mainly in Yamhill 
 County. His wife was a Miss McBride, a native of Ten .essee. 
 Mi's. Woods died in 1871, and two of their four sons are als*/ dead. 
 Of the survivoi's, George L. Woods has attained distinction, l)ecom- 
 ing Governor of Oregon and earning celebrity in law and politics. 
 He was born in Boone County, Missouri, in 1831 or 1832, and 
 after accompanying his pai-ents to this State lived on his father's 
 donation claim at North Yamhill. He was educated in the schools 
 of Doctor Hudson and L. L. Rowland, both excellent teachers, and 
 studied law liy himself. He was (quickly admitted to the bar, and 
 showing great aptitude for his profession, he speedily attained a 
 
692 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 I 
 
 leading place among the professional men of the State. Being a 
 ready and fluent talker and cogent debater, he was enabled to 
 exert much influence upon political affairs, and took an important 
 part in the discussion of public questions. For a time he practiced 
 at Walla Walla and The Dalles, and was elected Go\ernor of 
 Oregon, and served four years. Upon the conclusion of his term 
 of office he wivs appointed by President Grant Governor of Utah 
 Territory, and held this position also for four years. He is now 
 (1885) practicing law in San Francisco. Governor Woods is a 
 forcible speaker, whose (pialities as an ex tempore debater have been 
 his principal distinction. 
 
 YOCUM, THOMAS J. 
 
 Born in Illinois, November 2, 1828; came to Oregon and settled 
 at Deer Creek, Yamhill County. Resides now at Bellevue, in the 
 same county. Mariied Elizabeth Tharp, in Polk County, January 
 16, 1861. Children — Sarah J., Mary Ann, Emily, Malvina, 
 Samuel, Rebecca, and Albert J. 
 
 1848. 
 BALL. ISAAC. 
 
 Born in Staffordshire, England, in 1812. Coming to Oregon, he 
 
 settled in Polk County. His residence is at Ballston, a station of 
 
 the Oregouian Railway, which received its name from hun. Mr. 
 
 Ball served two terms as county commissioner. He owns several 
 
 hundred aci'es of the finest and best soil in the county. He married 
 
 Miss A. Howland in January, 1 8«S8. Children — William H., Samuel 
 
 H., Isaac J., Thomas M., Mary J., Lavinia, Margaret A., Anna P. 
 
 M., and Liua. 
 
 BAUER, ANDREW. 
 
 Born in Germany in 1810; settled in Ohio in '1834, and in 
 Marion County, Oregon, in 1848. Occupation, farming. Died 
 January 24, 1884. Married Theresa Smeltzer in 1837. Children 
 — John, Ferdinand, Eliza (Mrs. Busky), and Mrs. W. T. Chambers. 
 Mi"s. Bauer dietl in 1869. 
 
 BENNETT, LEVI. 
 
 Born in Carroll County, Illinois, March 19, 1834; came to Ore- 
 gon and settled in Yamhill County, residing now at Amity. He is 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 693 
 
 a farmer. August 15, 1855, he married Mary M. Stephens, who 
 was born in Indiana, October 12, 1H40. Their children are — 
 Cyrus N., John H., Lillian R., R. J., and Marietta (deceased). 
 
 -1 ' ' '• 
 
 
 
 BLAIN, L. E., 
 
 A son of Wilson Blain, was born in Indiana in 1842. He re- 
 ceived a common school education, and on coming of age engaged 
 in merchandising, at Albany, in partnership with S. E. Young. In 
 1872 he went into business for himself in a clothing store, which 
 he still carries on. Married, in 1865, Miss Mary Miller. 
 
 BLAIN, WILSON. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1818; graduated from Missouri University, and 
 afterwards studied theology, and was ordained as a Presbyterian 
 minister in 1888. Came to Oregon as missionary. Became editor 
 of the Spectator newspaper, and served, also, three years in the 
 Legislative Council. Located at Union Point, Linn County, in 1850, 
 and organized a church, of which he was pastor, and likewise taught 
 the pupils of an Academy at the same place. AVas married to 
 Elizabeth Wilson, by whom he had six children — three sons and 
 three daughters. The sons now live in Albany. Mr, Blain died 
 February 22, 1861. 
 
 BRANSON, BENJAMIN B. 
 
 Born in De Witt County, Illinois, September 4, 1830. His first 
 place of residence in Oregon was at Grande Ronde, Polk County; 
 he now lives at Mill Creek, in the same county, and is a farmer and 
 stock-grower. He married Eliza E. Dickey, in Yamhill County, 
 Septemlier 15, 1854, and their children's names are — Sarah A., Jo- 
 sephine, Evanda, Eliza J., Ephraim N., Elnora S., Ida M., Benja- 
 min B., Orby N., Susie G., Lena T., and Gertrude. 
 
 'M 
 
 '-: hi 
 
 ;!• 
 
 1 ! 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 BRISTOW, W. W. 
 
 Born in Kentucky; came to Oregon in 1848 with his parents, 
 brothers and sisters, and settled in Lane County. Was a memljer 
 of the Constitutional Convention, and served the people in a 
 variety of other positions. Was elected State Senator in 1872. 
 Died, December 9, 1874. 
 
 I '.' 
 
 
V. 
 
 6^4 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 BURNS. DAVID N., 
 
 Is part proprietor of a livery stable at Dallas, Polk County, 
 where be resides. He was born in Kendall County, Illinois, in 
 1835, and came to Oregon at thirteen years of age, and settled in 
 Yamhill County. He married Martha J. Tetherow in Polk County, 
 Januaiy 1, 1865. 
 
 BURNS, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Tazewell County, Illinois, in 1833. Coming to Oregon, 
 he settled in Polk County. Resides now in the Luckiamute 
 Valley, and is a farmer and stock-raiser. He married Susan 
 Hicklin in Washington County, Oregon, in 1853. She died 
 January 15, 1875, Married Cornelia Crichton in Polk County, 
 October 30, 1878. Children— Eliza E., Clarinda E., Emma F., 
 Arthur L., John, Milton M., Columbus, Rachel, Alice, and Ruby M. 
 
 BURNS. W. E. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1840; came to Oregon and settled in Yamhill 
 County; present residence, Luckiamute Valley, and occupation, 
 farming and stock-raising. He married Drusilla M. Johnson, in 
 Oregon, in 186(5, and their children's names are — William J., Myta 
 J., und Ada F. 
 
 CYRUS, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Linn County, Oregon, August 22, 1848; the son of 
 William Cyrus, of Scio. Resides on his farm twelve miles east of 
 Albany. Is agent for the Jefferson warehouse company. Was 
 elected a member of the House in 1882, and was returned in 1884. 
 Married in 1872 to Miss Sarah J. Beard, who died in 1877, leaving 
 one child — Minnie Florence. Married again in June, 1880, to Miss 
 Mary C. Crabtree, by whom he has had three children — Chloe, Amy, 
 and an infant. 
 
 GRAHAM, GEORGE. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1822; is a farmer by occupation, and lives near 
 Oregon City. Married Miss S. Larkins, and by her had one child 
 — James K. 
 
HrsTOKY OF IMMUiKATloX. 
 
 .606 
 
 GRAHAM, JAMES K. 
 
 Born iu Morgan Ooiinty, Illinois in 1847; the aon of (xeorge 
 Grnham; is a farmer by occupation, and lives near Oregon City. 
 Married Hannah M. Wingfield, and their children are — George K., 
 Ilortou N., Clara A., and Hardin W. 
 
 HAGEY, MATTHIAS. 
 
 Born in North Carolina in 1822. Came t<i Oregon and settled 
 at French Prairie, Marion County. Present residence, Suvers, 
 Polk Coimty, and occupation, farming. He married Sarah A. 
 DeHaven in Iowa in 1845, and their children's names are— Eliza 
 A., Andrew AV., Sarah C, Peter H., Mary E., George D., Alice, 
 and Joseph. 
 
 HAGOOD, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Virginia, May I.t, 1815, Lived in Missouri prior to 
 coming to Oregon, which he did in 1848. Lived in Washington 
 County until 1853, then removed to Polk County, and has lived 
 there since. His occupation has l»een principally farming, and 
 now owns three hundred acres of land. Also owns a house known 
 as the " Traveler's Rest." Married iu 1842 to Miss Mary Stone. 
 Has now seven living children and one ''»^(^eased. His residence 
 and post-<^)ffice addres.s are Dallas. 
 
 HENDRICKS, THOMAS G. 
 
 Born in Henderson County, Illinois, in 1848, and was brought 
 by his parents to Oregon in the same year. They settled in Lane 
 County, and both sm-vived until 1878. The son lived on the home 
 farm until he was twenty-two years of age, when he removed to 
 Eugene City, and was employed at first as clerk, but eventually 
 succeeded his eniployei-s in tlieii- business, which he now carries on. 
 Is a meml)ei' of the board of regents of the State Lhiiversity. 
 Served three years as county superintendent of schools. Was 
 elected State Senator in 1880. 
 
 HESS, DANIEL. 
 
 Born in Kentucky In 1829; came to the Pacific coast in 1845, 
 and lived in California until coming to Oregon. He then settled 
 at East Chehalem, Washington County, and was employed as a 
 
 , U-i-r 
 
 A\ 
 
696 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 farmer and mechanic until his death, which occurred in 1878. He 
 married Catherine Lee in 1853, and she now lives at Dundee, Yam- 
 hill County. Their children's names are — Samuel, Mrs. L. Hess, 
 Eugene L., John F., William F., Mrs. P. I. Martin, Alice aud 
 Ada F. 
 
 HOOKER, D. O. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 182fi; came to Oregon and settled in Luckia- 
 mute Valley, where he still resides. Occupatior -ming and stock- 
 raising. He married Annie N. Lewis, in Oreg 1861, and their 
 children's names are — Mary M., Olive O., Cyrus U., Annie A., 
 Emily E., Darius D., Ira J., Jennie, and Myrtle I. 
 
 JONES, SAMUEL T. 
 
 Is a farmer aud lives at Miller's, Linn County. Owns four hun- 
 dred and eighty acres of land. Born in Kentucky, June 2, 1826. 
 For his first wife he married Miss Nancy Miller; his second wife was 
 Sarah J. Holman. His children are — Mary R., and Joseph A. 
 
 KELLY, PENUMBRA. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1845, and when three years old was brought 
 to Oregon by his parents, who located at East Portland the next 
 year. He married Miss Maiy E. Marquam. Resides two miles 
 from East Portland. Has been in politics, representing Multnomah 
 County three or more times in the Legislature, and is now United 
 States Marshal. 
 
 LEE, JOSEPH D. 
 
 Bom in Polk County, Oregon, July 27, 1848. Was educated 
 at the LaCreole Acadeaiy, but the greater part of his boyhood was 
 spent on a farm, or as clerk in his father's store at Dallas. In 
 1 870, he was admitted as partner in the store, which partnership 
 continued until 1876, when he purchased his father's interest and 
 has since had entire control, and is now one of the leading mer- 
 chants of Dallas. In 1878, he was elected a member of the lower 
 house of the Legislature on the Republican ticket, the rest of the 
 ticket being defeated. In 1880, he was elected State Senator from 
 Polk County, and 1884, joint State Senator from Benton and Polk 
 counties. Mr. Lee is a member of the Methodist Church, and of 
 
niSTOKY OP IMMIGRATION. 
 
 697 
 
 the Masonic and Odd Fellows Lodges, He is also a meiiilier of 
 the board of trustees of LaCreole Acad(!iny and the Willamette 
 University. Was married May 19, 1872, to Misa Eliza A. Witter, 
 and they have four children — Lyman H., Annie Lorene, Joseph 
 R., and Althea E. 
 
 LEWIS, ISAAC. 
 
 Lives in Dallas, Polk ounty, and is a fanner by occupation; 
 he was born in Illinois in 1822; came across the plains to Oregon 
 and settled in Polk County; went to California in 1849, but re- 
 turned in 1850, and bought a place at Dallas, where he still lives. 
 In 1850 he was married to Miss Eleanor S. Whiteaker. They 
 have two children — Mary A. and Lucy E. 
 
 McKINNEY, EDWARD E. 
 
 Born in Marion County, Oregon, in 1848; occupation, merchant; 
 place of residence. Turner. Wife's previous name, Virginia Condit. 
 
 POMEROY, FRANK F., Jr. 
 
 Born in Oregon in 1848; now resides at Cornelius, Washington 
 County, and near the place of his birth. Owns a farm of IfiO acres 
 and tills it. He married Miss Rebecca Jake, in 1871, and has six 
 children — Elmer, John, Ida, Lulu, Edgar, and an infant. 
 
 PORTER, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Lincoln County, Missom'i, in 1812; moved to Illinois in 
 1830; thence to Oregon in 1848, with his wife, Sarah, daughter of 
 N. Coffey, and four children — W. G., Elizabeth N., John H.,and Syd- 
 ney R. W. G. Porter was born in Pike County, Illinois, 1841 ; died 
 in Marion County, Oregon, in 1880. The other children were also 
 born in Pike County, and are married and live in Marion County, 
 Oregon. Sarah, their mother, died soon after arriving in Oregon, 
 in the fall of 1848. The father married her sister, Martha, in the 
 fall of 1849, l)y whom he has three grown children — Henry C, 
 Sarah L., and Mary Jane. All are now living in Marion County, 
 Oregon. Henry C. is mairied, and has a five-year-old daughter. 
 
 PURVINE, A. J. 
 
 Bom in Illinois in 1833, and crossed the plains with his parents 
 in 1848. They settled in Marion County. Mr. Purvine has been a 
 
 
 ir 
 
 
 ,1'' 
 
 4t ' 
 
698 
 
 HISTORY OB' WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 resident of Polk County sincre 18H2, and cultivates his farm near 
 Zena. He raarried Miss Mary J. Dougherty in 1857, by whom lie 
 had three children — Jordan, Cyrus, and Charles. Mrs. Purvine 
 died in 1864, and he married Miss Pauline Staicrer, in 1873, by 
 whom he has had — Ida, Albert, Emma, Gertie, Monroe, and Fi'ed. 
 
 PURVINE. J. L. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1842; the son of John Purvine. Crossed the 
 plains in 1848, and settled in Marion County. Is a farmer, and 
 resides at Zena, Polk County. Married in Polk County, November 
 24, 1864. to Miss Mary V. Walker, who has borne him four chil- 
 dren — Elma, Dudley, Frank, and Lynn. 
 
 SHELLEY, ROSWELL. 
 
 Mr. Shelley was born in Iowa in the year 1 84(5, and came with 
 his parents to Oregon in 1848. His first home in Oregon was in 
 Lane Couuty. where he lived until 1857 when he moved to Polk 
 County, and that has continued to be his home with the exception 
 of ft few years spent in Wasco CJounty. Dealt in merchandise for 
 several years. In 1882 was elected county clerk, and was placed 
 in nomination again in 1884 for the second term V)ut was defeated. 
 Owns city property in DalLis. Married Miss Mary L. Tatom in 
 1878, and hiis two children — Kalph D., and Hugh T. 
 
 SWEGLE, CHARLES. 
 
 Born iu New Jersey in 1821; moved in 1828 to Illinois; came 
 to Oregon twenty years after. Married in 1847 to Lucy I). Robin- 
 son. Children — George, Naucy, Oli', a, Marion, and All^ert J. In 
 186(> locate<i in Marion County; occupation, farmer, owning several 
 farms in that county. Lives at present at the Whitman mission at 
 Waiilatpu, Washington Territory. Is one of tlie foi'emost wheat 
 growers in the Territory. 
 
 WALKER, W. W. 
 
 Born in Virginia, July 23, 1814; removed with his parents to 
 Missouri in 1829, and remained there until 1848, when he settled 
 iu Spring Valley, Polk County. This pleasant and fi'uitful locality 
 was so named by Mr. Walker in 1852. The gentleman derives his 
 title of Major from the circumstance of having held a commission 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIftRATION. 
 
 699 
 
 in the Missouri state militia. In this country he held office.s as fol- 
 lows: Was commissioner of Polk County in 1849, and was a mem- 
 ber of the Territorial Legislature in 1856. Was married in Mis- 
 souri, in 1843, to Miss Jane Mackey. They Lave five children — 
 Mary V. (wife of J. L. Purvine), Suwau ' ^ (wif a of Dr. Jeffreys), 
 Nancy (wife of H. G. Henry), L. (wife of / K. Sears), and Dora. 
 Major Walker's occupation is farming; liLi address is Zena, Polk 
 County. 
 
 WATT, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1792; served in the war of 181J; came 
 to Oregon and settled ut Amity, Yamhill ('ounty. He practiced 
 the trade of carpenter to some extent, but gave his attention to 
 farming. He died in 1854. Was married in 1810, to Mary Scott, 
 by whom he had fourteen children, those now living being — J. V., 
 A. S., Adeline (Mrs. Fullquartz), Elizabeth (Mrs. Wren), Isabelle 
 (Mrs. Breyman, of Salem), Aurora (Mrs. Bowman, of Portland), 
 and Clara (Mrs. Morton). 
 
 WHITEAKER, BENJAMIN. 
 
 Born in North Carolina in 1796, and removed to Virginia at an 
 early age. Went to IDinois in 1836, and crossed the plains to 
 Oregon in 1848; settled ; Polk County. His occupation was 
 farming. He married M' •? Mary Hayter in 1823. Their children 
 numbered eleven, of whom David J., Rachel, Ellen, Benjamin, 
 Maria, and George survive. Mr. Whiteaker died . 
 
 WHITEAKER, DAVID J. 
 
 Born in West Virginia, October 29, 1824; removed with his 
 parents to Illinois in 183(), and came with his father, Benjamin 
 Whiteaker, to Oregon, twelve years after. Went to the California 
 mines in 1849, and returned in 185(i. In 1851 and 1852 was in 
 the Rogue River country. Served in the Yakima war. In 1859 
 went to the llpper Columbia region, and lived many years, return- 
 ing to the valley in 1878, and settling in Polk County. Resides 
 now on a farm near Independence. Married Miss Lucy L. Titus 
 in 1871. 
 
 ."<) 
 
700 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 1849. 
 BACKENSTOS, EDWIN D. 
 
 Born in Springfield, Illinois, in 1844; the eldest son of Colonel 
 J. B. Backenstos, U. S. A. Came with his parents to Oregon in 
 1849. Resided subsequently in Portland, and held several public 
 offices, especially that of city treasurer. Died April 23, 1876. 
 
 BOOTHBY. R. R. 
 
 Born in Brown County, Ohio, May 15, 1812. After reaching 
 man's estate he traveled over a number of States before settling, 
 and spent several years as engineer of stoainboats on the Ohio and 
 Illinois rivers. He then settled in Illinois and engaged in the mer- 
 cantile and milling business until 1845, when he went to Texas 
 and for a time continued in the latter occupation. Joined the 
 Texas Rangers and fought the Indians. In 1848 he returned to 
 Illinois and in the following year started for Oregon across the 
 plains. Settled in Polk County, but several years later moved to 
 Salem. Was married in 1835 to Miss Mary A. Waller, and has ten 
 childivn, all of whom are alive — Jane C, Harrison B., Emily C, 
 Mary E., Caroline C, Pamelia A., William W^. and Maria (twins), 
 George T., and Reason R. Mrs. Boothby died at Seattle, May 21, 
 1863, and in 1877 he was married to Mrs. Margaret McFadden. 
 Mr. Boothl)y is at present a resident of Monmouth. Has thirty- 
 seven living grandchildren, an<l six great-gi'andchildi'en. 
 
 BUTLER, J. B. V. 
 
 Born in New Hampshire in 1809, and after extensive traveling 
 in various parts of the United States — his marriage to Miss Eliza- 
 betli Engles taking place meanwhile — he crosst^d the plains to Ore- 
 gon in 1849. He lived for a short time in Oregon City; then went 
 to Portland, where he was a merchant until 1 855, and from there 
 moved to Polk Coiuity, and opened a stoi'e at Eola, which he kept 
 four years. In 1859, he went to Monmouth, tmd died in October, 
 1879. 
 
 BUTLER, N. L. 
 
 Residence and address, Dallas; occupation, attorney 
 Pike County, Missouri, August 27, 1844. 
 
 B 
 
 orn m 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 .701 
 
 CAMPBELL. HECTOR. 
 
 • Born in Chester, Hamixlen County, Massachusetts, July 11, 
 1793. Joined the Baptist <leuomination in 1831, togetlier with his 
 wife who was of the same age. They came to Oregon in 1 84U. 
 Mr. Campbell had been twice a member of the Legislature of his 
 native State, and belonged to the Oregon Territorial Legislature 
 in 1850. Was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
 Oregon. Died in Clackamas County, June 15, 1873. 
 
 CAPLES, LAFAYETTE, 
 
 Is a fai'mer, and lives two miles west of Forest Gro\^e. lie was 
 born in Ohio in 1844; came to Oregon at an early age and lived 
 near Portland. He married Charlotte Poland in 1804, and Lenora 
 Eaines in 1880. He Ii't* five children. 
 
 CHENOWETH, F. A. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1819; movfvl :o Grant County, Wisconsin, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1842. Crime to Orejjon and settled on 
 the banks of the Columl)ia Kiver. Was speaker of the House of 
 Representatives in Washington Territory in 185-1 and wjis ap- 
 pointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the Tt'iTitory in the same 
 year by. President Pierce, and held the ofll' <• four years. Was a 
 member of the Oregon Legislature in 186G, and speaker of the 
 house. Was district attorney of Benton Couti Present resi- 
 
 dence. King's Valley, Benton Comity, ai: cupation, lawyer. 
 
 Married Hannah Logan in 1842, and for his :^t!cond wife, Elizabeth 
 A. Finley, in Oregon City, in 1850. Children — Somerville, Heber 
 L., Mary L., Uoss, Linilus B., Ella, and Lloyd. 
 
 '.ORNELIUS, OLIVER H. P. 
 
 Born in Oregon in 1849; his parents came to the State in 1845. 
 He is a druggist by occupation, and resides at Turner, Marion 
 County. Wife's previous name Avas Viola Howe. Children — 
 GeOige L., and Arthur. 
 
 DEADY, MATTHEW P. 
 
 Born in Talbot County, Maryland, May 12, 1824. Removed to 
 Ohio in 1.S37, and lived on a farm for several years, afterwards 
 working as bUicksmith and attending aii academy at the same time. 
 
 m 
 
702 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Began the study of law in 1845, and in 1847 was admitted to the 
 Ohio bar. Crossed the plains in 1849, located in Yamhill County, 
 and liegan to practice law. In 1860 he was elected a member of 
 the lower house of the Legislature. In 1851 he defeated David 
 Logan in the election for the Territorial Council, of whi(5h he was 
 the presiding ofR(;er for two sessions. He held the position of As- 
 sociate Justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon from 1853 until 
 1859. About 1854 he removed to Douglas County, and took up a 
 donation claim near Winchester. Here he settled and occupied 
 himself in agriculture as weU as his legal pursuits. The people of 
 that part of the country, his former neighbors, still have recollec- 
 tions of his studiousness and his entire devotion to the higher prin- 
 ciples of his profession. Judge Deady was chosen a delegate from 
 Douglas County to the Constitutional Convention, of which he was 
 elected president. Upon the organization of the State, he was 
 elected, without opposition, one of the justices of the Supreme 
 Court, but being at nearly the same time appointed Judge of the 
 United States District Court, he chose the latter position, and im- 
 mediately removing to Portland, he assumed its duties, which he 
 has ever since discharged with great and increasing reputation. His 
 services to this State have been great and arduous. In ,1862 he 
 prepared the present code of civil procedure, and later the code of 
 criminal procedure, both of which are now in force. He has given 
 much time to the organization and support of educational and other 
 useful institutions. He is president of the Portland Library Asso- 
 ciation, and pi'esident of the Board of Regents of the University 
 of Oreg<in, at Eugene City. He has done much excellent and 
 valuable literary work, outside of the preparation of his legal de- 
 cisions, which are unsurpjtssed in clearness and value. Many his- 
 torical subjects, principally relating to this State, have been mlorned 
 by his pen. All his acts haw honored and l)enefited liis adopted 
 State, and he stands, to-day, Oregon's first citizen. 
 
 .^n 
 
 DENNY, ROBERT. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1825; came to Oregon when twenty-four 
 years of age and settled in Washington County. Later on he resided 
 for a time in Yamhill County; then, in 1879, he removed to his 
 residence in Polk County. Married Miss Eleanor, daughter of 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 703 
 
 Amos Harvey, in 1856. They had five childi-en, namely — Austin, 
 Amos, Lucy, Robert (deceased), and Edith. Mr. Denny died in 
 1884. 
 
 FIELDS, AMBROSE. 
 
 Born in Kentucky, Fel)ruary 2, 170"J; was a farmer l>y occupa- 
 tion, and died at Oregon City, March 17, 1872. Ilis wife's pj-cN ions 
 name was Annie Nour. Children — Mary A. (deceased). Nelson 
 (deceased), William S. (deceased), Mary J., Minerva L., Catherine 
 E., Joseph A. (deceased), Sarah N., and Thomjus R. 
 
 GIBSON, DAVIESS. 
 
 Born hi Missoui-i in 1812; the son of Samuel (xihson. The fath- 
 er's birth took pla-je in South Carolina about 1780, and he served 
 in the war of 1812. The son left home when twenty-one, went to 
 Illinois and lived there nineteen yeai's. Crossed the plains to Ore- 
 gon and then went to the California mines in 1849. Returned to 
 the "States," via Panama, the next year, and in 1852 organized a 
 company of emigrants, of whom his father wjis one, anil set out for 
 Oregon. The old gentleman ilied on the way, aged 72. Daviess 
 Gibson settled in Polk County, and lias remained on his original 
 claim ever since. Has been assessor of his county (1860). Married 
 Sophronia Ingalls in 1839. Children — George D. (three years a 
 Union soldier), Albert B., Almira H., Cass, Mary D. (deceased), 
 Lyman D., and Sarah. The (ribsim farm is in Polk County, five 
 miles northwest of Salem. 
 
 HARDING, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 l-Jorn in Wyoming, Pennsylvania; came to Oregon about Christ- 
 mas, 1849, having mined a little previously in California, which he 
 left on account of sickness. In 1S.")0-51 he starved in the Territorial 
 Legislature at Oregon City, and subsequently V)ecame District Attor- 
 ney, and Territorial Secretary imtil the State organization. Still 
 later he became auditor of the claims growing out of the ('ayuse 
 war, and finally, in 1862, he was chosen United States Senator, and 
 hel<l that position three sessions. Soon after Mr. Harding abruptly 
 (piit politics and sought retirement u])on his farm. He now resides 
 in the sul»urbs of Salem, and devotes his time mainly to tilling the 
 
704 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 soil and to reading. His services to the State have been very great, 
 and hardly excelled by those of any living man. 
 
 HAYDEN, BENJAMIN B. 
 
 Born in Logan Connty, Kentucky, September 11, 1822; 
 married to Hulda Gibson, who was born in Lincoln County, 
 Missouri, in 1832. Their children are — Dora, Estella, William, 
 Benjamin N., George B., and Samuel Lee. 
 
 HEMBREE, J. J., 
 
 Is now proprietor of the livery-stable at Lafayette. He was 
 born in this State in 1849, and becoming a printer, worked fifteen 
 years at the case. He served in the United States army fi-om 1864 
 to 1866. Was married in 1877 to Miss Emma Perkins, and they 
 have one child — George A. Mr. Hembree edited and published 
 the Lafayette Courier fi'om 1873 until 1879. 
 
 LANE, JOSEPH. 
 
 Bom in North Carolina, December 14, 1801. Lived in his 
 earlier years in Kentucky. Married Polly Hai*t in 1821, and set- 
 tled in Vanderburg County, Indiana, and for twenty-five yeare led 
 the life of a farmer, representing his county in the Legislature for 
 many sessdons. When the Mexican war began, he was chosen 
 colonel of the second regiment of Indiana Volunteers, and was com- 
 missioned as brigadier-general. He took part in General Taylor's 
 campaigns, and in the battle of Buena Vista achieved distinction, 
 and received a severe wound. Subsequently, while commanding 
 independently a corps of men destined to reinforce General Scott, 
 he defeated the Mexicans in several engagements. Before the war 
 closed he had become major-general of volunteers. He returned to 
 Indiana, but receiving the appointment of governor of the new Ter- 
 ritory of Oregon, he set out immediately for the Pacific shore. (See 
 pages 327, 328.) He came to California by way of Santa Fe and 
 the Colorado River, accompanied b}' a military escort, and arriving 
 in San Francisco in February, 1849, then taking passage to the 
 Columbia on a sailing vessel, and arrived at Oregon City on the 
 evening of the second of March. 1849. (See page 328.) The 
 duties of his office were discharged with uncommon tact and justice 
 until August of the same year when, a new administration having 
 
^mj 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 705 
 
 come into power, hie successor, Governor Gaiues, was appointed. 
 General Lane now spent some time as a miner in Nortliern Califor- 
 nia. In 1851 he was chosen Delegate to Congress. In 1853 he 
 distinguished himself in the Rogue River war, and received a severe 
 wound at the battle of Evans' Creek. (See pages 353-360.) The 
 subsequent treaty with the Indians at Table Rock was })rought about 
 largely through his influence with the hostiles. Until tiie admission 
 of Oregon to the Union, General Lane served with fidelity as Dele- 
 gate to Congress, and on the admission he was chosen United States 
 Senator. In 1860 the Democratic National Committee at Balti- 
 more, nominated him for the office of Vice-President, on the ticket 
 with John C. Breckenridge. The details of the ensuing canvass 
 are not yet forgotten, terminating, as they did, in the election of 
 Lincoln, and the grand tragedy of the civil war. General Lane 
 threw his influence at first in favor of the South, but i-efrained from 
 taking an active part in the attempt to disrupt the Union. He re- 
 tired to his home near Roseburg, in Southern Oregon, and never 
 again entered political life. The remaining years of his existence 
 were spent peacefully on his farm and in the bosom of his family. 
 He died in April, 1881. 
 
 LINVILLE, WILLARD S. 
 
 Born in Polk County, Oregon, May 19, 1849, at Bloom- 
 ington, now called Parker's Station, son of Harrison Linville. 
 He was raised on a farm until he reached the age of fifteen, 
 when he entered his father's store as clerk, and has con- 
 tinued in the mercantile business ever since. He was Govern- 
 ment clerk on the Malheur Reservation in 1873-74. In 1878 
 he was Republican candidate for clerk, and in a Democratic 
 county lacked only a few votes of election. Was a candidate again 
 in 1880. Resides in Independence. Was married to Miss Hannah 
 G. Nash, January 8, 1871, and they have had five children — Clara 
 (deceased), Mildred, Albert B., Mabel C. (deceased), and Ethel E. 
 Mrs. LinviUe died March 14, 1884, of intermittent fever. 
 
 LYMAN, HORACE. 
 
 Professor Lyman was born in Massachusetts in 1815, the 
 descendant of a long line of Puritan ancestoi-s, from whom have 
 
 \ t 
 
 M I 
 
706 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 sprung many distinguished persons who have made themselves 
 famous in various walks of life, and among whom a marked 
 tendency to the ministerial profession is discovei-able. Professor 
 L}Tnan was educated at Williams College, class of 1842, and after- 
 wards attended the theological school at Andover, MasHachusetts. 
 He came to Oregon in 1849, and located first at Portland, estab- 
 lishing its first Congregational Church, on the site of the present 
 church of that denomination. Concluding his work in Portland, 
 he went to Dallas, in Polk County, and continued his ministration 
 in connection with teaching. To him belongs the honor of having 
 originated the since well-known La Creole Academy, which owes 
 its establishment to the efforts of the Professor, assisted by cei'tain 
 citizens. Removing from Dallas, Professor Lyman located in 
 Forest Grove, and became professor of mathematics in the Tualatin 
 Academy, and continued in that chaii' for fifteen oi' sixteen years, 
 at the expiration being appointed to that of history and rhetoric. 
 This he resigned in 1879, and retiring permanently from the 
 arduous occupation of teaching, he has since lived at his home in 
 Forest Grove. Professor Lyman is a worthy representative of the 
 (ilass of educated, refined New Englanders, who, reared in comfort 
 and amid peaceful surroundings, have, with a self-devotion rare as 
 it is praisewor.,hy, devoted themselves to the arduous and well-nigh 
 thankless task of instructing. Christianizing and refining the chil- 
 dren of the border. Their influence cannot be over-rated. It ex- 
 tAiXids to all classes of society. They are foremost in every 
 Christian and moral work. They teach the youth; they throw the 
 restraints of religion aboiit the young and the old. As mission- 
 aries they have penetrated to the noisome abodes of savages ; as 
 teachers they have chosen penury and a residence among the hard- 
 ships and privations of pioneer life in preference to all the com- 
 foi-ts and amenities of civilization. Their rewards have been 
 ill-proportioned to such sacrifices; but their own strong and en- 
 during religious convictions point to a higher and better i-eward 
 than any earthly lot, however bright and glorious. 
 
 MENES, FRANCOIS. 
 
 Captain Menes, commanding the French bark LEtoile du Matin 
 (Moniiug Star), with a miscellaneous cargo, and ten priest**, seven 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 707 
 
 nuns and three lay brothers, consigned to Archbishop Blanchet, at 
 Portland, left Havre in December, 1848, and arrived off the mouth 
 of the Columbia about the middle of July, 1849. No pilot ap- 
 peared and the Morning Star attempted to cross the bar without 
 She caught on the sands and remained in the greatest danger 
 
 one. 
 
 for nine hours, but finally got off and ran into Baker's Bay, with 
 the loss of one seaman. Captain Menes went to sea no more, but 
 settling at Oregon City, and afterwards at French Prairie, he finally 
 died, December 25, 1867. 
 
 MORRIS. H. TAYLOR. 
 
 Born in Oregon in 1849; in 1863 enlisted in the Fii-st Oregon 
 Volunteers and served two years, being in several engagements with 
 the Indians. Married, 1871, Miss Annie Wessinger. Children two — 
 Daisy V., and Ivy L. Mr. Morris' occupation is farming; is posses- 
 sor of a valuable farm, two miles east of Lafayette, Yamhill County, 
 which is his postofilce address. 
 
 REED. W. H. 
 
 Born in Iowa in 1836, and came to Oregon when thirteen years 
 of age. Participated in the Indian war of 1855-6. Married, in 
 1859, Miss P. Parrish. They have two children — G. A., and Nellie 
 F. Resides in Lebanon, and is engaged in mercliandising. 
 
 TETHEROW, G. A. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1828; moved to Illinois in 1839, and came to 
 Oregon in 1849. He settled in the Luckiamute Valley, where he 
 still resides, engaged in farming and stock-raising. He Avas married 
 twice, his wives' previous names being L. Zumwalt, and Sarah 
 Nichols. Their children's names are — Josephine, James M., Willard 
 T., and Albert. 
 
 THOMPSON, D. M. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1830; moved to Iowa and thence to Oregon, 
 settling in Linn County. Married Miss Louisa Burkhart in 1855; 
 they have two children — Hattie, the wife of C. R. Templeton, D.D.S., 
 of Portland ; and Edward G., lately in partnership with his father 
 in harness- making and saddlery at Albany, but who now carries on 
 the business alone, the father having died in 1879. Edward mar- 
 ried, in 1884, Miss Amanda Irwin, of Albany. 
 
 :!^H 
 
 i I, 1'^ 
 
708 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTB VALLKT. 
 
 
 WALLER, T. O. 
 
 Born ill Morgan County, Illinois, NovemUer 20, 1823; came to 
 Oregon in 1 S49 and settled in Polk CJouiity on a donation elaira. 
 The first store in Eola was huilt by him in 185(5. From there he 
 went to Dixie where he remained one year, and thencf went to 
 Eastern Oregon, in 1874, and lived there four years. He then 
 moved to Amity, but left that town in 1880 for Monmouth, his 
 present place of lesidencie. His business at present is with the 
 Farmers' Mercantile Association, which includes Messi's. Butler, 
 iStump, Bidwell, and two Messrs. Waller. He was married to Miss 
 Maria Livermore, March 9, 1847, and five children wei-e born to 
 them, two of whom are now living — Clarence, and Henry J). Mrs. 
 Waller died March 2, 1802, and he married in July 5, 1879, Mrs. 
 Rachel Atterbury, daughter of Luke Mulkey, of Monmouth. 
 
 WHITLOCK, WILLIAM, Sr. 
 
 Born in Kentish Town, England ; occupation, merchant. Wife's 
 previous name. Honor M. Smith. Children — William, and Edward 
 H. Mr. Whitlock died in Oregon City, June 18, 1884. 
 
 WHITLOCK, WILLIAM, Jr. 
 
 Bom in Victoria, July 21, 1849. He is now county clerk of 
 Clackamas County, and resides at Oregon City. Wife's previous 
 name wjis Anna H. Miller. Children — Ed^-^ard K., and Grace A. 
 
 1850. 
 
 ALFORD, ALBERT. 
 
 Born in Chariton ('ounty, Missouri, in 1833; came to Oregon 
 with his parents, who located in Linn County. He resided in that 
 county until 1809, when he removed to Jackson County, and still 
 remains there. Is commissioner of that count}'. Was married to 
 Miss Catharine Brinker, bj' whom he has four children — Russell 
 A,, M. L., Alice, and Amanda. 
 
 ALLEN, JOHN C. 
 
 Born in Missouri in October, 1825; crossed the plains to Cali- 
 fornia in 184(>, having set out for Oregon, but coming to the forks 
 of the trail the caravan changed their mind and went to California. 
 Mr. Allen's father, Isasic Allen, died on the Humboldt, in Nevada. 
 
HrsTORT OF IMMIORATION. 
 
 709 
 
 He was a native of Kast TeiiiiesHee. IILs widow uiarried Eli 
 Brown, and died in January, 1884, aged 89 yearn. In 184«) J. C. 
 Allen served in a military company atjting as a home guard 
 during the Mexican wai-. He mined for gold, and assisted in the 
 organization of Contra Costa County, California. In 1850 he came 
 to Oregon, and took u donation claim in Polk County, and lives 
 now on an adjoining farm. His princi[)al o(!cupation in Oregon 
 has been farming, hut he has traveled to Eastern Oregon and to 
 the Salmon River mines. Married in 1851, Miss Catharine 
 McNary, and by her had foiir children— William W. (deceased), 
 Isaac A., John W., and James I). Mi-s. Allen died in 18(11, and 
 in 1864 he married Miss Miriam Harris. Children — Lena, Roy, 
 Kate, Elsie, Charles, and Hugh. Afr. Allen is a Republican, and 
 has held seats in both houses of the Statf Legislature. 
 
 BAUGHMAN, J. H. 
 
 Born and reared in Illinois; settled in Marion County on coming 
 to Oregon, and still resides there. Hius Ijeeu a member of the legis- 
 lature. 
 
 BELT, ALFRED M. 
 
 Born in Flemingsburg, Kentucky, July, 1804. His father, 
 Major Joseph Belt, was a native of Maryland, and a soldier of the 
 war of 1812. In I84n, Alfred Beltmoved to Platte C'ounty, Missouri, 
 and ten years later crossed the plains to Oregon. He settled in 
 Salem, I'esided there until ! 8S0, then removed to Independence, and 
 died there, August l!-i, IXJSI. Was a i)hysician by profession, edu- 
 cated by a private tutor, and belonged to the State Medical Society 
 of Oregon. Held the olfi(;e of Surgeon (leneral during the Indian 
 war of 1855-56, and for several years was physician to the State 
 Penit^'ntiary. Was a prominent Mason, and the first Grand Master 
 of the State. In 1 835 he was married to Miss Nancy Ward, daugh- 
 ter of General Thompson W ard, of Kentucky. Their children 
 were ten in number. 
 
 BRIEDWELL. J. W. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1829; crossed the plains to California, and 
 spent eighteen months in the mines. Took up a claim i; ar King's 
 Valley, and engaged in the slock business. Is in the same occupa- 
 
 ~(, 
 
 
 
 *M 
 
 >-i4m 
 
 iiWm 
 
 -^^ 
 

 710 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 tion now, but lives near Dallas, Polk County, which is his post- 
 office. He owns one thousand one hundred and seventy-fo^^r acres 
 of land, part of which he farms. Was married in 1857 to Mist* Eliza 
 M. lleynolds, and had five children. Mrs. Briedwell died in 1875, 
 and he married Mrs. Mary H. Ball. By her he has on« child 
 living. The names of the six are — Milton J., Mary Ti., William 
 E., Sarah A., James F., and Elizabeth. 
 
 BROADWELL, JACOB C. 
 
 Born near Springfield, Illinois, in March, 1827; went t Cali- 
 fornia in 1850, and in the same year to Oregon. Settled , • ^ 'gon 
 City. Removed to Linn County in 1883. Present address, Shedd. 
 Married in 1865 to Miss Mary A. May. Their children are — 
 Charles C, Ida M., Silas W., Ivan J., Helen L., Mary, Edward, 
 and an infant. 
 
 BROWN, JAMES H. 
 
 Born in Washington County, Virginia, in November, 1796. On 
 his ai'rival in Oregon he settled in Yamhill County. Resided in 
 Willamina, and was a farmer. In 1833 he was married to W. 
 Husey, and their children's names are — Mary E., Sarah, Margaretta 
 J., James H., Joseph E., Nathan A., and Nancy S. Mr. Brown 
 died in Yamhill County, May 30, 1875. 
 
 BROWN, SAMUEL. 
 
 Born in York, Pennsylvania in 1821; when seventeen moved to 
 Indiana; spent five years in that State and learned the carpenter 
 trade. Lived a while in Missouri, and came to Oregon by way of Cali- 
 fornia, first spendini;' four years — from 1846 to 1850 — in the search 
 for gold. Was State Senator from 1864 until 1872. Resides in 
 Gervais, Marion County, and farms extensively, having about one 
 thousand acres of land. Was married in 1844 to Elizabeth Allen; 
 their children are — Columbiis, Carrie, G. A., Frank M., Sarah, 
 Albert M., Nellie D., Ernest, Clyde A., Mabel C, Samuel, and 
 Nettie. 
 
 BUSH, ASAHEL. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1824; when sixteen years old, he 
 went to Saratoga, New York, thence returning to Massachusetts, 
 
■,'■•''1 
 
 HIHTdltY OK IMMKiUrtTlON, 
 
 711 
 
 and finally coming to Oregon in 1850. Jlt-ud luw in Salt'iu iiiul 
 was adinitU'd to the Itar, but never practitietl. Wan elei-k of tlie 
 lower hoiiw of the Legislature in 1850-51. Hecame a newspaper 
 editor and eondiictcHl the Statesman in the period of its greatest 
 celebrity' and influence. Was prominent in politics and controlled 
 for a time the destinies of Oregon. Quitting public Jiffairs at a 
 laU^r <late he devoted himself to banking, and as a member of the 
 firm of Ladd tt Bush ailded largely to his alread} consideiable 
 wealth. Mr. Hush wjih the firrft State Printer of Oregon, and held 
 that office for some twelve years in all. Resides at Salem. 
 
 BUTLER, I. M. 
 
 Horn in Illinois in 1S31 and wjis reared there, ('ame across the 
 plains to Oregon, and in the same year made a trip to California 
 and returned to this State. Went to Illinois in 1851 via the 
 Nicaragua route, and came again to Oregon in 1852. Bought a claim 
 in Polk County, which he still owns. Has resided in Indejtendence 
 since 18(18. Was in the gi'ain business there for ten years, retii'ing 
 in 1881 and investing in an opera house. x\Ir. Butler served in 
 Captain IIa}'den's company in the Yakinui wai-. Was sheriff of 
 Polk County from 1860 until 1864. Married Miss Sarah A. Webb 
 in 1857, and Inis two children— Ella (Mi-s. E. W. Cooper, of in- 
 dependence), and Bessie May. 
 
 BUTLER, JUNIUS J. 
 
 Boi-n in Iredell County, North Carolina, in October, 1815. In 
 1886 moved to Missouri. In 1850 came to Oregon and settled in 
 Yamhill County, and now lives in Belle\ue, same county, engaged 
 as carpenter and farmer. He married Melinda Toney, in Yamhill 
 County, in 1873, and their children's names are — Amanda J., Mary 
 L., and Philip J. 
 
 CAPLES, J. w. 
 
 Residence and address, Forest Grove. Born in Ohio, January 18, 
 1840; came to Oregon in 1850. Was in Washington Territory twelve 
 yeai's, engaged in general merchandising; went to Forest Grove in 
 the spiing of 1883, and formed a partnership with J. C. AV'oods in 
 the mercantile business. Owns city property in that town. Mar- 
 
 m 
 
ri2 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 "!« 
 
 1 .J 
 
 riecl Miss Harriet L. GrilsoD in 1866, and they now have five chil- 
 dren — Conrad, Jesse, John, Arthui* and Ora Dell. 
 
 CARMON, WATERS. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1811; removed to Illinois in 1H22, and 
 remained there until 1849. Served in the Black Hawk war. In 
 1835 was married to La\dna Buckmaa, by whom he had four chil- 
 dren. She died in 1846, and three years later Mr. Carmon went to 
 California, and* the next year came to Oregon. In 1852 he married 
 Mrs. Lucretia Gumey, by whom he had four children. Settled on a 
 farm near Oswego, in 1853, and resided there until his death, Sep- 
 tember 29, 1878. 
 
 CARPENTER, WILLIAM R. 
 
 Born in Delaware County, Ohio, in 1822; lives near Gaston, and 
 is a farmer. He married Vashti Parsons, in 1851, who died in 
 1863. 
 
 CARTER, WILLIAM D. 
 
 Born in South Barre, Vermont, in 1828. Learned the printer's 
 trade in Moiitpelier, and came to Oregon in 1850. Was employed 
 on the first number of the Western Star, which was issued at Mil- 
 waukie on November thirteenth of that year, and removed to Port- 
 land in the June following, and called the Oregon Weekly Times, 
 of which he was one of the publishers up to 1857. In 1858, in 
 connection with A. G. Walling, he began the publication of the 
 Oregon Farmer, and continued it for about five years. Mr. Carter 
 conducted a job printing ofiice from 1864 to 1869, and has con- 
 tinued to work at his trade ever since. In 1857 he married Miss 
 Louisa A. Lzafovage, and by her has had eleven children, nine of 
 whom are living. 
 
 CHISHAM, J. M. 
 
 Lives in Independence. Polk ('ounty, and is a wagon-rnaker by 
 occupation. He was bom in Scott County, Kentucky, in 1820. 
 After extensive traveling through various Stat(« he finally arrived 
 in Oregon. In 1 855-56 wa*s in the Indian war as Fii-st Sergeant in 
 Compaay A, of Benton County. 
 
m 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 713 
 
 CLARKE, S. A. 
 
 Born on the Island of Cuba in 1827; arrived in Oregon in 
 September, 1850, and settled at Portland, and remained there two 
 years; then removed to Salem, where he still resides; he is a 
 journalist by occupation, and gives some attention to fruit -culture. 
 He marnec! Harriet T. Buckingham in 1852, in Pui-tliind, and their 
 children's names are — Harriet, Minnie (deceased), Sarah, and Wil- 
 liam J. Mr. Clarke is now editor and proprietor of the IVillavieite 
 Farmer^ the principal agricultural journal of the Northwest. In its 
 conduct he is assisted by his son, William J. Clarke. The publica- 
 tion office is in Salem. INlr. Clarke's journalistic experience has 
 lieen varied and considerable. He had charge of the Statesfnan for 
 several years. Mrs. Clarke came to the State in 1851. She is a 
 native of Norwalk, Ohio, and was born in 1832. She crossed the 
 plains with, her relative Hii'am Smith, a man of much note in early 
 times, and whose lifenvas spent in actively developing aud making 
 known the resources of this coimtry. His ^vidow resides in Portland, 
 Oregon, and performs literary work foi" publication in the Wil- 
 lamette Farmer. 
 
 COOLEY, B. F. 
 
 Born in Woodburn, Marion County, in 1850. Became a teacher 
 and followed that vocation for ov<^!r twelve years. In 1881 opened 
 a store of general merchandise in Woodburn. Is justice of the 
 peace and notary pul)lic. Married Priscilla Devoren, in 1873. They 
 have two children — Dora Ann, and Clarence F. 
 
 DAVIDSON, ELIJAH. 
 
 Was born in North Carolina in 1783. Removed to Kentucky 
 about 1818, and from there to Warren County, Illinois, in 1831, 
 and crossed the plains to Oregon in 1850, and died at Monmouth, 
 Polk County, in 1870, aged eighty-seven years. His first wife was 
 
 Miss Murphy, by whom he had twelve children. She died 
 
 in 1804. Second wife the relict of Dr. James McBride. Mr. 
 Davidson was a soldier of the war of 1812. 
 
 DAVIDSON, ELIJAH B., 
 
 Son of Elijah Davidson, born in Kentucky in 181i). Removed 
 with parents to Warren County, Illinois, when twelve years of age. 
 
 ^lfJi■i 
 
 ^' h\ 
 
 *>j 
 
 '1 
 
1 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 714 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Came iv Oregon in 1850, and spent winter near Milwaukie. In 
 1851 took donation land claim, which is now jnst outside the East 
 Portland city limits, where he lived until 1855, then removing to 
 Monmouth., Polk County. In 1866 he went to Josephine County, 
 where he now lives. His occupation has always been that of 
 farming. In 1 841 he uiarried Miss Saloma Jones, hy whom he has 
 had thirteen children as follows — WUiara (deceased), Mary 
 (deceased), Isaac G., John tS., Elijah J., M. Lizzie (deceased), 
 Sarah J., Moses M., Margaret M. (deceased). Carter S., Saloma B., 
 Olivia W., and Jay Ellsworth. 
 
 DAVIDSON, ISAAC G. 
 
 Son of Elijah B. Davidson, was born in Warren Coimty, Illinois, 
 in 1845, and came with his parents to Oregon in 1850. Has fol- 
 lowed the occupations of farming, teaching, l)ook -keeping, and for 
 the last five years has been engaged in photographing. In the line 
 of scenic photography he takes the first rank in the State. In 1865) 
 he was married to Miss Sarah O. Riggs, daughter of D. L. Riggs, 
 of Salem, a pioneer of 1853. By her he had six children, five of 
 whom are li\^ing. Mrs. Davidson died in 1883. 
 
 DAVIS, JAMES WARREN. 
 
 Born at Fort Wayne, Indiana, January 15, 1829; removed to 
 Kansas in 1835, and to Missom'i a few years after. In 1855 was 
 appointed clerk of the IT. S. District Court at Portland, and so con- 
 tinued until 1859. F^or a time subsequently he was deputy county 
 clerk of Multnomah County. Died in Portland, January 8, 1873. 
 
 DEARDORFF, CHRISTIAN. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1805; removed in early life to Ohio, and 
 thence to Indiana. Man-ied Miss Matilda Landes. Moved twice 
 toward the west, staying neeir Burlington, Iowa, fi'om 1838 to 1850. 
 Again removed, this time to Oregon, crossing tlie [)lains. Ijocattnl 
 with his children near Milwaukie, in Clackamas County, and re- 
 mained there until his death, December 16, 1884. 
 
 DOUGLAS, LEVI. 
 
 Born in Clinton County, Ohio, July 26, 1832. Came to Oregon 
 in 1850. In 1858 settled near Harrisburg, Linn County, and is 
 
HI8T0BY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 715 
 
 now proprietor of a planing and feed mill in that town. Was 
 county commissioner in 1880-82. Married Miss Mary A. Curtis, 
 and their children's names are — James T., William S., Etta, and 
 Leonard. ^ 
 
 DRYER, THOMAS J. 
 
 Born in New York, January 10, 1808; acquired experience in 
 newspaper work, wenc to California in 1849, and was employed for 
 a short time upon a San Francisco paper. Came to Oregon, bring- 
 ing printing material, and on the fourth of December, 1850, brought 
 out the first number of the Oregonian^ as a weekly newspaper. 
 This paper he conducted until 1860, with success and celebrity. 
 Mr. Dryer was a member of the Territorial Legislatm-e, and also of 
 the Constitutional Convention. On Lincoln's inauguration he be- 
 came minister to the Sandwich Islands. Returning to Portland 
 several years later, he filled the office of justice of the peace for 
 many yea:.'s. Died, March 30, 1879. 
 
 FOUTS, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Brook Comity, Virginia, in 1793; was a carpenter by 
 occupation. Married Lydia Ellis. Their children were — Solomon 
 H., Matilda (deceased), Seneca (deceased), William PL H., Charles 
 and Theodore W. Mr. Fonts died at Canemah in 1877. 
 
 GAINES, ABNER P. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in March, 1835; is a farmer Ijy occupation, 
 residing at Scio, Linn County. Married Mary ?1 Looney and their 
 children are — Archie A., Ida E., John P., Richai'd L., C. B., Hattie 
 B., and AVilbur W. Mi*. Gaines was United States Assessor in 
 1861-(12. 
 
 GIBBS, ADDISON C. 
 
 Born in Cattaraugus County, New York, July 9, 1825, and was 
 educated at Griffith Institute, and at the New York State Normal 
 School. He spent several years as a teacher, studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1849. Came to Oregon and 'ocated on the 
 Ump(pia Kiver, a donation claim, where stands the present town of 
 Gardiner. Participated in the Indian disturbances in the Rogue 
 River in 1851. Was a member of the Legislature in 1851-52. 
 
 * • ;■ 
 
 I \ 
 
716 
 
 HI8TORY OF WILLAMBTTK VALLEY. 
 
 Was code commissioner in 1 858, and collector of customs for South- 
 ern Oregon. In 1858 he moved to Portland and opened an office 
 in partnership with George H. Williams. Was nominated as gov- 
 ernor in 1862, and was elected by a very large majority. At the 
 close of his term he wa.s nominated for U. S. Senator by the Re- 
 publicans, but, although coming witbiu one vote of an election, he 
 thought it prudent to withdraw, giving the seat to H. W. Corbett. 
 Governor Gibbs is now engaged in the practice of law in Portland. 
 lie married in New York, Miss Margaret M. Watkins, and ha« 
 six children, one of whom, William W., is his partner in the law. 
 
 GRIGGS, A. B., 
 
 Whose residence is Monmouth, and occupation that of butcher, 
 was born in Adams Oiunty, Illinois, in the year 1827, and worked 
 at the blacksniithing trade in that Stat(\ He came to Oregon in 
 1850, and settled in Linn ('ounty ; is owner of a farm six miles from 
 Lebanon in that county. In 1852 mined in Jackson County. Mr. 
 Griggs wfis married to Miss vSarah J. Morris in 1849, and had by 
 her six children, viz. — Amanda M., Sarah C, Fannie, Mary P., 
 Addie, and John. He was married a second time, to Mrs. R. G. 
 Gard in 1881, and by her has two children — Clara and Lucy. 
 
 GWIN, JAMES L. 
 
 Born in Carter County, Tennessee, in 1829; was taken to 
 Indiana in 1835; moved to Illinois in 1840, and to Oregon in 1850, 
 and settled in Yamhill (bounty. His present residence is Monmouth, 
 and occupatitm, farming and stock-raising. He married Mary 
 Boothby in 18.'>8, and their children's names jire — Mar}' A., Reason 
 L. (deceased), Ulysses S., George L., Albert, Herman, and Frank. 
 
 HALL, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1822; came to the Pacific coast in 1850; lived 
 in California first, but came to Oregon the same year. Married in 
 185.'» to Mrs. (christian Darrall, by whom he had seven t-hildren, 
 six of whom are now living. His place of residence is Beavertou. 
 
 HOLMES, WILLIAM 'A. 
 
 Born in Polk County, in May, 1850, and educat*>d at LaCreole 
 Academy. Read law and was admitted to practice in 1874. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 717 
 
 Located at Salem. Was nominated as representative to the State 
 Legislature in 1880, but \va8 defeated. Was elected [)rosecuting 
 attorney for the third judicial district in 1S82. Married Miss 
 Josephine Lewis, of Polk County, and has two children — Jessie 
 and Clare. 
 
 JOHNSTON, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1H28; came to America in 11-140, settling 
 first in Illinois; came to Oregon in 1H,")0, and located on the 
 French Prairie, in Mai-ion ('ounty. Originally, he was a miller In' 
 trade, and after his coming, conducted the old Catholic mission 
 null, called now M(dCay's mill. His present residence is four 
 and a half miles south of Cliami)oeg. Occupation, farming. 
 Mairied Mary Kennedy in 1 s.")!), and they have six sons and five 
 daughters — Ellen, Mrs. Mar}' A. Hinkle, Thomjis, llobeit E., John, 
 Agnes, William, Eliza, Joseph, Charles, and Cecilia. 
 
 KEYT, E. C. 
 
 Born in New York in 18'28; his parents 'removed the same year 
 to Ohio, where the son was raised, (yoming to Oregon he settled 
 in P(dk (bounty, and has since resided there. Participated in the 
 Vakima war of 18r)5-<i, serving under Captain Hayden. Resides 
 in Perrydale, Polk County. Married Mrs. Amanda Daly, in 1868, 
 by whom he has had eight childi'en — Elizabt'th F., David L., Isellie, 
 Hattie, Henry, Edward, Lena, and William. 
 
 LAFOLLETT, D. H. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 18'24; lived m the Western States until 
 1850, when he started for Oregon overland. Two years later he 
 went to South America, but returned the same year. Kis subse- 
 quent travels have been extensive. Mr. Lafollett resides now at 
 Salem, where he is Mjister of the Grange. His occupation is farm- 
 ing. His family consists of his wife (formerly Miss Cynthiana 
 Railsback, to whom he was married in 1848), and five children — 
 Alexander M., Iranda (t., Susan, Olive, and Emma. 
 
 LARGE, FRANCIS. 
 
 Resi(Umct\ Forest drove; was born in Pennsylvania, on the fifth 
 day of August, 1818; came from Ohio to the Pacific coiint in 18.^10; 
 
 mi 
 
 i 
 
 rUf 
 
 4-^*1-1 
 
718 
 
 HISTOBT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 came from California to Qregon. In 1852 settled in Yamhill County 
 and took a donation claim; moved to Forest Grove in 1883. In 
 July, 1853, married Miss Z. Baily. Children — Elizabeth D., and 
 Charles L. 
 
 LEISY, ISAAC. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1822; lived in Ohio for some years; set 
 out for Oregon in 1850, airiving in the fall. Occupation, farmer, 
 owning a place tw^o miles from Hillsboro, Washington County. 
 Married, in 1854, Esther Marsh. Children — Kosella, Henry W., 
 Netta, Daniel D., Flora, Wealthy, Isaac, Perry, and Douglas. 
 
 LOGAN, DAV!D. 
 
 Born near Springfield, Illinois; was the son of Judge Stephen 
 T. Logan, once a law partner of Abraham Lincoln; came to Oregon 
 in 1850, and began law practice at Lafayette; achieved great dis- 
 tinction as a criminal lawyer; retired from practice in 1871. Ran 
 for Congress three times as Republican nominee, but was defeated 
 each time. Died near "McMinnville, March 27, 1874. 
 
 MANSFIELD, DOMINIC. 
 
 Born in Tennessee in 1818; started from Missouri foi- Oregon 
 with his parents; his father and mother died on the route within 
 ten days of each other. He arrived in Oregon and settled in Linu 
 County; taught school until 1853, then went to fanning near 
 Harrisburg. In 1857 was elected assessor of Linn County, and 
 served three years. Moved to Albany in 1860; wjis elected county 
 clerk in the same year. After the term expired, was in mercantile 
 business, and in 1873, became secretary and manager of the 
 Farmer's Warehouse Company. Married Miss Celia E. Pollard in 
 1853; has four children — William, Myra, Anna, and Gertie. 
 
 MARTIN, J. L., M. D., 
 
 Is an old resident of Scio, Tann (^oimty, having practiced medi- 
 cine there for twenty-five years; was born in Davidson (bounty, 
 Tennessee, July 14, 1822; is a graduate of the Willamette Medical 
 college. Served a« assistant surgeon in the Indian war of 1 855-50 
 in Eastern Oregon and Washington Territory, in th(^ command 
 under Colonel Thoniaa R. Cornelius. Was examining physician for 
 
mm 
 
 I'm h 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 719 
 
 pension applicants, and for insurance I'.ompanifs a number of years. 
 Married Fanny Cusick in 1864; her death occurring in 1808, he 
 was maiTied a second time, to Catherine Criggiu, nee Brenner. 
 
 McCORD, JAMES S., 
 
 Is a resident of Oregon City, and a farmer by occupation ; was 
 born in Orange County, New York, July 1 5, 1 829. Married Olive 
 E. Brown, and their children are — William, J. AV., Benjamin C., 
 George S., Catharine (deceased), James B. (deceased), Blanche B., 
 Archibald H., Stella A., and Melvin C. 
 
 Mccormick, matthew. 
 
 Born in Ireland in 182.5, and came to America when seven 
 years old, settling in Rochester, New York; coming to Oregon lie 
 located at Milvvaukie, but now resides on his donation claim three 
 miles south of W<)0(l])urn, Marion County, and is a farmer. He 
 served in the Fourth Infantry under General Taylor in the Mexican 
 war, but was wounded at Aionterey and received his discharge. 
 Married Joanna ('hincy, at St. Louis, in 1847. Children — John 
 and Charles. 
 
 Mcdonald, h. 
 
 Birthplace, Rhode Island; date of birth, 1825; went to Cali- 
 fornia in 184i). Found emplo}'meiit at first as contractor and 
 builder, and in such ca])acity built a theatre, and the first Baptist 
 church in San Franciseo. In 1850 he came to Oregon and settled 
 in Portland. He was and is a useful citizen. His industry erected 
 many btiildings and works, the pioneers of thtMr kinds. The first 
 school -house in Poi'tlund was constructed by him; the Willamette 
 vvjis first navigated by a steam))oat built by him; and several 
 piddic buildings and the fii-st water works wert* created by his 
 ingenuity. Mr. McDonald was marrieil in 1847, in Providence, to 
 Elizabeth M. Sampson. Tliese are the names of their children — 
 William II., Charles II„ Ella Frances, Lulu x\nnette, E. S., John 
 C, and Lily Anna Resides at Forest Grove. 
 
 McLENCH, B. F. 
 
 liorn in Maine in March, 1 825 ; (tame to the Pacific coast in 1850. 
 Coming fi'om San Francisco to Oregon he brought up a printing 
 
 ^1 ^.-A^.\ 
 
720 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 
 press to his brother-in-law, Samuel R. Thurston, upon which the 
 Oregon Statesman was afterward printed. Was made lieutenant- 
 colonel of the Oregon State Militia by the Governor, and attached 
 to the fifth regiment. Resided a year or more in Oregon City, but 
 has spent the greater part of his life in Polk County. Present res- 
 idence, Spring Valley; postoiRce, Lincoln; occup-^tion, farmer. 
 Was married in August, 1852, to Miss Mary A. Gray, a native of 
 Vermont, who arrived in Oregon the year preceding. Their family 
 included four children — Frank G., Mary E. (wife of A. E. Watson, 
 of Polk), Alice, and Sarah M. The latter is deceased. 
 
 MILLER, GEORGE A„ 
 
 Is a farmer residhig at Scio, Linn County. Born in Glasgow, 
 Scotland, April 24, 18;U. After reaching America he proceeded 
 overland to Oregon. Married Elizabeth Harris, and their children 
 are — Malcolm, Martha B., Susanna A., and John M. 
 
 MILLER, HENRY B., 
 
 Lives at Miller's, Linn County, and is a trader and general busi- 
 ness man. His place of birth was Mercer County, Illinois; bom 
 October 7, 1848, one of a family of twenty-four children. Married 
 Frances Summerville, and their children are — Myrtle, Edna, and 
 Ola. 
 
 MILLER, ISAAC D. 
 
 Born in Montgomery County, Indiana, August 26, 1828; was 
 one of a family of twenty-four children. Came overland to Ore- 
 gon and now lives at Miller's, Linn County, engaged in farming and 
 stock-growing. Has held puVdic positions; served Jis sergeant in 
 the Indian wars of 1855-56. Married Ellen E. Johnson, and their 
 children are — Ida P., R. E., Ned, Eli M., and Isaac D. 
 
 MILLER, JAMES W. 
 
 Is a resident of Scio, Linn County, and a farmer by occupation. 
 He was born in Nova Scotia, August 17, 1833. Married Rosa A. 
 Baker, and their children are — Mary J., Lee, Henrietta, Malcolm 
 B., James W., Katy B., and Rose L. 
 
 MILLER, JOHN F. 
 
 Born in Maryland, July 25, 1835; occupation, merchant; place 
 of residence, Oregon City. Wife's previous name, Mary J. Shat- 
 tuck. Children — Albert L., Hattie N., and John E. 
 
HI8T0BT OF IMUIOEATION. 
 
 721 
 
 MILLER, MALCOLM, 
 
 Is a farmer residing at Scio, Linn County ; was born in Nova 
 Scotia, September 12, 1835; married Margaret E. Redman, and 
 their children are — James N., Benjamin W., Amanda N., and 
 Nettie E, 
 
 MILLER, ROBERT B., 
 
 Is a resident of Scio, Linn County; occupation, farmer. Bom 
 in Nova Scotia, July 29, 1843; settled in Linn County immediately 
 on his arrival in Oregon, Married Martha F. Terry. Children — 
 William C, Jeannette F., Sarah A., and Maggie A. 
 
 MILLER, SAMUEL. 
 
 Born in Salem County, New Jersey, in September, 1806. Was 
 a millwright by occupation, and died at Oregon City, July 4, 
 1884. Wife's previous name was Rachel Hart. Children — Mary 
 E., John F., Margaret S., Thomas M., and Henrietta. 
 
 MUDGE, NATHAN F. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania m 1827; came to Oregon and lived in Or- 
 egon City until 1859; then went to Washington Territory, and east 
 of the Cascades, where he was employed on the railroad. Returned 
 to Oregon in 1804. Now owns a farm near Hillsboro. Married 
 in 1853, Miss Elizabeth Whealdon, who came to Oregon in 1847, 
 They have three children — Mary^, Sidney W., and Estella. 
 
 NEALY, NELSON. 
 
 Born in New York in 1814; came to Oregon and settled at In- 
 dependence, Polk County. Present residence, Luckiamute, and oc- 
 pation, farming, 
 
 0' DONALD, JONATHAN. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1826; came to Oregon when twenty- 
 four years of age; lived mainly in Portland and Salem, and worked 
 at his trade of carpenter and stair-builder. Is a member of the firm 
 of O'Donald & Jackson, carpenters and builders, in Salem. Mar- 
 ried in 1865, and had four children by his first wife — William H., 
 Emma, Ella, and Elmer E. By a second marriage he has had — 
 Anna and Frank. Residence, Salem. 
 
 
 3; 
 
 '4 
 
 
 W 
 

 722 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMETTTC VALLEY. 
 
 PAUL, WILLIAM A. 
 
 Born in Washington (Vmnty, MiHHouii, November 10, 1824, of 
 Scotch and English parents. Hiw ancestors came to Auteriia before 
 the Revolutionary war. lie came to Oregon and ha>i since resided 
 on his farm at Lebanon. Mari-ied Hannah J. Elliott, and their 
 children are — George M., Samuel .1., Mahala, Mattie, Hugh G., 
 Celia, and William S. Mr. Paul is proprietor of fifteen, hundicd 
 acres of land. 
 
 PEEBLES, JOHN C. 
 
 Bom January 23, 182fi, in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. 
 In 1838 he moved to Indiana, and in 1850 came to Oregon. On 
 (October seventh of that year he arrived at Oregon City, and lived 
 there until the following March, when he removed to Marion 
 ('Ounty and settled at Fairfield, his donation claim embracing the 
 present town site. In 1852 he became assistant clia-k in the House 
 of Representatives; in 1853 he was elected a member of tlie Legis- 
 lature; in 1854 he was elected to the Council, where he served 
 three years and was afterwards elected a member of the (Constitu- 
 tional Convention, serving as chairman of the committee on educa- 
 tion. In 1860 he was elected State lii])rarian; in 1862 was elected 
 county judge of Marion County, and re-elected in 186f! miuI again in 
 1874; in 1880 served as chief clerk of the Senate. Mr. Peebles 
 now resides near Salem on a farm on the line of the O. tt C. R. K. 
 He was married in 1851 to Miss E. J. Mai'lc, of Clackamas (county, 
 and they have five children now living — two sons and three 
 daughters. 
 
 PORTER, R. M. 
 
 Born in Park County, Ohio, August 7, 1826; came to Oregon 
 and settled in Washington C'ounty, tliat being his home since. He 
 owns a farm near Forest Grove, and a residence and other property 
 in the town. Married Miss Caroline Brown in 1852; she died in 
 1859, and in 1860, he married Mrs. Laura A. Stokes. He has four 
 children, namely'— Ebenezer M., Mary, Tabitha, and Stella. Mi'. 
 Porter was assessor of internal revenue for Yamhill and Washing- 
 ton counties for eight years, and Deputy U. S. Marshal for several 
 years. 
 
fr 
 
 HISTORY OK 1 .iMiaRATION. 
 
 728 
 
 
 PORTERFIELD, JAMES E. 
 
 Mr. Porterfield is a native of Tennessee; his first place of resi- 
 dence in Oregon was at Luckianuite, P<>lk County; his present res- 
 idence is at Buen.'i Vista, and occupation, farniiiit,'. lie jnarried 
 Ruth Watson in xMissouri, and they liave one child, named Miles 
 M. Porterfield. 
 
 PRICE, W. L. 
 
 Mr. Price is a native Oregonian, having Vteen born in Clackamas 
 County, in 1850. Ilis ])resent re 'dence is King's Valley, and 
 his occiipation is farming and merchandising. He married Sarepta 
 Norton, in Benton County, in 1870. Their children are — Emma 
 L., John, Dora, Edna, Willard, and Cleveland. 
 
 RAMSBY. R, C. 
 
 Mr. Ramsby, a native of Oliio, came to Oregon in 1850, being 
 then of the age of twtnty-seven. A few months latei' the gold fever 
 took him to (Jalifoiuia. After a year and a half he set out for New 
 York, by a sailing ship, on which he had the misfortune to be 
 wrecked on the coast of Central America. From there he made his 
 way to New Orleans by way of the City of Mexico, and su])sequently 
 got safely to Indiana, lie was mai-ried to Miss Mary Reynolds, by 
 whom he has had seven children — E. IJ., M. D., S. M., Athaliah, 
 Jennie, Clara, and C. E. In 1808 he came again to Oregon, itringing 
 his wife and children. Since his coming he has followed farming 
 mostly, with several spells of various civil offices, notably the sheriff- 
 ship of Marion County, which he held in 1880-82. 
 
 RAY, C. F. 
 
 Born in Saratoga County, New York, in 1819; came to Oregon, 
 locating first at Salem; resides now at Ray's Ferry, near St. Paul, 
 Marion County. This ferry, the first upon the Willamette, was 
 instituted, according to Mr. R.'s belief, in 182(), T)y tiie Hudson's 
 Bay Company. Mr. Ray purchased from James Force, in 1850, 
 the first and only mail route in Oregon Territory which run upon 
 wheels, viz., the route from Oregon City to Salem. He afterwards 
 extended it to Corvallis. introducing the first Concord coaches in 
 the Northwest. H^ also built and operated the first livery stable 
 in Salem. He married Amelia Eyre, who was born in England in 
 
 
 , I ,| 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 if 
 
 4h\ 
 
 
724 
 
 HI8T0RT OF IVILLAMETTE VALLHT. 
 
 1834, and whose parents came to Oregon in 1843. Children— Mrs. 
 Mary F. Apperson, Mi's. Eliza Coyle, Amelia, Aliee, Ida, William 
 M., Walter W., Inez, John T., Charles 1)., Maud L., and Guy. 
 
 REED, CYRUS A. 
 
 Born in New Hampshire in 1825; emigiated to Califoinia in 
 1849, and the next year came to Oregon, settling at Portland and 
 engaged in whatever his hands eould find to do. He taught school 
 and helpe<l put up the first steam sawmill huilt in Oregon. Moveil 
 to Salem in 1852. His mercantile operations in both cities have 
 extended over a period of sixteen years. Resides now in Salem. 
 Married Lucin<la Coffin, by whom he had six children. Married 
 again, in 1875, to Jennie Clive, by whom he has had two children. 
 Colonel Reed was a representative to the legislal^ui-e in 18«)2, and 
 in the same year was appointed Adjutant General of the State. 
 Wtis again a member of the legislature in 1874 and in 1878. Built 
 the hotel known as the "Reed House," in 18()9-70, and haii carried 
 out very many public and semi-public works, 
 
 RICE, JAMES N. 
 
 Born in Campbell County, Tennessee, March 17, 1832. Moved 
 to Missouri at an early age. Coming to Oregon he settled in Linn 
 County, and is a farmer. Has represented L-mii County in the 
 legislature. Participated in the Rogue River war, and was 
 wounded at the Meadows tight. Married Miss Nancy Robiuett in 
 1867. 
 
 RICKEY, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1802; removed s\icce8sively 
 to Ohio, Iowa, aiid Oregon, arrivit.g in the latter State in 1850. 
 Settled in Marion County. Died January 24, 1875. 
 
 RIGDON, W. T. 
 
 Born in Powesheik County, low i, in 1849, and was brought by 
 his parents to Oregon the next year. Settled in Marion County, 
 where h(^ has since lived. Has taught school; wjis a member of 
 the Legislature in 1882; and is an enthusiastic temperance advo- 
 cate. Married Miss Mattie J. Smith in 1878. Resides in Jeff ei-soii. 
 
MIHTOKY OF IMMKJUATION. 
 
 736 
 
 RILEY. J. B. 
 
 Born ill Vermont in 1S27. Went to MansachiiHettH in 1846 and 
 hecame apprciitice to a eahinet-makernear BoHton. In May, 1841), 
 he took passage on the third vesHel th ft left Boston for California, 
 .sailing by way of Cape Florn. H(^ came to Oregon in 1n5(), and 
 lived ten yearn in Oregon City; then moved to The Dalles, where he 
 lived three yi'ars, and after a short residence in Portland, })ur(;liased 
 .* hotel in Dayton, a hiisiness he is engaged in at present, lie was 
 married in 1 8<)'_* to MIhs S. Jacobs, and two children were born to 
 them— Ella M., and William. 
 
 SIMMS, HENRY H. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1H2.'<; came to Oivgon and .settled at Willa- 
 mina Creek, ^'amhill County, where he .still resides, engaged in 
 farming. He mai-ried Elizabeth Springer in Polk County in 1852, 
 and their children's names are — Sylvander, Susan, and Henry. 
 
 SPRINGER, B, H. 
 
 Born in St<^ul)en (Xmnty, New York, September 26, 1825>, and 
 lived successively in Illinois and Iowa. Came from the latter 
 State to Oivgon in ISoO, and settled in the Grande K(mde, Polk 
 County, in 1S.")1, remaining there until IHT)!!, when he removed to 
 Amity, Yandiill County. His princi])al occupation has been farm- 
 ing; but at present he has chosen the less fatiguing duties of 
 notary public and conveyancer. He has three children — Barney 
 I)., Olive (Mrs. W. li. Smith), and George. Their mother was 
 Miss Eliza Warren, whom Mr. Springer nuiri-ied on May 17, 1855. 
 
 STARKWEATHER, W. A. 
 
 Born in Preston, Connecticut, in 1822; taught school there and 
 in Ohio; went to California in 1850, and in the same year came to 
 Oregon. Took n donation claim near Scio in 1852 and remained 
 two years, when he removed to Clackamas County, ami lesides 
 there still. Elected to the House of Representatives in 1854 and 
 many times since. State Senator in 1878. Married Miss Eliza 
 Gordon in 1858. 
 
 WARREN, A. J., 
 
 Lives three miles east of BroAvnsville, Linn County, engaged in 
 farming and stock-raising. He was born in Lexington, Missouri, 
 
 ■w 
 
 • ' 
 
 5 ! 
 
726 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 August 10, 1832, and married in 1855 to Miss Eliza Spalding, a 
 daughter of tlie missionary Spalding. Their children 
 America, Lizzie (deceased), Minnie, and James H. 
 
 are- 
 
 WATERS, ABNER W. 
 
 Born in Ashtabula County, Ohio, in 1883; resided subsequently 
 in Indiana and Iowa. Coming to Oregon, he settled at Harrisburg, 
 Linn County, took a donation claim and also dealt in merchandise. 
 lie recruited Company F of the First Oregon Voliinteera, and served 
 three years as its. captain during the civil war, conunanding at 
 various times, Forts Hoskins, Vancouver, Lapwai, and Walla 
 Walla. Raised stock in Union County for several yeai's; managed 
 the Statesman^ nmvspaper of Saleni, for two years — 1874-76 — then 
 held for four yeurs the office of U. S. Marshal. Married first Miss 
 M. A. McCuUy, and second Miss Sarah McCai-tney, both of whom 
 are deceased. He was elected to the State Senate from Multnomah 
 County in 1880, 
 
 WATTS, M. M. 
 
 Resides two and a half miles west of Forest Grove, and is a 
 farmer. He has made his Lome there since his arrival in 1850. He 
 married Nancy A. Knighten in 1846. 
 
 WHITE, WILLIAM L. 
 
 Born in New Kent County, Virginia, in 18U>. Came to Oregon, 
 October 29, 1850. Occupation, county judge of Clackamas County. 
 Wife's previous name, Mary E. Paitlow. Children — William J., 
 Anna E., Rebecca T., Allen G., and William B. The first and last 
 named are now dead. , 
 
 WHITLOCK, EDWARD H. 
 
 Born in Oregon City, December 3, 1850. Occupation, mer- 
 chant. Wife's previous name, Myra B. Hand. Residence and 
 post-office address, Oregon City. 
 
 WILMOT, R. p. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1814 moved to Missouri in 1836, and 
 lived there until coming to Oregon in 1850. Settled first in Port- 
 land; then moved to Washington County in 1869, and has lived 
 
HISTORY OF I.MMIGKATIOX. 
 
 ir, 
 
 there .4nce; owns •> furni lu-ar Bwi\ t-rtou, on which hi' lives. 
 Married Miss Nant\ Stoue in 1>>3H, who tlinl of (•hi)ler!i whih- 
 crossing the phiiuH in 1850. Was married again in 1S51, to Mrs. 
 Nancy McKay. Had seven children hy his first wife, five of whom 
 are now living, and three daughters by tbesec,ond wife, all deceased. 
 
 WILSON, ALFRED. 
 
 » 
 
 Born in East Tennessee in 1826; came to Oregon in 1850, an<l 
 settled in Yamhill t'ounty. Present residence, Rallston, Polk 
 County. ( )ccupation, farming. Marri<^d Miss Ellzaheth Johnson 
 in 185<). Childjvn — Melissa, \'ina, Mining. Liljie, Marv . Lucintht, 
 Alfred, and H. (t. 
 
 WILSON, BUSHROD W. 
 
 Horn in Columbia, Maine. July IH, I8l*4. Iiearne<f the jirinter's 
 trade in New York. Followed the sea for several yeaiN. (^ame 
 to Oregon via Ca[)e Horn and California, lauded at the moutli of 
 the I'mpqua River, and walked then<;e to ('or^allis. Wa*- count)- 
 clerk of Benton Coinity from 1«H4 until the jtresent tim*'. Was 
 the first president of the Willamette Valley and (^oast Railway 
 Company, which proposed to join (!<trvallis and Yaquina Bay by a 
 railway — a project just <»n the eve of conijdeti<m (^IH?sr>) l>y the 
 Oregon Pacific Railroad Company. 
 
 1851. 
 
 BELL, G. G. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1825, and educated iji Dennison (JoUege. Tauirht 
 school in that State until 1851, when he came to Oregon. Served 
 in the Mexican war. Has taught in the academy at BetWl. Polk 
 County. Resides near Bethel and is a farmer. His pirtolfice is 
 McCoy. Mari'ied in Ohio to Mary A. DeLoug. Their childi-eu 
 were — Julia, Agnes, Calistji (deceased), Edward. Lucy, and Olive. 
 
 BINGMAN, JAMES K. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 28, 1829, and came 
 to Oregon in September, 1851, Resides now at Orejfim ( ity, and 
 is n carpenter by trade. Mr. Bingman has been luarricd twice, 
 first to Mary Patiuet, and last to Jennie Ste\ens. His children 
 are two — Mary A., and Ella C, 
 
 ■ 1^ f 
 
738 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 I 1 
 
 BLANCHARD, JOSHUA P. 
 
 Bom in Montpelier, Vermont, April 28, 1820; was a carpenter 
 by occupation; married Rebecca Race; children — William A. (de- 
 ceased), Evangeline (deceased), Lydia A. (deceased), Mary E., May, 
 Emma J. (deceased), Abraham L., Nora (deceased), Joshua P., and 
 Sarah E. Mr. Blanchard died at Canemah, Clackamas Coimty, 
 May 16, 1884. 
 
 SOISE. REUBEN P. 
 
 Bom in Blanford, Massachusetts, in 1819. Graduated, from 
 Williams College, class of 1843. Was admitted to the bar in«1848 
 and practiced two years, coming then to Oregon and settling at 
 Portland. Was chosen prosecuting attorney of the first and second 
 districts in 1852. Was one of the commissioners who prepared the 
 Oregon code in 1854. In 1854 was re-elected prosecuting attorney, 
 and also elected to the Territorial Legislature. Was a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention in 1857, and in the same year was ap- 
 pointed Supreme Judge of the Territory. When Oregon was ad- 
 mitted he was elected Chief Justice of the new State, and when his 
 term expired in 1864, he was chosen to the supreme bench. Re- 
 turned to the practice of the law in 1870 until 1876, when he was 
 again elected to the supreme bench. In 1880 became judge of the 
 third judicial district. The judge owns an immense farm in Polk 
 County, and has held the position of Master of tlie State Grange of 
 Oregon as well as being a member of the board of trustees of the 
 Pacific University at Forest Grove, the LaCreole Academy at 
 Dallas, and the Willamette University at Salem. 
 
 BRANSON. ELY T. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1829; came to Oregon and settled in Polk 
 County. His present residence is Sheridan, Yamhill County, and 
 occupation, farming. He married Sarah C. Branson, in Polk 
 County, in 1864, and their children's names are — William A., 
 Edward B., Calvin E., Maud, and Lela. 
 
 BURKHART, C. P. 
 
 Born in Hawkins Coimty, Tennessee, February 24,' 1819; in 
 1828 went to Kentucky; from thence to Illinois .a 1830, and six 
 yeare later moved to Iowa Was married in 1844 to Elizabeth 
 
carpenter 
 m A. (de- 
 r E., May, 
 la P., and 
 3 County, 
 
 ated from 
 ar in 1848 
 settling at 
 ;ind second 
 ■epared the 
 g attorney, 
 member of 
 ear was ap- 
 m was ad- 
 lcI wlien his 
 »ench. Re- 
 hen he was 
 udge of the 
 irm in Polk 
 Grange of 
 stees of the 
 Academy at 
 
 tied in Polk 
 
 ounty, and 
 
 |n, in Polk 
 
 Yilliam A., 
 
 }4,'1819; in 
 
 ;>(>, and six 
 
 t<. Elizabeth 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 729 
 
 Jane Doughty; by her has had six children — John II. , Mary 
 Elizabeth, C. C, Emily L., and Frank A. He came overland to 
 Oregon with his family, and settled in Linn Coimty, near Albany, 
 where he yet lives, and became a farmer; was elected county com- 
 missioner in 1874, and served one term; in 1876 was appointed 
 commissioner to the Ceiiteiinial Exhibition at Pliihtdelphia, but 
 failed to attend; his wife and himself were awarded medals and 
 diplomas for the best exhil^ition there of wheat, rye. and oats. 
 Mr. Burkhart is a life member of the State Agricultii 'al Society 
 and also a member of the Grange; was a leading spirit ii the con- 
 struction of the Santiam ditch which provides Albanv T,ith water, 
 and has erected a warehouse and other works for he benefit of the 
 community. 
 
 BURKHART, J. H. 
 
 Born in Iowa in 1849. In 1876, entered the real estate busi- 
 ness and still conducts it in partnership witli his brother, C. Burk- 
 hart, at Albany, and now has twenty-five thousand acres of land, 
 three saw mills and some other property. Married Miss Ella R. 
 Miller in 1876. 
 
 CANON, W. R. 
 
 Born in Pickaway County, Ohio, July 31, 1821; was raised 
 upon a farm; went to Illinois in 1845, and came from that state to 
 Oregon and settled in Linn County. Was cattle-drover and farmer 
 at fii-st, but now keeps a livery-stable in Albany. Participated in 
 the Yakima Indian war. Married in 1864 Miss Ann Cary, and 
 they have two children— Laura Belle, and Ida Estelle. 
 
 CARSON, JOHN C. 
 
 Born in Center County Pennsylvania, in 1825, and removed to 
 Ohio in 1882. Was educated in Ashland Acaderav, Ohio. Stud- 
 ied medicine, and in 1850 went to California. Ill health took him 
 to Oregon, and he lived in Portland, fcilowing the business of eon- 
 tractor and ]>uilder. In 1857 he ercct.Hl a sash a?id door factory 
 in Portland. Has been a councilman of the city for many terms. 
 Repit .sented Multnomah County twice in the legislatiu'e. In 1854 
 he married Miss Elizabeth Talbot, who died in 1859; and In 1860 
 he married Mi's. Eliza Northrop, of Portland. Has five children. 
 
 I'd- 
 
i 
 
 
 730 
 
 HIHTORY OF ^VILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 CHADWICK, STEPHEN FOWLER. 
 
 Born in Connecticut; studied law and was admitted to the New- 
 York bar. Coming to Oregon lie settled first in Douglas County, 
 and practiced his profession among lawyers, a singularly large pro- 
 portion of whom were, or have since become, celebrated. He was 
 a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1857; and in 1864, 
 and 18H8, a Presidential Elector. In 1870 he was elected Secretui'y 
 of State, and served eight years, the last two of which he performed 
 also the duties of Governor of Oregon, because of the retirement 
 of Governor Grover, who was elected U.S. Senator. lie held, back 
 in the fifties, many judicial offices, which need n(»t here lie enumer- 
 ated. At present he is located in Salem, engaged in the practice 
 of his profession. Marrieil, in 1850, Miss Jane Smith, a native (if 
 Virginia. Governor Chad wick is a notable Ma.son, having filled, 
 with distinction, many offices in that society, inciluding that of Grand 
 Master, and hsis taken the thirty -third degree. 
 
 CHAMBERS, W. N. 
 
 Born in Polk County, Oregon, in 1851 ; settled at Salem in 1868; 
 engaged at first in a livery and sale stable, but is now in the hack 
 business. Married, in 1876, to Katie C. Bauei-. 
 
 CHANDLER, MRS. NANCY. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1827; came to Oregon in 1851, and settled in 
 Polk County. Kesides near Ballston. She married P. Sargent in 
 1844. Mr. Sargent dying, she married, in 1863, J. M. Chandler, 
 who is also deceased. Her children are— W. J., William, Mary, 
 C, Martha, J. M., Joel, C. T., George, Charles, Henry, Albert, and 
 Emma. 
 
 COLEMAN, D. C. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1828; came t«) the Pacific Coast in 1849. 
 and entei'ed the mercantile business in California with hiw >)rothei-, 
 W. T. Coleman. Came to Portland in iH'ti, and remained there 
 until 18.'")8. fie miiK'd coiisidtrabK in different places; in 186!) 
 went to Yamhill County, and to Sjiei-idan in |.s76, and still rcvsidcs 
 there. Married Miss Mar} Warren in 1853, by whom he had thie" 
 children; she died in 1H68. In M75 he married Martha Sargent, 
 by whom he had one child, named Pearl. 
 
HISTORY OP IMMIGRATION. 
 
 731 
 
 CONDIT, SYI VANUS. 
 
 Son of Philip Condit; came to Oregon in 1851, and in 1854 
 married Sarah A. Brown. Their children are — Alice Ann, Samuel, 
 Mary C, and Lawrence. Mr. Condit was county ci)uunisHioner 
 from 1878 to 1884. Postolfice address, Turner, Marion County. 
 
 CONE, G. A. 
 
 Born in Vermont, and subsequently settled in Iowa, fi-om which 
 State he moved to Oregon. Settled at Butte ville, Marion County, 
 and resided there until his death, April 7, 1881. His oc('Ui)ati()n 
 was merchandising. F.ive sons survived him. 
 
 COSHOW, O. P. 
 
 Lives in Brownsville, Linn County, and Is a mcri^hant and farmer. 
 Was born in Lidiana, July 4, 18;U, and man-ied, in 18.")3, to Miss 
 Sarah E. Cockran. Their children are — A\'^illiam L., Sophrouia A., 
 Robert H., James M., Mai-y E., Oliver P., Sarah E., Lla A., (Jeorge 
 H., and Kate E. 
 
 CRANSTON, SAMUEL B, 
 
 Boin in Champaign County, Ohio, October 19, 1828; came over- 
 land to Oregon and now lives at Linkville, Klamath County, where 
 he is attorney -at-law. Lived for some years in Lane County, where 
 he held several public offices; wits justice of the peacf, and then 
 became Ignited States assistant assessor, undei' the admin '-'tvati(^)n of 
 Abraham Lincoln; i-esigned in 18H4, having be.-n elected 
 member of the State Senate from Lane County. Removed to 
 Linkville in 1874, and was appointed registei- of the United States 
 land office in 1875, which position he held until 1877. His wife's 
 previous name was Octavia O. L'win, and their children are — ,Iose- 
 plnne R., John F., Elizabeth M.. and Henrietta F. 
 
 DAVIS, GEORGE. 
 
 Born in Montgomery County, Kentucky, April .'iO, 18.'51; in 
 1843 he moved to Illinois; in 1850 came to the Pacific coast and 
 after living a short time in California, came to Oregon and settled 
 in Washington County. His present residence is in Yamhill County, 
 and occupations, farming and blacksmithing. In 1857 he married 
 Carolin*> Yocum, and their children's names are — Olive, Jefferson, 
 Lucy, Henry W., Horace L., John H., Orlando G,, and Walter L. 
 
73^ 
 
 HTSTORV op WrLLAMKT'TE VALLEY. 
 
 DAVIS, JEFFERSON. 
 
 Born in Montgomery County, Kentucky, November 23, 1820; 
 in 1846, moved to Illinois; in 1850, emigrate<l to California and 
 one year later came to Oregon. lie settled at Deer ('reek, in Yam- 
 hill County ; now reside at Bellevue, engaged iu< a cai-penter and 
 farmer. In 1853 he married Miss Kittie Robinson, and their chil- 
 dren's names are — Mittie M., Eugene I., and Orlando. 
 
 DAVENPORT, T. W. 
 
 Born in Columbia County, I\ew York, in 1826; removed to this 
 State with his parents and became a farmer. Located in Marion 
 County. Was elected county surveyor in 18(54 and 1806, and a 
 member of the House of Representatives in 18()8 and 1870. AV'as 
 nominated for Congress by the Independentn in 1874, but was 
 beaten. Was elected State Senator in 1882. Married in 1852 to 
 Miss Flora, daughter of R. C. Geer, of Marion County. She died 
 in 1870. Married, in 1872, Mrs. N. E.' Wisner, of Linn County. 
 
 DENNY, A. H. 
 
 Born in Indiana, February, 1823; resided there until 1851, then 
 coming to Oregon. First settled near Portland, but removed in 
 1855 to the farm at McCoy, Polk, County, on which he now resides. 
 Married in Indiana in 1851 to AlmiraKing, by whom he had seven 
 children, of whom the following survi\e — Ijucina, Cephas, Samuel 
 C, Julius (t., Thomas, and Ziba. 
 
 DIXON, JESSE. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1831; was taken to Illinois in 1835; re- 
 mained there imtil 1851. Came to Oregon in company with (xeorge 
 Churchill, P. Hampton, and others, and walked all the way across 
 the plains. Established himself first in Yamhill (bounty, Init went 
 to Southern Oregon and mined near Jacksonville for a time. Has 
 been engaged in business affairs during the subsequent years. Re- 
 sides now in Lafayette and carries on a mercantile lousiness. Was 
 mari'ied in 1854 to Lotiisa A. Milliken. Tiiey have had three cliil- 
 di'en, two now dead. 
 
 DOWELL, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 liorn in Albemarle County, Virginia, in October, 1826; studied 
 lav,' at the University of Virginia; went to California in 1850; 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIUUATION. 
 
 738 
 
 came by sea to Oregon the next year. Resides in Juc'kson\illo. 
 Occupation, lawyer. Married Miss Anna Campbell iji 18(>1, and 
 they have three children — Fannie, Aima, and H. F. 
 
 DRAKE, B. F. 
 
 Born in Mfissachusetts in 182."); came to Oregon l)y way of 
 Panama; settled first in Oregon City, and entered into purtnershii> 
 with Mr. Smith, hi a foundry. In lb;");") he volunteei-ed in (com- 
 pany C, under J. K. Kelly, and served in the ^'akinui wai-, after 
 which he returned to Oregon City, but moved from there to Salem 
 in 1860, and entered into a partnershi]) with John Nation, which 
 lasted two years; then became full proprietor of their iron works, 
 and in iHfU took ,1. II. Moores into partnership, which lasted foui- 
 years. Mr. Drake does a large business in the iron trade, and has 
 sixteen men cimstantly employed. 
 
 EDWARDS, JOSEPH. 
 
 Mr. Edwards is a native of t\u' State t>f Michigan, which, unfor- 
 tunately for Oregon, has sent but a small proptn'tion of the west- 
 ward emigration. Mr. K. was born in 1827, and came across the 
 continent in 1H51, being then a single man. He settled in the 
 pletisant vale of the riUckiamnte and engaged in farming, which he 
 still pursues wiih success. His sinin^vvhat hu"ge family are the re- 
 sults of his union with Missoui'i Ilitner, tiie marriage taking place 
 in Polk Oounty in IH.");"). Tluiii' children's names are -Charles L., 
 William H., Mary, Martha, Esther, Richard, John, Sarah, Joseph, 
 Lewis, Henry, and iMvin. 
 
 • 
 
 ENNIS, ALLEN. ' ' 
 
 Born in Virginia in U<8<>; on his arrival in Oregon he settleil in 
 Washingt«»n County; his present residence is Ruena Vista, and oc- 
 (aipation, meri'hant. He married IVIargarettc Smith, in this State in 
 18n.'^, and their chikh'ctfs namc> are B. P., Ennis, Mary, 
 William A., John L., (^harles A., Sy»hiey B., and James H. 
 
 FAILING, JOSIAH. 
 
 Horn in 1st Mi on his fHtliei''s farm in Cauajoharie, Montgomery 
 County, N. Y. His ancestors were of German descent, his great 
 grandfather having come fr<mi the liavarian Palatinate and .settled 
 
734 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 in the Mohawk Vzillny in 170.'5. Josiah Failing removed to New- 
 York Oity when a yonng man and there married Miss Henrietta 
 Ellison, who survived him. In 1851 they removed to Portland, 
 and Mr. Failing eugagetl successfully in mercantile affairs, retiring 
 thei-efi"om in 18fi4 and was succeeded l>y his son and partner, Henry 
 Failing. In 1S53 Josiah Failing was mayor of Portland, and in 
 IHCA and IHfiH was a delegate to the National Republican Con- 
 ventions. He distinguished himself greatly in his a<lvocacy of com- 
 mon schools, and has been styled " The Father of the Schools of 
 Portland." In his honor the Failing School has ))een named. lie 
 died at his residence in Portland on the fourteenth of August, 1 877. 
 
 FA-VK, JAMES. 
 
 Born in England in 1816; came to America in 1842, and lived 
 in Louisiana, Illinois, and Missouri prior to coming to Oregon. 
 On his arrival in this State he took a donation claim on Salt 
 Creek; now lives on a fiU'm near Eola, in Polk County. Married 
 Miss Elizabeth Ro}>inson in 1839, and has four children — Mary, 
 John, Henry, and Wallace. 
 
 FLICKINGER, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1830; came to Oregon and settled in 
 Luckiamute Valley, and still resides there. Occupation, farming. 
 He married Martha M. Pyburn in Oregon in 1851, and their 
 children's names are — Alfred, Caroline, Lillie, Annie, and Martha. 
 
 FRAZAR, THOMAS. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1813; married in 183VI to Frances A. 
 Bradford, who died in 1884; present residence, Portland. Was 
 Assessor of Internal Revenue during Lincoln's administration. 
 
 w- ft* 
 
 GEARIN, JOHN M. 
 
 Born in Umatilla County, Oregon, August 15, 1851; was edu- 
 cated at the Catholic college at Santa Clara, California. Studied 
 law, was admitted, and in 1875 and 187G was elected city attornc} 
 for Portland. Served in the legislature of 1874, and in 1884 was 
 elected district attorney of the Fourth .Judicial District. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION'. 
 
 735 
 
 GEARY, EDWARD R.. D.D. 
 
 Born in Boonsboro, Maryland, April .'iO, ISI I , and i,n-!idiiiit*'d 
 from Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in I8M4. Studied tlicolojfy, 
 and ahout 1840, entered the ininistiy, Ixvoniin^^ j)astiir of a clmrch 
 at Fredericks! »urg, Ohio, in whieli he ittHciated for thirteen 
 years. Settled in Yamhill Connty, Oregon, in 1S.")1, jind was ap- 
 pointed clerk of the U. 8. Circuit Court; aftei'wards hecanje county 
 clerk and superintendent of schools for Yamhill County, and after- 
 wards clerk to General Palmer, Superintendent of Indian Affairs. 
 In 1857 he succeeded J. W. Nesniith as Superintendent of Indian 
 Affairs fi>r Oregon. He preache<l in Linn County for a time, Imt 
 moved to Eugene 'C'lty in 187(), and became pastor of the Presbyte- 
 rian church. lias taken thirty-two degrees in Masonry. Is a re- 
 gent of the State I'niversity. Married twice, first to Miss Harriet 
 Reed, and after liei- decease, to Miss N. M. Wcjodbridge. Has 
 seven children. 
 
 GEORGE, M. C. 
 
 Boru in Noble County, Ohio, in 1840. His parents brought him 
 across the plains in l8.')l, and settled on a farm m^ar Lebanon, Linn 
 (Jounty. He was educated at the Santiam Academy, the VV^illam- 
 ette University, and the Poi'tland Business College. Wjus nomi- 
 nated by the Kepultlicans of Linn County for Representative to the 
 LegislatiU'e in 1870, but was dc^featetl. Taught at the Jeffers(ju Acad- 
 emy^ and wtis princi})al of the Albany public schools for a year or two. 
 Was again defeated as a candidate for the Legislature in 1872. 
 Married Miss Mary Lckler in 1872. Read law, and in 1875 was 
 admitted to practice. Be<;ame State Senator for Multnomah County 
 in 1876. In 1880 received the nomination for Congressman by the 
 Republicans, and was elected by fourteen hundred majority. 
 
 HALL, B. F. 
 
 Born in Indiana; came to Oreg(m and settled in Multnomah 
 County. Married Emily Hickland, and had by her two children. 
 Mr. Hall died in 1860. 
 
 HARGER, LINUS W. 
 
 Was born in Massachusetts in IH'V,\', on his arrival in Oregon 
 he settled near Forest Grove, Washington County. His present 
 
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 r 
 
 yn- 
 
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 K^ 
 
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 ^M 
 
 f 
 
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 ^^J^H 
 
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 tt' ' ' 
 
 ^^^^1 
 
 IKjiitff-fei'.H-" 
 
 73« 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 ivHidence is West Chebalem, and occupation, fanninj;. He raarriHl 
 in 1871, Miss Pambrun who is a daughter of P, C. Pambrun, who 
 was sent by the Hudson's Bay Company to locate Vancouver as a 
 trading post, in 182."). Mr. Pambrun also liad charge of Fort 
 Walla Walla at the time Whitman and the raissionarias came there, 
 and Mrs. Harger was born at the latter place in 1837. 
 
 HICKS, TELITHA (SIMPSON). 
 
 Mra. E. p. Hicks nee Miss Telitha Simpson, died at Abiqua, 
 November 1, 1884. She was born on the plains July 3, 1851, 
 reaching Oregon in the latter part of the same year, settling in 
 Marion Coxinty, and was subsequently married to E. P. Hicks. 
 Her husband and two children survive her. 
 
 HICKS, URBAN E. 
 
 Born in Boone County, Missouri, May 14, 1828; served live years' 
 apprenticeship at the printers' trade in Paris, Monroe County, and 
 Hannibal, on the Mississippi river. Married Miss Eliza Jane Lee- 
 dom, in 1850, in Schuyler County; went to St. Louis, and in the 
 spring of 1851 set out for Oregon, overland. Settled at the mouth 
 of the Cowlitz river, taught school, and in 1852, came to Portland; 
 worked a short time at his trade; located on a claim three miles east 
 of East Portland; moved to Salt Creek, Polk County, and from 
 there to Pugec Sound, in 1853, where his wife died, leaving one son. 
 Dr. Frank P., of Astoria. Mari'ied Miss India Ann Hartsock in 
 1855, by whom he has one son living — Gr. Gwin. Took part in the 
 Indian war of 1855-6, going out as first lieutenant and afterwards 
 promoted to captain; was assessor and county clerk of Thui'ston 
 County, and assistant clerk of the first Territorial Coinicii of Wash- 
 ington Territory ; was at different times elected by the legislature, 
 Territorial Librarian, Territorial Auditor, and Quartermaster Gen- 
 eral; was also deputy U. S. Marshal. Mr. Hicks has had a varied 
 experience in the newspaper business, having, in 1861-(»2, published 
 the Vancouver Telegraph; in 1864-05, published the Washington 
 Democrat^ at Olympia; moved his plant to Salem, Oregon, and in 
 connection with A. Noltner and C. B. Bellinger, in 186o-6(), pub- 
 lished the Democratic Review; Avent to Portland and was city editor 
 of the Daily Oregon Herald; started the East Portland Era in 
 1871, and in 1874, was engaged as editor of the Vancouver Register. 
 He now resides in Portland. 
 
 i3,.^. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIORATION. 
 
 787 
 
 HIGGINS. S. 
 
 Born in (/onnecticut in I80(i; was raised in that State and Massa- 
 chusetts, and earner to Oregon at the mature age of foi-ty-Hve. Took 
 up a donation claim in Polk County and still resides then^JU. Oc- 
 cupation, farming, Man-led in Maine in 1«4!), Miss Susan Mc- 
 Clench. They have six children — Sarah L., Susan A., John S., 
 Ephraini C, Ellen A., and Mary Ida. 
 
 HUMASON, ORLANDO. 
 
 Born in Trumbull County, Ohio, in 1827, removed to Texas 
 in 1849, and proceeded to California, by way of Afazatlan, in the 
 next year. The following year he came to Oregon and was em- 
 ployed by Asahel Bush, as printer. Settled soon after in Yamhill 
 County and cultivated a farm. Was elected to the Territorial Leg- 
 islature in 1852, and a year later removed to Eastern Oregon where 
 he resided until his death on September 8, 1875. His principal 
 occupation was the practice of the law. 
 
 HYDE, PERRY. 
 
 Born in Laurel County, Kentucky, in 1825; came to Oregon and 
 settled in Harrisburg, Linn County; has been in the stock and mer- 
 cantile business most of the time, but has recently retired. Was 
 married to Miss Eliza Tyler, by whom he has six children, namely 
 — Marion, Mary, John, America, Oliver and Caroline. 
 
 JOHNSON, LEWIS. ' 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1815; when nine years old removed to Illinois; 
 lived in succession in that State, Indiana, and Missouri until 1851. 
 Arrived at Portland, Oregon, in that year and remained a twelve- 
 mouth; pursued merchandising in Washington Territory for the 
 five years following; was in Yamhill County for the ensuing three 
 years, and in 1801 removed to Salem. Married Rfichel Youst in 
 1836. Their children comprised — Jane M. (deceased), C. A. 
 (deceased), Mary E., Henry C, Maria E. (deceased). Angle, A. 
 B. (deceased), Reuben, and Rachel. Mr. Johnson hsis been a 
 Member of the State Legislature (in 1857), and was justice of the 
 peace while in Washington Territory. He now resides in Salem. 
 
 KELLY, JAMES K. 
 
 Born in Center County, Pennsylvania, in 1819, and was reared 
 upon a farm. Was educated in Princeton College, and afterwards 
 
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738 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 stuiiied law and wa« admitted to the bar. Practiced several years, 
 and went to California in 1849, rained for a time, but came to 
 Oregon soon after, and settled in Oregon Cit}'. Was chosen Code 
 Commissioner in 1853, and also belonged to the Territorial Couacil, 
 being for two sessions president of that body. In the Yakima war 
 he took an active part, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of 
 the Oregon Volunteei-s. In 1857 he was a member of the Consti- 
 tutional Convention, and in 1860 was State Senator. In 1864 he 
 suffered defeat as nominee for Congress, and two years later was 
 beaten by Geo. L. W(»(k1s in the contest for the (.Tovernorship. 
 Was elected United States Senator in 1870, and in 1878 became 
 Chi(ff Justice of Oregon. 
 
 LADD, WILLIAM S. 
 
 Born in Vernuint in 1827. Was a teacher in his youth, and 
 afterwards freight and pjissenger agent on a railway. Came to 
 Portland in 1851, and stH)n after obtained a clerkship with a mer- 
 cantile house, rising to the ownership thereof very (juickly. In 1859, 
 in partnership with (,'. E. Tilton, he established the first banking 
 house in Oi'egon, and has retained control of it ever since, besides 
 entering iulo many other enterprises, through which he haw aiujissed, 
 perhajw, the greatest foi'tune in the State. Is, oi' has been, a mem- 
 ber of the banking firm of Ladd <fe Bush, of Salem, as well a« a 
 director in veiy many enterprises of importance — such as the Salenj 
 F'loaring Mills, the Oregon City Woolen Mills, the Oswego Iroi. 
 Works, various local railroad companies, wagon road companies, 
 and other concerns. Has l)een mayor of Portland. Married Miss 
 Caroline A. Elliott in 1654. 
 
 LAME, JOSEPH H. 
 
 Born in Jeffei-stm ('ounty, Indiana, in 1824; came to Oregon 
 and lived in the neighborhood of Portland for two years. Moved 
 to Linn County in 1853, and has since resided there. His occupa- 
 tion is merchandising and dealing in wheat. Is of the firm of 
 Koontz «t Lame. They have a large warehouse and handle from 
 sixty t<j seventy-five thousand bushels of wheat per year. Mr. 
 Lame married in 1H48, Maiy Brown. Children — Oryntha, Maria, 
 Viola, Frederick, and Ethel — all living. Mr. L.'s mother, now 
 eighty-four years old, resides with him. 
 
I ''' 
 
 HI8T0BT OP nnCIOBATIOK. 
 
 739 
 
 MARVIN. ALBERT M. 
 
 Bom in Ohio in 1840; came to Oregon when eleven years of 
 age; lived first in Portland, removing to Salem in 1853, and has 
 lived there ever since. Is at present steward in the Chemeketa 
 Hotel, Salem. Married in 1873 to Lucinda Coffin. 
 
 MATTOON, CHARLES H. 
 
 Born in Madison County, New York, in 1826; in 1851 he came 
 to Oregon and settled on the Tualatin Plains, near Forest Grove. 
 Until about 1870 he followed school teaching and book canvassing. 
 In 1870 was ordained a clergyman of the Baptist Church, and for 
 twenty years served as clerk of the Central Baptist Association — 
 the largest Baptist association north of California — and for two 
 years was statistical secretary of the Baptist Convention of the 
 North Pacific Coast, comprising Oregon, Washington and Idaho. 
 For two years was a professor at McMinnville college. Now re- 
 sides in Corvallis, where he is proprietor of a notion and variety 
 store. In 1860 he married Miss Mary N. Smith, who died in 
 January, 1878. In 1884 he married Miss Ellen E. Folsom. He 
 has three children — Leslie M., Frank S., and Laura E. 
 
 McCAIN, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Carroll County, Indiana, March 30, 1842. Lived on his 
 parents' farm in Polk County until 1867, when he studied law, 
 and in 1868 was admitted to practice. Practiced in Dallas, Polk 
 County, removing to Lafayette in 1871. Married Miss E. C. Sulli- 
 van in 1868. 
 
 ',.]■!< 
 
 MEAD. M. M. 
 
 Born in West Virginia in 1822; moved to Ohio and afterwards 
 to Missouri; participated in the Mexican war; was married in 1849 
 to Minerva Greenstreet. Their children are — Ellen, James E., Ol- 
 
 iver C, and A, 
 
 W. Residence, Salem. 
 
 MEAD, JAMES E. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1851, and at the age of six months was 
 brought across the plains to this State. Is now a police officer of 
 the city of Salem. 
 
740 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 MILLER, C. M. 
 
 Born in Lancast^T Distiict, South Carolina, February 11, 1S18; 
 came to Oregon and lived at various times in Clackanj»w, Marion, 
 and Lane counties, prior to settling in Harrishurg, where he is no\\ 
 engaged in the hardware Inisiness. Was marrie<l in IH.'U, and his 
 wife died in 1874, leaving him one child, uanietl James F. He 
 married again, in 1875, to Almira Cummens. 
 
 MILLER, JOHN F. 
 
 Born in Harrison County , Kentucky, and reared there. Removed 
 to Missouri in 1841, ami on the breaking out of tiie Mexican war, 
 enlist<Hl in the (chihuahua Rangei-s, a portion of Doniphan's com- 
 mand. Participated in various lights, antl on the conclusion of hos- 
 tilities, returned to M'.xHouri and was married, March 25, 184J), to 
 Miss Zerelda Jack8<>ii. Came to Oregon and Mettled on a donation 
 claim in Jackson (Jounty. Commanded a company of volunteers 
 and fought the Indians with vigor in the Indiar war of 1858, par- 
 ticipating in the battle of Evans' Creei , when Genej'al Lane was 
 Avoundwl. Did escort duty on the plainri later in the yeai-, protect- 
 ing incoming immigrant trains. Captain Miller represented Jack- 
 son Couiity in the legislature in 1863-54, and afterwards l)ecaiue 
 Indian Agent at Grand Ronde Reservation. Movetl U) Salem in 
 1862, and was instrumental in building the \\'illamette Woolen 
 Mills. Was nominated for Governor in that yeju , against A. C. 
 Gibbs, but was defeated; in 18H6 he was V)eaten by (t. H. Williams 
 in the race for U. S. Senator. His family residence is at Salem, but 
 he has stock interest** in Klamath County which retjuires his pres- 
 ence there the most of the time. General Miller commanded tiie 
 Oregon militia in the Modoc war, being then General-in-chief of tht' 
 State militia. 
 
 ' MOODY, Z. F. 
 
 Born on May 27, 1832, in Gh-anby, Massachusetts; in 1848 he 
 removed t<> Chicopee, in the same State, where he remained the en- 
 suing three years. In March, 1851, he started for Oregon via tlie 
 Isthmus, with a company, am<mg whom was Hon. Samuel U. 
 Thui*st«m, the first Delegate tt) Congress from Oregon Territory. 
 He came direct ^y Oregon City, arriving on the twenty -first of 
 April, 1851. From this time until 1853 he was engaged on tlie 
 
H' 
 
 HISTOKV «»K IMMIOKATIOX. 
 
 741 
 
 UnittKi States Surveys as one of the " Kieciiian Party " — Ht>-called 
 jtfter Janu'8 E. F'reeiiiaii, who .stuck the iirat pin in the Uuited States 
 Surveys* in Oregon, er*tal)lished the central point of the WIHamette 
 Meridian, and extend***! this meridian to the Canyon Mountains. 
 In 1853 VTr. Moody reni«»ved to Brovvusville, Oregon, where he 
 engaged m the mereantih' business. In lHi)6 he was appointed In- 
 spector of the Unite<l States Surveys in California. After com- 
 pleting his <luties as such he went t^» Illinois where he remained 
 foin" years, dui-ing a p()rti(m of which time he was the surveyoi- of 
 Morgan County. He was in Washington, I). C, when Fort Sumter 
 was fired upon in lh<U,and enrolled as one of a company formed 
 to protect the city until the arrival of the regidar troops. In 18()2 
 he returned to Oregon and settled at The Dalles where he entered 
 the ujercantile Imsiues.'^. In 18<'(3 he removed his business to Uma- 
 tilla, continuing there until the fall of 18<i5. In 18»iH he built the 
 steamer Mary Moody, on Pend d'Oreille Lake, and organized the 
 "Oregon and Montana Trans^xntation Coni[)any." From 18<)7 to 
 18()t> he was trading at Boise. In the latter year he removed to 
 The Dalles and became agent for Wells, Fargo <fe Co.'s Express. 
 Resigned in 1S73 and secured a contract for carrying the nuiil be- 
 tween Portland and The Dalles, running a steamboat line between 
 th )se places. Withdrew therefrom in 1875 and resumed Imsiness 
 at The Dalles. Was elected Stab' Senatoi* from Wjvsco Count)' 
 in 1872 i)ut did not take his seat. In 1880, was elected repre- 
 sentative, and was <'hosen Speaker of the House. Was iii .. Inated 
 for Governor in .\pril, 18S2, and elect<Hl «)ver his Democratic com- 
 petit«>r, Joseph S. Smith, by fourteen hundred majority. 
 
 MULLIGAN, ROBERT. 
 
 Born in Ireland in lH8n; came to America; was in Missouri in 
 1845; came to Oi-egon and settled in Portland. Lives now in the 
 (xrand Ronde, Polk C'ounty, antl is a farmer. Married Mary J. 
 Ward in Idaho. (;hihlren — John, Robert, Eddie, Ruth, Oarrie, 
 Joseph, Ollie, Grrace and Ive. * 
 
 MURPHY, JOHN MILLER. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1839; came to Portland, Oregon, in 1851, 
 across the plains, with Barnes' company of immigrants. Camped 
 three weeks in a tent on the Portland levee aljout where the 
 
 %m 
 
 -.1*') 
 
 ■ft 
 
 ■Kt 
 
 t».: 
 
742 
 
 HISTOUT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Oregontan office stands, awaiiing a shipment of " California houses,'' 
 to obtain a permanent domicile. Succeeding year moved to 
 Olympia, Puget Sound; returned to Oregon in 1856, and served 
 apprenticeship at printing in the Times and the Standard offices. 
 In June, 1861, started the Vancouver Chronicle, at Vancouver, W. 
 T. In November same yeai established the Washington Standard, 
 Olympia; in 1862 married to Eliza J. McGuire, in Portland. Still 
 publishes the Standard. Has held office of Territorial Auditor 
 three terms. 
 
 NICHOLS, MATTHEW. 
 
 Born in Caroline County, Mar}'land, in 1821 ; went to Illinois in 
 1845, and came from there to Oregon. He settled in the Luckia- 
 mute Valley, still resides there, and his occupation is farming »»nd 
 stock-raising. He married Leah Tregoe, and their children's names 
 are — Isaac, Margarette, Leah, George, John, Sarah, Winta, and 
 Lucinda. 
 ODBLL, w. H. 
 
 Bern in Carroll County, Indiana, in 1830, and was raised on a 
 farm. His parents came to Oregon and located in Yamhill County; 
 the son was educated at the Oregon Institute, Salem. Married Mrs. 
 E. F. Thurston. The couple conducted the Santiam Academy for 
 three years (1860-63). From 1864 to 1571 he was deputy U. S. 
 Surveyor, and in the latter year became U, S. Surveyor-Genei'al for 
 Oregon, holding that office until 1874; in 1876 was an elector on 
 the Hayes' presidential ticket. Became editor of the Statesman 
 newspaper in 1877, and retained it until 1884; is now (1885) post- 
 master at Salem. 
 
 OLDS, GEORGE W. 
 
 Born in Branch County, Michigan, July 16, 1830. Came to 
 Oregon twenty-one years later, and settled in Yamhill County, 
 and now resides at Lafayette, in the same county. Mr. Olds' 
 occupation is that of farmer. Ha married Nancy E. Shuck in 
 Lafayette, on November 10, 1859. Her native State was Iowa, 
 and her birthday June 27, 1840. 
 
 OLDS, JAMES H. 
 
 Born in Ohio, May 29, 1830; came to Oregon in 1851, but re- 
 turned and came out again next year. First settled in Washington 
 

 HIHTORY OF iMMIORATIOK. 
 
 743 
 
 County, but after fojir yeure, rnuovetl t«) Lafayette, Yamlull Coun- 
 ty. Occupation, fanner and hotel keeper. Married Nancy A. Par- 
 ker, of Ohio, Sept. 13, 1852. Children— E. M., Kate G., 1). V., 
 Mrs. Delia Klosterman, and Peter P. 
 
 OLNEY, CYRUS. 
 
 Horn in Ohio; grew to manhood there and studied law in Cin- 
 cinnati and was jidiuitted to the bar; reiuovwl to Iowa and for four 
 years was circuit judge. Came to Oregon, stt)pped fii-st at Salem, 
 and then in Portland, where he acquired j)r()perty. In 1858, wan 
 appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon, his colleagues 
 being Judges Deady an<l Williams. Resigne<l in 1857 and removed 
 to Clatvsop County. Was a member of the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion. Went to the *Sand\vich Islands, e.\'i>ecting to remain, but 
 returned and took up his residence at Astoria. Was a member of 
 the h'gislatiu'e in lS()(i and in 1870. Was twice married and had 
 seven children, but survivKl them all. Judge Olneydie<l at Astoria 
 December 21, 1870. 
 
 PATTON, THOMAS McF. 
 
 Born in Carrolton, Ohio, March 19, 1829. Wjis admitted to the 
 bar in 1850, the year Ix^fore his arrival in Oregmi. Setthui in Sa- 
 lem in 1851, l>ut lived a year or so in ilacksonville, Oregon, where 
 he held the office of county judge. In 18<)0 and 18H<) he was chief 
 de'-k of the house of rejwesentatives at Salem, and in 18(51 was 
 clerk to the Su[)erintendent of Indian Affairs. In 1872, he re})re- 
 sented Marion ('tjunty in the legislature. In 187(> he was appointed 
 appraiser of merchnndise for the Willamette District, holding that 
 position until 1SS4, whtMi he was appointed United States Consul 
 t<» Japan, and |>roceeded t«> that country. His wife was formerly 
 Miss Kannie Cooke, daughter of E. N. (Jooke. They have three 
 children. 
 
 PEARCE, THOMAS. 
 
 Born in England in 182<); came to America in 1845; lived Hrst 
 in Massachusettf-, then moved to Illinois; came to the Pa^'ifii- coast 
 in 1850 and lived in California until coming to Oregon in tlie year 
 following. Has lived in Polk County since, engaged in farming 
 and mechanical work, and for many yeai-s has been notary public 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
744 
 
 HISTORY OF WlLLAMKTl'K VALLET. 
 
 and justice of the peace. Since 1881 haw been manager of the 
 Storage and Shipping Company^ti Warehuutie at Eola. Married 
 Miss Naomi LIvcrmore in 1852, and has nine children living — 
 George J., William T., Charles L., Vine W., Lot L., Richard E., 
 Orville G., Martha N., and Clara E., and one — Sarah E. — deceased. 
 
 POPE, THOMAS A. 
 
 Lives in Oregon City and is a merchant by occupation ; he was 
 born in New York City in 1842; married Laura E. Warner, and 
 their children are — George A. (deceased), Etta, and Laura. 
 
 POWELL. FRANKLIN S. 
 
 Born in Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1830; crossed the plains 
 with his father, J. A. Powell, in IH.**!, Settled in Linn County; 
 in 1871 removed to Polk County where he has since resided at his 
 fann, two miles northwest of Monmouth; served as justice of the 
 peace four years ; is now a member of the board of trustees of the 
 Normal school and also of the Christian Church. He was married 
 in Illinois to Miss Louisa Peeler in 1851, and they have six children 
 — James, a physician of Lebanon, Linn County, John H., a farmer, 
 Marintha, Perry O., Ira C, Jay, and two deceased. 
 
 POWELL, J. A. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1807; removed to Illinois when eighteen years 
 of age. Studied for the ministry, and coming to Oregon, became 
 a pioneer preacher for the Christian Church. Traveled extensively 
 in Western Oregon and Washington Territory. Owned a farm on 
 the Santiam, Linn County. Married in Illinois in 1828 to Miss 
 Savilla Smith, by whom he had ten children, nine now living — 
 Theresa S. (died on the plains), Franklin S., Augustus S., Stephen 
 D., Jemima, Lorena, Mary, Henry Clay, Josephine B., and Sarah 
 A. Mr. Powell died in 1880. 
 
 RICE. SAMUEL. 
 
 Born in Connecticut in 1828; removed to Oregon and settled in 
 King's Valley, Benton County, where he still resides; occupation, 
 farming and stock-raising. Married Martha J. Miller, in Illinois, 
 in 1849. Children— Sarah A,, Albert N., Mary L., Charles E., 
 John E. (deceased), Malinda £., Francis, and a deceased daughter. 
 
HiSTOHY O*' IMMIOHATION. 
 
 746 
 
 RICHARDSON. ENOCH. 
 
 Bom in lUinow iu i810; cnmt^ U> Oregon iu J 851. llesides 
 now at Perrydale, Polk County. Is a farmer. Married Mis.s Jane 
 Mackey in 18M8. Children — J., James W., Sarah E., Isaac, and 
 Alexander. 
 
 RICHARDSON, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Monroe County, Illinois, January 28, 1797. During the 
 war with Great Britain, in 1812, he enlisted, at the age of fourteen 
 years, to return his father from service ; for his services he drew a 
 land wai'rant and received a pension from the government. He 
 also served one year on his own account, during which time he went 
 with an expedition to relieve Fort Edwards, in Illinois, which was 
 besieged by the British and Indians. He was married to Orpha 
 Thompson, who was born in 1802; by her his children are — Milton, 
 Th^.mas J., William W., George W., Louis C, Eliza T., Obadiah 
 W., John W., Andrew J., Enoch N., James W., and Rel>ecca G. 
 His second wife was Plua Bcmney, who is yet living. Mr. Rich- 
 ardson died in Linn County, April 16, 1873; his children, eight of 
 whom are still living, gi-andchildren and greatgrandchildren, num- 
 ber eighty. 
 
 RICHARDSON, JOHN W. 
 
 Born in Adams County, Illinois, January 1, 1838; came over- 
 land to Oi-egon and settled in Scio, Linn County, his present 
 residence, and now owns a farm of three hundred acres. His 
 wife's previous name was Mary A. Conkrite. Their children are 
 — Melvina, Almira. Milessa, Wallace, Wilson, and Truman B. 
 
 RIGGS, SILAS T. 
 
 Born in Scott County, Illinois, in 1841. Settled on Salt Creek, 
 Polk County. Is a farmer. Mamed Miss Sarah J. Bones in 1864, 
 and had Etta. Married again in 1875 Miss Sandi Myre, by whom 
 he had Clara May. 
 
 SMITH, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1805; adopted a seafaring life, and in 
 1851 came around the Horn to Portland, in the brig Francisco. 
 Until 1860 he made frequent trips iu that vessel along the coast, 
 
 t', :'i I, 
 
 m 
 
746 
 
 UI8TOBT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 but in that year retired from the sea and settled in Portland. Hi8 
 occupation subsequently was dealing in lime. Died of paraljTjLs at 
 his home on Taylor street, Portland, April 6, 1879. 
 
 SMITH, DAVID. 
 
 Bora in Ohio. Came to Oregon in 1851, by mule team; went 
 to California in the same year, but soon returned to Oregon, nnd 
 bought a saw mill in Marion County, where Aurora now stauds. 
 In 1853, built a grist mill which was destroyed by tire; built another 
 the same year, but sold it in 18o6, and moved to Yamhill County 
 and lived there twenty years. Moved to Forest Grove in 1870. 
 Mr. Smith owns a farm in Yamhill (bounty, and a farm and city 
 property in Wa.shington County. Married Mitw Aiui M. White, in 
 
 1852, and haH two children — Milton W., a lawyer at Portland, and 
 Henry Clay, a doctor in that city. The former gradua*^ed at the 
 Pacific UniverHJty, and the latter at New York. Mr. Smith lives 
 at Forest Grove, and has been a member of the city council; was 
 president of it four years. The city was incorporated in 1872, and 
 liquor is prohibitni from l)eing soUl inside of the city limits. 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM P. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1818; in 1841 went U^ Springfield, Illi 
 nois, and remaineil until 1849, when he went to California and 
 worked in the northern mines for two or three years. In the spring 
 of 1851 went into Oregon and mined on Josephine anci Canyon 
 creeks in the Illinois Valley. Settled in the Willamette V^ alley in 
 
 1853, remaining at Corvallis for five years. Located at Halsey in 
 1872 and is residing there still; occupation, druggist. 
 
 SPERRY, JAMES B. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1835, but removed to Iowa in 1840, remaining 
 there until 1851, when he crossed the plains to this valley. Located 
 in Linn County and remained there until 1877 when he removed 
 to Umatilla County. He took part in the Indian war of 1855-56 on 
 the Rogue River. Was assessor of Linn County from 1870 until 
 1872, and has been a member of the Legislature. Married Miss Re- 
 becca Rice in 1856, who died in 1875. In 1877 he wedded Miss S. 
 V. Spencer. 
 
-ft ' 
 
 HI8T0RY or IMMIUBATION. 
 
 747 
 
 8T0TT, J. M., Sr. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1812; came to Oregon and Nettled in 
 Multnomah Couu y. Lives m»w fourteen miles ejwt of Portland, in 
 the same county. Is a faruier. Married Elizabeth Denny in 1839, 
 and they have had thret' sons and two daughtei*N. 
 
 STOTT, RALEIGH. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1845 and wm brought by his parents to 
 Oregon when six years old. They settled in AVushington (><)unty, 
 where the father died in 1880. Judge Stott graduated from the 
 Pacific University, class of 1869, and studynig law, waa admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1870. Practiced in Yandiill County until 1873 
 when he removed to Portland, his present resicience. Was elected 
 to the Legislature in 1874, and two years later became prosecuting 
 attorney for the Fourth Judicial District. In 1880 became Circuit 
 Judge for the same district. Married in 187x5, Mi's. Susan C. Stout, 
 widow of Lansing Stout. 
 
 SUMMERVILLE, HENRY B. 
 
 Born in Harrison County, Virginia; came to the Pacific Coast 
 in 1849, and lived in California until coming to Oregon in 1851. 
 Assist^^d in bringing the first })oat up the Yamhill River to Dayton. 
 During the Indian war he was in Captain GofF's company, and 
 was with I. I. Stevens in his council of 1856. Now has a com- 
 mission store in Sheridan where he resides. 
 
 VANDUYN, I. 
 
 Born Alarch 6, 1837, in Adams County, Illinois, and taken, 
 when a child, tt) Missouri; \vith his parents came to Oregon in 
 1851, and his father, Isaac Vanduyu, is now a resident of Lane 
 County. Mr. Vanduyn occupied himself at first with dealing in 
 stock, but in 1860 entered into business with \\. II. McCiiUy and 
 John Somerville, in merchandising. The firm dissolved two years 
 later, and Mr. Vanduyn went to Eastern Oregon to spend two 
 years in the cattle trade. Later he returned to Independence and 
 traded for three years, then forming a partnership with S. W. 
 Smith, under the firm name of Vanduyn «fe Smith, which still 
 exists. 
 
748 
 
 msTOKY OK WIM.AMKTTE VALI.ET. 
 
 WAITE. EDWARD M. 
 
 Boni in Springfield, i'oMHiifhii^ittn; h*arn»Hl the printers' trade; 
 came to Oregon and proeured a "sit' upon the Oregon Statesman, 
 published at Oregon City by Asiihei Bu»l\. In 1869 entered upon 
 job printing in Snleni. 
 
 WALIBR, RALPH. 
 
 Born in Connecticut in 1817; parenU took hira when ung t<» 
 New York, PennHyh>^ania and Ohio. After five years' residence in 
 the XaXev State, ho came to Oregon, croKning the plains, and settled 
 in Marion County and has resided there since. L(K'ate<l in Jeffer- 
 son in 1871, and conducts the only hotel at that place. Married iu 
 Ohio in 1840 to Miss Catliarine Wales. They have nine living 
 children — Eliza Amanda, MaV)el J., Alpheus A., Mary B., Rudanm, 
 Frances M., Surah, Estella, an«l Fre<l D. 
 
 WEriRUNG, HENRY. 
 
 Bom iu France in 1828; came to America in 1848 in couse- 
 (juence of the political troubles of that date. Emigi'ated to Cali- 
 fornia in 1850 and in 1851 arrive<l in Oregon and oj)ened the fii-st 
 furniture store in Washington County and is still engaged in that 
 business. Built the Tualatin Hot«'l at Hillslxm) in 1854. Wh^ 
 married in 185H to Mary C. Enierick, by whom he has had — Char- 
 lotte E., Mary C, William II., and George A. Mr. Wehrung pos- 
 sesses two stores in Hillsboro and a farm near town. 
 
 WHITE, EUGENE D. 
 
 Bom in Oregon City in 1851 and was educated at the Pacific- 
 University, Forest Grove, and at a business college in Portland. 
 Was in mercantile affaii-s for a time, afterwanls establishing him- 
 self as agent for various insurance companies. Married Miss Enmia 
 Giltner in 187«>. Residence, Portland. 
 
 WHITE, HENRY B. 
 
 Mr. White, now a prosperous farmer of Yamhill County, wa>< 
 lx)m in Beaver Coimty, Pennsylvania, April 28, 181 1. He removed 
 to Ohio in 1817, to Indiana in 1835, to Missoiu-i in 1840, and to 
 Oregon in 1851. He settled first in the Waldo Hills, Maiion County, 
 but removed since to his preseut location at White's Station, Yam- 
 
IffHTOHT OK IHMIflRATIOPf. 
 
 749 
 
 hill County, tlu' jxtiiit of juiictioii uf tli«' ln-oiid aii*l imiTuw i^imii^c 
 railroa<lw of tlu* Wwt side, 'fere he fiirins ainl coiKhH'ts a wart'- 
 houHe. He iiiurritHl MIkk ('h'lrlottf S. Picrson in La (Jranifc, Indi- 
 ana, March 24, IH'.W. ''hiM'vn Kniily, Aniw, Jolin, Mari;ai(t 
 and KlizM (twins), Ai. .ivw .1., H'hert, William, Marv W., and 
 Sarah F. 
 
 WILLIAMS, GEORGE. 
 
 Major Willianw served in the United Sutes army dnring the 
 civil wai' and suhsetjuently, and held a vari. 1} of military otHees. 
 His military eareer was hiijhly succcHsful. Sinee severing' his eon- 
 neotion with th<' rej^ular armv he hits oei-iipied himself an*l his for- 
 tuu«' in Kmuicial iindei-takin^s of im|K»rtanc'e. He is at present the 
 senit)r partner of th«' well-known Hrm of Williams iV: England, 
 bankers of Salem. Majoi* Williams act** as treasurer of the State 
 Insuranee ('om|>any, whose stock is held entirely in Oregon and 
 Washington T«'rritory, and whose officers are citizens of those two 
 sections. They are President, J i. L. Rowland, M. 1),; N'iee-Presi- 
 dent, K. H. McKlroy, Ph. !>.; Trcjisurer, Major (ieo. Williams; 
 Secretary, H. W. Cottle; Assistant Secretary, F. S. Cottle. 
 The couipan}', it is well known, is entirely an Oregonian organiza- 
 tion — a home production, so to speak. Its business is confined to 
 Jissuming risks on farm buildings and cn)ps, and the largest of these 
 risks does not exceed S^2,50(). 'JMie capital stock is ^1()(),()00, and 
 now, aft<;r less than a yt'ar's business, the immense amount of ^SO,- 
 000 has been "eceixcd as premiums, etc. Such a result indicates 
 the esteem in which this new and substantial company is held by 
 the public. 
 
 WOODWORTH, C. S. 
 
 Born in Windsor C()unty, Vermont, in 1819; resided in that 
 State and New York and Hlinois until 1849; then crossed the 
 plains to California and spent two years in mining. Settled at " 
 Oregon City in 18 51, and was clerk of the first steamer ever 
 launched in the State. Settled next in Salem and went to mer- 
 chandising. Married Miss Sarah Buckingham in 1858, and had 
 W. G., C. B., and Mary. Is n(»w agent for the O. R. <fe N. Co., 
 in Salem. 
 
 mi 
 
760 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMBTTK VALLBT. 
 
 YOCUM, FRANKLIN. 
 
 Born in Kentucky, July 30, 1820; came from Illinois to 
 Oregon, and settled at Mill Creek, Polk County, where he still 
 resides; occupation, farming and stock-raising. Married Nancy J. 
 Darnall in Illinois. Children — Allyn, Evaline, Murilla J., Eliza, 
 Rebecca H., Matilda D., Lora (deceased), Olive L., and Harvey 
 (deceased). 
 
 YOCUM, HATHAWAY. 
 
 Born in Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1831. Came to Oregon 
 and settled at Bellevue, Yamhill County, but ni)W lives in Polk 
 County. Occupation, farming. Married Miss Mary T. March in 
 1852. Children — Elizabeth F., C. C, Lavinia C, Joseph M., 
 William A., and Eddie T. 
 
 ZIEBER, A. 
 
 Born in Maryland in 1830; was a member of the bust Territorial, 
 and of the first State Legislature of Oregon. Moved from Yamhill 
 County to Portland in 1862; was U. S. Marshal under President 
 Johnson; was elected nhevifT of M^ltnoriah County in 1866. He 
 was for a time in the dray and liack business, but after his tei-m of 
 t)f3ce expired, he sold out and went to hotel keeping, and has re- 
 mained in it since. Is now a resident of Forest Grove. Married 
 Miss Charlotte Manor in 1858, and has five children — Lydia, Fred, 
 Eugenia, Albert S., and Thomas E. Mr. Zieber was the first man to 
 join the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in Oregon. 
 
 1852. 
 
 AGEE, BENJAMIN C. 
 
 Born in Osage County, Missouri, in Septe.-nber, 1837; left that 
 State for Oregon April 6, 1852, coming in an ox-train in company 
 
 , with his parents, ten l)rothers, and four sisters. The family settled 
 in Yamhill County. Benjamin Agee removed to Douglas v'ounty 
 in 1869, and still resides on a farm near Roseburg. Has a wife 
 
 * and t^en children. 
 
 ALBRIGHT, CHARLES. 
 
 Born in Germany October 10, 1811; occupation, butcher; place 
 of residence, Port Townsend. Wife's previous name, Mrs. Cynthia 
 Mann. Children — P'rank M., Edward F. (deceased), Laura V., 
 Charles A., and Clara. 
 
^ 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 751 
 
 ALLINGHAM, DAVID W. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 182H, and came to Oregon twenty-six 
 years later. Settled on Muddy Creek in Linn County, Vmt now 
 resides at Suver's, Polk County. Occupation, fanning. Married 
 Mai-garet Davidson in 1853. Children — William M., Carter T., 
 Ora F., Arabella Lee, Loren E., Otha D., Arthur Guy, Dolli<^ V., 
 and Livia. 
 
 
 4t I 
 
 
 AVERILL, H. J. C, 
 
 Is a surveyor and farmer, and lives in Brownsville, Linn 
 County; has served fourteen years as county surveyor, and for 
 eight yeai*s has been justice of the peace, still continuing to hold 
 that office. He was born in 1809; married his first wife, Miss 
 Hulda Warren, in 184(>; she died in 18.59. His second wife's 
 previous name vvtu! Mrs. Sarah Jack. His children aiv — William 
 H., Alfred A., Joseph P., Hein-ietta W., and Ollie. 
 
 BALLARD, DAVID W., M.D. 
 
 Born in Bridgeport, Indiana, February 2, 1824; in 1852 arrived 
 in On^gon and settleil ;i,t Lebanon, and engaged in the practice of 
 medicine. He married Jane E. Rooker, in June, 1 849, and their 
 children's names are — Lonnor, Oscar, Florence, Carrie, Frank, 
 Maud, and Ora. 
 
 BELT, B. F. 
 
 Druggist by profession, and wa.s V)orn in Marion County, 
 Oregon, in 1852, and was reared in Salem. In 1870 went into the 
 drug business in partnership with I). W. Cox, in Salem, and when 
 that partnership was dissolved, ft>rmed another with his father. Dr. 
 A. M. Belt. In 1872 he was married to Miss Mary Payton, by 
 whom he has five children — Liz/ie, Maud, Bessie, Frank, and 
 Daniel. 
 
 BERRY, S. J. 
 
 Born in ('entral Point, Iowa, in 1850; the son of J. F. Berry. 
 Came to Oregon when three years of age, was reared on a farm and 
 educated at Monmouth and Salem. Taught school in the West 
 side counties for seven years. Mairied Sarah Morris in 1875, and 
 hius two children — Lela ami Linn. Resides now in Sheridan. 
 
752 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 BESSER, LUZERNE. 
 
 Born in Buffalo, New York, in October, 1833, but was "raised " 
 in Illinois. Married Miss Sarah Lake in 1852, and came to Oregon 
 the same year, locating in Portland. Owned and conducted various 
 saw mills in the early years, with various degrees of success. Held 
 a municipal office in 1868; became chief of the police of Portland 
 -*n 1879. 
 
 BILYEU, ANDREW J. 
 
 Born in Sangamon County, Illinois, February 7, 1830. Present 
 residence, Scio, Linn County ; occupation, fai'ming. Married Sarah 
 A. Terry and their children are — Martecia, William, E. A., Au- 
 rena, Joseph L., Lucetta; Hugh, Frederick, and Flo, now living. 
 
 BILYEU, J. A. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1851 and was brought to Oregon the next 
 year. Settled in Linn County, and was a farmer for some time, 
 then a stock raiser in Washington Territory. In 1884hepm'chased 
 the Scio hotel and livery stable and now conducts both. Married 
 Miss A, J. Terry on December 31, 1876. Their children are — C. C, 
 Ivy Maud, Annie Pearl, and Nellie E. 
 
 BILYEU, PETER. 
 
 Is a farmer, and lives in Scio, Linn County; was born in Miller 
 County. Missouri, August 5, 1837; came overland to Oregon. Mar- 
 ried El ^abeth Brennan in 1869, and their children are — Nancy C, 
 James M., Evert, Laura, and Brennan. 
 
 BILYEU, WILLIAM, 
 
 Is a farmer by occupation, and resides at Scio, Linn County. 
 Born in Tennessee, January 16, 1832; came overland to Oregon. 
 Married Sarah C. Turner, and their children are — John K., Sarah 
 D., William Mack, Jacob T., Rose J., Elizabeth H., Matilda A., 
 Charles N., and Otto. Mr. Bilyeu was in the Indian war in 1856 
 in Eastern Oregon and Washington Territory. 
 
 BOOTH, ROBERT. 
 
 The Reverend Robert Booth, a well-known minister of the Meth- 
 odist persuasion, remt»v««l from Lee County, Iowa, to Oregon, in 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 758 
 
 1852, coming across the plains. He, with his wife and family, 
 located near the Grande Ronde Reservation, in Yamhill County; 
 there remained until 1864, when they removed to Sheridan, and in 
 1867, to Douglas County. Mr. Booth's present residence is Wilbur. 
 
 BOWLBY, WILSON, M.D. 
 
 Doctor Bowlby settled in Washington County, Oregon, in 1852, 
 and has continued his medical practice ever since. At the time of 
 his arrival there were but two physic ns in the vicinity, those be- 
 ing Drs. Belknap and H. V, V, Johnson, whereof +he former occu- 
 pied a farm below Hillsboro, and the latt«r was located at Spring- 
 town (Middleton). These came a short time preceding Doctor 
 Bowlby's arri^'al. Doctor Bowlby was born in Fairfield, New Jer- 
 sey, in 1818; acquired his medical education in New York City; 
 practiced in Indiana, and finally left for Oregon, crossing the plains 
 in the usual way. The Doctor was married previously to Miss 
 Lydia Jones, who accompanied him to this State, bringing their 
 three children. The lady died in 1883. Doctor Bowlby still prac- 
 tices medicine at Forest Grove. He represented Washington County 
 in the State Legislature in 1868, and was elected president of the 
 Senate. 
 
 BRIEDWELL, JOHN W. 
 
 Born in Lawrence County, Indiana, in 1831. In 1844 moved 
 to Davis County, Iowa, In 1852 came to Oregon and settled in 
 Yamhill (\)unty, and now lives at Amity. He is proprietor of a 
 warehouse and a farmer by occupation. He married Nancy Ed- 
 monson in Missouri in 1851, and their children's names are — 
 Sarah M., Mary A., George W., John W., Edward M., Ellis E., 
 and Minnie V. 
 
 m\ 
 
 BROUGHTON, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in England, Januar)? 4, 1827; was a carpenter by occupa- 
 tion; married Sarah N. Willis, and their children were — Emma J., 
 Mary, George, Walter (deceased), Clara S., Annie F., Ilattie, 
 Nellie F., Elmer (deceased), and Fred (deceased). Mr. Broughtou 
 died at Oregon City, January 7, 1876, 
 
754 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ; 
 
 BROWN, G. M. 
 
 Lives in Brownsville, Linn County, and is a butcher by trade. 
 Was born in Knox County, Illinois, May 4, 1849; married Nancy 
 C. Weger, in 1876, and their children are — Effie, Bessie, Laura, and 
 Clara. 
 
 BUCHTEL, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in Stark County, Ohio, November 22, 1830; moved to Il- 
 linois in 1839. Amved in Portland in 1852. Engaged in steam- 
 ]>oating on the Willamette. Opened a photogiaph gallery in Port- 
 land. Was elected sheriff of Multnomah County in 1880. Married 
 Josephine Latourette in Oregon City in 1853. 
 
 CALDWELL, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1824; his fir»<' residence in Oregon was in 
 Yamhill County, His present residence is four miles north of 
 McMinnville, and occupation, farmer. He married Mary E. Hath- 
 away in 18(i6, and their children's nameL are — Melissa, Malindii, 
 and M. Floyd. Mr. Caldwell served with Captain Ft)wler'8 com- 
 pany under Colonel Ross in the Indian war of 1 853. 
 
 CAMPBELL, GEORGE S. 
 
 Was born in Illinois in 1840; at twelve yeara of age came to 
 Oregon; settled six miles south of Hillsboro on a farm, and sHU 
 resides there; is a farmer and blacksmith by occupation, lie 
 mairied Amelia Jack in 1880, and they have one child named 
 Mintie. 
 
 CAMPBELL, W. C. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1842; on his arrival in Oregon he settled six 
 miles south of Hillsboro; now resides at Gaston, a blacksmith and 
 wagon-maker by occupation. He married Margaret W. Hill i» 
 1869, and they have one child named George O. 
 
 CATRON, JONATHAN. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1825; settled in Yamhill County immedi- 
 ately after his arrival in Oregon; movetl to Polk County in lS(i(>; 
 owned a farm nitti' Monmouth. In 1853 he nuirried Miss Alvira 
 Shelton and they had seven children — Laura, Walter, Alice, E<lgiii', 
 Eugene, Lulu (deceased), and Lora. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 755 
 
 CLARK, JAMES T., 
 
 Is a resident of Lebanon, Linn County, and a farmer. Born in 
 Louisville, Kentucky, in 1829; married Mary E. Young, and their 
 children are — Sciotha E., Ollie C, James T., Mary A., Viola L., 
 and William E. 
 
 COLE, CHAUNCEY, 
 
 Is a joiner and farmer and resides at Scio, Linn County. He 
 was bom in Erie County, Pennsylvania, June 19, 1813; came from 
 Iowa overland to Oregon ; now owns half a section of land, a dona- 
 tion claim. Married Elizabeth Kean, a native of Virginia. Their 
 children are — Alonzo, Margaret Jane, James W., and Charles W. 
 
 CONNETT, ISAAC. 
 
 Isaac, William L., and Jasper Connett, brothers, came to Oregon 
 across the plains in 1852. The first named was born in 1840; the 
 second in 1849, and the third in 1852. They are farmers and reside 
 at Buena Vista, Polk County. Isaac Connett married May E. Cook 
 in 1870, and htis Eva A., Irena M., Elsie A., Rosetta E., and Bessie 
 M. William married Harriet L. Cook in 1874, and has Laura B., 
 Viola M., Ira W., Nettie L., Effie L., and Delina L. 
 
 COOK, JAMES W. 
 
 Born in SjTacuse, New York, in 1827; in 1832 was taken to 
 Branch County, Michigan; in 1852 he came to Oregon and settled 
 at Lafayette, Yamhill County. His present place of residence is at 
 McMinnville, and his occupation farming and stock-raising. He 
 married . Sarah M. Olds, in Lafayette, November 1, 1854, and 
 their children's names are — Meldora R., Wilbur M., A. D., Lyman, 
 and Bessie R. 
 
 €^1 
 
 COOK, S. M. 
 
 Born in New York in 1812. Came to Oregon and settled in 
 Notie Valley, Lane County, but resides now at Jefferson, Marion 
 County. His occupations are farming and preaching the Gospel. 
 He mai-ried Nancy Rice in Portage County, Ohio, and they had 
 Chloe A., Martha A., Osmore A., Mary E., Horace H., Edward 
 A., Ida, and Harriet L. 
 
 1' 
 
756 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 COOPER, JOHN R. 
 
 Born in Sangamon County, Illinois, in 1887; left that State in 
 1840, and resided the next twelve years in Missouri; came to 
 Oregon by ox-train; settled in Marion County. Serveil in thf 
 Rogue River Indian war for six months. Married in 1 804 Miss 
 Williams, and has four childi'en — John, Pearl C, Rosella, and 
 Lillian. Postoffice address, Independence. 
 
 COREY, G. R. 
 
 Born in New York in 1835; came to Oregon when about twenty 
 yeare of age. In ISofi he served in the Yakima war in Cap- 
 tain Wilbur's company and remained in service until the company 
 disbanded. He then settled in Washington County, and his present 
 residence is one mile south of Glencoe, in that county, and he is a 
 farmer by occupation. He mamed Mrs. Cooper, nee Dobbins, in 
 1857, and their children's names are — James, Drusilla, and John W. 
 
 COSPER, DAVID. 
 
 Born in Ohio, October 29, 1828; came to Oregon and lived a 
 short time in Yamhill County, but in 1853 went to Polk County 
 and has resided there since. Has been engaged in various occupa- 
 tions, namely — farmer, druggist, grocer, and hardware dealer. Was 
 a volu-iteer in the Yakima war and rose to the position of second 
 lieutenant. Was elected sheriff in 1857 and served one term. 
 Married Miss Martha J. Frederick in 1858, and seven children 
 were born to them, four of whom are now living — Harry B., Union 
 Meade, Otis John, and Emmett D. Deceased — Milton, Frank, and 
 Amos B. Mr. Cosper's residence and postotHcie address are Dallas. 
 
 COV. LS, J. W. 
 
 Born in Onondaga (Joimty, New York, in 1823. Came to (Ore- 
 gon in the winter of 1852-53; taught school in Lafayette and near 
 McMinnville from 1852 to 1854; his wages were usually $60 [xt 
 month and board. No female teachers were employed here at tiiat 
 time, and when he began tea<;hing there were only two scIkjoIs in 
 the county, and those were supported mostly by subscriptions pai<i 
 at the rate of $8 per (quarter for each pupil. This veteran teacher 
 taught the lirst school established at Monmouth, Polk (/ounty. 
 .Judge Cowls V>ecame county auditor in 1855, at Lafayette, but con- 
 
f;j • *; 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 757 
 
 tinned to teach school, as the <iffice did not pay much. He was 
 manied in Ififil, to the widow of F. B. Martin, a member of the 
 Territorial Legislature of 1852 and 185.'i. She came from Platte 
 County, Missouri, in 1845. The Judge was first auditor, then 
 county clerk on the State organization, and was next elected county 
 judge, an ofiice which he held for eight years. In 1871 he became 
 state senatt)r, but resigned after one session. He has also held the 
 office of justice of the peace at sundry times, and ha.s enjoyed pop- 
 ular confidence and esteem to an unusual degree. 
 
 COX, ARTHUR M. 
 
 Born in Salem, Oregon, in 1852 ; moved to Linn County in 1875; 
 is a blacksmith by trade, and is located at Harrisburg. Married 
 
 Miss Annie Paine in 187(i. 
 Fred, and Nellie. 
 
 Their children are — Howard, Addie, 
 
 cox, ETHAN. 
 
 Born in Chatau(|ua County, New York, May 11, 1819. From 
 New York he went to Ohio, and from there to Missouri. In 1852 
 he came to Oregon and worked for some time as painter in Portland, 
 and in 1858 moved to Pcdk County, where he has since resided. Now 
 owns property in old Independence, and is engaged in manufactur- 
 ing the Champion Fruit Dryer, which was invented by W. C. 
 Dougherty in Albany in 1881, and for whicii Mr. Cox has the sole 
 agency for Benton and Polk counties. He was marrie<i to Miss 
 Kmeline Hyner, September 8, 1844, by whom one child was born, 
 whicli died in infancy. Residence, Independence. 
 
 CRAWFORD. GEORGE F. 
 
 Born in Grayson County, Virginia, in 1818; removed to War- 
 ren County, Illinois, in 1844; studied medicine and became a 
 physician, and practiced for some time. Coming to Oregon he 
 located in Albany, where he has remained ever since. Wa^ chosen 
 President of the Farmers' AV^areliouse Company. Has twice repre- 
 sented Linn Cov.ity in the Legislature. Was married in 1845, his 
 wife's former name having been Miss Mary Ellen Gilmour. Their 
 children's names are — Georgiana, James G., William W., Orville, 
 and Helen. Mr, Crawford has extensive property interests in Linn 
 County. 
 
758 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 CRAWFORD, R. H.. M.D. 
 
 Lives in Brownsville, Linn County, and has long been a 
 resident of that town, having the 1 jr of l)eing the first medical 
 man in it. Graduated at the Med; t College at Cincinnati in 1837. 
 Served eight years in the Oregon State Senate, taking his seat in 
 1866. Married Miss Elizabeth Henry, and their children are- 
 Thomas H. (city superintendent of the Portland public schools), 
 Andrew B. deceased), Robert E., Elizabeth R., and Rovia. 
 
 CRAWFORD, THOMAS H. 
 
 Born in Clarksburg, Indiana, June 24, 1840; son of the preced- 
 ing; crossed the plains with his parents and settled near Browns- 
 ville, Linn County. Was educated at the Santiam Academy and 
 the Willamette University; graduated from the latter in 1863. Pro- 
 fession, teaching. Married Miss Emily B. Crandall in 1864, who 
 died in 1882. Residence, Portland. 
 
 CROSS, L. D. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1822 ; was a minister of the Gospel. Died in 
 Oregon City in 1872. Wife's previous name Dorcas Fairman. 
 Children — Caleb E., Jasper M., Harvey E., Thomas M., Martha J., 
 Elinor E., William A., Truman, Charles W., and Frank A., of 
 whom two are deceased — Jasper M. and Martha J. 
 
 CROWLEY, SOLOMON K. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1833, the son of John Crowley, one of the 
 first white settlers of Northwestern Missouri. S. K. Crowley 
 crossed the plains in 1852, and traveled considerably on the Pacific 
 Coast. Was in the California mines, and bore a part in the Indian 
 troubles. Settled in Polk County in 1855, and stiU lives there, 
 farming at Oak Grove. Married in 1855 Miss Hannah R. Fulker- 
 son, by whom he has nine children — Mary V. (Mrs. W. Fawk), 
 James M., John F., Nancy J., Solomon H., Manson, Ada B., EflUe, 
 and Ora P. 
 
 CURTIS, JOHN. 
 
 Bom in Kentucky January 7, 1813. Settled in Linn County, 
 Oregon, in 1852. Was married August 8, 1835, to Miss Annie 
 Moore, and by her his children are — William, Robert, Elizabeth, 
 
■A- 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 769 
 
 Ellen, Mary A., Almira, Janien, Eliza, Laura aud Katie. Mr. 
 Curtis died April 2, 1877. 
 
 I 
 
 DAVIDSON. C. F. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1802 and moved to Tllinois in 1830. Set- 
 tled on the Luckiamute, Polk County, Oregon. Occupation, farm- 
 ing. Married Eli}ca})eth Shirley. Children — Amanda F. (Mi-s. 
 Linnville), Benjamin F., Mary M., Margaret (Mi*s. AUingham), M. 
 A., Arabella, William M., Martha (Mrs. Stump), Isaac N., and 
 Emma (Mrs. Washburn). Mr. Davidson died in 1881. His widow 
 still survives. 
 
 DAVIDSON, HENRY. 
 
 Born, May 28, 1818, in Wayne County, Ohio; moved to Michi- 
 gan, and in 1840 to Indiana; coming to Oregon he settled at Hal- 
 sey, Linn County, and has since remained there. Is a farmer and 
 stock-grower. Mamed, in 1841, to Sarah Montgomery, while in 
 Fulton County, Indiana. Their children are — Lucretia (now Mrs. 
 Murphy), William M., Theodore B., Francis M. (deceased^, Thure- 
 ton, and Mary E. (now Mrs. Nelson). 
 
 DAVIDSON, ISAAC N. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1842, and came with his father, C. F. David- 
 son, to Oregon, and has since lived in Polk Cvmnty. Occupation, 
 farming; residence, near Buena Vista. Married Miss C. E. Demp- 
 sey. in 1865. Children — Dell, Nellie, and Chester. 
 
 DAVIDSON, WILLIAM M. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1840; came to Oregon with his father, C. F. 
 Davidson, and settled in the Luckiamute Valley. Present resi- 
 dence, Buena Vista, and occupation, farmer. He married Martha 
 V. Modie in Oregon in 1873, aud their only child's name is Inez C. 
 
 DAVIS. EDWARD E. 
 
 The son of Dr. H. A. Davis; was born in Louisa County, Iowa, 
 in 1851; came with his parents to Oregon. Since 1865 has lived 
 at Harrisburg, Linn County. Married Miss Henrietta Kline in 1878, 
 and by hei" has two children — Wade H., and Lee V. 
 
760 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTK VALLKT. 
 
 DAVIS, H. A., M.D. 
 
 Born in Geneasee County, New York, in 1822; came to Oregon 
 and in 1838 settled in Linn County; now resides at Ilarrisburg. 
 Was married in 1860 to Hester Hook, who died July .'{, 1808. By 
 her his children were — Edward E., Arvilla, Zophar, Virgil, and 
 Homer. He was married again in 1864, to Grace Jones. The 
 doctor was educated at Rock Island medical school, now known as 
 the Iowa State Medical University. 
 
 DeLASHMUTT, J. K. 
 
 Bom in Virginia in 1814; removed to Iowa in 1836, and 
 coming tx) Oregon in 1862, settled in Polk County. He was elected 
 county commissioner. Had held several civil and military offices 
 in Iowa. Lives now at Amity, and is recorder of that town. Has 
 now retired from his former occupation of farming. While in 
 Iowa in 1837 he married Amanda Harger, who died in 1854; by 
 her he had seven children. Mamed in 1856, in Salem, Phoebe 
 Bennett, by whom he had five children. She died in 1862, and he 
 took for his third wife Mary Pettijohn, by whom he had two chil- 
 dren. His fourth was Emeline Billings. 
 
 DENNY, O. N. 
 
 Bom in Ohio in 1838. Crossed the plains in 1852 and settled 
 with his parents near Lebanon, Linn County. Was educated at 
 the Willamette University, studied law anil was admitted to 
 practice in 1862. Located in Portland about 1870 and began 
 practice. Was elected police judge in 1871 and 1873. In 1875 
 was appointed collector of internal revenue. Was appointed 
 Consul at Tientsin, China, in 1877, and in 1879 was promoted to 
 Consul -General to China. 
 
 DORSEY. GEORGE. 
 
 Born in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, in 1830; came to Or- 
 egon and settled in Yamhill County, where he still lives. Is a 
 farmer. Married Miss Adaline Vaughn in 1856. Children — David 
 M., Joel P., Fannie A., Austin B., and Hattie. 
 
 DRAIN, CHARLES. 
 
 Born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in 1816; went to Cal- 
 ifornia in 1850, but returned to the East the next year. Coming 
 
ItlSTOKY OF IMMI(^KATI(>^, 
 
 7(51 
 
 
 overland to thin Statt' he netU'd in iMuri«»ii (■oiiiity and tilled a fai'iii 
 for eight years. In 1S54 he beeauie a m«'nd»er of the Territorial 
 Council and again in 1857. On the admission of the State he be- 
 came state senator and was chosen president of the senate. Re- 
 moved to Douglas County in 18()(). Residence, Drain. Occupa- 
 tion, farming. Married in ISJV.t to Miss Nancy (i. Ensley, by whom 
 he has had eight children, of whom three live — John C, Catharine 
 A. (Mrs. Simon Lane), and Charles D. 
 
 DURHAM, D. O. 
 
 Born in Ashtabula County, Ohio, December 26,1820; moved 
 to Illinois in IS.SO; cjinie to Oregon in 1852 and settled in VVji.'^h- 
 ington County. His present residem-e is McMinnville, Yandiill 
 County, and occupation, farming. He married Sylvia D. Clark 
 July 29, 1843, and their children's names are — Ezra J., Walter H., 
 Jessie E., and James E. Mr. Durham was a member of the lower 
 house of the Oregon Legislature in 1 '"'3-8(>, from Yamhill County. 
 
 EARNEST, WILLIAM B. 
 
 Bom in Kentucky in 1813; was married in 1840 while still a 
 resident of that State to Mise Mary Morris, who was also a native 
 of that State, and was seven years his junior. The couple nu)ved 
 to Missoiu'i two years later, and after ten years' residence in that 
 State, croased the plains to Oregon. They settled in Spring \' alley, 
 Polk County, upon a donation claim, where Mrs. Earnest still lives. 
 Mr. Earnest died in 1876. Their children were — Jennie (deceased), 
 William D, (deceased), Ja-sper N. (deceased), Mary E. (Mrs. Thomas 
 Jennings), and two others who died in infancy. 
 
 ECCLESTON, EZRA, 
 
 Is a son of Dr. II. Eccleston, and was born in Indiana in 1833; 
 came to Oregon v.'tli his parents and for some time avjus a fai-mer. 
 Has been a shoemaker in McMinnville for twent}'-(>ne years. 
 Married Miss Sarah J. Southard in 1853, and has si,\ childreji. 
 
 ECCLESTON, H., M.D. 
 
 Born in New York in 1811 ; on his arrival in Oregon he settled 
 
 in Lane County, and practiced medicine there until his death, 
 
 whicL occurred in 1875. Married Miss Melinda Richardson in 
 4 
 
762 
 
 IIIHTOKY OF WILLAMKTTK VALLET. 
 
 Indiana, who is jvIho dweased. They hml nin« children. Dr. 
 Eccleston was a volunteer in the Rugue River war in 1855-56. 
 
 BILBRS. GBORGE H. 
 
 Born in Germany in 1824; came to America in 1846, direct to 
 Texas, and joine<l the American army; servKl in the quartermuH- 
 ter's department during the Mexican war; was in St. Louis sulwc- 
 quently, from whence he Htarted to cross the plains to California, in 
 1852, with a band of cattle, but coming to the Soda Springs, where 
 the Oregon and California trails separate, he chose the fori)> r. 
 Took a donation claim in Polk (Jounty, where his home has 1. on 
 ever since, exc(:pting three years following 1869, when he was in 
 Montana. Resides near McCoy, and is a farmer. Was county com- 
 missioner. Married, in 1854, Miss Sarah McReynolds. 
 
 ELKINS, W. S. 
 
 Born in Ohio, May 1, 1837, and came with his parents to Ore- 
 gon in 1852; settled with them in Linn County, being among the 
 first settlers there. lie and his l)rother built the Lebanon flouring 
 mills in 1872, and were in that business until 1878, when they 
 moved to Polk County, where Mr. £lkins followed merchandising 
 for seven years. Was electeii a member of the legislature in 1870; 
 was instrumental in building the Cumberland Presbyterian church 
 in Lebanon, and is an elder of the church; also a member of the 
 Masonic fraternity. Married Miss Addie Burkhart, in 1866, who 
 died in 1867, after one child had l>een liorn to them, which died 
 in infancy. Mr, Elkins married again, in 1868, to Miss Maggie 
 GFrant, and they have now four children — Nettie, Eva, Ai*thur G., 
 and Attie. Resides at Dallas. 
 
 ENGLAND, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in 1889; came to Oregon and worked in the mines of 
 Jackson County iu the hard winter of 1852-5.'?, when .starvation 
 was imminent, and venison was the miners' only article of food. 
 In the following years was in the carriaj^e business. As a mer- 
 chant his career was successful, and turning his attention to bank- 
 ing, he became a member of the fiim of Williams <fe England, able 
 and successful financiers, of Salem. Mr. England is a director oi 
 the State Insurance Company, of Salem. Married, June 14, 18(59, 
 Olive Stanton. They have one child, £. A. England. 
 
H18T0KY OF IMMIOHATION. 
 
 7(\',\ 
 
 ENNIS, JAMES E., 
 
 Is a farraiir luul stock-j^rovver, residing in Sci«», Linn County, 
 and wa« born in Warren County, Kentucky, April i>, 18l".>; came 
 overland to Oregon. His first vife, Mary CoTulit, died in 18()2, 
 and the second wife, Rebecca J. Richardson, died in 1SH4. 
 
 FERGUSON, J. L. 
 
 • Born in Kentucky in 1830; remaineil there until 1852 and 
 started for Oregon and settled at Lafayette, Yamhill County. His 
 occupation is farming; he has been a member of the State Legislature 
 (1876-77); was married in 1854 to Miss Permania Bird, daughter 
 of John Bird, of Lafayc^tte, by whom he had — ^Ella, Claude C, R. 
 B., J. L., Siaggie J., and Lyman V. Mr. Ferguson resides near 
 Lafayette, and cariies on quite extensive farming operations. 
 
 FIELDS, THOMAS R. 
 
 Born in Mason County, Kentucky, March 22, 1837; arrived in 
 Oregon September 11, 1852. Occupation, merchant; residence, 
 Oregon City. Wife's previous name, Clara Stickler. Children — 
 Thomas E., and George C. * 
 
 FINLAVSON, J. J. 
 
 Born in Scotland in 1820; came to America in 1841. On ar- 
 riving in Oregon he settled in Clackamas County ; removed to Linn 
 County and became a farmer. His present residence is Forest 
 Grove, where h6 has recently settled, and his occupation that of a 
 blacksmith. He married Ann Taylor in 1838 and Elizabeth Speedy 
 in 1884, and his family consists of two children — Ca,therine, A^ife 
 of Judge Powell of Albany, and Christopher, now in Colorado, and 
 two deceased, all of whom are by the first wife. 
 
 FITZGERALD, J. J. 
 
 Born in Jefferson County, Iowa ; came to Oregon at an early day 
 and settled at Portland. His })resent residence is at Bueua Vistu, 
 ,.nd occupation, carpenter. He married Alice Thorp in Oregon in 
 
 1882. 
 
 FRIZZELL, JASON P. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1848, the ^>n of Porter Frizzell, a native of 
 Virginia, who had settled in Minsoun at an early day. The family 
 
 '&ii 
 
 ^- I I 
 
764 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 set out to ci\)8s the plains, but the father died of cholera en the 
 way, and four other members of the family perished also. The 
 mother, Mrs. Lillie Fri/zcU, with six children, made her way to 
 Oregon, and settled in Polk County. The children's names were — 
 Catharine, William, Joseph, Almira, Jason P., and Lafayette. 
 Jason P. Frizzell is now a fanner near Perrydale. He was married 
 in 1872 to Louisa Baskett. They have two children — Edith and 
 Ethel. 
 
 GALLOWAY, CHARLES. 
 
 Born in Hampstead County, Virginia, August 20, 1798. Livetl 
 subsequently in Missouri and Illinois, and while at Galena married 
 Miss Mary Heeney. They afterwards removed to Wisconsin, and 
 Mr. G. served in the Black Hawk war. Came to Oregon in 1852 
 and settled in Yamhill County. Mr. Galloway died September 80, 
 1884, surviving his wife but two weeks. They were both buried 
 in the cemetery of St. Paul's Catholic Church, Marion County. 
 Their family, at one time, numl)ered six daughters and five sons, 
 of whom three of the former and all of the latter still live. Father 
 6ralloway, as he was called, was a man of the deepest pi<^^ty, and 
 possessed the respect of his fellow-men in an exti'aordinary degree. 
 
 GALLOWAY, WILLIAM. 
 
 Mr. Galloway is the youngest son of Charles and Mary Gallo- 
 way. He was born in Iowa Coimty, Wisconsin, June 10, 1845, and 
 was brought by his parents to Oregon. Was educated at the com- 
 mon schools and at the Willamette University, graduating in 1808, 
 with honors. Taught for a time in the North Yamhill Acadeni}, 
 and then studied law with Judge Curl in Salem. On October 1;>, 
 1875, he married Emma, daughter of V. Baker. Mrs. Galloway 
 was born in Dodge County, Wisconsin, December 28, 1851. Their 
 children are — Zilpha Virginia, and Charles Varranus. Mr. Gallo- 
 way was elect^^d to the assembly in 1874, and a;.;ain in 1878 and 
 1880; held the chairmanship of several important committees, etc. 
 Resides at present in Bellevue Precinct. 
 
 GIBSON, SAMUEL D. 
 
 Born in Pike County, Illinois, in 1836; came to Oregon and set- 
 tled in Polk County; still resides there; is a farmer by occupation. 
 Married, March, 1867, to Mrs. Mary Foreman. 
 

 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 765 
 
 GOOD, GEORGE E. 
 
 Born in Oregon ('ity in 1852. In 18(50 wf^nt to work in a print- 
 ing office, and was employed by the Statesman newspaper for a 
 while. From 1878 to 1883 he conducted the Polk County Itemi- 
 zer; then sold out and came to Salem whei-e he bought out the 
 drug store of E. S. Hubbell; was in partnership with J. M. Smith, 
 but has since conducted it alone. Married Miss Wilcox in 187G 
 and has three children — all girls. 
 
 GOODMAK, A. J. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1847; the son of J. 11. Goodman, who 
 brought his family across the plains in 185*2. The father now re- 
 sides in Eugene City. He was born in Kentucky in 1823. A. J. 
 (rooclman went to California in 18()l> and remained three years. 
 Farmed near Eugene City for a time, then sold his place and went 
 east of the Cascades. Bought a drug store in Independence in 1882 , 
 which he sold and purchased a livery stalde, which he now conducts. 
 
 GOWDY, J. T. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1835; on his arrival in (>reg<m settled in 
 
 Marion County ; now lives three miles southwest of Dayton, in the 
 
 loccupation of farming. Married Annie E. Kemp in 1860, and 
 
 their chihlren's names are — Arthui" C, Hattie G., Lillian E., and 
 
 Martha E. 
 
 GRANT, RICHARD J. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1825; came to Oregon and settled in tJie 
 beautiful valley of the Luckiamute, and still resides there, engaged 
 in farming. He nuu'ried Sarah J. Williams, in Davis County, Mis- 
 souri, in 1846, and they have — Mary E,, Nancy M., David A., and 
 James M. Mr. Grant represented Polk County in the Oregon Leg- 
 islature in 1868, 1870, and 1878. 
 
 GRAVES, WESLEY. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1817; moved to Illinois in 1840, and carried on 
 for several years a cabinet mamifaetory ; crossed the plains in 1852, 
 and locating at Corvallis, carried on the fui-niture business, and 
 kept », hotel for a time. Mined for two years at Boise City; went 
 to Salem in 1864, and kept the Union Hotel for live years; has been 
 
 
766 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 lensee of the Reed (Commercial), and Ghemeketa Hotels, and keeps 
 the latter at present. Is the oldest hotel-keeper in Oregon, proba- 
 bly. Was married in Ohio in 1840, to Rebecca Shoemaker. They 
 have had a large family, of whom but two survive — Joanna, and 
 F. A. The names of the deceased were — William, Mary, Martha 
 J., George R., and Emma. 
 
 GRAY, G. W., M.D. 
 
 Boi-n in Rush County, Indiana, May 22, 1837. Came to Oregon 
 with his father, who settled in Linn County. Commenced the 
 study of dentistry in 1861, and attended the Dental College in 
 Cincinnati, graduating in 1865. Returned to Oregon the same 
 year and located in Albany, where he has since practiced and hiis 
 l)een president of the Oregon State Dental Association. Owns a 
 city residence and two farms of four hundred and seventy-six 
 acres. The doctor has been a member of the city council. Married 
 Miss Harriet E. Bonner in 1865, and they have three children — 
 Arthur D., Londa B., and Mary Lena. 
 
 HACKLEMAN, T. P. 
 
 Born in Linn County, Oregon, in 1852; receivt^l his education 
 at the schools in Albany and the Christian College in Monmouth. 
 Studied law at Ann Arbor law school, in Michigan, and graduated 
 in 1878. Ijocated in Albany subsequently, and has practiced there 
 since. Married Miss Edith Lyon in 1877, and by her has had 
 three children — Jessie, Rollin, and Thurston. 
 
 HADAWAY, EDWARD C. 
 
 Born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, April 11, 1819; in 1835 moved 
 to Baltimore, Maryland ; in 1852 came to Oregon and settled at 
 Dayton, Yamhill County, where he still lives, (engaged in farming. 
 He married Elizabeth J. Roswell, and their children's names are — 
 George A., Mary E., Edward, William, Lewis, Charles, and Abra- 
 ham L. Mr. Hadaway was sergeant-at-arms in the Oregon House of 
 Representatives in 1872, 1874, and 1880. 
 
 HANNUM, LEWIS L. 
 
 Born in Hampton County, Massachusetts, in 1827; moved to 
 Ohio in 183i;, to Michigan in 1844, and came to Oregon in 1852, 
 
■TTT.' 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIOKATION. 
 
 767 
 
 and settled iu Polk County. Present residence, Luckianmte Val- 
 ley, and occupation, carpenter and farmer. He married Mary Rituer 
 in Oregon in 1856, and their children's names are — Julius, Sarah 
 H., Andrew, Ann, Lewis L., Eva, and Una. 
 
 HARRIS, WILLIAM H. 
 
 Bprn in Adams County, Illinois, iu 1832; on coming to Oregon 
 located at Portland. Has been a member of the L(^gislature of 
 Washington Territory, and was clerk of Multnomah County in 
 1872. Repi"esented Multnomah County in the Legislature of Ore- 
 gon in 1882. Is a dealer in ice, belonging to the firm of Harris tfe 
 Salmon. 
 
 HARREL, DODDRIDGE. 
 
 Lives at Scio, Linn County, and is a farmer. Wjus Ijorn in 
 Fayette County, Indiana, December 18, 1818; came overland to 
 Oregon; still owns the fai'm on wliich he settled on his arrival; has 
 served in pul)lic offices. Married Miriam Taylor, who was born 
 in Knox County, Tennessee, in 1820. 
 
 HASTINGS, A. L. 
 
 Born in Henry Couuty, Tennessee, in 1820; came to Oregon and 
 settled in the Luckiamute Valley, where he still resides ; occupation, 
 farming. 
 
 HASTINGS, J. C. 
 
 Born in Henry County, Tennessee, in 1833; came fi'om 
 Arkansjis to Oregon, and settled in Luckiamute Valley, ^vhere he 
 still lives; he is a farmer l)y occupation. He married Merica M. 
 Woods in 1857, and their children's names are — Martha J., Henry 
 G., Burris S., Joseph L., Mary A., John F., and Clara O. 
 
 HAWKINS, J. S. 
 
 Born in New Hampshire; came to Oregon in 1852. Residence, 
 Salem, Marion County. 
 
 HAYES, R. B. 
 
 Born in Warren County, Tennessee, in 1831, and removed with 
 his parents to Missouri in 183!); crossed tlie plains to California in 
 1850, and removed to Oregon two years after. Is a farmer, and 
 
768 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 has reHuled on his land in Lane County for many years. Has been 
 elected to the House of Representatives four times. Married Miss 
 Lucy Brown in 1858. 
 
 HAYES, SETH W. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1825; came from Iowa to Orej^ou in 1852, and 
 settled near the present site of Halsey, Linn Coiuity, two yeai-»later. 
 The town of Halsey was laid out in 1871, by the railroad company, 
 partly upon Mr. Hayes' land, and that gentleman owned property in 
 it. He was murdered, on November 1, 187H, by Kay Neal. The 
 circumstances of the killing were as follows: Mr. Hayes' ardent 
 tempei-ance principles and prominence made him obnoxious to cer- 
 tain ill-disposed li(iuo.' dealei-s and their su2)porters. The town was 
 incorporated in the centennial year, through the joint efforts of Mr. 
 Hayes, Jacob Thompson, and others, who sought to e>xtirpate the 
 whiskey traffic. Neal sought a quarrel with Hayes, and taking 
 him at a disadvantage, stabbed him, there being no eye-witness. 
 The unfortunate victim lived but a few hoiu's. The assassin at- 
 tempted to escape, but was taken and imprisoned. Wh«!n he was 
 bi'ought to trial his lawyers set up a plea of self-defense, but a ver- 
 dict was rendered, convicting Neal of mm-der in the first degree. 
 Sentence being pronounced, the murderer was executed at Albany, 
 on the twenty-eighth of January, 1877. This homicide constitutes, 
 probably, the most striking event in the history of tlu; county of 
 Linn. Mr. Hayes was twice married, and his children numbered six, 
 of whom five are living, viz. — Daniel, S. S., Frank H., Gertrude, and 
 Irving. The second Mi"s. Hayes (formerly Miss Firday) is now 
 residing on a portion of the Hayes' ranch near Halsey. 
 
 HEDGES, JOSEPH. 
 
 Resides in Canemah, Clackamas County, and is a carpenter by 
 occupation; he was born in Morgan County, Ohio, in 1827. 
 Married Miss Ellen J. Allen, and his children are — Mary J., John 
 B., William A., Elizabeth A., Arthur E. (deceased), Joseph E., 
 Francis R., Gil])ert L., and Frederick R. 
 
 HENDERSON, THOMAS B. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1828; in 1832 was taken to Knox 
 County, Ohio; in 1851 went to Missouri; came from that State to 
 

 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 769 
 
 Oregon the following year, and settled at Amity, Ytunliill County, 
 where he still resides. Ilis occupation is that of a blacksmith and 
 farmer. He married Elizabeth Van Buskirk in Knox County, 
 Ohio, in 1848, and their children's names are — Urbanus (deceased), 
 J^.ivia A. (deceased), Elmus U., Sarah E., Miles T., aad Mar- 
 garet V. 
 
 HENRY, ANSON B. 
 
 Born in Cattaraugus County, New York, in 1836. Settled 
 near Lafayette, in Yamhill County, and tilled the soil. Was 
 superintendent of public schools for a time. Married Eliza Easta- 
 brooks in 1857, and their children's names are— Lavinia E., 
 Phcebe C, Mary E., Milton A., Franklin B., Kobinson, Alfred F., 
 Anson B., Nellie I., and Charles C. Mr. Henry died in 1882, and 
 his \vidow, May 30, 1884. Mrs. Henry was born in Bradfoi-d 
 County, Pennsylvania, near Towanda, March 19, 1836. With her 
 parents, three sisters and five brothers, she came to Illinois in 1844; 
 thence to Oregon in 1853, overland. 
 
 HIRSCH, LEOPOLD. 
 
 Born in AVurtemburg, Germany, in 1824; came to America in 
 1845, and to California in 1851. Resides now in Salem. Retired 
 from mercantile ])usiness in 1881. Married Lizzie A^oltmann in 
 1858. They have three children — Rosa, Laura, and Sarah. 
 
 HOLLAND, HOMER B. 
 
 Born in Augusta, Iowa, May 31, 1827; came to Oregon in Au- 
 gust, 1852; residence, Oregon City, Clackamas County ; occupation, 
 book-keeper for the Oregon City Flouring Mill Company. Mr. Hol- 
 land married Viola Phillips, and their family included — James L., 
 Howard W. (deceased), Louisa, and R. V. 
 
 IRVINE, J. D. 
 
 Born in Jackson County, Missouri, January 10, J 843, and came 
 with his parents to Marion County, Oregon, in 1852. He was a 
 farmer in the earlier years of his residence in Oregon, but in 1877, 
 he conunenced draying in Independeno(% and continued in that busi- 
 ness seven yeai-s. In 1872 he was married to Miss Sarah Fisher, 
 and four children have })een l)orn U) them, namely — Cbvra W., 
 
7<ro 
 
 HI8T0KY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Charlie G., Clyde J., and Claude. The two la^t mentioned died in 
 1883, of scarlet fever. In 1884, Mr. Irvine bought a grocery sti^n^ 
 in Independence, in which he is now engaged. He was a menibei 
 of the city council from 1880 to 1884. 
 
 JAMES, W. H. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 184<); came to Oregon and settle<l in Polk 
 Coimty, where he still resides. Occupation, farming,. He mai'ried 
 Sarah Hiashaw in Polk County in 1869, and their children's names 
 are — Adelia J., David VV., IsaVjel, and Minnie E. 
 
 JEFFRIES, F. S. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1818; came to Oregon and settled in 
 Marion County. Lives now at Amity. Served in the Mexican 
 war, attaining the rank of orderly sergeant. His occupation in 
 agent for manufacturers of machinery. He mari'ied Susan K. 
 Nichols in 1849, and they have one child, Theodore by name. 
 
 JETTE, A. 
 
 Born in Canada in 1825; came to Oregon and located in thi^ 
 mines of the Rogue River region. At present is a merchant of 
 Champoeg, Marion County. He married Margaret Leard in 1871' 
 and they have six children. 
 
 JOHNSON, H. V. v., M.D. 
 
 Born in New York in 1823, and reared and educated in Ohio; 
 received his medical education in Ohio and New York, after wliicli 
 he jjracticed in Indianapt»Hs for seven years. Came to Oregon and 
 settled on a farm in Washington County. Was a member of tlin 
 Territorial Legislature for that coimty, serving from 1855 to 185s, 
 Moved to McMinnville in 18()8, being the only <k)ctor there for 
 several years; now owns a house in town and has a good practicf. 
 Married Miss Mary Hushnell in 1850, and has two children— Julia, 
 and Frances Isabella. His wife died in 18(i7, and in 1808 he mar- 
 ried Mrs. Julia B. Herritrk, a sister to his iirst wife. 
 
 JOHNSON, Mrs. P. 0. 
 
 Born in Erie (bounty, New York, in 1H29; came to Oregon and 
 settled in tiie Luc.kiamute Valley, wlu^re she still resides. She was 
 
: iij! 
 
 niSTORT OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 771 
 
 married fco John Johnson, in Polk County, in 1854, and their chil- 
 dren are named respectively — Alcida, Esther, and Fred. J. Mrs. 
 Johnson is now a widow. 
 
 JONES, D. M., M.D. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1839; came to Oregon with his father, and 
 settled in Marrion County. He was educated at the Willamette 
 Univei*sity, after which he became a teacher in the public schools; 
 then took the medical course at the Willamette University, graduat- 
 ing in 1868. In 1875, he took the chair of Materia Me(iica in the 
 Willamette University and held it five years. Moved to Albany in 
 1870, where he luis practiced since, during which time he has been 
 in the lecture field, and also served on the editorial staff of the 
 Albany Herald^ in which he was part owner. 
 
 JONES, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1835, and came across the plains to Oregon 
 in 1852, and settled in Oregon City, where he lived for two years; 
 then went to Polk County, working there in a sawmill ten years, 
 and after that period wjw for a while in Eastern Oregon engaged 
 in the same occupation. lie next went into the stock business. In 
 1880 he drove cattle to Omaha over the same route by which he 
 came to this coast. During his residence in Polk County, and at the 
 time of high water in that county, his property was all destroyed 
 and his stock drowned. Mr. Jones relates that his house floated 
 thi'ee miles with himself and family in it. He was married in 1854 
 to Miss Lydia Retherford, and five children have been born to them, 
 but only one is now alive — William. Resides at Dayton. 
 
 KELLY, ANDREW. 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1833; when nineteen years of age came to 
 Oregon, but left in 1854 and went to California, Peru, and Chili, 
 returning to this State in 1801. 
 Salem, elected in 1882. Is a skilled mechanic in 
 
 lie is now mayor of the city of 
 
 wagon 
 
 and 
 
 car- 
 
 riage making and blacksmithing. Has been a prominent member 
 of the fire department, having filled every oftice in connection 
 therewith. Married Miss Lyd'a Ilawley, and their children are — 
 (u'orgc (df'ceascd), Edward (deceased), Olive, and George E. 
 
 SI 
 
772 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTK VALLEY. 
 
 KOONTZ, MARTIN V. 
 
 Born in 1837, in Ohio, of German extraction; lived suceeHsively 
 in Illinois and Iowa, and came across the phiins to Oregon in 1852, 
 by the familiar ox-ti"ain method, but chiefly on foot, because the 
 Indians stole the horees belonging to the train on arrival at tlie 
 Platte River. The Kooutz family took up a donation claim in Linn 
 County soon after their arrival, but in 18<)8 the son w^ent to Ea.stern 
 Oregon and occupied himself in various ways until 18()t>, when he 
 returned to the Willamette Valley, and went into the employ of 
 Jacob Thompson, in Halsey, as clerk. In 187() he went into busi- 
 ness on his own account, and three years later organized the fii'm of 
 Koontz & Lame, dealers in general merchandise and grain, at Hal- 
 sey. Mr. Koontz married Miss Conkwright, and they have two 
 living children — Clyde and Edith. 
 
 LEE, A. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1848, and nine years later cross»'d the plains 
 to Oregon. He settled at Forest Grove, Washingtt)n County, in 
 1860, and still resides there. Is a machinist of great skill and ex- 
 l>erience, and finds occupation for those qualities iji the service of 
 the firm of Lee &, Stewart, foimdrymen and manufacturers of im- 
 plements. Mr. Lee married, when twejity-two years of age, Namy 
 J. Laughlin, and theii* children's na,mes are — Nt^llie, John A., Cora, 
 and Pearl. 
 
 LESLEY, GEORGE. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1H3(_); when sixteen went to Indiana; in \H')2 
 came to Oregon and settled in Salem; married in 186S Miss Eliza 
 M. Graves, and they have five children — Frank, Fannie, Mary, 
 Charles, and Minnie. Mr. Lesley is a carpenter and carriage l)uilder 
 by trade, but has entered upon agriculture to a considerable extent, 
 owning a three hiuidred and fifty acre ranch near Salem. He has 
 moreover distinguished himself and added to the resources of the 
 valley by his operations in cai'p breeding, and has many thousands 
 of these fine and valuable fish in his ponds. 
 
 LEWIS, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1 832 ; came to Oregon in 1852, settling 
 in Yamhill County, where he still resides. Is a farmer. Married 
 
TTTSTORY OF IMMIOKATrON. 
 
 778 
 
 nil- 
 alley 
 
 1852 
 Kliza 
 Mary, 
 •uiltU'i" 
 xtfut, 
 lie has 
 >f the 
 isaiuls 
 
 e' 
 
 :!ttling 
 larried 
 
 Mks pjlizabeth Joluison in 1859. Cliildreu — Jc'ni and Leroy. 
 Mr. Lewis was chosen county commissioner in 1878. 
 
 LEWIS, JAMES W. ^ 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1843; settle<l in Polk County, Oregon, and 
 has resided there since his arrival Resides in Oak Grove settle- 
 ment, and is a farniei-. Went to the Idaho mines in 18f>2, and 
 remained there three years. Married in Polk County in 1866, 
 Miss Sarah A. Riggs. Children — (xlenn li., Webb C, and A. R. 
 
 LEWIS, w. p. 
 
 Horn in 1812 in East Tennessee and reared there. Settled in 
 P(dk County on his ai'rival in Oregon, and remained there until 
 his death. His occupation was conducting grist and saw mills. 
 Served a term as treasiu-er of Polk County. Married in Tennessee 
 to Miss Elizabeth Saddler, by whom he had four children — Nancy 
 F. (Mrs. M. Thompson), Sarah (deceased), Elizabeth (Mrs. S. T. 
 Gilliam, of California), and William. Mrs. Lewis died in Tennes- 
 see, and he married the second time. 
 
 LONG, GABRIEL. 
 
 Born in ^^irginia in 182.">; came to Oregon and settled at King's 
 Valley, where he still lives, engaged in farming. He married Pjllen 
 J. Fuller in 18()7, anil they have two children— Arnold I)., and 
 Sarah A. 
 
 MACK, WILLIAM O. 
 
 Lives at Cardiy, Clackamas County, and is a farmer by occupa- 
 tion; he was born in Ilarpersfield, Ne>v York, December 7, 1820; 
 married Louisa (Traliani, and their childi'eu are — Estella R., Oscar 
 E., Victor L., Artlnu- ]j., Ramon W., Bynm L., Lawrence V., 
 Cecil C, Olu L., Morley T., and C. R. 
 
 MAGERS, J. E. 
 
 Born in Morgan County, Ohio, September 25, 1847; came to 
 Oresron with his father, W. B. Magers. He was educated at the 
 Willamette rniversity, after which he taught school eight years; 
 \vi\» professor of mathematics in McMinnville College three years. 
 Studied law in the East, and was admitted to the bar in 1876; 
 
774 
 
 lllSTOKY Of WILLAMKTTK VALKKY. 
 
 returued t(» Oi'ogon jind practiced Inw In Sidcm the following year; 
 then moved to McMinnville, where h'; now resides, in the practice 
 of his profession, and iu .iartnerHhip with Henry Warren in the 
 insurance and real estate business. Was a candidate for rep- 
 resentative in 1882, which resulted in a tie vote. Married Miss I). 
 E. Shrader in 1879, who has one child — Fleta Leone, 
 
 MAGERS, WILLIAM B., M.D. 
 
 Born in Brook County, West Virginia, May 2, 1819; moved to 
 Jefferson County, Ohio, in 1836, and to Morgan County in 1839. 
 On coming to Oregon he settled at Oregon City; his present resi- 
 dence is on Salt Creek, Polk County; his occupation is physician 
 and surgeon. He married Mary J. Barkhurst in Morgan County, 
 Ohio, November 17, 184(1, and their children's names are — John E., 
 Sarah E., William I. (deceased), Charles E., James P., Francis M., 
 Mary V., George W., lone J., Albert G., Wesley B., Minetta M., 
 and Lemuel E. (deceased). 
 
 MANIS, WILLIAM R. 
 
 Born in McMinn Coimty, Tennessee, November 30, 1830. His 
 present residence is Scio, Linn County, where he is engaged iu farm- 
 ing. Married Ann Terry, by whom he has four children — Maiy 
 F., William M., James M., and Denver E. Mr. Mauis enlisted as 
 a volunteer during the Indian war in 1855, and served six months 
 in Eastern Oregon and Washington Territory. 
 
 MAYFIELD, W. I. 
 
 Born in Hlinois in 1830, and came to Oregon twenty-two years 
 later. Lives in Portland and is a printer by occupation. Married 
 Elizabeth Engle in 1803, and Mrs. Nettie Gooch in 1874. Had 
 two children by the former. Was a soldier in the Rogue River 
 war, and was wounded at the battle of Hungry Hill. 
 
 McCOWN, FERDINAND O. 
 
 Born in Kanaw^ha County, Virginia, in January, 1839; accom- 
 panied his father to Oregon when thirteen years of age. Partici- 
 pated in the Yakima war. Studied at the Willamette University 
 and Portland Academy, and taught school. Clerked in a store and 
 read law, at first with W. C. Johnson, subsequently with O. C. 
 
IIISTOKY OK IMMI01!A'^l<»^f. 
 
 i iO 
 
 Pmtt, in Sun Fmncisoo. Lived in Ncvadu aiui \va8 tlien- mlniitteil 
 to the liar in 1S(;l>. UctiniMMl to Oregon the same year and opened 
 an oflice at Waeonda. Kidlsted in the First Oregon Infantry and 
 wan commissioned second lieutenant. In lS(i,") rose to tlie rank of 
 captain, and comnnuuh'd Fort ColviHe. Was nnistered out of serv- 
 ice in December, lH^'t'). In the same year lie married Miss Sarah 
 Meldrum, of Oregon City. Has piwtic-ed law in Oregon C!ity ever 
 since. Has been mayor of that town for three ternis. His chil- 
 are — Helena H., Jessie S. (deceased), Melcb'um F., Cornelia I., Mai- 
 c(tlm, Mabrey, and an infant girl. 
 
 McCOWN, WILLIAM. 
 
 J-Jorn in Kanawha County, Virginia, in 1S12; came to Oregon 
 in 18r)'2. Occupation, lilacksinith and fai-mer; present residence, 
 Waitsburg, Washington Territory. Wife's previous name, Mrs. 
 Sarah Jane McCown. Children — Ferdinand O., James L., Belle, 
 William, Alvin (deceased), and Frank. 
 
 McCULLY, ASA A. 
 
 Born in New Brunswick in 1818; moved to Ohio at an early 
 age; lived in Iowa many years. Crossed the plains to California 
 in 1H48, witli an ox -train. Stayed two years, returning then to 
 Iowa, and in 18."")"J set out for Oregon, bringing his family and 
 locating in Linn County, where he founded the town of Harris- 
 burg. In the same year he returned to Iowa and brought out 
 one hundred and tifty head of cattle. In 18(1.'? he removed to 
 Salem, where he became presitlent of the Pei>ple's Transportation 
 Company, which owned the WiUamette River steamers. In 1860 
 Mr. McCully represented Linn ('ounty in the Legislature, and 
 after locating in Salem wius cit\- councilman for several years. 
 
 McKUNE, ROBERT, 
 
 Is [U'oprietor of a livei'v stable in Sheridan, where he has lived 
 since 1875. He was born in Peimsylvania in 1820; moved to 
 Illinois in 1842; crossed the plains to California in 1850, and two 
 years later came to Oregon and settled in Polk County, whei-e he 
 lived on a farm until moving to Sheridan. Married Miss Sarah A. 
 Buel in 1857, and has six drildren — Lydia, Walter, A]".'e, Jane, 
 Emeline, and William. 
 
77fi 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMKTTK VALLKT. 
 
 MILLER, D. A. 
 
 Horn in Genessee County, Now York, in June, 1818. Occupa- 
 tion, carpenter and contractor. Mr. Miller dietl in PY'bruary, 1874; 
 his widow (nee Misa M. J. Martin) nwides in South Salem. Their 
 children wer<^ — Ezra (deceased), and Miles M. 
 
 MILLER, JACOB P. 
 
 Born in Fulton County, New York, July 31, 1808; in 1845, he 
 went to Indiana, and came to Oregon in 1852. He settled at Mil- 
 waukie, Clackanuw County, and is now engaged in keeping a hotel 
 in that town. He married Catharine Whitmore, in 1834, and their 
 children's names are — Margaretta, Marietta, George II. (deceased), 
 Delia, Thomas (deceaseil), and Martha (deceased). 
 
 MILLER, SEBASTIAN E. 
 
 Born in Morgan County, Ohio, April 15, 1828. Is a steamboat 
 captain by occupation, and resides at Canemah, Clackamas County. 
 Married SartL E. Power, and their children were?— ^lelissa and 
 Clara: tlie iattt) is deceased. 
 
 MOORES. CHARLES B. 
 
 Born in Benton, Missouri, August 0, 1849, and was taken V)y his 
 j)arents to Danville, Illinois, in 1851, and to Oregon the next year. 
 Has resided in Sah^m the greater part of the subsecpient time. He 
 was educat*^! at the Willamette liuiversity, chiss of 1870, and 
 served the O. tfe C. II. R. Co. as draughtsman for four years. Studied 
 law in the Universities of Pennsylvania and Michigan; returned to 
 Salem and practiced law. In 1880 became chief clerk of the House 
 of Representatives, and is at present private secretary to Go\'ernor 
 Moody. He married Miss S. E. Chamberlain in 11881. 
 
 MOORES, I. R. 
 
 I. R. Moores, Sr., served in the Seminole war in Florida under 
 Jackson; commanded a regiment in the Black Hawk war (whence 
 his title of colonel), and finally took part in the Mexican war. 
 Arrived in Oregon in 1852, having come overland at the head of a 
 company of pioneers organized at Danville, Illinois. Located in 
 Lane County near Eugene City, antl afterwards represented the 
 people of that county in the Legislature and in the State Constitu- 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIORATION. 
 
 777 
 
 tioiial Convention. Died in 1S(>1 and is Itnried at Siilcin. I. 11. 
 Moores, Jr., was his youngfst son. Ilti vv>i:; l)orn near Danville, 
 Illinois, P'ehruary 14, 18.'U. Was educated in the coinnion schools 
 and began life as a clerk. In ISoO he crossed the [)lMiiis to Cali- 
 fornia and spent two years there mining, without much success. 
 Returned to Illinois then and joined his father's expedition to Ore- 
 gon. They set out in March, 1852, and arrived in I'ortland in 
 Dccomher following. Tjie young man then went to Vandiill County 
 and spent two years as surveyor in partnership with William liOgan. 
 Removed in 1854 to Salem, where he maintained his residence foi' 
 the remainder of his life. Was at first a clerk for J. N. McDonald, 
 and in 1 856 bought out his employer and entered into partnership 
 with his brotliei", J. II. Moores. Was a member of the city council 
 of Salem and was the chief organizei- of the fire department of that 
 town. Attained the thirty-seccmd degree in Masonry. Wns for seven- 
 teen years treasurei' of the Grand Lodge of Odd Fello\vs. Was 
 elected to the Legislature in 1802 aiid 1804, and was once speaker 
 of the house. At the lietrinninij of the civil war iio became colonel 
 of the 2d n^giment of Oregon mounted volunteers (whence his usual 
 title of colonel). In 180(5 Governor Wot)ds apppointed him clerk 
 of the State board of land commissioners. He was one of the orig- 
 inal incorporators of the Oregon Central Railway Company, of 
 which he wjis for a time the president. In 1870 he was a[tpointed 
 land commissioner for the O. & C. II. U., and heUl that position 
 until his death, which took place July 25, 1 884. 
 
 MORELAND, J. C. 
 
 Born in Tennessee in 1844, and was lirought by his parents to 
 Oregon si.v yeai's later. He was raised on a fai'ui in Clackamas 
 Coimty, but learned the trade of printer in Portland. Read law 
 with David Logan and was admitted to practice in 1808. Was a 
 mend)er ttf the city council of Portland from 1872 until 1S75, and 
 was city attorney from 1877 until 1882. Married Miss Abbie B. 
 Kline in 1807. 
 
 MORELAND, S. A. 
 
 Born in Jackson County, Tennessee, November 1, 1830; re- 
 moved with his parents to Illinois in 1848, and to Oregon four 
 years after. They settled in Clackamas County. The son studied 
 
778 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMKTTE VALLEY. 
 
 law ill Portland, where lie afterwards heeanie justice of the peace, 
 city assessor, and police judge, holding the latter office at present. 
 Has been occupied in journalism. Conducted the Evening Tele- 
 gram newspaper in 1882, and edited the Oregonian for a time, in 
 1880. 
 
 MOSS, STEPHEN P. 
 
 Born in Peoria, Illinois, in 1840, and was brought to Oregon !>}' 
 his parents when twelve years old. They settled xw Linn County, 
 and the son wa« reared on their farm. From 1868 to 1872 he was 
 in California. Returning, he settled in Lake County, and raised 
 stock. Was elected county commissioner in 187<!, and representa- 
 tive in 1882. Mari'ied Sarah E. Kolmeti in 18(il, who died in 
 18(>8; married Miss Margaret S. Casteel in 187u. 
 
 MOVER, J. M. 
 
 Lives in Brownsville, Linn Coimt}', and is propriet(^r of the 
 Woolen Mills in that town. He was born in Schuylkill County, 
 Pennsylvania, August 21, 1829, and is married to Elii^abeth 1). 
 BrowTi. Their children are — Edward D., Hugh B., and Ethel (de- 
 ceased). 
 
 MURPHY, JOHN TURNER. 
 
 Born in Knox County, Illinois, October 27, 1S48, and came with 
 his parents to Oregon. The first winter after their ai'rival was 
 spent in Yamhill County, and in 18r)3 they moved to Polk County, 
 remaining there a short time, and going the same year to Washing- 
 ton Territory, where they lived three years. At the expiration of 
 that time they returnetl to Polk County, locating at Monmouth, 
 where Mr, Murphy has since remained. He now owns a farm two 
 mile« from the lovely little town of Monmouth. He was married, 
 March <>, 1870, to Miss Ruth J Rohrer, and they hnve four chil- 
 dren, namely — Chester V., George J., Linnie (t., and Wi'liam I). 
 Ml'. Murj)hy has his home in Monmouth, but continucf- to work his 
 f arni . 
 
 MURi "lY, WILLIAM P. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1831; came to Oregon when tweiity-on<' 
 years old. Now lives at Salem, Married first Sarah Taylor, and 
 afterwards Sai*ah E. Stanton. 
 
HISTOKY OF IMMIOKATION. 
 
 779 
 
 MYERS, GEORGE. 
 
 Born in Tippecanoe County, Ohio, in 1829. On his arrival in 
 Oregon he settled five miles northeast of North Yamhill, where he 
 still resides, on his farm. He married Mary E. Armentront in 
 1854, and their children's names are — Levi M., Ardenny L., Mrs. 
 Effie Grayson, Leonora, and Albie. 
 
 
 NEWPILL, B. H. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1843; came to Oregon, and settled in Polk 
 County, where he still resides. Occupation, farming. Married 
 Julia Ellis in Polk County, in 1859. Children — Sarah S., Margaret 
 E., Mary J., Ora E., and Edward Ray. 
 
 NIXON, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1824, and went to Ohio at an early age. 
 Left Indiana in 1852 for Oregon, and settled in Lir:i County. 
 Was married in 184(i to H. Parrish. Their children were — 
 James W., Orrilla, J. L., J. H., and Mattie. Mr. Nixoi.'s original 
 occaf^ation was that of blacksmith; but he now owns and conducts 
 the St. Charles Ilot^il at Lebanon, Linn County. Wiis county 
 treasurer from 18()4 to 18(37 inclusive. 
 
 NOLAHD, N. 
 
 Born in Missouri, in 1842; came to Oregon with his father, J. S. 
 Noland ; lived several years in Southern and Eastern Oregon, prior 
 to settling in W.'vshington County; his present residence is Corne- 
 lius, and occupation, hotel keeping. Married Miss Melissa J. Daw- 
 son in 1S(17. ('hildren — Nettie (decetused), Alice, Emma, John, 
 and liulu. 
 
 I B 
 
 NORTHRUP, EDWARD J. 
 
 Born in Albany, New York, July 4, 18;54. Was reared to 
 habits of business, and, in 1852, came to Oregon, and became a 
 clerk for his father's firm (Northrup ik Symonds), succeeding to tlie 
 concern's business in 1856. Retired about 1878, selling out to 
 Thompson, DeHurt m Co. Met his death by a fall, April 9, 1883. 
 He married Miss Frances McNamee in 185(>, by wliom he liad six 
 childr^jn, five of whom are now living. 
 
780 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 OLDS. D. G. 
 
 Born ill Ohio in 1823; on bis arrival in Oregon he settled at 
 Middlet^iii, and still lives at the same phice; ho j.^ u Macksmith and 
 wagon maker by occupation, lie married IT'^Pi • M. Eaton in 
 1849, and their children's aanies are — Fran If :.!., A».a\:tie T., Fred 
 E., and Mi-s. Rose L. Brooks. 
 
 OLDS, NANCY (JACOBS). 
 
 Born in Branch County, Michigan, in 1834; came to Oregon In 
 1852, and settled at West Chehalem. Her present residence is at 
 Lafayette, and occupation, dressmaking; she wa.s a school teacher 
 formerly. Married H. S. Jacobs in 18."),'3, and has two children — 
 Mrs. Ungermtiii and Charles N. Jacobs. 
 
 PARKER, ALLEN. 
 
 Born in Ross County, Ohio, in 1828; attendet^ school -ntil he 
 was fifteen, when his parents removed to Iowa, and he cb'ho ^^ v/r- 
 egon when he was twenty-four. Located in Linn Co u.^' \wi; le- 
 sided there for many years, tus a farmer, sawmill and .vjMijuse- 
 man. Was elected sheriff of Linn County in 1872, and :::• ;)r f 
 All)any in 187H. Removed to Benton Countv III 1878, and c-n- 
 ducts a sa,\V rciill. In 1880 the people of that county electe<l him a 
 representative, and again in 1882. Married Miss Julia A. Umphrey, 
 in 1852. 
 
 PARRISH, LEWIS M. 
 
 Born in Pittsylvania County, Virginia, June 21, I i. '"<; removal 
 to Missouri in 18;52, and to Oregcm in 1852, settliiij; •■: r^rtland. 
 Served in the Yakima war in Captain Ilembree's compii.. . Mhicd 
 unsuccessfully at Oro Fino in 18(51, IJegan dealing in real estate 
 in 18()3. Is now a men.ber of tho i^na of Parrish, Watkins tfe Cor- 
 nell. M;iiried Sarali J. Wivklns in I jO. Their children are — 
 L. C, Anna J., Mary A., (ioorg^' L., and Lilly M. 
 
 PARTLOW, WILLIAM B., 
 
 Is a resident of Oreg(»n City, and a farmer by occupation ; he 
 was born in Indiana, March 8, 1828. Marri('d Miss Frances L. 
 Chase, and their e-hildrcii are— James W., Richard S. (deceased), 
 and Edgar (deceased). 
 
rrr; 
 
 niSTOHY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 781 
 
 PEARL, JAMES, 
 
 The head of the somewhat numerous family of the Pcjirls of 
 Limi County, who now comprise four living geneiutions, Wiis born 
 in Ohio in 1807. Mr. Pearl moved to Oreg(Hi and settled near the 
 present site of Halsey. He still lives, a much -respected old gentle- 
 man, tiie proprietor of a residence in the town named, and of a 
 large farm a short distance away. Mi-. Pearl was twice married, 
 fii-st to Elizabeth Berry, the second time to Elizabeth Wiseman. 
 The children who accompanied their father to Oregon were — Joseph, 
 John (decefised), Malinda (deceased), Isabella (decejised), and Eliz- 
 abeth A. 
 
 PEARL, JAMES A. 
 
 Born September 1<\ 1849, in Missouri, the soil of .Joseph Pearl. 
 Wjis married in 187."i, to Miss S. J. Miller, and his children by her 
 are — Willie R., Hallie M., and Lulu D. Was again married July 
 19, 1883, to Amanda M. Jesse. Residence, Ilalsey. 
 
 PEARL, JOSEPH, 
 
 Son of James Pearl, waiH born in Ohio in 182U, and came witli 
 his father to Oregon in 1852. Spent the first years of his residtmce 
 in liinn County in cultivating the soil, but when Halsey was 
 founded, he entered upon conuuercial pursuits, and in 187(5 be- 
 came a member of the tirm of Black, Pearl tt Co., and continued 
 so for seven years. He is now a partner with his son James A. 
 Pearl in the planing mill at Halsey. TLles establishment was set 
 up in 1872 by Allingham <fc Connor, but has passed through 
 several changes of ownership. It is a cimcern of eimsidtirable 
 capacity, having a variety of machinery adapted to till the needs of 
 the ueighl)orho()d. It is driven by steam, and has planing and 
 matching machines, sci-oll saws, etc. Mr. Joseph Pearl's children 
 are- — James A., John R., Orpha J., Silas II., Martha A., Joseph 
 W., Ida C, Alice, Fannie, Olive, and Edmund Cleve. 
 
 PETTINGILL, WILLARD. 
 
 Born in New York in 1848; went to Illinois in 1851; enlisted 
 in the 7th Illinois Volunteers in the war, was wounded at Stone 
 River and draws a govermnent pension. Married, in 187!2, Miss 
 Mary E. Driggs; their children are — .Jennie M., I. J., licwis W., 
 and Elmer E. Came to Oregon and s»>ttled soon after in Salem, 
 where he is engaged in the upholstei-iug business. 
 
782 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 PHILLIPS, GEORGE W.,. 
 
 Lives in Scio, Linn County, and owns and tills a farm of four 
 
 indred and forty acres on Thomas Creek. Born in Guilford 
 
 (Jounty, North Carolina, October 24, 1838; married Martha A. 
 
 Tarpley; children — William M., Sarah F., Emily J., Ida B., and 
 
 George W. 
 
 PIERCE, SAMUEL A.. 
 
 Lives in Scio, Linn County, and is a farmer by occupation; born 
 in Ray County, Missouri, in 1830; man led Ernily J. Turnage, and 
 by her hjis six children — Dora E., William, Martha A., Kiley, Mary 
 E., and Andrew. 
 
 POMEROY, LYMAN. 
 
 Is a farmer by occupation, and resides at Scio, Linn County; he 
 was born in Orange County, Vermont, April 22, 1833. Married 
 Sarah A. Breler, who died in 1859; in 18()0 he was married again, 
 to A. S. Breler. His children are — Orange S., Oscar E., Doni, 
 Elva C, Amanda, Clara, Emma, Effie, Minnie, Bertie, Eugene H., 
 and Mertia. 
 
 PORTER, JAMES A. 
 
 Born in Russell County, Virginia, in 1816. Removed thence to 
 Indiana and remained there until he t^ame to Oregon. In the same 
 year he settled on a donation claim on Muddy Creek, Linn County, 
 on which he remained until his death in 1880. Mr. Porter married, 
 in 1838, Miss Nancy Knott. Their children were — William H., 
 Elizabeth, Melinda, Thomas L., James C, and Ella. 
 
 POTTER, ROBERT. 
 
 Born in New York. Present residence, Oregon City; occupa- 
 tion, liveryman and saloon keepei-. Wife's pi'evious name Mary G. 
 Pattei'son. Children — Clara, Belle, Emma, and Gilbert C. 
 
 POWELL, ABRAHAM THOMAS, 
 
 Is a farmer and resides at Scio, Linn ('ounty. He wuh born in 
 Jackson County, Missouri, September 1, 1H41, and is a son of tiic 
 Rev. Joal) P<»\vell. lie married twice; his first wife's previous 
 name being Amanda A. Carl, by whom hist'liildren are I'crthan.'i 
 
"m 
 
 IIISTOKY OF IMMIGKATION. 
 
 783 
 
 -, l)y whom lie 
 
 oni 111 
 of the 
 iTvioits 
 
 •rUi:iii:i 
 
 C, and Iva. His set-ontl wife was Eveliue — 
 has one child named Lora. 
 
 POWELL, W. S. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 183-J, and canie to Oregon, settling in Portland 
 where he remained seventeen years. He enlisted in the army during 
 the Rel)ellion, being in the First Oregon Infantry, and captain of a 
 company. Was in the service eighteen months, stationed at various 
 times in Eastern Oregon, Washington Territory, and Idaho, at war 
 with till' Indians. Mr. Powell is now proprietor of a grain ware- 
 house situated on the Yamhill River, and also has an interest in the 
 Yamhill Lumber Company. He wjis married to IMiss Ellen C. Hill 
 in 1855, six children being the fruits of this union, three of whom 
 are now alive — Mary L., Charles A., and Frankie A. The de- 
 ceased are — Delia M., Harry C, and Anna A. 
 
 RAYMOND, H. C. 
 
 Bom in New York in 1825; his first residence in Oregon was 
 at Forest Grove; now lives at Gaston and is a merchant by occu- 
 pation and is unmarried. 
 
 ROBERTSON, R. M. 
 
 Born in South Carolina, in I)ecem})er, 1830; came to Oregon and 
 settled in Linn County; resides at Halsey; owns a warehouse and 
 deals in graui. Was maiTieil in 18G1, to Nancy McMicken, a pio- 
 neer of 1851. Thev have two children — Lillie M., and Ina L. 
 
 ROLAND, DAVID. 
 
 Born in Harrison County, Kentucky, in December, 180L Wjis 
 married to Eliza Barnes, of the same county, in April, 18'ii). In 
 October of that year they moved to liimois, and lived, until 1850, 
 in Vermilion Count}-, (doming to Oregon, he took up a donation 
 claim of three hundred and twenty acres, one mile east of Jefferson, 
 Marion ('ounty; here he resided until his death, on M...'ch 9, 1871. 
 Their children numbered nini , of whom eight still live; their names 
 are — ('. B,, Jacoli O. (of Lebanon, dealer in harness and saddlery), 
 David S. (tinsmith, of Portland), Pauline (Mrs. Phillips, of Sprague, 
 W. T.), (George W. (a farmer of Lane (jounty), Melvina (wife of .1. 
 Warwick, of j'ortland), Esther, and John W. ; the latter is in |)art- 
 U(^rshij> with the lirst natned, keeping a store in Jefferson. 
 
7S4 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ROWLAND, JACOB 0. 
 
 Born in Vermilion County, Illinois, March 17, 1832; is of 
 German and Irish extraction. Came overland to Oregon, and now 
 lives in Lebanon, Linn County; is a saddler by occupation. He 
 married Sarah Ralston, and their children are — Ella, May, and 
 Hai'ry. Married a second time to Laura Noff ; by her his children 
 are — Willie, Fred, Edith, and Clarence. 
 
 SAMPSON, J. K. 
 
 Mr. Sampson, now a resident of Lafayette, Yamhill County, 
 came to Oregon in 1852, arriving in Portland on the twentieth of 
 August. He remained but six weeks in that town, leaving it for 
 Yamhill County, in which he has resided nearly all the intervening 
 years. He hm been identified with its growth and progress and 
 hivs built up an estimable name as a citizen. 
 
 SAYLOR, A. L. 
 
 Horn in Iowa in 1847, and was taken across the plains with fiis 
 pai'cnts in 1852. They lived for a while in Portland, and in 185;5 
 went to Olympia, l)ut returned to Oregon in 1856 and settled in 
 McMinnville, Yamhill County. A. L. Saylor wtis educated at the 
 Baptist College at McMinnville, and in 1871 became clerk in the 
 store of J. B. Mi>rris «fe Co., at Sheridan, remaining wnth them four 
 years, and then went into business for himyelf in a drug store, and 
 was also postmaster of that town. He removed to Dallas in 1877, 
 and bought out the drug store of Di". Herndon, of Dayton, where 
 he still continues in the same business, and has also held the office 
 of postnuister since 1878. Was publisher of the Free Press at 
 Dayton for one year, and now runs a job printing business. ]\fr. 
 Savior enlisted in the army in 1864 and served twelve months in 
 the campaign in Idaho, and was post adjutant of Custer Post, G. A. 
 R., at McMinnville in 1884. He is a memlier of Lafayette Lodge 
 No. 8, A. F. and A. M., Royal Arch Chapter No. 20, and Pioneer 
 Council No. 1, Royal and Select Miisters. Was nuirried in 1S75 to 
 Miss Susan Griffith, and they have fi\i children, namely — -George 
 W., Edward A., Susan W., Lolo W., and Ella May. 
 
 SCHOOLING, J. P. 
 
 Born in Boone County, Missovu-i, I)ecend)er 27, 1880, When 
 he arrived in (.)reg<in h«' sctth^d immediately in Linn County, aixl 
 
HISTOJty OF IMMIGKATION. 
 
 789 
 
 ton County, where lie has since resided. Ht- has served two terms 
 as county eoiiiuiissionei-. In 1854 was married to Miss Mary A. 
 McKay, and has five c;hil(h'^n— Lucimhi J., AV^illiam Orville, Eliza- 
 beth, Samuel J]., and Sarah Jjouisa. 
 
 TURNER, GEORGE H. 
 
 Born in Harrison (;ount>, Ohio, March 27, 1842; occupation, 
 real estate dealer; residence, Turnei-, Mi-. Tui-ner's father was 
 proprietor of the town of Turner. 
 
 UZAFOVAGE, C. 
 
 Horn in New York in 1S8H; lived awhile in Kentucky; cari»- 
 
 to Oregon l)y ox-team. Located in Polk County an-* ' '^^^ 
 '-' - , .j^rated to Cali- 
 
 501-52; in the latter 
 
 -••yier. In 1«59 purchase<l an interest in the 
 
 ■fr»n 
 
 ■ 'd to Salem and estal dished a grocery 
 year he . (, ^^.^^^ ,^^^^ ^^^,^, ^^^ ^,^^ j^,...i County. He is a phy- 
 
 sician ana i» still m y-.-.- . ^ as.:, auuress is Halsey. He has been 
 
 married twice and has one child, now Mrs. Geary, of Halsey. 
 
 STANTON, WILLIAM G. 
 
 Born in Laporte County, Indiana, October 27, 1845; came to 
 Oregon and settled later in Salem, his present place of residence. 
 Occupation, merchant. Is unmarried. 
 
 STRANG, BEN. 
 
 Bom in Iowa in 1834; was about eighteen yeai-s of age when he 
 came to Oregon with his father, Daniel Strang, who died in 1869. 
 Ben Strang learned the tinsmith's trade, and is now proprietor of a 
 hardware store in Salem. Married Miss Jeannette Taylor, and has 
 four children — lone, Clara, Frankie, and Veva. 
 
 SWAFFORD, ELIAS W. 
 
 Is a farmer and resides near Oregon City. Was born in Indiana, 
 Sept-ember 17, 1819; married Ellen McManus. Children — Sophro- 
 nia (deceased), 'Martha A. (deceased), Elliott J., James L., and Wil- 
 liam H. (deceased). 
 
 SWEARINGEN, ISAAC S. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1812. On his arrival in Oregon in 1852, 
 he settled in Lane County: moved to Linn County in 1882. Mar- 
 
m 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 ROWLAND, JACOB O. 
 
 Horn in Vermilion (/ounty, Illinois, March 17, 18152; iH of 
 (Ti'i-inan and Irish extraction. Came overland to Oregon, and now 
 lives in Iiel>anon, Linn County; is a saddler l)y occupation. He 
 married Sarah Kalston, and their children are — Ella, May, and 
 Harry. Married a second time to Laura Noff; by her his children 
 are — AVillie, Fretl, P]dith, and Clarence. 
 
 SAMPSON, J. K. 
 
 Mr. Sampson, now a resident of Lafayette, Yandiill County, 
 
 came to Oregon in 1852, arriving in Portland on the twentieth of 
 
 August. He remained but six weeks in that town, leaving it for 
 
 ' '^1 County, in which he hius resided nearly all the intervening, 
 
 THOMPSON. J. 7 . , . „ i ., , .. .^ 1 7 
 
 been identined with its growth and progress avf 
 Born in Kentuc.,,^^,i^ ^,^„j^ ^^ ^ ^j^j^^^^ ud in 
 
 Iowa until he emigrated alls for a 
 
 year, and then moved to Linn y,\.,^. ... le remained until the 
 
 town of Halsey sprang into being, Avhen he removed to it and en- 
 tered into merchandising. In 1880 lie exchangetl that occupation 
 for the li\ery business, which he still follows. Mr. Thompson was 
 marritHl in Indiana to Rho<la Evans. They have two children — 
 Jafties and Henry. 
 
 TILLOTSON, GEORGE, 
 
 Is a millwright and i-esides at Dallas, Polk ('ounty. He wa> 
 born in New ^'ork in 1816; came to Oregon and settled at Oregon 
 City. He married Mary Clark, who died on the plains in 18.52. 
 In 1854 he was married to Elraira Moore; their (•hil(h'eii\-< names 
 are — Ellen, William, Lemuel, and Eddie E. 
 
 TUCKER, HENRY B. 
 
 Born in Kentucky In 180-1. On arrival in Oregon he settled on 
 a donation claim in Washington C^ounty, and has lived there since. 
 Married, in 1829, Mi.ss P]li/aV)eth McKay, and by her hsis had si,\ 
 children, two of whom now live — Thomas and William. Mrs. 
 Tucker died in 1882. 
 
 TUCKER, THOMAS. 
 
 Is a resident of Beaverton, and was born in Indiana in 18M1. 
 In the year following his arrival in Oregon he settled in Washing- 
 
m 
 
 HISTOKY OK IMMI<^1!.\TM»X. 
 
 789 
 
 )reg«>n 
 
 n 185-2. 
 
 lliUlK'S 
 
 k' siiK't'. 
 I had six 
 Mrs. 
 
 n 18:^1. 
 Washing- 
 
 ton Oounty, where lie has since r<'si(h'(l. He lias served two terms 
 an eoimty eoiiuiMssioiier. In 1854 was married to Miss Mary A. 
 McKay, and has five eliildr^n — Lucimhi J., William Orville, Eliza- 
 beth, Samuel II., and Sarah Loiiiaa. 
 
 TURNER, GEORGE H. 
 
 Horn in Harrison (Joiinty, Ohio, March -27, 1842; occupation. 
 
 real estate dealer; i-esiih-nce, Tiirnei-. 
 proprietor of the town of Turner. 
 
 Ml". Tui-ner's father was 
 
 UZAFOVAGE, C. 
 
 liorn in New York in l>i'M\\ lived awhile in Kentucky; came 
 to Oregon l>y ox-team. Located in Polk County and became a 
 farmei'. In 1«59 purchased an interest in the steamer Clinton. 
 llemitved to Salem and established a grocery store, in partnership 
 with John G. Wright, but sold to the latter in l.STl. Since that 
 time he hits continued in business in Salem, mainly iirthe boot and 
 shoe trade. Married in lS(i2 to Mai'}- Entz. They ha\e three 
 chihlren — Alma E., ('harles E., and Annie L. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, DANIEL. 
 
 Horn in Ohio in X'iWW; the son of William and Margaret Van 
 Buskirk. Coming with his parents to Oi'egou in 185'2, he lived on 
 a farm in \'anihill ('ounty most of the ensuing years. Participated 
 in the Yakima war of 1855-5(1. His occu[)ation is farming, and 
 he i-esides near Pen-ydale, Polk County, which is his postoffice. 
 Married, in ISTM, to Miss Laura N. Brown. Theii- children are — 
 William A., Mary K., Rosa A., and Lawrence A. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, JOHN. 
 
 Horn in Knox (!ounty, Ohio, in ISIS. On arriving in Oregon 
 he settled in the (irand Uonde, and afterwards became a farmer at 
 Hellevue, Yandiill County. lb married Sarah S. Henderson in 
 18f{7, aiul they ha<l four childnm, two of wh(mi are now living — 
 Lucinda T., and Josephine. Our subject die<l in l!S74, and Mrs. 
 \'an Huskirk lives with her children. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in Ohio, and grew to manhood there. Married Miss Sarah 
 Eldridge and had l)y her three children— Mary, William, and Ar- 
 
790 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 minda. Setting out for Oregon in the sickly year, 1852, the family 
 was cut off by cholera and mountain fever, with the exception of 
 William, who caine safely across. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1848, the 80?i of Joseph and Sarah Van 
 Buskirk. The parents dying in attempting to cicss the plains, 
 William was left to the care of relatives, who took him to Yamhill 
 County, and reared him to manhood. Married in 1874 Miss Alice 
 Brown, by whom he has three children — Floyd E., Ada Arminda, 
 and Elva. Mr. Van Buskirk's occupation is farming; his address, 
 Amity. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, WILLIAM, Sr. 
 
 Born in'Maryland in 1796; moved to Kentucky, and thence to 
 Ohio. Was a soldier in the war of 1812. Married in Kentucky 
 in 1825 to Miss Margaret Evans. They had eight children, of 
 whom two are now alive, namely — Elizabeth (wife of T. B. Hen- 
 derson, of Amity), and Daniel. The family came across the plains 
 in 1852, and settled in Yamhill County, where the father died in 
 1859. The mother died on reaching the Blue Mountains, on the 
 way to the valley. 
 
 WALLACE, C. A. 
 
 Born in Branch County, Michigan, in 1834. After coming to 
 Oregon he was mail carrier for some time. In 1855 enlisted in the 
 Indian war; was appointed by Governor Stevens to carry the ex- 
 press, and was in that occupation from November, 1855, until Sep- 
 tember, 1856. lu 1858 came to Yamhill County and settled on a 
 farm, and later moved to M(!Minnville, his present residence. Mar- 
 ried Miss Elizabeth Schuck in 1857, and has three children — Ed- 
 ward W., Annie B., and Cora M. 
 
 WASHBURN, JAMES H., 
 
 Resides in Brownsville, Linn County, and is a dealer in general 
 merchandise. He was born in Putnam County, New York, Janu- 
 ary 5, 1822; came to the Pacific coast in 1850, and to Oregon two 
 years later. His first wife, Sarah Sperry, died in 1857; his second 
 wife, Margaret F. Caypool, died in 1864, and he is now living with 
 his third wife, formerly Emeline Davidson. His only child, William 
 D., is by his first wife. 
 
■«^f!W 
 
 i : 
 
 insTOKY OK IMMI(JKAT10\. 
 
 791 
 
 general 
 , Janu- 
 yon two 
 second 
 ng witli 
 William 
 
 WATERHOUSE, WARREN. 
 
 lioni ill ()iioii(lai;a County, New ^'ol•k, May "25, Is-J'.i, hut wan 
 taken when a child to Indiana, where he l»eranie a eooper and ear- 
 penter, and contintu'd at such work for twenty years. In 1852 he 
 eame to the Paeitic coast .ind went dii-ect to Polk (-ounty, Oregon, 
 where he n<»w resides. [> postnianter of .Nr.oiunouth, and also works 
 at carriage painting. In 1S5>5 he was married to Miss Sarah J. 
 Leverich, and seven children have l)e»'n l>orn to them, of whom nix 
 are now living, namely- Minnie (wife of .1. F. Delany), Nellie, Ola, 
 Kolla, Van, an<l Eflie.' 
 
 WATERS, W. H. H. 
 
 Born in Ohio in isaf); lived a while in Indiana and Iowa; stai*te<l 
 for Oalifoi'iiia in iSo-J; pi'(»ceeding thenci' to Oregon, he spent one 
 year in this State and returned to California, and worked in the 
 mines for two years; returned to Iowa an<l went to school. Lived 
 in Nebraska from 1X5'.) to 1H75, running a newspaper, Tfu Ne- 
 braska Press; coming to Oregon at the expiration of that time, he 
 bought the StalesDiaii nev\sp»aper, at wSaleni, :ind c()nducted it awhile, 
 Itut afterwards withdrew from it and o[)ened a law and real estate 
 • i)ffice. lla<l been admitted to the bar in 1S()5; wa^ a member of 
 
 the Nebraska Legislature in l(S(i'i; resis' d to take the office of 
 
 Receiver <»f the l. S. Land Office; was il' ' i;ate to the Baltimore 
 Convention in l>i('.4, which nominated Abiahani Lincoln for the 
 Presidency. Was mai'i'ied, in 18<>2, to E. K. North, l>y whom he 
 has had five children — W. F., Eleanor, (reorge E., Fred., and 
 Harry W. 
 
 WATKINDS. WILLIAM H. 
 
 Born in (rreencastle, Indiaiwi, December 7, 1885. Came to 
 Oregon and settlecl in liinn County. Learned the trade of saddler, 
 and followetl it at Salem. Wiis appointed superintendtnit of the 
 penitentiary in 187n and 1874 l)y Gt)vernor Grover. Removed to 
 Portland in 187B, and engaged in the saddlei'y business. Was 
 chief of police of that city for nearly two years. 
 
 WATTS, J. W. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 188-2. Settling in Yamhill County, he 
 practiced medicine until 1880. Held the position of receiver of 
 
792 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMRTTK VALLEY. 
 
 the Land Office at Oregon City for a time. His attention having 
 been drawn to the evils 'of intemperance he l>egau an active course 
 cf work against them, and has become noted as a lecturer on 
 temperance. His exertions have heen invaluable and unremitting. 
 The doctor resides at Lafayette. Was man-ied in 1S80 to Mrs. 
 Dorris, formerly Miss C. E. Bailey. 
 
 WELLS, JOHN C. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1832; cm hia arrival ' Oregon he settled 
 on the south fork of Mary's River, Benton ♦^^y. His present 
 
 residence is King's Valley, and occupation, farming. He married 
 Elizabeth J. King in 1860, and their children's names are — 
 Marion V., Leanua, Charles J., John D., Mary E., Kate, William 
 P., Alceste E., Henry, Clement K., Pearl A., and Walter C. 
 
 WELLS, W. A. 
 
 Born in Platte County, Missouri in 1838. In 1844 his parents 
 removed to Texas, returning the same year to the former State. In 
 1852 they set out across the plains for Oregon, performing the 
 well known journey with ox-teams, and were four months on the 
 road. Settling in Benton County, the son taught school and' 
 practiced farming until 1862. In 1868 he wa.s married to Miss 
 Mary J. Wiles, bv whom he has one child, Otto by name. In 
 1862 he had become proprietor , of a livery stable in Corvallia. In 
 IS'K) he removed to California and engaged in farming, but after 
 three years returned to Benton County. Purchasing now a tract 
 of land comprising six hundred and forty acres, Mr. Wells devoted 
 it to wheat raising, but ih 1876 he rented it to others and removed 
 to Corvallis, and bought a harness shop, and ran it for three years. 
 Meantime he entered upon speculations in grain with satisfactory 
 results, and became the possessor of a large warehouse with a 
 capacity of one hundred thousand bushels. In addition to this he 
 shipped grain on his own account to Liverpool, and realized great 
 profits from his venture, the net proceeds of a single cargo being 
 the handsome sum of seven thousand dollars. In 1883 he removed 
 to McMinnville, and subsequently to Albany, where he now 
 resides, carrying on an active and extensive business in grain deal- 
 ing and kindred pursuits. Mr. Wella has held positions of trust 
 
 cami 
 War 
 and 
 and 
 
H18T0HT ()*' IMMIOKATION. 
 
 793 
 
 the 
 and' 
 Miss 
 In 
 , In 
 after 
 tract 
 evoted 
 moved 
 years, 
 factory 
 w.ith a 
 this lie 
 d great 
 being 
 Buioved 
 le now 
 in deal- 
 if trust 
 
 among his fellow men and ranks among those who have been mosi 
 efficient in deveh)piug and utilizing the resourct.'s of tliis i-ich 
 country. 
 
 WELLS. WILLIAM. 
 
 Mr. Wells is, perhaps, the pioneer liop grower of the Willamette 
 Valley. His first hop crop was raised in 18H7, when twelve hun- 
 dred pounds were produtv from four ai;res of land. Jle was born 
 in New York in 18353; liis fii-st residence in Oregon was on Soap 
 Creek, Benton County; his present residence is at Buena Vista, ami 
 his occupation, farniing. He nuu-ried Cynthia J. Vanderpool in 
 Oregon in 1854, and Maiy C. Hall at Buenu Vista in 1883; his 
 children are — H. C, 0. M., Henry A., and Emmett E. 
 
 WHITEAKER, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Dearborn County, Indiana, May 4, 1820, and was reared 
 upon a farm. Lived in Illinois and Missouri subsequently, and was 
 married in the latter State in 1847, to Miss N. J. Hargrave. Went 
 to California in 1849, returning in 1851. In the next year lie came 
 to Oregon, bringing his wife. Settled in Lane County in 1853 on 
 a donation claim. Has been a resident of tliat county ever since. 
 Was probate judge in 1856, and tlie next year a mejuber of the 
 Legislature. Was elected by the Democrats the first governor of 
 the Stiite of Oregon. Served his term out, and in 18()(i, 18H8, and 
 1870 was a member of the Legislature. In 1876 he wtis sent to 
 the State Senate. In 1879 was elected Congressman over Rev. H. K. 
 Hines, the liepublican nominee. The exigencies of politics induced 
 him to hurry to Washingtt)n ]»y special train, making the trip in 
 four days and twenty hours. The feat served to bring him still 
 more into public notice. He now resides on his farm in Lane 
 County. 
 
 WILLIAMS, C. O. T. 
 
 Born in Poolesville, Maryland, and moved to Illinois in 1839; 
 came fiom that State to Oregon; married, in 1870, Miss Mary J. 
 Warren, by whom lie has liad three children — Gracie E., Winona, 
 and Veda. In 1880 he became county clerk of Clackanuis County, 
 and in 1884 was chosen State Senator for that county. Resides at 
 Or^n City. 
 
794 
 
 HIHTOKY OK WUXAMKTTK VALLEY. 
 
 WILSON, JOSEPH G. 
 
 Born in New Hampshire in 1828; removed to Ohio and giadu- 
 ated flora Marietta College ; studied law ; removed to Oregon, settled 
 in Salem, and practiced his profeissioii ; became clerk of the Supreme 
 Court in 1852. In 1864 married Miss Lizzie Miller. In 1800 wa.s 
 appointed district attorney of the Third Judicial District, and three 
 years latei' became judge of the Fifth Judicial District. In IH^i.") 
 received the degree of LL.D.; held his judgeship until 1S69, and 
 then resigned to engage in legal practice. In 1S7() was Republican 
 candidate for Congress, but was defeated by J. H. Slater by a small 
 maj(jrity. Two years lat.er he was elet^ted Congressman over John 
 Burnett, his majority being eight hundred and fifty. Died in Ma- 
 rietta, Ohio, July 2, 1873. His wife survives him 
 
 WILSON, J. Q. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1828; resided for a time in Indiana; came to 
 Oregon ..ad located near Salem on a farm. Married, in 1838, Miss 
 Sarah A. Smith. Their children, both since de:cea«ed, werp — William 
 A., and Armand S. Mr. Wilson has spent a (considerable part of 
 his time in Eastern Oregon, where he has stock interests. Was 
 county judge of Baker County at its organization, and represented 
 Umatilla County in the State Legislature in 1880. Ha** also been 
 justice of the peace, llesides at Salem. 
 
 WORTMAN, JACOB. 
 
 Born ill New Brunswick in 1827; settled in Oregon City on 
 his arrival in this State, and lived there until 187<»; ha** been eu- 
 gagetl in raerchandising in Oregoii City, and Junction; also has it 
 store in Monroe, Benton County. Started a bank in McMinnville. 
 of which D. P. Thompson is president, and John Wortman, cashier. 
 In 1850 he married Miss Eliza Stumbo, and has four chUdren — 
 John, Frank, Jatiob L., ami Chris. 
 
 WRIGHT, E. J. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1820; removed to Illinois in 1850, and two 
 yeai's later crossed the plains to Oregon. Settled in Yamhill County, 
 but now lives in Polk and cultivates a farm. He is also a car- 
 penter b} trade. Married in 1854, Lodoiska Boyd, who had 
 two children by a previous marriage — Catharine J., and Frances 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 795 
 
 Rebecca. Mr. and Mrs. Wright's family came to imilude six of 
 their own— Susan, Clara, Ollie, Edward (deceased), Ella (deceased), 
 and Emma. Mrs. Wright died in February, 1864, and the widower 
 man-ied Mrs. Ann M. Ferguson, who hpq had two children — 
 Amanda, and Frank. 
 
 YANTIS, WILLIAM W. 
 
 Born in Saline County, Missouri, on July H, 1851; came to Linn 
 County, Oregon, the next year. Resides at Shedd, and is proprietor 
 of a drug store there. Was married, Novem})er 10, 1882, to Miss 
 MoUie Mclhree. They have one child, Mabel Zoe. 
 
 YOUNG, S. E. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 18.38; when six yeai-s old he accompanied his 
 panmts to Iowa, where they resided until 1852, coming then to 
 Oregon. He lived a year in Washington County, but in 1853 
 settled in Linn County, at Albany, and has resided there since. 
 Occupation, merchant, and dealer in agricultural implements. Was 
 married in 1872, in Will County, Illinois, to Miss Naomi Althouse, 
 by whom he has had one child, Percy A. 
 
 18.W. 
 
 ADKINS, E. S. 
 
 Is a native of Howard C anty, Missouri, and was born March 5, 
 1825. His early years w ,v spent on a farm, and in 1853 he started 
 for Oregon. His party pursued a new route and met with many 
 diflSculties, being much delayed on their journey l)y losing their 
 way. Arriving in Oregon, Mr. Adkins proceeded to Lane County, 
 and took up a dojiation claim, which he now holds. He moved to 
 Monmouth in 1871 , and has lived there since. Was married in 1848, 
 to Miss Helen A. Bushnell, and of their family of nine children 
 only four are now living — Frank, Jason, Corydon, and Willard. 
 Mrs. Adkin's mother died, March 25, 1884, aged 94 years. 
 
 AIKEN, ANDREW G. 
 
 Born in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, January 12, 18'6l; 
 crossed the plains by ox-train, accompanied by his bro^hers, John 
 and James. Settled near Albany, but went to Washington Terri- 
 tory in 1854, and soon afterwards to Coos County, where he now 
 resides. 
 
7% 
 
 HISTOKY OV WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 l: 
 
 BAKER, JOHN W. 
 
 Born iij Kentucky, Januar}- 10, 1846; came to Oregon with 
 his father and two brothers with ox-teams, and they belonged 
 to a ti'ain of thirty-six wagcms, which was conducted l)y James 
 Biles, now of Tumwater, AVashington Teri'itory — being the first 
 train crossing the Cascades through the Nachess Pass, and the first 
 overland immigrants direct to Washington Territor}' — amving at 
 Nes(j[ually Plains October 15, 1858. Mr. Baker remained in Wash- 
 ington Territory for thirteen years, engaged in f aiming. Came to 
 this valley in 1865, and settled in Yamhill County the next year, and 
 has remained there ever since. His occupation is that of carpenter. 
 He was married in 18()8 to Miss L. A. Martin, by whom he has 
 had six chihlren — Cora E., Edward B., Walter L., Clare B., 
 Ralph N., and Ella li. Mr. Baker wjis deputy sheriff in 1874-75, 
 and journal clerk of the State Senate in 1876. Address, Lafayette. 
 
 BARRETT. RICHARD A. 
 
 Born ill Ohio in 18.H7; came to Oregon in 1858, and settled in 
 Jackson t'ounty. Removed subsecjueiitly to Washinijtoii Oouuty: 
 was a fanner. He died in 1876. In 1858 he was married to 
 l)elila E. Griffith, and their children's names are — Tuion M., 
 Margaret, Monroe PI, Catharine Isabel, and Wealtiiy A. Mrs. 
 Barrett rtisides at Cedar\ille, AVashington County. 
 
 BERRY, JOSEPH F. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania, in 1819; came to Oregon and settled in 
 Luckiamute Valley, where he still lives, engaged in farming. He 
 married Lucinda Osljorn, in 1849, and their children's names are — 
 Samuel J., Henry M., Anna, Adaline, . Mary K., John F., and 
 (xeorge E. 
 
 BILLS, CINCINNATI. 
 
 Horn in Vermont, October "28, 1825; went to Indiana in 1844, 
 and nine years later came to Oregon. Worked as a fjirm-iiand in 
 Multnomah Count}' for two yeai-s, and then went to Portland; be- 
 came shcritT of iMultn«)inah County in 1870, and died December bS, 
 1871. 
 
 BLAIN, JAY W. 
 
 Wajs born in Linn County in 1858, the son of Wilson Blain 
 (^. v.). He is in the hardware and machinei'y business, in partner- 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGKATION. 
 
 797 
 
 led in 
 He 
 iire^ — 
 antl 
 
 1H44, 
 land ill 
 id; be- 
 
 ler 18, 
 
 lilain 
 lartuei- 
 
 ship with his brother-in-law, W. S. Peters, trading in agricailtnnd 
 implements. Man-ied in March, 1878, Miss Nannie T. Osburn. 
 They have cue child, Lrta A. 
 
 BONHAM, B. F. 
 
 Born in East Tennessee, Octobei- s, 1828, and removed with 
 his parents to Ijidiana in 1840. Came to Oreg(m and settled at 
 French Pi-airie, Marion Comity. Removed to Salem in lsr)4. In 
 185<i he was elected ten'itorial auditor and lil^rarian, and was a 
 member of the hust territorial and the fii-st State Legislature. In 
 1870 became one of the supiviiK- justices of Oregon, and was chief 
 justii'e for a part of his term. Was admitted to the bar in ISoCi. 
 Resides at Salem. Was a candidate for the United States Senate 
 in I8«r). 
 
 BRIGGS, W. W. 
 
 Born in AVayne County, Indiana, in I8H2. .\r present is en- 
 gaged in mercantile business, and is po^tniahter i>\ Harrisburg, in 
 Linn County. Maiiied Miss Harriet Tompkins in ! -."».s. Their 
 children are— \\'. Willis, W. Oliver, Lula, Cah 'ft L.. and Gertrude. 
 
 BURBANK, A. R. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1S17; lived mostly in Illinois until 184U, and 
 then went to California; retunu'd to the Stattts in >.'»1 and came 
 to Oregon in 1858. He spent some years sul>» jiiently in Wash- 
 ington Territory, returning finally to Oregon in 18<?7. Has held 
 various })ublic offices, to wit: Was a member of the Legislature 
 in 1855, and again in 1859, I8(U), IStil, and lS(i2; was deputy col- 
 lect'.r of revenue for three years. Mi-. Hurbaiik was pi-esident of the 
 council of Washington Territory in iSfil an<i 1S()2. Was married 
 in 1845 to Miss Mary K. Kckles, by whom he had a daughter, who 
 was <lrowned at Ilwaco, Washington Territory. His present resi- 
 dence 's Lafayette, A'amhiH County; occupation, capitalist. 
 
 BURNELL, C. B. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 183M; came to Oregon and settled near Mil- 
 waukie, Clackftmas ('ounty. His present res'dence is six miles 
 southeast of Beavertoii, Washington County; and his occupation, 
 farming. He married Louisa Crow in 1856, by whom he had six 
 
798 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 children ; and Lucinda Hickman in 1 874, by whom he had four 
 children. Their names are — Arrilla A., John F., James A., Charles 
 Frani'is, George B., Amanda, Ralph, Wayne, Arena, and an infant. 
 
 BUTLER, IRA F. M. 
 
 Bom in Kentucky in 1812, and at the age of seventtsen went to 
 Illinois and remained there twenty-three years. While in that State 
 he held the office of sheriff of WaiTen County two years, and was 
 clerk of the circuit court of the same county. Was engaged in the 
 Black Hawk war, under General Whiteside. He came to Oregon 
 in 18.").'5, and has since lived in Polk County, where he owns a farm 
 of six hundred and forty acres. Has served three terms in the 
 Legislature; was speaker of the house in 1857-58, and was elected 
 county judge in 1878, an office which he held four years. Is now 
 notary public at Monmouth. Married Miss Mary A. Davidson in 
 1835. Eight cliildi'en have been born to them, five of whom are 
 now living. The living are — Newton H., Asa Douglas, Augustus 
 P., Margaret, and Alice E. The deceased ai'e — Paradine, Cyrus, 
 and Mary E. 
 
 BUTLER, SANDFORD. 
 
 Born in Rappahannock County, Virginia, May 3, 1814; was 
 taken to Ohio in 1815; moved to Indiana in 1833, and to Iowa in 
 1844; came from there to Oregon, and settled at Salt Creek, in 
 Polk County, where he yet resides, engaged in farming. He 
 married Elizabeth Nelson in Iowa, July 19, 184fi, and their chil- 
 dren an^ — William A., Martha J., Sarah E., John S., Joseph E. 
 (decease<i), Mary V., Phu be A. (deceased), Emma ()., and Rosa B. 
 
 BYARS, WILLIAM H. 
 
 Born in Des Moines County, Iowa, July, 1839; the son of Fleni 
 ing Byai-s, a Virginian. In 1853 young Byars crossed the plains 
 with his mother and step-father, J. H. Mires, and settled in limp- 
 qua, now Douglas County. From 1856 to 1858 he carried the 
 mails, on the Oregon and California route, from Oakland to Yreka, 
 and later studied in a private school at Eugene City, Columbia Col- 
 lege, and at Umpqua Academy; taught school and studied l)y turn, 
 and so became educate<l, graduating fi'om the latter institution in 
 1867. Became school superintendent of Douglas County; bought 
 

 HISTORY OF IMMIOHATIOTT. 
 
 799 
 
 the Roseburg Plaindealer'xw 1878, and eon<luctwl it for about ten 
 years as a Republican ])aper; was elected State Printer in 1882, by 
 a majority of over two thousand four hundred and fifty; pui'chaned 
 the Statesman newspaper of Salem, and in partnership with W. H. 
 Odell, conducted it for a time, disposing of their interests in the 
 fall of 1884. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JAMES G. 
 
 Born in Murray County, Tennessee, in 1810; moved to Illinois 
 in 1830, and to Iowa in 1842; eleven years later came to Oregon 
 and settled in Polk County, near Dallas, where he is engaged in 
 fanning. He marrie<] Elizal)eth A. Black, in Illinois, in 183.'?; she 
 died in 18B3. In P<)lk C(junty, in 18*39, he wa.s married to Alta A. 
 Armstrong, and his family consists of eight children — Thoma^s J., 
 James M., p]lizabeth A., William G., Eliza, Orpha A., Sarah F., 
 and John B. 
 
 14; was 
 owa in 
 
 reek, in 
 g. He 
 
 leir chil- 
 ph E. 
 Rosa B. 
 
 of Flem 
 e plains 
 n 11 mp- 
 rried the 
 Yreka, 
 nbia Col- 
 )y turn, 
 tution ill 
 bought 
 
 CAMPBELL, J. M. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1)S33, and came to Oregon across the plains 
 in 1853. IIjis lived mostly in Polk County since his arrival. Was 
 in the Yakima war, in Company A, then transfered to Company B. 
 Is now in the .sash and door businesti at Dallas, Married Ann E. 
 Hagood in 18()0, and by her has five children — Alice J., Mary E., 
 Henry (x., Charles C, and Martha L. 
 
 CAMPBELL. WILLIAM G. 
 
 Born in Van Buren County, I(f.va, in 1842; came to Oregon^ 
 setthid in Polk ('ounty, and still resides there. Occupation, farm- 
 ing. Married Va\\.\v\\\ DeLjishmutt OctoV)er 4, 1868. Children — 
 Maggie, Lena, Lydia, Thomas E., ami James. 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, THEODORE. 
 
 Born in Michigan in 1828; came to Oregon in 1853, settled in 
 Washington County and workexl at his trade of cai^jenter. Had 
 been married two yimrs j)reviously to Sarah Wilder, by whom he 
 had five children VVilhelniina J., Emma T., Addie B., J. P., and 
 Iva. Is n(»vv euirajred in stock -raisinir in Eastern Oregon, and owns 
 large flocks. 
 
800 
 
 HISTORY OF TflLLAMliTTE VALLEY. 
 
 CHARMAN, THOMAS. 
 
 Born in Surrey, England, Septembei* 8, 1829; came to Oregon 
 in April, 1853. Ho is a merchant by occupation and resides at 
 Oregon City. Has been mayor of the city. Wife's previous name 
 was Sophia Diller. Children — Frederick R., Nellie V., Mary J., 
 and Annie L., and one named Arthur D. who is now dead. 
 
 CLARK, STEPHEN. 
 
 Born in Connecticut in 1800; removed thence to New York, 
 Illinois, and Oregon, Settled in Marion County, near Butteville, 
 and remained there until his death. Occupation, blacksmith. 
 Marriwl in New York, in 1830, Miss Eunice Rose, by whom he 
 had eight children, (mly one now surviving, whose name is B. S. 
 CI uk, ami who now resides in Buena Vista, Polk County. He 
 was born in 1841, in Knox County, Illinois, and was brought to 
 Oregon by his father in 1853. He was in the wareliouse business 
 at Butteville for twelve years, and for five years subsequently dealt 
 in merchandise in Ohampoeg. Located in Buena Vista in 1881. 
 Married Adelaide Sawyer in 1869. Children — Stephen, Eunice, 
 Hettie, Joseph, Frank, and Byron. 
 
 CONGLE, J. B. 
 
 Born December 9. 1817, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. 
 Removed to Virginia in 1838, and thence to Missoiu'i and Indiana, 
 Married Miss Ellen H. Gray, of Indiana, May 21, 1844. Went to 
 California in 1849 and returned to Indiana in 1851. Two years 
 later he came to Oregon and settled at Corvallis, then called 
 Marysville. Was the first mayor of that town. Wjis sheriff of 
 Benton County for a time. Removed to Portland, Ijis present 
 residence, in ]8()1. Has represented Midtnomah County in the 
 State Legishiture, and has held municipal <»ffice8. In 1874-75 was 
 Grand Mast^^r of Masons of Oregon. 
 
 COOLEY, GEORGE C, 
 
 Is a merchant of Bivwnsville, Linn County, his place of 
 residence. He was born in Greyson County, Viiginia, July 2N, 
 1831, and \va.s mairied to Miss Harnet Blakely in 1857, by whom 
 he has six children, namely — William C, Carrie, Etta, Kittie, 
 James, and Emma. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 801 
 
 Ivania. 
 idiana. 
 ^ent to 
 ) years 
 called 
 
 ei'iff *'^' 
 .irenent 
 
 in the 
 75 M-as 
 
 lu 
 
 ly 
 
 wl 
 
 CUSICK, SOLOMON. 
 
 Is a farmer, living in Scio, Linn County. He wa8 born in New 
 York, December 29, 1814; came to Oregon from Adams County, 
 Illinois. Married Anna M. Hollenbeck. Their children are — Henry, 
 Eliza Jane, John W., William A., Harriet A,, George W., Mary L., 
 Martha E., and John Howard. 
 
 CUSICK, W. A., M.D. 
 
 Doctor Cusick was born in Illinois in 1847, and was brought to 
 Oregon by his parents at the age of six years. The family settled 
 in Linn County, where some of its members still reside. After 
 several years of study of the various branches of medicine, in the 
 offices and under the charge of the most capable practitioners of the 
 Willamette Valley, Dr. Cusick acquired an exc(^llent professional 
 education and obtained a diploma. For several years succeeding 
 he practiced at Gervais, in company with Dr. M. A. Klinn. At a 
 later date he removed to Salem and located permanently. His prac- 
 tice is very extensive and is justified by his reputation as a physi- 
 cian of great attainments, good judgment and conscientious attitude. 
 With such qualifications he has acquired the respect and good -will 
 of his fellow-citizens, whose appreciation has been shown by his 
 election to the Legislature in 1 884. Dr. Cusick was married in 1869, 
 to Miss M. M. Williams. They have one child — Ethel Elaine. 
 
 DAVIES, HORACE G. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1851 ; came with parents to Oregon and has 
 lived in Washington County since; owns a farm near Beaverton at 
 present. He followed the lumber business in partnership with his 
 brother. Married, in 1873, Miss Sarah E. Teft. They have two 
 children — Freddie, and an infant. 
 
 DAVIES, MILES. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1809. He Tved in Indiana before coming to 
 Oregon in 1853; after his arrival on this coast he settled in Wash- 
 ington County, and in 1854 took a donation claim near SchoU's 
 Ferry, and continued in the occupation of farming until 1882. 
 Married Miss Jane Haines, by whom he had nine children, namely — 
 John (deceased), Phoebe, Alfred, Mary J., James W., Francis M. 
 (deceased), Horace G., Rachel (deceased), and Augustus N. 
 
802 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 DEARBORN, RICHARD H. 
 
 Born in Madison, Indiana, in 1832; caiue to Oregon and 
 settled in Douglas County. Was the first county clerk of that 
 county. Present residence, Salem; occupation, saddler and 
 harness- maker. Married Helen A. Flint, and has children — ^Frank, 
 Elizabeth, Eliza, Catherine, and Richard. 
 
 DECKARD, ANDERSON. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1814; came to Oregon, and setthni iu 
 Linn County, on a farm eight miles south of Albany; now owns 
 <;ity property in that town. Has been justice of the peace for two 
 years. Married Miss Lydia Cor\im, and by her hsis had eight 
 children, only two of whom are now alive, namely — Stephen A., 
 and Susan. His wife died in 1869, and in 1878 he married Mi's. 
 Elizabeth A. Lincoln. 
 
 DeLETTS, J. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1833; came to Oregon when twenty years of 
 age. The first few years of his I'esidence in this State were spent 
 in Curry and Coos counties. At the commencement of the Indian 
 war of 1855-56 he took his family to Fort Orford for protection 
 from Indians, who destroyed all his property. (See pages 439, 
 440.) In 1857 he moved to Portland and worked at the black- 
 smithing trade for seven years. Left Portland in 1867 and went 
 to Milwaukie, but moved to Washington County in 1870. Is now 
 a blacksmith by trade, and resides at Beaxerton ; is notary public 
 and justice of the peace. Married Miss Ida Pike in 1883, and has 
 one child — Maud. 
 
 DICKEY, 1. C. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1832; came to Oregcm in 1853; for 
 some yeare worked alternately at cabinet-making and farming; and 
 served several terms as recorder at Scio ; was mayor of that town in 
 1877, and in 1878 was elected sheriff of Linn County. In 1881 
 became mayor of Albany. Is now chief of ptdice at Albany. Mar- 
 ried in 1855, Miss F. Miller, who died in 1869. By her he had 
 four children — Elva J., Ira C. (deceased), Minnie F., and Addic 
 Bell. He contracted a second marriage in 1870 with Miss M. J. 
 Starr, by whom he had three children — Armelda J., Anna B., and 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 808 
 
 I and 
 f that 
 and 
 frank, 
 
 tied in 
 V owns 
 for two 
 d eight 
 hen A., 
 ed Mrs. 
 
 years of 
 ^,re sp^'nt 
 le Indian 
 )rotection 
 4H9, 
 black- 
 \n\ went 
 Is now 
 try pubru- 
 and ha.s 
 
 ge8 
 be 
 
 1853; for 
 ming; an<l 
 lat town in 
 In 1881 
 any. Mar- 
 ler he had 
 md Addic 
 Miss M. J- 
 ma B., and 
 
 Frank M. She died in 1879, and in 1881 he married Miss Louisa 
 M. Phillips, and they have one child — Ira Claude. 
 
 DICKINSON, O. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1818; moved to Michigan in 1836; 
 came to Oregon by way of Cape Horn ; settled in Salem after his 
 arrival, and was pastor in the Congregational Church thei'e for four- 
 teen years after his arrival. He has been engaged in the seed busi- 
 ness since 1865, and kept a nursery for twelve years; has twenty- 
 one acres of land in orchard and garden, and ships seeds to all 
 parts of the Pacific Coast. Married Miss Charlotte Humphrey in 
 1852, and by her had several children, but one of whom — Cora E. — 
 is now living. Mrs. Perry H. Raymond is his adopted daughter. 
 
 DODSON, McMINN. 
 
 Born in McMinn County, Tennessee, in 1823; came to Oregon 
 and settled at Salt Creek, Polk County, which is still his place of 
 residence; occupation, farming. In Tennessee, May 9, 1848, he 
 was married to Sarah D. Cunningham, and their children's names 
 are— Z. T., David D., Henry C, Oliver M., Theodore W., Sarah 
 E., Ellen A., and Schuyler C. 
 
 FELLER, PETER. 
 
 Born in France, in 1820. Came to Oregon and settled at Ore- 
 gon City; present residence, two miles south of Butteville, and oc- 
 cupation, farmer. He married Annie Notenure in 1848, and their 
 children are, two sons and four daughters. 
 
 FICKLE, ABNER. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1803, and when twenty-two years old went 
 to Missouri. In 1848 went to Texas, and five years later came to 
 Oregon; now resides at Buena Vista, and is a farmer. Married 
 Miss Susan Codley, and by her has had eight children, of whom 
 four are living, viz.— Mehala B., Robert C, Mary A., and Mary J. 
 Mrs. Fickle died in 1870, and in 1873 he married Mrs. S. L.^Iawes. 
 
 FLANNERY, MRS. T L. 
 
 Born in Jasper County, Missouri, in 1822, and came to Oregon, 
 settling near Perrydale, in Polk County. Occupation, farming. 
 She married Elijah Flannery in 1840, by whom she had — John, 
 Henry, Joel, and Martha. , ► 
 
804 
 
 HI870RT OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 FORD, ROBERT. 
 
 Born In Illinois in 1832, came to Oregon and located in Wash- 
 ington (younty, l)ut afterwards resided in Polk and Benton counties. 
 Was mainly engaged in the stock business. Purchased a livery 
 stable In Dallas. In 1H88, in company with J. W. Alinto, he 
 Itought a livery and feed stable in Salem, and in 18H4 purchased 
 his partner's interest. Residence, Salem. Married to Lydia 
 Cahoon, who died in 1850, leaving two children — Thomas J., and 
 Cynthia. Married again in I860, and has these children — James 
 M., Mary F., Jessie G., John H., Robert R., Milton R., F. M., 
 Daisy L., and G. L. 
 
 GOLTRA, W. H. 
 
 Bom in New Jei-sey in 1883; resided there until 1852; moved 
 thence to Illinois, and after a short stay, set out for Oregon, hi 
 the next year he settled on a farm within eight miles of Albany. 
 Waa married in 185() to Miss Sarah E. Denny, and by her has had 
 four children, of whom, three are now livii.^'. In order to afford 
 school facilities to his family he settled in Albany in 1874 and en- 
 tered some time after in the agricultural implement trade. ( )\vn!>i 
 a large amount of real estate in Ijinn County. 
 
 GROUND, LUTHER. 
 
 Born in Warren County, Illinois, Marcli 22, 1842, and came 
 with his parents to the Stat** of Oregon. The family settled in 
 Polk Coimty, and from 1869 to 1873, Mr. (jrround was engaged in 
 merchandising. He then <thanged his occupation to that of a farmei-, 
 and is still in that business. Mr. Oround was married February "), 
 1868, to Miss Sarah J. Butlei-, and the pair have had live chiklren, 
 namely—Lottie, Nettie, Blanche, Mellie (decea.sed), and Slabel. 
 Mr. Ground now owns a tine farm of two hunchvd acres in tJie vi- 
 cinity of Monmouth, Polk County. 
 
 HALEY, P. W. 
 
 Born in Wan-en County, Illinois, in 1847; came to Oregon and 
 settled in Polk County. Present residence. Independence, and 
 occupation, farming. He married Alice V. Parker, in Polk 
 County, Oregon, in 1869, and their children's names are — Orion 
 E., Iva L„ David W., Nellie M„ Eula J., and Minerva A. 
 
"TT' 
 
 HISTORY (»!'' IMMIORATION. 
 
 805 
 
 int'u's. 
 livery 
 to, he 
 chased 
 Lydia 
 ]., anil 
 -James 
 
 F. M., 
 
 HARE, WILLIAM DAVENPORT. 
 
 Born in Wheeling, N'irginia, Septeml.cr 1, 1SM4. Ueuioved 
 with hif* j)arent8 to Ohio in 1885, and in 1S58 canie to Oregon. 
 Remained in Portland until 1857, .'fettling then in Washington 
 County. W'aH elected county clerk in 1858, and held that office 
 four'years. Studied law and was admitted to practice in 18(i;i. 
 Has represented his county several times in tJie Legislatui-e, and 
 was elected State Senator in 1S84. From 1878 to 1881 he was 
 collector of customs for the diHtrict of Oregon. Was a candidate 
 for the Ignited States Senate to succeed Slater in 1885. Resides at 
 Ilillsboro. Married Miss Henrietta Schofield in 1859, and they 
 have seven children — Thomas S., J. (J., Francis E., Mattie D., 
 Henrietta, Ruth, and William (i. 
 
 HARRIS, HUGH. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 181S; removed thence to Indiaiui and to Illi- 
 nois. Crossed the plains to ( )regon in charge of a ti-ain of foiu'teen 
 wagons. Settled in Polk County and has resided there ever since. 
 His occupation is farming, and residence < )ak Grove. Married in 
 Illinois in 1840 to Miss Nancy W. Hodge. Children^ — William H., 
 (of Colfax, W. T.), Miriam (Mrs. J. C. Allen, of Polk Ccmnty ), Emma 
 (Mi-s. John Ilanna, of Linn County). Hugh S. (of Colfax, W. T.), 
 Lizzie (^Mrs. A. Hyse), Marietta (Mrs. James ('hitwo(-d). Belle (Mrs. 
 W. Putnam, of Eola), Emerson L., and Andrew J. 
 
 HENDERSON. J. F. 
 
 Born in Lidiana in 1844; his first residence in Oregon was near 
 Beaverton; his ])resent residence is near (mstou, where he is en- 
 gaged in farming. He married Sarah S. Davis in 1871, and their 
 children's names are — Orla J., Lucy D., and Lily M. 
 
 HILL, J. LINSEY, M.D. 
 
 Born in Tenneasee in 1845; was brought to Oregon in 1853; 
 learned the printer's trade in Albany and Salem, and studied med- 
 icine in 18>'>5 and following years, and has sub.seijuently l)een steadily 
 in practice of the healing art. He has been president of various 
 medical societies, and has held several civil offices of importance. 
 The doctor's acquirements are unconnuon, and have <'iia))led liim to 
 take a high stand in the profession. He ba« written upon various 
 
806 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMKTTK VALLKY. 
 
 wcientilic topics in a way to conuimuil attention, and some of his 
 productions liavc done much to ext«'nd the hounds of sc'^nce. In 
 another part of this volume may he seen an allusion to his explora- 
 tions of certain artificial mounds !-\ Linn County, which is a 8ul)ject 
 of great interest. (See page 487.) The doctor holds the rank of 
 Surgeon -General of the Oregon Militia. He married in 1870, Miss 
 Mary E. Pennington. Childi'en — Clyde, Gale, and Emily. Resi- 
 dence, Albany. 
 
 HIMES. GEORGE H. 
 
 Born in Troy, Bradford County, Pennsylvania, Ma IH 1844, 
 the son of Tyrus and Emeline Himes. His parents reuioved to 
 Illinois in 1847, remaining in that State until 1853, when 
 they crossed the plains and settled on a farm near Oljinpia, W. T. 
 They were a part of the first train which came through the Cas- 
 cade mountains by way of the Nachess Pass, making their own 
 roads as they traveled. In 1861 he learned the printer's trade iu 
 the Siandard o&^iiQ in Olympia, and in 1864 removed to Portland. 
 Has resided there ever since. His occupation has always been that 
 of job printing, with an occasional diversion in the way of publish- 
 ing books and newspapers. In 1878 he published the Commercial 
 Reporter, and was one of the proprietors of the Daily Bee, in 1875. 
 In connection with H. O. Lang, he published the History of the 
 Willamette Valley in 1885. He conducts at present a large job 
 printing office at Nos. 5 and 7 Washington street, Portland. He 
 marned Miss Anna F. Riggs, daughter of D. L. Biggs, of Salem, 
 December 24, 1866. They have had eight children, named — 
 Carrie Frances (deceased), Edna Emeline, Sarah Myrtle, Homer 
 Riggs, Mary, Grace Helen, Clarage Holcomb, and Eunice Irene 
 (deceased). 
 
 HOULT, ENOCH. 
 
 Born in Monongahela County, AVe^t Virginia, April 18, 1820; 
 came to Oregon and settled in Lane County. In 1863, moved to 
 Linn County, and is now a resident of Harrisburg. Mr. Hoult was 
 a member of the Constitutional Convention for Oregon, chosen from 
 Lane County in 1857; was elected to the State Senate from Linn 
 County in 1870, and re-elected in 1882. He has been a zealous 
 laborer in the interest of education. Married Miss Jeanette Somer- 
 
HISTOBT OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 807 
 
 )f his 
 ^ In 
 
 plora- 
 ubject 
 ink of 
 ), Miss 
 Reai- 
 
 1844, 
 )ved to 
 when 
 ,W.T. 
 be Cas- 
 sir own 
 trade in 
 'ortland. 
 leen that 
 publish- 
 ntnercial 
 in 1875. 
 
 y ^f ^^^^ 
 
 IVQiA job 
 
 nd. He 
 
 Salena, 
 named — 
 
 Homer 
 ice Irene 
 
 8, 1820; 
 noved to 
 loult was 
 Dsen from 
 om I^-inn 
 a zealous 
 te Somer- 
 
 villc in 1842, who died in l»7;5. TLt;ir cliihlren vvere — John (de- 
 ceased), Elisha (decmsed), Mary E. (deceased), Mary E. 8., Eleuor, 
 Alice, Isabel, Mortjan, Minnie G., and Ina B. 
 
 HULERY, JOHN M. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1827; moved to Carroll County, Indiana, and 
 became a cooper. Married Miss Martiia Davidson, by whom he 
 had nine children — Mary, John W.. Ida, George W., P^rank, Grant, 
 Je.ssie, Minnie, and Walter. Brought his family overland to Or- 
 efifon via " Meek's dut-off," Mr. H. being the Hrst immigrant to cross 
 the Cjiscades by the i-cnute they took. Their experience was dread- 
 ful to H high degree, and hunger and thii'st prevailed. He located 
 in Lane County, but afterwards i-emoved to Portland. Resides 
 now at McMinnville. Was county commissioner in 1872. Mrs. 
 llulery died iibout 1872. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, T. M. 
 
 Born in Tennessee, in the year 1800, and assisted in the organiza- 
 tion of the government of his native State. He came to Oregon in 
 185;{, making Linn (bounty his home until 1882, when he moved to 
 Monmouth, Polk County, where he still resides, and owns city 
 property. Married Miss Jane Harrison in 182.5, and his descendants 
 com[)rise eleven children, sixty grandchildren, and thirty great- 
 grandchildren. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, THOMAS H. 
 
 Born in Illinois, and educated at Abingdon College. (3oming 
 to Oregon he settled on the Luckiamute, Polk County. Was cap- 
 tain in the early Indian wars, and subsecpiently held some civil 
 offices; wjus county clerk at time of his death in 1862. Married 
 Miss Elizabeth H. Butler, by whom he had three children — James 
 B. (deceased), Robert C, and Thomas O. Mrs. Hutchinson died 
 in 18«(i, 
 
 ISOM, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1827; came to Oregon and settled in Linn 
 County, where he took a donation claim, fifteen miles from Albany, 
 which he yet owns. Moved subsex^uently to Eastern Oregon, but 
 returned shortly to Linn County, and bought a warehouse m Al- 
 bany, which he fitted up for a flour mill, and is now owned by 
 Isom, Lanning <fe Co. Was elected county commissioner in 1882, 
 
808 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 and served one term. Owns city property in Albany, where he 
 resides. In 1848 was marrieii to Miss Elizabeth M. Smith, by 
 whom he has had twelve children, two of whom are deceased. 
 
 JONES, HARVEY L. 
 
 Born in Miasijuri in 1842; m 1847 was taken to Iowa; in 1853 
 came to Oregon and settled in Bethel, Polk County. Present 
 residence, Bellevue, Yamhill County, and occupation, farming. He 
 married Josephine Van Biiskirk, and their children's names are — 
 Holland, Weldon M., Luella M., and Herbert W. 
 
 JONES, MADISON L. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1849, and came with his parents to Oregon. 
 Was educated in the Willamette University, and afterwards studied 
 law; was admitted to the bar in 1879; was a member of the legis- 
 lature in 1882. Married Miss Emma Hovenden in 1880. 
 
 KELLY, E. n. 
 
 Born in New York, May 20, 1833; arrived in Oregon September 
 29, 1858; o ".'Upation, merchant; present residence, Oregon City. 
 Wife's pr"' lous name, Lucy Waterous. Children — Maggie, John 
 W., Charles, ami Edward (deceased). 
 
 KELSAY, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Wayne County, Kentucky, October 23, 1819; moved 
 to Missouri in 1829; was a member of the House of Representa- 
 tives of Missouri in 1844, and began to practice law in 184(i 
 Came to Oregon and settled at Corvallis, where he stiD lives 
 engaged in the practice of the law. Served in the Rogue River In 
 dian War of 1855-56, and rose to the command of the Second Regi 
 ment Oregf-n Mounted Volunteers, and took part in many severe 
 actions. C^olonel Kelsav was a member of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention, and in 1868 became Justice of the Supreme Court of 
 Oregon. 
 
 KENNEDY, M. 
 
 Born in — 
 
 ; lived iu Kentucky and Illinois; located in Polk 
 
 County in 1853 and took up a farm. Occupation, farming and 
 Htock-r 
 
 
 Evesidcnce, Polk County. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 809 
 
 moved 
 reseiita- 
 |n 184tl. 
 Ill lives, 
 Liver In- 
 |k1 Regi- 
 severe 
 
 lal Con- 
 hourt of 
 
 in Polk 
 ling and 
 
 iCIZER, FRANCIS M. 
 
 Born in Cedar County, Kentucky, in 1838. Settled in Linn 
 County, Oregon, in 1853, and still resides there. Is a farmer; has 
 been Master of the State Grange. Represented Linn County in the 
 legislature of 1882. Married Miss Mary Wigle in 1859. 
 
 KNAPP, GEORGE W. 
 
 Was born in Ohio in 1834; came to Oregon and settled near 
 Dayton, and still lives on liis farm at the same place. He married 
 Solendia Howard in 18(54, and their children's names are — Lavinia 
 and Frank B. 
 
 KNIGHT, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in Alleghany County, Pennsylvania, in 1799; was a farmer 
 and stone-cutter by occupation; was married twice — first to Sarah 
 Bates, and second to Catherine Bauer; his children are — Charles, 
 Henry A. (deceased), Adam (deceased), Joseph, Matilda (deceased), 
 Sarah (deceased), William, Geoi'ge, Rachel, Leah (deceased), John, 
 August (deceased), Catheriiiii (deceased), Samuel (deceased), and 
 Mary. 
 
 KNIGHT, P. s. 
 
 Born in Boston, Massachusetts, October 21, 183G, but was taken 
 to Iowa when six months old. Tlis fainilj- removed to Vancouver, 
 W. T., in 1853. He was educated at the AVillamette University, 
 studied law and was admitted the bar in 18(53, Edited the States- 
 man newspaper, of Salem, foi- two years — 1863 and 18(54. For the 
 next two years he served as |.)astor of the Congregational Church at 
 Oregon City. From the conclusion of that engagement until the 
 beginning of 1885 he was pastor of the Cong^'ej^ational Chiu'ch 
 at Salem, resigning then to give his attention more entirely 
 to the affairs of the Deaf :nul Dumb Scliool at Salem, which he 
 founded in 187(» and has carried on ever since, almost by his un- 
 aided exertions. He has Imilt up a useful and commendable insti- 
 tution, doing a work which the State of Oregon ought to assume, 
 but which the mean parsimony of legislatui'es relegates to the be- 
 nevolence of private philanthropy. 
 
 LADY, JOHN T. 
 
 Boni in Sonth Carolina in 183(5; was taken to Indiana in the 
 same year, and to Missouri in 1843. Ten years later came to 
 
810 
 
 HISTORY or WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Oregon aud settled in ^'anihill County. His prenent renidence is at 
 Grand Ronde, Polk County, and occupation farming and stock- 
 raising. In Yamhill County, in 1872, he married Leona Dodson, 
 and their children's names are — Gifford W., Perry C, and Clair. 
 
 LAFOLLETT, CHARLES, 
 
 Is a practicing attorney at Sheridan, Yamhill County. He was 
 born in Indiana in 1880; came to the Pacific Coast in 1849, and 
 taught school in California at that early day; was also in the 
 lumber business. After his arrival in Oregon he became a teaciier 
 of penmanship in the Pacific University. Married Mary A. Snod- 
 grass in 1857; in 1858 moved to Polk Ct>unty, and lived there 
 until 1879, during which time he was admitted to the bar. Served 
 in the Legislature in 18(58, and was appointed captain by Governor 
 Gibbs of a company of Oregon Infantry, who were stationed at 
 Vancouver seven months, and then came to Yamhill, after which 
 he was sent east of the mountains and built Camp Polk. Returned 
 to Dallas, and was ap})()inted Indian Agent at Grand Ronde 
 Agency, by General Grant, in which position he served four years. 
 In 1879 he came to Yamhill County and settled near Sheridan, 
 where he still resides. His children are — Edith, 01i\'e, William 
 G., Byron, and Hettie. 
 
 LLEWELYN, ALFRED W. 
 
 Born in Multnomah County, Oregon, in 1858; his parents came to 
 Oregon in 1847. His father, Alfred Llewelyn, l)ecame county clerk 
 of Washington County, and oui' subject served as deputy clerk from 
 1874 to 1878, when he was elected county clerk, and re-elected in 
 1880. Studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1888; is now 
 practicing at Hillslwro, his [)lace of residence. Married Miss M. 
 M. McClotid in 1875, a?id they have one child, named Fi-ed. 
 
 LONG, A. H. 
 
 Was born in Virginia in 1827; was reared in Indiana, and came 
 from that State to Oregon. Married Miss Harriet Wilhoit in 185<'', 
 by whom he had seven children, one of whom now lives — Phoebe. 
 His wife died in 1870, and in 1H84 he contracted a second marriage 
 with Mrs. Lucinda Crank, he being her third husband. She has 
 seven children. 
 
ipppj!-; 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 811 
 
 J is at 
 jtock- 
 >dson, 
 Lair. 
 
 le was 
 y, and 
 in the 
 teacliev 
 .. Snod- 
 ■d tlierc 
 
 Served 
 governor 
 ioned at 
 iY which 
 Returned 
 id Ronde 
 aur years. 
 Sheridan, 
 
 William 
 
 s came to 
 unty clerk 
 
 •Icvk from 
 
 elected in 
 s;^; is now 
 
 ■d Miss M. 
 
 •e.l. 
 
 and came 
 
 it in 185'^ 
 s--Phoebe. 
 id marriage 
 I. She has 
 
 LOUGHARY, L. W. . 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1832; came to Oreiron and settled in Polk 
 County. Present residence, Luckiamute Valley; occupation, car- 
 penter and farmer. He married Eliza Simpson in Polk County, 
 Oregon, in 1858, and their children's names are — Rosina, Martha 
 R., Illy, and Frank. 
 
 MARSH, SYDNEY HAKPER, D. D. 
 
 Born at the Hampden -Sydney College, Virginia, August 29, 
 1825, the son of Professor Marsh, D. D. His father removed to 
 Vermont a year later to become the President of tbe University of 
 that State. The son was educated at that institution, graduating 
 in 184(). In 1852 he met the Rev. G. H. Atkinson, who was then 
 in the Last soliciting means whei-ewith to establish tbe I'ualatin 
 Academy at Forest Gro\e, and was induced to ])r()(;('eil to Oregon 
 and lenc. his services to the infant establishment. As early as 1848 
 the academy had been organized l>y the Congregationalists and 
 Presbyterians, who exerted themselves for many years to place it 
 upon a lirm footing. Sfr. Marsh liad been ordained fis a minister, and 
 in 1853 he came to Oregon, bringing with him books, funds, etc., to 
 be devoted to the uses of the school, to which it was determined to 
 add a more pretentious department, to be called the Pacific Uni- 
 versity. The institution was re -incorporated in January, 1854, 
 under the name of "Tualatin Academy and Pacific University," 
 and in the following April Mr. Mai-sh was chosen President, with 
 a salary of *5^1,2()0 per year, the amount, as well as most other 
 current expenses being paid by the Society for the Promotion of 
 Collegiate and Theological Education in the West. President 
 Marsh attended solely to the duties of his station until 1858 when 
 he went East uptin an trrand of solicitation in behalf of his college, 
 and remained for two or thi'ee years and obtaining money and 
 books to the value of al)OUt $23,0(»(». In 18()<) mid 18G7 he was 
 again in the East on a similar errand, and collected at this time 
 $25,000 and secured the aid of two Eastern teachers, both of whom 
 have been of the greatest use to Oregon— G. H. Collier, now Pi'o- 
 fessor in the State University, and Joseph AV. Marsh, vho still re- 
 mains at his post at Forest Grove. A third visit East in 1870 was 
 made, and ^20,000 secured. Professor Marsh died at Forest Grove 
 February 2, 1879. Plis was a life of the largest usefulness to man- 
 
i 
 
 812 
 
 Hisi'ORY OF Willamette ValleY. 
 
 kind within the comparatively limited sphere which he had chosen 
 for himself. His qualities of head and heart were snch as to gain 
 the warmest friendship, and his activity and energy were tempered 
 by the spiritual behavior proper to his religions calling. His work 
 at Forest Grove was very difficult, yet very successful, and raised 
 that educational institution from its condition as a primary board- 
 ing school, distant fi'om population and almost inaccessible and im- 
 known, as it was in 1854, to its present condition of usefulness, in- 
 dependence and liberality. 
 
 MARTIN, THOMAS J. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1820; came to Oregon and settled in Linn 
 County. Was married to Miss Selena Plow in 1847, and by her 
 had the following named children — John, Jaci>l), Mary J., Rhoda, 
 James, Lizzie, Alic(^, Lula, and Eva (deceased). Mr. Martin die<l, 
 May H, 1869. 
 
 MATHIOT, JEAN JACQUES. 
 
 Born in France, in April, 1804. MaiTied Cathei'ine Vergon in 
 1827, and came alone to the United States in 1889, l:)ringing his 
 family out three years later. Settled in Ohio ; came to Oregon in 
 1853, accompanied by his wife and their seven children; settled near 
 Butteville, Marion County, and engaged in grape-raising. Died, 
 April 24, 187«. 
 
 McFADDEN, OBADIAH B. 
 
 Born in Washington County, Penn.sylvania, in 1817; was a 
 lawyer by profession; was elected to the Legislature of his native 
 State in 1848; was prothonotary in 1845; was appointed associate 
 justice of the supreme court of Oregon in 185;{, replacing Judg«^ 
 Deady, but in the following year gave pla(;e again to the latter. 
 In 1854 he liecame associate justice of Washington Territory; and 
 in 1H58 chief justice, so remaining until ISfil. Repi'esented his 
 district in the legislative council, and continuing to reside in that 
 territory he was elected to Congress in 1872 as delegate. Died mi 
 June, 1875. 
 
 Mclaughlin, Robert. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1810; on his arrival in Oregon he settled 
 at Buena Vista, Polk County, and still resides there in the occupa- 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 813 
 
 was Ji 
 s native 
 tSSOcAate 
 
 latter. 
 
 ry; and 
 
 ited his 
 
 in that 
 
 iDied "n 
 
 le settled 
 occupa- 
 
 tion of farming. He married Mary Griffith in Missouri, in 1888, 
 and their children's lumies are — Joseph A., Martha A., Harriet 
 E., John T., Elizabeth J., Mary E., Louisa C, George W., AVilliam 
 N., and Alfred M. 
 
 MEREDITH, J. W. 
 
 Born in Oneida County, New York, July 27, 1831. Occupa- 
 tion, dentist; residence, Salem. Married in 1859 to Miss Millie 
 Adams. Children — Frank and Nettie. 
 
 MILLER. WALTER C. 
 
 Is a harness-maker and farmer residing at Scio, I^inn County. 
 He was born in Onondaga County, New York, May 14, 1834; 
 came from Illinois overland to Oregon. In 1855 he joined Com- 
 pany O, of the tHli regiment of Oregon Vohmteers, and served in 
 the Indian war of Southern Oregon. Married Harriet Hamilton, 
 and their children are — Manly W., Nancy D., Charles H., Samuel 
 Grant, Harriet E., Mary, Sophia, Lucretia, William W., and Caro- 
 line Ida J. Mr. Miller owns four hundred and eighty-six acres of 
 land in Linn Comity. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, R. M. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1830. Coming to Oregon he settled in the 
 Luckiamute Valley, where he still lives and cultivates a farm. Has 
 been twice married, first to Margaret E. Leggett, in 18ti4, and to 
 Temperance Johnson, in 1875, Children- -Ida, Owen, Frank, and 
 Pearl. 
 
 MORRIS, DANIEL. 
 
 Horn in AV^iri'en County, Kentucky, March 4, 1808; came over- 
 land to Oregon; ])resent residence, Scio, Linn (bounty; occupation, 
 farmer. Maiiied Eveline Terry, and their children are- -John S., 
 Aurenia, Jane, and Carrol. , ^ ' . 
 
 MORRIS, JOHN S. 
 
 Born in Benton County, Missouri, July 19, 1842; came overland 
 to Oregon, and now resides at Scio, Linn (bounty, and holds the 
 y)osition of postraawter of that city, having received the appointment 
 in 1H7!>; is also a druggist by occupation. Married Sarah F. 
 C^ueener, and their cliildreu are — Addie, Emma, John F., Charles 
 F., May, Anna, Ollie, Bessie, and Dean. 
 
 
 I 
 
814 
 
 HI8T0RT OF WILLAMETTE VALLBT. 
 
 ODENEAL, T. B., 
 
 Crosvsed the plains in 1853 with the " boy train," whose members 
 were all under the age of twenty-one. Worked for Asahel Bush, 
 propi'ietor of the Statesman newspaper. Was clerk of the House 
 of Representatives in 1855-56, was clerk of Benton County 
 from 1850 to 1860, and in the latter year was admitted to the 
 bar. Foiuided the Gazette newspaper, of Corvallis, in 1863 
 and was its publisher until 1866. Served six years as county judge 
 of Benton C-ounty, ending in 1870. Served two years as assistant 
 assessor of internal revenue. In 1872 was appointed superintendent 
 of Indian affairs in Oregon; office abolished in 1873. Became clerk 
 of the Supreme Court of Oregon in August, 1880, and held that 
 position until the fall of 1884, when he resigned. 
 
 PERCIVAL, R. C. 
 
 Born in Howard County, Missouri, in 1822; came to California 
 in 1850, and to Oregon three years later, and settled in Douglas 
 County. His present residence is Monmouth, and occupation, 
 farming. He married Elizabeth Davis in 1867, and their children's 
 names are — Sidney D., Nellie M. (deceased), and Camilla E. 
 
 PERCIVAL, WILLIAM. 
 
 Now a resident of Monmouth, Polk Coiuity ; was born in England, 
 August 29, 1815, and came with his ]mrent8 to America when a 
 child, and lived most of his time, until he became of age, with his 
 parents in Howard County,. Missouri. In 1853 he came across the 
 plains to Oregon and lived the winter following his arrival in Yam- 
 hill Coimty, but in 1 854 he juoved to Polk County, whert he now 
 resides on a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, a })art of a dona- 
 tion claim. On February 4, 1847, he married Miss F. Mulkey, and 
 seven children are the fruits of this imion ; their names are — Millie J., 
 Millard F., Mary M., Georgia A., William W., Robert M., and 
 Emily H. 
 
 PFAU, JACOB. 
 
 Born in Germany, in 1822; came to America in 1847; settled in 
 Hlinois; came to the Pacific coast in 1852, and to Orcgfm the fol- 
 lowing year. Married Nancy J. Stump, in ISCi;, aud lias two chil- 
 dren — Nancy J., and Kffie M. Mr. Pfau is a farmer, and lives neai' 
 Eola, Polk County. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 815 
 
 abers 
 Bush, 
 Jouse 
 ounty 
 to the 
 1863 
 judge 
 isistant 
 ;eiit\ent 
 le cleric 
 Id that 
 
 ilifornia 
 Douglas 
 upation, 
 hildren's 
 
 E. 
 
 England, 
 when a 
 with his 
 cross the 
 in Yam- 
 he now 
 f a dona- 
 Ikey, and 
 Millie J., 
 M., aiul 
 
 settled in 
 In the fol- 
 two ehil- 
 Hives near 
 
 POPPLETON, EDGAR, M.D., 
 
 Of Lafayette, was born in JN^ew York in 1832, nud came to 
 Oregon in 1853. Since arriving in this State he has lived at 
 various times in Columbia, ^'arnhill, and Multnomah counties. 
 Arrived in Portland in 1858, in which place he remained until 
 1 870, his marriage to Miss Nancy C Shelton taking jilace dui-ing 
 that time. He moved to his present place of residence in 1871. 
 Dr. Poppleton received his medical education in Cincinnati, and 
 received his diploma in 1860, and has .siuctt had a large practice. 
 Has five living children. 
 
 PORTER, THOMAS L. 
 
 Born, October, IHM), in lioone County, Indiana; came to 
 Oregon in 1853, and in Octobei- of tlu^ same year settled near 
 Halsey, Linn County. Was a meml)er of the State Legislature in 
 1876. Occupation, merchant, being a member of the firm of Black, 
 Porter tfe Co., of Halsey. jMi'. Portei- was married in b'^Sl to Miss 
 Mattie Hill. Tliey have two children — D(*]la, and John D. 
 
 PORTER, WILLIAM D. 
 
 Born in Russell County, Virginia, June 6, 1811; moved to In- 
 diana in 182'.». Has lived in Linn County since his arrival in 
 Oregon — Hari'ishurg being his pi-esent place of residence. Was 
 married in 1835 to Elizabeth Nott. Their children ai'e — Mary, 
 Nancy, and Maria. 
 
 RANES, JAMES T. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 180!t; came to Oregon and settled near 
 Albany, Linn County, and engaged in farming. He married Jane 
 ('ook in 1855; children—Lain-a, James, Jasper, and Ulysses S. 
 Mr. Ranes died in 187!». 
 
 RICHARDS, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1816, and was reared there. Was in the 
 employ of the government in the Mexican war, and after its close 
 went to California. Retui-nini in 1852, and the ne.xt year came 
 to Oregon, having in the meantime married Miss Amanda Simons 
 ( 1853). T(.ok a donation claim in Polk County, and resided there- 
 »>u the rest of his life. His children were — John W., Hardin H. 
 
^i 
 
 816 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 (deceased), Mary E. (Mrs. Henry Fawk, of Polk County), James 
 C, Walter S., David W., George L., Ralph R., and B. B. Mr. 
 Richards died October 5, 1879, and his widow, March 3, 1883. 
 
 RICHMOND, T. G. 
 
 Born in Kentucky ia 1826. Came across the plains to Califor- 
 nia in 1850 and mined until 1852; then returned to the States via 
 Panama. Came to Oregon in 1853, crossing the plains as before. 
 Was a vohmteer in the Rogue River war, under Captain Applegate. 
 Returned in 185(5, and went east of the mountains with cattle. 
 While there he panned out gold on Burnt River, being the firat 
 discoverer of gold there. While on his return he encountered the 
 Indians, and had a conflict with them at Klamath Cave. Married 
 Miss Sarah J. W^hitney in 185t), and their family now consists of 
 live children — Alice E., Minnie, Mary E., Thomas G., and Edward 
 C. There is one dead, named Nettie. Mr. Richmond is a farmer 
 and owner of si.xteen hundred acres of laud; has a residence in 
 Dallas. 
 
 ROWELL, ZIBA M. 
 
 Was born in Orange County, New Hampshire, in 1 798. On his 
 arrival in Oregon he settled at Scholl's Ferry, Washington County; 
 his occupation was farming. He married Finances Sears, of Plymouth, 
 Massachusetts, in 1827, and their childi'en's names are — Thomas C, 
 Susan F., Louisa M., Lydia W., John D., James B., and Ziba A. 
 Mr. Rowelldied in 1860. 
 
 SAVAGE, E., Jr. 
 
 Lives in Hillsboro, Washington County, and is a partner with 
 his brother in an ax-handle factory. He was born in Adams 
 County, Illinois, in i852; his parents came to Oregon the year fol- 
 lowing and brought him with them. In 1873 he was married to 
 Miss Frances E. Whitmore. They have four children — Anna Mary, 
 Minnie Myi'tle, Thomas Rose, and Nettie Lenora. 
 
 SCHWATKA. FREDERICK. 
 
 Born in Galena, Illinois, September, 1849, and was Vjrought by 
 his parents to Oregon when four years of age. Tlie Schwatkas 
 resided chiefly in Salem, of which town the father is still a resident. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION, 
 
 817 
 
 Frederick Schwatka was appointed to West Point in 1867, and 
 graduated therefrom with the i-ank of lieutenant in 1871, and was 
 assigned to service with the Third Cavah'y, in Ai-izona. His ser- 
 vices in the field distinguished him consideruhly, hh he was in 
 several engagements with the Indians; V)ut what most contributed 
 to his celebrity was the very reniarka})le Arctic journey under- 
 taken by him and his command, in connection with the search for 
 traces of the English expedition of Sir John Franklin. Lieutenant 
 Schwatka, at his own re(]uest, wa** detailed to take charge of the 
 expedition, and setting out in 1878, he was occupied until the 
 autumn of 1880 in researches in the extreme nortliern part of the 
 American Continent, among icebergs and Es(puu]aux, making 
 sledge journeys with dogs, and subsisting on the flesh of walruses 
 and whales, and enduring the extremest cold; meanwhile they 
 prosecuted their search with activity and success. Since his return 
 to the United States the lieutenant has fully informed the world, 
 by means of lectures and writings, of the circumstances and con- 
 ditions under which his party plied their search, and the greatest 
 credit and a full measui-e of honor and celebrity havc^ attached to 
 him. Until recently Lieutenant ScliAvatka was a member of the 
 United States Army, but has now resigned to enter civil service, for 
 which he is well (jualified, as he is conversant with several learned 
 professions, including law and medicine. 
 
 SCOTT. HARVEY W. 
 
 Born in Tazewell County, Illinois, February 1, 1838; came to 
 Oregon with his parents, who settled in Clackamas County in 1854. 
 Mr. Scott was educated at the Pacific University at Forest Grove, 
 and was the first graduate of that institution, within whose walls 
 he spent fiv,e years. His occupation is journalism, and his life-work 
 has been the editing of the Oregonian newspaper of Portland, 
 which he has conducted for nearly twenty years with signal ability 
 and success. Under his management that publication has advanced 
 immeasurably beyond all competitors, and hiis a<;hicv('d a standing 
 among the foremost journals of the United States. The quality of 
 Mr. Scott's wtM-k, ite amount and the regularity of its performance, 
 stamp his as a most extraordinary working intellect. His literary 
 style is mainly distinguished by aptness, force and dignity; and the 
 
 ^ 5; 
 
S18 
 
 HISTORY or WILLAMETTE VALLET. 
 
 latter quality is tbe more noticeable and the more appreciated from 
 its extreme infreqiiency throughout the press of Oregon. Doubtless 
 Mr. Scott lives too closely to the people of the Northwest for his 
 abilities and services to bo understood at their full value, hut there 
 are two truths which will in time become unmistakably evident to 
 them: those are, first, the thoroughness and usefuluesa of his work, 
 and, second, its solitariness. 
 
 SCOTT, THOMAS B. 
 
 Born in Missouri, in 1835; came to Oregon and went to hotel 
 keeping ut Salem. Was married in 1857, to Eliza McMullin, and 
 their children are — Virginia P., Josephine Aramintha, Laura B., 
 Lorena, and Myrtle Maud. Mr. Scott participated in the Indian 
 war of 1855-56, and in 1864, enlisted in the First Oregon Infantry, 
 to serve three years, and became sergeant. Resides at Salem. 
 
 SCOVELL, L. C. 
 
 Born in New York in 1835; removed at an early age to Iowa, 
 and remained there until 1853. Mined and drove team in the early 
 years of his residence in this State, and afterwards became driver 
 of the Portland, Oregon City and Salem stage, and held that posi- 
 tion for Hixteen years. Married, in 1871, Elizabeth A. Buford. 
 They have two children — Allie and Lolla, Resides in South Salem. 
 
 SHATTUCK, E. D. 
 
 Born in Vermont, December 31, 1824, and was educated in the 
 colleges of the State. Taught for a time, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1852. Came to Oregon the next year, an<l became Professor 
 of Ancient Languages in the Pacific University at Forest Grove. 
 In 1855 ho was elected superintendent of schools foi" Washington 
 County, and the following year probate judge. Wjis a delegate to 
 the constitutional convention ; following which he resumed the prac- 
 tice of law. Represented Multnomah and Washington counties in 
 the last Territorial Legislature ; was one of the organizers of the 
 Portland Library Association; in 1862 w>vs elected judge of the 
 Fourth Judicial District, and again in 1874, holding the office nine 
 years in all. 
 
 SIMPSON, G. B. 
 
 Born in Georgia in 1811. On his arrival in Oregon he settled 
 in Luckiaumte Valley, and still resides there. Occupation, farming. 
 
HISTORY OF U( MIGRATION. 
 
 819 
 
 ftted fri)m 
 Doubtless 
 Kt for his 
 , l)ut thert' 
 evident to 
 ; \ii8 work, 
 
 ent to hotel 
 MulVm, and 
 t, Ltiura B., 
 the Indian 
 'on Infantry, 
 Salem. 
 
 age to Iowa, 
 tn in the early 
 )ecanie driver 
 eld that posi- 
 h A. Buford. 
 
 South Salem. 
 
 legon he settled 
 Ipation, farming- 
 
 He married Nancy Jackson in IBH] , and their childicm's names were 
 — Rufus F., Martha E., John M ., Martha A., Wincy D., B. E., and 
 Cerilda. 
 
 SIPPY, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Beaver (bounty, Pennsylvania, In 1826; moved to IllinoiB 
 in 1847, to California in 1850, and to Oregon three years later, set- 
 tling in Lane County; in 18()4 moved to Linn ('ounty. Married 
 twice, first in 1849, to Mi-s. J. HoUiday, wliu died in 1850, and 
 next, in 1853, to Mary J. Ilaskett; ha Iiad eight children— Ann J., 
 Marinda, Mary, Samuel, Eliza, Lizzette, Philip, and Verknda. 
 
 SMITH. BERRYMAN M. 
 
 A well-known druggist of Dallas; was born in Warren County, 
 Illinois, in 1846, and came across the plains with his parents in 
 1853. They settled in Polk County, and became farmers. Mr. 
 Smith, before moving to Dalhvs, which he. did in 1882, wa.s a farmer 
 and stock-raiser. Mniried Miss Sarah Nealy, in 1866, and their 
 family consists of fi\r children, namely — Kay N., Ralph O., Mar- 
 garet E., Edith C, and Hettie. 
 
 SMITH, HIRAM. 
 
 Born in Ray County, Missouri, in 1821 ; lived in that State until 
 thirty-two years of age; then crossed the plains, with ox-teams, to 
 Oregon; he brought with him five wagons, thirty yoke of oxen, two 
 hundred loose cattle, and twelve horses. On arriving in Oregon 
 he settled in Lane County, and followed stock-raising and farming 
 ten years. Moved to Hari'isburg in 1863; went into merchandising, 
 and built the present flouring mill in that town; -subsequently 
 opened a dry goods store at Junction, and a saw mill at Coburg, 
 conducting all those occupations at the same time. Mr. Smith was 
 a candidate for Congress in 1873; was a delegate to the national 
 Republican convention at Baltimore, in 1864, which nominated 
 Abraham Lincoln; also a delegate to the national convention, in 
 1872, at Philadelphia, which re-nominated L^. S. Grant. Several 
 times Mr. Smith has been nominated for State offices, but has been 
 defeated, as the Republicans in I-ane County have always been in 
 the minority. He has owned land to the amount of three thousand 
 acres at one time, and is now proprietor of the Harrisburg saw and 
 
 I 
 
820 
 
 Hl«TOBT OF WILLAITETTB VALLEY. 
 
 flouring mills. Was married, in 1848, to Miss Mary E. Fleming, 
 of Platte County, Missouri. 
 SMITH, s. W. 
 
 Born in Warren County, Illinois, in 1844. His family came t') 
 Oregon, and direct to Polk County in 1853, and settled on the 
 Little Luckiamute, that still being his parents' place of residence. 
 He worked with his father until he was eighteen yeare of age, when 
 he procured a position ivs clerk in Independence. In 18(57 he w(!nt 
 into business for himself as partner in the firm of Cooper <fe Smith, 
 and later, McCord, Smith & Co. In 1877 he formed a partnership 
 with Vanduyn, the firm now being known as Vanduyn & Smith. 
 Mr. Smith was married November 5, 1807, to Miss Esther M. Bar- 
 ney, and of their children, six in number, five now live, namely — 
 Mary Ellen, Ephi-am H,, Otto B., Lenna M., and Millen W. Ralph 
 C. died in infancy. 
 STARR, I. W., M.D., 
 
 Is a practicing physician of Brownsville, Linn County. He was 
 born in Benton County, Oregon, November 28. 1853, and is mar- 
 ried to MisH Clara Bishop. They have one child — Chester H. 
 
 STEARNS. LOYAL B. 
 
 Born in Keene, New Hampshii-e, in 1853, and brought to Ore- 
 gon in the same year by his parents, who ««ftttled at Scottsburg, on 
 the Umpqua Kiver. He was educated at the Unipqua Academy 
 and the medical department of the Willamette University. Studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in 1876. Located in Portland 
 and has practiced in the courts of that city. Held the office of 
 police judge for over three years; was then elected city attorney, 
 and afterwards county judge of Midtnomah County. Represented 
 that county In the Legislature in 1878. 
 
 STEPHENSON, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Virginia; was sheiiff and clerk of Wood County in that 
 State; settled in Portland in 1853, and had his residence near the 
 Fulton House. Died, October 16, 1871, aged seventy-four years. 
 
 STEPHENSON, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Parkersburg, Virginiw., in September, 1829. Came with 
 his father, John Stephenson, to Oregon in 1853, and resided thence- 
 forth in or near Portland. Died, February 14, 1877. 
 
ItlSTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 821 
 
 . Fleming, 
 
 ily canifi *" 
 led on the 
 I residence. 
 ,f age, when 
 ml he went 
 )er & Smith, 
 , partnernhip 
 tyn & Smith, 
 ither M. Bar- 
 ve, namely— 
 ;q W. Ralph 
 
 mty. Hewa^ 
 ,3, and is mar- 
 beater H. 
 
 rought to Ore- 
 Scottsburg, on 
 )(|ua Academy 
 [rsity. Studied 
 ted in Porthmd 
 id the office of 
 city attorney, 
 Represented 
 
 County in that 
 
 kidence near 
 
 the 
 
 /entyfour years. 
 
 J29. Came witb 
 [d resided thence- 
 
 STEWART, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1814; moved, in succession, to fMoyd 
 County, Indiana, to Iowa, and to ()r(!gou. Located, in 1853, in 
 Clackamas County, fifteen miles from C>i'egon City; resides now two 
 and a lialf miles north of Hillsboro, Washington (bounty, and is a 
 farmer. Married Sophia Richmond, and after her decease, married 
 Catherine J. Ingalls, his present wife. 
 
 ciTONE, SAMUEL. 
 
 Born in England, in 1814; came to America in 1833, and prior 
 to coming to Oregon lived in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky. 
 He settled at Mill Creek, in Polk County, on his arrival in this 
 State, and that is still his place of residence; farming is his occupa- 
 tion. He married Zerilda Carpenter, and their children's names 
 are Thomas B., Sarah J., and John W. 
 
 STRATTON, CURTIS P. 
 
 Born in New York DecemV)er 31, 1800; came to Oregon in 
 1853. Wife's previous name, Lavinia Fitch. Children — Riley E. 
 (deceased, formerly chief justice of the State), Batania (deceased), 
 Delia, Carroll C. (now president of the Univei-sity of the Pacific 
 at Santa Clara, California), Victoria, lloi-ace K., Milton A., Laura 
 M., Augusta J., Julius A. (attorney at law, and at present superin- 
 tendent of the State Penitentiary), and Irene H. Mr. Strattou died 
 at Salem in February, 1874. 
 
 SWAFFORD, JAMES L. 
 
 Born in Oregon City, November L5, 1853; is now treasurer of 
 Clackamas County and resides at Oregon City. Wife's previous 
 name was Temperance L. Rands. The names of his children are — 
 George E., and Nellie. 
 
 SWICK, BENJAMIN F. 
 
 Born in Michigan in 1 848 ; the son of Minor Swick ; came with 
 his parents to Oregon when quite young, and received his educa- 
 tion at the Willamette University, Commenced . the study of 
 dentistry when tWe^ity years of age, after which he practiced in 
 various towns -of Oregon, finally settling in Salem whci-e he is at 
 present in partnership with Dr. Byrd. Married in 1874 to Miss 
 Martha Flint. He now has two children — Valeria and Fay. 
 
 (E ffi 
 
^mnsmmmmrvmaimmmmtmm 
 
 S2« 
 
 IlISTOUY OF' X^ILLAMKTTE VAJ.LEY. 
 
 SWICK, L., 
 
 Was born in Michigan in 1840; came to Oregon when qnite 
 young and settled at French Prairie. His present place of resi- 
 dence is near Dayton, and occupation farming. Not married.^ 
 
 SWlCK, MINOR. 
 
 Born in New York in 1811 ; moved to Michigan and from thence 
 to Oregon; was a farmer until his death. Married Miss Louisa 
 Latourette in 1832, and had five children, namely — T., Louisa (de- 
 ceased), Minor, Lyma, and Benjamin F. 
 
 THAYER, ANDREW J. 
 
 Born in New York, and resided there until his departure for 
 Oregon. Settled on a farm neai- Corvallis, and resided there until 
 his death, April "29, 1873. Was a lawyer and enjoyed a great prac- 
 tice. Became one of the Supreme Justices of Oregon in 1870, suc- 
 ceeding Judge Kelsay. 
 
 THOMAS, E. N. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1829; v,ent to Iowa in 1848, and five years 
 later to Oregon. Settled in Douglas County and resided there until 
 1862. Partici[)ated in the Rogue River Indian war of 1855-56, 
 being a member of Captain Rinearson's c< mpany. Located in Jef- 
 ferson, Marion County, in 1862, and still resides there. Has been 
 in the mercantile business for twenty years. Is now in partnership 
 with his son, J. A. Thomas. Married in 1852 to Miss Mary J. Far- 
 rens. They hav-e three children- -Joseph A., Florence, and Emma. 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN M. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1843, and crossed the plains with his parents 
 when ten yeai-s old. They settled in Lane County, and he was ed- 
 ucated at the old Columbia College in Eugene City. Married Mius 
 Eliza})eth Cooper in 1871, daughter of G. M. Cooper of Eugene 
 City. They had three chiklren. Mr. Thompson's ttccupation was 
 the law, and he attained distinction. Was elected to the Legislature 
 in 1878 and wjts chosen speaker of the house. Was returned in 
 1880. Died near Prineville, ^^ aico County, February 10, 1882. 
 
 VANCE, WILLIAM. . 
 
 Born in Morgan County, Illinois, in 1831; came to the Pacific 
 Coast in 1853; in 1867 i-eturned to the States, via Panama, but 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIOKATlOlNr. 
 
 888 
 
 when q'^nte 
 ace of resi- 
 arried., 
 
 [ from tlience 
 Mis3 Louisa 
 Louisa (de- 
 
 departure for 
 [ed there until 
 I a great prac- 
 1 in 1870, sue- 
 
 , and five years 
 ided there until 
 ar of 1855-56, 
 ocated in Jef- 
 Has been 
 in partnershi}* 
 MaryJ.T'ar 
 uce, and Emma. 
 
 ere 
 
 iss 
 
 with his parents 
 and he was ed- 
 Married Mis^^ 
 oper of Eugene 
 occupation was 
 ,o the Legislature 
 Was returned ui 
 uary 10, 1882. 
 
 ,,ne to the Pacifie 
 via Panama, but 
 
 came back to Oreg • in I8(i8 and settled near Tangent, farming 
 there until 1880, when lie moved to Albany and has lived th'n-e 
 since. Owns eity propeity and nine hundred and twenty acres of 
 land. Married Mlsw Martha E. Duncan in 180H, by whom he has 
 had two children — named Mary Altha, and Nancy Pearl. 
 
 WAIT, T. B. 
 
 Born in Boston in July, 1834, lived for a time in Illinois, came 
 to Oi'egon in 1853, and settled ii Polk County. Participated in 
 the Indian wars (if 1855-56, and was lieutenant in a voluTiteer 
 company. Kemuved to Salem in 1873 and in 1878 eagaged in the 
 hardwai'e business; deals extensively in agi-icuitural implements, 
 etc.; was mayor of Salem in l8Ti>, and has been alcJei-rnun. Mai'- 
 ried Mary (jibson in 1858 and had two childi-en, Olive and Agnes, 
 Mrs. Wait ilied in 18(56, and in 1872 he married Kachel Morris 
 by whom there are three children — Ennis, Thirtnas, and Letia. Mr., 
 Wait resides in Salem, but has a ranch of four hundred and eighty 
 aces in Polk County. 
 
 WALKER, SAMUEL A. 
 
 Born in Washington (/ounty, Oregon, January 2, J 853; is a 
 shoemaker by trade and instructor in that branch of industry in 
 th(> Indian school at Forest Grove, a position he ha.s iiekl since 
 1880; owns a rcFideuce and other property in that town; marrieil 
 Miss Minnie J. Knighten in 1877, and they have three children — 
 Charles, Pearl, and llalelgh. 
 
 WARNER. ARTHUR. 
 
 Is a resident of Oregon City and a fai'iuer by occu p i Hlfkm ; wm 
 born in Surrey, England, April 17, 1828; came to Oregon in April, 
 1853; married Eli/.abeth Kaiser, and their children are — Alfred 
 (deceased), Surrey (deceased), Imogene (deceased), Ernest (de- 
 ceased), Annie, Georgi; and Ellen (twins), and Arthur C. Has rep- 
 resenUid Clackamas County in the Legislature, and wa^' <herilf for 
 one term. 
 
 WARRINNER, W. C, M. D. 
 
 Born in Richmond, Virginia, and resided at various times in 
 Kentucky, Illinois and Missouri. Graduated from a medical school, 
 
■lil 
 
 824 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTK VALLEY. 
 
 
 and in October, 1853, arrived in Oregon and settled, permanently 
 in tbe vicinity of Salem. Was married in Illinois in 1848, and has 
 a family of six children — Eugenia, Florence, Richard C, John T., 
 May, and Edgai- A. Dr. Warrinner relates that on his arrival in 
 Portland in the fall of 1853, that place contained thi'ee practicing 
 physicians, Doctors Wilson, Millard and Davenport, the first of 
 whom still resides there, but the latter two are dead. Dr. Daven- 
 port accumulatetl a splendid competence in the practici 'i lis pro- 
 fession. The regularly graduated physicians in Oregon, .says Dr. 
 Warrinner, wei-e Doctors Bartley, of Vancouver, Bailey, of Oregon 
 City, Boyle, of Polk County, and Warrinnei-, of Salem. Dr. War- 
 rinner belongs to the Christian Church, and was one of the fore- 
 most movers in tlie organization of the college belonging to that 
 body. This was originally located at Bethel, Polk County, twelve 
 miles from Salem. It was established in 1855, and on July 4th of 
 that year the frame of the school building was raised. The found- 
 ers were (r. O. Burnett, Amos Harvey, J. L. Ladd, W. C. Warrin- 
 ner and two or three others. The school Nourished, an'l pupils at- 
 tended f/'om widely sepax'ated localities, attracted by the good repute 
 of the teachers. Among the instructors at Bethel were Dr. Na- 
 thaniel Hudson, L. L. Rowland (now of Salem), and J. H. Hall, 
 who were installed as professors on or about 1860. The school re- 
 tained its prestige for some ten or twelve years, but about 1865 was 
 removed to Monmouth. The Bethel school building cost about five 
 thousand dollars and accommodated nearly one hundred and fifty 
 students. Its subsequent history is merged into that of the Mon- 
 mouth College and State Normal School. 
 
 WATSON, EDWARD B. 
 
 Born in Clayton County, Iowa, October 7, 1844, and crossed the 
 plains to Or',:gon nine years later. The family settled in Douglas 
 County in 1854 u\Hm a farm. Edward was educated at the Um[>- 
 qua Academy and at the Pacific University at Forest Grove, grad- 
 uating from the latter in 1866. lie read law with J. F. Watson, 
 at Roseburg, and was admitted to the baj- in 1868. Made a part- 
 nei'ship with B. F. Dowell and practiced in Jacksonville. Was 
 elected county judge of Jackson County in 1872. In 1880 was 
 chosen Supreme Judge of the State of Oregon. Retired fi'om the 
 
MiWI 
 
 WIMHHBltM 
 
 MitiHIiilHilli 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGKATION. 
 
 >'; 
 
 25 
 
 permauently 
 S48, and has 
 C, John T, 
 his avvb al n\ 
 ree practicing 
 : the first of 
 Dr. Daven- 
 {^. : ,1 ns pro- 
 egon, ^ays Dr. 
 ley, of Oregon 
 ,,u. Dr. War- 
 ne of the fore- 
 longing to that 
 County, twelve 
 on July 4th of 
 a. The found- 
 "VV. C. Warrin- 
 ,, an'l pupils at- 
 the good repute 
 A were Dr. Na- 
 i„d J. n. Hall, 
 The school re- 
 about 1865 was 
 g cost about five 
 mulred and fifty 
 that of the Mon- 
 
 and crossed the 
 ■ttled in Douglas 
 ited at the Ump- 
 est Grove, grad- 
 ith J. F. Watson, 
 Made a part- 
 cUsoUviUe. Was 
 72. In 1880 was 
 Retired fi'om the 
 
 bench in 1884. Judge Watson's first wife, whom he married July 
 11, 1872, was Miss Maiy E. Owen; the second, married May 28, 
 1879, was Miss Ella C. Kuhli. He htis two children. 
 
 WELLS, GEORGE A. 
 
 Born in Pike County, Missouri; his tirst place of re.sidence in 
 Oregon was at Mary's River, in Benton County; his present resi- 
 dence is at Buena Vista, and occupation farming-. He married 
 Henrietta Turner in Illinois in 1850, and tlieii- children are — Rich- 
 ard F., Mary S., Mary E., William L., Commodore H., George P., 
 Emma, and John. 
 
 WELLS, RICHARD F. 
 
 Born in Pike County, Illinois, in 1850; came to Oregon at an 
 early age, and lived at Philomath, Benton County, His present 
 residence is at Buena Vista,- Polk County, and occupation farniing. 
 He married Emma A. Collins in Polk County in 187(), and their 
 children are — Samuel B., George W., Mabel, and Frank. 
 
 WILLIAMS, GEORGE H. 
 
 Born in Columbia County, New York, March 20, 1828. Studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar of New York in 1844; emigi-ated 
 to Iowa the same year and began to practice; became district judge 
 in 1847, retaining that position for five years. In 1853 he was 
 appointed Chief Justice of the Territory of Oregon, and imme- 
 diately removed here. He wjus a member of the Constitutional 
 Convention, and soon after l)egan to practice law at Portland. In 
 1864 he was elected Senator from Oregon, and in the course of his 
 duties as such pivpared and introduced into Congress the Recon- 
 struction Bill " for the m» re efiicient government of the Southei-n 
 States." After his term ««/ ofiice he was aj)j»ointe(I one of the 
 Joint High Commissioners to settle the Ahibama claims, etc. In 
 December, 1871, he became Attorney- General of the Tnited State**, 
 holding that p«)8itiou until 1875, wher he resigned. Resides in 
 Portland. 
 
 WRIGHT. JOHN G. 
 
 Born in lUinoi-s in !837; came to Oregon by ox -team when 
 sixteen years of age, settled at Salem, and engaged in mei-chaii 
 dising. R<!sidence Salem, and occupation retail grocer; \ia» held 
 
 
826 
 
 HISTOHY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 several civil offices, among them the mayoralty of Salem ; is now vice- 
 president of the Oregon Agricultural Society, and a member of the 
 board of managers. Married in 1860 to Miss C. M. Cross. Their 
 children are — Ella C, and George S. 
 
 WOLVERTON, CHARLES E. 
 
 Born in Iowa in 1851; came with his father, John Wolverton, 
 to Oregon, and was reared on a farm in Polk County, receiving his 
 education at Monmouth, whence he graduated in 1871, deliveriug 
 the valedictory of his class. He studied law in Lexington, Ken- 
 tucky; returned to Oregon in 1874, and has practiced in Albany 
 since, where, for a while, he was in partnei'ship with N. B. Hum- 
 phreys. Was justice of the peace at Albany from 187G to 1878. 
 In 1884 was nominated for prosecuting attorney. Owns city prop- 
 erty in All)any, und a farm of one hundred and fifty-three acres 
 eight miles from that town. Married Miss Clara E. Price in 1878. 
 
 WOLVERToN. JOHN. 
 
 Born in Hamilton County, Ohio, December 4, 1822. He was 
 reared on a farm, and at seventeen years of age went to Illinois, and 
 from there to Iowa; in 1853 came to Polk County, Oregon, and 
 took a donation claim. He now owns a fine residence in Mon- 
 mouth, and a farm of eight hundred acres. Married Miss Mary J. 
 Nealy in 1847, They have seven children — William M,, engaged 
 at Spokane Falls in the hardware lousiness; Charles E., a lawyer at 
 Albany; Bruce, a minister of the Christian Church at Seattle; 
 Prince Albert, of Spokane, dealer in agricultural imi)l('ments; Josie, 
 wife of Dr. J. C. Byrd, of Salem ; Otis A., a farmer in Polk County ; 
 and Grant, at Spokane, engaged in the hardware business. Mr. 
 Wolverton lives at Monmouth. 
 
 YOUNG, ISAAC. 
 
 Born in Tennessee; lived successively in that State, Ohio, Iowa, 
 and Oregon, arri\'ing in the latter in 1853. He lived with his 
 family one year in Wjishington C(»unty, but settled in Albany in 
 1853. Here he lived and worked at his trjwle of carpentering 
 until 1876, when his death took place. He was the father of S. E. 
 Young, of Albany. 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 827 
 
 a ; is now Vice- 
 aember of the 
 Cross. Tbeir 
 
 ,lin Wolverton, 
 y, receiving his 
 871,cl«livering 
 <exington, Keu- 
 ,ieed in Albany 
 ith N. B. Hum- 
 1870 to 1^78. 
 Owns city pvop- 
 tifty-tliree acres 
 2. Price in IB78. 
 
 :, 1822. He was 
 ^t to Illinois, and 
 mty, Oregon, and 
 H'sidence in Mon- 
 ■ied TvIissMary J. 
 liam M., engaged 
 es E., a lawyer av 
 nirch at Seattle; 
 
 V m Vo\k County ; 
 
 It 
 
 ,-,' »)U!*ine8S. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 Stat^. Ohio, Iowa, 
 
 He lived with hi- 
 
 Pttled in Albany in 
 
 ,le of carpentering 
 
 the father of S. E. 
 
 1854. 
 
 BEAN, ROBERT SHARP. 
 
 Born in Yamhill County, November 28, 1854, bnt moved with 
 his parents to Lane County at an early age, and has resided there 
 ever since, (iraduated from the Christian College at Monmouth, 
 in 1873. Stuilied law and Avas admitted to the bar in 187(5. In 
 1877 he entered the State University at Eugene with advanced 
 standing, and graduated the next year. Continued in the practice 
 of law until 1882 when he was elected Judge of the Second Ju- 
 dicial District. 
 
 BELT, GEORGE W. 
 
 Bom near Salem, Oregon, August 13, 1854, and has reside<l 
 there almost all the subseijuent time. Was educated at tiie Wil- 
 lamette University, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1879. 
 Removed to Independence, Polk County, in 1881, and engaged in 
 law practice. Married Miss Olive L. Chamberlain, Aug. 1, 1882. 
 They have one child, named George. 
 
 SEVENS, J. S. 
 
 Born in DeKalb County, Missouri; his first settlement in Oregon 
 was in Yamhill County; his pi'esent residence is Buena Vista, and 
 occupation farming. He married C. K. Shelton in Oregon, and 
 their children's names are — Nola J., Minnie A., Prince L., and Josie. 
 SEVENS, T. o. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1842; on his arr'val in Oregon he setth'd in 
 the Luckiamute Valley, and still lives there. Occupation, farming 
 and stock-raising. In Oregon, in 18H4, he married Mary E. Grant, 
 and their children are named respectively — Gilbert J., Hudson J., 
 Permelia, Mai'(iuis J., Mauley, and Ida. 
 
 SEVENS, WILLARD P. 
 
 Born in DeKalb Count}-, Missouri; on his arrival in Oregon he 
 settled at Luckiamute, Polk County; now resides at Buena Vista en- 
 gaged in farming. He married Mary S. Wells in OregtfU in 1869, 
 and they have one child — Willard Easton. 
 
 CONDIT, C. 
 
 Born in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, January 27, 1827; mar- 
 ried Rebecca J. Rowland in 1857; by her his children are— James 
 P., Silas J., Philip H., Martha J., and Alva O. He married his 
 second wife, Jane Frank, in 1865. 
 
 Hi^l 
 
 ■i 
 
828 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 CONDIT, PHILIP. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvaniu in 1801 ; was married to Nancy Gordon 
 on February 2, 1826. Children — Cyrenus C, Sylvamis, Alva, 
 Samuel J. M., and Mary A. C. Mr. Condit organized Pleasant 
 Grove Presbyterian Church, which was built in 1857-58, the second 
 church constructed by that denomination in Oregon. 
 
 DEARDORFF, A. G. 
 
 Born in Douglas County, Oregon, in 1854; the son of W. H. B. 
 DeardorfF. Educat<^d at Umpqua Academy; studied medicine in 
 this State and in Keokuk, Iowa. Returned to Oregon in 1882, 
 having graduated, and locating at Jefferson, Marion County, began 
 practice. Married in 1879 to Miss Elizabeth Harmon. Residence, 
 Jefferson. 
 
 DIERDORFF, WILLIAM. 
 
 Bern in Pennsylvania July 4, 1815; emigrated to Iowa and two 
 years later married Marianna Ainsworth, sister to J. C. Ainsworth, 
 of Portland. Emigrated to Oregon and settled at Oregon City as 
 a member of the mercantile firm of Ainsworth tfe Dierdoiff. Later, 
 he became chief commissary of the O. S. N. Company. In March, 
 1870, was appointed inspector of hulls, vice John H. Couch. Was 
 Grand Master of the Odd Fellows of Oregon. Died at Portland, 
 July 24, 1871. 
 
 GILMORE, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Harrison County, Ohio, in 1814; at the age of twenty- 
 six removed to Missouri. Was married in 1844 to Christian Messner. 
 Their children were — Susan L., William- R., Mary Jane, Charles 
 H., James R., and Fanny. At the breaking out of the Mexican 
 war, Mr. Gilmore enlisted and served f<jr eighteen months. Coming 
 to Oregon, he located in Marion County and set about farming. 
 Residence, Salem. 
 
 GODLEY, HENRY D. 
 
 Ml Godley was born in Tompkins County, New York, June 4, 
 1 838. At sixteen years of age he came across the plains with his 
 parents and an uncle, W. H. Gray. He settled in Linn County, 
 asd^ in 1858, commenced in the hardware business in Albany, 
 remainijig there until 1880, when he moved to Independence and 
 
HISTORY OF TMMTORATION. 
 
 829 
 
 established himself in his former business, which he is yet engaged 
 in. He is a member of the Presbyterian cliurch, and ot the orders 
 of Odd Fellows and Chosen Friends, AYju^ myri-ied in Albany, 
 April 28, 1(S()4, to Miss Sarah G. Parrish, and to tliem tlie folhiw- 
 ing named children have been bv»rii — Fred. C'., Anna (.'., Maggie 
 and Lucy. 
 
 HAY, JERRY. 
 
 Born in Adair County, Kentucky, August 1, 188l»; has lived 
 since his arrival in Oi'egon in Linn County, and is now proprietor 
 of a dry goods store in Harrisburg. Married Miss Martha Evans 
 in 1864. Their children are — Alice, Lydia, Annie, William, Frank 
 and Nellie. 
 
 HENDRECSON, O. P. 
 
 Born in Albany township, Linn County, Oregon, in 1854; the 
 son of W. F. Hendrecson; and has remained there ever smce; occu- 
 pation farming, and is agent for the sale of agricultural macliinery. 
 Married, in 1880, to Miss Ella Rideout. They have two children — 
 Daisy, and William F. 
 
 HOLMES, H. R.. M.D. 
 
 Born in Polk County, Oregon, July 80, 1854. Studied medicine 
 at the Willamette University and in the Tolaud Medical School, 
 San Francisco, and duly graduated. Is in practice at Salem, and 
 is recognized as a surgeon of great skill and attainments. He mar- 
 ried Miss Olivia Swegle, in Salem, September 27, 1870. They have 
 had one child, CJuy Paul, who died January tl, 1884, aged four years. 
 
 JOHNSON, WALTER. 
 
 Is a resident of Jefferson, Mni-ion County; his occupati<^n is 
 varied, he being engaged in farming and conducting a warehouse, 
 and is also in the drug business. He wa."-; born in Linn County, 
 July 21, 1854; married Emma Farwell, and their chihli-en are — 
 Horace and Ernest. Mr. Johnson hjus held the oflBce justice of the 
 peace in Syracuse precinct fi-om IS78 to 1882. 
 
 LEDFORD, G. T. 
 
 Born in North Carolina, August 20, 1834; came to Oregon and 
 settled in Bogue River Valley ; was in the Rogue River war in 
 
830 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTB VALLET. 
 
 I* 
 
 ;! 
 
 1855-^6; brother of Eli Ledford who was butchered by Indians in 
 the Cascade Mountains in 1859. In 1861, entered the Union army 
 in First Oregon Cavalry; went from Jacksonville to Walla Walla 
 and Fort Hall, Jis escort for immigrants; was mustered out in 1864. 
 Is now a resident of Hillsboro and keeps a variety store. Married, 
 in 1877, Miss Mary McCloud, and by her has had three children — 
 Orq, (deceased), George B., and Hazel D. 
 
 McAFEE, W. E. 
 
 Born in Oregon in 1854; is a druggist by occupation, and in 
 partnership with W. E. Hawkins. Married Mi»s Maggie Crc mwell 
 in 1874, and hiis one child. His residence and place of business is 
 8alem. 
 
 McBRIDE, GEORGE W. 
 
 Born in Yamhill County in March, 1854; the son of Dr. James 
 McBride. Was educated principally in the Willamette University, 
 and the Monmouth College. Studied law. Lives at St. Helens, 
 Columbia County, and is engaged in merchandising. Has been 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
 
 PEEBLES, GEORGE A. 
 
 Born in Clackamas County in 1854, and was educated at the 
 Willamette University, gi'aduating in 1877. He studied law in the 
 ofSce of William Ramsey, and was admitted to the bar in 1881. 
 Mr. Peebles has taught school continuously since 1871, except the 
 time spent in college, and is now principal of the East Salem school. 
 In 1884 he was elected school superintendent of Marion County. 
 Married Miss Virgie Griffith in 1882, by whom he has one child — 
 liois Lucille. 
 
 SCHEURER, W. R. 
 
 Born in Oregon in 1854; resides at Butteville, Marion County. 
 Occupation, dealing in grain. Married Sarah Douglas, November 
 9, 1875. Children — Frederick and John. 
 
 SMALL, ISAAC HI ATT. 
 
 Born in Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana, in 18"23; came to 
 Oregon in 1854, and settled at Silverton, Marion County. His 
 present residence is Turner and occupation ho^el keeper. He mar- 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 881 
 
 jy Indians in 
 Union army 
 
 Walla Walla 
 out in 1864. 
 
 re. Married, 
 
 ee children — 
 
 )ation, and in 
 Tgie Crc oawell 
 . of business is 
 
 Q of Dr. James 
 
 stte University, 
 
 at St. Helens, 
 
 ig. Has been 
 
 educated at the 
 died law in the 
 bar in 1881. 
 871, except the 
 st Salem school. 
 Marion County, 
 has one child — 
 
 Marion County, 
 ifflas, November 
 
 n 18-23; came to 
 n County. His 
 
 eeper. 
 
 He mar- 
 
 ried Hester Ann Campbell, in Indiana, May 7, 1846, and their 
 children's names are — Ehvood C, Luvina H., James ^I., Sarah 
 Ann, Calvin W., Ada Lorane, Ilettic M., and Isaac II. 
 
 STILLWELL, L. L. 
 
 Born in Yamhill County, Oregon, in 1854, the son of W. D. 
 Stillwell. He now resides on his father's old donation claim near 
 North Yamhill, and is a farmer and stock raiser. Married Miss 
 Sarah Haines in 1878, and has three diildren — Fred, Dora, and 
 Ollie. 
 
 STOTT, J. M., Jr. 
 
 Born in Oregon in 1854; is now a hardware merchant in East 
 Portland. Married Miss Sarah J. Powell in 1880. 
 
 STRATTON, J. A. 
 
 Born in Jefferson ''^ounty, Indiana, in 1844; residence, Salem, 
 and occupation, attorney -at-law. 
 
 STRATTON, MILTON A. 
 
 Born in Jefferson C'otmty, Iowa, June 10, 1838; came to Oregon 
 in October, 1854; present residence, Oregon City; occupation, sec- 
 retary to the Oregon City Manufacturing Company. Married Helen 
 Williams, and their children are — Creed W., and Carroll. 
 
 THOMAS, D. C. 
 
 Bom in New York in 1832; ran away from home when fifteen 
 and enlisted for the Mexican war. Retin-ning home, he set out, in 
 1848, for (California and worked in Wood's diggings, near Sonora, 
 Tuolumne County; was in the mines ten years; has traveled many 
 times between California and Oregon, but is noM' settled perma- 
 
 neptly at Salem. 
 
 t- 
 
 TOWNSEND, J. H. 
 
 Residence and address, Dallas; born in Polk County, Oregon, in 
 1854; received an academic education in La Creole Academy at Dal- 
 las; commenced the study of law in 1876, under J. J. Daly, of 
 Dallas, and was admitted to the bar in 1883; then formed a part- 
 nership with AVarren Truitt, which continued one year. Mr. Town- 
 send \H an active member ut the A. O. U. W. Married Miss Allie 
 Richmond in 1882. 
 
 h 
 
 :%g:.- 
 
S8f 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 WILLIAMS, L. L., 
 
 Lives in Ilillshoro, Wushington County, and Is a telegraph 
 operator; he was born in Ohio, Noveni>>er 13, 1834; moved with 
 his parents to Illinois in 1888, and from thence to AViseonain ; came 
 from the latter State to Oregon. In 18o8 he was married to Miss 
 Sarah J. Andei-son, who died in the same year. In 1863 he con- 
 tracted a second marriage with Miss Mary Hay, by whom he had 
 three children. She died in 187"J, and he was married for the third 
 time in 1873, to Mrs. S. J. Quick, by whom he had three children. 
 
 1855. 
 
 BAYLEY, JAMES R., M.D. 
 
 Born in Clark Coimty, Ohio, in 1819. Received an academic 
 education at Springfield; commenced the study of medicine in 1841, 
 and graduated from the Ohio Medical College three years later. 
 Practiced several years in Ohio. Married Miss Elizabeth Harpole. 
 Settled at Corvallis, Oregon, in 1857, and hjis lived the^e ever since. 
 Was a member of the Territorial Council in 1856 and 1857, and 
 has twice been judge of Benton County. Was State Senator in 
 1866 and 1868; and supervisor of internal revenue from 1869 until 
 1873. Has taken thirty-two degrees in Masonry, and is Past Grand 
 High Priest, and Past Grand Master of the Masons of Oregon. 
 
 BARRETT, N. W. 
 
 Born in Washington County, Oregon, November 24, 1855; 
 graduated from the Pacific University in 1879. Has taught school 
 most of the time since. Was elected to the Legislature in 1880; in 
 1882 commenced the study of law in the office of T. H. Tongue, 
 of Hillsboro. Married Miss Lucretia Parrish in 1882. His present 
 residence is Hillsboro. 
 
 
 BURKHART, C. G. 
 
 Born in Linn Cormty in 1855. Is now a partner with his 
 brother, J. H. Burkhart, in the real estate business at Albany. 
 Married Miss Clara A. Anderson in 1880. 
 
 COFFEY, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1836; came to America, and to Oregon in 
 1855, settling at King's Valley, Benton County. At present resides 
 
mioiiiiiiMiiM 
 
 HIRTOKT OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 I telcgrapb 
 tnoved with 
 onsin; came 
 •ried to Miss 
 L863 he con- 
 f\w\n he had 
 for the third 
 ivec children. 
 
 an academic 
 licine in 1841, 
 ,e years later. 
 ,l)eth Harpole. 
 le'-e ever since, 
 and 1857, and 
 tate Senator in 
 ■om 18H9 until 
 
 is Past Grand 
 |f Oregon. 
 
 >her 24, 1855; 
 taught school 
 
 lure in 1880; in 
 T. H. Tongue, 
 Q. His present 
 
 irtner with his 
 [ess at Albany. 
 
 nd to Oregon in 
 It presi'nt resides 
 
 in Salem, where he is in business as a furniture dealer. Is justice 
 of the peace of Marion County. Married Miss Johanna lIar<,'on in 
 San Francisco, California, in 18(i0. Their children are — John H., 
 Julia, James D., Mary A., Margaret li., and Isabelle J. 
 
 COMLEY. JENNINGS B., 
 
 Is a resident of Albany, Linn County, and a carpenter and joiner 
 by occupation. He was boi-n in Kentucky, September 21, 1S27; 
 married Dorinchi MeFaddeii, and their children an — (Jreorge E., 
 Adrian A,, and Edward J. Mr. Comley served four years in tJie 
 city council of Albany after its first organization. 
 
 EARHART. ROCKEY P. 
 
 Born in Franklin, Ohio, June 23, 1887, and was reared and 
 educated in that State, (-ame to Oregon via the Tsthnius, and lie- 
 came clerk in the quartermaster's de])artment of the United States 
 army posts at Vaneouver and The Dalles. Dealt in merchandise, 
 in the West Side counties, and afterward served as United States 
 Indian agent at tne Warm Springs agency, and subse(juently chief 
 clerk, special Indian agent, and secretary of the Board of United 
 States Commissioners to the Klamath and Modoc triV)es. In 1868, 
 having concluded these employments, he went into business in 
 Salem, and continued so for four years. He managed the C-heme- 
 keta Hotel in that town for a year or more. Represented Marion 
 County in the Legislature in 1870. Was aftei-vvard business mana- 
 ger of the Daily Bulletin newspaper at Portland. From 1874 
 until 1878 he was chief clerk in the surveyor genei-al's office, re- 
 signing then to enter upon his duties as Secretary of the Stat*^ of 
 Oregon, to which he had been elected. Was re-noininated for that 
 position in 1882, and elected by twenty-five hundred majority. Mr. 
 Earhart is a very prominent Free Maaoii, and has attained the 
 thirty-third degree therein. Has held high offices in various lodges, 
 and assisted in the organization of the fii-st Commandery of Knights 
 Templar established in the Northwest. Has been Grand Master of 
 the Masons of Oregcm (1878 and 1879). Married July 18<)3, Miss 
 N.. A. Burden, of Polk County. They have four daughters. 
 
 GRAF, FRED. 
 
 Born in Bavaria, in 1833; came to Oregon in 1855, and to 
 Albany in 1867. In 1870 entered the furniture and undertaking 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 [jiM m 
 
 •^ 1^ ill 2.2 
 
 " lis iio 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. MS80 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
4"^ 
 
 
 o^ 
 
834 
 
 HISTOBT OF WILLAMBTTB VALLBT. 
 
 busineBM in partnership with William Fromin, in that town, and 
 has continued in it since. Married Miss Carrie Caruthers in 1873, 
 and they have four children — Hattie, Lillie, Katie, and Fred. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, THOMAS O. 
 
 Bom in Polk County, the aon of Thomas H. Hutchinson, an 
 emigrant of 1853. His birth took place in 1855; was educated at 
 the Christian College at Monmouth. Became a school teacher, and 
 still occupies himself iu that pursuit. Was married in 1877 to 
 Miss Addie Rome, by whom he has had three childi'en — Lester C, 
 Roy C, and Lizzie M. 
 
 McDowell, f. o. 
 
 Born neai" 8alem, Marion County, August 3, 1855. By occu 
 pation, is a watchmaker and jeweler, and resides at Salem. Was 
 married December 29, 1881, to Miss Ella B. Nelson 
 
 MILLER. i.OUIS. 
 
 Born in St. Louis, Missouri, May 12, 1836; cam to Oregon in 
 1855; occupation, butcher; present residence. Turner. Wife's pre- 
 vious name, Sallie Davis. Children — Lizzie, Ollie, Louis, Pearl, 
 Emma, aud Roy. 
 
 NOYEK, PETER S. 
 
 Born in Richland County, Ohio, in 1837, and was taken by his 
 parents to Illinois in 1840, and to Texas in 1845. Went to Call- 
 fornia in 1853, stayed two years, and then came to Oregon. Set- 
 tler! in Clackamas County. Married Miss Delilah C. May in 1857, 
 Tvho had come with her parents to Oregon ten years before. Mr. 
 Noyer was member of the Legi8lattu*e8 of 1874 and 1882. 
 
 STIMPSON, GEORGE W. 
 
 Bom in Nashua, New Hampshire, in 1832; came to Oregon in 
 1855 from California, where he had emigrated the preceding year. 
 Present residence, Salem. Married in 1875, Mary E. Davis. 
 
 STOTT, JOHN S., M.D. • 
 
 Born in Washington County, Oregon, on the twenty -fifth of 
 March, 1855; the son of Thomas A. and Nancy Stott — the father 
 a well known (jitizen of that county, and its representative in the 
 
 U 
 sit 
 at' 
 Wi 
 Hi] 
 
 StU( 
 
 at t 
 
 ther 
 
 poh'i 
 
 havi 
 
 perf( 
 
 Polk 
 
 TANh 
 B( 
 
 schoo 
 Studif 
 practi, 
 of 188 
 
 WRIGI 
 
 Boi 
 
 the ce] 
 
 Pacific 
 
 nearly 
 
 sides n( 
 
 sui-veyc 
 
 VVillar,! 
 
 buckinI 
 
 Bon 
 
 twenty -(I 
 the St^tJ 
 cultural 
 E. G. Fi 
 
 CHARMA 
 Born 
 1856; ;^i 
 
11 
 
 HISTORY OP IMMIGRATION. 
 
 835 
 
 Legislature in 1872. The son was educated at the Pacific Univer- 
 sity at Forest Grove, and embarked in the profession of. teaching, 
 at the age of seventeen. He became principal of the school at 
 Walla Walla in 1876, and afterwards taught at Forest Grove and 
 Hillsboro, in his native county. In the intervals of teaching he 
 studied medicine, and afterwards attended two courses of lectures 
 at the medical department of the Willamette University, graduating 
 therefrom in April, 1883. The Doctor has entered somewhat into 
 politics, and was elected clerk of Washington County in 1883, but 
 having no time to spare from the exacting duties of his calling, he 
 performs the former functions by proxy. Resides at Independence, 
 Polk County. 
 
 TANNER. ALBERT H. 
 
 Born near Portland in 1855. Was educated in the public 
 schools and the Christian College at Monmouth, graduating in 1874. 
 Studied law and was admitted in 1879. Lives in Portland and 
 practices law. Represented Multnomah County in the Legislature 
 of 1882. Married Sarah, daugliter of John Kelly, in 1880. 
 
 WRIGHT, WILLIAM I-. 
 
 Born in New York City in 1839, the 8<m of Captain J. S. Wright, 
 the celebrated navigator and master of steamships. He came to the 
 Pacific Coast in 1855, and has traveled very extensively, visiting 
 nearly every portion of Oregon, Washington and California. Re- 
 sides now at Dallas, Polk County. Is the United States deputy 
 surveyor foi- that region. He married Maria L., daughter cf Dr. 
 G. K. Willard,in Olympia, W. T.,and their children's names are — 
 Willaid G., Pansy R., John F., and Dora B. 
 
 1856. 
 BUCKINGHAM, A. L. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1834; came to Oregon by steamer when 
 twenty-two; located at Salem and opened a store. Was clerk of 
 the State Senate for a time; and also president of the State Agri- 
 cultural Association, Resides now at Salem; married in 1876 to 
 E. G. Frost, by whom he has two children— George F., and L. F. 
 
 CHARMAN, FREDERICK. 
 
 Born in Surrey County, England, in 1835; came to Oregon in 
 1856; was a merchant by occupation. Died at Oregon City, 
 
 IM^d 
 
HIBTOBt OF WILLAHHTT. VALL15T. 
 
 ^ ,3 1868 HiB wife's previous name was Mary V^ 
 December 23, 18b». g 
 
 ChUdren-Thomas Leonard, and i^i 
 
 CONNERS. ROBERT S g^. ^^^J ^oW resides 
 
 Bom at Salt Creek, Polk ^"^^f ^'^nXation i« farming, and 
 
 at Smithfield, in the same coun^^- J^^.^.t of the agricuto^ 
 
 he ranks with the most .ealous and 6 ^^^ ^^^ ^.^^^^^ty, ^f 
 
 ^^ r mrU- < Set iinoswell E., MUlie M., and 
 Deceml>er, IBH. m*^ 
 NeUie. 
 
 GiLMORE. lOHN W.. Lebanon, Linn County. 
 
 I. H blacksmith and ^-rm.v^^^A Iw^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^„a im- 
 
 N.„cy, Jobn T., James, and Botert- 
 
 BAl.', c. H, M.D. ,„f, that State when » boy '»»'' *"■"' 
 
 Bon, in Kentncky m 1»35- left Aat bU ^^_^^ ^^^ ^^ 
 
 ,0 Indiana. In IBM he -"^^/^^ ^^banon, Cvgon, where he 
 yearf residence in Cal.tovma came to _^ ^^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 Lrved a. teacher in the ■^-^""■J' '"^^ ^rf.ed medicine and re- 
 rnstract.,.- in the V^"^'^'l'':^^lZ^. University, and ha, .«en 
 «ived a diploma h-om the W.IW ^.^^ ^^ ^ ^^ „, 
 
 practicing n,«iicine «8'"-»J7^, ,,e has been associated .n h„ 
 The Portland Sem.nary. S'"^^;^;^ jji-s Mary Waller m 8"». 
 practice with B^- 1^5™';^^!, iT&ther. During the R..Mhon, 
 'and has two "WWren-Nelhe anrt ^ ^^^^^,^ ^^^ 
 
 l)r. Hall was commissioned captam on 
 
 MILLER, JASres »• ^^ . „ .. Ooanfrv, was reared on a farm 
 
 Bom February -25, '»\«' •°^,\^r1toliv«linDall«.»in« 
 
 and received a «'™'"f^»"''°l,tnre time, then taught school. 
 ,8,2, where he attended »=kooHo sj ^^^ .^ ^ , 
 
 ,„ ,879 commenced the dn^ busmes. ^.^^ ^ ^^^^^„ „„. 
 
 with his drug »*«r?\r im Sh- one child nan,«l Jesse L. 
 ried Miss Laura Hall m 1»83, »"« 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIORATIUN. 
 
 837 
 
 and 
 tur- 
 hof 
 , and 
 
 )unty. 
 
 id im 
 
 gou in 
 
 MYERS, DAVID, 
 
 Born in Ohio, February 16, 1838; in 185(5 arrived iu Oregon 
 and settled in Linn County, near Scio; now resides in Scio, and 
 is a metihauic and manufacturer of l\inil)er. He married Mary 
 Priscilla ? cDonald in June, 1861, and tlitur children's names are 
 — Jeff Davis, Nathaniel Clay, Ida Jau(^, Laura Bell, Eva Adella, 
 Mary, Etta Maud, Blanche Myrtle, Dora Elizabeth, Floia Edith, 
 and David E<lward. 
 
 POWELL, J. M., A.M. 
 
 Born in Li an County, Oregon, January 22, 1856, and is a son 
 of A. S. Powell of that county. He was educated in the Christian 
 College, and in j 879 received the degree of Master of Arts. After 
 graduating he ta\ight for awhile in the public schools, but in 1882 
 he became professor of mathematics in the Normal School, a posi- 
 tion he still holds. He is an active member of the Christian 
 Church, and also of the L O. 0. F. 
 
 PUTNAM, R. B. 
 
 Bom in Linn County, Oregon, April 21, 1856; the son of D. B. 
 Putnam. Immediately following his birth his father removed to 
 Yamlilll County and settled near Amity, where he and his sou have 
 since lived. The later is a harness maker. He marrie<l Miss Anna 
 L. McKune in 1883. 
 
 RICHARDSON, A. j. 
 
 Born in Hancock County, Maine; his first residence after his 
 arrival in Oregon was at Portland ; his present residenc^e is at Buena 
 VisUi, and occupation, storage and forwarding merchant. He mar- 
 ried H. J. Linville in Orecjon in 1862, and their children's names 
 are — Lillie R., Albra J., May, and Winnifred. 
 
 RICHARDSON, ELIJAH HARRISON. 
 
 Born in Linn County, Oregon, February 14, 1856; was reared 
 in this State, and now resides at Scio, in Linn County. He is a 
 school teacher by occupation, and unmarried. 
 
 SUITER. LEVI T. 
 
 Bom in Tennessee in 1838, and moved thence to Missouri in 
 1844. In 1856 emigrated to California and engaged in mining. Af- 
 
888 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 terwards was at Canyon City, in Eastern Oregon, following the same 
 pursuit. Later, he became a constructor of flouring and saw mills, 
 and achieved success as such. He has l^uilt some half a dozen mills 
 in Yamhill County, and many in other localities. He built the 
 flouring mill at Lafayette, wherein he is partner with R. Daniel. 
 
 UNDERWOOD, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in England in 1830, and came to America when three 
 years old. On coming to Oregon he made his home in Salem, 
 which is still his abode. By occupation is a carpenter, and belongs 
 to the firm of Kelly «fc Underwood. Married in 1805 Mias C. S. 
 Evans, by whoju he had four children — Elenor E., William E., 
 Margaret Ann, and George G. 
 
 1857. 
 BAGLEY, O. 
 
 Is a distinguished farmer and stock-grower of Luckiamute Val- 
 ley, Polk County. He was born in Erie County, New York in 
 1830; was taken to Michigan in 1835; moved to Indiana in 1848, 
 to Illinois in 1843, and to California in 1853; four years later came 
 to Oregon and settled in King's Valley. He married Margaret 
 Chambers in 1859 and she died in 1881. Their children's names 
 are — O. J., Jasper, Andrew J., Emily, and Mary. 
 
 BRIEDWELL, GEORGE W. 
 
 Boni in Yamhill County, Oregon, June 2(), 1857. His father is 
 John W. Briedwell, of Amity. He is county clerk of Yamhill 
 County, and resides at Lafayette. Married Miss Ollie L. Maddo.x, 
 in Yamhill. They have one child, Bessie. 
 
 BROWN, E. M., M.D. 
 
 Doctor Brown, now practicing in Forest Grove, Washington 
 County, was bom in that town, the son of A. C. and Sarah A. 
 Brown, unmigrant« of 1847. He wa« educated at the Willamette 
 University, and afterward heard coui-ses of medical lectures at the 
 medical department of the University of California, in San Fran- 
 cisco, and duly graduattnl. Returning to Oregon he set up in prae- 
 tict'. Married Miss Mary E. Williamson, and they have one child. 
 
 CHERRY, J. G. 
 
 Born in Polk County, Oregon, in 1857; is a son of A. F.Cherry 
 \i^hocame to Oregon in 1852 and started a foundry in Albany iu 
 
 18«{ 
 
 wor] 
 
 he tc 
 
 Nan( 
 
 pheu 
 
 D'ARi 
 
 Li 
 
 his pa 
 
 them. 
 
 whei'e 
 
 sity. 
 
 Willis, 
 
 leni sji 
 
 1878, t 
 
 ocrntic 
 
 of the ( 
 
 D'Arcy 
 
 years. 
 
 MILLER 
 
 Bon 
 laud to 
 Albany 
 children 
 
 MILLER. 
 Is a 
 
 born in 
 
 Nancy 
 A. Ml-, 
 '■ailroad 
 
 PATTERS 
 
 Bt)rn 
 in 1852 , 
 Coming t< 
 but two 
 later still, 
 pupation 
 

 HISTORY OF IMM10KATI017. 
 
 839 
 
 1805, which he conducted until his death iu 1882. CJur 8ul)ject 
 worked with his father and vva.s junior partner at his* death, when 
 he took 8ole chaige and now carries on the business. Married Miss 
 Nancy A. Price in 1879 and has two children — Althea ami Al- 
 pheus. 
 
 D'ARCY. P. H. 
 
 Lives in Salem; he wjis born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1858; 
 his parents came to the Pacific Coast in 1854, bringing him with 
 them. Tlie}' came to Oregon three yeui-s latia* and settled in Salem, 
 where our subject received his education at the Willamette Uni/er- 
 sitv. Commenced the study of law in 187.'5 with Messrs. Boise & 
 Willis, and was admitted to tlu' bar in 1870; has practiced in Sa- 
 lem since. He was tii-st clerk of the Supreme Court, established in 
 1878, and held that office until 1880. Now a member of the Dem- 
 ocratic State Central Committee from Marion County and secretary 
 of the committee. In 1883, was elected recorder of Salem. Mr. 
 D'Arcy had learned the printer's trade and work«iti at it for eight 
 yeaix. 
 
 MILLER. A. H. 
 
 Born in Mercer County, Illinois, November 2, 1840; came over- 
 land to Oregon and now lives in Linn County, seven miles north of 
 Albany; farmer by occupation. Married Mary J. Crooks, and their 
 children are — Edith V., and Pearl. 
 
 MILLER. FRANCIS M. 
 
 Is a farmer and blacksmith, living at Miller's, Linn County; 
 born in Mercer County, Illinois, Noveml>er 20, 1843; married 
 Nancy E. Bowman and their children are — Aurora J., and Albert 
 A. Mr. Miller owns three hundred and tifty acres of land on the 
 railroad north of Albany. 
 
 PATTERSON. FRANK A. 
 
 Born in St. Clair County, Illinois, on the first of October, 1835. 
 In 1852 he (^migrated to California, and spent four years in mining. 
 Coming to Oregon in 1857, he located for a time in Benton Couiity, 
 but two years latter setled in Washington County, anil a year 
 later still, removed to Polk, where he has since remained. His oc- 
 cupation is farming and stock -growing, and he po.s8esse8 ♦^•^wn 
 
^^ 
 
 840 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 property in Indei^ndence. Mr. Patterson was married in 1859 to 
 Miss Caioline Tatom, and their family consists of the following 
 children — Isaac h., Henry B., George 8., Frank S., William, P. C, 
 D., Allen, and Maud. Mr. Patterson is prominent in politics, is a 
 Republican, and represented his county in the Legislature in 1880 
 and 1882. 
 
 PECK, G. W. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1822; lived in that state nine years, and in 
 Kentucky three years; learned the carpenter's trade; emigrated to 
 California in 185'^; lived in Mariposa County five years; dealt in 
 stock; made a trip to Mexico; came to Oregon in 1857 and settled 
 near Aumsville, and farmed and dealt in stock; was married in 
 1865 to Miss Louisa Smith; present residence, Aumsville, Marion 
 County. 
 
 PHILLIPS. D. T. 
 
 Born in St. Clair County, Illinois, in 1823; came to Oregon via 
 Panama, and arrived in 1857. Settled in Washington County, and 
 in 1865 moved to his present residence near Cornelius; owns two 
 hundred and fifty acres of land and a l)rick yard. Married Miss 
 Martha Tait, of St. Clair County, Illinois; has ten children living 
 and two dead. The living are — Melissa, Alonzo, Vickers, Sarah, 
 Millie, Emma, George W., Charles, Albert, and Franklin W. The 
 deceased — Christian, and Mary. 
 
 POTTER, J. M. 
 
 Lives in Halsey, Linn County, and is a carpenter by occupation. 
 He was born in Linn County, Oregon, December, 1867. 
 
 PRATT, LUCIEN C. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1824; resided in that State until 1850, 
 then moved to Rhode Island, and in 1857, to Oregon. Arrived in 
 Salem the same year. Has lived in Oregon City for a portion 
 of the later years, but is now an inhabitant of Salem. Has been 
 concerned in manufacturing, and came to this coast to take charge 
 of the mill in Salem. Later he has been engaged in river navigation. 
 Mr. Pratt married Nancy B. Lawrence in 1844, and had by her 
 Mary E., Ida M., and William E. 
 
 HODCIN, 
 
 Mr. H 
 
 came acr 
 lie engagt 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 841 
 
 PRICE, NIMROD. 
 
 Lives near Albany, Linn County, and is a farmer; has lived 
 ever since his arrival in Oregon on the same farm (a donation 
 claim). Married America Froman, a native of Indiana, and their 
 children are — William C, Strader, Thomas B., and James F. Mr. 
 Price owns three hundred and twenty acres of land. 
 
 RHOADES, THOMAS W. 
 
 Born in Ohio, August 31, 1832; arrived in Oregon August 15, 
 1857. Occupation, proprietor of the Cliff House at Oregon City. 
 Wife's previous name, Annie E. White. Children — Jerome E., 
 James L., and William S. (deceased). Mr. Rhoades died in Feb- 
 ruary, 1885. 
 
 THOMPSON, T. W. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1831. When he came to Oregon he 
 settled in Poi'tland. His present residence is near Gaston, and his 
 occupation farming. He married Avarilla Stott, in 1862. 
 
 1858. 
 BEAN, J. W., M.D., 
 
 Of Dallas, was born in Lane County, December 5, 1858. He 
 was educated at the State Univei'sity, graduating in 1880. His 
 medical education was acquired under the care of Dr. Sharpies, of 
 Eugene City, at the Willamette Medical School, and at the Jeffer- 
 son Medical College, in Philadelphia, from whence he graduated, 
 March 30, 1882. Practiced a short time in Cottage Grove, in Lane 
 County, then entered the government employ as surgeon, and took 
 charge of a temporary ho'-pital at the Cascade Locks, for the treat- 
 ment of the sick and mjurai during the government work. Moved 
 to Dallas in 1883; is permanently located and has a large practice. 
 
 HAWKINS, W. E. 
 
 Born in Multnomah County, Oregon, in 1858; is a druggist by 
 occupation, in partnei-ship with W. E. McAfee, at Salem. 
 
 HODGIN, W. L. 
 
 Mr. Hodgin was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, in 1827, and 
 came across the plains in 1849 to California, where, for a while, 
 he engaged in mining. He then turned his attention to farming in 
 
842 
 
 BISTORT OK WILLAMSTTB VALLBT. 
 
 San Joaquin County, but failed by drouth. He then returned to 
 the mines and remained two years. Came to Oregon in 1868 and 
 lived at various times in Washington and Multnomah counties until 
 1868, when he came to Polk County and settled in Independence 
 and engaged in general merchandising for some time. He has held 
 the position of postmaster since 1871, and entered into partnership 
 with Mr. Heukle in 1884 in trading. Was married in 1874 to Mrs. 
 Jeannette Stuard. 
 
 IRVINE, E. L., M.D. 
 
 Bom in Linn County, Oregon, in 1858. Received his education 
 at the WiPamette University, and in 1880 commenced the study of 
 medicine at Portland, and graduateti in 1883. Located at Albany 
 and has practiced there since. Married Mias Laura Houk, July 20, 
 
 1882, and they have one child — Elbert Lloyd. 
 
 MITCHELL, M. 
 
 Bom in Oregon City in May, 1858; in 1879 he engaged in trade 
 at Gervais, Marion County, and was appointed postmaster of the 
 town. Resides in that place. 
 
 MYERS. DAVID. 
 
 Bom in Ohio in 1 834 ; came to Oregon by way of Panama, and 
 resides in Scio, Linn County; occupation, farmer and mechanic. 
 He is owner of a tract of six hundred and forty acres of land two 
 and a half miles east of Scio, and town property, including a plan- 
 ing mill. Also owns a saw mill on Thomas Creek, nix and a half 
 miles east of Scio, and one hundrtd and twenty acres of land, on 
 which the mill is located. The mill has a capacity of five thousand 
 feet of lumber per day. Mr. Myers was elected county commiH- 
 sioner in Linn County in 1884. Married Mary P. McDonald, and 
 their children are— slefferson, Nathaniel C, Ida J., Laura B., Eva 
 A., Mary M., Myrtle and Maud (twins), Dora and Flora (twine), 
 David, and Lola H. 
 
 SCHOLFIELD, BENJAMIN. 
 
 Bora in Clark County, Illinois, in 1840. When sixteeh yeai-s 
 of age went to California with his father, p year later they came 
 together to Oregon and settled near Hillsboro; his father died iu 
 
 1883. Benjamin Scholfield has lived in Washington County since 
 
 his a 
 of la 
 Ruth 
 and I 
 
 OHAR 
 
 Bo 
 
 gist; J 
 
 GEISV. 
 
 Boi 
 
 years 1 
 He gre 
 to com 
 in 1884 
 with th 
 
 HARTM, 
 
 Live 
 born in 
 
 to the r 
 
 ington ( 
 pstablisi 
 Appersc 
 
 es 
 
 ROGERS, 
 
 Livi 
 born in 
 educate( 
 'Dg in a 
 with J. \ 
 
 THOMPS( 
 Born 
 1852 
 
 ing, (!lerk 
 he found 
 where he 
 neigh bori 
 Jt)yer, by 
 
 A 
 
BI8T0BY OF IMMIORATION. 
 
 848 
 
 his arrival in the State; now owns two hundred and seventy acres 
 of land. Was murried in 1H<>;{ to Mias Surah V. Iliiil; children — 
 Ruth, Scott, Rosa, William T., Rebecca, Mollie, Sarah (deceased), 
 and Harriet. Residence and ad<lres8, Cornelius. 
 
 1869. 
 OHARMAN. THOMAS L. 
 
 ' Born in Oregon City November 4, 1859. Occupation, drug- 
 gist; present residence, Oregon City. 
 
 -, in 1857; came to Oregon two 
 
 GEISY. AUGUST. 
 
 Born in Pacific County, — 
 years later with his parents who settled in Aurora, Marion County. 
 He grew to manhood in that place, after which h(; cauie to Salem 
 to complete his education. Since that time he taught school, ami 
 in 1884 was electtxl treasurer of Marion County. He studies law 
 with the intention of practicing. 
 
 HARTMAN, B. F. 
 
 Lives in McMinnville and is a merchant by occupation. Was 
 horn in New York in 1837; when twenty-two years of age came 
 to the Pacific Coast; settled in Oregon in 18()2; farmed in Wash- 
 ington County for five years. In 1871, came to McMinnville and 
 established his present business. Formed a partnei-ship with A. J, 
 Apperson in 1884. He was married in 1864 to Miss Millie Arthur. 
 
 ROGERS, J. L. 
 
 Lives in McMinnville; is a druggist by occupation, and was 
 born in Yamhill County in 1859. Was reared on a farm, and 
 e<lucated at the McMinnville College. In 1878, commenced clerk- 
 ing in a drug store in McMinnville, and later formed a partnership 
 with J. W. Todd, in a drug store, which still continues. 
 
 THOMPSON. JAMES I. 
 
 Born in North Carolina in 1827; came overland to California in 
 1852. After various experiences, which included raining, garden- 
 ing, clerking, a trip to Frazer River in 1858, school teaching, etc., 
 he found his way to this State in 1859, and now resides in Salem, 
 where he owns city property a.s well as agricultural land in the 
 neighboring County of Polk. Married in 1862 Miss Elizabeth 
 Dyer, by whom he has one son, Hugh H. 
 
 
 
844 
 
 HIBTORY '>•' WILLAMKTT» VALLXY. 
 
 THOMPSON. JOHN. 
 
 Born in Scotland in Juiy, 1821. He came to America in 1842, 
 and lived in New York five years; he then went to Alabama, and 
 two yeara latter to California via Panama. He lived in California 
 several yenrs, and then went to Puget Sound, but shortly after 
 came *-o Oregon, settling finally in Yamhill County, which place i' 
 still his home. Mr. Thompson has been deputy county clerk since 
 1877. He was married in 1878 to Mrs. Fletcher, who is one of 
 the early pioneers of «!)regon, and daughter of Andrew Smith. 
 
 1860. 
 BPPERLY, GEORGE A. 
 
 Born in Oregon City in 1800; moved with his parents to Port- 
 land in 1870, and in 1878 graduated from the Portland High 
 School. In 1881 he entered into a partnership with Dr. W. Smith 
 in the drug business at Sheiidan, which partnership still exists. 
 
 GRAVES, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 18'25; went to Illinois in 1846, and was col- 
 lector of Knox County in 1858. On arriving in Oregon, lived 
 nearly a year in Corvallis, and for the following twenty-three in 
 Salem. Is now a resident of Gervais, Marion County. Occupa- 
 tion, furniture manufacturer and undertaking. Married in 1847 to 
 Barbara Shijemaker, and their children are — Thomas Wesley (at 
 present in Astoria), Melissa, Ellen, and Ida Bell. 
 
 SCHMEER, JOHN. 
 
 Bom in Germany in 1845; came to Oregon, and in 1864 settled 
 in Albany; started a grocery and bakery, which he kept until 1880; 
 in 1883 purchased a livery stable formerly owned b}- Mre. Stimp- 
 son, which he has conducted since. Married Miss Stenebe in 1867, 
 by whom he had two children. She died in 1869, and in 1870 he 
 married Miss Hegele, by whom he has one child. 
 
 1861. 
 BUMP, W!LSON. 
 
 Born in New York in 1837 ; came to Oregon in 1861 and setthnl 
 in King's Valley, his present residence. His occupation, agricul- 
 ture, and he is spoken of as a representative of the best class of 
 farmers. He married Emily C. Allen in Indiana in 1870, and they 
 have three children — Mark, Clarence, and Daniel. 
 
 CARR 
 
 B< 
 
 way c 
 
 Califo 
 
 Orega 
 
 the fa' 
 
 Count 
 
 Marrif 
 
 lah, C( 
 
 occupa 
 
 Can-, w 
 
 at Grai 
 
 COSPEI 
 
 Bon 
 
 Alice P 
 
 GLBASO 
 
 Bori 
 Oregon 
 Naylor, 
 Mr. Gle; 
 Grove. 
 
 HORNER 
 
 Resic 
 pation. 
 and mar 
 9, 1859. 
 
 JARNIGAl 
 
 Bom 
 
 Missouri 
 For seve 
 assessor 
 Frazer R 
 1863 cam 
 heth Fish 
 fifteen yej 
 M. Terris 
 

 HIRTORT OF IMMIORATrON. 
 
 845 
 
 CARR. SUMNER. 
 
 Born in Maine in \H'M. ia 1S59, left for Calitornia, coming by 
 way of Panama: lived in C»liiorniu tw<» y*^'"'^; tl»"' entered the 
 California Volunteers an i wa« t, nt to Grand Uond«', Polk County, 
 Oregon, where he wan station* 1 three yeaix. VVa« di«clmrged in 
 the fall of 18<54 and retununl tv Polk County. MovhI to Yandilll 
 County, in 18«56, and w«s clectiHl asMKsor of tliat county in 1870. 
 Married Miss Lizzie F. Wiley ir 18^)5, and has five eiiildren — Le- 
 lah, Carrie, Rowoe, HeHsie, and f'arlton i . lie is a carpenter by 
 occupation and now lives at Carlton where he owns propeity. Mr. 
 Can', with his wife, taught the Indian School one year on the agency 
 at Grand Ronde. 
 
 COSPER, ROMENO. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 185G; came to Salem in 1862. Married Miss 
 Alice Pennoyer in 1882. 
 
 GLEASON, JOHN E. 
 
 Born in Maine in 1845; went to California about 1855, and to 
 Oregon about six years later. Married in 18(ii>, Miss Nancy II. 
 Naylor, of Washington County, by whom he has had three children. 
 Mr. GlettMonV occupation is farming, and his residence is in Forest 
 Grove. 
 
 HORNER, JOHN B. 
 
 Resides in Brownsville, Linn County, and is a teacher by occu- 
 pation. Was bo-n in La Grange County, Texas, August 4, 1856, 
 and married Miss Isabella Skipton, who was bom in Iowa, April 
 9, 1859. 
 
 JARNIGAN, ALLEN J. 
 
 Bom in Sumner County, Tennessee, May 4, 1835; emigi'ated to 
 Missouri in 1844, and from thence to the Pacific coast in 1850. 
 For seven years he mined in California and for two terms was 
 assessor of Mendocino County of that State. In 1858 went to 
 Frazer River; in 1861 he fought Indians in Eastern Oregon; m 
 1863 came to .' Ibany and while there was married to Miss Eliza- 
 beth Fish. In 1865 moved to Southern Oregon, where he lived for 
 fifteen years. His wife die(' .n 1873, and he was married to Sarah 
 M. Terris. Came to the Willamette Valley from Southern Oregon 
 
846 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLBT. 
 
 and held for some time the office of justice of the peace in Linn 
 County; now lives at Marion; is a mechanic by trade; is also an 
 ordained elder of the Primitive Baptist Church, and has preached 
 eighteen years. 
 
 LEE, THOMAS J., M.D., 
 
 Born in Missouri, November 24, 1851. When a child he was 
 taken with his parents to Kansas, and in 1860 they proceeded to 
 California, and the next year came to Polk County, Oregon. At 
 the age of eighteen he commenced the study of medicine under his 
 father, Dr. W. C. Lee, an old English physician, who graduated in 
 Lon(1on and practiced in Polk County, and died in Fel^ruary, 1882. 
 The subject of this sketch also studied under Dr. Sharpe, of 
 Eugene City, and attended lectures at the Toland Medical College 
 in San Francisco, and from there went to the Medical College of 
 Missouri, where he graduated with the highest honors in a class of 
 two hundred and four. Dr. Lee formed a partnership with Dr. J. 
 C. Davidson of Independence, which still exists. Mairied Miss 
 Emma Swearingen, of Lane County, December 24, 1876, and has' 
 two children, namely, Loleta W., and Myi-tle. Dr. Lee was twice 
 elected coroner of Polk County. 
 
 SCOTT. LYMAN S. 
 
 Captain Scott was born in Connecticut in 1830. His youth was 
 spent in Canada, Illinois and Missouri, and in 18.50 he crossed the 
 Rocky Mountains to California. For over ten years he was a miner 
 in Amador County. In 1861 he raiseid a company of infantry at- 
 tached to the Fourth California regiment, an(i became captain of it. 
 These troops did duty in Western Oregon for the succeeding four 
 years, and Captain Scott commanded in turn Forts Yamhill and 
 Hoskins, and the block house at the Siletz reservation. For \ por- 
 tion of 1865 the company was on duty in Eastern Oregon, at Camp 
 Curry, but in December of that year it was ordered to San Fran- 
 cisco and mustered out of service. Captain Scott then returned tx* 
 civil life, and settling in Portland, began merchandising, but re- 
 moved to Salem in 1866 where he has since remained. He has held 
 several public offices, namely — Mayor of Salem (1868-<)V)), sheriff 
 of Marion County (1872-74), chairman of the Republican Stato 
 Geatral Committee (1874-78), raeaiberof the House of Representa- 
 
 BARGER, 
 
 Born 
 Browns V 
 he was a 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 847 
 
 tives (1878), postmaster of Salem (1879), adjutant-general of Oregon 
 
 (1883 ). Captain Seott married in 1858 Miss Eliza J. Erwin, 
 
 of Volcano, Amador County, California, and tliey have five chil- 
 dren — Grant, Pearl, Lloyd L., P. A., and Hubert. Captain Scott 
 is now engaged in the livery and hack business. 
 
 SLOAN, MRS. SARAH A. 
 
 The Forest Grove Hotel, a somewhat noted public house, was 
 begun by Mrs. Sloan and husband in 1802, the first hotel in that 
 town if one excepts the small inn kept by Mr. Blank. The Sloans 
 were from Chautauqua County, New York, and came from the East 
 the year before the house was opened, and have sustained it ever 
 since. Their children numbered three, but one, Eugene, a prom- 
 ising young man, died in 1873. James and George survive. "The 
 residents of Forest Grove in the year 1861," says Mrs. Sloan, " were 
 Messrs. Walker, Eells, McMillan, Clarke (Rev. Harvey), Marsh 
 (president of the college^, Stephen Blank, A. Hinman, and Robert 
 Porter, with their families." 
 
 STRONG, J. E. 
 
 Mr. Strong, an old resident of Salem, was born in New York in 
 1814. He was educated in New England, and spent some yeai-s in 
 early life under the instruction of eminent educators, by whom he 
 was taught the principles of the then new and unexplored domain 
 of electricity. He aided in the construction of the second telegraph 
 line built in the United States, namely — that from Boston to New 
 York, and became general superintendent of the same. Coming to 
 California in 1852, he built, the next year, the first telegi-aph line 
 in that State, it being the short experimental line from Grass Val- 
 ley to Nevada City. After several yeai*s actively spent in similar 
 engineering works, Mr. Strong left California, and in 1861 settled 
 in Salem, Oregon, and has since remained there. He mai'ried, in 
 1836, Miss Margaret L. Fitzgerald. 
 
 1862. 
 BARGER, S. P. 
 
 Born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, in 1837; is a resident of 
 Brownsville, Linn County, and a butcher by occupation In 1858 
 he was married to Miss Sarah E. Dodsoii. 
 
 i i 
 
848 
 
 HI8TOBT OF WILLAMXTTX VALLBT. 
 
 biLyeu, W. R. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1848; came with his parents across the 
 plains to Oregon and settled in Washington County. Was educated 
 in the Pacific University, and graduated in 1873; then commenced 
 the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 187(). Located in 
 Albany subsequently, and has practiced there since; is now in 
 partnership with Judge Powell. Was elected State Senator in 
 1878, and re-elected in 1882. Married Miss Mary E. Goldson in 
 1883, They have one child — Charles Theodore. 
 
 DEMPSEY. I. I. 
 
 Born in Jackson County, Ohio, in August, 1820; is a son of 
 Judge Dempsey, of Ohio; fi*om that State Mr. Dempsey went to 
 Illinois, and there lived until 1862; in 1856 he was a candidate for 
 the State Legislature from Knox County, Illinois. Mr. Dempsey 
 has lived in Polk County since his arrival in this State. Dixie, his 
 present place of residence, was so named because of Mr. Dempsey's 
 strong Democratic principles, and his mill, built in 1865, was the 
 commencement of the town; it now has one stoi'e, blacksmith shop, 
 mill, large warehouse, church, and school house. In 1866 Mr. Demp- 
 sey was elected to the State Legislature from Polk County, and wa« 
 a candidate in 1874; in 1884 was elected county judge. In 1840 he 
 married Miss Nancy W. Ferguson, and they have four children — 
 Julia A., James A., C. E., and Mary J. 
 
 GASTON, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in Loydsville, Ohio, in 1833; came to Oregon in 1862 and 
 settled at Jacksonville. Married Narcissa M. Jones in 1858, and 
 they have a daughter, Mary W. Gaston. Their residence is at Gas- 
 ton, near Forest Grove, Washington County. Mr. G.'s occupation 
 is stock-raising and farming. For Mr. Gaston's connection with 
 the introduction of railways into Oregon, see preceding chapters. 
 
 HALE, G. N. 
 
 Born in Iowa, April 15, 1848. Came to Oregon, settled in 
 Washington County, and has lived there since. Was dpputy sheriff 
 in 1878-80; elected sheriff in 1880, and re-elected in 1882. Now 
 owns a farm of one hundre<l and fifty acres, and ciiltivates it. In 
 1875, married Miss Emma N. Vite; they have two children — John 
 
 are J 
 
 HIAT 
 
 B 
 
 later, 
 year, 
 hack j 
 man. 
 dence, 
 
 MARTI 
 
 Boi 
 
 now in 
 
 ♦ <fe AUe 
 
 name n 
 
 busines 
 
 taught* 
 
 McGREV 
 
 Bori 
 mines ir 
 went Ea 
 Dallas 
 mercanti 
 in 1878 
 has five 
 Mr. Mc( 
 
 O'CONNOJ 
 
 Boi'n 
 
 to Oreg( 
 
 business 
 
 'n a drug 
 
 still rema 
 
 similar ofl 
 
 have one 
 
 Q"»CK, D. 
 
 Born 
 (bounty eii 
 
 oi 
 
mm 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 849 
 
 v., and William G. Mr. Hale's residence and postoffice address 
 are Hillsboro. 
 
 HIATT. WILLIAM. 
 
 Bom in Iowa in 1851 and removed to Nebraska seven years 
 later. Was in Colorado in 1861, but returned to Iowa the same 
 year. Coming to Oregon he settled at Salem and engaged in the 
 hack and dray business. In 1878 he married Miss Huldah A. Whit- 
 man. They have three children — Bertl Nora and Jessie. Resi- 
 dence, Salem. 
 
 MARTIN, J. M. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1836 and was bred a fanner. Resides 
 now in Salem and was for a time a member of the finu of Martin 
 & Allen, grocers, composed of himself and David Allen. The firm 
 name at present is J. M. Martin & Co., and does a very extensive 
 business. Mr. Martin married M. Tillotsou and has by her a 
 daughter, Maud Martin. 
 
 McGREW, J. W. 
 
 Born in Indiana; came across the plains to the Salmon River 
 mines in 1862 and moved to Portland in the same year. In 1863 
 went Ea«t and returned to Oregon in 1866; has been in business in 
 Dallas and Lincoln. In 1871 moved to Perrydale and entered the 
 mercantile business. The town of Perrydale was laid out by him 
 in 1878. He was married in 1866 to Miss Phcebe Walling and 
 has five children — Emmett, Mabel, Curtis, Jessie, and Florence. 
 Mr. McGrew's residence and postoffice address are Perrydale. 
 
 O'CONNOR, FRANK. 
 
 Born in Wisconsin in 1855; when seventeen years of age came 
 to Oregon, and locating in Washington County, learned the drug 
 business. Going next t<^) Lafayette, Yamhill County, he engaged 
 in a drug store as clerk, but soon })ecarne proprietor, and as such, 
 still remains. He is recorder of Lafayette and has held several 
 similar offices. Was married in 1881 to Miss A. L. Watts and they 
 have one son, Willie by name. 
 
 QUICK, D. O. 
 
 Born in Indiana, August 27, 1829; has lived in Washington 
 County since his arrival in this State. Is owner of a steam saw- 
 
850 
 
 HISTOBY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 mill, and is also proprietor of a hotel at Hillsboro. Studied law in 
 Illinois under the Hon. James Davis and was admitted to the bar 
 in that State in 1859, and to the bar of Oregon in 1864. Became 
 a member of the Legislature in 1864, and served in the called .ses- 
 sion that adopted the thirteenth amendment. Married Miss Sarah 
 Updyke, and b)' her has one child named Emerson E. His wife 
 died in 1857. In 1858 he married Amelia E. Young, and by her 
 has seven children — Elmer, Emerson O., William D., Anna May, 
 Warri ii, Frederick, and Ada Gertrude. 
 
 STITES, T. J. 
 
 Bom in Putnam County, Indiana, in 1839. Came to Oregon 
 and settled in 1868 in Harrisburg, Linn County; studied law in 
 Albany and was admitted to the bar July, 1880. Entered the 
 newspaper business in 1882, and is now editor of the Albany Dem- 
 ocrat^ which was founded by Delazon Smith. In 1868 was elected 
 a member of the Legislature from Linn County, and in 1870 was 
 elected school superintendent and served four years; was principal 
 of the Albany public schools from 1872 to 1876; was then elected 
 county clerk and served one term. In 1878 was nominated for 
 state senator, but was defeated by f, small majonty. Mr. Sti*^p« was 
 employed by Governor Thayer as his private secretary, rle was 
 married March 31, 1868, to Miss Mary J. Martin, and they havf^ 
 two children — Etta Belle, and William M. (One, Herschel A., 
 deceased.) 
 
 TURPIN, D.. L. 
 
 Bom in Pennsylvania in 1846; emigrated to Minnesota, and was 
 in the Government service for a while. Came to Oregon in 1862; 
 principal occupation, hotel-keeping; residence, Washington County; 
 at present is miller for the Smith Brothers at Hillsboro. Mr. Tur 
 pin was married in 1856, to Martha Willey. Their childi-en are — 
 Ellen K., and W. N. 
 
 1863. 
 
 w. 
 
 COOPER, E. 
 
 Bom in Lawrence County, Missouri, April 11, 1852. He came 
 across the plains to Polk County, Oregon, eleven years later, and 
 has since remained there. His occupation since his arrival has 
 mainly been the livery business, in which he remained until 1882, 
 
 HOWE, 
 
 Resi 
 dle-maJi 
 Married 
 P., Fay 
 
 JESSUP, 
 
 Born 
 
 «geand 
 
 After CO 
 
 1864; th, 
 
 Medical 
 
 nioved to 
 
m 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 851 
 
 since which he has been partner with J. S. Smith in the hardware 
 and agricultural implements trade. The firm name at present is 
 Smith, Cooper, Wade & Co. Mr. Cooper mari'ied, in February, 
 1884, Miss Ella Butler. 
 
 CORKER, D. I. 
 
 Born in Albany, New York, in 1829. In 1849 he went to Cal- 
 ifornia, landing at San Francisco in Novembei' of that year. He 
 came to Oregon first in 1863, having sj^ent the intervening years in 
 mining in various portions of the Golden State. Subsequently he 
 has mined somewhat in Idaho, has visited various points of interest, 
 and has pursued merchandising with good success. He is now 
 in the hardware trade at Lafayette. 
 
 HENDREX, J. F., M. D. 
 
 Born near Knoxville, Tennessee, May 27, 1826; studied medi- 
 cine in New Orleans in 1851-52. Came to the Pacific Coast in 
 1853: lived in California and British Columbia prior to his coming 
 to Oregon. After his an-ival in this State he lived three years in 
 Canyon City engaged in mining and practicing his profession; next, 
 w^nt to Lebanon, Linn County, and continued in practice. In 1868 
 moved to Harrisburg, Linn County, where he still resides, and 
 in connection with his profession, is proprietor of the Harrisburg 
 Hotel. The Doctor attended a course of lectures at the Willamette 
 University and graduated in 1856. Was married to Mrs. M. M. 
 Brown in 1867. 
 
 HOWE, J. M. 
 
 Resides in Brownsville, Linn County, and is a harness and sad- 
 dle-maker; was born in Callov/ay County, Missouri, 'n July, 1854. 
 Married Sophronia Coshow in 1877, and their children are — Owen 
 P., Fay D., Lolo, and an infant. 
 
 JESSUP, S. R., M.D. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1839; moved to Iowa when eleven years of 
 age and worked on a farm, attended school and became a teacher. 
 After coming to C-regon he taught school at Amity, in 1863 and 
 1864; then studied medicine at Fort Yamhill, and at the Toland 
 Medical College in San Franciswi; graduated in 1868, in Salem, and 
 moved to Dallas. On August 26, 1868, he was married to Miss S. 
 
862 
 
 UISTOBY OF WILLAM2TTE VALLEY. 
 
 Coshow. Went East and, in 1871, graduated at Belle vue Hospital 
 and Medical College in New York City; returned to Oregon and 
 settled in Salem, where he haw since resided. Was Professor of 
 Anatomy in the Medical Department of the Willamette University 
 several years. In 1880 he was elected councilman. His children 
 were — Arthur (deceased), Albert A., and Koy (deceased). 
 
 KAY, THOMAS. 
 
 Is a resident of Brownsville, Linn County, and superintendent 
 of the Brownsville Woolen Mills. He was born in Yorkshire, neai' 
 Leeds, England, in June, 1838, and came to the United States in 
 1857. In that year he was manied to Miss Ann Slingsby, and 
 their children ai'e — Fannie, Thomas, Lydia, Sarah, Henry, Minnie, 
 and Breta. 
 
 KNIGHT, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Alleghany CV)unty, Pennsylvania, April 17, 1839. Re- 
 sides now at Oregon City, and holds the office of sheriff of Clacka- 
 mas County. Married Martha E. Birchet, and their children are 
 Bertha E., Minnie J., Arthur R., Martha V., aud Mary V., the 
 latter being twins. 
 
 LANCE, J W. 
 
 Born in Ohio, in 1830; went to California in 1849; came to 
 Oregon in 1863; occupation mail carrier and teamster; present res- 
 idence,. Salem. His wife's previous name was Sarah Basey. Chil- 
 dren — Mary H., Lismond P. (deceased), Ora, Ruby, Frankie 
 (deceased), and Joe. 
 
 LEININGER, WILLIAM H. 
 
 Bom in Pennsylvania; came to Oregon in 1863, and settled in 
 Salem, where he still resides. His occupation consists in collecting 
 and selling the seeds of the large-leaved maple, acer circinatum^ a 
 deciduous tree of the most beautiful description, and perfectly 
 adapted foi- shade and ornament. (See page 525.) These si^ds 
 readily command, from eastern nurserymen and plantere, a high 
 price, and are found to grow very well in those colder regions. 
 
 PILSBURY, JOHN G. 
 
 Born in Biddeford, Maine, August 19, 1839; came to Oregon 
 in 1863. Occupation, receiver in the United States land office at 
 
llfl 
 
 TtlSTORT OF IMMtORATIOX. 
 
 858 
 
 Oregou City, his place uf rusidence. Wife's previous imuie, Mrs. 
 Margaret Post. Children — Ethel V., and Hazel. 
 
 ROORK, J. H. 
 
 Born in East Tennessee in 1826; moved to Missouri in 1848, and 
 to thePacilic Coast in 1852. Minexi in California two years; then 
 went to school two years, and in 18(11 commenced ministerial work 
 in that State. Two yeai-s later lie came to ( )regon and wtmt into 
 the milling business, having u sawmill and gristmill in South Sa- 
 lem, and for sonie time was pastor of the Methodist Church. ¥ov 
 two years he was agent of the Klamath Indians, and agent of the 
 Willamette University for the same period. He is now engaged in 
 merchandising in Salem. He was married in Tennessee in 1847 to 
 Miss Letitia Witten, who died in 1849, and in 1858 he married 
 E valine Herrick. 
 
 STAIGER, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1844; lived for some yeai-s in Missouri, 
 working in sawmills and the like. Crossed the plains by ox-team, 
 settling in Marion County. Was engaged in cabinet-making for 
 three years, but al)0ut 1871 purchased a mai'ble-cutting establish- 
 ment iu Salem and runs it successfully. It is the second largest in 
 the State. J. F. Staiger, brother of the foregoing, is associated in 
 the enterprise. The latter was county treasurer of Marion in 
 1882-83. Both reside in Salem. 
 
 TOZIER, C. T. 
 
 Born in Indiana, November 7, 1832; came to Oregon in 1863; 
 in 1872 was elected sheriff of AVashington County and re-elected in 
 1874; in 1876 was chosen to the Legislature; in 1878 became county 
 assessor, and in 1882, county judge. He is a Good Templar, and 
 is grand worthy chief of that order in the State of Oregon. By 
 trade he is a carpenter, and resides at Hillsboro. He has l)een 
 married twice— first, to Miss Caroline Mince, in 1856, and by her 
 had one child, named Edgar. She died in 1857. In 1855) he mar- 
 ried Miss J. P. Maylield, and by her has had five children— Albert 
 E., Rosella C. Edith M., Leroy M., and Nellie V. 
 
 WALTERS, HARRY. 
 
 Born in England in 1844; was a seaman in early life, but find- 
 ing his way to Portland, entered the employ of the O. R. it N. Co. 
 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 1^ 
 
 lNM&'«i'« 
 
854 
 
 UISTOKY OV VVILI.AMKTTK VALLKY. 
 
 for soiue time, and eveutually settled at Albany, Lia present home, 
 in 1878. Was married, in 1870, to IV Lou Men-ick. Their chil- 
 dren are — ^^lla and Netta (twins). , . Walters is now in trade. 
 
 WHEELER, ALMON. 
 
 Born in Orleans, New York, in 1824; came to the Pacific coast 
 in 18G3, and settled in Linn County; is a merchant of Shedd, Linn 
 County, and deals largely in grain and lumber. Was married, De- 
 cember 8, 1864, to Mary Cusick. Children — Homer, Thomas, and 
 Alfred. 
 
 1864. 
 
 ANDREWS, DAVID. 
 
 Bom in Castile, Connecticut, in 1840. On his arrival in Ore- 
 gon he settled in Linn County and still resides there. Has held 
 various county oflSces during that time; was postmaster at Lebanon 
 for three yeai*s; in 1884 was elected county clerk. He married 
 Miss Adda H. Hamilton in August, 1877, and their children's names 
 are — Ora May, Jessie P., Olgie, and Thaddeus W. 
 
 BURROWS, THOMAS. 
 
 Born in England in 1840 and came to the United States in 1854; 
 emigrated in 1864 to Oregon. Found employment for several years 
 in various woolen mills, and finally retiring to Salem, became part- 
 ner in the firm of Boothby & Burrows. Mr. Burrows resides 
 now in Salem. 
 
 CLARK, T. W. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1842; came overland to California in 1860, 
 and spent four years in mining. Went to Yamhill County, Ore- 
 gon, in 1864 and fai'med for over a year. Returned to California 
 and spent some mouths in the employ of the Central Pacific Rail- 
 way Company, but eve'itually returned to Oregon, and in the course 
 of his wanderings made a visit to Washington Teri'itory and another 
 to California. Settled eventually at Woodburn, Marion County, 
 his present residence, and engaged in merchandising. Married Mrs. 
 M. E. Brant in 1878, and they have one child — Bertha E. 
 
 COOPER, J. S. 
 
 Born in Lawrence County, Missouri, in 1841; came to Cali- 
 fornia in 1860, and Oregon four years later; settled in Spring 
 Valley. Now resides at Independence, where he organized a 
 
rnia 
 
 burse 
 jtber 
 
 HTSTORT OF IMMIORATIOIf. 
 
 866 
 
 bank iu lb84, known as the J. S. Cooper Bank. In Pollv County, 
 in 18G9, he was married to Miss F. O. Graves, who died at Inde- 
 pendence in 1879. In 1883 he was married a second time, to Miss 
 Jennie McNiel. Their children are — Stella M., Dora E., Ella P., 
 Clarence F., and Mabel. 
 
 CROASMAN, A. B. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvjinia in 1846; came to Oregon at the age of 
 eighteen ; settled at Salem, his present address. Was postmaster of 
 that city for a time, resigning in 1885. His present occupation is 
 dealing in clothing, etc. Married Linnie McCully, and they have 
 one child — Alice L. 
 
 DAVIS, N. 
 
 Born in Hamilton County, Illinois, in 1848; came across the 
 plains with his father in 1864. Taught in the public schools foiu'- 
 teen years. Resides now at Forest Grove, and is principal of the 
 public schools of that place. He is a graduate of the Pacific Uni- 
 versity, class of 1883. Married, in 1871, Miss Alzade Brazee, by 
 whom he had a son, named Howard. Mrs. Davis died in 1873, and 
 in 1875, he married Miss Irene Clark, who is also a graduate of the 
 Pacific University. Mr. Davis' father. Captain A. Davis, died at 
 Vancouver in 1868. He had served in the Mexican war, and in 
 the Union army during the rebellion, attaining, m the latter war, 
 the rank of captain. 
 
 EVANS. J. G. 
 
 Born at Long Point, Canada West, in 1840. When twenty-one 
 he went to British Columbia, and mined there until 1864; spent 
 then one year in Oregon, and at its expiration returned to Canada 
 and married Miss Eliza Vincent. Their family includes six chil- 
 dren — John A., M. J., Mary Ann, J. G., David W., and Ellen C, 
 In 1867, Mr. Evans settled in Salem, where he now lives, pursuing 
 the occupation of farmer and dairyman. 
 
 FLINN, M. A., M.D. 
 
 Born in New York in 1841; went to Wisconsin when sixteen; 
 emigrated to California in 1863, and after a year came to Oregon. 
 Had studied medicine previously and graduated at the AVillamette 
 University with the degree of M. D., in 1872. Was in government 
 employ as surgeon for three years, but resigned therefrom in 1875 
 
856 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTE VALLET. 
 
 and began practice in Vancouver, subsequently removing to Ger- 
 vais, Marion County, where he has resided since, engaged in practice. 
 For a time was in partnership with Dr. Cusick. Was married in 
 1871 to Amanda McCorkle. Represented Marion County in the 
 Legislature in 1885. 
 
 GREGG. J. T. 
 
 Born in Allen County, Indiana, April 20, 1 847 ; came to Oregon 
 in 1864. Resides at Salem and practices law. Was principal of 
 the East Salem public school for eight years, and since 1876 has 
 held the position of superintendent of schools for the city of Salem, 
 and likewise held the office of county superintendent for three 
 terms. Marrie<l in 1874, Isabella Fraser, who died in the same 
 year. Their only child, Alice, by name, is also deceased. 
 
 GROVES, JOHN F. 
 
 Bom in Indiana^in 1846; came to Oregon in 1864, being four 
 months and twenty days in making the trip across the plains. 
 Since his arrival in Polk County his principal occupation has been 
 farming. He was elected sheriff in 1884. Married Miss Ada 
 Merical in 1864, and three children were born to them — William 
 B., Louisa Belle, and Clark. Mrs. Groves died June 17, 1872. 
 Mr. G. resides at Dalliis. 
 
 KUTCH, W. T: 
 
 Bom in Moni'oe County, Indiana; lived there until twenty years 
 of age ; then went to Iowa, and lived ten years in that State. Came 
 to Oregon in 1864, and settled in Yamhill County. Now resides 
 at Carlton where he owns a farm; also owns a stock ranch 
 in the mountains. Married Miss Lydia Ann Sparks in 1846, 
 by whom he had nine children; she died iu 1862. He was 
 married 
 children. 
 
 again, to Annie M. McCutchin, and by her had ten 
 
 MASON, DAVID C. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1846 and came to Oregon when eighteen 
 year's old. Lived three years at Amity, teaching school. Moved 
 to Linn County and learned the druggist's profession. Set up in 
 business in Scio and staid three years. Removed to Albany, es- 
 tablished himself there, and is now a member of the firm of Fo- 
 
 tied 
 
 WEATHI 
 
 Born 
 settled ] 
 

 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 857 
 
 shay & Mason, druggists. Mr. Masuu hum held several public otti. 
 ces, among them, the treaaurership of the county. He is Grand 
 Master of the Free Masons of the State of Oregon. Married in 
 1.867 Rebecca A. Dodd. Children's names are— Flora A., Vesta L., 
 and Hockey E. 
 
 MORGAN, JAMES W. 
 
 Bom in Missouri November i, 1858; came to Oregon and has 
 lived in Washington County since. Was appointed deputy county 
 clerk when nineteen years of age and held that oflSce until 1 884, 
 when he was elected county clerk. His residence and post office 
 address are Hillsboro. 
 
 QUEENER, J. P. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1845; came to Oregon by ox -team and set 
 tied in Marion County. Occupation various, including farming 
 bridge construction for railways, agen >f the Scotch Milling Com 
 pany of Salem, real estate agency, etc. Is justice of the peace 
 Married in 1882, Francea Stay ton, by whom he has Florence B 
 Maud, and Pearl. Residence and address, Stayton. 
 
 STRAHAN, R. S. 
 
 Bom in Kentucky in 1835; went to Missouri with his parents in 
 1841, and there received a common school education. In 1856, 
 returned to Kentucky and commenced the study of law under Judge 
 R. F. Canterbury; was admitted to the bar in 1858. Practiced for 
 a while in Kentucky; moved to Sullivan County, Missouri, in 1859, 
 and continued his practice there until 1864; was appointed probate 
 judge of that county in 1859, and served four years. Before the 
 expiration of the term he resigned and came to Oregon; he settled 
 in Corvallis, and in 1868, was elected district attorney and served 
 two years ; he also served one term in the senate from Benton County, 
 in 1870-72. Moved to Albany in 1876, where he formed a part- 
 nership with L. Bilyeu, which existed several years. Married Miss 
 Sarah H. Wilson in 1861, by whom he has had four children, 
 namely — Jessie (deceased), Fannie, Claude, and Pet. The judge 
 was a regent of the State University for ten years. 
 
 WEATHERFORD, J. K. 
 
 Bom in Putnam County, Missouri, in 1850; came to Oregon and 
 settled in Brownsville, Linn County. Attended the Lebanon 
 
 f 
 
858 
 
 HI8TOKT OK WILLAMKTTK VALLEY. 
 
 Academy, and the State Agricultural College at CorvalHs, and 
 graduated with the degree of B. S. in 1872. Studied law under N. 
 H. Cranor, and Baldwin & Humphreys, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1875. Located in Albany, where he still resides, and prac- 
 tices law in partnership with Hon. D. R. N. Blackburn. In 1874 
 Mr. Weatherford was elected school superintendent of Linn County. 
 Was elected to the Legislature in 1876, and became Speaker of the 
 Lower House. In 1880 he was nominated by the Democrats for 
 presidential elector, and in 1882 for Secretary of State. In 18 
 was chosen to represent Linn County as State Senator. Was nmr- 
 ried to Miss Nettie Cottle in 1877, and has two children — Kialto L., 
 and Alfred A. Mr. Weatherford is an active member of the Ma- 
 sonic and Odd Fellow orders. 
 
 1865. 
 ELLIS, M. M. 
 
 Bom in Ohio in 1845, but was reared in the State of Iowa, 
 
 where he was taken by his father when quite young. In 1865 he 
 
 came to Oregon with his parents and settled in Yamhill County, 
 
 and was educated at McMinnville College, after which he taught 
 
 school. In 1868 he acted as clerk in a store in Portland, but set 
 
 up a business for himself in 1870, in Polk County; moved to Dallas 
 
 in 1874, and took a half interest in an old firm there with J. T. 
 
 Wortley, which partnership existed two years. Mr. Ellis was elected 
 
 county clerk in 1878, and re-elected in 1880. He returned to his 
 
 former business in 1883. Married Miss Ellen DeLashrautt in 1871. 
 
 Owns two farms in Polk County, one in Marion and one in Crook, 
 
 and also some city property. 
 
 FENTON. F. W. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1859, and came with his father to Oregon 
 in 1865. Received his education at the Christian College at Mon- 
 mouth and graduated in 1880. Studied law under Killin & More- 
 land, of Portland, and under his brother, W. D. Fenton, of Lafay- 
 ette; was admitted to the bar in 1883, and formed partnership with 
 his brother in the same year. Married, in 1884, Miss Delia Butler 
 of Monmouth. 
 FENTON, W. D. 
 
 Born in Missouri in 1853 and CAme to Oregon in 1865 with his 
 parents, who lived a short time in Marion County, and then settled 
 
 in Y, 
 cours 
 A.B. 
 He s 
 
 practi 
 years: 
 ted f o 
 dentia 
 brotht 
 
 acres; 
 
 the Cj 
 
 1879. 
 
 Fred I 
 
 FISHF,F 
 
 Bor 
 
 18.35; ] 
 
 fomia i 
 
 Polk C( 
 
 and rais 
 
 He mar 
 
 had eJe 
 
 Minnie, 
 
 Sarah 
 
 HENDER 
 Born 
 and tau£ 
 the forty 
 Novemb 
 type-sett 
 ton in Si 
 in 1869. 
 Lou's, ar 
 medicine. 
 Resident 
 
 HUMPHRl 
 
 Born 
 Wards to 
 
mm 
 
 HISTORY OK IMMIGRATION. 
 
 859 
 
 in Yamhill county. The subject of this sketch touk u colh.giate 
 course in Christian College, at Monmouth, receiving the degree of 
 A.B. in 1872, and the degree of A.M. haH since been conferred. 
 He studied law at Salem, and was admitted to the bar in 1875, 
 practicing in Lafayette in partnership with James McCain for three 
 years; was elected to the Legishiture in 187(5; in 1882 was nomina- 
 ted for Congress on the Democratic ticket, and in 1884, for presi- 
 dential elector. In 1883 he formed a law partnership with his 
 brother, F. W. Fenton. Owns a farm of three hundred and twenty 
 acres; is a member of the Masonic and Workmen's orders, and of 
 the Christian Church. Married Miss Katie I. Lucas October 1(5, 
 1879. Their family now consists of two children — Ralph A., and 
 FredL 
 
 FISHER, CHARLES G. 
 
 Bom in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, February 10, 
 1835; removed to Missouri in 1840, to Iowa in 1845, and to Cali- 
 fornia in 1854; settled in Yamhill County, but is now located in 
 Polk County, at Smithfield, where he owns and cultivates u farm 
 and raises stock, in which pursuits he has become distinguished. 
 He married Sarah E. Johnson, in Yamhill Count) , and they have 
 had eleven children, of whom nine are living, viz.: Abraham L., 
 Minnie, Henrietta, Ella, Lena, Charles F., George C, Ralph B., and 
 Sarah A. The two deceased were Alsie, and Alda. 
 
 HENDERSON, L.. M. D. 
 
 Born in Montgomery County, Indiana, June 9, 1840; resided 
 and taught school in Iowa in succeeding years; enlisted in 1864 in 
 the forty-sixth Iowa Infantry and was discharged in the following 
 November. Arrived at Salem in November, 1865 and engaged as 
 type-setter in a newspaper office. Studied medicine with Dr. Shel- 
 ton in Salem, and began practicing at Sheridan, Yamhill County, 
 in 1869. Went East and graduated in medicine at a college in St. 
 Lor.'s, and returning, located permanently in Salem and practiced 
 medicine. Has three sons — William W., L. E., and Robert G. 
 Residence, Salem. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, GEORGE. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1833, and wa^ taken soon to Illinois and after- 
 wards to Iowa. Came to Oregon in 1865 by ox-team, fifty -six 
 
860 
 
 HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 wagous along, he the leader or captuiu, aud arrived safely in this 
 valley. In 1872 he was made deputy sheiiff of Linn County, and 
 held the place ten years. In 1882 he was elected sheriff; one of 
 >\is captures was that of the boy murderer, Charles B. Finlayson, 
 who killed his grandmother and fled to various places east of the 
 Cascades, but was eventually run down and apprehended by this 
 sheriff, Mr. Humpl reys was married in 1854 to Martha Wills, 
 who has borne him three, children. C H. Humphreys, the oldest, 
 is an employe of the Oregonian newspaper at Portland; George 
 W. is foreman in the Albany Herald office; and William A., is 
 telegraph operator and agent at Albany. 
 
 MARTIN, THOMAS. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1817; resided in Indiana nineteen yeai-s; 
 came to the Pacific coast in 1862, and lived in California until 
 1865 ; then came to Oregon and settled at French Prairie, He has 
 lived in various pai-ts of the State since and now lives at HiUsboro, 
 engaged at farming. He married Lucy Humphreys in 1 837, who 
 died in 1868. He was man-ied again in 1875 to Sarah Heater. 
 His children's names are — Angeline, Elizabeth J., and Nellie. All 
 married. 
 
 MARTIN, w. w. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1843; moved to Illiuoio soon after au(i 
 lived there until eighteen, learning the jeweler's trade. Coming to 
 Oregon he located at Salem and purchased an interest in a business 
 house, and became sole proprietor three years later. Removed, in 
 1874, to the bank building in Salem, and has remained there ever 
 since, dealing in and manufacturing jewelry. Has made several in- 
 ventions connected with his profession, notably, a watch oiler, on 
 which he has obtained patents. Married in 1 865) to Isabella Myers. 
 
 McCLAIN, DANIEL. 
 
 Born in Scotland in 1842 ; came to Oregon and settled in Linn 
 County. Is now proprietor of a livery stable in Harrisburg. Was 
 married in 1874, to Miss Cora Couch, Their children's names are 
 Ernest L. (deceased), Annie L., and Una M. (deceased). 
 
 TILLESON. EDWARD. 
 
 Born in Norway in 1849; in 1863, came to America; then was 
 taken on a vessel to France, ]»ut returned to America and enlisted 
 
 in the 
 battles 
 sick; ] 
 S. Cav 
 the an 
 moved 
 captain 
 
 TOWNS 
 
 Bon 
 
 sas; ser 
 
 Coming 
 
 farme 
 
 lower h( 
 
 ator. 1] 
 
 He bega 
 
 1381, an 
 
 f-iouisa i5 
 
 Anna, O 
 
 WHITE, \ 
 
 Born 
 parents; 
 tvire in 
 from Sal 
 1838 to 
 dren. 
 t'hiJdren. 
 
 M 
 
 oi 
 
 WHITNEY 
 
 Born 
 
 <^regon 
 in 1868 
 admitted 
 Oregon I 
 1878. In 
 wunty juc 
 ^hild, nam 
 
"Si, 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 861 
 
 3d, in 
 
 ever 
 
 in- 
 
 31", oil 
 
 [yers. 
 
 Tiinu 
 les Hi'*' 
 
 \)\x was 
 ilisted 
 
 in the Union army in 1864, and served nine months; was in several 
 battles; started for Mexico to join the army there, but was taken 
 sick; re-entered the Union army in 1865, as sergeant of First U. 
 S. Cavalry under Col. Baker, and came to the Pacific Coast. Left 
 the army in 1868, and has since lived in Yamhill County. In 1876 
 moved to Sheridan, where he is engaged in wagon-making, and is 
 captain of a company of cavalry. 
 
 TOWNSEND. WILLIAM M. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1839; lived successively in Missouri and Kan- 
 sas; served in the Thirteenth Kansas Infantry in the civil war. 
 Coming to Oregon in 1865, he settled in Yamhill County and was 
 
 farmer until 1870. In that year he became a member of the 
 lower house of the Legislature, and in 1874 was chosen State Sen- 
 ator. In 1878 he ^vas elected county judge of Yamhill County. 
 He began the publication of the Oregon Register^ at Lafayette, in 
 1S81, and still remains its editor and proprietor. He man'ied Miss 
 Louisa Stout in 1860. They have five children — Mary, Sophia, 
 Anna, Olive, and Willis S. 
 
 WHITE, j. H. • 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1813; removed to Missouri in 1823 with his 
 parents; came to Oregon in 1865. Was a member of the Legisla- 
 ture in 1872. Resides now in Polk County, two and a half miles 
 from Salem. Occupation, farming. Was married in Missouri in 
 1838 to Miss Margaret Allison, who died in 1847, leaving five chil- 
 dren. Married in 1848 to Miss F. Edgar, by whom he had ten 
 children. 
 
 WHITNEY, J. J. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1840; came to the Pacific Coa^tin 1864, and to 
 Oregon one year later. Taught school for a while after his arrival ; 
 in 1868 commenced the practice of law at Albany. He had beer 
 admitted to the bar while in tlie East, and received admission to the 
 Oregon bar in 1868. Was elected district attorney in 1874 and 
 1878. In 188r was elected to the Legislature, and in 1884 became 
 county judge. Married Miss Lizzie Mills in 1880; they have one 
 child, named Stephen A. 
 
 ■awXi? 
 
862 
 
 HISTOJIY OF WILLAMBTTE VALLEY. 
 
 1866. 
 CHARLTON, J. K, 
 
 Born in Virginia May 30, 1824; moved to Iowa in 1846, and 
 crossed the plains in 1850 and spent the two following years in 
 travel upon this coast. Returned then to the East and resided in 
 Missouri until 1866, when he came with his family to Oregon, set- 
 tling in Linn County. Mr. Charlton owns a farm at the Forks of 
 the Santiam on which lie has mainly resided since his arrival, but 
 moved to Albany in 1884. Was elected county commissioner in 
 1876, and sheriff in 1884. Was married in 1847 to Miss Martha 
 Walker, and has five children — Andrew (sheriff of Lake County), 
 Elizabeth (wife of G. M. Paul of Linn County), Henry K., Charles 
 M., and James J. 
 
 CRAWFORD, J. W. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1835; educated at the Monmouth College; 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1861 ; enlisted in the 
 same year in the 17th Illinois regiment of volunteers and served 
 three years; married in 1864 to Margaret R. Stephenson; children 
 — Emma, Edwin S., Frank H., and Mary A. Mr. Crawford came 
 to Oregon in 1866; located at Dallas; was clerk at the Grand 
 Ronde Indian agency for three years; removed to Salem in 1872; 
 soon after established himself in the tin and stove business and still 
 pursues it. Was alderman of Salem in 1873, and mayor in 1881-82. 
 
 HARRIS, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Madison County, Ohio, in 1825; came to Oregon and 
 settled at Corvallis, Benton County. Present residence, Luckia- 
 mute Valley, and occupation, farming and fruit-raising. He mar- 
 ried Rebecca Welch in Ohio, December, 1849, and their children's 
 names are — Ananias, William, Benjamin, John D., Ida, Ollie, and 
 Nellie. 
 
 HENDERSON, W. G. 
 
 Born in Iowa; arrived in Oregon in 1866; married; settled in 
 McMinnville, Yamhill County, in 1877; occupation, livery-stable 
 keeper. 
 
 HOPKINS, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Wisconsin in 1847; enlisted when fifteen in the First 
 Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment and fought through the Avar; came 
 

 HISTORY OF mMIQRATlON. 
 
 863 
 
 overland to Oregon in 1866, experiencing hostilities from the 
 Indians on the route. Was married in 1870 to Miss Mary E. Hig- 
 ley, and they have four children— Lulu M., Frederick T., Stella N., 
 and Esther. Mr. Hopkins' residence is Lafayette, Yamhill County, 
 and his occupation is shoemaker. 
 
 MERWIN, M. 
 
 Is a native of Athens County, Ohio, where he was born August 
 11, 1852. Came with his parents to Oregon in 1866, being one of 
 the last parties to cross the plains with wagons. He settled in In- 
 dependence and engaged in harness-making; was in mercantile 
 business two years in Louisville, and three years in the harness 
 business, and in 1882 entered partnership with Mr. J. Claggett in 
 a hardware and agricultural implements store, in Independence. 
 
 1867. 
 COLLINS. GSORGE. 
 
 Born in Cumberland County, Maine, in 1836; lived in that State 
 until 1863, when he removed to Rhode Island and spent two yeare 
 dealing in live stock. Emigrated to California in the last mentioned 
 year and remained until 1867, when he found his way to Oregon. 
 Before his aiTival he had been engaged in making brick, and since 
 then has devoted himself to that industry, and to contracting for 
 and building brick structures. His place of residence is Salem, 
 and the principal public buildings of that city have been the scene 
 of his skill and industry; the state house, the county court house 
 of Marion County, the insane asylum, and other buildings were con- 
 structed of material furnished by him as contractor, or under his 
 charge as supervising director. In 1882, Mr. Collins was appointed 
 warden of the State's Prison at Salem. He was married in 1867, to 
 Jane Hamilton, by whom he has had two children — George R., and 
 Esther May. 
 
 HYDE, H. O. 
 
 Born in Vermont, in 1814; came to Oregon by steamer in 1867. 
 His subsequent occupation has been the drug and general merchan- 
 dise business. He married in 1842 Miss Eliza M. Pearce, and his 
 family contains Jennie S., Everett A., Mary E., and Hattie. His 
 present residence is Forest Grove. 
 
 I I 
 
 ill 
 
 m 
 
 li 
 
864 
 
 HI8T0RT OF WILLAMXTTE YALLBY. 
 
 MARSH. JOSEPH W.. A.M., Ph.D. 
 
 Profeasor in the University at Forest Grove. Born in Vermont 
 in 1836. Received his education at the State University. His 
 father, the Rev. James Marsh, had been president of that Univer- 
 sity. Prior to his arrival in Oregon J. W. Marsh taught school in 
 Wisconsin and Canada. He came to this State to take a position 
 in the Pacific University, and has held the chair of Latin and 
 Greek ever since. He received the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D., the 
 foiTuer from his alma mater, and the latter from the Pacific Uni- 
 versity. He was a member of the State Board of Examiners for a 
 time. While in Canada he was married to Miss Mary Parmelee, 
 in 1862, and they have had seven children born to them — five girls 
 and two boys — four of whom are now alive. 
 
 NATHMAN, B. A. 
 
 Born in Pnissia in 1846; came to this country in 1849, and lived 
 in Pennsylvania and Iowa in succession. Learned the blacksmith 
 trade. Coming to Oregon, he worked at his trade in Salem, and in 
 1871, removed to Gervais, Marion County, and went into business 
 as dealer in hardware, etc.; resides in that town, and also possesses 
 a fai'm near by. Married, in 1871, to Mary C. Viesman, by whom 
 he hafe five childi'en — Rosa M., Ann M., John, Mary T., and Joseph. 
 
 1868. 
 FISHBACK, J. L. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1830. Before coming to the Pacific Coast 
 he lived at various times in Colorado, Montana, and Illinois. He 
 came to Oregon in 1868, and settled in Polk County; present resi- 
 dence, Monmouth. Married Miss Elizabeth Scott, April 6, 1874; 
 they have six children, viz.: — Vardamon A., Harmon R., Clement 
 G., William M., Robert A., and an infant. 
 
 PAYNE, J. M. 
 
 Bom in Ogle County, Illinois, March 30, 1838; was left an 
 orphan at the age of six years, and he lived subsequently at Bloom - 
 ington until 1858, when he went to Missouri and remained there 
 throughout the war. Was educated at the Illinois Wesley an Uni- 
 versity, and in April, 1868, was married to Belle Price. Came to 
 Oregon the same year and lived in Yamhill County until 1875; 
 then returned to the Eastern States, but came back to Oregon in 
 
 18 
 tle< 
 
 J 
 
 and 
 
 the ] 
 
 DuC 
 
 Marj 
 
 BROn 
 
 K 
 the t 
 prisoE 
 Mr. B 
 later. 
 San F] 
 arrival 
 and hoi 
 at Fort 
 
 FRINK, 
 
 Bon 
 the Pac 
 JQg; the 
 county 
 and wai 
 ness at 
 Grange 
 Barber, 
 
 HARMON 
 
 Born 
 to this 
 % in 18 
 Mr. Hare 
 
 MICKELS. 
 
 Born 
 
 cc 
 
ttmm 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 865 
 
 1879. Lived in Jackson County, Oregon, until 1883, and then set- 
 tled in Salem. Occupation, merchant. The children's names are 
 — ^Addie, Delia, Lena, George, Mary, and Edward. 
 
 v^OD, FRANK D. 
 
 Bom in Rutland, Vermont, in 1833; came to Oregon in 1868, 
 and settled at Albany, where he still resides, and is proprietor of 
 the marble and stone works of that town. He was married to Mary 
 DuCray, and their children's names are — Frank N., Ellen, and 
 Mary. 
 
 1869. 
 BRONSON, L. 
 
 Native State, New York; date of birth, 1846. Was a soldier in 
 
 the Union Army throughout the Rebellion, and for a time was a 
 
 prisoner in Libby and Andersonville. After the close of the war, 
 
 Mr. Bronson was married to Sarah J. Gregor} , who died two years 
 
 later. Came to this coast in 1869, and after staying a short time in 
 
 San Francisco and Sacramento, came to Oregon. Shortly after his 
 
 arrival in Washington County, he married Miss Jennie S. Hyde, 
 
 and has by her one child — Carmen M. Mr. Bronson's residence is 
 
 at Forest Grove. 
 
 FRINK, W. S. 
 
 Born in Rochester, New York, in 1828; came from Michigan to 
 the Pacific Coast in 1859; lived in California the ten years follow- 
 ing; then came to Oregon and settled in Polk County. Was elected 
 county c\ei\ in 1874 and 1876. Moved to Yamhill County in 1881, 
 and was in partnership with Henry Warren in the real estate busi- 
 ness at McMinnville for some time. Now owns an interest in the 
 Grange store; residence, McMinnville. Married Miss Margaret 
 Barber, and has four children — Charles, Lincoln, Warren and Alice. 
 
 HARMON, C. H. 
 
 Born in Wisconsin January 30, 1856; removed to Minnesota; 
 to this coast in 1869. Is a printer by trade. Married Louise Ri- 
 ley in 1879. They have one child, C. H. Harmon, Jr., by name. 
 Mr. Harmon is located at Lebanon and is engaged in business there. 
 
 MICKELS, FETTER. 
 
 Born in Minnesota in 1858; came to Oregon when eleven years 
 old, and located in Gervais, Marion County. Lived on a farm for 
 
866 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 seven years, and one year in Yamhill County. Soon after he re- 
 moved to Gervais, opened a meat market and conducted it for two 
 years. Was elected town marshal of Gervais in 1883 and still 
 holds that office. 
 
 PATTERSON, JERRY M. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1845; in 1861 enlisted in the Fifteenth Ohio 
 Volunteers, and served nearly through the war. Returned to Ohio, 
 and shortly afterward went to Iowa. He learned the art of tele- 
 graphy. For a time was in the dry goods business in DesMoines. 
 Coming to Oregon in 18G9 he engaged in the real estate business 
 for ten years; held the office of city recorder of Salem in 1871. 
 Owns land near Salem and rendes in that town. Married Miss 
 Blanche Gray in 1872, and has three children — Edward G., Beulah, 
 and Prudence M. 
 
 YEATON, A. T. 
 
 Born in New Hampshire in 1840; at the age of twenty-one went 
 into the Union Army and served ninety days; after leaving the 
 army, went to Massachusetts, and from there to Michigan; lived iu 
 Detroit six years; settled in Salem, Oregon, in 1869, and com- 
 menced his present business, as dealer in furniture. 
 
 1870. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1829; came to New York in 1845; worked at 
 his trade of shoemaker until 1862, when he enlisted in the one 
 hundred and twenty-fifth regiment New York Volunteers and served 
 during the war; went to Michigan in 1866, but left that State for 
 Oregon four years later. Resides now in South Salem, but has a 
 farm in Benton County. Married Miss Mary Cams, and hiis two 
 children — George and William H. 
 
 BENTLY, L. 
 
 Born in New York in 1 825, and was taken by his parents in 
 Ohio and from thence to Michigan. While in the latter State he 
 was county treasurer for Isabella County for four years and chair- 
 man of the board of supervisors for an equal time. He came to 
 Polk County, Oregon, in 1870, and was elected State Senator in 
 1876, Married Miss Parnelia Parmelee in 1848 and they have 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 867 
 
 for 
 two 
 
 two children, named Aylett and Rosa. Mr. Bently owns city prop- 
 erty and a farm of two hundred and thirty acres, and at present is 
 engaged in farming. Residence, Monmouth. 
 
 BETTMAN, L. 
 
 Born in Bavaria in 1850, and came to the Pacific Coast in 1868, 
 living for two years in California previous to his ai-rival in Oregon 
 in 1870. He served as clerk in Eugene City until 1874 when he 
 opened a store in Buena Vista, Polk County. Moved to Dallas in 
 1880; formed partnership with Mr. Rosenblatt, the firm doing bus- 
 iness in Dallas. 
 
 CLARK, J. C. 
 
 Born in Albany, New York, in 1856; came to Oregon when 
 fourteen yeara old, and lived on a farm at Woodburn, Marion 
 County, for ten years, and then removed to Gervais and learned the 
 drug business. Still resides in that town and has become proprietor 
 of the drug store there. Is notary public. In 1882 he married 
 Hattie Safford. 
 
 ERB, IRA. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1847; lived there, and in Ohio and Illi- 
 nois, until the beginning of the Rebellion; served in the Union Army 
 throughout that struggle. Came to Oregon and settled at Salem. 
 Married, in 1880, Hattie Myers. Mr. Erb's occupation is carpenter. 
 Is a member of the Odd Fellows, A. 0. U. W., and Grand Army or- 
 ganizations. 
 
 GIMBLE, S. S. 
 
 Born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1847. Enlisted in the Union 
 Army in 1801 and served in the several campaigns oi the Army of 
 the Potomac. At the close of the war was in New Orleans, but in 
 1866 went to San Francisco, then to Arizona, and finally settled at 
 Zena, Polk County. Occupation, shoemaker. Was in mercantile 
 business at Zena four years. 
 
 KNIGHT. CHARLES, M.D., 
 
 Is a practicing physician of Canby, Clackamas County; was 
 born in Pennsylvania in 1828; moved to Missouri in 1845, and 
 lived there until comins to Oreijon. He was the first to settle at 
 Canby, and built the first house in the j)lace. The town now con- 
 
868 
 
 H18T0KY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 tains three stores, one hotel, one drugstore, one blacksmith shop, 
 and one warehouse. Dr. Knight married Catharine Schriber, and 
 his children are — Louise, Henry A., Charles M., Gei^rge W., and 
 Esther C. The Doctor also deals in drugs in addition to his j)ro- 
 f essioual pi-actice. 
 
 MILNE, JOHN. 
 
 Born in Scotland in 1834; is a miller by occupation; came to 
 (.>regon in 1870; in 1871 went to Hillsboro and built a gristmill, 
 which he runs in partnership with James Gai'son. The mill grinds 
 annually about thirty thousand bushels of wheat and a very large 
 <|uautit}' of oats. Mr. Milne owns a fanu of sexen hundred and 
 thirty acres, and is engaged in farming and stock-raising. In 
 1877, married Miss Margaret Linklater. They have three chil- 
 dren — John, Elizabeth, and Jacob. 
 
 NORTON, EDWARD OGDEN. 
 
 Born in Yates County, New York. Came to Washington Ter- 
 ritory in 1868, and to Oregon two years after. Resides at Salem 
 and is pro[)rietor and editor of the Vidette and Anti- Monopolist — a 
 newspaper of large circulation and of gi*eat value to readers. In 
 this paper Mr. Norton \\i\i^ published some of the most valuable de- 
 scriptive and statistical articles which have ever appeared in print, 
 concerning the Northwest. Mr. Norton married Sophia S. Cole in 
 1854, and had two children — Letta, and Frederick W. — but these 
 with their mother are deceased. 
 
 REAMS, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania, May 1, 1817; was married in 1854, to 
 Miss Eleanor Gordon. Came to Oregon and settled in Linn County, 
 where his wife died, in October, 1882. By her his children were — 
 Jessie F., Lydia C, Birdie, and Myra F. Mr. Reams is a cabinet- 
 maker and undertaker, and lives at Harrisburg. 
 
 ROCKENFIELD, C. S. 
 
 Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1843; was in Illinois when the war 
 broke out, and enlisted in the seventy -seventh regiment of Illinois 
 Volunteei*s, and served on Bank's Red Ri^ er expedition, also at Mo- 
 bile, and Vicksburg — served three yeais. After the war he returned 
 to Illinois, and in 1869, married Miss S. M. Reese. In 1870 they 
 
■f: 
 
 HT9T0TIT OF IMMIOT^ATTOX. 
 
 8«0 
 
 came to Uregou, locatiiii;' tit Suleni, wliei-c Mr, Uockenfield is en- 
 gaged in merchandising, while his wife has the care of their gi-een- 
 house, containing a fine collection of plants, etc. 
 
 SMITH. GEORGE N. 
 
 Born in New Ha\'en, Connecticut, in 1833. When the war of 
 the Rebellion broke out he enlisted in the 43d New York Volun- 
 teers, and served until the close of hostilities. Came to Oi-egon in 
 1870, and resides no\\' at Scio, Linn County. Is a contractor by 
 occupation. 
 
 SMITH. I. L. 
 
 Born in Ohio, May 16, 1827. When six years old was taken 
 to Illinois by his parents. He served three years in the Union 
 Army; was in the sieges of Vicksburg, Mol)ile, Fort Morgan, iin<l 
 other places. In 1870 came to Oregon and settled at Forest Grove, 
 and is still a resi<lent of that town. Hh kept a hotel for three years. 
 In 1884 resumed his former occupation of cabinet-making, and, in 
 connection therewith, has a sjish and door factoi'y. The firm name 
 is Smith, Lee <t Co. Mr. Smith was elected to the Legislature in 
 1880, and re-elected in 1884. Wa«i a member of the first city 
 council, and remained a mem})er of that Itody for four tei-ms. Mar- 
 ried Miss Margaret MatheAVs in 1849, and their family now consists 
 of nine children, namely — James, George, Flinor, William, Fred, 
 Flora, Etta J., Lillie D., and Carrie. 
 
 WELLS, D. R. 
 
 Born in New York July 4, 1831 ; came to the Pacific Coast in 
 1855 and rained in California and Nevada until 18H4. In the 
 spring of 18()5 went to Humboldt Count}-, Nevada, and prospected 
 for mineral oil, then returned to California and mined until 1870, 
 in which year he came to Oregon and went into the dairy business, 
 establishiuiT a new system of dairving now used throughout the 
 State. Since 1877, Mr Wells has been engaged in raising fine stock, 
 and has one horse, Woodbury, an English thoroughbred of great 
 value. Mr. Wells' address is Salem. 
 
 1871. 
 GREEN, N. ). 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1860; lived in Folsom, California, for a while 
 attending school; located ui Portland, Oregon, in 1871 and staid 
 
870 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMKTTE VALLKY. 
 
 two yeui-s. Lived on a farm at Jeifersoii, Marion County, for a 
 time; learned telegraphy, and was in the employ of the Oregon ife 
 California Railway as general agent for the establishment of tele- 
 graph stations ahmg that road's southern extension. Has charge 
 of the Gervais telegraph office at that town. 
 
 HAMILTON, A. J. 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1826; came to America in 1841. Lived in 
 Illinois and New Jersey prior to coming to Oregon. Is now a 
 resident of Beaverton, Washington County, and a merchant b) 
 occupation. Married in 1856 Miss Cynthia Anthony, who had two 
 children — Mary F., and Jennie. 
 
 HALLETT, J. L. 
 
 Born in New York in 183(5. Mairied Miss Con vers of Kansas, 
 who died in 18G8, and in 1872 he married Mai-tha Clerk, a native 
 of Oregon. His children are — Kate, now Mrs. Aben of Portland, 
 and two sons, Fred and Claude, Mr. Ilallett's principal occupa- 
 tion until of late has been in the carrying out of large railway 
 contracts, requiring the work of hundreds and even thousands of 
 men. In this business he has become widely celebrated. He built 
 the first hundred miles of the East Side Railway, acting as superin- 
 tendent of construction, and the remainder as far as Roseburg by 
 contract. Contracted for and built the West Side road. Super- 
 intended the building of the Clark's Foi-k division of the Northern 
 Pacific Railroad. Having amassed wealth he retired to his magnifi- 
 cent farm of over one thousand acres on the Tualatin, near Forest 
 Grove, and entered upon the breeding of blooded cattle and horses. 
 The place is known as "Spring Hill Farm." It jjossesses a half- 
 mile track, roofed over its entire length, so as to admit of training 
 liorses the entire year. The conveniences and improvements of the 
 farm make it altogether unique in Oregon, and far beyond every- 
 thing of the sort on the Coast north of San Francisco. 
 
 HEARN, E. J. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1857; came to Oregon at the age of fourteen; 
 resides at Jefferson, Marion County, where he has been in business 
 for eight years; present occupation, merchant. 
 
T* 
 
 HISTORY OK IMMIGItATlON. 
 
 871 
 
 by 
 
 SMITH, T. C. M.D. 
 
 Born in Pt'iinsylvHiiiH in 1844; enliHtcd in the twenty -seventh 
 New York Volunteerx, and was promoti'd for bravery at the l)atth* 
 of Bull Klin; after ((X[)iration of term of service, raised a company 
 of the one hundred and seventy-ninth New York, and fought tiirough 
 the war, particii)ating in all the most important l)attle8, including 
 Chancellorsville and tlie operations in front of Petersburg, where he 
 was wounded, being then on General (ii'iffin's staff. After close of 
 the war, studied medicine, and, in 1871, came to Oregon; kept drug 
 store and practiced medicine at Portland and Oregon City, and 
 finally settled in 8alem. In 1881 he withdrew from the drug busi- 
 ness and began the practice of dentistry, and still follows it. Was 
 married, in 18(36, to Elvira Chapman. Their children are — Laura 
 May, James A., and T. C. 
 
 TRUITT, WARREN. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1845. Received his education in McKendree 
 College, graduating in ]S()8. p]ntered a law office, and was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1870. Came to Oregon the following year, and 
 was a teacher in Bethel Academy three years. Was elected county 
 judge in 1874 and served one term. At the close of his term of 
 oflBce he commenced practice in partnership with C. A. Johns. Was 
 elected a member of the Legislature in 1882, and has served on the 
 judiciary committee. Is now president of the board of trustees of 
 LaCreole Academy, and a member of the city council; also a prom- 
 inent member of the Masonic fraternity. Was presidential elector 
 in 1884. Married Miss Mary Basey in 1874, and two children have 
 been born to them — Madison (deceased), and Don W. Residence, 
 Dallas. 
 
 trteen; 
 isiness 
 
 1872. 
 BINGHAM, G. G. 
 
 Born in Wisconsin in 1855; came with his parents to Oregon 
 and settled in Yamhill County; studied law at Ann Arbor, Michi- 
 gan, and was admitted to the bar in that State in 1880. Returned 
 to Oregon in the same year and practiced for a year in Lafayette. 
 Moved to McMinnville in 1881, that now being his place of resi- 
 dence, and in 1883 formed a partnership with Judge Rams-y. He 
 was elected coroner in 1884. Married Miss Wilkie Harris in 1882. 
 
m 
 
 HISTORY OK WILLAMETTK VALLEY. 
 
 DAVIS, GEORGE W. 
 
 Ih a resident of Shedd, Linn County, and a dealer in general 
 merchandise; he wan horn in Knox County, Illinois, May 16, 1844; 
 n)arried Miss Alice T. Uottsford, and their children are — James R., 
 George E., Alice M., Rex W., and Walter. 
 
 HOWELL, JONES. 
 
 Horn in Kentucky in 1851. Has be«fn carpenter, but is now 
 engaged in hotel keeping at North Yamhill; married Miss Julia 
 Wright in 1872, by whom he haw five children — Maggie, Minnie, 
 George, Dexter, and Jennie. 
 
 McADAMS, FRED. 
 
 Boru in Illinois in 1848; entered the Union army — one hundred 
 and thirty -eighth Illinois regiment — in 1865 and served until the 
 close of hostilities. Came to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, 
 in 1870 and renmined two years; then came to Portland, and sub- 
 sequentl) lo Salem. Married Mary Scovell in 1881, and they 
 have twu ol ddren — William, and Lotta. Mr. McAdams died in 
 the winf r j( 1884-"5. 
 
 POLLOCK, ROBERT. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1819; entered the United States Volun- 
 teers in 1846, first in the Virginia Volunteei-s as lieutenant, 
 and served during the Mexican war ; was mustered out 
 in 1848. Came to the Pacific Coast in 1850; in 1861 went 
 into service again, and served during the civil war; was major 
 in the first regiment of California Infantry ; was made lieutenant- 
 colonel in 1861, and colonel in 1863. From the year 1865 to 1871, 
 was in Arizona among the Apaches. During the Modoc war was 
 at Vancouver and Fort Klamath ; in the Nez Perces war served 
 under Howard, and was in all the campaigns. Returned to Oregon 
 in 1884, and settled near Cornelius. Married Miss Sarah J. Myei-s 
 in 1860, and has eight children — Izatus, Ella, John, Clara J., Wil- 
 liam M., Flora Belle, Lyle, and Charlie Hodge. 
 
 RIGBEY, FRANCIS. 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1843; came to America in 1860, and three 
 years later enlisted in the U. S. Army (13th New York Cavalry) and 
 served until the end of the war. Remosed then to California and 
 
 rt»'nied there 
 spent in Wa 
 <^«rvais, Jtfari 
 
 ROBERTSON, I 
 
 Born in K 
 
 was four years 
 
 ^'^ti^ 1856, wh 
 
 the Union An 
 
 and was in thai 
 
 ^ar at the Spa, 
 
 Vicksburg in u 
 
 stock business. 
 
 bounty, near Ir 
 
 time purchased , 
 
 was married to i 
 
 Wing-Loreno 
 Lottie L. Mr.R 
 ^public. 
 
 ROCK. JOHN. 
 
 Born in Barns 
 gon 7n 1872. ul 
 Oregon City BnJ 
 
 SHUSTER, H. s.. A.f 
 
 I'ives in Salem] 
 
 i830, and was edul 
 
 Connecticut; gr,J 
 
 ^Master of Arts 'if 
 
 >:ears. Since ml 
 
 «nce 1879 in Saleif 
 
 VAUGHN, J. w. 
 
 Born in Jeffers^l 
 
 5«t«d to become a 
 
 «e came to Oreffor 
 
 §<>Jng then to Unit' 
 
 ^o^ed to Dallas, j 
 
 was married in 187] 
 
HISTORY OF IMMHJKATION. 
 
 873 
 
 reaided there five years; cuuie next to Oregou, aud after a short time 
 spent in Washington Territoiy, began to reside permanently in 
 Gervais, Marion County. Conducts a stoie and owns a farm. 
 
 ROBERTSON, L. W. 
 
 Born in Knox County, Indiana, December 7, 1847. When he 
 was four year?; old his parents moved to Iowa, wliere they remained 
 until 185(5, when they returned to Indiana, and in 1864 he entered 
 the Union Army in Company B of the 2(;th Indiana Volunteers, 
 and was in that service until 180(5, being in the final action of the 
 war at the Spanish Fort, near Mobile. He wjis mustered out at 
 Vicksburg in 18(56, when he returned to Indiana and went into the 
 stock business. In 1872 he came to Oregon and farmed in Polk 
 County, near In<iependence, fcr three yeai-s, and at the end of that 
 time purchased a drug store in that town which he owns still. He 
 was married to Miss Ellen Hooper, and their children are the fol- 
 lowing — Loreuo C, Alta R., William J. (deceased), Alice E., and 
 Lottie L. Mr. Robertson is a member of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic. 
 
 ROCK. JOHN. 
 
 Born in Barnstaple, England, December 5, 1848; came to Ore- 
 gon in 1872. His former occupation was that of editoi- of the 
 Oregon City Enterprise. Residence, Oregon City. 
 
 SHUSTER, H. S., A.M. 
 
 Lives in Salem, and is a photographer. Born in New Jersey in 
 1830, and was educated at the Wesleyan University in Middleton, 
 Connecticut; graduated in 1860, taking afterwards tlie degree of 
 Master of Arts. Taught in Pennington 'ieniinary, New Jersey, two 
 years. Since 1866 has been in the photographer's business; and 
 since 1879 in Salem. 
 
 VAUGHN, J. W. 
 
 Born in Jefferson County Illinois, May 28, 1848, and was edu- 
 cated to become a teacher, an occupation he followed for some time. 
 He came to Oregon in 1872, stayed a short time in Baker County, 
 going then to Union County, where he lived four years. He then 
 moved to Dallas, Polk County, and was clerk for J. D. Lee, and 
 was married in 1878 to Miss Ida Hutton. They have a child, named 
 
874 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Clifford W., and had oue other that died in infancy. Mr. Vaughn 
 came to Independence in 1879 and has been employed as clerk ever 
 since. Is a member of the City Council of that place. 
 
 WAGGENER, R. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1842; served three years in the United States 
 army, being attached to the thii'd Indiana Volunteere; was at Shi- 
 loh and all the battles which took place in the West. Is now » 
 member of the G. A. R. Came to Oregon and f ai med for a time, 
 but in 1881 took charge of the Tualatin Hotel, at Rillsboro, which 
 he still conducts. Was married in 1864 to Anna B. Bailey. They 
 have five children — Lura, Adella, Lena, D. B., aud Willard. 
 
 WILCOX, DAVID. 
 
 Born in Montgomery County, New York, in 1811; went to Can- 
 ada in 1818; in 1842 moved to Wisconsin, and lived there thirty 
 years. Then came to Oregon and settled in Washington County, 
 where he has a farm on the Tualatic River, and property in Cor- 
 nelius, his place of residence. He was married in Canada, in 1834, 
 to Miss Sarah M. Davis. Their children are eight, five of whom 
 live in Oregon and three in the Eastern States. 
 
 WRIGHTMAN, FRANK T. 
 
 Born in Erie County, New York, in 1858; came to Oregon in 
 1872; occupation, fai'mer; present, residence. Sublimity. 
 
 1873. 
 
 BAKER, L. M. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1834; lived mostly in the Western States 
 until 1861, when he enlisted in the U. S. Army, and participated 
 in the battle of Bull Run, and nearly all the other great .encountern 
 in Virginia; was severely wounded at Gettysburg, and disabled for 
 life. He now draws a pension therefor. Married in 1869 to Mary 
 McHarter, by whom he hjis four children — F. O., F. A., Ella May, 
 and E. D. Residence, Salem. 
 
 CONOVER, READING B. 
 
 r-^ru in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, in 1836. Came to 
 'Oregon in June, 1873, and settled in Salem Is the publisher of 
 the daily and weekly Ta/k, an afternoon newspaper, devoted to 
 the news of the day, political affairs, etc., and one of the principal 
 
 KOLMAN 
 Is a 
 
 lem. ^ 
 and live( 
 the Wes 
 sells ann 
 the trade 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 .875 
 
 papers of the valley. It was established in 1878. Mr. Coiiover 
 was married in Indiana, and has three children — Frank (assistant 
 publisher of the Talk)^ Daisy, and Lula. 
 
 DANIEL, REMUS R. 
 
 Born in Kentucky. Resided, for various periods, in Minnesota 
 and Washington Territory. Came to Oregon in 1873, and settled 
 in Yamhill County. Married Miss V. V. Williamson in 1878, and 
 has two children — Ivan H., and L. B. Mr. Daniel had acquired 
 experience in flour-making before coming to this valley, and in 1881 
 he purchased the steam flour mill at Lafayette, in company with 
 Mr. Suiter. They carry on a good l)usiuess and have made an ex- 
 cellent reputation for their products, which they ship to many points 
 in the valley, as well as to Eastern Oregon, Wjishington Tei-ritory, 
 and even to California. They handle fifty thousand bushels of 
 wheat annually. 
 
 HARBORD, M. G. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1837; farmed principally until his departure 
 for Oregon. Was married in 1802, to Jane Price. Their children 
 are- -Hetta Esther, born in 18G3; Rolla C, born in 1864; Ida Maud, 
 born in I860; Kittie W., born in 1875; and three others, who died 
 young. Mr. liarbord was deputy United States Marshal in 1882- 
 1883, and has held the office of city marshal of Salem since 1879. 
 Resides in South Salem. 
 
 HEMSTOCK, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Nottinghamshire, England, March 17, 1827; in 1832 
 he went to Canada; in 1837, to Wisconsin. He came to Oregon 
 and settled at McMinnville, where he now resides, engaged in farm- 
 ing and fruit-raising. In 1850, in Racine County, Wisconsin, he 
 married Mary A. Bingham, also a native of England; their children 
 are — George H., Hannah A., Fanny J., and Albert B. 
 
 nOLMAN, THOMAS. 
 
 Is a manufacturer of fanning mills and grain separators in Sa- 
 lem. Was born in England in 1849; came to America in 1871, 
 and lived in Canada until coming to Oregon. In 1877 he invented 
 the Western fanning uilil and grain cleaner; manufactures and 
 sells annually from two hundred to three hundred mills. Learned 
 the trade of machinist in England and has worked at it since. 
 
 
876 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAKiSTTE VALLEY. 
 
 JOHNSON. W. P. 
 
 Born in New York in 1846: oecame a photographer, and has 
 carried on that industry in New York, Wisconsin. &iA Iowa, previous 
 to his coming to Oregon. Is now located at Sei.pr, :ifixion County, 
 and still carries on the bufiness of photogrH')j;f !>i 1871 he was 
 married to Miss Ella Souvhwick, by whom o hn- four children — 
 Frank R., William A., Aylett N., and an infant. 
 
 MALONEY, HANDLEY S. 
 
 Bom in Green County, Tennessee, in Februar)^, 1849; was u 
 private in the Fourth Tennessee Volunteers in 1864; and second 
 lieutenant in the U. S. Infantry in 1867; resigned in 1870. He 
 came to Oregon in 187H, and in 1876 was county surveyor of Uma- 
 tilla County. In 1880-82 was county surveyor of Yamhill County. 
 In 1884 became first lieutenant of Company A, Oregon Cavalry. 
 He now resides at Sheridan, Yamhill County, and is eit(rje,ed in 
 farming and surveying. He married Mary F. Metzer ir : v.;»tilla 
 County in 1873, and their children's names are — Lilli* t , '*. y L., 
 William C, Minnie S., and Hugh P. 
 
 Mcelroy, e. b. 
 
 Born in Waahingtcm Coimty, Pennsylvania, September 17, 1842. 
 Was educated in a normal school in that State, and after teaching 
 a while, enlisted (1861) in the fiist regiment of West Virginia Vol- 
 unteei-s, and afterwards (1868) in the one hundredth Pennsylvania, 
 and served through the war; afterwards employed hinjHelf as teacher 
 and farmer until his departure for Oregon in 18713 'iiught in the 
 public schools of Corvallis until 1875, then a'ssumn, :< -rofessor- 
 ship in the State Agricultural College. Wan three v.. les elected 
 superintendent of schools for Bent;or County, and in 1882, became 
 State Superintendent oi Pu''!i' Instruction. Resides at Salem, with 
 his wife (formerly Miss Ag'aee MrFf Id.u), and their four children. 
 
 mendenhall. w. p., m.d. 
 
 Born in Jefferson County, Tennessee, in 1833; graduated in med 
 icine at Kuoxville in 1866; came to Oregon in 1873, and has prac 
 ticed at Harrisburg, Linn County, since. Married Miss Eleanor 
 Hoult in 1876. They have two children — Frank and Fred. 
 
 Grover] 
 the Rt 
 Lexin< 
 Govern 
 has sine 
 of the 
 in 1880 
 
 Captai 
 A fill] 
 
 four in 
 Captain 
 whom h( 
 Captain 
 
 bailey, 
 
 Born 
 arriving 
 

 HISTORY OF IMMIORATION. 
 
 877 
 
 ania, 
 In the 
 
 ^8301" • 
 
 lected 
 icauif 
 I, with 
 
 IrlnMl. 
 
 leaiioi' 
 
 PHILIPPI, AKTONY. 
 
 Born in Lewis County, Washington Territory, August 1, 1859. 
 Was reared to a farmer's life, hut moving to Portland when four- 
 teen years old, he learned the trade of carriage and sign painter, 
 and was occupied thereat for eight years in that city. Subsequently 
 he resided in Hillsboro, and in March, 1884, removed to Independ- 
 ence, his present abode, and there continues the exercise of his trade. 
 
 STOLZ, GIDEON. 
 
 Born in Columbiana County, Ohio, in 1844. 
 
 In 1873 he arrived 
 
 in Oregon and settled in Salem, where he has established a cider 
 factory, run by steam power, where he also manufactures fruit but- 
 ter and jellies. In 1884, fifty thousand bushels of apples were used 
 in the mill, and several workmen were employed. Mr. Stolz mar- 
 ried Miss Margaret Whittinger, and their children's names are — 
 Lenta D. and Walter T. 
 
 TYLF»l, ASHER. 
 
 Born in Livingston County, New York, August 6, 1881; went 
 to V/isconsin, at the age of sixteen. Was educated in military 
 affairs, and when twenty-three years of age was commissioned by 
 Governor Harvey, of Wisconsin, first lieutenant of militia. During 
 the Rebellion he wjis promoted to captain ; was taken prisoner at 
 Lexington. Was in active service more than four years, and in 
 Government employ seven years. He cam<^ to Oregon in 1873, and 
 has since lived in Forest Grove, where for a year he has had charge 
 of the U. S. Military School. This school was established in 1879; 
 in 1880 the munitions of war were sent, first under command of 
 Captain Wilkinson, next Captain Pierce, and then Captain Tyler. 
 A full class comprises fifty-five students in infantry, and twenty- 
 four in light ai-tillery. Their drill is perfect, says their instructor. 
 Captain Tyler was married to Miss Elizabeth Hawley in 1856, by 
 whom he had two children. In 18()9 he married Miss H. L. Johnson. 
 Captain Tyler is an able linguist, speaking eight languages. 
 
 1874. 
 
 BAILEY, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in Barnesville, Belmont County, Ohio; came to Oregon, 
 arriving on June 10, 1874; settled at Forest Grove. His present 
 
 li 
 
878 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 residence is Greenville, and occupation, blacksmith. He married 
 Iss Ella Hay, January 24, 1883, at Forest Grove, and they have 
 6 child — Blanche. 
 
 BRINK, THOMAS. 
 
 Bom in Indiana in 1830; made two trips to California and re- 
 turned East as often, previous to his arrival in Oregon. Settled in 
 Albany and has lived there since; is a furniture manufacturer. 
 Married Miss M«ry E. Vrooman in 1859. They have four children 
 — Margria P., Manfred A., Mason E., ar^ Millard D. 
 
 CLARK, J. S., Sr. 
 
 Born in New Hampshire in 1816; went to Illinois in 1837 and 
 learned the brick and mason trade. Came to Oregon and settled 
 in Albany, where he works at his trade; owns a brick-yard and 
 some city property. Married Miss Harriet Richards in 1843, by 
 whom he has had nine children, namely — Francis A., Mary L., 
 Henry J., Hattie A., Emma B., Rose, Josephine, Joseph S., and 
 Carrie C. 
 
 HUDSON, WILLIAM S. 
 
 Mr. Hudson, now a citizen of Forest Grove, was born in New 
 York in 1827, and after many years' residence in Massachusetts 
 and Wisconsin, emigrated to Oregon in 1874. His occupation is 
 that of blacksmith, and being an attache of the Indian school at 
 Forest Grove, he has charge of the youths who learn that branch of 
 industry. Mr. Hudson was married in 1853 to Elizabeth Rogers. 
 They have four children — Charles, Hattie, Harvey, and Paul. 
 
 HYDE, EDWIN O., M.D. 
 
 Born in Bost«jn, Massachusetts, on August 2, 1849, and educated 
 at the Peabody High School. Was a member of the fifth regiment, 
 M. V. M., for several years; also librarian of the Peabody Institute. 
 Visited Missouri and Kansas in 1869, and returning east, married 
 E. E. Evans at Tamworth, N. H., October 16, 1873. Set out for 
 Oregon in the following spring via the Isthmus. Taught school in 
 Albany for a time and studied medicine, hearing lectures at the Wil- 
 lamette Medical College. Practiced at Prineville for a year. Is 
 now an inhabitant of Scio, Linn County, practicing his profession. 
 Children — Walter S., Oscar C, Archie M., and Edwin H. 
 
fWf 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATIOiV. 
 
 879 
 
 ;h 
 
 of 
 ers. 
 
 itute. 
 
 ,t for 
 )ol in 
 Wil- 
 ls 
 
 ssiou. 
 
 Mcpherson, william h. 
 
 Born in Washington County, Tennessee, November 24, 1848; 
 is a mechanic and resides in Lebanon, Linn County. Married Eliz- 
 abeth Burritt, and their children are — Maud E., Charles, and Delia. 
 Mr. McPherson was a body guaid of Andrew Johnson in 1866. 
 
 •MONTANYE, L. H. 
 
 Born in Indiana November 8, 1840; of French extraction; 
 served in an Indiana regiment during the Rebellion, and after the 
 close of the war lived in Louisiana until 1874 when he came to Or- 
 egon and has resided since at Albany. Is a lawyer, and studied 
 the profession and was admitted to the bar in Louisiana in 1871. 
 Is still engaged in that pursuit. Was elected to the Oregon Legis- 
 lature in 1884. Is active among the various secret orders. Was 
 married in 1876 to Miss Kate Baynard, and they have two children 
 — George B., and Mary H. 
 
 NEIBERT, CONRAD. 
 
 Bom in Calumet County, Wisconsin, in 1848; came to Oregon 
 in 1874; occupation, blacksmith; present residence. Turner; wife's 
 previous name, Rosie Thomas. Children — George A., John P., 
 Edward J., and George W. 
 
 RANDLE, S. A. 
 
 Born in Illinois, November 29, 1839. He attended high school 
 in that State, and attended at Asbury University in Indiana until 
 the senior year. Came to Oregon and taught in Salem public 
 schools; in 1881, took the senior year course in the Willamette 
 University, and received the degree of A.M. in 1884; now holds 
 the position of principal of La Creole Academy in Dallas. Mar- 
 ried Miss Ellen Taggart, and has five children, named — Harry C, 
 George, Nellie, Fay, and Maggie. Mr. Randle was in the Union 
 army from 1862 to 1865. 
 
 TIFFANY, G. W. 
 
 Born in Barkhamsted, Connecticut, a descendant of English 
 Puritans. Spent seventeen years in mercantile affairs in New York, 
 in the employ of a large firm, and in 1874 came to Oregon. In 1879 
 moved to Salem; is associated with Ben. Forstner as agents for sew- 
 ing machines and supplies*. Mr. Tiffany has traveled very exten- 
 
 
880 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 sively, visiting every State and Territory in the Union, with hardly 
 an exception. When twenty-three years old he married Mary B. 
 Gardner, of Canandaigua, New York, by whom he had three boys, 
 the two oldest of whom survive. Mrs. Tiffany died in October, 
 1873. 
 
 WILSON, ANDREW. 
 
 Resides in Independence, Polk County. Was born in Perry 
 County, Ohio, in 1842. He entered the army in 1861, as one of 
 the Colorado Cavalry, and took part in the battles of Valverde, 
 Sand Creek, Patch's Canyon, and in a raid into New Mexico. After 
 the war he went to Missouri, but in 1874, left that State and came 
 direct to this coast, and lived for a while in Lane County, before 
 settling in Independence. He was married, in 1867, to Miss Martha 
 Sodders, by whom he had two children — Thomas and Furman. 
 His wife died, June 28, 1873, and he was married again, in 1874, 
 to Mrs. Margaret Crouse, by whom he has one child, named Laura. 
 
 WOQDIN, A. B. 
 
 Born in New York, in 1834, his parents removing to Michigan, 
 they being among the pioneers of that State. Mr. Woodin was 
 surveyor of Genessee County, Michigan, and afterwards mined at 
 Pike's Peak, Colorado. Served four years in the Union Army 
 during the civil war. Coming to Oregon he settled at Albany and 
 engaged in milling. Is now a dealer in furniture. Married Miss 
 Eliza Barber in 1868, and has one son, Harry by name. 
 
 1875. 
 ABDILL, G. B. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1845, and lived at different periods in Ken- 
 tucky, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota. After his arrival 
 in Oregon he lived one year on a farm at Amity, then moved to 
 Dayton and set up business as tinsmith , and is still residing there, 
 engaged at the same occupation and trading agricultural imple- 
 ments. He married Miss Charlotte Gibbon in 1869, and three 
 children have been born to them, two of whom are now alive, 
 named, William and Daniel. Mr. Abdill entered the Union Army 
 in 1866, and served one year. 
 
■r.-r 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 881 
 
 ALLEN, N. H. 
 
 Born in Ontario County, New York, in 1837; came to Oregon 
 and entered upon lumbering as an occupation. In company with 
 others he cut t* vast amount of timber upon the Calapooia Creek 
 and floated it to the mill at Albany. Selling out in 18S2, Mr. Allen 
 engaged in mercantile affairs at Albany and so remains. Married 
 Miss Mary Hanawalt in 1873. They have three children — Edna, 
 Mamie, and Frank. 
 
 BAKER, A. B. 
 
 Bom in Washington Territory in 1855; came to Oregon and 
 lived for a time in Lafayette, moving thence to McMinnville in 1881. 
 Is recorder of the lattt^r town. Married Miss Phwbe Henry, in 1882. 
 They have one child, Jessie E., by name. Mr. Baker is now a part- 
 ner with J. H. Robinson in the drug and stationery business at 
 McMinnville. 
 
 CASTO, JOSEPH. 
 
 Is a resident of New Era, Clackamas County, and proprietor of 
 a general merchandise store; also postmaster and agent for the O. 
 & C.R. R. He was born in Knox County, Ohio, May 20, 1827. 
 Married in Colorado in 1861 to Julia A. Lake; their children are — 
 Frank E., Lottie, Jessie K., Seth L., Julia A., Ella, and Charles. 
 
 COLLINS, J. H. 
 
 Born in Gallia County, Ohio, February 21, 1842; in 1856 he 
 went to Jefferson County, Ohio, and entered into the business of 
 stock-raising and farming. He c?'me to Oregon in 1875 and settled 
 in Polk County, his present home being on his farm near Inde- 
 pendence. He was married to Miss Martha G. Sears, March 25, 
 1809, and they have four children, named as follows— Jf nes H., 
 William E., John D., and Charles. 
 
 CONNAWAY, W. P. 
 
 Mr. Connaway, who now resides in Independence, Polk County, 
 was born in Cedar County, Missouri, May 3, 1850. His early life 
 was spent on a farm, and in the years preceding 1875, he acquired 
 a very good academic education. In the year mentioned he came 
 to Oregon and took residence in Polk County. At a later date he 
 was successively secretary for the Willamette Falls Lock and Canal 
 Company, and book-keeper for a firm in Harrisburg, Linn County. 
 
 I 
 li,' 
 
 i 
 
882 
 
 HI8T0RY OK WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Mr. Connaway was married, April 2, 1879, to Alice Wells. At 
 present his occupation is agent for the Salem Flouring Mill Com- 
 pany, which handles yearly from eighty thousand to one hundred 
 thousand bushels of wheat. 
 
 HANEY, JOHN. 
 
 Born ill Boston, and resided there until the age of seventeen. 
 Enlisting in the Regular Army, he remained in the military service 
 of the (.ountry for five yeai-s. After the close of the war, Mr. Haney 
 went to Texas, stayed there half a year, and then came to Yamhill 
 County, Oregon, where he has since resided. His place of residence 
 and postoffice address aic Lafayette. 
 
 HOWARD, D. C. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1828; was a carpenter in early life; served in 
 the First Ohio Regiment and rose to a captaincy. Came to Ore- 
 gon and located at Salem, his present residence. Present occupa- 
 tion, carpenter and house mover. Married in 1847 to Cora Hat- 
 field. Their children are — William J., Joseph E., S. E., Lizzie, 
 Hattie, Carrie, and George B. 
 
 HUMPHREY, JOHN A. 
 
 Born in Sullivan Coimty, New York, May 17, 1836. Came to 
 Oregon in 1875. Residence, Oregon City. Occupation, miller. 
 Married Sophia V^. Wheeler. Children — Charles M. (deceased), 
 James (deceased). Pearl D. (deceased), Mary, and Tessie B. 
 
 LAMKIN, J. C. 
 
 Born in Arkansas in ]84fi; went to Nebraska in 1860; in 187;") 
 came to Oregon; had been married five years before to Mary Arch- 
 bold, by whom he has had Alta and Charles. Dealer in hardware 
 in Hillsboro, Washington County, and possesses a residence in that 
 town. 
 
 LAUGHMILLER, J. A. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1837; learned the trade of blacksmith and 
 followed it for a time in Kai .s. Enlisted in 1862 in the IT. S. 
 Army and served until November, 1865. Coming to Oregon he 
 located at. Woodburn, Marion County, his present residence, and 
 opened a blacksmith shop, but in two years bought a warehouse 
 and conducts it now. The structure, the largest in that section, has a 
 
HI8T0BT OP IMMIGRATION. 
 
 888 
 
 capacity of thirteen hundred and fifty tons of grain. Married in 
 1860 to Vesta E. Ross, by whom he has had two children — William 
 E., and J. R. 
 
 MASON, I. T., D.D.S. 
 
 Born in Tennessee in 1860. Came to Oregon in 1875 and set- 
 tled in Eugene City, where he attended the State University, and 
 nearly completed the collegiate course. Commenced a dental 
 course under Dr. L. M. Davis, of Eugene, in 1877. In 1879, went 
 tib Philadelphia, studied there and received the degree of D.D.S. in 
 1880. Returned to Oregon in that year, and has been practicing 
 in Dallas since. Married Miss Mary E. Long in 1881, and they 
 have one child, named Clay. 
 
 PERRINE FINLEY C. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1845; enlisted at the beginning of the Re- 
 bellion in the twenty -fourth Indiana infantry regiment and served 
 three yeai's, taking part in many battles, particularly Pittsburg 
 Landing, and was at the siege of Corinth, and the operations in Ar- 
 kansas, and again under Banks in Louisiana. On the close of 
 his term of service he entered the secret service of the Government. 
 Until 1875 he was in many portions of the West and South, en- 
 gaged in various businesses, and in that year left for Oregon. Here 
 he has been in several pursuits and is at present guard of the State 
 treasury, and resides at Salem. He married in 1882 Miss Irene 
 Cosper. 
 
 VENNER, J. F. 
 
 Is a resident of Brov/nsville, Linn County ; he is a druggist, and 
 proprietor of the only drug store in that town. Was born in Ver- 
 mont, December 3, 1846; came to the Pacific Coast in 1865, and 
 lived several years in Washington Territory previous to coming to 
 Oregon. In 1878 he was married to Miss Diantha Simons; they 
 have had one child— Warren D. (deceased). 
 
 1876. 
 CLOUGH, A. M. 
 
 Born in Vermont in 1849; went to Iowa in 1858; learned the 
 trade of wheelwright. Was married in 1873 to Adella Ryder. Their 
 children, Bernice and Arthur B., are both deceased. Came to Ore- 
 gon in 1876, located at Salem, and engaged in cabinet-making. Res- 
 idence, Salem. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ■ Ik 
 
 
 M' 
 
 
884 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 CLOW, W. C. ■ 
 
 Bora in Caiiudji in 1852, and reared in Wisconsin. Traveled 
 through the United States with a theatrical troupe for six years; 
 came to Oregon in 1876; went to Alaska the following year, but 
 soon i-eturned to Washington County, Oregon, and now resides at 
 Cornelius. Married Miss Mary BaV.er in 1877; haa three children 
 — Maud, Genevieve, and Charles. 
 
 COOPER, G. W. 
 
 Born in North Carolina, February 27, 1855; studied dentistry 
 in Leavenworth, Kansas, and now follows that profession. He 
 came to the Pacific Coast in 1876, and is a resident of Harrisburg, 
 Linn County. Was mariied in 1878 to Miss Hattie T upper. Their 
 children are-r-Edith, Clara, and Harry. 
 
 DOUTY, SYLVESTER. 
 
 Born in Perry County, Pennsylvania, in 1840; moved to Bui- 
 lington, Iowa, in 1848, and to Colorado in 1860; was the pioneer 
 miller of the latter State, and established the Red River flouring 
 mills there in 18()1. He came to Oregon in 1876 and settled at In- 
 dependence, Polk County, and is proprietor of a saw mill in that 
 town, said uiill having a capacity of twenty thousand feet per day. 
 He man-ied Sarah A. Brown in Chicago, Illinois, in 1863, and their 
 children's names are — Minnie, Fred A., Louisa, and William O. 
 
 FERGUSON, H. J. 
 
 Born in Schohaiie County, New York, hi 1882. His eai-ly years 
 were spent in farming. He entered the Union Army in 1862, and 
 served until the close of the war. After the war closed he moved 
 to Iowa, but in 1876 started for the Pacific Coast, and came to (Or- 
 egon by way of California, and after vi&iting several of the princi- 
 pal cities of this State, settled in Independence, where he lives now, 
 a partner in a fire insurance firm, its name being Ferguson & Hall. 
 Mr. Ferguson owns city property in Independence, and a farm in 
 Washington County. He is a member of the city council of Inde- 
 pendence. Before coming West he married Miss Mary L. Crais^", 
 by whom he had three children, all of whom are grown and 
 are living in the Eastern States. His wife died in 1865, and Mr. 
 Ferguson married Miss Ellen Eaton. 
 
 REDMO 
 Boi- 
 
 tied in 
 McMin 
 sides ot 
 her 19. 
 
-f 
 
 msTOHY OK IMMIOKATION. 
 
 885 
 
 DU GAS, E., M.D. 
 
 Boni in Georgiu i]i 1850; sfttled at Champoeg, Marion County, 
 and resides theiv still; oecupation, physician. Married Annie L. 
 Jones, in October, 18S2. 
 
 KRIESEL, WILLIAM. 
 
 Born in Dodge ('onnty, Wisconsin, February 28, 1848; came to 
 Oregon and settle<l in Marion County; moved to Linn County in 
 1882. Is a tinner by trade and located at Ilarrisburg. Was mar- 
 ried in 187.'i to Miss Albertina Wedde. Their children are — Rich- 
 ard, Fred, "Alma, Ella, and Emma. 
 
 Mcintosh, j. m. 
 
 Born in Canada in 1848; went to Minnesota in 18fil, and 
 learned tlie Hour millino; business. Came to Oregon in 1870, and 
 is now superintendent of the extensive Flouring Mill at Turnei", 
 Marion County. This mill holds a high rank as regards its prod- 
 uct. Its capa<'ity is one hundred and tifty barrels per day, it is run 
 by water power, and is owned by a corporation styling itself, "The 
 Oregon Milling Company. It uses the " roller process." 
 
 MILLER, F. M. 
 
 'Born in Iowa in 1844. Served in th- Tnion Army as a member 
 of the Third Iowa Cavalr}-. Returning ;ii»]ue after the end of the 
 war, he studied law, and also held a civil oftice — that of superin- 
 tendent of schools. Coming to Oregon, he located in Lebanon and 
 opened a law office. AVas recorder in 1882. Married in that year, 
 Hulda S. Armstrong. They have three children — Walter, Bessie, 
 and Kate. 
 
 REDMOND, F. W. 
 
 Born in Canada in 1852; coming to this coast in 1876, he set- 
 tled in Yamhill County. Is proprietor of a store and warehouse in 
 McMinnville, Handles about fifty thousand bushels of wheat, be- 
 sides other grain, yearly. Married Miss Martha Garrison, Novem- 
 ber 19, 1882. 
 
 SEGUIN, LOUIS. 
 
 Born in St. Mary, Canada, in 1847; married, in 1866, Albina 
 Cormier. Their children are — Elphas, M. Georgiana, E. Louisa, 
 G. E., N. Rose, A. Augusta, Arthur A., Louis M., Josephine Lina, 
 
886 
 
 mSTOKY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Muiy, and Lticy S. M. lu 1878, 'Mr. Seguin located in Gervais, 
 Marion County, and began t») deal in liquors and cigars, and follows 
 that occupation at present. 
 
 TRAIN, SAMUEL S. 
 
 Born in Essex County, New York, in August, 1841. Came to 
 Oregon, May, 187(5, and settled at Harrisburg, Linn County. Estab- 
 lished the Disseminator newspaper, at Harr' burg, in February, 
 1882. In June, 1884, he took into partnersh' >8eph R. Whitney, 
 a native of Marion County, Oregon, born M ^ 1860, and gradu- 
 ated from the University of Oregon in 1884. They consolidated 
 their paper with the Herald^ of Albany, November 1, 1884, and 
 removed to that town. The combined publication is termed the 
 Herald- Disseminator. Mr. Train married Mary J. Ricks, in Wis- 
 consin, May 26, 1866, and they had a daughter — Minnie O. — who 
 died July 21, 1884, aged sixteen years. 
 
 1877. 
 
 BERGMAN, M. L. 
 
 Born in Sweden in 1843, and came to the United States in 1871. 
 'Went to California and spent several years, aniving in Oregon in 
 1877. Is a potter by occupation, and a most expert workman. Has 
 a numerous collection of medals and diplomas which have been pre- 
 sented him in recognition of his skill. Is foreman of the Buena 
 Vista Pottery. 
 
 COOK. LYMAN HALL. 
 
 Born in New York, March 23, 1830. Settled in California and 
 farmed in the San Benito region, near Hollister, for some years 
 with good success. Was a locomotive engineer for various rail- 
 ways. Came to Oregon, settled at McMinnville and now resides 
 there, conducting the Central Hotel, a far-famed hostelry, at that 
 place. Married Miss Lydia Jane Reed in Branch County, Michi- 
 gan. Children — Charles Hamlet, and E. Eloise. 
 
 DENNIS, p. M. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1841. At the age of twenty-one entered the 
 Union Army and served four yeai-s; was with Sherman in his fa- 
 mous "March to the Sea"; and at Shiloh, Vicksburg, and other 
 battles. . Was sergeant when the war closed. Came to Oregon and 
 
 Ht 
 
 ing 
 E, 
 
 1 * 
 
 B, 
 
 Illino 
 1877, 
 and 
 boro, 
 
 lann; 
 Bo 
 
 1867, 
 
/ 
 
 niSTORT OF IMMKIKA rKtV. 
 
 8H7 
 
 now lives in Uillsboro, Wushington County; bus held the ofticie of 
 deputy Hhcriff four yciu-s. Married Miss Julia A. Steel in 1S(U», and 
 they have six children. 
 
 FERRIN, WILLIAM NELSON, A.M. 
 
 Horn in Burton, Orhiaus County, Vermont, in Octolxa-, 1854. 
 Graduated from the Unixcmty of Vermont in 1875, and two years 
 later came to Oregon, ami accepted the professorship of mathenuitics 
 in the Pa<jific University at Forest Grove, which he still retains. 
 
 GRAHAM, JAMES. 
 
 Born in Scotland; came to th(^ United States when one year old; 
 lived with his parents — Adam and Atones Graham--in Kentucky 
 and Chicago. Coming to Salem, he worked for four years at his 
 trade of wood-turner, and in 1881 bought the Salem Soda Works^ 
 and now continues to carry it on. 
 
 HARDING, S. F. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1821. Was educated at the Genesaee 
 Academy in New York. Taught school and studied law in Michi- 
 gan; was admitted to the bar in Indiana in ISTH. (!ame to Oregon, 
 located at McMinn\ille, and now occupies his energies in the pj'ac- 
 tice of the not incompatible pursuits of the law and shoemaking. 
 He is likewise notary pul)lic and justice of the peace. Mr. Hard- 
 ing married Miss Abigail M. Whitman, in 1842. Children — Phoebe 
 E., E. X., and Frank S. 
 
 JANNEY, PHINEAS. 
 
 Born in Ohio, May 4, 1824; came to Oregon in 1877; occupa- 
 tion, shoemaker; present place of residence, Turner. Wife's pre- 
 vious name, Mrs. M. E. Porter. They have one child, named 
 Worth H. 
 
 JOHNSTON, W. B. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1854; at the age of eight moved to 
 Illinois and lived there for fourteen years. Came to Oregon in 
 1877. Was married in 1876, and has two children — William C, 
 and Cora V. Is proprietor of the Johnson Livery Stable, Hills- 
 boro, Washington County. 
 
 LANNING. E. J. 
 
 Born in North Carolina in 1842; came to the Pacific Coast in 
 1867, and to Oregon in 1877. Bought an interest in the flouring 
 
 ,,. t-. 
 
 f m 
 
 ^\ h 
 
888 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 in^ll at Albany iu 1881. The firm owing it is now kuovn as 
 Isora, Lantiing <fe Co. The mill has a capacity of thirty thousand 
 barrels of flour jier year, and ships^ to all points on the Northwest 
 Cojust. Married Miss Virginia L. Isom in 1 H80, and by her has 
 one child, named Lilli'^n May. 
 
 NEWMAN, ALEXANDER. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1825; resided subsequently in Kentucky, 
 Missouri, Texas and California. Was married to Mary Wright in 
 1851. Children — Mary E., William A., Susan A., James A., Ba- 
 rilla I., and Luther E. 
 
 REDFIELD, F. M. 
 
 Born iu Vermont, September 6, 1 842. Came to the Pacific Coast 
 in 1862; lived in various localities subsequently; was sub-agent at 
 the N«^' Perce Indian Reservation for five years; lives now at Al- 
 bany and deals in groceries. Married Miss Elizabeth Farrell, in 
 April, 1 8(59. Children— Charles M., Ethel E., and Frank M. They 
 have lost two — Velle M., and Elbert W. 
 
 ROSS, GEORGE W., 
 
 Lives at New Era, Clackamas County, and is a millwright by 
 occupation; he was born in Franklin County, New York; married 
 Lydia McCalley. 
 
 SAVAGE, H. w.' 
 
 Born in England in 1842; came to America when fifteen. Mar- 
 ried in 1801 to Eliza Dove. Their children are — F. A., T. R., and 
 H. L. Settled in Salem in 1877, purchased seven acres of land 
 ■which he converted into a garden for raising vegetables, etc., for 
 the Salem market. His success was immediate and great. His 
 smaH tract supplies a large proportion of the vegetables consumed 
 in that city. 
 
 ' 1878. 
 
 RUDDER, MARCH C. 
 
 Born in Kentucky, in 1842; emigrated northward in 1856, and 
 •staid in Indiana and Illinois for several years. Removing to Mis- 
 souri, in 1861, he entered the (confederate army as private in the 
 first Missouri Cavalry regiment, and participated in the battles of 
 Wilson Creek, Pea Ridge, Corinth, and the siege of Vicksburg, 
 
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 889 
 
 856, Arn\ 
 
 ite in tlie 
 )attle8 of 
 icksburg. 
 
 and was taken prisoner at the latter place. Was married in Illinois, 
 in 1865, to Sarah E. Wiley, and they have children — Maggie E., 
 Etta M., and Eugene. Mr. Rudder resides at Lafayette; occupation, 
 carpenter and bridge builder. 
 
 SMITH, D. A. 
 
 Mr. Smith's address is Ilillsboro; his occupation, miller, he being 
 on-^ of the firm of Smith Brothers, flour millers of that place. Mr. 
 S. was born in New York in 1840, and came to Oregon in 1878. 
 The mill owned by the firm stands by the railroad track, is "called 
 " Red Jacket Mill," and has a capacity of seventy-five barrels of 
 flour per day. Its machinery is new, and its capacity sufficient for 
 the purposes for which it was designeil. Ruhr stones are in use for 
 grinding, and suflScient of the newly invented milling appliances 
 have been introduced to enalde its work to l)e acceptable and its 
 product of the finest. 
 
 VAN HORN, DAVID. 
 
 Born in New York City, July 14, 1837. His ancestors were of 
 the Knicker])ocker stock, having come from Holland to New York 
 — then New Amsterdam — and become proprietors of estates on 
 Manhattan Island. The family property (now estimated to be 
 worth two hundred and fifty millions of dollars), descending irreg- 
 ularly, has passed from tl.- possession of the later representatives, 
 who instituted suits for its recovery, which suits from their magni- 
 tude have become celebrated throughout America. The subject of 
 this sketch was l)red up to the manufacture of pianos, and now de- 
 votes himself to the tuning of instruments. His nominal residence 
 is at the Holton House, in Portland. He came to Oregon in 1878. 
 
 WHITE, ASHLEY. 
 
 Born in New York in 1841; moved to Penn.sylvania when quite 
 young; entered the Army of the Potomac and served eighteen 
 months; was wounded when Burnside crossed the Rappahannock. 
 Came to Oregon in 1878, and now lives in Polk County, near Oak 
 Grove, and receives mail at Zena; is a farmer by occu[)ation. Mar- 
 ried Miss Caroline Pinkie}' in 18(55, and luus two children — Archie, 
 and William Charles. 
 
 WHITMER. CHARLES. 
 
 Born in Iowa in 1858; twenty yeare later came to Washington 
 (vounty, Oregon, and moved from thence to Yamhill County in 1880. 
 
 i 
 
 rt 
 
890 
 
 HI8T(>RY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 In the same year weut to Klickitat County, Washington Territory, 
 but returned to Yamhill County in 1881. In January, 1884, he 
 was appointed postmaster at Sheridan, which position he still holds, 
 and, since 1883, has had charge of a hardware and tinware store 
 which he now owns. Married Miss Laura Graves, September 24, 
 1882; they have one child, named Thomas Lloyd. 
 
 1879. 
 
 GATHER, EZRA. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1842; farmed in Illinois during his youth; 
 fought through the Rebellion as a private in the 38th Illinois Vol- 
 unteers, serving five yeai"s and doing service at Nashville, Atlanta, 
 etc., and was wounded at Murfreesboro. In 1879 came to Oregon 
 and located at Junction, and in 1882 at Salem, where he now lives. 
 Mamed Susan E. Hanson, and has a son, Lawrence, by name, 
 
 HOSLER, W. H. 
 
 Born in Iowa, March 12, 1859, and came to California in 1869, 
 with his parents, and lived there ten yeai-s. At the age of twenty 
 years, he came, with his father, to Polk County, Oregon, where he 
 learned the trade of carriage and sign painter. Resides at Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 1880. 
 BROWN, GEORGE W. 
 
 Born in Penobscot County, Maine; came to Oregon in 1880; 
 
 occupation, carpenter; present place of residence. Turner, Marion 
 
 County. 
 
 CAMPBELL, GEORGE D. 
 
 Born in England in 1830; came to America when three years 
 old. After various experiences, lus whaler in the Pacific Ocean, 
 soldier in the Crimean war, traveler in Mexico, etc., came to Oregon 
 in 1880. Has been in the livery stable business mostly since his 
 arrival. Address, Hillsboro, Wjishington County. 
 
 EVEREST, ERNEST, M.D. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1852. Commenced the study of niediciae in 
 1869, and pursued his studies at the schools in Iowa and Nebraska, 
 graduating in 1877. Came to Oregon in 1880, and settled in Bea- 
 verton, Washington County, in 1884, where he now practices. He 
 
 hrigg; 
 Caj 
 
 Westm 
 serv.'d 
 partici 
 tering: 
 adjutai 
 Battle 
 close o 
 after eu 
 
HISTOKY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 891 
 
 is now pursuing a course in surgery which will be completed iu 
 1885. Married Miss Annie Hawkins in 1878, by whom he has two 
 children — Edna and George. 
 
 MOORE, PHILIP M. 
 
 Present residence, McMinnville; birth-place, Illinois; date of birth, 
 1855 ; came to Oregon in 1880 ; is a printer by trade ; has no family. 
 
 1881. ■ 
 
 BARNES, FRANK P. 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1852; emigrated to Washington Territory in 
 1880, and arrived in Oregoi; a few months later; was clerk of the 
 Chemeketa Hot^l in Salem for a time. Is now a resident of Salem. 
 
 TALKINGTON, F. P. 
 
 Born in Warren \ Illiiuiis, April 25, 18;">3. Went to 
 
 California in 18G9, and came to < 'regon in 1881. liesidence, Sa- 
 lem. Wife's previous name, Carrie J. Schnid* ■ . They have one 
 child, named Cora M. 
 
 1882. 
 
 BATCHELOR, JAMES. 
 
 Born at Great Bend, Pennsylvania, May i, 1830; »vas a carpen- 
 ter until 1860 when he went to Illinois and farnied. Enlisted in 
 1 862 in the ninety-third Illinois Infantry and set . ed through the 
 war. Was at Vicksburg, and with Shermaii lis "March to the 
 Sea." Draws a pension for disaliility incurred at Altoona. Married 
 Elizabeth J. Schock in 1873, They have three children — James 
 F., C. A., and William L. Postoffice address, Knight, Marion 
 County. Occu[)ation, farming. 
 
 HRIGGS, JAMES J. 
 
 Captain Briggs, now of Salem, Marion County, was born in 
 Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, January 16, 1840. He 
 serv.'d with credit in the Union Army throughout the civil war, 
 participating in all the battles of the Army of the Potomac. En- 
 tering the service as a private, he rose to the rank of captain and 
 adjutant of his regiment. He received a severe wound at the 
 Battle of the Wilderness. Coming to the Pacific Coast after the 
 close of the war, he set foot in Portland in May, 1882, and soon 
 after entered into busmess as the proprietor of a large drug store in 
 
892 
 
 HISTOBY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Salem, of which he is atill at the head. Captain Briggs married 
 Miss Mary E. McCreery, January 16, 1865. Their children are — 
 Anna V., Richard Coulter, John McCreery, George Curry, and 
 Walt/cr Roscoe. 
 
 LeMAHIEU, ISAAC. 
 
 Born in the province of Zealand, Holland, September 13, 1841. 
 Came to Oregon in May, 1882. Present residence, Oregon City; 
 Occupation, Unitarian minister and editor of the Courier 
 newspaper. 
 
 SHOBE, LUTHER. 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1838; lived in Missouri until 1858; spent 
 the following years, until 1867, in various mining regions; built the 
 first hoase erected in Virginia City, Nevada. AVas married in 1867, 
 to Miranda France ; was a resident of Missouri again, from the last 
 mentioned year until 1882, holding some civil offices and carrying 
 on a traffic in general merchandise; came to Oregon in 1882; is now 
 a dealer in musical instruments in McMinnville, with agencies in 
 various parts of the State. 
 
 STAPLETON. JOHN. 
 
 Born in Connecticut in 1856; worked for the Union Metallic 
 Cartridge Company for foiu- years; went to the Lake Superior mines 
 and worked two years; traveled extensively in the Eastern States 
 and in Culia; enlisted in the U. S. Regular Ami}- in 1877, and 
 attained the rank of sergeant; served five years; at the end of service 
 came to Oregon, in 1882, and located at Salem; ])ecame guard at 
 the State's prison and h< (Is that place still. 
 
 ZINNE, GEORGE. 
 
 Born in Illinois in 1844; removed tt) Missouri when twelve; en- 
 listed in the 2nd Ohio ('avalry in 1862, and fought in most of the 
 battles in the West. Married in 1865 to Miss Elizabeth Tucker, 
 by whom he had Zina J., and Willis W. Mrs. Ziime died in 1870. 
 He was marritni next to Flora E. Welch, to whom was lM)rn one 
 child — W. T. Residence, Salem. 
 
 1883. 
 
 HOWARD, A. D., M.D. 
 
 . Born in Massachusetts; commenced the study of medicine in 
 1848, and graduated at Philadelphia in 1852; during the Re- 
 
• h 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 8193 
 
 bellion was a surgeon in the Union Army. He came to the Pacific 
 Coast in 1882; lived in California a year, then came to Oregon and 
 settled in McMinnville, his present i-esidence. Married Miss Eliza- 
 beth Payne in 1850, and has one child. 
 
 LADUE, WILLIAM N. 
 
 Born in Troy, Ne\v York in 1838; lived in Michigan from 1847 
 until 1883, then coming to Oregon. Is now vice-[)resident and 
 manager of the First National Bank, of Salem, ^vhich was lirst 
 opened on the eleventh of June, 1883. The institution possesses a 
 very fine l)uilding, one of the handsomest in Oregon. Its capital 
 is $60,000. Mr. Ladue was married in 18(57, and has four children 
 — William B., Kate Stuart, George Franklin, and Robert Stuart. 
 Mrs. Ladue is of the Stuart family, two of whose membei's were 
 partnei-s with John Jacol) Astor in the Pacific Fur Company. 
 
 MULTNER, F. 
 
 Born in Baden, Germany; came to Oregon in April, 1883, and 
 lived for a sliort period in Portland. His present place of resi- 
 dence is McMinnville, and occupation, proprietor of the St. Charles 
 Hotel. He was married in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1856, and has 
 one child, F. W. Multner, born in Oroville. California. 
 
 PATTERSON, JAMES H. 
 
 Born in Dutchess County, New York, in 1837. Married Wealthy 
 J. Foster, in Michigan, in 1861. Their children are — Homer J., 
 Earnest F., Elmer M., and Ora R. Mr. Patterson's address is Hills- 
 boro, but he lives at the Jolly Sawmill ; his occupations are milling 
 and farming. 
 
 1884. 
 HYDE, CLARENCE B. 
 
 Born in Geauga County, New York, April 4, 1856; the son of 
 Jacob and Marilla Hyde; removed thence, in 1869, to Cass County, 
 Missouri, and from thence to Oregon. Settled in Scio, Linn County, 
 which is his present residence. 
 
 MASTON, G. W.. M.D. 
 
 Born in Ohio, December 14, 1849; studied medicine and took 
 his diploma at the Cincinn»»ti Medical College. Served as surgeon 
 in the United States Regular Army for several years. Resigned 
 
 •i 't 
 
894 
 
 niSTO^T OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 therefrom in , and established himself in practice at Waitsburg, 
 
 Washington Territory. Came to Oregon in 1884 and practices at 
 Albany. Married Miss Nellie O. Canon, daughter of Sylvester 
 Canon, of Linn County, in 1870. They have one child, named 
 Vida M. 
 
 Mcpherson, matthew s. 
 
 Born in Washington County, Tennessee, June 13, 1826. Came 
 to Oregon in 1884, and located at Lebanon, Linn County. Mr. 
 McPheraon's occupation is that of a carpenter. He married Catharine 
 Brubaker, and' their children's names are — William H., Joseph 
 A., George W., and Emma. 
 
 Unclassified. 
 
 CHRISMAN, JOEL D. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1795; moved to Illinois in 1833, and eleven 
 years later to Oregon. Settled in Yamhill County, and died there 
 in 1875. He was a farmer. Married Polly Sprowl, in Virginia, in 
 1817, and they had a large family, of whom the following are the 
 survivors — Elizabeth (Mrs. B. Kobinson), Gabriel, Eleander (Mrs. 
 Darr), William M. C, and Campbell E. 
 
 CHRISMAN, WILLIAM M. C. 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1830; accompanied his parents to Missouri 
 in 1833, and to Oregon in 1844. Served in the Yakima war. He 
 is proprietor of a very large farm at Amity. Married Margaret 
 Parrish in 1853, and they had five children, all of whom are 
 deceased. 
 
 DAVIS, SAMUEL. 
 
 Born in New Jersey, December 13, 1804; went to Ohio when 
 young and there married Mary Brocken. Her birth occurred on 
 March 2, 1806. The pair removed to Missouri in 1836, and to 
 Oregon in 1846. They lived a year in Washington County, mov- 
 ing to Yamhill at the expiration of that time. Here Mr. Davis 
 lived until his demise, which happened on the twenty-seventh of 
 February, 1875. His wife's decease took place on the sixth of Jan- 
 uary, 1872. Their children were — J. B., William B., Martha A. 
 (died January 4, 1882), Albertis C, Levi T., Sarah (died August 
 13, 1873), Elizabeth E. (died July 20, 1879), Rachel A. (died 
 October 20, 1870), and May M. (died May 10, 1868). 
 
HI8T0KY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 895 
 
 DINSMORE, JAMES M. 
 
 Bon in Maine in 1838; served in the 60th New York Infantry 
 regiment, and was wounded in one of the battles of the Rebellion. la 
 now a member of Can])y Post G. A. R., No. 13. Occupation, lum- 
 bering. Family contains but one child, Isabella by name. Resi- 
 dence, Corneliuo, Washington County. 
 
 GRIFFITH, ELISHA. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1803; in 1845 came from Illinois to 
 Oregon, and settled at Oregon City; moved subsec^uently to Linn 
 County. He superintended the burning of the first kiln of brick 
 ever Vjurned in Oregon City; but subsequently was engaged at 
 shoemaking. He married Elizal^eth Finlay in Indiana, and their 
 children were — William N., Sabra J., David, Sarah A., Nancy J., 
 Mary M., John, Delila E., Elisha W., James M., and Lydia M. 
 Mr. Griffith died in Linn County in 1871. 
 
 HEWITT, HENRY. 
 
 Born in Huntington County, Pennsylvania, in 1822; came to 
 Oregon in 1843, settling in Washington County; lives now in 
 Yamhill County, and is a farmer. Was elected county commis- 
 sioner in 1864. Married Miss Elizabeth Matheny in 1841. Chil- 
 dren — ^^Annie E., D. M., Henry, Adam, James, Isaac, Matthew, 
 Jasper, Harry, and L. L. 
 
 LYONS, H. W. 
 
 Residence and address, Dallas. Born in Shelby County, Iowa, 
 in 1858. Received his education in LaCreole academy, at Dallas. 
 In 1883, enteral the real estate business in connection with H. J. 
 Ellis, under the firm name of Ellis k Lyons. In connection with 
 the real estate office, has the agency for several fire insurance com- 
 panies. 
 
 Mcdonald, nathaniel g. 
 
 Born in Orange County, NvU-th Carolina, August 10, 1818; came 
 overland to Oregon and in the fall of that year settled in Marion 
 County and remained there three years, then moved to Linn County, 
 near Scio, where he still lives. In the spring of 1 848 he served in 
 the Cayuse war, undt-r Colonel Gilliam. Was in all the engagements 
 of the war and received a wound in the right lung at the battle of 
 Well Springs and was carried one hundred and forty miles on a 
 
896 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 litter to Whitman's station. Married Rebecca Jane Munkers, who 
 was born in Clay County, Missouri, in 1825; their children are — 
 Mary P., Alex. R., Benjamin F., Eliza W., Virginia A., William 
 G., Minnie V., Elizabeth J., and Robert L. 
 
 MEADE, N. B. 
 
 Born in New York in 1842; moved to Wisconsin and resided 
 there for twenty -five years. Served in the Federal Army during the 
 Rebellion, and was at Pittsburg Landing, Atlanta, and other renowed 
 historical engagements; his regiment was the seventeenth Wiscon- 
 sin. Wa.s married in 1866, to Eliza Collius. Children — Van 
 Rensselaer, John H., N. B,, and Margaret. Residence, Hillsboro; 
 occupation, farming. 
 
 ROBINSON, BENJAMIN MORGAN. 
 
 Born in Onondaga County, New York, in 1815. Came to Ore- 
 gon in 1844, settling in Yamhill County, where he still resides. Is 
 a farmer. Married Miss Elizabeth J. Chrisman in 1845. Childi'en — 
 Mary A., John M., Eliza, Araminta and Ruth. 
 
 ROOT, LORENZO. 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1825; at the age of twelve years went to Iowa 
 with his parents, thence to Illinois, and left that State three years 
 later for Oregon. On arriving on this coast they went to Astoria 
 where the subject of this sketch remained several years with his 
 parents on a farm. Removed thence to Yamhill County and pro- 
 cured a farm in Chehalem Valley. . Went to McMinnville in 1879 
 and in 1882 commenced the business of grocer which he yet follows. 
 Mr: Root was justice of the peace in West Chehalem two years, 
 and was married in 1850 to Miss Martha Vedder. 
 
 SLOAN, JOSEPH. 
 
 Born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, January 1, 1826. Moved 
 to Columbus, Ohio, in 1850, and came to Oregon in 1851, in com- 
 pany with V. Trevitt and W. Connie. Arrived in Oregon City in 
 September. In 1854 he was appointed superintendent of the Ore- 
 gon Penitentiary at Portland, and held that position over five years. 
 He. was also president of the board of penitentiar}' conmiissionei's. 
 He subsequently held vai-ious positions on the Portland police force, 
 withdrawing in 1881. Married Lucinda F. Lichtenthaler in Au- 
 
ir 
 
 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 897 
 
 gust, 1854. Children — Mary J. (deceased), ami Nellie (Mrs. Sriuires). 
 Mrs. Sloan died in March, 1881. 
 
 WALLER, A. F. 
 
 Born in Abingdon, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, May 8, 1808. 
 Was brought up in the teachings of the Methodist Church, of which 
 he became a member when he reached the age of twenty-one, and 
 three years later he began to preach. In 188;5 he wedded Miss 
 Elpha White, and immediately after entered the Lima Theological 
 Seminary, in order to fit himself more perfectly for his chosen call- 
 ing. In 1839 he came, in the ship Lausanne^ to Oregon, having 
 chosen the life of a missionary. With him came his wife and their 
 two children. (See page 232.) " For thirty-tw^i years — half of his 
 life — he was a faithful laborer and cheei-ful supjioitcr of charitable 
 and religious institutions. He helped to lay the foundation of the 
 Oregon Institute, from which grew the Willamette University. He 
 was the principal agent in establishing the Pacific Christian Advo- 
 cate^ in 1853. His good works were innumerable, and were per- 
 formed in a truly Christian spii-it, as all old Oregonians will testify." 
 This reverend missionary died on December 26, 1872, Mrs. Waller 
 survived hiih by nine years, dying on the thirtieth of December, 
 1881. Of their children, O. A. W^aller {q. v.) and Mrs. C. H. Hall 
 reside in Salem; Mrs. C. C. Stratton in Santa Clara, California. 
 
 WALKER. LOUIS. 
 
 Born in New York in 1833; was educated in Madison Univer- 
 sity at Hamilton, New York. He left his native State in 1856; 
 lived for some time in Mijinesota, then in Chicago for two years, 
 and went from thence to Kansas, where he assumed the editorship 
 of the Register, of lola, Allen County. Went to California in 
 1875, and was postmaster of Woodland eight years, and owned a 
 newspaper part of the time. Has been married twice; first to 
 Miss Mary Lang, who died in 1877, and in 1879 to Miss Georgie 
 Wall. Two children by each wife were born to him. Mr. Walker 
 edited the Albany Herald \va!CA the beginning of 1885. 
 
 WILLIAMS. E. C. 
 
 Born in Ontario County, New York, September 24, 1818, re- 
 moved to Michigan in 1830, and to Illinois in 1835. Came to Or- 
 egon in 1845, settling on a donation claim in Yamhill County, 
 
 it 
 t ■' 
 
898 
 
 HISIORY OP WILLAMKTTK VALLKT. 
 
 which he still owns a portion of. Residen in Amity, having re- 
 tired from the active pursuit of farming. Mi*. Williams servt-d as 
 county commissioner for a term. In 1848 he married Miss Willu'l- 
 mina Maly, who died in January, 1882. 
 
 ATKINSON, REV. G. H.. D.D. 
 
 Born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, May 10, 1819, and went to 
 Newbury, Vt., in 1830. Spent the years in alternate farm work 
 and teaching until 1839, when he entered Dartmouth College and 
 graduated therefrom in 1843, spending a portion of eacii year in 
 teaching to defray college e.xpenses. Bpent three years in the 
 Andover Theological Seuiinary, graduating in 184<i, and then was 
 appointed to missionary work by the A. H. C. F. M. to kSouth 
 Africa, or the Zulu country. Upon the urgent solicitation of the 
 A. H. M. IS. his destination was changed to Oregon, then the only 
 United States ten*itory on the Pacific Cotust. After waiting one 
 year — which was t^pent in Andover Seminary, and in making special 
 preparations for Bible, tract and school work in Oregon — there be- 
 ing no opportimity of engaging passage sooner, he left Boston on 
 the bark Samose/, October 24, 1847, and rc^ached Sandwich Islands 
 in February, 1848. After waiting at Honolulu three months for a 
 vessel boiuid for Oregon, he went in the British l)ark Coiv/iVs, a 
 Hudson's Bay Company's vessel, and crossed the Columbia bar 
 Jxme 12, 1848. He settled in Oregon City and remained there 
 Hfteen years as pastor of the Congregational Church. During 
 this time he seeiu-ed the erection of its house of woi*ship, and also 
 the Clackamas Female Seminary, and provided its lirst cor[>s of 
 teachers. He also brought the plan of "the academy and colh^ge at 
 Forest Grove, and arranged for its establishment thei-e through the 
 Association of Congregational diurches, which hatl been fonnc^d 
 with reference to that work. This institution was incorporated by thf 
 iirst Oregon Legislature in 1849, and in 1852 Mr. A. returnee^ to 
 New York and secured its adoption by the American Ctdlege and 
 Educational Society, thus obtaining its first funds to defray ex- 
 penses of teaching. Mr. A. brought ii^2,000 worth of public school 
 books to this Territory, and procured the establishment of a public 
 school system by the Legislature of 1849, Governor Lane strongly 
 recommending the same in his first message. He was the first 
 school superintendent of Clackamas County, and held the same po- 
 
HISTORY OK IMMIORATION. 
 
 890 
 
 sition in Multnomah County two terms, after taking up his resi- 
 dence in Portland in 1863, rendering efficient Ht-rvice in building up 
 the excellent system of public schools which now prevails in that 
 city. At this time he became pastor of the First Congregational 
 Church, of Portland, and so continued nine years. In 1872 he 
 was employed as Home Missionary by the Am. H. S., and in 
 1880, became Superintendent of the Home Missions of the Con- 
 gregational Churches for Oregon and Washington Territory. In 
 1846 he was married to Miss Nancy Bates in Spi'ingfield, Vt., 
 by whom he has had six children — Sophia B. (deceased), Dr. Geo. 
 H., a physician and surgeon of Brooklyn, N. Y. (died December 27, 
 1884), Anna Sophia B. (Mrs. Frank M. Wai-ren), Edward M., 
 now a lawyer in New York City, Sarah P'l-ances (deceased), and 
 Charles William (deceased). He him contributed much useful mat- 
 ter to the press descriptive of Oregon and its resources, and during 
 his frequent t "ips East has delivered many lectures upon the same 
 subject. 
 
 DOANE, REV. NEHEMIAH, D.D. 
 
 Born in Easthani, Mass., January 22, 1820; he was licensed to 
 preach in 1845. He was sent out from the Theological Seminary 
 at Concord, New Hampshire, iis a foreign missionary in 1849, 
 being the first ever sent to a foreign mission from any of the Meth- 
 odist theological schools, and was placed in charge of the Oregon 
 Institute, now the Willamette University, and afterwards of 
 Portland Academy. He has served many terms .'is presiding 
 elder, and w«,s a delegate to the General Conference held in Bal- 
 timore in. 1876. He has written several theological works, and is 
 now pastor of Salem circuit. 
 
 EATON, CHARLES. 
 
 Born near Erie Pennsylvania, in 1819. Came to Oregon in 
 1843, and settled at Oregon City, where he was employed by J. 
 W. Nesmith for a time. Went to California in 1849, and engaged 
 in mining with his brother Nathan. In 1880 went to Puget Sound 
 and settled on Tenalquot Prairie. During the Indian vvar of 
 1855-56 he was in active service as captain of a company of rang- 
 ere who helped greatly in protecting the frontier. Afi^-rwards he 
 became a prominent stock-raiser in Eastern Wiishington, and died 
 in 1879. 
 
000 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMKTTK VALLEY. 
 
 EATON. NATHAN. 
 
 Was born near Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1824. Came to Orcigon 
 in Nesmith's company in 1843, '^^nd settled near LaFayette, Yam- 
 hill County. Wan in the Cayiise war in 1847. Went to Cali- 
 fornia in 184l» to dig gold. Returned in 1850, and removed to 
 what was afterwards known as Thurston County, Washington 
 Territory, that year, and located on a farm twelve miles from Olym- 
 [)ia. Here he lived imtil 1882, when he sold out and i-emoveil 
 to Elma, Chehalis County, W. T., where he engaged ui farming 
 and merchandising. He died in lSS'^, leaving a Wi/ ornierly 
 Miss Lestiua Z. liimes — l)y whom he had four childre;i — Lestina, 
 Hugh, Mary, and John. Mr. Eaton rendered efficient service to 
 the country during the Indian war of 1855-56. 
 
 HINES, Rev. GUSTAVUS. 
 
 Born in Herkimer ('ounty. New York, in 1809; entered the 
 itinerant ministry in 18.'i2 in the Genessee Conference; remained 
 there until 1839, when he was appointed missionary to Oregon, 
 and. arrivt'd here in 184<i; he was an active participant in the for- 
 mation of the provisional government. In 1845 he returned to 
 New York, from whence he returned to Oregon in 1853. He 
 represent*iil the Confei-ence of this State in the General Conferenci- 
 in 1868. He died in 1871 at Oregon City aged sixty-four. He 
 was the author of two woi'ks relating t<j Oregon. 
 
 HINES, H. K.. D.D. 
 
 Born in Herkimer County, New York, 1828, and vvjis reartnl 
 upon a farm and educated in the country schools. At the age 
 of nineteen he was ina<h' a licensed preacher in the MetluKlist 
 Episcopal Churci), having already served as a public exhorter for 
 three years. At twenty he began his itinei-ant ministry in the 
 Genessee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1852 
 he was transferred to the Oregon Confei'ence, and at the first session 
 of that body was appointed to the city of Portland. He crossed 
 the plains with an ox-team, driving his own oxen, in the summei' 
 of 1853, reaching Portland on October 3, and occupying the pulp't 
 of old Taylor Street Church on the following Sunday. In 185(i 
 he organized the first society of his Church at The Dalles, and in 
 1859 was made presiding elder of the Salem district. In 1865 
 
HISTORY OK IMMIOKATION. 
 
 901 
 
 he wiirt prcHidiiuj; cldci- of tli*' l*uget Sound dlHtrict; and in 1809 of 
 the Walla Walla district, uhic-li then included all Kastern Oregon, 
 Eastern Washington and a part of Idaho. lie was presiding elder 
 of the La (jrrande and Boise district from 1875 to 1879, during 
 which time he founded and huilt tlie Blue Mountain University at 
 La (irande. In 1880 he was elected edittn' of the J'acijic Christian 
 Advocali\, which place he has Hllcd to (he jii-escnt time. In 1882 
 Mr. llin<'s received tiie (legree of I). I). He has occiupicd several 
 public positions; sei'vcd two vears as ;i mcndier and president of 
 the upper house of the W ashington Territory JiCgislature; and one 
 year as chaplain of the House of Iie[>resentatives, He was for four 
 years representative of the Twelfth (ieneral ('oiiference district of 
 his Cliurch, including all the Pacific ( 'oast, I'tah, xMontana, Wyo- 
 ming, Coloi'ado and Xehraska in the (icnei'al Missionary and 
 Church Kxtcnsioiis C-omujittees of the Church; one of the most im- 
 portant representative jiositioiis in that body. 
 
 HIGHFIELD. WILLIAM F. 
 
 Boni in London, England, hccendter 1(1, l,sl8; came to Oregon 
 in 1849; occupation, jeweler. Pi-esent residence, Oregon City. 
 
 RIGGS, DANIEL L. 
 
 Was horn in liaskingridge, N. J., in 1815. Jjcarned the car- 
 riage l)]acksmith ti'ade in Newark. Married Sarah W. E(hvards 
 in 18.'i(!. lvenio\ed to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1837, and in 
 18;^S to East llaM'U, where seven children were horn to them — all 
 hut Theodore J^. and Anna F. (Mrs. (ieo. H. Jlimes) heing de- 
 ceased. In April, 1853, Mr. Riggs cinie hy steamer to Oregon, 
 and l)uilt the first steam Houring mill in the Willamette Valley, 
 if not in the State. Returned to Connecticut in 1855, and came 
 l)ack to Oregon in 1858, bringing his family and settling at Eola, 
 where he conducted a small machine shoj) until lS(;(i, when he re- 
 moved to Salem, where he lived until his death in 1883, carrying 
 on the same branch <»f business. Mr. Riggs was an ingenious man, 
 patenting several inventions, the most notable being that of a pro- 
 cess of mending broken hells so as to retain their original tone. In 
 1878 he made a trip to Philadelphia with a view of mending the 
 old Liberty bell, being inspired by the patriotic desire of hearing it 
 peal forth ou<je more. He had the support of Gen. HaAvley and 
 
902 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 other influential men, but the city authorities, who had the custody 
 of the bell, claimed that it had fulfilled its mission, and hence 
 would not permit the repaii to be made. 
 
 ROBERTS, WILLIAM, L.L.D. 
 
 Born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1812; wan admitted into 
 the Philadtdphiu Conference of the Methodist Church in 1834. In 
 1846 he was stsiected by the Board of Bishops as superintendent 
 of the Oregon mission, and sailed from New York with instruc- 
 tions from the Missionary Board ti) explore California. He stopped 
 six weeks in that country and organized the first church in San 
 Francisco, visiting San .Tost-, Monterey and other places, and 
 reached Oregon in June, 1847, taking th^ place of Rev. George 
 Gary as superintendent of the mission work on the Pacific Coast. 
 In 1849, by direction of Bishop Waugh, he organized the Oregon 
 and California Mission ConfereiKre, which was under his superin- 
 tendency four years, when the Oregon Conference was organized. 
 In 1C5(> he wat delegate to the Crueral Conference at Indianapolis. 
 For the uxx three years he was agent of the American Bible 
 Society fot Oregon and Washington Territory, after which he was 
 stationed in Portland, and served as presiding elder of Portland 
 district. He is still in the active ministry, and is stationed at 
 Astoria, Oregon. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 A, 
 
 Aliernethy, Georise, 2K. Sin. Sil, 2fi2, iVt, iW, :m. 
 
 32S, we. 
 Abdlll, (i. B.,R><0. 
 
 Aborlplnes t)f tlio Wlllamctlc N'lillpv, 478, ml. 
 .Xdain.s, K. M.,«(S. 
 .Vdkln.s, E. s., I'Xt. 
 Advevlure. n\<M>ii, IJI, IJ:'. 
 \gGe, H. t;., 75U. 
 .Vgrlcultui'e, the flnsi hegiiuiliigs ol, I'JH: co.iNld- 
 
 crert In general, .MSio.'i'.K). 
 Agnilur, .Murtin do. diRcoveis Cape HIriico, 4». 
 .vrkeii. A.U., 7!i:.. 
 .Vlnrr'iii, FerJiimiid do, io. 
 Alava, fi«u..li>s(> .M.r;i>,Siiiuiish Coimn.. I2S, lai. 
 .Vlbany, railwa.v ci'li'hiution ut, liH. 
 AlbfUritux, Amorlcaii ship, 14."i, ll(i. 
 .Vlbriglit, ('.,750. 
 
 Alcorn > ( oiiipiin.v, dt'ods of, 1(11, ii)J. 
 Aldeu, fapt. B. K., I', s. A.. ):«•, iW., .'til, .'Wi, :l.-,7. 
 Alderman, A. 1,., i«l, iv'.j. 
 .ildennan. < I., lUiS. 
 .Vllen, J.C, 708, vmi. 
 Allen, N. H.,W1. 
 AUlDeliani, D. W., 7.')l. 
 AmBrlcan Hoard oi" CominlHHionors lor l-'orcljiri 
 
 Missions. LW, -M'K -W, -m, S05. 
 .VniorlrHn ('.\pl\>iutl(>ns ol' the Northwest C'oasi, 
 
 KM), 101, !U. 
 American I'lirt Uniimny. )!K», arj, JOii, 2l'J. 
 .Vmerlean traders on ilii^ .NOrllwvost I'oasi, li;, 
 
 Vnierlcan .so<ioi,v lor tlw st'tlli'iiipnt oi Ori-nor. 
 
 'I'errilory, tlic, 221, L^'l, 22."i. 
 .Vndrews, David, nM. 
 Anaell. Jtartlii, killed by Indians. 10:!. 
 .Vnlaii. i~ilrallsol, .".'-.W. 
 .\iikeiiy l-'arm, the, ."wii. 
 Antliiulllos of the N'alley, 4i<7. 
 Apperf.on, .1. T. 003, (Hit. 
 Appleguie Creek, .sfi'Ke of the ealdns upon. lOJ, 
 
 Applogalc, Charles, 27.'i, lill. 
 .M>ple«atc, Jesse, 2,'.'), as7, LllM, ilKl, .%'l.s, I!)-;, lil I. 
 Applegnte, Lindsay, 27."). (ill, iil2. 
 .Vpplegalo Uonic, nrr n^hiHi'iii HunI': 
 \ppli-s. .VX), .Vi". 
 
 .!)-.(jita;(j, .s(p,iiilsh (■x))lorin!; vessel, 117. 
 Ar;i-imtiii. I'lniilish ship, Id"), KIti, 107, KiO, III. 
 ArmstrofiK, \\ illliim, S(i(). 
 Art(.'a){,'i, JKnaeio, i'xi)loralionsof, 01. 
 Arthur, l>nvld, 27.")(II2. 
 
 .\shl.ui'tuii, hord, KiiKlish Amliassiidiii, 2((1. 
 \«li))urt(Hi WebNtcr treaty, 270. 
 .\sliland, railway leaohos, .'xM. 
 AHlihy, Gen. W, H., IW Ilia. 
 \storla fiiuuded, and (lerlvatlon of name, ISil, 
 
 l"i«, l.iT; eiistoin house established al, Sll. 
 Asttvlttnnd Wlllanxitte Vallev liallrnad Com- 
 
 |)any, lnoorpor,<it,ioii oi. i(i:i. 
 AHlor, J'llui .la;'oh, HH Klo, i(!7. 
 Atkinson, Hov. (ieo, II., wk 
 Augiir, Cuptaiii c. ( ■., I', s. A., Iiks. 
 Avprlll. H.,I. C., 7r,!, 
 
 Habeojk, Dr. J. 1,., 2!t2, M», 244, 2r)l, 281. 
 liaber, O. H., (Wl. 
 Btttiktniiton, E. D„ 700, 
 
 Ba(K)n, J. M., BSl. • 
 
 Bagley, ()., S.18. 
 
 Bailey, Caroline E., ftSl. 
 
 Bailey, H.f murder of, 3~. 
 
 Bailey, .lo.seph, 877, 87S. 
 
 Bailey, Ci(i)tain .loseph, .100. 
 
 liailey. Dr. \V. ,1., 220, 243, 244, 281, 28(1, :tlM. 
 
 Uakei', A.B., 881. 
 
 Baker, .\ndrew .1., 275, 6Ul 
 
 Baker, 1,. .M., .874. 
 
 Maker, .lohn (i., 275, 012, (US. 
 
 liaker, .John \V., 700. 
 
 Bakei-, Senator K. 1)., 21)2. 
 
 Haklra, William, .ill!). 
 
 liallimi, 1). \V., 7.->l. 
 
 (iall, Isaae (i!t2. 
 
 Baruer, s. 1'., 847. 
 
 Barley, ,>58, .Wl; production of, in 1880, rm. 
 
 Barlow, .lohn L., (I'll, 
 
 Barnes, F. 1'., 801. 
 
 Hanuim, E. M.. S.'jl. 
 
 Barrett, ,\. \V ., 8:t2. 
 
 liarretl, Uiehurd A., 706. 
 
 Basalt, !"i.tli,.vn,.%8. 
 
 ISatchelor, .lames, 801. 
 
 Hates, James .M., .'>04. 5!i:i. 
 
 liauer, .\., 6X. 
 
 lianghmun. .1. H., 700. 
 
 Bayiev, .1. i;.. .s;i2. 
 
 Bean, .1. \V.,M1. 
 
 Hean, H. s., ,S27. 
 
 Hear, I lie, .ilii. 
 
 HiKi-fi; Ainerkan ship, arrives at .\storla, 100. 
 
 Bea\ I'r money, XW, ;«1. 
 
 liedwell. IC, ilOl. 
 
 Beers, Alanson, missionai'y, 21(i, 2il. 
 
 Beet Suxar. ."wl 
 
 Beets, 5(l.>. 
 
 Behrlng's discoveries, ."i7 to ."lO. 
 
 Bell, (Hi., 727. 
 
 Bellinger, J. H,, 004. 
 
 Belt, .V. .M., 700. 
 
 I tell. If. E., 7.M. 
 
 lloll, I ieorge \\'., 827. 
 
 llennelt, Captain, 408, 4l:i, 114; killed, 418, 120. 
 
 Bennett, l.evj, 002, 6KI. 
 
 Ilentley, L., 800,807. 
 
 Benton, Thoii\as H., services of, to Oi-egon, 24.5, 
 
 2l<i, :)10, .120, 321. ;122, 3ii, :t2(i. .Shc I'miilhinrn: 
 " lien NVright Massacre," the, 430. 
 Ilenyowsky, Couut M. de, escapes from Siberia, 
 
 01. 
 Birgman, .M. I,., 880. 
 IterrlcH, .570. 
 Berry, Jose|ih !•'., 7fK). 
 Berry, S. .I.,7il. 
 Ilesser, I... 7.V2. 
 itetlman. \.., 807. 
 Bevens, I. S., 827. 
 llovens, T. 0.,827. 
 r.cvens, W. P.. 827. 
 i'ewley, T. H., )!«4. 
 BIddle, Captain J., 1(15, 1B7. 
 HIa; Meadows, baUle of, 443, 444. 
 Bill, Congressional, establishing terrilorlal gov- 
 
 vernnient In Oregon, .121, 327. 
 Bills, Cincinnati, 7H«. 
 Bllycu, A. J., 752. 
 Bllyeu,.). A.,752. 
 Bllyeu, Petor, 752. 
 
 \ 
 
 \_ 
 
11 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Bllyeu, William, 752. 
 
 Bllyeu, W. R., 848. 
 
 Bingham, Q. G., S71, 872. 
 
 Blngmnn, J. K., 727. 
 
 Ulrd, John, &», MX 
 
 Black, survivor of the T'lnpqiia Massacre, IflR. 
 
 Black, Captain, K. N., Idi. 
 
 Blain, Jay W., 798, 7fl7. 
 
 Blaln, I, E.,m. 
 
 Blaln, Wilson, 328, ;m, lilW. 
 
 lilalnc, James O., views upon the Oregon Ques- 
 tion, ■jai--m. 
 
 Blakelcy, James, «o2. 
 
 Blunchard, J. P., 72*. 
 
 Blanehet, A. M. A., missionary, .W5, 300, 307. 
 
 Blanche!, Francois N., missionary, 74, 217. 243, 
 244, 281, aor,. 
 
 Blossom, English man-of-war, Ifi". 
 
 Bodega y ijuadra. Lieutenant, explores the 
 Northwest Coast, 7(1, SO, 82, 107, 124, 125, 12S. 
 
 Bohemia mining district, ajll, 
 
 Boise. R. P., aw, m, 7:». 
 
 Bolan, A. J., Indian agent, murder of, liSfi, 387. 
 
 Bonhara, B. F., 7ii7. $ 
 
 Bonneviiie, CaptAin H. 1.. K., 202-201. 
 
 Bonuey, JairuB, (W>2. 
 
 Boon, H. D.. 032. 
 
 Boon, John 1)., .'SI, K!2. 
 
 Boothby, R. R., 701). 
 
 Booth, Robert, 752, 753. 
 
 Bounds, J., (r>2. 
 
 Bowlby. Wllsc n, 753. 
 
 Boyle, J. W., «32. 
 
 Branson, B. B., («e, 
 
 Bianaon, E. T., 728, 
 
 Brldgpfarmer, B., (i«5, 
 
 Brledwell, George W„ 8;W. 
 
 Briedwell, .1. W., 709, 710, 
 
 Brledwell, John \V., 7.'j:i, 
 
 Brlggs, J. J.,«ti,892. 
 
 Brlggs, W. W„ 797. 
 
 Brink, Thomas, 878. 
 
 Bristow, W. W., U1«. 
 
 Broadwell, J. C.,710. 
 
 Brock, Mrs. Eunice, ftVi, 
 
 Bronson, I>,, Wtj, 
 
 Brougbton, r.ieutenant. second In command t 
 Vancouver, 118, 120. 
 
 Broughton. W., 7W1 
 
 Brouniel, Father J. B„ priest, SOB, 310, 31 1. 
 
 Brown,. \.C.,<165,li«l. 
 
 Brown, E. M,, 838, 
 
 Brown, G. M., 754. 
 
 Brown, (leorgc, Btk). 
 
 Brown, Oeorge W., 8«0. 
 
 Brown, J. H,, 710, 
 
 Brown, J, Henry, 28.!. 
 Brown, Orus, 27.', (113, 
 
 Brown, Samuel, 710. 
 
 Brown, W. C, mi. 
 
 Brownsville Woolen Mill, '{79, 580. 
 
 Bruce, Major James, .'!Wi, 3118, ;«I9, 400, 403, 433, 484, 
 
 437. 438, 442. 
 Brush, J., I'm. 
 Brush lands, .519-522. 
 Buccarieei-s, sketch of, 27, 2S. Attack the Hpan- 
 
 lardK, ').% 51. 
 Buchanan, IJeutenant^olnncl I'. K. A., 440, 441. 
 
 142, 44;t, 444, 44.5, 
 Buchtel, ,Ioseph, ~'>i. 
 Buckingham. A. I... H.')5. 
 Buck, W. \V., («2. ■ 
 BufTuni, W. <}., KM. 
 HnlMin npwaiMjMr, the, ."i(i2. 
 Bump, \V..8ll. 
 Burhank, A. H., 7!I7, 
 Burch, Benjamin F., 288, 313, .150. (IB. 
 Hurlal mounds, 487, 488. 
 Burklmrt, <'. l>., 8.f2. 
 Ilurkhart, (,'. P., 728, 729, 
 Buruhart, .1. H.,721l. 
 Ilurnell.c. B.. 7I>7, 79H, 
 liurnett, (i. W.. II.52. il.'>:l, 
 Burnett, I'etcr II., 273, 301, 32S. 
 Burns, I>. N,, (I!I4. 
 Burns, Hugh, muglMtrate, 257. 
 Burns, John, ((H4. 
 Burns, W. R.. ()!•(, 
 
 Hnrrows, Lieutenant, killed, 417, 420. 
 Burrows, Thomas, 854. 
 
 Burton, J.J. ,8;«, 
 
 Bush, Asahei, 335, 351, 891, 710, 711. 
 
 Butler, George W., m6. 
 
 Butler, Isaac, a33, 
 
 Butler, Ira F.M., 798. 
 
 Butler, 1. M., 711. 
 
 Butler, J. B. V., 700, 
 
 Butler, J, J,, 711, 
 
 Butler, X, L,, 700, 
 
 Butler. .Sandford, 708. 
 
 Butt, ,Iohn, im. 
 
 Buxton, Henry, tioti, n07, 
 
 Byars, W. H., 7H8, 799. 
 
 C. 
 
 Caamano, Lieutenant J., explorations of, 117, 
 
 t;abrlllo, .luan Rodriguez, voyages of. 25, 20. 
 
 Calapoola Indians, the. 480. 
 
 Calbreath, J. F„ .M.D., ,597. 
 
 Caldwell, William, 754. 
 
 California, discovery of, 24-2(i. 
 
 California, Lower, colony planted In, 51. 
 
 CampbcU, George 1).. 890, 
 
 Campbell, G, ,S., 7.54. 
 
 Campbell, Hector, 701. 
 
 Campbell, H., 2.51. 
 
 Campbell, Jomes G., 7911. 
 
 Campbell, J. M., 799, 
 
 Campbell, W, C., 7.54. 
 
 Campbell, W.G., 799, 
 
 Canon, W. R„ 729. 
 
 Canyon, the Umpqua, its difflculty, 299, 303. 
 
 Cape IJlsappolntment, seen by Vancouver, 119, 
 
 Capo Flattery, discovered by Cook, 80. 
 
 Cape Orford, named by Vancouver, 119, 
 
 Capital of Oregon, location of, 34.5, 34«, ;M7, ;W8, 
 .•Vt9. 
 
 Copies, L., 701. 
 
 Caplcs, J. W., 711,712. 
 
 Corey, John, (i«7. 
 
 Carlm, J., 053. 
 
 Carmlchael, -,230. 
 
 Carmon, Waters, 712. 
 
 Carpenter, W, U,, 712. 
 
 (.Carpenter, Dr., .582, 
 
 t'orrlere, Michael, 159. 
 
 Carrots, .5(W. 
 
 Carr, (Sumncr, 84.5, 
 
 i'arson, J. C, ''Jil. 
 
 Carter, W. n„ 712. 
 
 Cartwrlght, Theodore, 799. 
 
 Carver, Captain Jonathan, travels o.', 72-74. 
 
 Cary, Cyrene B., 275, (li4, (115, 
 
 CascudeK.. Indians l)esltge the, 448-4.53. 
 
 Cascade Mountains, the, 514, 515, 518,517. 
 
 Case. Wiillani M., 28it, «2I, 822. 
 
 Casey, i;olonel, l'. 8. A.. .TO, 42«, 460. 
 
 Cason, Adonlram J., (115. 
 
 Coi«on. Feudal ('„ 275, HI.'. 
 
 Cason, F, C, or James, 280, 
 
 Casto, Josepn, 881. 
 
 Caswell, murder of, by Indians, 110, 
 
 Cather, Ezra, 890. 
 
 Calliollc Missionaries in Oregon, 74, 2l7-'i21, 232, 
 2V); stations of. 280, 2S! ; progress of s.. 311.5, 
 ;»»; aggravating behavior of ni,, 307, .308; 
 their connection with the Whitman ma.'^- 
 sacre, 810, 'ill; InMuence over FliUhead In- 
 dians, 382; they labor to avert war, (70. 
 
 Catron, .Tonathan, 751, 
 
 Cottle, 573-.577; Introduction of, :«>1, 573; Im- 
 provement of breeds, .57 1, 575 ; present status 
 of stock-raising, 575; dairying, 575, 576; beel 
 raising, .570; total nu(nber of cattle In 1880 
 and 1883, 577. 
 
 Cautleld, R„(i6«, 
 
 Cavallo, .luan, 98. 
 
 Cave, Rev. James, 28!;, 816, 
 
 Cove, HI ley. 275, fll5. 
 
 Cavendish, Thomas, adventures of, 32. 
 
 Cayusc Indians, t lie, 213, aili; attitude towards 
 missionnrles, .'KNI; their murder of Whit- 
 man, ;t0!l-31 1 ; war against, 312-31':; hosta- 
 ges of, executed at Oregon (Mty, .'B5; treaty 
 with, 381. 
 
 Cayuse War, the,3r»-317; organization of troops, 
 318; fight at Well Hprings, 314, 315; retr«at lu 
 the Touchet, 310, 
 
 Cbadwlck, H. F., 350, 730. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Chambers, Holand, t«S, KH. 
 
 Chambers, W. N , 730. 
 
 Champoeg, political meetings at— firat, •_'42; nee- 
 
 ond.lioS; third, :lh5. 
 Chandler. Mrs. \., 7:30. 
 Chapman, M. N., (KiT. 
 Chapman, W. W., :m, 3911, 134, 13(1, 49?, 4;», 492, 
 
 887, tm. 
 Chapman, W., (1(17. 
 Chapman, \Vm„ (108. 
 Charlton, A. 1)., N. P. R. H. Co., .",11. 
 Charlton, J. K., 8i)2. 
 Charnian, Frederick, 83."^, ;>*i. 
 Charman, Tlioniii.s, SOf'. 
 Charman T. I,., 84;} 
 Chrrnam iix, brig, 6f<t. 
 CheDOWeth, F. A., 701. 
 Cherry, J. G., 83^,, S3i). 
 Chlnone, the, .5;i. 
 
 Chlnn, Major M. A., 40(i, 407, 411, 412, 113. 
 Chinook, mime of Indian lamllv, 4S2. 
 Chl.sbam, .1. M., 712. 
 Clirlsmap, .1 I).,.S!M. 
 Chrl.smu i, \V. M. I'., ,S<t4. 
 Cluckan.as Indians, the, 17!i. 
 Clark, fieueral, U. s. A., 473. 
 Clark, /. ('.,(i(i7. 
 Clark, J. .s., 8r., S7H. 
 Clark, Stephen, X0(). 
 Clark T. W.. 851. 
 Clarke, Kmellnc, ««. 
 Clarke, llev. Harvey, iiilsslDniirv, 232, lio.",. 
 Clarke John, 101. 1(12. 
 Clarke , J. T., 7r». 
 Clarke, 8. A., 713. 
 Clarke, Captain Wm., 134. 
 Clarke't: Fork, 1.3(1. 
 (,'learwator Klver, Lewis and Clarke rciirh the. 
 
 13«. I.'i7. 
 Clerk e. Captain Charles, »1, 89. 
 Clough, A. M., 883. 
 Clow, W. C, .S84. 
 
 Coast Range, the, description of, ."ilti. 
 Coa.st Reservation, Oregon Indians roiHovrd to. 
 
 4I(>. 
 Cochran, Wni., (K)8. 
 Cock stock, Indian chief, 279, 280. 
 Cotrey, .Tames, 8:12, 833. 
 Cofflii, .Stephen, (*(«, mi. 
 Cole, Chaiiiicc.v, 75.">. 
 Coleman, D. C., 7:10. 
 Coleman, James, til)9. 
 Collard, K. U., W.i. 
 Collier, Professor O. H., .')24, 811. 
 Collins, F. M.. tlVt. 
 Collins, George, 8(1.3. 
 Collins, J. L., Oi')3, (V>t. 
 Collins, J. N., 881. 
 Collins, Smith, (154. 
 Collins, W. \V., il.->4. 
 ('olnett. Captain, IttVIOS. 
 OilumhUi Hfdiriiii, ship, 100, 101, 1(W. 109, 11(1, 117. 
 
 121, 122. 
 (Columbia River, intlnintloiis of Its existencie, 
 
 (17,(18; narrowly miss- d ,)y Hecelii,80; pu.s.sed 
 
 by X'ani'oiivcr, 119; discovored by (Iray, 122. 
 Columbia Hlvor Klshlm.' iind Tnidlni; Com- 
 pany, 20'. 
 Colvllle, gold mlnes.of, discovered, 3«i2. 
 Comcomly, Indian chief, Ilv3, 101. 
 Comley, J. H., s:W. 
 Condit, C.,827. 
 Condlt, Ph., 82S. 
 Condlt, .S., 731. 
 Cone, G. A., 731. 
 Congle. J. li., 800. 
 Congress. Its nttitiide towards (Iregon, '224,241; 
 
 falls to iMiss essential laws, 3ls; dciav of, :is;!. 
 Conklln. ( 'luirles, 009. 
 Connaway, W. P., ,-<81, ,>(8'2. 
 «;onner, Nathan. 070. 
 tlonners. It. h., 8:U1. 
 Connett, I., W. I,., and .1., 7.V>. 
 Connor, J., 070. 
 (\)novi:r, R. H.,871, S7'>. 
 (^onser, .laeob, :t.3.3. 
 (Jonsttttitlon, state, :H4, .3*">. 
 Con.ytltutlonBl convention proposed, 311, 345. 
 
 Sifl, :!49; meets at Halem, V«, :V.l. 
 Coustltutloual election of inoj, ',i87. 
 
 ('ook. Captain, «2, 82, 84-S9; killed In Hawaii, 
 
 89 
 Cor>l;," i,. H., 8Sil. 
 Cook, J. W., 7.")i). 
 Cook, .S. M., 75.5. 
 Cooley, H. F., 71:t. 
 Cooley, E. C, 034. 
 Cooley, George C, 800. 
 Coombs, Nathan, '219, 2j(). 
 Cooper, K. W., 850, 8ol. 
 Cooper, G. W., 884. 
 Cooper, J. R., 750. 
 Cooper, J. S., 854, 855. 
 C'orey, G. B.,7.')0. 
 Corker, D. I., S51. 
 (tornelius, Jesse, 031. 
 Cornelius, G. 11. P., 701. 
 Cornelius, Thomas R., 407, 408, US, 427,430,431, 
 
 432, 447, 0:il, (W5. 
 Cornoyer, (aptain, 411, 413, 414; elected nin.ior, 
 
 127, 129. 
 Cornwall, Rev. J. A. ('., 000, i»l. 
 Coronado, F. V. de, travels of, 2.j. 
 Cortoreal, Gaspur de. voyage of, 22-21. 
 Corvallls, becomes capital of Oregon, .'145, 394. 
 (,'orwin, 'i'homas, great speech upon the possage 
 
 of the Oregon bill. :i'i.'i, :1'20. 
 ( 'osgrove. H., 070. 
 Coshow, O. P.. 731. 
 Cosper, David, 7.j«. 
 Cosper, Ronieno, 845. 
 Couch, John H., 328. 003, W\. 
 Cougar, the, 517. 
 Cow (.'reek, var on, :!!U. 
 Cowls, .1. W., 7.')(1, 757. 
 Co.\, A. M., 7.57. 
 Co.\, E.,7,57. 
 (iox, Joseph, :i50. 
 (j'o/.lne, Samuel, 27.'), 015, 010. 
 Crabtree, John .1., t>.)."i. 
 Craig, Col. WHlinm, trapper, 'iOS. 
 Cranston, S. li., 731. 
 Crawford, G. F., 757. 
 Crawford, J. W.,8tf2. 
 
 Crawford, Medorem, 248, 249, 2.->0, :W1. 007, 008, mt. 
 Crawford, R. ll.,7.>s. 
 Crawford, T. H.,7,')8. 
 Creameries, practicable In Oregon, 570. 
 Croasman, .\. I!., s.>). 
 
 Crooks, Ramsey, in Hunt's party, 1.57, 1.58, 101. 
 Cro.ss. L. !>., 7.'vs. 
 (;rowlev, Solomon, 7^38. 
 Currv county, Indian war In, 4,38-442. 
 Currv, (Jeorge I.., :ilM, 311, :!|.-). :»3, .388. :is!l, .',90, .391, 
 
 3!M, 405. 41 1, 127, 431, i:i'2, irf. I'M. 
 Curtis, J., 7'>8,75!». 
 Cuslek, Solomon, 801. 
 Cusick.W. A.,801. 
 Cyrus, Henry, 094. 
 Cyrus, William, 070. 
 
 I>. 
 
 Dactialu.i, English store-ship, r24, 120. 
 
 Daniel, R. 1!.,875. 
 
 DArcy, P. II., .-ca. 
 
 Dart, .\nson, ;i:«. 
 
 Davenport, '('. W., 7:)2. 
 
 Davidson, -V., (W. 
 
 Davidson, C. I''.,7.59. 
 
 Davidson, Klijali, 7i:i. 
 
 Davidson, K. li., 713, 71 1. 
 
 Davidson, ll.,7,'>ii. 
 
 Davidson, I. G.. 711. 
 
 Davidson, I. N., 7.59. 
 
 Davidson, J. K., (170, 071. 
 
 Davidson, . I. O., 071. 
 
 Davidson, \V..M., 7.59. 
 
 Davles, Horace G., 80 . 
 
 Davles, Miles, SOI. 
 Davis, A. C, m. 
 
 Davis, K. E., 7.59. 
 
 Tlavls, (Jeorgc, 731. 
 
 Davis, George \\'.,872. 
 
 Davis, H. A., 760. 
 
 Davis, J ell ersoii, 7:12. 
 
 Davis, Caiitain .lobn. ll\^>loratlons of, .5'2. 
 
 Davis, Governor John \\ ., ;144, Mi. 
 
 Davis, J. W., 714. 
 
 DavU, Joseph, 05.5. 
 
 Davis, Levi T.,ttt5. 
 
IV 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Davis, Mrs. Xancy, HS5. 
 
 D»vl8, N., 855. 
 
 Davis, Samuel, t<55, mi. 
 
 Dawson, William, AV>. 
 
 Day, I. T., rm. 
 
 Day, John, 157, IfiO. 
 
 Day, Lieutenant, 38». 
 
 Deady, Matthew P., ;M4, .ViO, .Kl, iW, SRt, 701, 702. 
 
 Dearborn, R. H., 802. 
 
 Deardorff, A. (>., 838. 
 
 Deardoi-tt", C, 714. , 
 
 Decttard, Anderson, 802, 
 
 Deer, the, 516. 
 
 DeLaRhniutt, ,1. K., 700. 
 
 De Letts, J„ »02. 
 
 : 'ement. Rev. Modest, -'17, 2S!i. 
 
 Demjwey, 1. 1., M8. 
 
 Dennis, P. M., mi, 887. 
 
 Denny, A. H., 73'i 
 
 Denny, O. N., 760. 
 
 Denny, Robert, 702, 71W. 
 
 Desertion of United States troops from Oreijon 
 City, etc., Xit. 
 
 DesklUK, U., »,>». 
 
 De .Smet, Father P. ,1., mlsHlonarv, 2:«, :W\ 
 
 Dice, K. C, «.'«. 
 
 Dlokey, I. C, 81)2, S08. 
 
 DIcicinson, ()., 80;{. 
 
 Dlerdorff", William, 82K. 
 
 DInsmore, J. M., 8Ui. 
 
 Dismierij and Cluilhum, Uritlsh .ships, lix, 134, I*. 
 
 Districts, Oregon UlvldPrt l-ilo, -JXl, 3W. 
 
 Dixon, .lessct, 7:12. 
 
 Doanc, Rev. N., 8!Ki. 
 
 Dodson, McMInn, .s(W. 
 
 Donation Ijiw proposed. 'JIH. iHll. 
 
 Donner Party, the. 218. 
 
 Dorion, Pl>?rre, l.'>7. 
 
 Dorrls, J. .1., 671. 
 
 I)oi-»ey, G., 76). 
 
 Douglas, Jas., Hudson's Bay Co. Factor, Sll, .Sll!. 
 
 Douglas fir, the, 521, 525. 
 
 Douglas, Levi, 71 (, 715. 
 
 Itouglas, Stephen A., senator, 822. 
 
 Douglas, Captain William, W, 101, Ittt. 
 
 Douiy, sylvejiU'i, .'Wj. 
 
 Dove, Uethuc'l, ttli. 
 
 DowuliLiK, Susan, mls.siotiBry, ill. 
 
 Dowel), B. F., 7:t2, 731!. 
 
 Drain, Charles, 7H() 761. 
 
 Drake, 11. F., 7:H. 
 
 Drake, Hir Fr.anc!s, i8; Hukluyt's ucuount of, 
 29; story of the pilot .Morern, W; dldnotais- 
 oover San Kranelsco Hay, ;iO; names the 
 country "New Albion," :ll; returns to Kng- 
 laud, 32. 
 
 Drummond, sir W., 213. 
 
 Dryer, T. .1., :vi.i, :!-.0, Si«, .IIH, 715. 
 
 I )u f Jas, K., 885. 
 
 Dunn, John, author, 23.'>, 2t.i. 
 
 Durham, I). <>.,7«1. 
 
 Durham, O. H., 671. 
 
 K, 
 
 Earhart, R. P., 58;!, 813. 
 
 Earnest, W. ».. 761. 
 
 F;;aHt India (^nnpiiny, rngaKcs In the fur trade, 
 
 96, W. 
 I'^aton, Chas., 275. kiw. 
 I'^ton, N'alhan, 275,1100. 
 Kbiiertt,, ' ioorge W., 232, £57, .5115. 
 Kcolestou, K., (61. 
 Kecleslon. If., 761, 762. 
 Kilintxiri) Riiiiiu, opinions of, 2:15. 
 Edwards. ,1., 7.ti. 
 Edwards, P. L., 2Uh, 217. 2:«), .tit?. 
 Eells, Reverend Cuslilng, 2M, 2tW. 
 Eight^I^ollar .Mountain, battle of, l!tt, VV\. 
 EUers, O. U., 762. 
 Election of ISH, 2S1. 'Xl Uahlei; of 1815, ai5, -286; 
 
 of 18M), 800: of lsi7, .'WW, ;«)!; of 1811), *•«; o/ 
 
 1850, .■»5: of 1858, .151. 
 Elisu, Lieut. Francisco, vovngcs of, IM to 117. 
 Eiklns. J. E.,>k).5. 
 Elklns, W. H., 762. 
 Elliott, .s. (1., proposes a railway to California, 
 
 4W!, 4M«. 
 Elliott, W., 6.56. 
 Ellis, M. M., 858. 
 ElUi, Nei Peroe chlof, 288. 
 
 Embree, C. D., 281, 622. 
 
 Emerlck, Solomon, 275, 616. 
 
 Emmons, Lieutenant, tl. S. N., 244. 
 
 England, Wlillain, 762. ^ , __, 
 
 English e.KV/'.oTvtlons of the Northwest Coast, 88, 
 
 el sen. 
 Enuis, A., 733. 
 Enui»i, .1. E., 763. 
 Edos, renegade Indian, kills Ben Wright, 43», 
 
 ■llii. 
 Epperiy, Clcortfc A., 814. 
 
 Erb, Ira, 867. .„ „._ 
 
 Ermatluger, Francis, H. B. Co. F.vjtor, 216, 217. 
 Evans' Creek, battle of, :t56. 
 Evans, J. O., 855. 
 Everest, E., m\, 8H1. 
 Ewing, F. Y., 217. 
 
 Falling. . I oslah, 7.(3, 7.11. 
 
 Farms, average size nt, iil varioiii dates, .585 ; 
 
 number ofT '>S,j. 
 Faulconer, .\. It., 656. 
 Fawk, J., 731. 
 Feller, Peter, MA. 
 
 Felux- .lih'cnl 11111% ship, iw, 101. UVt. 
 Fentjjn, F, W., *». 
 Feuton, W. D., 8,tS, Hi")!). 
 Ferguson, H. J., K'il. 
 Ferguson, J. L., 76:>. 
 Ferrelo, Uartoloine, successor of Cabrillo, 25, 'Al; 
 
 discovers Oregon. 26. 
 Fcrrln, W. N., 8ST. 
 Fickle, .\bner, 80.1. 
 
 Fidalgo. .Salvador, c.xploiutlons of, 118^ 125. 
 Fields and Cunningham, miirder of, 3/0. 
 Fields, .v., 703. 
 Fields, Hugh, 63i,. 
 Fields, riiomiis 11. 76t, 
 
 /ili/ipr«o, .Spanish ship. Sp Ktn (ytrli>«. _ 
 
 Financial history ot 1 ndlan wars. 17.5, 476, 4, ,. 
 Flnluy.soii, J. J.,76:t. 
 Flshhack, J. L., 861. 
 Fisher, C. «., m. 
 Fitzgerald, .I.J. ,763. 
 Fitzgerald. .Mnjor. ('. S. .\, 376, :l!tll. 
 Five Crows. Ciiyuse chief, S'M, .'iOS, 31.5. 
 Flauncry, .Mrs. T. L.,S<i;i. 
 Fliilhea'l Indiiiiis, romance of, 2<». Treaty with, 
 
 .■182. 
 Fhi.x, .'>!to, 5<ll : produ.'tioii ol. In Ksn, 561. 
 Fllcklnger, It., 731. 
 Fllnn, .M. .v., 8W, H,-itl. 
 Flood of l.s52-ri;), 341,312. 
 FU>rkla Purchase, 16'). 
 Flour, ((uallty of. 5i:i. 
 
 Fonie. Admiral U. de, romance of, 12-41, ,s2. 
 Foote, Senator, ilemagoguery of, .326, 327. 
 Forbes, .1. .Vlexander, 20i. 
 Ford, Nalhuniel, i-ct, 2^1, i)t3,«82. 
 Ford, Robert, H(I4. 
 Fo)-est« of the Willamette Vullcy, 517, 518, ,52!- 
 
 528; list of forest trees, 5-'l. 
 Forest llres, deslructlim wrought by,5ai,527,5'is. 
 Fort Boise, built by Hudson's Hay Co., 205. 
 Fortt;hl|)ewyan. I'll. 
 Fort Clatsop, l:ts. 
 
 Fort Detlancc. built at i layoiinol, 1 16, 121. 
 Fort George, 16'! cl .w/. 
 Fort llallTiiillt by Wycth, 20."., -Tl. 
 Fort lleiirlctlii. 411. 
 
 Fori Henry, on Snake K., ehtKl>ll8bed. 157, 1!)1. 
 Fort rmii.iiui establlsbed by Ijtfrnmbolse. 201. 
 Foi't Walla WiiUa abandoned, 100. 
 For! Wlllliiiiis on .Snuvli''s Island, '205. 
 Fossils, 'M. 
 Foster, JMilIlp, 281. 
 Pouts, William, 715. 
 Fraxar, Thonuis, 731. 
 Frederiekh, J. .M.,672. 
 
 Fremont, .lolm C., enters Oregon, '277,278. 
 Freni'li and Indian war, results of, 71,72. 
 Freneb explorations of the Northwest Coast, 111. 
 French Prairie settled, 228 ^itii, 2.31, 240. 
 Frink, W. s., 86... 
 Frizzcll, J. P., 761, 761. 
 Frost, Rev. .1. II., missiop.ary, 232. 
 Fruit and fruit raising, ,i6l-.570; production lu 
 
 1S80 .571. 
 Fuca, Stral'ts of, »B. 
 
1 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 :«7. 
 
 .■)n, 51», 'ti^- 
 
 r,2ii.'y.T,">'2s. 
 o., afe'). 
 
 iiti, I'ii. 
 
 nimlxilK'". Jsn. 
 
 , 'ill'. 
 
 iir<»aucllou lu 
 
 Fulkereon, J. W., t}72. 
 Fulkergoii, W. H., «72. 
 Funter, (Captain Robert, 103. 
 Fur-bearing anIniulH, .')I7. 
 
 Fur trade, the, \% m, m, 89, 90, 93-06, 132, 14H, 18fl- 
 IM. 
 
 G. 
 
 Oalnes, A. P., 715. 
 
 GalneH, Qovernor J. P., .334, ,3.35, 3.38, .342. 34fl, 3fl2. 
 
 Gale, JoHcph, of the Executive Coiiinilttoe, iW. 
 
 Oalcua. .T3!t. 
 
 Gallee Creek, :«M ; buttle with the Indlaus at, (m. 
 
 Gallano and Valdez, e.xplorations of, 118, 123. 
 
 ( InJloway, Charles, 7B4. 
 
 Galloway, William, Tftl. 
 
 Oauie. .'lit), 517. 
 
 Gurrlson, J. M., (((>7. 
 
 •jlary, Ilev. George, nilBslonary, 28(i. 
 
 Gatitou, Joseph, 84«. 
 
 Gay, George, 250. rm, ,5IKi. 
 
 (iearln, .1. M., 731. 
 
 (ieary, K. H., 7.3.5. 
 
 Geer, K. W., 057. 
 
 Geer, J. C, Sr., (i72, Ii7:t. 
 
 (Jeer, Kalph C, 3l)l, ,5()1. 
 
 Gelger, William, M.I)., 2:W, .599, (iOO, 001. 
 
 Gelsel family, the, murder of, 439. 
 
 Gelsy, August, 843. 
 
 Oelston, Captain R., 321; diipliolty of, 322. 
 
 Oenerat Warreii, steamer, wrecked, XiO, -Hi). 
 
 Geology. .5.35 to .540. 
 
 George, M. C, 7,35. 
 
 Gervals, .Joseph, 199, 226, 244, 258. 
 
 Glbbs, A. v., 71,5, 71«. , 
 
 Gibson, Daviess, 70.3. 
 
 Glb.son, H. D., 701. 
 
 Gibson, W. O., 673. 
 
 OUmore, .Tohn, 828. 
 
 Gllmore, J. W., 8.3i>. 
 
 GUllam, A. J., tI73. 
 
 GllUam, Cornelius, 283, 313. 317; killed, 31(1, 317. 
 
 Glaciers, .5.38. 
 
 Oleason, John E., 845, 
 
 Goats, .581, 582. 
 
 Godley, H. D., .828, 829. 
 
 Gold dlscovert-d in California. 329, 330. 
 
 Gold discovery, elFect of, on (Iregon, ;**). 
 
 Gold and silver veins, Han, :v3». 
 
 Goltra, W. H.. 80». 
 
 Good, D. H., H57. 
 
 Good, G. E., 7«i5. 
 
 Goodman, A. J.,7(t5. 
 
 Oowdy, J. T., 76.'. 
 
 Graf, Fred., 8."3, K34. 
 
 Gi'aham, George, tiOt. 
 
 Graham, James, 887. 
 
 Graham, J. K., 695. 
 
 Grand Ronde Valley, buttle In, 4,5SM01. 
 
 Grant, R. J., 7(i;i. 
 
 <Jranr, Captain, of the Hudson's liay Co., 274. 
 
 GrsLsses, natural and eultivated, .562, Mi. 
 
 Grave Creek, 3!M ; murders at, 35», 360. 
 
 Graves, C. 11., (i.57. 
 
 Graves, G. W., 673. 
 
 Graves, J. H., ;»1, 873. 
 
 Graves, Thomas N., 673, tl7«. 
 
 Graves, Wesley, 765, 766. 
 
 Graves, William, 844. 
 
 Gray, G. W., 7C6. 
 
 Gray, Captain Robert, arrives on the Northwest 
 
 Const, I'H); his di.scoverles, Mil to 122. 
 Gray, W. H., 2.51, 2,52, 254; his history of Oregon, 
 
 llki; becomes a misslonury, 212, 21 1 ; story of 
 
 Whitman's mission to \\ ashingtoii. 267, •JH8. 
 Gregg, J. T., 8,56. 
 <ircen, James, 674. 
 Green, N. J., 8«!», 870. 
 Greenwood, trapper, 288. 
 Grimth, Kllsha, i<95. 
 Griggs, A. 11., 716. 
 
 (irlirTn, Mrs. Desire, missionary, 2;«, 601, 602. 
 Grlffln, R<'v. John Hnilth, missionary, '2:32, :a3, 
 
 HOI, 602. 
 Grim, J. W,,;!.'?;!, 671. 
 Ground, Luther, 804. 
 Grover, Lafayette, ,350, 351, ,358, 476. 
 Groves, J. F., 856. 
 Guthrie, D. M., 667, 668. 
 Owln, J. L., 716. 
 
 Hackleman, A., 674. 
 
 Hackleman, T. P.,766. 
 
 Haduway, E. (;., 766. 
 
 HttKcy, ,M 695. 
 
 Hagood, li., 695. 
 
 Hakiuyt, Richard, the geographer, 41. 
 
 Hale, G. X., 848.819. 
 
 Hale, Milton, (136. 
 
 Haley.P. W, 80t. 
 
 Hall, B. I-'., 7;i5. 
 
 Hall, C. H., 836. 
 
 Hall, E. C, 658. 
 
 Hall, H. B., 658. 
 
 Hall, R. P., 658. 
 
 Hall, WIHiam,716. 
 
 Haller, M^jor G. P., V. S. A., i!62, aiS, 364, 388, 391, 
 ;392, 408, 42.5, 448. 
 
 Hallott, J. L., 575, 870. 
 
 Hamilton, A. J., 870. 
 
 Hamilton, Edward, itt5. 
 
 Hanna, .lames, engages in the fur trude, 93, 
 
 Haney, John, 882. 
 
 Hannum, I,. L., 766, 767. 
 
 Harbord, .M. G., 875. 
 
 Harding, II. F.. 344, 34,5, 703, 704. 
 
 Harding, s. F., S.S7. 
 
 Hare, \V. 1)., 8l>'i. 
 
 Ilarger, L. W., 7:1.5, 736. 
 
 Harmon, C. H., 8iM. 
 
 Huro, Lieutenant (Jonzalo de, explorations of, 
 102, ct my. 
 
 Ilarrel, D.,767. 
 
 Harris, Mrs., heroic defeni.e of, 37.5, :{76. 
 
 Harris, Hugh, 805. 
 
 Harris, James, S62. 
 
 Harris, Reuben, (i74, fi7.5. 
 
 Harris, W. H., 767. 
 
 Ilarritt, Jesse, 63(i. 
 
 Hivrtmun. B. K., 843. 
 
 Harvey, Amos, 636. 
 
 Harvey, Mrs. E. (.McLoughlln), 598. 
 
 Hastings, .\. L., 767. 
 
 Hastings, J. C.,767. 
 
 Hastings, L. W., 218, 24!», 250. 
 
 Ha.swoll, Robert, diaiy of, 116; commands the 
 Adit-nture, 121. 
 
 Hathaway, Foil. \, 2*!. 
 
 Hawkins .I.S., 767. 
 
 Hawklrs, W. E., 841. 
 
 Hawley J. H., 284, 62.3. 
 
 ilaw.xhvirst or Hawchurst, Webley, 230. 
 
 Hayanc grasses, .562, VB ; production In 1880.561. 
 
 Hay, Je -ry, 829. 
 
 Hayden, B. B., 704. 
 
 Hayes, Mrs. Sarah, 668, ('k59. 
 
 Hayes, R. B., 767, 768. 
 
 Havjs, H. W., 768. 
 
 H'jarn, E. J., 870. 
 
 Hearne, Samuel, travels In Northwest .Vuieiica, 
 70,77. 
 
 Heceta, Captain Bruno de, explores the North- 
 west Coast , 79, 82 ; falls to explore the Colum- 
 bia, ,S0, 81. 
 
 Hedges, Joseph, 7.18. 
 
 Helm, (ieorge R.,494. 
 
 Helmick, Henry, iCiO, 637 
 
 Hembree, .\. )., 3(10, .304, Il'H, 168; killed, 428, 4'29. 
 
 Hembree. J. J., Wl. 
 
 Hembree, J. SI., (t75. 
 
 Hembree, W. ('..616. 
 
 Hemstock, Wllliaii', 875. 
 
 Henderson, J. F., 865. 
 I Henderson. J. J , 6.')9. 
 . Henderson, 1.., 859. 
 
 Henderson, T. I!., 768, 7i:«. 
 ' Henderson, W. C;., 882 
 I Hendrecson, O. P., 829. 
 1 Hcndrex, J. F., 851. 
 
 Hendricks, Thomas G., 695. 
 
 Henry, A. B., 76!>. 
 
 Herren, Dosha R., 637. 
 
 Hcrren, W. J., 2S9, 6;f7, 
 
 Hess, Daniel, 695, 696. 
 
 Hewitt, Henry, 89.5. 
 
 Hlashaw, S., (>37, 638. 
 
 HIatt, Willlaiii, 849. 
 
 Hicks, Mrs. E. P., 736. 
 
 HickB, Urban E., 736. 
 
 Ulggtna, S., 737. 
 
VI 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 Hlifhfleld, W. . ., 898. 
 
 Hill, Alineran, 27(i, 616. 
 
 Hill, Henrv, ()7"i. 
 
 Hill, Dr. J. L., W7, 1R8, m% 80«. 
 
 Hill, Tom, rcnegad)! Indian, 30«, :m. 
 
 HllUbrand, Paul, «37. 
 
 Hlnie.s, George H., 806. 
 
 Hlnes, Kev. (iu.stavu8, missionary, !£!2, ivi, 2r>l, 
 •iM, 900. 
 
 Hines, Kev. H. K., ItOO. 
 
 Hlnman, Alanson, ^1, fl2:t, fi2t. 
 
 Hlrsch, l.popold, 7(i!t. 
 
 Hodgln, \V. L,.,841,.S|J. 
 
 Hogg, ColDnol T. h-Kurton, energy of, -"jOt*. 
 
 Hogs, 58it, Wl ; nnmhur of, In 1880 and 1883, 581. 
 
 Holden, Horace, 28.), an. 
 
 Holladay, Ben, IIM. 4I>5, W xri,. 
 
 Holland, H. li., 7(ill. 
 
 Holmau, D. S., i7(i. Kill, lilT. 
 
 Plolman, <Jeorge 1'., (iOit. 
 
 Holman, Hardy, ilT.i. 
 
 Itoliiian, MrH. ,lo»iepli, 2:).'. 
 
 Holman, .loseph, Wl, 002, tm. 
 
 Holnmn, .1. IJ., :m, >w. 
 
 Holman, J. S., (^o, (iTfl. 
 
 Holman, Nathaniel, It7(l. 
 
 Holman, Preston, Il7ti. 
 
 Holman, Thomas, 87.'). 
 
 Holmes, H. K., 828. 
 
 Holmes, W. H,, 710, 717. 
 
 Holmes, William L., 27'>, (il7. 
 
 Hooker, i>. 1)., il)«. 
 
 Hoover, Jacob, 2SI, IVJI. 
 
 Hope, trading vessel, 122. 
 
 Hopkins, Henry, 8(12, sitt. 
 
 Hops, .'jtil, Wi; jnroduotion of, in 1880, .V,2. 
 
 Horner, .John B.. 8l.i. 
 
 Horses, number of, in 1880 and I88H, .T?". 
 
 Hoaford, I-;, K.. ii)X. 
 
 Hosier, W. H., s!K). 
 
 Hoult, Knocli, :i.)0, 8IH), H»7. 
 
 Howard, A. D., 8I«, 8!tl. 
 
 Howard, 1). (J., 8S:;. 
 
 Howe, ,1. M., 8.-)!. 
 
 Howell, .fone.s, 872. 
 
 Howison, Meutemint. St-i- Shark. 
 
 Howitzer, Captain .liirtahs, KK). 
 
 Howland, .1. S., (ttK. 
 
 Hubbard, (!., I17(i. 
 
 Hubbard, T. .1., 22ti, ■JUi. 
 
 Huck, or llouk. .liinies, 27.'>, rtl7. 
 
 Hudson's Hay Company, the, 170 to I7N, i>l), lW, 
 UTii; coininiMieenipnt of, .il, ,V>; powers and 
 privileges of. V,; policy ol, .V>, 7«, 8.'t, i:«, avi, 
 20., 2:«, ^U, 2S'>, 211; servants of, 188, I8!l; be- 
 havior toward Americans, 1811 to 18!l, i'lS; re- 
 lations '.vilb Indians, :)7ll. 
 
 Hudson, (;ai)t»ln Henry, explorations of, m. 
 
 Hudson, Captain Tbon\as, \m. 
 
 Hudson, W. »., N7S. 
 
 Hulery, J. .\r.. 807. 
 
 Huma.son, ()., 737. 
 
 ' Humbug war " in California, story of, :rri. 
 
 Humphrey,.!. A., 8S3. 
 
 Humphreys, (Jeorge, 850, 800. 
 
 Huniplireys, T. 11., 0711, 077. 
 
 Huinphroys, T. M., 807. 
 
 Hungry Hill, battle of, '.m Ut.m. 
 
 Hunt, J. A., 877. 
 
 Hunt, (1. W., 077. 
 
 Hunt, \\ ilson Price, leads a parlv to Oreiron, 
 —— ir>7 to liKI, 101. 
 
 Hurley, A. M., r>in. 
 
 Huston, Walter, .501. 
 
 Hutclihison, I'bomas H,, 807. 
 
 Hutchinson, T. O., s;}|. 
 
 Hyde, K. ().. 878. 
 
 Hyde, H. U., 80.1. 
 
 Hyde, Perry, 7;t7. 
 
 Ide, W. B., 288. 
 
 Her, W. E., 077. 
 
 Imbrie, .lames, 0.5(1. 
 
 Immigration of isil, a*",, 2((i, 217, 000. 007. 
 
 —1812, 2l7-2"i0, 0117-ltlii. 
 
 — I8W: descr'hed by .1. w. Nesmilii, 27.1-270; 
 list of arrivals, 27i>, 2("i;, 0IIMI2I. 
 
 -1814; lists, 28;j, 284, «21-t«l. 
 
 -1845, iiS8, 2S«, 2«0, tWl, 631. 
 
 Immigration of 1848, 297, 298, 65I-fl«8. 
 -1847, ,S01-;«)3, I10.S, 802. 
 —1848, 092-700. 
 -1849, 700-708. 
 -1850,708-727. 
 -18.51, 727-7%. 
 -1852, ."MO, 841,7/i()-7»5. 
 — 185:1. 7»'>-82fl. 
 —1854, 827-832. 
 — 1855, 8.'?2-83.5. 
 
 Independent Protestant Mlssionfcrles, 232. 
 
 Indian corn, .558 ; production of, r«B, 58.5. 
 
 Ingalls. (reneral Itufus, 470. 
 
 Ingraliam, Captain, m. 
 
 Inland explorations by Portala, In California, 
 04, 85; by La Hont4vn, Marquette, La Salle, 
 and r)thers, 86; b.v the V'erendrycs on the 
 upper Missouri, 00-71 ; by Carver, 72, 73; by 
 llearne in nritisb .Vmerlca, 70, 77; by Mac- 
 kenzie, 131, 132; by Laclede, 1811, 
 
 Iphigeniii, shij), 08, ll»l, lltl, 101, 105. 
 
 Iron and iron smelting, .540-.542. 
 
 Irvine, K. L., 842. 
 
 Irvine,.!. D., 700, 770. 
 
 Irving, Wasiiinglim, aullior, 24.5. 
 
 [!«im- Vmki, English slilp, 102. 
 
 Isom, .lohn, 807. 80>. 
 
 .1. 
 
 .laekson, liavid, m\, J)!. 
 
 .laekson vllle, troops, nuisler at, :iiM. 
 
 .lames, W. H., 770. 
 
 .lanney, E'., 887. 
 
 .larnlgan, A. .1., 84-5, H40. 
 
 .Imniiillc, schooner, .328. 
 
 .Teflbrsim, Thomas, opinion ot, regarding Ore- 
 gon, i:W, 131, IW. 
 
 Jeflrles, K. S., 770. 
 
 .Jennings, H., 077. 
 
 Jenn//, English brig, 120. 
 
 .lessup. Gen., I', s. A., proposes a chain of fort i- 
 flcations, 181. 
 
 .lessup, S. U., 8.51, 852. 
 
 .results, the, in Lower California, 64, 
 
 ,lette, .v., 770. 
 
 .fohn. Rogue Rtvor Chief, 402, 40:{, 142,414, 11.5, 410. 
 
 ,Iohnson, Daniel, '281, 024, 025. 
 
 .lohnson, David. 284, 02.5. 
 
 .lobnson, Klvlra, missionary. 210. 
 
 .lohnson, H. A., 078. 
 
 ./olinson, Kev. Hezekiaii, iCiK. 
 
 .lohnson, II. \'. V., 770. 
 
 .lol'.nson, .laini^s, 'M, 02.5. 
 
 .lohnson, L., 7.37. 
 
 .lohnson, Mrs. P. O., 770. 771. 
 
 .lohnson, Walter, 82!t. 
 
 .lohnson, W. C., itW, iwn. 
 
 .lohnson, Williai,i, 21.3, 214, IKI7, 
 
 .lohnson. W. I"., 870. 
 
 .Johnston, .lohu, 717. 
 
 .Johnston, W. Jt., 8S7. 
 
 .lolly, W. H., 078. 
 
 .tones, Hen., achievement of, I.5X. 
 
 .tones, I). M., 771. 
 
 .loiies, Harvey L., Siis. 
 
 .loncs, .lohn, (71. 
 
 .lones, M. L., 80s. 
 
 .Jones, S. I'., OHO. 
 
 .lones. W.T., 059, 000. 
 
 .lorv, H. N., (i78. 
 
 .loseph. elUef of the Nez Perces, .158, .182. 
 
 •luan de I'uca, cluiins to have discovered lb" 
 .Straits of Kum. :17, :«; discussion of his 
 claims, .i!>-42. 
 
 .ludali, Captjiln H. M., -m. 
 
 .ludsoii, llev. 1,., missionary, 2:12, i5l, 2.57, 0O4. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kuma-i-akun, eiiief of tiie Yaklmn«i, .'180, :isi, 
 42H, 4r,8. 
 
 Kantz, Lieutenant A. V., V. S. A.. 31NI. 
 
 Kay, 'rhomoH, 8.52. 
 
 Kearney, Philip 11., :««. 
 
 Keene, (Jranvllle, murder of, .'170. 
 
 Keene, P. T., O. K. A N. Co., 511. 
 
 Keith, agent Northwest Company, 107. 
 
 Kelzer, f. Il..'280. 
 
 Kelley, Hall .1., proposes the occupation of Ore- 
 gon, 223, 2'2'), 220. 
 
 Kelly, Andrew, 771, 
 
mu^ 
 
 GENERAL IXDEX. 
 
 Vll 
 
 Kelly, K. D., ««. 
 
 Kelly, J. K., :i.H), ;i51, 4(K), HI, ll;i, 11!, 415, UK, 427, 
 7.S7, 7.18. . . . . 
 
 Kelly, I'cnuiiibra, (IIW. 
 
 KelsHy, John, ;«), 434, iitii, i.)7, ms, 
 
 KendrlcUs, Captain .loliii.unives on tlie North- 
 west ('oust, KM, 108. 
 
 Kennedy, lUirncy, «7S. 
 
 Kennedy, JI., Stts, 
 
 Ketchuin, W. M., (ITS. 
 
 Keyt, E. ('., 717. 
 
 King (ieorge's Hound l'onipimy,!i.i. 
 
 Kinney, [{. C, :«.S, ,iiO, (M, 67:1. 
 
 Kinsey, Anson, tlW). 
 
 Klnsey, .Iiinies, «70. 
 
 Klzer, F. M.,80W. 
 
 Kllckltats, the, 181, 18-.'. 
 
 Knapp, Geoi'se \V., 8(HI. 
 
 Knight, I 'harics, 8()7, 8li8. 
 
 K'night, Joseph, 80!). 
 
 Kiilght, Kev. V. S., soil. 
 
 Knight, Wllllttni, tti'. 
 
 Knighten, Thomus, ur'.i. 
 
 Knighton, H. M., Sris. 
 
 Koehler, K., nianagor 'i. i\: L'. IC. I!. 1:0., oiil, jlO, 
 511. 
 
 Kone, Kev. W. W., mlsslonui-y, ■ii-2. 
 
 Koontz, M. v., 772. 
 
 Kriesel, VVllllani,8H.5. 
 
 KunofT, J. W., mu. 
 
 Kutch, \V. T.,8.")(i. 
 
 I.. 
 
 I.iiehapelle, Andic, .'iHi. 
 
 J.add, \V. .s., 7:17. '■ '■ " — 
 
 Lady, John T., SO(t, 810. 
 
 lAut// Wimhiiu/loii, .\ni«.'i'i(iin ship, li.O, 1(11, II17, 
 108, II.-.. IKi, IIS, IL-O. 
 
 Lafoliett, Charles, SIO. 
 
 I.afollett, I). H.. 717. 
 
 liafi'aniholse, Michael, -'1)1. 
 
 l>anie, J. IJ., 7.17. 
 
 hanierleU, John K.,331», .IMS, 4:*l, lUi, i;{7, 141:, 445. 
 
 TiAnikln, .J. C., 8S2. 
 
 Lancaster, ( 'oliintbia, 248, Xi\. 
 
 ( Jincctti 111, .\ . .1 ., tiiiO. 
 
 I,ance, J. W.,8.-i2. 
 
 I.,and grants to ruilroaiis, .TOO, .■ilO. 
 
 Lane (roiint.v, volunteers I'roni, ;im. 
 
 Lane, Joseph, ■^Sl. ;i2s, .til, :t.!7, .fJlW,.!!!, M>, MS, ail, 
 'i-'A, ;Vi«, :i.>7, .'ai, :!;•)!), .Mill, 475, TCI. 
 
 Lannlng, K. J., 887, SS8. 
 
 La PeroHse, Kreuch navlgulor, !)3. 
 
 I.apwal, mission at, 21 1, -lOii. 
 
 Large, Krancls, 717, 718. 
 
 Laroque, George, 0711, 080. 
 
 lAughllu, I^ee, ii80. 
 
 Lauglilln, Samuel, (tso. 
 
 Laugh inlilcr, J. A., .S82. 8S;!. 
 
 r.ava, 'iHi, TiM, 'iV: 
 
 Lawyer, Nez Perc<> ehlcf, 211. as:'. 
 
 Lead, .i.)!). 
 
 Le Breton, George, 24M. 2."i2, 251, 2V), 2"i7; killed at 
 Oregon city, jso. 
 
 Ledford, < i. T., 82!), 8;!0. 
 
 fiedyard, John, proposes to e.\plore .Northwest 
 .\inerlea, I'M, l:!4. 
 
 r.ee. A., 77-2. 
 
 I*e, .Vnn .Marlu 1'., missionary, 2:12, .Vlil. 
 
 Lee, llev. Daniel, 208, 210. 
 
 Leo, H. A. G., ;il'2, .'il:i; appointed colonel, !!17. 
 
 Lee, Hev. .rason, '208. 2:11 . 212, 2i:i, ■l'*\ 2>1, .57:); his 
 attitude upon the question 01 local govern- 
 ment, 2>'). 
 
 Lee, J. 1)., (iff?, 0!)8. 
 
 Lee, Nleholn.i. (180, osl. 
 
 Lee, r., «8I. 
 
 Lee, Thomas J., 810. 
 
 Loese [Lease], .lacoh P. 
 , .577, ,'•.78. 
 
 lirings the first sheep to 
 meeting of, '28.'!. 
 
 Oregon , 
 Legislative Committee, meeting 01, '28.'). 
 Legislature, menihers of, of IslO, 'IIKI; of 1817, .W,, 
 
 m\: of ISI8. .'lOI. 
 liClnlngcr, \V. II., 8.2. 
 Leisy, Isaae, 718. 
 Le Mahleu, Ismie, .si)2. 
 Lennox, llavtd T., 017. 
 Lrinox, Louise, 1.18. 
 
 ard, author, his statement rogardiug the 
 ■vheat crop of 1*14, M7. 
 
 Lesley, George, 77'2. 
 
 Leslli!, Uev. David, missionary, 217, 2:1:1, 2.')l, .'iDtJ. 
 
 Lewelling, or Lnelling, Mh. 
 
 I.i'wls and Clarke's e.NpcdIllon, 1:>I to 11:1. 
 
 Lewis, clerk of ship Tiiiii/iihi. .Vcc Tniii/iiiii, 
 
 Lewis. I), v., 772, 77;i. 
 
 tiCWls, Isaae, (1117. 
 
 Lewis, ,Toe, renegade ludlan, :i07,:lu>i, :(U)i,:ilO; de- 
 serts his fiiends, .'il7. 
 
 Lewis, J. \V.,77:^. 
 
 Lewis, Captain Merriwethei', l.'ll. 
 
 Lewis, W. II., ,w. , 
 
 Lewis, W. P., 77.'!. 
 
 Linn e(junty, volunteers from, :lll. 
 
 Linn, Senator, 210, 211, •24.5, 2l(i. 
 
 Llnvllle, Il.,.'MU, liOO. 
 
 Llnvllle, W.S., 70.".. 
 
 Literature, earl.v, ti'eatliig (jf < 'regoii ; lis ellii't, 
 201. 
 
 Llewelyn, .V. \V., 810. 
 
 Logan, David. :iW, 718. 
 
 Long, \. U., 8111. 
 
 Long, Galirlel, 77.1. 
 
 Looking Gla.ss, N'ez I'erce chief, :i.'*2. 
 
 I.orlng. Colonel. :J')I. 
 
 Ijiil Wliiimmh, steamhoal, i.ulil at .Milwiuikie, 
 330, 3:17, .'HI. 
 
 Loughary, L. \V.,81I. 
 
 Loveioy. .Vsa Lawrence, •218, 210, 2(i:!,2'i), '2ii!i, •28(>, 
 :!()(), :ii.'i,:i01, OHO; accompanies Dr. Whitman 
 to the Kast, -20!), '270. 
 
 l.ovelady.T. .1., (iiil. 
 
 Lownsdale. D. II., .100, itW. 
 
 Lucier . Klleune, \iW, '2-2(1, 2-28, 2-2!), ■24.'!. 
 
 Luciniig, Henderson, nursery of, :l01..'!ii2. 
 
 I.umlier. varieties and amounts of. ".'2), .".'20. 
 
 Lu)itoii, .liimcs A., killing of, .'17'2, ;i73. 
 
 l.i/diii, .American ship, enters the Coluinhia, l:iS. 
 
 L<{iuan, Horaee, 7ft'>, 700. 
 
 Lyons, IL W., 80.5. 
 
 .M. 
 
 Mackenzie, .Mexander, dl.scovcrs Mackenzie's 
 
 HIver, 1:11. Crosses the. Vnierlcan continent, 
 
 |:il, 1.'!'2. 
 .Mack, W (I, 77:1. 
 Mmloiimi, hark, 004. 
 Magers, .1. E., , /:f, 774. 
 Magers, W. B.,774. 
 .Maglsti-ah.'S, the tlrst, ■£». 
 JIall service provided hy Government, :tl!l. 
 MnUisplna, Captain .VIejandro, explorer, 115. 
 Maldonarto. Captain L. K. de, claims to have 
 
 found the Northwest Passage, :i;J-'K). 
 .Maloney, H. S., .S7(>. 
 .Mammoth, renutlns of the, 5:10. 
 .Mandan, Indians, 13-5. 
 .Mauls, \V. It, 771. 
 MauslieUl, D., 71S. 
 .Mai|iilniia, Indian chief of Noolka, !)S; grants 
 
 land t(. the .Vmerleans, 110. 
 Marshall, .1. \V., di.seovers gold In California, 32!). 
 Marsh, .losepli W., 811, 801. 
 Marsh, s. IL, SI 1, 812. 
 .Martinez, Kstevan, 78, 7'J, 102-107. 
 Martin,,!. L., 718, 710. 
 .Martin,.!. .M.,84». 
 Martin, 'I'liomas J., 812. 
 Martin. Thomas, 860. 
 .Martin, William J., .'!!K), :««), 4:13. 
 Martin, W. W, 800. 
 Marvin, .\.M.,7:i8. 
 .Marvin, .Mrs. L.,()8I. 
 Miiri) Ducii-s, .\merican I. rig, 201. 
 Mnrfjlnnd, .Vmerlcan brig, 213, 244, Wtt. 
 .Marv's Peak, .510. 
 .Miuson, D. v., 850, 857. 
 Mason, I.T., 88.3. 
 
 Mas.sacre of Ocloher ninth, 18.55, .S7l-o76. 
 .Massacre, the Ward, :iOI, :)(>2. 
 .Massacre, the Whitman. Ner WMtintiii. 
 Mallileu, Francois X., 218. •24!l, 256, U"!), 0)0. 
 .Mat hlot, .lean .).,812. 
 Mattlee, murder of, :iS.5, 380. 
 Mattoon, C. II., 7:!!». 
 Maurelle.-Vntcmlo, 70,81. 
 Mauzey, William, 27(1, B18. 
 Maytleld, W. I., 774. 
 .May, George V.., .502. 
 May, H. B., 081. 
 
^W" 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 HISTORY OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 May, Thomas W.. (»1. 
 
 MnAdaniR, Frnd. 872. 
 
 McAfPC, W. j;., KM). 
 
 MoB(>an, VVm., of Fort Walla Walla, cowardice 
 
 of, Sll. 
 McBrlde, (leorKO W., «»). 
 McBrldo, James, 32S, «31t, MO. 
 MrBrldo, .lolin K.,;«0. 
 McBrlde, T. .\.,i«l. 
 McCain,.!., 78(1. 
 McCain, Paris, («'.'. 
 McCarty, K. W., Wi. 
 
 Mci Carver Morl<m M., 27«, 2>-;<, 287, M>. .M. 
 McClaln, Daniel, HHO. 
 MoClune, John H., 27H, (IIH. 
 MoCord, .r. H.. 710. 
 McOoriuick, M., 71(1. 
 McCown, F. ()., 774, 775. 
 McCown, William, 775. 
 McCully, .\. A., 775. 
 McOanlcl. KIlKlia 1'., SM, (te".. 
 McDonald, H.,711t. 
 McDcmald, X. «., H!kj HW. 
 .McDouKal, Duncan, 1(10. Niv I'tu-ifif /■'in- H>. 
 McDowplI, F. D., 831. 
 McF.lroy, E. B., 8711. 
 McKaddcn, O. B., 812. 
 McOrew, J. W., 8«>. 
 Mcintosh, J. M.,88.5. 
 McKay, A.and J., 218. 
 .McKay, Alexander, 151, 15.S. 
 McKay, CharleH, m. 
 McKay, James, (182. 
 
 McKay, Thomas. 1(I5, 2lB, 307, ;jOS, .JOli, 313, 315. 
 McKeurle, Donald, 157. Sfr PaHflc l<^r Cb. 
 McKcnzle Hlvpr, 520, 521, 530, 'm. 
 McKlnney, Charles, ('40. 
 McKlnncy, K. K., H(t7. 
 McKlnney. J. N., (MO. 
 McKlnney William, 082. 
 McKune, Kobert, 775. 
 Mct.aughlln, Robert, 812, 813. 
 McLean, John, :I3.5. 
 
 McDellan, Robert, In Price's party, 157, 15», lUl. 
 McLench, B. F., 710, 730. 
 McLeod, Alexander R., trapper. Km, 213. 
 Mcr,eo<l Rfver named, aOi). -hX 
 McLoughlln, Klolsa, 503. 
 McLoughlln, Dr. John, 2H, I'iit, ,503, riH; locates 
 
 al Willamette Falls, 2.(3; charaotor of, 107, 
 
 213. 2:«)-2». 
 McLoughlln, Joe, 1(«. 219. 
 McNary, Alexander, 640. 
 McNary, A. W., 040. 
 McNary, HuKh,(Ml. 
 McNeraee, Job, 6U. 
 McPherson, M. 8.. 8W. 
 McPherson. W. H.,870. 
 McTavlff- T. G., 102. 
 Meade, N. H., 890. 
 Mead, J. E., 73!). 
 Mead, M. M., 7.39. 
 Meadows campaign, the first, 'Mi, 400; the sec- 
 
 ond, 4.30-J38. 
 Meares, Capt. John, explon. Jons of, 05, 07-110. 
 Medical Lake, battle of, 473, 474. 
 Meek. (Courtney, 508. 
 " Meeks cut-off,'' 2X0, '21)0. 
 Meek, Joseph L., 2112, 21(1, '£r\, 257. asl, 288 :«K), .TO, 
 
 S'iH, :t.'i5, mi, m ; delegal c Ui Washington, 322 ; 
 
 his journey eastward, 323, 3'24 ; return, .328. 
 Meek, Htcphen Hall, trapper and guide, 248, 280, 
 
 200, 510. • 
 
 Meek, William, rm. 
 Meldrum, John, (HI 
 .Meldruin, .lohi- W., 041, M'l. 
 Memorial, Mr. Thornton's, to Congress, 322. 
 Mendenhall, W. F., 87«. 
 Menes, Francois, 700, 707. 
 Meredith, J. W., 818. 
 Merwln, M., 803. 
 Meteoioloffical tables, 'iH, .5*). 
 Methodist Hoard of Missions, 208 
 Mexico, conquest ol, 10. 
 Mlchaux, Andre, botanist, 134. 
 Mlckels, P., 8ft5, 880. 
 
 Military company enrolled at Champoeg, 280. 
 Milne, John, 808. 
 Miller, A. H., 888. 
 Miller, C. M., 740. 
 
 Miller, D. A., 776. 
 
 Miller, F. M., 830. 
 
 Miller, F. M., 8H.S. 
 
 Miller, O. A., 720. 
 
 Miller, H. B., 720. 
 
 Miller,.!. D., 720. 
 
 Miller, Captain John F., ;»i, .'WH, 380, 740. 
 
 Miller, , I. P., 720. 
 
 Miller, .losepb. In Hunt's party, 157. 
 
 Miller, J. P., Th\. 
 
 Miller, J. R., 830. 
 
 Miller, J. W., 720. 
 
 Miller, Louis, 8.34. 
 
 Miller, M., 7'iO. 
 
 Miller, R. B., 721. 
 
 Miller, Hamuel, 721. 
 
 Miller, .H. R.. 77fl. 
 
 Miller, W. C, 813. 
 
 Miller, William P., BI2. 
 
 MUwauklo, rivalry with Port .and, :t«; orchard 
 
 at, 5(«. 
 MInto. John, 284, 515, 574, .577. ( '4>, (l'2(t. 
 Mlnto Pass, the, 51.i. 
 Missions, 2.58, 280, 281, 4K7; hii.kward state of, .305 ; 
 
 missionaries favor a local government, 245; 
 
 hostility of, to Catholics, 2,W. 
 Missionaries— the Jesuit, In Lower CaIifornla,64. 
 
 —the Dominican, do, 64. 
 
 —the FranclscAn, do, 61, 85. 
 
 —Methodist, 204, 208-210, 2111, 217, -SO, 233, 249, 
 250. 
 
 —American Board of, 214-218. 
 
 —Influence of Protestant, '207. 
 Missouri Fur Company, formed, 145. 
 Mitchell. M., 842. 
 Molalla River, mines on, .5.Kt. 
 Molallas, the, 481. 
 Monroe r)octrlne, the, 180. 
 Montana explored by the Verendryes In 1748, 
 
 80, 70. 
 Montanye, li. H., 870. 
 Montelth, Thomas, 682, 883. 
 Montgomer}-, Capt., II. 8. N., Eakea Mr. Thorn- 
 ton to Boston, 323. 
 Montgomery, J. A.. 888. 
 Montgomery, R. M., 813. 
 Montgomery, William, 683. 
 Moody, Z. F., 740, 741. 
 Moore, M., 284.628, 
 Moore, P. M., 801. 
 Moore, Robert, chairman of the first legislature, 
 
 264. 2Tj. 
 Moores, C. B., 778. 
 Moores, I. R., 360, 778, 777. 
 Moreland, J. C, 777. 
 Moreiand. H. A., 777, 778. 
 Morgan, J. W., 857. 
 Morris, Daniel, 818. 
 Morris, H. Taylor, 707. 
 Morris, John H.. 81.3. 
 Morrison, R. W., 284, 628. 
 Morse, Capt. F., killed by ai^cldent, XV,. 
 Moss, S. !>., 778. 
 Moss, Sydney W., 240,610. 
 Mount F.dgocombe, 82. 
 
 Mount Falrweather, discovered by Cook, 87. 
 Mount H<K>d, named by Vancouver, 126; alti- 
 tude oj\ 51.5. 
 Mount .Jenerson, 515. 
 Mount Bt. Ellas, discovered by Ketiring, 58; by 
 
 Cook, 87. 
 Moyor, J. M.,778. 
 Mudge, N. F.,721. 
 Mulkoy, J. L., ;«). 
 Mulkey, M. F., 883. 
 Mulligan, Itobert, 741. 
 MultuonuUi Indians, the, 170, 480. 
 Multnomah lllver. .Sen WllUimellr. 
 Munger, Rev. Asabel, missionary, 2:!'2, 801. 
 Munson, Captain, 411, 417. 
 Murphy, J. .M., 741, 742. 
 Murphy, J. T., 778. 
 Murphy, W. P., 778. 
 Myer, Henry, (kt. 
 Myers, fieorge 770. 
 Myers, David, 8;17. 
 
 N. 
 Narrow- gauge railroad. Set Oregonian Railway 
 
-»r 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 IX 
 
 Nnthman, B. A., 8(M. 
 
 Naylor, T. «., WH. 
 
 Neali Bay, a port of the Spaiiluriis, 111, 125, 
 
 Meal, Olday or Attey, 281, (iai. 
 
 Nealy, NeUon, 71!1. 
 
 Nelbert, i\, 879. 
 
 Nelson, George H.. •2M, OM, 1127. 
 
 Nelson, J. C, 2M, (127. 
 
 Nesinlth, .1. W., 27:), 2K7, :U)I, :Wt, :VM, 3m, :m, M)o, 
 *m. 1(17, 4(M, HI, IIS, 425, 127, «1S, (llil. 
 
 Newblll, B n.,77». 
 
 Newby, W. T., 27«, (12(1. 
 
 Newell, Dr. Itohort, 2:12, 2l(i, 217, 2HS, IflKl, :!01. 
 
 Now (!i'orKla. name applied by Vnnoouvor. 12!t. 
 
 Newman, .Mexantior, (W(. 
 
 Ner. PereeK Indians, 111, U2, 2i)2, 2i«, 211, 21:f, 211, 
 •2rn, 2'>», ■■m, •112. :!H2, 42:!; called Cliopiiniilfili. 
 111,112. 
 
 Nichols, 11. K., 2S4, «-27. 
 
 NIeholK M., 742. 
 
 Nixon, .Joseph, 779. 
 
 Noland, N.,771l. 
 
 Nookainis, Indian elilor, 1.5:1, 
 
 Nootka Con vent Ion, the, 111, 112. 12:i, 12H. 
 
 Nooka Sound, discovered by I'crez, 7H; re-dls- 
 (•overcd by Cook, ^7. 
 
 Nttrthrup, K. J., T7!t. 
 
 .yorlhiivsl A mi lint, schooner. Km, 101, 1(8, UW, 
 110, 121. 
 
 Northwest Coast, explored by llcceta, 7!i-s:l; by 
 tjnndra. 7!i, »(; by Cook, 8(US8; by .Arteasa, 
 Hi; by l,a Perousc, iW; by .Mcares, ».), il7-l(X); 
 by Ellsa, IM: by Malasplna and liustam- 
 ente. 11">; by Caamano, 117; bv i;allanoai\d 
 Valdez, US; by Vancouver, ll.s-l'^t. 
 
 Northwest Passage, search for, 21-11.'); rewaril 
 for Its discovery, 7(1, W; spiiMi<h opinion on. 
 127. 
 
 Northwest Kur Coiiipan.v lornicd, Kfl ; establish 
 stations beyond the Uockles, IK, 11.5; expe- 
 dition to Colu'nbiH Itiver, l(i2. I(i3. 1(>,5, 1(17, 
 Kill, 170; consolidated with 11. B. Co., 171. 
 
 Norton, K. (I.. NtW. 
 
 Notre ijame, sisters of the (u'der t)f, 2X1. 
 
 Noyer, P. H., >CM. 
 
 Nursery, traveling, brought In IS47, ;!01, :S02. 
 
 O. 
 
 dak Klat, Council of, 112. 4i:!. 
 
 Oatnian, H. 15., narrow escapi- ol, :t7(i. 
 
 Oats, •5.5X; production of in I.SJSO, .Vill, .5s,'i. 
 
 (•'Bryant, H. 1>., in Cayuse wai\ :ii:t. 
 
 O'Connor, Frank, Sl!i. 
 
 Ddell, W. H., 742. 
 
 Odeneal.T. B., 814. 
 
 O'Donald, Jonathan, 721. 
 
 Ogden, Peter Skeen, Kngllsh Hudson's Bay t'o. 
 
 Factor, 200; rescues ..Vnierlcans, :<I2. 
 01()s, D. (i.. 7H0. 
 Olds, a. W.. 742. 
 Olds,.!. H.,74'2, 7i:t. 
 Olds, Mrs. N., 7.S0. 
 Olley, Uev. .V. P., missionary, 2:i'2. 
 tilney, Cvrus. ;U4. 71:1. 
 obiey, Nathan, exi>lolt of,:tl(i,:iii2, toil, llt>, lit, ll."i. 
 
 iliiey, Nathan, exj>lolt i 
 >'Meara, .lames, ;i'>l. 
 
 (•'Nell, .lames, 220, 24H; presides at "Wolf meet- 
 ing," 2-,2. 
 Onions, 50.S. 
 
 OiKan'o, Anierl(»n man-of-war, 1(15, 107. 
 Ord, Capt. K. O. ( '., IT. S. A.. 42^2. 110. 
 Orfi/nnifDi, newspaper, c'stabllslied at Portland. 
 
 :a5. :Vi)\, Stti. 
 Orei/im HfiTiHnel, newspaper, :I72. 
 Om/on Spcclatnr, newspapisr, estuljli.slied. :!00. 
 (h-eifim Wft'kli/ 'IHiiKu, newspaper. .See \Ve.i>ni< 
 
 •Sl(ir. 
 ( iregon and ( alifornia Kailroad, the, 492, .501, 510; 
 
 Ian J srrant, .52:). 
 (•regon Ci-ntral Uailroad Co., orgHiiizatlou of, 
 
 ill"). lilH, 
 Oregon Paeltli' Itallioad Co., dmicnltics in Its 
 
 way, "iOO. 
 Oregon Hallway and Navigation Co., 511. 
 oregoula.i liallroad Company, '*>\ ^OO. 
 Oregc'i— American titles to. 1(15, Km. 
 
 -British titles to, IKti. 
 
 —Derivation of name, 72 to 7(i. 
 
 — It« former boundaries, 144. 
 Oregon Bills, of Senator I, Inn, 240, ibi. 
 
 Oregon city, Indian tight at, 270, 'X»; execution 
 
 iif five cayuses at, :lls. 
 Oregon CItv Woolen Slllls, .570. 
 •'Oreg<m Fever," the, dcsiTlbed, 2(11, '202. 
 Oregon Institute, fir Williiiiwlli' I'liinrxilj/. 
 Oregon Mining Bureau loruied, 510. 
 (Jregon tMiestlon, the, KI.5, lOO, 107, 108, 170-185, 
 
 280, 2110. 
 "Oregon ItKIes," mllilla. ::1'2, :!i:i. 
 Oswego, Iron nilnrs of, 510. 
 Otondo, .\dniiral Isldro de, .54. 
 (Outrages against Indians, :iV, W). 
 Owens, Thomas, '270, 1120. 
 
 V. 
 
 Pacltlc Fur Company, organization of, 1.50-lHI, 
 
 100. 
 
 Pacltlc Telegmpli Company. ."*'■ Tilrumpli. 
 
 Pacilii' I'nlverslty, the, HIi, 812. 
 
 Palmer, ( ieu. .loel I.., :!i:i, :i44, :i.->8, !!82, :)8.t, 142, 042, 
 
 OI.S. 
 Pambrun, P. C.. 2o:i, 21.1, 217. 
 I'auther. Ste (tiiit/nr. 
 I'arker, Allen, 7,S'^. 
 Parkei-, Uev. .Samuel, 210-212, 2i:{; inlolciancc 
 
 of, 210. 271. 
 Parrish. 1.. M., Tso. 
 Parrish,.!. U, missionary, iJ12, 24:1, 251, mi, im, 
 
 im. 
 
 Partlow, W. B., 7K0. 
 
 Patterson. F. A., .S'lO, 840. 
 
 Patterson, .Terry .M., 8««. 
 
 Pat ton. Tiiomas .McF., 7i:i. 
 
 Paul, W. A.,7-'--'. 
 
 Payne, .1. M., 804, xo.5. 
 
 Peaches, .500. 
 
 Pearce, Thonnis, 743, 711. 
 
 Pearl..!. A., 781. 
 
 Pearl, .fames, 781. 
 
 Pearl, .loseph, 781. 
 
 Pears, .500. 
 
 Peck, G. W.,810. 
 
 /ViWor. American brig, 101. 
 
 Peebles, (Jeorge A., xw. 
 
 Peebles, .!. C. .'»), 722. 
 
 Pennington, H. .M., (W:!, (i84. 
 
 Pentland, Itobert, (W,S. 
 
 Pen-pco- niox-mox, Indian chief, i5!l, :«1, 400, 111 ; 
 killed by whites, 418. 
 
 Pe'rclval, It. ('., .S14. 
 
 Perclval, William, 811. 
 
 Perez, Captain Juan, exiiloratlons of, 7,S,70; dis- 
 covers Nootka.Siamd, 78. 
 
 Perkins, II. K. W., missionary, 217. 
 
 Perrlne, F. C'.,883. 
 
 Peterson, .\. H., Ml. 
 
 Peterson, 11. ,r.,tM4. 
 
 Peterson, W. .V., 014. 
 
 Peltlnglll, W.. 781. 
 
 Pfau, Jacob, si I. 
 
 PhillppI, Antony, 877. 
 
 Philip II. orders a survey of the Pa<'itlc coast of 
 North .\morlca, 15, 10. 
 
 Phillips, D. T., 810. 
 
 Phillips, Kdward, nmrdcrol, 'JOO. 
 
 Phillips, I }. W., 782. 
 
 Phillips, .lolin, 044. 
 
 Pleroe. A..(WI. 
 
 Pierce. S. A., 782. 
 
 Pllcher, Major, leads a band of trappers (o Ore- 
 gon, 200, 201, 2i:i. 
 
 Pllsburv, S. (4., 852, 8,5:5. 
 
 Pioneer ( III Works, 'irtO, 581. 
 
 Pitman. Anna .Maria, '218. 590. 
 
 Plums, .50l^. 
 
 Point of IJocks, tight at, '226, •-"27. 
 
 Polk, President, signs Thornton's bill, ;U7. 
 
 Pollock, Bobert, 87'2. 
 
 Pomerov, F. F., (iOI. 
 
 Pomeroy, F. F., .Ir., 007. 
 
 Pomeroy, I.yman, 782. 
 
 Pomeroy Walter, 240. 
 
 Pope, T. A., 744. 
 
 Poppleton, hldgar. 815. 
 
 Population of ()regon— In 1835,',.''2ti. 
 -In 1840, 23-2. •2:tl,2:!fl. 
 —In I.SKI, 277. 
 —■fable of, 501. 
 
 Porter, J. A., 78'2. 
 
 Porter, K. M., 722. 
 
HISTORY OP WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 
 
 J'orler, Thoniaa I,., 816. 
 
 I'orter, \V. l).,Siri. 
 
 Porter, Wllliaiii, Iitt7. 
 
 I'ortcrllolil,.!. K., I'H. 
 
 I'ort, .Monlnoiiiory, IL'J. 
 
 I'orl Nunc/, (iuoiia. Hr .\>«/i Hdu. 
 
 ftiilmiiiiillt, Amerh'tt!! ship of-war, ;tf.'. 
 
 I'otnUioM, xCl, •■>iU, 572; produclloii oC, In liW<l,5tH. 
 
 Pcitato sturcli, » poNsllilo IndUNtrliil pruduct, oi'l. 
 
 I'OlIlT, .1. M., .siti. 
 
 PottiT. Kubtsrt, im2. 
 
 1'ouIikIo. r, H.,6M1. 
 
 I'owfll, A. T., 7SL', TSl. 
 
 I'owell, V. H.,711. 
 
 I'owi'll, ,1. A., 71 1. 
 
 riiwell, I. M., 8:!7. 
 
 I'owcll, I,. ,1., liHl, IH"). 
 
 Powell, W. S., 7S;l. 
 
 Priiirles, olH,.',!!). 
 
 Prathor, W. !>., i»l, 1127, «a*. 
 
 Pratt, I,. C, sio. 
 
 Pratl.O. (■..:l-,'S. 
 
 PrnrloUK inctaiN, tlio, SW, .'iSK. 
 
 Pn-scott, V. H., manager O. U. A N. Co., SH. 
 
 Pr<!ltyman, I». It., i^">. 
 
 ProvoHt, J. II., r. .s. Cumin., 1115, 1(17. 
 
 Prleo, Nlnirod, Kll. 
 
 Price, W. I,.,m 
 
 Piliirma ll.iil, HiMinUli ship, 11)2, llB, IW. 
 
 yVi/KcM and MimrU'i. ,S|)iinlMti hIiIdh, HI. 
 
 IVovL-ilonul HovernmiMit, iSii, L'40 'il.j, 2i)l-i'i7 ; 
 mt'utliiKK preliminary to orsfanixatloii, 251- 
 •iV); elwtlon of IKH, Ml, -Jii, :«tl, 2S7; oloctlon 
 of 1S47. .'Hi:!, ;tOI: elet-tlon of IMS, .'KM. 
 — The I.eulslallve Committee, ZM; tirst luglH- 
 liitlveMesslon, i')l; otTlcersol, 'Jfiil. iW. 
 — DlsRoIullon of, ;128. 
 
 PruneK, "><>K. 
 
 Puget .SoUnil Agricultuiiil Company, urgnnlzed, 
 an, 217, .')7S. 
 
 Piigut Soniul, derivation of name, 123; ArKt 
 Amerleaiisettleinent at, is.'); Indian troublcH 
 at, 1211, 4«K, IWI. 
 
 Pill vine, A..I., ii!»7, BIW. 
 
 I'lirvlre, .1. 1-., (IIW. 
 
 Putnam, H. B., S:i7. 
 
 Putnam, D. B., tt-sS. 
 
 o. 
 
 ttuoeuer, J. P., «o7. 
 
 yulck, 1). o., M!t, S5«. 
 
 Qulmper, Lieut. Alferc/. M., explorations of, 114. 
 
 R. 
 
 KiiiToiin, KiikUhIi man-of-war, Kilt. 
 
 Hallways, treatise upon, 11I1-41S. 
 
 Raines, Major, U. iS. A., .SB2, .iWt, Wl , .m *6, 408, 
 
 *)7, JOS.JII, 412, 4ffi, 426. 
 Itiiliilall, .")2tl, ,'SiO, .WUiW. 
 Halph, Walter, < 48. 
 Pvainsby, R. C., 72:1. 
 Ramsiuy, Tiavld, (185. 
 Ramsey, W. >!., (18.5. 
 Handle, H. A., 87fl. 
 
 Rane.s. J. T.,!5lo. 
 Ray, Charles, TiH, 724 
 
 Ray's Landing, fiOS,, 
 
 Raymond, Il.C.,78;i. 
 
 Reams, II., 8(18. 
 
 ttedfleld, F. M., 888. 
 
 lU^dmond, F. W., 886. 
 
 Red River Immigration, 2;«, 247, flOB, «»7. 
 
 Reed, C. A., 724. 
 
 Reed, John, 15!), 1(12; killed, KM. 
 
 Reed, S. O., 575. 
 
 Reed, W. H., 7((7. 
 
 Rees, Wlllard H., 283, 284, Wn, ,i(M. 
 
 Rmohitinn and rHucnviry, ("apt. Cook's ships, 84, 
 
 !K). 
 RevlIlft-<iigcdo, Viceroy of Me.\lco, 107, 115, 127. 
 Rhoades.f. W., 811. 
 Rice, .1. N., 724. 
 Rice, Samuel, 741. 
 Rice Heltlement, dosi^nt upon by I ndlans, W>, 
 
 401. 
 Richards. Rev. <t. P., inUnlunary, 2:f2. 
 Richards, .lames, 815, 81(1. 
 RichiirdMon, A. J., 887. 
 Richardson, K. H., ISSI. 
 Richardson, Enoch, 745. 
 
 Richardson, N. C, H86. 
 Richardson, ,Iohn, 745. 
 Rlchariison, .lohn W., 746. 
 Richmond, T. U., 8I«. 
 Rickey, James, 724. 
 Ridgeway, William, 641. 
 HIgbey, Francis. 872, 87;{. 
 RIgdon, W. T., 721. 
 Rlggs,.sllas T.,7I.~). 
 RIggs, Daniel L., M)s. 
 -■ire; ■ •■ -■■ 
 
 eiiKages lu the Rogne 
 
 Rlloy, J. H., 72.5. 
 Rlnearson, Capt. .lacob, 
 
 River war, .'171). 
 Rlnearson, P. SI., .tISH, (111. 
 Rlsley, Jacobs., 61.5. 
 Risley, ()rvlllo,«45. 
 Rllner, .M. H., (Itt. 
 Robertson, I,. VV., 87:1. 
 Robertson, K. M., 78.1. 
 Robinson, It. .M.,8W. 
 Robinson, .1. H., (!!.'>. 
 Rock,, lohn, 878. 
 Hockentleld. C. S., S(l8,8)(!t. 
 Hooky Mountain FnrCo.. I!f-', 1!«, 201,202. 
 "R<M!ky .Mountain Retreat. ' 602 
 Rogers, (,'ornellus, 21 1. 
 Rogers,.!. L., M'l. 
 Rogers. J. W., HI."), 
 Rogue River Indian Wars; war ol 18.58, 353-360; 
 
 war of WVMi, 367 -:mt, :illl-l(H, 4W-I16. 
 Rogue River Valley, 5IB. 
 Roland, David, 78;!. 
 Roork, .r. II., 8.5;!. 
 
 Root, I,., 8!Ki. 
 
 Roscburg, railway reaches, .")02. 
 
 Ross, (ieorge AV., nw. 
 
 Ross, ,r..iin K., ar.', ■•&), WH, 857, ;«», 3«1, 378, 3UB. 
 
 Roth, Charles, IIHO, 
 
 liowell, ,1. M., im. 
 
 Howell, /,. M., 810. 
 
 Rowland, Jeremiah, '284, 828. 
 
 Rowland, J. O., 781. 
 
 Rowland, 1.. I,., fi'28. 6-2». 
 
 Ruble, William, .Vi2. 
 
 Rudder, M. C, 8SH, 889. 
 
 Rush, American (;t)inmlssii>iier, 181. 
 
 Russell, Osborn, ajl, 2^6. 
 
 Russia, her subjects in America, rii>; fur trade 
 
 of, .50-6;t; explorations, 5ii-«.'i; activity of, 77 ; 
 
 treatment of natives, 149. 
 Russian explorations of the Northwest Coast, 
 
 92, 9.1. 
 
 —Claims to the Northwest Coast, ISO. 
 Ryswlck, treaty of, 65. 
 
 s. 
 .Salmon, and Salmon tishing, '204, 4«4, 485 
 Sami>soii, J. K., 781. 
 
 *H (Mrlna, Spanish siiiptl5. 79, |(j2, Ii«, 101. 
 San Francisco, Imy of, Drake s pro.fimlty to,30; 
 
 discovered by I'ortala, 64, 65. 
 fiarUieif/d, Spanisri siiip, 7s. 79. 
 Hantiam mines, .539. 
 Sappington G. W., 645, 64«. 
 Sapplngton, J. A., 646. 
 SappingUm, J. M., 616. 
 Savage, E., 816. 
 Savage, H. W., 888. 
 Savage, William, 646. 
 Savior. A. I.., 784. 
 Schieffolin, Clinton, 371. 
 Soheurer, W. R., 8'JO. 
 Hchmeer, John. 814. 
 Bcholtteid, Benjamin, 842, 8l:t, 
 Schooling, J. P., 784, 78.5. 
 RchwBtka, F., 816, 817. 
 Scoggin, V,'. (}.. 621). 
 Scott, Harvey W., 817, 818. 
 ScoU, John T., 78o. 
 Soott, Levi, 21)8. 
 Scott, 1,. S., 846, 847. 
 Scott, T. I).. 818. 
 Scott.sburg, foundation of, 'V17. 
 Scovell, I., C. 818. 
 Sc '.rvy, description of the, 49. 
 Second Regiment, O. M. V., organisation of, H> 
 Seguln, I.DUis, 885, 88(i. 
 Semple, (jcneral, speecli by, '2(i'.'. 
 Scrra, Father Juulpcro, 65. 
 Shadden, Thomas J., 219, 250, 620. 
 
GBIfKKAL INDEX. 
 
 XI 
 
 , «2B. 
 
 er of, III IMHOaDd III8R, /iW). 
 
 '. H. N., anslBtH Orego- 
 
 tfutrk, lehoonar, IT. 8. N., uhlpwreoked. »00. 
 
 BliHxta, Mt., tlrd named Mcl.oughlln, 200. 
 
 HhatMii'k, E. I)., 818. 
 
 Mhaw, A . C. R., .)78. 
 
 Hhaw, H. F., 284, ffiS). 
 
 Hhaw, .loHhua, o78. 
 
 Hhaw, J. 1( ,785. 
 
 8haw,Tbiiiiia8C„ .' 
 
 Hhoep, STl-'M- null 
 
 Hhelley, R., m. 
 
 Shelton, Harvey, tm. 
 
 Shelton. 1 1., 686. 
 
 Sbelton, iMaac, murdered, S74. 
 
 Hhelton, J. W., 861. 
 
 Shepard, Cvnis, aw, -MO, ill. 
 
 Sheridan, Lieut. l'liill|>, V. s. A., Vn, ¥M. 
 
 Sheriff, C^apl., R. N., KngllBh Ctomni., 197. 
 
 Hhlelds, JameH, 785. 
 
 Hhlvely, J. M., U. s. offlclal, .Sill, .m. 
 
 Shobe, L, 892, 
 
 Shuck, Andrew, em, «S7. ' 
 
 ShUBt«r, H. H.. 873. 
 
 "Siege of Uallce Creek," ::ft5, ,!««. 
 
 Hlmma, i{. H., 725. 
 
 Hlmpion, Ben., «A1, 6A2. 
 
 81mp«(on, G. B., KIS, 81». 
 
 Simpson, Isaac N., H46, &i7. 
 
 Simpson, Hlr George, lie, 227, Ml. 
 
 SIppy, John, 819. 
 
 Sllton, N. R., (120,621. 
 
 Skinner, Alonzo A., 'l>, :«9, »M,«47. 
 
 Slaughter, r>loiili:nant, «7, 425. 
 
 Slavery, Or«>Buns flrin stand against, iW,861. 
 
 See Hill, (Jonarefnional. 
 Sloan, Joseph, 898, 897. 
 Sloan, Mrs. H. A., 847. 
 Slocum, Lieut. W. A.. V 
 
 nlans. 230. 
 Small, I. H., 880, 881. 
 Hmlth, Rev. A. B., missionary, 214, 268, 888,571, 
 
 378. 
 Smith, Capt. A. J., 31)6, 399, 481, 485, 443, 17B. 
 Smith, A. T., 60«. 
 Smith, Benl.F., 745, 746. 
 Smith, U. F., ««2. 
 Smith, B. M., 819. 
 Smith, I). A., 889. 
 Smith, Damon, 785. 
 Smith, David (of Forest Urove), 746. 
 Smith, David (of Lebanon), 785,788. 
 Smith, Delftzon, m). 3r,l, 780. 
 Smith, Delevnn, 78B, 787. 
 Smith, Klljnh, President (i. R. & N. Co., Oil. 
 Smith, Mrs. i:. M.,fl«2. 
 Smith, O. H.,597. 
 Smith, George N.,8ti9. 
 Smith, Hiram, 617. 
 
 Smith, HIrani (of Huirlsburg), 819,820. 
 Hmlth, r. L.,8fl9. 
 Smith, J. II., mz 
 Smith, Jcdodlah S., flrst overland Journey by, 
 
 102-1115; battle on the Ump<iua, 19I, li scq., 
 
 200, 201. 
 Smith, J. S., W7, 648. 
 Hmlth, John T.. 787. 
 Hmlth, Ij. S., 662. 
 Smith, S. A., 787. 
 Hmlth, Solomon, 226. 
 Hmlth, 8. W., 820. 
 Hmlth, Sydney, 232, 249, .'.97. 
 Mmlth, T. C, 87i. 
 Hmlth, Thomas, 30>S. 
 Hmlth, W. P., 74«. 
 Snake Rlvei Indians, murder by, 164 ; hostilities 
 
 with, 361-364. 
 Kolls, discussion of th<', .t4»-548, 5!)2, 568. 
 Sonora, Hpanish ship, 7», 80, 81, 8.S. 
 Southern Route, explored by the .\pplegate 
 
 party, -m, 299; lu subseiiuent use, :iii2, '103. 
 Southern Oregon, discovery of gold In, 880, 337, 
 
 Houth Sea Company, Its monopoly, 91; lt«lall,95. 
 Spain— Commerce of, it7. 
 
 —Policy of Its government, 17. 
 
 —Conquest* of. In the New World, 17-129; lu 
 the Phlllipplne Islands 27. 
 
 — Awithy In making scientific explorations, 
 
 Spanish Voyageurs— I' iiscK'ntlflc met hods of, 81. 
 
 —Adventurers In America, character of, IS. 
 
 — Explorntli'ns ;>f Northwest Coast, 102-107 
 Hiierry, T. B., T mi. 
 Sportsman, Wm., 298. 
 Springer, H. II., 72.5. 
 Spring IIlll Farm, 870. 
 stttHts, Isaac, »I8. 
 Siimts, Htepbcn,<M9. 
 Stalger, J. F., 85!(. 
 Htalger, Wm.. *'i3. 
 Htauton, W. (I.,787. 
 Htapleton, J., sOi 
 .stark weal licr, W. A 
 
 Htarr, I. \V., 820. 
 
 , 725. 
 
 Hpaldlni 
 310, 
 
 n. 
 
 Bev. H. H., missionary, 212, 211, 308, 
 
 State Election, tlic Mrst, ^I'll. 
 
 State House, the llrsl. 'i'u; at .Sal«iii, burned, 
 
 347. 
 State Insurance t'ompany, 749, 762. 
 Statesman, ncwsiiaprr, .'Htl. 
 Hte»rns, L. H 820. 
 SteplK'iison, iolin,K20. 
 Stephi-nson, WllUaiii, 820. 
 Stcploe, Col., IT. s. A., 4.i3, m, IHJI, 470, 471. 
 Steptoe'snelrci 47I-4T3. 
 Stevens, If^iiiic - , :ilS, (24, 4i"), I2«, 127, I6«, 4-57, ««, 
 
 468; let Lor h\ , 4<i4-4(r7; Httiicks Gen. Wool, 42.3 
 
 etneij.; iiiakCH liiiily Willi Yaklmas, 380, .Wl, 
 
 ,38'.', m : Indiscretion of. ;«2. 
 Stewart, H. E., liW. 
 
 Stewart, ('apt. .**■«■ I>nnnm<>ii<l, .sir W. 
 Stewart, (apt., L'. s. A., killed on the Rogne 
 
 River, 't«. 
 Stewart, James, 821. 
 Stewart, P. G., 281, 
 
 Ht George Hound. S(ff yootkaSi)iinil. 
 StUlwiil, L. L.,8;11. 
 Htiiiipson, George W., 8.34. 
 Htltes, T. J„8.'i0. 
 
 Ht. I.ouls (Fort), estubllshed, 18H. 
 Stock Whitley, ch.f of the Pes Chutes, 420. 
 Htolz, G., 877. 
 Htonei .Samuel, 821. 
 Stott, J. M., 8r., 747. 
 Htott, J. M., Jr., 8;il. 
 Stott, Johns., 834, 8't5. 
 Stott, Raleigh, 747. 
 Ktrahan, R. 8.,857. 
 Htriilghl^ lllram A., 27ti, U21. 
 Strang, Ben., 787. 
 Htration, C. P., 821. 
 Stratton, J. A., 8.31. 
 Htralton, R. E.,85I. 
 Htrong, J. E., 847. 
 
 Strong, WlUiani.a'tt. ,^ ^ 
 
 Stuart, David, 161. See Ameru'un ^>((• Co. 
 Stuart, Robert, 161. See Americaii /"wr Cb. 
 Stump, David, 619. 
 Sublette, William, 193, 201. 
 Huiter, L. T., h:I7, m. 
 
 Summervllle, H. n.. 747. .„ ,„„ 
 
 <.VH/Hand Meximwi. Spanish schooners, 117, 128. 
 Sutter, John A.,:mi. 
 Suver, Joseph W., 6J9. 
 Swatlord, I'illas W., 787. 
 Hwaftbrd, J. L.,821. 
 Swiiirlngen, Isaac S., 787, 788. 
 Swcgle, Charles, 608. 
 Swlck, B. F., 821. 
 Swick, L., 822. 
 Swlck, Minor, 822. 
 
 T. 
 Talklngton, F. I'.,891. , .« „ 
 
 Ta-mn-lias, a bad Indian, executed at Oregon 
 
 Tam-s^u-'ky,"lndial> chief, 306, 309, 817, 818. 
 Tanner, A. H.,8!i.">. 
 Taylor, Anderson, 788. 
 Taylor, Christopher, 687. 
 
 Tcrrftorlal Govcrnmont, petition for, 240, 241; 
 Thornton's 1)111,321; Its passage, 3-2.5-S27 ; first 
 election, 328, :t'29; organization of, 338. 
 
 Tetherow G. A., 707. 
 
 Tethcrow, T. H., 640. 
 
 Thayer, A. J., 492, S2'.'. 
 
 The Dalles Mission, 217, 220, 258; boughtby Whit- 
 man, 305, 307. 
 
 —Taken possession of by American troops, 
 818. 
 
zti 
 
 HIHTURT or WILLAMETTE VALLEY, 
 
 ThoiiiM, I). C'.,N8I. 
 
 ThoniM, K. N., tOL 
 
 ThomaH, v., m. 
 
 Thoiiipnon, D. M., 7(17. 
 
 ThompHun, Jacob, 7tW. 
 
 Thorot)Bc)n,.Iitiiie8 I., MX. 
 
 ThompHon, .lohii, S44. 
 
 ThoiupHon, J. M., Ha. 
 
 Thompson, T. \V., (ill. 
 
 Thoru, C'upt. .lonatliiiii. Sff 'lbn<[Uin. 
 
 Tlium'lDU, .1. (.^uliiii, :I28; i>.\trnct from wrltliiKt 
 of, 24U; ooiiuenilii); the Appleglttu Uoutu,'.£lB; 
 hU errtind to WaHliliiKlon, 821; preMc iitH me- 
 morial to CoiiKreNN, )til. 
 
 Thorp, Major, 'iti. 
 
 Thunitoii, Saiiiiiel K., Vti, SIH, Wi, ICt7. 
 
 Tlbbettn. , 2!«). 
 
 TinUny, (J. W'., S71I, USO. 
 
 TIllnHon, I<:d..i«iO, M«l. 
 
 TtllotNon, (Jeorue, 7KX. 
 
 TIpNU Tyee, Indluti chief, mi, Hi». 
 
 Vbru/iiiti, Airicrlcau Hhip, 1'>1. 152; tukoii by lu- 
 dlaDN, 1;VI \m. 
 
 Townaend, Ira H., tlH7, iVA 
 
 TowDHeud, J. H., !<:)1. • 
 
 Townsciid, J. M., l)«7. 
 
 TowuHend. W. M., stil. 
 
 roller, C. T., («». 
 
 Train, 8. S., H«ll. 
 
 rraDHcontliieiital Coiiipauy, loaott the U. AC. K. 
 R., 508, 5(W. 
 
 Trappers, American, uhuracter of, ISH. 
 
 Traveller, V. M. xtOHnier, tlrtB upon hottUes, 409. 
 
 Treaty of (J.icnt, IIH. 
 
 Trees, forest, list of, ."i21. 
 
 Trinidad, Bay of, 7I». 
 
 Trultt, Warren, 871. 
 
 TMhlmlkaln mlHHion,;«J)l. 
 
 Tualatin PlaUiH, 2<»; panic of tlic iicoplc of, !tK>. 
 
 ■Tneker, H. I!., 788. 
 
 'Tucker, ThoMiu-s, 78«, 7Wt. 
 
 Turner, Oeorge II., 7rt». 
 
 Turner, .John. 1»», 22B, 2Sr7, •£m. JKI. 
 
 Turnips, rm. 
 
 Turpln, n. L., m>. 
 
 T'Vault, W. U., .'U)0, 33H. 
 
 Tyler, Asher. W7. 
 
 I!. 
 1'matllla Indlanw, treaty with, .'Ml, 
 Um-how-llsli, Cayuse chief, :tOi. 
 ITmpqua inaHsacre, l&t. 
 rmpqua Hiver, tradition ofKalleoiiN In, !'-,[. 
 ITnderwood. William, K3M. 
 I^zafovage, ('.. 7Wi. 
 
 Vacant landH, alt^6j8. 
 Van Huskirk, Daniel, 78H. 
 Van Buskirk, John, 7S!). 
 Van Buskirk, Joseph, 7«tt, 7«0. 
 Van Husklrk, William, 70O. 
 Van Ilusklrk, William, .^r., 7IHI. 
 Vance William, S22, H23. 
 Vancouver Island, how named, -12.1. 
 Vancouver (Fort), named and founded, 175; de- 
 scription, 17«-17«. 
 Vancouver, Capt. Geo., B, N., voyage of, 1I8-12K. 
 Vanduyn, I., 7-f7. 
 Van Horn, l5., 889. 
 Vaughan, H..578. 
 Vaughn, J. W., 87.S, 874. 
 Vegetables, Karden, 568, nM. 
 Venner, J. F., 888. 
 
 Verendryes, the, explorations of, H8, W. 
 Villard, Henry, 506, .507, 511. 
 Vlscalno, Hebastian. voyage of, 46-40. 
 
 W. 
 
 VVRggener, B.. H74. 
 
 Waitlatpu Mission, 218, 214; condition in 1847, 
 
 ;tt)*i, el Jtefj. 
 Wait, Aaron E., «88. 
 Wait, T. B., 82S. 
 Watte, K. M.. 718. 
 Waldo Hills, soil of the, r>4l. 
 Waldo, William, 27«,«21. 
 Walker, C;.C., (150. 
 Walker, Courtney M., 2»i. 
 Walker, Rev. Klkanah, nil88iouary,2U,ee8. 
 
 Walker, ( 'apt. Jesse, cunimands emigrant esoort, 
 861. 
 
 Walker, J. II.. (Wi. 
 
 Walker and Jiiiiilson. iniirdur of, 887. 
 
 Walker, Louis, SOT. 
 
 Walker, Mrs. .Mary. nilNslonary, 211, 2IIH. 
 
 Walker, s. .V.,S2I. 
 
 Walker, W. W., illks, tiiKi, 
 
 Walla Walla, c<iuii<'ll of, :|82; settlers In, In 1856, 
 ;<7H, :IN0: battleof, ll7-|-.'2. 
 
 Walla Wulla Indians, l.'ltl, 14U. Ill, KHI, %Wit, |(H), 118, 
 415-T2U; kindness of, 160; alarm of, at stories 
 of .'\merlcau Intentions, 251); treaty with, 
 881 ; utta<ked by whites, 418; hostilities with, 
 413, 420. 
 
 Wallace, C. A., 7II0. 
 
 Waller, A. F., misslonory , 282, »H7. 
 
 Waller, G T.. (188. 
 
 Waller, H. .M.,(l88, ikh. 
 
 Waller, (). A., (I'.'l. 
 
 Waller, T. (J., 70K. 
 
 Walling, J. 1)., H8t). 
 
 Walling, N., H8D. 
 
 Waiters, Harry, K\i, HM. 
 
 War Kaglc, ('ayuse chief, killed, .115. 
 
 War of 1812, elfect of, 1(12. 
 
 Warner, Arthur, ȣi. 
 
 Warren, A. J., 721), 726. 
 
 Warren, Henry, 68H. 
 
 'Varroner, Thomas, a»4, (180. 
 
 Warrinuor, W. ( '., 82!l, 821. 
 
 Washburn, James H., 7!K). 
 
 VVashington Territory, moves tor self-govern- 
 ment, 818; 'Territory organized, 'M;!, ;H4. 
 
 Wnterhouse, Wiinen, 7H1. 
 
 Waterman, John Orvls, .886. 
 
 Waters. Abner W., 726. 
 
 Waters, James, 818; elected colonel, 817, 
 
 Waters, W. H. H^7I)1. 
 
 Watkinds, Wm. H,7»l. 
 
 Watson, R. B., 824, 105. 
 
 Watt, John, 6»H. 
 
 Watt, Joseph, 288, 2H, J7B, 6.10. 
 
 Watts, F. A., 600. 
 
 Watts, J. W., 791, 792. 
 
 Watts, M. .M., 728. 
 
 Waymlre, John, (160. 
 
 Weatherford, J. K., 857, 858. 
 
 Wehrung, H.,748. 
 
 WrII Springs, battle of, 814, 815. 
 
 Wells,!). K., 869. 
 
 WelU, Q. A.,825. 
 
 Wells, John C, 792. 
 
 Wells, R. F., a2«. 
 
 Wells, W. \., !>->!. 79'A 71«1. 
 
 Wells, William, 708. 
 
 Wettem tOar, newspaper, 33f), ;ffl6, .187. 
 
 Weston, David, 219, (llO. 
 
 Wheat, 547-5(Vl; Uiblo of proiuctlon of, 850, 585. 
 
 Wheeler, Almon, 8.54. 
 
 Wheeler, James, (i()2, 66SL 
 
 Wheeler, J ttson, 690. 
 
 Wheeler, John, tm. 
 
 Wheeler, L. M., (il»0. 
 
 Wheeler, Solomon, 680. 
 
 Whltcomb, Lot, ZW, S16, iil6. 
 
 Whiteaker, Kenj„«0(). 
 
 Whiteaker, D. J., 6110. 
 
 Whiteaker, John, ;«!, im. 
 
 White, Ashley, HUn. 
 
 White, E. D., 748. 
 
 White, E. N., 650. 
 
 Whlto, Dr. Elijah, 216, 247, 218, 240, 252, 253, 25R, 
 •289; offers reward for Indian depredators, 
 •280, 287: laemorial episode of, 287, m 
 
 White H. B., 748, 749 
 
 White, J. H., 861. 
 
 White, L.,6M), 091. 
 
 White, W. L., 726. 
 
 Whltloek, E. H., 726. 
 
 Whitlock, W., Sr., 708. 
 
 Whltloek, W. T., 708. 
 
 Whitman, Marcus, missionary, 210-214, 284, 216, 
 247,249; energy in Inducing immigration to 
 Oregon, 258, 262, '268-275; estimate of his ser- 
 vices, 2(i6, el spq. ; his Journey to Washington, 
 ai9, '270, 271 ; writes a descriptive pamphlet, 
 
 271, '274, 275; affairs of, in 1847, 806, m, el fen. : 
 days preceding the massacre of, 808-310; 
 murder of, by Indiang, 310, 811. 
 
OENKKAL INDKiC. 
 
 Xll< 
 
 \^' 
 
 Whitman, Perrln B., 307. 
 
 Whitman, Ch., MH0, m. 
 
 Whitman, J.. J., 8«i. 
 
 Whltiiiun, Wllliuiii,il»l. 
 
 Wlloox, Uavld, HTI. 
 
 Wilcox, ti. W., Wll. 
 
 Wllrox, Ualuh, IITiU, USI. 
 
 Wilcox, H.K.,iWI. 
 
 Wiley, H. K.,iif)l. 
 
 Wiley, MrH. 11. !•:., rm. 
 
 Wilkes, Captain ('liarleii, U. H. N., 2tl, JMi. 
 
 WIlklnH, Caleb, 'iio, 217, rm, 
 
 Willamette Cattle Co., 230, 281. 
 
 Wlllaiuutte KivllH, 17H, WD; k 'ttleiiionl proposed 
 
 at, 227, 228, 23:<, 'JM, 2'>2; political niRetUiK at, 
 
 253. 
 Willamette Klver, dLwoverod by l.ewlM and 
 
 Clarke, 138, 13)); dorlvutlon and corruption 
 
 ofttH name, 1811, 4M8, IBM; other names oi', I7!i, 
 
 48ft. 
 Willamette University, 250, 251. 
 Willamette Valley, lt« extent and boundarleN, 
 
 613, 5H: Its streams, 51 1 ; jfeneral description 
 
 of, 513^47. 
 Willamette Woolen Mills, 5711. 
 Williams, C. O. T., 7»3. 
 Williams, K. v., »m. 
 Williams, George, 74t;. 
 Williams, Oeorge II., IH, 825. 
 Williams, ,1. .1., 284, twn, m\. 
 Williams, L. L., 812. 
 Williams, Robert L., Wt, m. 
 Williams, I". W., mi. 
 Williams, Hamuel, 807. 
 
 Wlllson, Dr. W. H., 21«, :'.t7 ; treasurer of Or., 257. 
 WUmot, B. P., 728, 727. 
 Wlluon, Alfred, 727. 
 Wilson, Andrew, 880. 
 Wilson, A. E., ilrst supreme Jud^e, 2.57. 
 Wilson, B. W., 727. 
 Wilson, Capt., 411, 417. 
 Wilson, John, Importer of .sto<!k, ;iiil. 
 Wilson, Joseph a., 79{i. 
 WlUoa, J. Q,., 794. 
 Wlnshlp, Nathan, forms a station at Oak Point, 
 
 W6. 
 
 •• Wolf Meetings," !»1, 2fM. 
 
 Wolvcrton, C. K., 828. 
 
 Wolvortoii, John, 82H. 
 
 Wood, Frank U.,8a5. 
 
 Woodln, A. 11., 880. 
 
 Woods, (ici.rgc U, 61)1, «l»2. 
 
 Woodwortb, C. H., 74lt. 
 
 Woodwortli, .lohn, 228. 
 
 Wooley, Jacob, 1151. 
 
 Wwl, (Ion. .lohn K., 383, 388, 3««, .388, W». .390, !«1, 
 
 412, 417, 421, 122, 42.3, 42.5. 
 Wortman, Jacob, 794. 
 Wortmuu, .lohn, 704. 
 WriKht, Uon, ;I31». 
 WrlKlit,('ol., li.H. A ., 4:.*1, 447, 4.5:1, 151, 155, 458, 4«l, 
 
 1(17, 17.;, 17 1 ; lost Ht Fca, 475. 
 WrlKht, K. I., 794,795. 
 WriKbt, J. O.. 825.828. 
 WrlKlil, W. \'..m. 
 Wrlglitnmn, K. T., 874. 
 Wyetli, Nutlianlcl J., fur trader and explorer, 
 
 ll»7, 202, 2(M-20t). 21,3, 225, 228. 
 
 Yakima Indians, treaty with, 380, 381. 
 
 Vaklmo Klvcr, battle at, 407, 408 ; retreat f^om, 
 
 411. 
 Yakima War, the, 38.5-893, 406-432, 447-478. 
 Yamhill Indians, the, 4M1. 
 Yantls, W. \V., 79."). 
 Y'eaton, A. T., 880. 
 
 Yellept, Indian chief. See Walla Walla TnfUant. 
 Y'ocum, Kraiiklln, 750. 
 Yocnm, H., 7.'iO. 
 Yocum, 'riionios J., 892. 
 Young, ICwing, 201, 22(1, 230, 242, 248, .573, 577. 
 Young, Isaac, 828. 
 Young, S. K.. 795. 
 
 Zleber, A., 7.50. 
 /Inne, George, 892. 
 Zumwalt, C. P., 851. 
 /Aim wait, Isaac, 883. 
 
 KIIU.\T.\. 
 
 Piigo 10, lint'.!, for Xu'i'it /fix/)(i!)ti/H, road Jfinpanioia. 
 
 Page H, line 29, for '' r.tmi'i' .■iifcu/nr," road rnnquMfido): 
 
 I'liRe 287, lliicM 14 nmt 1"), for Xfninifh and innnfiff.H, road Ncsmith and all the 
 »icni/>( IS. 
 
 Sumo \n\gv lines lo and I'l, for dclngnted nil. tlii to convei/, read delegated to 
 fonvn/. 
 
 Pago 2<i4, lino 2(1, U)V puMivafff/, t(h\6 publidy. 
 
 Page 19S, line 2">, tor La fiiricr (i>; Cnqueain, read La Riviere dea Coqutm. 
 
 Pago .'Us, lino 20, for S'ntcm, road Cor vail in. 
 
 Page ^toH, line 14, for Salvatnr Rosa, read Sdvator Roan. 
 
 Page 397, line ;^4, for Tagrr, read Yager. 
 
 Page 598, line .32, for Walker'n CMma, read Walkn'a Plaim.