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New Brunswick Museum
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New Brunswick IMuseum
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THE

NEW BRUNSWICK RAILWAY
AND ITS LAND GRANTS.

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THE NEW BRUNSWICK EAILWAY.

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111

The New Brunswick Railway begins at the Village of
Gibson, on the eastern bank of the River St. John, eighty-
five miles from the sea, and extends to Edmunston at the
confluence of the St. John and Madawaska rivers, a distance
of 161 miles. It has two branch lines : the Aroostook Branch,
19^ miles long, and the Woodstock Branch, 11 miles long,
making in all 191^ miles of road. The gauge of the road is
threo feet six inches ; but in the construction of the road-bed,
bridges and culverts, regard has been had to its probable
adaption to the standard gauge, and its timber and stone-
work is of such a character that it would be necessary for
that purpose simply to move the rails, which could be done at
small expense. It was built under the inspection of an En-
gineer appointed by the Government, whose certificate was
requisite to entitle the Railway Company to the subsidy of
1 0,000 acres of land per mile.

The general character of the country through which this
road passes will be understood from the statement of the fact
that, from the City of St. John to the Quebec boundary at
St. Francis, a distance of three hundred miles, there is a con-
tinual succession of well-cultivated farms, with numerous
towns and villages, on both sides of the River St. John, ex-
cept for a distance of about three miles in York County, and
about five miles in Victoria . County. For one hundred and
eighteen miles the N. B. Railway follows the St. John
through this rich and prosperous region, and of the remaining

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seventy -three and a quarter miles of its total mileage, forty
are through long-settled and thrifty agricultural sections.
The unoccupied lands along the Railway are nearly all well
adapted for farming, and have remained vacant heretofore
only because they were difficult of access. It is safe to say that
within a very few years the whole length of the Railway,
except perhaps some ten or twelve miles, will pass across cul-
tivated farms.

Gibson, the starting point of the Railway, is one of several
villages collected within a radius of three miles, and contain-
ing in the aggregate a population of about three thousand
five hundred. It is the natural centre of a very large section,
which includes some of the finest farming lands in the County.
It is half a mile above the mouth of the Nashwaak, a
stream intersecting a well-settled district of very considerable
extent. On the south bank of the Nashwaak begirre that
succession of lowlands or intervales, as they are called, which
extends many miles down the river, and is occupied by an
exceedingly well-to-do class of farmers. Irrespective of the
country intersected by the Railway, Gibson is the natural
trade centre of an agricultural population of about six thou-
sand people. It is beginning to command a large trade from
up the Railway line. The trade of the rich parishes on the
eastern side of the St. John was until recently done in Fred-
ericton, which city is situated directly across the St. John
River ; but there has been a great change since the opening
of the Railway, and Gibson promises to become a mercantile
centre of very considerable importance.

Fredericton is the capital of New Brunswick. It has a
population of about 7,000, and has railway connection with
St. John and the United States. It is visited by many tour-
ists every year, a great number of whom go up the N. B. Rail-
way for the sake of the very attractive scenery to be found
along the river. It is difficult to imagine more beautiful
views than those which unfold themselves like a panorama
to the tourist up the St. John Valley. As this is becoming

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more widely known, the stream of summer travel is increas-
ing. This of itself is no unimportant factor to be taken into
account in considering the future business of this Railway.
The relations between Fredericton and Gibson are so intimate
as to make them practically one centre. Four steam-ferries
run regularly between the two places. The St. John is here
upwards of one-half a mile wide, and is navigable to this
point during the whole season of navigation by vessels of one
hundred tons, and during spring and fall by vessels of large
size. Gibson is practically accessible at any time during the
season of open water, by such vessels as are ordinarily en-
gaged in the West Indian trade and the coasting trade of the
United States.

The station grounds at Gibson consist of a block of land
containing eight acres, held by the Company under a
ninety-nine years lease (with covenant for renewal), at a
rental of $270 per annum. They have a frontage of 1,700
feet on the St. John River, including a wharf with 400 feet
riverfrontage. Upon these premises are four dwelling houses for
the use of certain officers of the road ; also the head offices of the
Railroad and of the land department, together with wood and
freight sheds, passenger station, engine-house, turn-table and
machine-shops, all in good order. The machine-shops are
more complete than any other railway machine-shops in the
Maritime Provinces of Canada, except the Intercolonial
Works of Moncton ; and the Company is independent of any
outside aid whatever in keeping the road and rolling-stock in
repair, and in the construction of every description of rolling-
stock except locomotives. The machinery in the shops is as
follows : —

1 Stationary Engine.

1 Pony Engine for pumping.

1 Double-ended Wheel-lathe.

1 Axle and Wheel-lathe.

1 Gap -screw Cutting-lathe.

1 Small Screw-lathe for light work.

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2 Drill Machines.

1 Shaping Machine.

1 Bolt-cutting Machine.

1 Steam Hammer,

1 Gay and Wood Planer.

1 Grooving and Surface Planer.

1 Four foot Dia. Circula.-Saw and Table.

1 One foot Dia. Circular-Saw and Table.

1 One do do for grooving.

1 Tenon Machine.

1 Variety Moulding-Machine.

1 Band-saw.

1 Straight Moulding Machine.

2 Emery Grinding Machines, with all the necessary fittings
and hand tools, the whole in good order.

For the first twelve miles, or to Keswick Station, the N. B.
Railway follows the St. John river, and is for the greater part
of the distance near the river bank. No more beautiful or
more prosperous section of country, from an agricultural point
of view, can be found in Canada. At Keswick there is a com-
modious station building, which is well situated as respects the
trade of a very large tract lying farther up the St. John. The
railroad here enters the valley of the Keswick, a branch of the
St.. John, which it follows for 16^ miles, or to Upper Keswick,
passing Zealand Station at 7f miles from Keswick. What has
been said of the St. John Valley as a farming district, is
true, only on a smaller scale, of the .Keswick valley ; but in
addition to the settlements, through which the railway line
passes, large agricultural districts lie on either side of the rail-
way, and are intersected by nearly five hundred miles of high-
way road, the railway stations being located with a view to
furnishing central points for the shipment of produce. Mill-
ville station is 10 miles from Upper Keswick, and is an im-
portant centre for freight. The next station to Millville is
Woodstock Junction, l:3f miles farther up the line. There is
a largo two story hotel and dining hall here owned by the

Vifi_

Company ; which contains also the station master's office.
Here are also fuel sheds, an Engine house with car scale.s,
sidings, etc.

The country between Millville and Hartland, the next
station to Woodstock Junction and 9 miles from it, is mostly
all a forest ; but new settlers t^re locating themselves at differ-
ent points, and as the land is, except for a few miles, of most
excellent character, it will probably be soon all occupied by
farms. In the meantime, the shipment of the produce of
the forest furnishes a good deal of business to the road. At
Hartland the railroad again enters the St. John Valley. This
is a place of considerable trade, which must increase as the
settlement of the back country progresses. Hartland is the
trading point, not only for the old communities along the river,
but also for large new settlements in the interior. Here are a
station, freight house, sidings, etc.

From this point until the terminus at Edmunston is reach-
ed, the railway follows the river, being at no point more
than a mile away from it, passing through an unbroken settle-
ment all the way, although at a few points the forest is stand-
ing along the track, where the road runs through wood lots
upon improved farms. On the eastern side of the river and
extending back from it, in some places fifteen miles, are a suc-
cession of fine new settlements. These are rapidly growing
in wealth and importance. Where twenty-five years ago the
forest was unbroken, are broad farms and commodious build-
ings. The soil is very fertile. On the west bank of the river,
the settlements extend in tier after tier to the United States
boundary, a distance of from 9 to 1 1 miles, and thence for many
miles into Aroostook, Me. The first station above Hartland
is Florenceville, which takes its name from a village on the
opposite side of the river. A steam ferry plies between these
points. Nine miles west of Florenceville is Centreville, and
four miles further is Bridgewater, Me., both trade centres for
a large ai-ea of settled country. At Florenceville station there
is in addition to the station building, a freight house and

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sidings. Kent station is 3J miles above Florenceville. Here
connection is made by highway with the head waters of the
Miramichi, as well as with several fine settlements. From this
station large quantities of supplies are sent to the woods for
the use of parties engaged in lumbering. Bath station is three
miles beyond Kent, and Muniac 11;J miles beyond Bath. A
large Scotch colony has lately been located near Muniac,
which within a few years must afford considerable business to
the road. Muniac is a point for the shipment '^f produce from
and supplies to the very excellent farming district on the
west bank of the St. John. Passing for 8 miles over the rich
\ farms of Perth, the station of that name is reached. At this

point, the railroad crosses to the west bank of the St. John, by
a bridge eight hundred feet long to Andover, the shire town of
Victoria county. Andover and Perth are the seat of a large
lumber and local trade, and are situated near the mouth of the
Tobique, one of the largest tributaries of the St. John. Two
much stress cannot be laid upon the future importance of the
Tobique River as a feeder to the Railway. It is sixty-three
miles to the forks of the stream, and the settlements have
reached that distance, although they are not continuous.

There is a steady influx of people into the farming lands
adjacent to the Tobique. This river drains an area of a
million acres, more than one-half of which is tillage land of
the best description, and is owned by the N. B. R. Co., and is
unoccupied. Andover has good hotels, and is a resort for
tourists who are attracted by the fishing in the Tobique and
neighboring streams. Aroostook Junction is the next station
above Andover, and is six miles from it. In addition .to the
station are sidings and engine-house, turn-table, &c. Lime-
stone Station is 8| miles above the Junction. It takes its
name from the American village of Limestone, 4 miles dis-
tant. From Limestone Station to Grand Falls, the next
station is 10 miles Here there is a large freight and pas-
senger station, an engine-house, turn-table, siding, &c. The
station and village take their name from the falls on the St.

John River. Notwithstauding the lack of good hotel ficcoinmo-
dation, and the difficulty of reaching the Falls before the con-
struction of the Railway, they attracted many visitoi-s
annually.

Now that good hotels have been opened and railway con-
nections bring the Falls within easy reach of the American
cities, a tide of summer travel is setting toward this really
attractive spot, which must not only add to the importance of
the town and lead to the settlement of the adjacent farming
lands, but also prove a great source of revenue to the Rail-
way. A large Danish settlement has been established in this
vicinity, which although only seven years old is in a most
flourishing condition, and last year raised a very large sur-
plus crop, chiefly wheat. This settlement will be largely in-
creased if the adjacent lands are not locked up by the Rail-
way Company.

The physical conformation of the country is such as points
to a very prosperous future for Grand Falls, it being the point
from which easiest access can be had to an area of upwards of
a million acres of well-timbered land belonging to the N. B.
R. Company. This land, when cleared, will yield abundant
crops.

A short distance above the Falls the Railway again crosses
to the east bank of the river by a bridge eight hundred feet
long. This was necessary, because from a point 2| miles
above the Falls, the St. John River forms the boundary line
between New Brunswick and the United States. The rail-
way here enters Madawaska County, and from this point to
Edmunston, thirty-eight miles, is probably the most thickly
settled district of New Brunswick. From some points of
view the houses appear to form a continuous street, so close
are they together.

The first station of importance is St. Leonard's, thirteen
miles from Grand Falls. A large trade is done here with Van
Buren, an American village on the opposite bank of the St.
John, where there are mills and starch factories. A confer^

eiice has lately been held between representatives of the
Canadian and the United States Governments relative to the
bridging of the St. John at this point as well as at Edmuns-
ton. Grton River Station is 16| miles above St. Leonard's.
Green River is an important stream, as it drains a valuable
lumber region belonging to the N. B. Railway Company. It
has an excellent mill-site near its mouth. St. Basil Station is
four miles from Green P = ver, and 5'^ miles from Edmunston, tiie
terminus of the road, i^dmunston is the shire town of Mada-
waska County. It is beautifully situated on rising ground
between the St. John and the Madawaska— a large tributary
stream which drains the Temiscouata and Toladi lake systems.
This town has a large local trade. Although the Railroad
goes no further, the banks of the St. John are settled on both
sides for forty miles above this point, and large new settle-
ments e^^cend back from the river. Extensive lumber opera-
tions are carried on above this point, and the Railroad does a
large business in bringing up supplies.

Such is an outline sketch of the main line. The Wood-
stock Branch is, as above stated, eleven miles long. It gives a
short line of road to the United States and the ports on the
St. Croix viu the N. B. & C. Railway, and also through con-
nections with St. John via this and the St. John & Maine
Railway.

Woodstock is the seat of some mills and manufactories,
is the shire town of Carleton County, as well as the centre
of a large section containing many valuable farms. The
Aroostook Branch leaves the junction of that name and fol-
lows the Aroostook River. At four miles it crosses the United
States boundary and enters the State of Maine. Three miles
from the boundary it reaches Fort Fairfield, an enterprising
and flourishing town. Thereare large station grounds here with
station-house, sidings, etc. The present terminus of the branch
is Cariboo, twelve miles from Fort Fairfield. Here are an en-
gine-house, stations, turn-tables, etc. Nearly equi-distant from
both of these towns, and about ten miles to the South, is

'■^i*.

Presqu'ile, which does a large trade with the Railway. 'Hm
fertility of the Aroostook country is proverbial all over the
U. S., although the soil is in no wise superior to hundreds of
thousands of acres of the N. B, Railway grant which lie on
the same geological formation. Aroostook is, comparatively
speaking, a newly settled country, but it gives promise of be-
coming what an eminent authority in the U. S. foretold of it
a quarter of a century ago — " the Granary of New England."
Notwithstanding the tendency of the American people to
" go West," and the inducements held out by Western railway
companies, there is a constant influx of first class settlers into
Aroostook. During the year 1879, 500 families moved to the
Aroostook from other parts of the U.S., and there is no reason to
expect any falling off" for years to come. The yield of produce is
enormous ; vast quantities of potatoes are raised, and within
the last few years fourteen starch factories, capable of making
six thousand tons of starch annually, have gone into operation.
The carriage of this starch together with the surplus agricul-
tural and forest produce, affords a large, steady and remun-
erative freight business to the railroad, when it is remembered
that for three million acres, of Aroostook County, the N. B. R.
is the shortest and readiest outlet, and that although the yield
of produce is so vast, the settlement of the country is only fairly
begun, some idea may be formed of the probable value in the
near future of this Aroostook connection. To briefly sum-
marize, the N. B. Railway is the natural, and at present the
only outlet for an area embracing parts of New Brunswick,
Quebec and Maine, containing in the aggregate over eig/it mil-
lion acres, every acre of which is valuable, either for its timber
or as farm land. And by very much the greater part of it is
not only well timbered, but is of the highest fertility. It
begins at the head of navigation, for ocean-going vessel on the
St. John, and extends to within seventy-seven miles of the
Intercolonial, at a point near Riviere Ouille, to which a line
for a railway easy of construction can be found. If this is built>
the distance from Quebec and all points west of St. John will

>'.i||fi

be two hundred and forty miles less than via the I. C. Railway.
Its construction would give to the interior provinces, the short-
est possible route to the sea, and to a winter port over British
soil. In this event, the importance of the N. B. Railway as a
part of the great Canadian Railway system, extending from
the Atlantic to the Pacific, can hardly be over-estimated. As
these things are yet in the future, we will confine our attention
to the local trade. This is increasing, and must within a few
years be very much larger than it is now. With the increase
of population has come a better system of agriculture. It
must be borne in mind, that the present prosperity of the
country has been attained in spite of the serious drawbacks,
resulting from imperfect means of transportation to a market.
Now that this has been remedied, and this immense area of
fertile land with its vast stores of timber is easily acoessiljle, and
those articles of agricultural produce for which it is best adapt-
ed find a ready market in Great Britain, it is reasonable to
expect even more rapid progress than that which has marked
the last quarter of a century.

The equipment of the N. B. Railway consists of: —

10 Locomotives, (mostly nearly new.)
9 Passenger Cars.
117 Freight Cars.
4 Snow Ploughs.

20 Hand Cars.

22 Hand Lorries, and a full assortment of track tools.
There are self-feeding water Tanks erected at every twelve
miles of the road. Although the Railway was in course of
construction, and notwithstanding the almost unprecedented
stagnation in all departments of business, the net earnings of
the railway for the past two years were $54,000.00. The
earnings for the three months of December, January and Feb-
ruary last, shew an increase of forty-three per cent, over the
corresponding three months of the previous year. The timber
lands of the Company have been, and must continue to be a
great source of revenue, and although owing to the gi*eat

depression in the lumber trade, only a small portion of the
lands was under lease, sufficient revenue has been collected
from them to meet a large portion of the interest on the bonds.
The first charge for stumpage was seventy-five cents per
thousand superficial feet for spruce ; one dollar a thousand for
pine logs ; fifty cents a ton for birch, with corresponding rates
for cedar. This has been increased from time to time, and
the stumpage now collected is $1.50 per thousand superficial
feet for spruce ; $2.00 for pine ; $1.00 per ton for birch, and
corresponding rates for cedar and other lumber. Should the
present improvement in the lumber market continue, it is the
intention of the Trustees to increase the stumpage on spruce
to $2.00 per thousand, on pine to $2.50, and on other lumber
in proportion.

The cost of the New Brunswick Railway was as follows : —

Bonds issued $1,994,000

Cash subsidies 177,000

Cash from Stock subscription 507,000

Rolling stock purchased from earn-
ings of road 54,000

Total cost $2,732,000
The sole liability of the road consists of the bonds above
mentioned, and these are chargeable upon the land ; the road,
rolling stock and property of every description belonging to
the ^Corporation.

In addition to the road and its equipment, the N. B. Rail-
way Company have as assets their grant by way of subsidy
from the Provincial Government of 1,647,772 acres of land,
less 600 acres sold, leaving 1,647,172 in the hands of the Com-
pany. Of this, there is on the head waters of the Miramichi
River 300,000 acres, upon which from a long experience
in lumbering operations backed by the opinion of experi-
enced foresters, I estimate there is an average of 5,000 super-
ficial feet of spruce and pine to the acre, or fifteen hundred
miUio7t8 in all. On the St. John and its tributaries the re-

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Jnainder, consisting of 1,347,172 acres, lies. This will average
1,500 superficial feet per acre, or tivo thousand and twenty
millions in all, making a grand total of spruce and pine for
the whole Railway grant of three thousand jive hundred and
tiventy million superficial feet. The birch, ash, elm and other
exportable hard woods will average one ton per acre, or
1,647,172 tons.

The amount of cedar is incalculable. It is very much
within the mark to estimate an average of 2,000 superficial
feet per acre, or 3,294,000,000 feet in all. This, at the present
rates of stumpage collected by the Company, namely, $1.50
per 1,000 for spruce and pine and cedar, and $1.00 per ton
for birch, ash, elm and other hardwoods of exportable value,
represent a total present value of $11,837,655, and there
would yet remain a large quantity of valuable wood. In
addition to this, on one block of 40,000 acres in Carleton
County, through which the Railroad runs, it is estimated that
there is besides all other lumber 160,000,000 superficial feet
of hemlock logs, which will give 160,000 cords of hemlock
bark, worth at present rates $1.25 per cord for stumpage. This
lumber is now ready to be cut and is all within comparatively
easy reach, the Railway lands being intersected in all directions
by large streams. This fact, and the facilities afforded by the
Railway for carrying supplies to the interior, give these tim-
ber lands a greater value than similar land in other localities.
In addition to the trees now standing and of marketable
value, there is a large young growth supplying the place of
what is cut away, so that with a prudent system of forestry
and careful management on the part of the land officers, there
is no good reason why the supply of lumber should ever be
exhausted, although if the lands of the Company are opened
for settlers it will naturally be diminished as the settlements in-
crease. These estimates of lumber are so large as to be almost
startling, yet they are too low in the opinion of many persons
well qualified to judge by a lifetime spent in and about the
lumber woods.

It is worthy of remark that while the land grants of the
Western Railways in the United States are lessened in value
hy the reservation of alternate blocks by the Government,
the New Brunswick Railway lauds form a continuous area.
In conclusion, it may be noticed that while the area of the
Province of Prince Edward Island is 2,173 square miles, and
that of the State of Rhode Island 1,3C6 square miles, the
territory owned by the New Brunswick Railway is 2,575
square miles. Before the grants of the land issued, each sec-
tion was explored by experienced agents of the Company,
and all of inferior quality rejected.

ALEX. GIBSON,

Managing Trustee for the Bondholders of the
New Brunswick Railway.

■-«i.r.i-hi, mi,. OrtMi

APPENDIX No. 1.

Fredericton, New Brunswig
28th February, 1880.

Sir,—

At your request, 1 have prepared a short report on the
lands granted by the Province of New Brunswick to the New
Brunswick Railway Company.

The vast extent of country covered by the grants, and the
short length of time allowed me in which to prepare this sketch,
preclude the possibility of minuteness. I have endeavored to
state as accurately as possible such facts as have come to my
knowledge during many years of labour as Deputy Crown Land
Surveyor, among the forest-covered lands referred to in the
annexed brief report.

Your obedient servant,

Alex. Gibson,

Managing Trustee
For the New Brunswick
Railway.

EDWD. JACK,

Deputy Cro7vn Land Surveyor
For the Province of New
Brunswick.

The following tracts of land situated on the Saint John, Mira-
michi, and Restigouche Rivers, and their branches, were granted
to the New Brunswick Railway at the dates specified : —

Granted /« 1873.

Acres.

. W. of Tobique River 92,417

. Grand River 26,000

. Odell River 39,7oo

. Gulquac 18,400

. S. W. Miramichi 94,900

. Southampton 8,300

. Becaguimec 41,000

. Little Salmon River 305583

ISt

tract . .

2nd

3rd

4th
5th
6th

7th
8th

ISt tract

2nd

^rd

Granted in 1874.

Little Clearwater 4.855

N. Branch S. W. Miramichi. 21,500

W. of Tobique R 17,600

'- 351.300 ac.

4th 1

.ract

4th

5 th

5th

6th

7th

8th

ist tract

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

I St

tract

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

((

9th

loth "

nth "

Record

(

[(

I St tract
2nd "

3rd "

4th "

5th "

6th "

7th "

Granted in 1874 — Continued.

Acres.

north Becaguimec 4>57o

south Do 8,095

north Northampton 5*882

south Do 718

.... Acker's Brook 2,608

east Do 392

.... Green River 32,560

.... Grand River 49,94°

Mamosekel and Little To-

bique 151,387

.... N. Branch S. W. Miramichi. 14,601

.... Green River 26,800

Do 4,600

.... Northampton 1,709

Do 538

Grants issued in 1876.

Baker Lake 1 1,200

Up. St. Francis 45,45°

W. Side Tobique 25,900

Head of Restigouche 76,450

.... E. of Ennishone 10,800

. . , . W. Side of Tobique R 20,000

E. Side of Wapskehegan. . . 56,500

Riley Brook 10,640

.... N. Branch S.W. Miramichi. 27,000

.... Knowlesville 15,500

.... Naciwicac 905

24,140 W. of Tobique R 1,664

24,139 Rocky Brook 3>72i

23,162 Kent & Stanley (Stanley,

58,187 ; Kent, 8,813) 67,000

Grants issued in 1878.

N. Br. S.W. Miramichi 92,381

.... Gulquac 21,822

Grand River 8,640

east Do 10,790

west Do. 10,677

" W. of Tobique 7,000

" Green River 12,650

" E. of Ennishone 5,773

148,720 ac.

1 99*635 ac.

300,345 ac.

72,385 ac.

169,733 ac.

' .^— ■

1st

tract .

2nd

i«

:>rd

4th

5tli

Grants issue// in 1879.

Haley Brook ^3,33^

Heads of Tobique S. Br. ) 205,421
& Gulquac Rivers.... ) 1,158

Jardine's Brook 65,362

Head of Restigouche R r 27,049

412,326 ac.

Total 1,654,444 ao.

From this amount is to be deducted
for deficiency in 9th tract, 1876,
2,888 acres, and in the 8th tract,
'874. 3>784 acres.

Total deficiency 6,672 ac.

Net amount granted N. B. Rail. Co. 1,647,772 ac.

Six hundred acres n.ast be deducted from the above amount
of 1,647,772 acres, the same having been transferred by
th ,' Company to others. r

In describing the lands of the New Brunswick Railway Com-
pany, as the greater quantity are situated on the River St. John
or its tributaries, I will commence with a description of the qua-
lity of the soil there, and of the timber growing thereon, and from
thence proceed to a description of those situated on the Mira-
michi River and its tributaries, which are generally different from
the former, both as regards quality of soil and varieties of timber.
I will say nothing of the soil of the Miramichi lands owned by
the Company, they being generally useless for farming purposes,
and adapted merely to the uses of the lumber man. A large part
of these Miramichi lands are enclosed in the spruce belt described
by me in the report of Dr. Baily and myself hereafter referred to.

The grants situated to the east of the Woodstock Junction,
and shown on the plan annexed, are generally covered by the
red soil of the sub-carboniferous rocks which is generally so well
adapted for farming as mentioned by J, F. W. Johnston, F.R.S.,
in his report on the agricultural resources of New Brunswick.
The lands embraced in them are covered by an extensive growth
of hemlock, spruce, cedar, birch, and numerous other varieties of
wood. As these lands were selected by myself personally, I can
speak confidently of them and of their value. Much spruce has
been cut in this country, but much growing and thrifty trees yet
remain.

As the soil is good, the increase in the growth will average
from lyi io 1)4 inches in diameter to each tree for a period of
five years. This, when the immense number of small trees which

6,672 ac.

amount
erred by

'ay Com-
St. John
the qua-
ind from
le Mira-
ent from
f timber,
wned by
urposes,
irge part
escribed
erred to.
unction,
1 by the
' so well
F.R.S.,
inswick.
: growth
ieties of
y, I can
lice has
rees yet

average
^riod of
IS which

are found in these forests are considered, adds yearly much to
the value of these lands. There is here yet much birch fit for
small timber, but the growth of this wood not being rapid, when
the larger trees are cut out, some time must elapse before those
which remain are large enough for the market. Neither the hem-
lock nor cedar have been cut on this land. Both of these woods
abound here ; indeed, this is one of the best hemlock localities
in the Province. This wood is gradually becoming scarcer all
through New Brunswick ; it has nearly disappeared from the
Eastern States, and the extensive firm of tanners, W. Shaw & Co.
(the leading firm in this business in America), are erecting
extract of hemlock bark works not far from this vicinity.

The New Brunswick Railway Company stumpage, or charge
for hemlock bark standing, is one dollar per cord. These lands
will yield from two to four cords to the acre. The land on which
this timber grows will, after the wood is cut and good roads made
through it, bring from $2 to $3 per acre, or even $4, time being
given in which to make the payments for the same.

The opportunities for road-making are good, and the land is
in near proximity to the railway, as well as at a moderate distance
from St, John River.

I repeat again, from my own personal knowledge, that the
greater part of this land is excellent. Indeed the land on the
south branch of the Becaguimec, which was rejected by me as
being very much inferior to that which I selected, has been
applied for by settlers, many of whom have gone thereon to work
and make farms.

The Company's land situated between the north and south
branches of the Becaguimec is not good settling land, but is
covered with a young and thrifty growth of spruce ; it has in the
past yielded large quantities of timber, and will do so again when
the young trees have time to increase in diameter to the required
size. The quantity of acres here is not very large.

The land lying between the Nashwaak and St. John Rivers, is
high hardwood land, having on it much birch timber, the Railway
Company's stumpage for which is one dollar per ton. This is
good land for settling purposes.

A tract of good farming land comprising many thousands of
acres extends from Forreston or Beaufort on the south-west Mira-
michi, to the Tobique River, a stream which drains one of the
most fertile, if not the most fertile districts in New Brunswick,
tens of thousands of whose acres continuously are of the most
fertile character.

No part of the grant to the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Lands Company will compare with it for a moment. Prior to
the building of the New Brunswick Railway, it was so distant
from markets as to be of little value.

To particularize as nearly as possible, I may say, that, com-

mencing at the mouth of the Tobique, and extending up that
river to the line of the County of Restigouche, thence to the
Grand River, twelve miles above the Grand Falls, following the
Grand River from its source to its mouth, and thence down the
Saint John, to the mouth of the Tobique, is to be found the most
fertile land in New Brunswick, long swelling ridges covered by
a growth of rock maple, birch and beech, and occasionally elm,
and a good deal of black ash, which borders many of the streams.
This country is almost entirely free from surface stone, pre-
senting in this respect, as well as in that of its fertility, a most
favourable contrast to the land on the seaboard and middle
section of New Brunswick, which is generally of inferior quality.
The soil of the fertile belt referred to rests on the upper
Silurian rocks, which are here distinguished by calcareous slates,
whose decomposition yields lime in great abundance. Professor
Johnston, in his report quoted above, says that " it is on this
formation that the richest upland soils of the Province are
formed."

From the Grand Rivor to the Saint Francis, as well as
towards the Restigouche, I am not sufficiently well informed as
regards the state of the country (having visited it but seldom),
to express an opinion.

I may, however, state that I am informed by very reliable
explorers, that on Green River, and some of the other tributaries
of the Saint John above Grand River, as well as on that river,
and the head of the Restigouche, cedar is found of large size, and
in great abundance.

On many of the branches of Tobique, I observed this wood
in great abundance. At some not very future day, a large income
will accrue to the owners of the soil for stumpage on this wood.
I am also informed that there is a considerable quantity of
good settling land on the Railway Company's property between
the Grand River and Saint Francis.

As regards the lands owned by this Company on the Saint
John and its branches, I can safely say without fear of contra-
diction, that from 500,000 to 800,000 acres of it is by far the best
forest covered land in New Brunswick, it only requires good roads
to be made through it to be at once bought up by settlers, who
would pay from $1.50 to $2.00 per acre for the same. These
payments should be made by annual instalments, commencing
when the settler is fairly under way ; they should of course be
chargeable upon the land, these lands being good, the security
for the purchase money due thereon, would yearly improve.
Along the shore of New Brunswick, and in its middle section,
the growing timber was the best part of the lot ; in the country
of which I speak, it is the soil.

Persons to whom climate is a consideration, will find on
reference to the Meteorological Reports of the Dominion of

Canada, that the winters of New Brunswick are on the average
nearly 20° warmer than at Winnipeg, in Manitoba. And further,
that if the trees have to be cleared away before the soil can be
made available, these furnish fuel in abundance to warm and
cheer the settler in the winter nights, and to protect his clearings
from the winds which sweep with such severity over the extensive
and often treeless plains of Manitoba.

The productiveness of the soil on the fertile belt named, may
be judged of by that of the County of Arestook (the best county
in the State of Maine, so far as the soil is concerned), of which
it is the extension to the north-east, that being about the usual
strike of the rock belts on the river St. John. It may be as well
to say something about the timber on the railway lands on the
Saint John ; as space is limited, I give but a short synopsis,
referring those who wish further information, to a descriptive
catalogue of the woods and minerals of New Brunswick, prepared
by Dr. L. W. Bailey, of the University of New Brunswick, and
myself, at the instance of the Government of New Brunswick, for
useat the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, in 1876.

Birch. — The lands of the New Brunswick Railway Company
monopolize nearly all of the birch timber on the most accessible
places on Saint John River and its tributaries, with the exception
of that which is to be had on the Arestook, and some few other
streams which take their rise in the State of Maine.

Maple. — This excellent wood abounds nearly everywhere
over the Company's lands.

Beech. — This tree, generally indicative of
found in great quantities, is yet interspersed
hardwood trees over the various tracts owned
on St. John River.

Black Ash. — This extremely handsome
abundantly fringing the shores of the various
St. John, especially above the Grand Falls,
abundant on the Grand River.

Spruce. — This tree is not nearly so plentiful on the good
farming lands of the Company on the St. John as it is on the
rocky and inferior lands of the Miramichi. It occurs, however,
(the white variety especially) in numerous localities on the Com-
pany's lands on the St. John, scattered here and there through
the forests. When spruce deals are high in the European market,
many logs will be gathered from various places. Late low prices
have discouraged log-haulers from cutting scattering timber,
which is always more expensive to get than that which grows in
bodies.

Cedar. — This valuable wood, which must yearly increase in
value, is found in very great abundance on the Company's lands.

a poor soil when
among the other
by the Company,

wood is found
tributaries of the
It is particularly

sstaBBa

ir^

THE N. B. R. R. COMPANY'S LANDS ON THE MIRAMICHI AND ITS

BRANCHES.

These are, as before stated, essentially timber, and not farming
lands. They comprise, without any doubt, by far the best timber
lands on the Miramichi, and it is upon them that the saw-mills
at Chatham and Newcastle, the sea-ports of this river, must
largely depend for (heir supply of spruce. These ports now ex-
port per year to Europe deals to the amount of about 60,000
standards. The stumpage or royalty which is now charged by
the Company on spruce logs is $1.50 per m. feet, superficial mea-
sure (two m. feet are nearly equivalent to a standard), the yield of
six or seven trees. This will, no doubt, ere long increase to $2.50
to $3.00 per m., as is now charged on the St. Croix, the river
which divides the State of Maine from New Brunswick.

The Company's lands on this river will yiefd from thirty to
fifty million feet of spruce timber for many years to come. The
number of acres on the Miramichi will be probably upwards of
300,000 acres.

In conclusion, it may be safely affirmed that this Company
has now nearly a monopoly of the really valuable forest-covered
agricultural lands in the Province of New Brunswick.

This Railway Company has also the most compact body of
black spruce in New Brunswick, which is situated on the shores
and adjacent to streams possessing excellent facilities for bring-
ing the timber near them to market at the seaboard.

From its position on the Miramichi River, and the cheapness
with which supplies and men can be taken from the railway sta-
tions into the forest, it must always occupy a commanding posi-
tion, in as far as the numerous steam saw-mills on the Miramichi
River are concerned, which must be largely dependent on this
source of supply to keep them employed.

EDWARD JACK,
Deputy Crown Land Surveyor for New Brunswick.

<!f-i_^

II AND ITS

lot farming
jest timber
e saw-mills
river, must
ts now ex-
out 60,000
harged by
rficial mea-
he yield of
ise to $2.50
, the river
c.

n thirty to
me. The
ipwards of

i Company
st-covered

ct body of
the shores
for bring-

cheapness
ailway sta-
ding posi-

Miramichi
nt on this

Brunswick.

APPENDIX No. 2.

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT.

Sir,—

Fredericton, N. B., 28th February, 1880.

belts which traverses New Brun«ick • as k i/.l * 'Tu ^r"'""^

''Qler GTXT'thfch'here'crrrfe'sli' ^"''^"' ^°«='" -"' ""=
lead, .0 what ext'enTTL^orn^r 'b uXrE iT^ ""f
consider that the examination of th s Sict bv a t„ T' '

urxiani?tr°tKeb^!;,rS^^^^

dtco'teVer™- °^ '^^ 'oeX'-rsreV^^ ^a^'w!^

in New Bru"slicr"Th s is whe% th'e^ ^et,r^' '°'r """"^'»
examined by Mr. Hoffman were found, 'in^he am betof"' f
m which the Antimony deposit of Pr nr. w;n^ belt of roclts
.he^CyCopcedia Britan^nicr.rdtr ?hrh^rd^ro>Sr„l t

caml'fror th/fJ-TqTe."' ^"""' "'P'^''^' °' ^^P" ""ich I saw

Vours truly,

A. Gibson, Esq.,

Mamging Trustee N. £. Railway.

EDWARD JACK.