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23 WEST MAIN STREEJ
WEBSTER, N. Y. t4S80
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sdME notf:s
ON iHr: '
SOI.IDATION OF l\v() SvSTKMS
oF Klicctric SuPI'LV *
• i
. . liV
A. A. DION. M.A.l. MAI.,
Ottawa, Ont.
• \'
4
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^
whichsixorseve™ ';fo^;^ P«^^^^^ '^^' ^^"'ral stations!
ment of the best and Jates^ or/r. r. ^'' T"" ^' '^^ ^'"bodi-
in the race for weahh in 'Tew^onh. ' ''"^ '''''■^^^y hahd.capped
hâve been made 'inœ'thàt Time ^"' ""P'ovements uïïch
inat.^ïrS;p:ï3S^;^;--^J^;He^useofe
bution at constant Dotential -^nH ,1 d>fficulties of distri-
clevised to meet tK^condîtions E^/cf '"' ""-r ^'-"^ '° ^e
whose stations were equiDned wh- ^ \^T"= '"PP'y companies,
volts seemed like teSnl ^^f" .'^'^"'"'""r «» ""« 'housand
units were the ruleratEhln'^h/!.'"' '"^ '"^^" 8«"erat6r
. sible to adopt more economfcal «vf/'^P^'r'.""^ ''"'^ *' '"^Pos-
undue sacriL of .Ua "u s .nr,'^'*^"'' «f distribution without
wardstheimprove?nTntof heir J""'' ""^H" their efforts to-
limitsofexisting pressures "" to changes within the
infïec^e^t^:;; t&^lrstnn:l^;^'!ii;^;j"'--^^. -'-h is not
problem.thatofconsolidLtin.^ ^ another and more difficult
éléments to Lm Sfe Ind nn[r''' '"^ «"^«tjmes conflicting
out throwing any apSatus o. nf "' '^''^•"- '^° ^° '^is with^
wnter .aslttel/cTd"uVrt"ôunSS "^^ '-«^ ^''^t the
plan ad^ptS! Eu! simS;;SK '^"^' ï "^^ ^-^"^ «^ 'he
case, believing that Tfu^rn stin. eTch oT/T' '" " P"*"''^"'»^
^mg worlc donc in our resoectivP Jm f ^- '"'^"™at>on regard-
•^the obiects of thL AssocEn . t"^^'^''''"' ''^ ^''^^ carry oui
members may b?bâiefi»ed b^ th. i" """^'^ "'"'• ^""^^ "^^he
may bring oui if noTb^the pa^Htsdf """" "''^'' ''^'^ P^P"
e.e^c^.ic'^'irghrcï^srnS '^!i^ -?p-^^ ^•^-
Company," "The ChinHiJ^rri \ .The 0^3,,.^ gj^^j^j^
was vvater, and was transmitted tL^M t% / motive-* power
operating under a head «rSen feet Th ^ 7"""' .'"^'''"^^
ment consisted of eichteen T H ^^ a ^^^ electrical equip-
factured by the Roval Cn ol m " f" ^"'P^''^ «enerators manu-
Jighting th'e sUeetStSe aty and QTi'.htK^"^-^'^ ''«''^^ ^''^
This Company aiso ownpH /c!^ n^^ ^,^'f ^°'' P^^^^^ lighting.
arc lamp repairs "^"^^ a small workshop for armature and
la»
i :>;
THIi.CMAUlilKRI.; KI.l.CTKiC I.KIHTANI) POWKk COMPANY.
■7. This Company was tlie next in point of R^e, it havint; com-
menced business in 1887. Its bii^iiness was confinée! to incan-
descent lifih'inf. and supplyinj; power for motors. Its first plant
was a multiple séries System, using llie well known U. S double
magnet geneiators of 25 ampères lind 550 volts. The liiilitinv-
was hmited to stores an<I other public places ; five IIkIus were run
m séries. Each hj-ht pendent consisfed of two lamps, one
above the other. The lower lamp alone normally turned.
When, however it burned oui, an electro-magnetic device, con-
tained in the socket, instantly brou^ht the uppef lamp in circuit
thereby preserving the continui'y ihereof. , '
8. Thèse machines were replaced m I880 by the Alternatinn
Current Converter System, but were used later for other pur
poses Ihe first installation of the latter system consistée! of
ixyo Westinghous» sniooth coi;e alternatorsof 750 liuhts capadtv
each, that were separatelyexcited by small machines of the U S
type. At the time of amalgamation ,this company had installée!
27,000 incandescent lights and 42-5^ volt motors rangifit from
one and one-half to 20 h. p. and aggregating 320 h p
9- rhis company occupied three power houses, which, for
me purpose of this paper we will designate as "a " "b" and "c "
10. "a" was the original powe* house, and wàs operated bv
water. k contained eight 750 light Westinghouse altemators
separately excited. From this station eleven pairs of lightintr
feeders raji to vaneius parts of the city. The switchboard was
equipped with indicating instruments of the Westinghouse
pendulum type -one ampère mpter for each pair of feeders and
one yolrmeter for each alternator- Westinghouse compensators,
Wurtz non-arcing l,ghtning arresters and a large number of
double-throw switches by means of which the feeders and gener-
ators were made interchangeable. Some of the longer cfrcuits
were supplied with regulatorS or "boosteis."
11. "b" was tte next power house to be occupied. It was
also a water power station and was built when the dailv loads
outgrew the capacity of "a." The electrical eeiuipment of "b»
consisted.ofa,i,5cx> light Westinghouse alternator with smooth
core armature and a 120 K. W. alternator with toothed core
arm.ature, both separately excited, and a 75 K. W. 500 volt U S
direct current generator of the upright lyoe. The alternators
were separately connected by wires to the switchboard in station
J'J'T^ hundred feet away, and the D.,C. generator sup-
plied the motor circuits, two in number. which ran from this
station.
12. "c" wasa steam power station which had been built in
I893 as an auxiliary, made necessary, on account of periodical
diminution of the water power tlirough anchor ice and other
causes. No place could be found for the steam plant oi7the
premises of the other stations, therefore it had to be ericted
some distance away on a water course where an abundattt sup-
ply of water was available for condensing, purposes. AdfÇÎitional
electrical equipment had therefore ^o be pfovided for thi/station
',5
distance f,';,,, „,a sw, ïhboaS. Sf nm ',7:;! ,'" '""'"
S,ooo watts. (>er thr^Hinr' ers ôr hi* ^''' "^ '^^'^ ^='''' ^"^
THK STAN..AK., Kr.KCTRIC COMi-ANV OF OTTAWA
buJmels n "sç, 'l/Tu'ld 'tT'''"^''^' . '"T^ commenced
station or anv naît oft Thl-=? ^ ninninj. the whole
entire flour mill day and niilu Ahn.l^. ,' mnn,r^ an
250 volt motors ranVi^fron ;,' it p o . " h T" H '""P'*' ^^
.ns .05 h. p The o'ther was held -.n'-rSe-rve '" ""^ ''''''^'''^
measunne instfunipntq Tnri r>i,.,> „ i ."^^''^^^^ '*' *■ "•
.ight,n, cLuUs anï"he V' '.ll'l.nïïo^t intérêt n'.ÏÏbi;'^ T^^"
voltmeters.were connected wjth the centres nfH?f,^K.- ^^^^
wattn,eters were used throuSo'Jt thé s7s^;,r" '^"P^ '"^"^ ^- "•
CONSOI.IDATION. "*'
|6. The plans adoptée! for consolidatiny iliese several Systems
hâve not ail bcen carried out at this time. The work is being
donc m a graduai maiiner in ordçr to cause no commotion
amonj,' subscribers, but for the pnirpose of this paper we will
assume that this work has been completed and speak of thin^t,
as they will be. As a fîi-st step fowards carrying out the proposed
changes,*he small work shops abovementioned were merged
mto a single one in l.wger and more commodious premises
knowrwhs theoldarc light station, owned by the company and
unoccupied at that time. Some additional tools were provided
and a foreman compétent to superintend any electrical and
mechanical work that might be required, wis put in charge.
17. P^or several reasons it was deemed advisable to m.iintain
the arc light service as a department entirely separate froni the
other branches of the business ; for instance, the hours of lighting
are limited, and the men connected with this service in most
cases hâve no connection with the other dêpartments. No
changes were made in thissiation beyond the addition of a 60
light Westingliouse arc light machifie, m order to mcrease the
reserve and decrease the liability of impaired service from burn-
outs, etc. ^
18. Each circuit is usually run independently from two gener-
ators, of a capacity of thirty-five and twenty-five lights respec-
tively, in séries. '
19. Three patrolmen drive through the streets of the city
during lighting hours starling np lamps that hâve gone out and
reportmg every morning ail lamps out, or requiring the atten-
tion of the repairer, as well as cases of improper carboning, etc.
20. Thèse patrolmen also answer ail fire alarms during light-
ing hours, and remain on hand at fires in order to eut wir^, if
necessary, and perform any' other duties which may suggest
»hemselves in the interests of the company. The daily reports
of thèse patrolmen are posted in a book kept for that purpose in
which the history of any particular lamp in the service can be
read at a glance.
21. In the atteiftpt to consolidate the two Systems of incandes-
cent lighting it soon became évident that ail the feeders must be
concentrated at one power house, in order that one station only
need be kept running during da> light, and water power being
cheaperthan coal, that station which had the largest water
wheel equipment wasthip most suitable for a centr.il station. The
Standard Electric Company's large and commodious power
house best answered the requirements and was selected as the
central or distributing ftation and.the alternators in the other
stations were connected, each bé a pair of wires, to a central
switfhboard in this station.
22. In the steam station a 500 volt, direct current, compound
wonnd generator of 250 h. p. was installed as a part of the power
System, to take the place of the 500 volt U. S. machine above
refetred to.
23. The stations a, b and c, of the Chaudière Company,
the central stat on ^^-'.""^'^ ^^"-^ ^"'' the switchboard in
rehostat, main combinée! sw;-h'''T'"' "'""■' ■''"^'■"■■«tor field
bined s^itch and cutô"r As .il ''"'', <-'"«"'- «"'' excter com-
serve ai thesàneïï.n7i,em.moseVo°"'' "^ "'" blocks, .that
mthecentra.swUchj;:;;^n; '^^^.tStd^'Srî'r "^^'
.ce^^eI5^^o^^;;lî^!;;;trMs;-^::rLr"'T' - '^^
ï^r:^na,Jt;^Se^rT^^'-^'^"-"^^
When a fuse blows ,he s ,dfien? ""'""' /'"u^' ''""y P^otecw^d
the chamber cv u es ' s> In "'T,"°" f "^'^ *'"' '^"P'-'ine/in
effectuallybrekin,he"r -II'' ''■''' "î''""^^ '^^ ''P^f^^e
the form of meSc pîn'ys which „ r'".'"''"' ''''"^ ""'"^"^ '" '
caPTO,o™ilea„y,,,oof,ha„e„eraSr" '" °' '""'"''"
able extent. To preîen w^i s ^'■"'\'' ^'"■'^^'° ^ consider-
opened. hand leve'rs u?re rrt J;dTo'' H '''" ", '^^''^^y ^''^"'^ '^
faster jjear with the Lie so ^s^„ '." "'™'' "'^ «overnor into
WhilethiswasaneSentfeiurè-^"'' " '" ■' ^"* '^'-°''^^-
a remedv for the more oHess con^n, P''"^^"''^« of ;.ccidents, %
in the circuits had to be found "nïforV ''""""""? "^ ^"^'L^^^
turbine was set up to run dvn^'nfn.V m ' Ç'^P''^'^ ^ sepa^te
of not only ail the direct c.rrer, "^ "f,^'<^"i"K the field#
the aiternLra in th s statirVl^e "«:;'"•'' ^'' ^^'"^ '^^'^ «^
stant, no matter how the sDeed n v v .. ""J^u""^' '■^'"^'" c"""
E. M. F. will be mateS^redùced' ' '"^"^^ fluctuations of
27. The machines used as evrlffis^Slk r ,
D. C. «enera.ors (rUn :tt n^volts f.SR u "^ '^ ~^° ^"'^
,of the 550 volt U. S. mthl?.eTte orT £rete
,wre System), for the 35o.nd 500 vok generlrs^'^"" " '^'"
circuit JSrSSayTwïeVlhe ^o"! T. ^'^^ ^PP'v '^e motor •
«J;^e..hiphhasL;SÏ^'-i|^^-J;f^t;-^^^
sw?ch''i'f ml'nJofuSh^fi'î'f P''"' ^'"' --^ ^""ble-throw
with the separa"e%!^i er or !XhU '"*''^' ^^ «--"""ected either
mny also be%xc Ld b^th^c, mmdn . '", ■'""'"''^'T- ^Itemators
change bein.made tC.:.LX"r.^irS.;"; '^^^P-^-'-y, the
.30. Eachofthe.hree companie^s had p<fle hnes in the same
r
A
^
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>>,>
districts ; in iri/thÉC^tases hoth sides nf a street were occupied by
them. The ninimer of pôles lobe inaintained wasrediicedby
pjjacintj ail the*wWes ninnint' on a slreel on ♦lie' best pôle line
and discardin^ tW' other. The linhtinj,' districts that^ were
occuined" by two difierent systenis were divided in two, so ihat,
while the ntimb'er bf feeders was actually reduced l>v three pairs
tbe niimber ofdistiiibution centres was doubicd ar>d the. line loss
• between them and tne converters was Correspond itigly dècreased.
31. The mains iitoinmi,' throu^h conii^ucus (mtrjctsar'e friade
to overlap, so that aW public biii4ilin)4S such ascfiurches, théâtres,
halisand hôtels havé their. liKlits divided 'between at leasl two
separate circuits andlconverters. This makes it ajmost impos-
sible, in case of accident, for ail the liyhts to bejout at one trnie.
32. The si;te of feecler units had been kep^j down within the
ca|).icity of the smalleit «enerator, but il was found advisable to
increase the units for the présent to i,oocrand i,5cx)liKhts, which
seemed to best fit our uenerator units.
,33- Kight circuit feedWs were ralculated for an ultjmale load
of i,5eo lij>hts, an.d ten\for 2,000 li«hts; Oiis lefç some mar>{in
for extensions. »
34. This chanjje ma(Se il nëcessary to* run ihe 750 light
machines in pairs as a 1,500 lij^hl unit.
35. 'First parÀllel lunnirt^ was Iried but it was found ihat the
idle currents were considlpnible al times and this melhod ÎSf
running was abando'ned. \ Two of the generators were ihen
mounted on iron jjirders set vpry arcurately so as to approxi-
mate a solid iron base, and flabged pulleys were pul on the
shafts and bolted toyelher. Thèse generators could ihus be
driven as a single machine. The armatures were connected in
multiple. If this arrangem/ent proves satisfactory, from a
mechanical pojnt of view, the other generators in this station
will be similarly coupled. ^. '
36. It is necèssary to the proper working of a lighling and
power service, that thff lôgses in ihe diflTerenl parts of each
circuit should'be predetermined'and unchangeable. In drderto
bet,ter obtain this resuit a séries of officiai wiring tables were
issued bv the company, covering inlerior wiring services, mains,
feeders, etc., together with such pritiled. .directions as would
secure uniformfty in^lhe manner of using ihe tables, a thing
much to be desired but not always obtained. The losses lo be
10% in feeders, 2X in mains, 1/ in service^.and 2% inside build-
ings calculated. ,
Sy. It was aiso necèssary for ihe convenienl woricing of the
lighling System that a i^iiform voilage should be n^ainuined on"
ail mains, and 1040 volis wasdecided'upon ; ifwasalso decided,
howeve^, that 50 volt lamps would be used, expérience having
taughl us Ihal laraps of médium efficiency when run by 'Waler
power gave the best results for cuslomers and company, when
, burned somewhat above iheir normal voltage.
38: The public hàs corne to expect a great deal of lif^t from a
j6 candie power \awtp. If the lamp isgood ana theefficiency 3>^
K
i
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1
Pr .
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e
le in
non-arcinf-
' ha^e the feeclerî • nd !fKr/ pressi.re w.re system. We still
. 41- Kach circuit lis (Jrovided wlth at leist thr»»
These are carefully ^t nded ifWn^^f' ."''k "^ "^^ "^•'""^•
Street railway rails'w',en«ver VÔ-'l^'e^^^^^ " '"''"'' '"
v.oltM>e.er ,s left a 'son é point ^ 11'. "'^ "'"r"^'""'-^- ^he
V-enty-four'hours. Th's^s rcnei ed '.THiÀ-'" ''^ •■>'U"sted, for
-e_^ c'^ct. T!,e adj.^.='^!,ô;;,.fr^SeSrci^:
prevent their being co,S,,dmcâfed J' rh'''""' ^'* "^^ '^''°''' '''"d
i-he s^^Cboard is^; reeV^r^nd n^ne't] "^£5" '''''■
thisbu<ldinjftan<l,!;S^are<,ne^ '""'^^ "'' ^"^'•"■'•^«'•^ '"
v6S?neîr ^^orïïK::^^a::!;;i;;e^:;::; ^'^r^t <^'^'
changeable. ^'--cintsand IJ. C generators are intef-
vof;neLtX'efrteS'\^„^'^'" Westir^ghouse pendulum
switches ami prineL fo n uTand r .hl'^'^P""'''"'"' ^hrow-over^
pairs ofbusbarsTnr combinat^. , K°""^''i"? ^'''^ ^"'«'ve
already described '^°'"'^'"^"''" «w.tches and ruse bjocks, as
«round cJetectoran'dswit.'h^td'yhlrsfkTardTvIcfs' ^'"^'' ^-
feefawaS '.hem"talr.'\:hl'°" "/^-der" panels and four
yJ. -4esrvS-t»igtp-^^^,;;;^^a^^^ .
t )
■/.^
1 1
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ï lo
polished brass fraine, Each of thèse tables contain ten regula-
tors or " boosters " with a range of 2o7„ up pr down. Each
circuit can thus be regulated independently.
49. The attendant at this switchboard controls thewhole
System. He is also in commurucation with the attendants at
sub-stations and the station superintendent's résidence by a
private téléphone line.
50. Foreconomy in line construction it was decided not to ex-
tend the 250 volt motor System except for units of one h. p. or
less, and to merge it and the 500 jjolt service into one single
three wire. distribution. The 100 h. p. motor in the flour mill is,
however, on a separate circuit and" may, if desired, be run
independently of the others. The three wire System fs supplied
by two of the 250 volt 60 h. p. generators in séries, and the 500
volt 250 h. p. generator connected to the + and - wires. The
brushes of the 250 volt machines on the + side and the + brush
of the 500 volt machine, may be connected together for equaliz-
ingipurposes. Ail the D. C. generators are interchangeable
througk the switchboard.
51. It was found necessary to almost completely recohstruct
the motor circuits. Four pairs of No. 0000 feeders w'ere strung
up. As the joints in wire ofthat size are extremely unsightly a
portable welder was constructed for welding the lengths of wire
together. A large regulator core was fitted with a primary coil
of 388 turns and a secondary coil of a single tum made up of
12 No. 0000 wires upon the ends of which massive métal jaws
were shrunk. Thèse jaws normally stand about four inches
,apart, but mav be piessed doser together by aninsulatingclamp
and screw, thé elasticity Of the secondary coil causing the jaws
to résume their normal position when released. The current is
regulated by a T. H. reactive coil. This apparatus may be
attached to any converter on the line as required.
52. Several of the U. S. dynamos in use for ligkting up to 1889
bave béçn put in service as motors, two of them running eleva-
tors very successfiilly.
53. The Company has lately made what is beîieved to be an
innovation in providing in its office, which is open day and night,
a locker with a glass frori\ in which are displayed rubber coats,
gloves and shoes. This in addition to the rubber gloves
regtilarly supplied to the linemen. The key of this locker hangs
within a little box behind a glass which is to be broken, in case
of accident, by anyone requirîng the clothing.
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