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MKIOCOPV RBOIUTION TKT CHART 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) 
 
 J^ 
 
 A APPLIED INA^GE Ir 
 
 1653 Eost Moin 5tf«t 
 
 Rochester, New Vorh 1*609 USA 
 
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I 
 
PAMPHLET No. 22. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 CEHTRAI EXPERIKENTAI FABH. 
 
 T. II. fInisDAT.E, ■R.AiiR.. D.Sp.A. 
 
 Director. 
 
 W. T. Mmoiin. 
 Duininiuii Horticulturist. 
 
 TOMATO CULTURE. MUSHROOM CULTURE. 
 
 FORCING RHUBARB IN WINTER. 
 
 By W. T. Macoi N. 
 Uomiiiiiin llurtiriiUuriit. 
 
 The chief aim in growing tonuitip.s for tlio K<norul tnaritpt or for home \\«c is to 
 have early fruit. Tlic profits from curly toiiiafo<s arc niiu-li prcntcr than fmtn Inter 
 ones. This Uiiip tlio case, it is .IcsiraMc to Iimvc tlic phiiits well iiilvnnced \vh<'n tlicy sir.' 
 fct out ill the opin. To have them weil advanced it is necessary to start tlicni early. In 
 south\v»~.t«ni Ontario se d is sown in vreinhouscs durinj: the month of Fchrua.y! In 
 colder district the tiiii.' extends to April, hut it i- sown in most places duriiift the 
 month of March. From nine to ten weeks should !>c allowed from the time of sowinj? 
 until planting out. the plant-; not heinp set out until <laii(;er of frost is pa'^t. When 
 tho spcd is started very early in preenhouses and transplanted s<'veral times, it is three 
 months or more from time of sowinfr until time of plnntinK out. 
 
 Every grower of tomatoes should trrow his own seed. Hy careful «olection from 
 individual plants from year to year, the variety may he much improved from tho 
 standpoint of earliness, uniformity and productiveness. If home-jrrown feed be not 
 used it should he obtained from reliable seedsmen who are known to have good strains. 
 The seed is sown in rich, loamy soil. If stortcd in the greenhouse, it is usually 
 liown in boxes or flats containing three to four inches of soil. There should be 
 thorough drainage in the boxes, obtained by boring holes in the bottom. If seeds are 
 planted in tho dwelling house, boxes or pots also are used. When sown in n hot-bed 
 the seeds are usually sown thickly, in rows about four inches apart. The seed is 
 planted from one-riuarter to one-half an inch deep and after covering with soil the latter 
 is pressed down with the hand to firm it. The soil should be kept moist, but not wet. 
 As soon as the rough leaves appear, the little plants are pinched out about two inches 
 apart each way into other flats or hot-beds. When grown for very earlv fruit they arc 
 again transplanted, when they have filled the space between tlxni. to about four Inches 
 apart each way. A final transplanting is made to about six inches apart each way in 
 hot-beds or cold frames, or they are planted in four to six inch pots and give i ')lcnty 
 of room to develop. When grown in tho hot-bed they should be transplanted .it least 
 twice. Strawberry boxes have been found very satisfactory to put the plants in at tho 
 final transplanting. What should be kept in mind and aimed at is the production of « 
 stocky, sturdy plant which will have some fruit «rt upon it • hen it is planted in the 
 field. A larger crop of early fruit can be obtained by pinchi off the top of the plant 
 after it has about six good leaves, which will result in late^ , developing at the axils 
 of the six loaves which are left on. These axillary shoots will each bear flowers if the 
 plants oe given sufllcient room, and. if far enough advanced when set out, it m.ny be 
 I readily seen that the crop of early fruit will be much larger than from the terminal 
 shoot. To obtain the first ripe fruits as early as on the unpruned plants, the seed 
 should be sown about three weeks earlier. Plants which have been pinched back should 
 66140 
 
pvcntimlly !«• bi Iwci'n i^ovon iiiul riLtlit iiii-tic- niuirt in tin linf-ticl to k'ivo the axillary 
 
 ••hootit n ^^^l'<^\ (ipportunity to (Icvt'ldp, Pin 
 
 slioiilil l>c' l\ar<l' net] ofT wt-ll by iriviiitf 
 
 irood ventilntiim nnd ri'inovinK g\i\*» in hot-bed* in dnytimo for iiovcral dny:» U-fure 
 •ettiiijf out, nn tlioy will stiuwl cool nir murli bt'trr nftor plantins. 
 
 In Krowintr plant:* for tiin raniiiiif; fiii-tory and in Kruwins the niiMliuni and Into 
 torts, much Io^h trouble is taken. The seed ii* fiown dnrintr tlio month of March and 
 the yoiinK jilnnts ari' transphuiti d oiico or twicp. At the final tran«plnntinfr they am 
 ■bout five inr:hc< apart in the hot-bed or coM frame. 
 
 Soil nnd plaitting. — Tomatoes ilo lio^t in a wnnn soil, cithrr a (ri'od sandy loam or a 
 light clay loam heitifr siiit;itilc. Tt slioiitd be moderately rich in available plant food. 
 Soil rich in nitrot'cn indii' oj Uh\ niiiih vc;.'c:iitivc (jrowtli, but while tho fruit i* earlier 
 on tho poor, li(?ht soils there is not so much rif it, hence one nioderntely rich in 
 iiitropron with an ftdeiiuate supply of phoiiphoric acid and potash is be-t. A soil which 
 has been tnnimrcd for a previous crop ia usually in pood coiulition for tomatoes, nnd 
 they do well after clover ns a rule. Each ^'^>we^ niu«t learn for himself what his -oil 
 needs most. The tfrouud should be thoroujtrhly preporecl fir toniatoes, as for all other 
 vetretables. 
 
 A» the tomato is a tendi-r p'unt it is not set out until danjror of frost i« over, the 
 time rauKinil from 'he midille of May in the warmer sections to the first i^cek of ,Tuno 
 where fro«t i-omes later. 
 
 Tomatoes should be planted four or five feet apart each way for i'cld culture, but 
 in tho gardju, where they may bo trained if necessary, three feet each way is 
 sufficient for I'lc early varieties and those that are staked, or four by two and one-half 
 feet for greater ease in pettinjt among the plants. Care should be taken in plantin;? nut 
 to disturb tho soil about the roots of the plants while taking them from the hot-bed. 
 The great advantage of having plants in pots or individual boxes is now very apparent. 
 as those in this condition are not cheeked in their grov.th to any extent wh<'n plante<l 
 out, and to obtain early fruit it is necessary to hav(^ as little cheeking of the growth 
 as possible. If the plants become drawn up and lanky before they arc set out they 
 should be planted deeper in the ground than they would otherwise be. Roots will soon 
 be thrown out from the buried stem. Uy planting tall plants deep in this way they 
 will not be so easily b.oken by wind as they otherwise would be. Moreover, should 
 there be a frost after planting, killing the plants to the ground, by removing two 
 or three inches of the surface soil new shoots will soon ho thrown out, tho plants may be 
 saved, and will soon grow rapidly again. This is a good plan in any case in the North 
 where severe spring frosts are liable to occur. It is desirable to mound up the soil 
 about plants to support them and protect from frosts. 
 
 As cut-worms are often troublesome about the time the plants are set out, 
 poisoned bran in the proportion of 1 pound Paris green thoroughly mixed with TtO 
 pounds moisteni'd and sweetened bran, should be at once scattered on the surface soil 
 about the plant*. The cut-worms will eat this and die. 
 
 After planting, the chief work is cultivation, which sbouhl be done both ways in 
 the plantation. Some hoeing will also be necessary. The surface soil should be kept 
 loose from the day the plants are set out until they meet one another. 
 
 No training of the plants is practised in field culture as a rule, but if the wvather 
 should be wet and the soil found to be too rich, causing rank growth, it will check the 
 growth somewhat if the plants ar i turned over. Usually, however, thib is not necessary 
 nor desirable. It is a good plan to mould up the soil towards the plants a little witli 
 the cultivator and hoe as this gives them some support. 
 
 In the home garden d very good way of growing tomatoes is to train thcin to 
 stakes, and this method is becoming popular with market gardeners who desire to get 
 fruit of the best quality. By this method only one stalk is allowed to grow, the lateral 
 shoots being pinched out as they appear, but leaving the flower clusters and all li ave* 
 on the main stem, the terminal shoot being tied to the stake as it grows. Stakes 5 feet 
 long and about IJ inches in diameter are needed. Wires may be used for supports 
 
vory dcnn and moro 
 
 iiisfoad of stnki's if dosirrd. Tomnfio. »rrowii l.v tlii* moth- 
 iiltrnilivi'-l.M.kiiiK fhnn fho-.. (rri)wii on tho ground. 
 
 In pnrN of rmmda whrro tin- nWitn nn- ronl in suniinor. >,. ..n tlio pruirios und 
 m «o,no ports of RrUisI, (V.I«n,l,i„. it has Iwn found thnt fon>at.«.> «ill rirK.n soonor 
 whon »tnl<..d than wh. n tl..- plant i. Irft on flio Kn.url. «nd evon in th- wnrm.r part, 
 they nrP sonirtuno^ oarh-r. Tomato,^ traincl to .tuk--^ .nay ...rnpo „ linl.t fru.f wLm 
 plants on the jrroinid nn- Imdiy injured. 
 
 Tlio toniat.i i^ not nff.H-t.Ml l.y many insrrf post, or furi^-n, .IImnho*. If tomato 
 p nnts are sprn.v..,! with Honh-aux mixturo. l...ainninK in tli- hnt-l,. .1 and kropinjr tho 
 plants .•ov,.r...l until tho frtiit U marly rim-. ...v.tuI di-ons,.s .,,„ 1m. controllnl. nn.i tho 
 fl<Ni^^l,rotlo. whu-h i« gometim.... riuite trouhlrsoni... is pr..v,.nt..,l fr..,u doin^ mu-l, 
 
 Tho br.t varietios of tomat-rs rluuiKO from time to tiin... At ,,r,.Hrnt. tho Knrliann 
 of winch th..ro are ...v.ral stra.n. varyin.^ .somewhat in ..nrlin.-s „„d smoo,h,u.ss h 1 
 
 host extra o.rl>-. and Alfl.r.^y. a v.ry early vari.ty „f th. Karliana ty,H.. ori^fin ,t ed at 
 
 tho CetUral Kxpenmrntol Fnrn.. ripens a very lar^re pro,K,rti t' its .to, earlv 
 
 nonn.v Bo.t and Chalks Early .lew.-l are also very p.od early so;*, th : 1 t ! W i« 
 a Kood mam erop variety also. They are smoother than those of the Earliana m" 
 Of later van.t.es fatehless and Trophy are two ,.,o,l scarlet sorts, and I ivinX 
 
 TO.MATO fl-LTl'RF TTXDKR GLASS. 
 
 It is found quite profitable in r„na,la to grow tomatoes under plass Aforeover 
 persons having small grec-nhous,, and who are fond of tomnt.K.s .r. n^„; K "' ': 
 
 ^'d^H^s^ss^trtJ^et^fH^"^?^ 
 
 Imnd. should ,mo on L late a« pUblo ^ that there „^ m^""'^""'''- "" ♦'"^ "t''^' 
 
 and three , ventilation. Eneh Propping season eoviv hetw,.,. two 
 
 A ay and June seed should be sown during Dee^Ser T e" Ji' .".Z '" ^t 
 J.lants were to he g,-own outside and the young plants are p f.-ked o . to fl';. , 
 1 y tl.ree inches apart as soon as tho first rough or true leaf a,„„ .rs Tl 1 '" 
 
 -houl.l be carefully watered so as to keep them thrift vTnno*.. ' ","*■' ^'""*^ 
 
 .hey should be transplanted to three and a f'nlf or fouSnch p^ 7; /ij;';:,,:?^^^^ "^ '"^r^ 
 until they are needed for planting in the he.l TiJJ 1 1^ , ^^ '"''"""" 
 
 nbout eight weeks from the timeihe s Vi sowT, Tf' ^ l ' ■"'""■■ ^"'" "''"'"'"^ '" 
 the greenhouse will „ot be ready to recei , ,.e pi ut .e T tl"""" 'Vlf ''"'" ^''"* 
 ,,ot-bound or stunted in the pots, it C^:i:^r^.ttuXtt:uZT " '""■""'" 
 It is important to keep them growing. Some crow is a 'nt- larger pots, as 
 
 sowings of seed at intervals of 'two weeks "d Tel e tl^ hnve", T ^ "^ T'T"'^" 
 of the first sowing accurately thev use tho nW * *"'\''"'^^ ""* P""f-'<>d the time 
 rapi.lity of growth dependrvj;y mucron t^u, ' nd of - ^tl ' "'T"' "' '^""^- ^»"^ 
 thus, the plants for tho spring Lp are ^X^'^^ ^^^^^:!:::^£;Z: 
 
plaiitinff ill ihe IxhI, whi<'h i>t juxt InfoD- tlic Hri«t flowrrn nprn. ton »iTk» \>i>\i\g nlxmr 
 uii uvrriiKi' linu> from tin.' <iiiti- of km-Uiiik- TIic U'lit ti-iii|HTiiture for toiimtotN i» fllK)iit 
 75* F. ill iln.vtiiiii', iIioukIi it timy run to ^r.'' F.. I>iit if it n'Titiiiu."<» liiirh tin- plnnt- 
 wiil li«' lot) Hoft uiid liuhlo to ili*.iiM>, hfiifp it kIiouM W kept a* ntiir 7,*)'' F. list |>(>»-.ilil<'. 
 Winn the plant* arp yoiiiiK tlix ti'tii|H'ratjri> kIiouIiI Im' lowir th.ui iluriiiv tli<> friiitinu 
 •«•«» Ml— from tMi^ F. to 'IS ' F. in iIm> diiytiimt tii-inir liittb eiioimli. At iiitfht tli'- 
 t(>ni|i<>riitiire itliouM not run uliovi' (!.'»' F., nor 'm-Iow Mi" F. thiriiiK tin- friiitinir ^'cn-'oii. 
 Toiniilmii may Ik- titlior trrowii on In-ihI (•< in tliP Kn-piiliouHP or on tln< Kroun<l. It' 
 urown on I iiwhis llii'y >lioultl Imvf aiiipli- !*oi| m> lluit tlicrp i* no daniii'r of tin- root» 
 iHM'iiiiiiiiK tlry, ami tlifri- liould tiUn Iw uoixi druiiuKrc. Oood drainiiKC in al»o vi-ry 
 nt'<'i"*yary when tin- plants arc in liod-* on tlir (troiind. Tlifri" xlioiilil l)p frm nix tn 
 t'iKJit irii'lii- of ironil, rii'li lonniy jioij, -.uiji toll ii< tlx.v ui.ii'.ii ijn well in oiitMil' . 
 Soil from rotttil «o<| i. jfnod. Two crop* iimy Im- ^rrown on tlio sanii' Boil, luit f'>r tin" 
 •«fond it lA tli'iralili- to <li»r in houip \vfll-rotl(<l manure. It liii>* lui-u found that ■"• x 
 !•* inelio.H apart i- a »ati<farfory lijotancc to plant in narrow ImmN, hut in widi' JxhI* it 
 is dt'xirablc to havi- a two and a half fi«»t -pm-c IiikjiIi" isi- hotwct'n pvcrv four rowx to 
 h't in liKht and afford a I'lttor clri-niatioii of air. Another plan would \iv to have the 
 plants l'4 inrlu'H apart la-t and wi ~i and In ini-hc* apart north and -oiith. Tho toil 
 uliould ho kept i'on«t,inlly nioi^t, hut cure f^honld ho taken not to wuffr too inueli, a-* 
 the urowth will he too rnnk and fruit not set well. The iurfaco *>"' -lioiild he loo<eiie(| 
 from tiiiip to time. l*ro\ i-ion must l» tiuidi- for staking the plants. A horizontal wiie 
 is nci<>tiSMry >i.\ or si \en foi't nhove eioli r.av of plants, and there are -everal method- 
 by which ihc p'lnits arc trained up to it. The most prrinanciit nictliod is to have ii 
 piece of stiir, .\o. 10, wire for ea<'h plant. This i*>tiiick into the soil iK'-idc cai'h pi. in! 
 and fasteneil to the horizontal wir i:hove, then as ttie plant prows it is tid to tlu' 
 wire with raHiii. .\nother plan is to have a Inth serve the purpose of the wire; and 
 another is to have ii low, horizontal wire as well as the oiu' ahovc and usc' in avy cord or 
 hinder twine to support thi' plant, tyiin.' the pl.int to the I'ord with r.iiila. Ail sidi> 
 >h<'ots are piiiched out a- they appear, the plant U-in;.' trained to one »t in. Tv.n -tetn- 
 have not prove(| a- satisfaitory as one. When they have frown to the upper wire ilie 
 tips are idiicln il nfT and kept nfT. When the planU hlooiu. it is important to La\e tli" 
 air of the (fn-rnh use a- dry as p.i.»silil(. si, tluif the pollen will 1h' readily distrihuted. 
 and (rood veiilila'ion i- liisirahle to keep the air dry. On dark days, partieularly, the 
 Kroenliouse is likely to Ih; ton damp unless well ventilated. I'sually a j.'ond setting of 
 fruit can he i'ht;iiru^l of the autumn or early winter crop |.y t.ippiiit? or slijr'itly 
 shaking the i>l;ii!ts daily ahout mid-dny, thii- causin;; the pollen t < he si-atlen d iui<l nuike 
 it more ecrtiiin of reachinjr all parts of lla -tijinia, (■nsuriii!.' hoth a hotter settinir ni 
 more perfect 1'rnit, a-, if only | art of the -timna receive- polli-n, the fruit will Im- one- 
 sided or irre.^rnlnr. I"or the crop which hlooms in winter, artificial pollimition is 
 dc-irahle, the po'Iiu Icinir du-ted from one llower to nin ther. A earners hair hrush to 
 dn-t on the jiollcn which has hccn previously collected on n watch jflass, or on n 
 rahliit's tail liid to a -lick, with which the flowers are hrusheil, aro (food instruments 
 for this purpose. .\ fair yii'ld per i)!aut under jrlass in Canada is :! to ,' pouml--. 
 although the yield may he cousidcrahly lower if the fruit sets hadly, or it may i.e 
 suiiew'lmt hifrher. Teniat'H s (.'rowu in twelve-inch (Hits in the pri-ctdiouse jiivo jrood 
 results. Till' -oil and drainaye should, however, hi' pood. (Irown in fliis way the pi>t- 
 I be moved lufore the er ip i- ipiite over, mukiiip the space aviiilahlc for soiiicthinfr 
 
 nittciiiii I (/•■''I'll Toiniilois. AWwri' frost comes before nuiiiy tomatoes are ripe. 
 alti!o\ij;h a larpe nnmher may be full frrown ns is the case in some parts of rannda, if 
 the full firowii preen toiMatoes are picl:ed liefore heitip frozen and ea<'h -peciiuen 
 wraiiped in paper and >tored in closed boxes in a moderati'ly warm room, they wii] he 
 fouod. from tests iiiaile .it the Kxpcrinicntal Farm of viirious inctliods, to ripen well 
 and better than when they nre exposed to the sun in tryinp to riiien them. Kven if put 
 iuto closed bo.xos without wrapping they ripen well. 
 
Tln> viirifty iiiott i^i'iH-nilly irrnwn iimlrr g\n** i< n<iiiii.v Uc-f, wlii'li in -rmlrf 
 ill colour mill Kino itli. 'I'lii* Liviiiir'>|iiii IiIhIm' ii n very u>>ii<| piirpli'li-piiik \iiri<l> ii'hI 
 
 it very ixiliil, iiiakiiiK it a k i •hipiicr. It <I<h'« tint Wn'm to ritx'ti uh mhui im tnuw 
 
 i>thi>r> l>ut \t iiiit' iif till' iM'st yii'MrrM. Miiiiy cif tin- Kiiuli'^li vnrii'tii^n of KroMilioii^x' 
 
 totnatm'i linvr Ihimi IfHtdl but tlii> tii >i>>ritv of tlifin iiri- I nuill for iiiokI Ciiiiiiiliiin 
 
 iimrkctji. Till' Count i» oiu' of tlii" iii--t tNi|iiiliir. IVililiii' I'r-ililii', Siittoii Sali<fiii'tioii, 
 ICipiior Xo. :;. Iiiihw'ry and Stirliny: ('u^tlr Imvi- tloin' will. 
 
 TIn'rc arr ^cvfrnl ili*'rt*«» wlii'li iiffn't tlii' toiimlo win ii arown iiridcr (rlii-"*, nnil, 
 ,\-> tliry iiri' ilittii'ult to control, ii i- dc-irnlilc liy u»»<^ vciitiliition hihI pro|M'r iiticntioii 
 to triii|MTiiturp, to nvoiil Imviuir tlicm. Burnintt •ulpluir cnrriiil tUroiiirli the Rfi'ii- 
 liouno i» oiii' of tho lii'it rcmiilii'^ for iniMcw on the folinKc 
 
 Fr.\!I(iATI\(i A t.Ur.KNlK fF WITH irYDUtMVANIf ACID «1AS 
 
 Aa the white fly i« conu'tiine* very troiiblcHoino in urwnhoiwon, it U ncccx-'nry to 
 <' .iitrol it, wlioii present, if one in to liuvc >iuci'i'4!> in Krnwinii toinntuc^ niiil there i^ 
 U'lthiiiK so siitisfui'tory us hydrocynnic miil gas for this purpose. This jia.s is, however, 
 i\ ilendly poison niiil ffreiit care must he taken in usinii it. Following is a forniiilii 
 found to 1)0 I fTeetive at Ottawa in killin>r llic« without injury to the plants. An the 
 • t-'iis are not destroywl hy the (las, if i» necessary to funiiirate from time to time to 
 ki ep the inseets under control. 
 
 Formula and directions: J ouneo imtas-iuni cyanide (B8 jier cent pure) or ) ounce 
 Midiuin cyanide; 1 oinice sulphuric acid; -J ounces water for every 4,<XK) ciihie fwt of 
 urcciihonse space. When a (ircnhouse is not very ti'rhtly huilt no that the ga» find' 
 a 'ppody exit, it niny he neces-ary to us«> 1 ounce pcjtassium r'yanidc or gudinni cyani<le; 
 •2 ounce* sulphuric acid; 4 ounces water, [M-r 4,fHX) euhie feet in order to kill the 
 insect', hilt this is a very powerful pas and if usetl in too concentrated a form nerinus 
 hiirninf; of foliage will ri'sult, >o that it is hest to find what tho weakest strength i< 
 that will d> the work in a particular itroenhouae. 
 
 Ma'.c the (ri"penh"U-e as nearly air tidht a* possihle hy stoptiiiiR ii)) holen and 
 ili.siiiff M iitihitors. 'Il'c foliaRo should be dry. If the f(diaKc is damp there may b<' 
 injury. The jrrei'nhou-e should not be fumidftted in duyliffht or not before an hour 
 after sunset. The best ranjtp of temperature at which to fumiirate is between .1.1' 
 Fahr. and iW Fahr. On. should not fuinitrnfo in a hijth wind as one part of the 
 lious.' will pet more pas than another and folinne mit?ht ho injured. 
 
 Wrap the cyanidf in thin tissui' paiM'r as the acid -'.lould almost iinmediatcly 
 reach the cyanide. If the pap.'r is thick or tou>rh action will hi di-layod and one miulit 
 return to the cnenlio"' hile ^'as was lieiiiK jriveii otT and ho seriously affected hy it 
 a8 it is n deadly pois' our the water into a wide mouthed crockery or tiirlhenwnrc 
 
 vessel, hen iidd the sulphuric aciil. Then start walkiiiK ipiick'y from ene end of the 
 yreeuhouse towards the other and. if several ves-c Is ,ire used, wliieli is disirahh,' if the 
 '.;rcenhouse he a loiin one. drop a paper of cyanide without ui'" riippiiijf, when pas-iupr. 
 into each vessel c mtainiiitr the riulit proportion of water and sulpliuric acid, and then 
 <,'0 on out throUffli the door at the other cncl, holdinjr tln' hreath and eln^inu the door, 
 and on no aci-ount linKerins in the hm cidiousc as there wouhl Ih- fatal re-ults by doinjr 
 so since the ixiisoiious pas rises and stireitds rapidl.v. Thu house shoiiM he kei>t closed 
 until luoriiln^f when open doors and ventilators frf)ni the outride. There ^houlll h' 
 proniiiieiit daiitier si^rl•l kept on the doors of the (ircenh luse while it is heiier fiiniiffiitcd 
 as sinvoiie niijrlit efiierwisc enter and he killed. In ordi^r to make the method of 
 fimii:''ation 'till safer, the e> 'lide may he su-iiemled hy a striiiir almve the vi -sol 
 eonttiiiiiii'.' the ^ulphurie acid . nd water ami lowered int.i it from out-iile the preen- 
 liou-e. To eii.sure .i pood distrihutioii of uas, the vcsseK -!io\il(l h.' placid at about 
 thirty feet apart and ihe ni'ce--Mry pri .)ition> of the i:i;it. .-rials u-ed cstiniMted froi i 
 the fornuila piven and from the area o; the sieenhou^o For Ixst results there should 
 not he more than from one-half to an ounoe of c.vanide in any one vessel. .Vfter the 
 funiij. .fioii is over, the materials in the vessels shouhl be hurii d and the vessels 
 fl-o-enrrhly cleaned to avoid danper of aeeidriit. 
 
BTKItlLIZINO TIIK SOIL. 
 
 Many gmwitn of Trsptnlilo* iimW iilii** and flnrUta alon hare at on«» timr nr 
 anoihcr l>«-n trmibl«'<l with itPinatmifw or (•«>lw<>nnii l*\ thi-ir ffrp(>nh<iu>uo. Th«««i' rmi.c 
 iriill-liko niiKPc* i>r Nwrllinir on tlii» rmit* nf tlw plants, and lh«» rmt nyrttrm In •« Injuml 
 by tlwni iliut th«' iTr>p of viirctublfoi or ttowern U ulnuxit or i|uitc« n failiirr. TlM»y nr • 
 |i:irti<-u]urly injurioiw ti) tbr tnmati>. Snmititnni by ihaiitrinff tho «oil frwimi lly »li.v 
 may Ik> ir>t rid if but tliry nr» a ponKtmit i«o«ir«'«> of worry to thoMi wlm havo lu.il 
 ••xiH'rii'ni'o with ihrm unl<'«< thi> wiil in utirilizod. 
 
 One of the ainiplcst inothodi* of aterilizinir i* the '• In\;.'rtcd Pan " method. 
 (Jalvanized iron pans are made eisht indies in depth and whntovi-r size is most 
 convenient to use. the lonjrth and widUi dependintr on the width of tho bt'ds or Iwncheg. 
 Those used at the Central Experimental Farm are ten feet h>uit by three feot ten 
 inehw wide. They arc used erownwise in wide beds and lenjrthwise in tho narrow ones. 
 In order to gtrenjrthen them, they are braecd with iron straps inside and have two 
 handles at e >'^h end so that they can bo easily lifted. The pan is turned upside down 
 over the bed and pre«»e<l down a little into the soil, and steam is introduced through 
 a half-inch pipe, but in order that the steam may spread rapidly through the soil 
 a half-inch pijio is fastened to the bottom o' t'lo pan or top when it is inverted. In 
 this pipe are thri-e half-inch openings nbout ♦' • 'eet apart. In the Farm Oreetihou^cs 
 two of these pans are operated at one by ci .inectinpr them with half-inch pipe, the 
 louplinps beinff three-<iuarter inch. In larpo jrreenhouses steam could lie obt.iiiipd 
 from the greenhouse boilers, but in this case the srreenhouses are heated with hot water, 
 so that a steam enpine outside furnishes tho steam at a pressure of from one hundred 
 to one hundred arJ twenty pounds. It is connected with the pans by means of steam 
 hose. The soil is subjected to this steam for one hour. To show how thoroughly the 
 soil is penetrated by the steam, it may be said that a potato is eookcJ within twenty 
 minutes j'itrht incbt^ deep in the soil. After one hour the pans are moved alonp to a 
 part of the bed not yet sterilized. 
 
MfSIIIMOM CII.TIHI':. 
 
 T1i< 
 
 fl* iMfii n iir'iwitiK iiiliTfut III uiuiihrtMiiii rulturt' dtiritiii ri'>'<->it .vcar 
 
 ilti 
 
 (Nirilv ilui' to III.' Iiiitli |iri<'i'< iilitiiitii'il lor ihiin iiiid iHirtl.x lin'tiiiT ot' tlic Lir'^^ 
 »iii<l to U> niiiili' ill (irowiiiir tln'iii. Tin- fullowiiiu ii<' niidtioii •liould iimvi 
 
 l-ri 
 
 .lit' 
 •ful 
 
 to any otif it<"<iriiiK to iirnw tiiiftii'o iii<: 
 
 It i« u( tliu Ki'''!*'**^' tiii|Hirtiiiii't' to liuvu K'xxi •iHiwii. If tb« i<|mwn or iiivi-i-liuiii 
 in <l)>iii| tticru will Ix' Ho iiiu«hr<Hi|ii.4, no inattcr hnw I'liii't'iiliy tlic Ix'il i« liH>k«><| nftiT. 
 Tiiiri'ioro, tnunlirooiii •(luwn ^<llollllt l>«> olitiiiiii-«i troiii rfliuhlc •utun'tv, 
 
 ^<l>llwtl i» thr niyrt'liiiiii of the tnii»itrooiii iiiiii iiiii.v Ih* ■■oiiiiuiroil to tlii> vrKi-tntivf 
 piirt ill lloworiiiR |>liiiit«, while tin* iiiii>lirooiii4 tliriiii>i>l\ <'i>rri'>|><iiMl t.i tin iio\vi'r<. 
 'I'lii' l>rii'l<« in whicli »tiii\vii in buuirlit nri' tiurt'ly tlu' >'uri.iT<t of tlu' iiiyi'rliuiii wiiii'li, 
 \\\\f\[ the pro) t-r ■■oii>litloii4 nrc itivin, foiitiiiiio it^ trrowlii iiml )'Vt'iitii:tllv in'oilnco 
 niii^iirooiH". The iuM'i'litim i* iiroiiuciil from uporiM \vhi<'li full from lln' tiiiitur>' 
 iiiu-lin'OiM- mill (i. i iiiiiinti'. Tlif -iMiwiil rurinir lirirks whicli iiri' iiiirrlm-rd iif i-oin- 
 poMil of lior^p uikI i'ow iiiiiiiiiri' nml !»omi'tiiiii'- a litllc louin. 'I'lii' i'oiii|io*t i'* itioiiIiIi il 
 into tlit> form of br!i'k> hihI wliiU' ;<till nioJAt tlit'.v nri' iiioi-iilatfil with tiiyi'diiini, Tlii-< 
 «row4 niul piTiia'atiM llii- lirick^, whi<'li, wlit-ii tillnl wiili tin- inyi'i'litini, iiri' ilrii d and 
 -tiir.'d mid.v for cnlr. If the hrickn nri> not kfpt dry until Ihry arr iRt-ilrd for i-piiwii- 
 in« till' myc'lium i« lialili- to be i^ ''riMl, and, as thr olihr the hricki" uro the m^ rf 
 iil.oliliood tliiTi- \* of tlii'ir l)<<iiig ■ o .jrcttKl to iinfavoiirahlo conditiohH, frr^-li -pawn 
 -lioui I lie ii>imI. rile purr i-iiltiir'' -pawn ditTi r- Ir.ni llir ollur in iliat tlio inyn !i ,ni 
 is tir-t MT'wn from the tissue of youtiff mushrooms or from thi' *porf» in strrili/i d 
 compi't, liy wliich inctlioil the hrst varieties and -traiii!« may '.le irr 'wn pure. 
 
 The irnnure for the luM should he partly rotted horse innnure; eow manure is not 
 go (rood. This is usnnlly obtained from livery stables and should be mixed with str;iw 
 hotldliiK for best results, althouKli mushrooms will ^row in manure when mixed with 
 sawdust or »havin).'- wliirh have bi-eii u-ed as be<hlin|r. It is pih-d in u plaec sheltered 
 ft iin rain and kept fiom burniiitf by tiirnin)! -everal times at intervals of four to 
 seven day-, until the Krst violent hoot is over, by which time it is thoroiiKhly mixed 
 and of eomparatively uniform contisteui'V and has lost it-, rank smell. Thi* will take 
 three week* or a little 1cm. To hent well, the pile sli.)uld be at least four feet deep, or 
 more if the weatlu'r i« cold. If he manure is very d'y, Viioufrh wat nii' be added 
 to make it moist, but not wet. The bed may be made in u celln ■. ider a house 
 beneaMi jrrei r.hou'M? InMnhr.'. or in any fairly dark place wher.> the te rnture in the 
 room does not ko much above <)0° F. or under .'<>^ F. Fr^m .'i.V I\ to 58° F. is a good 
 rniitie. A lower temperature for a few days will delay the ., wnranee of mushrooms, 
 but may not otherwise prove harmful. Muahrootrs do best • ' . r:' th. re in (?ood venti- 
 lation, providinjt moisture and temperature ca ^<:- eontrol!e< . When the matiure is 
 put in, it is tramped down solid, and this can be. occomplHh.'d by puttinfr on about 
 tl.n c iiiehert at a time and poundiiiK down well until there is a deptii of fifteen inches, 
 nlthoiiBh less will do where the temperature is nmir fiO" F. all the time. When the 
 manure is put in, it >hould be of such a consi>tency and moi>tnoss that it will not 
 crunibli' in the hand if -«|ueezcd yet is not so moist that water will i-ome out. The 
 ten iwrature of the itod should soon rise to aliout 100" F. and after it has renih-vl its 
 mnxinium and hab fallen to between 70° F. and S0° F. the bed is ready for spnwnini?. 
 flood results are obtained if the bed i.< -.pa\viic<l iit tl.'i' K. Tin. -piwii should be 
 broken into pieces an large as a butternut or small egg, or larper, and the pieces 
 inserted every eight to ten inches or even fwrther apart and from one to two inches 
 deeji in the manure, lifting it up when putting in the spawn, after which the manure 
 should be pressed firmly against the spawn and the whole bed made firm. Fron. fire to 
 eight days after spawning, according to how fast the temper {ure is going down, from 
 two to three inches, or even less, of good loamy soil is spread on top of the manure. 
 
8 
 
 Tf there is a tendency to dryness, a light covcrini? of hay or straw may be put over the 
 manure until it is time to put on the soil, after which the straw is removed. The 
 mycelium should begin to run in about two woei<x, or Ipsm if it is good, and »<jmi>tiin(>s 
 the soil is not put on until it is seen as a white, cobweb-like growth extending in 
 different directions from the pieces of spawn. If it can ln' avoided, the bed should not 
 be watered at all, ns watering, especially shortly after spawning, often causes injury. 
 It is best to keep the floor and walls damp, the moisture given off from these furnish- 
 ing the soil with enou^rh. If the room is v"ry dry. lightly watering the bed witli 
 tepid water may bt done very occasionally, but there is dnujrer of rotting the mycelium 
 from watering. A covering of hay over the l>ed will help to keep in tlie moisture until 
 the mushrooms come. The growing of mushrooms during the summer months is not 
 satisfactory, as maggots are very troublesome and difficult to control. If the bed U 
 prepared in tho fall the mushrooms should appear in seven or eight weeks and the bed 
 continues bearing for from two to three months, but results with mushrooms are very 
 uncertain. The amatenr sometimes obt ins a good crop, and other times there is 
 failure, although apparently the same treatment is given. 
 
 FORCING RHUBARB IN WINTER. 
 
 The forcing of rhubarb in vinter should be much more general than it is. Witli 
 very little trouble an abundant supply of this appetizing vegetable can be had in 
 the fresh con<lition from the middle of January until spring, if desired. A few 
 Kood sized crowns or pieces cut off the plants in the garden will furnish enough 
 stalks for a family. As the crowns or plants from which the stalks are to be forced 
 liave received the necessary nourishment during tlie season, it is not necessary to 
 plant them in soi! when forced, although soil may be found the most convenient 
 material in which to put the plants as the roots must be kept moist for best results. 
 Excellent results have been obtained by filling in between the roots with moss which 
 is kept moist. Even coal ashes about the roots will be found satisfactory. The 
 plants are dug just before winter sets in and before being put into the cellar they 
 are left somewhere to freeze solid An exposure of frost for from ten days to two 
 weeks is desirable, as they force more quickly afterwards if they have been frozen. 
 'l"he plants are now put close toiretlicr in the cilhir t'ni' Inrchif;', liihei' in Ixixcs t.r oi. 
 the floor. They may remain in total, or almost total, darkness while being forced. 
 Though they are forced in the dark the colour of the forced rhubarb is a very attrac- 
 tive shade of pinkish red. The one lot of plants will continue to throw up stalk- 
 for six weeks to two months, or until the roots are exhaustid, but to ensure a suipplv 
 until spring some roots may be kept frozen and not forced until the first lot is ready 
 for U'se. The tcmi)ei-aturo at which the. rhubarb .s forced should not be very high. 
 Hetween uO° and 00° F. is a good ranK'e. and rhubarb will force at even lower U ni- 
 peraturesi. The time the rhubarb is ready for use will dciwnd on the temperature 
 of the cellar. 
 
 If it is desired to grow plants esp;^clally for forcing, seed of the Victoria, Lin- 
 naeus, or some other good variety should be sown thinly and about half an inch deep 
 early in the spring. If several rows are sown they should be from two to three 
 feet apart. When tlie plants are well up they should he thinned out to about six 
 inches apart, and then the ground kept well hoed or cultivated throughout the 
 growing season. If the conditions are favourable they will make strong plants by 
 autumn from which some of the stalks the following spring would be large enough 
 to cut. It is not, however, desirable to cut any stalks fr(mi those that are io he used 
 for forcing. After the second season's growth the seedling rhubarb plants will be 
 large enough for forcing.