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This Kam It f llmMl at the raduetion ratio chaekad balow / C« docunwnt sat filmi au taux Street ^^ »oche5lef. New rork '4609 uSA ^S ' ^'6) *e2 - 0300 - P^ione ^B '7''1 288 - 5989 - Tox ■\ Commission of Conservation Conttiluttd undtr " The Consenalion Act," S-o Edward Vlt., Chap. »7, ivoo, and amendint Acts, g-io Edward Vlt, Chap. 43, iffio, and 3-4 Georit V., Chap. 12, tgij. Chaimuui: Hon. Clipfoid Sifton Memben: Hon. AuBiN E. Arsrnvult, Summerside, P.E.I. Dm. Howard Murray, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. Dr. Cecil C. Jones, Chancellor, University of New Brunswick, Fred- ericton, N.B. Mr. WnxiAM B. Snowball Chatham, N.B. Hon. Henri S. B^land, M.D., M.P.. St. Joseph-d !.Beauce, Que. MoNSBioNBUR CHARLES T. Choquettb, St. Hyacinthe, Que., Superior, Seminary of St. Hyacinthe and Member of Faculty, Laval Univenity Mr. Edwaro Gohibr, St. Laurent, Que. . . Dr. Jambs W. Robertson, C.M.G., Chairman, Royal Commission on Industrial Training i 1 Technical Education, Ottawa, Ont. Sir Sandforb Fi.siii!no, K.C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont.. Chancellor, Queen's University HoK. Senator William Cameron Edwards, Ottawa, Ont. Sir Edmund B. Oslbr, M.P., Governor, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. Mr. Charles A. McCool, Ottawa, Ont. Mr. John F. Mackav, Business Manager, "The Globe," Toronto, Ont. Dr. Bernard E. Fesnow, Dean, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. Dr. George Brvce, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. Dr. William J. Rutherford, Member of Faculty, University of S.aslcat- chewan. Saskatoon, Sask. Dr. Henrv M. Tory, President, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. Mr. John Hendry, Vancouver, B.C. Members, ex-officio: Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa Hon. William J. Roche, Minister of the Interior, Ottawa Hon. Louis Codbrre, Minister of Mines, Ottawa Hon. John A. Mathieson, KC, President, Premier and Attorney- General, Prince Edward Islaud Hon. Orlando T. Dan ;els, Attorney-General, Nova Scotia Hon. Jambs K. Flemming, Premier and Surveyor-Gencnil, Now Bruns- wick Hon. Jules Allard, Minister of Lands and Forests, Que. Hon. William Hearst, Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontano Hon. James H. Howdkn, Attorney-General, Manitoba Hon. James A. Calder, Minister of Railways, Telegraphs and TelephonLS, Sadcatchewan Hon. Arthur L. Sifton, Premier, Minister of Railways and Telephones. Hon. William R. Ross, Minister of Lands, British Columbia Assistaat to Chairman and Deputy Head : Mr. James White ^^g. Commission of Conservation CANADA COMMITTEE ON FORESTS TRENT WATERSHED SURVEY A RECONNAISSANCE By C. D. HOWE. Ph.D.. AND J. H. WHITE. B.A.. B.Sc,F. With AN INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSION B. E. FERNOW. LLD. Printed bt THE BRYANT PRKNH Toronto ins Committee on Forests Chairman : Sknator W. C. Edwards Members : Dr. B. K. Fernow Mr. John Hkndrv Hon. William J. Rochk Mr. VV. B. Snowball and the Ex-officio Members of the Commission who represent the var- ious provinces. 0U9«iB ^u-.^ To Field Marshal His Roval Highnbss Prince Arthur William Patrick Albert. Duke op Coy nught and op Strath karn, K.G., K.T., K.P., ETC., etc.. Governor-General op Canada. May it Please Your Royal Highness : The undersig- 1 has the honour to lay before Your Royal Highness the attached repoiw on the "Trent Watershed Survey." which was prepared for the Commission of Conservation by B. E. Femow, U.D., C. D. Howe, Ph.D., and J. H. White. B.A., B.Sc.F. Respectfully submitted CLIFFORD SIFTON Chairman Ottawa. August 9. 1913 Ottawa, Canada, August 7, 1913 Sir : I beg to submit the attached report on the "Trent Watershed Survey," by B. E. Femow, LL.D., C. D: Howe, Ph.D., and J. H. White, B.A., B.Sc.F. It contains the account of a reconnaissance carried on by Dr. C. D. Howe and Mr. J. H. White, prefaced with an introductory discur-iion of the subject by Dr. Femow. Respectfully submitted JAMES WHITE Assistant to Chairman Hon. Clifford Sifton Chairman Commission of Conservation Ottawa CONTENTS I. CONDITIOKS IN THE TrENT WATERSHED AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEIR Improvement. A Discussion by B. E. Fernow, LL.D. PAGE Intbodhctiom 1 Reasons fob the Sdrvbt 2 Valce of the Canal 2 FOBBST AND WaTBBFLOW 3 Causes of Detbbiobatiov 4 I'roceddbe of the Rubvet 6 HiBTOBT of the RiOION 7 Results of the Suivey 10 Fabmino Conditioxs 11 Fobbst Conditions 11 OwNEBSHip Conditions 14 Industbial Development 14 Mining Industbt 15 Tourist Traffic 15 Recommendations 15 Municipal Ownership 16 Government Ownebship IH Classification of Lands 21 SuMMABT of Assessors' Returns 29 Addenda : Forest Fires of 1913 31 II. Physiographic and Forest Conditions, by C. D. Howe, Ph.D. Dbainaoe, Topoobapht, Geoloot and Soils 35 Dbainagb 35 Topoobapht 37 Geoloot 37 Soils 38 Condition of the Various Forest Types 39 In General 39 Hardwood Type 41 Mixed Type 47 Coniferous Type 50 Poplar-Birch Type 51 Tudor Township 52 Limerick and Cashel Townships 53 Chandos Township 5.') .\nstruther Township 56 Burleioh Township 56 Harvey Township 58 Gai.way Township 58 Cave.ndish Township 58 Lutterworth Township 68 Methuen Township 58 C O N T E N T a-Cjn«n«ed PAOK Financial Lobsbs bt Fobut Firm 60 FiB« Protbction 64 Bribp Oescription op CoNomoNB BT Townships 68 Hastings Cocntt : Marmora Township 68 Lakr Township 69 Tudor Township 70 I.iMBRicK Township 71 Cashel Township 72 Wollaston Township 73 Faradat Township 74 petekboronoh countt : Cbandos Township 74 Mbtbitisn Township 75 BuRLDiaH Township 76 Anstrdther Township 77 Cavendish Township 78 Galwat Township 79 Harvxt Township 80 Victoria Countt : somertillb township 81 Hauburton Countt : Cardiff Township 81 Monmouth Township 83 Glamorgan Township 83 Lutterworth Township 84 Snowdon Township 85 Minden Township 85 Dtsart Township 86 Dudlbt Township 87 Guilford Township 87 Stanhope Township 88 Anson and Hindon Townships 89 Harburn Township 89 Sherbobne, Hatelock and Etre Townships 89 III. Economic and Industrial Conditions, by James H. White, M.A., B.Sc.F. Farming Conditions 91 Details of Farm Distribution 92 Hastings County 92 Peterborough Countt 92 Haliburton Countt 93 Farming Methods 93 ABANDO>fED Farms 94 Social Conditions 97 Earlt Advice 97 Lumbering Conditions 98 Tourist Traffic Conditions 101 Ownership Conditions 101 C O N T E N T S— Conttjwerf IV. Appendices. I. N0TB8 ON THB LCMBBBINO INDUSTRY IN THE ThENT WxTERaHBD ]Q3 II. Physical Features op TH-a Area 108 III. Geoloot of the Arba 114 IV. Mineral Occur-ienceb in the Area included in the Trent Watershed Map II5 V. Extracts from Letters or Town.ship Clerks and Ueeves to the Dominion Forestry Branch reoarding Con- ditions IN the Trent Watershed and Neiohboub- iNo Counties I20 V- Index ^3^ ILLUSTRATIONS I. FoRMEB P'NKRIES FronUipiece II. Water Stobaoe Basin SuRKouffDED by an Old Burn 3 One or the Numerous Undeveloped Water Powers 3 III. A Natural Barren 5 A Man-made Barren 5 IV. Pbospectivb Farm 11 Abandoned Farm 11 V. Abandoned Farm Still uhed for Pasture 3S Bank Showinq Cross-Section of Sub-Soil 38 VI. Two KXAMPLES OF MaI'LK I'oRESTS 41 VII. Mixed Type — Birch and Pine, on Thin Obanitic Soil 47 Similar Type Which Has Suffered Successive Fikes 47 VIII. Two Types of Reproduction after Fire 51 IX. Seed Trees Left after Cutonq ; Reproduction of Pine in Com- mercial Quantities 60 X. Former Pineries : Insufficient Seed Trees Left to Re-establish Crop on Commercial Basis 63 XL Cutting in Hardwood Forest : Little Danger of Firf 67 Cutting in Pine Forest : Much Inflammable Material on Ground 67 XII. Balsam-Cedar Swamp : Common Type in Northern Tier of Town- ships 89 Natural Meadow between Granitic Ridges 89 XIII. Sample of Tillable Soil to be Found on Upl.\nd Granitic Areas ... 92 Farm o»; \ Glacial Moraine 92 XIV. Field Strewn with Limestone Boulders : Good Pasturage between Them 95 Poor Pasturage 95 XV. Typical Upland Farm 97 Better Type of F.^rmino Country : Gull River Valley Near Miv- DEN 97 XVI. White Pine Log Clt 23 Years .\go and Left as Defective .\ccord- ING TO Standards of tu.vt Time 99 The Present Harvest 99 MAPS I. Forest Fires, 1913 32 II. Forest Distribution i.v Trent Watershed In pocket III. Crown Timber Lands In pocket I FORMER PINERIES These .re.s once supported sixty merch.nt.ble trees per acre, Now no seed tjees remain to re-esUbhsh mother pinery, iso.ooo acres •" •>"« '■'""'"i ;es per acr»j. "uw iiu ac«^w ^r ■-"--— 1 this condition in the Trent Watershed Trent Watershed Survey I Conditions in the Trent Watershed Introduction THE foIlowiuR report on the conditions of a section of a once rich forest area in Old Ontario, will serve to exhibit in a precise and detailed manner the consequences of mis- management under the old system of timbar licenses, con- sequences which afford a warning against a continuance of that system. The report is also intended to suggest possible methods of recovery. Furthermore, an area has been considered in which the conditions are typical of those in thousands of square miles of cut-over lands in the eastern provinces of Canada. In the autumn of 191 1 Mr. John H. Bumham, M.P., invited the writer to look over a portion of the watershed of the Trent canal, situated in Hastings, Peterborough, Haliburton and Victoria counties, Ontario, in company with the Superintendent of the Canal, with a view to formulating suggestions for taking care of the forest cover. It appeared that the Dominion Government had spent some ten million dollars on this canal and watershed, building dams at some 40 lakes to regulate the waterflow, although control of the watersheds, from which this flow derives its source, had not been secured by the govern- ment. The slopes, once, for the most part, covered with valuable pine and hardwood forest, had been cut over. A lar^jc area, the pinery in particular, had been repeatedly subjected to fires and rendered liable to eventual total destruction, especially since the commercial interest in the lands had to a large extent disapi^earcd, through the removal of the merchantable pine timber. A short inspection trip made it clear that these conditions pre- sented a problem of peculiar and pa^ iicular interest ; one of stifficient size and importance to call for careful analysis and consideration ; a problem meriting the development of some plan for its solution The proposition to make a detailed reconnaissance and desci uion of the area as a basis for recommendations, appealed to the Chairman of the Commission of C .iisei-vation, the Honourable Mr. Sifton. As the timber had been nearly cut out, the Provincial Government was only receiving a trifling revenue from this portion of the country ; on the other hand, the interest of the Dominion, on account of the capital in- COMMISSION OK CONSERVATION vested in the canal, was considerable. It was. therefore, decided to make a survey of the entire watershed north of the Kawartha lakes, or of at least as much as could be done in one season. By careful planning and diligent application, on the part of the field party, it was possible to accomplish tfte necessary field work for all of the water- shed covered by this report.consisting of 3,100 square miles, during the summer of 191a, although the travel by foot in connection with the survey amountctl to not less than 4200 miles. The writer was charged with organizing the survey and laying out the plans of procedure. The party, consisting of Dr. C. D. Howe and Mr. J. H. White, both of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, and three student assistants, Messrs. Christie, McVickar and Watt, started in May, 191 a, and, by the middle of September, the survey in the field was finished. Reasons for the Survey It may be desirable at the outset to enlarge somewhat on the reasons for selecting this particular area and to indicate what par- ticular interest attaches to it. As stated, this area is illustrative of conditions prevailing ovc- a very large territory of mismanaged lands, for which it is desirable to formulate a policy of reconstruction and recuperation. In addition to this, however, the fact that the water- way and waterpowers developed in the Trent canal draw their supply from this watershed lends more significance to this territory than to others. Value oj the Cona/— The Trent Canal project has been a subject of pubUc criticism and often of ridicule, ever since it was conceived, is years ago. The criticism and ridicule are not, however, deserved by the original project but only by the irrational, slow manner in which it was executed. The canal project, in fact, has been subjected to precisely the same kind of mismanagement as the territory through which it passes. The chief value of a canal lies in connecting markets and resources, and, therefore, depends mainly on its outlets. The first outlet of the canal, the one into lake Ontario, is now, after nearly a century of dilatory work, being completed ; the other, which affords access to Georgian bay, still hangs fire. So long as the out- lets to larger markets or for through-traffic were lacking, only a very limited local traffic could develop. Since the canal does not pass through agricultural country, and, since the principal resource of the region it serves was timber— a staple which needs more than local markets for a profitable and rational development— the value of the incomplete canal was limited indeed. Since this outlet was unavailable, the timber, owing to the expense of transportation to market, was cut m a more or less wasteful manner. As a result, the government derived WATER STORAGE BASIN SURROUNDED BV AN OLD BURN ONE OF THE NUMEROUS UNDEVELOPED WATER-POWERS RE \B0N8 FOR THE SURVEY scarcely any profit from this industry, and the returns to the lumber- men were also relatively small. If the cheap transportation which a canal furnishes had been in existence earlier, much more conservative logging operations could have been carried on ; much closer utilization of matciial could have been made by mills situated alon„ the route ; much more profit could have been secured from this resource by both operators and the people, and, moreover, the source could have been managed for perpetuity, as a ' -is for manufacturing industriea. As it is, the principal local freight, that from the timber-lands, is a', .ost exhausted, and a large part of the usefulness of the oanal has gone, at least in so far as local development is concerned. Outside of the water-power which it supplies, through traffic, which may follow upon the completion of the two outlets, can alone justify its existence for the present ; "nless by careful planning and management a revival of the industrial activity, to which, at one time, the lumberman gave rise, can be sectuvd. Forest and Water/low— Me&nwMc, another important factor in ♦he problem, which is close);' connected v-ith the timber question, has been entirely lost sight of, namely, the securing of adequate water supplies for canal and i)owcr purposes by tho conservation of a forest cover on the watersheds. Indeed, this factor, the conservation of water supplies, is one of paramount importance to the can;. What- ever may be said regarding the influence of deforestation on cl'mate. an influence which, it must Ije admitted, is only imperfectly under- stood, there can be no question as to the influence on water flow which a forest cover exercises. That such a cover prevents extremes of low- water and high-water stages, and generally regulates and equalizes waterflow, has been proved both by experience and experiment in all parts of the world. The effect of this influence can be readily explained if it is assumed to act under extreme conditions. Consider a watershed with bare, rocky slopes. It is obvious that the water precipitation on it wiU mn off as fast as it falls ; that the water stages in the river will be as erratic and fitful as the rainfaU ; and that low-water and hi>,'h-watcr stages will alternate in conjunction with dry and wet periods. Now, consider the rock covered not only with soil and vegetation, but also with a dense forest growth, and then compare this condition of the watershed with the one previously mentioned. The rapid run- off is prevented by percolation ; the surface drainage is largely changed into subdrainage ; the river is to some extent fed by springs instead of surface flow ; the time during which the waters reach the river is length- ened ; and the flow becomes more even. Although in the case of un- usual rains and precipitous slopes even the forest cover may not prevent COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION fioodi ; yet they certainly will not be as frequent nor as severe as if the impediments to rapid surface drainage were absent. The soil, the litter, the moss and small vegetation, all contribute towards the for- mation of a water reservoir from which supplies gradually reach the river. Between these assimied extremes of unfavourable and favourable conditions there exist all the intermediate conditions of surface cover, with corresponding efficiencies in changing surface drairuxge to sub- drainage : the barren noil covering the rocky slope, the hwn pasture of grass and weed growth, the ploughed field, the farm crop, the shrub growth and slash, the young forest growth, the old stand of timber, .rgin or culled, and more or less dense,— these conditions in infinite variation, vary also in effectiveness as to control of run-off in the sequence given above. There ii one other influence of the forest cover, even of the poor stands, in regulating waterflow, which other vegetable cover or surface conditions only possess in a smaller degree. Water, aji it runs over the slope, is apt either to dissolve soil particles or to carry them in sus- pension, thus eroding the soil, filling the river bed with sediment and decreasing the capacity of the channel. Even a grassy slope is not as efficiently protected against this erosion as a tree-clad one. Engineers have sometimes thought that dams alone may effect the satisfactory regulation of the waterflow, but the wiser ones Ivve recognized that, for the best service, dams need to be supplemented by a forest cover such as a watershed furnishes. Especially for city water supplies the practice of forestation of the watersheds has now been generally recognised as essential, mainly for the reason that erosion and the filling up of water reservoirs is thereby prevented. These ex- planations of the importance of the forest influence may perhaps serve to show the bearing of this stirvey on the Trent canal. Causes of Deterioration — ^At the present time, the pine timber, at least, is practically gone from this watershed. A forest cover still exists, but, with the present commercial value almost entirely extracted, interest in its condition is gone ; fires have swept through it repeatedly, each time causing further deterioration of the forest cover, until, finally, the bare rock condition or man-made desert is the result. At present only beginnings of these conditions can be seen here and there, yet in the .hree townships of Methuen, Anstntthcr and Burleigh alone, nearly 150,000 acres of such desert exist. And, if the present policy of indifference and neglect continues, what might have been a continuous source of wealth will become not only ;. u•..'> NATURE HAD MADE A COMMERCIAI. FOREST HERE, A MAN-MADE BARREN I "JS REASONS FOR THE SURVEY m The region under consideration lies on Archaean rock, planed by glacial action, and not easily disintegrated ; it is covered with only a thin soil which is easily washed into the streams, and, hence, the danger of turning it into an irredeemable waste is much more imminent than it would be in many other localities. The effect of repeated fires, such as still occur quite generally, on the future of the forest cover can be studied in this region with con- siderable precision, and this has been done in a most painstaking man- ner by Dr. Howe. The financial aspect of this question of fire loss would alone justify this inquiry. If the reader will turn to page 60 and the following pages, where this aspect of the situation is dis- cussed, he will be enabled to realize that this is more than an academic problem. Here is a sample area of thousands of square miles in other parts of the Eastern provinces, and the conditions in this watershed are by no means extraordinary. They repeat themselves wherever axe and fire have been permitted to destroy the original growth in the Archaean rock country, that is to say, wherever lumbering under the license system has been permitted, without safeguarding the property as a producer. The sequence of this mismanagement is everywhere the same. The removal either of the best or of all timber, without disposing of the debris, leaves a slash which is invariably subject to fire ; after this, a loss of interest takes place on the part of the licensee and, what is still worse, on the part of the government. Nature then attempts to reproduce the forest and this is followed by a repetition of the fires, which kill the seed trees and seedlings of the better kinds. The ground is then re-covered by aspen and birch for a time ; but, through repeated conflagrations, it is finally rendered useless for any productive purpose. A similar sequence takes place in connection with the small-farm portions : at first, through the home market made by the lumbermen, a fair living may be made by the occupant ; gradually this market vanishes and the soil becomes worked out ; the surface wears away, the rocks are exposed, and the people are left destitute and miserable. There is still another reason for the prosecution of the survey and that lies in the fact that a portion of the population of this region occupies farms unfit for sustaining civilized conditions. Not only have many farms been abandoned by the removal of their occupants to more hopeful conditions, but a considerable number that ought to be abandoned remain occupied by those who lack 'the means and energy to move, thus forming a poverty-stricken commimity. A far-reaching policy for the management of this region must include a plan for the removal of this degenerating population. i. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The problem presented by this region requires the formulation of a broad and far-reaching scheme of development and recuperation. The water-flow should be safe-guarded, and industries should be de- veloped to utilize such small resources as are left, and to contribute freight to the canal, thus assuring a better future for this area than can be anticipated under the present policy of indifference and neglect. Procedure of the Survey Preliminary to going into the field a correspondence was carried on with the reeves and township clerks of the counties involved, in order to obtain their co-operation. Letters were also exchanged with the Dominion Forestry Branch and the Provincial Department of Lands, with a view to securing the data which they subsequently were kind enough to su; ply. Plans of the townships on a scale of one half mile to one inch were used in plotting the information. The survey party started at Marmora, in the south-east comer of the portion of the watershed that was to be included in the survey, and camped through the country, moving camp every four or five days as the plotting of the information proceeded. The party usually divided, each member taking a section, travelling on foot over the townships, lot by lot, and securing by interviews with reeves, township clerks and other informed people, information of unvisited areas and of conditions not visible in the field, such as economic conditions, and from assess- ment rolls. The general instructions for the party read as follows : " T . .-s survey is to furnish a detailed description of the economic and natural conditions and resources of the watershed in Peter- borough, Hastings, Haliburton and Victoria counties feeding the Trent Canal waters, and to serve as a basis for a plan of manage- ment. The economic conditions to be ascertained are to comprise : (a) Ownership and status of timber limits ; (6) Mumapal regu- lations and tax conditions ; (c) Farm development, crops, charac- ter and quantities ; (d) Manufactures and mills in existence, and possibilities of industrial development locally ; (e) Means of transportation and development of water-powers, so far as useful for developing local industries ; (/) Tourist traffic, game and fishing interests. The natural conditions to be ascertained and, so far as possible, to be mapped, ate : (a) Topography (in the rough) and segrega- tion of watersheds ; (6) Land classification by parcels, down to 10 acres lowest limit ; (c) Statements regarding character of cli- mate and soil ; (rf) Character and conditions of forest growth in connection with (6), including estimates of merchantable timber HISTORY OF THE REGION standing, and of young growth ; (e) Fire damage ; (/) Repro- duction and rate of growth studies." Dr. Howe paid special attention to the study of fire damage and reproduction, and has treated the physiographic side of the inquiry, while Mr. White undertook more particularly the investigation into the economic conditions. History of the Region The Trent Canal route is the old canoe route which the Indians were already using when Champlain, in 1615, travelled over it. The history of the canal itself and of its gradual development can be traced from the reports of the Department of Public Works* and, later, of the Department of Railways and Canals of the Dominion.f Until 1905, the Provincial Government also exercised control over the waters, having built dams and timber slide;;, to assist logging operations, and, also, a few locks, as at Youngs Point, to assist local navigation. The first suggestion to connect lake Ontario and Georgian bay was made in 1827, and, in 1833, an act was passed by the legislature of Upper Canada appointing commissioners to receive plans and to execute the works necessary for the improvement of the inland waters of the Newcastle district. In the same year the first survey was made and the cost of the construction of the works was estimated at $933,789. The sur\'ey of the second portion of the route was made in 1835, and the estimated cost of the work was $1,048,271, making the estimate for the total work $1,982,000. In 1836, a loan of $64,000 for the Trent River works was authorized by Act of Pa.-.ament and in 1837 a further loan of $310,030 was author- ized, to be applied to the inland division. On the commencement of the works in that year the Receiver-General set asi k. *he sum of $136,266 to be applied to the works on the Trent river. Previous to the union of the provinces in 1841 the progress of the work had been slow, and in fact had been often stopped altogether, owing, it appears, to the limited advances made by the Receiver-General to the commissioners. The total expenditure prior to this iime had amounted to $177,592. In the 'forties,' after the union of the provinces, the through route idea was abandoned, but local development of the waters for logging purposes went on, until, in 1855, the cost of maintenance of the slides. ■M •Department of Public Works ReporU, 1867 (which relate* the earlier history), and 1882. ,,w>»^RSR,^'°*°*°^^*''*^''y^''"'^ Canals Reports, 1S85, 1888, 1890, 1892, 1897, 1900, 1909. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION booms and other works being greater than the revenue resulting from them, they were handed over to a corporation — the "Trent Slide Committee" — which was to keep them in repair by means of tolls on the timber floated. Between the years 1841 and 1867 the amount expended by the Committee amounted to $492,486, but something over $47,000 of this was spent on roads and bridges so that the outlay on the waterway for that period may be put at $445,269. This amount, together with the $177,592 expended prior to 1B41, makes a total expenditure of $622,861 up to the year 1867. During the early 'sixties' a great movement to secure the timber limits on this watershed took place, and, by 1865, about 1000 square miles, the pine area, had beeii alienated, mostly without or with only a nominal bonus paid to the provincial government, which also built locks and dams here and there, to aid the lumber industry. In 1870, a flood destroyed many of these works, which were then, in part, aban- doned. Some feeble attempts were made by some of the lumbermen to revive the canal project, but they were unsuccessful, Jthough by 1872 there were twenty Itmiber firms in operation and producing considerably over 100 million feet of pine lumber. However, the water stored by the dams that had been constructed continued to be available for logging purposes. Further progress in canal building was made in the years 1883-88, but not until 1896 was the "driblet" policy abandoned and the pro- position taken up seriously with yearly appropriations of several hundred thousand dollars, which in 1909-10 were increased to a mil- lion, in 1911 to $1,750,000, and in 1912 to $1,938,136.48. In the Canal Superintendent's report for 1892 we find the first recognition of the need of water control for the canal. He writes : "Owing to the immense country drained becoming cleared, and to the fact that the liunbermen's dams, which formerly checked the flow, are being abandoned, there is a liability, until some provision is made to counteract it, of the heavy spring freshets damaging the several struc- tures along the route. Need of control of the upper reservoirs becomes every year a more serious question to those interested in navigation and water-power." This need was not supplied, nor was this incon- gruity of control removed tmtil 1905, when by Order in Council the province ceded all the works in the back lakes and the water surfaces of all rivers, streams and lakes, tribuUry to the Trent river north of Peterborough, excepting the Crow River basin, to the Dominion Gov- ernment, and also agreed to sell to the Dominion tmpatented lands along the water surfaces at 50 cents per acre. Two thousand acres have, so far, been acquired by the Dominion under this provision. HISTORY OF THE REGION The principal headwaters of the system are, however, situated on private lands in the central part of Haliburton county, more especially in the townships of Sherborne, Havelock, Eyre, Stanhope, fiuilford, Harbum, Minden. Dysart and Dudley. These headwaters consist of a series of connected lakes of not less than 130,000 acres of water surface, which is not under control of the Dominion. The feeders to the canal, under the control of the Dominion, lie in nine different basins, comprising over 100,000 acres of water surface. These nine basins are, the GuU river and the Burnt river , the two largest, and, in sequence of their size, the Mississagua, Jack creek. Eels creek. Deer Bay creek, Nogie creek, Buckhom creek, and Squaw river. Exclusive of lakes Simcoe and Couchiching (with 283 square miles of water surface), the total water area of the canal and its feeders covers neariy 300 square miles. When the Dominion took over these watercourses it immediately repaired the old wooden dams or replaced them by concrete structures, organized a systematic management of the waterflow, and, as a result, doubled the waterflow at Peterborough and at other power-houses without interfering with, but rather improving, the operations of the lumbermen. Meanwhile, the lumber industry has dwindled to one-tenth of its size in 187a, the pine cut in 1911 being less than 18 million feet, out of a total cut of approximately 42 million feet B.M. of lumber. By the time the last pine log is cut, which will be probably within five years, or thereabout, the cheap transportation which would have made a conservative forest policy possible will be just established. The first part of the problem is how to develop and foster small industries along the more than 160 miles of completed waterway, in order to make the most of the horse-power a^'ailable,* and of the' re- maining wood supplies ; the second part concerns the building up of the timber productic- in order to provide future local traffic on the canal, as well as to conserve the waterflow for the development of water- powers along iu3 line, and for the maintenance of a sufficient supply of water in the canal after its completion. The agricultural settlement of most of the region was a con- comitant or consequence of the lumber industry, and in many, if not most cases, was dependent for lus financial success entirely on that industry. Owing to its geological history, the country very rarely exhibits really agricultural soils. As Dr. Coleman in a memorandum on the geology of the region states, "The combination of kames (hills of sand and gravel with boulders) with pure sand deposits, through •More than 100,000 H.P. 10 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION which rise occasional hiUs of the harder Archsan rocks, makes a region entirely unsuited for agriculture, and useful only for forest growth. The result of glacial action north of the Palaeozoic rocks has been the formation of poor soUs deficient in lime and often also in clayey con- stituents, except for the occasional lime-stone or shale and clay de- posits." . While the lumber industry was thriving and a home market existed, the farmer on these poor soils could produce and f^ll enough potatoes, oats, hay, and meat products, to make a fair living. With the extinc- tion of this market, however, the trouble began, and at present aban- doned farms— abandoned by the more enterprising young men of a new generation— and run-down farms and farmers, too poor and too lacking in enterprise to move, testify to the mistaken policy of allowing ir- responsible settlement on non-agricultural sc^'s. Conservation of hum.an life and energy, conservation of decency in population, conser- vation of soils for useful production, alike call for a readjustment of this undesirable state of affairs. That these statements are not overdrawn is shown by the fann statistics and is corroborated by the testimony of the people living in the area reported on.* Results of the Survey Preliminary to the formulation of recommendations, a summary of the findings of Messrs. Howe and White, as detailed in their .oports, was drawn up. A table gives a classification of the whole area in i8 classes.t Since the seven northern townships are. for the most part, still covered with a virgin or semi-virgin forest, they have been enumerated separately, and the discussion refers, therefore, mainly to the 1,171,614 acres in the lower watershed. Here, 83 . s per cent is stUl forest-covered, but only 700 acres are virgin forest, and less than 90,000 acres have been moderately culled ; the rest have been severely culled and are, therefore, in unmercliantable condition. Neariy 60,000 acres are waste lands, the result of fires. Some 580,000 acres are covered with young and second-growth trees ; less than 12 per cent, 134.000 acres, are farmed. A table compiled from assessors' returns is added for com- parison and to give an idea of values.^ Discrepancies in details of area from the survey are explained in part by either inclusion or exclusion of areas in the two 1-sts, in part by difference of method in statement. On the whole, however, the results coincide fairiy in so far as percentages are concerned. ♦ Stf p. 95 and Appendix v, p. t See pp. 21-28. t See p. 29. 120. w«. ... .«...n .. ..... ri^^^^^\i^:^s^-'- '"- "" •"" ""' •'''"""" THE END ^ A A, ™. in the Trent Wa.er.hed. The amoun. of human energy expended in .Itemp.ing One of the many ••>"'><'«'»^™VuviSg ?rom such areas has been, and ..ill is. enormous RESULTS OF THE SURVEY U proAches Farming Conditions — The fact that, half a centur>' after the opening of this region to settlement, its a,ioo scjuare miles contain less than 15,000 people, and that hardly 10 |)er cent of the area of all the 35 townships included in the survey has been cleared for farm purposes, would indicate that it is not suitable for agriculture. Indeed, if the five l)cst townships, so far as farm land is concerned, Chamlos, Marmora, Minden, Somer\'ille, and WoUaston, arc omitted, the remain- der averages little more than 8 per cent of cleared land, and only alnrnt 1.5 per cent is tilled land, the other 6.5 per cent lx;ing found in the shape of more or less fair pasture land. Further evidence of the mis- fortunes which come from farming nxiks or the shallow glacial drift covering them, is furnished by the abandoned farms which are found through the whole region in large numlxirs, and which are sold from time to time for non-payment of taxes at less than 6 cents per acre on the average.* In consequence, during the last •' ;adc, the decrease of the population has been 15 per cent, as against 5 jier cent decrease of rural population in the whole province. This is, of course, a desirable solution of the problem, for it is to be expected that those who left are elsewhere doing better than merely eking out a precarious existence ; the land which they left, lieing fit for nothing else but forest growth, ^ gradually reforests itself. There is, of course, the excuse that the results could not be foreseen; that the province needed the revenues from the timber limits ; and that the settlement on these farms at the time when the lumbermen's business Iwas thriving was a natural result. The further excuse may be made that, at the time in question, employ^Lnent in the Ivunber camps pro- vided an additional sovu"ce of income for the support of these people. Even though this be true, it does not alter the fact that the time for correction of the policy is now at hand. Here is a native population, the welfare of which should be of more concern than that of new immi- grants. Here is a natural resource to be recuperated for the sole purpose for which it is adapted. Forest Conditions — The original forest on the lower watersheds was to the extent of fully two-thirds, a magnificent pinery, or in part hardwood with white pine admixture ; the other third was a pure hard- wood forest, of which maple and beech formed 7 5 to 85 per cent, and hem- lock 2.5 per cent. Now, the white pine is all but removed, and, with the exception of 700 acres still virgin, the whole lower watershed is more or less severely culled. The pinery has been burnt over at least once and in most places several times. * 194 of these farms were for sale in 1011. ittemptiiig i 12 COMMISSION or CONSERVATION This statement, as intimated before, leaves out of consideration the holdings of the Canada Land and Immigration Company in the northern headwaters. This is a hill country quite different in character from the lower watersheds, being still largely covered by a virgin forest of hardwood, either pure or mixed with spruce, pine and hem- lock. This region has been only partly culled, and little or not at all damaged by fire. The forest cover of the lower watershed, a round one million acres, can be divided into foiu: types, in addition to the barren country— 3 . 2 per cent — which was originally forest-covered, and that recently burned over, near'y 3 per cent (aa.ooo acres), which may, or may not, recuper- ate. The types of mature timber are pure liardwood, pure conifer growth, and mixed hardwood and conifer, these being types of the original forest. The fourth type is the result of forest fires; it is the original pinery, now occupied by a young growth of poplar and birch, pure or with more or less young pine intermixed. Less than 90,000 acres of mature timber remain in a condition which can be called "moderately culled ;"* somewhat over 300,000 acres have been severely culledf ; some ao.ooo acres are immature timber of the original type ; and the balance, some 560,000 acres, is of the poplar-birch type. This latter type represents not only the largest area, 57.3 per cent of the whole forest and 43.3 per cent of the whole area, but is also the most important and most valuable for the future, as it fiuTiishes an opportimity for reproducing the pinery, which once represented the chief asset of this territory. According to the severity and frequency of the fires, more or less of pine regeneration is found interspersed with the poplar and birch. The whole area has been burned over at least once. Including the 37,000 acres which originally belonged to this type and are alrt^dy turned into barrens or semi-barrens, and 33,500 acres of recent bums which will change into this tjTje, we have 620,000 acres of these burned areas, one-quarter of which has been so often burned that neither seed trees nor young pine growth exist on it ; these 156,000 acres are there- fore unable to recuperate by natural processes. Nearly two-thirds of the area (389,000 acres) have been burned over two or three times and are practically also beyond natural recuperation, with only six yoimg pines, on the average, to the acre. Only 73,000 acres, burned once, promise, if fire is kept out, to recuperate naturally, with 30 young *<.«. still containing sawloga of commeroial value. t i.e. with no commercial timlior and fit only for cordwood. RESULTS OF THI SURVBY 13 pine and seed trees— as compared with 60 to So in the original staml — left to the acre. Occasionally, conditions are much better than this average would indicate. In Cashct township, for instance, was found an area burned over once, the fire disposing of the loggers' debris. On this area aSo trees of white and red pine were counted per acre, which would be quite a satisfactory reproduction. Another stand in Cashel which escaped fires after the first one of 75 years 'o, and which, therefore, may be called 70 years old. indicates what might result from protection. Here, 360 trees to the acre were found, of which a8o were white and red pine, averaging 6.7 inches in diameter (i inch in 10.4 years), which may be estimated at la.ooo feet B.M. (175 feet per year). In spite of such good showings, the average of 500 acres of sample areas distributed over the entire area and carefully investigatetl by Dr. Howe, gives the low figures ju3t cited as averages. By means of these countings, it has, for the first time, been possible to attempt, on a definite basis, and in a convincing manner, an ap- proximate estimation of the fire loss by the destruction of the young growth. With the most modest assimiption of values, Dr. Howe comes to the conclusion that, on this area of less than 1,000 square miles, over 13 million dollars worth of prospective stumpage dues and stumpage values have been lost to the province, or $ao per acre. There seems to be no reason to doubt that twice that amount would be nearer the truth, and, indeed, in many cases, the whole producing capita! has been des- troyed. Not less than 37,000 acres are reported as being barren, owing to fires, and 150,000 acres as showing no reproduction of pine or seed trees. As this is only a small sample area of the thousands of square miles ot similar country, in similar condition, in other parts of the province, a realization may be had of the enormous losses that have resxJted from lack of protection of yoimg growth. Since, in the Trent watershed, on the average, 14,000 acres are burned yearly, the annual loss by forest fires may be placed at $250,000. For detail of such calculations Dr. Howe's report furnishes ample data. Yet, in these same pineries, through natural processes of recuperation, there are still prospective values of not L^s than $8,000,000 left in young pine and poplar, which it is certainly worth while to save by more efficient protection against fire. It should be realized that tht capital value of this 1,000,000 acres of forest property, based on its productive capacity, would, under proper management, represent not less than $50,000,000, and the solution of the problem of securing such management would appear to be worth while. 14 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION Oumtrship Conditions—It appears that the bulk of the land iii privately owned, the provincial govemment retaining title to only one- third, or 7 j$ wjuare miles. The important fact which the 'Ownership' map n-vcals is that these government holdings arc larRcly situated in a comjMict block with only few outlying parcels, a condition which renders a cimscrvative policy practicable. That the farming country lies mainly on the outskirts of this forest country is also a favorable factor. It is also significant that another 340 square miles is owned by large corporations, one of these holding a compact block of 171,000 acres, the other 67,000 acres. Such large ownerships make conservative management at least possible. The Dominion government owns, as previously stated, some a, 000 acres, which, however, represents merely locations for dams, buildings, and other easements. Of the provincial property, a little over one-third (375 square miles) represents limits which have reverted to the Crown, after the licenses had lapsed or been abandoned. The other 450 square miles are still under licenses, which, since the pine has practically all lieen cut, arc, however, apt to run out or could, probably, be easily terminated. Industrial Ditelopmtnt — From the description of the forest con- ditions, it is evident that the hey-day of the lumber industry is passed ; a few years will see the end of it, at least in so far as pine is concerned. Ai the present time the aggregate cut of some ten lumbering concerns is at the rate of about 10 million feet B.M. a year. Hardwood logging is but little developed ; the fact that the old timber is very defective requires that, to be profitable, it must be manufactured near the source of supply and utili?^^ most closely. The establishment of small woodenware manufactures i^ .nost desirable. Tindle and Jackson, an American firm of wide experience in this line of manufacture, have lately acquired some 40 square miles in Glamorgan, Monmouth, Cavendish, and Anstruther townships. They propose to establish a plant near Gooderham, and to work these limits. Similar development over the whole hardwood area should be encouraged. Small amounts of pulpwood, of cedar poles and posts, cooperage stock, railroad ties, tanbark, and fuelwood are being shipped. Since the one at Fenelon Falls was destroyed by fire, only one wood-alcohol plant is in operation in the northern portion of the watershed, viz., the Donald Wood Products Company — a plant of thoroughly modem con- struction. The Mining Industry — Appendix IV* contains notes regarding •Seep. US. RECOMMENDATIONS U the mineral industo'- They have Ixjcn summarizeil from the report on the Halitmrton and Bancroft anas by Dr. F. I). Adams and Dr. A. !•:. Barlow. Oold. iron, iron pyritis. lalc. marble, and rock for Duij metal form the inititTal rts;old mine under new management, has taken on new life. Sim" .ly iron miniiiK, which i«)llai)sed owinn to inability to comjK'te with the iron ore production of the I^ke Suix;rior and Minnesota ranges, pn.mises to revive, the Central Ontario Ilailway Company having centraliml the various small ofx-rations in a con- centrating plant at Trenton. Altogether, while nothing phenometial has l)een so far developed in mining and quarrying, Jiere are materials in the district which, by careful management, may lie expected to support small industries. Tourist Traffic —On account of its scenic attractions and the fish and game which alxjund there, this region is eminently suited for tourist travel. Thus far, this is considerably developed only on the Kawartha lakes, but the region alnjunds in lakes, which, eventually, will also be utilized in this way. This resource, as well as the timber and water resources, has suffered from the forest fires, which have rendered un- attractive many previously beautiful spots. The region is by no means inaccessible, the Grand Trunk, Central Ontario, and Irondale. Bancroft and Ottawa railways, furnishing access; and existing canoe routes could be easily improved right up to the headwaters. Recommendations Noh'xiy who has studied the conditions presented in this report will hesitate a moment in agreeing that the bulk of the country involved should be placed in, and managed as, a permanent forest reserve for the growing of timber. The only question can be : How this is to be brought about ? There are at least five interests to be considered or reckoned with and to be brought into co-operation in building up such a territory— the Dominion Government, the Provincial Government, the municipalities in which the territory is situated, the private owners of properties and of timber licenses, and the public at large. \ Besides the general interest which the governments naturally have in the economic condition and development of any portion of the com- monwealth, the Dominion Government, as pointed out. has a special interest in maintaining the canal. The Provincial Government still controls about one-third of the area, partly und<.r timber licenses, partly in cancelled or abandoned lots. The municipalities are naturally J iitK'%n 16 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION v.h t closely interested in seeing as much of their land as possible put to pr; able use, in order to reduce the individual tax assessments and, -''^ .6 same time, to permit of a higher degree of civilization through mcreased industrial activities and educational facilities. Private landholders will be benefited by better protection. Their property will increase in value owing to the improved environment, particularly if a continuous improvement of conditions is assured in place of the present tendency towards deterioration. With manage- ment for perpetuity, instead of exploitation for a short time, per- manent manufactures can be established, industnal development will increase, and the public at large will gain in prosperity. Co-operation of all these agencies will be necessary to carry through any far-sighted, persistent policy. The co-operation of the three achninistrative agencies, the Dominion, Provincial and Municipal governments, is especially needed to develop anything like a per- manent forest policy, for forest growth is slow, and financial results from timber growing, the only incentive for private enterprise, are slow in coming, so that only persistent entities like governments can be expected to carry on the business of timber growing. The policy, then, should be to bring all the lands which are not strictly farm lands as rapidly as possible under the control of one, or any, of these three agencies. These lands ihould be combined into one or more forest reserves, and a forest administration should be provided lor. Municipal Ownership — ^The most natural owners of such forest reserves are undoubtedly the mimicipalities as representatives of the people who are on the ground, and who, therefore, should take the greatest interest in its condition. One of the counties has already recognized the propriety of getting possession of these cut-over lands. The coimty of Hastings, tmder the leadership of Reeve P. P. Clark of Limerick township, organized a Forest Committee in 191 1, with this end in view. It secured legislation from the Provincial Parliament permitting mimicipalities to acquire such lands and to expend funds in purchase of such to a limit of $25,000. In pursuance of this legisla- tion Coimty has acquired 2,200 acres in the township of Grims- thorpe, outside of the Trent watershed, paying therefor the accrued taxes at the rate of about 17 cents per acre. At the instance of the writer, and, as a result of his address to the County Co ncil of Peter- borough, a similar committee to look into the matter of municipal ownership of cut-over lands was appointed in that county last summer. Since this legislation marks a new and important phase of the forestry movement, the Act (I Geo. V. Chap. 74, 191 1) is below, printed in full. RECOMMENDATIONS 17 -m "His Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario enacts as follows : I. ThisAct may bedtedas" The Counties Reforestation Act." a. The Municipal Council of a county may pass by-laws :— I A J ?"'" ^^^"'""8 by purchase, lease or othenvise, such lands designated m the by-law as the council may deem suitable f.c r«>fQre3tation purposes ; ''■; i -•• nia.iHng land so acquired and for preserving and ^r jteoting the i;;a ber thereon ; ;-) i;or the ti, ..lagement of such lands and the sale or o ler '.nsposal of he timber grown thereon ; '■ ' ''"'^'" ^^''^ *-^ 'Jing of debentures from time to time for the purpose ot pre iding for the purchase of such lands to an amount not exceeding $25,000 to be owing at any one time. 3- No by-law shall be finally passed under this Act until the same shall have been approved in writing by the Minister of Agnculture. 4- (a) Municipal Councils of townships in districts without county organization shall have all the powers, privileges and authonty conferred by paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of section 2 hereof, on councns of counties. (6) The councils of such townships shall have power and auth- ority to levy by speaal rate a sum not exceeding $200 in anv year for the purpose of providing for the purchase of such lands." While this legislation is undoubtedly of the right kind, it would seem that, on account of financial inabUity, these provisions by them- selves are not apt to promise a rapid development of municipal own- ership. In order to overcome this difficulty, it has been suggested that if the Province sees in municipal ownership a solution of the problem it should.hand over to the counties, free of cost, limits on which licenses have lapsed, under conditions which would tend to assure the results looked for. While we may readUy agree that such municipal ownership increases the mterest of the resident popidation in the property, and hence espeaaUy m its protection against fire, which is the foremost need, yet there are some practical arguments, which are mainly financial, against this pohcy. The need of control by the Dominion, for the regulation of water supplies, may also, in part, clash with such a plan. While, under municipal ownership it might be easier than under Frovinaal or Dominion ownership, to utilize profitably the small values that even a mismanaged wood-lot can often still yield, large areas of these lands not only contain no values of any kind, but. to become useful at aU, require expenditure for planting ; others to yield better and quicker results req-oire expenditure in thinning. These constitute present expenditures for the sake of future returns. Technical advice 18 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION as to these procedures is also required, and this would also entail ex- penditure. It may be pointed out in passing that a first-class forest manager is only fixUy occupied when the planning for and management of a tract of 50,000 to 100,000 acres and more is involved, hence it is doubtful whether a municipality could employ a competent man fully. The size of the property influences the financial success of the manage- ment also in other ways, namely, when the gain from the good acres can be used to recuperate the poor acres. This is, in part, the secret of the financial and managerial success of the German forest admini . Uions. Moreover, a successful forestry business requires a long continued and persistent plan, which, with the shifting conditions of municipal ad- ministration, is not very likely to i^'- followed. Even in Germany, the success of municipal forest administration— and it is a thorough suc- cess—is secured only by a more or less strict State supervision. The best results from a financial point of \new in municipal forests, are secured in Baden, where the State manages the mimicipal forest pro- perties for a stated sur.i per acre paid by the municipality. Altogether, the financial abiUty and especially the patience of the municipality in waiting for returns, will be taxed, if a real management of these properties for sustained yield is to be inaugurated. Government Ownership. —It is here that the co-operation of the financially strong government, with its superior credit and organi- zation, is needed. If, as appears probable from the appointment of a provincial forester, the provincial government assumes its responsibUity for the future of the timber resources of the province, this region uifers a most promising first field for action. A plan should be drawn up for recovering licenced lands and for dividing them into units to facilitate management, some to be managed by the province and some by the municipalities. The plan should allow for the provision of technical advice for their management, and for the furnishing of such financial assistance as may be necessary through a mvmicipal and state bonding scheme. The rights of super- vision and participation in eventual returns should be retained by the province. Some such plan of co-operation should obviously be elabor- ated ; the province selecting for transfer to the municipality such tracts as entail merely protection, and undertaking the management of the more complicated tracts as its own reserves. The first step for the Province to take would appear to be to re- possess itself of the licensed lands which have practically ceased to produce the quantity of logs contemplated under the original licenses. The next thing would be to impose upon the timber limit holders, who have still some valuable timber left, such conditions as would prevent th e jeopardizing and the destruction of the property itself. I i i RECOMMENDATIONS 10 M If the Province assumes the responsibility of such a conservative forest policy, the Dominion might well be relieved of participation in it, for IS interests would then be subserved. If, however, it is not the intention of the Province to efficiently protect, recuperate, and manage these forest areas, the Dominion should, by control of the watersheds, be placed in a position to protect its water rights. As pointed out, an efficient forest management, especially of cut-over lands, can be satisfactorily carried on only if compact pro- perties of sufficient size are placed imder one management. It is a great advantage that such conditions are found h.^re, namely, compact areas of land in the hands of the Pro\4nce, which could be placed in one reserve under one manager. The man in charge of such property must be a real and ciraimspect manager, continuously active on the ground. His first duty would be to make a careful survey and map of the proi^crty, .showing c(3nditions in detail, at the same time, organizing an effective scr\'ice for protection against fire, building watch-towers, and, where roads or ready means of travel do not exist, he should pro\'ide trails, gradually ix;rfecting the pro- tective service. Next, he must make it his business to encourage the establishment of small woodworking manufactures that can utilize the mature hardwood timber, as well as the minor forest products now going to waste. The small values that can be secured by an efficient local manager so far as possible, must be made to pay the cost of re- cuperation. He must also encourage private enterprise to develop the tourist travel and foster the fish and game resources as a not unim- portant ^ of the forest reserve. Then follows the improvement of existi and of natural regeneration by thinnings, the proceeds of which together with the profits of such logging of mature timber as ...ay still be done, pay for the operation. Next comes the question of planting to impro^'e or make productive the partly or wholly waste lands. This is a task worthy of strenuous effort on the part of an efficient man, properly sui)ported by either the Provincial or Dominion Government. Is it not time to begin such actual practical forest management instead of merely talking of con- serving our forest resources, theorizing on their value, and letting them go to niin ? T" '^eld for rcfonn is, to be sure, so wide, that the re- formers are staggered by the problem of where to begin ; but here is a concrete case with which a beginning could be made, a case presenting a definite situation and a definite problem. If begun not half-heartedly and in the picayune manner in which such things are usually under- taken, but with a full realization that only a thorough-going business ao COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION administration on a large enough scale promises success, the result cannot fail to prove satisfactory. As to financial outcome we can quite reasonably figure that a 500,000 acre reserve, half the present forest area, managed in the manner indicated, even in the poor condition in which it is found, could alnost from the beginning pay for its maintenance by the sale of odds and ends of available timber at the rate of 5 cents per acre, or $25,000 per year. Within a decade, when the first 750,000 cords of poplar pulpwood become a- ailable this would yield, if cut off in 35 years, at least $100,000 per year, or 20 cents net revenue per acre, from this source alone. By the time this is exhausted and replaced by a young pine stand, further pulpwood areas and some pine would have become ready for the axe, wood values would have increased, and an annual income of not less than $2 per acre from a sustained wood yield may be assured forever. This would be less than one-third of the net revenue derived from a forest property of approximately the same size in Germany, the State Forest of Wiirttemherg — not an unreasonable expectation! The natural reproduction on the areas that are kept free from fires is found unusually favourable ; it would therefore not be too sanguine to expect eventually an annual increment of 100,000 M. feet of saw timber besides other materials ; that means an annual business in growing, harvesting, transporting, and manufacturing of not less than $5,000,000 to $6,000,000. A special problem is that of the poor population. With such a developmeni, as would come from the management of the forest re- serves, there w ould be occupation for a number as guards and labourers in the reserves, and some of the better farm locations within the reserves might be of advantage in keeping these on the ground. But the greater portion needs to be re-located on more suitable lands, and, as far as could be ascertained, they would be most willing to accept assistance from the government to secure new locations, say in the Northern Ontario Clay Belt. It is important that this matter be made a subject of special inquiry. In conclusion, I would point out that this survey and report with these suggestions as to procedure, is to be taken only as a basis for further inquiry and planning, a clearing of the decks as it were, and that the Commission of Conservation shoidd follow up this work by formulating in more detail plans of co-operation and by br- ^ing them to an issue.* * At present writing, following up this suggestion, the Commission has put Dr. Howe in tie field to secure further mfonnation, especielly as to reproduction and rat« of growth, as a basis for further financial discussion. 1. 22 w o CO 2: u I en g OS 5 H 2 Si CO 3 o a :S OS itome ^ S2 9) 9« ^ ~. c) n cj Eh w O s P Peg a ^ CO g g H Z o •5 I O 2> •5 ?? I Sn; ss »fteo5 k S2S oto^ :S9 15 =a5oP>' & ^3 I ti M i 1 I .9 3 £. 26 I H mm S5S6rt 5 ""* 9 i I 27 I H '& 3 I 'i s 8 - S 1 8 » s «♦ o ? ? & 1. |i "a <» ..I>(2 a « P OiS "51 ass 1 .1 -f 3S II: J AhlE880H8' RKTURNS 30 A somewhat incomplete compilation of assessors' returns rivos the following picture of conditions, the disrrcpat^ "es in areas, as ex- plained, beiuR due to inclusions of outlyinR sections not included in the Trent watershed. It apix-ars that the total assessment avcra^i's only $2.30 per acre. — ft ire 3 >o * I- 1- * I- it « » I- o J5 •* ■■O •4 ?; O o « .~! t- lo >(? ifi l- 3c -a o Ti M -3 1- •« 5 -s c5 » :33SR??3 IS < ge iii -" ^ in cc t- I-: 3? : :fi ?.3 - ^ I'- t(5 « ■ r; •£ -< r; r- in C5 P 1 C S5 c I- ?> « '— o -J ^ff-r--' -r/i.'i-.' l•^; fg = ^■5 " -Si C Ste^ ij ■ pujpS .■^S.« t>- -^ i.-J F- -f li? '^ *! -« 1 h; -r ^r0b"5siC»'lO?0'^ S" C a 3 caj=i'3jf.>i 3 c fe > i- e e a » III S d o n 30 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION tion fum- htrf S^tT cfe S ^^™5. -d other info^a- land, and 8,088 acres as timb^ iS- S; ll "^ "" "'^^^^^ ^ ^»«*« (much less th/n^nTht^el Id c l' '^ ^^T*^ *° ^ ^^ per cent land, which must include. TZtj^J^\^ ^"^^ ^^ «>t-over farm area, stated as xj to ao Jr^t' ?^!J • .?' ^^^'^ "*^- ^he to be worth $.0. a high value reSelvbl^^ '^'''^ ^ ""^^"^ .n the average; the timber la^rworth i. tn t "^"^ '* "*^"* •"•8° to $12. in the average $6 aS thT^ ^ *^°' '' ^"^^ ^^ f""" «» value of $x to $5 t'he m^ hi^ ^'' "^ ^'r^"- ^'^ -* ^^^ ^^ lumber industry e^i ts ?Z Zl ^^ '° "^'- ^er^ ^ flourishing them have a IS ^raST^n '*^ ^ '^^^^ ^'^ «»"« o^ Company employS^ a 7^Z^^ T^' *^' J^^" ^^^ kindle ranger. ^ ^^ ^ ^ system of watchmen clocks to control the 447 ^p'?::?s s^ttt^^r S' ^^'^ ^ ^^^^- °^ as waste, the latter xemaiSng "X? ^[^^ "^^ ^° ^^ ^' be worth $10. is assessed at froni «7^r« 7? ^ ^°""^'"' ^PP°^<1 *« hardly consider^d.^ theZn * Z-^' ''^"^ °^ *^" ^^^e"- being the average being sZ^p^^ T i'°f ? "^^f^ ^* «^ *» «S per acre^ is X9K mills. At leasfz^^c ^t of ^IT '^ "V *'' "^^^ °^ *^«°" for that use. The tot^ retu^! ^^ ^^^ ^^nd m farms is entirely unfit derived from catUe^Tthrrl^Lrm«rH '" f*^* *^°°' "^^'^^ except by cutting pulpwoo^ wHcrs^Jf.f,^:! ^°^ ^^^^^ ^-^-gs. wood in small quantities M„oh ^f !f , ^'^ ^^ '=°'^' "^^^ other vania. The lu^berJ^ " P^e t f filtS ^""^ " ^ *° ^^""^>'^- couraged location of Lts bv seTSe^ i" ''°^- ^'""bermen en- dues under the license system "n" t^ri^'r^ffi"'"^ ^°^^— * busmess exists, although the towrK^;. k I^^" ""^ ^"™"^'" ^otel accessible by rail. township abounds in lakes and i„ very land (partly outsidrhe^aS^S^rr/'*"''"^'^ value is supposed to be $TfS ati 1 ^"""^^ "* *' ^^^' '^' '^^ over lands are assessed af l,oif ^^ • ' V ^^'°°° ^"^^ of waste and cut- half for the land half for thf . '^''^"'' ^'^'^'^ ^^ ^^^ted as $,.00- "^' "^^^y *S : the rate being lo^ mills. FOR EST FIRES OF 1913 n ADDENDA This report and the foregoing tabuktion of forest conditions were compUed in 1912. Extensive forest fires during the summer ^ 1913 have altered the conditions on about 175,000 acres. Dr. Howe has made an investigation of the extent and origin of these flres and estmutes the actual and prospective loss at not less than •3,000,000. Dr. Howe's report is as follows : It is steted in the body of this report, on page 63, that 620.000 acres of cut-over pine lands in the Trent watershed had been burned in the past 30 to 40 years.and of this area nearly 390,000 acres had been burned two and three times : 1 56,000 acres.four to eight times,while only 7S.OOO, or one-eighth of the whole, had escaped with only one burning. An idea of what these repeated fires have cost the Province in terms of potential dues and stumpage values may be obtained by referring to the table on page 63. It was shown that these burned-over lands contained enough poplar and young pine to justify an attempt on the part of the proper authorities to save them from further destruction by fire. At the present time, for reasons stated on pages 64 and 65, they are entirely without fire protection. The necessity of effective protective measures has been forcibly prcscnbed by the widespread and destructive fires of last summer The fires of last July and August burned over approximately 175 000 acres m the region considered by this report. This represents over IS per cent, of the forested area within the Trent watershed and 3 1 per cent of the area classed as former pineries. The extent and dis- tribution of these bums are indicated on the accompanying map* as well as in the table below. The four largest areas are grouped to represent continuous bums. Areas Burned in 1013 Toumship ji^„ j,^^ Anstruther 384^0 Burleigh. jgggo Cavendish 15740 Olamorgan 3 360 ""^'-y-v 1,830 Monmouth j^qo Methuen ^^ 77.780 Li&KP iA Bnn ^"'/."Kh :.:::;::::: tS Wollaaton '5QO Glamorgan 777^ ^^'^^ Snowdon io't?^ Lutterworth goon ^'^^ A^"* ■.■■.■.■.■.:::;::: s;o8o 14,680 • See page 32. 83 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Tmnskip j^„„ ijS^""'' 7,500 I"^5^ 1,500 Harvey J'^SS GuilfoJd ''sSS iS°'"-.;:::;:;:::;;:;:::;::;;;:;; "^ Tdal 12,100 178,840 (At least 175,000 acres of the total given above are in the former pine lands.) The fire in Anson and Lutterworth had its origin outside the region considered by this report, where it burned over much larger areas me Tudor fire also burned a much larger area outside the territory upon which this report is based. The burning of the areas given above was due to i6 separate fires Ihe ongin of 4 of these fires is reported as unknown ; 4 as having been set with maliaous intent ; 3 from farmers working in hay marshes • 2 from a railway engine ; i from the camp fire of tourists ; 1 from beiry pickers ; and i from lightning. Ten of tiiese 16 fires started on crown lands not patrolled by a fire ranger* Two of the six fires occurring on patroUed lands are reported as having been set deliberately. The destruction on the three largest areas, namely, the Anstruther-Bur- leigh-Cavendish area, the Glamorgan-Snowdon area and the Lake- Methuen area, totalling 148,420 acres, or 84 per cent of the entire area burned was the result of 5 fires, and three of these started on a mm lands where th^re was no actual fire patrol. The other two fires started in patrolled timber limits in a region where one ranger is charged with the surveillance of about 100 square miles. In regions not suffering from forest fires there is a tendency to nunimize the damage they cause. One often hears the expression : IVo particular damage was done, as the fire ran through cut-over lands. It IS well to consider how little comprehension of the facts of the case such statements involve. For example, we may make the following charges to the account of the recent foresc fires in the Trent valley. PptPrhnrn,, 1. I ^-"PENDITCRES IN FiGHTING FOREST FiRES Peterborough Lumber Co .o =«« Wood Products Co. of Canada '^.SOO Gull River Lumber Co "*'^ Minden village, 100 days' labour ■.■.... ^50 Total $4,310 rang;jt'=;;r^'re7of ■^rraS.^"- '"' '"^'■-">- ^''^''-^ ^^ '""^ «- ■•rt-^§^ o CO c3 '*Mm — , FOREST FIRES OF 1913 33 The sums accredited to the lumber companies were actually expended in wages and provisions for men fighting fires. The labour of farmers is placed at $a.oo per day. The number of day? employed is obtained by accrediting to each farmer, whose property was endangered, an average of three days' Work— a very moderate estimate. In most cases the women and children aided as well. While in the field the licensees of the timber berths were interviewed with a view to arriving at an approximation of the amount of merchan- table timber killed, but at the time of writing this valuation had not been completed by all of the owners. However, from estimates by the chief sufferers it appears probable that this will exceed $50,000. Much of the standing timber killed by fire will be saved by imme- diate cutting, but every large operator reports more timber killed than he can possibly cut before it is rendered useless by disease. Moreover, as is well known, the cost of cutting and handling burned timber is greater than that of green timber. On account of these factors, it is difficult to estimate the actual loss in fire-killed timber. The coming of the rain during the last week of August was pro- videtitial, as it found the fire endangering farm buildings in nearly every township, and several villages would doubtless have been burned. Therefore, the loss of buildings was not as great as might have been expected. No farm buildings within the area considered by this report were burned, but several jt side of it were destroyed. One limi- ber company estimates its lo. , vay of camps, dams and equipment burned, at $15,000. Farmers suffered severe losses through the burning of marsh hay. The farmers in some of the townships are alwajrs dependent upon the supply of marsh hay, and this was all the more pronounced during the past simimer on account of the almost complete failure of the cultivated hay crop. In one township alone ovf r 200 tons were burned. A mod- erate estimate would place the marsh hay burned at 800 tons. The hay was considered to be worth $8 a ton, which means a loss of $6,400. Another item to charge to the fire account in this re- spect is the destruction of the marshes upon which the farmers are de- pendent. Many of them were burned to the depth of two feet, the roots of the grasses being completely killed, so that it will be several years before they can regain their productiveness. The cost of rebuild- ing fences will be no small item to the farmers, for many miles of these have been burned. The estimate of the actual damage caused by these fires, as given above, is sufficient to refute the claim that "No particular damage was done, as the fire ran through cut-over lands" ; but it is a mere bagatelle when compared with the potential loss in youth growth. On page 64 of this report, it is estimated that the cut-over lands, in which most of the recent fires were located, would yield at maturity on the average. 34 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION seven cords of poplar pulpwood per acre. Of this area. 175 000 acres co^onT? . ":; "^^ '" '' y^"' ^°^^ be worth one doLt cord on the stump, or li.«s.ooo. The present value of $1 aafc^ It, s stated m the table on page 63 of the report that 75 000 ac^i recent hres. Had the young pines not been lolled, they would have jielded 3.000 feet per acre at maturity. 50 years W T in oS^r words. xso.c^ M feet. Reckoning the duiTla^; M L the stumpage value at $7 per M. the value of this timber w^d haTe blen $1,350,000. The present value of $1,350,000 due in 50 yeai^W^r cent mterest is $x8g.94S. It is also Jiown in the tlbrrefetiTo above, that approximately 390.000 acres contain on the've^e 6 tZv^Za^'^uT- °^*bis type X00.000 acres were Sed They would have yielded at maturity. 75.000 M feet of pine lumber vSi suL dl"" "" ""^ stumpage of I675.000. The preset val^e of Tws sum due in so yeai^ with interest at 4 per cent per amium is $98 07 maturitv ,T^T' ^^"^y^y^^S pine worth nearly $2,000,000 at maturity, and ptdpwood worth nearly $1,000,000 at maturity The present value of these sums is $848,000. This must be chaS to^e f . T!: ^V^' P"^"' ^P^*^ ''"^^ °f the fo'^st in the Trent vli- ley has be«i reduced by that amount. This reduction of fut^S fo^t n^^.^^w ^°^ °" ^*°"* ^PP^'^"* abatement, yet the f urre s^ ply of tmiber must come frem these cut-over lands, which JZZeZ hme are without fire protection. ^ As stated above the crown lands containing merchantable timber ar« efficiently protected, but under the present system the cut^ver l^ds ^ a^ a genial rule, entirely neglected. There are two caus^of tScoS' tton of affau.. In the first place, there is the wide-spreadX^ hat tt cut-over landsareworthless.a belief that maybe LdUy piTvene^n eousbyanyonewhostudiestherateofreproduknofXeSSinl^on such areas. Secondly, the timber-limit holderhas no vi^rfiSnSltter" estmhis cut-over areas because they will eventuaUyrevertto^^C™^ te'cS^r/ ^'"? *\*'^ '^'* '°'^^^ ^bat he sho^i^^^^^ tect the lands under this condition. Therefore in any far-sighted pcJkv of forest administration it is essential that some method be S^^iSaS quately to protect the cut-over lands from fire. Forest fires^n never be entirely eliminated, any more than can the fires in a ^4 Se the fires m a town, experience proves that they can i reduced to a 7Z^:. TT " ' ^"7 ^^'^°"- ^^y --t beLduced to aSi^uiJ If there IS to be an adequate supply of forest products in thTTvT ki II Physiographic and Forest Conditions I. Drainage, Topography, Geology, and Soils The territory to which the present report refers is the drainage basin of the Trent Canal waters lying in the townships enumerated below, in general, those north of Kawartha lakc^ and Crow lake. The eastern boundary of the territory is formed by the drainage basin of Beaver creek, a tributary of the Crow river, in Hastings county ; and the western boundary by the drainage basin of Gull river in Haliburton and Victoria counties. The townships in Peterborough county lying be- tween Stony lake and Rice lake were not included in the survey because of their prevailingly agricultural character. For the same reason the township of Verulam, lying north of Sturgeon lake, was not explored. With these exceptions, all the territory draining from the north into the Canal and lying between the eastern and western boundaries as given above, was explored. The region includes portions of Marmora, Tudor, Limerick, Cashel, Faraday and Wollaston townships and the whole of Lake township in Hastings county ; Methuen, Burleigh, Harvey, Gal- way, Cavendiiih, Anstruther and Chandos townships in Peterborough county ; Cardiff, Monmouth, Glamorgan, Snowdon, Lutterworth, Minden, Dysart, Guilford and Stanhope townships, and portions of Harcourt. Dudley, Harbum, Havelock, Sherborne, Hindon, and Anson townships in Haliburton county ; Somerville township in Victoria county, and a small portion of Ridout township in Muskoka district. The total area surveyed was 1,345,500 acres. Drainage Basins— The Crow River drainage basin is the largest in the Trent watershed, including an area of 497,900 acres. The name is applied to the outlet stream of Round lake, in the township of Bel- mont. Its upward extension from Round lake is called North river. Between Round and Belmont lakes, it receives the waters of Otter creek ; Deer river falls into Belmont lake, and near the outlet of Crow lake, Beaver creek falls in. Of the tributaries. Deer river, and its northern extension, Paudash creek, is the largest, and drains 214,200 acres. Its headwaters are in souths nem Faraday and southeastern Cardiff. On its way to the Crow river it flows through three large lakes, the Paudash lakes in Cardiff, Behnont lake in Belmont, and Crow lake in Marmora, and receives the drainage of Loon lake in Chan- dos. Beaver creek drains 1 50,800 acres, and its principal storage basins are Salmon lake in Limerick and Little Sahnon lake, and Devil lake in Cashel. Otter creek and North river drain only 57,500 acres. The latter has a large storage basin in Kasshabog lake in Methuen town- ship. All of these waters reach the Trent canal in the township of 36 COMMISSION OF C0.-N8ER VATIC N The total lake surface Seymour, where Crow river falls into the Trent, of the basin is 16,150 acres. coni^T/r" ^"" '"*°f r?' ^'' "^^y- J«=k <=««k. with a basin acres ?L1'^ '''''■ '"** ^'^ ^"°^' ^'^ ^ t>asin containing 66^ r t J», u""^' '' practically confined to the townships of Bui° otuThe,^ ctTr'J'.?'^ '^"" '" ' '°"^ «— valley' xlSig to southern Cardiff and Monmouth townships. The prindpal bS of water m these two basins are Jack lake 1? northwest Me^^ and Eels lake, and the Monmouth lakes in the adjoininT^cTS Anstruther. Cardiff and Monmouth. The lakes hi 7! C^ have an area of 6,900 acres. ^^^ wate^'S'^^t" '^ ^"II' "!f "^ «"^«*^' '^' <^ "ceives the waters of Deer Bay creek and the Mississauga river. The former dnuns an area of 48.000 acres, and the latter a^ area of ,^^^ The Deer Bay Creek basin contains some twenty small lake^. r^stlv^ the township of Burleigh, having a surface ari of ,,550 a;^ wL" Gold rriT ^ '*'• ''°''': '^''" '" '''' Katchacoma-MSsa" ga- Gold-Eagle laJce senes m southern Cavendish and Anstruther the total ^ea of the lakes in its vaUey being 7.000 acres. Between HaUBrid^ and Penelon Falls, the canal has several small feeders, the m. S! tCdl ' ?"'" """ '"' """«y ^^-'^- The combi^eJarea^f hese dnunage basms is 81.500 acres. With the exception of Snp lake m Galway and Salmon lake in Cavendish, they do not contaTlS the a^ !rL^7'' '^^' ^""^ '' ^'^^ ^^'^'^ '"««* ^ ^ ^thin river ^;,^, ^'''^°° ^'"^- T^^ ^^g«^t <^°"fl"ent of Burnt comer o^sS:d^^.T'^*''l '^ ^^'^ ^ ^'^^ southwestern comer of Snowdon. It has its headwaters in Farquart lake in the S:^'th Gr°"^' "^'fr ^ ^ «-th--terly'directirn tlS,ugh i^e T^. H ?1T'"^^' ^^ Snowdon. The main stream, commenc- flow^t? wl r ^'^ °"' °^ ^2 ^^^ ^ tl^« townshipof Dudley, Sden 4 t' ^^^°g--g^og-Canning lake series in Dysart and tW h^' ^ '°''*^"' *^' 30 lakes of considerable size and they have an aggregate surface of nearly 23.000 acres. Gull nver, which flows into Balsam lake, drains an area of « 4 200 ncluded by ttus report. The headwaters are formed by a network Z Ihe basm as a whole contains 80 or more lakes. Three of the lakes Redstone in Guilford, Kennisis in Havelock, and Gull lake il Lu«": la^^LSt'thrh '•""'^""' "^^" ^ °^ «■'- --• The total laKe surtace in the basm is 40,900 acres TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 87 Some 4P0 lakes are indicated on the map of this region. These reservoirs have a total area of 103,000 acres — 7 per cent of the entire area. Tupography.—The country consists of innumerable low rounded hills and ridges. In the great majority of cases there is less than 100 feet difference in altitude between the streams and the ridges which separate them. Often the divides between the smaller streams are neariy flat or slightly rolling in character. When the higher ridges are ascended one sees an even sky-line and the country has the appear- ance of a flat plain into which countless depressions have been etched by the streams. Scattered over the region are occasional hills and ridges which stand from 200 to 300 feet above the general level of the plain, as, for example, in Tudor township between Millbridge and Glamnire, the Blue mountains in Methuen, the Green mountains in Glamorgan, and the granite ridges in central Anstruther. Along the northern limits of the watershed, the valleys are deeper and narrower, and the general elevation of the plain or plateau is about 1,250 feet above sea level. The northern portion of the watershed in Haliburton county is approximately 500 feet higher than Stony lake, and the southward slope of the plain is about 8 feet to the mile. The ridges, for the most part, have a northeast-southwest direction, and practically all the larger streams flow towards the southwest. Geology.— The rocks of the region consist of various kinds of granite and gneiss, crystalline limestone, amphibolite, gabbro, diorite, syenite, and sedimentary limestone of Black River age. Except the Trenton limestone, none of these occur in large areas in pure condition, since both the granites and crystalline limestones are often mixed with bands of gneiss and amphiboUte. The whole region was once covered with sedimentary rock, mostly limestone, and in] some crustal movement of the earth the granite and other plutonic rocks were pushed up through it. The forces concerned changed the limestone into its present crystalline form and brought the amphibolites and gneisses into existence. Three distinctive lines of these intrusive rocks cross the area in a northeast-southwest direction, and, being harder than the sur- rounding rock, they constitute the higher points in the topography. The eastern line of intrusive rock is interrupted, but it can be traced through the Blue mountains in Methuen, "The Ridge" in southern Wollaston, and the rugged diorite ridges in the northeastern portion of the township. The middle line of eruptive rock extends northward through portions of Burleigh, Harvey, and Anstruther in a soUd mass of gndssic granite, and then, with some interruptions, joins the great granitic outcrop to the north of the Trent watershed. The western outcrop of eruptive rock, begins in Galway and extends through COMMIgaiON OF C0N8B:rvaTI0N Wdon and GUmorgan into Dyurt. where it i. interrupted, and ^ are composed of granite and related rock, the former avera^ng •bout ,0 and the latter 8 mile, in width. These two. as weU a. tS SSf- «n outcrop of volcanic rock, a« mxrrounded by tranrfo^STS l ^^.Z V '^.r^'^'y ^^ being «,fter, many ofl^ T^^^f T,^ "* J*T ^' " "°**"y '^'^ ««* ^t»> oi creek! K <^ SfcL"^?,' ^^« '^^^'x^ «bove belong to what th'T^ logists caU the Grenville-Hastings series of the Paleozoic Era. Sedimentary limestone of a differe.it geological age (Cambro- saittt«d patches westward to central Harvey, where it extend, ith Zh^^r "" °?" 'r** °' "^' ^ * -^^--* directioTthrCJ ni.tu^'^S'^'^* V^u°" ^ '"^*"^ «'^"^y '«»» gladation. and the nature of t^e s«ls has been determined by it and by the excessive flow of wate« during and immediately subsequent to the icTTge smce has not been long enough to restore them by natural processes tSZT.y'^- '^°'' ^'^'^- The killing^f trpSS ^ and «.e destruction of the humus by fires have resulted £ washing Off the sod m many cases. especiaUy on the granite, so that now the bv^Z H "^^ T^ °' '''' '°^ "^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ covered It is ra^vTt °^«^"^,d^»''^- ™o«tly sand, gravel, and pebbles. It IS rarely that one finds the soil on the uplands more than 18 inches S„? S! J^u- 7^' ^*^ ^*^^ th« 1°^ ridges hav^e. at ^ .e 1^ ;o^ Tf!j ^'r ^^ ^"*""' ^^ **»« ^^ris hL been ^o. ess«,rted. bu the top layer of soil is sand interspersed with a. laye« of gravel. These are the areas which were originally oc. , ..^ tL^Z' ^"^Sr^^^^^^tely. they are now often occS by farnS live^.l ""t '''", ""? "'^'^ ^'^'^ ^' ^^ the present st3 S^^ Tn tH "^"^' '^™"''*^ '*' ^°"^S ^'iy tehees along the S;«,s«I r " P^"*'"" °^ thewater^ed particularly. mcJt of Se SS^ r *" ^ "'"^ ^^"y^- The lower terraces, and ;speciaUy the fl<^plams.cont«n indeed, fairly good agricultural soil. buVS dassf^wSt,*^'^^' f«>e«^ may be roughly g«,„ped into three Classes, which m sequence of their abundance are : stony, light, sandy [r;i 11 l^s a n 01 h -V' '^ /. 4/ X V • %x •■*; 'v J * ' A iP * • 1 * a J* '^ H^^^^^ .▲ # '^j'if' >>. * T % ' n ^^ A 0f Jllkf*!^ 9^ T^ T# • V — ^^ -» J- ^,— J '^^ 4 |u_ , ^T ^ \ • » ^w*T 'wi^' A^ . ^ilk , -«3r ' ■fc ' ^ > .* % ■.1r .^> IL . _, '^^ ^♦^J.^"'*' ^ i 0) ^^_ ^SM ^V "T« lA J^ 1' i*- 1 I . A. ' # is A P c7 i r'v ^y .^ .^ >> ^ «§ ^ ■>■♦ ^^-. ■■ S/1 > » iV 7 ^ -/W) iv Wj' > /• * >0 (w 7 ». ^ ^fc-~^^r. - 'S 1 ^K ' t'. • •*•.*-.! '" <•« m sf \ .»* S7-I'« JV* 7« tf ■: * I' »*••■ H . ^ * X. lb F ^ f ^M'V ^Br '2 ^.V r-^ ^'"^ rJ8 f»| ftV..- t>i:' '^ CA kv^..^k ^iD tTfM 1 «1a._ r "^ 3 ]■ ^V £ -n jL\ P^Jl ^4 J ■■ 4. .' 1 K «L.1 W J^ r ^aiv ^«C 4 **• % o ,^^^ -v'^K ^r 4 iLjtiJ ■ «A\3I LitK. 1 ~«i ^ M ^^^^^A A V^ 1 r^ I F^Mt. F 1 f- 1^^^^ .^r ' —.Fl J A^Alu 1 vH 1 o ^S A. CM t: c ^jRy m • M 1 SilB \^ ■) %,'^ • '^^^^^1 ^H k r ^ M^ir IV r# ^■^mL ^ ' Q - -flB^ jV » ^ # f9 V J r^'^.'i 2 SV^'^-\ * ■ ' ^L- # V rr •^^ '¥AdSf t 1 ,t 1 ,l! CONDITION or FOREST TYPES loAtni ; sand ; and the heavier loams (nit loam and clay loam). The last named, however, are very restricted and form a very small per- centage of the entire area. II. The Condition of ihe Various Forest Ty|)es In Oentral With reference to the kind of spec" j. and. at the same time, to the character of the soils on which they grow, the forests of the Trent watershed were divided into the foUowing four types : the hardwood type, the mixed coniferous-hardwood type, the pure coniferous type and the poplar-birch type. Each of these will be discussed in detail in the following pages. With reference to the degree of cutting, each of these types was classified as virgin, moderately culled, and severely culled. With reference to the age of reproduction, after clean cutting or after fire the young forests were classified as second growth and young growth In the final Ubulation of the results of the field work— it was found that the area of virgin forests, with the exception of that in the holdings of one company m the extreme northern portion of the territory— amounted to less than 700 acres. The virgin condition was, therefore, grouped wth the moderately culled condition. By 'moderately culled' is meant a forest from which the better class of saw-logs has been removed. This condition is moat common in the hardwood forests, where the basswood ehn. ash, and, sometimes, the better quality of maple have been cut leaving the forest almost pure maple and beech, yet of a quaUty which could be further utilized for saw-logs. In such cases the crown cover remains practically unbroken. Only aa per cent of the mature forest IS in the condition designated as moderately culled. In the severely culled forest, practically aU the merchantable saw-logs have been removed, leaving material fit only for cordwood charcoal, or wood distillation products in the case of the hardwoods' This condition is the prevailing one in the hardwood tvpe because a large percentage of it is composed of farm wood-lots, in which a long contmued selection system of cutting has led to this result. In the m.-> '- jonty of cases the crown cover in such a forest is unbroken, and it is only by a close inspection of the interior that the real condition of the forest IS disclosed. Where, however, cuttings for fuel or for w.od distiUation products have been made in the hardwood forest, the crown cover has been very severely broken ; in fact, only scattering tn>cs of non-commeraal species remain. Nearly 8,000 acres of this type of cuttmg were found in the northern townships, principally in Dysart and Dudley. Under the heading of ' severely culled ' in the hardwood type, therefore, a considerable range of conditions is included. The greater M COMMISSION OF CONSBRVATION ,M While the -^^-loi^con^deL'^^t^^^l^^^J^^'^^- have been chiefly removed vetthT^i,, '*''*"*'*"*«'« working industries. In the mixed tvn«i «rT- .f ^"^ ''°*^- types, the severely culled cLS SiTfor'th^^TjT^"^'' practicaUy everything, so that only sSS^'riw i^'f™*" ^^^"^ Excluding the ^tZ^t^^t^^.^J^''^^ '''^■ young growth, mature fonS^' tte t1^' '^1^™»»' "»d the ^and o. these 3,0.300 ac^^.tr ]?T^^^:^y ^^^^ the latter from 40 to^Ta'rs olf^.^ ^/° *° *°y^- "^^ ^gate ».o,o a^. and ^tTt^^ of^T™!"^"?" ^'^ "«- The young growth and second ^^ oS !T^ ?^^ ''^ *°*'- ing as the result of foes, were SL s^^' ^^' "-"^^ "^- thedegreeofintermixtuT^ofS^t^X;«3*°^p r:^' f ^ "P°° forest was considers! pure, if the^iS^of ^-f^^^"' * '^''«^ nant trties did not exSd 10 ^Z!^ ^"^ "°°°« *^* <*°°^- sider^l pure, if the iS^^of^^i^^t 'riT^S.^- per cent : stands of «*«*«. *».„„ """'^"oas was not greater than 10 extent of the recent fires l^l^x. tour years, do not grve the real the trees wereS ^^^wSfil^'w ^ to the areas wher. growth but not the matrtZ^J^^'^t't^^^^^^yo^^ H'"^ "^''^ ^"-«^ werHrincllS**^- "^^ ""^^ the T:;S°:it^'S!le'Srttrs^;^^^ "-i^« -^o"y within forest r«fer only to the 4^^^ ^^ "^ ""^ distribution of the whole. ^*°*^'P°'^°"^^«y«»'«d not to the townships as a centages of ^^o^Z^^^'XtV ^ ''*^™^« "^ ^- mostly by one company TdS ^"?*^ ^ P"^**'^ o^ned, unsetJedf and, ^S^'i.^f ^ T '^"^^^^^ "^ey ar« pn«:ticaU; ' "^ "°^* P*rt. almost entirely untouched. They HARDWOOD TYPE 41 represent a diflferent type of forest than that farther south, beihg pure hardwoods, or mixed conifers and hardwoods, in virgin or semi- virgin condition. The primary object of the survey being to determine the conditions on cut-over and burned-over lands, these townships were considered separately. The composition of the various forest types as described in the fol- lowing pages was determined by means of sample plots, which for the most part, were made in strips one chain wide and ten chains long, so as to obtain as nearly as possible the average conditions. The trees of the various species were classified as saplings, poles, standards, and veterans. The saplings are from i inch to 4 inches in diameter ; the poles from 4 to 13 inches ; the standards from i a to 34 inches ; and the veterans over 34 inches in diameter. The Hardwood Type The hardwood forest type occupies a little over one-quarter of the area included in this report, and almost one-third of the total woodland area. Excluding the young growth of all kinds we find that the mattu-e hardwood forest occupies over three-quarters of the entire mature forest ; in other words, pure hardwood is the prevailing type. Within the hardwood type only 0.15 per cent is in virgin con- dition, and 19.7 per cent of it is semi-\Trgin. On most of the balance nearly all the saw-logs have been removed, that is, it has been severely culled. Young growth less than 40 years old covers less than three per cent of the hardwood area, and second growth, nearly ready for the axe, hardly one per cent. The hardwoods occupy the deeper glacial drift soils, which, for the most part, are s^ndy loams, but stony. They are found on the higher ridges, if these ure well covered with soil, without regard to the nature of the underlying rock. They also often occur on the low sandy flats lying betewen the ridges once occupied by pine. There seems to be little difference in the composition of the soil of such sites and that of the adjoining pine lands, except that the water-table is higher, and hence the soil is much more moist. In addition, since these areas have never been burned over, the soil contains more vegetable matter. Such hardwoods as occupy relatively shallow soils are confined to those overlying the sedimentary limestone, which skirts the southern por- tion of the region. In the southern two-thirds of the drainage basin, the hardwoods are localized and irregularly distributed in patches, being surrounded by fornier pine lands. There are, however, some exceptions to this condition. For example, there is a large, continuous block of hard- COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION woods in the eastern portion of Lake township. Another of the same kind may be found in northern Anstruther and southeastern Monmouth. These are areas where the rocks have been covered to much more than the usual depth with glacial dibtis. In the northern third of the drainage basin, the townships of Stanhope, Gtiilford, Minden, Dysart, and Dudley aie deeply overlain by drift, and the forest conditions of the southern portion are reversed, that is, the hardwoods or mixed forests are the prevailing types, and the pine lands are localized within them. In order to determine the composition of the hardwood type, the trees of the various species were counted and classified according to diameters, after the manner explained above. Sample plots to the extent of i6 acres were made in various places scattered through the region. Most of these were taken in small patches of virgin stands or, if trees had been removed, the stumps were counted as standing trees, the object being to determine the composition of the original hardwood forest. The results of such determinations are given in the following pages. The three plots given below were made in Lake township. NuMBBB OF Trees pbb Acre on a Low Flat Between Slopes Species— Veterans Staadards Poles Saplinn Total Percent Sugar Maple 12 4 12 Basswood 4 4 8 Beech 4 4 4 Yellow Birdi 4 4 4 Elm 4 4 Hemlock 4 "4 Ash 4 28 16 12 12 8 8 4 Total 4 32 16 36 88 Percent 4.8 36.4 18.2 40.9 NuMBEB OF Trees per Acre on a Gentle Slope SPEcns— Veterans Standards Poles Saplings Total Sugar Maple Beech Hemlock . . . . Yellow Birch Bavwood... 8 8 24 72 72 16 fil2 320 32 600 416 48 8 8 100.0 Per cent 66.6 38.6 4.6 0.7 0.7 Total. . . Percent. 8 40 168 864 1,080 100.0 0.8 3.6 15.6 80 9 per Acre ON A Bench about 50 Feet above the Flat Veterans 40 Standards 8 Poles 32 S^ng. Total 368 Per cent 38.0 24 80 136 240 24.8 8 24 144 176 18.2 48 48 96 9.9 8 48 56 .-.8 24 24 2.5 J^ 8 8 8 Species — Sugar Maple Beech Yellow Birch Basswood Hop Hornbeam Balaam Large-toothed Aspen Total 40 40 224 664 flflS Percent 4.1 4.1 23.2 68.6 These plots were taken successively from the base to near the top of the slooe. where the type was mixed. 100 HARDWOOD TYPE The average of the three sites— low flat, slope and bench— shows the average composition of the hardwood type to be : sugar maple, 41.8 per cent ; beech, 35.6 per cent ; yellow birch, 10.8 per cent; bass- wood, 9.6 percent; hemlock, 4.5 percent; elm, 3 percent; hop hornbeam, 1.9 per cent; ash, 1.8 per cent; balsam, 0.8 per cent;! large-toothed aspen,o.3 per cent. If we ignore the poles and saplings and consider only the dominant or log trees the composition becomes: sugar maple, 46.4 per cent ; beech, 31.7 per cent ; yellow birch, 14.7 per cent ; basswood. elm, and hemlock, each 3.4 per cent. And, if we assume that the poles and saplings as given above all come to mattuity, replacing the dominant trees, the complexion of the forest would still remain much the same. The poles and saplings per acre aggregate 1,973, and, as a class, their composition is distributed a& follows : sugar maple, 46.7 per cent ; beech, 31.33 per cent ; yellow birch, 8.73 per cent ; bass- wood, 5-9 per cent ; hornbeam, 3.9 per* cent ; hemlock, 3.6 per cent ; balsam, 1.3 per cent ; aspen, 0.4 per cent ; ash and elm, each 0.3 per cent. This shows strikingly that the two leading species, maple and beech, will hold their present position in the futiu« forest, and, since this is in virgin forest, it indicates that they are fully adjusted to their environment. It is what is called a " climax forest, " the ultimate result of adaptations. To show the variations which may occur in this type, the following sample areas are enumerated. A strip run through the northwestern comer of Lake township from the base of a slope to a mixed type on its crest, showed the following composition. NUMBIB OF TmU FEB ACBB ON A FlaT AT THB BaSB Of A SloPB Spkois— Veterans Standards Poles Su>lingi Total Percent SucsrMH>le 10 20 ^0 100 68.8 Beech 30 10 30 70 41.2 ToUl... 40 30 100 ITO 100.0 P««w»t 23.6 17.6 68.8 Number or Tsxni pkh Acbi on a Okntlb Su>pe SPEOiis-- Veterans Standards Poles Su>linas Total Percent SugarMaple 4 4 16 36 60 60 Beech 16 20 4 40 40 Totri 4 20 36 40 100 ~100 Per cent 4 20 36 40 NmBER OF Trees pbb Acu on a Bench jteab the Top of a Si«»:i-: 2: 4 36 S6 96 46.3 Sugar Mimle 20 24 ..44 88 41.6 HopHombeMa 4 16 20 0.4 Hemlook g g 37 Total... 20 36 40 116 212 100.0 P«»«»t... 9.4 17 18.3 54.7 Taking the average composition of these three site classes, we find the com- CS^ ?■ * T^ **!?• '; °JfPj^'^* P« «"* ; »'««'>• 42.2 per cent ; hop horn- beam, 3.1 per ooit. ; hemkek, 1.3 per cent. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION . A Moaple atrip of an mtv in Wollairton ihowed the following oompMition of the narawooa tjrpe. Nuian OF TsBia ran Acu on a MEonm SLora Spkii»- ^**S**^ St»nd»rde Poke Saplinsi Total Percent Sugar Maple 20 62 40 ^o^ 132 gs S ^-\ 8 .. .. 8 so Baaawood 8 r ko YdlowBirdi 4 4 §;J Hop Hornbeam 4 4 2*5 ISJ^-V M A ** » iM iw!o Vttemt 12.8 43.6 30.8 12.8 In the townahip of Chandoa a aample acre in a virgin hardwood foreat revealed an ahnoat pure nu4>le type aa la ahown below. NuuMB or TnuBa ran Acu on a Mconm SLora _ -, , Veterana Standarda Polea Saplinga Total Percent gj!" Maple 28 124 "..^ 162 96 JuOn 4 4 26 Hop Hornbeam '4 4 26 Total.. 4 28 124 "4 160 100.0 Pwemt 2.6 17.6 77.6 2.6 Suode plota in the large block of hardwooda in northern Anatruther ahow them to be of the fcdlowing oompoaition. NUMBKB or TrSIS FEB ACRX ON A FlaT PLATBAU Sncag^ Yetmna Standarda Polea Sapiingi Total Percent oeaob 16 42 80 46 174 ta k ISoSi'^ " .. 2 sS ^^ ^i Yellow Birch". ;.:": i . 2 0.7 S*al.. 20 42 86 126 274 100.0 PWoent 7.8 16.3 31.4 46 Rej^rding only the dominant treea mie finda the atand to be 77.4 per cent beech, 19.4 per cent augar maple, and 3.2 per cent yellow birch. The aoU waa a foot deep to a pavement ofatome. Compared with the maple, the beech occupiea the ^t""^' S^S^u^"? *>'^- Thia fact ia known to the {arSm of the region, who avoid cleanng bee<^ landa. On an adjacent ndge where the aoU waa from 24 inchea to 30 mchea deep the atand waa moatty m^>le, aa ia ahown below. NuMBKB or Tbbkb ran Acbb on a Low Ridob SFBOBa— Vetorana Standarda Polea Saplinga Total Percent g«Sii«Ple 4 60 64 ^Vt 178 692 g«2Jo*- 2 2 22 .. 26 Wl Baaawood 6 8 14 kk HopHombeam . 12 12 ij fa^Biiih::::::: i 2 * ' S H «•>-» :: ^ j^ i _2 Ji Total 10 64 104 79 267 100 P« cent 3.9 24.9 40.6 30 7 Conaidmd from the atandpoint of the dominant treea, the atand ahowa P R*u"?*, "*«*»• *-^ P«.o«t OMh of baaawood and yeUowWi^MberMSt hemlook. 2.7 par cent eai£ of iriiita aah and baeeh. ^^^ ^^ ^^ HARDWOOD TYPE 4S ^ Intha virgin bardwood ia CavMidiah k wmpie aen ■bowed tha (oUowing oom- Nnmnov' Swmi Sugar Mapla. Efan Baawood. ... YallowBiidi. Hcmlodc Blade Chcny. > ras Aon oh a Flat aaTwair Low Riooaa VeteraiM Staodarda Polca SapUngj Total Percent 10 8 M 16 a 8 6 a '8 180 74.4 24 10.0 aa 8.1 8 8.a « a.4 a 0.8 a4a 100.0 Total 10 48 8« 08 F^TMOt 4.3 U.8 3S.S 40.5 Aa to dominant qmiea tiie atand oonaiatad of augar maple 82.7 per cent, elm 18.8 per ent, yellow bmh a.fi per cent. r. jJ^i.^'^j^^Sii^"*?^.-**! '"y ""^ •" »•»• hardwood foreat lying between Ea^ lake ud Radetone lake in the towndijp of QuOford. The emimeition on the varioua dtea w aa f oUowa. SracDta— Sugar Maple... Baawood Beeeb YeOow Birch. . . Hemloek Hop Hornbeam. Nuiun or Tina m Acu at thb Babi of a Su>ra Veterana a Standards 9 Foha 14 8.^ Total 61 Percent flO.O 1 8 4 8 11 18.1 8 4 a 9 10.8 8 a a 7 8.a 3 8 8.S 8 3 a.s 1 .. • • 1 i.a , 11 1 1 i.a 100.0 TW^.. 7 17 31 31 86 Pwcwt 8 aO 36 86 If one conmkn onlv the dominant treei, the atand beoomea : maple 45.8 per S^.2M^Sn^ *' bawTood 16.7 per cent; beech iSIs per cent ; iperi SPBcna— Beeeb Sugar Maple.. Baanrood YeUow Birch.. Ehn Ht^HorabMun. NtnoBB or Tnnta pbb Acbb on a Mionni Slops Veterana Standarda Polea Saplingi Total 6 6 4 12 12 12 10 44 2 4 2 2 2 100.0 Total.. 16 46 66 76 Pm oent 8.2 23.7 28.9 89.2 Coopering (mfar die mature treea, one finda the atand to be 29 per cent each of maple and baanrood, 22.6 per cent of yellow birch, 19.4 per cent of iS^h!^ Ndmbsb of Tsaia put Acu ow a Hian Bench Spacm— Veterana Standarda PoIea S^>linBi Total Sugar Maple Beedi. • , Baanfood Hop Hornbeam. YaOow Birch... Total.... Pa cent. 8 10 7.5 6 16 26 18.8 23 26 1 3 62 39.1 46 46 34.6 v-„J^ oompoeition of the dominant treea 20 3 70.56 30.7 igo.3 43.9 319.70 100.00 As will be seen from these records, the poles and saplings of the leading species are abundant, a hopeful condition, assuring the repro- duction of the forest of the .same nature. Where the forest has been thinned by lumbering, the vigour of the reproduction is all the mote striking. In such situations one often finds dense thickets of young maple, beech, and yellow birch. Maple, however, is by far the most abundant among the seedlings and small saplings. One finds it every- where. Sometimes a dense carpet of maple seedlings covers several acres to the exclusion of nearly all other plants. The Mixed Type The mixed forest type as exhibited on the accompanying map represents in reality a combination of two distinct types, namely the mixed hardwood-conifer type of the well drained areas, and a inixed swamp type. This swamp type representing nearly one-half of the combination, is the ordinary black ash-cedar-balsam swamp. In the former type, which is found on the flats and at the bases of slopes along streams and lakes, and on some of the low ridges rising above the pure hardwood forest, the principal conifer associated with the hardwood is hemlock ; balsam usually holds the second place. The combination, as given on the map, occupies 59,600 acres, or 5.1 pe. cent of the entire area and 6.1 per cent of the forested area. A little more than one- fifth of the mixed t>-pc is moderately culled ; nearly three-fourths is severely culled ; and the remaining one-twentieth is yoimg growth and second growth. 4> OOMMIBSION or COMSBRVATION A (aw niapb plota wan mad* in the rarmer tn*, vul tha Ublaa b«low iadiwto ito aoamKaitiaB. NmtBMi or Tmm rak Acaa on tbb Cm* or a Low RiBoa, Labi Towmnr 40 136 ifil SaS 44.4 A^rMkpla S » 168 908 27.8 BMatk-.TT. 84 48 104 176 33.1 YaOowBiTCk 16 ... 16 89 4.3 HopHonbMm 8 ... 8 1-0 Total n a4 448 760 100.0 Fwent 11.6 80.5 ».9 A Mmpk plot WM madt in WollMloa on • iMlfe iIoim ririni fiom • miat ■wamp. While tha atand wm moaOy oompoaed of hardwooda, yal it eooUimd anou^ Imnlook to bring it into the mind typa. NuMBm or Tbbm nn Acu on a Obntu 8u>n mu* a Swamt, Wou.a*ion TowMaur Snctaa- Vetcnua Standaida Poka Saplinfa Total PWeant BunrMaida 10 10 60 30 100 68.8 HiSookTT 30 80 .. 60 30.0 Beeah 30 .. 3 83 13.8 Total 10 60 M 33 173 100.0 Ptroant 6-8 30.1 88.8 13.8 A ■lope arUng faom a atream in Anatrutber had a mimd fonat with Um ooin< podtioB ipren bdow. NuMBBB or TniH m Acu on a Slotb raoH a BnaAii, A waimu ' i— B Townaair BrKua— Vetcrana Standurda Polaa Saplinia Total Pwprat Hcnlook 36 13 14 61 87.0 SufvMapla 3 16 7 .. 34 17.4 Bdiam.lTr 6 11 16 11.6 DawNuuJ 1 8 IS 0.4 YdlowBbdi 1 3 .. IS 0.4 Baeeh 1 6 8 10 7.3 HopHorabeam ' ■• I S'i Oadar ..318 3.3 Adi .... 11 0.7 Total S 51 51 33 138 100.0 Peroent 3.1 87.0 37.0 33.0 The aample plot below waa made in Ouilford townriiip on a gentle elope fion aKnaUlake. tfvtaam or Tama ran Acu on a Qnna Slopi raoM a Lakb Sraoow— Veterana Standarda Polea Saplinga Total Peroent HemlodE 83 40 73 38.0 Balaam 13 33 34 16.8 SunrMaple 3 33 6 .. 80 14.6 YtSam^tSk 6 18 4 38 18.6 Baanraod 6 13 4 33 10.7 Hop Hornbeam 13 3 14 6.7 Cedar 4 4 2.0 BbdcSpnue 3 3 1.0 Total "3 80 88 86 306 100.0 Peroent 1.0 38.8 43.7 17.6 MIXED TYPV Tb« •vwafs number and peroentage ol individiuk of the varioua ipt^^iaa, mmI of tha vwious aga oImms, on an aen, ia ahown ia U»e tabh balow. ATai«4Bi NuMMM or Tuaa ran Acna or tbb VAWora Spkoiui and A*>m CLAaaaa— HKMLAjfo T<. :■ (4 Aona) Braona— Vetarmna SUMtarda Poka 8apiui«i Total Peraant Hemloek ».2 MS 43X 137.3 40 iwtarMaisle 8.5 13.7 28 3 47.0 M.4 38.4 »««ah 11.3 13.5 37.3 61.9 10 3 YaUowBireh 0.3 7.7 6.3 60 18.1 5.7 Balaam. 3.0 1.3 8.3 13.4 3.» B aaaiaa o d \.7 5.3 1.7 8.5 8.6 HopBanbeaaa .... 6.7 0.5 7.3 3.3 goar .... 0.6 1.8 1.7 0.8 BlaekSpruoa 0.5 O.A 0.3 Aah 0.3 0.2 0.1 Total 3.7 87.0 113 0- ia4.6 318.3 100.0 P*roeBt 3.8 2».l 40 1 28.3 The mixed swamp type is found on the lowlands bordering streams and lakes. While frequent throughout the Trent watershed, it is most abundant in the two southern tiers of townships. In the northern townships, it is replaced b' coniforou.s swamps. As a rule, black •sh and cedar comprise three-fourths (-f ti - stand, and it is from such swamps that large qtumtities of cedar pole?^ are takin Whon these swamps are cleared and drained they rnakt; excellent funn soils, in fact, in some townships the only good farm.? are on such soils. Sample plota totallioc an acre were made in th" inix.ti vw^v 4> in various plaeaa in the townahip of WoUaaton, and the reauHa are thonu m the t^blu below. Numaa or Taaaa fu Acaa in thb Mixi.D Swamp Iypb, WouawroN Township Brmam— Veterana Standarda Poke SauUnga Total Per cent BhckAah 38 44 368 438 47.0 g»d» 10 34 80 180 204 31.5 5^f«n«vv ' «2 m 144 16.6 YrilowB>rafa 18 18 34 3.7 f«nlock 4 6 6 16 1.7 g™- •" .... 4 4 0.4 Baaswood 3 ... ... oj JoUi 10 66 212 654 930 100 Peroent l.l 6.0 22.7 70.2 A atrip a chain wide and ten chaina long waa run through a mixed awamp on Paudadi creek in Chandoa with the following result : Numaa op Tiaaa psr Acaa in the Mduo Swamp Ttpb, Chandob Township Brmcna— Vetorana Standarda Polea Saplings Total Per cent BlMkAah 33 49 91 172 36.9 g«^ 14 66 83 162 34.8 §?>«» 3 14 18 36 7.6 WaekSnruoe 9 16 10 34 7.8 5*5^5 L * 8 80 8 33 6.9 Yellow Bireh 18 8 3 36 5.4 S**?!* 2 2 4 0.8 *Jn> 2 .. 2 0.4 ^tJ- 1 80 173 213 488 100.0 I^oant 0.8 17.8 87.1 46.5 fiO COMMISSION OF CONSERVA TION Th. .v«.ge acw riK,w. the foUowin, .p ciMi ^Ution.. Yellow Birch... 2 5 ?* S 49.0 80.5 U6 Hemlock. ...; ; 6 5 In J? 2 »» »•« "« BtackSpruoe... " * 5° "g 5.5 34.0 J.a EUm... • ■ *•» 7-8 5.0 17.0 3I Maple •••• JO 2.0 8.0 4 BMnrood ' •• JS 1.0 2.0 1 — Hi: ..^-^ __'■■ 10 .1 per*t>v..::::;;: "i ??:» »«;« *f^.o 55^ 15^ The Coniferous Tvpe The coniferous forest tvoe as r,n»!,^*^A ^.t. cent of the total woodland Only a f^ ^0^™^' ^ * P*' ei^hU, Jt':Xr^Ze"^ "^ "°'-' *'^' °"' from 60 Zoo^^ old it^ T "* ^^"** ^«^«* «™^ eliminated /^SnTaS.' "''"^ vu^ pine has been pn«ticaUy 70 ySS ddtlrr "^' ^,\''**°^ °' ^'^^^ P^« between 60 and 70 years oia in the townshio of Marmnm tu- ,* j t. ^ . ^as 3.400 board feet. Fire s. roPLAR-BIKCH TYPE 51 stand had been btmied at least three times. It suffered a light fire, mostly on the ridges, 20 years ago, ant heavy fires 45 and 57 years ago. The stand probably originated from a fire between 75 and 80 years ago. No sample plots were made in the coniferous swamp type. The species are cedar, balsam, black spruce, and tamarack, and they occur in various proprjrtions, sorof^imes one species and sometimes another predominating While such awamps are common throughout the area, they are most abundant and of largest extent in the northern tier of townships. These swamps occupy some 14,600 acres, or b6 per cent of the coniferous type. They ape the chief source of supply of cedar poles. The coniferous forest is practieilly cut clean in the process erf lum- bering. Very little remains to estaWish the future crop. For example, on a licensed lot in Anstruther an average of 30 mature white fane trees per acre had been removed. A strip half a chain wide and 20 chains long was run through the ciittmg, and on this area (2 acres) a careful seardi failed to disclose a yornig pine tree of any kind. A similar strip was made in a cutting of hemlock, and it was found that 93 hemlock trees per acre had been removed. To reproduce the hem- lock, there were left 5 poles and 2 saplings. That is, where 93 trees were taken only 7 were left to establish a future crop, and the chances are that these will be blown down or burned Cases like these might be multiplied indefinitely ; in fact, such is the usual condition on cut- over crown lands. There is no hope for a future supply, which must come from such cut-over lands. Another fact should be pointed out in this connection : it is the custom of the Government to consider revenues from cuttings like these as ciurent receipts ; whereas, since forest lands so treated become non-productive and useless, they, in reality, represent money taken from the capital stock The Poplar-Birch Type The most important type, because occupying thj largest area, is the poplar-Urrh type, which is almost entirely the result of forest fires. It com.prises 57.3 per cent of the forested area. It is not a permanent forest t\i)r but represents only the prelimininary stages in the replace- ment of the original forest. That is, this would he the natural process, were it not for thf^ destructive and retarding influence of man's agency, through fires v.hieh, if repeated on the same area, eventually kill all seed trees of the original species and so prevent their re-establishment, or at least delay it to a ver>- distant future. Where fire does not follow the cutting of the commercial species, or where only one fire follows, a COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION the young growth of the original species generally establishes itself, in the course of twenty or thirty years, m tJieir bxmer numerical quanti- ties. When, hcMever, repeated fires occur, remlting in the destruction of the seed treea. the young growth can invade the burned area only from the margins of the tmbomed forest. With jrines it is only accident- ally that seeds are deposited more than aoo or 300 feet from the motiwr tree, it would, therefore, require many generations of trees to advaaoe the new growth of the commercial ^tecies across a burned aiea a mie wi(fe. Areas of this size intervening between seed trees are very com- mon on the old hams of the Tjent vaflej-. Therefore, to say nothing of the disastrous effects of repeated fires upon the humt» content of the soil, repeated fires retard the aatiual re-establidmieBt of valuable species in their ordinal proportioos by several hundred years. The poplar-birch stands for the oaost part represent former pineries, and they occur in the thin soils of the crystalline limestones md the gran- itic rock, and upon the deeper soils of the sand plains and sand ridges. The composition of these stands was dletermiaed in detail in several representative places from township to iwwnship, with special reference to the reproduction of the commercial species. r«Ar.— The grenSer portkjii of Tudar tnwMMp lying wilUn the Trent water- Acd, aome 14,400 aerni, or 44 per cent of *« mm, wm wveveljr burned about 32 yeus am. Vatiew portiona Imw been re-bwaed amte, Hm moat teeent fin being ia 1011. The moat aterile eonlmgB wi poles at the iMe of only ISO per aeie. On better aitea, paper baeh oeews at the rate of 190, and sugar maple at the rat* of 60 treea per tme, while, at the foot of slopes and m deep ravines, one finds pure maple stands hwang 170 aapliniB and 240 poles per acre. The only reproduction of cmiifeioua neeies (balaaasaM cedar) ia found around the margins of awampa and in some of the deeper raviiwa. N« 80 , 80 22.2 g~"o.-v 40 30 70 19.4 YeUowBwdi lo ... lo 2g S?^„V 310 50 360 ioo^ P»<»nt 86.1 13.9 M COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The »Tenge diameter of 20 white pine in thii etand wm 6.7 inehet and tlie « nffi 70 yeais, eo tl>e growth waa 1 inch in diatnetrr in 10.4 yean. Balaam auction waa abundant beneath the itand, in the dcnaeat portion yielding 109 to the aquare rod. They were not over four feet high and ranged betwMnl2 and 10 yeara old. The Urger area waa aeverely burned after the lumbering of about 85 yeara ago The difference in the character of the atanda ariaing from that fire iJlowa a differen- tiation into aereral well defined aite elaaaea, via : the top* of the ridgea, the baae of alopea and the flata between the ridgea— the latter being the beat, the mat the poor- eat aa rejpurda pine reproduction Sample plota taken on these aitea reveal the compoaition given in the three tablea below. Sfbciib— Poplar Paper Bireh. W'&tePine.. Pin Cherry.. RadPine... NuMBHt or Tkbm per Acbb, Top op Ridoi: Polea 20 40 30 Saplinga 170 80 10 40 ToUl 170 100 60 40 30 Per cent 43.6 25.6 13.0 10.2 7.6 Total... Percent. Sncnm— Poplar White Pine... Balaam , P^wr Birch.. Red Pine White Spruce. Total. . . . Per cent . SPBcns— White Pine. . . Pm>lar White Spruce. Paper Birdi. . Tamarack Red Maple. . . Red Oak 00 300 390 100.0 23.1 76.9 R ACRB AT TRC Babe op Slopb8 Polea Saplinga Total Per cent 10 170 180 37.6 , . 140 140 20.2 90 90 18.7 20 10 30 6.2 20 20 4.2 •■ 20 20 4.2 30 450 480 100.0 6.3 93.7 \CRKON Flats between Ridges Polea Saplings Total Percent 100 170 270 66.1 30 110 140 28.6 30 30 6.2 20 20 4 1 lU 10 2.0 10 10 2.0 10 10 2.0 Total. . . Per cent . 130 26.6 360 73.4 400 100.0 TLr«K^ p!oU repieaent patches which eacaped a second fire that ran over the area 1 5 ycarb Inter. The results of this later fire are their stands now 20 years old. Sam- pje pk>ts made in these indicate 250 poplar, 190 sugar maple, 20 pin cherry, 10 white pme and 10 red pine saplings per acre. About 5,000 acres of the 16,000 acres were burned a third time 10 years ago and the result ia a region of poplar and birch thickets, of hasel and bracken fern, with no reproduction of pine, although the skeletons of young trees indicate their former presence. The old burn south of Salmon lake and Devil lake has apparently never been re-burnod and its reproduction is pxcflk-nt. Ihore are frequent patches several acres in extent of rrd pine and whitf pino, and the general average of pine repro- duction may be tak'n as that given in the tabks above for the area burned only once. Alciig the "ijuthem shores of Salmon lake and in moist situations farther mland a thick un iergrowth of balsam is found under the birch and poplar. This area of good • < production of conifercw species covers about 6,000 acres. POPLAR-BIRCH TYPE U Chandoi.—An oIJ bum in the northwp«t4Tn portion of Cbandoa containa 7,800 acna and it extendi) over 2,500 acre* in thf adjoining tow-nship of Cardiff. The averace age of the pupkr now occupying the iiri'a in art yearn. Frequent pine teed tfe«l remain, and as a whol<- the area is fairly r<<-«tocltrd. The young growth exhibita a number of site clurat's, vii ; the higher ridgcH, (oriRinally evidently ,, . . . r — --- — — ...J given ra the tablot below. Number or Tbxgs per .\che on the IIiohrr Aioaaa 8r«CTE8— Poks .Saplinga ToUl Percent Su|M Mapl" 20 300 320 60.4 PopUr 60 30 90 17.0 Beech 30 30 6.6 Yellow Birch 30 30 5 8 Pin Cherry 10 10 20 3.7 Hop HomDcam 20 ... 20 37 Paper Bireh 10 ... 10 8.0 Aih 10 ... 10 2 Total 130 400 630 100.0 Percent 24.6 76.4 NruBER or Tregb per Acre on the Ixiwbr Ridoes Species — Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent Poplar 10 100 4. 1 Hop Hornbeam .. . ... 80 «0 10,1 Uaisam ... fiu ."io 3 Khn 10 ... ao ;«) ;i 8 Paper Birch ... 20 20 2.. 5 Sugar Maple 10 ... ... 10 1.2 Total 30 100 000 790 100 Percent 3.8 12.7 83.5 Number or Trees per Acre on the Benches Species— Poles Saplings Total Per cent Balsam 280 280 45.8 Poplar 50 170 220 36.1 Cedar . . 80 80 13.1 Black Spruce 20 20 3.2 Juneberry 11 U i.g Total SO 561 611 100.0 Percent 8.2 91.8 Number or Trees P£r Acre on the Stream Banks Species — Standards Poles Saplings Total Per cent Cedar 10 10 230 250 49 Poplar 110 120 .230 45 White Spruce. .. . ... 20 20 4 Balaam ... 10 10 2 Total 10 120 380 510 100 Percent 2.0 23.5 74.5 These plots are fairly representative of the old bum in this region and it will be seen from them that the sugar maple is rcplacioK itself in the probable original quantities (page 47) on its characteristic site The Tow sandy ridge is the best site or poplar and here the stands closely approximate the average composition usually M COMMISSION OF CON 3BR V ATI ON fouod in such Htuationa. The be«t litiuiUona for the bklMin are the benobea or terraon from 10 to 20 feet above the itieama, while the oedar predomiiiatM on the preacnt erosion ehannek of the ctreanu. Thi- reproduotion of white pine, however, la chiefly oonfined to the moiat depreauons between the ridoea and to the edge* of the iwaniM where oocaaional aeed treea ttill atand. In the latter lituation, on the avenge, 28 balaam and 10 white pine laplinga and pole* were found per acre. A lample atrip a chain wide and 135 chain* long (13.5 acrca) over the ridges and through the depreariona, diack)*ed 1 1 white pine aaplinga and polea per acre. Five annta of thia atrip, however, averaged 28 young pine treea to the acre. Here two aeed treea per acre had been tptied both by fire and by the lumberman. The greater reprcluetion in this ease showa the wiadom uf leaving a few aeed trees. Arutruthtr.— In the towndiip of Anstruther nea.ly 35,000 acres, or 61.4 per cent, of the land area has been burned. A good portion haa bMn bum«l three times, with the result that the origiaally thin aoil overlying the granite ridges has been destroyed and the interior of the township, especially, very closely approaohea desert conditions. The pine reproduction waa counted on 50 acrea, and it waa found to average 8 pine saplings and poles per acre. The pine stumps from former cuttings average 80 per acre. No seed trees remain. If these 8 young trees are allowed to mature, then the repeated fires have reducrd the potential value of the land in terms of pme by nine-tenths. North of this area a 20-acre pi Jt revealed only one red pine and three white pin« saplings per acre. A strip oontaming 12 acrea west of the Twin lakes contained an -tvcrage of 8.7 young pinea per acre. ThMe areaa have been burned twiee in the ii.^it 20 years and they were formerly purepineries. Around many of the Ltkes and in the ravines there are patelea ofaeoond growth 30 year* old, evidently arising from a fire, which show good reproduction of pine. For example, on the e .ores of Twin lakes in loU 30 and 31, in the Uth concession, there are, on an acre, 34 aaplmps and 54 poles of white pine, also 1 sapling and 4 poles of red pine. On the slopes rismg from swamps and in the numerous deep gullies in this vicinity oue finds dense thickets of balsam about 30 years old. One of these contained on an acre the following : Spbcies— Poles Saplings Total Percent Balsam 166 1,625 1,780 73.4 Paper Birch 30 410 430 17.7 White Pine 30 56 85 3.6 Red Maple 16 30 45 1.9 lU-dOak 20 16 35 1.6 Pin Cherry 6 16 20 0.8 Poplar 6 10 16 0.6 Red Pine 6 5 10 0.4 Black Spruce 6 6 0.2 Total 265 2,170 2,426 100.0 Percent 10.6 89.4 Along the margins of the mature forest an Abundant reproduction of balsam is found beneath the old bum type, represented by seedlings and saplings, in many cases at the rate of 1,600 to the acre. Some of the aeini4>arren ridges support oonsidcrable oak coppice but, under the present soil conditions, it probably wul never become commercial, even though it should escape fire. Many of these ridges have already been burned four times in the past 30 years. On on^^ of these, an acre showed 206 red oak, 60 paper birch, 40 white oak and 22 red maple saplings. As a whole, not more than one-twentieth of the 35,000 acres of burned lands in Anstruther is reproducing the original pine in commercial quantities. BuiieitfA.— Burleigh has 54,750 acreii of burned areas — the largest amount within one townRhip in the Trent watershed — and they represent 72 per cent of the land surface of the township. Mueh of the township has been burned three timeb, and some of it four timeii within the past 30 or 35 years. Like the interior of Anstruther, the interior of Uurlelsh is much like a desert. The reproduction after the various bums was studied in a<'tail in the region lyin^ between Eels brook and Jack lake The oldest stand was approximately 30 years since the fire, the poplars being 27 yeais POPLAR-BIRCH TYPE S7 SL^SLffk^;,*""''- . « ''^ 'S'^K '° *•»• "'''^^ •^ protectrd pookeU when it •twida and the occurrence of the varioiu ipeciermttie aTerage aow ii^n^^ POLM AND SaPUNOS OF VaRIOOT SpBCIM CM AN AUA BcRNID IVT OkCI- NuMBM OP Taua pu Aoai Hpwaia— Tpe« Percent S»^i^ 208.0 61.2 WJ"**""* «a.a 15.8 Siffi'f««* 50.0 13.3 White S|»uce 375 gj B;J*«n »"6 T.'a C^: 13.6 3.3 RedPme 45 1 J Tamaraok lo 034 Hemloeic o!3 o!oO Total 400.4 100.00 20 ySS'MX ^*^olL"Slij"uT' '^" "^ ^ * •'^ '^'* Potw AND Sapunw op Vabious Spbcih cm an A1U.A BcWfBD TwicB- Nuiain OP Tbbu pbr Acbi Spicim— Trees Percent S'»P'^i:i. 820.0 71.3 Pnrw Birch 78.0 17.4 WwtePme 190 4.3 ^^ 13.0 3.7 Cedar 114 26 W^te Spruce 4.0 0.9 Red Pine 3 2 7 Tamaraolc 0^9 0.3 Total 448.6 100.0 gi reJto ^'t^teM^^ """*' "" '^* ''°* *^ ^""" •«"• ^"^^ *^ ^-P-'tioD PoLW AND Sapunos OP Vabious Spicim on aw Aow BiniNao Taau Tiiin • NniiBMi OP Thbkb pbr Acrr (Average of 2.7 acrea) SpiCTis— Treea Percent PpPj" 328.0 46.8 P'nCheiw. 125.0 17.9 PaperBinh 930 13.3 5*?,Mttlrfa 60.0 8.6 S^»Ucw.. 68.0 8.3 Red Oak 22 11 WhiteOak 3.4 050 White Spruce 22 31 g|Sf^°gd 2.0 30 g^*«.P«»e 1.8 0.25 g«iP«>« 1.8 0.25 ^^ 11 0.15 ^ 1.0 0.14 Cedar 0.7 0.10 Total 700.0 100.00 .1^ .?l&?if '^- ^ ruoc, 25 ; ' ituarook, 13 ; eedar, 11.0 ; balsam, 7.H ; whiu> pinn, 7.8 ; rod pine, 5.4 ; bUrk Rpruc(>, OX Oalwau. — With the e:.aeption of relatively small areas occupi<'.I by farms, the three northern ooncoasions ctf Galway. about 14,000 acres in aU. a< ro hurm-il 35 yean ago. Judging from .30 acres of sample strips made in variouit )>lt, th'' voung pine averages 3.5 trees pi>t acre. Thia waa originally a pure pinery. Vnv h < >>c- euTj however, where the rcpnxiuction is much Dettt>r th.'un thia, ema .ally un the moist flats, wher«4 H%mple plots amounting tn fiv-e acres disclosed 27.2 white pinu ; 11.0 hemlock ; 6.4cednr; 3.4bulaam ; aiui 0.4 tamoraclc poles and saphnga per acre . Caaendith. — C'lvendisfa has 21,000 acres of burned lards, constituting 45 per cent of the townsl-ip. In the northwestern comer the rcproducti' a if coniferoua species is very good. A sample strip consisting of K.ti acres revealed 05 babam, 18.3 cedar, 13.1 white pine, 8.1 white spruce, 3 Kiiiilnck, 2.9 tamarack, 0.0 black apniee and 0.3 red pine poles and saplings per acre. East of Pencil lake the regiim was burned 1-'' >eara ago, and 10 acres of sample strips showed 3.5 white pine and 1.3 red pine pi. •» and saplings to the acre. The same area contained 00 pine atumpa over a loot m diameter per acre. LulUncortk. — Lutterworth township contains 2^<,000 acre* — 77.8 per oent of ita are»— of burned lands. Most of this was burned in 1881 and by far the greater portion is without reproduction of pine in comnn rcial quantities. Two strips wei run through the old bum in the southeastern portion of the township. One of 2; acres revealed young pine at the rate of 1.4 trees per acre ; Uie other of 20 acres disclosed one pine tree to every six aoiea. This region was formerly a pure pinery. Methuen. — The township of Methuen has suffered severely from fires. Only 13 per oent of the land surface is covered b^ mature forest and the farms constituto only 2.6 per cent of the area of the township. The re>t, .53,000 acres, is bush land, aemi-barren and barren, owing to repeated fires. The Blueberry *barrena, situated in the east central portion of the townahip, ape the most severely burned areas and they cover some 9,400 acres. The area la composed of low granitic ridges with frequent swamps between them. The rock is in the lost stages of decay, frequently crumbling between the fingers, and it yields a soil of f;ravel and coarst! sand. The ridges probably originally supported trees only sparmgly, owing to the dearth of soil, but the flats between the ridges have a soil of sufficient depth to support a forest, and that they can do so is shown by the presence of scatteru^ red pme -i foot or more in diameter. The fire scars on these trees tell the story of the barrem.. They indicate that firths of an intensity sufficient severely to wound the trees occurred in 1836, 18.53, 1865, 1874, 1882. 1897, and in 1911. The trees are 98 years old and they record fires at the rate of one every 14 years. The age of the young growth indicates several intermediate fins too small or too local to mjure the larger trees. POPLAR-BIRCH TYPE The tnct w«i« counted on • ttrin 100 ehitiiw long und • ehain widn mtom Um bamiM. The tabbi bpbw indkmtet tbe numbrr vH tmra of variotM rim ud kindi 00 the 10 acre*. NcMM or Tbbh m Acna, Mmnmn BAMutm (Avenme of 10 Mm) Rntcin— Standwda Polca Saplinxi ToUl Per orat PopIm O.M 25 45 28.35 87.4 RjdOak 0.1 l.RO 7 15 9.00 80.2 WWteOak 0.3 123 3.18 3.70 8.S JfckMn" ... 2.«8 3.M 8.9 RjdPfao 0.3 0.88 0.70 1.48 8.3 White I'lne 0.06 0.30 0.98 1.30 3.6 PkperBireh 10 0.45 0.85 1.3 Tar"-J«ek ... 0.35 0.36 0.7 Ree 76 212 288 56.8 Poplar 4 103 52 168 30.0 White Pine is ao 38 7 4 Paper Birch 4 18 23 4.8 Red Oak a 3 8 1.8 Jack Pine 3 ... ... 3 o.4 Total 6 200 304 816 100.0 Percent 1.1 40.0 68.0 The popla' and jack pine standards are remnants of the foreat burned 30 yeara ago. Another stand of about the same area, similarly protected from fire, was found on a ilry (gravelly knoll. A aampic plot in it revealed the following composition. Ndmber or Trees per Acre on a Gravelly Knoll, MrrHucN (Average of 5 acres) SpECiBft— Poles SapUngs Total Percent Poplar 40 70 110 56.7 RedPme 18 44 62 32.0 Red Oak 4 8 12 6.2 White IHne 6 2 8 4.1 Paper Birch 2 2 l!o Total 70 124 194 100.0 Percent 36.1 63.9 Then_ two plots represent sites on which pines, if not burned, would grow in other portions of the barrens. Here, on ten acres, we find potentially commercial red pine at the rate of 35 trees, and white pine at the rate of 4.6 treca per acre. Com- paring this with ten acres on the adjacent sevcn-times-bumed area, as given in the •oaoconr risoiution tbt chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) y£ 1^ Hi ^ ll£ 1.8 Jd III 1.6 ^ APPLIED IN/HGE 1653 EqsI Main Streel Rochester, N«w York U609 USA (716) 482 ^ OJOO - Phone (7'6) 288- 5989 -rox 00 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION third table above, we find there red pine at the rate of 1.4 tree* and white pine at the rate of 1 .2 trecB per acre. In one caw, 39.6 and in the other, 2.6 pine trees per acte. Thus, if we regard these sample plots as representing average conditions in the two cases, we see that repeated fires have reduced the commercial possibilities of one area, in terms of pine, by 16. or, stated the other way about, protection from hre for only 30 years has increased the commercial possibilities of one of the areas by 15. In addition to the barrens^ 17,600 acres in Methuen were classified as without proroect of timber m commercial quantities unless planted. The whole of the area u "f*" """"ed three tunes, and portions of it five times, since lumbering operations of a jI^"*? ^ "" """"^ severely burned portions are now thickets of poplar with scattered birch and oak, and are without reproduction of coniferous species. A sandy flat burned 16 years ago now has on the average acre, 20 poles and 174 saplings of trembhng aspen ; 6 poles and 156 saplings of Targe-toothed aspen, and 66 saplings • ^Sf ' o^' J ''<""P<»>t'on percentage of these species in the order enumerated IS 4«.l, d8.3, and 16.6. On a rocky ridge burned ten years ago there were per acre the followingnumber of saplings : large-toothed aspen, 580 (70.3 per cent) ; trembhng aspen, 228 (27.6 per cent) ; red oak, 10 (1.2 per cent) ; white oak, 8 (0.9 per ocutit) The m^or portion of the area has been bumod three times and it contains scat- tered reproduction of pme and other conifers. A strip 300 chains long was run through this m a direction more or less parallel with the ridges and the coniferous saplings and poles were counted. The average number of young conifers per acre on the 30 acres thus examined was as follows : red pine, 2.5 ; white pine. 1.5 : jack pme, 1.4; tamwack, 0.3 | hemlock, 0.1 ; balsam, 0.05 ; white spruce, 0.05. Another stnp, a Cham wide, comprising 40 acres, was run so as to cross the ridges and depressions and It was found to contam 292 young red pine and white pine. The 30-acre plot contained 120 young trees of these species, so the average of the 70 acres was 6.8 trees per acre. At the same time the stumps of the trees removed from the area were also counted. Those over a foot in diameter averaged 60 per acre. Therefore where 60 commereuU trees were removed only 6.8 potentially commereial remain to take their place. TTie repeated fires have kiUed practicaUy every seed tree, so tbis reduction m value m terms of pine is essentially permanent. Thus the lack of fire protection on these 17,600 acres, has resulted in a growth with a potential value of only one-tenth of the original forest. In the northern portion of the township there are 7,800 acres that have been burned but once smce lumbering. The stand is composed of the usual poplar and bacb and the coniferous species are returning in commowial quantities. Balsam and white spruce are abundant in the ravines and in the moister situations. Sample plots reveal young pme at the rate of 25 trees per acre. Numerous seed trees remain so the area IS all the tune increasing ito stock. In course of time, if not burned, the area wiU reproduce its original stock of pine. Financial Losses by Forest Fires In reading the preceding pages one is impressed by the action of repeated fires in retarding, and, in some cases, entirely destroying the reproduction of pine. Since the soil is fit only for the grovsdng of trees and is especiaUy adapted to pine, it is evident that any treatment involving a reduced future production of pine on such areas will result in considerable financial loss to the owner, in this case, the Crown. An attempt is made in the following pages to reach an approximation of these losses. For example, in the township of Cashel the first fire, of 35 years ago, doubtless left numerous seed trees which gave rise to the pine in the quantities indicated in the tables on pages 53 and 54. The second fire apparently ran over about three-fourths of the second growth resulting from the first fire, and killed most of the remaining Em. mm, * '« * WBER^ SEED TREES WERE LEFT AFTER CUTTING AMD WHERE NOT TOO SEVERELY BURNED. THE PINE IS REPRODUCING ITSELF IN COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES Thii ii takinf pitce on rs.ooo acres in the Trent Waterahed ! = i^ FINANCIAL LOSSES BY FIRES 61 seed trees as one wotdd infer from the numerous fire-killed ram- pikes scattered over the area. The third fire apparently killed the few seed trees that may have escaped the second fire. The average number of yoimg pine trees per acre resulting from the first fire is 170, from the second fire 20, and from the last fire none. Regarding these plots as averages for the whole burned area and supposing that the 170 trees would have come to maturity and had yielded 100 board feet apiece, the average acre, if burned but once, would have yielded 17,000 board feet, upon which the dues accruing to the Crown at the present rate would be $34 per acre. The second fire reduced the potential dues to $4 per acre and the ^hird fire eliminated them entirely. This is a striking illustration of tht. n:anner in which repeated fires reduce the future values of cut-over lands and it becomes all the more striking when the acreage involved is considered. If we deduct one-eighth of the area for the swamps, we have in Cashel about 14,000 acres of poten- tial pine lands. If we sup'xjse that this acreage had been burned but once and that the young pine occupied the whole area in the quantity indicated above, namely 170 trees per acre, and that the yield at maturity would be $34 in dues, then the potential dues would aggre- gate $476,000. At present, however, there are only 3,500 acres with 170 trees per acre and the dues on this would amount to $119,000. Besides this, there are 9,000 acres worth $4 an acre in dues according to the calculation above, total $36,000. Therefore, the potential dues on the 1 4,0c o acres with its present stand of young pine amotmts to $iSS,ooo, when, if it had been burned but once, they might have amount- ed to $476,000. Or, in other words, the repeated fires on one area alone have cost the Government $331,000 in potential dues alone. By referring to the tables of reproduction in Burleigh on page 57, it will be seen that the area burned but once now contains, per acre, 148 trees of the various commercial species that will eventually produce saw-logs. The second fire reduced this nimiber to 50, the third to 36, and the fourth to nothing. Disregarding the other species and taking the red pine and white pine alone, it is seen that the area burned only once, now averages 66 trees, that burned twice 32, and that burned three times only 4 trees per acre. Assuming that these pine trees escape future fires and at maturity yield 100 board feet apiece, we find that the first area would be worth $13.20 per acre in r" - - Tba second fire reduced the potential dues to $6.40 per acre ; ' .lird fire to 60 cents, and the fourth fire wiped out the 60 cents. Unforttmately the extent of the bums 30, 20 and 12 years ago was not detennined, other- wise these sums might be multiplied into the acreage in each case and the loss in potential dues in the whole township might be thus estimated. The area of the fourth fire, however, is 6,000 acres in Btu-leigh and 1,000 02 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION acres in adjacent Anstruther. If we assume that, had the area been burned but once,#t would have produced pine at the sai^e rate as tiiat given above in the once-burned, 30-year-old stand, then the three sub- sequent fires on this 7,000 acres have cost the Province $93,400 in potential dues. Methuen offers an excellent opportunity to study the effects of repeated fires upon the reproduction of pine. Here, areas burned but once now have 30 poles and saplings per acre ; those burned three times 5.8 and those burned eight times 1.7 young pine trees per acre. This dep.reciation in value may be stated in dollars. Supposing that the original pinery on these areas contained 60 trees over a foot in diameter per acre and that each tree yielded 150 board feet, then the stand contained 9,000 board feet per acre. At the present time the Government would receive $18 per acre in dues alone for this. The area oumed but once now contains 30 trees per acre, which with the estimate above would yield at r turityte per acre in dues. By th same calculation the area burned three times would be worth at maturity $1.80 and that burned eight times 30 cents per acre in dues. Consider- ing the acreage in each class ve can make the following calculation : 7,600 Acres Burned Once. Value of dues if fully shocked (60 trees per acre) $135,000 Potential value of dues with present stock (30 trees per acre) 45,000 Loss bv one fire $00,000 17,600 Acres Burned Three Times. Value of dues if fullv stocked (60 trees per acre) S316,800 Potential value of dues with present stock (5.8 trees per acre) 31,680 Loss by three fires 285,120 9,400 Acres Burned Eight Times. Value of dues if fulTv stocked (60 trees per acre) 169,200 Potential value of dues with present stock (1.7 trees per acre) 2,820 Loss by eight fires 166,380 Total Loss in Potential Dues bv repeated Fires on 34,500 Acres Viil.SOO The $541,500 represents simply the loss in potential dues. It in- cludes neither the potential stumpage value of the timber nor its value to the community in preparing the timber for market. The tables on pages 21 — 26 show that 560, 500 acres of the 1,345,500 acres included in this report were classified as young growth and sec ond growth of the poplar-birch type after fires. Besides these, 37,300 acres were classed as barrens and semi-barrens due to repeated fires. The recent bums amount to over 2 2 , 500 acres. These make a total of 620,000 acres which have been burned , or 46 per cent of the entire area. The rate J ... ^l^A^^^tMrlBMll .■.iUBtfii 1 v» -^^^ 1 FORMER PINERIES A few seed trees remain, but not enough to re-establish the crop on a commercial basis. 389,000 acres in this condition in the Trent Watershed FINANCIAL LOSSES BY FIRES of pine reproduction on the old bums was actually determined by counts on over joo acres of sample area scattered through the various townships. This was done by running long strii)S, usually a chain wide, so as to approach as nearly as possible the average conditions, and by counting the trees on such areas. Besides these actual measure- ments, mental calculations in regard to reproduction were constantly made when passing through the old bums. As a result of these studies the bumed areas may be classified with reference to the number of times bumed and the amount of pine reproduction. These are shown in the table below, together with an estimate of what the repeated fires mean in terms of loss in potential dues by retarding or destroying the replacement of pine. The areas of the former pinery bumed only once, now average 30 ynung pines per acre, and this, rather than the number of trees in ihe original stand, is taken as the basis of the cal- culations given below. It is assumed that each tree now standing will mature and, at maturity, will yield 100 board feet, or, in other words, since the once bumed areas average 30 young pine per acre, 3,000 board feet per acre is regarded as the expected >-ield ; a moderate estimate, when compared with the original yield of these pineries, which cannot have been less than three to four times as large. The stumpage value is regarded as $7 per M and the dues are reckoned on the present basis of $2 per M. PiME Refboduction on Borkbd Abeas wtth Estimates of its Vaiui! and the Loss IN rTB Valttb by Repeated Fibes trees per acre trees per acre Acres Potential value of dues if bumed but once Potential value of dues with present stock Loss of dues by repeated fires Potential stumpage value if burned but once Potential stumpage value of the present stock Loss of stumpage values by repeated fires Total loss in potential dues. Total loss in potential stum- page value Grau J total . Eumed once Average 30 young pine 75,000 8450,000 450,000 1,575,000 1,575,000 I Burned two ! Bumeil four to three timcsj to eight Average 6 young pine 389,000 $2,334,000 466,800 1,867,200 8,169,000 1,624,000 6,545,000 times. No reprodi" ion o' , . (6. • ■ Nil 936,000 3,276,000 Nil 3,276,000 $2,803,200 9,821,000 $12,624,200 «4 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION From the above it will be seen that the total loss in dues and stumpaRC under our assumptions u $13,624,300. This sum, of course, must be offset by the value of the second j;ro\vlh, which, in this case, is principally poplar. The aKKregate of sample strips taken in poplar stands from 20 to 35 years old was 56 acres. The average number of poplar trees per acre on these 56 acres was 250. On some 300 poplar stumps, in all, the annual rings were counted and diameters measured in the various townships. Their average age was found to be 32.23 years and their average diameter 6.28 inches. From the volume tables of poplar we find that it takes 33 trees, 6 inches in diameter and 50 feet high, to make a cord of i)cclcd pulpwood. If we regard 250 trees per acre as the average for the entire area and apply the above factor, we find that the average acre, in its prisent condition, would eventually yield 7.5 cords of pulpwood. Regarding poplar pulpwood as worth $1.00 per cord on the stump, then its value on the 560,000 acres at 32 years of age would be $4,200,000. In other words, referring to the figures above in regard to the pine, the fires destroyed $12,600,000 worth of pine and replaced it by $4,200,000 worth of poplar, thus leaving $8,400,000 still to charge to the fire account. As suffi- cient data to give these figures scienv».ic accuracy is lacking, they must be regarded simply as approximations, but there is no doubt respect- ing the great financial loss both in the quantity and quality of the forest products through the agency of fires. It is very desirable that •extensive studies be made upon these old bums in order to determine as nearly as possible the actual and potential decrease in value as the result of successive fires. If data of this kind could be prepared and given wide circulation it would lead to a greater appreciation of the value of the second growth and so help to make the public more cautious in regard to fires. At present there is a widespread belief in the public mind, that a fire in second growth does no particular harm, because it does not destroy saw-logs. The people forget, or perhaps do not realize, that from these bumed-over lands must come our future s\ipply of pine — if we are to have a future supply ; that there can be no saw -logs when the mature trees are once removed, if their young, the future producers, are killed by periodic fires. Fire Protection The discussion on the previous pages naturally leads to a consider- tion of fire protection in the Trent watershed. It is apparent, from the sxunmer's observation in the field, that the areas containing mer- chantable timber are thoroughly and efficiently protected. It is, of coiu-se, to the limit-holder's interest to do this, and his interest extends FIRE PROTECTION 6S to the cut-over and burned-over portions of his limits only so far as Are in them might endanger his standing timber. The other portions are entirely neglected, and since the recent change in the fire protection regulations of the Province has thrown the entire cost of protection upon the limitholder, it is only natural that this should be so. Most of the limit-holders cutting pine will finish their operations in a few years, v'One of the largest limit-holders expects to clean up aU his remaining merchantable pine in four years. ) Under such circumstances.the limit- holder feels under no obligation to pay for the protection of young growth which will soon automatically revert to the Crown. So far as could be ascertained, the limits v/hich have already reverted to the Crown in the region are not protected by the Provincial authorities. The result of these circumstances is that over 560,000 acres oj potentially merchantable twher are without fire protection. From the table on page 6» it will be found that the area contains enough pine, if allowed to come to maturity, to be worth $4,115,800 at the present dues and present stumpage value. A like rough estimate gives the stumpage value of poplar for pulpwood on the same area as 14,200,000. To an unprejudiced observer, it would seem worth while to attempt to save property whose potential value at present prices is $8,315,800, to say nothing of its value to the community in transforming that value of raw products into fix ished products. The preceding statement is made on the assumption, that, if the area is not protected from fire, the young timber will never come to maturity, an assumption amply justified by the past history of the area. The old pineries, with the exception of those in one township, have suffered at least three extensive fires in the past 35 or 40 years. Within the same period, many have had four severe fires, and others five. As a whole. 560.000 acres have been ' 'mec in the past 40 years. This is at the rate of 14.000 acres buriiv > yearly. As only the portions where they killed standing timber or advanced second growth are indicated, the map accompanying this report does not give the actual extent of the recent fires. Surface fires were not included. Most of the lands classed as barrens have been burned in the past four years, the time limit of recent bums. The recent bums and the banras total 60,000 acres. This means that the average yearly rate of 14,000 acres, for the past 40 years has been maintained in recent years. There- fore it is evident that there has been no appreciable diminution in the occurrence of fires in this region. Moreover, as the young growth gets older, as the dead leaves and litter accumulate on the ground, and especially as the resinous trees will occupy, relatively, more space, there will be more material for the fires to feed upon and the danger of destructive fires will materially increase. M COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION The rcRion could l)e effectively protected from fire with a small otitlfcy of money in pmjwrtion to the value of the property involved. The .ojography o.' the country affords numerous excellent sites for look-out stations, and the numerous rural telephone lines would render very effective assistance. The following places are suggested as good points for such look-out stations ; a point Isctween Devil lake and Dixon lake commands a \4cw of the major pf^rtion of Cashel within th? watersheil, and the eastern portion of Limerick. It is 8 miles from the 'iloohone at St. Ola and 3 miles from a farmhouse where the look-oui r.ian could stay. The diorite ridge in Tudor on the Hastings road drops off in a sheer precipice aoo feet or more. A tower 30 feet high on the t^ge of this bluff would give a view of the greater portion of the to^vr.ships of Tudor and Lake. The village of Millhridge. with a tclephotie line, is about four miles '.istant, and there are farmhouses within two miles. A sub-station migh be established on 'The Ridge' in the south central portion of WoUaston. This is a farming area and a farmer could be employed. Any one of the several farmers on the ridge could, from his farm, see the southern half of WoUaston, the northwestern portion of Lake, and portions of Limerick and Chandos. In the northeastern comer of WoUaston are some high hiUs which command a view of northern WoUaston, northwestern Limerick and southern Faraday. Here, a look-out station could be constructed within two miles of a farmhouse, and could be connected with the telephone at CoehiU, a distance of four miles. The Green mountains in southern Glamorgan are 350 feet above the general level and present a view which covers the southern half of Glamorgan and Monmouth and the northern portions of Cavendish and Anstruther. They are within two miles of farms and couJl be con- nected by telephone with Goo«lerham, four miles distant. From the Blue mountains in the west central portion of Methuen, on<; can see practically the whole of that township, as weU tiS the western portion of Lake, the eastern portion of Burieigh, and the southeastern portion of .\nstruther. The hiUs are within four miles of a farm- house and within 8 miles of Apsley, the nearest telephone connection. In lot 22, conces.ok-out keepen ; 6 montha at S60 permonth ....'!!!!! " 3600 Salary of an inapeetor i'oqq Annual coat of nshting firea and ineidrataLi '70O '^''^'^ S10,000 On the 7S,ooo acres referred to on page 63 some of the poplar is already near merchantable size. Cuttings should be made in this for pulpwood within ten years. On the greater portion of the area, however, the poplar will not be ready for cutting before 25 years. Assuming it would be 25 years before the cuttings could be on sufficiently large scale to pay off the debt of previous fire protection, the sums given above at 4 per cent compound interest for 25 years would attain the following values : $3,900 initial ooat, 25 years at 4 per cent $ 10,396 60 S;3?"i ■*?^*^ annuaUy, 25 years at 4 per cent. .. . 224,887 . 85 «700, fire-fighting, annually, 25 years at 4 per cent. 29,152.15 Total 1264,436.60 By spending approximately a quarter million dollars distributed over a period of 25 years the Government would have at the end of the period poplar alone worth $4,200,000 : in addition to this, pine at maturity worth $4,115,800 in dues and stumpage, at the present rates. It would be a very profitable transaction even at the present prices. From the facts stated in the previous pages, namely, that the average rate of 14,000 acres burned yearly in the past 40 years is still being main- tained, and that the cut-over lands are now without fire protection, it is reasonably certain that the 560,000 acres under consideration will be without commercially valuable timber at the end of the next 2S-year period unless an adequate system of fire protection is installed. No Government can afford to allow this amount of forest land to remain continuously unproductive. III. A Brief Description of Conditions by Townships Hastings County Martnora Township Watersheds.— About 70 square miles in Marmora township drain into the Trent canal by the way of Beaver creek and its tributaries. The remaining portion of the township is drained by Moira river. The portion of Crow lake lying in Marmora has a surface area of nearly 2,000 acres. The only lakes lying entirely within the township are the Twin Sisters, and they have hardly 200 acres of surface. Topography.— The portion of Marmora drained by Beaver creek is a series of broad, flat plateaus and ridges, which increase in ruggedness CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 69 in going northward. A fairly continuous ridge, extending across the township in a northeast-southwest direction separates the waters of the Beaver from those of the Moira. Another ridge runs from the north- em side of Crow lake in a northeasterly direction and meets the water- shed ridge near the centre of the township. Spurs from these two main ridges divide thejlesser streams and form rounded hiUs and knolls. The remaining portion of the township has the appearance of a moderately dissected plateau on which the drainage is feeble, and consequently swamps are numerous. These vary in size from little pockets in the limestone to one containing 700 acres. Rock and Soil.— The plateaus and broader ridges are underlain by limestone, while the sharper ridges represent intrusions of hornblende and gneissic rock through the Umestone. In the northwestern comer of the township these intrusions have vertical strata forming sharp crested ridges with precipitous slopes, and the region between the slopes, not occupied by swamps, is strewn with broken fragments of rock. Portions of the limestone plateaus are also covered with boulders. Forest Conditions.— The forest occupies 73.8 per cent of the town- ship. The plateau area south of Crow lake, the region between Bron- son creek and Beaver creek, and the ridges in the northwestern portion of the township were originally pineries. The pines have been re- moved and, as a whole, their reproduction is scanty. This comprises 13.4 per cent of ilic area and is now covered with the poplar-birch type. The greater portion of the township was, and still is, covered by the hardwood type, in which maple and beech are dominant, with scattering basswood, ash, elm, and hemlock. This type is represented chiefly by farm wood-lots and covers 48 per cent of the area. The numerous swamps, containing black ash, ehn, balsam, black spmce. and cedar, occupy 12.1 per cent of the area. The pine-coniferous type is very restricted, only 0.2 per cent. Recent fires have also been practically absent, burning only o. i per cent of the area. Lake Township Watersheds.— The drainage of Lake township is about equally divided between Beaver creek and Deer river, whose waters fall into Crow river, which, in turn, flows into the Trent canal. The township has 2,600 acres of water surface, the aggregate of a dozen and a half of lakes. The largest lakes are Tangamong, Trout, Whetstone, Dickey Islands, Clear, Jack, and Copeway. in the northern portion of the township. Topography.— The streams are separated by broad rounded ridges, and they are the highest and the most precipitous on the diorite out- 70 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION crop along the Hastings road. While not so elevated, the country is very rough in the northwestern portion of the township around Tan- gamong and Copeway lakes. The rest of the township, with the exception of scattered, steep-bluffed hills, has the usual low ridges characteristic of the Archaean. Rock and Soil. — The rocks covering the greater area are hornblende- schist and crystalline limestone. There are three large intrusions of volcanic rock through them. The largest of these is two miles wide and extends northeastward, from Mud Turtle lake ; another, in the same direction from Whetstone lake, and still another from Tangamong lake. The Tudor intrusion of diorite extends four miles in a westerly direction into the township. Copeway lake lies in an outcrop of massive granite and there is a patch of sedimentary limestone in the southwestern comer near Vansickle post office. The eastern portion of the township is deeply covered with glacial drift soil of sandy loam, which, however, is filled with pebbles and stones. The soils of the western half are much thinner, more safidy, and, in many places, the bare rock is exposed. Forest Conditions. — The prevailing forest type of the township is hardwood, with sugar maple as the most abimdant species, this and beech making up three-fourths of the stand. The minor species are basswood, hemlock, elm, and ash. While the more valuable hardwoods have been removed, the cutting has not been sufficient to break the crown cover, so that the eastern portion of the township, especially, appears as an unbroken forest. A strip of the same nature extends half way down the western side from the north. This type occupies 36.4 per cent of the area. Between the hardwood areas there is a belt of the poplar-birch-old 1 im type, which comprises 38.6 per cent of the town- ship. Aroimd the lakes in the northeastern comer, there is consider- able intermixture of hemlock and pine, but the mixed type, as a whole, covers only 1.4 per cent of the area. The pure coniferous type is prac- tically lacking. One and one-half per cent of the area was burned in 1911. Tudor Toumship Watersheds. — Only the northern and western portions of this township, some 35 square miles, drain to Beaver creek, and thence to the canal waters, the remaining portion draining to ♦^^he Moira river. Tudor has only 800 acres of water siuface within the Trent watershed, the largest body being Horseshoe lake near Glanmire. Topography. — The most conspicuous feature of the township is the diorite ridge entering Tudor from Lake township in Hastings Road lots 46 to 57, and extending eastward to lot 12, concession xi. CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 71 dfff,Lf "'*' "?*^^ "" '^^ '°"**'"™ '^^^' °ften in precipitous on^l ^^" '°° -f ^ '°° ^^* ^^^" '^' ««^^^ J«^«l °f the country • HhJ. tw f \**'' ''°P" ^' '"^ ^^™Pt- South of this diorite r,Z<=. '°P°^f y ^^ '>"le relief, while to the northward the country consists of low ndges jo to loo feet above the general level. The mos^ pr^ounced of these ridges extends in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction along the northern side of Beaver creek to Bass lake face ^oW ff~'^^, '°'\°" '^' ^^°"*^ "^^^ '^ ^^ "«" the sur- S i!L S /['^ ^°"^ '^'^ "^'^ '^^K "^tirely exposed or strewn NoH^'i^' ^"? T '' "°* "^"'^ '^"^'^^ "^ f°^ "°"^ tree growth. st^e^^th 'it-flil '^°" '' '^**''^^^" ^y amphibolite and lime- stone with amphibohte intrusions. Through these at several places esp-^y at Glanmire southeast of Bass lake, and at the townsifi ,S south of St. Ola protrude low rounded bosses of massive granite. The ^F^^ l"^"^"^'' ^"^'' "^^^ "^^ty ^"«1 ""^kes a thin, sandy s^when_eroded. The limestone is siliceous and also gives ri^ to a TrJ'^''l ^f^''.''^-The portion of Tudor township within the Trent watersned is forested to the extent of 88 per cent of its area. Most of this was ongmaUy pine land and is now covered with poplar and birch from .o to 40 years old.* This type extends Lr 64.3 per cent of the area. The hardwoods, covering 14.3 per cent of the area, have b^n culled of the more valuable speSes suchl, bass- wood, elm, ash. and. to a certain extent, hemlock. Only about 800 a«^s were classed as semi-virgin, and they lie near Horseshoe lake. The mixed coniferous-hardwood type occupies 5.7 per cent, and the pure conifer type i.a per cent of the area. The latter is found in the swamps, since only smaU patches of pure second growth pine remain. Along the Hastmgs road on the summit and northern slope of the dionte ndge. are some 600 acres which were burned about ten years ago ^ wdl as an area of equal size in the nbrtheast portion of the township lutt Tr t^ 'T rV^°- '^^' ^^*^^ P^^'"'^ °f the territory south of Horseshoe lake, about ten square miles, was run over by a surface fire last year. The recent firesranoveri.i per cent of the area. Limerick Township Watersheds.-Of the 80 square miles of the township of Limerick 47 square miles are drained by Beaver creek and 20 square miles bv Deer nver into the Trent canal, while the remaining portion drains northeastward by the York river into the Ottawa. The township contains 3,000 acres of water surface, one-half of which is contained in balmon lake, the largest body of water. *Seepage52. 1" iff 73 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Topography. — The whole township has the appearance of a dis- sected plateau with no high elevations. The more rugged portions are in the northern portion of the township. Rock and Sail. — The rocks are about equally divided in area be- tween hornblende schists and crystalline limestones mixed with amphi- bolite. There are outcrops of diorite along the western border south of Ormsby and south of Salmon lake. The strata is tilted and much of it is vertical. Outcropping ledges of rock are more abundant and the soil is thinner than in the townships to the southward. In many places it is not over six inches deep, the deepest upland soil covering the rocks oy not more than i8 inches. horcsl Conditions. — About one-third (32.7 per cent) of the township is covered by mature forest and 12 per cent ir- under cultivation. The mature forest is mostly of the pure hardwood type, which covers 22.1 per cent of the area. The best stands of this type are found north of Salmon lake, where about 2,000 acres hav.; been only slightly culled. The remaining 6,000 acres is severely culled or is second growth arising from clean cutting. Eight per cent of the area is a mixed forest oc- cupying the wetter situations and 2.6 per cent is of the coniferous swamp type. The old pineries occupy 45.5 per cent of the area and are now 01 the poplar-birch type, in which there are patches of excellent pine and balsam reproduction.* Nearly 4,000 acres, or 9. 7 per cent of the area, were burned over in 191 1. Cashel Township Watersheds. — The portion of Cashel under consideration, about 35 square miles of the western part, is drained by the headwaters of Beaver creek. It contains 1,400 acres of water surface, mostly in Little Salmon and Devil lakes. Topography — A well defined ridge separates Beaver creek from the waters flowing eastward. Another ridge extends northeastward from Little Salmon lake until it reaches the main ridge in concession xi. These ridges are about 200 feet above the level of the lake. Numerous small streams divide the spurs of these ridges into many small hills, resulting in a diversified topography. Rock and Soil. — The rock and soil conditions are of the same nature as those already described for Limerick. Forest Conditions. — The ridges mentioned above are capped with hardwoods, which, for the most part, have not been severely culled. These cover 26. S per cent of the area. The remaining portion of the r . '6 forest is 2 per cent of the mixed type and 3.7 per cent of the pure coniferous type. The region north of Little Salmon lake was *Seo (iv^ps 53 and 64. CONUITION8 BY TOWNSHIPS 73 o^ covered pnnapaJly ^-ith pine, but has suffered at least three severe tZZ n Pn\;^"^r«^'« >■--• Various escaped patches. cspeTaUy around DevU lake, show excellent pine reproductions. The old bum type occupies 60.9 per cent of the area. Wollastoi, lownsliip t.nf "'"'''■'''f ^-The southeastern portion of the township to the ex- Se IhT 'TT^'r '' ^'^'"^'^ ^y ' ^'"--"^ 'hat falls into Dickey hke and forrus the headwaters of the Otter branch of Beaver cre^k whde the remainder, with the exception of three square miles in The n^heastem part which drains into the V,rk river, is X" ed by Deer river, one of the tributaries of Crow nver. Ea^ e lake contain- ^e fZ^: '"^^' '' *'^ ''''''' "^y ^' -*-• ^' '-^- ramps Topoiraphy.~The township contain., a series of ridges running in a northeasterly and southwesteriy direction. The Ormsby-Coeh" l-G len- alda road which runs through the centre of the township, travels ¥0 r" "^r* "^T' r '''""''"" °' ^''"^^ -° ^-* -^--- t^e streams To the northward the elevation increases to the height-of-land in Fara: day township ; southward the ridges are of the same general elevation with the exception of the ridge separating Deer river and Beaver creek waters, which is between 400 and 500 feet above the streams UmJ^on! °'!f/'^"^--f°""wo-thirdsof the township is underiain by hmestone with amphibolite intrusions. There arc- diorite outcrops in the southeastern and northeastern portions of the township, granite m the southern portion, gneissic rocks in the southwestern and west- central portions, and a smaU area of syenite near Coehill. The granit- outcrops, espeaally along the line of contact with the other ro-'ks^ are almost entirely lacking soil. A belt of sand, approximately a mUe Th/;n? S r°^ *''.''"'^' "'' *^^ '^^^I^'P '^^^ -^t io west The soil on the limestone is. for the most part, thin and sandv. Where deeper, it has a bed of boulders and pebbles for subsoil. Forest Conditians. -Some^h^t more than 80 per cent of Wollas- ton IS forested With the exception of the sand belt and -he granUe areas, the township was originally covered with hardwoods, which as usual, are chiefly composed of sugar maple and beech. This type makes up 42.6 per cent of the area. It has not be..n culled as severeTy a most of the southern tier of townships, and neariy half of it was classed as semi-virgin Approximately 14 per cent of the area is swampy and much of the lumber industry is concerned in har^-esting cedar poles frc»n the swamps. The mixed type, mostly swamps, comprises 3.7 per cent, and the pure coniferous type-all swamps-covers 8.5 per cent 74 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION of the area. Approximately one-quarter of the township is now in possession of poplar and birch, the area of the former pineries. Faraday Township Watersheds.— The western half of the township or approximately 45 square miles, drains into Deer river by the way of Pandash brook, and thence by way of Crow river into the Trent waters. The waters of the eastern portion of the township flo\^ into the York river. Small lakes are numerous, but the largest has an area of less than 300 acres. Topography.— The numerous ridges are all approximately the same height until the northern part of the township is reached, where the granite outcrops extend from 50 to 100 feet higher than the limestone ridges to the southward. Tho slopes are steep, often precipitous, and the valleys are narrow, the widest being not over a half mile wide. Rock and Soil.— The greater portion of the township is underlain by limestone, thinly covered by soil on the ridges and deeply covered by sand in the valleys. The major portion of the three northern con- cessions is occupied ..y gneissic granite, with many amphibolite inclu- sions. Where the forest is unbumed, the soil is gravelly loam covering the rock to a moderate depth, but, on the burned areas the bare rock is largely exposed. Forest Conditions.— Eighty -seven and one-half per cent of the town- ship is forested. The mature forest is of the maple-beech type and it coveis 35.1 per cent, while the immature poplar-birch type covers 34.9 per cent of the township. The least culled portions of the hard- wood forest are in the northern and southern portions of the area lying within the watershed. The mixed forest and the coniferous forests are foimd in the swamps, and they comprise 3.4 per cent and 1.8 per cent of the area, respectively. Eight and one-tenth per cent of the township has been recently bimied. Peterborough County Chandos Township Watersheds. —Practicaily all of Chandos township discharges its waters into Deer river. Its water surface comprises 4,500 acres, and it is practically all contained in Loon lake. Topography.— South of concession xiv, Chandos is a series of broad, rounded ridges and hills, having about the same elevation, 150 to 200 feet above the lakes and stream valleys. The region has the ap- pearance of a plateau which has been dissected by the streams. North of concession xiv the elevation increases rapidly in a series of ridges CONDITIONS HY TOWNSIIII'H 75 to about soo feet, above Loon lake. The northern portion of the township belongs topographically to the more ruRKcd regions in Cardiff and Faraday, while the southern portion corresponds to the flatter regions to the southward. Rock and Soil.— North of Loon lake the rock is about equally divided between crystalline limestone and hornblende schist and a mixture of the two intimately associated. The soil is a light sandy loam. South of Loon lake it is mostly granite and nearly related rock. Forest Conditions.— Apparently the forests of Chandos were origi- nally about equally divided between coniferous and hardwooti lands. The former pine lands are now covered with jwplar and birch, which extend over 32.1 per cent of the area. Some 18,890 acres, or 36.6 per cent of the area, now support a hardwood forest, of which all but a,6oo acres have been severely culled. The better class of hardwoods is found along the eastern margin of the township. Mixed swamps containing cedar, fir, hemlock, black spruce, black ash, elm, and maple are frequent along the slow-moving Paudash crcck and Deer river. These swamps occupy ii.i per cent of the area, and from them come most of the merchantable timber cut in the township. As a whole, 91.9 per cent of the township is forested. Methuen Township Watersheds.— The central and eastern portions of Methuen drain through Kasshabog lake into North river, thence by Crow river into the Trent. The waters from the northwestern portion of the township flow through Jack creek into Stony lake. The township has neariy 6,000 acres of water surface, mostly contained in Jack lake and in Kasshabog lake. Topography.— The most conspicuous topographic feature of the township is a high ridge running in a northeast-southwest direction, and separating the Jack creek from the North river drainage. The ridge is 1,100 feet above the sea, between Jack creek and Kasshabog lake, where the ridge and its spurs are cal'cd the Blue mountains, and it rises about 300 feet above the surrounding plain. In the other por- tions of the township the ridges are not more than 100 feet above the streams, and, in most places, much less. The east-central portion of the township is neariy flat, and is called the Blueberry 'barrens,' an apt designation, for huckleberries are about the only things of com- mercial value that grow upon them. The drainage is sluggish and marshes and swales are abundant. South of this area the country is much broken by low ridges with the exception of the outcrops of sedi- 70 COMMISSION OF CONSEUVATION mentary limestone near Vansicklc P.O. and near Oak lake, where the topography is rollinj;. Rock ami Soil- Most of the rocks are Rranitc and hornblende schist and they are alxmt equal in distribution. The granite lies be- tween the schist in a band about four miles wide, extending from the southwestern comer of the township. Much of this r(x;k is so far de- cayed that it can be crumbled in the hand and it ^ivcs rise to nearly pure Rravel. The soil on the honiblende schist is very sandy. A small outcrop of crystalline limestone alonj; the road in the northern portion, and the two patches of sedimentary limestone in the southern jx)' lon of the township, arc the only places where a soil approachinjj a .ram in texture can be found. Forest Conditions. —The greater imrtion of Methuen was once a pinery, and 43.3 ]H;r cent of the area of the township is now a man-made barren, while 41 per cent is covered with iK)plar and birch ari.sing from fires. The hardwoods occupy 12.8 per cent of the area, and they are found mostly in the northern portion, the largest patch being in the northwestern comer around Jack lake. They are all severely culled. Only 2.7 per cent of the township is under cultivation. Burleigh Township Watersheds. — The waters from Burleigh flow into the Trent waters by three routes : Jack creek. Eels brook into Stony lake, and Deer Bay creek into Deer bay. The latter receives the waters of a dozen lakes in the northwest cjuadrant of the township. The total lake surface is 3,500 acres. Topography. — The highest points are in the north central portic- of the township, where the highest ridges arc about 1 50 feet above the general level of the low ridged plain-like surface. East of Eels lirook, the i)lain-Hke character o' the surface is still more apparent. The out- crops of sedimentary limestone south of the Cedar lakes are flat. Rock and Soil.— A line drawn from the southwestern comer to the northeastem comer of t le township would divide about equally the granite and crj'stallinc limestone areas, the fomicr being on the western side and the latter on the eastern side of the line. The crystalline limestone area contains a number of intmsions of granite which occur as low rounded ridges. The soil is absent on the higher granite ridges, a condition due to repeated fires. In fact, this is the condition on most of the granite outcrops. In local pockets aud along the bases of the ridges, the soil is a light gravelly loam, and it is usually not over S inches deep. The soil on the crv'stalline lunestone is of the same char- acter, but, as a nde, it contains more sand and pebbles. On the sedi CONDITIONS nv T0WN8HIP8 n mcntary hmesUrtie. the s„il is a hravy I(«m. N.ar the township lino while the soil iMi the liim-ston.- is ..f ^.-ckxI ,,imlitv (silt l„an an.l clay loam) It IS to.) shallow U,r rcallv successful agriculture on most of the farms. Forest Conditions. ~Ot this township, oj per cent is forest land, an.l 83 per cent of this has U-en burned within the past for^y years. In 191 1, 9-5 per cent .)f the area was bunicd ; j per cent ten years ajjo ; 70.4 per cent has k-en bunicd at various times l)etween 20 and 40 years aRo. The latter areas are covered with birch and poplar. The original forest was pine interspersed with hardw^xxl ridges and hard- wood flats around s.mie of the lakes. The slumps show that the pine occurred in many places at the rate of 60 trees ujjon an acre W-th the exception of a few scattereil patches, 70 per cent of this area has no younB white pine to take the place of that ait and burnwl. On 12 iH;r cent of the area, however, there is a fair repr.xlmtion of white pme. This is most pronounced on the a-eas which have been burned but once. Many of the farm wood-lots on the sandy terraces .)f Eels brook show excellent second-growth white pine. In the northeastern and the southwestern comers of the 'ownship. there is a cuUed hardwood forest, constituting 8 per cent 01 the total forest area. Maple and beech are the predominant remainin^,' si)e"ies, the merchantable ash, elm, and basswood having been removed, rhe remaining 10 per cent of the forest area consists mostly of swamps and semi-barrens. Anstruther Township Watersheds.—lhQ greater portion of Anstruther is 'rained by headwaters of the Mis-sis-sagua river, which flows into Buckhom lake. A stnp about 2^ miles wide along the whole eastern border of the township IS drained by Eels brook. The .ownship contain, fourteen lakes of considerable size, the largest. Eagle lake, near the southern border, containing i ,400 acres. The whole lake surface of the township is approximately 5,000 acres. Topography. —The highest points are a .scries of rounded granite hills, about 100 feet above the general level in the south central jwrtion of the township. There are hills of about the same elevation around Eels lake m the northeastern comer of the township. The remaining portion has the usual topography of an elevated plain interspersed by ridges 2 s to so feet above the general level. Rock and Soil— The township is jiractically all granite and rock of a similar naiure, except in the valley of Eels brook, where hornblende schist and crystalline limestono ocair. In the four mast northern concessions across the township, the granite is covered by a loam to an 7S COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION a.eniKe depth of 15 inchcH, well sprinkled vith boulden and pebbles. There is a similar noil west of Eagle lake, Deer lake and Cranberry lake, and scattered patches in the eastern part along Eels brook. The rest of the soil throughout the township is mostly shallow gravel and sand. The granite hills in the interior arc largely devoid of soil of any kind, a condition brought about by repeated fires. Forist Condihoiw.— The forests of the township have been thorough- ly culled, with the exception of some j.ooo acres in the neighl)orhood of Eagle lake, where the commercial timber is chiefly hemlock. There were about 1000 acres of pine and hemlock in concessions xiii and XIV along Stony creek, but one more season's cut will finish that. These two groups, with some other areas of a similar nature, make ij per cent of the forest i.ow standing, as coniferous. Approximately 7 per cent of the forest is of the mixed type — maple, beech, pine, and hem- lock — and -o per cent is pure hardwoods. Lrost year 1.5 per cent was burned. The remaining 56 per cent is second growth, of which s i per cent is the poplar-birch type, the result ol fire. Cavendish Township Watersheds. — About three-fourths of the area of Cavendish drains into the jvlississagua river ; most of the remaining portion is drained into Squaw river and thence into Pigeon lake. A few sqxiare miles in the extreme northwestern comor are drained into the Irondale river and thence by Burnt river into Cameron lake. The water surface of the township is 7,600 acre.., or 14 per cent of the total area. The largest lakes are Catchacoma and Mississagua. Topography. — There is very little diversity of topography in the township, it being a succession of low ridires of similar elevation and depressions, and the highest points are in the northwestern comer of the township, where they are about 100 feet above the general level. Rox-k and Soil. — The rock is, for the most part, crystalline limestone, with frequent intrusions of granite and hornblende schist. The soil is shallow, sandy, filled with pebbles and stones, and only in a few places approaches a loam below the first two or three inches Forest Conditions. — ^A little more than on^-half of the forest area is, or was, controlled by the hardwoods. On the flats and gentle slopes, maple is the principal species, often composing three-fourths of the stand. On the ridges and other situations where the soil is shallow, the beech replaces the maple. The minor species are elm, basswood, hemlock, yellow birch, black cherry, and hornbeam. Thirty-six per cent of the hardwTod forest is moderately cidled, i.e. the merchant- able elm, basswood, and hemlock have been cut ; 17 per cent has been CONDITIOX8 BY TOWN8IIIP8 79 severely cullwl. Much of this has U-on Immcd in iwtchcs. Around the upper end of Catchacoma lake there is a Kood forest in which hemlock is the prevailinR sjictnes. This joins to the eastward with the block of hemlock in Anstruther. This, with jwtches of coniferous forest in other places, makes 7 per cent of the forest area belonging to the coniferous tyjw. Of the area a fx;r cent is composed of mixed forest. This has been severely called. The remaining 38 per cent of the forest area has been burned at various times and is now chiefly covered with tirch and poplar. Galway Township Wattrshtds.—lhe southern and western portions of the township drain .southerly by Squaw river and Harvey brook into Pijjeon lake, while the central western and northwestern portions drain southerly and westerly by Union creek into Four-mile lake in Somcrville township and thence into Bal.sam lake. The largest body of water, Swamp lake, contains 1,000 acres. Lakes are not so frequent as in other townships, since only 3.5 pei cent of the township is water. Topography.— The topography, especially that of the eastern portion is similar to tliat already described for Cavendish. There is less relief and the ridges an brc ^der and flatter :.i the western por- tion of the township. A high jxrint, a^- * a mile east of Bass lake, conunands a view of the southern half of the township. Rock and Soil. — Crystalline limestone covers the greater portion of the township. The sharper ridges arc composed of hornblende schist. There are outcrops of granite and related rock in the north-eastern portion. The soil on the top of the ridges is not more than 8 inches deep ; on the slopes it is deeper but sandy, while, at the base of the more gentle slopes, good loam occtu^. It is, however, patchy and restricted in distribution. In common with the whole region, swamps occupy the depressions between the ridges. Forest Conditions.— The township is forested to the extent of 87.6 per cent of its area, a little more than one-half of wliich, 532 per cent is the old bum type. The hardwoods occupy 17.3 per cent of the area, and they are found in best development in the central portion of the township. They have been for the most part severely culled, only 900 acres being classed as virgin and semi-virgin. The mixed type as usual is found on the low lying land, and as usual makes up a small percentage of the area (4.4 per cent). The area of the coni- ferous type (t2.2 per cent) is relatively large. This is due to a block c' pfe in th; western portion of concessions v, vi, vii, and viii. Four-tenths per cent of the township has been recently biuiied. COMMISSI.ON OF C0;N SE R V AT 10 N Harvey Township Watersheds.— Tht principal stream in the township of Harvey is the Mississagua river, which drains Mississagua, Catchacoma, Gold, Eagle, and other lakes of this series in the townships of Cavendish and Anstruther. The most northern headwaters of the stream are found in Glamorgan township not far from the village of Gooderham. The river meets the canal waters in Buckhom lake about a mile east of Hall Bridge. This stream and its tributaries drain the eastern portion of the township. The central and northwestern portion of the town- ship is drained into Pigeon lake by Squaw river and Harvey brook, while the southeastern portion is drained by Deer Bay creek, which has its origin in the lakes of Burleigh. Buckhom lake and its water- connections with Stony lake form the southern boundary of the town- ship, while the southwestern boundary is fonned by Pigeon lake. Compared with the townships to the eastward, Harvey contains few lakes in the interior. Topography.— The higher and rougher portions are in the granite areas in the eastern portion of the township. This is due to elevation, as well as to the presence of numerous ridges and knolls of glacial drift. The western half of the township is quite flat, except where the streams have worn through, or where granite out-crops through the prevailing sedimentary limestone. Rock and Soil.— As indicated above, the rock is mostly granite and sedimentary limestone. The eastern and northern portions of the township are mostly granite, with outlying patches of sedimentary limestone. West of Harvey brook and in the area lying between Buck- hom lake xnd Pigeon lake sedimentary limestone with local patches of granite is found. The soil on the granite areas is very thin and, in many places, entirely absent, while that of the limestone areas is, for the most part, of agricultural quality, being bJt loam and clay. Forest Conditions.— A little over one-half (50.8 per cent) of the township has l>een thoroughly culled and burned, and is now occupied by the poplar-birch type of forest. * It is apparent that the granite areas were originally occupied by pine, hemlock and spmce, and the limestone areas by hardwoods. The coniferous forests at the present time cover only 1.4 per cent of the area, and the largest block may be found in the northeastern comer of the township. The hardwoods are mostly maple, beech and basswood, and they occupy 22 per cent of the area.f The mixed coniferous-hardwood type is poorly developed, comprising only 1.7 per cent of the area. The granite areas, with the soil mostly absent, are barrens. These are found in the southeastern comer of *For a description of the composition of this type see page 58. tSee pages 46 and 47. CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS SI the township and near the mouth of the Mississagua river, and they cover 8.6 per cent of the area. A little over i per cent of the township has been recently burned. Victoria County Sotnerville Township Watersheds. —The township is drained almost entirely into Balsam lake by three streams. Burnt river flows diagonally from the north- eastern to the southwestern comer of the township, Gull river forms the western boundary of the township. Midway between these streams, near the central portion of the township, is Four-Mile lake, which, with its receiving and discharging streams, makes another valley parallel to those of the first mentioned rivers. The drainage of the extreme southeastern comer of the township flows into Sturgeon lake after passing through the northern half of Verulam. Topography. — The topography of the township is detcmiined by the three streams mentioned above, since they have wom rather wide valleys into a plateau. The ridges are low, often with flat divides between the streams. Rock and Soil. — If an irregular wavy Hne be drawn from the south- eastem comer of the township to the central point of its northcm bound- ary, it would separate in general the granitic rocks on the east and north from the sedimentary limestone on the west and south. The extreme northwestern portion of the township, however, is granitic. The transition from the granite to the limestone is in many places marked by an abrupt escarpment, ,1-; may be seen along the road on the 13th concession line. The soils both on the limestone and on the granite in the northem portion of the township are thin and sterile. Those on the limestone in the southern half of the township are deeper, but even there the best farms are in the wide valleys of the Burnt and Gull rivers. Forest Conditions. — Somerville has practically no forest containing saw-logs, outside of a few swamps and farm wood-lots. Sixty-one and seven-tenths per cent of the area is occupied by the old bum type. The mixed forest comprises s-i per cent, the hardwoods 4.4 per cent, and the conifers i .3 per cent of the area ; and all three of these types have been severely culled. Haliburton County Cardiff Township Watersheds. — About 12 square miles in the northcastem comer of Cardiff township drain eastward into the York river waters ; the drainage of the remainder of the township goa"? into the Trent waters. 82 co:mmis8ion of conservation The waters from a little more than one-half of the area drain into Paudash lake in the east-centre of the township. From this, they flow by Paudash creek and Deer river into Crow river and thence . into the Trent canal. The waters of the southwestern quadrant of the township collect in Eels lake and are carried by Eels brook into Stony lake. A portion of the northwestern quadrant of the township is drained southwesterly into Irondale river and thence by Burnt river into the canal, at Cameron lake. The township contains 5,330 acres of water surface. The largest lake is the Paudash group which contains about 1,400 acres. Topography.— The eastern half of the township is a high plateau which has been dissected into broad roimded ridges. The plateau ascends in going northward, and in the northern portion of the town- ship is 50 to 100 feet higher than in the southern. The most pronounced ridges in this area lie west of Paudash lake and on the divide between the York and Trent waters. The ridges in the north- western part of the township are nearer together and sharper in outline. The highest points in Cardiff are in the granitic outcrop in the southwest quadrant of the township. Swamps are frequent; the largest, containing some 2,500 acres, is found in the southeastern comer of the township. Rock and Soil. — The rocks of the township are about equally divided between granite, hornblende schist, crystalline limestone and gneiss. The granite lies in the northeastern and the southwestern comers of the township, and the two outcrops are connected by a narrow band west of the north arm of Paudash lake. A large area of homblende schist lies between these two granite masses. Most of the limestone is in the southeastem comer of the township. The gneiss lies for the most part around the borders of the granite. From Cheddar post- office eastward and northeastward nearly to the township line there is a belt of fairly deep glacial drift soil, on which the good upland farms of the township are located. In the rest of the township the soils are thin or sandy. Forest Conditions. — The township is covered with forests to the extent of 93 per cent of its area. Somewhat more than half (56.6 per cent) of the area was originally covered mostly with pine, but it has been replaced by the old-bum poplar-birch type. The coniferous forest is now confined to the swamps ; it occupies 7.7 per cent of the area, and has been thoroughly culled of its commercial timber. The hardwoods cover 13,000 acres, one-quarter of the township, and only 200 acres of these were classified as virgin and semi-virgin. The mixed coniferous and hardwood type occupies 4.3 per cent of the town- ship. Only o.i per cent of the area has been recently bumed. CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS Monmouth Township Watersheds. — The waters of Monmouth are carried to the Trent canal by the way of the Irondale and Burnt rivers. A small portion, however, in the southeastern comer is drained southward by Eels brook. Otter lake ts situated in the northeastern portion of the town- ship, and contains only 600 acres. The entire water surface of the township is 2,100 acres. Topography. — The highest points in the township are in the gianite region in the southeastern comer of the township, the region west of Otter lake, and the extreme southwestem comer. These places look really mountainous when compared with the general dissected-plateau topography of the rest of the township. Rock and Soil. — The geological stmcture of the township is much diversified, since it contains representatives of nearly all the different kinds of rocks found in the Trent watershed. The greater portion of the rock, however, is crystalline limestone with its vj ous impurities. The deepest and finest textured soil is found in the south central portion of the township, it being an extension o' " e drift soil, covering northern Anstmther. The upland soils in the aer portions of the township are usually thin or, if deep, very stony. Bare ridges and ledges, are frequently exposed. Forest Conditions. — The southern portion of the township, with the exception of the southeastem comer, was originally a pinery, while the northern half was, and still is, of the hardwood type, with former pineries on the stream terraces. The old pinery is now occupied by poplar and birch, a type that covers 38.4 per cent of the township. At present only i.i per cent of the township is coniferous. The hard- woods, as a rule, contain little saw-log material. They cover 47.7 per cent of the area. The mixed type covers 1.9 per cent, and recent bums 2 per cent of the township. Glamorgan Township Watersheds. — The township of Glamorgan drains into the Trent canal by the way of the Burnt and Irondale rivers, the latter taking most of the drainage. It contains eight rather small lakes, the largest being Koshlong, in the north-central portion of the township, with an area of 770 acres. The water surface of *he township is 3,900 acres. Topography. — The roughest and the highest portion of the township may be found in the diorite in the southeastem comer. Greens moun- tain at the western edge of the outcrop has an altitude of 1,466 feet above sea level, and it stands about 250 feet above the general level m 84 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION of the plateau. The rest of the township has the characteristic topo- graphy of low, broad, major ridges and lower, sharper-crested minor ridges. Rock and Soil.— The eastern portion of the township south of Mink lake and in the valley of the Irondale river on the south, is underlain by crystalline limestone. Most of the remaining portion, except for the diorite area in the southeastern comer is granite. The upland soils throughout the township are, almost without exception, absolute forest soils, being too thin, too sandy, or too stony for successful farming. Forest Conditions. — Of the area of the township, 68.5 per cent is of old-bum type, mostly the result of an extensive fire about 30 years ago. This was once a pinery. At present only 0.5 per cent of the area is covered with a coniferous forest. Thp hardwood type occupies 20.7 per cent of the township, most of it being in the southeastern comer. This is composed of farm wood-lots, and it has been severely culled of its saw-logs. The mixed coniferous-hardwood type has an extent of I.I per cent, and the recent bums cover 1.3 per cent of the township. Lutterworth Township Watersheds. — The drainage of the major portion of Lutterworth is into Gull river. The southeastern comer of the township, however, is drained by tributaries of Burnt river. Seven per cent of the town- ship is covered by water. Topography.— The portion of Lutterworth north and west of Gull lake is very rough, a maze of ridges and monadnock hiils, but, as one goes southward, the altitude decreases, the ridges are lower, broader and farther apart, until, at the southem border, the region has the ap- pearance of a plain into which the streams have wom narrow valleys. Rock and Soil. — The rock of the township is about equally divided between granite and crystalline limestone with frequent intmsions of granitic and homblende rock. The latter lies in a strip about five miles wide, passing diagonally through ,.ie township on the southem and eastem side of Gull river. In the south central portion of the township there are outcrops of sedimentary limestone. Except in the immediate stream valleys, the soil throughout the township is either thin and sandy, or deep and stony. Obviously, nature never intended it for a farming township. Forest Conditions.— The greater portion of the township was evi- dently once an immense pinery, but now only o. i per cent of its area is covered by a coniferous forest. The former pinery, 78 per cent of the area, is now covered with poplar, most of which is the result of r^ CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 88 fire in the early 'eighties.' The mature forest is now represented by maple-beech wood-lots from which most of the merchantable saw-logs have been removed. These comprise 9.9 per cent of the area. One and five-tenths per cent of the township supports a mixed coniferous- hardwood forest, also severely culled. Sncwdon Township Watersheds. — The township of Snowdon is drained by Burnt river and its tributaries. The largest of these, the Irondale (in reality the main stream, but not so named), after collecting the waters of the southeastern third of the township, meets the Burnt river at Kinmount Jimction. Near the same point another stream enters from the north, flowing just back of the Bobcaygeon lots nearly across the township. Near the centre of Snowdon, Burnt river receives another branch flowing from the Canning-Kashagawigamog lake series in Minden and Dysart. Topography. — Th*- eastern portion of Snowdon is the more diversi- fied, having numerous rather sharp crested ridges. The western half of the township is a broad plateau, not disi . id to the usual extent. Rock atuL Soil. — The township is comtiosed chiefly of granitic rock. A narrow strip along the northern boundary and the northwestern comer, as well as the southeastern comer, are occupied by outcrops of crystalline limestone. The northem third of the township is fairly well covered with glacial drift, with loamy but rather stony soils. To the southward the soils are thinner, with frequent outcrops of bare rock, especially in the areas lying between the Bumt and Irondale rivers. Forest Conditions.— Uke Lutterworth, the greater portion of Snow- don was once covered with pine, and it, too, is now practically without mature forests, since the aggregate of the scattered patches amounts to only 7 per cent of the area. Of this, 3.1 per cent is of the hardwood type, 2.3 per cent mixed, and 0.6 per cent coniferous. All of these have been severely culled of their saw-logs. The present forest is, to ihe extent of 81.5 per cent of the area, of the poplar-birch old-bum type. Minden Township Watersheds.— The waters of Minden reach the Trent canal through Bumt and Gull rivers, the former draining the northwestern half and the latter the southeastern half of the township. Minden is well supplied with lakes. Little Boshkung, Twelve-mile, Mountain and Horseshoe lakes, through which Gull river pas.ses, total about 2,600 acres of water surface, and Soyers, Kashagawigamog, and Canning lakes. ^Mu 86 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION drained by a branch of Burnt river, have approximately the same area. Water forms 11.7 per cent of the total area of the township. Topography. — The highest points and most rugged topography of the township are found in the outcrop of volcanic rock lying west of ' Kashagawigamog and Soyers lakes. The rest of the township has the usual dissected plateau appearance. Rock and Soil. — The greater portion of the township is underlain by crystalline limestone, with the usual intrusions of gneissic and homblendic rock. A large outcrop of volcanic rock appears in the central portion of the township. Its crest forms the watershed be- tween the two principal streams and the contact between it and the limestone is marked by a pronounced escarpment, especially along the western side of the outcrop. The northwestern portion of the town- ship, west of Mountain and Twelve-mile lake is underlain by gneissic granite. The eastern two-thirds of Minden is deeply covered with glacial drift, and the soil varies from a clay loam, through sandy loam to al- most pure sand, the poorer upland soils being in the southern portion of the township. Excellent farm soils are found on the first terraces of the lakes, and on the flood plains of the streams, especially along Gull river. The soils within the granite area, except in the stream valleys, are thin and sandy. Forest Conditions. — Minden was originally covered with hard- woods, except for the sandy terraces along the streams and lakes, which were covered with pine. This forest is now, for the most part, repre- sented by severely culled wood-lots, which constitute 44.4 per cent of the area. About 14 per cent of the hardwood type has been only moderately cvdled. The lai^est block of this lies west of Twelve- mile lake. The mixed type occupies 4.3 per cent of the area, while only 1.6 per cent is coniferous, and this is mostly spruce-balsam swamp — ^not pine. Only 18.1 per cent of the township is composed of the poplar-birch type, and this probably represents the extent of the original pineries. Dysart Township Watersheds. — Burnt river and its tributaries carry the surface waters of Dysart into the canal. The eastern extension of the northern tributary is called the Haliburton river, while Burnt river proper drains the southern portion of the township. The largest body of water is Kashagawigamog lake, which extends into the township from Minden and Grass lake. Together they present a water surface of about 820 acres. Topography. — The southern half of the township is of the broad plateau type, with the most dissected part in the eastern portion. CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS 87 North of Kashagawigamog lake and Haliburton river the stunmits are from 3 CO to 400 feet higher than in the southern portion of the township; the vallejrs are deeper and the topography more rugged. The Hali- burton river flows through a narrow valley about 300 feet below the general level of the plateau. Rock and Soil. — A band of crystalline limestone about two miles wide crosses the central portion of the township in an east and west direction. On both sides of this the rock is gneissic granite, with many omphibolite inclusions. The contact of the limestone with the granite on the north is marked by the valley containing Kashagawigamog, Grass and Head lakes, and Haliburton river. The soils on the granite throughout are thin and stony, and are of little agricultural value. Some good pland farm soils occur on the limestone south and southwest of Haliburton village. Forest Conditions. — The forests of the township are prevailingly of the hardwood type (57.1 per cent) of the area. They have been depleted of their timber trees and, in some places, have been very severely culled. The poplar type occupies the next largest area (24.6 per cent) ; 3.4 per cent of the area is mixed conifer and hardwood and 1.8 per cent pure conifer. The latter is mostly balsam-spruce swamp. Recent fires cover only 1.7 per cent of the township. Dudley Township Dudley was not visited by the writer. It is drained by Burnt river and the HaUburton and Irondale branches. Drag lake in the central western border of the township is the largest body of water, and covers about 1,700 acres. Two other lakes of considerable size, Lake Miskwabi and Lake Kennibik, are foimd in the south central portion of the township. The total water surface of the township is 4,800 acres. Except for the region about the two last-mentioned lakes, where the rock is crystalline limestone, the prevailing rock of the township is gneissic granite. The township is characterized by a hardwood forest which occupies Sg.y per cent of the area, and, as a whole, it ha«- "ot been severely culled. Four and four-tenths per cent is of the mixed and 4.9 per cent of the poplar type. Farms occupy only i per cent of the area. Guilford Township Watersheds. — The township of Guilford belongs to the Gull River drainage system. The streams are mostly only short connecting links between the nimierous lakes. The township has the largest water sur- face of any of those considered in this report, nearly 6,000 acres in all, diM n COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION or 13 per cent of its area. Redstone, situated in the northeastern portion of the township, is the largest lake, having a surface of 2,500 acres. Topography. — The topography of the township increases in diver- sity, and the ridges become higher towards the north, where they stand about 300 feet above the water courses. Rock and Soil. — ^The valley containing Eagle, Cranberry, Grass and Pine lakes is crystalline limestone. The rest of the township is gneissic granite. The whole township is well covered with glacial drift soil, which is, for the most part, a stony sandy loam, and is thinly dis- tributed on the higher slopes. Forest Conditions. — ^Apparently there was considerable pine scat- tered through the original forast, but this has now been removed, except for a patch of some 3,000 acres in the northwestern comer of the township. Along the streams and around the margins of the lakes, hemlock is abtmdant, especially aroimd the chain of lakes lying west- ward of Redstone lake. As a whole, the proportion of conifers is greater in the northern portion of the township. The forest is, however, prevailingly of the hardwood type, which comprises 62 per cent of the area.* The coniferous type is next in abundance, covering 23.1 per cent of the area. Four and six-tenths per cent of the township is cov- ered by the old-bum type and 3.8 per cent by the mixed mature forest. Stanhope Township Watersheds. — Stanhope has the most picturesquely sitimted lakes within the area of this report, being for the most part surroimded by mature forests. The three largest, all about the same size, are Bosh- kung, Kashagawi, extending clear across the westem border of the township, and Pipikwabi. Each of these has a surface of about 1,600 acres. The total water surface of the township is 4,500 acres, or 12 per cent of its area. This township drains into Gull river. Topography. — The southern half of the township has the typical plateau topography, with frequent sharp peaks and knolls standing a hundred feet or so above the general level. The ridges are more fre- quent, and the valleys deeper, in the northern half of the township. Rock and Soil. — The southeastern portion of the township is underlain by crystalline limestone. The remaining portion of it is gneissic granite. The southern third of the township is deeply covered with drift soil, frequently of sufficient fineness to make good agricul- tural soils. The soils in the northern portion are thin and stony. * For the composition c' this type see pages 46, 46. BALSAM-CEDAR SWAMP: A VBRY COMMON TYPE ESPBCULLV IK THE NORTHERN TIER OF TOWNSHIPS NATURAL MEADOWS AND SWALES ARE FREQUENT BETWEEN THE GRANITE RIDGES CONDITIONS BY TOWNSHIPS Fonst cdar are more abundant. With regard to the proportion of the area occupied, the forests were classified as follows : hardwoods 58.1 per cent ; conifers 38.4 per cent ; mixed type 13 per cent ; poplar tjrpe 0.5 per cent. Only i per cent of the township is cleared for farming purposes. Sherborne, Havelock and Eyre Townships Portions of Sherborne, Havelock, and Eyre belong to the Gull River drainage system. Their topography and geology are similar to those already described for northern Stanhope and Guilford. The prevailing type in Sherborne is the mixed coniferous-hardwood forest, which occupies 73.5 per cent of the su-ea within the watershed and four- fifths of this, some 8,000 acres, is virgin or semi-virgin. The old bums C0MMI8BION OF CON8IRVATI0N oc apy about one-quarter at the area. HavekxJc hat a prevailing coniferous foreit o£ tpruce, hemlock, baliam and pine, covering aS.ooo acrea within the watenhed, and it ii all virgin and semi-virgin. The forests d Eyre are also coniferous ; the western half of the drainage basin containing spruce, balsam, and pine ; the eastern half spruce, balsam, hemlock and scrubby hardwoods. These cover some 15,000 acres and they have been only slightly culled. Ill Economic and Industrial Conditions Farming Conditions It is evident from the geological origin and nature of the soO of the region under discussion • that it is, for the most part, unsuited to agricultural pursuit)) ; yet the bulk of the popula- tion is engaged in fanning. In general, the soil is shallow sand or gravel of glacial origin, only in limited areas of sufficient depth to permit the growth of crops. It follows that the farming settlements are found mostly in scgregatr' ; acres i vestigated was 11.4.* The township of Minden leads in ti. -^f • "■:"'.: e of land devoted to farm purposes, with Somerville, Marmora, Chandos and Wollaston next in order. Neglecting these five, which for special reasons will always remain farming townships, and those where too small a portion lies within the watershed for arriving at a fair propor- tion (Anson, Herschel, Hindon, Ridout), we find that the typical con- dition in he forest townships is 8 per cent of cleared land. The assessors' figures would give a smaller percentage, and figures of land really adapted to farming, still less. Details of Fann Distribution A brief description by townships will serve to present the typical state of affairs in attempting to farm soils which are much better adapted to forest use. 1. Hasltngs county — ^Referring to the Forest Distribution map ac- companying this report and beginning in the east, the Hastings road, with the townships of Lake and Wollaston on the west and Tudor and Limerick on the east, — an early colonization road — presents to-day a picttu« of more abandoned farms than occupiec ones. Lake township is almost without settlement. Cashel contains one small settlement in the south-west. Tudor and Limerick, though thinly settled, contain but little agricultural soil. Wollaston, with the exception of the Ridge settlement, is farming a ridge of sand. The western portion of Faraday, embraced within this watershed, possesses considerable settlement, despite the lUiSuitable character of the soil. This is largely owing to accessibility to railway transportation in three directions — Bancroft, Deer Lake and Coehill. Much of this township is patented under the Mining Act. 2. Peterborough county — The Wollaston sand ridge extending west through Chandos furnishes that township its best farming area ; the larms in southern Chandos are rough and stony. Methuen, with one road running down the eastern portion, has a few farms in the north, one settler at Sandy Lake near the centre, and two small settlements (Oak Lake and Vansickle) in the south-east, on limestone areas ; the remainder of this barren township is totally uninhabited. The re- maining townships of Burleigh, Harvey, Galway, Cavendish and Anstruther form a block provided with three roads, the Burleigh, Buckhom and Bdbcaygeon, running northerly. Farming in Burleigh *Th» caloulation omita the practically unsettled townshipe of Bruton, Dudley, Eyre, Guilford (in part), Harbum, Haroourt and Havelock, to the extent of 173,932 acres. The inolusion of these would bring the percentage still lower. TILLABLE SOIL ON UPLAND GRANITE AREAS IS CONFINED TO SMALL PATCHES BETWEEN THE RIDGES FARM ON A GLACIAL MORAINE. NOTE THE STONE PILES FARM DISTRIBUTION S8 township is confined to a straggling settlement along the Burleigh mad, the very narrow former bed of Eels brook being utilized for the purpose, and another, westward, towards Burleigh Falls. Siunmer visitors to Mt. Julian, Butleigh Falls, and Buckhom are familiar with the poor character of the soil in those vicinities : the whole of Burleigh township is also as little adapted to farming operations. Burleigh road continues up the east side of Anstruthe' Hth a thin sprinkling of farms from Apsley to Clanricarde, and this, together with the Hadlington community, is the extent of settlement in this township. Ten deserted farms were counted within that compass. To the west of Anstruther lies the town- ship of Cavendish with the Buckhom road up the centre and a cross road to Mt. Irwin ; about a dozen families live within the township. The portion of Harvey east of the Buckhom road is imsettled, the land being similar to that of Burleigh township. The relatively high per- centage of cleared land in Harvey given on page gi is due to the in- clusion of south Harvey and the part adjacent to the Bobcaygeon road — a limestone area on which fine farms are found. In Galway, outside of the Mt. Irwin and Bobcaygeon Road settlements, there are few farms to be seen. Somerville, with 27 per cent of the land cleared, though much of it is unsuited for farming, was included in this report merely to round out the watershed. 3. Haliburton county — In Lutterworth the farms are confined to the Bobcaygeon road and the region south-west from Minden, many of them abandoned. Proceeding easterly through the other townships the settlement is largely related to the railways. Snowdon, with 2' abandoned farms, has its farming industry centred mostly about Gelei > Glamorgan's farming is mostly confined to the vicinity of the railway . 17 abandoned farms out of a total of 143 attest their owners' opinions as to the suitability of the soil for this purpose. In Monmouth, the farms occur scattered through the country tributary to the railway, the main settlements being Hotspur, Tory Hill, Essonville and Wilberforce. In Cardiff the farms occur in small remote settlements, principally in the northern half. The township has some 18 abandoned farms ; 9 of them almost in succession are to be seen on the road running along the south side of Paudash lake. Minden is an old farming township, one of the best. Stanhope has settlements scattered through the south half. The remaining northern townships are privately owned and practically unsettled with the exception of central Dysart. Farming Methods This sparse and checker-board-Hke distribution of the fanning settlements in a territory which has been open for settlement for over forty years is indicative of the difficulty of finding soil to till. The M 94 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION striking number of abandoned farms ocoirring in every township tells its own story. Neglecting the townships of Wollaston, Chandos, Somerville and western Harvey, the three southerly tiers of townships in the region concerned contain, as a whole, few agricultural areas be- yond mere gardens, such areas not totaling even lo per cent of the land area. They constitute a territory whose obvious use is for forest growth. The farming practice is along lines especially called forth by the natvu^l conditions already described. Generally speaking, the only crops are hay and oats, but ^t is a struggle for each settler to grow even enough of these for his own use. The shallow soil requires fre- quent rains as an absolute necessity for the vegetation, so that two weeks of hot dry weather means poor crops, as was evidenced in many districts during the past season. However, with an abundance of rough grazing land, the main interest centres in dairying. Scattered throughout the whole region, especially the eastern portion, in each settlement is to be found a fanners' co-operative cheese factory, and one is impressed with the extent to which each settler is dependent on his cows. In the western portion and especially along the Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa railway, the dairy industry takes more usually the form of cream shipments to centres of consumption farther south, or to local creameries. Worthy of note among these latter is the creamery at Kinmount, which manu- factures some 30,000 pounds of butter annually. But, as a general rule, the cattle are not high grade and the returns are not very satis- factory. The average gross returns are about $20 to $30 per cow for the season, or about $5 per cow per month. In addition, as the number of cattle a settler can winter is controlled by the crops he can raise in the summer, the size of each individual operation is limited. The dearth of hay land is partially met by the natural meadows and marshes which are eagerly sought out. There is no doubt that there is room for improvement in the farm- ing methods followed, especially as regards rotation of crops, soil manuring and improvement of stock. Relatively little sheep raising is done, and fruit growing is not attempted at all. The formation of co-operative breeding associations and farmers' institutes, together with the circulation of farm journals, would help the general status of the agricultural industry. But the fact remains that the soil is only here and there suited to that use. Abandoned Fanns With conditions so unfavourable to agricultural activities the re- turns suffice for a bare living, which must usually be supplemented from some other source. Many, after years of struggle, have given up FIELD STREWN WITH LIMESTONE BOULDERS: OOOD PASTURAGE, HOWEVER, BETWEEN THE BOULDERS POOR PASTURAGE: MAXIMUM DEPTH OF SOIL LESS THAN TWELVE INCHES ABANDONKD FARMS the fruitless attempt, and to-day the whole region with which this report deals is dotted with abandoned farms.* During; the survey it was made the practice to ascertain why the former owner had left, though a glance at the fields wr.s generally sufficient. There was always the same explanation — inability to make a li\ing. Time and again, following a spur "oad, it would be found ending in a remote pocket of soil, which had once been ferreted out as good farm land, but which had, after all, been finally abandoned. Along the earlier col- onization highways one finds long stretches unsettled to-day and with no signs of any former occupation beyond the mute testimony of neat piles of stones or occasional ornamental or fruit trees. There is not a single township but has its quota of such examples as indicated on the map. Often, these abandoned farms are among the best in the settle- ment, but their owners could not continue getting a mere subsistence despite their best efforts. Instances were met vvhere the owner had simply left his farni, often with buildings above the average, unable to find a purchaser. The following statistics of jKipulation, taken from the Dominion Census returns, indicate the extent of decline during the last decade. Population Ce.vsus Census Township . 1901 1911 Anatruther 542 290 Biirleigh 145 352 Cardiff 698 518 Cashcl 200 176 Chandos 806 753 Dudley 80 30 Dysart 643 475 Furaday 1339 752 Galway 698 338 Glamorgan 527 482 Guilford 263 262 Harbum 78 56 Population Census Census Township : 1901 1911 Harvey 1199 Lake and Marmora . . . 1931 Limerick 597 Lutterworth 464 Methuen 247 Minden 1170 Monmouth 629 Snowdon 866 Somerville 2105 Stanhope 500 Tudor 632 Wollaston 834 1027 1762 448 411 107 984 699 760 1870 489 643 911 Total 17,^83 14,595 From these figures it is seen that there has been a decline of 15.2 per cent. How much of this is due to the same causes as are accountable for the rural decline throughout Ontario generally cannot be known, but it can be surmised from the fact that the average decline of Ontario is only 4.2 per cent. As is to be expected, it is usually the more pro- gressive settlers and the young people who have fewer ties who a-e not content to stay. • The term "abandoned" is here appUed to a farm which from the appearance of the buildings, etc., it is evident to the passor-by "las been deserted by the original owner ; the land, however, is generally in use by a neighbour. M COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION In daUy talks with settlers throughout the investigation there was geneial agreement that, in their own language, "this country was never meant to be farmed" and that " they would get out if they could." They were anxious to know the possibilities in Northern Ontario and the western prairies, and envied the immigrant farmer with his fertile soil. It may be here explicitly stated that the settlers throughout are an energetic, hard-working, resourceful people ; but they face an impossible proposition. They are, to a large extent, emigrants from the more southerly townships attracted years ago by free land. In addition, work in the lumber woods was plentiful and a livelihood was assured. A study of the conditions of occupancy shows that some 75 per cent of the lots were patented when the patentee had the right to the timber without pine reservation. It cannot be doubted that much of the land was patented fo: the timber it carried, and not on account of its agri- cultural suitability. But, with the gradual disappearance of lumbering activities the settler was finally forced to make a living by farming. This largely explains the present conditions. The yearly sale by the coimty treasurer of lands for taxes unpaid for three years is the closing scene in this struggle to wrest a living from non-agricultural soil. Incidentally, these sales reveal the low cash value placed upon these farms by their owners. The following figures are compiled from the official lista for 191a : I. Peterbobouoh Cocntt Township Methuen. . Burleigh. ., Chaii(M«.. . Gal way. . . . Cavendish . Harvey NuMBBB OP Farms Advertised porSalb 6 6 6 9 4 4 AoaBBOATB Acreage 1,000 003 000 400 4ao aoobbqatb Ta^ces por 3 Years S 69.28 110.57 81.26 59.69 44.99 53.03 II. Hastinos Countt Township Lake Faraday Limerick TudOT WolIastoD 35 35 4 17 27 23 106 3,961 S418.82 4.517 532 965 2,325 1,140 S 289.55 54.00 131 7S 239.30 297.75 9,479 $1,012 38 MM TYPICAL UPLAND FARM AND FARM BUILDINGS A BETTER TYPE OF FARMING COUNTRY. GULL RIVER VALLEY NEAR MINDEN «OCIAI, CONDITIONS III Halibcrtun CutlNTT (1011 Lilt) ToWNMir Cardiff Dudley Dviort Oiainorgan GuilfOTd Hwburn Luttentorth Minden Moumouth Snowdou 7 1 1 tt 2 3 7 5 l.'i 8 63 700 100 M U8 I« 900 1,318 783 4,045 I 223.89 25.36 33.61 310 62 20 42 60.07 176.80 373.74 400.15 304.44 11,747 00 A total of 194 farms tx)mprising 18.085 acres to he sold for three years back taxes aggregating $3,178.29. or at the rate of less than 6 cents per acre per year. Social Conditions It is a matter of universal observation, that, with such economic conditions as have been described, there is associated more or less social degeneracy, and many of the settlements show that this territory is no exception to the rule. Mental and physical defectives were commonly encountered, and the moral tone of some communities was very depressing. The explai. tion is traceable to the conditions of securing a livelihood, not to the people. For the same reason ths status of education is. in the majority of the townships, far from satisfactory. Sparse settlements with rooagre returns from the soil make the efficient maintenance of schools very difficult. In some schools the teachers were fo; ' *-> be professionally unqualified, other schools were found closed, ai.., .1 other cases, the dwindling of the settlement is making the financial up-keep too heavy for those remaining. The impression received daily throughout the season's investiga- tion was the dreary hopelessness of attempting to secure returns by agricultural activities, from a soil inherently adapted only for forest use. The amount of htunan energy unavailingly expended in this attempt, represents an incalculable asset lost to the Province. It is but another example of past misguided or rather unguided occupancy of townships which should never have been thrown open for settlement, and of the lack of appreciation by Government of its obvious duties. Early Advice— Th&t this was not done through ignorance of condi- tions is shown by various reports of the early Cominissioners of Crown Lands and of Parliamentary inquiries. Extracts from two of these will suffice to show that, even in those days, there were men who were 08 COMNflSRION OP CONHERVATION aware of th« necessity of segregatinK agricultural from absolute forest lands, and the setting aside of the latter as forest reserves. As early as 185s a committee of the House of Commons. Hon. A. T. Gait, Chair- man, reported, among other things : "It appears from the evidence that settlement has been unreasonably pushed in some localities quite unfit to become the permanent residence of an agricultural popidation. Especially has this been the case in some of the Free Grant roads and adjacent country, Ijnng between the waters of the Ottawa and Lake Ontario. Your Committee would refer to the evidence and recommend that the Government should, in all cases, ascertaui positively the charac- ter of ♦he country before throwing open any tract of land for settlement, so that such lands that are really not fit for profitable cultivation may not be thrown upon the market. There being considerable diversity of opinion among the witnesses in regard to some of the localities adverted to, it seems to the committee that the Government should have an examination made by some thoroughly competent and reliable officer, whose report would be available in any further consider- ation of this subject." Again, in 1865, the Hon. A. Campbell, Commissioner of Crown Lands, in his report for that year, stated : "Though much of it (the pine country) has been denuded of its valuable timber, it is the opinion of the best informed, that a large area remains untouched ; happily for the interests of the cotmtry, the pine exists on lands for the most part unfit for settlement. It needs a careful discrimination between pine lands exclusively and lands fit for settlement, to place it in the power of the Government to conserve this valuable source of national wealth. Should the whole of our uncultivatable land be set apart, as I think should be done, as a pine region, and no sales made there, the land would, if the trees were cut under a system of rotation such as is now adopted in Norway and Sweden and in many of the German States, recuperate their growth of merchantable pine in cycles of 30 and 40 years, and pine growing might be continued and preserved for ages to come. In view of the future requirements of this continent and of Europe, and of the singular advantages Canada enjoys as a pine-producing country, I humbly submit that it is of the utmost importance that we should now take steps in this direction." If the warnings of such men had been heeded it would have been better for the prosperity of Ontario. Lumbering Conditions In former times, the region under consideration lay within the southern fringe of the vast pinery that covered the southern slope of the Laurentian shield. In nearly all the townships, licenses had WHITE PINE LOG CUT M YEARS AGO AND LEFT AS DEFECTIVE ACCORDING TO STANDARDS AT THAT TIME In certain townships there is stiU much material of this kind in the woods. In some cases, lumbermen are now hauling such logs to their mills THE PRESENT HARVEST. COMPARE SIZE OF THESE LOGS WITH THAT IN ILLUSTRATION ABOVE LUMBERING 00 been issued in the early 'sixties,' and by the 'seventies' the lumbering industry was one of the first majjnitude. During the season 1872-73, the cut of pine from this watershed amounted to some i jo million feet ; last season probably less than lo million feet of pine were cut. The same season saw the close of operations by the largest pine limibering concern of the region ; probably but four concerns remain able to scrape together a million feet of pine yearly. Five years will see the end of the pine so far as commercial quantities are concerned. With the exhaustion of the remaining softwood stands, mainly hemlock, in cer- tain portions of Stanhope, Sherborne, Galway, Cavendish, and An- struther, the lumbering of coniferous species will be practically at an end, and this will be within a decade. The present limit holders realize this and are buying all they can from settlers. One mill was fotmd whose sole supply of logs came from discarded logs of former operations and pine 'rampikes' dead many years. It will be seen from the table on page 26 that the coniferous areas in existence constitute but 4.5 per cent of the forested area ; the areas of mixed composition likewise aggregate only 6.1 per cent ; and not all of either these two tjrpes is mature timber. At present there are ten lumbering concerns whose operations within the watershed exceed one million feet of logs a year each. The total cut in 1911-12 was in the neighbourhood of 40 to 45 million feet, distributed approximately as follows : pine 40 per cent, hem- lock 20 per cent, with small amounts of spruce, basswood, ash, elm, cedar, birch, balsam, maple, tamarack and beech. Probably 10 million feet of this came from the semi-virgin townships in the north owned in fee simple, with which we are not here concerned. As al- ready intimated, the 191 2-13 cut will show much less pine. The bulk c* the logs are sawed at Marmora, Peterborough, Lakefield, Lindsay, and Coboconk. Besides the saw-log industry there is a small production of cedar poles, posts and cross ties, shipped principally from Coehill, Kin- moimt and Haliburton. But the opinions of those engaged in the business confirm the field ob.servations that the cedar swamps are nearly exhausted. Cedar is a species of such slow growth that its extinction, commercially, is imavoidable. A small amount, probably not over 3,000 cords of spruce, balsam and poplar, cut by settlers, is shipped out of the region, mostly from Kinmount and Gooderham, for manufacture into pulp and paper. Some of this goes to Campbellford, Thorold, etc., but the bulk of it goes to Pennsylvania despite the long transportation. This is pro- bably owing to the fact that the majority of the Ontario mills possess 100 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION their own limits. During the past season the average prices paid the settler were $4 per cord for poplar, and $5.50 for spruce and balsam. In addition to the pulpwood there is a small trade in basswood and poplar for excelsior, and cordwood for fuel, to various Ontario towns and cities, as well as a small quantity of tanbark, which is shipped to factories at Acton, Toronto and Omemee. An example of close utilization is seen in the shipment of fire-killed pine, with cull pine and hemlock, to Toronto brickyards, from certain points along the Hali- burton branch of the Grand Tnmk railway. There are also a few small cooperage plants at Marmora, Deer Lake, Glanmire and Kin- motmt, but elm, the species most largely used, is getting scarce. In the wake of the lumbering operations, fire has followed, so that to-day over one-half (57.3 per cent) of the forested area is composed of poplar stands, the majority of them 1 5 to 30 years old. These, with the hardwood areas, which as yet have been but little exploited, con- stitute the future source of wood supply in this region. The hardwoods cover one-third of the total forested area. The future of the lumbering of the region lies mainly in the utiliza- tion of the poplar and maple. Some of the lumbermen, when discussing with them the possibilities of futiure industrial development, claimed that the maple, owing to seam and black heart, is improfitable. But it must be borne in mind that the handling of hardwood is a proposition of so different a nature from pine lumbering, that success cannot be expected where it is treated as a minor adjunct to a softwood business. Hardwoods as a whole are more defective, and the closest utilization of every log, not of maple only but of all the species, for the particular product for which it is best suited, is necessary to secure proper returns in the hardwood business. The field for the development of local minor wood-using industries, especially the manufacture of small woodenware, has not, as yet, been developed, although waterpower is available everywhere. The other species, poplar, now covering some 560,000 acres as a restdt of past fires, will, in the course of 15 to ao years be mature, and ready for manufacture into pulp, matchwood, etc. It represents a forest resource of great value, not only owing to the great quantity in almost piu% stands, but also on account of the favourable conditions of transportation and water-power manufacture. Despite the deterioration during the last forty years in the character of the forested area of the Trent watershed this region still possesses much forest wealth — one worthy of conservation by progressive methods of treatment. TOURIST TRAFFIC 101 Tourist Traffic Conditions From the climatic and scenic standpoints, central and northern Ontario will always attract their share of summer tourists. In the Trent wateished, with the exception of the Kawartha Lakes region, this traffic is undeveloped. This region is very accessible, with the lakes dotted with islands. Practically all of these islands, especially in Stony lake, are the sites of summer homes to which the cottagers return yearly for the hot season. In addition to this class, the transient tourists find accommodation at the numerous stunmer hotels scattered along the Trent Canal system, notably at Mt. Julian, Burleigh Falls, Buc' ' . - Bobcaygeon, Fenelon Falls, Rosedale, etc. The townships to the north of these lakes offer unknown possibi^tiw in this respect. A glance at the Forest Distribution map shows that all contain numerous lakes for camping purposes. These are well wooded, mostly with hardwood in the northern and poplar in the southern portion, with plenty of fishing, and with a connecting net-work of streams for canoeing. Some of them are not very accessible as yet, but with many people this is an added asset. The altitude throughout the region precludes any hot weather, and the nights are always cool. The region is particularly an inexpensive recreation ground for the great mass of urban citizens who have but a short vacation in which to tone up. Ownership Conditions A classification upon the basis of ownership of the land area here considered gives approximately the following figures : (r) Under license to cut timber last season 450 sq. miles (2) Old licenses reverted to the Crown 275 sq. miles (3) Owned in fee simple in large holdings 340 sq. miles The land held in fee simple presents the unusual aspect of two corporations alone owning some 218,000 acres of it. The Canada Copper Company owns some 67,000 acres in the eastern portion of the watershed in Ve townships of Faraday, Wollaston, Limerick and Tudor; some of this, however, is in the Moira River watershed. The Canadian Land and Immigration Company owns nine townships in the northern portion adjacent to Algonquin Park, some 17,000 acres of it tributary to Trent waters. These were grants given, in early days, at a nominal price per acre, for colonization purposes. Settlement within the region concerned is at an end though the locating of single lots is still in vogue to a slight extent. The locators usually finish with them within three years, and then abandon them 102 COMM S8I0N OF CONSERVATION without having paid any taxes to the municipality. The licensed land carries only timber privileges, the land itself remaining provincial property. On the map showing ownership conditions the outstanding feature to be noted is the large amotmt of logged out land in the hands of the Crown. It must also be taken into account that, as the com- mercial timber will be exhausted within the next decade, the bulk of the area at present imder license will revert gradually to the Crown. Furthermore, the licensed lands adjoin lands already in the possession of the Crown. Such a condition of block ownership facilitates any management that the Crown may deem expedient to undertake. Appendix I Notes on the Lumbering Industry in the Trent Watershed Mr. J. B. McWilliams, for many years Crown Timber Agent in the region, has compiled from the records of the Department of Lands and Forests of the Provmce, the data in part, upon which the" Ownership " map has been based, and has furnished, in addition, interesting his- toncal and local data, of which the following are reproduced : Original Licenses Anwm.-^Tie ftrrt Uoeiwe in Amod wm i«ied to Walter Gowan, seawn 186M2, area ioyi square miiea. No boniu paid. iinjfrtitl^— The first Ucensee in Anrtruther were iamied to R. H. Scott, ■eaw>n if^ismSi^ii?^"?'' '"''*•• -i^** ^""? P"^**- ./f" A. H. Campbell, seaaon l8e7-«8, area 17Ji square miles. No bonus paid. BelmorU.—'ne first licenses in Belmont were issued to T. McCabe in 186e^7 wea 6)i square mdes. No bonus paid To William Sutherland, season 1876-78, area Ji mile. Bonus paid $2.10. "««"u fliirJ«V*;--The first license in Burleigh (South Division) was issued to Jonn Ludgate, season 1862-63, area 25 square miles. No bonus paid. "" ""ugaw, Cord^.— The firet licenses in Cardiff were issued to Sanford Baker, season 1863- 84, arm 60 square miles. No bonus paid. To Sanford Baker 1863-64 area 28 square miles. No bonus paid. To Gihnour & Co. 1864-65, are^ SH square miles. No bonus paid. ^^ Ctuhel.—Tba first licenses in Cashel were issued to Sanford Baker, season 1860- 61, area 9 sqiuw nules. No bonus paid. To Potts, Easton, Gilmour & Co , sesson 1862-63, area 41 Ji square miles. No bonus paid Ca/endUk.—ThB first licenses in Cavendish were issued to Piatt & Bissonnette Kason 1862-63, MM C7}i square miles. No bonus paid. To Strickland Bros., season 1867-68, 8J^ square miles. No bonus piud. CAofutos.— The first Ucenses in Chandos were issued to Gihnour & Co seaaon 1862-63, area 34 Ji square miles. No bonus paid. To J. C. riuSwi *"*'° }§5^?5' "** ^?^ square nules. No bonus paid. To J. C. Hughson season 1864-66, area 4Ji square miles. No bonus paid. ^^ loivay. — ^The first licenses in Galway were issued to Gilmour & Co., season 1862- ^' "^„i?,f>"'" '"''*"• No bonus paid. To Matthew Thompson, season 1870-71, area one square mile. Bonus paid $4.00. OJomoroan.— The first licenses In Glamorgan were issued to Mossom Boyd, seaaon 1863-64, area 16Ji square miles. Bonus paid $33.35. To John R. Rodsers season 1863-64, area 24^ square miles. Bonus paid $26.20. Harvey. — ^The first licenses were issued to John lAngton, sesson 1855-56. area 16Ji square miles. No bonus paid. To John Langton, season 1862-63, area 7 square miles. No bonus paid. To Anderson & Paradis, season 1862-63 area 6 square miles. No bonus paid. To John Malonev, season 1862-63' area 2 square miles. No bonus paid. To James Cummins, seaaon 1862-63' area 4 square miles. No bonus paid. ' iafe.— The first licenses in Lake were issued to James Cummins, season 1862-63 area 36>i square miles. No bonus paid. To James Cummins, season 1862^ 63, area \tyi square miles. No bonus paid. 104 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Limenek.—Tbe fint lioeniM in Limerirk wre iaiued to Suford Baker, MMOn 1860- 61, area 5 aguare mika. No bonua paid. To Campbdl k Gilmour Co., aeaaon 186243, area 41 H aquare milca. No bonua paid. Lutteneotlh. — The first licenaes in Lutterworth were iaaued to Qillia 4c McLaren, aeaaon 1862-63, area 14 aquare milea. No bonua paid. To Alex. Dennia- toun, aeaaon 1862-63, area 7)4 aquare milea. No bonua paid. To R. H. Scott, aeaaon 1862-63, area 5H KUare milea. No bonua paid. To Boyd, Smith k Co., aeaaon 1872-73, area 3^ aquare miles. Bonua paid $44.10. M> « 4 Pearce Co. (6,800 acres of this patented). Marmora.— Aka 3>i square miles, to Michael J. O'Brien (outside watershed). Afettuen.— Area 21 square miles, to Peterborough Lumber Co. " llu " " Rathbun Co. f 4,500 ac. patented. 39}^ James Thompson \ 4,300 " Monmouth.— Aks. 6 square miles, to M. J. O'Hara f (abandoned — 1 ,100 ac. 1 74 Jackson A Tindle \ of this patented.) SA«r6orne.— Area 4H squwe miles, to Michael Dyment 4 Son f outside water- ., ^ ' *' I shed. lOK " " Gull River Lumber Co. „ - „ ,, „ (partly outside watershed) ' 5 •• " " - (outwde watershed) Ston*ope.— Area 25Ji square mUes, to GuU River Lumber Co.l , ^ . . jv " 16>4 " " " " II I (part patented) TiKfor.— Area 3 Ji square miles, to John Winter* 1 , ... , ...» " lOli " <• Rathbun cT I (<»"*««le«>^ ''•tended) IM COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION To give some idea of the lumbering operations on the Trent waters 40 years ago, say 187^-73, an estimate of the pine lumber taken out that season by the principal operators, may be compared with the pine taken in same district during the past season. Gihnour & Company had a mill at Trenton and their output for the season of 187 a- 73 was about aa.ooo.ooo feet B.M. Fowlds Bros, had a mill at Hastings and their output for the season 1873-73 was about 1,500.000 feet B.M. McDougall & Ludgate had a mill at Harwood, south side of Rice lake, and their output tor season 1872-73 was about 10,000,000 feet B.M. UUyott, Saddler & Company had a mill at Harwood, and their output for season 1873-73 was about 13,000,000 feet B.M. The Dickson Com- pany had a mill at Peterborough and their output for season 1872-73 was about 5,000,000 feet B.M. George Hilliard had a millin Peter- borough and hJs output for season 1873-73 was about 4,000,000 feet B.M. John McDonald had a mill in Peterborough and his output for season 1873-73 was about 1,500,000 feet B.M. James Z. Refers had a mill in Ashbumham. now the east ward of the city of Peterborough, and his output for the season 1873-73 was about 1,000,000 feet B.M. Boyd Smith & Company had a mill at Nassau, three miles north of Peterborough and their output for the season 1872-73 was about 6,«xx>,- 000 feet B.M. R. S. Strickland & Company had a mill at Lakefield and their output for season 1872-73 was about 4,000,000 feet B.M. N Shaw had a mill at Buckhom and his output for season 1873-73 was about 3,000,000 feet B.M. W. A. Scott had a mill on the Mississauga, 2 miles north of Buckhom, and his output for season 1872-73 was about 5,000,000 feet B.M. Mossom Boyd had a mill at Bobcaygeon and his output for season 1872-73 was about 10,000,000 feet B.M. J. D. Smith & Company had a mill at Fenelon Falls and their output for season 1872-73 was about 9,000,000 feet B. M. Hilliard & Mowry had a mill at Fenelon Falls, and their output for season 1873-73 was about 4,000,000 feet B.M. Green & Ellis had a mill at Fenelon Falls, and their output for season 1873-73 was about 5,000,000 feet B.M. W M. Snyder formerly had a null in Peterborough and took out about 3,000,000 feet B.M., season of 1872-73. and had it sawn by contract. A. H. Campbell & Company, former owners of the Nassau mill, took out about 4,000.000 feet B.M., season 1872-73. and had the logs sawn by contract. Paxton, Bigelow & Trounce had a mill at Port Perry and their output for the season 1872-73 was about 5,000,000 feet B.M. Besides the parties mentioned there were a large number of small operators taking out from 100,000 to 300,000 or 400,000 feet B.M. each, generally cut on private lands. Also a large quantity of square timber was taken out for the Quebec market by Gihnour & Company, Mossom Boyd, T. Buck. John McDonald. Matthew Reid, and Thomp- son & Cluxton. Not one of the parties mentioned above is engaged in the lumber business at the present time. Compare that season's cut with the past season and you see how the lumbering business has fallen off in the Trent district. Last season the Cavendish Company took out about 8,500,000 feet of pine, which completes their cut of pine and they retire from business, having sold their other timber to the Peterborough Lumber Company. NOTES ON LUMBERING INDUSTRY 107 The Peterborough Lumber Company, of Peterbo *ugh, took out last season about 300,000 feet B.M. of pine, besides their hemlock. The Alfred McDonald Estate of Peterborough took out about 800,000 feet B.M. of pine. The Pierce Company, of Marmora, took out about 450,000 feet B.M. of pine. Mr. Phillips of Burnt River took out about 110,000 feet B.M. of pine. The Cavendish Lumber Company have cleaned up the lasst pine timber limit of any value in this district, and, in the future, only a small quantity can be taken out, principally scattered trees. CUT OF PINE, SE.XSON 1872-73 Operator Mill Cut Kbbt B.M. Gilmour 4 Co Trenton 22,00O,00U FowldaBro* Haatingg 1,500,000 MoDougall A Ludaate Harwood 10,000,000 UUyott, Sadler 4 Co ,, 12,000,000 Diekaon Co Peterborough 5,000,000 Geo. Billiard John McDonald " Jaa. Z. Romrs Aahbumham Boyd, Smith 4 Co Naaaau R. S. Strickland 4 Co Lakefield N. Shaw Buckhom W. A. Scott Miwiasagua Riyer MoMom Boyd Bobcaygeon J. D Smith 4 Co Feneton Falls Hilliard 4 Mowry " " Green 4 Ellis " " W. M. Snyder Sawn by contract A. H. Campbell 4 Co Paxton, Bigelow 4 Trounce Port Perry 4,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 5,000,000 10,000,000 9,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 117,000,000 In addition to the foregoing, there is the unenumerated cut of small operators and the cut of square timber for the Quebec market, figures for which are not available . CUT OF PINE, SEASON OF 1911-12. Cavendish Co 8,500,000 Peterborough Lumber Co Feterborouadi 300,000 Alfred McDonald Estate " 800,000 Pearce Co Marmora 450,000 Phillips Burnt River 110,000 10,160,000 The Crown timber regulations of 1849 fixed the dues at a half- penny (ic.) per cubic foot of square white pine, and fivepence (loc.) per log 12 feet long, any diameter. In 1853, new regulations were made ; square white pine was left at the half-penny rate, but the pine logs increased to sevenpence (14c.) In 1856, another change was made and squc^-e pine left at the half- penny and pine logs at six pence per log 13 f^ feet long, any diameter, or 10 cents per standard log 13^ feet long by 30 inches in (Uameter. In 1869, new regulations were made ; square white pine was charged iK cents per cubic foot and 15 cents a standard of 300 feet, or 75 cents per 1,000 feet. In 1887, the dues on pine were increased ; square white pine was charged 3 cents and pine Itmiber $1.00 per 1000 feet. Appendix II Physical Features of the Area* The general character of the surface of the area embraced by the map accompanying this report is constant throughout its entire extent, and forming as it does, a portion of the great Canadian Shield, or North- em Protaxis of America, its features are those presented by this great region in most other places. Here the country is a great plain, rendered somewhat tmeven by depressions worn in its surface, and which are now occupied by a great number of lakes and streams. While the term peneplain is a convenient one to apply to this great stretch of country with its distinctive physiographic features, it may perhaps be more accurately designated simply as a somewhat dissected plain. From the surface of the plain, in a few places, there rise low, rounded hills or monadnocks, forming pronounced features of the landscape. Owing to the depressions, and the hills in question, the country pre- sents to the casual observer a rolling or hilly character, but that it really is a plateau or elevated plain, which has been etched or dissected by the agencies of decay and erosion, is evident from a study of the landscape as seen from any of the higher points in the area, as for instance, from the summit of Greens mountain, on lots 15 and 16, concession i of the town- ship of Glamorgan, which is 1,466 feet above sea-level, and from which an uninterrupted view of the sturounding country can be obtained in all directions as far as the eye can reach. The sky-line from here is seen to be flat and even around the whole horizon, its uniformity being broken only by three or four low hills, rising from the plain in different direc- tions. To the north and we&v the sky-line appears absolutely flat. The hills constituting the unevennesses in the sky-line are, like Greens mountain itself, composed of masses of harder rock, which remain by virtue of the resistance which they offer to erosion. Thus, the most noticeable of the little hvmips on the sky-line, as seen from Greens mountain, is a group of hills composed of granite, which forms part of the Anstruther batholith, and is situated on concession v of Mon- mouth. Another is formed by a ridge of dioritic rock, which is crossed by the Monck road in the eastern portion of the same township. An- other slight unevenness in the sky-line is caused by a granitic mass north of McCv..e lake, in the same township. The same even sky-line is well seen from the higher points in the central and southern portions of the township of Anson, or from any of the higher elevations in the townships of Dysart, Harbum, or Bruton. It is also very distinctly seen from the Hastings road, just south of McKenzie lake, on the line between the townships of Lyell and Wicklow. In the southern portion of the area, the same even sky-line, broken only by a very few low, iso- lated hills, can be observed from the top of the Blue mountains in the township of Methuen, or from the higher points in the gr^at dioritic intrusion occupying the central portion of the township of Lake. • Reprinted nearly verbatim from Geotogg of the HalOmrton and Bancroft Area*, Pronaee ofOntario. By Frank D. Adams and Alfred E. Barlow. Geotogical Survey Branch, Department of Mines, Canada, 1910. PHYSICAL FEATUREH im Although, however, when viewed from any particular point, this plain appears very even, its surface is not quite horizontal. From the southwestern portion of the area the plain rises gently, on Roinj; north, until an area of maximum elevation is reached, beyond which it slopes gradually down toward the north, or northeast again. This area of maximum elevation is situated beyond the northern boundary of the sheet. This constitutes the watershed of the region, the waters from it being carried ofl to the south in a number of small nvers, into large lakes, which lie to the south and west, beyond ihe limits of the map, ax.d thence into the St. Lawrence ; while along the northern slope it is drained by a number of little streams, which unite to form the Madawaska river. The heights of all the points in the area whose elevations have been determined — some 120 in number— have l)ccn recordcgical Survey of Canada. 116 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION XV IV I xin III and IV V and VI ; I XIII VI and lota 11 I ; Victoria mine Paxton mine Tudor WoUaaton Belmont Iron Iron ore has been mined extensively in the southwestern port? a of the area covtred by the map, notably the Bessemer mine in Mayo, the WaUbri<"Hf ..nc Seymour mines in Madoc, the Blairton mine in Belmont, an') ihn Coehill mine in Wollaston. The tt; s;, mnortant occurrences are : Di-rleigh — near Apsley village Li.mgannon — lot 30, concession xiii Glamorgan — " 27, — " 35, " —loU 29,30,32' " —lot 27, " Lake — " 18, " Lutterworth—" 5, Minden — " 11, " Monmouth — " 30, " Mayo —lots 2, 3, 4 " Snowdon —lot 20, " " — lots 25, 26, 27, concession iv — lot 33, concession v — " 19, " XI ; St. Charles mine — lots 6, 7, 8 " XIX ; Emily mine — lot 18, " XVIII ; Baker or Horseshoe mine —lots 56, 57, Hastings Road West — " 12, 13, 14, 15, concession viii ; Coehill mine — " 7, 8, concession i ; Blairt^ ' mine " —lot 19, " I ; Ledyard mine Also in some 26 localities in Madoc and Marmora townships. Ochre Ochre has been mined near the shore of Loon bay, Kawagama lake, concession xu, Sherboiune township. Pyrite There are deposits of pyrite in the following localities : Cashel — lot 23, concession vii ; Little Salmon Lake " " 23, " IV ; Gunter mine Madoc—" n, "XI Mispickel As stated under " Gold," the ore found at the Deloro mine contains mispickel. For a time, arsenic was produced there but, as it is a by- pu'duct of Cobalt ores, its production is no longer remunerative. Mispickel has also been found in : Faraday — in concession ix, about seven miles west of L'Ama- blc station — the Best mine Uungannon — Bradahaw lot in concession vi Wollaston — RoUins lot, five miles west of Coehill Mica This mineral has been prospected or mined at a ntuuber of points as below : MINERAL OCCURRENCES 117 Monmouth — lot 16, concession x Cardiff — " 7, Glamorgan — !' 35* Methuen — " 15, -" IQ, XXII XIII I VII ; Lynn mine VII ; Osterhaiue mine Talc Talc is being mined and ground at Madoc village. It has also been mined on lot 9, concession v of Grimsthorpe. There is a very large market for this mmeral as a filler for paper, etc. Graphite The following occurrences have been noted : Monmouth —lot 9, Monck Road " — " 32, concession xiii Anstruther — " 38, " i Glamorgan — " 30, " iv Corundum From an economic standpoint, corundum is one of the most im- portant mmeralsm this area. There are a great number of corundum occurrences m the northeastern portion of the area, but only those in Carlow township have been developed to any extent. The Ashland Emery & Corundum (formerly the Ontario Corun- dum; Company has mmed it on lot 14, concession xiv, and lots is and 16, concession xm of Carlow. The Canada Corundum Co. formerly operated the Craig mine and other deposits covenng an area of 2,000 acre-^ in Re: -Jcw and Hastings counties. This mine is now closed down, a..d, as the mine buUdinIs have been destroyed by fire, it is improbable that it will be re-open^ m the near future. Other localities that have been prospected are : Monteagle —lots 5 and 13, concession i Dungannon— " 6 and 7, " x Garnet Cprstals of garnet, usually about half-inch across, but, in some cases an mdi, or even more, in diameter have been noted on the east town- ime of Cardiff at its intersection with the line between concessions vi and VII. They are also found on FishtaU lake, lots 12 and 13, concession ix of Harcourt. Apatite Apatite is found at various points tluoughout the region, but the inaccessibility of much of the district, together with the low prices prevaUmg have prevented the shipping of the material, although considerable development work ha= been done in the townshiu of Monmouth, to the northwest of Tory Hill. lU COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Apatite has been reported as occurring at the following localities : Dudley — ^lot 4, conoeMion III DyMrt — " n, " V Hvoourt — " 21, " XI Manirn'ith — ^lota 14, 16, and 17, oon». j''^n xi — lot 3, oonoeasion x Cudiff — " 8, " XVI " — " 22, " XIV " — " 22, " XIX Faraday — 6 miles south* ist of Bancroft Monteagle — ^lot 26, oonoession vi Marl Much attention has been directed to deposits of marl because of the demand for it in the manufacture of Portland cement. These deposits are nearly pure carbcmate of lime, with a greater or less admix* ture of certain impurities, mainly silica and organic material. The more extensive and important deposit in the area is that which is still in process of deposition, covering the shores and the greater portion of the bottoms of the Blue Sea lakes, in concessions xii and XIII of Limerick. The other deposits form the bottom of Snow lake, lot 34, concession ix of WoUaston. The depth of the marl was in neither case ascertained, but it is very evidently of such extent as to be available for economic'purposes. Marble An unlimited supply of various marbles can be obtained in this district. Only a few places have been opened for ornamental stone, but these examinations were sufficient to show that marbles of various colotirs and textures, equal to the best imported material, could be obtained. Large blocks, free from flaws and shakes, suitable for colunms of any size can be quarried, and as transporation facilities are adequate, stone could be put on the market in large centres, such as Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal, at prices much lower than those ob- taining for imported marbles. Chi lots I and a .concession xii of Faraday township, a great deal of work has been done in opening up a marble quarry. The presence of good workable marble has here been proved, over an area more than half a mile long by some i ,ooo feet wide. Stone can be obtained ranging from a coarse crystalline white marble to a grayish, dove coloured, fine-grained stone ; variegated and veined marbles have also been uncovered. The Ontario Marble Quarries, Ltd., have opened up a quarry on lots 41 and 42, Hastings Road East in Faraday. At least four varieties of marble can be obtained in difiEerent parts of the area. Other marbles deposits have been noted in many localities including : Faraday — lots 41 and 42, Hastings Road West Dungannon— lots 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, concession x Lutterworth — lot 19, concessions iv and v " " 20, concession v Olamorgan— lot 2, " vi Serpentine marble is found in: Lutterworth— lot 13, oonoession xiv MINERAL OCCURRENCES 1» Uthognithlc Stme A fine grained limestone that makes an excellent lithographic stone MS been quarried on lots 7 and 8, concession v of Madoc. Owing to the hmited market in Canada, production has not, as yet, been under- taken on a commercial scale. Sodalite On lot 25, concession xiv of Dungannon, some considerable develop- ment work and quarrying have been done on a body of sodalite, which It is intended to work extensively for a decorative stone. This mineral which has a beautiful blue colour, ranging from a dark shade to a very pale blue, takes a high polish, and is eminently fitted to be used as ornamental stone of high grade. In this deposit of sodalite, more particularly near the edges where It merges into the nepheline rocks, there are patches of aventurine feldspiu- or sunstone, which can be polished and used as a semi-precious stone. Immediately south of the above, there is another occurrence of sodalite on lot 25, concession xiii, township of Dungannon. Appendix V Extracts from Letters of Township Clerks and Reeves to the Dominion Forestry Branch Regarding Conditions in the Trent Watershed and Neighbouring Counties Before the survey was begun, the Dominion Forestry Branch made some enquiries to ascertain conditioiis and sentiments regardinjj a forest policy in the counties of the Trent watershed and neighbouring counties. This correspondence was placed at the disposal of the Com- mission, and the following extracts are reproduced to show that simi- lar conditions prevail in the adjoining counties, and that, in general, the idea of a forest policy finds the general approval of those conversant with the conditions. Cardiff Township, Haliburton County. There is probably 50% of the land in this township unfit for agri- culture, being rough and rocky. This land has fonrerly been covered with pine timber and is now growing maple and beech, which, owing to distance from rail, are practically valueless. There is very little danger here from fire as the country is so cut up with lakes, etc., and, if refor- ested with valuable varieties, which wotdd grow just as well as the pre- sent valueless ones, these lands would be a source of perpetual income, while now they offer no inducements to settlers. There will never be any more than a belt a few miles wide along the line of the Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa railway successfully settled by farmers. The maple and beech cannot be taken out by water and cannot be worked profitably more than 5 miles from a railway. The result is that all lots are being stripped of everythin)^ valuable, and that locators then abandoned them outside this 5 miles ; and it will become increasingly diflScult to reforest with more valuable varieties as time goes on. Monmouth Township, Haliburton County. Your letter of the 14th instant re non-agricultural land, town- ship of Monmouth. The 191a assessment roll is in the hands of the assessor at present, but as near as I can estimate from the 191 1 roll, there is just about one-quarter of the township land in the hands of the Government, and this land is almost entirely unfit for agrictdtural purposes. And in my estimation, I think it would be a gmnd step for the Government to preserve the forest. It is a disgrace the way the settlers are destroying the forests, not only in this township but all over the north coimtry. They think they are getting something for nothing. Lots of wood of their own to last their children's children, and yet they go into the Government land and slash away, taking only the gocxl body wood and leaving a great slash to help on the forest fires. Trusting you will be successful in your attempt to preserve the forest OPINIONS OF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES 131 Marmora and Lake Townships, Hastings County In reply to your letter re non-aRricultural lands in Marmora and Lake townships that could be re-forested, would say that at least one-half of Lake township could be re-forested, perhaps about 40,000 or 50,000 arres. There is considerable timber in Lake township yet. Only a small j)ortion is used for agricultural purposes. In regard to Marmora township, I would estimate that there are about 30,000 acres that could be re-forested. Would think that it would be a grand thing to establish a forest reserve on those lands. Bush fires would be the greatest hindrance Hopmg to hear from you at an early date to know if the matter is progressmg favourably through the other parts of Canada. Limerick Township, Hastings County. You have asked me a hard question to answer. In the first place this township is not a good farming township. A man who intends to do anythmg wants from three to five hundred acres, in order to work the best portion, and pasture the rough portions. There is about 50.000 acres of land m the township, about 17,000 assessed to residents. The balance is held by non-residents. I estimate that there are from ten to twelve thousand acres as good as what is settled on and would be <;' ttled It It could be bought. There are from ten to fifteen thousand acres that has been mostly a pinery. It is all stripped and left a slash and the fire Inas run over it until it is a barren looking place, so grown up with small red chCTry, some poplar, and small undergrowth, that it is hard to get through It. Some places there is Uttle pine. There was some l^id burned over when I first came in the township, forty-eight years ago It has been mostly all cut over and is pretty much aU a slash I have watched the growth of the timber and it makes very slow progress Some affords some wood but nothing of value. I am one of the oldest settlers and have been through the forest a good deal, and my opinion IS that the second growth will never amount to much. Chanoos Township, Peterborough County. Yours of the sand to hand and contents noted. The assessment of ig II of the Township of Chandos, gives the total number of acres of waste land as 1 1 , 1 58 acres, while perhaps a s per cent of this is drowned lajid, or too wet for fortstry. The balance, or as much of it as possible should, in my opinion, be administered for forest reserve purposes. Harvey Township, Peterborough County In reply to your letter, I would say that I judge there is twenty per cent of this township of Harvey unsuited for agricultural purposes and tlut it would be a wise act to have the said twenty per cent reserved for forest purposes. Harvey Townshii Peterborough County In answer to your letter of j . 17,1 would like some more informa- tion in regard to what you \v 1 d consider non-agricultural lands. There is a great deal of land in Hacvey township not suitable for culti- vation. In fact, I do not think that more than ao per cent of Harvey is at present under cultivation. This includes about all that is suitable for cultivation, and some that is not suitable. On the other hand 133 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION there is a great deal of land used as pasture land, particularly round the lakes, and I do not know whether you would call this agncultural land or not. Kindly advise me on this point. In regard to establish- ing pennanent forest reserves, I certainly think it would be advisable to have as much of the rough land growing timber as possible, but would like to know how you propose to acquire this land, in how large blocks, and what kind of timber, etc. There are settlers living on land in Harvey who are not able to live on the land alone, but have to help make a living in some other way. Such land would certainly be better growing timber than anything else. A great deal of this pasture land I spoke of is merely slash land or, at best, is land that was settled on and, as long as the timber lasted, the settler made a living and perhaps ^w a crop of wheat and one or two of hay, but, as it could not be otltivated, it soon became fit for nothing but pasture and the occupant was forced to go somewhere else. Then some farmer in Himrey or elsewhere bought the land and used it as a cattle pasture. MiNDBN Township, Victoria County Yours re non-agricultvual lands in this district to hand. In reply will say that a fair estimate of such kind in my township would be from sixteen to eighteen square miles. When I make this estimate, I mean lands that are almost altogether useless for agriculture. While the greater portion of the town^p is settled and the majority of the lots are deared, there are portions of nearly every lot of very little value for agriculture. If it could be made workable, I think the establishment m forest reserves a good sch«ne. Township of Soubrvillb, Victoria County In reply to your favour of the 17th, I do not know that I can give you a very satisfactory reply. You ask me for an approximate estimate of the non-agricultural lands of the township. I should say that there are about sixteen^thousand acres^ this township unfit for agricultural piuposes, some bong portions of^ots, the remainder of which are fairly good. Most of this poor land is fenced and is used for cattle runs (pastiue). As to establishing forest reserves I am not in a position to give an opinion. S I 16,341' .... 6,898 Portland 7,696^ .... 4,560 Palmenton and N. A H. Canonto ... J 6,084 .... 28,970 StorringtoB 1,333 35,698 Total ar«a of County ia 703,113 aerca. Bangor, McClurb and Wicklow Townships, Hastings County Presented your letter of Feb. 3rd before Council of Bangor, et al. They authorized me to write stating that in their judgment 50 per cent of the township of Bangor, et al, is unfit for agricultural purposes and that it is well suited for a forest reserve, having been pine land, and now a large part of it is growing up with young pine. HUNGERPORD ToWNSHIP, HASTINGS CoUNTY I would estimate the area of non-agricultural lands in this township at 10,000 acres. Personally, I think it a serious mistake that the matter of reforestry was not pushed along 15 or 25 yea.rs ago. Consider that permanent forest reserves would form an inestimable asset. Mayo .Township, Hastings County In regard to amount of non-agricultural land in our township, there is about seventy-five per cent of it non-agricultural land, and I am of the opinion that the forest reserves would be all right here. Lanark County In the accompanying table you will find the acreages for the various sub-divisions of each township of the county. These figures were ob- tained from the township rolls for 191 1. You will also find in the last coliunn the estimated percentage of each township which is too rough and rocky to be used for agricultural purposes. These estimates were obtained from the clerk of each township. It would seem as if there is a good opet^g here for the establishment of forest reserves since there is so much land that is not now, and never will be, of agricultural value. m COMMIBMION OF CONSERVATION ll i la n n 'Wi«»aeacee»«ee<0«*e liiliiiiiiSii^ i§|gigiiilil § sSaSlSiSSNiSSS §s <•< S ^^uj-NajSteSS'SoM?! m lll^lilllll^^l OPINIONS OK TOWNSHIP CLERKii AND REEVES 13S NURTH BfRUEBB T0WN8HIP, LaNARK CoUNTV The average agrit ulturaUand in North Burgeaa township from the Kideau lake to the coti -cssioli viit, would average abotrt 15 per cent. Along the Rideau it would average intich less as there is over 3,000 acres not settled on and only used as pasture land. Ver> large timber U8o.its that contain a great deal of poor land which could be classed as nc -.-{^cultural, viz. : 1. Sheffield. 2. Kaladar, Anglesea and Effingham. 3. Denbigh, Abinger and Ashby. , ^ ,, .,,, , Nearly one-half of Sheffield is non-agncultural, about four-fifths of Kaladar, Angelsea and Effingham and about four-fifths of Denbigh, Abinger and Ashby. If you wished I could write to the clerks of these municipalities and get further information for you, provided you let me know what further you required. Denbigh, Abinger and Ashby Townships, Lennox and Addington County The township of Denbigh contains about 50,000 acres, of which about 29,000 acres are either owned, located under the Free Grants and Homesteads Act, or otherwise occupied by private parties. Less than 20 per cent of this area is under actual cultivation. About 50 per cent is composed of rock, swamp or marsh land, not fit for culti- vation. . , All the land at all fit for agricultural purposes is now occupied and the remaining Crown Lands are unfit for settlement, and, as they are neariy all situate in the north western portion of the township they should, in my opinion, be included in a permanent forest reserve. The township of Abinger contains about the same f v.>a as Denbigh, but contains a larger proportion of land unfit for agricultural purposes. It is also a part of this Free Grant District, and about 14,000 acres are occupied by settlers. The lands still belonging to the Crown are chiefly in the southern portion of the township and, together with similar lands OPINIONS OF TW0N8HIP CLERKS AND REEVES 127 in adjoining townships, form part of a forest reserve established by the Provincial Government. The township of Ashby contains about a similar proportion of land fit for settlement and cultivation to the township of Abinger, but, as it does not belong to any Free Grant District, and the land has to be bought at fifty cents per acre, only about 4,000 acres are occupied. There is some good agricultural land in the centre and north- em portions of the township, which would soon be taken up by settlers if they could get it as Free Grants, but as the areas are isolated and small, in comparison with the area of the surrounding non-agricultural lands, in my opinion it would be better not to encourage any more settlers to locate there, but to establish a permanent forest reserve of all Crown Lands within this municipality and adjoining townships ; to increase the precautions for the prevention of forest fires and to assist in reforest- ing these now unproductive areas, and thus provide a perpetual supply of timber for the future. Kaladar, Anglesba AhfD Effingham Townships, Lennox AND AdDINGTON CoUNTY In answer to your enquiry of the 17th of January, I beg to say that there are about 22,077 acres of land not assessed in the townships of Kaladar and Anglesea, which would be mostly lands not fit for agricultiual purposes, while the whole of Effingham is not assessed at all and would come under the same class of lands. It would be very desirable to have all that waste land re-forested, but would be a very hard task to accomplish as there are always bush fires, the source of which it is always impossible to ascertain, which destroy all the young growth of timber. For instance, three years ago a forest fire, of un- known origin, swept over all the lands mentioned and completely des- troyed a fine yotmg growth of timber, a great deal of which had already attained commercial value. McLean and Ridout Townships, Musroka District. In reply to your circular letter of the 17 th of January. In the united townships of McLean and Ridout, Muskoka district, the a.sses- sor returns 31,531 acres of woodland. Generally, the pine, hemlock and floatable timber have been taken oflf, leaving a scattered hardwood of poor quality, birch being the liest. Where burned over, there is frequently a second growth of pine, which grows rapidly, but, tmless attention is given to trimming and thinning out, it will not become of much commercial value as the tops spread out in many branches without any leading stem. I have several acres of such second growth, cleared about 40 years ago. St)me years ago I trimmed a few, which have since grown more shaply. There is said to be 4,000 acres of slash land and a,6oo acres of waste or marsh land. The soil is a rather poor sand and not likely to give very good results from tree planting, unless well cultivated. Oakley Township, Muskoka District Yours of January 17th under file No. 33532 received. Re non- agriciilttual land in the township of Oakley, would say there is about 65 per cent of the land in this township unfit for agricultural purposes. us COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION I believe anything that can be done to perpetuate the supply of timber in tlus section of the country, as in many others, would be desirable. Most of all, we deplore to see the pine timber being depleted. Twenty- five or thirty years ago, this township was well timbered with tlus species, which long since have been cut down and taken away, with she result that scarce a seedling can be foimd. True it is, many places are fairly well supplied with trees of the above species, ranging probably from fifteen to thirty years old, but where must a crop to follow these come from, without the adult ttee to supply cones ? I think it would be wise if some measure were adopted whereby at least one adult tree would be preserved on every hundred acres of land. This, with more strict enforcing of the laws relating to forest fires, would, in my opinion, be a great benefit to our country. Northumberland and Durham Counties I am in receipt of a commtmication from your ofiSce of the ist instant, file number 33532. with regard to an estimate of the non- agricultural luids in iLe cotmties of Northumberland and Durham. I may say, that, so far as I can tell, there are about 40 square miles in Duiiiam and about 25 square miles in Northumberland of non-agri- cultural lands. With regard to the advisability of establishing forestry reserves on these lands, I consider it a most excellent thing, as these kiads at the present time are of almost no use whatever, and we had thought of commencing some reforestation work in connection with this office, in the coming year. Uxbridge Township, Ontario County In reply to your enquiry of Dec. ist, I beg to say that practically all of the non-agricnlttiral land in this county is in the township of Ux- bridge, and, so far as I can find out, the extent is about a, 000 acres. It would most certainly be i:i the interests of this section, to establi^ a permanent forest reser/e. Not only its own value, but the value of adjoining lands would be materially enhanced. Asphodel Township, Peterborough County In the township of Aspodel, there is a steep gravelly ri<^ which runs from north-eust to south-east across the whole township. It should never have been cleared, and would be far better reforested. Some evergreens brought from Guelph and planted last year appear to be doing well. There will be about 5 per cent of the township lands imfit for agriculture. It would certainly be wise to have these lands reforested, but the difficulty is that it is nearly all private property, and the trouble would be in protecting the young trees from cattle, especially with such trees as maple, basswood and such like, all of which grow well when protected. Leeds and Lansdowne Front Township, Leeds County I beg leave to report that I have examined the assessment returns made by the assessors for this municipality, and find that the number OPINIONS OF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES lag of acres given as slash or waste land is 3,897 acres. I believe those figures might be increased, as the acreage always overruns. I would consider it a wise act on the part of your department to estabhsh per- manent forest reserves on those lands. Ennismore Township, Peterborough County There are about 17,000 acres of land in the township of Ennismore and there is about one and a quarter to one per cent not fit for mh- cultural purposes. Reforesting approved erf. North Monaghan Township, Peterborough County Yours of December aand to hand, re file No. 33533. In T«ply to same I might say that I have consulted our reeve, Mr. W. G. Howden. and, in our opinion, there is not enough non-agricultural lands in North Monaghan worth bothering with for forest reserve purposes. If, on further enquiry into the same, I ascertain anything different I will immediately notify you. Otonabee Township, Peterborough County In reply to yours re waste land in the township of Otonabee, there is about 10 per cent unfit for agricultural purposes. About four-fifths of the 10 per cent is composed of swamp land with much soil from one to eight feet in depth. The timber is principally tamarac and, as it IS being depleted of timber, a young growth of tamarac is growing up. Also, part of the swamp area is flat rock along the margin of Indian river with soil a few inches in depth, the balance (one-fifth) is light sand land and small patches on steep hillsides. They are both found in small patches in many different parts of the township. Of course they should never have been cleared. Smith Township, Peterborough County In reply to your enquiry re non-agricultural lands in Smith town- ship (your file No. 33532), would say that there are about 600 acres of such lands in this township. Prince Edward County Replying to your letter of January ist, file No. 33532, would say that in the county of Prince Edward there are some 15,000 acres of waste land. This is as I estimated it from reports I have obtained from the Clerks of the Townships and from the County Records. Ctf tWs amount, about 1 2,000 acres are marsh and swamp land, which in present conditions is no good for agriculture. It may be that in time this land could be drained and diked and thereby rendered useful, but it is a ques- tion. Then we have a tract of land in the township of Hallowell comprising about 600 acres, known as the 'Par. J Banks' at Wellington. The sand is blowing and gradually covering up land. It is owned by the Provincial Government, although the farms which are being covered are owned privately. This iand would make a very interesting study for reforestation. Then, in each township, there is a considerable amoimt of slash land and shaUow land which is not profitable for agriculture, and which in my opinion, would be suitable for reforestation. The amounts are estimated according to the following : 130 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Ameliuburg townahip 500 mem SophiMburg " 200 HiUier " 350 Athol " 300 HalloweU " .-SOO " Tofetber with the 600 aoiea included in the Sand B«nki. North Muyiburg townihip 150 »ew* South " " 200 " The above is a fair estimate of the amount and extent of non-agrictiltural lands in this county. You asked me to give my opinion as to the advisability of establish- ing permanent forest reserves on the non-agricultural lands here with the idea in view of establishing a perpetual supply of timber for the future. I must admit that I have not sufficient knowledge of the possi- bilities of reforestation to give an opinion that would be worth very much. At the same time I believe that it would be profitable to re- forest a considerable amount of this land. At present it is used merdy for rough pasturage, and it cannot be said that it is of very high value for this purpose. Alice and Eraser Townships, Renfrew County In reply to your letter of the 31st ult., I would say that west of lot 6, township of Eraser, the land is not fit for agricultural purposes. I may also state that this mimicipality is as far west as there are any lands that can be used for agriculture, with the exception of a small strip along the Ottawa river, in the townsIUps of Petewawa. Wylie, Rolph, Head, Maria, and Clara. Take the townships of Master, Stratton, Bronson, Edgar, Barron, Guthrie, Clancey, Niven, White, Fitzgerald, and Algonquin Park, west of these townships. The land is not suited for agricultxure. The chief thing is to preserve the natural growth of forest woods that are growing. The large pine is mostly cut out, but there is plenty of young growth if it can be preserved from fires. Brudenell Township, Renfrew County Your enquiry of the 31st ultimo to hand. I am pleased to see an interest awakened in the question of reforesting the non-agricultural areas of the country. This section of the country is eminently adapted for the growth of forest and is of little value, apparently, fc»- anyli»mg else. Many of the farms arc abandoned and growing up in second- growth. It has been all very heavily timbered before the axe of the lumberman and squutter and destructive forest fires came to lay waste the country's one import; at resource. If there is nothing done in the way of reforesting, it will not be for want of available land of the best kind. Carlow Township, Renfrew County Replying to your favor of the 3rd iiKtant re forestry, I beg leave to advise you that there are no forest lands in the township of Carlow that would be worth forming into a reserve. There arf, however, in this township about 30,000 acres of land that might be classified as non-agricultural lands. I do not think these lands could be successfully reforested as the soil is, generally speaking, of a rocky nature. OWNION8 OF TOWNSHIP CLERKS AND REEVES 131 Hagartt and Rtchasos T0WX8HIPS, RsNFRBw County Yours to hand re non-agriculttiral lands. In reply would say there is a portion of the township of Hagarty (northwest comer) that is not fit for j^iricultural purposes, although moirely taken up, principally for what timber is on it, and part of Richards. The Golden Iske Lumber Co. is at preseot engaged cutting timber in the latter township. In ray opinion, if th«e lands were set aside there is enough young timber starting, that in a few years wiH be valuable, otherwise, if fire gets in, which tutially occurs where there are settlers, it will destroy the yoang u^ees. Will be willing in futore to give any information within my know- le^ Raoclipfe Township, Rbnfrkw County There is any amotmt of land up here that would just suit tins, but I co«ld not give you an estimate of the number of acres. It wwild have to be travelled. Raglan Township, Renfrew County Yoan uni H" haptyu bin ill Bwlow, A.B W ■MiogiManpartal 108 Mport on miiMrakby 118 Barrie townahip, Frantcnao oountgr 123 Baalaka « Batbunt townahip, Lanark eoonty IM Beaver creek 8», 68, 70, 71, 72, 78 n<'ckwiUi townahip, Lanark county 12i Bedford townahip, Frontenac county 128 Beech lake 112 Belmont lake 86 Belmont mine • 116 Belmont townahip— 118 tmemon' retuma for 38 information from County Clark 80 occurrence of gold in 116 original licenaaa 108 Beaaemer mine 116 Beat mine 116 Blairton mine 116 Blueberry barrena '^S, 76, lU Blue Hawk lake 118 Blue mountaina 87, 66, 76, 108 Blue Sea lakea 118 Bobeaygeon 101, 106, 107 Boahkung lake 86, 88 Boyd, Mo«om 108, 104, 106, 107 Boyd, Smith and Company 104, 106, 107 Bronaon creek 68 Brudenell townahip, Renfrew county, ntm-agricultural landa in 130 Bruton townahip, Haliburton county — 108 ■Meaaon' retuina for 20 daaaification of landa in 27 Buckhom 93, 101, 106, 107 BuokluMm creek Buckhom lake 77, 80 Buck, T 106 Burieigh Falla 36, 93, 101 IW I N D p. X fAOU Burldgh towmhip, Pxtcrbormigh nounty 4, 3S, 113 1 burned in I!tl3 SI •' returns for 3S elaMifleation of land* in 21 drrlinc of population in 0ff expenditiVM for Sr»-flghting 32 farm* ioM for unpaid taxta . 96 fire loHea in Al licenses now in force 104 no('if townships surveyed 68-89 Geology of Treut watershed 37 Georgian bay 2, 7 German forest administration 18 GiU and Fortur ! 105 Gillis and McLaren l''^ Gilmour and CJompany 103, 106, 107 Glamorgan township, Haliburton county 14, 35. 108, 109, 111 areas burned in 1913 31 assessors' returns for 29 classification of lands in 23 decline of population in ^5 description of 83 expenditures for fire-fighting 32 farms sold for unpaid taxes ^^ graphite in H' information from County Clerk 30 iron in H" licenses now in force 105 142 INDEX Obmoigui Townihip, HaUburton county (eontiniud) taom marble in 118 mic» in 117 original lioenaea lOB peroentage ct farmini land in SI 87, 70 Glanmire. oooperage plant at OoMai Lake Lumber Company . Gold lake. 100 13i 80 Gold mining 118 Gooderham 14, 60, 80 ■hipment of pulpwood from M Government ownership 18 Gowan, Walter 103 Grand Trunk railway 18 Granitic area* Ill Gnq>hite, occurrence of 117 GraM lake 86, 88 Green and Ellis 106, 107 Greens Moimtain 37, 66, 83, 108 GrenTille limestone 118 Grimsthorpe township, Hastings county 16, 111 gold in 116 talc in 117 Guilford township, Haliburton county 9, 36 areas burned in 1913 32 assessors' returns for 39 classification of lands in 27 decline of population in 9S description 6, 9 assessment of lands in 30 classification of lands in northern Mwnshipe of 27 totals of 28 condition of townships in 30 description of townships in 81 farm distribution in 93 farms sold for 87 HaU Bridge 3«> ** Hallowell township, Prince Edward county 130 Harbum townahip, Haiiburton county 9, 35, 108 •HtMora' retuma (or 39 claMification of landa in 38 decline of population in M deicription n 116 *">«»"» lOS lioenMa now m force ^^ original licenaee percentage of farming land in report of clerk on io " 13 48 ■ample ploU taken in *^' *»'j^ L'Amable Btatiun ; .„ . Lanark county, cUaaification of landa in Lanark township, Lanark county Landa, Ontario Department of Langton, John .„_ Lanwlowne townahip, Leeda county, waate lands m • • "^ Lavant townahip, Lanark county, report of clerk on i'% "» Lawrence township, Haliburton county " Laxton townahip, Victoria county, report of clerk of J« Ledyard mine ^-_ Leeda townahip, Leeds county, waste landa in J*» Leui.ox and Addington county, non-agricultural lands of Licensee — -«, landa under ^ now in force - -_ original . License system is 111 Limerick township, Hastings county **• * areas burned in 1913 ' assessors' returns for classification of lands in decline of population in description of _. farms sold for unpaid taxes 146 INDEX .3i Limfriok Towiuhip, IUiting» County iConlinutd) '*<>■ marl In '■'J original licenaM iM«i«d **• pereenUge at farming land in •' report of clerk on "* ■ample plota talien in *3 Lindaay , law-log industry at " Linghum, J *®* Litbograpbio itone ^J* Uttle Bob take »» Uttle Salmon lake *>' ^ Littlp Salmon Lake mine 11* Longford townabip, Victoria county, report of clerk of 133 Long lake "' Look-out etationa — Nuggeated places for probable coat of Loon bay, Kawagama lake Loon lake Loughborougb townabip, Frontinac county Ludgate, John Lumbering oonditiona ' Lumbering industry, Lott* on Lutterworth township, Haliburton county areas burned in 1913 assessors' returns for • classification of lands in decline of population in description of expenditures for fir^fighting farms sold for unpaid taxes iron in marble in molybdenum in original licenses issued percentagL of farming land in sample plots taken in Lyell township, Nipissing district Lynn mine 66 68 116 .74 123 103 98 103 3S 31 29 34 »S 84 32 97 116 118 US 104 91 a?, 117 Madawaaka river Madoo gold excitement Madcc township, Hastings county- galena in gold in iron in lithographic stone in pyrite in 109 115 115 115 116 119 116 147 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION i' ? i PAOR Modoc vitiagp, mining of talc at 117 Malonpy, John 103 Maple lako 112 Marble, occurrence of 118 Market*, extinction of farmert' 10 Marl, depoMU of 118 Marmora, Unt 6, 107 cooperage plant at 100 ■aw-log induatry at 90 Marmora townabip, Haatinp county 11, 35 aMCMora' retuma for 39 claMifioation of land* in 34 decline of population it 96 description of 68 guld in lis licenaea now in foree lOS original Ucenae* 104 percentage of farming land in 91 report of clerk on 131 wunple plota taken in 50 Manh hay, burning of 33 Maynooth 109, 110 Mayo township, Haatingi county — iron in 116 report of clerk on 123 McCabe, T 103 McClintook 112 McCue lake 108 McDonald, John 106, 107 McDougall and Ludgate 106, 107 McKeniJe lake 108 McLean x>wnahip, Muakoka district, report on lands of 137 McVickar, F 2 McWilliams, J. B 103 Methuen township, PM«rborough county 4, 35, 108, 111 areas burned ic 13 31 aaaeason' returns for 29 classification of lands in 24 decline of population in 95 description of 75 expenditures for fire-fighting 32 '- ', Kmntcniir nmnty l!W Minilen townalip, ilalibuHon nmrity ■ » ^ amnmini' rctunui for 8* nlnMiftcation of lanib in ** (Ivrlinp of population in " ilnH-ri)/ .in of ™ furin* »old for u ipuiii tuxiii ^ iron ill ••" oriftinul liccnws imucil iM |H-rrf>ntuK, expenditurpH for fire-fi(htin| ■ 33 Minrr buy, tiull lake •!* Mining induHtry '* Mifkwabi lake "• Minpickel, oocurrencm of *'* MiiwiitHttgua lake 78, 80 MixHiMMuguu rivrr ", *'> 77, 7H, M), lOB, 107 Mixed type '*7 Moira rive- W*, 70, 101 Molyb<'"nuin, mining of "^ Monmouth lakes ^ Monmouth township, Iluliburton county 14, 35, 108 apatite in 1 17, 1 IH areas burned in 1913 •*' aii8C88ore' returnii for 29 clarification oi lands in ** decline of population "n ^ 83 97 117 116 105 117 104 description of farms sold for unpai- ■ ea gruphiti' in iron in licenses ni"' in lorce mica in . . original luic^.f pircentage of i \rming land in 91 r.iport of ck"k on 120 Montague to.vnsliip, Lanark county 124 Monteagle township, Ilustings county 118 apatite in 117 corundum in 117 molybdenum in 1 15 Montreal, as market for nimble 118 Mountain lake 85 Mt. Irwin 93 Mt. Julian «3, 101 149 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Mud Turtle lake flO Municipal ownenhip 10 argument* for and againat 17 Muakoka diatrict, townahip* aurveyed in 36 NaaMiU 106, 107 Natural conditiona, elaiaifieation of Nightingale townahip, Haliburton county 113 Nogiea creek North Algona townahip, Renfrew county, report of clerk on 131 North BurgeM townahip, Lanark county, report of clerk on 124,126 North Canonto townahip, Frontenac county 123 North Elmaley townahip, Lanark county, report of clerk on 124, 126 North Marysburg townaliip, Prince Edward county 130 North Sherbrooke township, Lanark county 124 Northern townahipa, HaUburton county — daaaification of landa in 27 totala of 28 North Monaghan townahip, Peterborough county, non-agricultiual Unda in . . 120 North river 36, 75 NorthumberUnd county, non-agricultural landa in 128 Oak lake 76, 92 Oakley townahip, Muakoka diatrict, report on landa of 127 O'Brien, Michael J 106 Ochre, mining of 116 O'Hara, M. J 106 Olden townahip, Frontenac county 123 Omemee, ahipment of tan-bark to 100 Ontario Corundum Company 117 Ontario, lake 2, 7 Ontario Marble Quarriea, Ltd 118 Oao township, Frontenac county 123 Osterhauae mine 117 Otonabee township. Peterborough county, waste landa in 129 Ottawa, as market for marble US Ottawa river 71 Otter creek 36 Otter lake 83 Ownenhip conditions 14, 101 Oxtongue lake 112 Page Co., A. 8 104 Pakenham township, Lanark county 124 PalKozoic strata 110 150 INDEX PAOI Palmenton township, Frontenac county 123 Pmudaah creek 35. 74.75.82 PMidadilake 35,82 Futon, Bigelow and Trounoe 106. 107 Paxton mine 11" Pearoe Company 105, 107 Peck township, Nipissing district 10^ Pennyilvania, shipment of pulpwood to 98 Percentages of various types of timber 21 totals of 26 Perpetuity, management for 1* Peterborough 99, 106, 107 Peterborough county 1> ^ address to Council of 1* description of townships in '* farm distribution in *2 farms sold for unpaid taxes 8® townships surveyed 36 Peterborough Lumber Co 104. 105, 106, 107 expenditures for fire-fighting 32 Phillips, Mr., of Burnt River 107 Physical features of area surveyed 108 Pierce Company 10' Pigeon lake 78, 79, 80 Pine— cutof 107 depletion of ^ extensive destruction of "0 reproduction of, in Cashel townships 13 reproduction on burned areas 82, 63 Pine lake ^ Pipikwabi lake ^ Planting waste lands 1^ Piatt and Bissonnette ^03 Poplar-birch type °- Poplar pulpwood /OO value of "*• *» Population, decline of ~° Portland cement, importance of marl for 118 Portland township, Frontenac county 123 Port Perry 10«- J^ Potts, Easton, Gihnour and Co ^"* Poverty of rural population S> 20 Prince Edward county, waste lands in 129 Protection, fire ~* Provincial ownership discussed 1* Provincial property 181 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION I PAOB Public Work* Department (of Canada) 7 Pulpwood — destruction of 34 poplar, value of 04, 05 Pyrite, deposita of 116 Q Quebec, as market for timber 10(5, 107 Quincy Adams Lumber Co 104 R Radcliffe township, Renfrew county, report of clerk of ICl Raglan township, Renfrew coimty 1 10, lai Railway facilities 15 Railways and Canals, Department of 7 Ramsay township, Lanark county, report of clerk on 124, 126 Rathbun Co 105 Reasons for survey 2 Recommendations 15 Recuperative measures, proposed 6 Redstone lake 36, 45, 46, 88 Reeves, answers of, to inquiries of Forestry Branch 120 Reforestation Act, Counties 17 Reid, Matthew 106 Reproduction of pine in Cashel township 13 Reproduction, prevention of, by fires 65 Revenue, loss of, due to bums 13 Rice lake 35, 10.) Richardson mine 115 Richards township, Renfrew county, non-agricultural lands in 131 Ridout township, Muskoka district 35 classification of lands in 25 report on lands of . .- 127 Roches moutonn^es 110, HI Rodgers, John R 103, 104 Rogers, James Z 106, 107 Rosedale 101 Ross and Co 104 Round lake 35 Rural population — decrease of 11 poverty of 11 S Sabine township, Nipissing district 113 St. Charles mine 116 St. Lawrence river 109 St. Ola 66 Salmon lake 35, 53, 71 1S8 I^NDEX PAGE Sample plots, tables of 42 et seq. Scott, R. H ia3, 1(M Scott, W. A 104, l(Xi. 107 Sebastopol township, report of clerk of 131 Semi-virgin lands in Haliburton county 27 totals of 28 Serpentine marble 118 Seymour mine 110 Shaw, N 106, 107 Sheffield township, Lennox and Addington county 120 Sherborne township, Haliburton county 9, 35, 1 12 classification of lands in 25 description of 89 licenses now in force 105 ochre in Uti original licenses 104 Sifton, Hon. Clifford 1 Simcoe, lake 9 Smith, J. D., and Co 106, 107 Smith, R. C KM Smith township, Peterborough county, non-agricultural lands in 129 Snowdon township, Haliburton county 35 areas burned in 1913 31 assessors' returns for 29 classification of lands in 25 decline of population in 95 description of 85 expenditures for fire-fighting 32 farms sold for unpaid taxes 97 iron in 110 original licenses issued 104 percentage of farming land in 91 Snow lake 118 Snyder, W. M 106, 107 Social conditions 97 Sodalite, mining of 119 Soils in townships surveyed 68-89 Soils of Trent watershed 38 Somerville township, Victoria county 1 1 , 35 assessors' returns for 29 classification of lands in 25 decline of population in 95 description of 81 original licenses in 104 percentage of farming land in 91 report of clerk of 122 Sophiasbiu-g township. Prince Edward county 130 South Algona township, Renfrew county, report of clerk of 132 1S3 COMMlSjSION OJ CONSERVATION PAOI South Canonto township, Frontenac county 123 South MaryabuTg townsburg, Prince Edward county 130 South Shcrbrooke towniihip, Lanark county 124 Soyera lake 84 Spears and Lander 108 Squaw river 0, 36, 78, 79, 80 Stanhope township, Haliburton county 9, 35, 112 areas burned in 1913 32 assessors' returns for 29 classification of lands in 26 decline of population in 05 description of 88 licenses now in force lOS original licenses 104 percentage of farming land in 91 Stony lake 35, 36, 37, 75, 76, 80, 101, 109 Stoplog lake 112 Storrington towiiship, Frontenac county 123 Strickland Bros 103 Strickland, R. S., and Co 106, 107 Stumpage values, loss due to fires 63 Sturgeon lake 35, 81 Survey — extent of 1 procedure of 6 results of 10 Sutherland, William 103 Swamp lake 36, 79 Swamp type 49, 50 Tables of classification of lands 21, 27 totals 26, 28 Talc, mining of 117 Tangamong lake 69 Taxes, sales for non-payment of 11, 96, 97 Thompson snd Cluxton 106 Thompson, Jamos 105 Thompson, Matthew 103 Thorold, shipment of pulpwood to 99 Timber, types of 12 Tindle and Jackson 14 Topography of townships surveyed 68-89 Topography of Trent watershed 37 Toronto — market for marble 118 shipment of tan-bark to 100 Tory Hill 93, 117 Tourist traffic 15, 101 154 INDEX PAOI! Townibip clerka, answen to inquiries of Forertry Branch 120 Trent canal 1 68, 69, 71, 82, 83, 85 outlet* of 2 value of * water supplyof 2 Trent district, decline of lumbering business in 108 Trenton •. 15, 106, 107 Trenton limestone ^^ Trent river 7, 74, 76, 81 Trent Slide Committee ' Trent watershed, typical character of li 5 Trout lake 88 Tudor township, Hastings county 35, 109 areaa burned in 1913 32 aasewors' revums for 29 classification of lands in 26 decline of population in *"* description of ' " diorite ridge in 66, 70 farms sold for unpaid taxes ^ galena in "" gold in 115 iron in H* licenses now in force l''^ original licensee 1^ percentage of fanning land in ®1 sample plots taken in 52 Twelve-mile lake *'" Twin Sisters lakes ^ Types of timber 21, 27, 39 percentages of, in whole area 26, 28 Ullyot, Saddler and C!o 106, 107 Union creek '^ Uxbridge township, Ontario county, non-agricultural lands of 128 Value of forest property 13 Value of Trent canal * Vansickle ^ Vansickle P. O 76 Vennor, quoted on occum:icc of galena 115 . Verulam township, Victoria county 35 Victoria county 1' ° description of area surveyed in 81 towndiins surveyed in 35 155 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Wallbridge mine 11« Warden*, fire and game 67 Water control, recognition of need of 8 Waterflow — interest* of forest* on 3 safeguarding of 6 Watershed* in townships surveyed 0&-8V Watt, R. McG 2 Whetstone lake 09 White, J. H a scope of work of 7 Wicklow township, Hastings county 108, 109 Wilberforce 93 Wilberforce township, Renfrew county, report of clerk of 131 Winters, John 106 Wollaston township, Hastings county 11, 35, 111 areas burned in 1913 31 assessors' returns foi 29 classification of lands in 26 decline of population in 95 description of 72 farms sold for unpaid taxes 96 iron in 116 marl in US mispickel in 1 16 original licenses i8*ued 104 percentage of farming land in 91 sample plots taken in 44, 48, 49 Wood Product* Co. of Canada, expenditures for fire-fighting 32, 105 Wiirttemberg, State Forest of 20 Youngs Point 7 Yonge township, Leeds county, report of clerk of 126 York river 71, 73, 74, 81 156 JlT" f.\^V ;.A A.*V 1^1 r lilt lie ihr w« iMirthcf \.H. 2 r WfrklM •mi nn Sii^;^-^ TIP* m» r-fCr V. " "" Dif *oli, iIh ImrtWalrnkMl irporl. ()n ikr «*«. nofik mk* *« it Ml<>'«t ' ihr >v«imliai| III the ('km Kivri (Jn ih< tnHth, ii iolluwi the iMirthein liMifei at the kawartha l^ta. . N.H. i ^ rhc Kawaitha chain ui lakr*. MKcalM. iiKludrt Raliam, (°«(tH^^' vVV !lP»»Oyfl/lkIil ClIMORD 3irTp»«..J5HAtHHAH JAMCSJtHITt ASSISTANT 19 CMAIWIjAW CROWN TIMBER LANDS 1912 I < Seal* oo : 3 95 Mil«* to I Inch Lands, cancelled or abandonvd Ikansas Lands undar licanaa . . (Patantad lots wUhln Ikentes have been excluded) DRAINAGE AREAS 324,200 AC. Otet rivet i7\.W) •• 44,8')i) 36. 700 94,>)00 •■ 4».(m •■ 66.700 •• 46.W0 •• GuU rivtf .... Bunt river . Harvey nvei Squaw rivet Miwimufa rivet . Deet Bay cteek Jack cteek Saaller baaai nol ipaeiflcally m Drainage aiea of TnbI Rivet baain Dortk ot Kawattha laket I.I6V900 Beavet rivet Oltet creek North river . Smalla bawM not 214.200 ac 150.800 • 11.500 • 46.000 • } 127. 400 •pecificaUymentianed) |^^ Draiaaae ateaoi Ctow Rivet batin north oi Rouad, Betmont and Crow lakes 437.000 Drainag'; baan be- tween Round, Belm nut, Ctow lake* and mouti. 60.000 Total area of Ctrw Rivet ban 497.000 ,>r\y» Av-ric v' 4lP»i ?2^\J^ f^'Jf^m :3^^^2& U^^*7^?S« « pSp K w^& ^mi ^^Ic iff"" VVV-* ::^ ^^*^ i-t • • r 44 > %" iiiis •<» ..\P 78« 78»» B^iiiBAsBBta Ari'nmftuiufuiy ' Tr^ju H'lU^r^iwti Surv^^v" rrf*or^.it% C. U Huwr u'li J H WfuiK / ,^' f" ,iV^-^ jt; V^' ej •V ^^-• - ' \ <: V '. Ol av i>-^144' ^3 'i.^^'^^ k-~VA Lv,- 78 *> "C 77*» "V,, M4' ^ I 77 JO Unjir map frum pUiira of Ofpt tif IntrrUir map