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WITH A FULL ASSORTMENT OF .MAI'S, A COMPLFTK 1U15LI0G KAIMIY, AND LISTS OF 15I15LK VEliSlONS, MISSIONARY SOCIETIES, MISSION STATIONS, AND A GENERAL INDEX. VOL. 1. EDITEIl l?Y REV. EDWIN MUNSELL BLliSS. WCLFViLLE 'si --^^ FUNK \' WAONALLS; MKW Vt»UK, LONDON, ' 1891 TOKONTO. All liii/hts Itimirvcd. riilNTKD IN TIIK UnITKI) STATES. Enf"rp(l ncpordlnR to Act of ronRTPSs, in tlip j-'-nr 1R9I, ny FUNK i WAONALLS, 111 the OfllCA' of tlip Librarian of ConKress nt WnsliiriKton I) C (Kegistered at Stationers' llali, Loudon, Kngland.J BV^O'i v:) /J^. PHEFACR The standpoint of tliis EncyclopiEdIa Is.primarily, that of one who, interested in foreign mission •worlt, seelss to enlsirge his vision and increase Lis linowledge; secondarily, tliat of one wlio, looking forward to a personal slnvre in it, seelts to inform himself as to its various pliascs, that he may the more readily decide where he can probably labor to the best advantage. IIcucc the book centres in the organized mission work. The basis is the Society, in which each individual is more especi- ally interested; its history, organization, development; its missions and stations. Then the view broadens to take in the countries, races, and religious In their relation to the work, not only of his own, but of other denominations. Special topics open up, individual workers stand out in promi- nence, and as one step after another is taken, it becomes apparent that the work is not divided, but is one; and all these with varied names xre Out portions of the one great army of the Church. The plan thus includes two general departments; 1. The organized work— the societies, their origin and growth at home, and their work abroad ; i. The countries in which, the races for which, that work is carried on, and the religious beliefs hat are encountered. Accessory to these are: 1. A gazetteer of Mission Stations; 3. Biographical sketches of Jlia- sionaries; 3. Statements of Bible versions; 4. Articles on special topics closely related to the work of Foreign Jlissions; 5. JIaps, appendices of bibliography and statistics, and indices. It became early evident that to accomplish so much, minutiie must give place to perspective. However fascinating the details might be, they must oe constantly used merely as illustrations. To do more, Avould not only Uave ^o enlarged its extent is ;o malie the book unwieldy, but have blurred the distinctness of the impression that it has been sought to give. Thus ii. the accounts of the societies and their work personal terns ire ;ew. The history of Missions, both at home and abroad, is largely the history of individual men and women. Those who have stood at the helm and guided these great organizations were and are no less missionaries than those who have gone to the foreign field, yet to even mention the names of all within the space allowed would have almost made the work a mere chronicle. So of the countries and stations, the races and religions. The effort has been to give so much of geography, liistory, etc., as would serve as a frame- work for the pictures of missionary work and spiritual need. With regard to the biographical sketches, it became evident very early that it would be neces- sary to draw the line sharply to exclude the living, and that to mention all, even of the dead, •would be impossible. The sketches, too, must be brief, indicating rather than describing the work each did. So of the Bible versions; brief paragraphs were all that could be attempted. When the question of special topics came up, the scope seemed unlimited. There were city missions; home niissious; missions in their relations to commerce, music, the liquor traffic, the slave- trade; early Christian and mediDeval missions; the various questions under discussion in regard to methods of missionary work, the lay element, education, self-support of native churches, etc. To treat even a few of these thoroughly, though eminently desirable, would be impracticable. As careful a selection as possible has been made, and as much space given as seemed proportionate to the general scope of the work. The plan led also to the decision to embody statistics and general lists in the form of appendices, ■which could easily be changed in subsequent editions, as the work developed. These appendices include: 'a) A bibliography, (ft.) Lists of Bible versions, arranged alphabetically and geographi- cally, showing the languages and dialects, the number of people reached by them, the linguistic fami- lies to which they belong, the characters in which they are written, the amount of translation work done, and the society under whose auspices they have been prepared, and in the Index the page of the Encyclopedia where they are referred to. (c) A list of missionary societies with the addresses of their secretaries, the date of organization and the page of the Encyclopajdia where they are «poken of. (d) A list of missionary stations, giving their geographical location, the societies carry- iU ly Ing on work in them, the number and sections of the maps where they arc to 1m' found, nnd the page of the Encyclopiedia where they are described, {e} Tables of statistics: (1) by societies and missions; (2) by countries and societies; (3) a summary of tlie whole. The General Index includes names of persons mentioned, places referred to, and general subjects treated. The maps cover all important missiou-fields with as much fulness as is practicable. The effort has been made to locate every mi.ssion station of importance, and iu some cases the outstatiuii-s. The imiwrtance of political iulluence iu Africa and of the languages of India has led to the furuishing of a map of each country speciall}' designed to bring out those characteristics. Speciflo statements as to the appendices will be found in prefatory notes to them. 3Iauy questions came up for considi ration. In the alpha'^etical arrangement f)f articles a dilliculty arose in regard to the location of the societies. To place Ihem under their corporate names would be confusing, and the effort has been made to designate each by the term by which it is most widely known, with cross-references wherever it seems necessary. If there is dilliculty in liuding any one, a reference to Appendi.x C will easily give the solution. Theu came the iiueslion of spelling. The spelling of foreign names is in hopeless confusion. No two societies agree. Often the same .society is not consistent with itself. Governments have laid down rules, which few follow; and no two Governments make the same rules. Should we spell Beirut, RejTout, or Beyroot; Maulmain or Moulmein; Ilarpoot, Ilarput, or Charput ; Foo- chow or Fuhchau; Gurhwa! or Garhwal; Punjab or Panjab; Ilyderaliad or Ilaldarabad; Assiout, Assyoot, or Siout; San Paulo or Sfio Paulo; (Jtjimbeuque or Otyimoingiie. But instauces almo.st innumerable could be added. The reader will tind a few of the per- plexities noted in Appendix D. To be absolutely logical or consistent was impossible. In India names the spelling of Iliuiter's Encydopicdia has been adopted. In Africa, the Church !Mission- ary Society and the A. B. C. F. "SI. reports have been followed in the main; elsewhere the editor has done the best he could, and if in anj' instance some mission station eludes the patient search of the reader, let him make a note of his failure for the benelit of futiu'e workers in this line. Numerous recpiests have come in for an indication of the pronunciation of the names of places. To do this, however, was so manifcstl}' impossible that no effort has been made. Each reader is at perfect liberty to pronounce Kachchh or Njenhangli as he chooses. Another dilliculty arose from the recurrence of the same name. If one is jierplexed to dis- tinguish the "Washiugtons that occur in every State of the Union he will understand the danger of confoimdiug the various Salems of Africa, the Bethels of the "West Indies and India, or the Bijuaurs (Bijnours?) of the Northwest Provinces and Oudh. The question of statistics was also a i)erple.\ing one. After much consideration it was decided to give the general statistics iu the form of tables in an appciulix, introducing into the body of the Encyclopa'dia onlj- such as were necessarj- in order to indicate the general nature ami scope of the work in the different stations. So far as practicable, these have been brought up to date of publi- cation. At the commencement of the work blanks were sent to every mission society and uussioa station that could be learned of. The societies in almost every case responded, and many of the stations. With these as a basis and the careful study of the reports of the societies, the various Eucyelopffidias, etc., the great majority of the statements were prepared. In a few instauces the society statements came from outside parties. Thus the article on the American Baptist Missionary Union was furnished by Dr. L. P. Brockett; that on the Moravian ^Missions, by Rev. B. Romig of Ilerruhut; and so of a few others. Whenever it was practicable these state- ments were referred to persons connected with or specially informed regarding the societies, with a view to their being free from inaccuracy. Some countries, etc., were described by writers specially actpiaiiited with them. Thus the India articles were prepared by Rev. C. W. Park of Birmingham, Conn., formerly of Bombay; Japan, by Rev. W. E. Griffls, D.D. ; Brazil, by Rev. J. Beatty Howells, long n missionary in that country. The subjoined list will indicate most of the writers. The biographical sketches are chiefly the work of Rev. Samuel Hutchings, D.D., whose eighty-three years- of age have not dimmed his interest or dulled the keenness of his pen. For the lists of Bible versions we are indebted to the kind courtesy of R. N. Cust, LL.D., of London (see Preface to Appendix B). The sketches of the versions have mostly been prepared by Dr. Bernhard Pick of Allegheny, who has made the subject a special study. The Arabic version, however, has been described by its translator, Rev. Dr. C. v. A. Van Dyck of Beirut; the Turkish version by Rev. H. O. Dwight of Constantinople. In seeking for any title look first in the Encyclopaedia; also in the Index of Appendix B for Bible versions; in Appendix C for societies or faith missions; in Appendix D for Mission Stations; and In the general Index ior all. The page references in the appendices refer only to articles, not to places where mention of any topic Is uiudu in other articles; e.g., the station of Alluhabail will bo fdiiiul by Appendix 1), on page -11, of Vol. I. It will also be found by the general Index, on page 250, Vol. II., etc. So of the versions. Any person desiring to look up the whole work of a Sociity will turn from the account of the Society itself to that of the country where it works, the .stations it occupies, and the liioiirapliical .sketches of its inis.sionaries, as lie finds tlieni inciitioncd in the differ- enl ariiules. lu givinj; accounts of stations only those have been included in the body ot the work Willi regard to wliicli some detiuite information is given beyond the mere fact of their being occu- pied l)y a curtain society. The complete list appears in Appeudi.\ D. It is a pleasjiut duty to acknowledge the kind courfjsy of the many who have assisted in tho work: of the publi.sliers,who have furnLshed the means and have left the editor .so free to carry out the plan as fully as was piacticable; those wlio hrve worked in the olllio with an interest that lias shown their task to be no mere perfiuielory iiuty; the cnnlriljutors, whose patience, consid- eration, and ability have done so nuicli to make I lie work not merely instructive, but eiiierlaiiiing; the olUccrs of the Jli.ssionary Societies, whose unfailing willingness to answer innumerable ([ues- tioiis lias been so often put to the test. To name each one Wi Id be to give the list of all with wluim the editor has come in contact in his work; yet he cannot liut make special acknowlcdg- meiils to Dr. Dalmaii of lA'ipzig for his article on the Jews; to the Rev. S. M. .Jackson for the IJibllography; to Dr. C'usi of London for his table of Bible versions; to the oflicers of the Church Missionary Society for the free use of their atlases of India and Africa. That errors and omissions, .some apparently inexplicable, will be iioliced, must be expected. Any ie[)ort of such to the i)ublisliers will be gladly received. The work in truth has been a labor of love, and the highest return that can come from it will be the consciousness that it has furnisheil a link in the chain that is to bind to};etli'>r the great divisions of the one great army of the Church, as they come through its pages to know and under- stand each other better. EUWIN- JICXSELL Buss. Niiw YoKK ( rrv, March, 1891. '^Ol.'ry T - ^BAR-. ■3 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS OF SPECIAL ARTICLES. Andhi's, Rev. A. N., Miircl'i , Turkey. Attehbuhy, Rev. W. W., D.D., Now York City. Bahton, Rev. I. L., llnrpoot, Turkey. BnooKETT, L. P., M.D., Brooklyn, N. Y. CuA-MHEus, Rev. R., Erzroom, Turkey. 'Cobb, Miss M. L., East Orange, N. J. Droil, Rev. J., Moutreiil, C'annila. Ckowell, Jliss K. R., East Orange, N. J. CrsT, R. X., LL.D., Londou, England. Dalman, Prof. G., Leipzig, Germany. DwiGUT, Rev. II. O. , Constantinople, Turkey. Ellinwood, Rev. F. F., D.I)., Sec'y Presbyterian Board of For. Alissions, New York City. Gate8, Rev. O. IL, Berlin, Germany. . GruMAN, Rev. E. AV., D.D., Secy American Bible Society, New York City. G]i.\CEV, Rev. J. T., D.D., President International Missionary Union. GiuFFis, Rev. \V. E., D.D., Author of " The Mikado's Empire." Boston, !Mass. GHot-T, Rev. Lewis, (late of South Africa,) "West Brattleboro, Vt. Happer, J. a., Canton, China. HowELLs, Rev. .1. B., Jaher, Brazil. HULBERT, Prof. II. B., Seoul, Korea. HcLBERT. Prof. II. W., (late of Beirut. Syria,) Marietta, Ohio. HuTCHiNos, Rev. S., D.D., (late of Madras, India,) Orange, N. J. Jackson, Rev. S. M., New York. KVLOPOTIIAKES, Rev. M. D., Athens, Greece. Labaree, Rev. B., D.D., Orot)niiiih, Persia. Laurie, Rev. T., D.D.. (late of Mosul, Turkey,) Providence, R. I. Lawrence, Rev. E. A., Baltimore, Md. Leonard, Rev. J. Y., (late of :Marsovan, Turkey,) New Iluveu, Ct. LooMis, Rev. S., Newark, N. J. LovETT, Rev. R., Sec. Religious Tract Society, Loudon, England. Marshall, C. J., Salvation Army, New York City. Martyn, Rev. Chalmers, (lute of Bangkok, Siam,) Moorestowu, N. J. McFakland, Rev. II. II., Woodhaveu, L. I. McLaubin, Rev. .1., Sec. Baptist Foreign Miss. Society, Woodstock, Canada. Tilt McLbman, Rev. D., Akiiroa, Now Zuiilund. iMousK, U, C, See. Intonmlioiml f'oin.Y.jr.C.A., New York City. Panauetofk, H., I'rof, HobiTt Colli.ge, CIousliitiliiKipIc, Turkey. I'ahiv, Itev. C. \V., dak' of lloiiilwy, luilia,) Hinuiiiglmiii, C't. pAItSoNS, Ml.ss K. ('., JAiitor W'oiiiiiu's WorkforWoman, New York City. I'K Iv, lUv. li., I'll. P., Alli'ghoiiy, Pii. l{ r( 1. A h vi o< A w ENCYCLOPEDIA OF M ISSIONS Aann, n town in the western pnrt of tho island of Samoft. Mission station of the London Missionary Society, with iCM church-members. AiiiiKCleken, n mission station on the northern boundary of Natal, between Oskars- borR and An.oibie, founded by the Swedish State Church in 1879. The chief work is among the Zulus. Abiiba, formerly Torres, the northern- most island of tho northernmost group, Bank's Islands, of the Melanesian Archipelago. Tho inhabitants have m< chiefs, and train their children to agriculture and independence at a very early age. Fights with clubs and arrows lire frequent, and human life is held at little value. A mission station of the Melauesian Mission, founded in 1S7S). .'ibaco, an island of the Bahamas, West In- dies. A station of the Baptist Missionary Soci- ety, with l.")7 church-members, and of the Wesleyan Methodist Society (2 missionaries, 24 native helpers, 4',l(i church-members, 5i;) school- children). Abatcniba, a tribe of Kaffirs, of about Kill, 000, occupying the territory about Tambuki. Abct'i, David, b. Juno 12th, 1804. at New Brunswick, N. .T. ; entered the Theological Seminary at New Brunswick, 182(i, and hav- ing completed the course of 3 years, was or- dained, and settled as pastor at Athens, N. Y., the same year. His health having failed, he resigned his charge at the end of 2A years. He accepted tho position of chaplain of the American Seamen's Friend Society at Can- ton, with a conditional appointment as mission ary of the American Board at the end of a year, and sailed with by Mr. Bridgman, October 14th, lH2y. for China. " Ueaching Canton, February 2r)th, iriliO, they were cordially welcomed i)y the residents, especially by Dr. Morrison. In Decem- ber, 1H;U, Mr. Abeel entered the service of tho American Board, and sailed on tho 27th for Batavia, partly for his health, but ehielly to visit the churches planted by the Dutcii, 2 centuries before, in the islands of Southeastern Asia. He first went to Java, stopping for a while at Batavia with Mr. Medhurst, engaging with him in mission work and the study of tho Chinese language. On June 30th he reached Siam, and in January, 1832, Singapore and Malacca. During these visits he was constant- ly engaged in missionary labors, distributing books, conversing with the sailors and Chinese residents. In May, 1832, he made a second visit to Siani, remaining between 5 and 6 months. His health having entirely failed, he was invited by the Prudential Committee, in 1833, to visit the United States and labor as an agent among the Reformed Dutch churches. Arriving in London, October 31st, .^ith health improved, he visited Paris, where 1:( ireached to Protestant residents, then journeye through different parts of tho continent, cv^ rywhere diflPusing missionary information, and urging the claims of the heathen. Heturning to Lon- don, July 25th, 1834, he told of tho degradation of the women of tho East, and presented an ai)peal to the Christian women of Great Britain, which resulted in the formation of the So- ciet.v for Promoting Female Education in the East. October 17th, 1838, he returned to Can- ton, but tho " opium war " preventing his use- kulnoss there, ho visited Malacca, Borneo, and other jdacos. In 1841 he visited liis brethren of tho Keformed Dutch Church at Borneo, and Macao. Tho next year he visited Amoy, one of the r> free ports in China, and in 1844 founded tho Anuiy Mission. The same year lie was joined by Messrs. Doty and Pohlman. Early in 1845 the progress of his disease had become such as compelled him to relinquish the missionary work and return home. He reached New York, April 3d. 1845, and died at Albany, N. Y., September 4th, 1840, aged 42. Ho published A Joiininl of a liisiilence in I'ltina ; A Missionciri/ Coiivenlion in Jerusalem f The Cldims (]f China for the dosjiel. Abcib, a city of Syria, 25 miles south of Beirout, near Deircl-Kamr, a principal place of the Druses. A mission station established by the A. B. C. F. M., but in 1870 transferred to American Presbyterian Board. Tho Theo- logical Seminary which was founded there in 18(>',t was transferred to Beirout in 1874. At ]iresent occupied by 2 missionary familie* and a female missionary. ABENAQUI ABYSSINIA Abenaqui, a dialect of the Mic Mac lan- guage of tlie North American Indians, It was flrst reduced to writing l>y niistiionaries of the American Board. Kev. 1>. P. OsunkhirLine, a native of the Abenaijni tribe in employ of the lioard, near St. Francis, in Lower Canada, translated the Gospel of Mark from English into his vernacular, and an edition was printed at Montreal. At the station of this preacher there were in 1847, 5o .Vbennciuis reclaimed from their savage state and united in church fellowship. AbcoklltH, the capital of the Egba tribe, Yornba, West Africa, stands on the western shore of the Ogan Kivcr, about MO miles east of Lagos. It was founded in 1H30 by fugitives from Yoruba, but became soon a llourishing seat of comuiorco with Sierra Leone, and was, in 1842, visited by Christi n missionaries— Free- man, of the Wesleyan, ,iud Townsend, of the Church Missionary Society. A follower of the latter founded the first congregation there. But in 18()7 a (juarrel between Abeokuta and Lago.s, instigated by the English dealers in whiskey, brought dnwn a heavy blow upon the Christian mission. The churches in Abeokuta were sacked and nearly destroyed, all white men were expelled, and 4(i() Christian Egbas left for Ebute Meta. Still the congregation held on under the guidance of the able negro preacher, Johnson. At present the city has about l"i(),UOO inhabitants, of whom about ;!,0U() are Chris- tians. The C. M. S. collected in 1885 over $2,000, but it has to tight very hard against j)olygamy, whiskey-drinking, etc. The Wes- leyans have 3 congregations in .Abeokuta, comprising about 300 souls. The Southern Baptists renewed in 1870 the mission which they began in 184'J. Abelifl, a city of 4,000 inhabitants, in the territory of Okwawa, West Africa, which, though belonging to the domain of the Ashantee language, is independent both of the English in the Gold Coast and of Ashantee. It has 4,000 inhabitants. Mission station of the Basle Missionary Society ; 2 missionaries, 1 mission- ary's wife, (t native heli)ers, a native church and boys' school. AI>kllUHiaii§, a warlike tribe, inhabiting the country between the Black Hea and the Caucasus. Under the Boman Emperor Jus- tinian they became Cliristians, but subsequent- ly adopted Mohammedanism, to which religion tliey still nominall.v belou;!;, though their re- ligion in fact consists of a barbarous mixture of Christian, Moslem, and heathen notions and usages. A large number of Abkhasia is havj lately emigrated from Kussia to Turkey. Xo I'lission work has been attempted among them. Abok<>bi^ a city on the Gold Coast, West Africa, 15 miles north of Christiansborg. A station of the Basle Missionary Society, with 2 missionaries and their wives, 1 single lady ; a congregation numbering ;m!3 members, a girls' school, and several branch establishments. Aboiiio, the eapitol of Dahomey, is famous for its royal palace, whose jirincipal ornnmonts consist of thousands of human skulls. It is not a mission station, but has been reached by the Wesleyan Missionary Society, Aburi, a city of n,500 inhabitants, on the Gold Coast, West Africa, 3U miles north of Chris- tiansborg, bnt in the domain of the Otshi, or Ashantee language, A Btation of the Basle Mis- sionary Society, with 2 missionaries and their wives ; 1 single lady, and 17 notive helpers. The congregation numbers 884. There is a girls' school, and since 1885 a medical estab- lishment. AbySNilliu (from Arabic " Halmsh " — " mixed " population. Inhabitants call them- selves Itiopavians = Ethiopians). The region now included under the common name Abys- sinia has been called most appropriately the "Switzerland" of Africa. It consists, tor the most part, of a mountainous plateau averaging 9,000 feet above sea level, precipitous on the east, and falling away more gradually in other directions, everywhere being intersected by profound ravines and dominated by lofty snow- capped peaks. A desert, stretching from the Bed Sea to the base of the mountains, still further isolates this Alpine region. Abyssinia, made up of the various provinces of Tigiv, Lasta, Amhara, (rojam, Shoa, and adjoining lands, covers 244,000 sipiare miles (a little larger than France and somewhat smaller than Texas). The average climate on this lofty plateau is delightfully temi)erate, the dejiths of the ravines being thoroughly tropical, .vhilo the higher mountain shoulders are decidedly Arctic. The soil is fertile, and supports a great variety of vegetable and animal life. Kicli mines of great variety abound, and the country furnishes every necessity for a highly developed civiliza- ton. The people of Abyssinia, numbering from 0,000,000 to 7,000,000, are much sup' blood, may have come in as early as the Babylonian cajiiivity. The Abyssiuians are a tall, athletic, bold race, with keen intellects, polite in ordi- nary intercourse, yet with savage outbursts of brutality. As they are the only Christian na- tion in Africa, so they are the only savage Christian race in the world. All indications point us to the conclusion that the Ethiopians were once a mighty race of conquerors, a con- stant menace to ancient Egypt, and holding the gateway of commerce for all Central and Southern Africa. Since historic times inter- nal discord and powerful enemies without have weakened their power and hedged them in their mountainous retreats. For centuries the devotees of Islam have swarmed about the base of this isolated plateau, occasionally successful in penetrating the ilesolate ravines, but eventually being driven back to reform their ranks and prepare for another raid. The fntrnduction of Christianity.— Ahysfiinin has been called the first and only mission held of ABYSSINIA 3 ABYSSINIA the Coptic Church. It was converted to the Ch.istian faith early in the 4th century, in this Miwe : Meropius, a philosopher of Tyre, went on a, voyage for purposes of travel and observa- tion to " India"— 11 uinch-nbuaed title, sujjposed to designate in this case South Arabia. He took with him his two youthful nephews, Fru- Mientins and Edesius. On the return voyage the ship put in at a certain port on the western shore of the Red Hea fi ir supi)lies. Therenpon, the natives attacked the passengers and crew, and slew all of them except the two boys, who were spared on account of their tender age. These were carried inland as slaves, and pre- sented to King Kliadad at his capital, Axum (variously written). Their royal master soon discovered their sagacity and talents, and made Edesius cup-bearei at bis table, and Frumentius keejier of the royal records. On the death of the king the oducatian of tlie boy-prince was entrusted to the tw yo' iig strangers, who took advantage of their opp.irtnnity and brought him up in the Cliristian faith. After awhile the Konian iner^'hants, wlio Hocked in large num- bers to Axuin, suggrsted that some arrangement ougL. " made l'>r a Christian service at the heathei "apital. A prayer-house was accord- ingly bum, and Frumentius took the load in divine worship. Gradually the church grew. When the prince came of age he gratefiiUy yielded to the urgent request of liis Sirian tutors, and allowed them to go back to their native land. Instnstantinople, and holding up a half-burned Goipel, invoked retribution upon Ibn Nowas. Thereupon, the emperor s-^nt an embassy to the King of Ethiopia (at Axum) with the request that he would go over and punish the usurper who was seated on the throne of the Him- yarites. The king, whose name was Elasbaan, accepted the commission, and thoroughly ac- complished this "first crusade," i)lacing a Christian king upon the throne tributary tD him. We have the following lament in Ethiopic over the martyrs of Najran : "Ail hail the beauty ot the stars of Najran, gems of light which illuminate the world. May your beauty be reconciliation and j)ai'itication. Should my sin stand before God, the Judge, show Him the blood which you have shed in bearing your testimony to }Iim." With this heroic episode the Ethiopians and their church disappear from the annals of history for 1,0(10 years. T/ie Jesuit Episnde.- In ll'JO a.d., the Abys- sinian Christians were rediscovered by the naval officers of .John IT. of I'ortugal, who had sailed all the way around Southern .\fiica. The Chris- tian world thought that at last the famous " Prester John" was found away uji in the Abyssinian :^^ountaiIls. Tho King of I'ortugal sent I'etro Cavilham, the Jesuit, to i)ush the interests of I'orttigal in Africa. This interfer- ence was resented. The Abyssiniaus came to blows with the Portuguese soldiers, who worked under orders from tlie Jesuits, At one time these zealous churchmen were victorious, and 8,000 enemies lay dead iipon the battle-tield. As the young Abyssinian Prince Facilidas, whom tho Jesuits had half won over, walked through the heaps of slain, lie is reported to have come \:. luis conclusion : " A religion which causes so much bloodshed cannot be good. We had better, though victorious, re- turn to the faith of the conquered and remain faithful, as they were." When he became king ho expelled tho Jesuits, and all further attempts on their part to get a footing in the country failed. The attemjit, in 1(')'21, when the Jesuits installed a jiatriarch in Aliyssinia, was espe- cially disa-strous. Over a century later (1750- 17o4) a third attemjit was unsuccessful, I'rotesl'tnl Missions in Aliyssi}ii(t. — In 1830 Bishop Gobat ond Mr. Kugler were sent on a mission to Abyssinia by the Church Missionary Society. The work began with bright pros- pects. Bishop Gobat travelled extensively and learned the Amharic, the common language of the people, a dialect of the ancient Kthioiiic, which, though still used in church services, has become a dead language, even to many of the jiriests who go through the ceremonies. Bishop Gobat broke down in health, and had to leave the country. Mr. Kugler died. Later, Mr. Isenberg and Dr. Krapf took up the work. The Jesuit cloud again appeared on the horizon in the shajie of Sapeto, who was sent out by the Propaganda. His intrigues aroused tho old suspicions of foreign interference, and all for- eigners were expelled the country in 1838, Krapt and Isenberg went to Shoa, and were received in a kindly manner by the king. There they compiled an .\mharic dictionarj-, as well as a geography and prayer-book. Before this the Bible had been translated at Cairo, in 1808, into Amharic by an Abyssinian monk, Abu Runii, assisted by the French Consul Asseline. In ABYSSINIA AOORA 1840 the M8H. was bought and revised by the British and Foreign Bible Society. Although the ProteHtant minHionaries had been expelled, the work went on. Two Abys- sinian boyg, Gabru and Marioha, who had been exiled with their father, were brought up in the Protestant faith at Bombay. Later, the young men returned to their native land. Oabru soon died, but Marioha, in 1864, became chief minister of Prince Kasai of Tigr6, and for '20 years kept Abyssinia peaceful. Through him Admiral Hewitt made a treaty with King John, and later Maricha went to England on an embassy. The Protestant missionaries re- mained on the borders of Abyssinia, continually kept in check by Jesuit and French intrigues. In 1859 King Theodore turned his back upon the Jesuits, and they were again expelled from the kingdom. Bishop Gobat corresponded with the king, and received permission to send a number of lay missionaries to Abyssinia, whose object should be to teach the Abyssinians tho arts of civilization. Flad, Bender, Mayer, Kienzler, Saal-Muller, Shorth and his son, and Waldmoier were the naoiea of the men sent. The Abyssinians said, ' '■ You Europeans are a windcrtul people, and God has revealed to you t erything except a medicine against death, for yoo die just as we do." In IHOO Dr. Stern was sent out to carry on a mission among the Jews in Abyssinia by the London Society for Pro- miting Christianity among tho Jews. A little liitsr Mr. Staiger was sent for similar work by the Scotch Society. In 1802 Captain Cameron went to Abyssinia as an English Consul, and a little later carried letters from King Theodore to Queen Victoria and Louis Napoleon. Through some unaccountable mistake, Came- ron returned to Abyssinia without an answer from the Queen. Theodore grew suspicious, A treacherous French secretary to Cameron trans- lated portions of a book by Dr. Stern on his travels in Abyssinia, giving a sinister turn to the translation, Tlio king was furious, but at the intercession of W'nldineier did not carry out immediately an intent to hang Stern and Rosen- thal ; instead, however, he imprisoned most of the missionaries, as well us the English Consul, Captain Cameron. They were taken to Mag- dala, the capital. Tho English Government fi^nt out a special envoy, Mr. llassam, to inves- tigate and bring back Captain Cameron and other British subjects. The negotiations failed, and, as is well known, war ensued, in which the English, in 18(!H, niarched from the sea caast up to Magdalii, completely subdued tho country, and brought back safely the prisoners and all the foreigners in the kingdom. King Theodore killed himself in chagrin. From that date until recently (1800) Abyssinia has been closed to missionary effort. Since tho recent war with Italy about Massowab, and the set back from Mahdi raids from tho west, a great changj seems to have come over this interesting land. Menelek II., King of Shoa, on the death of King John II. became the supreme ruler, aul made a treaty on May 8tb, 1881) (confirmed in October), with Italy, which places the coun- try practically under the Italian Protectorate. The ancient land is once more open to mission enterprises. It holds a strategic position in the African question. Europeans thrive on its lofty table-lands. It is the natural portal to Central Africa. Since the time of Frumentius the Abyssini- ans have remained closely connected with the Coptic Church, and share its monophy- sitic tendencies. The " Abuna" from the first has been consecrated by the Coptic patriarch. The ceremonial is said to be of great interest. The patriarch breathes the Holy Spirit into the month of the candidate for the position. On one occasion, it is reported, when war ruado communication between the two countries im- possible, the patriarch breathed into a leathern bag, which was safely transported to Abyssinia, and the symbolic ce"3mony was performed there by substituting the bag for the patriarch. The Abyssinian Church, ruled over by the Abuna, has departed at great lengths from the simplicity of the Gospel. There is a strange mixture of Christianity and Judaism in their customs. An ark is found in the centre of every Abyssinian church, and is accounted the holy thing. Circumcision is universally prac- ticed. The worship is extremely perfunctory, the oSSciating priest rarely understanding the force of the words he is using. There are 102 fast days in the year. Tho new year com- mences September lOth. On September 2r)th comes the greatest feast day, the anniversary of the supposed finding of the true cross by tho Empress Helena, on which occasion innumera- ble bonfires are lighted, as in Syria, Asia Minor, and Ilussia. The ethical standard is very low, and heinous crimes are committed without compunction of conscience. Feudalism is the basis of the political institu- tions of the country. The king is a despot, held in check by custom and certain ancient laws. There are 24 great feudal lords who are responsible to the king for local taxes, as aro also the provincial governors and village chiefs. The clergy are the only educated people, and hold the power in their hands. Con- servative influences prevail on every side. Tho Italian Protectorate has a flattering outlook. The Mahdi forces are in danger of being out- flanked, nnd trade will return to its ancient channels. In the new Africa of the 20th cen- tury Abyssinia is to play a most imjjortant part. That it should be brought to a living faith in tho Gospel is a most pressing duty that rests upon the Christian Church, Area, a station of the C. M, S,, in West Central Palestine, not far from NazHroth. The work hero is very recent, nnd is as yet hardly organized. It is conducted by 2 lady mission- aries, 1 ordained native pastor, and 2 native teachers. It has 1 preaching ])laco, 2 schools, and U4 scholars. Accra, or Akra, a city on the Gold Coast, West .Africa. Station of the Wesli>yan Jlis- sionary Society and tho C. M, S. ; mission- aries and assistants, 03 native helpers, 3 chapels, 71"> church-members, 8 schools, 330 scholars. The congregation is 8elf-supi)orting, but con- nected with the mission at Cajio Coast. Accra, or CJa, a language belonging to the negro group of .Vfri^an languages, is spoken in the eastern part of tho Gold Coast. In 1843 the gospels of Matthew and John, as trnnslatod by the llov. A. Hanson, a native of Accra, were printed at Loudon, in Itoiuan letters, by the British and Foreign Bible Society. Since 1805 the entire Bible is in circulation, the transla- tion having been made by the late missionary, J. X. Ziiiiinernmnu (died 1870), of the Basle Mission, and revised since by the liev. G. AOORA ADELAISB Christftller. Up to March 3lHt. 18H9, this ver- Hion, as a whole or in parts, has boen circulatoil in '11, soy portions. Adll, a city of 7.000 inhabitants on the (inld Coast, 'West Africa, at tbo mouth of the AVolta. A congre^'ation was formed there in IHCl, under the iJaslo Missionary Society, and numbered l(i(! members, when, in l«h;!, M'2 re- tiriid on account of dissension concnrning church polity. There are now at work in Ada 1) mis- sionaries, 2 missionaries' wives, and ID native helpers. Aiiilbtizar, a city of Asia Minor, about (10 miles east of the (iulf of Nicomediu, an out- station of the A. J>. ('. F. M. Mission work re- sulted early in the establishuKint of a strong cliurch, which became self-suiipovtiuf,' and a centre of great influence among th(( villages of that section. Kinco the removal of the girls' boarding-school from IJardezag, largely due to the fact that the native church iindirtool; a large sliaru in the expense of maintaining it, it has grown rapidly. Adll(*lli, a station of the Viiion ('liurch of Christ in Japan ; 5n <'hurcli-members ; contri- butions, 9,772 yen. Atllllin, a city on the southern const of Asia Minor. I'ojmlation chiel.y (ireck. Not occupied as a nu.ssiou station, but visited by colporteurs of tlie 13. and F. B. Societ}'. A«IuiiinIi<>«»|», a city in Orange Free 8tate, East Africa, founded by the son of a slave who had become rich. A mission station of the Jierlin Mission Society ; GHH church-mendjers, 1 missionary, 2 single ladies, H native helpers. A«laiia, a city of ^(1,000 inhabitants, in Southern Asia Minor (Cilicia), 25 miles north- oast of Tarsus. It commands the ( 'ilician i)asses of the T'aiirus Mountains, and is one of the most enterprising cities of 'J'urkey. The popu- lation is chielly Turkish, Armenian, and Nu- sairyeh, but there are many Creeks, and it is a gathering place for merchants and traders of every kind. The people are especially noted for their energy and force of character. It is occupied as a mission station of the Central Turkey Mission of the A. IJ. C. V. M ; 2 mis- aionary families, 2 single ladies, a largo and important girls' school. The congregation numbers al)out 1,0(10, and occupies a fine church building. The mission of the Eoformed Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., to the Nu- Rairyeh holds it as an out-station of Tarsus. Bible work in charge of a Superintendent of the Levant Agency, A. B. S. AddinslOII, New Zealand. Mission sta- tion of the United Methodist Free Church ; 1 missionary, 8 native helpers, 121 church-mem- bers. A0 n.iles north from Algoa Bay. Climate mild, dry, and healthy -2.5 to 100 F. Population, l,r)(lll, of Dutch' British, (ierman, Hottentot, and Kaflir descent. Be- ligion, tho deuondnations common in Britain and America— native fetich worship. Lan- guage, English, Dutch, Kaffir. Social condition of natives very bad, ovsing to their poverty and 'ieirro- tray tin ir origin as duo to th« littli' kingdom which wns then thu most andiitions stato in Kiiropo. Hut tliii liouthirnmost of tlio diirf livtTK, namcMl iiflfr tlui lloiisn of Oiani^c, re- minds us that tlui hutch were tlie euhuiists of w Imt is now known as South Afriiwi, which they occupied in the middhiof the 17th ciiutury. (hir knowh'd^'t) of tlie interior is much more recent, notwithstanding^ Home straui^e aliticiiia lions of tlie truth in oMer writirs. In tlie sec^ond century, ah., the (ireik m^o^raplirr I'tohimy ilescrihes tins river Nih> as issuiiij^ from 2 1,'reat hikes at the foot of the Moun- tains of the >[oon. In the I'Jtli century llie Aral) (;eojirai)her Almlfeihi asserted, on the au- tliority of a traveller named Urn Saul, that the Nile llowed out of a lake having' the ciinr- mous dimensions ol IM from north to scuitli. A|,'ain. in the lllth century, the Italian I'i^a- fetta, m a work on the Con^o, allirmed the t'xistelico of I'tolemy's U lakes, liiit ^ave thiiu, on the autlKuit; if l>uarte Lope/;, a ^ortu^;uese, a dilferunt relative position. Several later geog- raphers, such as Mercator, in lli^lO ; Vischer and De Witt, in IHIM, and .T(din O^jilhy, in 11)711. laiil down some of the priiieipid features of the African Continent. Jhit when the; ad- vance of science demanded accuracy in carto^'- raphy, aeceiitin},' noth'iij,' on hejirsay, tluse conjectural nuips were discarded. In 17NH thc> newly formeil .Vfrican .\sHociutioii put forth a statement, in which the following words iq)- jiear : ■' .-Vfricii stands alone in a geographical view I Penetrated hy no iiilaml seas ; nor overs|)r(iid with extensive lakes, like those of North Amer- ica ; nor having, in common with other conti- nents, rivers running from Ihe ci litre to the ex- tremities ; hut, on the ('oiitrary, its regions separated from each other liy the least practiv'a- hle of all houndaries, arid deserts of such for- miilahle extent as to threaten all those who traverse them with the most horrihlo of all deaths, that arising from thirst !" Accor'^lngly, English maps ot Africa, from that of John Arrowsmith, in 18(li;, down to 30 years ago, ventured only upon a vagiu' out- line of the supposed Mountains (.f the Moon, and made no attempt to imlicate the hdips. The first of nuxlern travellers was Jiruce, who travelled through Xuhia and -Vhyssinia in 17(W-7:i, and traced the course of the Hlne Nile. After that the Niger was for a half century the goal of successive explorers. Mungo I'ark reaohed its upper waters in 17'.i(i ; Di'nham, Clapperton, and Laiug followed; hut it was not till IMHO that Lander, sailing down the stream, discovered its outlet in the (iulf of Guinea, lu l8I(i Tnckey attempted to explore the Congo, but fell a victim to the climate. Central Africa proper still remained untouched. In ISl.j Sir lioderick Murchison, President of the IJoynl Geographical Society, said : " Our knowledge of Africa advances slowly, and is confined al- most exclusively to the coast ;" and in 1H51 an- other president, Captain Smyth, said : "All be- yond the coast of Central and Southern Africa is still a blank in our maps." 'I'ho wonderful discoveries of the last 30 or II) years hegin with the 'i missionaries of of theChur forward in what has been Well calltul the Ite- covery of Central .Vfrica. In the following year Livingstone made his lirst imiporlant journey, in the far south, and reiudied Ihe small lake Ngami. In lH.")t Ilaikie took thi! si cond Niger exi)i'ilition (with which was S. Crowlheri up tho lliniu'; branch mor< thin IjIII) miles from thu sea ; and about the same time Ilarth was prose, ciiling his exli iisive journi ysin theSoiulan and around Lake Tchad. Livingstone was then gaining his great reputation in the south, par- ticularly by his j juriiey across .\frica from Loanda to the mouth of /ambesi, by which tho course of that rivir was determined (IH.VI-M")). In ls.")7 liiirtoii anil S|ieke, sliii.ulatcd by the researches of Kiaiif and Itebmnnn, which had for several years poiiili .1 to a gri at inlatid stii simewhere in Ihe inl.rior, made their great journey from the I^ist Coast, and in the follow- ing year discovered Lake T'aiiganyika and tho Victoria N'yanza. In 1 i.")'.) Livingstone discov- ered Nyassa, and not knowing thai the niyslery of the inland sea, heard ^;tl.) In ls(;-.i Spike, on his second journey with (iriint, discoveied rgaiida, and the outllow of thu Nile from the Victoria Nyan/.a. and sent homo his famous message, " The Nile is sctllcd." Meanwhile several I'.gyiitian olVicers and Pether- ick had ascended the White Nile nearly to tho Albert Nyanza, which, however, was first seen by Ilaker in iHiVl. In I'liHi Livingstone, aban- doning his southern fields, began his later travels in tho lake regions, around Tanganyikii, and on what are now known to be tho head- Huarteis of tho Congo. Tho search for him, when his long absence caused anxiety, led to Stanley's lirst journey (1 '71), and to that of Cameron. 'I'lie latter wiis the first to cross .Vfrica from east to west (ls7U7."i) ; but Lis too southern route missed tho course of the Congo, which was determined by Stanley on his second journey in bS7()-77. Tliis was the journey in the CDUrse of wliieh Stanley explored the Vic- toria Nyan/a and visited I'ganda. Meanwhile, tho remarkable explorations of Kehweinfurth (iHiill 71) and Nachtigal (l.S()l)-7-l), in the Sou- dan, particularly those of the former in the ter- ritories west of tho I'})per AVhito Nile, revealed to the world countries and peoples utterly un- known before, notably the Monbuttu and Nyam Xyam districts and races. Among tho most important of more recent journeys have been that of tho Portuguese, Serpa Pinto, across South Central Africa from west to east (1H7H) ; that of the Germans, AViss- mann and Pogge, across the continent in tho same direction, over much of Cameron's and Stanley's ground (lMHl-82) ; thatot the Italians, Mnnteucci and ?Iassari, across North Central Africa from tho Ked Sea to tho Niger (1880-Hl) ; that of the Russian, Junker, in continuatiou of AFRICA AFRICA fichwoinfiirth'H oxplnrationo. ^n tho very lipnrt of Afrioii (1Hk;1-H()1, hikI IIiohk of 'riioiiiHon, of thn Uoyiil (ioii^rikiihiciil Siioixty, in KiiHt Africiv (iKHO-H-t). A« rt'Cfiitly itH IHHl 'I'lioinHnii wan Iho firHl Kii^liHlinmii to follow tip Kriii)f'H routi'H itnil reach thn Victoria Nyan/ik dirt'i't frnm tho nnanmt coast, through thu MaNui contu try, H(1(1iii){ thcroliy to tho map of Africa nn uii- tircly now rci^iori of niouutainM nnil lakcH. A lioNtof travcllirM, trailers, ami missiotiaricH havo ft'Mcil lar^i'ly to < iir knowli'il^o of tho Lako country ami tho /anilnsi nml Coni^o liaHiiis. 'I'ho Coii^o «'spi'cially, vithin 8 years of tho tliscovcry of its course, Las liecomo n compara- tivi'ly familiar Htream. Tho vast territoriis (Iniineil by it liuve, hy r.urci]ioan treaty, heeii f.>rnieil (ho far »:i conimerco is concorneil) into ftCon^^o I'rco Slato (sob articlo Conno I'reu .Statu) ; ami tho researches of Mr. StaiHey's fol. lowers, and of tho Itaptist missionaries in their Bteauier, tho '' I'l'ace," aro rapiilly mapping out tho course of its numerous trihutaries. Tho only rcMuainiu}^ lilnnks on thn nui]) of Africa, of any lar^o extent, uro ; (1) tho (lalla Country, stretchin^{ from Thomson's northern, most point to Iho houtliern liorilerof Aliyssinia, tho country tlraineil northward hy tho Hohut (ii tributary of tho Nile), ami eastward by thn Juba ; an;/r().— Tho familiar Negro race, though not covering almost tho wholo j'ontinent, as was formerly HUppiised, oecupies tho greater part of AVestern and Noiilierii Central Africa, from thn Atlantic to tho Nile. AVhether thn traditional view vhieh culls tho Negroes tho " sons of Ham" bo cornet or not, thero can bo no doubt that in jihysieal characteristics they urn widely different from tho races now called llamito; and this ditlereneo is jihiiiily visible on tho most ancient Egyptian monuments. Tho Negro linguistic area com]>rises no less than lO.j dis- tinct languages and -I'.l dialects, including all the languages of West Africa north of 5 N. lat., onl.v excepting Eulah, and including also parts of central Soudan. ( ilin Mi'iliti'rrurii'iin. Till' luriii |iiiKikii ciiinpriNi'H nil licutlipli tlmt do imt lirliiiii^ til oiii' (if till' ^rriit liiiiik rrlit^ioii''. Ol' lllll {llt^'UIIM oil tllK I'tltirr ^llllll', Hl\ Nt'Vl'lltllS urn ill At'rii'ii, xihicli is tliiri'fnri' <'iii|>liiitinilly tliii |iii^iiii riilililu-iit. S|ii'iiUiii^' rnii'^'lilv , tUo ri'li'^iiMH lii'lii'fs lit' liolli till' ^;ri lit Afticuii riioi-M- Hu' Nl'^ril lllul till" Hl'llllll — llllHt 111' hll ^■lllH^jtll'll. 'I'lii' lliiiiiitic mill Siiiiitir |>i'n|ili'N iiri' in tin' iiiiiiii .Miiliiiiiiiiii'ilitii ; mill iilsii smiii' of tlii>^> ^riiii|iril uiiili'r tliii iimiii' Nuli''i(/t ruii'iiiisiii is wry ililliniit froiu tin' ]inl\tlii'isiii iif mii'ii'iit (iri'i'cii iiiul Umiii', or nf Iiiiliii. Sii fur us It lii'tii't' ill II diviiii' ln'inutx- ists ut itU mill mii>iii({ tliu lii't^ru initiiuis (if Wi'st Afririi. lit li'UNt, it ilms ('\iht it is ii lulii f ill (IIIK sllpl-l'lllr ( 1(1(1. J'lllt tllis (iii.l iM tint hll[i' jiiisi'il til liiisv liiiiisi'ir with tliu iilTiiirs nf iiiiii ; mill iiccordiiiKl.v lin is not lialuliiiilly \i(ir- Nlii;i|)(iil. Till) hll I'uUcil ^{imIs tlmt iiri' wur- h1iI|i|ii'<1, if wiirsliip it cuii liu iiTiiii'il, iitL- tutlicr spirits III (Umikuis Alricmis iiii(liiiilit( dly lic- licii' ill u viist Hpiritii il iii^i iK'v. " 'I lirv ri-^'urd tliciiisi'lvi's us liviii)4 ill till) midst of iiii uivisililc wiirlil iif spiritiml lifiiii^'s, liy wliom tlii'\ urn in diiuncr of liciiij^ I'liiislmitly intliiciici d li r evil rallicr lliun (^ikkI." Willi tlijs is t'diuliiin d ii iinivirsul fuilli in witi'licruft in vuricms fnriiis. This fuith is iiiiulc hy tlui iiriisls mid iiirdiciiic- nun nil insiiiiiiii'iil uf ti'rrildc npprissiun ; . '.d it is tliMs thii sDHici' d' \viil(spr( ml misery. All Hii'kiicss is rc^^Mrdi'd us pdssissinn hy soiiiu ciil Hpirit, mill the liltsiiH'SS (if the IiicilirilK' iiiiin is nut sci mui'li t(i cure the ilisi' isc us to oorci"!- fliii spirit, or clsii to discover the (guilty person who, ll(■iIl^^ sierelly uddictid In wilchcnift. 1ms lii'ivilehed the sutli rer. Till' siisp'i't" il piirtv is siiliji'i'ted to triul liy ordeul of tire und wuter, and to nvoiil this Mill Noiiu'tinieH uonfuKs to criiiics li(! 1ms never oomiiiitti'd. riiitli in u spirit-world also involves lulief in a life lifter dcuth. Hence tlio liuiimn wicritu'es ut the liiiriul of Uin^s mid chiefs, so coiiiniou in Aslmntcu und l>iilio!iii y, on the Ni^^er. and in Houio (N'litnil .\friciin countries. The deceuscd inHHt lie hoiiorulily iittended to the world of Hjiirits ; wives und hIiivis, therefore, must ue- I'oiiipuny him, mid tlm Hucritice Kometiiiies takes the horrilih) form of intermeiit ulive. (in the other hiind, miiny trilus have no coneeption of a future existnnc(\ " When u nmn was hor i, he was liorn," Kiiid one chief, " and when he died, liu WI18 (l(;ud, and thuru was uu t-ud of the imluver. " Idiilutry, in tlio hciiso of the ninkini„' und wor- f-''ippin^' of inmj^es, is not so widely dilfiisod as might bo supjiosed. 'J'horo is nothing in Africa like tho elahorato imago-worship of India. Hideous idols aro coiumoii niiiong the We>,t .Vfricaii Negroes ; hut in Central .\fricu, no far as is known, noiio are to he found i!ut «hat is called fetich worship i.s nniviTsal. (.See article retiehisiu.) A fetich is fl chuim ; und uliiiost liny oliject--u tree, a stick, a stone, a shell, u pliint, tho liml) of an uuinial, a vessel filled witliHomo strunge coiiipnund- in fact, anything whatever — may have power imparted lo it l>y certftiu medicine men — power to preserve tho owner orheurcr from danger, or jiower to injure liis enemies. I'articulur fetiches fulfil pnrticnlnr purposes. " One guards against sickness, an- other against drought, a third against the dis- asters of wur. One is used to draw down rain, another to Becuro yood crops, ind a third tills the Nell mill rivers with tlshis, und lirin^s then: to the tlslMrnien'H net." M'lliiimiiiiiliiii'isiii iMie article Islanii, which in the "th century was curried hy lire und swotil over North .\frica, has. in the last two celitiitie., udvaiiood its liorders consideriihly, und now prevails widely in Imlh the Western niid I'.ast- ern ^'oiiiliiu, in We..,i .Vfricii proper, und iiliih); tho east const. Inliim liaH lieeli culled one (i( tho niissioniiry religions of tho world, hut it iippi Ills neither to mind nor to heart, und its progress in .\frica is due almoht iiitiri ly to forcu or friiiid. It is a luoot ipnstloii win tin r itit Intension lias liceii fir good or for evil. Tliero call ho no doiiht tlmt ill soliie ri spi cIh it is UU improvement on the ih grudatioii of pugiiniKni, and that its introduction has hei n uccumpunii d liv u certain udvaiice in outwurd civili/.iitn n— for instance, in tho mutter of clothing, (in tho other hiilid, its good ilillin lice lias liei II gri iitly exuggcraltd, Mr. 'I'homson, the triiveller, criMJits It with the law und order that prevail iu the liirgo towns of the ( 'elitriil SoUilali ; hut eipial law und order ]irevml in much larger toivns in the roruha couiitr.v, where fiill.v or- gaiii/.ed communilies exist that are idniost entire- ly pagan. .\ii(l idling villi this pxnggerntion of the ad- vmitages (if Islam there is u careful ignoring or minimi/iiig of lis evils. The Negro triln s that huve heen VMili to allegiance to the I'ldiilK t ot Mecca are Moslem in little more than name. Mol'.immedaiiisiii has cngralted itself ujioii tho ancient ]iagaiii^iii of the country, and has mere- ly liiodlliid the form of the feliehism vhieh is the real religion (if so it may ho culled) of the liiii|ile. (harms and amulets are their trust still, only the charms or feliches, instnid of he- iug slicks and stones, are Arahic te.its from the IiCoraii (which they cannot nndi seiiii up iu strips of red Katlnr, mid tied round the neck to preserve tho wearer from (lunger. Minwood lieade, in o,i(; of Ids hooks on Africa, wrote, " .Mohammed, a servunl of (lod, redeemed the K.istern woild. ills followels iiro redeeming Africu." In Jioint of fact, their iirincipal work is to enslave it. "•'\n' whole of the vast inluiid slave-trade, which IJaker and ( iordon strove so liard to siippress, is in their hands. Trohably (he two greatest sociiil evils of .\frica are jmlyg- amy ami shivery. Molmmmedmiism saiictiona the former and fosters the latter. M. Mage, tbo French traveller in Seiiegamhia, siivs, " Islam is ut the liottoni of tho Weight of ills under which .\friea is suffering." Schweinfurth si ys, " The haniier of Islam is the liunner of hlooil." Livingstone said, "' Heiitlu u .Vfricmi^. are Uiucli superior to tho Midiaiumedans, who are the most worthless ono can liave." Tho Moslem mullams of West Africu. who go about writing the infalliblo charms above referred to, mid giv- ing them to those who ore willing to embrace Islam, anil who aro described by an Kiigli.sh writer of repute as " simple and single minded missionaries, the ideal of whiit a Christian mis- sionary should lie,"aro stigmati/ed by Schwein- furth, who lias seen hundreds of them, as " in- carnations of human depravity," In most cases they do not even know the meaning of the few Arabic words they write. \l Lagos and other large idaces there are schools for teaching them to write !ht te^ts, but this is done merely as a mechaniial process. Sir.I. l'o|ie Hennessy, when Governor of Sierra Leone, read a jiajier before the Society o£ Arts, iu which he de AFRICA 10 AFRICA scribed ii " ^[ohniiiiiiodikn I'liivorsity" at Tiiu- 1>o. Uii immiry this " university" proved to 1)1' tlu! veriuidii nt it mud built himse, in whicli n sin^lo teiioht'r tuu^jht a number of boys to re- cite i)ortion8 of tlio Kuniii in Arabic liy rote. It is undeuiitble that so ciilled Christiiin nn- lions have done uliiiost as niudi liarni in Africa as tlic professors of Islam ; but when the inrtu- en.;o of the two ri'li},'ions is compared, it must be romombored that tho wickedness of those who must statistically bo counted as Christians lias been in the teeth of tho reljj^'inn they have dist^raced ; whereas, in ki> fui as an enlit^htened Mohammedan (such as the present .Vidian of Zanzibar) governs well, and i)nts down slavery, it is through his imitating Christian States ainl ignoring tho Koran. (XoTK. — The statements for tlio followinc; are lai'i^ely based upon Iteclus's wiuk on Africa ) Takiiif^ now tho continent in detail, and cnm- nieucin^ with J'lt^ypt, we shall jiass alon^; tho eastern, southern, and western coasts to tho shoren of the Mediterranean. 1. /'.';////)/. l-f,'ypt proper extends from the Mediterranean on the north to Wady Haifa (Ui tho 'id C itaract on the south, and from tho Suez Canal and the ]!eo chilly during the time of tho winter rains. Tho general effect of the climate is not unhealthful, and, except an oi)htlialmia prevails to a considemble degree, foreign residents en,ioy oven during the sum- mer a good degree of lu'alth and comfort. Through tho ports ot Alexamlria and Suck Egypt receives all the fruits of tho Jiovant, iu addition to the oranges aiul dates of her owa gardens. Missionary ■work is carried on by tho United rrcsbyterian Church of tho United Slates ot America and the Church Missionary Society of England. tit tiiese two iniRsions the former is much th» more important. The latter has coutined itself to work for Mohauimedans, chiefly in connec- tion with the schools established for Moslem children by Miss Whately, who died in ISHO, leaving the schools under the general charge of the society. Missionary work among the Copta t I t t s t I' tl II J{ SI tl] ]ii K ill lin NO till fir iiu \ii am itl AFRICA 11 AFRICA liiiM iiovcr iiiii with huc)i Mltor jxTHiuMition us in snino otlu'f liiiids. Tlio iicrHoiiiil riliitioiiH lietwceii thii niii^Hidiiitrii'S iiiid tin- |h'0|)Ih hiivit buon vory pluiismit, lunl tlu) i^ovctmiiciit liiis lonkcd iiiiiiii tliti iidnciitloiml work of tlio Idniu'i' witli fiivor, I'Vi'f iiiukiiit^ a grunt of a v.ilimblo jiiico of i>rii]ii'ity iu Ciiuo in,: tluMi' sclinnls. (See I'lUtfil I'lcsliytiiiiun (luiri'li MisHintis. ) The Wnslbyuii .Mi^llmdistH i lOiigliiiid) und tliu C'oldiiiul and ('i)ntini'iitid ( Kiij^lund) liave niiK sioiis, tlio foriiKtr in tlii^ urniy oidy. .\iiliiti, — 'I'liu sccticin of L'liiMitiy soutli dl Kxypt, cxtenilinn fi'nni Wudy llullu tci liorlnr on tlu' Nile, und Suukin. cm llii' lied Sea. Tliu j^reattr ]iuit ol' tlio t'duntiy, especially to the weHt, is dt.'.sert, tlic^ Nile valley, in many jilaces vciy narrow, I'lirnisliini^ tliti only relief. To till) east, lir)wevy this route to the Mediterranean.) The nativo trilios are not numerous or j)o\ver- ful, the most influential eleiueiit, and that which constitutes the suiiport of the Malians, and not until the famous Zebehr I'asha cimpiered it for ]'".t,'ypt was much information t,'ained about it. Since the rise of the .\lahdi it is attain closed. Its eastern pr mines that were the chief ob,iect of desire ou the Jiait of the Eg.vptian (lovernment. The clinuite and general features arc much the siimo as tliose of Kcuvlofan, there l)eing hi^'h rau^'es of moun- tains nnd extensive uplands. 'I'lie ]>opnlation, variously estimated at from ] .."illd.tHill to -l.(MH),- {100, is composed chic-lly of the I'ur or For tribe of the Xuba-Fulah race, who pive their name to the country. All are Mussuliiuuis, but min- gle many practices of African origin with tho precepts of the Koran. The former connuercial relations of Darfur were chietly with Ej,'ypt by a caravan route direct through tho desert to Assiout, but now the caravans go both east and West, reaching Egypt through Kordofan and Khartoum, and Tripoli through Wadai and tho oasis of Fe/zan. Wmhii. —The eastern section of tho Lake Tchad district, occupied by the Wadai tribe, that for some time has held the predominance in that region. (For special description, see Lake Tchail.) It is mentioned here as the farthest section west where there is a di.->finctly Arab ele- ment, although tho native negro element still retains the pre-eminence. The inlluential tribes rest their claims to prominence on their early acceptance of Islam. This country is the chief sphere of the Senoussi movement, although the Sheikh himself has his headipiarters in Trip- oli. The greater i)art of the Moslems being converts, are the more earnest in their support of tho new faith, and they have nmde deter- mined efforts to overcome the Mahdi and ex- tend the Senoussi's intluenco to the Red Sea. Missionary influence through the whole of eastern Soudan has been almost entirely want- ing. Foreign travel has been contined to a few men, Xachtigal (18(!'.1-74) being the only one who succeeded in really penetrating Wadai, Uarfur, and Kordofan, and the account given by Mohaniineil el Tunsy (the " Tunisian") is Htill the beat that exists of that section. AbiiK.iiniii. — Abyssinia iirojier, including its southern district of Shoa. is a territory co\er- ing about in;, 000 scpiare miles, its eastern boun- endeiit tribes, must bo considered seiiarately. (See aiticlo Abyssinia.) The London Societv for Propagating Chris- tianity among the Jews and the Swedish Evan- gelical Society have stations in Abyssinia. Alar. — The section between .\b,\ssiiiia jtroper and the Ited Sea, and iiicliuling the coast from Massowiih to the Strait of liab el-Malideb, is occuiiied by the .\fiir or Danakil tribe, belonging to the central Ethioinan branch of the Hamitic group, although they claim to be .Vrabs by de- scent, and may indceil have .Vrab blood. Tlie,v have a tine [diysicpie, and have succeeded in ju'cserviug their independence, recognizing only their hereditary chiefs. Nominally Moslem, they have retained muidi of their fetich wor- ship, and observe many of the rites common to the kindred tribes. England and Italy, and still later, France, have estalilished trading sta- tions along the coast, but have not undertaken to extend inland, as the ccumtry is sterile, hard- ly furnishing food for the natives, who gain a large jiart of their subsistence from the caravans moving between .Vbyssinia and the lied Sea. The princi]ial caravan stations in the .Vtar coun- try are Heihet and Asali (Italian i and I'erim (English). ii'ill'iUoii}. — South of Abyssinia and the Alar country, from the Stiait of Itah-el-Mandeb to the Eipiatoi. extends the country of the (iallas, one of the largest nations in .Vfrica, numbering j)er- haps ;!, 500,011(1 in the distinctive (lalla States, but found on either hand in largo numbers, Thev are siiiil to number altogether more than (1,000,00(1. They are generally jdaced in the Ethiopic family of the Hamitic group, and are thus allied closel,v to tho Somalis to tho east of .\far, to the Degas of ri)per Nubia, and, more remotely, to the Lorbors of North Africa, and to the ancient Egvidians. Their dialect bears con- siderable resemblance to tho Semitic languages. Their homo is said to have been tho ecjuatorial region about Lake Nyasa, and some of them still make jiilgrimages to Mount Kenia, They are of medium heiglit, iinel,v proportioned, with an attractive and open countenance. In color they are a deep reddish brown, the women be- ing usually very light, and in youth very hand- some. Tho northern tribes are more intelligent than those of the south, but there is no educa. tion among them except as tho result of niis- sioiiarv teaching, and the only books are the Go.sjiels, translated by tho missionaries, and a few dictionaries and a grammar by Tusidiek. In general i)eaceful agriculturists, they are forced to defi'iid themselves against tho Abys- siniaiis in the north, the Soimdis (ui tho east, and the Arab slave-traders, who lind among them their most attractive prey. The English stations ou the coast at Tagurra l!ay, Zeila, and Bulha have done much to prevent this trade. Missionary efforts among tho (iallas date to the visit of Krapf to Shoa in \xi'l, when en- gaged in the Abyssinian Jlission with Hishop tiobiit. (See Abyssinia. 1 Later, work has been CBrried on by the Swedish Evangelical Soci- AFRICA 13 AFRICA ety. (See Swedish EviintJoliciil Society.) Tln! Keitli i'lilooner MiHHiou (iiiulor tln' euro of tliu Tree t'liurcli of Soolliiuil) iit Slu'ilvli Otliiimii, iifiir Aili'U, on tho const of Aialiiii. is cudcuvor- iuj^ to ilo II work luiinn^' tUe Hiilliis tlirounh tho rescued sliives, « lioiu they ^^llthl■r in tlieir schools uii.l educiito with the liojio tliiit th(\v «ill return iind work lUll.^n^^ their |)eoii!ciety's work is the most jirosjier- ons ; tlie Cniti'd Tree Metho lists iiiul the Aiis- t^iiriiis Union hnvo ciieh one stiition in Soiimli- liiiid. One of tho hiirdest, it is also one of tho most lUtriictive lields of iiiis^ioiiiiry hihor, Siiiivili l.'iiiil. — I'lio oiintry between Gnlla- liind iiiul tho Imliiin Ocenu is occiijiied hy the Smiivli tribes, iikm in rneo to the Afiirs. with whom they have n ^;reiit deiil of intercourse, inch piissinj.; into tho other's territory for jmstuniLte, iiccordin^^ to tho sciisiin. They are iiracticall,r in.lependent, an I have not attracteil the inter- est of Eur.i[i-.'ans, beiiij; treacherous and cm- htaiitl.v at war with themselves. TIm Sinrrvn i;f Ihe .\ilf nnd the lirfiit I.'ik'.-i. — The s.>utherii boundary of Kordofan and J)ar- fur marks practically the limit not only of their territory, but nt llieir climate, race, and ^eiieial j)liysical characteristics. The section south of Balir el Aral), althoui^li included iu the j;eneral term Soudan, is s > ditVerent as to Ije jiractically an entirely distinct c uuitry. Tho dry, intense heat of Jvordofan gives [ilaco to ii climate more moist and t,'entle, althouj^h scarcely less uii- healthy. Insteail of jilains, there are great junL;les with luxuriant vegetation ; oxen take tho place of horses and caiuels, and the Arab disappeais eiilirely before the Xegro. In tact, two continents could hardly be more niarkedl.v distinct than are these two sections of what is often called one country. In tho absence of any maiked geographical boundaries, we shall divide this section, ex- tending from Kordofau to tho upper end of Lake langanyika, intJ :i jiarts ; 1. The Xeriba country, Iving between tho IJahr el -Vrab and the west bank of the Nile. 2. T'lio Sobat and Val basins, on the east bank. 13. Tho great lakes. Note. — riiero seems to be some confusion in the different atlases a^ to the distinction be- tween tho llahr el Arab, tho liahr el llomr, and tlie Iiahr ol Crhazel. Tho tir.-^t is hero used to designate the most northern of tho western tributaries of the Nile, while the last is its largest conduent. 1. The Zeriba country extends from Kordo- fan, on tho north, to the Lake .\lliert Nyan/a, on the south, and from the White Nile (liahr el Jabel), on the east, to the somewhat indefinite boundary of the NyamNyam country on tho west, and includes a section that has been most jirominentlj' before the world for several years. It wa.H here that (Jeneral (iordnn hoped to es- tablish a government that should etfectually stop the slave-trade, and tint Kmin I'asha for so long a time held his own against hostile at- tacks from every side. (Sco Soudan.) The extent of country is about 1 ill, (1(10 square miles, and the population is estimated at !(»,- (H)ll.O(HI, but it has doubtless Kiitfered much from the depredations of the Arab slave-dealers, who make this their special tield of supply. The routes to the l{cd Sea can still bo traced by the bones of men lying bleaching in the sun'. They almost nil belong to the Negro race, al- though tho dillereut tribes are verv distinct from t ach oiher. Among the most prominent are the Shuli and Madi, iu whose territory is Wadelai, till lately Emiu I'asha's place of lesi- deiico ; the liari, among whom SirSamuel liaktr established his settlement, Ismailia ; tlu^lJenka, tho largest tube, and famous as tho best cooks iu .\fiica ; the Iiongos, bordering on tho Nyam- Nyam country, an 1 not tinlike their neighbors, generally very kindly, gentle, and industrious, skilled as smiths and artisans, producing with very simple tools articles not inferior to those made in Kiirope. These, with the kindred tribes mound them, were the chief l)ooly of the slave dealers, who gave tlnir name to the sec- lion from their Zeribas, or forts, which they es- tablished all over the country. Tho ravages luado among them may bo indicated by the statement of Schweinfurth that the IJongos nuiid)ered certainly ;i(l(l,(l(M), whereas at tho present time there are [scarcely l(H»,(Ml(t. ]!ut Hot only in their reduc(;d numbers is tho result of tho slave trade manifest. Tho tribes have become greatly mixed, and in tho pn>cess tho worst elements have como to the surface, some among them being described as the most repul- sive tribes in Africa. Missionaiy efforts in this section have been contiin'd to tho work of some Catholic mission- aries auiiuig the ISari and Hongo tribes, but without any apparent result. Mohammedanism prevails toward the north, but to tho south fetichism is still dominant. 2. Sobat and Val basins include a section of about Tti,iiil(l scjuare miles on the east bank of the Nile, witha jiipuliition of iierhai)S ;i,lii"l,(l(l(l. These are mostly negroes, though there are siuiie (ialla tribes among them. The most i)OW- crful aio the Shilluks, tho oidy race (Ui the Nile recognizing a king, who rules all tho tribes. Mohiiiuniedanism has had no influence niiou them, but they worship an aiu'estor whom they consiiler the creator of all things, invoke the spirits of the stream, but avoid those of tho dead, believing in metemp.sychosis. y. The great lakes, including, 1. Albert Ny- aiiz I ; 2. Victoria Nyanza ; 3. L'nyoro and L'ganda ; 1 Karagwc. The whole section of tho ,:;reat lakes, cover- ing about ITll.lMill s.juaro Hides, is a plateau about J:,()IHI feet above the oc»:an. There are no elevated highlands, but tho jdains are broken by hills and ridges which of'T no hindrance to exiiloration, and help to give tho country a diversit.v and beauty of scenery scarcely sur- passed iu tho World. .\dd to this the full sup- ply of water, the rich vegetation, and a climate of the mean iemiierature (7'J" Falir. throughout the year) of Nlacc), wns discovered by Captain Spcke in lH."i8. It has an altiliule of ahout 4, (Hid feet, heinj^ nearly '2,llii(i feet liiKhor than the Alhert Nyan/.n, and its VliO miles of coast scenery is of every descriidion and fitvie of lieauty. Tin re are level plains, hi^^h hills, hare cliffs, richly wooded kIojics, and all broken np by countless indentations and hid- den by numerous islands, many of them of grttat beauty and intercKt. Tlie Somerset Nile tiows out of it on tho north, and its tjroatest fttttuent is the Alexandra Nile, enleriiii; it on tho west. The sourcii and bnnth of this river, which seems to be the true beginning of the Nile, have not yet been fully explored. 3. Unyoro and I'ganda. The territory bound- ed by Albert Nyanza on the west, tho Somerset Nilo on the northeast, anil N ictoria Nyaiizi on the soutlieast, covers an area of about 7i>,(iiiO miles, and is one that has attracted a large amount of attention from tlie missionary v,orld. Tho gent^ral government of the whole section is in the hands of the Wahuioa, a race ajipar- entlyakinto the (bdhis of the nortlieast. They are of a different type from the Ji/iiitus, have flue features, and are without the pouting lii)s of the negro. Tliey are a race of sheidierds, and liave preserveil their (lurity o£ race, refus- ing to mix with the subject tribes. They Inive come into contact very little with foreigners, as they live mostly in the iungles aloof from the villages, and i^inseipiiaitly very little is known of tiiem, exce[)t that they furnish rulers to the country biitween the lakes. Tho northern section, or I'nynro, is a plateau on about tho same level as .Mliert Nyau/u cJ.dllU feet), with ft copious rainfall, but a less lux- nrinnt vegetation than is found to tlut south. Tile people, too, while of the same race as tho Wagiinda, are less numerous, less powertid, and have attracted nincli less interest. South of Unyoro lies an uninhabited country, a sort of b.irder land, through which caravans )i,iss only under guard ; and then comes the territory of Uganda, This is the most poi>ulous, power- ful, and most widely known of all the .States in East (Central Africa, and from its intimate con nection with tlie work of missions deserves a fuller notice The kingdom of Uganda (or rather of (bindn, U or 13u being merely a prolix indicating the country, as \Va or ]ia indicate the peojile, ainl Ki or TjU or Ku tho language) covers, with its deiiendeneies, about 7d,(MJ() sipiarc miles, and contains tlio richest utnl most fertile jiart of the section of the great lakes. Its high altitude, about 4. Olio feet above the level of tho sea, and the abundant yet int excessive rainfall give a ciolness to the climate wdiich renders it hos- J)itftble to vegetable products of the temperate zone, which have been introduced to some ex- tent by Europeans. Sweet potatoes, beans, to- miitoes. mai/e, rice, and various other vegetables are grown, and thecollee plant is somewhat ciilti- vateil. The jirincipal triiit is the banana, which grows luxuriantly in illllereiit varieties, and is used for llour and licjuor. The liuts ari^ built more carefully than in other sections, and are of the beehive form, with a double roof. Ho that there is a constant eirinihition jmrifving the air of the hut. Other buildings have been intro- duced by the Arab trachrs and by the JJuo. jieans, who are chielly missionaries. 'J'lio jieople (AVaganda or J(agaiida) are of Itaiitu origin, and akin to the Zulus of the south. Various estimates have been made of their num- bers, about .'i.OOO.OOO being that gelit rally ae- I'eiited. One jn'culiarity is that there are far more women than men. I'olygamy ]>ievails, there being no limit to the number of wives. In war the Wagaiida kill ihe males and carry otf till' females. There is no hiw to forbid tho marriage of near relatives. The eldest son in- herits all his father's wives excipt his own mother. 'Ihe women are reall,v servants, and, with the slaves, do all the domestic labor, leav- ing the men free to keep their strength for feats of arms. The young man toils only as long as is necessar.v to provide the means tor the jmr- chase of wives, when ho imniedialelv drops into ft state of idleness, jiassing his time in gambling and drinking. The \Vaganda liavo little regard for liumnii life, though they wel- comi,' the stranger with kindness, and treat the shno with gentleness. They are well clad. Speke (iMS'Jl was the first European visitor to ]ienetratc their country. .Since that time real j)rogre.ss has been made in agriculture and in various species of liandicraft. especially in forg- ing iron. Svvahili, the must useful idiom in East- ern -Vfrica -the idiom of the coast — is sjn ken lluentl,v in the capital iiiiil market towns of Uganda. Some of the chiefs sjieak and write Arabic. The (iaiida alldiabet is coiiiimsed of Latin letters, x and ij, however, being reidaced by other eharaiters. .\11 the trade of any im- liortance is in the hands of Arabs and Zanzibar half-castes. Tlie exports are ivory and slaves, in exchange fnr which the,v receive guns, ])ow- der and shot, w oven goods, glassware, and some other European articles. Monev is rarely em- ployed, the recognized eurrenc,v being the doti, or" eight cubits" of calico. Itoutes of trade are oi)ening U]), and facilities for exchange increas- ing. Arab dhows on t'.e Nyanza render the navigation of that lako less dangerous than formerly, and tho miry jiatlis of thi^ interior are giving place to good roads. Egyptian authority never reaidied I'ganda. Ol'iicers of the Khedive entered the country only under the title of am- bassadors. The king is absolute master of hind and Jieople, though in State atVairs his povv er is controlled bv three wakungu,or liereditar,v vas- sals Tho Kiitekiro, ft sort of " mayor of tb-' ]iidace," and (lovernor of I'di, is nominated by the king, and with the three wakungu takes his place with the sovereign in the jirivy coun- cil, and in the king's absence jiresidos over the luchiko, or governing body, which is comiiosed of all the grandees of tho country, vassals, and feudatories, and palace dignitaries. On the death of the king a successor is selected from among his children by the wakungu. Tho two most freipientcd jnuts of Uganda, on the shores of the lake, are Usavara, on Murchison Bay, and Mtebi, on tho gulf, limited south by the Sesse Archipelago, H K L M '■■.Kan,a ^, fv^HU |;iMil>.y CKXrilAL AFRICA SCALE OF MILH i-Mi-kiinKl ; W*T0MI1*\'>^ "^X M- — r ~"3'~;S>;'<«'ruilloV \ \' Y\,'LilUujril.'ii,i..kc.r,. COLOR ReFSRKNOE. >tfrnv^^'^''Nw^ >*■ / ,>' r. ^'■'•'■"^■''' [ii:icu»uu «.,(c. ■ '— nft*- — ■■■-■■■■ .<,;i;«^!Ak'"Mt?;^ \t / 4' l\ ii^.s^wo H„...- M/.."^u "f /V'f^.'' (N,T'^'V( ^ r'-^--. s S ', :/ ■'' ^C / o Mnkljombo rVv Wiihili N'.viuiK»f ^/- ?/ ■' „f ; o M.nkljoil k I- ' /' f,-'>..cY""'*" ■ 7(5 f.y •'■"Ui'ti-^'^-^,' \> vMtonc ■■'' ' • Kat.^puliu ^^ I ^*. / oMukun-uJ I ; *;'-' 'k'alangnj oKnzrrdbo "- Aoaiiibttu^ Mwi'jil \Viin(j3 Nlarii.!^ Jir , .Saitallf/ JT *•■■) -i|ii'i'i,v h>i ciilli'd. 'I'lii' iiiiivt'rHiil rri u tor, Kiitniidjt, tluiii^h lirlii'Vol in, in ilidii^'lil ti> 1)11 lii'voml llir rnti'h (i( tlii'ir vMirtlilii, 'I'lirv |iruy tn till' luliiu'i, >Nlir) urn i itlirr wcll-iliHinmril ((I'liij, orilri'iiilxil (loiiiKiis, iUvi'llin){ in tint litkcs, riM'i's, tri'i's, I'lM'ks, ami iiinnnliiius. 'I'lii* kinu"* iM'ciitiiit ili'iiii ^ Ills, iiiiil I' mliniii' to uMvt-rii l\i<- Jiini|ill' uftlT (lllllh HM lllrV dill « 111 n ItliVf. AiiiulntH (if wood, Ntiinc, |ii>rii, mid Nlinds ol cloth nre worn aH prutoctiuu ngainHt the pvil Isliiui, nmkin){ Kt'oiit jiroi^roHH iinitli iind south of I'^iindu, Hcfiiicd distniicl to |in'Vnil, l)lit is vln'ckcil li.v tlui fiict timt (•iri'niiici>ion inf liners the IiiWH of till' riinnti'v, wliicli, prriiiittin^ niiii' \\Ni'd. siii'i'iM'di'd ill re cHtaliliHliin^ hiiiisidf on ilif thronii of this tlii> ^'reati'Ht native kingdom tliiMMj^lumt iiitciior Afrira. lli' jiroclaiiuiMl liiiiiscit a Clii-istian, ami iliHtrilmted his chief ]io»ts aiiioni^ Ihd ('lii'istiiins ri'sidin^ in his ter- ritory. This yi iir ( IH'.Mi) Uritish inrtncnci' lias, liy siii'cial treaty, lifcii cstalilished in rpiiida, and ]>aku Victoria Nyan/a may urelouy liu con- ned cd with Moiiiliasa hy railroad. After all its vicissitudes, tho niissioniiry work now secMH well estalilished, and its friends are liopifiil of u threat future. (Heo article Church Jli>isi Hilary Society.) K'li'Kjiri , ft (h'])endency of T^panda, hounded en the west itiid mnlli liy the Tiiiif;iire Itiver, Jimited on tho south liy Iziii/a, and having Victoria Nyaii/iv on the east, covers aliout (i.iHMi silUiire miles of everj^veen hills and fertile val- leys, interspi rsed with lakes like the liaverii, which SpeUe and (iruiit tlioiij,'ht lovely eiiouuh to lie called tho .\frican " Windermere." Hot f))irini,'s in the ninthwest furnish n health re- sort for the surrouiidiiiv,' populations. The liinnuajie is Zonyora, a Ih'intu dialect, and the jieophi iiplon^^ mostly to the AVaiiyamho stock. The country, except in a few distri<'t.s, is thiiil.v liopuluted ; Warahiiiije, tho ca[iit.il. at a height ,'oveinbcr, 188(1, n conven- tion was held at London to r.iark the respective *' siihijres of iiitlnence" of ■ nglaiid and (ion from HoiUhonit to uortb'- Went is II )jreiil volealiie tlxHure, contiiiiiinKt Itonded dipn ssioiis of sail and fr sh water lakiH, llanki d oil I ilher Kide hy elevated pliitiaus crowned liy lowering lieightH. Mount Keiiia rniches a lieight of |n, Ion fi it aliove the Kea ; at the hiiiilhern terminus of the naliiiu ]>ogilntii steli|ie htilll'ls Mount 111 hi, ll.illO feet hi);li, and .Mount Kilinia Njaro, where tho eontinenial asci nt front the Nell coast at .Momliasn reiichi s its crown, is tho highest nmuntiiln in Africa. This nioiinliiin ccnsislHof a Iiiiki' ^olcanie iiiasH, r.ii miles hiiig liy oH wiile, and rising in one of its ]ieaks, lati'l.v nseeiideil liy a lierniaii «'\pe- ditioii niiilertlie direction of Mr. Mcytr, to tho height of I'.I.Ci'.HI f.ct. The legion streti hing from the ocean to the (luvial liasins of the rp. per Tangiini. Salniki, and Tana has lieen com. pared to a lliior oxer which the rnnning wati rs liave trftci'd variegated designs. T'liis region is I'ulleil N\ ika, or Savage Land. .Mmig the coast nnd toward the interior, w here the N.\ ika plains are interrnpled liy highlands which intercept the moisture liearing clouds, vegetation is aliundaiil. Tro|iical vcgetaliiii and that of Western I'.urope Iind their Imnnls in tho diversitieil jihvsical ciindil ions of the country. The tiiice and lawless .Masai ( Niilia-I'iilah groui>) roam (diielly over the scruliti.v iinil arid ]>lains, while tho agrii'ullural lii'intu trihes occupy the more fertile regions. The Kisva- hili languagii is the general nu diiiiii of inter- course. Tho Impirial Uritish Jjist Africa t'om. pany, which ripnsents the Uritish authority in Last .\frica, has its )irincipal ]iort at .Momhasa, which idace, it is allirmed, will rrelong rival Zanzibar in its commerce. Other islands also along the coast nre heing foititied n:A garri- Koutd in order to control commerce ard oppose the Klavetrade. A railway is iirojected from Mnuiliasa ultimately to reach Victoria Nyan/a. The capital of the coniii.iny is to he increased to So, (MM), 0(1(1. Karly in s'eptemlier of Ihn'.i it was announced in London that the Sultan of Zanziliar had conceded to this eomiiaiiy the ad. ministration of tho island and jiort of Laniii, and the jiorts on the northern mainland — Kis- niayu. l^rava, Magailisho, and Warshiekh- thus giving the company 7ii(i miles of coast and the tine waterway of tho Tana liiver. The AVa- Hamliara, wli.i have lieeii strongly inlluenced hy their proximity to tho coast jieople ; the Wavu- vii, jiowerfiil fetichnien in tlie I'angini linsin ; the friendly Wataveta, southeast of Kilima- Njaio ; the ^Vnschaga, skilled agriculturists, occupying the southern slopes of tho Kilima- Njaro ; the Wanvika, superstitious Imt hrave, forming ft grouj) of aliout ft do/en trihes, and occupying tho jihiilis north of tho I'angani liiver far into tho interior ; the ngricullund I'nkomii, lutween Momhasa and the mouth of the Tana Itiver; tho roving Wakamha, to ilio north iiiul northwest of Kilima-Njaro : tho Wakwafi, mountaineers of the northwest, formerly dreaded, now hirgi ly settled ftinl in- diistrifius, are(exce])t tho last) Iiantu trihes who have hitherto carried on a hitter strugglo for ascendancy witli tho Masai and (ialhi trilies. Missionary work was commenced in \M\, nt Ml niliasa, liy the Church Missionary Society. In \>^H.\ a mission station was opened ftt Sagallfi under tho Ndara Hills, aliout KXI miles from the coast. Suliseiiuently to Di.shop Ilaiinington'a visit, in l^s.";, another station was estalilished, this time at Moscbi, ou the bouthoru slopes of )l AFRICA 16 AFRICA 1 tlio Kilinm >sjftro. This society liiis stations nlsd at I'roretowii, on tbo nmiuland ooimsitt' Moiiiliasa, iiiiil lit Kisulntini, l."i niiUs in- lanil, wlicni niuubfrs of Wanyilia liavis couio uiiilcr Christian instnictinn, aiul many havo lirtii haptizinl. Thrt riiilfil .\tuthoilist I'rt't? I'huri'h Mission has stations at Joinvu and liiliO. /.'(ii:ihiii: — In IfSbS the ruTnian Kast African Company ao(iiiiri'il from llio .Siiltaii of Zanzili.ir a fifty years' luasu of llio mast, with rights to all ilutii'S and t )lls. This concession, tngetlier witli the results of tin' conveiilion with Kii<,!land already n-lerred to (see Masaidandi, ^;ives Iter- many tlie proteetorato of a region covering; ahout l.")l,iioo square miles, ineluiling an ap- liroxlmate population of li.OdO.iiiill, It is coter- minous on the north with tlie Jlritisih I'rotector- ate oE .'.iiisai-land, is lioumled on the south liy tho ItoviiMia liiver and on the west liy a line connecting the Victoria Nyan/aanil Lake Nyasa. The (iermans commenced at oiieo establishing; stations, commercial and missionary, providing for the reclamation of this revjion - so far, how- ever, with disastrous results. The tribes of tho interior have united with tho .\rabs and Swa- hilis to resist tho (lermaii occupation. Stations esta!)lislie,l at SimalierL;, in the heart of I'sa- gara, lijo miU'S fr.ua the coast ; at Jvorogwe. in Usambara ; in the Khutu eoiinti.\, southeast of I'sag.iia, and a station established about Hid miles up the river Waiiii, liave nearly all lieeu ruined. Other disasters havo occurred, com- nierco being destroyed, the (termaii I'rotestant Missi.ui at Dares-Salaam and the German Itoiuan Catholic! Jfission at Vugu ilismautled, travel rendered i)erilous, and many mas.sacres occasioneil. .Vt the present time (May, Ih'.id) a war is waging between tlie (Jerman troops and the still turbulent natives. Success is atti nd- ing the arms of the former, and it is hoped that the countrv will erelong be peaceably jios- sessed. Tho (ierman East African Steamship Company, subsidized by the goveriiiiient, is to establish a line between Hamburg aiiil Ihdagoa li.i.v. The steamers of a coast line are to call at the principal towns between J)elagoa ]!ay and ^[omllasa. The densel.v peopleil islaml of Zan- ziliar, ab u;t 'Jd miles Irom the coast, is fertile and Well ciihivafeil, yielding seveial annual crops of c,irn and niinioe, the staple food of the people. The sealioard (the Swaliili coast) is a s\Viiai|),v and alluvial region, inttrsected by numerous streams. The climate is malarious, the rainfall abundant, and vegetation luxuriant. All the tropical plants an I several Kuroliean species flourish. Mountain ranges, toward which the coast region gently rises, separate this region from the jilateaus which form the water-shed between the sourcis of tho seaward rivers and of those of the Congo region. The region west of I'sagara and Xgiiru, consisting of w.iterless plains, have a dry climate and are largely sterile. The first of these plains sepa- rates the Isagara from the populous district of Ugogo. Beyond that district a si'cond arid plain is crossed, and the water shed, averaging fnmi J.ddd to r>, Odd feet above the level of the sea, is reached, llenco flows the Shiiiiuyu Kiver northw,.id to the Victoria Nyanza, whence emerging it becomes the Nile. The lluligi also rises here and llows eastward to the In lian Ocean, and streams which empty into Lake Tanganika, and thence find their way to tho Congo, have their birth here. Unyauyembo (Kazeh or Taboro), in tho midst of this dis- trict, is an iniportftut trnding centre, ouO miles from the coast. The principal inliabitantsof theOeruinn Pro. tectorate are : 1. Tho Waswahili (.Vrabic Sahil, coast), the people of the coast and island of Zanzibar. They are of Haiitii stoik, and while inter- mingled with immigrants from all the' neigh- b iring regions, havo a national unity sup- ]ilied by their profession of the iloliaiume- dan religion. The Arab element has enriched and extended their language, niodilied their usages, and develojied their trading instincts. 'Ihe Kiswahili has bec(uiie the general medi- um of intercourse with the tribes of the interior, and is spoken of as one of the 1 'J most impor- tant languages of the world, with reference to the vast area over which it is spoken. Hcsidcs the liiblo and many religious treatises, it Jkis- sesses already cnlleetions of Jiroverbs, legends, poems, etc., and its literature is receiving con- stant iiccessifins. Tho .Vrabic alphabet is being replaced by tho lioman. The Waswahili havo jilayed an important part in rendering aid as interpreters, couriers, etc., to .Vfrican explorers. 2. The Wasagara, inhabiting chietly tho I'sagara highlands, which separate the coast regions from the interior ]ilateaus, have, iu sime of their clans, becoiiu^ more or less civil- izeil through intereoiuse with explore rs, wliilo other clans remain in unrelieved barbarism. Their laiiguaoe is w idely extended. The ]iierceil lower lobe of the ear, which somelimes liangs down so as to touch the sliouhler, serves to hold tobacco pouches, instruments, etc., and is a mark of freedom. Slaves are forbidden ti pierce or ornament tho ears. M. 'ihe Wazaramo are coterminous with tho Waswahili on the wi st. Contact with the const i>eoi)lc has had a civilizing intluence ujion somo of the tribes, w ho wear the .\rab dress and have ' important station of Mpwapwa, and in the district of I'nyan.vembe is the station of I'yui. ;t. Tho Koman Catholic Missions, which have their headejuarters at liagamoyo. Tic X'liiiliesi, in volume and the extent of it.s basin, is sur[iassed on the .Vfrican Continent onl,v li.v the ('ongo, the Nile, and the Niger. During its cours^' of about l,2dd miles it drama iM AFRICA 17 AFRICA nil iirm of (il)ont (i(Hi,0(H) H(inaro iiiiU's. 'I'lio easttiii slope of tlu; ciiiitiiieiit in Hiis lult com- iiioui'i'S near tlu' Atliiiilic. Tlic Kul)iiiit,'(), wliicli nmiiy cxijIoi'i'I-s tliiiik s(?!iils a iiortion of its wiitirs iiltiiuatcly to tlit^ Zainbe.si, rises iu tlie iiilie rej^ion, about 2">0 miles eastward from the Atlaiitie coast. Three streams — the Liiii^^e- liuii^o, the lieeaiuliye, ami the Leelia risiiij^ in the reijioii immediately east uf tlie JJihe and south of the tenth de^jree of south latitude, unite to form the I'liper /amliesi, which was discovereil by Livini^stone, and which, after rtowin;.; south throuj,'li IJarolse, turns east, ,ioin- in^i the Chobe and jiassin^ over \'ietoria Falls. Tlie Middle /andiesi contiiuu's northeast tow- ard Zumbo (which is the farthest inlanuntry and develop its resouives, Tho slave trade was almost the only tratWc carried on, and the beatua tracks were jealouslv giiarded by the ilealers, Tho eli:nato is suljject to sudden changes, but the mean annual temperature is high, and, with moderate care, danger to health is avoided. The whole region is intersected by numerous rivers and is very fertile, but the tsetse tly is in some dis- tricts very destructive.* Valuable tindiers are found in tho forests. The mineral resources (gold, copper, iron, and c.ial) aro of excei)tional importance. 'I'lu; Chinde Kiver. i'l nnles south of (^uaiina, it is now said, proves to be a mouth * Tlio t«'i»e lly 1 (Hiiitxiiiii iinirsil/iiis) i< fdiiiid in ceiiain Kliiaiilvclellacil licli..;, uMiiillv in llie neiL'lilualaioiief Mjii!!-. In till' cHxlern l)enl(•^^< ef llh''l'inii«viiiil. lai' to tlio Houlli ef Ilel«i;e:i li:iy, in the r,i)lii>nilin Miinniiiin- and 'roiimilari'l, unci llironu'liiMil tlie conive nf ilie l,ini)iii|ii) it is verv ilr- ^l^n•ti^e. It ^ecian to fnllmv llie Ihil'it L'linie iinrtliwiinl, lail it i" net liiiiiwn Innv f.'ir tci ilie nortli ii is fimnil. Tlie '•lly-liclt"" are well knnwn to the natives. The ilv is alient the size iif the coniinun hoase-ily. Its liite Is siiiil in '"■ fatul to the horse, us, mid ilni;, Init is iniuieiKMis in iimn. No cure Is kiKiwii fur it. ami death «n|ier-venes after ilavs or, It may be, weeks of grujual Ueteriurutluu. of the Zambesi, and furnishes a channel three fathoms deep and ."jOO yards wide, and good an- chorage. An ordinary steamer can thus pii.ss direclly into tho river and on to Lake Nyassa. Hitherto gotals, after several days' journey u[> the (Juaipia, had to be carried 8 nides over ii swamjiy depression to the Zambesi, where they Were transferred to the small Zambesi steamers. We will refer in order to the various districts of this region -viz., the dominion of the .Ma- (pias, Nyassaland, llarotse. Lake Nyaiiza, Mate- beleland, (ia/aland, and Delagoa Day. 'J'lie Miiijiins are the dominant inople north of tho Zambesi, their domain stretching to the Namuli Highlands and the sources of the Lu- .jeiida. The,v are governed by i>etty desiaits. The tribes are freiiuently at war with iiuli other, and large sections of fertile country are almost coniplelely depopulated. The .Mawas (ii Macjua tribe) still eat hune.n liesh. Siiirit Mor- shiji is universal. .V//'(.s,sv//.(„(/.- Lake Nyassa is idiout ;iii(i luilen long, varying f;om II to HO wide, and cover.s an area of 12. (Mill s(|Uare miles. It, liki' tho T'anganyika, is formed by a fissure in the earths surface. I'urious gales sweep over it, render- ing care in navigation necessary. It is drained by the Shire liiver, which sweeps over the ^iurcllison Falls, where navigation from the lak(^ is arrested. I),v means of the lately discov- ered clianiiel aftdrded by the Cliinde Iiiver, navigation between Murchison Falls and the ocean is iiiiintemiiited. The lake is nearly surrounded by mountains. The norihern rango is calle.l the Livingstone, '('he most northerly i'ortugiiese station is Shirongi, on the Shire. Tho densest iiopulation is found at Karonga, on tho northwestern shore of the lake. Tlii.s region is unhealthy in the riun,v season, during which the missionaries rejort to Momhera, in the ujiper jiart of the vidley. Kota Kota, on the west coast, 1211 miles from the southern ex- treniit,v, is the great centre of trade, and was a great market tor slaves. Kiswahili is the domi nant tongue. Ninety miles south of Nyassa, in the Shire upland, is Dlaiityre, founded iu lh7(> by Scottdi missionaries, and named after Liv- ingstone's birthiilace. Its elevation above the sea level is ;i, 11(0 feet. Dlantyre is connected with the network of routes between Zandiesi and'I'anganyika. Mandala, near DIantyre,' is tlie central station of tho .\friean Lakes Society, whose 2>uri)ose is to estidilish factories, carry on trartie, ami develop enterprise on Christian jirinciples. Lake Shirwa, east of the Shiri; Iiiver and near the head waters of the Lujenda, was discovered by Livingstone in iN'i'.l. It hati an area of 720 siiuare miles. The original iu- hidiitants of the liovuma basin have been al- most exterminated within recent periods by the Magwangwara, who dwell to the north of the liovuma, along the northeast shores of the Nyassa, ami by llio\Viinindi,of theeasternshores. From this source nian.v thousands of slaves have been i>rocured for the coast trailic. These conipierors adopted the garb and usages of the Zulu-Kafirs. The re))orts of the niissionarieH at the different stations of this region tell at the iiresent time ( IN'.KI) of tho idtiless ravages of the .Vrab slave-traders, who are making desper- ate efforts to secure their trallie against idl the civilizing influences now making themselves felt in .\frii'a. T'hese districts, occupied by tho .\frican Lakes Trading Company ancl by mis- sionariea of the Established and Free Churches AFRICA 18 AFRICA or ScotUnil mill of tlie Universities Mission of Knulaiid, niiturally deprtctite tlie esti\l)lisliuient of rorliiKUPsc! iiuthiiiily over the country, iinil l)r('fi>r to recoKUiZtf tlic liritiMli nscuudiiiicy. The H'lralyi (K'ciipy the viilli-y of tin' I'li- jior ZiiiiiUi'si, II Mist 1111(1 jioimlouM iilaiii, IS'.' mill's loiij^' liy iitt tn Ho hroiul, Biiliject tn period, iciil iiiiiiidiitioiis iiiid resultant fevers. The l5iirots6 Kiiipire was founded liy a IJasuto con- <]iii'rnr. The liarotse suceeeded in Ihrowin^; olf the foreign yoke, lint the kint;doiii was iimiii- taiiicd. It was descrihed as ini'ludint^, in IM"'), 18 lar^^p nations sulnlivided iiitoi>ver 1(111 tiihes. Each trihc speaks its own dialeet, hut I.esuto, (he toiij^iie of tlii' exterminated JJasuto (Mako. lolo) eoiupienu's, is the CDiiiiiion nu'diuiii of ojiiiiimiiii'ation. 'I'lie reu;ioii oeeupied liy tribes Knliject to Ihd Hiirotse kintidom covers an area of aliout llIK, 11(10 scpiare miles, with u poimla- lion ol perliaps 1,(1011.0(111. Jluroiieans are harely tolerated in the eountry. (iraiu, vej^etaliles, imd eatlle ahound. The villages are huilt on artilieial mounds for jiroteetion a;,'ainst the in- niiilatiims of tlio Zambesi. The jieojile wiuship the sun and the new moon, and observe feasts at the Ljiaves of their ancestors. The missions of thu French I'rotestants have been very suc- cessful aiiionj^ the liarotse, and late rejiorts speak of a great part of the liiirotsd- tribes ae- oeptint< Christianity. /y.iAc Xii'tim (about II, (Kill feet above the Kea level) is the <'entre of a district lyiiij^ lu'- tween Matebeleland and Damara. Many parls of this district are sulMcieiitly wateleil to sup- pnrt a luxuriant forest growth, while elsewhere only thiu'ny plants, sr'rub, and dreai'y wastes of sand are visible. From May to July, tlie rainy season, the cnuntry is largely ehaiigeil into a system of swampy fens and lai^oons. The na- tive tribes are the Hayeye, s;dd to number aboui 'iOD.diKl souls, and tliou!,di very supersti- tious, are yet spuken of as jieaceful, honest, and industrious ; and the lialunda (akin to those of the ('on(jo basin), whose forests furi'.ish most of the beeswax exported from Loandii and J>en- fiuela. On tlie eastern shores of Luke Ne- eliuimaland to the Zambesi, coveriiiL; an area of about 1(1(1,(1110 s'luarc* mib's, I) times the si/o of (ireat Ihitain. This < ompany is authoriiud to abolisli slavery and to regulate the trathi' in intoxi(Mliiig drinks. Tin' territory covered by this charter Jias great deposils of golil. Tho vast tableland of the north and northeast has nn eh'vatiiui of about fj.ddd feet, ami is veil watered, with a rich soil ami tine climati'. The Matebele, so called from an immense sliiehl behind which they were " liidileii " in war, were originally a ban.i of Zulu warriors, whose ranks were recruited from the lands they pr.n- qnored. They are very tieree, daring, and Iiroud. The jiresent king (IS'.id) is tyrannical and obstinately Iniutlieu, and there is great un- rest nmntiK his people on nccoiint of the gather- ing of gold seekers upon the frontiers. This state cf attairs induced the king to send a dele- gation to (^ueeii Victoria, asking aid against in- truders. Jiut, notwithstanding Jiobengnla's apiaireiitly friendly attitude, fiars ari' enter- tained that the Knglish South African Company will bo com))elled to engage in u jirotracted struggle in order to secure from the king his ]jriuuised concessions. Thi^ Makalaka and .Mashono were the former m.isteis of the land, 'I'hc former were nearly exterminated, the latter form the substratum of the northern poimla- tion, and are Very iinlustrious. Of the sub.iect races who still, on account of their distance fr(un the royal residence, are, to some degree, ]ioliticall.v independent, an; the ]!anyai, dis- tinguished by their jihysical strength, light comple:.ion, cleanly habits, and by the respect ]iaid to wonu'li. The London Missionary So. ciely established stations at Imyati and Hope Fcnintain in 1N('(I. (iiiyihiiiil extends from the Zambi si to the Limpo]io. and from the sc a to Matebeleland, it is sometimes called I'mzila's kingdom, and is now(IMi(l) ruled by his son (iungnnyanu. It covers about ll'i.ddd sipiare miles, and has Mld.dOd of a population. ]"xtensive jdains slojio trom the coast to the inland )dattaus. The coast regions sutt'er from lack of rain, but the inland region is wtU wateied and fertile. The countr.v is cajuible of sustaining a vast ]>opulation, and has rich mineral deposits. Changes of tempeiatnre are often ver.v sudden. The fauna is diversified. The tsetse liy and a spi'cies of termite are in some districts verv de- structive. Tho king has ipiilo recently become a vassal of the I'ortugucse (iovernment. He has been hitherto )irofounilly jealous of the jiresence of F.uropeans. and nnder the infliienco of i'ortugnese agents, refustd (in July, l.s^',l) to allow I'rotestant missionaries to establish a mis- sion among the iieoide. In the s(uithern jiart of this region tlu' only town on the coast hitherto occiqiied by the I'ortugUese as a sta- tiiui is called Inhanibaiie. It is a ciiitre of the Me I'l'djiaganda, and was, in Inn:!, chosen by American missionaries as a base of opera- tions for their projected wut l"),iMHI s(iimro miles, nnd its ]iri]iuliitiiin 80,(111(1. A very lint- Imilmr, it must in'(|iurt' f^rnit iciiiiortiiufo iis tliu liiituirtl txitlet ot the Jjiiil)Oj)0 liiisiii iiuil of tlu! .Stati'S (in tlii' Sontli African pliitciius. Tlie Knglisli cliiinipd posscs- niou o£ it, lidt ilicir cliiiiii, ri'ferrctl to urliitra- tinii, was ilisallowed in 1H75 li,v I'rcsident Me.Malion. Ivntiizo Miiras()n, liut the island of Invak is nscd by tho natives ai- a kind of Hanitariiim. A rail- road lias tieen opened from Lorenzo Manjues, ■wliicli idready extends iulam! a distanc(! of !>l miles, crossing tho Transvaal bonier. T 'Di.iriiul, ()/• Sdiitli Afrii- Ik Hiiuthlic, an tiuton- oni.ms State, tlioiij^'li accepting tlie nominal «i./.erainty of (Jreat liritain. Its boundaries were ])recisely detined in IHSl. On the north and northwest tliu F^impopo seiiarates it from Matebelelnnd. It is separated from Oran^jc Free Slat(i and Natal, on tlie south, by the Vaid nnd the Itutfalo, and on thct east, from (lazaland nnd Zululan 1, by the l^ubombo ranj^e. Its Western bon.iibiry is formed by the ^blrico nnd the Hart, nnd an irr( j^ular line between these .streams, separatiiii; it from Jleeliuanalaiid. It lies idiout ")() miles from the ocean at Delafjoa liay, has a mean altitude of over It, (1(1(1 feet, and covers about ll(!,(l(il) sipiare miles, sustainiuL! a (lopulation variously set down at from ;!i;(l,(l()0 tii h(l(l,(l()0. I'ho iipland rej^'ions draitied by tho Vaal liiver (Hoo.^'e Veld), from 1,(1(11) to '7,(«"l feet liit^ti, includes most of thi! richest mineral districts, and has a healthful climate. The eastern terrace lands (H.inkeli Veld) include .Swaziland and the I'piicr .Mii))iitii Valley. J'hese lands are low lying, some being not more than ■J.diHl feet high, lioscli Veld, the inner plateaus, ;),(lii(l to l.diMt fe,!t high, is largely stepi'e land, and suitable for grazing. On tlie whole, the climate is invigorating, .\long the river valh.ys and in the low lying districts fever is endemic. Till' rainfall is niieipudly distributed. Its niin- end risoiu'ces are abundant and the land fertile. The settlers have (diielly busied themselves with stuck raising, though tlie tsetse tiy ]iroves verv de■^tnu•tiv,' in tlu^ river tracts and terrace lands. A tsetse belt 1(1 miles wide along the Lim- Jinp,; bars the progress of settlement in that direction. liritish settlers, attracted by mining interests, are increasing in numbers." The Ifoers (peas- antsK nearly .")(!, (10(1 in number, are the descend- ants of hutch. I'renidi, and (Jerman immigrants to the ('apt>. They call themselves .Vfrieanders, and mostly still ju-ofess the religion of their an. cestors. They a,-e thrifty, methodical, and per- fievering, not lacking in strength and courage. but inferior in culture to the other whites. They have had but little regard to the rights and moral demands of the nativi' r.ices. The aborigines number about li.'iO.OOO In the .southern districts they have entirely lost their tribal organization. Those in the < st, "orth, and northeast still retain it, TUey b... long mainly to the liasuto and Keeli'nana bnuKdies of the IVintu family, and thus are allied in Hjieech and physiipie to the Zulu. Kafirs. All iiolitical rights nta reserved to themselves by the whites. The old masters are only toler- ated, and are not allowed the right of suttiage. Otlicers of government (Volksraad) must be I'rotestants and land-owners, and at least ].") years resident in the eountrv. Butch i., the otliciul language. In Transvaal the Society for the rropagatiou of the (losiiel, tlu' ISerlin K\an- gelical I-utlieran, Wcsleyan .Methodist, I'ari.s Kvangidioal Missionary Society, Swiss Canton De Vaud, Hermansburg Society, and Dutih Ketornied Church have prosperous missions. fh-diiiif /■')■• I .s/((// is the smaller of tlie South African Itoer Slates. Its western boundary is Griipialand West ; its southern is Cape Colony ; its eastern, liasutidaiid and Natal, and its northern, the Transvaal. It has an area of about -I'J.dOO siiuare miles and u jioiiulation of CO. 000 whites and 72,oOO natives. It has but little aridile land, except in the eastern Jiarl, near the foot of the hills. The pasture lands form tho chief source of wealth. Tlii> Ihitisli restored its autonomy to the State in l.s.'il, on condition of a pledge that slavery bi' not rein- troduced. Iliitcli is the ollicial language, but English is making rapid headway, and repre- sents the culture of the ('(nilitry. The Society tor tlu^ rrojiagation of tlii^ (ros- pid, the Wesleyan .Missionary Soei( ty, and the Berlin Mission occujiy the tield. ToiiijidnKil, occnpyiiig the low-lying coast lands between Delagoa May and Ziilulaiid, and including the large lagoon called Lake St. Lucia, has a malarious (dimate. The jieople are iieacefiil agriculturists. The country, in IMNM, came under Jtritish lU'otection. The jiopiilation aiiKnints to Ho, 000, and the area is 7, '1(1(1 sipiare milts. Sc-iizil'ihil lies fartlier inland, beyoinl the Lii- boinbii range, and between the Transvaal jda- teaus and l>elagoa May. Its area is :i,."iOO sipuire miles, and its population, .sii,(i(i(i. The ja-ople enjoy a semi-indepeiideiic • under a native ruler. Their chief is one oi the wealthiest jier- sons in South Afrii'a, on n. ■count of the tolls jiaid him by tlu' iiunieroi s coiuiianies which work the gold niincK in bis territory. In lf>S8 there were I'l Knglish coiupnnies for devcloldng the mines in Swaziland, Matcbelelaiid, Maslmna- land, and Transvaal. In Isn'.I there were ](M) such compaiiits investini, luillions of capital in these enterprises. Urilixh y.'iliii,ii(,l, eiuL-rin;.; N,.")0o sipiare miles, and having a 1 o|)idaiion o' IJO.OdO inhabitants, is a province of Natal. The eiuintry is undu- lating. The liilN are clad in green, and the ineeipices and ravines are well wooded. The chief wciilth of the ]ieople consists in tlieii' cat- tle. (See articde on Maiitu lince. 1 Xiilnl is a crown colony of (ireat Britain. Its l>opulation is .iss.ood. mid it cov rs an aici of 'J1.7."i0 sipiiire miles, with a coast liht^ of ).'>() miles. The Drackenburg Mountains, Inmi '.t.ooo to 10.00(1 feet high, sejiarate it from liasu- toland and the Orange I'ne State and Tians- v.i il. It is sejiarated f r uu Zuliiland on tiio liirtheast by the Tu -> '■ iiiver, I'ielermaritz- l)''Tg, one of the most .;eugl:'ful cities in .Vfrica, is ihe capital. Durha , 'i.' only ])ort, is 1,0(IO III,.'--, fnuu Cape Town, ''he elimat(! is (b light- £■.! and invigorating. The tem|ieratnre ranges from hC> to M2 I'ahr. The coast regiiui is SLieitropicid, and jiroduces tho sugar-cane, jiine- apple, banana, and colVee. Wool, corn, and sugar are the stai>le lunducts. In the nnilln rn districts magniliceiit coal deposits are found, .Ml the Kuropean cereals are cultivated, .\lieut '•0.000 acres are cultivated by Kuro)ieans, who own, however, it. 000. 0(10 acres. The reserves secured to the Zulus are 'J, 000. 000 of acres. Ililipopotanii, monkeys, baboons, and crooo- AFRICA 30 AJ^UOA diles iii'e to be seen. Anttlopi>s abound. There lire iimuy poisonous xunkts. Tlie populali'u consists of ;t7,tiiMI whites (Knj^lisli, Dutnh, and Gernmus), 4Ul),i)Ui) Zulus, iind Ul.OdO Asiatic Coolii's. There are high-schools in Durban and Marits- burg ; primary schools are found in the other large towns. Mission and i)rivato schools re- ceive government aid. The Zulus are a branch of the liantii race. They are usually tidl and well foniieil, tierce and Jtroud. The Kraal, or vilhigi', consists of a circular series of huts, with the cjittle-pen in the centre. The huts are ahout 15 feet in diameter and 7 feet high, with a single opening which serves fur door, win- dow, and chimney. The furniture consists of a few mats, pots, and blankets. The usual clothing of the wild natives is a scanty cover- ing of skins worn a1>out the loins. Jieads and lions' teeth and claws are worn as ornaments. The men hunt and tight ; the women do the menial work. Their chief faith is in witchcraft, demons, and ancestral spirits. By nature a concpiering and superior race, they extended their compiests far and wide throughout South Africa. In their language the word " Abantu" denotes '" people. " The Bantu languages are highly spoken of for their beauty ami tlexi- bility, and their gniiuniatii'al structure. They occupy about one ludf of Africa, extending from near the Niger Delta, and from Lake .Vlbert Xyaii/ii to the southeastern extremity of the contini'Ut. Its various branches bear a close lesemblauce to one another. The use of the Zulu dialect extends beyond the river Zambesi. It is the language of the ruling classes in Mate- beleland and Gazalaiul. Natal may bo called civilized, though there are sections where the old lienthenism may still bo seen. The I'.nglish Wesleyan Mission, the Free (.'hiwch of Scotland Mission, the Nnrwtgian Mission, the Berlin Mission, the Ilermannshurg Society, the S. V. Ct. Mission, the A. B. ('. F, M. Mission, and the lioiimn (.'atholic Mission are each and all doing a good work in Natal. The A. B. C. F. M. Mission began in Isii.'), and was the first among the Zulus, who were then a savage people, with a laiigMiige as yet unwritten and unknown. The translation of the Scriptures into Zulu was com- pleted in 1NM3. (See Zulu version.) Oilie (nlniii) is bounded on the west and south by the .Atlantic and Indian Ocean ; the Orange Itiver, on the north, separates it from Namaipia- laud, tli'> Kalahari Desert, and Orange Free State. On the cast it is separated from Free Katirlnnd by the Smit's River, the Storm-Berg, and the Great Kei. Area, including T'ranskei, East Gri((ualand, and Teiid)uland, ,'l;)3,0t)0 Kcpiare miles ; population, l,'l')'2,'M'i, of which the whites for'u one third. A mountain r.ingo. in general parallel with the coast, dividing tlio drainage of the streams flowing into the Orange River from that of the coastal streams, is reached from the ocean, about 100 miles dis- tant, by a series of terraces. North of the range the country slopes gradually toward the Orange River. Aliout two thirds of the c(dony consists of ariil jdains (called Karroos) ju'e.sent- ingmiiny dejiressions, containing rich soil, wliich only reiiuires irrigation to make it productive. Included in the south temjierate zone, the climate presents many varieties, but in its gen- eral character is mild and very salubrious ; epi- demics seldom lU'evail. Tiio rainfall is un- eipially distributed. The basin of the L.ower Orange and Great Karroo plain and the Kala- hari JJosert receives occasional torrential down- pours, but springs are rare. The cattle of the liechuana herdsman, of necessity, drink little, and are watered only once in two or three day.s. Wells are sunk and a system of irrigation re- sorted to. The flora is the richest in the world. Vineyards produce abundantly ; cereals give a fair return. The forests are confined to the margins of the colony ; one third of the popu- lation is said to engage in stock Vireedmg. There are about 10,1100,0(10 sheep in the coun- try. Cape Colony has a virtual monojioly of ostrich farming, tin ugh that industry is not so pro.sperons as fc.imerly. Manufactures are rapiiUy increasing. The mining industry is de- veloping. Copper, coal, salt, and guano abound ; in (iriipialand West are found rich diamond fields. Carriage roads and railway lines inter- sect the country. A railway is ju-ojecttd from the Cape 2,0(10 niiles to the Zambesi. The wiM animals have been largely driven north beyond the boundaries of the colony. The constitution is modelled after that of Great Britain. The right of sutfiage is enjoyed only by British sub- jects who are j)roperty owners or luive a stated income. The immense majority of the aborig. ines are disfranchised by these and other prri. visions. State churches were disendowed in 1h7."). The Dutch Reformed and K|)isco)ialinn (S. P. (i.) communions are the, largest among the white communities. The Wesleyan Meth- odists are the most jirosperous among the na- tives. The Malays aio Moslem. There are large facilities for i)ublic instruction, but sehouls for aborigines are still chietly in charge of mis- sionary societies. Twenty-five Knglish and five Dutch newspapers are pui)lished in the colnny. Races. — The ilalays were introduced by the Dutch as slaves, and are fouiul chieriy in the seaports. The Griipias are half castes, active, vigorous, enterprising and c(uiriigeous, and supe- rior to the aborigines in strength and stature, and number among them Rome of the best and some of the most desperate characters. Bush- men inhabit the western section of Cape Cohuiy. The name, derived from a characteristic of the country — low growth forests of underbrush — has aciprired a contemptuous meaning. They are remnants of the San races, are diminutive iu stature, and have light yellowish brown com- plexions, and are jierhaps related to the Hotten- tots. They have made but little jn-ogress m civilization, and have no tribal organization. Scattered in various districts, they number per- haps r)0,(Hll) in South Africa. Hottentots, a term of contempt borne by a people who call themselves KhoVnKlioVn imen of men), are numerous in the western part of Cape Colony, amounting to about 100,(|()0. They resemble the Bushmen, except iu utatu'e and degree of culture. They occupy kraals, wear leatlur aprons and a sheepskin cloak. Charms, amu- lets, find fetiches exist among them, and (ire connected for the most J)art with the worship of the dead. Tribal organi/...tion is preserved only among those beyond the boundaries of the European possessions. Ill I'll n(utnl in the eoiin- d nionojioly ot" ilustry is not so nnfaetnres aro industry is do- gnano abound ; rich dianioml «ay lines inter- lirojectid from besi. Theuilil n north beyond ho constitution ; liritain. Tho by liritish suli. ir hiivQ a stall d ■ of the aborig. anil other {iri>. disendowed in d Ki)isco]ialiiin largest anmiig ^'esleyan Mith- auioiig the iia- 111. There ato ion, Imt sehoiils charge of mis- English and tivo 1 in the colony, rodueed by tho I ehietly in the fcastes, active, ^eoiis, and suijc- ;th and stature, >f the best and racters. liush- ot ('ape Colony, icteristic of tlio :' underbrush — iieaning. They re diminutive in isli brown coiii- l to the Hotteu- tle jirogress m il organization, ley number jjir- Hottentots, a [leoiile who call 1 of men), aro if Capo Colony, They reseniblo e and degree of , wear leatlu r Charms, auiu- theiii, and nre ith tho worship on is preservi'l )undaries of the 3 miles, 47r),iiHil to Cape Colony, ;ectoratp. The the finest nieiii- luily, the feel'lo Circumcision it en are subject' d f 29 rruin Urct'tiwirh 6 SOUTH AFRICA II XU dV OU -i\' -lU fni Miaaionary Stot wns iircahowii bymtulhl Uut i •). COLOR REFERENCE. Gciinan Pnvtugucsi: 9 10 11 H M i I ■3 AFRICA 81 AFRICA 4 ^ to severe pliysioal tents ere cleclnted " men" aUil"woiiuii." There are no ^mXn, idoln, or giitUerinj^s for iiul)liu worship unions them, hut siicrilices lire offered to ohtuin rain iind wiird off evil. Thu (liiid ari! huried with tlie face due north, whence came their ancestors. The trilial kinn is not ahsolnte. Seconihiry chiefs and free men may, on ^reut occasions, constitulu themselves a parliament. Missionary work, having secured a footinj; in all the ]irin(M]ial villages, has elfecteil threat chiinj^es. The horder trihes have inhipteletely hemmed in by Cape Colony, Transvaal, and Natal, have adapted themselves quite remarkably to their environment. They are nearly all Christians, mill are a vigorous, alert, and pro>n of Southwest .Vfrica. They oeeujiy about IKiO iiiibs of the Atlantic coa.st, stretching fiem ( Iraime Itiver northward to the iiiouth of the Cum lie, aiiecially in the south, where droughts and famines have wellnigh deiiojiulated the coun- try. Hottentots occupy about three fourths of the land, and constitute about one fifth of the popidation. To the north an^ the Bantu tribes, Hereros and Oviimbos, desi'ribed as robust, in- telligent, and industrious, but still in the pas- toral stage. The (iermans have not as yet made much impression uj)on the country. Mission- aries have great influence. Their work com- menced in l«t2, and they have over 20 stations in the territory. The Einnish Lutheran Society, the Khenish Society, and the English AVesleyan Mission work in this field, ]\'iilHsrh I'litfi, lying nearly midway between the north and south boundaries of this region, is British territory, forming about Tdd square miles of an enclave. It is the only outlet at jiresent of the whole region. The Xamaqua (Hottentots) of Walfisch Bay are said to be the most debased of their tribes. Aiiijti}!!^ an ap])ellation variiuisly employed to designate jiortions of the west coast of Africa, is ju-operly applied to the Porttignese posses- sions extending from the Cuuene north to the Congo, a total distance of over 720 miles, ex- tending eastward to the Kubango and Kwango rivers. .-Vrea, 312,000 square miles ; popula- tion, about 2,000,000. That characteristic feat- ure of the African coast, the line of cliffs ap- AFRICA M AFRICA proiicheil liy terriicfs, is contiimcil iiorthwniil throiij;!! .\H|,'(ilii. 'I'lii' c'lmiitry is well watert'd, eH|)ci!iiill,v in the iiiiitli. 111 tin- smilli tlic ruin, full is less, iind iimiiy of the stri'iinis dry \H). The (.'imn/.ii Valley forins the Athmlic seetliin of the triinscnntineritiil depressinn conliniit'il liy the hi'.sin of tlio Ziuiiliesi to the Ineo[)les : their dress scant,v. .V-Tiunda. — The Ihinda speech is oni! of the most widely diltiised in Afru'a, propa^jated evi. denfl.v by means of their trade relations with the interior tribes. It has two dialects. Northern or .Viif^olan- north of Cuanza— and Southern spoken in the rej^ions between Ben- guela and the liilu' territory. Those near the coast and trade centres are stroni^ly affected by European contact, but those in the uiiland \il- Inges are still .sava;.!e. The,v are intelliHeut, ex- cellent traders, and make j.;ood artisans. On the Congo is found the Jtafyote or Ba- cont,'i> gi'onp. They were the founders of the ftucient kingdom of Congo. That kingdom still exists, though weak, as most the tribes have seceded. Catholi;; intluence was once ajjpar- ently great, but evidentl,v stiperticial. Fetich- ism is rampant, nearly every natural obi'ect be- ing a fetich. The Baiuba magicians have won- derful skill. The principal centres of trade and general intiuence are San Salvador, capital of the old Congo kingdom, and the centre of a flourishing Baptist mission ; Ambriz ; Loando, the capital and largest city for ;i,000 miles on the West African seaboard ; Dondo, at the head of navi- gation of the Cuanza, which it is proposed to ciinni ct with the Cazeiigo region in the Lueala N'alley (;.;rcut coffee district ) by railway ; I'aniba, in the Aniluca district, chosen as the tenuluUH of tlie])rojccted railway from I.,oaiido, and liihe, the terminus of (he sfuithern trade rout'-, ItlK) miles long, starting from Iteiiguela (liihe in liroperly tlii' name of the extremely fcitile Jila- teaus about o.OIIO feet above the sea level oi'Ctl- pied by rude and wludly uncivilized but shrewd [leople of mixed origin. It is the lieadi|uaiterH of a mission of the ,\. 1!. ('. 1'. M) ; lienguela, charmingly situated on the coast ; MossauiedeH, a well-sheltered port on the desolate coast, but linding great wealth in the waters (a railroad is )U'o,iected to connect Mossaiiicdes and Ifihc) ; t'aconda, on a idateau 5, too feet above the sea, in a rich country, and with a salubrious cli- mate ; llnmpala, on the well cultivated phiins, and the principal Boer station. .\part fr(uii Uomaii Catholic missions under I'oituguese iirotection are I'.isliop Taylor's in- dependent missions m the nortluin section, the English Jiaptist Mission, ami thi! .V. B. C. F. M- Mission. Thr CoH./o Jtdsin.— The Clianibezi, the head stream of the Congo Ifivi r, rising in the plateau south of Lake Tanganyika, between 10 ami 12' south latitude, tlovvs southwest and eiiti'i's Lake Bangweolo, whence, (lowing northward through Lake Mwerii and ricciviiig the outtlow of Lake Tanganyika, it continues in a norlhwestetly direction as the Lualaba, until, tumbling over numerous cataracts, it crosses the Ei{uator. and, making a long detour, turns to the southwest, recrosses the r;(|Uator, ]iasses through the cata- racts of Vellala, anil enters the Atlantic about the sixth degree south latitude, thus forming a vast semicircle with a periphery of 2,'MU) miles and a diameter of 'J, 000. This stream is in volume the most remarka- ble in the Eastern llemisiiheie. With its alllu- eiits it drains an area of about 1 (ilio.ooo sipiaro miles. Its heail waters are found in the eastern table-lands |."i,000 to 7,000 feet high) about 400 mil.^s from the shores of the Indian Ocean, whence separate thu waters of Central Africa, to reach the Mediterranean through the Nile, the Indian Ocean through the Zambesi and other eastward flowing streams, and the At- lantic bv means of the Congo. Besides tho waters of Lake Bangwoolo(a shallow lake cover- ing H,-100 square miles, with marsh.v, reed- grown, ))artially submerged banks), of Lake Jlweru (00 miles from southwest to northeast, and separated from Tanganyika by an isthmus 00 miles broad, reached from Lake Bangweolo over dangerous rapids representing a total fall of 1,000 feet, bounded on the south by marshy jilains, and confined on the north by lofty clilfs and wooded slopes), of Lake Tanganyika ia deep fissure 'MO miles long and ISO wide), and tho Kauiolondo (a great stream from the south- west, which, in its course, like tho Lualaba, drains a series of lakes), the main known afflu- ents of tho Congo are the Luania, the Lufu, and Kankora (between which streams occur the seven cataracts called collectivfly Stanley Falls), the Lubilash, Lulami, and Konango, with its numerous confluents from tho south, and the Aruwiiiii, Loika, and Mongala from the north ; from the east Lulongo, Ikalciiibn, Kuki, the mighty Ubanghi, the Litpialla, and Alinia. Stanley Pool, IHO sipiare miles in ex- tent, is situated between 4 and 5 south lati- tude, A little below this Pool commences the- i AFRICA AFRICA IniiK liiif (l(i"> iiiiloH) of nxpiclH iiml ciiscadt's ciiUt'.l collitcrlivi'ly I,iviiiHHl.)iin I'iiUs, wliii'li i'ciiii[ilcti'ly clii'i'k imvi^jiition. HcIvmh n Stiiiilcy FiilU iiriil [ jvin^^stotio I'lills tlir iMiiiii sfri'iim lii'uHciilsaii ii|iiiii wiitcr wiiy (it iilioiU 1.(1(10 iiiilcn, tn wliuli III ly I"' llldi'il I. ("Ml milts nf iiuvikuIiIii I'Diilliic'iit slriNiiiis, wliilii ill iu uiipci- ami lnucr coiirHcH •■)(i(l miles nii>r(> of mivinMliln wuti-rs nmy l)u (.•stiiiiiitr l. Alnii'ly 17 stfiimiTs, twcmf tliciu bt'lrmi^lii^ to tilt) Itiiplist MisHJiiii, jily upuri tlio r|)liin' Cdii^i), iiikI '.t mniii nn tlif Low. r ('niii^'n. In pliii'i's (ill) iiiiriiiii"" vnlmnti "I wntif llows tliroii^lii^ ir^ji's imivHiiriiin l.Diu T^'id tn l.odd I'ttt wi.lt\ wliili! ciHt'wlii'rK it t-xpiiiuls tn tlif w iillli of fully 1(1 mill's ; iiml wlnru it fnlers tlm sen it is 7 iiiili-'S wiilf. A liiilwiiy liiif fnnii Mntiidi to Stiiiiltv I'li'il is ti) CDtiiU'ct till' I'lipiT Coiiv;) rt'j^ioii ttitli til.' Lower, Iiml in fuiim'i'tioii wiili it a stt'Kim'rof over 1,(MI0 tons is to run Intween JtiUmnii iinil Miitiuli. In m;iiiy places prospef- oils si'ttleiiifiits iii'o foi'iiiiii^-. wln-re iiurieiiltural products 111!' alreaily I'oiiii 1 in aliiimliini'e. Tile eliicf stations in tin Coiii^o liiisili iiVe Boiim, the principal depot and seat of govciii- nieiit of the <'on^J 1 I'ri'e State ; Vivi, at tin- farthest point nf navi^^atioii of the r,otter<'ont,'o, Hiiil ll'i miles from the coast; Isati^^liila. con- nected liy a road "i.! iniles loiit,' with Vivi, where is 11 depot for hoat service hetween this point (ind Maiiyanj^a i7;t miles), near which is Liiteti', a missiiiiiary station ; I.copoldville, IM'i milts from Manvaii'^a, coiineeted liy a roadway (fniin this p lint then> art) nearly I, (Kill miles of nnin- torrupted navii;atioii to Stanley I'allsi ; Kim- poiia, on a t irivnt llowin;^ to llie lastern ex- tremity of Stanley I'oo! ; Lnliialiiiru. amoni^ the heal wati^rs of tin) Kassai ; <'liuiiil'iri, anion:,' the jialiii ^,'roves ; liohdio and liUUolela. near tlio .Vliiiia eontliicnci^ ; ahoiit "ill miles farther on, liiisindi and Ireliu, in iiii iij^ricul- tiiral district ; liaUiili;', tlie l',i(iiator station, and most happily selected ; ISaie^al i, ahont |:)l) miles iiliove liakiite, eeiilre of a lai^c and warlike trilio ; Upoto, liild miles farther on, aiiioni^ sav- 11^0 iltid naked Irilies : Stanley Falls, the iid- vaneed post of 'I'ipno Till, and alioiit l,."ill(l miles from either oeean. At some of these stations there are prosperous settlements, with planta- tions and tlocks. 'I'hii soverei'^'ii of the Coie^o Free .State is KiiiL! Leopold of Iiclyium, whose authority extenils over aliout one half tht> lluvial basin, iir 7Hll.(Ml(i stpnire miles of territoi.v : hut the whole rej^inn drained hy the ('1111140 atid its triliutaries falls within the zoim of operation of the international free trado jirovisions adoptcil in u conference at Herlin in H.sl hy representatives of ImIuiuui, (teriuanv, lOnj^land, France, Spain, Italy, fnited Stales, the Xetherlands, and Switzer'ainl. (.siee also article tloni^'i) Fret) State.) Of this region (iermany claims thti portion west of Tan;,'anyika ; France imssesses that ]iart of the liasin lyini,' hetween the I'ppcr F lariLii and .Manyant,'ii, wiiilo the northern lioundary of the Portu^'uese Aii'^'ola follows tlip river finm its mouth to VoUala Falls, thence directly east to the KHan^'o. Portugal possesses also a tlis- triot north of thoConi,'odescrilied in coiineelion with the Kwiln, ()!,'o\vay, and Galioon hasins. The numherof inhaliitaiits is estimated at more than -.i'.l.dOO.OOn. The climate, though tryini^ to Fjuropeans, does not jiresent ^reat <>xtri?mes of temperature, seldom ri.sint; ahove !>() Fahr. or fallinf^ lower than '>3 . There are two rainv seasons, October to December and Februarv to yiny. The rainfall diminislies ra|iii1ly Month of the Con^o, but increases froiii the east tow aril tilt) interior. Vegetation, in the abiimlantly watered plains, iseMiberaiit. The principal ex- ports art) ivory, p,ilm nuts, palm oil, caoutchom', cotfcP, wax, skins, etc. The inhabitants, with few exceptions, are united by a coiiimon Maiitu speech, though till) various tribes dilfer ^^ii atly both in appearance, liabits, and dialect. Tim plateau south of I.ai.e TanKaii,\ika is inhabited chietly by tlie lieiiibik nation. Tin) llabembit are said to be oim of the tiliest nf the Jliintil peoples. They are skilful craftsmen, Wtar skins and bast, ami cover themsehes with ele- t^aiit tattoo (lesions. Their rulers are capriciouH and pitiless, 'iriiiniiin skulls stuck un polen warn the traveller that a vilhe„'e is near. Ill the islands ainl morasses of Jlaiii^weolo anil the iieinhboriii^; U|ilaniiH i>t a uroiip of jielty ro- liublictin States which luue succeeded in luain- taiiiini4 their iinlependi nee iii^ainst tlie lieioliv jieople. lietwt'en Lakes iJanow colo ami Mweiil is Ka/eiube's kingdom, once a powerful State, now subject to the liabeinba. 'I'he most power- ful State in the I'pper ('on},'o region ut present is that of !\roshi(lt' or Msiri, a chief of tho Nyaine/.i race. The ciiintry is called (iareii- i^aii/.e. It lies west of the Liiliia Itiver, is pic- turesipieand salubrious. The kiii^' is strict, but not cruel. Corn is raised in iibumlanee. Mii- kiirru. the capital, is llid miles west of I,ako Jiaiinweiilo. To the north of (iareiinaiizc, and pxtendin',{ frmu the Lomaiiii liiver to Lake Tanganyika, is the empire ot Kassonno. The soil is fertile, iiml the mountains ritdi in mineral deposits. The ruler is n nardeil ns a f,'od. and is no less cruel than his iii'ii^hbors. Kiist of f^ake Tan l^aiiyika is rnyiiiut /i, "one of the pleasiiiitest regions of Africa" The people are related t(» the (iareiigan/c, but more advanced in culture on aci'oiinttif their proximity to the trade routes between Zanzibar and the lakes. The Iteggas nccuiiy a vast territory between the Congo and Lake .Miita Nzigt'. The rpper Congo basin is occupied l.irgely by the .\Ianyenia, or " Katers of Fle.sli,' noted for physical bi;ituty, artistic skill, and jiililess rapacity. The lialolo are widely distributed w illiin the great curve of the river. Thev number perh.ips Id.iKKi.ddd. The Lushilongt! anil the Jyunda predomi- nate about the southern atHueiils and wooded plains of the Kassai : the Kioko, to the north of these, are enterprising traders : the warlike liangala dwell along the southwestern bend of the river, which (lows on successively through the territories of the l.almngi (of Fbangi Itiveri, liateke (above Stanley Pool), W'a- buma. and finally the Itafyote, or Congolese. Ot th.' missions established in the Congo region, three are Uoman Catholic : (1) the I'rench -Mission, at the iiirmth nf the river ; (2) the l!el- gian -Mission, on the Fpper Cniigo ; and (It) the Peres d'.Xlgerie (or Algerian Priests), on Lako Tanganyika. The eight Protestant missions are: (l)the .\mericiui Baptist Missionary Union, with 7 stations on the upper and lower river, and about HO missionaries ; C2) the English ISaptist Mission, with t! stations on both the I'pper and the Lower Congo ; (;t) the Swedish Missionary Society, with a station at Mnkin- biingn ; (4) the London Society's Mission, on Lake Tanganyika ; (5) Mr. Arnot's Mission in AFRICA 94 AFRICA the ((iiri'iiKdiizn rniiiitry ; (•!) tln' lliiloln Mis. Hiiiii, Hdiitli (it the I'liiicr ('(111^(1 ; (7) flio Mis. hioiiikrv Kvitiii^i'liciil Altiiinci', liiivin^ I kiiiiiII Htulinii uiii! N'lvi ; (M) ltiNliii|i Tiiyliir H MiHsruii. J h'li'ihi, (I'lmcdi/, unit iiiilii:(iii It'isiiis rmliinul |)oh..t'HHi'.Hii ttirntiiry rovciiiiKii'""!! 1,(1110 s(|imrt< mill's, iiNt aiiil Hdiitli ))y I'Kiivi'iiliiiniil liiii's si'iiiiriitiiii; it t'liim tlic ('i)ii^!(i I'lfi' Stiitc, I'lH' riiiicli |iiihsi'SHi(iiiH in Olll U< tllll Vt'lllllilllll't' nt' tlll'NI' llllHIIIS, llt'Hillcs tliiisi- of the ('i)h);ii Mllliii'iits, iiH t'lir iiM till' riiiiiil^'i. 'rhity cKvcr iiu luiii nt uliniit ;Mii.iiii>i M(|niil'i' liiih'H, mill li.ivi' It |i(i|iMlHliiiii VMlioiisly cstilimtfil III fioiii '.',1111(1.111111 1,1 ."i.lKHI, noil, 'I'lii' iiiiithciii hiiiiiuliin, si'iniriitiii'^ (hi' l-'niirli <'ii|()ny fmiii tln' tli'iiimii I'mli'i'lniuic nf (Miiir- I'dDll, t'lllloWS thr ( 11 111 I Ml ltj\ I'l' MS till' llH 10 I list IllllHitlllll', tlu'lU'O on 11 pMl'.llll'l to its illtl'I'SCC tion vitli till' I'l I'list Iciij^itiili'. S|iuin linlds tho islunil of Cu'sii'iv I'tiil till* Inn ishts of Eloliy, mill I'liiiiiis II Nliip on the iiiainhiinl. Tills li'i^loll, liclwi'iii the oci'illl mill till' Colil^d, mill i'\triiilln^' fi'iini 'i south hititii.lu to ;l iiuith Intituili', ronsisis of ii si'i'ics of ti'iriii'i'S nsiiij.; fioiii till' const mill sliiitinl liy cluiins of hills whu'li vary from 1,(100 to lu'iiily 5,ooo fnt in hi'i^iht. It is well wiiti'i'cil. Thi' KHilii liiis ii total nanrsii of ilClt iiiili'S, the (>^;inviiy, "JO, mul till' ( tiiliooii is iir. ('stiiiiiy lo niilis lon^' iiint 7 hroiul. Tlioi'i'iirn two ruiny si-nsons, Si'iiti'iiilni' to Di'i'i'miImt, unci tlii'ii, iifti T iin intiTviil of tine wiMthrr, tho ruin sits in until Miiy. I>ur in^ tllll hottrst (lays in Miinli mul Aiu-il tlu' thi'rui.uiii'ti'i- viirii's from ~H to ICI I'ahr. , mul ill tlu' 001)1 lu.uiths of .Inly mul Au(.;iist 7:1 to 8() Fiilir. Till' cliuiiili' H ins.ilulirious, hoth on luM'oiint of its liuuii.lity mul tlu' iioisnnoiis cx- luiliitioiis fniui tllll iiioniKsi's. Tlu' soil issmuly, mill vci^ctMtion consi'ijuciitly not kd rii'li us tlu' ulmiuhiiu'H of iiioisliiri' wonl'l Uiul us to I'xpirt. Till' o.irilln^ chiuiimii/.i'i', etc., uImuiiuI. Tho liu'eil hy iiiiniit!ruiits from the interior. The Mpou^we, of the Ciiiliooii, the reiinimit of u oiu^o powerful niition, are intelligent hut frivo- lous. The lien^u of (lorisco are reluteil to the IJukule, south of the Ofjown.v. These are now traders, imcUnien, etc. The lianj^'we dwell hetweeu the ui>per and the lower course of the Oi^oway. The Funs, who occupy most of the ref,'iou past of the (luhoon mul north of the Ojioway, form t «o ^^roups, constmitly at wur with each other. They are lishtcomplexioned, mus- cular, and vigorous, the most energetic and industrious of all the trihes of the region. The.v jiructise caunihalisni in the inland districts. Among the Ashango forests and toward the (^ingo, the Abongo are shy and timid, of small stature, and dwell reuiute from the beaten traeliH. The llaliimlio, or liavila, are a iiilxeil iM'ople (hirgely riiniiway hIum's from the (in tiooii mill Congo tiietorii'si, who have found ntu^e in the inhospitalile regions Hniitli ot the Nyiinuii liiver. of the various diahctsof the llulitll Kpeedl, the .MpoligWe is tlie liiiist widely dilfilr-eil throiighnut these const hinds. It %Mis reduced tovvritiiig by .\iuerieun iiiissioiiiirii's. .V mission was estubllsliid ill (iubooli liy the A. II. ('. 1'. M. in IhCJ, mid trunsferied ti'i the I'resbyteriiin liimrd in Ih7I, It liiis sliitions iit lli'iiitii, on the coast ; Almigo, on tlii' islmul of < iirisco ; llariildi, on th" l^ipiutor : .\ligoiuu, on the (fuliooii UiM r, uiul Kang\M>, on the (Igowiiy liiver. The I'relieh lAlingelicul Society hns liitely luiilertiikeii to aid the rresbytenmi I'lourd lieeausu of the deluand of the I'rellch (rovecn nielit Ihiit the I'leiich Imiguiige be used in all the schools. Itoiiiali (iitholic niissions liuvu long been established at ililVrrelit points, i''iiiifri>niis. The uiountuin muss, so euUed, situated on the iiiainlund over aguinst the islmul of I'enimiilo I'll, covers mi anu of It'io si|iiurii miles, and rises in one of its )ieiiUs to the height of 11,00(1 teet, siirpiissed on the .Uriciiii Conti- nent only by Ki liiii. Kiliiiia N.jmo, Siiueii (in .Miyssiniiii. and the lately exiilored Kiiweiizori. Its lower iiortioiis are covered by n luxuriunt vi'getiilion of iMiluis, acacias, fig trees, kokiis, pliintaiiis, mid other trees mil slinibs. At n iieight of 7.000 feet iiliollier eliiiiatie /one is en- tered, where me found ferns, grasses, and heather. Sjirings are rare, none being found above '.1,100 feet. Thesiiluiuit is bare, except for II few trailing pluiits sheltered in the iiol- lows. The Kurroiiii'lJiig country is well wutered by siiiull hikes mul rivers «illi their coiilluelits mill ilelliis. The niiiiie Culm roons has been e.\- teliiled to cover the ( b'luiall liossessioiis se]iu- ratcd on the north from liritish territory by tho Millie liiver, and n line drawn thence in u liirlheasterly direction to the Cliuddu or Iteliue, iibovo Vohi, mul on the houth from the .Vrencli ]irovince of (tubooii by the Cuiii]>i) liiver. dli the east the bouiular.v is iudethiite. lint little ot the region has been explored fir brought iin I'.er the inllueiice of its ]'',uroiii'an iiiasterK. The urea is idiout 1 1.000 sipiare miles, and the popu- lation estiliiilted at .1^0,000. On the luiiriiio banks the miiligrove, on the lowlunds the piiu- dmidus iind riilViii puliu, and on the higher grounds forests of great trees, with tangled massesof tall creepers, leiiresent the t'.ori!. The fiiunii is represented by elephants, who are found in great numbers about lio miles inlmul in the Mungo biisins ; apes, which abound in the forests, mid by a vast abundance of insects, crustaceans, and rejitiles. lu the Rummer rainy season (May to .Vugnst) the rainfall is very heavy, and the season of the winter rains is chariicteri/ed by Hipialls, tornadoes, mid dense vapors. The cliief station is Victoria, beauti- fully situated at tho foot of the mountain and on the shores of the ,\>ubas ]>ay, which atforda n sheltering harbor for the largest ships. Vic- toria was founded in l.SoH by ilaptist ■lissiou- aries, who took shelter there from Spanish per- secution on Fernando I'o : liimbia isa haven nt the southern extremity of tho mountain ; ]ia- kundu-bu-Nanibele, on the Mungo liiver, is the headiiuarters of a mission to tho linkundu : Cameroons is apiiliecl collectively to a dozen populous villages on the east side of the Came- roons estuary. The chief inhabitants, all of Biintu origin I f AFRICA 15 APRIOA anii'i lliilviiinlii of tliii ii.irllii'iii slci|ifH ; till' ('(iiiimiiiii^lii' liuloiiun III! I tnilirii{ .\Im> ('list lit' tint llikiiinlii : thu toiii'toiii liiiitiii^ mill wi'll-kiiouii DvMillii, tit thi> Cuiii'iiiniis I'stiiiiry ; furtlnr khuiIi tin' Mivii^ii lliiUiU'i mill tlin Itiiiiii.'^ii niMii|i-., «li.i iiri' lliii iii'Wt Hkill'iil limit liiillili'i-t ill Atiii'ii. I'll issiiiiiiif tlm I'liit^lisli |lii|ilisls, tniiiiil il in M'lM, WHS (ISHi'.) |iliu'iil iifiilrr till' r.ii'i' III till' (illUlllIl IlllSsillllUl'llS I'lolll ll.lsll', will IllVl- 111. I III lli'Mii'l tlii'ii' iiuiiii Ntiitinli, wlii'l'ii 11 train iin; si'liiiiil fur imli\ii ln'IpiTs wiis c.stiililisln' I in IHS:). I'.li viii ili'i'iiiaii iiiisHiiiiiiirii's (S nil till- tli'jil ami ;i a|ii)iiiiiti'il tii aiil tlu'iiii, with si'V- cnil nativo iissirttanls, iirii oarryuin mi u in'nm- isiiiH wiirU. 'I'lui hiili'li I'rotvHtiiul Mismonary H ii'iity iilsi) has a iiiissiim. .\tu itinlla 1,'iiitl mill Sn'iiii Xil'im. -'I'lii' Wi'lli- ItiviT risi's ill til istirii imrl nf llm wati'r slii'il iliM'liiiK' I'll' Nilii hysti'iii trmii till' <'. 111^4". "n till' until it is tliiis Mi'|iiiratril frniii tin' Itilir rl (lliii/^.il aiiil iilliii' li'ilmtiiiii's of till' Nilr, wliilu (111 llm cast it ri'ci'ivi'H the watuls fiom tlif iqi lainU Mkirtiii|4 tlio lift suli' tImCi 111^11. It passi's till. Ill, 'li iiiirNiilnriil ri'fiiiiiis 111 Miiiiliiltlil Laiiil, mi "carllily para disc," (' insiHtiiit^ nf rnllii'.i^ uplands 'J,."iiiit ti '2, SIM) fi'c't liiiili, with a ti'Mipi-ratii cliiiiali' and liixiiriaiit vi'v^.'latinii. Area, ali mt l.lliM) sipiarn mill's, pipiilatiiiii iilmiit l.diHi.diiii. Kiiiiii I'.islia spi'iiks (if tlm .Monlmttu us a [iliysically iiiid iiiti'lli'i'liially supirinr iiinpli', and nin' nf the diiiiiinmit races in Ciiilial Africa. I'liey arc industrious and Kkilfiil. and iiiaku I'Si'tllciit utensils ill WDiicl and lirus.s. 'riniir cmiiitry jimdiici'S Hiavcs, ciial, inm, leather, etc. Hu- man llesh is larj^cly llHcd as ull iirtiele nf fund. Tlicy aro Ji.'iiilu, liut arc distiii^'uished liy a Very li'^lit ('iiiiiplexinn. Their dress is luiulc frniu the liiirk of tlm liLjtriMi. 'I'lie wniiieii wear li lueri) liiiiii'lulh, and ]i>iiiit their Imdies with eiiilli'ss and evcr-eliaiit,'ili!^ dcsi^jiis. .Scattered nmon^; tlm Monlmttu arc found the .Vkka dwarfs, suiiposed tn lie, liUi) the lldttciitots of the south and tlm Walwa of the I'ppcr Con- go, roninantsof tlm iilmrijjsinal trilicH wliiuh were displaced liy tlm Jiiintu invasions. The N'yaiu-N'yani country, west and northwest of Monlmttu Land, is triiverscd liy the Nile C'oiino watershed, and is a plea.siint and licaii- tifiil region, •i'lill) to ;),(Mli) feet liif^li, occupied liy the ]iow()rful Zandcli nation, perli\ips related tn tho Fans of tin* Friinch t'mi(,'0. Scliwcin- furtli estimates their territory lis covering; nearly CO, (KM) scpiaro miles, with a po]mlatioii of iiliout 2,(100,01)0. Tluiro is no national or(,'ani/.ation ; the tribcn are frequently at war with each other. C'annibalisiu prevails. Tlm drtiss is the nkin of a boast coveriiit,' tlm loins, while the chiefs wei'r also n leoparil skin on the head The Zandeh are distini,'uislied by tlm length and deuHity of the beard nnd by their noldc carria^^e and ^roat at,'ility, and tlm iiircction of tho husband for his wife. There is no lui.s.sion- ury work carried on aiiKm^; these tribes. The Trhnd Itusin forms tlm geoi.;rapliical cen- tre of tho continent. Tho lake ri'seinbles N^;alni, in South Africa, bein<:; a shallow, marshy la^!oon of variable extent, aeoordini.! to Itolilfs 4,500 s(iuaro aiiles in tho dry soasou and 22,000 in the wet. Oil the riiAt ainl h uitli are nionii- tailiH iilld U|ilalidH : mi the linrtli and west hills and terraces, uhicli drop inln npeii plains in tho Hiiiithwt'st toward the Iteiiiie ba-.in ; and thoU(4li the Tchad has no oulh I. its Haters are (rc-.li. Area of tlm bahin, 2hii,imhi Nipiarc miles ; Jioplllatimi, over 7.01 o lioil. The soil is fevlile, vcnetafimi rich, and clinmle H.diibrimis. Tern peraturc ranj;cs jielweiii 7'"i in |)i ci iiibi r Hiid '.)! Ill .\pril. Its chief ilillilelit is the Shaii which lises in tlm unc^plnnd uplands south- west of |t;ir I'lir. 'I'he niinf.ill is ^^reater in the west and south than in the east and north. Ill the Miilidaril uplands the Wet season Lists kpVi 11 iiioiiilis ; 111 li'irnu, ab.iut four. The fauna is very riili,iiicluilinv: tlmhippi'potmiiiiH, eiephant, lion, liyi'iia, (,'iratfe, antelope, osliich, stork, pilose, and all iiidelliiitu Variety of reptilian and insect lite. Mai/.', rice, etc., are raiKid, and the li'.,, citron, poiiie^ranate, with wheat and barhy, have been latily iiilroilnci d. Iiiiiii'stii; aiiiiiiiils thrive Well, and are found in liii^e variety. The |iolitical ilivi-.ionM nf the Tchad basin Hie Wail. li, which enio\s the pnpmider- aiice of )iower ; Kaiiem. str.'tchiii^' limlli into tlm desert, mice the seat nf a powerful kinj^dmii and the " hot bed nf the .Miissulnian |iropuoaii da ;" li irnu, west and south nf the lake, aii.l Ha'.;liiriiii, east nf the Shari. The abon^^inal tvpis have been i^reallv liinditic 1 by .\rali and NubaFulali elements. War, slavery, trade, and iiiiuiiv;ratiiin have resnlte.l in a pupulatimi of Very mixed chanii'ter. Mnlianiiiiedanisiu is the ruliini relinimi, and is, w itli varyin.i; (ervor, iir-;i d upon the pa^;aii tribes. I If till' three roiitescnniiectiiii^ this region with the outer World— vi/. (li thr.iin;li Uarl'iir to the e.ist, whence the .Mohamnied.in civili/alion entered ; (2) thnuioh l'e//.aii to Tripoli, mi the Jli'diterraiiean, and (:l» by means nf the lieiiuO and the Nif^iT to the (liilf nf (iiiinea, the last but easiest route is ciiniin^^ into jirominence. (jti'inm is tho nanieapplied b,v I'.uropcans ton portion of the western coast nf .Vfriea. The Suitliern or Lower ( iuiiiea coast extends from Cape Ni't^ro f.> the Caniernons Mountains, while Xortlurii or I'ppcr (iuiiica comprises the Cala- bar district. Ni^,'er lielta. Yoruba, ])ahmiie_\, .Vshatitee, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and part nf Seiieoanibia. These States arc treated in their order. T/i" Si'ier llunin. — The Xi^or is the second river ill .\frica for volnnic, and the third for the length of its course. It rises aiiimit^ the Kmij{ Mountains almut 200 miles inland from Sierra Leone, tl.iws to the desert, curves mund to the cast nnd Koutli. and after a courso of 2,'"iOO niiks enters tho (iiilf nf (liiinen between the bights of Heuin and Iliafra. I.ioo miles from its source. It drains 1,000,000 sipiaro miles of territory. Its chief allliient is the Cliadda or llciiuu, which brink's frmii the N'ile-Con^^o-Shari watershed ii volume cipial to that of the main stream itself, and afTonls a navij,'ablo course of nearly '.••H) miles into the interior of the cniiti- iient. The conference held in lie rliii in IHH.T reserved the supremacy of tho I'l>;ier Nii,'er to France, nnd that of tho rest of the course nnd of tho lienne to England, though the main stream is to remain an international highway. Tho Ilo,val Niger Company represents tlifl English ftutbority, and is tho political ruler of "all tho territories ceded to it by the kings, chiefs, and peoples in the Niger basin." Tho company engages to oppose the shivo trade nud r ■M APRIOA 26 AFRICA rum imlUi', wlii<'li it is iloin^,' with vi(,'or. Thu Ni^^cr Di'llii I'xti'iids iiliiiij^ I'Jd mill's nf cimsl, mill I'diisists of 22 strt'iims iiilo wliiirii llu' mniu sli'i'iiMi (liviiU's III II ilistitiici' iriliiiiil nt' iiliniil, I |o mill's. 'I'lu'sii stri'iiiiis, Willi I'diilit'i'tlii^ clmii- lU'ls, fdnii 11 viist iii.iii^i'DVc! .swuiii]). 'I'lici Itiviiiiy mill llio NiM\ Ciilnliiir mo I'oiiiiccti'il willi tln' Dcltii. 'I'litt ()lii^,'olii, is ViiUoliii, i'ii|iitiil of Itiiiiti'hi ; mill iKirtlumst of Viikiilni, iiriir tlm li^lit Imuk of tliii (li)ii'^iilii, is ( 111111111', riipitiil of Kiiliim ; wi'st (if lliii (i.iiit^.ilii I'oiilliU'iirii is tlm Mini Sliiti- ; mill oil tlm o|i]iiisiti< siilii of till! Iti'iiiii', mill fiirtlmr ilowii, is tlm KorniMfii Stiiti'. IioUo, '.to mill's iiliiiVK tlm jiuirtiou of tliii lirliiii'' iiiiil Ni- giir, is tlm liirji^st ivory nmrkil in West .\frii'ii. Tokii|ii, on tlm wi'st shoriMif tlm Ni^;ri', iiiul nriir tlm I'Diitliii'iU'ii, is nil imiiortmit criitri' ; (ilu'lii'. on till' op|iositi) siili', is n hiisy tnnlint^ post. Iilihi, pii'tiii'i'sipii'ly silMiiti'il on llu' li'tt Imnk of tlm l/iiWiT Nif^rr, is tlm nipitiil of tlio Iho klii^;- iliiiii. Knllovviiii^ ilowii tli'i nvi'r, mi I'lthrr liiilik, wo liiiil Asalia ; tliiili'lia. liiilf wiiy lir- twtii'ii tlm roiitliii'iii'ii mill tlii' niniiih of tlio Nun, ami tlm most imporlmit ilipot of all ; Ali'iHi) ; Osiiiuari : Niloiii ; Aim ; Wmi, capital of tlm kiiii^iloiii of Wmi ; Akassa. in mi islmul iii'iir till' liar, iiml tin' cliii'f trii,liii|.i I'l'iitro of tlm lioval Afrii'an I'lniipany. Mast of tlio Nun, mnl iiii'luilinj^ tlm Olil Calaliiir I'stiiary, iiro mmiy trailing posts, whoso chiif artiiln of rxport is ]ialiii oil, as Ih'iiss, Nrmlii', 'I'uwan, Now ( 'alaliar, Okrikii, Ifoniiy (Imsii'st of iilh, ImUitinvn, < 'I'oi'ktown Ikorolioni;. At soiim of tlmsn jilai'i'S tlm trailiirs ri'siilo in hulks ^;ro:ipi'il to- Hillirr to form a lloalini; town. Tlm trilns of thr Ijowi'r Ni^;i'r liavo litilo I'ivili/iilion, ami aro rxtii'iiii'ly siipi'i'stitioiis. In tlm lii'iiiic tiasm, lii'siili's tlio l''iiliili riilrrs, mostly .Moliaiiiiiu'ilan, lint cspi'i'ially towiinl tlm I'ppor lii'iiiii-. still |iii|.;an, aro fniiinl tlm ill favorril Itaiiti'hi (Hilos) ; tlm pftnan Wiiriiku ; llio ilnaili'it nimi- I'aliii}^ TaiiKahi ; tlm l'"ali ami Hi'lc ; tlm en slavi'il Itatta (of .Vilamawjii, miil thru smith of till' I'.i'iiiii-. mill ri'iu'liiiii.; lowanl Ohl Calaliar, tlm Akpa, Wakari, ami Mitrlii ; iiiiil iilont^ tlm li'ft hank of tlm lii'iiiio iiii'l on Ilio Ni'^rr, tlio I'riarra. \roiiiiil tlio i-onlliii'iirn tlio Niihi' Imi- (,'na'.;i' priiloiniiiatrs ; from t)niti'liii t > tlm Diilta, llio ; ami in tlm lli'lta, dl/:) lljni. In Ilio, Iilz), N'npe, iKma, ami I^'hira, Ilisliop Crowthcr mnl his ln'lpirs hiivo piililisheil priiimrs, tUo prayorliook, ainl imrtuins of tlio fScriptiirns. lliasiiiiii.'l, iiii'lii.liiix' 11 liirnti number of jietly Stftti's mnl Uinoloiiw joins tlio Suhftfii on tlm north, tho Tchiiil ronion on tlm t'list, tlio Iti'iiiu'' wiitt'P partinv; on tin' snilh, ami llio Ni^or on tho wost. It is ini'liiili'il within tUo siihero of oporatiiin of tlm Koyal Xij^or ('omiimiy. is a rich I'onntrv ami ilciisily popnlalcil, ami its lmi|.;iiii^o has I'liii ililViisril tliriiiiL;hoiit the greater part of till' S.iiiihiii, I'opnhition, pi rliaps I, (Hill, (Kill. Till' country is low ami llat, ilnriiij,' tlm rainy season allmi^t iiiipassalih'. Ill tlm iiorthi'ili portion the rainfall is iiiiii'h less than in tlm sunt hern, where ve;.;i't at ion'is III iiiiiilmit 111 riiii);li lint the year. The palm, lamarinil, haohiib, liiilliT tree, iloria, whose seeils form mi arliclo of export, liamina, nee, onions, etc,, alioiiml. The ele)>liaiit ami tlm maiieleHH lion are foiiiiil. The ^;oiils are hrown ami the cattle while. Mosiiiiiloes in the marshy ilisliicts miioiinl to ii plague. Kmio, in I'.ast llaiiMi, is pi'rlia|is tho t^reatest ci!y of North ('eliliiil .Urica. Within its walls, wliicli siinoiinil a space of 111 si|iiaro miles, are foiiinl, in tin ir various ipiarlers, ini- iiii^;raiits of every race ; Wiiriio, northeast of Sokoto, ami on the same river, is the present resilience of the s.iverei[.;n of the .\l iissiilmans ; Sokoto, with a population (once amoiintiii)^ to rjO.IMliI) of 'Jo.iHiil, is an iiii]iortaiit trmlini^ cen- tro mill capital of the enipiro ; (oiliilo, aliont M miles siinlliwcst of Sokote, is the capital of West Ilaiisa. Niipe, lietween the Kailiina anil Ni;.;i r, Is a rich and lavoriilily silimteil ilistrict, ami its ca|iilal, Hiilii, a city of perhaps 1(1(1,0(10 iiihahitants. Soiitli of the Ni^^cr stainls tho threat repiililicaii city of llorin, .Missionaries of the ('liiirch .Mishioiiiiry Society ami the Wch- levaii Mithoilist Society liavi' foiiiiilcil stations at Kipo Hill. I''.'^j.;aii, llnlii, Slioii!.;i, tie., in the Nnpe kin^'iloni. Ilaiisalaml forms a ^reiit I'lilah empire iliviileil into tlm two kin^iloms of W iiriio i.Sokotoi ami (iaiiilo, haviiii,' also imiiiy trihntary provinces in the ririiiU' hasin. Thf llaiisa Ian 1^1111(^11 is praiseil for its simplicity, elet;aiice, iiiitl for its wealth of vocaluil.iry. The triliis of llaiisame iiiiich farther ailvanceil in civili/atioii than tlioso of tlm Lower NiL;er mnl the lieniitj. riif Miihlli- Ai'/i'i-, from limlniktii to (iomliii, at the Sokolo conllilelice. isaliiiost llliinhaliitod, except in tho soiitheni portions. Tlm region ti> tlm imrlhwest, and to some extent to the Koiith (ai'ioss the river;, is peopleil liy .\ralis. 'I'o tho east as far as the Tchad region, ami north iis far as the Algerian froiilier, aro scattered countless trilies of jterliers, w ho, south of tlm river, liiivo iiiixel with tlm negro trilies. On liotli sitles of tlm river, from Timluiktil to the Sokoto cnlitlil- encii and south of the curve, ilwell the Songhiii, once powerful, now siihject to the l''nlali enipiro ' of Mussina. Tlm Sniighai negroes are dull anil mifrieiidly. The chief centres of this region are the famous Tiiiilinktn. (logn, and, IM) miles farther down tln^ river, (larii and .Sjiuhr, ami farthi r on Sai. The I pper Niger is iiihaliili'il liy .Maiidingans mid llainluirra, who are lirokeii up into a large nnmlier of petty iiiilepeinlent States. I'he people are mostly indiistriouH, skilful, and superstitions. The (' .M. S. iiinl Wesleyaii ^Tethllllist in Ilaii'ialaiid, and tho riiited I'reshyterian Cluireli of Scotland in Ohl Calaliar, aro tlm missionary socielies repre- sented /7n' Sliirr I'lid.v', so called from its sad proiiii neiice in llio shivti tratlic, Htieiiehes from tlm Niger Delta to the Yolta Kiver, with imlelinito liiiiindaries inliind. It imiii.ies (I) Vornliii, {2) rorto Novo, (11) Dahomey, (I) (ireiit I'opo and Agvf, and t")!, liittio I'opo mid Togo. .\rea, pi'rhapa li'J, 11(10 sipiiire miles, with It, 000,- 000 of people. Ilritain, (iornimiy, I'mnce, ami I'ortiigiil sliaru thu territory. The uuuioul lino I r r II 1 II li ! I i! ^ M X"^ WESTEUX SOUDAN SCALE OF MILES &t) 1(K) ^UU aiKI COLOR REFERENCE. 1C 11 I 1R I ('I s 'J a It 1' te C( III tv to to I'X Ih Mi Ml cii lilt Fr rof wil ATRIOA 27 AFRICA of fho continont nowlios about 5(1 miles inlnnd, ftllil tills stll|) nf iiioilrril (^i)iisl lini'. (Icfelldoil IjyMiiiiil 1)1111 ks 1111(1 Wiislu^il hy ii sorites nl' liij^doiis, j^eiitly rises toward tho inliiiid plateaus, where peaks are touiiil ti, 7(111 tuet hit^h. The land tlieii falls rajildlv toward the uortheril stepjies. 'Ihe seaward rivers, of whioh the (>^;uu, rising; l.so miles inland, is the [iniuupal one, an! not lart^e, and in the dry seasons lose tlu'inselves in lln) coast la^^oous. The eliniato is salubrious, exee|it tortile marsh fevers whieh prevail, jspeiually at the eloso of tlio rainy seasons. U has t«o dry and two wet seasons ; mean teniperaturi?, 7'.l . The cultivated lands of I hit i nterior are separated from the coast la^,'oous by delist! forests ot t,'itf more than 1(10, (ICII, Hituated on the Ogun liiver, and formed of soiiui (iO ciuumunities, each with its own dialect, as well as its civil and leliyious organi/atimi, brouj^ht from tin! various villa^^es from which the people tied for i)rotectioii aj;ainst slave and other enemies ; Ibadan, a similar city about (id miles to the northeast ; L igos, about H miles from the sea, on an island in the Ossa, wealthiest city on the East African .seaboard, with a Kiiro. pean ([Uarter, where the Jiritlsh ailministrator resides ; Li!ckie, lying east of hagos ; Jl.ulagry, formerly capital of a kingdom and the great Slave market, 10 miles west of Lagos, are the principal towns. The Churcth Missionary So- ciety has a llourishing mission in the country. The \Veslt!yaii Missionary Society (Knglish) and the .Vmerieau Uajjlist 1,'onveution (Southern) also have stations. l'i)ilii-Xm-ii, an enclave on the coast between Voruba and Dahomey, a Freindi iiossession at- tiiclieahoiiiise ; .V.juda, spnkeli by the .Iiji of the \\ hydah coast ; Anfwe, s|)oken liy the Krejii. west of IJie Jeji, and Anio, south of the Krepi. The iimst pow- erful of the Ewes is the Fan or Dahomey Sioui). The p(!Ople are intelligent and i|Uick to learn. The king is a god, all the ])eo))le his slaves. Fart of the army cnusists of fiiiiale warriors, t jual to the males in bravt ry and cold-blooded cruelty. Cimnibalism. human sacrifices, incredible cruelty, and contempt of death, begotten of a firm belief in immnrtality, distinguish these tribes. 'I'lie Gold Coes. North of the hilly region stretch vast plains, with here and there a bold blulf, which extend in a north- easterly direction to the Niger, while in the northwest they merge in the unexplored high- land region of the Kong Mountains. F'roui this highland region llow copious streams, such as the Volta, the lioosum-l'rah, the .\ncobra, and the Tan we. The climate, flora, and fauna ))reseiit the saiiu! general features as on the .Slave < 'oast. The hilly distrii!ts in the interior furnish pleasant health resiU'ts for the Europeans. Cotl'ee, to- bacco, cacao, caoutchouc, cotton, etc., are culti- vated. The chief article of expert is jialm oil. (iold-miiiesare workeil in Wassaw and .\sliantee. .\xim, an English fort, west of Cape Three I'oints, the best landing [dace on the coast, and which will become an important jiort ; .\odwa, formerly capital of Wassaw, now deserted by its inhabitants, who have n moved to the mining region ; Coomassi, capital of .\8hantee, destroyed by the Kritisli in ls7t. rebuilt iii lMh3 ; .Vccra, ltd miles east of Cape Coast, chief centre of Eu- ropean life and starting point of several routes for the interior ; Christiansborg. otHcial capital of the liritish ])0!isessi(>ns, and l^uettah. where a strong garrison is placed, aro the chief towns. Deyond tlu' Hritish possessions are other im- ^lortant trading centres, such as IJontuku, in tTaniau Kutampo, 7d miles north of Coomassi ; Salaga, presenting the appearam!e of an .\iab town ; ilendi, capital of the kingdom of Dft- goinba, which stretches northward to the Man- dingan territory ; .\beteti, on the watershed between the Volta basin and the I'mli, and chosen as a centre by the liaale luisaiouaries. AFRICA la tho Upper Volta biisin nnd interior high- lands the uboriginos liavo held thoir f^roiind an Sfiparato (^niiips. Hut this distinntions of lau- Riiago, oiistoins, and physical characteristics are rapidly disappearing. Tho aborigint^s are called Patoso, that is, " liarl)aTians, " liy tho Ashanti conijui'rors. Tluur laugiiago is the Gttauy, Nta, and allii'd idioms, which, though unin- tclligihUi to the AshantiH^ pcoi)lcs, yet belong to the same family of languages as tlie Otji or (ia. The Otji poopUis include the Ashantis, i)an- kiiMs, Wassaws, Akinis, Assiiis, and i'antis, and are tho ruling race. They are well developed ])hysically, ami perhaps owe some of their characteristics to lierber and Arab blood. They are farmers, artisans, merchants, stock breeders, fishermen, according to their surroundings. The missionarifs use for their translation of tho Bible, prayer. biok, hymns, etc., tlio Akvvapoin dialect, i'he incredible cruelty and carnage of Ashanti power, with human sacrifices and slaughter, have largely been stopped by the British aggression, Tho WesU^yan Missionary Society (British), the X.)rth (i"riiian Missionary Society, and the Basle Missii nary Society, which succeeded the M iravian lir.'thren. have sevci-id stations in the country, as have also the K.iman (!atholics ; Vmt missionary work meets with great ditticulties among a people so superstitions imd tierce. Iri)!'!/ Const. — Tho gentb , iirve stretching from Capo Three Points to fajio I'almas is, on account of the protection its contour affords from Atlantic storms, called the Leeward Ciiast. Ivory (yoast occui)ies that portion lying between the Tauwe liiver and (,'apo I'almas. The French possessions on this coast, with indctinitc limits inland, occupy l:iO uiilos of coast line, extend- ing from tho TanwO t ) tho Lapu. Continuing from the Lapu to San Pedro, IJi) miles, we skirt a region almost unknown, and as yet unap- propriated by any European power. The French possessions have a double shore lino. Betwtaui tho outer beach and the interior forest lands are lagoons into which the rivers from the interior break, through creeks and inlets. The principal rivers are the Tanwe, Kindjabo, and Akba, the last said to be 240 miles in length, affording splendid access to the interior. The population of the Ivory Coast inland to the Niger water-shed is estimated at .^)l)ll, 01)11. The origin of the inland peoples is not definitely known. The trading tribes about Ebue Lagoon are called by the English nickname " Jack- Jack ;" west of tho Lahu are the Avekvoms, commonly called Qua t^uas ; while farther west are the Kroomen. Tho coast tribes arc mild and trustworthy. Mohammedanism has made no progress, nor are there any Christian mis- sions among them. Tho French ollicials reside at Grand Bassani, Assini, and Dabii. Lilii'rid. — .V republic after tho United States model, established by colonies of emanciiiated slaves from America. It has ',M) miles of sea oa.st, extending from San Pedro to Capo Mount, and inland to tho Kong uplands. Area (of colony and protected territories), (50,01)0 Kipiaro miles ; population, 1,0")0,()()0. Tho sea- board is low and fringed with lagoons and in- lets, with a few conspicuous headlands, as Capo Monsurado ('2sO feet), near tho entrance to Mou. rovia, the capital ; and (^a|)e Mount (l.OO.'J feet), marking the western boundary. Inland appear chains of hills. The rivers take their rise in the Mandingan uplands, which form the wnter- AFRIOA shed between tho Nile basin and the seaward streams. Tho mean annual temperature of Monrovia is Kl Fuhr,, and ranges between 77 and H(i . Tho climate is diingeroiis for immi- grants. Veg(!lation is luxuriant and tho fauna rich, especially in the Mandingan uplands. The largest river is the St. Paul (which rises nearly 20l) miles from the sea), along whoso banks are uuMierous sugar and other piaiita- tions. The principal towns are Monrovia, the capi- tal ; Itoiiertsport, north of Ciipe Mount ; Cald- W(dl, on the St. Paul ; Musanlu, chief town of the >hindiiigans ; (irand liassa (Buchanan), near the mouth of tho Junk, the commercial centre of the rejmblic ; Harper, a salubrious town near Cape I'almas. The inhabitants are the seafaring Kroos, be- tween Cniie I'almas and tho Siuu Ifiver ; tho Bassaa ; the still savage Barlins, south of tho St. I'aul ; the Mandingan \'eis, agriculturists ; the tierce ( iolas, dwelling along the western atHuents of tho St. I'aul ; the warlike I'ussis and liussis, and in the niilauds of the interior, the powerful Mandingans. The .Vmerican Protestant Episcopal Church, Methodist Ei)iscopal Church (American), .Vmer- ican Presbyterian Church, the .Vmerican Bap- tist Missionary Union, the Evangelical Lu- theran GeiK^ral Synod, and a few unattached in- dividuals have missions in Liberia. Sierra /yCOHK covers the British possessions and I'rotectorate (inchnling tho Sierra Leone colony lu'oi)er and the adjacent territory, mainlmid, and islands) lying between French Senegambia and Liberia. Total area, 28,000 siiuare miles ; jiopulation, l,()00,()i)0 ; area actually in posses- sion of tho British, 1,120 scjuaro miles ; popu- lation, 00,o4(). Tho peninsula of Sierra Leone, which is completely surrounded by water in the raii'.y seasoi by tho junction of Waterloo and Calmont creeks, covers an area of about 2'.)l) scpiare miles. It is mostly occupied by a range of gently roundiMl hills rising in jilaces to a height of ;i,0()0 feet. Tho rainfall in the \\h< lo territory is heavy ; copious streams, rising in the Niger water-shed, flow south and west. The climate is equable, ranging from 7f< to H(l . The rainy season commences in .Vpril or Jlay, and declines in October, November, and De- cember. January, February, and March are al- most rainless. The mean annual rainfall is 1,'j-t inches. Tho marshy exhalations during tho rainy season render the climate very insalubri- ous. The death rate is very high. Principal exports, which come chiefly from the interior : Benni seed, cola nuts, ginger, ground nuts, ])alm kernels, and oil, gum copal, rubber, liides, ivory, and gold dust. Vegetation is lux- uriant. Freetown (30,000 inhabitants'), on Cape Sierra Leone, is tho capital. It covers four sipiare miles, and has some good buildings, schools, churches, and government offices. The dominant race is the Timni (about 2t)0,000), on the j)lains bet ween the llokelle and Little Sarcio rivers. Their language is widesi)read. Several books, ri'lig- ious and educational, have been translated. The people are very superstitious and suspi- cious. A great power among them is (lie Puna, a se^cret society in which wizard influence is very strong and often deadly. Of the samo stock are the BuUams, divided into two sections by the encroachments of the Tiiuni. Tho northern occupy between the Mallecory Elver AFRICA 29 AFRICA 10 Siena ire iiiilos, li\irt'lii>s, it rin'o is betwoon Till ir is, ri'lit!- msliUi'd. (1 MllSlli- Jic I'uriii, luencc is Ihi' Kiinio 1 scctinns Ji. The Iry lUver and the Sierra Leone estunry ; the Houlhern, Sherlii'i) Island nnd nei^liburing district. Thu warlike Meiidi dwell east of the southern JJiillaiiis. The Linibas are a imworfnl triho dwelling mirtlieastof the Tinini. The Giillinns. on tho liihurian frontier, are aggressive nnd skilful. The SatYrokos and Konos dwell near the Niger water-shed, among the sources o£ tho coast stre.iiiis. In the east the Moslem Man- dingans are making eneroachnients, and in tho northeast the lliii>us (Fulah tribes). East of the Tiiuiii are the pagan and uncultured Kur- ankos, and farther nortli the hospitahlo Solimas. The colonists (freed negroes) are nearly 1(),(MI0 in number, and are rrotestaiits of tho various denominations. The Los Islands and adjacent coasts north of the Mallecory Itiver are occu- pied by the I'ligas and tho courteous Su-Su.s, whose spi^ech, a Mandingan dialect, is the diuuinant one in the whole region, and pos- sesses tho Bible and several other translations. Thi^ Cliurch Missionary Society undertook its mission iii Sierra heono in IsiH, and has en- joyed encouraging success. The Wesleyan Methodist .Missionary Society comes next, with nearly ecpial statistics ; Lady Huntingdon's connetaioii, the Society for the Proiiagation of the Gospel, the I'aris l^vangelii'al Missionary Society, the T'nited Methodist Free Churches, the I'nited liretliren of Ohio I.Vmerican), tho African Methodist Kpiscopal Church, and the lioiiian Catholics also pursue missionary work there. Sfiii'ii'tinhUt comprises the regions watered by the Senegal and tho (raiiibia, and is divided politicidly into Knglish, Portuguese, and French Seiiigambia. The first comprises the settle- ment on the left bank of tlie (iambia at its nioutli, Klephant's Island, lull miles inland ; .McCarthy's I.sliiiid, still fartli( r from the sea, and tho Los Islands, forming together the colony of Gambia, with Uathurst, on St. Mary's Island, as the capital, and is connected with Sierra Leone (ip v. ). I'ortugiiese Seneganibia (also calliMl (iuineai lies botwten theXunezand Casamaii/a rivers, including ISissagos .Vrchipel- ago. -Vrea, 17(100; |)opulation, loll, (Kill. But little of tills fertile territory, watered by rivers rising in the Futa-.Iallon highlands, has been actually occupieil by the Kiiropean masters. French Sonegiimbia constitutes the jirovinco of Sewijal, or Ihe Frrnch Soniinn. and has a coast line extending from the Mallecory ti) the Xuuez (ITid miles) ; and jiassing by the I'tutuguese pos- sessions, it (Mimmenci^s again at the Cassamanza and continues to Ca])e Bianco ((."ill niiksi. From Cape Verd inland the French jxissessions extend C.IKI miles fo the Nigir. The Futa-.Jallon highlands and tho I'pper Niger basin are also under the French Protectorate. Area, about 2(1(1 llllll sipiare miles. The l,.w Hat si aboard of S.'iKgambia rises toward the vast plateau which culminates in a di ersilieil mountainous region which duscends abruptly to the I'piier Niger basin. Ill tho south it meets the Kong Moun- tains, and in the north throws out some spurs into the desert. Nuiiu-rous rivers, as thi! Melle- eiiry, Dubreka, Nunez, Ccuiiponi, Cassiiii, Kio (iranile, (reba, Cacheo, (^isamanza, (iambia, Salum, and Senegal rise in the highlands and 'low in jiiirallel directions to the Atlantic. Tho lluvial basins are fertile, and the iiKuintains and alluvial deposits contain iron and gold. riiH giant baobab, acaoia, p/ilm, kola-nut tree, lig, orange, sycamore, etc., are representative among the flora. Tho ostrich, bustard, stork, l)arttiitgo, and a gieai variety of large and small animals, both wild and domesticated, aro found. The clin.ato is severe for Europeans. The rainy season commences in May or Juno, and increasps in length as you approach tho E(piator. The Senegal is the northern limit of suiticieiit rainfall. The thermometer ranges between an average of 77 in tho winter Keason and W in the suniiiier. Tho heat in tho in- terior and in the south is, during the latter Jiart of tho lainy season, almost intolerable. 'Iho chief town in Seneganibia is St. Louis, tho capital of the French possessions. Dakar, near Cape Verd, is the head(]Uarters of trading com- imnies and the tiirminus of tho St. Louis Kail- wav (Kill miles long) and of the .\tlantic Cable. Tho inhabitants are : 1. Jloors, descended from tho /aiiaga Berbers, and intermingled with both .\rabs and Negroes, show a great varietv of types. Thev arc^ sjiirited, brave, and fanatical Moluimmedaiis, and aro found north of the Senegal, only om^ trilie, the Dakalifas, being fcuiiid (Ui the south. 2. 'I'he Negro raci s, which form the bulk of the population, includo the Wolofs, very black, brave, and suiierstitious, mostly Mohamme(bins, inhabiting most of tho territory bounded by the Senegal, FalemC-, Ciam- bia, and tlio sea-coast ; the Serers, akin to tho Wolofs, and cui their southern borders ; tho Sarakoles of the Mi Hiinken hern and tiiere, hut the water is liraek ish. The atiiiDsphero is very dry, fo^;s aliimst unkninvii, heiivy showers rare ; tlesh never jMitrelies, Tlio tlieriiioiiieter raiit?8s from 1 1(1 K.ihr. ill the daytime to 2(1 ut iiinht. The hiroi'co froui the south is greatly dreaded. Tlio desert routes are often rendereil dangerous by the tilling >ip of tho wells, or their possession liy an enemy. The guides form a sort of priestly paste. The ehief routes across the desert are : 1. Fioni Timhuktu, on tho L'ppor Niger, to In- salah, theiieo to (rhitdames and Tripoli, or to Algeria and Tunis ; 2. From Timhuktu to Morocco ; It. From Katsena, in JJritish Soudan, to Tripoli hy Air and (llmt ; 1. From Knka, southwest of Lake Tchad, to Mur/uk and Trij)- oli. The trade of these routes amounts to about |;K)(),()()I) annually. As tho great river routes into the interior are explored, the desert routes will heoomo less imiiortant. A railway is projected connecting tho French possessions on tlie .Vtlantio and Mediterranean. Politically, tho Sahara is divided between Jlorocco, the French possessions in tho nortli, and Turkey. Arab tribes are found in all parts of the desert. AVest and south of tho oasis of Kufarah, and as far as tho trade route bet«'een Lake Tchad and Fezziin, dwell tho Tibbus. They are jealous Mussulmans. Economic conditions render them hardy, agile, and rather undersized. They are of jiegro stock, but mixed with Arab blood, and aro related to tho Darkas of ]?orgu. Chief centre of population is Itardai, in tho midst of palm groves. Tho western central Saha.a and northsvestern regions are occupied by Taureg lierbers. They are tall, slim, and enduring, of light conii)lexion, and ambitious. The western Saliara receives n share of rainfall, and has a few rivers tlowing into the Atlantic. The Spannirds possess the coast line from Capo Blanco, tho northern limit of the French j)os- sessious, to (!ape IJojador, 4H() niiles farther north, There aro no Christian missions to the Saharan tribes. MDmc.cn, 0)' ^^((rro<•l'n, bounded north and west by tlie Mediterranean and Atlantic, and east by a conventional liuo separating it from Algeria, extends into the desert to a greater or less extent, according to tho activity and jxnver of the reigning Sultan. Xwn. variously esti- mated at from 'iOO.OOO to ;)().">, (HH) scpiaro miles ; population, perhaps (!. 0(10,(1(1(1. It consists of three States subject to the Sultan Shorit — the kingdoms of Fez in tho ncu'th and Morocco in tho southw(!st, and the oasis of Tallli'lt, besides several semi-independent tribal territories of the desert. Tho Atlas (l)eren) range, from 4,000 to 1:),000 feet, traverses the country from northeast to southwest. For the rest, the surface is occupied by rolling steppes diversi- fled by mountain spurs, and merging in the low- lands of the Sahara and the Atlantic shores. The rainfall is greater than that of the other Miiuritanian States, as also the nundier and size of tho rivers, none of which, however, aro capa- ble of floating anything but very light craft. The flora is that of Southern Kui-ope, most re- Boiubling that of Spain. A plant ])eetdiar to Morocco is the one which yields " ammoniac " — a resin used for the purpose of fumigation ; the argania, which needs no irrigation, and whose berry is eagerly eatou by animals, is also AFRICA indigenous. The lion, i>anther, bear, wild boar, hyena, lynx, fox, rabbit, osfrich, and all domestic animals arc found, T"he climate is mild. e(iuable, and very salu- brious. The governiiK'Ht is an Oriental despot- ism, cruel and barbjirous, and the country is iiifcst(Ml by lawless bands. There are no ])ro|ier means of transiiortation in the interior ; agri- culture is of the must jirimitive kind, and the rich resources of the country remain unde- veloped. Every seapcnt, however, has its trad((rs ; in Fez there are riOO Spaniards ; with Fiance and England there aro extensive com- mercial relations. Tho schools aro very primi- tive ; no newspaper is jmblished anywhere ; slavery still exists ; the emperor has hundreds of wives, though iinlygamy is not extensively liractised liy tho people. Tho houses aro built of stone. The ISerbers, original inhabitants of the coun- try, form two thirds of the population, and are divided into several groups, as tlio Kabyles of the north, the Shellahas of the southern sloiies of the I'liper Atlas range, the Jlaratius of tho south. The Shellaha language is that most ex- tensively spoken. Arabic is also largely dif- fused, especially in the north. The Arabs are called Moors in tho towns, where they form tho majority of the po|mlation. They aro sociable in disposition. Miu-occo ranks next to Arabia in the Mohammedan mind. The Jews, still calling themselves " exiles from Castile," num- ber over 100, 000. They speak Spanish, and to some extent Arabic. The negro population, pure and half-caste, are constantly recruited by the slave-trade with the Soudan. Mohammo- danisni is the religion of the empire, and tho Sultau-Sherif is to the AVfstern Mohammedans what the Turkish Sultan is to those of the East. There are missions of the North African Jlission and of the London Society for Promoting Chris- tianity among the Jews in Morocco. Ahjeri't, a French colony, has a coast line of about .'ioO miles, and reaches inland from H'iO to ItSO niiles. Area, 1 7(), 000 s(piare miles ; jiopu- lation, :),400,00(l. Traversed by parallel ridges from east to west, the whole country is moun- tainous, with extensive table-lands and elevated valleys. T'iie rivers are numerous, but short ; lakes and marshes abound, though many of them are dry during the summer ; warm medic- inal springs are fouiiil. The " Tell," or hilly country, including tho maritime zone, lias tv fertile soil, abundant rainfall, and extensive arable jdains, which )iroduce wheat, barley, and other grains : in tlie south or " Sahara" country pasturage and fruits, the ])alm, pomegranate, tig, peach, etc., alxnmd. The fauna is similar to that of Morocco. The mineral wealth is enormous. The climate of the " Tell " country resembles that of tho south of Spain. In tho "Sahara" country the heat is often excessive. Next to Cape Colony, .Vlgeria is tho largest cen- tre of Eurojiean population in Africa. French, Spaniards, Italians, (iermans, Uritish, natu- ralized lews, and other Europeans number .lOO,- 000. French settlements are found not only in tho coast towns, but in tho interior, and loads run in all directions to tho verge of the desert ; there are about 1,'200 miles of railway. Tho native population (2.000.000) is Mohammedan. 1. Kabylo I.erbers, active and industrious, are b.v far the most numerous. 2. Moors are found chiefly in the coast towns and villages. ,'1, Bed- ouin Arabs roam over the "Sahara" country. Is Hiniilnr Ivea'ith is I' cnuntvy In tho bxcessivp. tgost cell- Fvriu'li, Lh, niitu- |i\).>r ",00,- l)t only iu aosert ; Iny. Tho Ininiediin. ^ions, are ixre found 3. Bed- I country. I ■i i I AFRICA 31 AFRICA 4. Nt'uro froedmrn nnd linlt-cnstcs fiiriii iin iiu- l)i)rtiiiit iiidiistriiil clfiiiciit. Coiisliintinf, Al- ^(iiTM, mill ( (ran urn the ciiintiils of the three iid iiiiiiistiative (livisiiuis nt' tlie (•nlimy. 'I'he North Afiii'ii Mishidii, the I lilted rreslivleriiiii Chineh of Scofhiiid, tlie I'reiieli Kviiii^jelinil Mi^sioimrv .Society, the I.otiihm Soeiety for I'ldiiiotinn Christiiiiiily iiiiioli;^' the Jews, mid tlie Itoiiimi (-'iitliDlie. Ohiireh lm«e iiiirtsioiis in Alueriii. Tunis is (^eiieriilly siiiiiliii' lo Aij^eiiu in its lihysieiil mill cliiiiiitii^ coiiditions mid etliniciil cleiiienls. Areii, 1(1, "i")!! siiiime niili s ; iioi>iilii- lion, iiliiiiit l,.")lHl,()iMI, NhowiiiK very iiiueh j^reiiter • leiisity tli.tn in AJi^iriit or MDroeeo. 'I'he Kuro- )ieiiiis iiiiiiilier idioiit Mi'i.diHl. The iiiliiiinistrii tioli r.f the country is divided lietweell the l!ey mid the l''rench (ioverniiient. The former ex- ercises nominul control over the iilVnirs of the interior, whih^ I'rmiee iidniinisters the linmices and |iroviiles for the defcne(^ of the country. There are I'rotestiint missions in Tunis, curried nil liytlie North Africa Mission iind hy the Lon- don Society for rromoting Christinuity iimony the JewH. Tri}m\i, bounded on tho northwest by Tnnis, on the east by the Nubian Desert, which sepa- rates it from Knypt, imd inulndinn within its Kouthern border tho oases of Kiifra, Po/,zan, etc., coverH an area of about 4Ku,U(M) H.juare miles, and has a iiopulation of 1,010. (ton souls. It is a dependency of the Turkish Kiiipire, thiui^h the authority of the Sultan is often set at niiu^jlit by the local chiefs and nli^jions lead- ers, Tho reli^;ious order of the Selioussis, whose cajiital is .Tarabuh, in the Fared (rliah (Jasis, in tlie Libyan Desert, is the dominant power in the wliol(> country. The Senonssi is a Moslem sect which has ^rown very rajiidly. The Caliidi, or ■' lieutenant of (tod," has under him a com- plete hierarchy of subordinate oflicers. Special couriers at his disposal enable him to communi- cate with all parts of the comiiiunity with in- credihle celerity. Once a year he convokes the Kuperior officers in a synod at .larabub. The various ^'overnments, K(^yptinn, Turkish, and Tunisiaii, have accorded to the society (isoal imiunnities and concessions of territory. It has 1.") stations in Morocco, in in AlKcriu'. 10 in Tunis, CiCi in Tripoli, and 17 in Kg.vpt. The Sul- tan of Wadai is one of the most fervent adherents of the sect. It does not confine itself to the white race ; tho lilacks have been drawn in by its nuiiierons schools, founded in the Soudan, which have extended their intlueneo from Sene- Kiimbia to Timbuctoo, Lake Tchad, liahr-il- <: ha/el, and even to the country of the Dauakils, the (iallas, and the Somalis. Tripoli is divided naturally foradministrativo puriiosesinto lour iirovinces : 1. Tripoli proper, lying between Tunis and liarka ; •>. liarka or t'yrenaica ; It. Fezzan, and, i. lUiat, southwest of Fezzan. besides these are the oases of Kufra, lield hy tlin Senoussi brotherhood, and inde- pendunt of the Turkish authority. Tho cnun- try is made up of vast sandy jiluiiis interrupted liy rocky ranges, with a fertile strip ail.jacent to the sea, and hero and th.'ro in the desert a de- pression, wliere the s|.rings of water are sutli- cient tor a few inhabitants and their groves of date iialiiis. The iirincijial jiroilucts are corn, barley, olives, saffron, figs, and dates. The climate is varialile, resembling that of Southern Kurope, and generally salubrious. Tho popu- lation consists of Arabs. Herhors, Negroes (brought from the interior us slaves, and speak- iiig miiny clialects, chielly the Hausa), Turks, and .lewisli mid Ijiropean (Maltese) traders. •V fi-w uiiiiilluential Coptic groujis are found. The Maltese are lirilish subjects, speak Italian, and jirefer the Christian (liomiin Catholic) re- ligion The North .\frica .Mission has 1 sta- tion in 'l'ri|ioli. SiuUliinsL Atiii'iin Isldiiils.-'Vtisinii d'.Vciiii- lia (ill :I7 south latltiub' and \2 west longi- tude) is a rocky group on the highway between the Cape and La Plata. It is 1,H(MI miles from the Cape. .\rea of all the islands, DO Si|Uaro miles. It belongs to llritain, mid the language of the ]ieoplo is Kiiglish. '1 he highest jieak oti the priiii'i]ial island is H.."iO() feet high and snow- clad, i'laiits of the temperate Zone thrive well. I'liere are no niitihs or insects, .\ipiatic birds abound. Domestic iinimals are tlii' (diief re- sources of the jieople. The climate is excellent. The natives are i>liysicall.v a line race, and are the issue of I'.iiropeans, .Vmericans, anil lioers, married to half-caste women fieiii St. Helena and South .\friea ; pojiulatioii. ll'i St. Helena, 1,110 miles due west of Mos- samedi'S, and 1,100 miles north of Tristan dWeuiiha, has mi area of 17 sipiare niiles. Tho climate is mild, varying between fj:! in the win- ter and .Hit in the summer. Ijiropean settlers have introduced the princi]>al domestic animals and n great variety of plants. I'opulatioii, 4,r)00. It is a liritish Crown colony. Chinese and Malay Coolies and Negroes are mixed with the population. The Society for the I'ropaga- tion of the (lospel has a station. .Vscension, '.i:!0 miles south and a few degrees west of Cape I'almas, isalJritish Crown colony. Though within 550 miles of the Kipnitor, and at times sub.jeet to oiijiressivo heat, the climate is salubrious. It is inhabited by a liritish gar- rison. I'ojiulation '200. In the (iulf of Ciuinea are four islands : 1. An- nobon, a mass of fissured rocks, covering 7 sijuaro miles. The rainfall is copious and tho forests dense. Its ttOO inhabitants are negroes, and profess the Koiiian Catholic religion. The island belongs to Sjiain. '2. St. TliomaH (San-Thonie), though so near the Kcpiator and the marshy coast line of tho continent, yet enjo,vs the cool southern current, and its uidands liiivo a salubrious climate, especially for I'uropeaiis. It covers H70 sipiaro miles, has an abundant rainfall and exuberant vegetation. It is a rortugueso colony with a white jmpulation of about 1,'JOO, while the natives numbiT 17.000. Some of them, ],l!00 in number, on the west coast, are de- scendants of A Hunda negroes, who preserve their customs and speech. Others are descend, ants of the slaves, who cultivated the cinchona, coffee, and cacao plantations of tlie I'ortugueso colonists. I). I'rincoss Island (I'rincipe) belongs to Tort- ugal. Area. (10 sipiare miles ; poiiuiation. 2.500. They are all negroes, but call themselves Port- uguese Catholics. The rainfall is coiiious and vegetation luxuriant, but the climate insalu- brious. 4. Fernando-Po is a Spanish possession IS miles from the mainland. It covers an area of H'M) square miles, mostly mountainous. Tho llora is diversified and abundant. Most of the European domestic animals have been intro- duced. Population, liO.OOO. The natives are called Bubis. They are evidently from tho mainland orip''nally, though inferior in spirit ^ AFRICAN 33 AQARPABA I Mild pLyHi(|Mo tn their relntivoH of ttip rnaRt. Tlii>>' H|iQi>kH('voralttialoctHof thii lli'iiitu f"tiiily. 'I'tiny worMliii) tlui (irt)iit Spirit, mid liiivp iniiiiy l)iirlpiiri)iiH 1111(1 niipcrMlitiium iirm'ticin. S|miii.sli inis>iic)!iitri('H liilior auion^ tli)< liliicUs, uiid tlio I'riiiiiUvu MtitliodiHts liiivu '2 HtittiiiliM on tlin islillld. Tlii^ Wi'Ht AfricHii IhIiiikIs arc : 1. 'riiii ('a|iii Viird IslaiidH, which Idriil a cnlo iiiitl |ii)ssi'ssi(iii of S|>iiiii. Anil, t, l>~iii H(|iiiir() iiiih'H ; iiopuliitioii, Id,') (Kill, Thx clitiiatu, cilniili/iMl li_v tin' siiniiiuidiii^; wiitcrK, viirici from I'll ill winter to ',l| in siumiiut ; lui'iin tfiiipcniturt', 7") . 'I'liK ruinfiill in iiri'nulm- mid Hoiiii'titiii's iliit'i'i'tivi'. 'I'lii- inlialiiliints, iiltiioHt exclusively negroes, call tliernselvcs Ciitliolic, tlioiii^h tliey iiiinnlc many of the mudciit supor- Htilions with the pnu^tice of Cliristiauity. 2. 'i'lio CiinaricH, near the Morocoaii liead- lands, are also a Spanish possession. Area (7 islands), 2 ><">0 Kipians miles ; ]iopiilation, ;!()1.. 0(10, Fh)ra and fauna arc I'.iiropeaii in char- acter ; mean ti^mperiitnrc, ahoiit 7ii , with a ditturiiuco of 17 lietwceii th(^ hottest mid cohk'St months. 'I'hi! inlmliilants use the Spanish latiKua^c fxclMsivcl,v. and in all re- spoct.H aro scarcely ilistmgiiishahle from the jipoplii of Spain. U. Madeira is IIImI miles from the .\frican Coast and 5:1.") miles from I'ortuj^al, to which it lielonns p(ditically. Two of the islands are in- habited. Area, 325 square miles ; population, i:il,(Hi(). 'I'hti scenery is jiicturesipie, the cli male y the monsoons. The people are aluuist exclusively pastoral. Cattle, sheep, goats, asses, camels, have lieen intro- duced. Heptiles are common. Mohammedan- ism prevails. Nearly all the people call them- selves .Vrahs, thou^^h they are of mixed ori- gin. 2. The Seychelles, 5 soutli of tlio Kciuator and about hoo miles from the .\frican siMiboard, form a group of 2'.t islets disposed in circular form, as if resting upon a submerged atoll lid miles in circumference. In sonio of tho islands (.'ranito rocks rise to a height of 2, (Mil) to ,3,;i(l() feet. Population, 15,15(1. A liritish depend- ency, it is administered from Mauritius. Cli- mate, equable and fairly salubrious, ranging between Hi and 7h . Tobacco, cacao, coffee, sugar, rice, etc., are raised. Exports are cocoa- nuts, vanilla, tortoise-shell, and cloves. (lOats are the chief domesiic animals. The current speech is the French imlnis of Slanritius. Many negroes, mostly rescued by IJritish cruisers from Arab dhows, are found on the islands. Missionary work is carried on by the Scottish Presbyterian and the Colonial and Continental Societies. 3. About half way between tho Seychelles and Mudugascur are the -Vmirantes, only (i of which arn inhnbited, nnd theMo by NiittlerH from Hej- rhalles and MauritiiiH, I. Midway between Madagascar nnd the Afri- can mainland are the Comoro iHlands, in tho Mo/.ambiipi(^ Channel. They belong to I'rance. Area. M()(l sipiare miles ; population. 5(1,(1(10. The Kartal Volcmio, in the (Ireiit Comoro Isimid, occasionally active, is N ."pill I fci't higli. beaiilifiil and imposing. Teni|)eiature ranges betwcer» CpH and Hi from May to Oi^tober. and in tho wi't season between 77 mid ',15 . Itains aro copious and tli<^ soil fertile. The inhabilantH, called .\nl'Aloi'li, arc a mixture of African, .\rab, unci .Malay elements ; the religion is Mo hammedaiiism ; one half the jio|iulation con- sists of slavi's. The current spceidi is a variety of Ki-Swahili, though the ollicial language in .\rabit!. Knglish cii|iitidists own |>lantations on some of these islands. 5. Mauritius, or Isle of rrmice, OK) milen soutluiist of the Seychelles and 550 east of Madagascar. Area, 71 :l scpiare miles ; popula- tion, about '10(1,0(10. It is a crown cohuiy f)r (ireat ISritain. The island is surroumli' I by coral reefs, and is of a very mountainous char acter. Hills ri^c to the lieight of U,70(l feet. From llecember to .\pril the climate is opprcs- nively hot, and tine island is visited by destruc- tive cyclones ami rain storms. May to Novem- ber the weather is conl and pleasant. I'rincipal export is siigiir. Two thirds of the population is madu up of llimlil Coolies. The remainder is comiiosed of I'reiK'h, Knglish, half-CMstes, and s(uue representatives from the Aliiciiii mainland mid from Madagascar, the Mala,vait Archipelago, China, eti'. The clergy are sup- ported by the State, and rei)rcsent tine Churcli of Kngliind, Church of Scotland, and lioman Catholic Churcli. Most of the wl itrs are Cath- olics. A government sclioid system jireviiils. Protestant missionary work is carried on by tho Socuety for tho Propagation of the (iospcl. Arrioiiii ITIclliodiNl KpiN4-o|»al ir- jllllltlK. Atfril, tlin nipitftl of tlin prnvinne of llio rtiiinii iiiiiiH', foriiiin^ n UviHinii of ttio north wdsti'iii proviiK'rs lit' Itritisli Iiuliii. NtiiniU in tli« o]Miii plitin of himli, liiis lH(l,'Jiiii inliitlii liinU, ntiil H stfiiilil.v KuinifiK. 'I'ln' Urst mis hion wiis Htiirtf'il InTi' in IHIJ hy t'lm|iliiin Cor ric, ('. .M. S. ; in Ihici airivcil Mr. rfiiinlcr. riii> |iiililu! (lH|iiitiitions l>i'lu'i'i'n llm luttri . lul tlic .MoliiiMiiiK'iliin HclinliirH in Ih.'iI nimlu av.'x t Hi'iimitmn. 'I'lm .MoliitiiMiii'ditns niisi'd tin* ({ri'ri liiii^, tlui wiir token, Imt tlicir InnliTs wcri' I'oin pfllcd to IliMi to MniMM or Constuiitinopli'. Tlirri) ari' now Mill) I'liristiiHH in tlin city, iiiuoim whom III iirit lliiptists. lli'siih^H jtn coiiinion Nchoolx, thu iiiisHJon niiiintiiins ii 'loriiml school, u nifili- ciil hi'„'hsidioo|, iiiiihi iitiil fciiml", oponcil in IHSl liy Dr. Vidrntitli', iiml tlio Collect) of St. John. It is iils>> oci'iipli'il MS u stiition lpy th« lliiplist Miss. Soc, iKiiuiliind) iiinl thu Mothodist EpLsi'o[Jul (liiinlM North), U. S. A. AuiiaMCiilivilU'o, Mi'xii'o, ciipitiil of the siiiiillfst State in the Moxii'im IJepuMie, '270 miles northwest of Mexico (-'ity. SiirroiindiMl with rich niirdiins iilpoiindinn in olives, tl^'s, vines, pi'irs, etc. Chiimte, teinperiitu ; uver- .i>,'e, .'..s Fiihr. Population, :iil,iiliii .Mexicans, Lini^;im(4i}, Spunish. Uidi^;ion, Itonmn Catholic. Mission station of Ciimlierliind rreshyterian Church (IHHH) ; 1 missionary and wite, 'J native helpers, I oiit-Ktation, 1 (jliuruh, 'J UicmbtTM ; coutribulions, iitoOi), .Vuilllt*. — I'own in Naj4asaki diHtrict, Japan, which borders on ihti cast coast o[ the island of Kiusliiu Mission station Methodist episcopal Church I North I, II. S. .\.; 1 nativo preacher, ■M cliurcii-iiieinbcrs. .\llllltl«llll>a«l, tht) capital of tho provincn of (iujarat, the jprcsidency of lionibay, British India, has l'Jli,le number of converts amounted only to 7H. But then a movement arose which spread to about 101) villages, and brought over CiOl) coiu- liiunicants into tho church. .\ convert, Krishna- riio, introduced, in JSC-J, the KirlUiii at the meetings— songs on the life of Christ, sung with instrumental accompauiment. After I'iUD many hoiiKoboIdH ileclitrpil theinHelvi'H willing to pay titheH, In lM7Hher(' were 'JI pastors partially, since IMX'J entirely, maintaiiii'd by the coiiure- gations. The .S. I', (1, entenxl the llidil in Im7i), ami the Konian Catholics a few ^icars later, ainl some friction was thus caused. Since IM?',) however, the two Brotestanl societies liaveiiiiii ably diviileil the li dd between them, and the Komanisls have practiially witlnlrawn. The .V. B, C, K. .M. has :| missionaries, with their wives. '1 female missionaries ; also a station of the S. 1'. () , with t niisHionaries and ^^ schools. The Christiiin Vernacular Kdiii'iilion Society 'ho maintains a training schoid lure, in (lose a: illation with the ,Vmerican mission, which avails ilossosses many khans, ba/aars, mosi|iies, pal. ai-es, and interesting ruins. Out station of tho .\, B. C F, JI, worked by the missionaries at Smyrna. Ailllliril, a South .Vmerican languagi> spoken in the republic of Bolivia. .V trniislation of tho New Ti'stament from the Vulgate was made in Is-27 by I)r, I'azos Kiiiiki. Of this translation only the (iospel of Luke, with the Spanish ver- sion in liarallil, wiis issued in Isil'J by the Brit- ish ami Foreign Bible .Society, which, up to March Hist. Ins'.I, disposal of l,|i)l copies. Hibli' Work is now more effectively carried on by the American Biblo iSociety through the Val- l>arai80 Bible Society. {Hj/ecimen verse, John !) : 10.) Huoama Diosf^a mundo munana, sapa Vokapa quitani, taquo baquenaca iau-siri Iflayan h&cana-pataquL Aiiios, or AiiiUH (I'.e. , men). Tribes inhabit- ing Saghalieii, Ve/.o, tho Kurilo i.slaiids and various adjaciiit regions, jjiirtly under .lapaiieso and partly under Bussian jurisdiction. Tra- dition says that the Japanese were originally .Vinos, and only became a distinct raci; by in. termarrying with tho Chinese, The .Vinos are ditTerent from other Mongolian tribes, and in their more vi^;orous jihysical formation resenu ble the Caucasian type. Though armed and painted like savages, thoy are inoffensive and liospitable. but rather shy. They are pagans, and jiraetiso jiolygamy, groups of ID or 12 families living together in miserable lints, with a chief for each group. They sujiport them- selves by hunting and fishing. There is no special mission work, though tliere are portions of the Scriptures translateil for them. Ainu, tho language spoken by the Ainos, They have no literature of any kind, and though they are iible to speak a low jKtois of Japanese, they can neither read nor write that language, nor are they able to follow or understand a ser- mon jireacheil totbeni in Japanese. They there foro require a version of the Scriptures in their own language, which tho Ilev. J. Batchelor, of AINU 34 AKOLA tho ("liurph MisRtoimry Society, lias rfiluofd to wrieiiit,'. Ht> iiIho puMislnil it very iiiiiPdrlniit Ainu Hraiiiiiiiir. liciii^ tlif only t'ciri'if^iirr wlm Hiiiji'i-slaiiils tile liiiinniif^f. V traiisliitii)ii of tin' Wf(l by tlu- i>iililicatii>n of till' r.ook of JdiuiIi in Iw^^. JtotL iiarts are in Itmiiaii rliaiacti'l's. • ■ b, a city of Asin Minor, nliont 'Jj of the Kuplirati's, near t iie Syrian las ;{."i,lMi(i iiilialiitants, ciii 'lly I'lirks nnd ..riiicuians. One of the most Idiirisliiii" stiitioiis of tlie A, ]!. C I'. M., with a lar^e feniali seiiiiiiary. aeolle^'e f iiindeil in IsTl. and a nu'ilual institute foundeil in Isno. 'I'Lere urn I hir^'o chnri'hcs, 2 of tlieiii lia\jn<; stono l>uihlini;s, with acoDiiiinoilatioti for over 1.(100 ca<'li The Protestant eoiniiiunity i>. one of tlie most inlluential in I'nvkey The effort in lHil:l, to esfal)Iisli an Kpiscoinil cathedral failed. In the early part of IS'.IO there was a yreat revival, and lar^e nuiulurs of persons were converted. 'I'lie coiniiion schools are on tlie ^,'radeil system, are supporteil entirely hy the people, aiul nro of very marked efficiency Aintali f'ollc|,'e. al- tliounh indopendi'iit. is closely coniiecti'd with tliy mission. The hospit'd and dispensary has l)een most elUcient. 'I'he missionary forco consists of :! missionaries, with their wives, nnd 3 fuuialo niissiouarit's. (See Armenia.) Aillllllki, onp of the '.) Ilervoy Islands (q.v.) ; the inhahitaiits are Christians, with native iireachers. Mi.ssioii station of L. M. S. ; 1 missionary and wife, - native pastors. /liyoilNll, a station of the ('. M, S., in tlie «lioc(>seof Calodouia, IJritish Colunihia, foundeil in is.s;). AJillllKlitii, a mission station of the Nether- lands .Missionary Society iu the Minaha.sa Ten- insiila of I'eleliis (il.v.). AJlllore (British Indial, the HmnlleRt of the five jirovinces into which the jprcsidency of Iten. ({at is divideil. It is situated in Kaji>ulana, in the northwestern part of India, some '.lOO luiles from Calcutta, in a straij^ht linc\ Its limits of latitude 'north) are 'S'> 110 and 2(1 4."), and of east lont,'ituile, 7:1 Til' and 7") 2-'. Its area, in- cluding; the vi'rnment. The province occu- Jlies the cri'st of llie water shed lietweeti the valley of the (iaiij^iH and liie Indian Ocean; Home of its slnaiiiK llow casluiird, and liecome triliulary to soiiieof tile liraliches of the < iaiiLies, vliih' till waters of others tlow southwest into the Oalf of Cnl.'h. A ranv;e of hills, the highest heiiij' iwarly li.OOO feet aliove sea level, runs from the northeast throneh ilu' district to tlie tiouthvvest. North and west of .\jmere the country is a sandv desert. The population is 87 per cent. Hindu and l:t jier cent. Mohaniine- dan, Includeil amonv! the former are the .lains (q. v.), XUe uumber of Jvwh, raiHis, and Ku- ropeims is liardly ureal enough to lie appreci- able, amodiitiiii^, all tohl. to onl,v a little above 2.000 souls. Of the hi^h Hindu castes, the lirahmaiis arc returned at 22,:(nh and the liaj- pdts (see article Kajputi at 1 t,'.MM. Other tastes embrace th'3 merchants, while the 'lats (;i2,i;'.iO) and the (iiijars (lll,''^.'^) are the iirinci. pal aj,'ric\iltural castes. Then- are also sevend tribes of aborii;ines. known as Mers, or 11(11 .Men. The iio|)ulation is net dense. averaf^iuK 170 to the si|iiare mile. There are but few lar^e towns. .Vjtiiere, the capital of the province, ccuitaincd in l^^l a population of lH,7:i."> ; lieawr, the capital of the Merwara division, l'i,>t2!l ; Nasir.diad, where a detachment of the Indian army .i stationed, 21 .:120. and Kekri, (1,1111. These are the only towns with a poim- latioii abovi! ."1,000. .\s the district lii s i.n tho ))oriler of the liajputana liesert, and is not fa- vorably situateil with refeiciice to the raiiitidl (the yearly avera^,'i- of rain beinj^ hardly over 22 lliehes), it is liable to huller from failure of the 'Ops. There have bieii six famines within the jiresent century. The most severe was that of IMCS-Ci'.t, during which it was estimated that a <|uarter of the population and a third of the eattlo perished, .\jmere is now coiiiiectid by vail with the other Indian provinces. One lino leads northeasterly to A^ra ; another, toward tho south, jiins tlie liiunbay and IJaroila Kail- wav ; while still a third cfinneits with the (Ireat In. .tail I'eiiinsula llailway at the station of Khandvva, on the east. The fniteil I'resbyterian Church of Scotland has missions in this ]U'ovince, with stations at lieawr ilHCO), N'asirabad ilsdl), .Vjuiere (ls('.2i, I'oili^har (l^^ti:!), Peoli (IK71). The jiriucipal laii^ua^e.s are Miirwari and Hindustani. AJlllllia, n place in Siani, Varther India, now mostly in ruins, is a braiK h station of the .Vmerican I'resbyterian Mission statiiuiin Haiit;- kok '([.v.!. AkilHH, a town in the Nif^er ilelta. \Vest Africa, founded in iMll.at the mouth of tho Nun; a branch station of the C. M, S.. under liisl.op Crowther. It has not jiroveil a favora- ble field on account of Kuropean influences. .lliHNlli, a town on the southern coast of the island of Nipon, .lapan. soulhwist of Kioto, I'ast of Okayania, anil 12 miles west of Kobe; substation of .V. I!. ('. F. M.. worKi d from Kobe I'nion Church of Christ, in Japan. .\killll. a city iu the southwesteiii part of the Teliinulaiid. presidency of Madras, jsritisli India, on Lake Kobr. A llourishin.; station of the Itaptists of ( intario and (Quebec, having, to- j,'Ptlur with Tiini, l.:l'.il cliurcli-nienibers. .\killl. a city ill the island of Hondo. Ja|>an, with :ii;.(i(H) inhiibitatifs. A statiui of the His. ciples of Christ ; 1 luissiomiry, 1 1 1 church 1111 111- bers. .%kkll\VII)', or Acawaio, a l.iiij^uaj^e of South .\meriiM, and spoken 111 Dutch (iiiiana. lielweiii the years lH.-,(l-(;il the Society for I'ro- niotiiit^ Cliristian Knowledge, at London, pub. lislied the liooU of (teliesis and a )>iirt of the (iospel of Matthew, the translation having been made by the l!ev. W. H. Hrett. Akolll HiKMhlll, Berar, Haiderabad, India, in part self supportiiii.,, aiiUd li.v volunlur\ coii- tributious. Tho luissiou (formerly North Bcriir i'rj ; AEOLA 35 ALBANIA Mission) Wiis orf;iini/,f— the Htv. M. J!. I'lilli^r, Mrs. Fuller, iiml 3 l.iy iiU'iiilitTs. The four cohl months of the jciir Mr. I'liUtT ili'voti'S to jiri'iii'hiiit? tours, ri^iu'liiu'^' us iimiiy tiwvns ninl vi11iil;i-s iis ])ossilil('. (In tluso tours thousiimls of tniots 1111,1 portions of Siiripturi^ iiro sold. In tho niitiy season, when triivi'llitij^ is dilHcult, .Mr. I'ullcr pri.'iichcs in .\kohi iiiid in ncinhhor- iiit! villii^!('S. 'I'ho -Vkolii dislrii-t ooiMjiriscs 'J.i'iiiil siiiirini miles, with II jio]oiliition of lion,- (HIM. 'I'liere lire HTH tnwiis mid villii^;es. 'J'lie town of .\kolii cniitains -Jo.immi inlmhitiints. \ twills' school und orplmniiL;e, for liotli Kiiioiieim and native twirls, has heiii estahlishi.'d ; it now rontiiins "211 nirls. There are 1"( hoys in tlr Jtoys' Industrial School, Shoeiuakii.'i;, earpen. try, iiiid hlacksmithiii^ are t.iunht ; lliis Mohool, it is hoped, will soon hecome self supiiortinf.'. Work aiiion}^ Wdiueii in .\kola and in the n ar villtit^es is carried oi> hy .Mrs. Fuller and m.tive Ihlile women. .V Siiiidaysehool, urowii;).; in nuiuliers and interest, is sustainecl. In this mission eaeh worker is left free in the manai.;e- meut of his own liraiieh of work, and holds himself responsilile for the e\p:'iises of it, I'upils showing exeeptional iiliilily are trained to he |)reneliers or teaeliers, hut the Iiiiiill oliject of the mission is to lit its seholars, hy means of n eomiiion-sehool eduealion nml ii j^ood trade, t.T earn their own living; and to hear tlieir .iliare in till! support of the native chuivhes, which it holies soon to seo formed, .\kolll, capital of Western IJerar, or Wirata, a division of tlie province of Central Indiii. Since 1nn:I ii faith mission has heiii carried on by .Viuerican and Knglish Methodists. Akr4>|>4»IIK, II city on flie (lold Coast, West Afriea, lo miles north of .\huri, in the diuimin of the Olshi, or Asliaiili lan^^uaj^e, has the largest native con^^repition in llio whole ro. ^;ioii, comprisiii}^ l,7'i:l ehurcli memhers, a preache--' seminary with 'J I pupils, a middle school ,.:;d a hoys' Kcliool, all uiiihr the liiisle Missionary S n'iety, which at the present has ,"> mission:u'ies, 1 missionary's wife, and 'J'.' nalivo helpers eaiployed ut this station. Ak\Vll|»flll.— This is a dialect of the Otshi or .\sliiiiili lai.;,'uane of the (lold Coast and Ashantiland, in West .Vfrica. .V version of l>.>rtions of the Scriptures is hein^' pre|iared thrnii^li the Hritish and Foreign liihlo Society. .\ll>Hllill. — In giving; some account of the .\lhaiiians of Turkey from an evangelistic jioint of view, we hhall notii'c : 1. Their country ; 2. Their history ; :t. Their lan^;uane, and, "l. Their presiiit po.Miion, and w hut it sei'ius do- birahle should he done for them. 1. Thrir ('iitiiitn/, -The region now called .VI- haniii is a province of Kiiropean Turkey, strelchinn alonj; the eastern shore of the Adri- atic Irom :t;l to 4.1 north latitiuh\ and fnuii is 21 to 21 4H cast longitude. Its extreme lenf^lh is iihout :tiM» miles, from Montenegro to the (iult of Arta and the frontiers of (treece, while its hreadtli varies from TiK to liio miles, from the .Vilriatic to au irre^^ular lino on the east. t;enerally followint,; lofty mountain ran^^es. It is ilecidedly mounlaiiKuis. heinK traversed hy two or even three elevate I riin},'es, which neti- eriilly run piinillel to tho shore of th.. Adriatic. those in tho south beinp the Acrokeraiinian along the sea shoro and I'indus on the last. It is also Well watered, its lofty niouiitains giv- ing rise to iiumerons streams, among w liicli tho most important are the .\rta. llowiiig south, tho Voyussii, tlowin;.,' iinrlhwest. in South .Mhaiiia ; and in North .\llmiiia the Krgent, the Shi'iimhi, and the i)nii, which llow westwanl. There are important fisheries on some of the rivers, hut none of them are navigahle, while the large lakes of .laiinina, Castoriii, ( >chrida, and .Scu- tari impart ii peculiar interest to the country. The )iriiicial towns an? .hiniiiiia in the south, with its jiort of Frevesa ; jierut in the centre, with its )iorls of .\vlonii and I»urii//o, and Scu- tari, or Scodra, in the extremis north, on the iako of the same miiiii'. Next to these, which are the seats of Turkish Valis, come F'.liias.san, Argyrocastro, Koritza, I'rev.sa, Avloiiii, and l)urii/./o. The soil is light hut fertih", and in several districts is will cultivatid ; hut much of it lies waste, iiarlly from defective methods ot agrieiftture, hut also from the iiisecuriiy of life and property in conse. 111"'.', originated from Kll.assun, the seat of the trihe of .Mliani in the ceiitie of the land, .\ncieiitly the regnui from I'revesa to the mouth ot the Voyussa was called Epirus, and was con- sidered more or less as a jirovince of (ireece, while all north of the Voyussa was known as lllyricum Hence we may conclude that the .Vpcistle I'aill himself preiKdled the (iospel in .\lhania, whin he tells us (lioiu, ]"> : 1',') that " from .lerusalem, and round iihout unto lllyri- cum. I have fully ]ireaclied the (Iospel of Christ." and again (2 Tim, 4 : Hh that Titus had departed unto Ilalmaliii. He tells us in- deed that he was to winter at Xicojiolis (Tit. it : 12), the ruins ot which arc a little north of Frevesa. 2. Thi' Il'slnnj lit' till Alli(iniiiiis. — The earliest authentic notices of the country occur in con- nection with the (ireek colonies of Fpidamnus, or Uyrracliium, n.nv Dura//..), tho ancient port of transit fnuu l>ruiidusiuiii i Itrindisi :■ iin.l Fpi- ihiurus. in lliilmatia, to which wo may add the later one of .Iiinnina, which seeius to liave grown up almost uiinoticeil, not far from the ancient ()racli> of D.idona. on the Wistern shore of the lake ol the same ii.ime. There is now also a large colony of Houmaiiinns. called Koiit/o- Vl.ichs, occupying the I'indus raiigt- from Thes. silly to .Vvhuia, w ilh ram ilicat ions on both sides, and liol ling in their hands the larryiiig trade of that di>trict. .\s tlu'V speak Itoiimanian, however, tlli'y are ilollhtless cohillies friuil Kacia, or lioumniiiii. north of the haiiuhe, and cannot cliiiiii a higher nntii|uity than the reigns of Traiun and .\i|riiin (v.n S'H-Ft.si. hut are pioh- ahly ot much later origin. It is far •■llurwiso with tho bulk of the p .piilation, who cull them- selves Skipetar (the I'.ugle people) loit accejit also the name of .\riiiiouls, and thiuu^h st important for nmuliers and civili zation were tho I'elasni. They were largely an a;,'ricultural people ; were eniinently ilistin- ^uisliod as aniiitects, almost all tlu^ most an- cient and remarkable monuments of arcliitect- ure in (treeco boin^^ ascribed to them ; they Were acipiainted with the higher styles of pot- tcrv, with workin'4 in various metals, with thu m iiiut'acture of el.illi, ami with other arts which r.iilir civill/ed life so much more attractive than the rude habits of earlier times. Uut niiist impcu'tant ot all, it is the opinion of Dr. Ilalin, the f^rcal authority on such cpiestions, that this pe )iile possessed the I'lio nician alpha- bet, which they had enlari^cd and adapteil to represi;nt the copious soumls of their own lan- f,'uai;e, and which the Albanians a|ipear to have preserved to our own times. 'I'heir reli^'ion seems to have been the worship of tho sun and niDiui, tho heavens, the sea, tho earth, with niiiroor litssof ])ersonilication ; while tho Kates, or the eternal decrees of a Supreme Deity, were re^^'ardeil as controlling^ all thinj^s. They had alsj many semi religious notions and customs, which seem to have been coeval with the earliest traces wo possess of the lireoks and Itimans. According to this view, the Alba- nians in Continental Greece, in Thessaly, Attica, an 1 various piirts ot the Peloponnesus, and in the islands of Hydra, I'oros. S|H:/zia, Salamis, Andros, etc., are not colonii'S from .\lbaiiia, but (H)nimunities of the original inhabitants, retaining to this day their distinct language and nationality. Dut notwithstanding tliis prog ress among tha Polasgi, the GrtM'k invaders had more advanced ideas still in regard to social order and personal liberty, and much greater aptitumiiiiinicated to tho (ireeks all their own attainments, they were soon ex- celleil by tlii> new comers. Tho (ireeks gainery. Literature and civilization advanced, but through tho medium of the (treek language only, while the mass of thu I'elasgi, clinging to their own language, mnst have lagged far be- hind their neighbors in intelligeui^e, in social inrtuence, and in the refinements of civili/ed life. This is no imaginary i)icture, for we be- lieve it can be distinctly proved to have existed in ancient (ireeee ; and it is an exact descrip- tion of the i>resent relative position of the (rreeks and Albanians, both in the kingdedition ot Pyrrhus against the Poiuans brings tho people again for a little (Ui the stage of history ; but in 11. 1 . Ill" they becami! subject to the Roman re- imblic. I'lieiiceforward their history may be brielly related. While furnishing bravo troops to the governmi'lit, their clans in their own land had too little cohesion to maintain anything like national unity, and it was only in preseiii'c of a common eniMiiy that they laid aside their jeal- ousies to defend their native soil. Two such occasions occurred : the Ibilgariaii invasion (A.n. r>17 :").-)((), the extent and duration of which aro indicated by a multitude of nanus on the map of .Mbania, but wliicdi was iio etl'ectually thougli slowly repulsed, that scarce any liulgarians are left within the limits of the country. The next occasion was the heroic struggle of the people under Prince (ieorgo Castriotes called by the Turks Iskenderbi'g(Scanderbegi, or Prince .Mex- ander, from his sujiposed reseml)laiico to the great (ireek warrior. I'or twenty three years he successfully resisted tho w liole force of the Turks under Miirail II. ia.d. 1 i I:I iD'o ; and even alter !iis dcNith Scutari, under tho direction of the Vi'iietlaiis, maintaiiieil so gallant a defence that Meheiiict II., the <'oniiueror of Constantinople, had to retire from its walls in a n. 1 ("n. Put soon aftertliat<'ily was ban. led over to the Turks by treaty, and most of the country, with tlu' ex- cei)tion of the Mirdiles, professeil allegiance to tho Sultan. Since tin n, sunk in the dei^pest igiioranci', harassed ami tt uiplcd by the govern- ment, and longing for military distinclioii, nearly one half of the nation iiavo become Mo- hamiiiedaus, though their orthodoxy is not lul mittcd by their Turkish coreligionists. They have thus got admission info the army, ot which they may justly bo called the llower, and many individuals have risen to distiiii'tion. Pre tuiinenl aimuig these was Mehemet .\li, tho Pa.sha ot Egypt, who succoeiled in getting ALBANIA 87 AliBANIA his fiiiuily recnunized hh tbo hereditary rulers (if that uiieiciit hiiii\, whoso sitiiiitioii iissij^iis to it Ik poriM'timl iiiiiiortiiiu'ij in tin; history of tho world ; mid iinich iilioiit tho huiik' time, Ali, I'lishii o£ .Iiiiiiiiiiii, hy II fonrso of wiuxiiiiililed cruelty, misi'mjudoiisni'ss, and deslerity, at- taiiiiMl for some yrars to almost alisolutc |)o\m;i-, and is regiirdod l>y sonio as having; jiaved the way for the (irctk war of iiidepiiideiiee. lint he bore tho (ireeks no t^ood-will : and it liu helpfil them, it was liy sliowiiij^ the neressity for some I'l'iitnd authority, if tluir siattered forces were ever to achii ve anythinj^ imiioitiint. tSineo tho (Ireiks olitaiiifd their indipen- deuce, they have done niiuh to jiroiuolc educa- tion in (ireece, and tlnir zeal has stimidated their hn-tliren in tlu! provinci's of Turkey, and even tho 'I'nks and oth( r nationalities, to co|)y their example. l!ut it woidd he most unjust not to acknowledge also th(! powi'rful assistanco that was rendered to them in the cause of edu cation liy the Kn^^lish, and especially the .Viiicr- loan .Missions to the (irceks, whieli were estal>- lished at that time. Tho rej^iilar weekly visits, too. of tlio Austrian steam pai^kets iilonj; the Alhanian coast have greatly ])roniote(' commerce in every part of tho country. Nor must wc; omit to mention a singular and ancient char- acteristic of this jieople, which steam-iiavit^a tion has also facilitated -wo mean the hands of men, married and unmarried, who leave their honus for Constantinople. Smyrna, Hucarcsi, Salonica, .Mexaudria, etc , for periods val•yin^^ from six iiioiiths to as many years, to earn (heii- Kulisistenco and the support of their familfes as masons, j^ardcuers, liutchers, j^rocers, and lal) irors in every ca|iacity, 'i'hcre is thus a Ihiatint^ .Vllianian population in all the cities of the Levant, that in ( 'onstaiitinoide hein^ esti- mated at 'JO.iiimp, Must of these emi^^rants are poorly educated, Imt are esteemed eminently lirave, faithful, and trustworthy. Some, hoM ever, are hij^hly educatiil, and are employed as teachers, doctors, dentists, clerks, interpreters, etc Tho district of / ii^orion. east of Jan nina. is famous for seuiUng forth a liifjih class of such eiiii^^rants. i). 'I'll'' Allifintriii I.ih'iiiwir — .\s the term " liarliarian " was npplitMl hy tho (ireeks to nil who siioke a difTi'rent lan^jnat^e from their own, \vi\ know that the I'elasjji in (ireeci,' itself, the K|)irotes. and the Ill\ rians, with many of the Macedonians, spoke not (ireek, hut a dilTer- eut hiiii^iiagi', which there is every reason to lie- lievo is the same as the .Mhanian. now spoken hy their ih'sceiidants. Its ori',^'in ami character have heeii tho sulijectof much disciissii>n. some rof^ardinn it as lielimuini; to tho Indo ( lernianic class, and others pronouiicimr it a Turanian hui(,'uaeo. In fact, like the Armenian, it jiar takes of tlii' chaiai't eristics of h ith these classics : lait from its undouhted aiialo;,'v in its peculiar roots to the (ireek, Liitiii. Sanscrit, Celtic, etc., if is classed hy many sclmlars not as a derivative from any of these, hut as a sistc^r of ecpial an- ti'piily A f^reat ohstach' to tho critical study of Alhanian is tho idisi'iice of any literature ex' ce]it of coiiiparativrly ri'ceiit oriijin. Hence not a litth^ I'aro is noi'ded to distiu'^uisli the original terms and forms of the lanuuaee from the iiianv words adopted later from tho Greek, L.itin, Slavic, Turkish, jin-l other laii«imnes. The suh ject has en«a>;ecl much attention, and we may notice uu i)ru oiuiueut in this department Dr. Hahn, who compiled an Alhanian dictionary ami ^'rammar, with many < haracteristic sjieei- meiis of tho launua<,'e, and Demetrio Camarda, who studied the lali^^uai^e ehietly amoiij,' the .\l- lianian colonies of Calahria and Sicily, and has written lar^jely on its structure and allinitii s. To promote these studies care is now taken to commit to writiii",' such historical halhuls ns have been handed down to the present time, as well as other poems which have liecn preserved in various fori. is of writing. The piildications also of the liritisli and I'oreien Ihhle Society and a fe'V also hy the Iteli^ious Tiact Society, of London, have t,'reatly aidod these studiis. .Several t^rammars also iiave laeii )iuhlished, aiiionj4 which wc niav mention that for the Use of (ireiks hyCon. Christoiihorides, a native of Llhassun. 'I'liere it is in Albania. In Southern and part of Central .Mbania, where the jieople belong to the (ireek Church, and where the worshiii in the churches is conducted in ancient ( inrk. tho schools give n scanty edu- cation in (ireek, wluidi the children with dilli- culty acipiire, as tlu ir mothers are wholly illit- erate, and Albanian is the sole language of their homes. The chief exci'litlon to this is that •lannina Heems to have been fr 'in the lirsf ii (ireek cohiny. and jioss.'sses a .justly celebrated gvmnasium, which his promoted (ireek edi.ca tion to a considerable extent in Southern .M bania, but is still v.ry far from reaching tho mass of the poimlation Something simihir may be said, but in a far less degiee, of It.rat, rit/a, Klbiissan. and .\rgyrocasfro, with Mon- astir in Macedonia, wlih h has a consiih rablo Albanian population ; while .Scutari in tho north and I'risrend in the northeast, b.itli slronghoUls of tho Kouiuu Catholic Church, AliBANIA Its ALBANIA •m ■-+S ■ ! J; teach ivii liiij^ mul writiuy, tlio former in Itiiliim nuil Allmiiiuii, tlio lattur iii tlu' Sirviuii liiii- ^1111^1', l>iit withdiit pioviiliii'^ ill I'illicr enso citlur till) Word of llnd or iiiiy liti'riitiui' wlmt- over to sjitisty flio ilitcUictilul uikI s|iirilii;il wiiiit.s ot till! jMi)i]l<>. As to tlui Miiliuiiiiiifiliwi jiopuliitioii. tilt) 1,'oVLrniin'iit liiis ^{iiii'nilly i>ro- viilii.l schools in which Tiiikish n•lllliIl^^ iiml writing' iiro tiuit,'lit, and in soiii.! iiisiiinot's Aniliic and I'lTsic. Itiit tin) jn'oido uvini-ti an invetorati) prtitiivncc lor their own vcrnui'iil.ir, and tlu'i'o is no liUelihood that 'I'lirkish wdl ever takii its placd. In slioit, tlio national lan- Kua^,) has licen i^^noi-'-d and sinipresscd as a lueio jar},'on, ninvortliy of liotico and incapalilo of cultivation, wliih) t^vciy rifort has ln'iii iisi il liy the (Jiceks to llclhiii/o the iieoplo tlirouj^h ('liiirch and school. It would Im unjust to deny that t certain aiiinuut of lient>tit has liecii con- ferred on the Allianians lliroiiHh these elVorts; we oviii thankfully admit that tlio only educa- tion which the people have as yet acipiired in till! south has lieeu throu^,'h the < ireek lan^;iiaee'. ]>ut what opinion can he eiitertuilieil of a Church that has niadi) no etT.ut f(U- many cen- turies to c.immunicalu to the Allianians. in their own laii'^ua'^e. the precious tnasuio ot (iod'n W )rd. or even tlio luero arts o£ reading iii.d writing; .'' To tlio iiiaNS of tli« .Vllianiaiis th i services oE the (rruek Cliur'h arc ii mere panto, mime in a forcii^n ton^,'ue. with no lueachire^;, and with little indeed t ) minister to the iiitel- h'l'tual and spiritual cravings of the immortal spirit. On the other hand, the 'lurks, while they jiliL'il the peoiilo as the l\ilii!isi: Aiiiiiinil ~ the liooklcss .Vlhaiiians - fomented jealousies iM-tween tliH trilies, and foolishly soiit^ht to keep them divideil and in ioiiiu'aiice, whi'e aiuusiiiL,' them with promise) of u national lit- erature, which there is no evidence that they ever me, ml to fullil. What, then, has In imi the resu't of this sin^;ular stale of matters V 'I'liu answer is a very sail one. .Uhaiiia is thu least civili/ed of all the provinces of Turkey. Ks- cept at raro and short intervals, under honest an I I'lieii-'etic I'ashas, liri^^aiidane, with its cruel iniirders and atrocities may almost he said to 111) a constant fiMf.ir<' of the country ; so much so, that the ilistricts of Dilira, .lakova, Ipck, have loll'..; heen inaccessihle to outsiders, while till) Mirdites, southeast of Siitari, retain evi n now a liarharous semi-indcp.ndenco, to (^uard which all straiiKcrs are jealously excluded. That the people possess valor military genius, and hi;.;h administrative aliility mi'.;lit easily he prove I ; liiit under the cHiiditions we have de. scrihed, national proei',.ss has hoeii impossilih'. The same causes which led to their political ilisappearance in aiicniit (treeco have kept tliciii till now in semi harharism, while their neii{hliors all aionnd have lieell Hdvunciu>; ill civili/„uion and national inllueiicc. The first well directed elTort, BH W<) helieve, to remedy these evils was the puhliciilioii hy tlieCirfu .\uxiliary of the Hrilish and l'"orei^;ii llihle Society, ill IHJO, of the New Testament in Tosk .Vlhauian, in (Jreek leltirs, accom. panied by a mudern (rreek translation. The impression consisted of '2,ll(Ml <'opies, an>> was distriliuteil cliielly, if net enlifelv hy nift. In lH."iS a second edition, also of 2,IMI(I copies, was imhlished at .Vtlieiis. Vigorous etTorts were lunde to put this edition into the hands of the people hi) sale, and altlioiu^h many o£ the clergy aud of the (leoplo regarded it a.s almost impious to express the sacred truths of the Gospel in the lanoua^;e of common life, these etTorts were so successtul that a new edition \\as sanctioned hy the Society, in an improved style of orthoo- ra| hy, and puhlished in 1^7'.'. I'liis inw and revised edition of the Ni'W Testament consisted also of 2,(1(1(1 copies, hut iilolij^ w itii it were luili- lislied 1.(1(10 tiospels ami Acts in one volume and 1.(1(111 of each of the i (iospels and of the Acts for separate circulation, all of theso heino accompanied hy the Society's tiaiislatioii into modern (ireek. The I'salms were also imlilislied in Tosk in iHd.S ; the (ioh|iels and .Vets in (ihc^! in IHCiii ; the (ihei;- I'salms in IsiiS, and the entire tihe^; New Testament in Jsii'.l. l!ut as the two latter editions were de- stroyed hy lire as soon as their circulation had lie;^un, the Society generously sanctioned at olico anew edition of tiie ( 'In'!-! lestaim lit and I'salms, which was pulilishi'd in 1S72. These iiditions Were followed hy the pulilication in Tosk of the iiooks of (ieiiesis, Kxoiliis, Deuleronomy, I'rov- erhs, and Isaiah. .Ml the Tosk editions wcro imhlislied in (ireek letters, supplemented hy lionian letters and si^iis, while the (ihc.^ edi-. tions Were printed in the Koman alphaliel, )uo- ])osed for the .Vlhauian laiiviua^e liy Ijcpsius, The Tosk New Testament only and its parts are accompanied hy a translation. The com- miltee were wi 11 aware that it was most desira- hle to have liut one alphaliet for the whole na- tion. Itut the selection of such all alphaliet they hft to the .Vlh'iniaiis tlii'luselves, and, in the mean time, use. I the alphahets known to the people f.irwlioiu the hunks were ilesimud. Tin) Socii'tys etVorls nut and still meet with miicli opposili'in from tin' (ireik deroy, and especial- ly the hishops, who regard the circulation of the Word of (ioil in .Vlliaiiiati as contrary to all Cliurch order and almost imidoiis, w hile otlii'rs, li ith ch'rjiy atnl laily, ihspise it as impractica- hle ainl ridiculous The nlleetinj; part of the I'ommiiiiKy, however, have heoun to regard tho si'lieme as (he only one that f^ives any Imiie of uniting all sections of the nation; and, as wo have s.iid. an inlluciitial commiltei' was foriind which adopted tuie alphaliet fi.r the w hole iia. ti 'U, prepared various school hooks, and opened an Mlianian school in tiie city of (iorit/.ator (iortcliaj in l.ssT. Meanwhile, ii yonn'.» .Mhaniaii preacher, whi> had heen edueali' I at .S.uiiakov hy the .Vmericall Moard'.', .Mission for lahor aniou'.^' the lliil^a- riaiis, was led to devote himself to the evan- j^elizalion of his countrymen, aiel for thai end entered tho service of the liritish and i'oreii^'u Uihle Society. In the prosi'cution of his duty he was earrii'd otV hy hri^;ands in Issl, and dur- ing a six months' cruel captivity leariiel from experience the miseries nnder whii'h his nation groaned. He was r.insomed at a hioh sum, ami resumed his laliorswith eiier'^'y and success. Diiriii)^ a \isit he made to (roritza, in 1hh7^ the |ireaehin'^ of the (iospei in AUianian, and tlm sinoin^; I ly the pupils of the school of somi> hymns which he had translated, made a deep impres- sion on the aiiilieiiee, amon^ whom were many .Moliainniedans, and he was cordiall.y invited to return. The supporters of the Hcliool also re. ipiested the Itilile Socii'ty to pilhlish Certain portions of Scripture in tho new alphaliet, ami cnoai^ed that the hooks Khoiild he read hy hotU hoys and ^irls, Mohammedans and Christians, of all denominations. Tlii'ir reipiest wait granted, uud the portions — (iouesis aud tho ALBANIA :i'.) ALEXANDER, WILLIAM P. -'* Gcispil liv Miittlicw— ftp' now lOcloliir, l■^^'.l| ill ciri'iiliition. Diiliriiltiis iimv nriso fruiii tlic f,'i'Vt3vniMciil. I'lMiii till' (iii'ck IT K.iiiiisli ('liiiiclics, 111- liom till' |p('ii|ilr tliiiiisclvi's, Imt wit I'cj^iinl till' iiiul- ti|ilii-iitiiiii i)f si'liiiols ill wliii'li till' tiMicliiii^; I'l Allmiiiiiii sliiiU li.ivii its liijlilfiil ilrv;i'i'n ni iilti li- tinli, 111!' I'irciiliitioii nf till' lillili', iiiiil. iiliovc iill, fill! iirrailiiiii^ nf tlii' i^ii^pil ill Alliiiiiiim in ivi'i-y cDniir of llii' luiiil, li>(^rtlitr willi tin- imiji ni'iitiiiii lit 11 rlii'ii|i Imt w IidU'sdiih' AUmiiiiuii lilllMlliri', us till' licst IIH'IIIIS llf lllVlllillf^ llln iintinii. lint Wf wimlil liv iii> nil mis In- niuli r stii'iil us ilrsiriii^i 111 I'Xiliiili- tint stiiilv lit ( Iicik, Tiii'Uisli, unil l-jiylisli, uliicli \\f rt'vjiinl us isMiitml til iiiiliiiliiil ]ii'iiv;r(ss. W'l' iiiirrlv in- sist tliiit till' viTiKii'uliir ]aiij,'iii«^,'r 111' niiuli' llic basis nf itistnirliiin. iinil i spi rinlly that tin' jii'iipli' sliniilil cvi'i'v wluii- lm\i' till' ^^iispi'l mill anil ini'iirliDil in tlu'ir own ti)iii,'iu'. l''.tViirts iiri' liriii'^ liiuili' to |iri'|iiiro Alliaiiiaiis, iniilii ami frill ill', fur Willi aiiioii'„' tlii'ii' own i)t'o|ili', Imt lltlli' ran III' tloiiH witliimt tlui aiil of koiih' in- lluriitial lioily. \Vi' ri'joii'H to Iciii'ii lliat tlio Aiiii'riran lloanl. that has (loiit> so nititli for Tnrki'V. may at lust coiik! to thi' rcsitiip, aiiil I'liliT on this tii'lil, in whirli niiiili-rn liarliariaiu mill uiii'ii'iit civili/ation so stniiii^'ily iiici't. Ailiaiiiaii Vci'Ni«»iiM, — iS-i' |)rt'viiiiis iir> tioli' ) (Sperimin msis, John 11 ; 10.) UllKJ. ScpsS Perondia kalii « ilcsti botcno, nk' Sa Birin' vet, vrtom-l'Omino, pi-r mos me uvdici'c peo-kus t'i bcsuyo, por to keto yete to pa- sosptne. 3'«fc'fc. Si y^e Flepmia kuke e Sicri, iroTeve, ai ie Bii T€ TTt'p^' sTiy re /SeTe/xti/f, ki T^i'X* 6o Ice T^ TTfauye m^ ui re fi6<: ■^ovfindfre, vi) Tf /ctVf 7€Tei'' e ttA aoaovpe. Alllllll), a lily in Moosomi', Itritish Coluni- Iria, -.iiH'i |K."i.", ;i stutioli of till' ('. M . S. ; 1 iiiis- Muliary ainl wifi-. All»rrf>li|, 4'liri«liiiii, inissionun of T. M. S, to South Afiicu. isiii-i.,. Of ■(;,.rniun liirih, Mr. Allini'lit was unioii^^ tin' lirst I'oin. imny of niissiniiurit's who I'l-ossi-il tin' draiini' UiviT to lii'-^in thi' work of Christiaiiii'.iiiu tin' (Mi'ut Naiiiui|iiul,inil. Tiny lift Cujit. Town May, ISO.",. I'h, ii' joiiriuy was tliroiijih u wiM ami ilrcary I'oiiiitry. lon(,''uml full of Imnlshiii, lii'fori! thiiy ri'urhi'il tlm rivi r. Hire tln-v ili'' I'iili'il to ri'st. whiU) Mr. Alliii'ilit wus hint for- wanl t'l I'Xplori' llu' I'lmntrv ami liinl a siiitalilo |ilact( for till' mission. ( >ii ui'coiint of Imi^; I'oii. tinui'ii ilioiij^hts ami snirrity of wiiti-r, Im sili'i'tiiil II spot iii'ur two foiiiiluins, whiili wint nuiui'.l '.sili'iit llopi'' ami " llappv Di'livir niii'f." Id' ii'tiiriii'il mill I'omlm'ti il' lln' mis- siomirii's tliitlni'. Tho iljili.iiltii's iimlir whirli tht'y laliori',1 wvtv many ; lack of wutir .'om- pi'll.'il thfiii to waml.'r from iilui'i. to placo with th.' pi'opli', who Were roiistuntU- m(>vin^■ to hiiil p.isturane for tlicir niltli', nml from tinm to tiiiii' till' sliitions huil to 111) iilmiiiloiii'il. Aftor varii-il .'xpnrii-in'cs it wus ili'i'iiu'il lirst to ri'Miovi' thu mission, for ^'rcnti'r sufntv to Wurm lluth. Mr. Alhrwht soon fouml it irni'i's- •ary to iiocomimuy his brothur, Abrubum AL lini'ht, who was failing,' in ht'ulth, to tho rnlony. On riui'liiiit,' Honing IIitk his Innlln'r iln- Warm Hath ; Imt in nui- si'iiiii'iii'i' 111 soiiii' imprinli mil annni^ tin- jko- pli' at thr mission, .^frii'ainr Imi-iiiih' cin-.i^^cil, ami uftrr a inoiith of tirror tin' mission wim uliiiniloiii'il. Afrirainr totally ilistroviil tin) iiiission. Ill ls|l .Mr. .Mtinrht nml his wifo sit out to ri' I'stalilish tln' mission at Warm Hath, Imt liifori' till- tiilnms aiul ilisin ssiiij^ jniuni'V was i-mli-il, .Mrs .Vlliri'iht ilii'il. Tin! mission was ri'sunml at I'lilii, soiilli of thu livir, Imt afti'i' a short limi' .Mr .Mliri'i-hl iliiiI. In his ili'iith till' mission Inst one of its most zi'ulons ami self ili'iiyiiij.; nirii. Al4*IIN«», a I'ily on tin; nulit hIioi" of thu Nit^i'i', Wi'st .\frini, uliovi- tlm ili'lla ; an out- station of till' ('. M. S., foiiuiKil ill |n7m. .%l<'|>|IO, a I'ity of Norlhi'rn Syria, ("ipiliil of a Turkish vihiyct of tin' sami' liami' k'.\ tho lionli'rs of till' Syro .\raliiaii Disi-rt. Ird iiiilcB I'ast of .\iitiocli anil 7" iiiihs from tin- Mtili- ti'rrani'iin. I'opiilation, Ilill.lllHl. ChristiaiiH, 1%()0(I ; Ji'ws, t,(Mlll : (iri'iks, Ariiiiniaiis, Arabs, Turks. Tin' I'ily is inroinpussiil by low, liarrrii hills ami irroi.;nlar moiiinls. iiiler- sii'tt'il by fi'riilii valleys, Tlm rlialk rm'ks in till' virinity urn coiiriali'il liy tlm cili hiaiiil |iistarhio tiiii's, ami );arili'iis of i'\i|uisiti' fruits ami llowirs. .Vlippo is a rity of tboroufilily Orii'iital type, with cxtilisivi) lia/aars, iinmi r- ous iiiiisi|Ui'S, iiml a lu'ople reimirkalile for their elej^iint bearili;^. The streets are unusually j,'iioil for the l-".ast ; ami the stoiie bouses, with till ir bali'oni'S for an eveiiiii)^ proine- liaile, are Very Well built ainl sulistalitlal. 'I'lio eity, bein^,' the only safe route lietweeii Syria ami Kustern .\siu, is the ^reiit eeiitro of the Daiiiuseus ainl Ilaj^'ilail I'araViiiis. Tli<> inliubitunts are noteil for their shrewil- iiesM ill tniile, uinl it bus bii n very ilif- lii'iilt to carry on mission work witli siieeesH amoiin theiii. Several times it has lieen oo- I'Upieil liy the Central 'I'uikey Misnion of tint .\. !>.<'. I. M.ainl rii'iiitly i iH'.ilh a nieilical mis- sionary I'onneeteil with the stutioli ut .\intal» has taken up his resilience there. .lltM'l llll)', u city of the Kwav;utl tril ii the northern const of Vum-ouvir Islaii.l, ami ii station nf the ('. .M. S. ; with I ii.issiinmry iiiitl wife, ami a native teacher. -llt'llllllll, the luiii^nai^'e Rpoken by the in- huliitiints of tlie .Meiitian Islumls, belongs ti> those liin)^imj,'es whirli are styli il tlie luiinuiit^e.i of llie I'Alre Orient. Into this laii^jnani' thu (iospelof Mutlhfrt- was traiisliiteil by the .Metro- politan Inuoeeiit, and priiiteil at .Abiseow in Islii, with the liiissian in parallel coIuiuuh. The .Meiitiuns belong to the (ireek Church. AI*'XHiHl(>r. AVilliiim l*tiU<>rM»ii. b. in I'uris, Ky.,r. S. A,, July •Jotli, IsiC,; stmlnil Latin uinl (M-eek at Itourlioii Aeailemy ; taiiubt school to obtain the means to (,'o to "college •; eiitereil Centre College, Ky., iM'Ji; ; (.niiliiateil at rrinco- toii Tlieolo(,'iral Seminury, IsMO ; onlaiiieil by rruHbytery of Ciueinuati", October 12th, 1831 ; ALEXANDER, WILLIAIV; P. 40 AIiEXANDRETTA crabiirked Novoml)er '2*ltli, ls;n, ns a iiiisHinnary of the Aincricrtii It.ninl for flu- lliiwitiiiin IhIuiuIs, renoliiiiK Ilonohilu, Miiy iHtli, lH:t:i. Sdoii after his arrival lie was aiiiioiiitcil oiio of a depnta- tinii from thu Hawaiian Islands to tho l^nf^lish Missiiii at tlio Society Islaiiils, and also to visit tlio Mar(|iit'sas Islands to ascortaiii if it woidd be txpi'ilicnt to cstalilisli a mission thorc. A favoral)li' report liavinj^ liecii made, it was d(s ci.hid ;)t a nioeting of tlu! mission in April, IKV.], to nndertako a mission at the .Manpu'sas Islands, and Messrs. Ali'Ximder, Armstr^n^', and Parker were appointi'd to coinmeneo tliu new mission. They reaidicid Niinliiva, the; lar^,'nst isliinil, N'ovi'ndier liith. After spindiiig eitjht months ainont; the oannihids, they left the Mar qiiesas Islands to the I,. M. S , whose mission- aries were th(!n on their way thither, and re- turned to Ilonohiln, arrivin'^ May I'itli, isiM. The i'rudontial Committeo approved their de- cision, and eonimended the conra^i', enterprise, and self denyiti!,' zeal with which thi'y had prose i>upils, and in lH:t7 had 107. Mr. -Vlexander's health having sutTered from his sedentary employment, he was graiiteil, in 1MP.», a year of resjiite from school-teaching. This year he spent in surveying land for the Havv'aiian (rjverniiient on Ka.-^t .Maui. Here, ftt an idevati m of •J,.'i(K) feet aliove th(i sta, he lived in a tent, and was oecu])ied in entering trails through the forest to divide the country into sections for sale to the natives. During this period ;he Hawaiian (ioverninent was changed from an absolute to a constitutional mnnarcdiy, and the jioor serfs were granted their honn^stea Is in fee simple. In this move meiit Mr. .Vlexander was greatly inferesteil, and gave its Inailers his earnest co-operation, lie- sides his I.ibors in the Lahainaliina Stuiiinary, he prepare I books for the llawaiiaiis. He pub- lished a P'lsl'ii-'s Midiiiul, common sidio d and S'inday-S(dii)iil books, twostandanl books on Tin- Kiiihnrou iif Clirlstiunilil, an days a week for 1 1 years, " instructing in all (■i7iMipils, niori^than half of w hoiii entered the ministry, and did good wiu'k in the native chundies and in Micronesia." In Isii'J ho r(!signed the pastorate of the Wailiiku cdiureh, in order to give more attention to the theo- logical school, continuing to preac h once on the Sabbath, assist in the pastoral care of the churcdies, and to take an active ]iart in the ses- sions of the I'resbytery anil of the Kvaiigelicnl .\ssociatiou. In ix"! ho was sent as a delegate t.) the Manpie.sas Islands, wherehe had labored for a few months forty years before, and the fol lowing year as a delegate to Micronesia. In 1^73 his huig-cherished desire for a reunion of his family was fullilled in the gathering of jiarents, children, and grancUdiihlreii at the (dd M'niluku mansion, 'Jll in number. In 1X7 I, on account of failing health, he relimpiished the theological scdiool, and it was removed to Honolulu. l)n October v!")lh, issl, his golden wedding was cele- brateil at < ileiiside, Haiku, Maui, the home ot his son, Kev. .lames M. .Mexaiider. It was a memora- ble occasion. Of the 44 living (hildreti, ehildren- iii-law, and grandtdiildren, Mil were present. T'lie oidy in fifty years was that of luic grandchihl. In April, Ins), acconi- patiied by his wife, he visited his son Samuel 111 Oakland, Cal. In a few weeks he was taken suddenly ill. .\ slight mishap m a surgical operation resulted in liis death aftir t^^•o weeks of intense sulfering 'J'liis he bore with singular I'ourage. His last hours were ]pcaee. 'J'lie Itev. S. I'.. IJishop thus speaks of him : " Ho was <'specially great in couiisil and executive efli- cieiicy. .\s an instructor he probably had no eiiual among his brethren. He was a ver.y decided man, saw his way clearly and acted jiroiiiptl.v and vigorously. The secret of the wide i>ersonal popularity of so positive a na- ture lay in tlui strong, tender, ainl generous sympathy of his s])irit. which made him inde- scribably winning." Mr. I',. ISailey, of Wni- lukii, says : " .\s a missionarv, he was indefati- gable, and never sei'iued to know when he had done enough. No call for help was unheeded, when it was in his power to hel|i. In cheering the atllicted. in bearing with human frailty, in smoothing the jiathway ot those iu trouble, he was exemplary." (icneral S, ('. .\rmstrong. of Hiinipton Insti- tute, pays this tribute : " He was the soul of hosjiitaliiy and of all kindness. How many exhausted, wave tossed fathers and mothers and children have been welciuiied by him as they landed from tlit> "Maria," or " Iloikaika," or " Kamidiatiieha." or lesser coasting craft on the beach at Lahaina ami ascended to Lahaina- liina, and Were cheered by his unfailing In.mor. I deejily. teiiibrly revere his memory. I recall his noble form, embodying the Christiiin and till! lieroi(! tyiies I can almost say, ' The no- blest Itoman of them all,' for IIO- t tower suiilo lie silout- cannot iwn on hilt for lioit of ^Turkey « iiiiil part of the EaHtorn Turkey miHHions of tlin A. I{. ('. 1''. M. It is low, niarnliy, utul uii- lu'ilthy, ami luo^tt of tliono wlio iln lni'iincss llii'i'u ii'Hulo ill tlm city of Jti'vliin, on tlir iiiiioiitain.H, alioiit ll2 iiiilos ilistaiit. Alcxillllli'iil, a city of K^ypt, on tin- sliore of llio Mnlilcrraiuan. I'miinlcil by Alixaii'ler till) (treat, :t:t2 ua: Unvii\'^ fliii Jtoiuiiii Km piru it vas tliii capital of tlui country aii^t) and ifiiporlant city. During the Mi.Mlo Ayrs it (Ircliiicd greatly in imp irta'ic«. an t at tlic tiiMi' of tliH M.inn.'lulii! riiliM''""' 1h(Iiia.ii.) tin- inlialpitiints wcro rcdiicicl to alioiit r),oiMl. I'ndcr tlio 'I'lirkisli ruin, liowcvcr, ami tspo cially during' tlh> reigns of Mnhaninicd Ali (Mil) Alexaiiilria t^ri'W rajiidly, ami now tlm popiila tinii niiiiil)irs alioul 2"(),(IIM). Of tlifso •Jdll.ouo arc mitivi'S (rhiclly .MolMiuiiiedaiisi, spcnkiu^ t'lc Aial)iu latinnaf^c. Tlio rcniaindc!r arc from every country in Kuiopo ami almost of the world, so that it is nvcii iiioru of a llalx I than is Constantinoplo. Tlio i>rcsenco of a larj^'o niimlicr of Kuropcans resident there tliroii^di- out the year has hail a ^reat intlueiice in luak iii^^ tl.o city one of the most altraetivo in ap- peaiaiico on the Meiliterraneun, with hroad streets, lino luiildm^'s auil jileasaiit drives. Jti'in^ on the sea, the heat is not us intense as at Cairo, and there have j^rinvn up a uiiiiilier of Huliiirlis, aiiKin^ which Kainleh is omt of thu most jiopiilar. i'lii^ j^taieral cliaracter of the Jienpl.' is very low, the mitives having acipiired mm uf the vices o'.' the Kuropcans. Siiiiie uf these furei^'n residents, liovever, aro imii who take an inter- fst in the puhlie welfare, and are liheral in siis- tainin;4 hospitals and other lienevolent and ]iliilantliropie undertakings. The Mohammedans have acquired a very hit- ter feelinf:! toward the riiristians and the .lews, and are ever ready to join in any demonstration or insurrection a^fainst them, if they have any reas in to suppose sucdi a movement a;,'reeal)le to tho rulers of tho city, (riven a chief of liolico like tho oiio in olHco in issj, and an- other scene like that of June Ulh of that year, with all its hiirliaric horrors and cruelty, would lie enacted, for the elements suitable for such iin net aro ever ready. Next to tho Mohanunoilaus the Syrian Cath- olics and Muscovites aro ipiito Htrous. Tho (treek ('hurcli is wealthy and intliiential, but the ("optio community is Kuiall mid feeble. Mission work is carried on cliielly by tho Missions of tho llnit(!il rresbyterian Ohureh of tho L'uiti^d States, who maintain two schools, one for boys and a very llourishini,' ami etllcient one for Kirls. There aro also preaching services in Arabic, and a church with sixty one members. There are also two schools ami Sabbath services maintained by the Scotch Free Chiirch, one by the Church of Knt^land, and a small (ioruian church, but these are for foreign residents. Alflior, one of the Malaysian languages, mill is used in the isle of Celebes. In the year ]HV.> tho Netherlands liible Society puhlislip.l the (Inspel of .Ahitthew in that language, the translation having been wade by Kov. J. Iler- iiiunii. Altf lent, a seaport of the French cobuiy of Algeria, North Africa, rojiulation, ico.diio — French, li; (kmi, and Jews, (i.dlMl, who own most of the land in tho city, ami native Algerians. The town is built in the form of an amphi- theatre, on an elevation of oiiil f,.ct, and, seen from a distance, |ireseiits a very imposing np- pearani'c, heightened by the ilM/./.liiig whitem s8 nf its houses, w hich rise in terraii s on the fide of the hill. Ilul nearer by it will be seen that the city is very dirty, and the streets narrow and tcu'tiious. It is surnmndeil by a wall .'id feit high and 12 feet thick, with towirs iiiid b.ttteries, and has a lighthniise, arsi'iial, diiek. yaril, many nioscpiis, banks, theatres, fmin- tains. baths, fac'toriis, Imtels, synagogues, n haiidsime cathedral and three other Catholic ihiirches, a J'rotestalit chapel, six colleges, an e|iisco|ial seminary, government h.iuse, ex- change, bishop's palace, and public library, lu the lower |)art of the city arcades have been built, and tlie streets widened auil given I'lencU names, anil tho whole place is fast ussuming a French aspect. Mission station of the I^ondon ,S,>eiety for I'ropagatiiij the (iospel among the Jews. .\li-llllllM'«'«, a sect of religionists existing among the Mnliammedans of Persia and Tur- key, They are known under ditlereiit names, as Dawooilees, Alpdoolbegees. There is great resemblance between their religious beliets and those of the Nusairiyeh of Syria, if indeed tln-y aie not one and the same sect. 'I'liey holil their real opinions in secret, while professing before Mohamiiiedans to lie strict .Moshins, and in their presence conforming to all the rites of Islam. Ihit to Christians they declare their hatreil of the Mohammedan prophet and law, and do not hesitate to violnte the Moslem ritual. Nevertheless, even to Christians they will not reveal tlnir secret doctrines or jirac. tices with any iiarti<'ularity. Tiny have no books. The Davvoodee divi,- ion juofess to have great respect for the I'salms of |)avid. A]i]iar. eiitly this strange religion is but n heathenish eonudonu'ration of I'agun, Moslem, Jewish, and Christian superstitions. Its adherents number many hundred thousands in I'ersia. It is under- stood that many of them are becoming liabeea. Considerable atteiii|its have been made to load tliciu to Christianity, but with little success. Their gross superstitions and ignorance, with their great fear of the Mohammedans, hold tli.Mii last in their iireseiit (le|iloiablo con- dition. Alitflirll, ft city in Aligarh district. North- western I'rovinces, India, xl miles southeast of Delhi. Cliinato variable, subject to extremes of temperature. Population, iHsl, of city and sub- urbs, <'il,7:td— Hindus, Moslems, Jains, Chris- tians. Language, rnlu, Hindi. Mission station of C. M. S. (ls('.:ti ; 1 missionary and wife, 1(5 native helpers. :i outstal 'oiis. It churches, 'M members, (1 schools. Alipiir, a city in the district east of Cal- cutta, in Keiigal. ICast India. An out-station of the iJaptist Missionary Society. Aliwtll, \<>rlll, a city in Itritish KatTraria, South .\fri', sti-ii'lily iiu'ii'iis- iiiv;. Mission sliitinii ul' Aiiii'rii'iiii |'icsl)_vl('- riiiti Clmri'li N'nrlii, IninKlid in \'*:u\, wiili a printitij.; csiiililisliiiicnl, u tin (il,)(,'i(iil scniiiiiirv sini'c 1S7'2, and si'vcial alilc iiiilivi' |irriicli.rs. .Mission station of tlm < '. M. S., witli a then, logical sclimil. Mrllnnlist I'.|)isco|ial Cliillrli Xo'tli, I'J nativi' w.irkurs, l"i clniri'ii iihihIm r-, 't scliuols. Hi si'liolaix. Tim ('liurcli of Kiij^laiid /:'naiia Mission IS also very iiutivu. l'oi>ulation noar I'lK^iHlO. Allen, l>iivi«l Olivt'r, !>. in iiarro. :^Iass.. Septi'Milicr 1 Ith, IT'.i'.l ; liltrd for <•olU■^;<■ at tlit' ni^a'liMuifS in Nrw Ipswicli, \. II,, and New Hali'Mi, Miiss ; sludnnl at Williaiiis •olli'j^i', Isl'.l'il: (^iiiduatiMl at AiulitTst Collen.', Ihj:, ; Was pri'cc'iitor of Lattn-nci' Afadt-niy, (iroton, l«2:l-'2t ; j,'radiiati'd at Andovir i'licolo^ical Seminary, 1S27 ; ordained and sailed as a uiis- sionarv of tlie American llnard for India, June (!tli, lH-i7. In iHiil he, with Mr, Iteud, vislteil iniportant places iu thii lieecaii to ascertain tlm most eli^ilile place for a new station, ami Selected the city of .\hlllallna^;ar, 17'> luiles from lioinlmy. In |s:;;l .Mr. .\lleii l.fi li.mihay for the I'nited States, arriving in May, an. I retnrnoil two months afterward, emliarUiii)^ with a conipany that left, Jiil.v 1st, tore enforce the Ceylon Mission. Defore proceedinK to liis station he visited the mission in .latlna, Cey- lon, roachint^ li'Muhay, .Imuiary, 1h:I1. Ho sjieiit most of ix:!") and \sm\ in itineratint,' us a IJihle and tract distriloiter, ami in oral preach iu^; of the (i.ispcl. In Jsl7 an eilitiim of the whole liiUle in .Marathi, translaty the mem- bers of tho two missions, was revisid hy Mr. Allen, who was the editorial superintendent of the .\iiieri<'an .Mission I'ress, and a no iidier of the Coamittee of tho JSomliay liilile S.icnty. Ho was . from .Vmherst Colli ^,'e in l>^'il. l>r, .Mien was II faithful worker ami wise eonnsellor. His s^'rviei's, especially in connection with the press and the transhition of the Scri))tiires, were nf great value to the missionary cause, Ur, .\llen liilhlisheil a valualile work on Imlin, Aiiclml und Af'iil'tfi, ami was tin* author of several articles in periodicals. He resided at Lowell, Mass., fiMin IsCO until his de;itli, from coni^estioii of the lun;,'s, July 17th, isii:t. .%ll<'ppi, a seaport on the flat Travancoro coast, at the foot of the \V(!stern (Jhats, in the Travancore native State, South Hidia. I'oiiula- tion, MD.IHMI, In isu; the C. M. S. founded a station there, principally f.ir the piiriiose of re- (lei'iiiiii;^ the Syrian c'onKrepition, which hail been si'tlled there since ancient times, hut had Wtterlv de^^i'iierated. In the he^inninn the un- (lerlakiliK seemed destined to succeed. Tho Syrians even alloweil the missionaries to preach in their churches, and their conntu'tion with tho Itoimin Catholic Churidi beeaiiKi looser. Hut in 1H3(; a new bishop siu'ldenly broke otf all rela- tions with the mission, and whi'it it became evident that all further c i-operation with tho old church was an impossibility, the iiiLssion- nries addressed themselves to tho heathen. This uiUTemeut proved a great Huccess, and when the mission, in 1h7'.i. numbercl about •id, I Mil I Christians (l,:tlis eate. humeiis and |s.,");i',t baptized, aliiolij,' wliiuii were ."i.oH'i ciiiiiiMiini cants I. its leader. S] lily, was conseeiated bi>hop : 1 missionary (in char^;e also of Tirii- Wi'llai, :l chiindies, 'J 10 communicants, .\llllora, capital of thi^ Kiimaiin district. Northwestern Provinces, India, situated amoli^ the' llimala\as. '~i,:i:t7 Ici t above the sea, on the frontier of Tibet, Cliniiili' temperate, iiiakiii;{ it a re,-.iirt for invalids during; the hot and rainy sc .isoiis. I'opulation of the district. r.i:i,.")'.l'.t — Hindus, Moslems, Diiropi iiiis. I.aiimm^r, llin- ili (Kiim an ni dialect) llelij^ion, miNeil, .Mission station 1j. JI. S. (Im.")!!!, ;( luissioiiaries, I mis sioiiar\'s wife, ■.; siii^,'le ladies, II native helpers. It out-stations, J churches, '.I'J members, lit schools, l,(l.")l •scholars. ('i>ntributions, !>!'.Mt I'i'.i. Thi,s society uIho supports an asylum for lepers. Alwiir isee Tlwurl, a station of the T'niled I'resbyterian Chuich of Scotlainl, ill l!a,iputana, India. .VlWIiy, a town of Travancore, South India, is the station of several itinerant loiaeheis of theC, M. S. Aniallt'i, a town on the southern coast of Ceraiii, one of the Moluccas, is the seat of a preacher's -ssistant, appointed by the Dutch (iovernnu The .'i.l'.i;! Christians are divideil into II coiij^ri'^ations. (See Moluccas,) .\||IH||||»III'IIIII, ft city in the ilelta i f th" (i.)davari. Madias Presidency, South India. .V station of the C, .M, S. (since lH7r,, amoim the Tehigus ; 'i native aj^cnts. .AllllllioilNtolll, a town nf Cajie Cnloiiy, ScuUli .\tri<'a. Mission station of the licrlin lOvHiii^idical I.utheran Missionary Society (lx">M| ; .")"il Hottentot converts, :i missionaries, IH native heli)ers. Tlie mission premises were orininal- Iv purchased by a ( iermaii lady enthusiastically interested in missions, and i)resented to the mission. After the transfer of /oar fnuii the South .Vfricaii to the Jierlin Sficiety in \^>\~, tho number id' bapti/.id in the "J stations rose to l,'J'J7. The name .Vmaliensteiii is from that of the diuior of the site of this mother instituliou of that tield. .%llianxillll«>i«', or .Vdams, a city of Natal, Smith -Urica, 'JJ miles southwest of the seajuiit iJurbaii. Climate healthy and charming' ; sum- mers not excessivelv hot : winters mild and de- lightful. I'cipulatioii, l7H,llllll, (hielly native.^ of Zulu orij^in. with some natives of India and Kuroj)eaiis. I,ati^,'uat^e, Zulu, Kiif^lish, Dutch, HiiKli, and Tamil, Jtelieion, varimis loathen su|)erstitioiis, Hindu and Moslem, Proti'staiit and Itomaii Catholic, Social condition, heath eiiisll and def,'raded. Made \\\) of all <'lasses of ])eople from man,v dltTereiit nations and races, their society embraces the best and the worst to be found anywhere. Jlission statiiui of tho \. li. C. 1". M ; 2 missionaries and wives, 1 siii- t^le lady, 2'.\ native lieli>ers, Itl out-stations, 2 (diiirches, Pid members, \i schools. .AiiirHOII, capital nf Kast liernr, Contrnl Troviuees, liritish India. Poi>iilntion, 'J"), (1(10, and. since 1S71, a mission station of the Freo Cliundi of Scotland, with 20 communicants. .'\niHi>ila, ft city of .\sia Minor, on the Yeshil- Iriiiak Kiver, oO miles Houthsouthwest of Snm- soon ou tho lilack Sea, ikud about 50 uiileti cunt '>! i AMASIA 43 AMERICAN BAP. Natiil, iipoit SUlll- llMll tll'- lImtiv«■^^ lliii anil iDutili, i( iilliiii Iti'staiit lurtlh- lissis of races, worst of tlio 1 sin- lions, '2 "cntral l2."), 11(H), le Freo Ills. lYfshil- l)f Sani- leH cast of M.iisovan. ropnlntirin, 2.'),0()0. Ft in Hitu- at< il in II ili'i'|i viillry iiiclosfil liy HtiM'p roi'ks, in vvluili arc sniiic intcrcsliii|4 tomlis of Arme- nian l\inj,M, An iiii|hiilaiil Inulo centre, aiol an out station of the A. Jl. ('. I'. M., w.irliiil fri>m Marsovan. AlllllH\VII'/.i, a tnlxi of tlie Ma^waiiilia, ill Nortli Iransvanl. Tlie \V.'sl.>,\ans liinan u niis- Hioii here in islc, hnt wire oMiKel to tly, in IKI", to Natal, liny look witli tliciii the at taclieil cliief, Swa/i After vain ullcinptt liy the lierlin Society and the lltrrnannslniri,' So- ciety, tlie W fsleyans liiiVi^ at last siiccee.led in t!iiniiin a foolliolil. It is lioinvl that before lon^4 the country will lieconie a imrl of the Trans- vaal. .\llll»lllll, n city of J'aiijali, Iinlia. l'o|nila- lation near Tn.tliKi. A iiussidii station of tho I'nited I'reKliyleriali Chiircli and I'reshyteriau Cliiirih Nortli of .\iiicrica. (Si'i> riiihala ) Alllbull»liarillllllUI, a t >\\n i>f Mada^'us. cur, near the ca|iital. .\ntananarivo. Has a col- luge founded in IHMl l.y tlio S. 1'. (i. Aiiiltiiloiiiikiiiitfii, Ainholiiiiiaiitfii, and Allll»«>lli|»«>l»i are three uii|>nrlaiit luaiieli stations of the I,. .M. S. Chief station, .\ntan aiii'.rivo, the capital of ^[ada).;ascar. The tirst was foundiMl in isitl, tbu si^cond in iM'.'i, and the third in |Hr,;(. Allll>4tllil»«-I«iniil. a town in the province of Inn riim, dntral .Mada^;ascar. west of Antun- unarivo. .Mission station of tin- I,. M. S. ; I mis- sionary. AllllM>llilllllll«lrOM<>, a town occupying' u cenlrid position f(U' the provinces ot liani and 'i'aiiala Madiij^ascar. The neit^hlioriiii^ districts art? thickly poiMilated, the native po])ulatlon he- in;,' Itetsileo. The uneducated peojile are ex- tremely dull, superstitions, cowardly, suspi- cious, anil incorrif^ilily la/y. Mission station of the L. M. S. ; 2 missionaries, .si schools, 2,'.tHl scholars, is out-stations. Alllboilin, one of the Molucca Islands. East Indies. Population, :!:t, i, of whom •2i,(inO are t'hristiaiis. There are 'J preachers, aiipoinled by till) Dutch (iovorniiient. with 2 assistant lireaehers : I for the southern ;iiOt of tho island, with I, '.Mi souls, in IM coiij;rei,'atioiis, and 1 fur the northern part and liiitii, with ;l,'i7"i souls, in s eonerej^ations. The Preachers' .Seminary, fuunded in Isii.") by Uoskott, but now a .Statu institute, i.s here. .AlllhONlIra, a eity of South Central Mada. t,'ascar, south of .Vntaiianarivo. Mission station of the L. M. .S ; 1 luissioiiary and wife, 12 ont- Htatioiis, 1:1 schools, 11,47'i scholars. .Allllirfin. an island bolonyini- to tliu niiddlo group of the New Hebrides, Melanesia, ciuitain- mn an active volcano 1,(M;" feut liii^li. The na- tives of the island aru entirely uncivilized, and Wear no clothes. .\ uiissiou station of the L. -M. S. Aiiu'ricaii and Foreiun 4iiriN|iuii I llUm.— Secretary, Kev. L. T. Chaniberlain, D.l)., mi Classon .\venue, Itrooklyn, N. Y. The Society was foriuud in the city of New York, in the year ISli), tor the tinitin^ of all Cliristian dcDominntiouH in the work of the world's evangel izAtiou. Its eiirly hibord wore among Iho no callod alien jiopMlations of our own country, especially in the largi' cities. It also wrought vigorously in foreign lands, with main ndereiice to giving (lod's Word and the priachilig of the liospel to those wlio Wire ill the bondage of Itoman Catholicism. Ilaly, iloliemia, .\iistria, France, Spain, the countries of South Aimrica, the ^Vl•sl linliis and Mexico Wire inclildi d III Itswide lield. Inthclinedf its jiresidiiits, iliieitors, secretarii s and evan- gelists are found some nf the most lionorid names of the .\iiierican chuiches. Its holy work was signally owned lilid blessed of (iod. As, however, the several denominations be- came more numerous and strong, there arose the not unnatural leiuli'licy to eondiut their mis. siotiary labors through their own denomina- tional agencies 'I'hus the .American iind I'nr- eigii Christian I'nion found itself gradually h s. seiied in its resmirees. and was compilled to liuiit the lield of its Work. At Jirescnt il de- votes its energies to the evaiigeli/ation of France, believing that no missionarv lield otVers greater attractimis or jinseiits greater nrgi nc\. The I'nion owns the site and building of the .\iiierican Chnrch. 'Jl l!ue do i>erri. I'aris, of which the Itev. K. (i. Thuiber, 1).l»., is llio honored and siiccesstul iiastor. The niainte- iiiincu of that most iiii]iortant church is included in the I'nion's care. It also co-opirates with the French missionary societies in their most devoted evaligulizilig efforts. At the same time the rnion is trustee of the funds raised in this country for the building of an American chinch in lierlin. .\niong the officers and directors are n num- ber of proininent clergymen and laymen repre- senting the dilfereiit denominations in New York Cit.v — Congregational. Presbyterian, Mi th- odist and lieformed (Dutch). .Aiiicrioan BapiiwI ItliwHiitaar.v I'n- iltn, — lleadiiuartcrs, Tremont Temple, lioslmi, Mass. CoNsriTfKNcv. — Till' liiii>list Churclds i\l tin' Snill,- tm iiikI H'enli-ni Slulrs. 'I'lir .ImcnCoi It'ijilixt MinsidiKiril ('diici iillon [I'dloinl) dinl tin' lliuirn! JliililisI AfKiiriiiliiiii iif till' Wistrni Stilli':< iiinl Tiiriliirii y rii.iipeiiltt' icilh llii.l SicirliJ in suiiii' <'/ its Mis.'iinns. T. lfiH*ory, — Thoro had been in the Itajitist churches, especiall.v cd' New I'.ngland and the Middle States, a constantly increasing inli rest in luissionarv work among the In atlun for sev- eral years before Isl.t. promiited in part by tho admirable results of the Seiampore Mission, con- ducted by the I'.nglisli l!a|itist Missionary .So- ciety. Dr. Carey had attempted successfully the translatiiui of the Siri])tnres into nuiny of the hinguages of India, and so great had been tho sympathy of American ISaptists w ith this good work that, in Islv!^ they had forwar.led to the F.nglish IJaptist Missionary Socii ly $l,l'i-")ll to aid in this Work of translation. Tho organization, in Isl I, (if a National Foreign Missionary Society among the ISaptists of tho I'nited States was a direct result of the same cimses wdiicli had, l years earlier, led to the es- tablishment of the .Vmerican Hoard of Comniis- sioiiers for Voreigi. Missions, whiidi, as is well known, was brought about through the efforts of .\donirani Jiidson and his associates (see article on A. H. C. F. M.), February l!»tli, IHl'i, and Messrs. Judson, Newell, Hall, and Nott, with their wives, and Mr, Lutber Itioe, Huiled V AMERICAN BAP. 44 MISS. UNION Ui I %} ii < 3: 1 I ^ t f>ir Iiiiliit iiiiiit>r nppniiitiiii'iit of tlio Ainorii'nn ]tii'il. During tlii> V(ivii^;i) to Culciittit, Mr. ami Mrs. Jllllsdil's \ ixWH oil tilt' Nllllji'I'tS iiikI IMOiIc of liii|itisiii \Kri> cliiinncil iiM till' ri'Milt of tlii'ir Kill ly of thd Scii|>iinrH, iind Mr. Jtii'n, on it (littVn-nt vi-ssi I, itiiil with no (Miiiiijiiniciition with tlu'iii. was liroiinlit to tin' hiiiiio I'oiiclii Ki'iii.H, 'I'lii-y IiiiiiIim) at Ciilruttii, Mtit liiltrrly )ios till' to nil iiiis-,jiiiiary iiitiTjiriHis, tliiy \vi>rc ('(uiipi Mill to titko nfiit^K ill tlio littlo hitiiisli I'olony of Soriuiipori', vvliiio tlo' lliinlisli )!a|)ti«t Mi-t-^ioniiry Socii'ty liail fst.ililislicd a mission uiiilrr till! tiiiiiiii'iit nilHsioiiary, Cnri'y, 'Jii yi urs lii'fori!. lliro .Mr. anil .Mrs. .IuiIkoh and .Mr. Itice Wcrii lpii|iti/i'il a fi»w wi'iks latiT. .Mr. .Iiidsiiii and Mr. llicn addro.ssi'd Irttrrs to tlio .•\.iiii'ri(Mii jtoard, ri'sii^nint^ tln-ir i'oniii'ctioii with it as niissioiiarii'.s, and also to tint fiw l!:i|itist niiiiistuts whom they UiU'W, asking,' if tlic liaptists of .ViiK-riiMV Wi'ro disjiosiil to Kustnin missions ill thu Kast. .Mi'aiiwliilf, luforo tiny (■Dili,! olititiii any intrllit,'in('o from tlifir nulivi' land thry wi-ro to pass throiij^h si'as of troiiMc. Knulaml and tlio I'nitcd Stati's wiiriuit war with cai-li other, aiiil tint K.ist India Company was dftfrmiind that no missionary, and, aliovn all, no .Vmcriran niissiiiiiai\\. should ii'main in thidr cxtiiidi'il realms. They wiro Kiiiiimoin'd ln'forn thii CouiiimI at Cali'iitta, and ordt'i'i'd to ri'tiirn to.Vmiiri of I'laiiri-, Imt tlir only »fHSi 1 sailing; to Tort Jj )iiis coiil 1 c.irry hut two passiiii^or.s, and they ^avi) up their plans to Mr. and .\rrs. Xevvell, tlnir friends, who had reiiiiiined under theearoof the .Viiieriean ISimrd, and who were hoi>ini.^ to found a mission in the island of Madat^asear. Siiliseiiiunlly Mr. and Mrs. .Iiidson and Mr. Uiee siiceee.ded, though witii Ki'ii't dilUculty, in ohtainiiiL; a passage to the Isle of I'l'imei', where they arrived .lannary 17th, l.si;t, and found that Mrs". Newell had died there iiiorii than twomintlis lutore. On Mandi loth, Mr. Ilieo omharked for Ameriea. to jpreaeh (I missionary erusade umoni^ the liaptists of the rniteil States. Mr. and Mrs. .ludson wero loft alone, ami without intelli^'etice fr.im home. -Vfter four months' delay they determined to ^m haek to India, and sailed, May 7tli, 1^111, for Madras, hoping to he ahlii to estahlisli a mission on the island of Tulo I'enaiit,', in the Straits of Malaiu-a. l)n their arrival at .Madras, tliey were again confronted liy thn authority of the Kast India Company, and found thai they could not remain there. 'I'liero was no vessel there {,'oinj,' to any eastern l)ort, cxeept one hound to Itan- goon ; and, t^reatly a,i anv further intellinenco reached them. Meanvvhile, in .\uiprica, the news of the clmiiHo of views of Mr. aud Mrs, Jndsou iiud Mr. liicu reached IloHinn in Fehrimry, \fr. Ilalilwin, and those asHemhled iiii- mediately formed tlie Itaptist Society for I'rop a„'atinf> the (iospel in India and other i'onign I'arts, which at once assuineil the siijiport of .Mr. and .Mrs. .ludson and Mr. Itice. Circulars Were sent to lliiptist ministers and laymen in all ]iarts of the country, seeking; their eo npera- tioii. and the sceri'taiy of the society, Itev. Uaniil Sharp, I).ll., was directed to i.pjdy to the l',n^;lish liaptist Missionary Society, askiiii^ tliat its missionaries might hi> received into the Siiani|iore Mission, the American liaptists pro- viding for their support. The I'.nglisli Kociety, however, decided, as the L. M. S. had previous- ly in regard to tlie .\meriean Itoiird, that tliiit course would he a very unwise one, and itH Kccretarv, .\ndrew Fuller, advised the .\merican society to estahlisli luissioiis of its own. The eliiirches were aroused, and the feeling overj'- wliere prevailed that this was u divine call, which must ho heeded ; ,vet no considerahln organized etforts Were made until after the arrival of I.uther Itice, in Septemlur of the same year (Mill). .Vfli r much earnest pn linii- nary work a convention asseiiiMed in I'liila- delpliia, .May Isth, 1^1 1. There were present at this convention twenty six < hrgymeii and seven laymen, representing eh veil ditVereiit States and the Uistrict of Cnlumhia. The (ih.jeet of the meeting was to " elicit, comliiiie, ami direct " the energies of the whole deiiominalion into one elTort to hring the glad tidings of salvation to the heathen ; and, it lieing tlie first attempt to hring ligither the representatives of the widely scattered churches, dilTereiices of view were to he met, and much light wcs to h" shed on the Kuhject ot missions. .\s stated else- where, theresiiltof thiselfort was the formation of a convention to meet once in three years, and hi nee known as the Triciimd Convention. I>r, Furman, of South Ciuolina, was the lirst pr< si :I, when a great impulse forward was given to the work h.v the visit of Mrs. .ludson to Aicerica— a visit whose intlueiice lasted for 10 years. .Vt the time of this visit culminated the discussion in regjird to the union with the missionary so- ciety of an edueational institution, and an ef fort for domestic missions in the frontier States and among the Indians, this iiliin la ing w ariu- Iv advocated hy some of the hest friends of tho Itoanl, including especially the Southern mem- hers. In 1.H17 the constitution was so modilied as to admit of its being carried into ett'ect in IH'JO, The Triennial Convention of l«'i<;, how- ever, reverted to the oiiginal imrposc nf carr,v- ing on f.-.reign missions (udy, hut a very slight couneutiuu, involving no rcHponsihility, was m AMERICAN BAP. 4S MISS. UNION pprmittod with Columblii Collt'Ki'. Thin ^reiit i'liiiiii.(i-, mill tint ri'iiii>viil i>r Hill li(iitil,li iiiUliiii, 111 Huston, Willi si'vciiil otliiTH cif iiiiiiir iniiiiiitiiiiiM', Will' niit'lit witliiiiit ill ft^'linn ami willi tliii liiiifly coni'Mrrinci) of nil. 'I'lii' yiiiis lHJ:i '.i'l wcrii u tiuii' of ^ri'iit iinxiily to tlic ildiii'cl. I'or Hcvt nil VI iirs uftur its imioviil til lliistiin, Its iinniinl niiiiils wirr Hiimll, rnii'li- in^' llnii- liiwist iiniht in l^'i'l, wlnli tiny luii'iiuitii I to !:;il,7ii|. Duiinj^ this juriml Urn. liiiMwin iiii'l siidi'^hlon Imil ilinl, iiinl Ihn mis sioiis III Itiiriiiii Willi niiiidi ilisoruiiiii/iil ; nrv fiiil iiiissioimni'S hinl dii'il. wliilii olhiishml hfl thii work. Itiit with tlm udvi'iit of \>>'M niiim a fav'iriil(U) rcartimi. At, llm rliisii of IvjH .Mr, .Iililsiili sent III th'i H'liilil till' niMiliiMlsitlon liM rri'i'ivcil triiiii thii Itntish ( iMViTiinnMt d'V liis Kirvii'ort us transliitiir. iiitiipii lir, ami iliplo mat, lit Iho rliis.' of tlm Ihilish IJiirmrM' war, mill with it what hn )ia I talii n tn liiiiiiia of his own ]irivatn |ir.ii>ri'tv, tlm ^vhohi amimiit iii^,' til .■jii.iMMl, tlm must miiniruMiit )^ifl, run siiji'iin^,' all llm cinMimstaiiros, wliii'h llu' lliaril I'Viir ri'i'i'ivoil. .Shmlly aftii" lliis .Mr. .liiilsnn rfipii sliil tlm Kiini-il tn ilivliiit oni' lililh, an. I Kiiiisi'i|ii«.ntly lumfoiirlh mnri', fnnii llm sliiidrr Hti|>iiiil hn iiM'iiiviil, mill with siii'li an i \am|iiii of siMf.Karrilirii liifori) Ihi'iii, tlm Amii ii'iin I'lip- tists I'oulil not avoiil (^iviiin in a nmii- lihinil fashion. During tlm hiuii'iiIiiik yrai's tltiTu was ino^^roMH all alonu llm lini' ; ixistiiin mis- Hioiirt Wbri' (greatly slri'nt^tlniii'il, ainl iniw m- tiirpristiM weru mnlurtiikeii. (Suo Duvelopiuuiit of Work.) I'roiii its (ir^^anizatinn, iti 1x1 I, until ls|."i, tin' Tniinnial Cnnvi'iition was siipporti'il hy tin' rhiiri'hrs of tlm w liolo (Icnoiiiiiialinn in tlm Soutln-rii as will as tin' NortlnTii Stales ; hut tlm imriml. lHl(l-l."i, hail hi'oli oiii' of (^irat ixriti!- Iiiriit mill at^itation on tho siili|ii't of slaviTV, uiil tarly iu l^il-'i tlm .Vlaliaiiia Stato liaptist ('onviiiilion passi'il a scrii's of ri'soliitinns on till' siihji'i't, ih'iilarinn its viiiws on its own ri>;lits ami imiiinnitii'S, ami ih'iiianiliii^ from till' Artiiit^ liiiaril an " i"iplii'it avowal that slavr- hohliTs aril plifjilili', ami eiilithil iipially with non slavi; holilors to any appointmiiit. fillnr as at^iiiitH 01' as missinnariis. iii the ^ift "f tlio Ifiiaril." To this thn .Xctint; lioaril, whila ml- iiiittini^ tilt) justiin of tlm claims of tin' Cniivi ii- tion in otlicr ii'spicts, ri'iilii'il " that if any oim Hhouhl olfiir hinisi'lf iis n missionary, liavini,' slavcs.aml shor.hl insist upon ntaininn tlii'iii as his priipirty, tho Itnarl coiilil i.-.it appoint him." As soon as this (Ifchinition was mailo jiulilir, till' chiiri'lii'S in all tin.' Sontlmrn Slatrs with- dri'W from tho 'rrii'iinial Convititioii, iiinl aKi'pa rato assiH'iation, with tho tithi of tlm South- oni ilaptist Convi'iition, was ort^aiiizcil. This lU'tion niii'i'ssitatiil a ri'orj^mii/.utiim of tin' frii'iiils of missions in tlm Nnrthcni States, wiiii'h was hrounht ahoiit at an extra Kession of the Triennial CNmvention, hehl in New York City iu Niivemlier, iMt."), when a new coiistitu- lioii was aitiiiiteil, ami measures were taken to liriieuri) new charters, hoth in riiiiisylvania ami Massachusetts. Theso haviii^^ lieeii olitained, tliu new Convention went into operation in Miy, iHli;, iiniler the naiiio of the .\merlean liiiplist Missionary t'nion. Tlm enthusiasm of hiilli tho N'ovemlier ami May meeliiif's was greatly inereaseil hy tho presence of |)r. .Tml- Kon, then visiting,' his nalivo laml for the tirst tiiiio since he loft it, iu lsi;(. .Missions about to III' ulianilonc'l woro inHtuad, upon ])r. Jiul. Niin s earnest pleadillHS, roellforeed, and new work was entered upon. The ilelit of the Cnri venlioii, aiimiinlin^ to )[;|ll,Ollil, was ]iaiil, ami conlrlliiitiiiiis Wire largely ini'reased. Iiinliij,' the lit years which have since elapsed, the pru^ ri'HS of tho niisNion has lieen uniformly om' of steady pro^ri HS ; 1h new missions have hieli estahlislied in liiirma alone ; the Telii|{u .Mis- sion has heen nrrally cxtendeil ; in w enter- prises have liei u undertaken in (hina. .lapiiii, and Africa, and the Kiiropeaii missions havoals.i made ^reat advalicis. Tlm receipts of the I'liioii, which for the lirst III years after Is |i; averaned only alioiit :viu){ very iinliniiltli.v, Dllnrn witi' kcNm^Ji'iI, mill wi>iU maiiiin llm ArnkiunsK prn^rdsHcl fiivi)r alilv fur iiiiiiiy yuars, ii it»'itli->tuiiiliii^ n rlliiMtn Hiii;>iiliirly tittiil til tliK iiiHMiiriiirii's I'liitlur extrusion of work whs ili'tiri'.l liy tlu' lliipliHt oliuri'hiM, mill tlm Trii'iiiiitil I' uivi'iitjoii in 1h:)'J itnil iiLiitiii in 1h:|.j Miillion/inl tin' I! mril of .Mitn imi'Tfi to estiililisli ni'w iiiissiiiiis in " every iin oeeiipicd tlolil wliere tlnTii wiih it reiiHDniilile pr^wpm't of siirees-i " Ai'' irilin^,'ly, upon tllo roi'oiiiiniinilittiiin of llev. Amos Sutton, of tlie (Iimu'mI lliptist Missionury S n'lity i lOn^lislii. Mr itiiil SlTH. Dity Wont Heiit in Septenilur, Ih;).*!, ti> (Miiiiiieni'ii itiuon^ tli<> ri'lii'^im of Imliit tlin work whirli wiis iiflervviinl erowneil willi 8 li'li niiirvelloiiH sii'iMHS. Another oiitf^rowtli of the riisoliitiiiii of till) 'rrii'iiiiiiil ('inveiitiofi til ociMijiy itll new lielils whii'li j^'itve proiiiise of HIli'eeSH wits till) luissinii to Aisuiii. which lies north itinl northwest of llurniit, This work wits uniliirtitken itt tho reiinest of the Knt^linh Coin luissioner III Assitiii, ('ii|itiiin I'riineiH .lenkyns, who llitil hecoiilH liiuell interesleil in the As Hitiiii'se, itnil niiiile iippliciition to tlu) Itaplist niissioiiitries in lliiriuit to Iihvd n mission eom- niiMieeil itiiion^ them. This work is now or- ({itni/eil into :< ileimrtments vi/ , the As. Hitmese, tho Oiini, iiiul Nit^a missions. The mission to Siitm liiiviii'.^ Iieen uinlerliiken jirin oipiilly for tliH lienelit of flii> Cliinuse in tliiit country, tliu mission to Chiim wits reiiUy com- nieneeil itt ISiiii^kok in HM:) ; it post wits iilso brill in Miieii) Its (iitrly its Isin; ; imt it wiis not until lifter tho treiity of IHPJ ilmi work was lie^iin in (.'liiTiii proper, Dr. l>eiin nmovinj,' from I!itn'4kok to llonn Kon,' in Oitolier of that yeitr. .Vfter the reort^iiniziitioti of the Conven- tion, in 1H1.">, thesH missions wero Iitrnely ex- tenileil, anil in lH7'i it mission to Japan was ooinun'iiiieil, It littlo lie^inniiin for wliieh liiul been previously mado in the I. m Choo Isliimls. "2. Afric'iii Missiiiiis. In Ih'JI, in responsi? to a eall from tho American Colonization Society, the Hoanl of Managers commeiiceil a mission iu Ijiheriii, West Africa. Jleyoinl this region tho work in .Vfnca was not nxtemliil until lsM:t, wlinn, liy an arritiii^euieiit with Mr. II. (Irattan Guinness, tho Livin^stono Mission, on the Cori^o Uiver, was transtcrreil to the Union. H. K'lropnin .Ui'.svio/iv • I'.uropean missions Were not contempluteil in tho oriv;inal purpose of the, T'riennial ('onvention. Asiile from it few ))oints on tho western frontier of tlie I'niteil States, where cloniestio iiiissjonH were main- tniiieil for a few years, itinl ii mission to the North .Vmoriciin Inilians, the f minlers of the Convetition hiiil no tliou^;ht of itny missions as within tlioir scojic exi^cpt missions to the heathen ; anil when tho way was opeiieil for missionary work in Kiirope, a distinction was Hoon ustitblishfld lietweun missions to lands where tho Greek or lioman Catholic was tho State Church, and fhoso whern n nominal I'rot- t'stiintism prevailed, though controlled liy an established hierarchy. Thus, missions to franco (1*W), Groeoo (1H:)(!), and, later, Spain (1H70). wero conducted as foiei|»n missions, and mis- KiiiiiariHS wero sent to them from the I'nited States, thoir work to lie supplemented, as in Asia, liy native iireachors ; while the mi.ssions in t>ermany (1H:M), Sweden (1H34), and in other I'mtistant countries (see helow, MissionH of the American llaplist Missionary I'nion) weru from til'- tlr-.t proseciiti'd liy native preachers, the Convenlioii cxercisiiit! only a neiii nil super- inteniletiie. and lenderin.L; c ninsei an I llnaiiclal aid when neiessaiy, IV. MiHHIimit, lil liMA. iSee l.lso lirll cli: on liiirnia.) As has lucii saiil the misMt n to lliirmit was eommeiiced in .Inly, 1h|:|, witli the ariival of Mr iiMil .Mrs. .ludsoii at Uan>{iion, I'roiii tliis time the «orU was prosceiilrd with energy, althoiii'h more tliantuo \ears elapsed liefore tliesii missionariis hiirneil that its Mip. port had liei'ii assumed hv the liaptlst Trh Miiiiil Convi'iitioii. I'or an ai-coiint of the thnlliiii^ c\]ierielices of lir. •Iiidsoii, and the wnndirliil Work he itce.iiiiplished. see the liioi^raphical sketches of the .Iu Isons, Ite enfolceMletltS were sent to the liiiriiiiin .Mission as f.ist as tho menus of the Convention would all lu . and sta- tions Were estalilished at various points, somo of which were for the li.,nelU of the ISuriiieso only, others for Karens, and since IsVti for Sli.iiis, Ited Karciis, Kaehiiis, Chins, and Kem- mees. Ivii'h ol tliese trilies speakini^ a ditl'er- cnt htn^uat^e, a distinct missionary uork is carried on for each, and the work in Ihirmit will accorilinnly lie desenlied under the captions of liiirmiin ^llssion. Karen .Mission, etc. 1. V'/ic ll'iiiii'iii. Mi.siiitii, There was, of ooiirsc, no hope that the Ijiiperor of Ihirniit, himself aspiring to lie a l;uililh, would look favoriiMy upon a iiiis-,i 111 whose ultimate purpose was to overthr.iw iliulilliism ; and for ii time the ob- vious policy of till) missionaries was to remain ipiiet, to iteipiiie It thorough kiiowleil^!(! ot tho laiii^iiaee— It diUicull task, as there was no die tionary — to beiromo thoroughly conversant with the sacred books of liuddhism iind the manners and customs of the (leople, and, as soon its )>rac- ticable, prepare somoclearand simplestatiiiients of Cliristinii doctrine and belief I'lirsuin^^ this course, l)r. .Iii.lsou was able, in IHld, to resid and converse in liiirmese, had prepared a Kiiiall ^'ritmmar and dii-tionary of the lan^uiiee and translated into it the (tospelof Matthew (the translation of the w hole liiblo was (Completed in ls;)iii, and two or threo tracts on the ( hristiati relij^ion ; but it was not until Isp.) that he was able to jireach in his zui/'il, and to receive in- (piirers there. In .luiio of this year he bap- tized the first Ihirman convert to Christianity. In tho same year the Kmpernr of Ihiriiia died, and the ario;,'ance and tyranny of his successor broutjlit on the lirst Ihirman war (IS'JI-2(1), and led to tho dismemberment of his empire. In |M-2:t Mr. and Mrs. .ludson and Dr. Price had beon (!omniaiided to remove to .\vii, then the capital of Hurma, imd mis.sion work at Itaiinoon was Huspended until 1S211, when a nativo preacher was ordained pastor of tho liiirman Church, wliich had been organized there beforo the war, and which maintained a ]iiecarious ex- istence until Ih:!",, while the Karen church, al- thou'„'h not organized until ]K:!t, and sutTcring much from persecution, increased in numbers. Tho .Vmerican missionaries could only come to tho city at rare intt^rvals for a very short stay, and it was an indication of tho (jcnuiueness of the conversions that, under these circum- stances, but one member of the church apos- tatized. Dr. .Tiiilson returned to l{ant,'oon in 1S17, but the Durmeso governor was ojiposed to Christianity, and drove out tho missionaries and the native Christians. In 1H.)2 fho second i AMBRIOAN BAP. 47 MISS. UNION rilll )riic- ll'lltS thiH riMid Kiiiall and (tho Ic'ted istiiin in l>ali it>. hrd, ssor iind In hiicl tho l^OOIl mtivi) riiiiin f(iro lis ex- i, iil- ■.■rinK Imth. inio to stiiy, ^«s of rcnm- I1I)0S- 011 in m^l to nnries oud I'll el llurmi'Hc wiir orciirrcil ; Itiiii^ixm, I't'v;!!. iiUil nil Siiiillicrn lliiriiiii ln'cuiin llritisli Irrrilor. ; Kiiii^iiiin liri'iiiiii' ii^ikin ii Ktiilinn <>i ili" ILiptist MiHHioiiiirv riiiuii, itinl llii' lliiiiiiiiii Mi-<->h>ti li<> Kiili to ^Tow. I'r.iiii lliiM |ii'I1>mI ItaiiK '•'>> <"» Nliintly iiirri'iiM'fl in iiii|>Mrtikiii'i' hh k iiiinHintiitrv oenlrf, iind. H'.Mi, 1" Aimrii'iiii iiiiN..jiiiijinr-. mid U ii.ilivi' iiriiiiliiTH «iTi' di'Viiti'd 1 \iliiini Ix t'> W(j'li itnioii)^ llic lliiriiiini' ill till' |irliii'i|iiilHliiti<>u and tlic Tout NtiilionM of I(miii,'imiii. Till' Itiiriiiiiii work iit Miiiihnriri Iiiih iiHmiiiii'd lar;^!' |>r<>|ii>rtliilis. and till' iis|Mrl in at |iri-Hi'nt Vi'i'v cMcoMiai^inn, til' tlic t«.> rhiiri'lii H, oni' is Molf Mii|i|Miitin)^, and till Ti- ai'i- fniir nativf wcirk •Ts. Tin- S.ii'iiiy of CliriHlnin Kndiavor Is do ill).' miii'li i{>ii>d and inTniani'iit uurK In rnaiiv t'liviis and ritii'H, rariirst nvihU fni' llm IIiirnianH is carriud on. A di-tuili'd arr Hint of tliat pmst! i'liti'il at 'I'linii^/it will ^ivii alwi a ({oiiil idiu of till' lliirnian wnrk ^mrrallv at tli« Nlatii'tis of liiiniia. Ill wliirli it is iKisv {irosi't'iiti'il. In ^'iii i^ral, prij^rt'ss is slow Iml suri^ 'I'Ih' imiiortaiit Mtulions, lii'sidcs tliosit all'radv liiiiiicd. ai'i> . JIassi'in. Ili'li/ada, l'i'iiiiii>, Maiidalav, and Sa^'a- in){. At llliaiiio, wliii'li is Hi milis Irniu tlii^ proviiii'i' of Viinnan. inCliina, tlurn isa nnssinii to Kiii'li'ins, and at 'riiayrtiiiyo and otjitl lioilits work for tho Chins is earricil on. 7Vi../,7:h is, in many rcspiiHs, oni' of tho most rciiiarkaldi' iiiissiiins in lliirnia. It was |ilnntt'd (tlimiKh a very siiiall plant) in 1h."i."i. In Ix.Vj Mrs. Murilla IS. Ini^uils, tlir widow of Uv\. Lovi'll Iii<„'alls, a iiiissiKiiavy to .\rakan. who, nftir tho diatli of her liiisliaml, had ritnrniMl to Aimrica, .saihd a;,'aiii at tlir t'lid of a year for Ihiriiia, itiid on Iht arrival went at oin'c to TlioiiK/.c. Sim has rciiiiiiiii'd in that mission, of which Him has had tlm fiitirn (vmtrol, for thirty yuiirs, willioiit any niali! missionaiy fXiTpt a native ordaiiii'd jiri'iiclier liinl several otlii'i' lia tiv(^ assistants to hi'lp her. .V part of the time Hhe has had one or morn lady assistants sent out liy the Woiiion's Mis>ioii Soeietiis with her, but oflRIl she has lieeii ali>lie, and lias coll ducted, with ^^^eat ability, a most Hiii'cessfiil mis sioii. She ]iroiioiiii(!es no )iiililii' ilisemirses. per forms no I'l'L-lesiastieal filMetions. She teiielns the women ami llie iiim in all that eoneerns Cliiistiaii truths and elniri'h ori^am/.ation. Sh-j Meh'cts, indoctrinates, and eiieoiiranes thu native nun for evall'^'ilistie sirvieis. She i,Mlides the fhiirtdi in the aiipointiiunt of its pastor, in striirls hiiii III IliMe truths, jiastoral theolo^-y, inelii'linj; homiletieal truininn. and siipervise.s nil the Work of tlm statii>n. She keeps an i ve on tile sehool at the station, and is sure to de toet aptitude for teaeliinj,' in any of the pupils, und sends them out to teacli in the \illie.;e schools. SIk! 1ms established ■ni/nl iireiichili),', orf{aid/ed a eireiilatinn liliraiy, liiid keeps ui> a Kvstem of liililti aiiil tract disirilmtioii throiiL-h- out tho whole distrii't. She miiintiiins strict discipline ill the two eliiin lies of the station — more strict pirliaps than exists in any other mission. Slie has encountered malcoiitenl-i and ii*akened opposition in a few iiistaiiees, liiit in every case her perfect iimsteiy of her- Ktdf, herf^ood jiidoiii-nt, eqiiahle temperament. Ii<-r tirmiiess j'liiied with kindness, her ready tact, and her Christian spirit have hronola heV through in triumph. No jar has up to this time produccil any violent chaiij^e, nor has any iinpediiucnt resulted in anythiiio more than a tpuiporiiry check to the prosperity of tho mis. Kiun. llkl ll-lll L.\T|oN >>» Itl'IIM.tN' MlHslilN. Till' prini'ipal centres of work in the lliirmau Mission are : I. /I'Oe/.Miii, with Ituriiiali. S^au aliil I'wo- Karen, .Shan, Kiirasiaii, I'ji^lisli and printing di-partnienlH. \i. Mi"ilmr!ii, witli Kiiriiiiin, Kan ii, 'IVlui^n, Taii.il aiiil KliKlish Church, I'.urasian lliuiie, and iiiedical wotk. o. Ilnsffiii, with lliirman. S^au Karen, nnd l'»o Kan n . with liiirnian. I'likii Kari n, lluhai Kari'U, ICed Karen, and .sliali depart- liielits Tavoy, Srliwet^yin and lli'n/.ula have liurmnn and Karen depnitiiieiils : riioin,v.e. rroiiie, ,Sa- ^ain^'. Myin^.Mtn. and Malidalay. Itiirniali only ; I'cKU for till- I'alailins i lludilhists' ; 'riiiiyelmyn und Sandoway for I he Ch'iiis (Khyelisi ; llhaliio for the Kacli'ilis iKakhyeiisi and Sliaiis i jiiid- dliists) : and Thihaiv, thi* Sli.in capital, for tho Slums. h'liiiii Missiiihs — The first mission to the Karens III lliiriiia was foumled in I^'Jn in Ta- voy, capital of the province of the saii:e name, l>y ICcv. tii'or^e Italia ISoardliiali and his W'if<>, missionaries of the .\inericali liaptist Hoard, uHsif^iifd as missionaries to the lliiiiiiaiis in Tavoy in Is-Js, They had lieen detained at Cal. ciitta, on account of the jiiiriuese war, till iH'iT, aiiil had Ktudied the liiirmali lan^ua^e with .Mr. and .Mrs. Wade, who h.id escaped from Itiin- Hoon, hut returned in 1"<'JT, When the Hoard- mans went to 'I'avoy they took with tluiii ii middle aeed Karen imnied Ko lliah hyii (see Ko tliah hyu). formerly a slave, wlm had hecn converted through llr, .ludson's laliors, and was lia|iti/.ed l>y Mr Iloiinliiiaii at I'avoy, May tilth, 1^2"". He Was the first Karen convert ami the first preacher to the Karens, and fiom his ^'eiil for their conversion was iiameil " the Karen .\postle. " Mr. lloardiuaii soon loiiiid tho Karens more n ady to receive the (iospil than the Itiirmans : and through hislaleirs and those of his wife and assi.^tants the lirst Karen church Was formed in Tavoy in 1h:!ii. (por his ahiin- daiit labors and early death, in 1^:11, see ISoard- man, (ieor^e jlalia.) The Karens, of whom there live fifteen or twenty tribes more or less dosdy connected, are the )"asaiit population of liurnia, iSeo Karens, iiiidi rartii'le liiiriiiu.) 'I'heyare divideil into three classes : 1. The Lowland tribes, the S'„'au nnd I'wo Karens, oci'iipv ino the deltas of the Iniwii'li. the Silano, and the .Salweli, nnd the intervi'iiiiii> jilains. Tin se lire iinricultu- rists, tislierineii. nnd laboti rs. They are j^reatly opliressed iiii.l cruelly treated by tin! Jbuiiians, the rulili},' class. '_'. The central or liiohlalid tribes, the I'akuK, It^^liais. (ieckos, Kalelinees, etc., occupyin.^ the table. lands and valleys if the Sitaiii' ami Salweii, of which Toiinj^oo is the centre. :(. The hill or iiioiintain tribes, wilder, and soiiio of them not so certairil\ of the Knren family, as they differ materially iu habits and language from the two preceding classes : the Chins, the Toiinofhoos, the Kem- iiifes, Kach'ins, who have recently btcii identi- tieil with the Sinnplios of Northeast ISurm.i and .\ssam .\11 of tlnse tribes are supposed to be of the .\ryaii stock : they were not iilolaters, hail some ideas of ii Supreme Iteiiij; nnd of n liivine IJeileemer who would save tlieui from sin nnd sorrow ; they made offerings to evil I :>[ (. AMERICAN BAP. H|>irils, ili'iiiniiH. ii'ils or i/cr.s, fniiii iiiotivi's of fiiir, Ixit liii^l III) ti'iii|ili' III! 111'. Wii'li^ rcMliifcil tlirir s|i<'i ili til A I itiiii<. itiwl Ill's. Wiiili', Mjtsdii. mill Iti'iiytmi tl'ali^liih'il tiiii'ls mill till) Si'l'l|>llll'i'S tor lliriii. .\l.ui\ 111' llii'Mi With I'm Iv to ri'i'oivii tlir (i.is|ii 1 111 niici' ; iilliir.'^. triiiii fiiir of tlii> KurmaiiH < r (ilInT rmi>is, I'l jii'liil il. I''i'iiiii iN I'liiiiiniiiri'iiii'Ml ill Tiiviiy, in Is.iii, till' i^iiiiil »iirlv i'\l iiili'il ti> .Miii>;iii. ni|iitiil i>t' till' siiiilli r.itiasscriiii I'r.ivinrr, in I"!!!!; In .Miiiiliiii'iii la |i:l| .\\> ; t.i limi^ii 111 mul .Mauln'ii ill |s:i.l iiliiiii;;li iiii cliiii'i'lii's \\i r<< I'Miinli'il till |s:l|i; tn ll.is-.iiii ill \ VM'i (lliiiii^;li lliii'i' NMfii 111 li.i|>lisiiM llll lolii. 'I'lic lir-.l, lioiiks ciri'ii. Iiiliil «Ti'ii ill lliii lliiriiMii liiiii^imi,'!', Iiiit IhiTii Wi'iii triiiu mil ihii'limis nf llm Si w 'ri'staiin'iit |iriiil('i| ill S^jmi Kiiri'ii in {"^A't, llir cnliii' Ni'«' Ti'shiiii 'III, in |H|:|, mul tli^ w IioIk I!iIiI<> in |s.',:t. Till' I'wii K.inii \v IS nut nilii I I > wlillll^; till lH:t."i :lii. Siiiiii' trai'ls mill iiuitidns of Sriiiitiiiii wi'i-i' isHiii'il lit isll, jsl."!, mil l-lii; tin' N.w 'I'l'slaiiii'iil iliil lint appiai' till |N'M, mill till' Ol.l Ti'staliiilil liiil llll |ss|, I'rinii till' liisl . till' wiii'U iii|iii;,', traininv; tlii' liali\i< iisHislmits, lAuininin^ mi. I li.i|>li/iiit^' tln' rui- Virts, alul ailmiiiislci'iii^! tin' Lui'iI'm Sii|i|ii|-. 'I'liis was |iarlii'iilarl.Y llm nisi- in lluii'.^iiiiii. Maiilii'i', aiiil liassiin, tliii only ilislriils wliiili wi'i'ii in ISiii'iiimi trrrilory. mul in uIik'Ii, till |H,")-J, tint I'linviiis sulTi'i'ril iiiiisl crnrl piTsii'ii- tion, liiii's, iiii|ii'isotiiiii'nl, toilnri'S. anil di'iitli friiiii Itiiniian oilii'ialH. Moiilmi'in, 'I'avoy, ami .MrrK'ni With llll ill Itritisli tiTi-itory, mul iioih' 111 till! (itlii'T statioiu wci'i' coiiiiinni'cil lufoiii lM.-,:l. 'I'lio Uaiij^'ooii mill .M.iiil iiiiKsionH niay 1>o cniHiiliii'i'il tonctliiT. Tor iii'ai'ly IvMiity \ lais ))(Ts.iMitiiin ra^i'il iillii.mt ("instantly. 'I'lio Kaii'ii idiiirclies were Mi'altiTcil, Iml i^ullirri'il iiHixiii. I''i'.iiii ilmiiiary to .hily, Hhl, l.iino Kiiniw wi'i'i' aiMril to tlii'SH niisKiniis, Imt m 1^17 tlii-y WiTi' ilrivcn out of llm rc^i m liy llm liiiniii'SH ^^iiviinor. In I'l'iJ l!ain;oiin was i-ap tiii't'il liy llm Itritisli, mul llioiii^li iii'slilriicii mul I'aiiiiiii' I'lillowi'il war. tlii< ltiiii..;oon .Mission liiis |ir ispcfi'l cvrr siiH'i'. It li.iM now llic Kan ii 'I'lii'iilo^ii'al Si'imiiary for yonii'; Kari ii ini'ai'li- lis; tliii ltin.;oon liaplist Collfun for yoiiiij.M r |>ii|iils. liiii'iii. Ill mill Kari'ii ; liolli tlicsn arc jiar- ti lily sii|i|iorlril liy tli.' Kami rlnii'i'lHs of liiir- iiia mill jiaitly liy tlii> Missi mary rnnni. Il lias ills I a '.girls' liii;!! si'lmol, an I'jirasian si'liool, mi l''.ii'.,'lisli rliuri'li, lliit lai't^o missi in jnt'ss, tin' Itiiniia llililii mill Trart Sornty, MO Kurm I'liiiri'Ims w llll I. Cl'l iimiiiliiTs, uinl ol hi'IiooIs with l.iri'J |iii|iils llolli cliiiri'lii'S taiA Hclioois urn imarly nil siOf sH|i|iorliiii,'. Itiit tin' Itassiiin S;,'aii Kar.'ii Mission is llm rrowniiiK ^;lory mul liiosl piTfii't llowi r of tlm Kanii iiiissions of Ihiniia. lii'^iiii ill l^:)" hy IIih |iri ai'liiii'_; of Mr. MihotI, wlios|iiilit lint live or six days tlnri', tlm i^ood work wi'iit on cntiii'ly lliroiin|| tji,. Iiilior nf nativit ('oiiv<rilish titritory, srpanitrd from Itasscin liy tlm ^mna rali^o nt iiioiintains ; an 1 liiiiii tlnrr Im und liis iissoi'iati'S maiiii^i d till' Kami MiHsimi for Ihirtri ii vrais. (Sm Arakan. .Missions ill I In l^^'i'J lil llm iiiissimi. mil's and till' Salidoway .Mission vm ri' tralisfi iinl to li.issi'in. .Ml lilt 'Jii I'hiirrhi s mul 'J.lliiii iiiiiii. liiTsw.nt from .\rakan, mid in all tlurr \\ i ro oH rhiiirhi's, iihoiit 11,11111 iiiiiiilii rs, mid lirmly .1,111111 I'.iiivi ris not \tt hapti/i'd. .Morn tliiiii ."i.linil lia.l pas.M.d iiway from Ihirmrsi' I'riirllii'H, rlmh'r.i, iin.l nlln-r pcstilrlici s, faiiiilii', and t'\- piisiiri' on tli.i mmililuiiis. 'I'hi' wliirlo iinmli' r of I'lllVi'lt^ lip In lliiit tilim had liciii iilioilt |i;(iiiii. Till ir coiM'sc frmii that tiiim on liiiH I II mil) of slrady iiro^inss. In IK.M tho ('liiinhi'S lii-raiiii'si If supporting, and missionary I'Ifiirts for tlm hralln'ii moiiinl ihiiii liy iiativi) ••van^;i'lists with (■oliiliirlii'td, villa(,'n HrlinolH wrri' islalilishi'd, mid a town lii^li scliool foiii- mi'in'i'd iiliihrMr. liiii'lii'r'H I'lTorts. 'I'lir spir- itual I'onditiiiii Was improvi'd ; in iHlHi all tlit> s.'hools Wfrr siipporti-.l liy tho rhiirihis. Mr. Ahlioli diid in IH.M, and Mr. Ili't'ilar in iMiii. In Mils Mr. Cirpi'iilir took rhar^'r, and w liilo lonslaiilly strivino for llnir spiritual ^^ro^^tll, llll piishi'd fiirvvard idiiralional mi asiircs and iv tlioroiii^h systi'iii of srhoojs, riiliiiiiialin^ in tin) Ko Ihali liyii .Mi'iiiorial Hall, till in Iwilvf v al-i this pi'oph', sli ipi-d to llm lijis in povrity, t \- pi'iidi'd in tlm Imildint^, siippmliii^', mid in- dowini^ Hi'liiiols .•<|:i"i, 11(111, lii'sidcs Imildino llnir chapi'ls, supporting tlx'ir pastors, llnir \ illavjo Ki'hools, iiiid tlirir nalivii missimiarirs ; mid in 1^7.") and |m77 sfiit I.'hiii riipii s to llm. hiilTi irx-t frnm fmiiiim in 'rniiii^on and tn tlm pi rishini; Ti liioiis. Siiicii iSKii, nndiT Mr. Nirhols, liny liavii riintiniird to advaiini. 'I'lny liavo rii- ilowc 1 llii'ir hinh srliool, " tlm la-st ill all lliir- ma," with alioiit !f."iii,liilO ; tiny liavi' iiliont l'J."» sliidi'lits of liotli Hi'M s, a tilio ]iriMtlM); ntliri', and all •'xti'iisivo sawmill and iiiai'liiiii' shop, liiiili lioard and tuition ari> fno to llmsi' \\ ln> riiM pass tlm rMuiiiiiatinn. Tiny hiivo rnlaroiil Ihrir ).'i'i'at Mi'iiiorial Hull and Iniilt mid rii- ilowi'd II hospital Tlm iliNi-iplini' nf tlii> cliiiri'licM is strirl ; tlirir pastors iiro wi II ninl tlioroiit^hly traiiiid ; tlnir liiiii'Voh'nin is main- tiiiiii'd on a HyHliiii whii-h ri'arln'M cviry ini'iii- lirr ; and in llnir drtss, fiirnitiiri', doint'slin lifi , mid M.ii'ial rmidilion (Imy ronipam favora- lily with tlm I'oiintry I'lnirrln'S in tin' I'tutnil Slatrs 'I'lnrr iirii iiow K'.l chiiri'ln s and marly lii.dou mi'iiiliirs, with itn inllnri nt popiilatinn in their «."> t'liristimi villiiKis nf aliout .■lO.dnil siuIh. Tlii> I'wo Kai'i II Mission in llnHsiin was not startid till IHI'.I ; it had fi.\M r Imoks, and im New Trslami'iils till \\\:\, and tho liniinin t'alh- olii's had ,;ailii'il a htroii^ foothold, and am liovv mori' niiiiici'oiis than the I'roti'slmils ; Init nnr missiniiarii's tlnii' liavo 'j'J iliiirrln's, '.'I villai^i'S, I, Mil" nii'iiilii'rs, 17 Kihools, und .'iji' pupils. Ni'iirly all ure si If snpporliiii; They liavii jus' eslalihshed a tiiii' hiLjIi-scliool in Itii'.sein. 'i In y are t,'rowiiii.;. The Karen liilssimisiit Moiiliiiein, Taviiy, and Mil'^iii have lieeti frnm llm llrst on llritish territory, und havn emoiinlend im per- seelltimi. Tlie |:^t iimiied is now ^iveii up. Till Karen Mission at Mniiliinlii has llvci .Vnier. ieaii iiiissloniiries, liesides Iwi in ehar^e nf all KnullsU Tiuiiil and 'I'l lii^ii chuiih, and u lady AMERICAN BAP. 40 MISS. UNION III ■^liitiK , llicy !• lll- r.tir- II t IJ.". iill'irK, .slio|). I' \\lu> m|.;i'il ,1 tii- thi) II iiixl iiiiiiii- iiii'in- iin'slid aviini- ItuIcmI iiiiirly lititiiiii .11,11111) Ills imt itlhl III) II t'lilli- llii II'IW ml iiiir illiinrx, imiillH. ivii just 'i'li.y iliiii'iii, llist (III nil jM'!'- Ill \\\>. .Viiirr- III lilt a lu.ly itt llii' lii'it'l nf till' r.uruHiaii llo:iii> alul sclimil. It liit-i II i-liill'i'lii's, '.iH liittivii |irru('lli'l'H, 1,111 liii'iiiliir-., -I srIiiiiilK uilii lilll |iii|iils. Ilntli climrlii'H itliil sc'liMiils liaM! .S^iill mill I'ah iiii'Iii- liiTs mill si'linliirs, mill hit si>II' Kii|i|Mittiii^. Tiiviiy li:iM 17 (•iiilirliis alul '.l';. Ilin/ailii. 'Iliiir rawaihly, ainl Sli\\it;yiii ari' lliii uiily iillirr S^^aii Ktri'ii iiiissiiiii-< lit liii|iiirtaiiri< in Ihiri'ia, ami M.inliiii Ihii iiTil,v iitliiT r«i> Kaiin, 'rin- liisl tliii'i' am iiiil)^ri>tttlis, ilirrrtly nr iinlin r(ly, fl'iiii llassi'jii. All liavM li.'i ii cstalillslii'il siiiri' l•^•"l.■!, ami liavi' iii'Vir siilTiriil |HrHi'iiiiliiii lliii /.ala lias |iriis|i<'rril frmii llii- liiv-t. It hnslimv Is rhiiK'lii's mill aliimt '.',M"i nil iiilii'i's, :iii Nrhouls anl I.JJT |m|iils, llm iiiajnrity <>( Imlli clmirhi^ ainl si'hiiiils silt sii|i|iiii tiii;^ ; 'lliarrawiulily, an iilT^liiiiit ti'iiMi l|ili/..|i|a, liJis 'Jl I'hiirrlirH, 'iSi 111 iiiiliiTs, mill '.I si'h'iiiN with '.Ml im|iils, mnslly hilf siiii|MirliiiK. SliHinyiii, on tin) l.owir Sit.ini,', is a |iriis|iiriiiiH iiilssjoii, with III rliurihi's, l,."ii|-.J iiiiiiilii rs. Ill si honls uiiil ilTH |m|iiU, anil is Tast ii|i|iriiMiimlin;4 to srlf niiji |iirl. Mauliin, alioiit niiil»ay lirtwiiii Itmi^iiuii mill Itassi'ln, has iliawn must of its Twit Kan lis truiii liali^iiiin. It has I'l rhiiri'hrs ainl liT'.l iiii'iiilii'rs, li Hi'lniols ami isl |m|ii|s, all sill'-snii imrllllk' rimn.;iiii is llm srat of tim missinii to thr I'aKil, ll^liai, ami (iirUii Irilas of Karrlis. ami \iii> also Hiiiiiii rhiin'hi'S of 'rimni^lhoos ami Itril Kari'iis. It \(as fiiiimhil in Is.")!! Ii\ I)r. .Muson mill Mr. Cniss, ami its I'liily siicrt'ss was larnily iliiK to nativii I'Vaiiu'i'lists fniiii Itassiin. 'I'lii< Si'ri|ihirt'S havn lii-iii tninslati'il inln llir I'al.ii mill Hnliai lannuii^i'S (■ or a iiinri' full lurmini of this iiiissiiiM, M'li rminj^iiii. iimhr arlirli' Ihir ma. Till* illHlrirt isa favoriililo oim for miNKJuii. ary work on tin' Silmi^ liivirmiil tlii< railmail niiilway Imtvvi'i'n Uaiiyoon mil Mamlalay. It lias ]iaHsi>il through many trials, ami lln- It^lmi rimri'hrs ucrr iii'iirly nut in twain liy vrry iintiirtiinalii tcarliiii^js. 1 |ic\ liavr now |l! miNsioiiariis (only In on tIm tii'lili. I'll I'likii I'lmn'hi's with ■i,riiHI nn inlii'is, ami il.") Hrlinols with Mill |m|iils Till' I'likii I'hiirrhis ari' wlf. sii{i|ioitini; Imt tlirir srliiuils iirr not. 'rim llj^'liai cliiirrliis nuiiiln'r 7''. Willi 'J,mhi mi'in. Iurs, .'iinl (hiy hail' ."i7 si'hools with I,'jr.l |m pils. Imt millM'r ll Iiinrhi's imr tin' si-honls am SI If Mi|i|iiirtiiiL.;. Thi' Kaniiiiii' or Kiil Kari'ii i-hiinliis an- iinlinli'il with llii> l!^;hais. I> illi liilirs ari' Hiiiiliiioiiiit missii'i arirh to new .iiiil im|iortanl plaii s on tlm linn of tlii'Titll r...i.l, riii'i'ii am in all liiirnia atiinit Isii Kami cIiiiitIu's, with ahonl •J->,'Jilii iiu'IiiIh rs. (iflhchn ah 111* '211,0(10 ari' Snaii Kari'lis, 'J,llllll I'wos, .">, lllll I'al ., ituh.iis, I'tr.. mill Ihi' riiiiaiiiii|iu ll Mmi'lalay. Tli.' Kai'h'ins liavi-om- al l!limiiii. I 111' Shaiis iiri' now m n .,siIp1i' to ihr (ois|ii'l in tliiir own I' iiinlry, a Nlalinn liaviii:^' lnin rHtiih lishnl at Thiliaw. aiiil ollii'rs an^ to lii< loi'iiti'il siioii. 'riirn' ar in'.^ri'(,Miioiis if tlicm at limi k'liiin ami T.iiini^iio. Th,. Ililihi jms hi'in Irmis lilnl inlothi'irlminuiiKi' by I»r. ('iishinK. Thi'y ari' Ihi.lilhists, AVii' Mixsifii 1,1 .l.vv./iM. i.Si'i' also .\mshiii ) —This iiiiHsiiiii was iinolln r ii'siilt of llm ri's uliilioii of llu' Trifuniiil ('.invcntioii in Ihiij (n'|iiati'il in Isil.'i) to ncciiiiy all iii'w liiiliU wliirli ^;avi' |iriiniisi' of siirri'ss. .\ssiiiii liiH iiorlli mill norlli»rst of lliirma, on lioth .hIiIch of llm l!i'iiliiiiii|mti'a ainl iinniml itshi'inl waters. Till' riiiinlry inul lin -i iiiili prnilriit till l^'J'.', Imt afliT M'Ji; was «'•i al.ili^' ii laii^iiai^K aiia|o|.{ims to tin ir» : thr MiiiiiiIik, in llm nasi, onii of tlm hill Iriln s, who mi liii il to III- of rhiiii"^!' ori(.;iii, Ihini^h tii ni' mnl war llki'. 'I'lii' SiliL:|ihiis (Sim/, I allsi, (l.uos. Na^as, ami .Shalis \t i m 1 1 in otln r pi iliri| iil II lln s. I'.x- ript till' Sliaiis most «i II lirahii.am., iiinl vi-r.y hirii't in lliiir inllii nini' to cnsii'. 'I hn ('.nn- llsh Commisniiimr to .\smiiii. < 'ii|in:iti I'ranrm .hnkyns, hail lii'i'onm ilri'|ily inliiisliil in llnso (rihrs. iiiiil ilrsiroiis I.I liaM' iiiiKsii mil iiH l.ihi.r aiiioli'.^ tlniii. Ill' imnh' ii|.|ilir!illii|i. Ilirmii^li all Iji^'IIsIi liii'inl, lo llm llii| list ml.^siiimirmM in Kuril. I li> orrii|iy this tii hi, i Ihiin^ ■J.iiiiii lis. (ifHiiiii to«aril tlm i arly lApriisis, 'lln- mis Hinnarii'H silri'liil, ami alliiuaril approvnl l.y 111.' ItoanI, wiri' Ki'v. Nallimi l'.ro«ii, win. Innl llii'M hi'i n in liiiniia (hnn yi ars, hail ari|iiiri'il ii. vi'iy thoroii<.,'li know lril|;i' of llm i'.iirman Ian I4iia;^i', ami hail urilli ii siviral liviiins in it, uml Mr. 11. T. i'lillir, a iiiissioiiar.\ piiiilir. 'liny wnri' at lirst disii^nalril to llm Khamlis ami 'Shaiis, mill till' town of Saili,Mi. on Ihr l.otih rs of I'llii'l, was si'li'Cli'il as (Im pi.ilil floiii whirli lo hii^in thi'ir lal.ors ; Iml iipiii lln ir iirriMil at Saili,\a I March. IMir.) llm iiii.-.s|iiniirii s foiiinl lliat till' .\ssaiimsi' anil Sili^phns wrnilil Im milrli nioii' I asily narlmil. 'I Im Khmnlls, la iii^; Iin.st- ly nil llm ril.i'lmi siili' of llm lofly Min){(' nf liioiintains w liirli sipiiiali s 'I'iIhI fioin Sinli.> a, Wnm inari'i ssilili' at thai liiim, wlilln hrlwciii Sailiyn ami llm Sliaiis, living' in llm ( him so ]iriivliira of Viiiinan, iiii'l in Nortlirithlirn l.iir niik, hi'Vi'ial hiv'.li niiit'i s of i intiiiiis inlir vjiimil. .Vrronlilinly. woik was iitnli rlakrii for tlm .VsHiinii'si', whiln as iiimi,v Khmnlls ami .Slians as ]iiissili|n wiTo rcarlmil, .Mr. jlrown, wli |iiiri'il Imiv'ini^is w ilh womhrfiil Imilily, wilhin luo yi ars Innl porlnnisof llo' Niw 'I'.sl.i iiii'Mt, Irai'tH, spillinu Innks, ami a ilii'lioi.arv in .\ssmimNi<, Shall, mnl Klnimli. Nihonls w i ni or|.;aiii/.ri| ami will all' inh il, ami llm mission iirii'S pnailnil in llm ililTi n nl liinniia^'is iil tho ./l/||^v I'Viry Siimhiy. f.irly in |s:l'.MInri' wiimi raiil hy si.i if llm hill (i ili. s upon llm Kin. mils III Sa.|i\a, ami llnil till..' was ilrivi ll i.v.r Iho iiioiiniains ; dm Krlmols mnl iiiissioii liiiihlin^H wi-m ilislroMil, ami llm iiiissii.narn s hi rn rmii jii'lhil to minialn lo .l.iipnr. on mmof llm sotitli- crii alllimnts of tlm liriilimapntia llcm lln rn wnro .\ssaiimsi' ami Sinuphos, l.iil ll..- >(alion ilnl not jiislifv llmir i\pii lalioiis, mill in Islnilny ri'imivi'il lo Sil.siiv;iir, on ll,.' Ittaliniapiilra, ihn n iliiNs' joiirimy farllmr soiilhwi si. Ilitillmy liail •asy a ss to llm N'auim, iilm of llm lull trihi'S, Sil.siiyor hail a popiilalion of s.lNlli, ami wim lli» most siiitaliln plari- for work miioiin llm \n- hiiiimsti. Ml. Ilr.insoii, in (triohir. I'^ll. ro IIIOVl'll to NoHHOIin. in SllUtllWl-,t .\sMini, wliiTc, in lH|:i, ihi' Niiwyoin; Orplnm Insliiii liou was I'^l.ililislmil. ami in |m|:1 Mr. Ilar- kir iliKroliilitil tliu Itriiliniapiitrit to iniiiliali. AMERICAN BAP. .ill MISS. UNION i I \ I It 4 |i whcni hiimi' flldils hud nlniiily linii nnul.' fcir 11 iiiissiiiii lis liirly iis |x:t7. .\Ii sms. Jiniwil iilhl I'litti'l' rrlililllii' t itl Silisii;{iti', IliK fdriiii I' ilili^^clillv hIij4ii^;im1 in ll■nIl^^l;lllll^^ lliu Si-rl|>tiiri-s ml) Ai'i.iiiKsi'. iiiiil the IiiiIit in priiit- iiiL,' ilii'iii ill till' Ukiiuiii chaructc'i's. 'I' lie lirst cuii- Vi'it. Ni'llii l.i'vi. :iii AssiUii' sr, was l)u]ili/.iil lit SSil.^ii.; r in .liiiir, l^ll. Iml sunn iilirr ri'iimvi'il Willi Mr liiciiisiiii til Ndtti^mi'^. ( iiliiTiii'i'csKions fi.||i>wi'il, all' I in 1^1 1. Ilniii wiwii n nmi'kiilili- in- HalliiTiiii,', i's|irciiillv at Niivvf^iinn an.i (iaiiliati. A ''liiin'li was liiniD'il at cacli .station. an>tiuiiinl in .Vssaiiic!*!! was inintiMl ainl si'V- cial I'llitioiiH wiTi- piililislii'il, ami niinli of till' olil Ti'slaiucnl w.is rniil\. In \s:,:\ Mr. ('iilirr iiiiil III is."..") |)r anil .Mrs. Jiniwii wcro <'iiiii|ii'lli'il to li'iivr the iiiissiiin in coiisiMiiirnrti iif siriiiiw ill lu'iiltli, al'lir 'J*i yiars anil ninro of si'Viri) anil wiiariiii,' liilnir. Kroni iH.'iO to IS'i'.i was a tiintt of ilarkin'ss for the AHsimi iMissioii. Conversions wero not niinirroiis. til iii^'li tlmro Were revivaU in .Silisui^ar ainl Nii\v;,'iiii!,'. iiinl niiieli f.iiinratiiin work was llon^^ Tin iiiissioiiarieri lalinnil faitlil'iiil.v, asiH.l their UNHislaiils, Iml one iiftir annllier of their niini liel VJave lip I'leir lives, or Were ilrueli liniiie liy prolraeteil illness, till in |H"i(i .Mr. ami Mrs, \Vlulin^{ Wile the only niissinnariis left in the UeM, ami they were ilisalileil liy sickness, lint here the native preaehers iiml pastors showeil tliiiiiselves fiiitlifiil anil i ipeli'iit to earry on tile work. Kaiiiltira, a ftrinliiate from the Orpliin Institute at Nownoii^!, an exeelleiit h'liolar mil a man of line alulities anil deep piety, nlimpiislied Ins ^;.>vernlllent i>osition an 1 liecame pastor of the (iauhati I'h'.ireh, the lar'.,'est in the mission, at a salary one third of wliat he had reeidved from the government. ' fan you hold on till some one arrives.''' iiskeil iiiii) of the missionaries. " .My w ish is to liiil 1 on till d"atli," was tliii modest hut hrave reply of Kaiidiira. .\iid he his held on. It was lliii tiiiiii of the ^reat Imliun mutiny, mid the missionaries in .\s.-i,iiii teand that the Se. p>>ys, maiiv of whom were llinliis. mi<.^lit rise till re. as they had done in llellii and (awnpore. It «as II rei^^n of terror, Iml 1 1 mI luereifiilly pre,.rvei| them. Itetweeti iMCil ami 1N<'.:I, "a work eoiiimeiieed aiiiin^^ the tiaros, another of the lull trihes, the iiiosl li.-ree and warlike in tile lirili-^li dimilnions. The work eommeiieed at (i It il para, on the liraliiuapulra. neaily Km miles III'! ivv liaiihati. and frmii the tirst Wiis liir^t ly wniii'^dit out liy the (i.uns tin niselvi s. So ex- (''iisivi' has tint work heen aiiniti^ these, ns Well as aiii'in^' the Nai.;av miollnr of tli>' liill trilii's, that siiiee iHTii tlm niissinn work has lieeii or^^ani/ed anew into :l niissi.iiis : 1. The Assaa.ese iit (iaiihali, N iw^'oiij,', and Silisa K'lr At the last miiin d plaee one of the mis- Hi mnis was appunli'l III the Kilils, a ilin du hill Irilie from Clihotit Nii^piir, who have lieeli lifoiiL^lil In ^sHaiii tiwork lii llie govern- iii'iil lea ^.ird' lis, mil of wleuu a eonsideralile iiuiiilier have lieeii I'onverli ■! and luvniii/ed into It clnindi ; there are IH mis' i"iiariis 1:| eliiir.'hes. and 777 nieiulu r-i in tuis mission. '2 riie (ram .Mission, n •« the mo-t l!ollri>lhlll^; of the :i, with H missinliariis I.") of them liidiesi, with Htaliniis nt Tula mid • 1 uvulp.ira. In cihurehes and Ll^'i memliers, |:tj liapti/ed in IMS',), '".l sehnols, and l,ll7J pupils. These oburcheM uru |)urtly Htill.itupporlinij. :<. Tho Na^a Mission, with Htatioli.iat .M<>luii>{, Kohima, and U'ekli.i. Ill Cenlial .\ssaiii, reporting', in ISMl, -I ehiirchi s, I'lll nieiiihers, H seliools. and I7t pupils. There are N missjonaries, Imt "J of tlieiii ant in llm riiited .States. Total for .\s. sum, '2.'i missionaries, of wliom only °J0 are in the lield, Jl native preiieliers, -J'.! ehuvehes, |.S.") Iiiipli/eil in INN'.i. I,'.i:i7 memlurs, h7 sehools, I, '.Mill seholars. The New Testament and eon- sideralile portions of the Old have lieeti trillis- lati'il into .\ssaiiiese. Na^a, l!aro, iind portions of it into Kliamli and .sdiaii ; the whole .'serip- lures have In en SI paralel\ tianslali d into Nlimi liy Uev. .Mr. I'lishiiiK'. -n liurina. Th<' (laro and Kohl ehurehes seem ileslimd to (^row. The Kohls iinmlier several hundied thousand. Mi.ssinn III .\i'il,iiii, (See also .\rakmi.) — III Ih;!,') tint mission to .\rakan was ('iiiiimeiiei d. llev. (irover S. Coinstoik and wife, origi- nally appointed to Jliirma, werti ilirectud li,v the liiiard of .Mana^'ers to (Mimmeneii ii mis- hIoii at some point on the eoast of .Vr.tkaii, w lili'h was omi of the proviiiees <'i di '1 to I in at liritain liy the Ihirnnse kin^ after the war of l.s'2' Ki. ' Their lirst station was at Kvouk I'hyoii, on Uaiiiree Nlainl. at that time the prin- eijial liritish Klation in .\nikan. This proNiiiL; unhealthy and otherwise nndesiruMe, another station on the same island, called Jt.iiiiii e, ami another, .\kvali. farther north, w ■ re selrcteil. The n.ilive .\rakaiiesii are of liiirmmi stock, iiud nii'lei^taiid the r>iirmeHe laie^iia^e ; the mission was tiill if promise, and there were Imt^e iicces. sions lor several years ; luit the ciimatn was sin- gularly fatal to ti.e iiiissloiiaries, Mr. iiiiil Mrs. Levi Hall dyiiiK within fouriiionlhsaftertheiriir- rival,aiii| .Mr. and .Mrs, ( 'i linstock and t wool their cliil Ireii, Mrs. .Moore, .Mr. ('amidull, Mr. Knupp, and Mrs. Kose a few years later, while many of tho olhers Were coliipelled to Icitvu the lield. The Karen liass'ln .Vrakmi .Mission was com- iiienced in Saiidoway, .\rakiin, hy .Mr. .Mdiott ill I Mil, as the only way hy which the Sj^aii ami Two Karens in I'.assi in could he reached hy (he missionaries, the lluriiians forliiddiiiK' Ihini to enter llassiin. and peineciitm^; the converts there. It Was maintiiilied from IMll to |s.'i:i hy Messrs. .Miholt. II her, and \ an Meter, throuj; II native priacliersmidevan,.!elists trained in Sandon.iy. The missionaries visilid the frontier and met the mil ne pastors mid deacoiiM, for a month's instruction, cuch year. Tin in Were alioiit 2. mill Christimis who Hillhd in Siulherii .\rakaii, mel formed cliiin lies mid ('hrisliiiii vilhines tin re, cniinecled with tho Itassein .Vssociation ; Imt tluMi removed to Has. Hiin, after the war in l.s."ij-."i:t, mid the Samlo. way Mi-ision was (.;iveii up. Jt had Inver had any cniinecliim with the .Vrakainse Mission ju Nnrlliern .\rakaii. (See Kiireii .Missions, under .Missions ill iiuiina.) That mission was iiiiiin. taiiied till Is. Ill, vheii .Mr. and .Mrs. S.ittrrlen liavinL; died within it year after tinir arrival, mid Mr. Iii'^^alls, w ho had had cliMr'.;e of the mi'<- Nioii from I'aii^onn, lia\inv; also died at si it in Is.V., the missions at Itnmree and Akyuh. as Will as a iiew mission tn the Keiiiiiii es. a north. I'm tnlio, perhaps of the Kanii family, wem (,'ivi'n up, tile I'liardof Maiiaj^ers feeling niialile at that time to maintain a mission wliich had proved so fatal to its missionaries, Itiit nfd r the Arakmi lield had lain fallow for W'l years, the iiiiHsion at Smidowa.v, .\rakaii, was iiiiiin re viveil, itiid has now (IHH',))-! .\mericaii iiiissinn iirieH, 'J uativu iireuuUvri), 7 uliuri-'lieH, uud Itio \ AMERICAN BAP. 51 MISS. UNION ilr Iniiiiril r.l tllU 'I'Ihiii I. a ill IS mill iili till) I.. Has. Saliilii- M r liml sioii in I, iimlir lis iimiii' lllllll'O iiiriviil, till' Mlis- iit HI II in .ill", lis II imrtli- ily, Wfti' H miiilili- llirll llilil lilt lift I 1- l."i yiiirH, ii^iilti II' iiiissinti una 1 ;•.■■» nil iiiburH. 'I'liu \vorl< Inul Ihtii ciirrii'il mi liy Kiiri'ii mill iitlici- iiulivu |iiriirlirrs ttoin llussiin ami lli'ii/.iiilii tnr Hoviiral yniis iimlii- llii' iliicr tiiiii 1)1 .Mrs. ('. It. 'riKiiiiiis iiiiii 111 r viin, Itiv. \\. V. riiiiiiiiis, anil liis witr, ami 2 siiif^lr Imly luissiiiniirifs. rill' Cliiris (Kli,\ riis, a trilm uIIk'iI t.i tlir Kari'iis) ari' till' iiiiiht niiiiirriMis con Vrrls, llii>ii:.4h artivi! work lias ln'iii rtsiiiiiril Hiiiiuiv; tliu Ki'iuiiici H. Till ri' lire alsn. in tlm cliunlii'S of tli<> Sitniliiway ilistrii't, ISiii'iiialis, AntkaiK'si', KarriiH, hihI snriii* 'Irliii^UH, 'I'lii' f,'iM>i| si'i'il siiwn HI or i'lii years a^^n i.s yii'liliiit,' iiliiiii lant fruit. Missiiiii III >i'(i/i. 'I'liti inissloniirit's in Itiirina looki'il w itli li'iinlii^ ryrs to till' cimiitniH lyiii^^ ill tliii ri"r{ioiis lii'Mniil, an>l iiiiiili' many ) Hurts to r.'iirh tlii'iii. .Slam was tin' lirsl In wliirli a missiiiii was t'staliliKliril. \li\. .lolin lay lor Jmmi's. a|i|hiinli'il to llii' .Moiiliiiiin Mission, iirrivi'd tliiTi' in iNill ; at tin' rr<|iii'st of tliu l.oiiiloii Missionary Sorirly, ami \Mlli tlin cor- dial ui'iiMJi^si'i'iirt) of his lintlirrii in Itiirma. Im %V''iit to lian^kok, tliii ca|i|lalof Si.iiii. in .Marrli, ]h.l:l, to start ii misHion tlnri'. Tins stcji nut witli till! lii'arty a|i|iroval of ll:« Itoanl of Man avtirs. ainl Mr. .loniH at onco inlrri'il upon ins Work ali'l sjii'imIiIv a('i|iiiri'il the laliKila({i'. ill Is l."i 111- visiti'il Sint;a|iori'. lo |irinl a Iranslnlion of a part of tlu) Ni'W risiaiiiiiit. ami tlirrc iiii't I>r. William Iti'iiii. whom tho lioanl hail Hint to II in^k ik as ii misNionary to ilir Chinisi'. who f'lriii Ik lar;;ii proportion of thu population of that city. Olliur missiouariis lollnwiil I)r. Di-ali. This Mission, iliiriii^; tlic .'>'> vi ars of its oxIstiiiK'i', has lii'iin (or tin- m<>st part a iloor of ontran-ii to ( 'hiiiii, ainl tlm work for tin' .Siam »'si' haiin^i met Willi Imt slight siirrcss, may, p rli ip-i, liii ^ivcn up. TIik lasl n port hIiows otilv oiiK Siamrsii churi'h, with !:( iiniiiliirs. Tlif Cliliirsf Mii.siiinn wcri! nally commi'iirril at it.iii^'kok. in Siam, in l>i:i:i, hut no srUlrmiiit vva-i iii.nlii in China piopir till l^l'i, though .Mr. Shiic-k hi'lil a post on Ihr isliiml of Macao as I'lirlyas lM:l(i, When Ihc Irnily Willi China «as ralill 'r .\shiiiorii ami Mr. Sawlelle, who hail al re.i ly lalioreil there for a year or two, \m re j.iiiiel hy other miHHionariis from Han(,'kok ami from Americi ; eliurches weie ornnni/nl, mill Con..lilerallhl niimherH Were haplu.eil. ThcHC c inverts With mostly wounn ami coolies ; vcrv fert- «er.' from the l I'lue.ile.l classes. The Kast- crii China .Mission had its lie.^'iniiinn as a imili o.il mission at NiiiHpo. It.ilh of IIum! misKioiis, for luauy years after their fouiulahon, siiirerd liiueli for lai-k of aili'ipiate siippurt ainl n- en foreeiueiit ; liiit within n nt years there has ' » " chaiiKe in this respecl, |h, liaplist churchcM having invakemil lo |h,. neeessilies of <"liina; ainl anions tlm Chinese also ^reat cLiiiiKuH Luvo tttkuu pliiuo ; thuru ih much iiioru ri ailincss to accept Western ideas, anil the liar riers to ( 'hristianity are lireaking ilo» n. In I.Sh'.i tilt) Western China .Mission was coiumeneeil at Siicliau, on the western frontier ol China, mi thii liorilers of Tihet ; this work, it is liojuil, iiia.v eventually connect with .\ssaiii ami lihaiiio. In l^s'.' there wi'ie 17 churches mill l,.">:i.'> iiiemlicrH. V'/.p T'l'i'i" Mi.isiiiii. T'hi) Telunu Mission presents a curious alioiiialy in the missions of the rnion It was the nmsl hopeless at the lirsl, ami it now the most jirospi rous. I rum the least inlereslino ami eiicouraein^ it has inl- Valiceil, in less than J-'i years, to lie one of the most mm t'elloiisly Niiccessfiil missions mi tho face of I he earth. The hislovy of ( 'liristianity in all ai^ex ami coiiiitrii s hIi .w s nolliin^; w liich siir- passi s the later ,\ears ol the .\mi'riciin lliiptist Telii',^11 .Mis'-ioii in h|iontaiuous i xleiision, in rapiilit.v of )iro;^ress, in giiniineiii ss of conver- si'iiis, in staliility of result'<, or in jirmiiise lor the future. Thi! missionary inarvi Is of llio .South Seas cannot parallel It. (Inly in .Mai!a- l^ascar can we liml mi.\ lhiiit{ tocompare w illi il ; ami 111 the luissioiis of to ilay, w hen thu amount of etrort put torlli anil the realily of personal experience are taken into consnh ration, evi ii the woinlerfiil ]>rogresH of Christiaiiily iii'liijiali can Kearcely lie placeil liesiilc it. It was lieguil in hSItCp, wli '11 Ihe lloiiril of Malingers, inliiij,' upon the ailviee of Hev. .\lllos Sutton, of the OrisHii .Mission, sent .Mr. mnl Mrs. l)ay to Nellori', in tin- ' "i lu({u «'or.iilry ; hut 110 years Were Hpeiit with almost no result ; tune iiml timii again the .Missionary I'liion ilisciisseil at ilK annual meetings the ipnslion of remo\iii^ its mm missionary from linlia, ainl putting him among its other missionaries in itiirma. Tlm missionary map, always in view at these iiiinuiil iiieeliiigs, hint upon il a niimlier of reil marks to iiiillcate the Hiiitioiis in Ihirmii. These minks lookeil like a cliislir of st.ils, while across ihii liay of lleiigal tin re was lull one loiie hiar, in- ilicating the only station of the lioaril in linlia ; mill at mn- of Ihe linilings. when the ipies- lion of ahainloiiing or p' enforcing this mission tvas miller ilisciiH.su>n, ii washpokeii if us thi> " I. one .Star .Mission.' l»r. S. I' Smith, Ihu aiilhor of the nilional anlln m of " .Sun ricii," wrote tli.it night a poem, pictunii)^ in place of the mill Htar II glorious I'oiislellalioii of slais in that region. C iis propln i\ has lueii most gloriously fiiltilleil. I'pnii Iheemilest pleailiiig of lir. .Iiiilsoii ami Mi. Siiltmi, il was voleil to continue the iiiis»ii.ii, mnl .Mr. .lewelt was si nt to re enforce .Mr. I'.iy, ami the misHimiaiiis toihil as for their liMs, ofii n with lailing In iillh, aiiiiil epiileiuii's, f.imiiies, the gi'i at miiliiiy. ami all Jiossilile (liseoiiiagemenls. They Were smin times ohln^'nl to lly from tlm country for a time, Imt mvi r aliaiolmieii the work. Till' .Scripliiii s m.'l other hooks wirii translate. I into Teliiuu, air.iiiiing school for na- tive helpers hail liein estahlisheil. ami 'J or .'I churchi-H, ciimposfil .>f Ijirasiaiis, I'.iiglisii Kohliers, Tamils, ami Iturmiiiis. imil u very few TelllgllH - I'llielly of the holer castes— liinr lliell gatlni-eil ; only tlils after :l(l years of l.ilpor, ami in iHi'il. the proposition to ahmnlon the mi^sioti v.is ag.iiii niinle : hut the veinrahle Mr. .Ii well, still l.ilioring on in faith, refiiseil to gi\i> it up. Haying that as long as life hisle.l, he must work for the TiliiguH ; tin- lloar.l ilnrelore lookeil f ir s Hue one to w.irk with him, ami the Jiev. J. K. Cliiugh wiiH Hciii out in IHii.j, Tliero wero ¥ 1 i AMERICAN BAP. lii>l lit tliut tiiiH'. in all tli>' 'i'l'lii^ i C'ttiiitiy, iiiiri' tliiiti 'S't Ijviiii^ I'liiiv. lis li' irii till' Ti liiK'i iii'ii|ili) Nvlii> liiiil ncriviMl li.i|itisiii triiiii till' l:l|i|ist inl.ssiHiiiirii-*, lill'l lllr Mli'ii ss'it lli« fiilir other ili'ii iiiiiimtiiiiis In tlic liiM. iaiiiiiin^- llllioll'^' its itI.IIIIII.IMMI, liiiil IKit I I> ^iratrr lllHll tliiit of till' li.i|i(isi, Atlir till' iiriiviil of Mr. Cloiiuli Hi'VtTiil jiiirs wiri' '.iiriit in uIiiiohI friiitli'st liilior. lu It. ii|ii>i>itri'il : Imt. the :iil yurn of i>ri'|mrutii)n wrrr to ri'Hiilt in ii glorious liiirvi'st. \ iii'iv Ktiilioii \v;m fornii'il iit nnj^oli., Ik litlln to tin iinrtli of til.' oM sliition ut Nrllorf, iiii'l li_v iiii'l liv, oni^ liv iini', till' rniivcrls lirnun tor ulli'. Ill .llllic, l^'w, 11 rllllli'll «iw or:'• liii|ili/iil In I'oniui'tion with til" f)ii'.^oli' Musinii ; III iHiiM, '.11 ; In |Ki;:i tliiTd w.ri' >'>'1H liii|ilisiHs, iin.l till' ulio <• niiiiilur of liv iiiL^ iiiiiiiliiTs «iisH:i.") : in IH711, '.i|."i win. I>ii|iti/iil, 'J ii.w stiilioiiH o.'i'iipli'il, 7 tmllM' piiiii'li' M or iIh.Iiii'iI, ami a I'Uilliii'.^ for- 11 tlnulo^iral Hi'iiii iiiiry i''iiii|ilili',l. In .liiin', IhTI, tlicri' miTi' re ]iiMti'rii 1, it'll livinn niciiiliers of the Teliij^u chiiri'lics. Then eaino the ^reat anoiit Inn of the native Christians ilii'il, Imt the niisslonaries were tliii means of savirii.; liiiii.y thoiisiimls of lives, ami the region within a railiiH of l.')i| mill s of < )n(,'ole repoiteil fewer ileaths than any ollii'r part of Soiitliern or ('en tral In Ha. I)urlnn the whole of this periml, from .liinnary, Is77, to .tune, 1s7h, Mr. Cloii^^h wouhl permit no liaptisms. The missiomiries Were too fully ociMipleil for riuiil examination of ciiipllhites, ami there was too much ilalit;er of tilt) peopli) comiu'.^ for the sake nf (oml only. JJiit lifter the famine hail jiasseil, those who hail lieeli plea'llli'^' to lie recin^lli/.eil as Christ's pen. Jile liei»iiii to press into the kiliniloiii The ex uuilnatioiis Were very careful ami critical, iinil thousiimls were counselled to ilelay for a time ; yet hi'tweeii.lunc |.".lliiil\il .luly :ilst. Ih7x. h.C'.iI wen^ liii|iti/i il. 'J.'J^'J of them in oiio day. In this HHlue .Inly. 1,IMIII people from olli) of tlieOnyolu paiiUiiis caiiii' inlu the mission eompnuml ami giive up their idols, asking; for l.aptisin. Tlie r,'i MISS. UNION wnik has cntitiniieil without Kcrions a!>alemi'iit. I) Illller .'list. |SS|. there «ere 12 stations, 'ilil I ut stations, Id missionaries. \'i\ native preachers. ItH Ihlde Women ind M'Jil ollnr n.illve helpers, 12 chuiches, with _i;.:r.Hi niendicr-., itlio lalii>riln{ casli'i and merchants ami the mlliliiiy caste, lis Well as ii niimlH r of Itriihmlns. Imvn aliali Inlnd caste, iinil are ai'tlve Chiistlaiis. The leaven liii> worked from III low npMiird. iilid this is II. )W the largest mission of the .Vnicrican ISaptlst Missionary riiioii In hialheti lands. There iiie iiow Jil st.ition-, incliidinn (hose of the Canada liaplisf Mission, which is working in perfect hariiioiiy w nil the Missionary I'liioli. The moveiiictit toward Cliristiaiiity, which h.is celitrid alioiit ( Inyoli , seems now to he spniid inn norlhwiud iili 1 espccliJIy westward. Tln> nuiiiliir of iiiemli( rs Is :i:i,s:is ( inelourlh of tint 7J I hurches are self support iii;.;, lint as \i t linin) of the ten schools. 'I'he llvoniisoii Tlnoli i^'icid Seminary at Itamiipiitain and tlm lln^'nle lli^li School rank vi rv hi^;li In scholarship iiiid iium- l."rs. l/i'v.si'oa to .hifiiiii. The nilssioii to .hipati, commenced in the l.io < hoo Islands hy the Iren Mission Socli t,v in Ihi'h, was taken over \<\ tho .Missionary rnioii in 1h7'_', Imt has lieeii j;reiitly hampered livwaiil of funds to i'an',v on Its work iiileipiati ly. .More than any other country. .Iiipaii rei|iiires native preachers and pastors, and .i iarne sum of iiii>ney is needed t.> support tlm Iriiiiiiiii^ schools and theolnnlcal si iiiinaricH which are icpilred. .\ tlieolo^ieiil school has lieeli estalillslied at \ (iknhaiiia, ami In cliiiri lies have hecli or;;ani/ed : II .Viinliciin mis-.|iin aries, with I ordalmd and 'i'l iinordaliied iialivo |ireacliers, and '.M)."i iiienilicrs make up the pres- ent iiiiHHiomiry Htalistics of the I'niou in •lii- piin. Missions ro .Vkiik A. f.ihi'ii'i. The Trliniual llaptist (ieiieral Convention were disposed Very earl,v toiiid the .\friciin liaptlst Missionary Socle. ty in planting a iiilssion in .Vfrica In the vicinit.v of the present repilhlic of I.iheria. The .\iiien can Cnlonl/.ation Society had planted a colony there in IHJI, and (wo of the .\fricaii Missinnary Scxrietys appointees, Messrs. I.nti Cary and Colin TeanMc, (colored lireaehers from liichmond, who had lieeii oriliiined and assisted l leave til miilry within a year or two. There had heeii no record up to this time of the conversion of a siiinlii idolater. Tlm livo cliiirches, with perhaps 'l'ii> meml.ers wero composed entirely of ciiloiii^ts who had cnnni from the I'lilted States, and who had l.epn, ill most cases, iiiciiiliers of colored liaptlst chiirclies there, of all the native trilies around them, the llassas sei'inoil most approachiihle, and in Isiic, |!iv. W. (r. Crocker, the only surviving white missionary, comnniiced rediic inn "i" Jtassa liiiinuaui> to writing and jirepur inu honks in it. Ills labors woru ldt:H.seil, ami ! I (I I AMERICAN BAP. 63 MISS. UNION imlivo II ill .III- niimiiil (l viry Sdcii'- viiiiiily AllMll (iiiy NJMiiiiry KlCnlill 111, « ll'> liiiiiril of wcrii lit lllirliri!- rliiirt-lk srVf'Ilty 111 1HJ'.», slllVIt ^rr^ Imil ..•111, l.ut |,l|M'll.'ll (11- Inn. liiiif iif rim livii 111 IllIlID I I..PI1. r.iiptist ; iiriiilllil rliillili', ,. nllly ll rnllK'' ll"-'!""', ll, iiImI ill Isr.t thiTo wiiH H Jt.tsHii church with f..rl.v- I Mir iiii imIhts, mill ii iniHHKiii Iiuiish iiml Ki'liiml 111 lOliiiii. Ol till, new mlilitiiifiH ll) tliii iiii>siiiii tin Imtil, ci^jlit III iiiiiiilpiT, livii tilliir iln 1 nr lull ll) II.V fl'.illl tlir Illlr.V, tn i, 111! lit ll Il^,'lll rii^iivrii ll Kii fur lis tn ntinii with ii hi'iuiiil uifi' to his wnrl;, lnil iluil I'linniiy Jllh. 1>il Sliiti s, lull llli I lit Hl-ll ill .Vprll, 1H|H. 'I'llll \MirU MUH I ■II III llm li.iinls (if ISiiKsii iiiiivrrts till l''-">:i, mIh'Ii twn iiiiirii iiiiHsinliiirii'S iiinl tlii'ir wivis jniliiil llm liiissiiili ; lull Wltliili twn yciirs two ii.il iliiMl, mill till' othir tw.iMilurim.l. ' In Ih.M;, tliii liiissinii \v:is Hil'<|if!iili'il liy onlrr of tlm ll'iiinl. .\ii ikltriii|il WHS iiiiiilii in ritvivii it m I'^ii'*, mill mi <\|ii'rn'iiciil coliiriMl inisHiniiiirv, a iiiiiii of riiri' aliilily iiml ciliiriitinii, who hml iilr. inly h|iiiiit cij^htriii yiiirs in luissiniiiiry w ni k III Alrini, win Mrliictml tn li'inl tlm >iilii|irisi'. II" iiii'lirlimk it with uniit /.I'lil iiml rm lu'V, hnt just us he WHS iiliiiiit to Kiiil, ilii'il of hinlili 11 ill liiiss Kincii tliiit tiiiii' tlm I'nion liiis Iiml Im iiiissiiiniiriirt in l.ilirriu or iiiiinnn the liiissiis ; 111'' l.ili.riiin ltii|ilist CniiMiitiiin, wlmli Iiuh :;l rliiiriliiK, hiis fniiiiili'.l Kicks histililh', ll m ll- hii|i|iniiiii;{ iiiiliiMtriiil lli'.;li Srlmol tnr iiutivi' .\fri 'illis. III iir .Mnlirnvia, mill Ims u InlsHlnii luii'iii;,' tlniii, iiiiliil \iy till! Wonii.'n H rnreii^ii .Mi^iimi S.iiiitii' i. All i/i./s(ni.i' liihlml Mi.sshnl. " Ml llliwhilr." Kiiys Ui'V. |)r. .Miir.ioi'U, tlio Ki'rri'liiry of tlm I'liinii, " tlm i'\i'i'iiti\<|>iil.i tiiii, afl'r tlii'ir riiiaiii'i|iiitinii, Ini'l lui'ii nlfrnil tlm hl.'Ssinusof I'lliir itinli, iiliil lar;.;.' niiiiiliirs li.i I iiv.iiliiil tlniiisi'lvi's of tlm o|i|inrt unity : ami II >\v tlii'y \M ro lo.ikiim forn.iril to lielils of tins Miiiiary lalinr, mnl is|i""ially iiiu.inv,' llmir kin- ilri' 1 in Africa, where their linsl imn eoiilil y. , iiicl timse who reiiiiiiimil li.liinil eniihl anl in tlliir Ml|i|inrt Till' I.ivin^sliilii. Mission huil 1 11 tlm lirsl |>liinl"il in this t',int>u Kr,.,. si.ite , it lial liieii eiiirj^eticiilly piislieil f.iiMar'l, mnl with aiii|ilii resiiiii s. Sir. ami .Mrs. (liiinness Well' kllnwl! tn h" Well 1 1 Hal i Tleil ill CVefy ttaV t 1 eslalilish siiih a iiiissmn, mnl I In ir only oli j'l't ill transfirriiii; it to ntin rliuinls wlm wmiM e.irry mit their views was thai tiny iinuht In' all!" In |,iisli nil dill Imther into tlm lieurl of tlie |),.rU C'lnlineiit In ]preiii h tlm (i .s|iil in Ihe r'';{ioiis liiyoinl. When llmrefnrn .Mr an I .Mis. tiuinuoHH, "in l«y.'), nfferoil to tho .Missioiuirv I iiinii all the jirniierty ami rit;htK of lln- niissioii on the <'iliv;'i liiver, with hi\ well eslitlilishi il slalinlis, Willi their Ml|i|illi'S ami liilllilin^s usnl twenty li\e clirelllll,V selccleil llllsslolml ies, lliell ami w'Piiii n, as a free ^;ift, with tlm sinnle coii. ililioii thai tlm liiissinii hlniiil.l he vii^nroiisly sllst.lilli'll, the < AeclltiMi Ciiliillllltie alnl thu h|iei'iiil coliiliiitti e of the Iliiiili till that tin) o|ii iiiiin was iirovnh iitial, ami they n |iorteil to tlm .Missionary riiloii, in lss|, in favor of its iiici'|iliince. 'i'he |irn|i. rty hml <•o^l .■rl'J.'..(i(iii, ami lliele hull lieell lllllliy Valllahli llMS Inst 111 its esliililiKliiiieiit ; hill tlm country w.is In .ilihy, ami tlm iiiissioiiaries acilimai> il. .Mr, uinl .Mrs. ( 1 11 1 nness Were in this CI unit ry while tin- in ^:nl^- iilioiis were peiiilini.', alnl many |.ii.lriii'lecl mnl pravertlll cnnfelelxes were hml with tin in oil the Miliject, ami on S"|iteiiilier '.Mh, I'^sj (|i„ liansfi-r Was liiaile. Since tlm mln|.l loll i.l tho liilssliili Imnl IniM liecli seciircil frniu tin .Mriciiii liilcrniitional Associalioii lor three htatmiis im llm liaviKiilile wiiteis of ||m r|i|ier ( 'oliKo, iihoM) Stanley I'lMil, the iiinst ri mole ofwhicli is at SlmileV I'lills, nearly I.MH hs from Ihe At- Imitie Ocean. 'llm sleaiin r " Henry Ilieil," wlmh i-iist $:!.">, Odil, 11 Kilt from .Mrs Henry Itei "I, of 'riisiiianii, t.i llm iiiissmn, wa.s hnincheil 1.11 Slaiiley I'liiil, Nnveniler 'Jllh, lSH|, mnl Ims he'll |il\llll! oil llm I|i|ier ('i.lien ever since. N'luv Hi, limns liiive heeii o|ii lie I ahove llii' I'liiil ; one lit llieiii, of ^reat iiii|iorltiin'e, known lis l'.i|iliilnr Statinli, (,'ives JiroiiiiM! of ihc most Hiililyiii^' success. Krieinls in Knuhiinl IniMi fiirnishfil the fiiinls ami the nieii to ]>iish for- W.Uil to Stanley I'alU, alnl win n the r.ilhoml so loii^' chhiyeil iironinl Slimley Tool i-- cniii|ili»teil, the niissioiis will achieve very i^n it n suits. 'I'liele have lieell nillliy ll i Hi" 11 It les lllllI lIlMOIir- iil^eiiieiits. Il was the lirsl instance in the his- tory of iiioilern iiiissiniis where a lar^e iiii.ssiiin. Well ei|ui|i|ii'i| ill every res|iect. was t lallslerii il williniit coini'i'iisalioii from one iiuiinii to an. other only on llm cnnsiihriilinli thai it nhoiihl III! vij^ ii'iiisly iiiiiinlaiiie.l : when tlm iiiissioiiiiries Wire iinl of the same iiali'inalily or i v.ictly of the siiiim ilcnnniination viltli the I liioli which aci'i jiluil tin 111, ami the cnviroiiiiiinl wii^ imt in all ris|iei'ts whiit wniihl Iium* hei n ilesinil : the ti rrihhi tlMlVic in Ih" Mlest lii|iiors In.in the \Vest, aiirl the feailill ilii'iease in llm triitVlc in slaves liy Ar.ih ami rorliiKUesK slave Innleisoii 111" i".asl ("nasi ami f.'r iiiln the inleiior, were kc- rinilH olist.ii'lis to silcci ss ; Mt it is In 'I lielievi-il that f ir a iliiy tlm lla|ilisl ll.ianl of Milliliters of 111" Missiiiiiiry riiioii have riureltcil tin Ir iic- ci|ilmic" o| this iiiissi'Pti < In llm contritry. they have hml oreat causii fur llialikl illliesn. Them an; iinu :i'.i while mnl |:l iiali.e nnssioiiiirv workers, o chiirchi s, I.M. hii|ilisms in iHHh, Use, liieiiilnrs. one cliiircli Ihat III ll.iii/a .Minleki) — Iiiivinn liii'l a reviviil in wlmh m'm ral Iniii- i!v"ils of ii.itives wern ciiiiverleil, iiinl a chiMeh of 'JIIO ineliihers w.is ort!alii/eil, mnl is still ll slrmin mill wnrkiin,' church ; M sclmols, with Ii liiilive leiieher> ami 171 |iu|iils, 4 cliiirch !«;lH.iMi() iiiiiiiiiillv ; lull tlirsi' iirti iiMtniit (pf |iri)- ]iiirti> till' woik iic'ciiiii|ilislii'i|. III! I till' Slis Mi.iiiiin I niiiii i>ii'_;lil iii'M'i'l > f'lr^i'l. Iliiil, Imviii;,' ri'crivr'l iiiiirli Inmi tlm I, iril, llii'V iiri' tiiiiiiiil to nivi' lliii iiHii'i'." Kiitiii'KAN Xris>jiiNs. 1. i'lunrv. 'I'liii work cif till! Ciiiiiii ill l-'niiii'ii iliili'S frniii |h:|'J, hIhI WHS tliii ri'MlIt of til'' rt oiirt of ii rMlninittci' m lit liy till', riijori to iiiviihli^alo tliM iici'il of mill n|i|poit unit V for iiiissioiiiir.\ « nrk in lli;il foiintrv. I'll lir till- iiiliiiiiiinli'iitioii of i.oiiis riiili|>|ii', till' AiinTiritli iiiissioiiai ii'S Wi ro iillowi'il to ]iri'iirli all I liai'li, lull Dili iinlis)) ]Mstiirs iiinl liri'iirliirs wiTi' fri'i|iii iitlv liiii'il iiihI iiii|prisoiii i| lor tiai'liiii'.^ il oi'triiii H loninirv to tin- Kiiiiaii (alliolii! I'liiin-ll, wlili'li I'lalliH'il |o Im tin. Statu (Jliiiri'li. 'I'lii! ri'voliilioii of ls|s |irofissi'illv Uraiili'^l toleration, yrt ii|i to l"<7ii tln! ilistrilm- lion of Irai'ts iiiipI, in lln- provinrrs, oilier iiiis- Hionaiy work was |iiiiiislii'i| liv lines, coiilisi'ii. lions, iiii'l iiii|iris iiiiiti'iils, at tlm |>roin|ilin^' of Koiii.m Cittliolie prii'sis uinl tlinm^li tlui lii^^otiy of mayors iiinl |uefei'ls. In \f^'A>. tliroii^^li Ijio illness of the .Viiierieaii iiilssioiiiuy, the mission ill Kraliee was left in llm lialiils of native |iiik tors, iiii'l tliii small tlii'olo..;i('aI semiimry lit l» Hlai was siis|ieiiilei|. At, tins time tliere were l.'i small I'liiiri'lii s anil not ijiiite :iiiil memliers. Tell ye.irs later, tlie niiiiilier of m< iiiIm rs liail inereaseil t i .'I'.i'.', K ir m Me I liiiii "jn .\i'iirs jiroj^ ress was slow ; tin- pastors wi rn taitlifiil, ear- nest, self saerilieiie.; iiieii, Imt liny lacked le:ii|. ers. Williin llie pa-.! few .M' rs siieli lemlers have l.ei II f.iuiiil. 'I'liey hav.i iilliliaterl with the Mi'i'all Work, aii.l one or iiioro of tlnir chapels liavi) l>ei!oiiie stations of that mission ; (liiriii^ tliii Week any cniiverls who am disposnl to lie eomii llaptists havliio the opportunity to i|,i ho. UeV. U.'lllell SalllellS, Well kilOW 11 as a .joiimiil ist, author, ami memlier of the Chaiiilier of hepiitiis, wli'i s) iilily ami powerfully ri linked till' l''reni'li troverniiii'iit f.ir their oppression iind cruelty to the Mahi^;as\ in Ihh.", xii, is u liiptist, and is leadino Ihese liiiptist jiaslors and churches t i t.ike a hi'^her Ktaml in Die I'Vi'iii'li nation, lie is also an alilo iiiid ellicient pr "lUoter of the McC.iU Mission. Ill the report of ISHH-S'.I, it isstated thai till 1(1 are |:i oriluim d mil islers, ID ehurches ; 11 liiipllsms were lid. ministered, and tlnie wi le hdil eliiirch mem. liers actively eir^aoi'd in iiiis,ioiiary work. I)iir xuj. Ilie ureal I'Aposition of Isk'.i in Paris the Script iiris were largely circulate 1, iiiid very niai'.i; not only of flm !''ri nch people, Imt of otli-r nations, were hroiiuhl under (lospil in llilelices. |)illlli'.{ till- ycMis ISSII H'J tint th, olo'.'.icid siiiiiinary for Irainiii'.^ yoiinn miiiisteis, which li.id I n (,'ivi n up, was resii-eilaleil iiiid p. need illnlcr tie? char^ie of Professor I''., ( '. Mitch- nil, now at tliii lieail of Kelaiid I'nivcrsity, New Oilcans; two of the Parisian pislors iissisted liiiii. and the students w ere iilso a'lniilted, liv iir- rali'^^eaielit, to th.- lectures of Ilie Protestant 'riicolooji.al Sclioil of Paris, ■J, Till' ISnfill^l MiSsinii ill '/i /'lllioo/ was COIll- liieiiiteil at llaiiiliiiro, .\pril 'Jid. iNill, when Uei'. liariias Sears, It. I), I,1j.I», iitterward president of l!r own rni\ ersity, liapti/id Keveii persons al. infill in the Mllie near that cily. < •no of these SI ' ell was.lohaiin ( o'rharil < Inckeii, tiuii Mr. I llnkeii had eiiiliraced ll.iplist si lililie Ills Hoiiin timii lietore his liajil Ism. Ilewasaliiall of education and of ri liiaikalile alillltv iili I I nerj,'.v. The III At d.iy the 7 peisons hapti/iil, with sotiK! olhei's M ho had lid n eoiilieeti d \t llli Uaplist ehurches «lse\\here. Were oroani/.ed as a eliurch, and Mr. Olickeii, w ho hid preiuhi d oc- easionally f ir some years, whm, mmh (dler, called and ordained as their piislor. Tim chiiri'h Kl'W with ciiiiHiiiiralile rapidity, its iiii-mliers lain^ all active Workers, Vlsitill;; Ilie poor and the thousands around the docks and w harvi .. dis trihutinn liililes and tlaets, and coiiMi'siiij.; with Ihelll on n lioii us Huhlecls. .Mr (IneKell aUo \ isiled other cities, such as ISirliii. ( lldi niiiiro, and Stiitt^iart, prciichinj', liaptl/ili'^ coliviils, or^^aiii/ili'^ cliini lies, and ordainim! pastors om r each: these pastors Were, in all these eaily churches, of their own niiiiiliers. In |s;is_ piiir years after, them were I ehiii'clies thus ori;.iii- i/.ed, the llainliurK church havii'v^ "."> iiiemlieis, and the four, I Hi ni em hers. Perseciilinii was now coniiiienied le^aiiist Mr. (UicUeii and his fol- lowers, hy theotlieei'M of the l.iil lieiaii ( Nat iiial) Churcli ; at lirst hy the aclioii of the , Semite if llaiiiliur^', which issued decreeM aeallist Mr. (Iiieken ill Ih:17, |s:1'.i, and isl", in lln lalli r year iui|irisoniiio Inm. sei^ino and Kelliii|.; his furniture, and prohilmiie,; hliii from ailminislei . iii^ liiiptisiii, or the l.oid's Supper, and forhii! (lino any one to iittend his f niiily woiship i\ eept his ow 11 household. This oppressive aelioii called forth most earnest ]iri. test sand niemorials from till! lioard of .Manaj^ers of the Ml.sioiiaiy rnioii, from various relii^mus hodu s of djMi r eiil denominations in the I'liited ,S|ati s iiini I'Uielalid, and from dislmouished indiv idiiai-. ; one of these melliorial-i li.ire .'i.llllll hionalllli s, pleadinK f""' ri'liuioiis lilicrty for these liapti^t liri'llinn. The President of the Inited Slalis also madii representations through the Ameri- ciili Consul at llamliurK', to the llamhui^^ Si nalc, which ciiiisi d the annuUiii'^ of the oliiiovious Htiitules : and tlin aclivity and iisefidni ss of thn liaplist Cliurih duriiio and iiMi r the on at tiro ill llaiiiliiir'.^'. caused lis loiiiidi r iiiid meliilii rs I 1 he reoiirdi'd with ureal faver. Hut the jn r- seciitino spirit was manifested u illi >-tilI un ater intensity in lieilin, < ildeiiluiri;, Slult^;arl, Da viiriii, Poiueranla, and the kintid'uii of Han- over, at Marliuro in llisse.aiid in liiiimark, as the niissioiiaiy will k rciehed those Slates and cities. The minisiers weie Ihiown into j.iils, tilled and lialiished. Thn iissemhlli s Were scat- tered li.V 111" police, the memlii rs Wern com- pelled to linno their children for haptism to thn priests of the National Cliureh, iiml were pun ishi'd for their )iartieipaliiin in the so called heresii s of Iheir pastors. In l!< rlin. Iiaplisms in the open air wire proliiliilid ; in llaimver, the llaptists Were impiisoind iinil their luop erty coiitiscalel ; in .Marluir^', liny were lined itnd li.inisheil. As late as I't.M, .Mr. Oin Ion Was evpelled Iroiii lli'rliii f' r [ir' achiii^ tin m on u sinoli) Saliliath. In |)i'iiint pm^'. riMi. Ill IHII IIh'Ii! w( ri> II cliun-lii's mil :i."iii mi'iiilii'i's. >li'. 'i VN'. Iii'liiiiiiiiii w lio hiiil Imm II liii|>li/<>l tlii' littln cliiin li III !•' rliii, hikI Mr Koimc r, liii|iti/i i| in tH:ii; mill oi'ilmiiiil in 1*111, li»•■ lu-i l.ili'T, tlirii- Win- I" inrailiirs mill iiHsisimit.!, Ji'i I'liiii 'III ^. mill iirmlv I,.'iIhi hii'iiiliri's III I'SIT. tliii II.iiiiIhiil; I'liiiri'li Iniilt itsi'ir II iii'vv i'iiii|i< I, itml hiiil J iiiissiniimii'H tn llnii^iiiv iiiicl Aiistiiii, «liii \M ni vii;v siici-i'mh fill , ''• in Mi'iiiiiark, mit rliit|ii'l ill lli'i'lin, in N'ovtiinliir, Ihi; |, ||n< kiii;^> mi I r.ival faiiiilv u.rii invifrl, ami tlm rily lllli 'ills, wIm lia 1 ITht Villlll' VISlll'il ils |lll-tor iiml iin'iiilii-rs willi tims, iiii|ii Isiiiiiiniil, utnl liaiiisliiii lit, |i utiri|iiiti'i| in tlm |iiililin nMi'. cisis. In Isr,.! iiiisMiiiiis liuil Imiii ii|ii ni'l in r.ilainl, W.ill.ii'liia, ami I'lirKi'V, iiinl tlm llir- liiaii I'linii'lns liinl siiil iiii-.sionuni's I latiir- 111 III r iloiiy III l!rili-.li Calfriiri.i, Soiiili Afrii-a, wlii.'li wn aliiiml.intly lilnssml. 'I'w nitv six yniim/ iinii (;ra.lii ilml fimii tin' II iinlnirn 'I'Iimi- lo^ii'al Si'iiiinary, mil wnm Noon all at, work. In Ml 1 111- It'issia, III r>iili;m'iu. in II isiiia. mil in Till s, in Caiii'iisii. in tlm Nilln rl.iinls. uml in Ci'litril Aiislna, I'liiirrlns wirn nr^.tiil/CMl iiinl till' (i (S|M'l ini'imlii'il with .;r<'ul hhi'ci'ss. \l tin- 'I'm-nniiil (' mti ri'iirn of Is'i) tln-in wcrn l'2il ili'li';;iili's iiri'siiil, uml it Was ri'portiil that tlm (liriiimi Itipiistw hinl ciilcn il all tlm i|imrlirs()f till' ylolii'. hiiniiv; tlm :i vmirs, |M(;7-r,'.i, tlm nniiiliiT of lii|itisiiiH was ."i,:i|i;. rin- wars of Hi;i; ami of IsTii 71 (ih.. |.',„i„.,, I'riissian Wmi, V lull' tlioy inli!rrii|iti!il to sonm cvli'iit tlm nnli nary iiitHHioit work, wero utiliziMl iu jiutliiiK into I'irriiliilion morn than '2,111111,11110 ropiis nf tho Srrii'liins, trucls. ami nlinious hooks in Kniirli mill • iirniaii. In I'^VT tlmn'wiin in >iiimaiiy l.'i.J^T iiniiihi'r'. : 111 Iiriiiiiark, J, 1 1 I : in ItiiH sia, i^i'i-Hi'p ; in I'lilainl, 1717; in Aiisliia, Ih.l laml, Svv il/.i'ilatiil. TiirKiN, ami .S.nilh .Miiia, uhoiit 1,'Jliii iiiort', making III all ^l.i>:;:i. Tin ri> wirn IJI rhiiri'ln -. 1.'17I |irrai'hiii^ HtutimiN ; l,:l.'iS iiii'iiilii'is hml I'liiiniati il III Aiimrii'u thai Mar. mill I.l7'.i ha>l Ini n ii.i|itlsl, I'liiiri'ln s ami tlm Iianish In ion hail hntli In 1 11 .si't olf iiH s.'|iarat(' liilssiiiiis, HO that oli'y tlm I'hiiri'hrs III till' lli'riiiaii I nion riiiiailii'il. In tlm nil.^sion thus riirtaihil tlnrn wrrn I'llHl lunui'lmrrt 1-17 iinlaiimil uml :!M) unorilaini il), \\\i I'liiirrhiK, l,."il7 lin|iliMiis, uml 'Jl 1, '. l*. H 1 iin li: Imrs ; tlm loss from niiiinraliiii is very Lilian not h'ss than 1..'ilKl Marly - .mil tlm iiililit imiH hyha|ilisiii rmiinit ilo iiiiii'h imirn than km |> |iiu'n w itli tin lii>si's. I Imki n iiinl I.i liiiiann iim umii' to ilnir ri'Miu'il. ami Kiiiiin r will mmhi fol low tlii'iii ; hut tlm iiri'si'lil hii|irriliti'ml) lit at Iliiiiiliurn, lii'V. hr. I'liili|i IJirkil, is a worthy Hiici'estor of Oiii'ki'ii. mill tlm Minn^ir I.i'hiiialili mill otliirs am will lilliii)^ tlm |ilar('s nf tlm fit- Ihirs. Till' Missionary rnimi has hail no .Vnnrmaii nii-'.-.ioiniiii's in (iirmmiy, thoii^ii |ir. limk. I ami sonm ollmrs lial liii'ii pastors In ri' ; hut it li.is Nilstaini'il a part of llm missioiiai lis, anliil III liiiililiiii; <'lia|ii Is ami rliiiri'li) h. In l|iinn tlm Ihi'iilonji-jil SI iiiimirir*-, ilii. llm iiiis.,iiii|.., ti> Ili'/iliiark ami t > l!iis->ia. Iiotli tlm niili^row tlis i f till' (i.'riiiaii Mission anil roiiiii'i'ti il with il in tlm Triniiiiial < '■ iiifi ri iii'i' till |hsx, hnin now ^rowii so hirni. tlm I iimv prifrr to riporl ilii'i ct • ly to tlm .Missionary I'liion. Iiiiimark hml, in I'ss'.l, .-.S 1 |•l.l^l'lll■r■^," IS of tlmiii onhiilm.l, '.'I I'hiirilms, ;|IIX haptisiiis, alnl '2,7111 limlnlii i s. I'.iiii^ir.ition hasr.irrii'il otV \avj.f nil ml mis of tin ir iiniiilii rs ami will ihi so still, hut thi-y rnjoii'i' in a fair imt imriiisi' :i. /nivMni. Tlm mission in Kussia has hml it plii'tionmlially rapiil j,'rowlli in tlm liiiilsl of si'viTi- ]iirsnutioii. Tiny iiin niakim,.; ^nml prnnri'ss in St. I'ltrr^lmrL', wlmrn limy liavi- a (^ooil ami I'oiiiliioiliMiis rliiirih i'r. rimrii am 'J.'i iiiissionarns in Siiiilliirii Kiissia, all I sonm chiiri'liis in Itmi liiaiiiii, Iiir.;aria, liosnia. uml tlm I'lui'iisiis. Tlm stalisti 's of |ss:i um, '.l7 pn in'ln rs, uf w lioiii •J."i ail' orilaiiiiil. |."i rhiirrlms, 1. 1 III liapli/ii| III l-iss ; tiilal iiii'IiiIm iship, II.NS'J. (Iiriiiaiiy has thus. Ill till' missions |ilaiiti'il in llm (iir man Kiiipili' ami tlnisn i'slalili~.liri| hy In r nils sioii.uiis in ailjari'iit I.iihIh, 17^ ihtii'i'ln s 7i;l pri'urlnr-., of whniii '.'iiO iiii' oi'iliiiinil, •J.s7'i liaplisiiisin 1 'S'.i ami ll.i, ^s'j livin;; ami iisiih nt Iili'inhnrs, wluh' williin tlm past I .'. \iars not h'ss than |.".,iiiiii of hi r iinnihirs havn i-mi^jriili il t > till' I'liiti il Slati s. Ill llm (iri'si'iit (iiriiiaii Mission urn iiii'liiilnl tlm nhiirrlms ill Swil/ir hiiiil, Ilollanil, I!i||;iuiii, .\iistriu, Iliinnarv, ami South .Vfrma ; in tlm I ist tlnrn am >\\\i iin ni hirs ami 17 pnai'ln rs. Tlm rhiirchrH of tliii (inriiian I'liion urn almost without rxciptioii Jioor ; tlmy arn nia'ii'y fi uii tlm w orkim.; rlassis, iinil tlm Iniililiiiv; of tlmir rhiiri'Ims anil rliapnls, tliii Kiippnrt of tlnir ministry ami of niiNsinn. aril s to ihi' liiallnii uml to tlm |ii'risliiiin in thii nations uroiin 1 tlniii, liuvnilruwn viry Imimly upon thi'ir sniinty imans. Vit tlmy iiianai^i' In hi'iir till' uriiilrr part of tlii'sn rxpiiisis. In 1HH4 thi'ir uiintrihutioiiH for tin; ynur, inrlinlin^ S' ! , i' ! ' !. ; AMERICAN BAP. tint I'liiirvlii'M iif ItiiiHiii mill jiriiiiiiirk. \\irit !|i|ii:i,l'.'2. mill i<( iM't'iiiiiiiv iilurii'. k:I'J'J,hiii. Till' MiMHJiitimy I iiinii Invi' •,;imili'li Hiiilorr* in ItlT ; liny Imil iii'i'ii si'iiiii.'ii on till' vriHi 1 wliH'li ciirrii'il 'J niissionarii's ot tin' liii|itist Iriinniiil t niiviii. linn, Mi'SSI-K. ('olllimi alnl \\ llii'lnrlv to lliitinii, iiii'l WITH I'onvrrti il lliriiii;^li tlnir Inliors on li.iiiril tliii Klii|i, iiinl on tlnir ntiirii tiny tolil tlnir frii'tiils mill lu'l^'liliors what v,'rrat tliiiii^s till' ly !■'. M. Nilssoii in Si'|it(iiiiliir, IMh, witli f, imiii liiTs. Mr. Nilssiiii was orilaini'il in llaiiilnir!^ in iHl'.t, ami till) Miiiini yi'nr was iirri'stiil liy tln' J.iillii'riili iiiii).;iHlrati's, fur )irriii'liliii; ami ml liiiiii.iti'rlM<^' lia|itisiii mnl llm l.oiirH .Sii|i|ii.r, w In 11 111! Iiiiil not riTiivi'il I.iillirnin oriliiiatinii ; 111' w.is tliririi iiii|irisoni'il, furlinlilin to hpiak in tliii liiinls niiiim, Irn'il twii'n 1m forn tin' lii(,'li I' iiirt, ami I'm. illy li>iiii->lii'il frmii S\m ilni, tin- kiii'^' ii|i|iriiviii^^ till- Kiiitiiicc. lint 111' lift 111 lull 1 liiiii a I'liiirrli of .'ill lii'liiivirs. Iln wmt to ( ' i|i.'iiliav;i'ii, ii'iiimiiin:^ tlnrn for two yii.irs. oin' yi'iir lii'iii'_! iiaslor of tin' Ha|itisl I'liiirrli llii'rn, II" tlii'ii, ul II miiitst H'lliritiilion of Iiis.Swi'iIihIi Ini'inlM, Hiini^ralril w illi tlii'iii to tli« I'nuril St.itiiK, an 1 tlni |iiirty, alri'inly ()rj;iiiii/iiil as u cliiiri'li, with Nilsson as tlii'ir |iiiMtor, sittliil in (inn of tini W'i'sli'rii Slatis in |H.",:t Hut Ihi' most coiisiiiriioiis of till' fiiiinilirs of tlm mis Hion in Srtiiili'ii ami Norway, was K> v. .Xmlnas WiliiTU, an I'liiiiii'iit Hi'liolar mnl (^rmliiatr from tin- I'liivi'isity of I'lisala, wlio was roiivcrlcil in I'lTi, oriliiirii'il as a f.iitlii'rmi in Ih|:|, uinl oDii'iatnl in llni Statu ('linu'li till |H|'.I. 11,, lir <'ann' a l{ii|ilist, afliT a loiiv; hlniv;i;li', in |h.",'J, was liii|i|i/.i'i| at (''>|icnlia^,'i'n in .Inly, l^.'i'J, liy I-'. () Nilsson, ami soon aftrr |)iitili^lii'il llinn liookson llii|iti.iiii, anil s|ii'nt two or tliri'r ymtrs in I'liiiin rtiiiii with tin' .Viinriritn Itapti.'^t I'lililicit. tioii Sonnty, tr.iiislrttiiiv; iiml stiTiolypinv! mi'VitiiI .Swi'ilish trai'ls ami liooks for cirrnlation aimiii^^ Ills I'oiiiilryiiirii In Ih.")."! .Mr Wilmri^ was ii|i poiiiti'il liy till' riitiliration Snrii'ty to lal.or as Hri|n'riiili'mlriit of i'iil|iortimr in Swrili'ii. ami «-iiiiiiin'iici>i| his work at Stockholm, (Irtoliir 7lll. lH."i.".. .Mcaiiwliili'. uinlnr thn laliors of others, maiiy Lail biii'ii i^iiiivi-rlt'il ami uern ili'sirmis of liit|i tisiii. Oiiii of tlii'ir niimliir, Mr 1'. I''. Ilrjili n liiirn, went to llaiiiliiiri? in the spring; of Is.",!, Was liiipli/i'il mnl onlaini'il liy Mr llin'krli. ami ntiiriiril to Stockhiilm, wlnn- li.' imptiziil, lie fore the rlose of iH.Vi, alioill '•>»> lielievers. .\ .Missionary rnion was fnniipil in Marili. H."ii;, for semliiii^ out missioiiiirn s ami p:ililisliin|.; lili'l I'irrillatilin lioiiks ami traeU ItisiileK ttililin^ tliiist) piililicatiouN, Mr. WiIm'I'^ issiieil M MISS. UNION 11 Hetfii monthly |iap(T. calliil the F.iiiiiijiTml, wliii'h lull a wiilii eiri'iilatiiili. A hcliool was also opi inil the hiiiiie year, tu train iinn for the ininislry. At the elose of iH.ii; there wire Jj I'hiiri-hes, 'Jl iriinislers, mill '.nil iiiemlicrH ; |!i'.' hinl liieii liapli/iil ilnriii^ the year ; llnre wire ^1 .Siimlay hi'liools mill almiit H"l sihnliirs. .\s ill (iermaiiy ami lleiimnrk, hitler ami cruel perseriition Was eomnnlii'eil speeilily hy the Liithiran iiiat;ist rales ami priests, ami many of the ministers ami lin iiilnl's were ealleil to Hiif fi r. Mr. Ill iileiihin'o wastrieil mnl iiiiprlsoneil I'i times, lilhers were Oneil oiiii erowiis (alioiit sM'ii. ami an inMitiotiiil niiiii for Ineakiii^' Ihn Salili.ith liy pre.iihinn. Others hail lal>;e lines. Illiprlsoniiielit ill <:|oN|i, foul cells, on II illel of liliii'k lireail mnl water, or with heavy fi Iters 111 .lime, lM.,7, (he first conference of tile .S\\ I'll- inh lliiplisl I'hiiri'hi'H was hehl, ami the tlinn lirothers raliiii|vist, wliii linil lieiii liilioriiii^ ii.s Inissionaries iinioni^ the .Sweiles ill theriilliil Stall's, Were ailileil to the workilij; force of thii iiiissioii ; \,'1'M hail liein uihleil to the chiircln s liy liaptisiii tlMHyi'iir, ami iiotw illiHlamlim.; hirj^d eiiii^ralion. llnre were It pastors, I.*! cliiirclies, ami '.' lo."i nieiiiliers. I'rnlll l^'.'J to the I'loHII of lHr,(; the prii(^reKS was I'onstaiil iiml rapiil. .Men of liit^h iiiiil, mnl eiliication ami of ureal earinstmss ami /i iil came ii.to the niission, ami ilnl a ^'oml work. .\iiioii'„' tliese were lii'V. Ailolph I Iraki', a liolilc man ami a ^rinliitite of the I niversity of \ psiilii ; Mr K. (•. liroaily, ami .1. A. I'.il^ren, whohinl lieeii, les| lively, the coloinl of ii nuilin III ill oiir Civil War, ami the caiitain of a (,'im Imal. 'I'liese were nil men of hi(^'h chnrai'lir mil eilii ciilioii,aml iiiilile, earnest woikirs Mr WilnTf,' hail visiteil r.in'laml mnl Ann ricn to raise fiinilH to iinl in liiiililini,' a litri^'ii cluipi I in .Stni-kliolin, which was coiiipli'teil m IsC,.") nt a cost, of .'>::i.''i,lHiil ; ami tlion<;h it seali .1 l,'.'iiii people, it was crowileil from the ilny of its opi ninj,'. 'I Iid misHiiiii III Swi'ileii hnil liilln rio lieeii iimlerthe chinnii of the Americ.in linptist I'lililicalion So iii'ty, liiit the Work hinl (.Town so liiru,'el\ that the Mii'ii'ly, which was a liom.< msliliition, fell tliiit it shoiilil lie trmisfi ircil to the Missmnnry I'liiiili. The Innili ilecnleil to accept it, ami on March Isl, Iscr,, the transfer whs minle. Mr Willi l\' Was ilesiniiateil to ^;|V^■ his Htreli^th to the preparation of an i'van{.,'elical llnptiKt liti in tiire ; Messrs. Itroinly mnl I'Mnreii In preaching' ami pastoral work in Storklmlm ami its vicinity, ami nt the haiiiii lime to have char;.;e of n Iriiili iiit; Ni'honl for an alile .mil elVicieiit ininislry ; mnl Mr liriike to Imve u ^jiin ml oversight of ileiinmmatiiiiial iiiattors in Imth Sweilen ami N'lirwny \\ IIki close of IMCC, tlicre were ill Sweileii ',i associations, I7ii chiirclii's, mnl I'l,!!!!!! im iiiliirs. The tlieoloniciil school w as opclnil in (liloliir, IHCC, ami has jirospereil very ^really. In l'"eliniary, lsri7, mission work was conimenccil in Norway, ami iiiailc tapiil pro^^iess. Tlieiii were e\tensiM' revivals there ami in Innliy parts of Sweileti ; the work has liei'ii alteiiiled with re vivals aliinist from it>; commencement. This year also the Sweilish missionaries enleleil Fin- laml, ami ill llial (irnml liiidiy there was soon ii powerful " ork of iliviiie ^'lacc. The Norw c inn churches piisheil northwaril. ami in Ihi;;! 7ii n chinch of ."ill iiiemliers (soon iiicrensini; to |ii(i) wns conslililteil at Tloiiisoe, north of the .\rctic ciri'le, in Intitiiilo 711 north. In l><7'.i the Sweilish Conference oi^tini/.cil u Foreinu ^llHsiouary So f AMBRI'JAN BAP. 67 MISS. UNION .1. Mini. Mill) mill /I 111 ml worli. , II Iiolilf I liiMilu ; Wllll llll'l ^iiiii III ill jjiiii liiml. llll'l I'lIU !• Wilici'-; imi' fiiiulH Imi'UIimIiii, ■osl, ..f ,,,l... it . 'Ilio (l,r till' inn Sn ,\\ Hull lii, f.'lt ,i(iiiiiiy it. mill Mr. Ii^tli to si 111' 111 ri'iirliitiH viciiiity, triiin iiiiistry ; rsi'^lit -if ilrll mill ,«r.l.II '.• IHllllpil'S. ( ii'loliir, illy. Ill iiliicliri'il 'I'Ih'Iii iiiiy imitH Willi II' it I liiH ■ i-.-.l rill- Jus Konll U liirui'iiiin \n{\\i Til a III Hill) |l>r .\ri'li" |. Swiilish lUiirv S(i (!!i'lv to Hi'iiil till l III till' liciitliin, mill lilMiViil Hiiiiis wiT" nuiiil fur lln' wnrk. 'I'lin Hiiiiii' yi'iir till' l,ii|iliiiiilii't Went viHitcil liy liiin HiiiiiiiriiiK, mill II n I W'lrk Ihumii Hurt'. In I'^'l tlllTl' \Hri' 111 IIHSIII'illllllllH, 'JJH cllliri'lllM, |ii,ii7."i iiii'iiilii'i -i. mill '''■* iiii'i'tiiit! liiiiisi'H. 'riii'ii' yi'iirM liilor IIuti' \\vr'< 'J'lA rliiiri'lnM, l:l.i;'.i.'i iiiiiiilMTs, mill '.ii liiiiisiM 111 wiirNlii|i ; '.'.IHHi wrri' I 111] ill '.I'll III I'*"". 'rilllllSlllllls III till' ClillMTlS Imvi' I'liii'.sriili'il tn .Viiii'i'irii. mill tliiiiisiiinls ninri' liri' slill rolllllli.; ; Imt tin' rlllirrlli'.shllll riilillMllr til liiilil tlii'ir own. 'I'liM follouiii^ urn tlirir liilist HtiitiMlH'S ilH-^li), lull wi> iiri' tiol I'i'iljiiii tlml tlnsii jiii'lii li' till' rlii.rrliiifiof Norwiiy, I'ili iiiiirK. I.:i|>lmi I. or I'lnlitiil. wlijrii wmilil iiiM al l>':i>l J. mill to llii'ir iiii'iiilii'rnlii|i. 'I'lii' I'.t iihsm ciiil jipiis si'ciii to Imi all ill Swi'iliii : iiHsorinlioiiN, I'l , cliiiri'lici, .'ilii ; or^;iiiii/i'il iliiriiii; tlii' yiiir, '.il ; ImiiHi'H of wiirsliiii, 'JiH ; |iri'iirliirs, •I7Mitiil:iy sriiool Hi'lioliirM, ItJ.'Jii'J ; ('iiiilriliiiiions of llii.i'liliri'lli"<, IjtH.'i. l:IH. 'I'lli'SwcillsIl rlllinllis iiri' iiinstly Hiilf Hii|i|iiirliin,', iiinl iiri' riirryiiiK' on iiiissioriH to Hill lii'itllirii. 'I III' Mi-.si<>iiiiry riiiiiii iiiiikii ii|i|ir'i|ii iiilions fni- MiiiiM lit tliii |ir ili'ss.irs 111 llii' ImIIuI 'rinoluv^ii'iil Sciiiiniiry, 111'' sii|ii'rinli'iiilint of missions, uml .'In' i ilitors of llii'ir |iii|Mirs mill |iiil>linilioiis. mul aid in llif s!i|i|iiirf of I'vaii^^t'lists will) ^•u 111 lint (llltlyin^; ilistni'Is. 'I'lii'y liavi' also i^ivm ulil to llsn liiiililin^ of soiiii' of tliii rily iliiirrlirs ainl lliii 'I'lii'ilo^iniil .Siiiiiinaiy. IIioiikIi hi s| iiil ciisi's, a|i|ii'iils liavi' I II iiiiiiIk ti llm rliiiriliis in tliii I iiili'il Stall's. Willi till' hiinrlioii of tlii' rnioii. Till f||ji|ii'ls III Sloi'klioliii anil (iotlii'iiliiir^ ami till' liiiililiiii^s of Hill si'iiiinary arn aiming tlu'sr. 'I'liii a|i|iio|iriatiiiiis for sonm yi'iirs pasl liavr ii.iTini'il a lilllii iimri' lliiiii sT.iMiii, ami for tlii' wliiilii pirioil Niiii'ii till' rslalili'.liiiii'iit. of tli>' mission, aliiiiil :t;'.i:iiMNiii |n no missionary i'li'lil williili our know li'il^ii has /I'liloiis lalior pro liiiiil mull liir;;i- ri'turiis. wlii'llii'r wi n ^i'l<'r till' tiiiii'. till' iiiiioiinl of iiioni y i'\|ii'iiili'il, or till piipiilalion naclii'il. ."i 'ii'i (''•'. Till' mission to (iri'iTi-, isla'i lislii'd in |l iiiliir. H:ii;, afliT lll'ill^' roniininil w illi I'onsiil, ralili' spirit lull viry iiioili-rati' siu'. n ss (or niiiitti'i'ii Mars, was siispiniliil. solar as .\iii'riran missiomirns wi'riM'oiii'rrm il. in l^.'i"), mill IliM only r<'iiiaiiiini{ iiallvi' assislnnt, |)i tin trios Saki'll.irios, Irfl ilin mission in.Vpril, Ih.'iC. Ili^jlit missioiiarii's liail laliori-il tlnri' laillifiilly, lull liny liail Ipitii am sti-il, iiiipris.iinMl, ami forliiililt'ii to pnai'li or Imlil nii'itint^s. 'I'liu t'onvi'rls li.iil liii'ii fiw, ami iiiaiiy ol llnin un- Nialilii. Tliii mission was siispcmliil lor lifli'in yiars, mill tlii'ii ri'siimcil In 1k7I, liy tlm up pointiin-iit, of Mr. I>. Sakitllarios as' a nativi' liiissioiiary. Iln anil Ills wifi- lalnri'il lariirat- ly. ami witl. siimi' mitivi' lu'lp. ami nlilaini'il fumls I'r.iai aliroal In iri'i't a rliapil ami I'slali lish a siliKol in .Viln'iis ; Imt llni jjoviTiimcnt liri'Vi'iiliil tlii'iii from o^•l'llpyin^{ rillirr tli. cliapil or tliii Hrliiiol. ami woiiM not allow Mr. Saki'llarios to liolil any ii'lii^ioiis nni'linos I'X I'l'jil in Ins own lioiisc. .Afti-r Hixtrrii yrars of slni'.^'.^lin',', till' Missioiiaiy I'nioii .lii'iileil to ri'limpiisli l.lii> mission, V'/d' Missiiiii ill Sixih), wliirli liinl its origin in till' l.ilior.s of I'lofrssor W. ■!. Kmipp as an in ili'pi'inliTit missionary in .Mailriil in Ihi'.s c,;!, was iiilopli'il liy tini I'nioii in \ii^;iisl, ImTii, ami forsixyi'iirs. iliirinn Mr, Knapp's ri'siilciii'dtlicrn, I'oiiliniii'il to prospir. Cliiiiclics wirn < slali lislii,il III Mailriil, Itan'clomi, .\lii:anti', Lu .Sculu, Vali'iicia, TJniircN, nml Alwiy, Nalivn pastora \vi rii orilailii'il ovi r tln'Si< rliiiirlu's. ami llioii|.;|i (llii piillllral rrVolllllolls III .Spain lllliili lill llio Molk, lllli lllinilirr of I'llpll/ril convrils was rirKiiinil at alioiit 'Ji"! in \'^~-2. In |h7I tlm iiiiiiilii r liiipli/.i'il Was li'J. anil llir niiiiilii r of ■ III iiilii'is l.'ll. 'I'lniii wrri' fiiillnr pnlilnal I'oiiiplnalions ami ilisliirlianri s ill |m7.'i ami l''7i' Soiin of lliii n ritivi' pr.arlnis pioviil im- worlliymnl inlriKinil Willi tin' poliliral liinli ih. 'Ilni slalloii at l.inariswas lirokrii up ; Hint at .Miniiili' ]>assril tliroii|;li ^nal trials ; .Mr. Kiiapp ilissoUril hit coninrlioii with Ihn I liioli ami ri'tiirili'il to tin' I'nili'il .Slatrs. Not lon^; allir tlm pastor ill .Mailrnl ilnil. anil tlm rhiipil Has cliisril. 'I'Ini othrr htlllioliN Vrro also rilim|iiishiil ; oiii' of tlm ).aKtors (.Mr. ('iirri')was iirri'sti'il ami put ninlrr ImiihIh, ami llioiiv^li III' iiiaili' Ik fiirllirr allrm|il to i slaliliHh a stalion al llarci'loiia, ami all Ilir iiiiHsioii xvork was riiilri'il tin ri', thiri' wiis a^^ain a ilifirtion from till' ministry, ami now llar< riona, l''iKtii'raH, mill l.a I'.srala iiri' tl Illy pnilils w Inrr llaptist worship is niainlaimil. lli-v. I'>iii I, uml, u .Swiilisli liiissioiiary, ami Iti v. M. ( '. .Marin, iv natiM' priai'ln r. an l,il>oriiio at tlnsn points, ami llicy ri iiort, in I^H'.l, ."> iiativi' iiriarlnr.-H, 'J of llnlii orilaini'il, :i rliiirrlns, ."i lia|i|lsmH, mill Ion iiii'iiili, rs. 'I'lni rxiHiiiliturn of llni rniiiii for .S|iaiiisli iiiissions in IHKli wan $2,- 77i;.l'.i. I'.iii I Alios VI, \Voi;K.- 'I'lni Missionary Inioii has alwayH plari'il Hii' pn arliilu; of Ihn (lospi'l in till' lonfront of all its missionary aj^iiii'ii'H, lull It ri'rii).;ni/i'H tin' fart thai Ihn Hi'hool has ila [ijai r also in Inalhi n lainls, ami Iliii poliry of liirnishin^ I'lltintlional farililins for cniivi i liil Inallii'li ami tin ir I'liililnn haa Imt'li fori'iil ii|ion il liy till' iini'i'ssiliis of Ihn ciihn, uml within till' last twi'iily Ihn ynars ^ri at pro^•r^'^n has lii'i'ii maili' III •iliiralioiial work. In 1x1,1 III' I'l w I ri< in III! tlm missions of tlm riiion, 'JilO hihools, wilh l.l.iii pupils. In IhIMI tlm Iiillii- li( r of srhiiols, raiii^iii^! from thn ,iuiiKl<' mnl vil- lau'n srhools |o thn hli'lnst m'aili' slalion srhools, was I, (Kill, with ■-'o,r,|.", pupils. Within this pnrioil thn I olli^iali' llisliliilioll at lialionon has linill < slalilislnil, also tlm Imlustrial ami Normal liisli lull' anil thn Two liinli Sriiool al riasscin, hinli- (;iailn station sil Is nt 'I'oiinnoo, Iiaii|^y year will inslnii'ti il |iri aihnrs, wlm will In Ip supply thn .'I'Jil chiirclinH III Itiirma, ami furnish recruits for liial iiativo missionary force whiih is opnralin^; in tin cin. tral iiroviiii'is of Itiirmn, in thn Kachii; Hills, ami on Ihc horih is of Slam, Thn 'rinolo^^ical Snniinarv al liamapatmii ami Ihn Oii^oln lli^h School arc iloiiiK a (4raiiil work for Ihn 'I'llii^ii Mission. Ihlilical schools urn also Mislaimil at Swutowaiiil Ninnpo, in China, uml al ^ okohaiim, for tlm traiiiiii|4 of .lapannsn preachers, 'i'lii) (icriiian liaptist ■riinoloniciil School, at llaiu liurt!, is Hninlin ,' Ms stiiih'iiis throughout (icr- ninny, liussia, Itohcniia. ami Polaml ; ami last Imt not hast, thn linllnl Seminary at Stoekholm, bweiluu, liitii BL'iit out .Hmm.' hundrcils of uhlo f I I i I AMERICAN BAP. 88 MISS. UNION iriinisti>rH lit' the lioi|i(l, wliii iirx lulinriii'^' in itll tliii I'iliim of .S.\iM|i'ti iwul ill tliM S»i'ili>li HIltlll'IIH'lllH of tll« I'lllll'll Stilti'H. (irUilllllli'S frmii liaili l|iiiiiliiiiv{ mill Siiirklmliii iiri' lulmr- ill|^ itlmi III lli'll.i, Alririi. uIkI S|iiiiii, nliil liialiy llini'ii iiii< |>l'i'-.Mllii{ ilililliii I ililti lif tliiiHi' wli'i .'ii'ii <^ni|>|iliiii{ Willi lii'iillii'iiiMiii ill Its htri>ii|{- IimMh. Ill III. K 'I' la N SI. Mil IN. Till' \M Ilk mI' liilijii IrilllK llllinll W.IS (■•'i^llll III lIlM Illtlllli'V I.I till' llil|ili-.t .Sui'iilv, iiml lias lii'i II \ i^^iiriiiisly pi'iisi riitiil tliris.'i:l, Unit llf till' l'v\ll Kill'i'M Mill. Illllll |SH|; III, I I'liku mill iJ^^lmi liilHiiii InT'J hihI IsTi;, 'I'Iim trmisliitimi iiitu .\siiiiiiiihi>, Im'v^'iiii hi'iiiIv lifiy yt'iirs iiU'i, is iiiiw tliiisliiil, nil I trmisliitiiiiis ill tliK tiiU'ii mil N'lu t iliiili'i'ts ari< ill |ii'ii|^ri's> ; anil iiiiiv tliitt. till' Sliiiii iMiiiitry is fmrly . jir. .Irwrlt lias liri'ii i'ii<^'aK"il iiimiy yrars in ri'visinj^ tlic 'rtlii^ii NiiW Ti'stariii'iit. ami ilniili'.,' tin' lll^l Viiii' It lias lii'i'ii |ii'iiiti'i|. Ill .la|imi I'r 111 nwii's trans, llllinll (if till' Ni'vv 'I'l'slaiiit'iit iiilii till' |i|joiii'tiir (^liarai'tris is ii.uv vrry |Mi|iiilar, miil iii.Nfiini till' iiiissiiiiiarii'S aril |irciviiliiii^ vuriniis parts of till) Ninv 'I'l'staiiii'iit in lliri'ii nf tlin ('1111^11 iliiiliM'lM. In ('iiiiia tlnri' liavi' lictin llircn Virsiniis iiiailo liy l!a|itisl inissiuniirii'S . oni' in till' Maiiilariii, nr classii' laii'..;iiii'.^i', mii' in tli<' <'iilliii|ilial iliiiliirt, ami iinr nl tln' Ni-w 'I'lsta- iiKtiit ill tint Hiikkii iliali'i't. HlSTlllHC.tl, ('.VT,VI.(ltli closi'il, ISoli; ri'.siliiicd, with cnlorn I iiiissioii.irii'S, IhiI'.i. Mlatioiis aniiiii'.4 Hassiis iiiul Coiij^oi's; Niispcmlcil, |s7l!; now only tliri'i' si'liools. 1 /Im/i'Tv/. Itiiriiia, Is'ii; ; iiflrr |X'i7onlya siili station till Ifii;t. In Issi; maili' an out. Htation lor tlia 'rrliii;ns or I'l "^iiaiis. ."1. Miiitmiiii ^ |S'27. .V Itnriimn Klalioii ; in iHlt'J, a Kari'ti Ktutioii luldi'il ; in |s|li, Kn^^lisli, 'ruiiiil, ami 'I'i'liioii station Milili'il ; iiiaiix si'IiooIh, in Ihh-2. triiislati'il Idtk liy I)r. Musm, 1h|,|-.",|. 'lavuy .Nativn .Missionary Sociiiy foiini'il. 1^:11 7. l/'/./.i/', iH'j'.i, I. liMrinaii .\iissiori, Ih'J'.i 117; •s with SialiDsi'. rliiiii sii iiiisniiiiiarii s li lll'^fl 1 11 il III Si.iithrni t'hliia .Mlhsli'li, ami liiiii^knk In roim s 11 siih hlatioii in Iss'.i .Mission to IIim Kan ms in Noi'thi'in Kiaiii, Mii-taim i| l',\ nativn Kaiilis in lliiriiiii, Hiarti'il Iss'j ',1. .Ir'(*i(/i, is;i."i-."i."). — 'I'liri'ii stalion'4 nt llr^t for .\rakaiii'si> ami (li'iiis. In l>^'1\ <;l. r.iKiin liy .liiilson ami I'riri' in \'^'l\, Init hroK' n up li,\ tin' war of l>*2l 'Jii ; attain starli'il hy Kinraiil in ls:i:l, Imt rlosiil in I«:i7 ; in |H."ili, Imt rlosi'il li,\ Hn'oml war; irsiiiiiiil III iH.'i.'i, Imt rilimpiishiil in |sr,l not 11 siii'i'i ss. II. 'ill'' 'I'lliiifi .l/iv.si'i.ii, |.s:iri. Ciiniliictiil with slight snrci'ss till iMlll • sinrd that linn- has piospifi'il Ml yrnitly that it is now tin lar^'i'st sin^lo I'roti slant iiiisMon in tin' svi rlil, Willi 12 I'liiiii'hrs ami m;i,h:is I'limiiniiriiHiitH. \1. M'lxsinii In I'niiire, \Ki[, .\llir ."i.'l \iais of fiiithfiil liilior ilnro iiri' .'i stations, :i^ out hiallons. KI rliiirchrs, Hllll iiiiinlii IS. 1:1. Tlif Uniiiiiii. M'issliiii, |h:i|,_ Itcv. .(. (1. Omki'ii, foiinilir. Mxli'iiils all ovir ('iiitii.l I'.iiropi'. It has now- I I inissiotis. Cm; pn arhiii-, ll'J chnrrhi's, ami -.'ii,'.i'.ill iniinliirH. II. Missiiiii In Ijitiie, \KW:, — I'atras. (irfil, /iiiiti', ami .MIk'Iis. Aliicriraii iiiissionarn s nl liist, Imt thi'ir siK'i'i'ss was small, ami tiny wilhiln w ill iN.'ii; Siispi nilicl for lifti rii .\ tins. Nalivi' missionary appoiiitril in |n7I, Imt mis si'ii nlimpiishril in Issi; |."i. .I.vs'oii, IHlti; - At first tini AssaiiiiKO nml Sin),'pho .Mission. 'I hr ( laro .Mission was inlili il 111 lKi.7. ami ti.i Naua .Mission in Imuh. Kohl Mission roionn iircil ill |sH'.i. All ari' tlourish 111;.% wilh ill! I'hiirrhrs ami l,!Ml(l iniiiilii rs. H'l. H'lssiiii, \sA' p;. 'I'lirii' iiiishions : S(^iim Kari'Ti, Ik:17 , I'wo Kann, Isl'.i ; liiniiHin. I^.M. 'Ihc Kaniis, pirst Tiiliil anil ilrivrii out of ISiii ma hy till' otlinals. csrapcil to ,\r.ikmi, winii' S1111111 tlioiisaiiilH wirii liapti/cil ami ori^ani/.nl into rliiiii'ln s. Aflir tint War in l«."i;i .'i.'itlnM' ntiirmil t.i llussi in proviiiri', and iimh'r < xci I h'lit iniina^'i nil lit tlnia iiro now ( iH'.lii), in |1,.' II ih'piirtinints, \I niissionarii s, lo'.i priiu'hrrs, |(l7 si'lf siipporlllit,' chiiri'liis, lll.Osll iininhirM. 17, Sii'illtvn. 11,11.11 M!s.sii,ii_ isili; I'J, - At Marao, |s:tr, ; llonn KiiliK, IM'J-fil ; Canton, iKll, mill Swatow, lK(;|.'.i(l. ('oiiiiii'liil with liitii'^koU from till' litst. At Swatow ami its out station tlicri' wiri', in Ihk'.i, 1'2 iiii.ssioniitics, 'Ji; iiativo pri'aclnrs, '.i cliurrlns, I,I;|H ini'inlu'rH, |o schools, llilt si'holars. Tins cxrlilsivu of a tloiii I liiii;^ mission anions tim Ilakkas, i'HlHlilisln', l-^H ; II t'lllMll.V KM" ; - SillllU'H''. S lilllflll H It will ;iiri'iii< i» till'i'lis HI M til tlr-t, ■iiinti ill iritis ill ll liiiUHiiiiiN till' vMin «;,iiiiliiwiiy III IHMH It, lliiriii'iiiH, ilsnil mill III' \\ 111' of |s:i:i. lull |>v hh'iiIkI ill ill IHI'.I ;'lil|illH'lril tliiit tiiiii 4 IIIIW till till' Wl llll, lil-HlllH. f ,",.". vrlin IS, '■i'> mil !i'V. •!. <•. if ('(iiliiil |ir« iirlii'l'-, iiiw, ('■ rfii. imiiirirs III mill llii.v 111 II \ llllK. I , liiit iiii^ [iiiiii'HO mill v us lllllllll iMiH. Klilil , IIiiIII'IhIi ,1" IS. iiiis: St;iiii mull, l»^.'il. |>iit of I'OI nil, vvliiii' ilt;illll/lil ill ."i.'i lliri-i' lillT < x