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 6 
 
WUaiOCOPV RISOIUTION TEST CHART 
 
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Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 OF THC 
 
 WOODCRAFT INDIANS 
 
 PRICE. 25 CENTS 
 
THE BIRCH-BARK ROLL 
 
ERNEST THOMPSON SETON 
 
 Biography of a Grizzly 
 
 Krag and Johnny 
 
 Livea of the Hunted 
 
 Monarch, the Big Bear of TaUac 
 
 Two Little Savage* 
 
 Wild Animal Play 
 
 Wild Animals I have Known 
 
 Trail of a Sand-Hill Stag 
 
 Lobo, Rag and Vixen 
 
 Studies in Art Anatomy of Animals 
 
The 
 
 Birch-bark Roll 
 
 of the 
 
 WOODCRAFT INDIANS 
 
 Containing their Constitution, Laws, 
 Games, and Deeds 
 
 By 
 
 ERNEST THOMPSON SETON 
 
 New York 
 Doubleday, Page & Company 
 1906 
 
^ ^ .d / 
 
 lit Edition in Ladiei' Home ]ourn;il 
 Copynghl, igoa, by 
 THE CURTIS PUBUSUINO COMl'ANY 
 
 •d EdMea 
 
 THE CURTIS PUBUSBINO COMPANY 
 
 H I"(lilii>n 
 Copyright, igo4, by 
 
 ERNEST THOMFSON SBTON 
 
 4th EdtioB in ** AModMiM Bort" for JoM 
 ERNEST THOMPSON SETON 
 
 ;th Edition 
 Copyright, 1906, »y 
 ERNEST THOMPSON SETON 
 
 90024i 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 Of the Woodcraft Indiaiii 
 
 THIS is a time when the t hole nation is turning 
 toward the outdoor life, seeking in it the physical 
 regent-ration s*) needful for continued national exist- 
 ence — is waking to the fact long knovn to thoughtful 
 men, that those live longest who h.i^ nearest to the 
 ground, that is, who live the simple life of primitive 
 times, divested, however, of the evils that ignorance in 
 those times begot. 
 
 Half our diseases arc in our minds and half in our 
 houses. We can safely leave the rest to the physicians 
 for treatment. 
 
 Sport is the great incentive to outdoor lift; nature 
 study is the intellectual side of sport. Camping is the 
 simple life reduced to a ual practice, as well as the 
 culmination of the outdoor life. 
 
 Camping has no great popularity to-day, because 
 men have the idea that it is possible only after an ex- 
 pensive journey to the wildemcM, and women that it is 
 inconvenient, dirty, and dangerous. 
 
 These are errors. They have arisen bccaust mp- 
 ing as an art is not understood. When intelligently 
 
 I 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 followed camp life must take its place as a cheap and 
 delightful way of living as well as a mental and physical ) 
 saviour of those strained and broken by the grind of 
 the over-busy world. 
 
 Consumption, the white man's plague since he has 
 become a house race, is vancjuished by the sun and air, | 
 and many ills of the mind also are forgotten when the 
 sufferer boldly takes to the life in tents. 
 
 The wilderness affords the ideal camping, but many 
 of the benefits can be got by living in a tent pitched on 
 a town lot, piaz/a, or eve i house-top. 
 
 I should like to lead this whole nation into the way of 
 living out-df)ors for at least a month each year, reviving ^ 
 and expanding a custom that as far back as Moses was 
 dcemcU essential to the national well-being. 
 
 These bands have been organized to spread the 
 taste for camping, by showing how it can be done to > 
 best advantage. They arc simply outdoor clubs: the 
 Indian name and style were given chiefly because they 
 add the charms of color and romance, and because 
 they are so appropriate. 
 
 When two or three young people camp out, they can 
 live as a sort of family, especially if a grown-up be with 
 them, but when a dozen or more go, it is necessary to ' 
 organize. 
 
 There are four possible forms of government: First, 
 
 the patriarchal, as above; it answers fairly for two or 
 
 three, but fails with a considerable party. Seco'^'l, ] 
 
 2 
 
The Biteh-Batk Ron 
 
 the school system, which, for several reasons, has not 
 succeeded out of doors. Third, the Brigade, which 
 many object to, chiefly because it fosters militarism; 
 and last, the Tribal or Indian form. 
 
 Fundamentally this is a republic or limited mon- 
 archy, and has proved far the best. It makes its 
 members self-governing. It offers appropriate things 
 to do outdoors ; it is so plastic that it can be adopted 
 in whole or in part, at once or gradually; its ^tu- 
 resqueness takes immediate hold of the boys, and il 
 lends itself so well to existing ideas that soon or late 
 most camps are /orcoi into its essentials, call them what 
 they will. 
 
 No large band of boys ever yet camped^ out for a 
 month without finding it necessary to recognize leaders, 
 a senior form, or ruling set whose position rests on 
 merit, some wise grovm person to guide them in diffi- 
 culties, and a place to display the emblems of the 
 camp; that is, they have adopted the system of Chiefs, 
 Council, Medicine-man and Totem-pole. Moreover, 
 the ideal Indian, whether he ever existed or not, stands 
 for the highest type of the primitive life, and he was a 
 master of Woodcraft, which is our principal study. 
 By Woodcraft we mean nature-study, certain kinds of 
 hunting, and the art of camping, but we add all good 
 outdoor athletics to our pursuits. 
 
 Photography is recognized as a branch of nature- 
 study, and camper-craft is made to include the sim- 
 
 3 
 
The Bifch-Bark Roll 
 
 plcst methods of triangulalion, star-craft, finding one's 
 way, telling direction, sign-language, as well as many 
 branches of Indian-craft. 
 
 Two other important ideas underlie the scheme. 
 The first is personal decoration for personal achieve- 
 ments; second, tio competitive honors* All our 
 honors are bestowed according to world-wide stand- 
 ards. 
 
 In our colleges to-day every effort is made to dis- 
 cover and develop a champion. The great body of 
 the students are neglected. That is, the ones who are 
 in need of physical development do not get it, and those 
 who do not need it are over developed. The result 
 is much unsoundness of many kinds. A great deal of 
 this would be avoided if we strive to bring all the in- 
 dividuals up to a certain standard. In our non-com- 
 petitive tests the enemies are not "//ie other jellows" 
 but time and space. We try not to down the others, but 
 to raise ourselves. A thorough application of this prin- 
 ciple would end many of the evils now demoralizing 
 college athletics. 
 
 About one hundred and fifty deeds or exploits are 
 recognized in these various departments, and the 
 braves are given decorations that show what they have 
 achieved. The ])lan aims to give the young people 
 "something to do, something to think about, and 
 something to enjoy in the woods," with a view always 
 * Prizes are not honors. 
 
 4 
 
The Bifch-Bark Roll 
 
 to character building, for maniiood not scholarship is 
 the first aim of education. 
 
 And \vc would make the outdoor the real life, the 
 indoor the incident, reversing the present way. 
 
 We do not, however, disband when the camping 
 season is over. As will be seen, ample provision is made 
 in the games and honors for continuing the organiza- 
 tion the whole year round. Most of the Tribes find 
 abundant amusement throughout the winter in prepar- 
 ing their weapons, dress, teepees, ornaments, and songs 
 for the summer camp. 
 
 By leading the young j)eople along these lines we 
 shall be helping the whole nation on the road to health. 
 
 TO ORGANIZE A BAND 
 
 First get the young people together, any number 
 from ten up — fifteen to fifty are best for a "beginnuig 
 — and with them at least one experienced grown-up 
 person, who will act as Medicine-man in the Council, 
 and as teacher when needed. 
 
 Outfit for Small Tribe 
 
 Birch-bark Roll, or Book of Laws. 
 Blank book for tally. 
 
 Teepees or tents enough to house the Tribe. 
 
 5 
 
The Birch-Eark Roll 
 
 A lotcm-polc. 
 
 A sujjply of scalps, at least one for each. 
 A sui)piy of about loo feathers or other honor 
 tokens. 
 
 A red horse-tail for feather tips and medicine scalp. 
 A drum. 
 
 A target, and range. 
 Cooking outfit and food. 
 
 Also the things for the games they wish to play (see 
 later), the Deer-hunt for land, and the Sturgeon spear- 
 ing for water, being especially recommended. 
 
 Each Brave Needs 
 
 I good 5-foot bow, complete with string. 
 
 6 standard arrows, 25 in. long; 3 feathers, steel points. 
 
 I quiver of waterproof canvas. 
 
 I plain arm-guard. 
 
 I head band. 
 
 I pair trunks. 
 
 1 waterproof sheet, 6 ft. x 5. 
 
 2 woollen blankets. • 
 To these he may add as much Indian costume as 
 
 he likes. But costumes, feathers, etc., are non-essentials. 
 Many tribes wear only the ordinary clothes of out-door 
 Ufe. 
 
 6 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 TRIBAL CONSTITUTION 
 
 Akticxe I 
 Name 
 
 This organization shall be known as the * 
 Tribe 0} Woodcraji(or Seton Indians as many have pre- 
 ferred to call themselves). 
 
 Article II 
 Objects 
 
 The objects of this organization are the promotion of 
 
 interests in Out-of-Door Life and Woodcraft, the pres- 
 ervation of Wild Life and Landscape, and the promo- 
 tion of Good Fellowship among its members. 
 
 Article III 
 Membership 
 
 Section L Persons eligible for membership must 
 be over years of age (18 is usual for a grown-up 
 ^ tribe, 8 for a boy tribe, but some tribes take all ages). 
 Section 11. The membership shall be limited to . 
 Section III. Application for membership must be 
 made in writing through one of the Council. The 
 name of such applicant shall then be proposed and 
 seconded by members in good standing, and shall be 
 * It is usual to select an Indian name of local application. 
 
 7 
 
The Birch-Bark Rolf 
 
 publicly posted for not less than seven suns. A ballot 
 of the Tribe shall thereupon be taken and two black- 
 balls shall exclude. 
 
 Article IV 
 M ediitgs 
 
 Section I. A monthly Council of the Tribe shall 
 be held on the first Monday of each Moon. 
 
 Section 11. The Annual Council for the election of 
 oflicers shall be held on the first sun of the Awakeninc 
 Moon (March).* * 
 
 Section III. Special Councils may be called by 
 the Chief, and must be called by him upon the written 
 request of one fourth of the Council or one third of 
 the Tribe. 
 
 Section IV. A majority shall be a quorum of the 
 
 Council or Tribe. 
 
 * >^arch — First, Awakening, or Crow Moon (blue). 
 April — Wild-goose or Green-grass Moon (green). 
 May — Song Moon (purple). 
 June — Rose Moon (rose). 
 July — Thunder Moon (copper). 
 August — Red or Green-corn Moon (red). 
 September — Huntinp Moon (yellow). 
 
 October— Leaf- falling Moon (fiery). 
 NovemlxT— Mad Moon (smoky). 
 December— Long-night Moo. (black). 
 January — Snow Moon (white). 
 
 February — Hunger Moon or Wan Moon (pale or ashy), 
 
 8 
 
The Birch-Bark RoH 
 
 bECTiON V. A member may vote at any Council 
 of the Tribe by proxy in his own handwriiing. 
 
 Article V 
 The Officers and Their Dulles 
 
 Head vV^ar Chief. He should be strong as well as 
 popular, because his duties are to lead and to enforce 
 the laws. He is head of the Council and of the Tribe 
 and also Herald or Crier. 
 
 He has charge of the standard of the Tribe. This 
 is a staff about eight feet long, painted red and orna- 
 mented with any of the designs shown in the illustra- 
 tions, the drawing on the shield being always the totem 
 of the Tribe. The small shield on top is white with 
 blue horns. This standard is carried around when a 
 proclamation is being made. If the Chief deputes 
 another to be Herald, he also gives him the standard 
 to carry as a badge of authority. 
 
 When not thus in use it is stuck in thr» ground near 
 the Chief's teepee or place in Council, or perhaps hung 
 on the totem polo. 
 
 Second War Chief. To take the Head Chief's place 
 when he is absent; otherwise he is merely a Coundllor. 
 
 Third War Chief. For^ leader when the other 
 two are away. 
 
 9 
 
The Bbch-Bark RoU 
 
 Waijpum Chief. He has charge of the money and 
 public property of the Tribe, except the records. He 
 ought to have a lock box or small trunk to keep val- 
 uables in. 
 
 Chief of the Painted Robe, or Feather 
 Tally. He keeps the tribal records, including the 
 Book of Laws, the Roster or Roll, the Winter Count 
 or Record of Camps and Seasons, and the Feather 
 Tally or Record of Honors and Exploits. He enters 
 nothing except on instructions from the Council. He 
 should be an artist. 
 
 Chief of the Council-Fire. It is his exclusive 
 privilege to make fire. He must do it without matches. 
 He must also see that the camp and woods are kept clean. 
 
 Sometimes one Councillor or Chief holds more than 
 one of these last three offices; especially it is well to have 
 the Head Chief also Chief of the Council Fire. 
 
 One or even two Medicine-men may be voted into 
 the Council without regard to age, attainments, or 
 position. 
 
 Add to these not more than twelve elected Coun- 
 cillors, and all the Sachems or Sagamores. (See p. 
 46.) These officers and Councillors form the gov- 
 erning body. 
 
 All disputes, etc., are settled by the Chief and the 
 Council. The Council makes the laws and fixes the 
 dues. The Chief enforces the laws. 
 
 All officers are elected for one year or until their 
 
 10 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 successors arc chosen. The election to take place on 
 or as soon as possible after Spring Day, the first Sun of 
 the Awakening Moon (ist March). 
 
 {Wlienever in doubt we try to follow the National 
 Constitution.) 
 
 Vow OF THE Head Chief 
 
 (To be signed with his name and totem in the Tally-book) 
 
 I solemnly promise to maintain the Laws, to see fair 
 play in all the doings of the Tribe, and to protect the 
 weak. 
 
 Vow OF Each Brave on Joining 
 (To be signed vnth the name and totem of each in the 
 
 Tally-book) 
 
 I solemnly promise that I will obey the Chief and 
 Council of my Tribe, and if I fail in niy 'luty I will 
 appear before the Council when ordered and submit 
 without murmuring to their decision. 
 
 Article VI 
 Amendments 
 
 Section I. Amendments to this Constitution may be 
 made at any meeting by a two-thirds vote of all the Tribe. 
 
 Section II. Notice of proposed an^endments shall 
 be made public for at least seven suns before the 
 meeting. 
 
 II 
 
The ftfch-Bwk RoU 
 
 Akhcie VII 
 Dues 
 
 P'opcTly; and Ihiri, ,,h" 1™"'^'' 'ril« 
 
 .h.s shall ^ tedul' 
 
 Article V'III 
 Ct^MwoV 0/ Tribe 
 
 ^roalo^&T' ^'"^ ^--^ ^ be consid. 
 
 Akhcle IX 
 L<ms 
 
 "«ain,,. (he Slate' as wc i /Z"-? l"'' " 
 
 ^ Dirds, oi to disturb their nests 
 
 T O 
 
The Bbeh'^Mfc RoO 
 
 or eggs, or to molest squirrels. (This docs not apply 
 to creatures doclared ver-nin by law.) 
 
 4. Don't make a dirty camp. Keep the woods and 
 streams clean by burjing all garbage. 
 
 5. Don't bring firearms of any kind into the camps 
 of those under fourteen. Bows and arrows are enough 
 for their needs. Never point a weapon at any one. 
 
 6. Keep the game laws. 
 
 7. No smoking (for those under eighteen). 
 
 8. No firewater in camp. 
 
 9. Play fair. Cheating in the games or record.s, or 
 wearing honors not conferred by the Council, are 
 
 crimes. 
 
 10. Word of honor is sacred. 
 
 Punishments are meted out by the Chief and Council 
 after a hearing of the case. They consist of, — 
 Exclusion from the games or boats for a time. 
 Of reduction in rank or of fines. 
 The extreme penalty is banishment from the Tribe. 
 
 ORDER OF DOINGS IN COUNCIL 
 
 The Head Chief, or the Herald he may appoint, 
 walks arouncl with the standard announcing that a 
 Council is to be held, and all must come to Council. 
 
 Opening Council. 
 
 Roll-call. 
 
 Tally of last Council and Report of Tally Chief. 
 
 »3 
 
The Bifch-Bttk RoU 
 
 Report of Wampum Chief. 
 
 Report of Scouts. 
 Left-over business. 
 Complaints. 
 Honors awarded. 
 New Braves. 
 New business. 
 Challenges, etc. 
 
 Social doings, songs, dances, stories. 
 Closing Council. 
 
 TOTEM 
 
 The Totem of the whole nation of WcKxlcraft Indians 
 is the White Buffalo head, symbolized by the Horned 
 
 White Shield. . .... 
 
 Each band needs a totem of its own m addition. 
 This is selected by the Council, and should be some- 
 thing easy to draw. Each brave adds a pnvate totem 
 of his own, usually a drawing of his Indian name. 
 
 The first of these Tribes took as its totem a Blue 
 Buffalo, and so became the Blue Buffalo Band, and 
 Decrfoot, the Chief, uses the Blue Buffalo totem with 
 his own added underneath. t • 11 
 
 Any bird, animal, tree, or flower will do. It is aU 
 the better if it have some special reason. 
 
 One Tribe set out on a long journey to look for a 
 totem. They agreed to take the first living wild thing 
 
 14 
 
The Btfch-BMk RoU 
 
 that they saw and knew the name of. They travelled 
 all one (lay and saw nothinj? to suit, bu' next day 
 in a swamp they startled a Blue Heron. It went 
 ofT with a harsh en,'. So they became the " Blue 
 Herons," and adopted as a war-cry the croak of the 
 bird and its name Hrrrrr — Blue Heron." 
 Another band have the Wolf totem. Another, the 
 Flying Eagle, and yet another the Snapping Turtle. 
 
 TOTEM POLE 
 
 In some prominent place in camp is set up the Totem- 
 polf* This bears the national emblems, tribal totems, 
 enemies' scalps, and the totems of warriors who have 
 brought honors to the Tribe. It also serves as a notice 
 board and carries the Sacred Medicine Scalp. The 
 board below is supposed to be the skin of a White 
 Buffalo. 
 
 The big shield is white and twenty inches across, the 
 horns pale Uue and each twenty inches long. The 
 pole is twelve feet high and the arms four and one half 
 feet across; pole and arms are red. This is the same 
 in all tribes. The smaller shield is twelve inches across ; 
 it bears the tribal colors and totems, and, of course, 
 varies in color with each tribe. The skin is four and 
 one half feet long and eighteen inches at widest place. 
 It is dull yellow where dotted, but the circle at its upper 
 end is white; in the middle of this is a peg on which 
 
 15 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 hangs the Medicine Scalp; the wooden feathers arc 
 white with black tips. If made smaller it should keep 
 these same proportions. 
 
 INDIAN NAMES 
 
 Each brave aims at winning a name. These Indian 
 names are a sort of honorable nickname given in 
 recognition of some exploit or personal gift. Thus 
 Deerfoot was the great runner and Hawkeye had the 
 sharp eyes. Killdeer was famous in our deer hunt, as 
 also was Decrslayer; Gray- wolf was the best scout; 
 Eel-scoat was the one who sli])ped through the enemies' 
 lines as often as he pleased ; Little Beaver was the best 
 worker; Chicadee was the smallest; the noisy chatterer, 
 forever showing off without doing any work, was called 
 Bluejay; Spycatcher was given to a warrior who cap- 
 tured a Hostile Spy by a deed of unusual daring; one 
 small boy whose tears were ever ready to flow was 
 named Rain-in-the-Face, and an awkward brave who 
 upset the canoe se\eral times was called Tippecanoe. 
 
 When a brave has an objectionable nickname he 
 can get rid of it by doing some great exploit. The 
 chief then writes the old name on a piece of birch bark 
 and publicly bums it in the camp-fire. After that it is 
 forgolten; no one may use or mention it. Then the 
 warrior is given his new name of honor. I'he following 
 have been bestow td as distinctions: — 
 
 i6 
 
the Bitch-Bark RoU 
 
 "Black Hawk," "Redjackct," "Wolverine," "Krag," 
 "Mustang," "Bald Eagle," "Big Otter," "Karonawa" 
 (the runner), "Speardeep," "Deerblinder," "Little 
 Thunder," "Neverscare," "Strongheart," "Big Moose," 
 "Redarrow," " Manytongues," "Strongbow," "Eagle 
 Eye," "Hawkeye," "Little Beaver," etc. 
 
 On rare occasions the name is an inglorious one. 
 Thus a lazy boy was called " Young-man-afraid-of-a- 
 Shovcl," or "Shovel" for short; another was "Scare- 
 cat," because of his timidity, but they can get rid of 
 them as soon as they do something highly creditable. 
 
 When the Council decides that a bad name is to be 
 dropped, the Chief or Medicine-man writes it on a piece 
 of wood or bark. Then, making a speech explaining 
 the circumstances, he bums the bark in the Council 
 Fire, announcing that that name is forgotten. No one 
 must mention it again under pain of punishment. 
 
 When a new name is given, the Chief makes a speech 
 as before, tells of the exploit and announces the name. 
 It is written down in the Tally; then each Chief and 
 Councillor comes for\vard, shakes hands with the 
 brave, saying "Bo-jou, Nichy" — followed by the 
 new name. 
 
 HEAD-BAND 
 
 F^ach brave needs a head band. This holds his 
 feathers as they are won, and his scalp is fastened to it 
 behind. It consists of a strip of soft leather, long 
 
 17 
 
I 
 ; 
 
 The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 enough to go around the head and overlap by t„o 
 inches; it is fastened at the rear, with a lace through \ 
 the four holes, like the lace of machine belting. A 
 bead pattern ornaments the front and it may be finished 
 at each side in some broader design. It is the founda- 
 tion for the war-bonnet and has places foi twenty-four 
 feathers (two eagle tails). 
 
 The feathers are made of white Pond-eagle* quill 
 feathers, the tip dyed dark brown or black; a leather 
 loop is lashed lo the quill end of each ;o fasten it on to 
 the head-band. Each feather stands for an exploit 
 and is awarded by the Council. (See p. 45, etc.) An 
 oval of paper is glued on near the high end. This I 
 bears a symbol of the feat it commemorates. If it was 
 Grand Coup or High Honor, the feather has a tuft 
 of red horsehair lashed on the top. 
 
 I 
 
 WAR -BONNET 
 
 As e^ich feather is won it is fastened in the head- 
 band and thus forms part of the war-bonnet. 
 
 The feathers are held in place on the band by a 
 lace through the bottom loop to hold them to the 
 body of the cap, and another lace around them higher i 
 up. When the circle is complete the upper lace is 
 not needed; instead is a stout thread through the 
 
 * Pond-eagle — white goose feathets made up in imitation of 
 eagle feathers. 
 
 18 
 
The Birch-Bark RoH 
 
 middle of each midrib, stringing them together and 
 holding them the right distance apart. 
 
 The war-bonnet is the most important of all decora- 
 tions. It is a complete record of the owner's exploits, 
 as well as a splendid ornament. The making of it is 
 fully described in The Ladies^ Hon,^ Journal for 
 July, 1902, and in "Two Little Savages." 
 
 BADGES 
 
 One cannot always wear the war-bonnet, and yet 
 may wish to wear a visible record of his rank. To 
 meet this need we have a badge adapted from an old 
 Iroquois silver brooch. 
 
 In this the White or Silver Buffalo head represents the 
 whole nation. The owner can put his initials on the 
 Buffalo's forehead, if desired. 
 
 To pin in the middle is the real Indian style. To 
 fasten the brooch, throw back the pin, work a pucker 
 of the coat through the opening from behind; when it 
 sticks out far enough bend it to one side and pierce it 
 with the pin, then press the pin down and work the 
 pucker back smooth. This can never work loose or 
 get lost. 
 
 The rank of the wearer is thus shown: — 
 The ordinary brave as soon as admitted wears the 
 simple badge. 
 Every one in the G}uncil may add a beard to the 
 
 19 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 Buffalo, using silk, wool, or thread through tht; nos- 
 trils. 
 
 The Head Chief wears a horned sliicld. On the 
 circle of the shield is cngnivcd the totem of the Tribe. 
 
 The horns arc worn only by a War Chief. The 
 following shows their importance: — 
 
 "No one wears the headdress surmounted with 
 horns except the dignitaries who are very high iii 
 authority, and whose exceeding valor, wortli, and power 
 are admitted by all the nation. 
 
 "This man (Mah-to-toh-pa) was the only man in 
 the nation who was allowed to wear the horns, and all, 
 I found, looked upon him as the leader who had the 
 [)ower to lead all the warriors in time of war." (Cat- 
 lin, Vol. I, p. 103.) 
 
 The second and third War Chiefs wear the same 
 badge as the first, except that it has i,ne lower half of 
 the shield hidderi with a lashing of coic red thread. 
 
 The Medicine-man's badge has a siiield without 
 horns. 
 
 WAMPUM MEDALS 
 
 These medals are made of very beautiful shells, 
 flat and cut in t^ « sizes, the largest being about one 
 inch by three quarters of an inch. They arc engraved 
 with the symbol of the deed for which given. They 
 make decorations for the coat, the head-band or neck- 
 lace, etc. They are awarded according to the stand- 
 
 30 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 ards for coups and grand coups given later. They 
 i do not take the place of the feathers, but repeat the 
 
 honor in another form. Thus a brave may wear 
 boili tiic eagle feather and the wampum medal for 
 one feat. 
 
 ' SCALPS 
 
 Each brave wears a long tuft of black horsehair 
 that answers as his scalp. The skin of this should be 
 about one and a half inches across; it is furnished with 
 a cord looj); the hair is as long as possible. This 
 scalp ; - [^resented to the brave on entering the Tribe. 
 i After he has promised obedience and allegiance and 
 
 signed the roll, the Medicine-man gives it to him, 
 saying: — 
 
 "This is your scalp. Treasure this as your honor. 
 
 I You may lose it without absolute disgrace, but not 
 
 without some humiliation." 
 
 He can lose it only in an important competition, 
 approved by the Council, in which he stakes his scalp 
 against that of some other brave. If he loses he sur- 
 renders his tuft to the winner and goes tuftless until 
 the Council thinks pro[)er to give him a new scalp. 
 
 i But he never gets back the old one, which remains 
 
 the property of the winner for a teepee or other 
 decoration. 
 
 The brave without tuft cannot vote or sit in Coun- 
 ( til or take part in the competitions. 
 
 21 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 The member is a brave till he has taken a scalp, 
 after that he is a warrior. 
 
 TEEPEES AND TENTS 
 
 The Indian tccpec has the advantage of picturesque- 
 ncss, also of comfort in cold weather, because it admits 
 of an open fire inside. It has the disadvantages of 
 allowing some rain to enter through the smoke-vent in 
 very wet weather. A twelve-foot teepee (needing four- 
 teen poles), big enough for half a dozen boys, can be 
 made for three dollars, plus labor (see "Two Little 
 Savages"), or it can be bought ready made for about 
 thrice that. 
 
 There is one great evil that campers should beware 
 of, that is rheumatism. But none need suffer if they 
 will take the simple precaution of changing their wet 
 clothes when not in action and never sleeping directly 
 on the ground. A vv'arm, dry place for the bed should 
 be prepared in every tent and teepee. 
 
 An adapted teepee that is rain-proof is among 
 those now on the market, or the old-fashioned teepee 
 may be improved with a three-foot "bull boat" or 
 storm-cap of canvas, to cover the ends of the poles. 
 
 Tents of any good kind will answer, but they do 
 not admit of a fire within. They arc, however, excel- 
 lent for storage. A tent painted teepee-fashion may 
 be made very picturesque. 
 
 22 
 
 TEEPEES 
 
The Birch-BMfc RoU 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 RKD— AH parts marked so : llllllllll . Smoke-flaps and all tops of teepees, 
 stem of pipe, lower lialf-circle under pipe, middle part of bowl, wound 
 oil side of Elk, blood falllnK f'l o<> trail; Horse, middle Buffalo, two 
 inner bars of pathway up back; also short, dark crossbars, spot on 
 middle of two door-hangers, and fringe of totem at top of pathway, and 
 two' 'ack lines on doorway. 
 
 yELI.OW — All parts marked so: I '.' I - I'pper half-circle under pipe 
 stem, upper half of each feather on pipe ; horseman with bridle, saddle 
 and one hindfnot of Horse; the laricesl Buffalo, the outside upright of 
 the palhwav ; the ground colors of the totem ; the spotted crossbars of 
 pathway ; the four MIchM Dcxt the ground, the two palcbeaovwdoor, 
 and the rings of door-hanger. 
 
 ORBEN — All parts marked so: Bowl of pipe, spot over it; 
 
 feather li^-* of same; Elk, first Buffalo, middle line on each side path- 
 way, and around tee|>ee top; two dashol crossbars on totem and 
 dsMiMl crossbars on iMUhway ; bar on wbicb Hon* walks; lower ctlgt 
 Md liM c( vou on upper part of door. 
 
 26 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 The drawing (p. 26) shows a real Sioux teepee ai 
 
 present in my collection. 
 
 This was made of skins. The ground color was of 
 soft gray; the design in pale flat tiiit.4 of delicate red, 
 yellow, and green, as below. No other outlines were 
 used. 
 
 Putting up the Teepee. Drive a small stake in the 
 ground where the centre of the teepee will come, and 
 about this as centre mark a circle, the same diameter as 
 the tent. For a twelve-foot teepee, a twelve-foot circle, 
 etc. 
 
 With one end of a twenty-foot rope tie together three 
 of the poles at a point as high as the top of the canvas. 
 Set them as a tripod, their ends touching the edge of 
 the circle. Then set up the other poles (except three, 
 including the two slender ones) for the frame of the 
 teepee, their ends on the circumference c' ,he circle, 
 their tops resting in the angles of the tripod. Now 
 With I he loose end of the twenty-foot rope bind all the 
 [)olcs where they cross by walking several times around 
 the frame on the outside, and drawing the rope tight 
 as you go. The loose end may be left hanging down 
 inside for an anchor. 
 
 Now fasten the top of the teepee cover to one of the 
 poles left over, at a point twelve feet up. Raise this 
 into its place, and the teepee cover with it, opposite 
 whe*-" the door is to be. Carry the two wings of the 
 tent around till they overlap and fasten together with 
 
 27 
 
 TEEPEES 
 
The Birch-Bark Rolf 
 
 the lacing-pins. Put the end of a vent-pole in each of 
 the vent-flap pockets, mitsidc of the teepee. Per 
 down the edges of the canvas at each loop if a storm 
 IS coming, olhcn\'isc a feu will do. Hang the door 
 on a convenient lacing-pin. Drive u stout stake inside 
 the tiepir, tie the anchor rope to this and the teepee is 
 ready for weather. In the cci tre dig a hole eighteen 
 inches wide and six inches deep for the lire. The fire 
 IS the great advantage of the teepee, and the smoke one 
 ot the (hsadvaniages, but experience will show how to 
 manage this, Keep the smoke- vent swung down wind, 
 or at least quartering down. Sometimes you must 
 leave the door a little open or raise the boitom of the 
 teepee cover a little on the windward side. If this 
 makes too much draft on your back stretch a piece of 
 canvas between two or three of the poles inside the 
 teepee, m front of the opening made, a ul reaching to 
 the ground. This is alining or dew-cloth. The draft 
 will gp up behind this. 
 
 ART 
 
 All students of the Indian art 
 are satisfied that in this we find 
 
 the beginnings of something 
 that n\'iy develop into a great 
 and original school of decora- 
 tion. Not having learned their 
 traditions, conventions, and 
 inner impulse, we believe that 
 
 28 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 at present we shall do best by preserving and cloady 
 copying the best of the truly native productions. 
 
 Therefore, in decorating teepees, etc., we use only 
 literal copies of the good Indian vrotk, 
 
 MUSIC 
 
 We cncourasje musical talent as much as possible. 
 Around the nightly camp-fire songs and music are in 
 great demand. The drum is essential also for the 
 numerous song-dances and song-plays. 
 
 ARCHERY 
 
 The Tribe riiould own a Standard Target, that is, 
 four feet across, circular, made of straw, with a thin 
 oilcloth cover, marked with a nine and six-tenths inch 
 centre of gold (called by some of our Tribes "the 
 Buffalo's Eye"); outside of that a four and eight-tenths 
 inch band of red, next a similar band of blue, next of 
 black, next of white. In scoring, the gold is 9, the red 
 7, the blue 5, the black 3, the whhc i. The shortest 
 match range for the target is forty yards. If it is a 
 three-foot target the match range is reduced to tint* r 
 yards. 
 
 A target can be made of a burlap sack about five 
 feet square. This should be stuffed full of hay or 
 straw, thjn flattened by a few quilting stitches put 
 right through with a long packing needle. On this 
 the target is painted of exact right size and color 
 
 29 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 Each brave should have a bow that pulls from ten 
 pounds up; about one pound for each year of his age 
 is a safe guide for bo) s up to sixteen. He should have 
 at least six arrows and a quiver. The arrows twenty- 
 five inches long, with three feathers, cone-points of 
 steel or iron; brass points are useless. A guard or 
 bracer for the left wrist is needed, and most boys re- 
 (|uire a glove to protect the fingers of the right hand. 
 
 The correct way to slioot with a bow is fully set forth 
 in "Two Little Savages." 
 
 THE GAMES 
 Deer-Hunting 
 
 The Deer Hunt has proved one of our most successful 
 games. 
 
 The Deer is a dummy, best made with a wire frame, 
 on which soft hay is wrapi>cd dll it is of proper size and 
 shape, then all Is covered with open burlap. ^ A few 
 touches of while and black make it very realistic. 
 
 If time does not admit of a well-finished Deer, one 
 can be made of a sack stuffed with hay, decorated at 
 one end with a smaller sack for head and neck, and 
 set on four thin sticks. 
 
 The side of the Deer is marked with a large oval, and 
 over the heart is a smaller one. 
 
 Bows and arrows only are used to shoot this deer. 
 
 A pocket full of corn, peas, or other large grain is 
 now needed for scent. The boy who is the Deer foi 
 
 30 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 the first hunt takes the dummy urn -.r his ami zn \ 
 runs off, getting ten minutes start, o ".r,»ii he con es 
 and shouts "ready!" He leaves a trail of corn, drop- 
 ping two or three grains for every yard and nulling 
 the trail as crooked as he likes, playing such tricks 
 as a Deer would do to baffle his pursuers. Then he 
 hides the Deer in any place he fancies, but not among 
 rocks or on the top of a ridge, because in one case 
 many arrows would be broken, and in the other, lost. 
 
 The hunters now hunt for this Deer just as for a 
 roal Deer, either following the trail or watching the 
 woods ahead; the best hunters combine the two. If 
 at any time the trail is quite lost the one in charge 
 shouts "Lost Traill" After that the one who finds 
 the trail scores two. Any one giving a false alarm by 
 shouting "Deer" is fined five. 
 
 Thus they go till some one finds the Deer. He 
 shouts "Deer!" and scores ten for finding it. The 
 others shout "Second," "Third," etc., in order of see- 
 ing it, but they do not score. 
 
 The fii.der must shoot at the Deer with his bow and 
 arrow from the very spot whence he saw it. If he 
 misses, the second hunter may step up five paces, 
 and have his shot. If he misses, the third one goes 
 five, and so on till some one hits the Deer, or until the 
 ten-yard limit is reached. If the finder is within 
 ten yards on sighting the Deer, and misses his shot, the 
 other hunters go back to the ten-yard limit. Once the 
 
The Bireh-Bark RoU 
 
 Deer is hit, aU the shooting must be from the exact 
 
 spot whence the successful shot was fired. 
 
 A shot in the big oval is a body wound; that scores pue. 
 A shot outside that is a scratch; that scores two. A shot 
 in the small oval or heart is a heart wound; it scores 
 ten, and ends the hunt. Arrows which do not stick do 
 not count, unless it can be proved that they passed 
 right through, in which case they take the highest 
 score that they pierced. • u v. ^ 
 
 If all the arrows are used and none m the nean, 
 the Deer escapes, and the boy who was Deer scores 
 
 twenty-jive. . r »u * 
 
 The one who found the dummy is Deer for the next 
 hunt. A clever Deer can add greatly to the excite- 
 ment of the game. , . r j 
 
 Originally we used paper for scent, but found it 
 bad It Uttered the woods, yesterdaN 's trail was con- 
 fused with tnat of to-day, etc. Corn proved better, 
 becaubo the birds and the squirrels kept it cleaned up 
 from day to day, and thus the ground was always 
 ready for a fresh start. But the best of all is the 
 hoof mark for the shoe. These iron hoof marks are 
 fast to a pair of shoes, and leave a trail much like a 
 real Deer. This has several advantages. It gives 
 the hunter a chance to tell where the trail doubled, 
 and which way the Deer was going. It is more realis- 
 tic, and a boy who can follow this skilfully can follow 
 a Uving Deer. In actual practice it is found well to 
 
 32 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 use a Lttlc com with this on the hard • hccs, a plan 
 quite consistent with realism, as every hunter will 
 recall. 
 
 THE BEAR HUNT 
 
 THE HUNTING 
 
 OR 
 
 OF 
 
 MISHI-MOKWA 
 
 This is played by half a dozen or more boys. Each 
 has a club about the size and shape of a base ball 
 club, but made of straw tied around two or three 
 switches and tightly sewn up in burlap. 
 
 One big fellow is selected for the Bear. He has a 
 
 school-bag tightly strapped on his back, and in that 
 a toy balloon fully blown up. This is his heart. On 
 his neck is a bear-claw necklace of wooden beads 
 and claws. (See cut.) 
 
 33 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 He has three dens about one hundred yards apart 
 in a triangle. While in his den the Bear is safe. If 
 the den is a tree or rock, he is safe while touching it. 
 He is obliged to come out when the chief hunter counts 
 loo, and must go the rounds of the three till the hunt 
 is settled. 
 
 The object of the hunters is to break the balloon 
 or heart, that is, kill the Bear. He must drop dead 
 when the heart bursts. The hunter who kills him 
 claims the necklace. 
 
 But the Bear also has a club for defence. Each 
 hunter must wcu.r a hat, and once the Bear knocks 
 a hunter's hat off, thai one is dead and out of this 
 hunt. He must drop where his hat falls. 
 
 Tackling of any kind is forbidden. 
 
 The Bear wins b/ killing or putting to flight all 
 the hunters. In this case he keeps the necklace. 
 
 The savageness of these big Bears is indescribable. 
 Many lives are lost in each hunt, and it has several 
 times happened that the whole party of hunters has 
 been exterminated by some monster of unusual ferocity. 
 
 This game has also been developed into a play. 
 
 SPEARING THE GREAT STURGEON 
 
 This water game is exceedingly popular and is 
 especially good for public exhibition, being spectacu- 
 lar and full of amusement and excitement. 
 
 34 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 The outfit needed is: — 
 
 (1) A Sturgeon roughly formed of soft wood; it 
 should be about seven feet long and nearly a foot 
 thick at the head. It may be made realistic, or a small 
 log pointed at both ends will serve. 
 
 (2) Two spears with six-inch steel heads and wooden 
 handles (about four feet long). The points should be 
 sharp, but not the barbs. Each head should have an 
 eye to which is attached twenty feet of one-quarter 
 inch rope. On each rope, six feet from the spear- 
 head, is a fathom-mark made by tying on a rag or 
 cord. 
 
 (3) Two boats with crews. Each crew consists 
 of a Spearman, who is captain, and one or two oars- 
 men or paddlcrs, of which the after one is the pilot. 
 All should be expert swimmerr or else wear life belts 
 during the game. 
 
 The Game. Each boat has a base or harbor; this 
 is a given part of shore opposite that of the enemy. 
 The Sturgeon is left by the Medicine-man's canoe at a 
 point midway between the bases. At the word " Go!" 
 each boat leaves its base and, making for the Sturgeon, 
 tries to spear it, then drag it by the line to his base. 
 When both get their spears into it the contest becomes 
 a tug of war until one of the spears pulls out. 
 
 The Sturgeon is landed when the prow of the boat 
 that has it in tow touches its proper base, even though 
 the spear of the enemy is then in the fish; or it is landed 
 
 35 
 
 ■^ ^/^/i// ///// //jHfM 
 Wjkt fir 6a<Uct 
 
The Bkch-Bark RoU 
 
 when the fish itself touches base. The boats change 
 
 basos after each heat. 
 
 Matches arc usually for one, three, or five Sturgeon. 
 Points are counted only for the landing of the fish, but 
 the Medicine man may giv'« the decision on a foul or a 
 succession of fouls, or the delin(iuent may be set back 
 one or more boat lengths. 
 
 Sometimes the game is played in canoes or boats, 
 with one man as Spearman and crew. 
 
 Rules. It is not allowed to push the Sturgeon mto a 
 new position with the spear or paddle before strikmg. 
 
 It is allowed to pull the Sturgeon under the boat or 
 pass it around by using the hne after spearing. 
 
 It is allowed to lay hands on the other boat to prevent 
 a collision, but otherwise it is forbidden to touch the 
 other boat t)r crew or paddle or spear or line, or to lay 
 hands on the fish, or to touch it with the paddle or oar, 
 or touch vour own spear while it is in the fish, or to tic 
 the line around the fish excel t so far as this may be 
 accidentally done in spearing. 
 
 It is allon'cd to dislodge the enemy's spear by throw- 
 ing your own over it. The purpose of the barbs is to 
 assist in this. 
 
 It /5 alloii'cd to run onto the Sturgeon witb the boat. 
 
 It is absolutely jorbidden to throw over (lie other boat 
 or over the heads 0} your crew. 
 
 In towing the Sturgeon the fathom-mark must be 
 over the gunwale — at least si.x feet of fine should be 
 
 36 
 
The Bifch-Bark Roll 
 
 out when the fish is in tow. It is not a foul to have 
 less, but the Spearman must at once let it out if the 
 umpire or the other crew cries " fathom 1" 
 
 The Spearman is allowed to drop the spear and use 
 the paddle or oar at will, but not to resign his spear to 
 another of the crew. The Spearman must be in his 
 boat when the spear is thrown. 
 
 If a boat is upset the Medicine-man's canoe helps 
 them to right. 
 
 Each crew must accept the backset of its acadents. 
 
 TILTING IN THE WATER 
 
 For this we usually have two boats or war canoes 
 manned by four men each. These are a Spearman, 
 who is also Captain, a Pilot, and two Oarsmen. 
 
 The Spearman is armed with a light pole or bamboo 
 twelve feet long, with a soft pad on the end. Some- 
 times this is further provided with a hook. This is a 
 forked branch with limbs a foot long; one is lashed to 
 the bamboo, the other projecting out a foot, and 
 slightly backward. The end of the spear and the fork 
 are now thoroughly padded with burlap to the shape 
 of a Duck's head and bill. And it is all the better if 
 cased in waterproof, as this keeps it from getting wet 
 and heavy. The object of the hook is to change 
 suddenly from pushing, and to pull the enemy by 
 hooking round his neck. Each boat should have a 
 
 37 
 
The Bhrch-Bark Roll 
 
 quarter-deck or raised platform at one end, on which 
 the Spearman stands. 
 
 The battle is fought in rounds and by points. 
 
 To put your opponent back into the canoe with one 
 foot counts you 5; two feet, 10. If he loses his spear 
 you count 5 (excepting when he is put overboard). 
 
 Hfac< of Jilting S/if^r, 
 
 If you put him down on one knee on the fighting deck, 
 you count 5 ; two knees, 10. If you put him overboard 
 It counts 25. One hundred points is a round. 
 
 A battle is for one or more rounds, as agreed on. 
 
 It is forbidden to hook or strike below the belt. 
 
 The umpire may dock for fouls. 
 
 CANOE TAG 
 
 Any number of canoes or boats may engage in this. 
 A rubber cushion, a hot-water bag fuU of air, any rubber 
 
 38 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 football, or a cotton bag with a lot of corks in it, is 
 needed. The game is to tag the other canoe by throw- 
 ing this in/0 it. 
 The rules are as in ordinary cross-tag. 
 
 SCOUTING 
 
 Scouts are sent out in pairs or singly. A number of 
 points are marked on the map at equal distances from 
 camp, and the scouts draw straws to sec who goes 
 where. If one place is obviously hard, the scout is 
 allowed a fair number of points as handicap. All set 
 out at same time, go direct, and return as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 Points arc thus allowed : — 
 
 Last back, zero for travelling. 
 
 The others count one for each minute they are ahead 
 of the last. 
 
 Points up to loo are allowed for their story on return. 
 
 Sometimes we allow lo points for each Turtle they 
 bring back; lo for each Owl seen and properly named; 
 5 for each Hawk, and i each for other wild birds; also 
 2 for a Cat; i for a Dog. 
 
 Nc information is given the scout; he is told to go 
 to sui I a point and do so and so, but is fined points if 
 he hesitates or asks how or why, etc. 
 
 39 
 
The Birch-Bark Roll 
 
 POLE STAR 
 
 Each competitor is given a long, straight stick, in 
 daytime, and told to lay it due north and south. In 
 doing this he may guide himself by sun, moss, or any- 
 thing he can find in nature, — anything, indeed, except 
 a compass. 
 
 The direction is checked by a good compass corrected 
 for the locality. The one who comes nearest wins. 
 
 It is optional with the judges whether the use of a 
 time-piece is to be allowed. 
 
 THE GAME OF QUICKSIGHT 
 
 Make two boards about a foot square, divide each 
 into twenty-tlve squares; ten nuts and ten pebbles. 
 Give to one player one ,fd, five nuts, and five peb- 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 ® 
 
 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 QvicK^i^/it G&me © Q O O 
 
 40 
 
The Bitch-Bark RoU 
 
 bles. He places these on the squares in any pattern he 
 fancies, and when ready the other player is allowed to 
 see it for five seconds. Then it is covered up, and from 
 
 the memory of what he saw the second player must 
 reproduce the pattern on his own board. He counts 
 one for each that was right, and takes off one for each 
 that was wrong. They lake turn and turn about. 
 
 This game is a wonderful developer of the power to 
 see and memorize quickly. 
 
 FAR-SIGHT, OR SPOT-THE-RABBIT 
 
 Take two six-inch squares of stiff white pasteboard 
 or whitened wood. On each of these draw an outUne 
 Rabbit, one an exact duplicate of the other. Make 
 twenty round black wafers or spots, each half an inch 
 across. Let one player stick a few of these on one 
 Rabbit-board and set it up in full light. The other, 
 beginning at one hundred yards, draws near till he can 
 see the spots well enough to reproduce the pattern on 
 the other which he carries. If he ran do it at seventy- 
 five yards he has wonderful eyes. Down even to seventy 
 he counts grand coup; from seventy to sixty counts 
 coup. Below ♦hat does not count at all. 
 
 RABBIT HUNT 
 
 The game of Rabbit-hunting is suited for two hunters 
 in limited grounds. 
 
 41 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 Three little sacks of brown burlap, each about 
 eight inches by twelve, are stuffed with hay. 
 
 At any given place in the woods the two hunti rs 
 stand in a ton-fool circle with their bows and arrows. 
 One boy is blind-folded; the other, without leaving the 
 drclc, throws the Rabbits into good hiding places on 
 the ground. Then the second hunter has to find the 
 Rabbits and shoot them without leaving the circle. 
 The lowest number of points wins, as in Golf. If 
 the hunter has to leave the circle he gets one point 
 for every step he takes outside. After he sees the 
 Rabbit he must keep to that spot and shoot till it is 
 hit once. One shot kills it, no matter where struck. 
 For every shot he misses he gets five points. 
 
 After his first shot at each Rabbit the hider takes 
 alternate shots with him. 
 
 If it is the hider who kills the Rabbit, the hunter 
 adds ten points to his score. If the hunter hits it, 
 he takes ten ofT his score. 
 
 If the hunter fails to find all the Rabbits he scores 
 twenty-five for each one he gives up. 
 
 The hider cannot score at all. He can only help 
 his friend into trouble. Next time the two change 
 places. 
 
 A match is usually for two brace of Rabbits. 
 
 42 
 
The Krch-BMk RoU 
 
 HOSTILE SPY 
 
 Hanging from the Totem- pole is a red or yellow 
 horsetail. This is the (irancl Medicine Scalp of the 
 Tribe. The Hostile Spy has to steal it. The Medi- 
 cinc-man goes around on the morning of the day and 
 whispers to various braves, "Look out — there's a 
 spy in camp." At length he gets secretly near the 
 one he has selected for Spy and whispers, "Look 
 out, there's a spy in camp, and you are it.'' He gives 
 him at the same time some brigh« -colored badge, that 
 lie must wear as soon as he has ai iired inc Medicine 
 Scalp. He must not hide the scalp on liis person, but 
 keep it in view. He has all day till sunset to get 
 away with it. If he gets across the river or other 
 limit, with warriors in close pursuit, they give him ten 
 arrowheads (two and one half cents each), or other 
 ransom agreed on. If he gets away safely and hides 
 it, he can come back and claim fifteen arrow-heads 
 from the Council as ransom for the scalp. If he is 
 caught he pays his captor ten arrow-heads ransom 
 for his life. 
 
 THE MAN HUNT 
 
 This is played with a Scout and ten or more Hostiles, 
 or hounds, according to the country, more when it is 
 rough or wooded. 
 
 The Scout is given a letter addressed to the "Mili- 
 
 43 
 
The Bifch-Baf fc Roll 
 
 tary Commandant"* of any given place a mile or two 
 away. He is told to take the letter to any one of three 
 given houses, and get it endorsed, with the hour when 
 he arrived, then return to the starting point within a 
 certain 4ime. 
 
 The Hostiles are sent to a point half way, and let go 
 
 by a starter at the same lime as the Scout leaves the 
 Camp. They are to intercept him. 
 
 If they catch him before he delivers the letter he 
 must ransom his life by paying each two arrow-heads 
 (or other forfeit) and his captor keeps the letter as a 
 trophy If he gets through, but is caught on the road 
 back, he pays half as much for his life. If he gets 
 through, but is over time, it is a draw. If he gets 
 through successfully on time he claims three arrow- 
 heads from each Hostae and keeps the letter as a 
 trophy. 
 
 They may not follow him into the house (that is, 
 the Fort), but may surround it at one hundred yaids 
 distance, or nearer if they do not show themselves. 
 They do not know which three houses he is free to 
 enter, but they do know that these are within certain 
 narrow limits. 
 
 The Scout should wear a conspicuous badge (hat, 
 shirt, coat, or feather,) and may ride a wheel or go in 
 a wagon etc., as long as his badge is clearly visible. 
 
 •The "Military Commandant" is usuafly the lady of the house 
 
 44 
 
The Birch-Bark ^< 
 
 To "tag" the Scout is not to capture. "The block- 
 ade to be binding must be effectual." 
 
 A LIST OF EXPLOITS OR COUPS THAT EN- 
 TITLE THE BRAVE TO A DECORATION 
 
 These exploits are intended to distinguish those 
 braves who are first class in their department and 
 those who are so good that they may be considered in 
 the record-making class. They may be called Honors 
 and High Honors, but the Plains Indians speak of 
 their exploits as Coup (pronounced coo) and Grand 
 Coup. The Sioux, I am informed, use the French 
 word coup, but call them "Jus-tee-na coo" and " Tonka 
 coo," the "Little Deed," and the "Big Deed." 
 
 The decoration for a Coup or Honor is a Pond-eagle 
 feather for the war-bonnet, or a wampum medal for 
 the coat, or both. 
 
 For the High Honor or Grand Coup the Pond- 
 eagle feather has a red tuft of horsehair on the top, and 
 the wampum medal is of double size with a circle 
 around the symbol. 
 
 No one can count both Coup and Grand Coup, or 
 repeat their honor in the same department, except for 
 Heroism, Mountain-climbing, and others that are 
 specified as " repeaters," in which each honor is added 
 to that previously worn. 
 
 No honors are conferred unless the exploit has been 
 
 45 
 
The Birch-Bark RoH 
 
 properly witnessed or proven, as though for the Cen- 
 tury Bar of the L. A. W. Honors are allowed accord- 
 ing to the standard of the year in which the application 
 
 was made. , , , <. 
 
 An honor once won can never be lost for subsequent 
 
 failure to reach the standard. 
 Except when otherwise stated the exploits arc ineant 
 
 for all ages. , , u 
 
 Any brave making Coup according to the class above 
 hun may count it a Grand Coup in his own class, 
 unless otherwise provided. 
 
 SACHEMS AND SAGAMORES 
 
 Those with 12 Coups are Sub-Sachems. 
 Those who have won 24 Coups, that is, who have 
 completed the circle of feathe- in their headdress, 
 
 are Sachems. , o , 
 
 Those with 24 Grand Coups are Grand Sachems. 
 
 Those with 48 Coups, that is, who have completed 
 both circle and tail of the headdress, are Sagamores. 
 
 Those with 48 Grand Coups are Grand Sagamores. 
 
 All of these except the Sub-Sachems are entitled to 
 sit in the Council without election. 
 
 They are Red, White, or Blue Sagamores or Sachems, 
 according to the class in which they have won most 
 honors, and they rank in the order here given. 
 
 46 
 
The Birch-Batk RoU 
 
 CLASS I. RED HONORS 
 HEROISM 
 
 1. Honors are allowed for saving a human life at risk 
 of one's own; it is a coup m grand coup, at the dis- 
 cretion of the Council. 
 
 2. A soldier's war medals count for a grand coup 
 
 each. 
 
 3. Courage. The measure of courage has not yet 
 been discovered. 
 
 CLASS IL WHITE HONORS 
 CAMPERCRAFT 
 
 4. Come to camp through strange woods from a 
 point one mile ofiF and return in 30 minutes, for coup; 
 in 20 for grand coup. 
 
 5. Light 15 camp fires in succession with 15 matches, 
 all at different places, all with stuff found in the woods 
 by the boy himself, one at least to be on a wet day, for 
 coup; if all 15 are done on wet days, or if he does 30, 
 of which two are on wet days, it counts grand coup. 
 
 6. Light a fire with fire drill or rubbing sticks, with 
 material of one's own gathering, counts a coup; to do 
 it in one minute counts a grand coup. 
 
 7. To chop down three 6-inch trees in succession 
 in 60 seconds each, throwing them to drive each a 
 given stake, coup; in 45 seconds each, grand coup. 
 
 47 
 
The Birch^k RoU 
 
 8. Know and name 15 star groups, for coup; know 
 20 star groups and tell the names and something about 
 at least one star in each, for grand coup. 
 
 9. Take the latitude from the stars at night with a 
 cartwheel, or some home-made instrument, three times 
 from different points, within two degrees of average 
 error, for coup; one degree for grand coup. 
 
 10. To measure the height of 10 trees without climb- 
 ing, or 10 distances across a river, etc., without cross- 
 ing, within 10 per cent of average error, for coup; 
 5 per cent for grand coup. Tools, an axe and a 
 pocket rule only. 
 
 11. To guess one inch, one foot, one yard, one rod, 
 one acre, loo yards, 200 yards, one-quarter mile, one- 
 half mile, and a mile, within 20 per cent of average 
 error, for coup; 10 per cent for grand coup. 
 
 12. To guess the height of 10 trees or other high 
 things, and the weight of 10 stones or other things rang- 
 ing from one ounce to 100 pounds, within 10 per cent 
 of average error, for coup; 5 per coit for grand coup. 
 
 13. Camper. A coup for passing 30 successive days 
 out of doors, never once sleeping under shingles, but 
 in tent, teepee, or bivouac, every night. A grand 
 coup for 60 days of the same. 
 
 14. Lone tramper. A coup for travelling alone on 
 foot, 100 miles, carrying one's outfit, sleeping out every 
 night; a grand coup for 200 miles. 
 
 15. Gang-tramper. A coup for travelling 150 miles 
 
 48 
 
The BiKh-Bark Roll 
 
 on foot with a party, carrying one's own outfit, aleq>ing 
 out every night; a grand coup for 250 miles. 
 
 16. Traveller. A grand coup for having passed the 
 Royal Geographical Society's examination of "expert 
 
 traveller." 
 
 17. Arctic traveller. A coup for entering the Arctic 
 circle by sea; a grand coup by land. 
 
 18. Tropic traveller, A coup for crossing the equator 
 by sea or rail; a grand coup on foot. 
 
 19. Red Cross. A giand coup for having passed 
 the Red Cross examination of first aid to the wounded. 
 
 20. Boat-builder. Build a boat that will carry two 
 men and that can be paddled, rowed or sailed by them 
 6 miles an hour, coup; 7 miles an hour, grand coup. 
 
 21. To have made a birch canoe that has travelled, 
 with at least one man aboard, 100 miles or more in 
 safety, grand coup. 
 
 22. Expert canoeman. A coup is allowed to those 
 who can paddle (single) a canoe on dead water, make 
 their canoe coup (see No. 68), opill the canoe and get 
 into her again, and bale her alone; a grand coup when 
 they make their canoe coup, spill, right, and bale the 
 canoe alone, three times in succession, and have run 
 a rapid that falls six feet in 200 yards. 
 
 23. In sign-talking, to know and use correctly 50 
 signs, for coup; 100 signs, grand coup. 
 
 24. Knots. To make 20 different standard knots 
 in a rope, for coup; 30 for grand coup. 
 
 49 
 
The Birch.Bark Rob 
 
 25. Tread a sawlog 100 yards in any time, without 
 going overboard, for coup; do it 100 yards and back 
 u 30 minutes for grand coup. 
 
 FISHING 
 
 (Outdoors) 
 
 By Dr. Henry Van Dyke, author oj LitUe Rivers, 
 Fisherman's Luck, Etc. 
 
 BOYS AKE THOSE UNDEl 14; LADS, 14 TO 18; MEN, 
 
 OVEK 18. 
 
 26. Boys: Tomake a 6-foot leader of clean gut, with 
 smooth knots, to stand a strain of 5 lbs., coup. To 
 tie 6 diflFerent flies, of regular patterns, on number 8-12 
 hooks, and take trout with each of them, by daylight 
 casting, m clear water, grand coup. Lads: Tomake 
 a bait rod of 3 joints, straight and sound, 14 oz. or 
 less m weight, 10 feet or less in length, to stand a 
 stram of ij lbs. at the tip, 13 lbs. at the grip, coup. 
 To make a jointed fiy-rod 8-10 feet long, 4-6 02s. in 
 weight, capable of casting a fly 60 feet, grand coup. 
 ^ 27. Boys and Lads: To take with the fly, unas- 
 sisted, a 3-lb. trout or black bass, on a rod not more 
 than 5 oz. in weight, coup. To take a 5-lb. trout or 
 black bass or a 4-lb. landlocked salmon under the 
 same conditions, grand coup. 
 
 28. Boys and Lads: To take on a rod, without 
 
 50 
 
The Bifch-Batk Rott 
 
 assistance in hooking, playing, or landing, a trout, 
 black bass, pike, muscallonge, grayling, salmon, blue- 
 fish, weakfish, striped bass, kingfish, sheepshead, or 
 other game fish, whose weight in pounds equak or ex- 
 ceeds that of the rod in ounces, coup. To take, under 
 the same conditions, a game fish over 20 lbs., grand 
 coup. 
 
 Men: To hook and land with the fly, unassisted, 
 without net or gaff, a trout or landlocked salmon over 
 4 lbs. or a salmon over 12 lbs., coup. To take, under 
 the same conditions, a salmon over 25 lbs., grand coup. 
 
 29. Indoor Fly-Casting. Boys: To cast a fly with 
 a rod of 5 oz. less, not over 10 feet bng, 40 feet, 
 coup; 55 feet, grand coup. Lads: 65 feet, coup; 
 80 feet, grand coup. Men: 80 feet, coup; 95 feet, 
 grand coup. 
 
 BAIT-CASTING 
 Revised by Mr. L. S. Darting, of New York. 
 
 30. With 1-oz. dummy frog, 5-foot rod, indoors, 
 overhead casting, tournament style: — 
 
 Boy class, 60 feet for coup ; 70 feet for grand coup 
 Lad " 80 " " " 90 " " " " 
 Man " 100 « " " 120 " " " " 
 If out of doors, add xo per cmt to each of the disr- 
 tances. 
 
 RIDING, ETC., TO THE END OF ATHLETICS 
 ARE RED HONORS 
 
 31. To ride a horse one mile in three minutes, 
 clearing a 4-foot hurdle and an 8-foot water-jiunp, 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 counts coup; to do it in two minutes, clearing a 5-foot 
 hurdle and a 12-foot water-jump, grand coup. 
 
 33. Trick-riding. To pick up oat*» hat nom the 
 ground while at full gallop on a horse ol not less than 
 13 hands coimts coup. 
 
 To do it three times without failure, from each side, 
 with horse of at least 15 hands, counts grand coup. 
 
 33. To catch 10 horses or cattle in corral, with 
 10 throws of the lasso, counts coup; to catch 10 on 
 the range in 10 throws counts a grand coup. 
 
 33a. To catch a horse or beef by each of his four 
 feet in four successive throws, grand coup. 
 
 34. Diamond hitch. Pack a horse with not less than 
 100 pounds of stuff, with diamond hitch, to hold during 
 eight hours of travel, coup. Ten days in succession, a 
 grand coup. 
 
 SHOOTING 
 
 (Open to men only) 
 
 35. Revolver-Shot. Target 4 x 4 feet. Bull's-eye 8 
 inches (counts 4 points). Inner ring 2 feet (3 points). 
 Outer, the rest of target (a pomts). 
 
 Distance, 30 yards. 
 96 shots divided in any number up to six days, one 
 hand, standing: — 
 
 250 pomts count coup; 300, grand coup. 
 3Sa. Half with left hand only; half with right only: 
 
 — 230 points, coup; 260, grand coup. 
 
 5a 
 
The Bifch-Bark Rott 
 
 36. Rifleman * To be a marksman according to 
 militia standaids, a coup; to be sharpshooter, a grand 
 coup. 
 
 ARCHERY 
 
 Revised by Mr. WiU H. Thompson, of SeaUk, Wash. 
 
 37. Make a total score of 300 with 60 shots (in one 
 or^wo meets), 4-foot target at 40 yards (or 3-foot 
 target at 30 yards), for coup; make 400 for grand coup. 
 
 38. Shoot so fast and far as to have 6 anows m the 
 air at once, for coup; 7, for grand coup. (Accordhig 
 to Catlin the record is 8.) 
 
 39. For boys (10 to 14), to send an arrow 100 yards, 
 
 coup; 135, g«nd ^° 
 
 an arrow ^25 yards, coup; 150, grand coup. For men 
 
 (over 18), to send an arrow 200 yards, coup; 250, 
 
 grand coup. . . . _^ r * 
 
 40. To hit the Burlap Deer m the heart, first 
 
 shot: — , J 
 
 For boys at 45 yards, coup; 55 yards, grand coup 
 
 " lads " 60 « " 70 " 
 
 « men" 75 " " ^5 " " 
 (The heart is 9 inches across.) 
 
 * Everything that can be said in favor of fireams for use "» gen"?^ 
 sport appUes to the rifle only (and its understudy the revolver). The 
 Satter^ has no official existence for us. It is ruinaUpn toAe 
 marksiS^s power and should be aboUshed. A nfle range »»d^ 
 able adjunct of all grown-iq»cMiq». Honon •» awmided waxwdtt^ 
 to the anny studarda. 
 
 53 
 
The Birch-BMk Roll 
 
 41. MOUNTAIN-CLIMBING (AU afoot) 
 
 (Not open to boys, ijt., those under 14) 
 
 The exploits in this class arc repeaters. 
 
 Fo« Lads (Under 18). 
 COUP: — 
 
 In Great Britain: Ben Macdhuic; 
 Ben Nevis; Ben Lomond; Ben 
 Cruachan; Snowdon; Hcl- 
 vellyn. 
 
 In Europe: Vesuvius. 
 
 In North America: Mt. Wash- 
 ington; Electric Peak, Wyo. 
 
 GRAND COUP:— 
 
 In Europe: Mt. Blanc; Breit- 
 
 horn: Etna. 
 In North America: Pike'aPtoak; 
 
 Shasta; Adams. 
 In Asia: Fujiyama; Tabor. 
 This expltut is a repeater. 
 
 For All Over 18. 
 COUP: — 
 
 In Europe: Mt Blanc; Monte 
 Rosa; Breithom; Monte Viao; 
 
 Etna. 
 
 In North America: St. Helen's; 
 
 Adams; ShaaU; Hood;Rai^. 
 In Africa: Teneiiffr. 
 
 GRAND COUP: — 
 In Europe: Matterhom; Wet- 
 terhom; Aig. Verte; M%. du 
 Dru; Aig. du Geant; Point des 
 Ecrins; Ortler-Spitze. 
 In South America: Chimboiazo; 
 
 Cotopaxi; Illimani; Aconcagua. 
 In Asia: Everest*; KinAiw - 
 
 jun^*; Ararat. 
 In Africa: Kilimandjaro. 
 This exploit is a repeater. 
 
 Other mountains will be added later. 
 
 EYESIGHT 
 
 42. To spot the Rabbit three times at 60 yards, or 
 to distinguish and map out correctly six Pleiades and 
 see clearly the "Pappoose (Alcor) on the Squaw's 
 CMizar) back," counts a coup; to spot the Rabbit 
 three times at 70 yards and see seven Pleiades and 
 
 • Means "not yet climbed." The firet one to climb a standard 
 peak gets double honors; one for climb, one for first dimb. 
 
 54 
 
The Kfch-BMk Rott 
 
 the Pappoosc counts a far-sight grand coup. (Those 
 who habitually wear glasses may use them in this test.) 
 Sec Far-sight among the games, p. 41. 
 
 43. To make a 75 score in ten tries in the game 
 of Quicksight, with ten counters, counts coup; a 95 
 score counts a grand coup. (See Quicksight among the 
 games, p. 40.) 
 
 ATHLFHCS 
 
 NMvVorkPMc 
 
 roi TBMC OMon 14.* 
 
 44. Coup: Walk 3J 
 measured miles in i hr. 
 (heel and toe). 
 
 Grand Coup: 4 miles 
 
 45. Coup: Walk i 
 mile in 4 m. 
 
 Gimnd Coup: | mile 
 
 lOa THOSX OVEB I4 
 1*. 
 
 Coup: 4} nfin in 
 1 hr. 
 
 Grand Coop: sm 
 
 Coup: I mik in 3 
 m. 
 
 Grand Coup: 
 mile in a} m. 
 
 46. Coup 
 mile in 13 m. 
 Grand Coup 
 
 Walk 
 
 mile 
 
 m II m. 
 
 Coup: 1 
 10 m. 
 
 Grand Coup: 
 mile in 9} m. 
 
 KW TBOBX ovn 18. 
 
 Coup: si miles. 
 Gimnd Coup : 6} miles. 
 (Rec. 7 inilet, 1318 
 yd8.)*» 
 
 Coiq>: I mik, i m. 
 50 «. 
 
 Gnad Coup: i m. 
 40 s. 
 (Rec. X m. 93 s.) 
 
 in Coup: i mile in 8) m. 
 Grand Coup: i mile, 
 7 m. 45 s. 
 (Rec. 6 m. agj s.) 
 
 • B a itaiKlard is doired for thoae under ten. it may be madt by taking the 
 roup at the i4-rear-oldi ai the unit tad mbtractiiig 7) and 15 per cent respectively 
 for grand coup and coup when it b dijtaaca, or Mldiag to it 7« wd 15 per ont 
 when it is time. 
 
 **Reea(ds acoocdiag to Spridtag*! Almanac. 
 
 55 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 ATHLETICS (ConHmm$i) 
 
 KM raOSB VNDM 14.' 
 
 47- Coup: Run loo 
 yds. in 14 t. 
 
 Onnd Com: 100 yd 
 in 13 ■. 
 
 FO» Til 1 ■¥ .J\ Eti , 
 4W» UNDO iS. 
 
 toe fdt in 
 
 4S> Not open. 
 
 49* Notopaa. 
 
 So> Notofwa. 
 
 SI. Coup: Standing 
 iMgh jump without 
 weights. 3 ft. 
 
 GiWKi Coup: 3 II. 
 4 in. 
 
 Coup. o Is iir Coup 
 
 Gram! ' ^ ,,: Grami col»: 100 vdfc 
 
 yd*«n ills. {in loif «. ^ 
 (Rec. 9j ,.) 
 
 Coup: Run laol Com: aao vdi. fai 
 yds. in 88 1. Us. " 
 Grind Coup: ab s. Grand Cup: in ■ 
 
 Coup Run I mile „, 
 IS". 
 
 Gnnd Coup; in 4 m. 
 45 »• 
 (Rec. 4 m. i5f 8.) 
 
 Coup: Rwi 10 miles 
 in 80 m. 
 
 (.rand'^oyp in 70m. 
 (Rec. sam. 
 
 Co\xp: 4 ft. a in. 
 Gnnd Coup: 4 ft. 6 
 
 Not open. 
 
 Notopoi. 
 
 Coup: 3 ft. 4 In. 
 Grand Co^>: 3 ft 
 9 in. 
 
 (Rec. 5 ft. 5 J in.) 
 
 •Urn 
 
 Oftht I, 
 
 kiti 
 
 56 
 
The Kt^h-Buk RQ«i 
 
 ATHLETICS (C. 
 
 R TB<vsi; OVm 14 
 • ,u N»B* it. 
 
 TH 'SE (.» , « iS. 
 
 S3. Coil, 
 
 high jump with ut 
 weights, 3 ft. 6 In. 
 
 Trand Coup: 4 a. 
 
 Rui -lingi. li .1 
 
 Grai •> C> 4 £1. 
 6 in. 
 
 S3. Coup: SundiagiCoup: 7 ft. 
 Iwoad jump wltboiit|Onnd C<Atp; 8 ft 
 weights, 6 ft. . ^ j 
 
 Onnd Coup: 61 ft. 
 
 54. Coup: Runnin(( 
 broad jump without 
 wetKhU, 13 ft. 
 
 ( -^and r p: i ?t. 
 
 55. Coup: Hop, 
 and imp, wltb 
 w^^ornm, 16 ft 
 
 GnadCoiq>: 19 ft 
 
 j6. Not OfMB. 
 
 p: 15' 
 Old C 
 
 'A. 
 
 • Coup. aft. 
 GriindCwp: —ft 
 
 "oup: H 
 throw (la 1 
 it. handle. 
 
 T-f* cirr. 
 h. .60, 
 
 f>1m. 
 
 Cou 
 
 ! f- 
 
 n a. 
 
 .tii Coup. 30 ft> 
 S4 ft. 7| in.) 
 
 :oup 23 ft. 
 
 Grand Coup: jo II. 
 Rec. 30 ft. 3 »«•) 
 
 6 ifa» ) '^5 ft. 
 Coup (16 
 
 ^ou; 
 Gimi 
 Iba.) 75 
 (Kec. oe ft. s ui-> 
 
 •If -(k 
 
 hr 4-> u " thi- 
 
 iiiii oup u a«M* 
 IS time. 
 
 a tb Oder tai. it may be na<ie by taking the coup 
 ■t aau ,.i*r*c*«| 7* Mi* far 
 
The Biceh-Bark RoO 
 
 ATHLETICS (Contimied) 
 
 FOB THOSE UNDEB 14.* 
 
 FOB THOSE OVEB I4 
 AND UNDEB 18. 
 
 57. Coup: Shot put 
 from a 7-ft. circle (13 
 lbs.), 18 ft. ^ 
 
 Gnnd Coup: ao ft 
 
 58. Throw regulation 
 baseball, 60 yds. 
 
 Gimnd Coup: 70 yda, 
 
 59- Coup: Batting 
 baaeball, 55 yds. 
 
 Grand Coup: 65 yds. 
 
 Coup: as ft. 
 Grand Coup: aSft, 
 
 FOB TUOSE OVEB l8. 
 
 Coup: 75 yds. 
 Orand Coup: 
 yds. 
 
 Coup: 70 yds. 
 Grand Coup: 
 yds. 
 
 95 
 
 95 
 
 »*!l!Pi. T^irowjngCoup: no yds. 
 * Lacrosse. Grand Coup: 130 
 
 the 
 
 90yds. 
 Grand Coup: 100 yds. 
 
 61. Coup: To kick 
 (drop) a goal in football, 
 30 y<ls. 
 
 Grand Coup: 35 yds 
 
 62. May try if they 
 like 
 
 yds. 
 
 Coup: 40 yds. 
 Grand Coup: 
 yds. 
 
 45 
 
 May try if they 
 oke. 
 
 Coup: (16 lbs.) 36 ft. 
 Grand Coup: (16 
 lbs.) 40 ft. ^ 
 (Rec. 47 ft.) 
 
 Coup: 100 yds. 
 Grand Coup: no yds. 
 (Rec. 197 J^s- 2i in.) 
 
 Coup: 95 yds. 
 Grand Coup: 105 yds. 
 ^Rec. 118 yds. 10 in.) 
 
 Coup: 130 yds. 
 Grand Coup: 150yds. 
 (Rec. i6s jndi. a ft, 7J 
 in.) 
 
 Coup: 50 yds. 
 Grand Coup: 55 yds. 
 (Rec. 63 yds. n in.) 
 
 Grand Coup: Put two 
 Rugby footbaUs in mid- 
 dle of Rugbjr fidd and 
 kick a riipit and left 
 goal. 
 
 Mf a standard is d«irtd for tho« uiid« ten. k may be made b, I.U|« the coud 
 of the 14-year-olda M the unil «>d subtnctiBa 7« rnnd i< ner »^ i^*^ 
 
 r«d«.p «d coup .to. u I. di-JTS-CJ L'ZT^s^^' 
 
 58 
 
The Bbch-Bttk Rofl 
 
 ATHLETICS (Continrnd) 
 
 worn THOSE DNDEB I4-* 
 
 rOK TBOSE OVXB I4 
 AND UNDEB 18. 
 
 63. Coup: To climb 
 the 18-ft. rope, hands 
 only used, 13 s. 
 
 Grend Coup: 11 1. 
 
 64. Coup: To diin 
 the bar 4 times. 
 
 Grand Coup: 6 toes. 
 
 6S- 
 like. 
 
 May try if they 
 
 Coup: 9 s. 
 Grand Coup: 
 
 Coup: 6 times. 
 Grand Coup: 
 times. 
 
 10 
 
 Coup: TocMnthe 
 bar with one hand 
 once. 
 Grand Coup: With 
 each hand in suc- 
 cession. 
 
 66. Coup: Skate 100 
 yds. in 15 s. 
 
 Grand Coup: 13 s 
 
 67. Coup: Row 
 (single sculls) i mile in 
 II m. 
 
 Grand Coup: 10 m 
 
 68. Coup: Paddle 
 (single) I mile in 13 m 
 
 Grand Coup: 12 m. 
 
 Coup: 13 s. 
 Grand Coi^>: 12 s. 
 
 Coup: 9 m. 
 Grand Coup: 8 m 
 
 Coup: 19 m. 
 Grand Coup: XI m 
 
 roa Twwa ovu 18. 
 
 Coup: 6 s. 
 
 Grand Coup: $ •• 
 (Rec. 3i s.) 
 
 Coup: 10 tunes. 
 Grand Coup: 15 
 times. 
 (Rec. 39 times.) 
 
 Coup: To chin the 
 bt- with each hand. 
 
 • iiTind Coup: With 
 each hand twice. 
 (Rec. 13 times.) 
 
 Coup: iii 8. 
 Grand Coup: lof s. 
 (Rec. with wind, 9 s.) 
 
 Coup: 7 m. 25 s. 
 Grand Coup: 6 m. 
 SOS. 
 
 Coup: 10 m. 
 Grand Coup: 9 m. 
 
 • II a ttandard is desired lor those under ten, it may be made by taking the coup 
 ol the 14-year-olds as the unit and subtracting 7* «nd «5 pw respectively lor 
 gnud caap tad coup when it to dirtance, or adding to it u>d '5 
 bbdow. 
 
 59 
 
The Bifch-Bark Rolf 
 
 ATHLETICS (CMMMwi) 
 
 ton THOSE UNDER 1 4.* 
 
 69. Coup: Swim loo 
 yds. in any time at all. 
 
 Grand C<Hq>: aoo yds. 
 in 4 m. 
 
 70. Notq|)eB. 
 
 71. Not open. 
 
 FOR THOSE OVER 14 
 Ata> CMOM 18. 
 
 79. Notf^ea. 
 
 Coup: Swim loo 
 vds. in any time at 
 kll. 
 
 Grand Coup: 300 
 yds. in 3 m. 45 a. 
 
 Coup: Swim i mile 
 in 50 m. 
 Gnmd Coop: in 45 
 m. 
 
 Coup (Medley 
 Race) : Go 400 
 yds.; running 100, 
 rowing 100, walk- 
 ing 100, and swim' 
 nung 100 (in any 
 order) in 6 m. 
 Grud Coup: 5 m 
 
 Coup: On Ucyck 
 I mUe 3 m. 30 1. 
 Gnad Coiq>: 3 m 
 
 Coup: Swim 100 yds. 
 in any time at all. 
 
 Grand Coup: 300 yds. 
 in 3 m. (Rec. 3 m. 30 s.) 
 
 Coup: 45 m. 
 
 Grand Coup: 35 m. 
 
 (Rec. 94 m. 46f s.) 
 
 n» THOSB ovn 18. 
 
 Coup: 4} m. 
 Grand Coup: 4 m. 
 
 Coiq>: X mile 9 m. 
 50*. 
 
 Giaad Coup: t m. 
 
 90S. 
 
 • If aiuiidudUdcdmlte&gnttwl«lM,knay teaadibirtrtiagteMMp 
 o( the M-ycu-olds u tlw aait aad Mbtncliaf ?! aad ts p« cM iwpidMr iar 
 gnnd coup and coup mhm it it dirtaM*, or aMlM ts it tI «M «Imb 
 
 60 
 
The Bitch-Bark RoU 
 
 ATHLETICS {Conavded) 
 
 The foUcwing honors are open to those only who are n 
 years tti or over : 
 
 73. Coup: Walk xo miles in i hr. 45 m. Grand Cotq>: 
 I hr. 30 m. (Rec z hr. 17 m. 4of s.) 
 
 74. Coup: Walk 100 miles in 30 his. (Srand Coup: in 
 3$ his. (Rec ai his. 4a s.) 
 
 75. Coup: Swim 5 mQes in 4 hmm. Grand Coup: in 
 3 J hours. (Rec. 3 hrs. 58 m. ^ s.) 
 
 76. Coup: Swim 10 miles in any time. 
 
 77. Grand Coup: Swim 15 miles in any time. 
 
 78. Coup: Bicycle, zoo miles in one day aoowding to 
 L. A. W. rules. 
 
 GtandCoiq>: aoo miles. 
 
 [thSMMp 
 
The Bfach-Buk Roll 
 
 Until further notice the National Council will allow 
 honors on all properly recognized outdoor exploitT 
 not herein hsted, on the foUowing general basia- Con 
 testants over eighteen must make^^o per^'oH?; 
 amateur record distance for coup, and 95 Ser cent 
 for grand coup; or if it is a time exploit, not eTceeTg 
 thejcord by 10 per cent, for coup; 5 per cent fo? 
 pnd coup. Contestants under eighteen and over 
 fourteen must make 85 and 90 per cent, or not exceed 
 time by more than 15 and 10 per cent. Those under 
 
 S.'i n^f """i, "S^^^ ^5 per cent of distance 
 and not exceed time by more than 20 and 15 per cent. 
 The records are as given in Spalding's Official Athletic 
 Ahnanac (lo cents of aU bookseUere). 
 
 CLASS III. BLUE HONORS 
 NATURE STUDY-VERTEBRATES 
 
 Revised by Mr Frank M. Chapman, of the Ameri- 
 can Museum of Natural HiskJyTNew York City 
 79- Know and name correctly 25 native wild 
 
 quadrupeds, for coup; know and name correcUy co. 
 
 ai^ ten something about each, for grand coup. 
 80. Know and draw unmistakable pictures of 
 
 25 tracks of our four-foot animals, for coup: of co for 
 
 grand coup. *^ 
 
 8x. Know and name correctly 100 of our native 
 
 69 
 
The Birch-Bairk RoU 
 
 birds as seen mounted in a museum, the female and 
 young to count separately when they are wholly dif- 
 ferent from the male. This counts coup; aoo birds 
 for grand coup. 
 
 82. Know and name correctly 50 wild birds in 
 the field; this counts coup; 100, grand coup. 
 
 83. Recognize 50 wild lards by note, for coup; 
 100 for grand coup. 
 
 84. Klnow and name 10 turtles for coup, 20 for 
 grand coup, with something interesting about each. 
 
 85. Know and name 10 different snakes, telling which 
 are poisonous, for coup; 20 snakes for grand coup. 
 
 86. Know and name correctly 10 Batrachians for 
 coup; 20 for grand coup. 
 
 87. Know and name 25 fish, for coup; 50 6ah for 
 grand coup. 
 
 NATURE STUDY— LOWER FORMS OF LIFE 
 Revised by Mr. John Burroughs. 
 
 88. Know and name 25 native land and fresh 
 water shells, for coup; 50 for grand coup. 
 
 89. Know and name 25 moths, for coup; 50 fat 
 grand coup. 
 
 90. Know and name 25 butterflies, for coup; 50 
 butterflies for grand coup. 
 
 91. Know and name 50 other insects, for coup; 
 zoo for grand coup. 
 
 63 
 
The Bifch-B«k RoO 
 
 92. Know and name correctly, i.e., with the ac- 
 cepted English names, according to any standard 
 authority, 35 trees, and tell something interesting about 
 them, counts coup; 50 for grand coup. 
 
 93. Know and name correctly 50 of our wild 
 flowers, for coup; 100 for grand coup. 
 
 94. Know and name correctly 25 of our wild ferns, 
 for coup; 50 for gnind coup. 
 
 95. Know and name correctly 25 of our native 
 mosses, for coup; 50 for grand coup. 
 
 96. Know and name 50 common toadstools or 
 muduooms, for coup; 100 for grand coup. 
 
 GEOLOGY, ETC. 
 
 Revised by Prof. Charles D. WalcoU, Chief U. S. 
 Geological Survey 
 
 97. Paleontology. Know and name, referring to 
 their proper strata, 50 native fosdls, for coup; 100 for 
 
 grand coup. 
 
 98. Mineralogy. Know and name 50 minerab, 
 for coup; 100 for grand coup. 
 
 99. Geology. Know and name and describe the 
 14 great divisions of the earth's crust, according to 
 Geikie, also d^nt watershed, ddta, drift, fault, gkider, 
 terrace, stratum, dip, and identify 10 different kinds 
 of rock, for coup. In addition to the first, define sedi- 
 ment, metamorphic, anticlinal, syndinal, moraine, coal, 
 
 64 
 
The Birch-Bark RoU 
 
 metal, mineral, petroleum, and identify in all 90 
 kinds of rock, for grand coup. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHY 
 
 Reinsed by Mr. A. Redely f}e Dugmore, of "ComUiy 
 Lije," New York. 
 
 100. Make a good recognizable photograph of any 
 wild bird larger than a robin, while on its nest, the 
 bird itself to be at least one inch long on plate, for 
 
 coup. 
 
 101. Make a good photograph of a Ruffed Grouse 
 drumming, the bird to be at least one inch kmg on 
 plate, for grand coup. 
 
 102. Make a good recognizable photograph of a wild 
 animal in the air, for coup, or grand coup, according 
 to merit, the image to be at least one inch on 
 the plate. 
 
 103. Ditto for a fish. 
 
 104. Get a good photograph of any lai]ge wild animal 
 in its native surroundings, and not looking at you, the 
 animal to be at least one inch long <m the pkte, for 
 coup, or grand coup, according to merit. 
 
 (As these are tests of Woodcraft, menagerie animab 
 do not count.) 
 
 This list is made by the National Council. The 
 exploits are founded on world-wide standards, and 
 
 65 
 
The Birch^k RoQ 
 
 with the help of the best experts. The Council will 
 gladly consider any suggestion, but it must be under- 
 stood that no local tribe has any power to add to or 
 vary the exploits in any way whatsoever. 
 
 66 
 
BOOKS BY ERNEST THOMPSON SETOM 
 
 p^bUahed by DOUBLEDAY. PAGE ft CO. 
 133 E**t i6th Btratt, New York City 
 
 TWO LITTLE SAVAaSS, 1903 
 
 A book of adventure and woodcraft and camping out for 
 boys, telling how to make bows, arrows, moccasins, costumes, 
 teepee, war-bonnet, etc., and how to make a fire with rubbing 
 sticks, read Indian signs, etc. Price, $1.75 net. 
 
 THS WILD ANIMAL PLAT, 1900 
 
 A musical play in which tl - parts of Lobo, Wthb, ViMtn, 
 etc., are taken by boys and girls. Price, soc. 
 
 Published by CHARLES SCRIBNBR'S SONS 
 sss mh A«WM% M«w Twk CMy 
 
 WILD AUXMALS X HATI XVOWV. 1898 
 
 The stories of Lobo, Sil^-erspot, Mdtty CottontMl, UnflO, 
 Vixen, The Pacing MusUng, Wully and Redniff. Pnce, «3M. 
 
 LOBO, SAO AVD TIZIV, 1800 
 
 This is a school edition of the abant, with Mme of the itoiiM 
 and many of the pirturee left out. Price, Soc net. 
 
 TBI niAIL or TBI tAVSBXLL ITAft, 1899 
 
 The story of a loDg hunt that ended wilhoitt a tnfedy. Price, 
 
 $1.50. 
 
 TBI £Zm or TBI BUVTID. 1801 
 
 The stories of Krag, Randy, Johnny Bear^ Tte ^^^r 
 Teal, Chink, The Kargartio Rat, and Tho, the Coyote. Price, 
 $1-75 net. 
 
 SBAG AND JOHNNT BlAB, 1908 
 
 This is a schod edition of the above, with aome of the 1 
 and many of d» pktwes kit oM. Price,50Ciiet. 
 
 67 
 
/ 
 
 noTVBu or wzld mmoum, hoi 
 
 Twdve laife pictuitt for fnuning (no text), vis., Kng, Lcbo, 
 Tito Cub, Kanffuoo Rat, Griitly, Buffalo, Bear FamUv, Johnny 
 Bear, SaadUU Stas, Cooa Famify, Courttut the Wolf, Tito 
 and her family, race, t6.oe. 
 
 MO gH O H. TBI no BIAR OF TILLAO, MM 
 
 The at(»7 ol a big Califoroia Griady that ia Uvii^ jret. Pike, 
 net. 
 
 AMIMAL BIBOni. IMS 
 
 The stories of a Slum Cat, a Homiiw Pigeon, The Wolf that 
 Won, A Lynx, A Jackrabbit, A Bull-terrier, llie Wnnipeg 
 
 Wolf and A White Reindeer. Price, I1.7S net. 
 
 MAMSCALB OF MAHITOBA. 
 
 To be isaued shortly. 
 
 PnbUahad by THB CENTURY COMFAMY 
 
 Union Square, New York CKjr 
 
 KOOftAPHT or ▲ OBIZSLT. 1900 
 
 The story of old Wahb from Cub-hood to the scene in Death 
 
 Gulch. Price, $1.50. 
 
 WOODMTTH AVD riBLI, 1906 
 
 A cdkction of fablei, woodland venes, and camp storica. 
 Price, ti.a5 net. 
 
 BY MRS. ERNEST THOMPSON SETON 
 Publiahed by DOUBLEDAY, PAGE ft CO. 
 
 A WOMAN TENDEBFOOT 
 
 A book of outdoor adventures and camping for women and 
 giris. How to dress for it, where to go, and now to profit the 
 mout by amp Hfe. Price, $2.00. 
 
 68 
 
A LIST OF BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR 
 
 NATURE STUDENTS 
 MAMMALS OF THE~ADIRONDACKS 
 
 By C. hart MERRIAM, M.D. 
 Hrary 6* C:, Ntm York CUy, Prkt, 
 
 BAVDBOOK or BISDt OF BAITIEV VOBTB 
 AMBBIOA 
 
 By frank M. chapman 
 D. Apfltttm 6» Co., New York CUy. Price, $3.00 
 BAITDBOOK OF BIBDi OF WBITIBM VMXTID 
 STATES 
 
 FLORENCE MERRIAM BAILEY 
 Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boitm, Mau. Price, $3.50 
 
 THE HATUBE UBBABT 
 
 Published by Dotibkday, Pagi tt Co. Sold by tubstriftiom. Price 
 
 OK application. 
 
 Volume I conuins the genenl introduction to the library, 
 by John Burroughs, and Ndtje BUnchan givea an mtroductory 
 acquaintance wTth 150 bWt uroaDy found to the gardens, 
 meadows, and woods about our homes. The birds are classified 
 in five different ways, making identification immedUtely p<»- 
 sible without technical knoi^e^. There are 48 P»ates in 
 colors, and i6in black-and-white. »u . 
 
 Volume II, Iw Neltje Bfamduta, fa dcyoted to Uiat 
 Hunt and are Hunted." O. O. SWekfa hu wiittm tite liitio- 
 duction to this account <rf 170 binfa ol pfw, pHM wros, and 
 waterfowl. 64 color plate* and 16 plates hi Mack-«iid-wMle. 
 
 Volume III, by A. RadcMfe Dupwxe. fa ft ctMnplete manual 
 of binl'i-neatt, eggs, and bwediii« habits cortaimngdso .lu- 
 able hints on nature photorapl^ 
 photographs of bird Hie haw Buds Urn fuooaa. 16 cdat 
 plates and 8a other pictures. 
 
 Volume IV fa the atfy book wWdi sums up »W»4"j2r2 
 dw maaa of new kaonrledge about American iMnmill wUcii 
 
 69 
 
science hu. gathrred during the last quarter of a century. By 
 
 . f .irturcs are marvellous feats of the nera, nearly all Dcing 
 photographed from hie, generally uf wild animals. There are 
 also eight colored plates. 
 
 \'olunie V, by David Starr Jordan and Barton W. Evermann, 
 fills a long-felt need in popular scientific works, being a full 
 account of the life-histoncs and methods of capture o? North 
 American food and game fish. With lo lithographed color 
 plates, lOO photographs of live fish in the water, and aoo text 
 cuts. 
 
 Volume VI is by Dr. W. J. Holland, who has introduced 
 thousands of readers to the delightful study of butterfliei and 
 caterpillars. Its 48 color plates are the finest ever made by the 
 three-color photographic process, and in these and the teat cuts 
 fully a thousand different species of butterflies are ^uwn. 
 There an ftepint oo tite cajitttit and pnwrvMkm of bimer> 
 flies. 
 
 Volume VII, also by Dr. Holland, ukcs up the subject of 
 mothi. There are i ,500 figures in the colored plates and 300 
 text cuts of the moths of North Amerii .1 
 
 Volume VIII, by D.'. L. O. Howard rents of bees, wasps, 
 ants, grasshoppers, flies, and other Nortti American inaecti, 
 admirably suited to the general reader. It has t6 color plates 
 and 3a black-and-white, all photographed ban litt iaiectB 
 themselves, besides nearly 300 text cuts. 
 
 Volume IX, by Neltie Blanchan, enables any one to identify 
 all the common wild llowen of the North .American continent, 
 and introduces the reader to their marvellous life-histories and 
 the pan which insects play in these. Illustrations: 33 color 
 plates and 48 black-aad^iriiite, aU fnm phomg w pha of ^ 
 actual flower. 
 
 Volume X, by Nina L. Marshall, is an invaluable aid to all 
 who are interested in fungi as food or as a limitless subject of 
 study. 34 color plates and 40 bUdtHMad - w l i to ban piMlto' 
 graphs by Mr. and Miss Anderson. 
 
 Volume XI, by Julia E. Rogers, has many features th.. 1 no other 
 work on treen approaches. It tells how to know the trees; the 
 »iscs and value of trees; the care of trees; how to grow trees; the 
 preservation of forests. The 350 beautiful pbotoeraj^iic ilhis- 
 
 tnuoBtt Of A» Ra DagBMnt show budi 
 
 Witmer Stone and William Everitt 
 
 The 80 full 
 
 70 
 
and the wood of *H the Imporunt tpedet, and then tn i« 
 
 •^vSiiJic^xTl u a most *o*^**!7 S:£!S^!3r 
 
 and contains a weahh <.f original obi«vadoB 
 
 rfro|. and t.>ad. thatta a ^^trSj^^^S^^S^L^^Si 
 plates in clor and IIMify JOO hhelW**«Wli pl»<i»o|»p*« WW 
 
 life by the author. 
 
 OUR HATXVI TBIM 
 
 HARRIET L. KEELER, 1900 
 Charks Scribner's S<ms, New York City. Priet, liM 
 
 OlOLOOXOAL STOBY BBOFLT TOtD 
 
 JAMES D. DANA 
 Amryican Book Co., New ■ City. Prkt. $i.iS 
 
 FBIMBB OF OBOLOaY 
 
 ARCHIBALD GEIKIE 
 American Book Co., New York City. Price, 3SC 
 
 immmf with ah opbba olam 
 
 GARRETT P. SERVISS 
 D. Apphtm^ Co., N'w York City. Price, ti-So 
 
 irAUMMV OmOlAL ATHLinO ALXAMAC 
 
 EDITED BY J. E. SULLIVAN 
 
 7^