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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m*thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 BY WJ MODERN CEOCRAPHF, FOR THE USE OP SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, ETC. ON A NEW PLAN. BY WHICH THE ACaUISITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWIEDGE IS GKEATIY FACIlITATm ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS AND NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. BY R. M. SMITH, PBINCIPAL OP WABBENTON ACADEMV. ™" - - — - — - -«« -i:;o=' -•-:=— ^- —3 w.. .. .. .. _ .„ PHILADELPHIA. GRIGG, ELLIOT & CO. NO. 14, NORTH FOURTH STREET. 1849. Ent.»J,«,o,nlin,ttoth.A,t.f Co.w™„, |„ ,he y..r 1848. b. OmoB, ELLIOT A TO. In th. ol.rk'. nIBc of tho Dtatliot Com for Ih. Eutem Distnct of Pennirlnnla. PREFACE. EncovRAOED by the favorable opinions which have been exprened in regard to this worit, the author and publishers determined to present it in a furm better adapted to the object had in view in its preparation. The present edition is the result of that purpose. The new features which have been introduced are the fbllowhig : Ist The work is fully supplied with excellent maps, drawn and designed expressly for tliis treatise. These mops will bo found admirably adapted to school purposes, being suiBcicntly copious, and yet not so full as to bewilder the learner, The uni- formity observed in lettering the towns, rivers, &c., will render them very easy of reference. 2d. A series of questions is published in connection with the text, and in immediate proximity to the answers, but so arranged as not to interfere with the narrative. This is considered a very decided improvement on any arrangement of question and answer now in use. 3d. The book is published in the quarto form, which has lately become so popular. By this means, the inconvenience of having the maps in a separate volume is avoided. 4th. The pronunciation of an unusually large proportion of the difficult geogra- phical names introduced in this book, is indicated by accenting, or dividing into syllables and spelling. This is a great advantage to the learner, as an improper pro- nunciation once acquired is exceedingly difficult to correct 5th. The text is illustrated with diagrams, und liandsomely embellished with nu- merous appropriate engravings. 6th. Without departing from the original plnn, fuller descriptions of the dis- tinguishing characteristics of each country, &c., have been admitted. In the preparation of this work, the author was guided by the following principles : 1. A primary treatise on geography should not enter into minute details, or include descriptions of unimportant objects. The length ot every river, or the height of every mountain ; the population of every town, the exact width of its streets, or the names and dimensions of its public edifices, where these are not very celebrated for their size or magnificence, are out of place in a work of this kind, and would not be re- membered by the young learner. Nor should any but tlie most interesting historical events be given. Such facts only should be stated as are very striking or peculiar in their character. In describing tlic loftiest mountain in tlie world, or any prominent i.ivision of it, that fact should be stated, and the heig^ht given. This then becomes a standard of comparison for all others, and afibrds a sufficient approximate idea of their elevation. So of large rivers, &c. If a city or town is famed for its com- merce, its population, its magnificence, or its literary institutions ; if it contains any very remarkable public edifice ; or if it is associated with some striking or im- portant historical event, in every such case let the fact be mentioned. But the work should not be encumbered with vain attempts to render objects interesting and im- pressive, by describing circumstances in which they agree or nearly pgree with thou- sands of their class — circumstances, many of them, of no general interest, and which the author himself would neither remember nor care to remember. The eflbrt should be to present to the learner a vivid outline picture of the Earth, with the prominent pointo distinctly marked, and invested with all the interest which striking peculiarity of circumstance can throw around them — that with them the minute information to be acquired by subsequent reading may be associated. An attempt to fill up the picture would be to invade the province of the historian or the compiler of a gazetteer. a The facts which are regarded as proper to be considered should be clearly and distinctly stated, all vague generalities and loose descriptions boiug' carefully avoided. They should also "oe so arranged as to be presented in the fewest words possible. But brevity should never be gained at the aacrifice of clearness. It must be attained by a proper classification and generalization of facta in reference to some important circumstance in which they all agree, so that all in each class may be embraced in one description. And in the arrangement of the individual members of these classes or groups, advantage should be taken of the following well-known fact; viz.: a list of names is remembered permanently only when they liava been learned in some certain order and succession. A child can repeat his alphabet without the omission of a single letter, and will never lose that power, because he always learned it with the letters similarly arranged. Long lists of prepositions, i^.i ., are remembered for the same reason. Now, if the chuses or groups befbre spoken of are so arranged that the $uccettion ofnamei shall indicate their relative standing with reference to some important particular, all this additional knowledge will be acquired without tho slightest increase of labor. In fact, tho introduction of system will of itself actually diminish the labor of memorizing. An advantage will thus be gained, somewhat similar to that which chemistry has received from the admirable nomenclature by which the name of a substance is nut only made to indicate its constituent elementi, but, by the association of ideas, becomes itself more easily remembered. 3. After selecting and arranging tho facts, the next inquiry is, how sliall they be presented 1 The student will never know them until they are told to him, either in the form of question and answer, or in direct narrative. By the latter mode the fact to be remembered is more concisely and clearly stated, and is contained in a sentence complete and independent within itself; whereas, in tlie form of question and answer, very frequently no disimct idea is conveyed by the mere answer, how well soever it may be recollected, unless the pupil can adapt to it the proper question. Those questions which are so vague as not to require fixed and definite answers, are thought to be particularly objectionable. In accordance with the foregoing views, tliis work has been prepared. The author believes that he has thereby been enabled to secure the following advantages over most of the school geographies now in use : 1. He has not required one-half of the space which they employ. 2. His work contains a greater amount of information of the kind proper to be imparted in a work of this cliaracter. 3. This information is much more likely to be retained in the memory, in consequence of the manner in which it is presented. He would respectfully invite teachers to read the "Plan" annexed, and to examine in connection with it tho description of some state or country, taken at pleasure. He will find tlie objects < ' description so divided into classes, and so arranged in these classes, as to give in tho compass of a short sentence their actual and their relative positions. The paragraphs are short, so as readily to be memorized. The boundaries are firat given ; then those natural features, such as mountains, bays, capes, rivers, &c., which tend to impress on the mind the figure and outlines of tho state; then the situation of cities, towns, &c., with respect to these, is described. A notice of the climate, productions, &c,, &c., except where there is a marked peculiarity in some respect, lias generally been reserved for tiio " General Views" at the close of the volume. These were subjects which most readily and naturally admitted of classification, and, together with some others not strictly geographical which are there treated of, it is hoped will render that portion of the work valuable and interesting. The questions given at tho close of every pro- minent division are so chosen as to furnish a connected and comparative view of the various countries, &c., included under said division. The answers in every case are definite, and are either entirely obvious, or have been previously given in direct terms. The author has tested this system in his own school for the last six or seven years ; and on this experience, and the concurrent testimony of many competent persons, be builds his hope of receiving the public favor. The work has been carefully revised and corrected preparatory to the present edi- tion, and brought down to the present time, being in this latter respect in advance of its cotemporaries. The tables of statistics which it contains will be found valuable for reference. The author would gratefully acknowledge his obligations to those friends who, by favouring him with valuable suggestions, have contributed to the improvement of the work. The imps were drawn and engraved by Henry A. Brightly, of Philadelphia. Baldwin's Universal Pronouncing Gazetteer was mainly followed in the pronunciation of geographical names. WAEBEtrroH, Va., August 1, 1848. ■TIBIOTrFED m TO TEACHERS. Tho exercise may be varied their previous lessons, as tho teacher may point out by calluig on the students to show any such town, &c. JreStx^i^t^sr;: 'z^i "^ ■^"■^ °^ "■« ^'"""•"o-- head, of "The World or Earth;- ^Tlr 1 "'f J ^ "!""!? "T'""'^ "'"'«^'''« may be advantageously carried over ^1^^ J Amer.ca,"and "United States." thought to be e^omy o^Mh time Itl^^lV' ""'' "*" ^'"'*'- ^hia is place in the.r hands puer le b«>kLwh^h m,^ ' ^'T '" "'"'^ ^^^P^''' "-an to required to begin anew in Le olr teatirlZ™ "'™7,-''«' -^ ^^e child uier ireauae, and learn everythmg over again. Large maps being seen by the whole cIiim .f «„„ and give increased interest to the reciUUo^ ' •=°""='""«"° "'^^ attention. PLAN, TO BE LEARNED BY Thp pitdit „„„ THE PUPIX, BEFORE COMMENCING THE STirnv n^ ™, "AMERICA" ON THE SIXTH pLT "^ OROGRAPHY OF |anJ^prl"lrVrol"C:iT "T""" " '^^ -'^-^ «=--. j successively. ^ ' """^""^ " °" '^^ "°''''. <=a«t, south, a- d west, I succession, '^ "^ ""^ *»'"'> ^ming them in regular inl^d tlSS t:S arthf mrnl" r'^' "- ~'-' '^'^^^ wards the south or west, aSiSL to t^^- . "'^ "' ""'"^y- '"'^ ^"^^^ to- other, naming them in ^gul^JeJ^t "'° " *'"=" ""^^ "« ''«'"> ^''^ ^''-^orSZ^:^:Zf^-^^^^^ "Pon...ive them menuoned being nearest to its mouS. ^ ^ "' "^^ rtream.-the fint ■ TXBIOTTFII D BT J. PAOAIf. QEOGHAPinCAL EXPLANATIONS. (g,Mn Milra, GEOGRAPHY. aaOOBAVBXOAXi BXTLJUtTATIOirS. Gbooraphv is a description of ihe surface of the earth. The Earth is a large globe or ball, tho thai leter of which is nearly eight thousand niiles, and the circum- ference about twenty-live thousand miles. The earth was once thought to be a vast plain ; but it is now known to be round. This is proved in many way? : — 1st. Navigators have frequently sailed entirely around it ; 2d. When a vessel at sea is approaching us, the tops of the masts first become visible ; then more and more of the ship appears, until the whole of it is seen ; 3d. The earth's shadow becomes visible during an eclipse of the moon, and is always found to be circular. Persons on opposite sides of the earth stand with their feet towards each other, and are hence called Antipodes. The earth is about ninety-five millions of miles from the sun, and revolves around it once every year. The earth's surface is composed of Land and Water. I.AND. The land is divided into continents, islands, peninsu- las, isthmuses, capes, promontories, mountains, shores or coasts, valleys, deserts, &c. A Continent is a vast extent cf land surrounded by water, but nowhere divided by it ; as America. (See Map of the World.) An Island is a portion of land surrounded by water, and smaller than a continent; as Cuba, Madagascar. A Peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded by water; as South America. An Isthmus is a neck of land, which joins a penm- sala to the main land, or unites the two parts of a continent; as the Isthmus of Darien. A Cape is a point of land extending for into the aea ; as Cape Farewell. A Promontory is a high and mountaiaous cape ; as the Promontory of Gibraltar. QUESTIONS. What is Geography I What are tho ahape and size of the earth I What was the earlh once thought to be t How is this proved I lal.t 2d.t 3d.f What ia said of persons on opposite aidea of the earth I How far ia tho earth from the sun, and in what time does it revolve around it ? Of what ia its aurface com- posed t How is the land divided! What is a Continent t What ia an laland t A Fcninaula I An Isthmus t A Capet WhatisaPrwnontoryt A Mountain is a vi-it ftlevation of the earth's sur- face ; as the Alleghany Mountains. A Volcano is a burning mountain, which emits smoke and sometimes eruptions of ashes, fire, red-hot stones, melted lava, gic, from tho orator or deep hol- low on its summit ; as Mount ^.tna. What ia K Mountain I A Volcano! FyomoMorr of Oitnultw. A Shore or Coast i% the land which borders on a body of water. A Valley is a portion of land lying between two mountains. Valleys are generally noted for their fer- tility. A Plain is a large extent of level land. A Desert is an extensive plain, destitute of water and vegetation ; as Saha'ra in Africa. An Oa'sis is a fertile spot in a desert. A Swamp is a portion of land covered with stag- nant water, trees, shrubs, &,c. ; as the Dismal Swamp i« Virginia. A Delta is the land formed at the mouth of a river by the mud and other substances brought down by its waters. WATER. The water is divided into oceans, seas, archipela- goes,* gulfs or bays, havens or harbors, straits, chan- nels, sounds, roads, lakes, rivers, creeks, and fi.tlis or friths. An Ocean is a vast collection of salt water ; as the Pacific Ocean. A Sea is a large arm of the ocean, almost separated from it by land ; as the Mediterra'nean Sea. An Archipelago is a sea interspersed with a great number of islands ; as the Grecian Archipelago. A Gulf or Bay is a part of a sea or ocean extending into the land ; as the Gulf of Mexico, Baffin's Bay, A Haven or Harbor is a small bay, almost sur- rounded by land, where ships may lie safely at anchor. A Strait is a narrow passage of water out of one sea into another; as the Strait of Gibral'tar. A Channel is a passage of water wider than a strait ; as the English Channel. A Sound is a strait so shallow that it may be sounded ;f as Long Island Sound. A Road is a part of the coast where ships may lie safely at anchor ; as Hampton Roads at the mouth of James River, in Virginia. A Creek is a narrow arm of a sea or river running up into the land. Small branches of rivers are some- times called creeks. A Lake is a body of water in the interior of a country, not immediately connected with the sea ; as Lak«! Superior. If a lake have no outlet, its waters are salt, and it is sometimes called a ixa; as the Cas'- pian Sea. A River is a large stream of water formed by nu- merous uranches, and flowing from its source in tjie mountains into some sea, lake, or other river. In descending a river, tho land on the right hand is called the right bank, that on the left, the left bank, and the place where it empties, its moiUh. A Firth or frith is- the widening of a river at its mouth into an arm of the sea. A large body of water tumbling over a precipice is called a cataract or falls ; as the Falls of Niag'ara. If ' FronuuQceil Ar-ke-ptt-a-gut$. t Sounded, meaaured in depth by means of a lead and line. A Shore or Coast ! What is a Valley, and for what are valleys noted ) What is a Plaint A Desert t An Oaaial A Swamp t A Delist How is Ihe water divided! What is an Ocean! What is a Sea! An Archipelago ! A Gulf or Bay t A Haven or Harbor ! A Strain A Channel t A Sound t A Road t A Creek t A Lake! What ia a River, and what is its right bank, &c. t What is a Firlh t What is a Cataract! I a Valley, and Tor aro valleya noted t the water divided! I is a River, and what la right bank, &c, I t is « Firth f t is a Cataract t lioiu, consiitutea rapida. ouairuc- nnTir •!""'? ■' "."" ""'^'' "'■'Oh boinuli the aielu on all a^eawLere ll.e earth an.l aky .p,,,,, l^'^T "^ 1 he Cardinal Poinla are the 'piir principal pointa of the ho- nzon, viz. : north, aoulh, cast, and weai; often written, N. for north, a for aouth, 8ic. A Map ik a repreaentation of he earth or any pan of it, on a llat surface. (See Map ofMrlh ril.t '°F °' * ""P '* ""'■"' i 'he bottom, south • the nghl hand, east ; the left hand, west. ' ' r°l rivers'bVhr. T ''''?'''««" "^'' ^y a small cipher, drawn on its surface. All others are ca||e- '^'^'='^" '" "''ideT o minute" am.' l^^'*''^-"''' '"'^ ''''?«'« *""> 80 minutes, and each minute into 00 seconds. A degree of a great circle of the earth contains 60 geographical, or OOi English miles. Degrees are usually marked with a small cinher r°l over them; minutes with one dash n TJ^ K' What are Rapidaf What ii the Iloriion f What aro the Cardinal I'ointi I ' What ta a Map t Which pan represent) the north, &c. t How are cities, towns, «o., represented ? What aro Great circles, and \yhat aro all others cailed I How Is the circumference ol a circle divided ? How manjr miles does a' degree of a greot circle coniain? How are degrees, minutes and seconds marked I the curved l.nes running from east to west. ' ^ What are rarall.l. of Latitude I Faralleli. What is the Axis of the earth 1 ' What are its extremities called f ' What is the Equator f what? How is Longitude en- pressed on maps f Which do ^eooraphera | adopt as their fixed me- ridian t How does it divide the earth ? ' «. . ,, MeriUjatu. ki..,..dp.«,.g";L"jSfH« ^ ' " "«'" What are Meridians f Has every place a meri- 1 dian, «nd what hour is I It when the sun is over I the meridian? I How are meridians ex- pressed on maps ? „,/o f ^''°P"=^ "« 'wo parallels of latitude nhnn.lwi,.. -uth, .he Tro;1c'of JaKn.'^""'-' ""' """ "" '"^ intl'^ri'/sttlts'^ vi:!LTh?tSid''°'"tr'ir"t'h?r -- -°- ^o «outh temperates, and north and lomhTgid"is!''i ^^^'-^"Ke e^"?{r[ , What is the latitude of a I place { ■ (See Map of the World.) Ws, minutes, and secoi^'' S IS^'f '" >ce cannot be more than 90", ih 'brln^fustth^ Fil"- i-'l.PS' J -'','r t't!',!-- «"'«" |how ia latitude expressed ZODCI, The Torrid Zone lies on both sides of the equator, I ^^Z ifeT *'" '^°"'"^ between the Tropic of Cancer and ihe Tropic of Ca- pricorn. ' Tho North Temperate Zone lies between the Tronic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. The South Temperate Zone lira between the Tropic of Capricorn and tho Antarctic Circle. The North Frigid Zone lies between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole. The Sonth Frigid Zone lies between the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole. The climate of the torrid zone ia always very warm, ami that of tho frigid zones nearly always cold. Tho temperate zones are not subject to the extremes of heat and cold. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. A Country, Kingdom, or Slate, &c., is any extent ol territory under tho same government. An Empire is composed of several kingdoms or states united under the same ruler, who ia called an Lmperor. The Frontiers of a country are Ihe outside portions or parts adjacent to its boundaries. The Capital of a country is the city in which those who administer the government as.semble or reside. A kingdom or stale is usually divided into depart- ments, provinces, counties, districts, or parishes. In many of the United Stales, counties are subdi- vided into towns or townships, kc THE WOULD on EARTH-AMERICA. WhcfB t are iti extent and lulation 1 n and by whom wna liacovered f t ia said of ihemoun- 18 on the western lat, and what are their ioua namea ! ia America divided T we North and South lerica united f was Columbus en- souring to do when liscovercd America f I did he discover the nd of Guanahani, why did he call the bitants Indians { was the name West ea applied to the ids discovered by imbus t is aaid of Green- [ I 'W NOHTII AMKUICA-UNITKD 8TATE8. NORTH AMERICA. Boundan'M.— Bounded N. by the Arctic Oroati ; E. by Ibe Allanlic ; S. by the Oulf of Mexico niul South America; S. W. and VV. by the ' .cific Ocean; and N. W. by Uhering'a Strait, which aoparatea it from It containi about 8,000,000 of aquarc milca, and 32,000,000 of inhabitaiin. Mounlains.—T\w Allef{ha'ny in the cant, and the Rocky, Cotdillcraa and Snowy mountains in the west, are the principal rangei. LaJt«».— North America containa the largeal freih water lakes in the world ; the principal of which are Slave Uke, Lake Winnipeg, Supe rior, Huron, Michi- gan', E'rie, and Onta'rio. Bay$ and G«//j.— Baffin's and (Ind'son's Bays m the N., the Gulf of St. Law'rence in the N. E., and the Gulfs of Mexico and Califor'nia in the S., are the principal. The Oulf Stream it • current in the ocean, pro- ceeding with a velocity varying from 1 J to 4 or 6 miles an hour along the American coast, from the Oulf of Mexico to Newfoundland', where it turns to the east, and is finally lost in the Ocean. Dwisionn.—The grand divisions of North America are, Britinh America, the United States, Mexico, and Ouatimala {Oau-le-mar'-la). Greenland, in the N. E., belonging to Den mark, and the Kussian Possessions, in the N. VV., are cold and desolate regions, of but little importance. The northern ports of N. America are excessively cold and barren, and have not been fully explored How Is Noith Aimrlct bounded I What Rr« ill sxleni and pupiitntion f Which MR llio prinrinsi miiiioi ol' iiiuuiiiaini i What ii uid of iu Iskri, and which are the prin- cipal t UMITBD STATUS. I bays and I the pri gulfs f What ia aald of the Oult Btroam t What arc the diviaiona of North America I What ia aaid of ihe north ern parta of N. Ame- rica 1 \mtt*. When discovered, N. America was inhabited by numerous tribes of ladians, many of whom still re- main. , Most of these Indians are savoge, ignorant, and su- perstitious. They subsist chiefly by hunting and fish- ing, and frequently make war, and commit depredations upon each other. „ . r. Those inhabiting the itorthem parts, are called Es- quimaux (Es'-ke-mo). They differ very much from the others, being short and thick in stature, and mild in disposition. The present population of N. America consists ot whites, negroes, Indians, and the mixed races. The whites are rapidly increasing in number, while the In- dians are not so numerous as formerly. The whites are all either Europe'ans or their de- scendanU ; the negroes were brought originally from Africa; and the Indians are the native inhabitants of the country. The mixed raced consitt of Mulattoas, or descenU- anto of whites and negroes ; Mestizoes, or descendants of whites and Indians ; and Zamboes, or descendanU of Indians and negroes. , „ . . , Protestantism* prevails in the U. States and British Possessions, ond the Catholic' religion in 31exJco and Ouatimala. By whom was N. Ame- rica inhabited at the time of ila discovery t What ia the atate of theae Indians! What is aaid of thoae who inhabit the north- ern parta t Of what does the preaent population consiat t Who are the whitea, &,c.t Of what do the mixed races conaiat 1 What are the prevailing religions T ■ See General Views, p. 74, article "Religion." PmIuKmo « Ii«l-l»i»tan<» The United States were formerly colonies of Great 1 Briwin, thirteen in number, but on the 4th of July, 1770, they dcclnred thcniacives independent. Aided by France, thi-y defeated nl! Iforts to conquer them; and in 1783 their indepciu -e was acknowledged by Great Britain. They now n.rin one of the most com- mercial and powerful nations on the globe. Louisiana, and all lli«' country west of the Missis- sippi, except Texas and California, were purchased of France in 1803, for 16,000,000 of dollars. Uoundarie*. — Bounded N. by British America; E. by New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico; and W. by Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. The United Stales contain nearly 8,000,000 of square miles, and more than 20,000,000 of inliabit- anU, besides about 300,000 Indians. Mounlains, .^c— The Alleghany or Appala'chian Mountains divide the waters which fall into the At- lantic from those which fall into the Mississippi. The Rocky Mountains are the loftiest in the United States, and divide the waters which fall into the Mis- sissippi from those which fall into the Pacific. Between these two ranges of mountains lies the (treat Valley of the Mississippi. Gulfs and Bays.— The Gulf of Mexico washes the southern coast of the United Slates. Massachu'setts, Del'awaie and Ches'apeoke, ore the principal boys. „ ,., . t^ • ■ /-. Lakes. — Superior, Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and On- tario, lie between the United States and Canada West. Lake Michigan communicates with Loke Huron by the L'.rait of Mock'inaw. , . ., Loke Chomploin' lies between Vermont and New York, ond discharges its wotera into the St. Uwrence by the Sorelle river. , „ ... .SoumI*. — Long Wond, Albemarle', and Pamlico, are the principal sounds. Jli„ers.—The Mississippi discharges the waters ot the Mississippi Valley into the Gulf of Mexico. Fol- lowing the Missouri branch, it is the longest river in the world. .„,.,, /^, •> j lu great bronches are the Red, Ark ansae, Ohi o, and Missouri , , „. . • ■ u r The Missouri is larger than the Mississippi before their junction, but loses its name, because it changes its course, while tiie Mississippi preserves its former The Tennessee', Cum'berland and Wabash ( Wau'- bask,) empty into the Ohio. . . , , The St. Mary's unites Lake Superior with Lake St. Clair's River unites Loke Huron with Lake St. The Detroit' unites Lake St. Clair with Lake Erie. Lake Erie is united to Lake Ontario by Niagara River, famous for its falls. ^ ^ ^ The St. Lawrence distharges the -sraicrs in xja&e Ontario into the Oulf of St. Lawrence. The Columbia falls into the Pacific Ocean. What iH aaid of the United Hialea t How and when were Lou- iaiana and the counirjr wcat of the Mieaiaeippi obloini'd ? Hnw are the United Stales bounded I What are their extent and population 1 What ia aaid of Ihe Alle- ghany mountaina f The Rocky mountains t What liea between theae ranges 1 What gulf washea the aouthern cooat 1 Which are the principal bays t What lakes lie between the United States and Canada West f What is aaid of Lake Michigan 1 Lako Champlaint Which are the principal Sounds t Whot is said of the Mis- eiaeippi river! Which are its great branches ! What ia aaid of the Mis- souri ? What rivers fall into the Ohio? What doea the St. Mary's unite ? The St. Clair's f The Detroit I How is Lake Erie onlled . to Lake Ontario? Wh»t i« aaid of the St. Lawrence ( Where does the Cotanbia fallft 30 20. Plains, Ac— That portion of the Mississippi Valley lyine north of the Ohio, and west of the Mississippi, abounds in plains calleil Prairies. These prairies are nearly destitute of trees, but are covered with high grass, on which subsist vast herds of buflaloes ; besides deer, and other game. What pari (if llio Uiiiied SmtKs iilxjuiijj in priii- rios, iinil wimt is snid of tliuin { Prairis OQ Fira The country along the coast from New York to Mexico, and extending to the base of the mounto.ns is generally flat and sandy, and frequently marshy and ""Da.l«^«.— The territory of the United States iu- cludes 30 states, 1 district, and territories. Ihese may be divided into 5 divisions; viz.— Ist, the fcaslern or Northern, 2d, the Middle, 3d, the Southern, and 4 th, the Western States; and 5th, the WesternTerritor.es. Eastern or A>« EngUmi Statu. Maine. •N. IlHiiip'flhire. Vf^rniont'. *Ma99arhii'Belt». • Khodi! Island. •C'onnect'lcut. Middle Slates. •New York-. •\ew Jer'apy. • Pennaylva'uia. •.Od'aware. ♦Ma'rylanil. Oistrirt of Co- lum'bia. Southern Stales. ircstem States. What is said of the coun- try along the coast 1 How many states, &c., do the United States in- clude, and how are these divided ? The St. Johns forms part of the northern boundary of this state, and passes into New Brunswick. 7W»w. — Portland, on Cusco Bay, is liie largest town in Maine. It has a line harbor, and is one ol Iho most commercial cities in New England. Caslino', Belfast, and Camden, on Penobscot Bay. Thom'aston on St. George's River, \•^ miles Irora the sea, is famous for its exportation of lime. Ban'gor, on Penobscot River, is noted for Us exten- sive trade in lumber. Bristol, on the Damarisoot'ta. Wiscas'set, on the Sheepscot. Bath, Gard'iner, Hall'owell, Augus'la, Watervdle, the seat of WaterviUe College, and Norridgewock, on the Kennebec. Augusta is the seat of government. Saco, on Saco River, 3 miles from Us moulh. Brunswick, on the Androscoggin, is the scat ol Bowdoin College. . . , „ iv r Wells and York, on the Atlantic, in the S. W. ol Maine. Machias, on Machias Bay. Easlport, on Moose Island, in Passamaquoddy Bay. The northern portion of Maine is thinly settled, but abounds in lumber, of which large quantities are an- nually exported. , The northern boundary was for many years a sub- ject of dispute with Great Britain; but m 1842 the present line was agreed upon and established. The Si. Johns T Whore is Portland, what is said of it t and What towns are on Pc- nnbn-ot Bay 1 , Where isTliomastnn.and i what is said of it t ' Bangor t Where ia Bristol I WiacnSBCt 1 What towns are on tho Kennebec, and which ia the scat of government ! Where is Saco f What is said of Bruns- wick? What towns are on the Atlantic? Where is Machias ? Easlport ? What is said of the north- ern portion of Maine ? What of tho northern boundary I •Vircin'ia. ♦ North Cnroli'na. •South Carolina. ♦Geor'jiia. Flor'iila. ,\lnIinio'a. Migttisslp'pi. l/niif>iati'a. Tei'aa. Michigan'. Wiwon'siii. Ohi'o. ludian'a. Illinois'. KMiUick'y. Tennessee'. I'owa. Missou'ri. Arkan'sas. If. Territories. Miiiiso'lah Terr. Misson'ri Terr, iii'dian Territory Or'ejron Terr. California. New iMex'ico. NBW HAMPSBXRI1-* TbOM marked with an aalerisk (•) are the thirteen original .lalel or ooloniea. What are tho Eastern Stales? The Middle States ? The Southern States ? The Western Slates? I The Western Territories? The thirteen original Slates or Colonies ? Wtiile Mountains NEW ENGLAND STATES. MAXNB. Bmjnrfaries.— Bounded N. by Canada East; R by New Brunswick ; S. by the Atlantic ; and W. by INew Hampshire and Canaila East. , . ,« nrm It is divided into 13 counties, and contains 30,000 square miles. . . i r JBaw. — Maine abounds in bays, the prmcipal ol which are, Passamaquoddy, RIachias, French man s, Penobscot, and Casco. Capes.— Small Point, Eliz'abeth, and Porpoise, are the principal capes. , , w, I^cs.— The cliief lakes are Chesuii cook. Moose- head, Schoodic, Umbagog and Sebago. Islands. — The islands are very numerous, the principal are Mount Desert, Deer, Long, and Fox. Hirers— The Penobscot falls into Pniobscol Bay. 1 The Kennebec' and Saco {Sau'ko) fall into tlie At- The Androscog'gin and Sebas'ticook fall into the Kennebec. . r .i „ The St OroiK ( Saini Crnij .) forms part ol the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, and falls into Passamaquoddy Bay. The Salmon Falls flows between Maine and New Hampshire, and falls into the Piscafaqiia^ How is Maine bounded? Into how many counties ia it divided, and how many square miles docs it contain ? What is aaid of its bays, niitl which are the prin- cipal? Which are the principal capes ? I The chief lakes ? The principal islands ? Where docs tho Penob- scot fall ? What rivers fall into Iho Atlantic ? What inlo the Kennebec? What is said of the St. Cioii t The Salmon Falls ? Boimdane*.— Bounded N. by Canada East; E. by Maine and the Atlantic; S.by Massachu'setts ; and W. by Connecticut (Con-Jie«'-e-cuO River, which separates it from Vermont. It is divided into 10 counties, and contains tJSOU square miles. . . ^t l ^ Mountains.— ^t\t to Black Mountain in North Ca- rolina, the White Mountains of New Hampshire are the highest in the United States, east of the Mississippi The highest peaks are Mt. Washington, Moosehil- lock, and Grand Monadnoc; the first of which is co- vered with snow ten months in the year. The Notch is a wild and romantic pass in the While Mountains, only 22 feet wide in its narrowest '"*Lntes.— Umbagog, which lies partly in Maine, and Ossipee, Squam, and Winnipiseo'gee, are the principal Rivers.— The Connecticut rises in the northern part of this state, and flows between it and Vermont. The Ashuelot and Ammonoosuck fall into the Con- necticut. . , The Mer'rimack is formed by the junction of tlie Winnipiseogee and Pemigewasset,and running through the N. E. corner of Maosaciiusetu, falls into the At- lantic. - ,, . L »i • The Nashua and Contoocook fall tnto the Merri- The Piscataqua forms part of the boi^dary between Maine and New Hanip9liiiu,aiid falis iiMO the Atlantic. The Androscoggin and Saco pass info Maine. How is New Hampshire hounded I How many counties and square miles does it con- tain ? , What is said of iho While mountains ? Which are tho highest peaks ? WhatissaidoftheNotch? 1. Which ore the principal lakes ? What is said of Connecti- cut river ? What rivers fall into it t What is said of the Mer- rimack? What rivers fall inlo it ? What is eai(} of the Pis- cata(l'Jn ? What rivers pass into Maine ? ' New Ilamp'iher. 44 ■ 43:' 14 VERMONT — MASSACHUSETTS. Toicns. — Porls'moutli, oi> the Piscalaqun, 3 miles from its mouth, is the only seaport in the state. It na» a fine harbor, and connins o V. States' navy yard. Nashua and Con'cord, on the Merrimacii, the latter of which is the seal of government. Am'herst, on u Lmnch of the Merrimack. Exeter, on Ex. r Kiver,and Dover, on the Cochcco, both branches of the Piscataqua. Wal'pole, Hanover, the f.eat of Dartmouth College, and Haverliill, on the Connecticut. Keene, on the Ashuelot. New Hampshire has only 18 miles of sea-coast. It abounds in granite, from which circumstance it is known as the "Granite Stale." This state is much visited in the summer season, on account of lis romantic and beautiful mountain and lake scenery. VBRMONT. Wliut is aaid mouth ? of Ports. VVh»t towns on the M«r riniBck t Where is Amherst 1 What two towns ore on bmnchos of the Pisca- taqua? What towns on the Con- necticut > Where is Keene f '. . hat IS said of the gea- eoast, 4,0, of N. Hamp- shire > Why do persons visit this state, &c. t MASSAOBUSBTTS, Rafting oa Uka Chunplom, Boundaries.— Bounded N. by Canaila East ; E. by Connecticut River ; S. by Massachusetts, and W. bv New York. ' It is divided into 14 counties, and contains 0000 sq'iare miles. ^Mountains. — The Green Moimtains, from which Vermont takes its name,* extend through the state from north to south. Lakes. — Lake Charaplain' lies between Vermont and New York. Lake Memphremagog' lies partly in Vermont and j partly in Canada. /s/ands. — North and South Ile'ro Islands lie in Lake Champlain. Rivers. — The Connecticut forms the eastern boun- dary. The West, White, and Pasumsic fall into the Con- necticut. Missisqup, Lamoille', Onion, and Otter Creek fall into Lake Champlain. Tmms. — Montpe lier, on Onion River, is the seat of government. Vergennes, Middlebury, the seat of Middlebury College, and Rutland, on Otter Creek. Burlington, on Lake Champlain, is the largest town in the Slate, and contains Vermont University. St. Al'bans, near Like Champlain. Brat'tleborough, Windsor, and Norwich, on the Connecticut. Wood'stock and Ben'nington are inland towns; the latter of which is situated in theS.W. corner of the Slate, and is famed for the victory gained over the Britisii by the Americans under Gener^ Stark, in the year 1777. The soldiers of Vermont became very celebrated during the RevoUijiionary war, under the name of •-'■/" * Verd, green, and mont, mountain. How is Vermont bounded 1 How many counties and square miles does it eon- tain ? What is said of the Green mountains ? Where does Lake Cham- plain lie ? Lake Memphremagog T What islands lie in Lake Champlain ? What river forms the east- ern boundary t What rivers fall into the Connecticut ? What, into L. Champlain? Where is Montpelier, and what is said of it 1 What towns are on Otter Creek t Where is Burlington ? St. Albonsf What towns on the Con- necticut f What two inland towns 1 What is said of the sol- diers of Vermont during the Revolution! Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Vermont and New Hampshire; E. by the Atlantic; S. by the Atlantic, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; and W. by Rhode Island and New York. It is divided into 14 counties, and contains 7800 square miles. Mountains. — A continuation of the Green Moun- tains, under the name of the Hoosick Mountains, crosses the western part of the state. Mt. Wachusett, Mt. Ilolyoke, and Ml. Tom, are ele- vated peaks about the centre of the state. Saddle Mountain, in the N. W. corner, is the highest peak in the state. Bays. — Massachusetts, Boston, Plym'outh, Cape Cod or Barnstable, and Buzzard's, are the priucipaJ bays. Capes.— Cape Ann, Cape Cod, Cape Malabar, Sandy Pomt, Cape Poge, and Gfcy Head, are the principal. Islands. — The most important islands are Nan- tuck'et, Martha's Vineyard, aiul the Elize.belh Islands. Rivers. — The Connecticut flows through the west- ern part of the state. The Westfield, Chickapee', Deerfield, and Miller's, fall into the Connecticut. The Merrimack falls into the Atlantic Ocean, in the N. E. part of the state. The Concord foils into the Merrimack. The Charles falls into Boston Bay. The Taunton, Blackstone or Pawtocket, and Housa- tonic, rise in this state. Towns. — Charlestown and Boston, on Boston Bay, the latter of which is the capital, and, next to New York, the most commercial city in the ,United Slates. Boston is famed for its literary and charitable insti- tutions, and for the number and beauty of its public buildings. Charlestown is not^d for its Bunker Hill Monument, erected in corrajnemoration of the battle fought here during the Revoltjfiionary w«V. Cambridge (Came'-bridge), 3 miles N. W. of Bos- ton, is celebrated for its university, the oldest in the United States. Gloucester (GW-« «''^"« dunng the revolutiot^warrfothTin^Lrd' S' "' Amherst, near the centre of the slate ami W ir '0-. -n the N. VV. corner, are n^t^athei;:^^- 'H^tl-o^TSZt^^i^^-^-- the world "'" ^''^'"y " ^^'^'^ 'he rest of oi'sSirt^retn'oTtf ""^.P"P"'«'«'' """' -y i.ants to every "qtmSe'' '""« ^''°"' ^"» '""ab"- RBODB ZSKAND. M^£:^_[£f^AN£_c O N N E C T I C U T . What towns are on Mas sachusetts Bay ? What is said of Plymouth? Whero is Barnstable f What two towns are ex- tensivcly engaged in the whale hshcry f What towns are on Taun- ton river ? What on the Connecticut ? I Where is Pittsficld ? What towns are on the Merrimack ? Where is Concord ? ^•if' 'owns are in the north-eastern part f ooBrxraoTzoirT. Where is Worcester? Whatsis said of Lexing, What two towns are noted lor Iheir colleges ? What is said of Massa- chuscits ? What ia said of its ship- ping, &.C. I *^ What of the density of the population ? Island NafraSe";;!'; ^'""'°" "'"^ P-^'^ence fall i„.o the'ptvScf '' ""' ^''"""='''^' - Seekonk, fall i„,o Island Sound. ""e-"cut, and falls into Long Nol7on:7umTodel7'r ^T^'"^""" River, and governmer '''"'"'' "'' ''"^"'a'ely the seLts of nore^Si:: ixinsii:?'' ^^°"" ^"'--'y' -'' i^ cotton and voXriV, '=""""«"='^' and the nnmerous ilsvicinit;, "°""' '""°""* «""«'«d in the city and ' Newport is much resorted to in .ho = -^-ntofit.healtl£^;:^Jr-;;-r, ".e'S:'f It dH,"r„"'='r'' - P-^'-'^^t Rive, " noted for its mifle^J:;''^ '" ^^'--'='"-'t', and' «--. •'oautifully s_iu;aMon Narraganse.t Bay. Where is Bristol ? 'How is Rhodi hounded ) ilow many counties and [■quaro miles does it con- tain ? What bay is in this state? Whatsis the only cape of What islands lie in Nar- raganaeit Hay? Where is Block Island? What rivers fall into Nar ragansett Bay ? Into the Providence river? What is said of the Paw- caiuck? What towns are alter- naiely ,he seals of Ty ernnient ? * '''d'ence? "'" "' ^™-- Yale College. Rhfr£atd"""s^r?'''^;'!y'"''«'''''''>"selts;E.by New York. ' ^^ ^^ ^°"^ '"'«"'' Sound, and 'vV. by square mdef '"'" ''^'" •=°""''«' ""d contains 4750 H~;^h.:'l-J,ffi^ Co-necticnt, - SQSi^!-S-^--mes. T e rarmmgton falls into the Connec jcuf of VVesIeyan UilerttVtV.r' ^^',""'='"'^"' "'^ ^''a' tl.e Connecticm ^'^^'"""'''^''' ""'' Hartford, on College. ^' celebrated as the seat of Yule of "Sri::." ""'^ """" «- ""-"'"e'y the seats How is Connecticut bounded ? How many counties and square miles does it con- tain ? ^^i*"?' TS" •""" in'" Long Island Sound ? What two rivers form the 1 names ? Where does the Quine- baugfall/ The Farmington ? Ihe Naugaluck? What towns are on the Lonneclicut ? Where is New Haven? Newport ? What to«;ns are on Paw. tucket river ? very generally TJsedlmtg Se ^jfe.^'""'"" '^ GENERAL REMARKS ON THE NEW ENGLAND STATES sJ«isterh;fS:v^:;c"o"d^'^"i^-^-'.^'-^'''-') '-ally very ferule, bnUsVelltl.l' ted"" '^ ""' - and extensive manufactures* "■"' *'>"""« colrce%"'lS:tSV'^ ^"^"'^-'>' -^«Sed in of ?::mttti:tsri,nme "=^"^"' ^>'«'- cat^d population. enterprising and edu- *See General Views d to ...• i _!f!l£!!lf!ivil^^; ?f; a'r"ict ■ What two towns are alter- nately the seats of gov- ernment ? ' VVlint towns are an the 'names? On Long Island Sound* Where is Farmington f What inland towns ? What is said of the com- mon school system of Connecticut J What Is said of the cli. mate and soil of New t.ngland? Which of these states are tamed for their manufac- turea? Which for commerce and ttie hsheriea ? For what is New England celebrated ? " " amo the New Enal„n^ a ... . ""'■«nU aiflftS. Hote ttate, r^speclivel^ 1 1? h "" l'«">iiihre and Vei-mnnt „. ■■'^ ■ "' """' •" Con- NKW YORK — NEW JERSEY. MIDDLE STATES. NIIW YORK. Southern part of New York City. BounJari«s.— Bounded N. W. and N. by Lake On- tario, the St. Lawrence River, u..d Canada East ; E. by Vermont, Massachusetlf, and Connecticut ; S. by the Atlantic, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; and W. by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and Niagara River. It is divided into 5U counties, and contains 47,000 square miles. MoutitaiTu.— The Adiron'dack or Mohegan Moun- tains in 'he northern part of the slate, and the High- lands on the east, and the Cutskill Mountains on the west of Hudson River, are the principal mountains. Lakes. — Lake Ontario and Lake Erie lie between New York and Canada West. . Onei'da, Ononda'ga, Skaneat'eles, Owas'co, Cayu'ga, Sen'eca, Crooked, and Canandai'gua, communicate with Lake Ontario by Oswego River. Lake Champlain lies between Vermont and New York. Lake George communicates with Lake Champlain. Lake Chautau'que lies in the S. W. part of the state, and communicates with Alleghany River. Ca;«!. — Montauk Point, the eastern extremity of Long island, is the only cape of note. Islands. — The principal islands are Long Island, Msnhal'tan Island, Stat'en Island, Fisher's Island at the eastern entrance of Long Island Sound, and Grand Island in Niagara River. Rivers.— The Hudson or North River falls into the AtlanUc. It IS remarkable for its straigl.tness, and is celebrated for its beautiful scenery. The Walkill and Mohawk fall into the Hudson. The Saranac falls into Lake Champlain. The Si. lAwrence issues from Lake Ontario, and flows between New York and Canada West. The Racket, Grass, and Oswegatch'ie fall into the St. Lawrence. The Black, Oswe'go, and Genesee' fall into Lake Ontano. The Niagara discharges the waters of Lake Erie into Lake Ontario. It is celebrated for its famous cataract, 160 feet in height. How is N. York bounded 1 How manjr counties nnd eq^uare miles does it con- tain I Which ore the principal mountains 1 New York is supplied with water brought a distance of 40 miles by the Croton Aqueduct. Brooklyn is a largo city on East River, opposite to the city of New York. Sagg Harbor, in the E. of Long Island. VVest Poin^ Newburg, Pouglikcepsie (Po-Mp'-seeX Catskill, Hudson, Albany, Troy, and Lansingburg, on the Hudson. How is it supplied with woier > Wlicro is Rrooklynf Sngg Harbor f Wliot towns on the Hud- son t What lakes lio between New York ond Conado Wcstf What lakes communicate with h. Ontario by Os- wego River? Where does L. Champlain lier What lake communicates with it f Where is L. Chautauque f Where is Montauk Point J Which ore the principol islands t What is said of the Hud- son or North River I What rivers fall into the Hudson? Where docs the Soranac fall? What is said of the St. Lawrence ? What rivers fall into the St. Lawrence ? What into L. Ontario? What is said of the Nio' goral Wmt Point. West Point is noted as containing the U. States' Military Academy. Albany is the seat of government, and a place of great trade. It is connected with Boston by a railroad, with Lake Champlain by a canal, and with Buffalo by a railroad, and also by the celebrated Erie Canal. Saratoga and Balls'ton, near Hudson River, are fa- mous for their mineral waters. Saratoga is also noted as the place near which the British armv, under Gen- era Burgoyne, were taken prisoners by the Americans under General Gates, October, 1777. Schenectady, U'tica, and Rome, on the Mohawk, the first of which is noted as the seat of Union College. Platts'burg, Crown Point, Ticondero'ga, «nd White- hall, on Lake Champlain, the first of which is noted for the victory gained over the British, on both land and water, in 1814. Og'densburg, on the St. Lawrence. &>ckett's Harbor and Oswe'go, on Lake Ontario. Rochester, at the falls of Genesee River, is cele- brated for its flour mills. Syr-acuse, near Onondaga Lake, is famous for the manufacture of salt. Auburn, on the outlet of Lake Owasco, is noted as containing a slate prison. Ilh'aca, on Lake Cayuga. Geneva, on Seneca Lake, is noted for its college. Canandaigua, near the horthern extremity of Lake Canandaigua. Lcw'iston, on Niagara River. Buffalo, on Lake Erie, is a city of great commerce, and the emporium of the lake trade. Lockport, on the Erie Canal, between Lake Ontario and Tonawanta Creek. Whot is said of West Point ? What of Albany? Where are Saratoga and Dnilston, nnd for whit are they famed ? What towns on the Mo- hawk ? What on L. Cbamplaia f Whore is Ogdensburg? What towns on Lake On> Inrio 1 What is said of Rocbeslsr? Syracuse ? Auburn ? Where is Iihaca ? What is said uf Geneva? Where is Canandaigua ? Lcwiston 1 Whot is said of BufTala ? Where is Lockport ? Niagara Falla. Tonawanta Creek falls into the Niagara. Tht Del'aware and Susquehan'na rise in the south- ern part of this state. The Chenan'go is a branch of the Susquehanna. East River unites Long Island Sound with the Hudson. Totwui. — NewYork, on Manhattan Island, is the largest and wenhhient city in A.T.eric.".. .-.ij.'l. nrxt to I London, the most commercial city in the w'orld. It imports more goods than all the rest of the Union. Where does Tonawanta Creek fall ? What rivers rise in the southern part I Where docs the Chenaneo fall? ^ Where is Kost River ? What is said of New York New York is the most wealthy, commercial, and Whn- is snid of the State populous state in the Union, and has hence obuined "f Now York ? the name of" Empire State." | NEW JBRSBT. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by New York; E. by Hudson River and the Atlantic: S. by Delaware Bay, and W. by Delaware River. It is divided into 18 counties, and contains 7a50 square miles. jyiounl aim. — The Blue Ridge or South Mountain, and the Kittatm'ny or Blue Mountain, cross the N. W. corner of this state. Bays.—Nevi'atk and Rar'iten are the principal bays Ca;)es.— Sandy Hook and Cape May are the prin- cipal Capet*. Rivers.— The Hudson forms part of the boundary between New York and New Jersey. How is New Jersey bour.ded ? Hiiw many counties and square miles ? What mounioins cross the N. W. corner ? Which ore tho principal _boys? The principal capes ? What is said of the Hud- son? ._ ^agi'-"-—"— '*-*>-.; /^ '''"'.' L 18 PENNSYLVANIA — DELAWARE. The TtelAware flowt between New Jersey and Penn- sylvania, and empties inlo Delaware Iky. The Plack'ensack and Passa'ic fnil into Newark Bay. The Raritan Tails into Raritan Day. Great Elgg Harbor River falls into the Atlantic. The Mau'rlce falls inlo Delaware Bay. Toumt. — Cam'den, Burlington, Dordentown, and Trenton, on the Delaware, the last of which is the ■eat of government, and is noted for the victory gained by Washington in the Revolutionary war. Newark and Patcrson, on the Passaic, are important manufacturing towns. Elizabethtown, 5 miles S. W. of Newark. New Bruns'wick, on the Raritan, is the seat of Rut- gers College. Perth Ara'boy, at the mouth of the Raritan. Jersey City, on the Hudson, opposite to New York. Prince'ton, an inland town a little north of Trenton, is noted Tor its college, and is celebrated for the defeat of the Hessians by Washington, in 1777. Salem, on Salem Creek, near Delaware River. Freehold or Mon'month Court House, an inland town in the eastern part of the state, is celebrated for the battle fought between the Americans and British in 1778. New Jersey is intersected by several canals, and is crossed by two railroads connecting New York and Philadelphia. Thia state suffered severely during the Revolution, and her soldiers, called " Jersey Blues,'" acquired great reputation. . The Delaware t What rivora fall into New- ark Day t Whore dora ihs Raritan falU The Great Egg Harbor f The Maurice I What towns on the Dela- ware! What on the Pauaic 1 Where ia Elizabethtown t What if said of New BruDawicli f Where ia Perth Amboy I Jersey City f What ia said of Princeton t Whore ia Salem t What is said of Freehold t What ia aaid of the ranale and railroads of New Jersey ? What is aaid of the suffer inga of thia state during the Revolution ? &.c. PBBTNS'S'l.VAiriA. Oinid Colleia, Philaii^lpUa. Boundarie*. — Bounded N. by Lake Erie and New York ; E. by Delaware River ; S. by Delaware, Mary- landf^and Virginia; and W. by Virginia and Ohio. It is divided into 58 counties, and contains 47,000 square miles. Mountains. — The Blue Ridge or South Mountain, Kittatin'ny or Blue Mountain, the Tuscaro'ra, the Al- legha'ny, and Lau'rel and Ches'nut Ridges, are the principal mountains. Rivers. — The Delaware flows between this state and New Jersey. The Schuyl'kill and Le'high empty into the Dela- ware. The Susquehanna flows through the heart of the state. The Juniat'a, West Branch, and Tio'ga, empty into the Susquehanna. The Alleghany and Monongahe'la unite and form the Ohio. Kiskimini'tas and French Creek are branches of the Alleghany. Youghioghen'y falls into the Monongahela. Beaver or Maho'ning falls inlo the Ohio. Bran'dywine Creek rises in the S. E. part of the state, and passes into Delaware. It is noted for the defeat of Washington by the British, in the battle fought on its banks in 1777. T^jSTfts. — Ph jlader'^h.i.'i. on thfi Dj^l.'i'.v^ir" and Schtivl^ kill, 5 miles above their junction, is, next to New York, the largest city in America. How ia Pennsylvania bounded t How many counties and square miles t Which are the principal mountains t What river flowa between Pennsylvania and New Jersey J What rivers empty into it? What river flows through the heart of the state T What rivers empty into it r What rivers form the Ohiot What are the branches of the Alleghany t Where does the Youghio- gheny loll J The Beaver or Mahoning '/ What is said of Brandy- wine Creek! phiat ^r T>i.:i.^L.i It is famed for its regularity and beauty, its hand- some liulldings, its literary and charitable inxlitutions, and its water-works ; and also for its extensive ma- nufactures and intcrnul trudc. Ger'mantown, miles N. W. of Philadelphia, is noted as the scene of a battle fought during the Ruvo- tionary war. Bris'tol, on the Delaware. West Ches'ter, near Brandywine Creek. Norristown, Reading (Red'-ing), and Pottsville, on the Schuylkill, the last of which is celebrated for its great trade in anthracite coal, obtained from the mines in its vicinity. Eas'ton, at the confluence of the Delaware and Lehigh. Beth'lehem and Al'lentown, on the Lehigh. Colum'bia, Har'risburg, Sunliury, Northum'berland, and VVilkesbarre ( fVilks -bar-ry), on the Susquehanna. Ilarrisburg is the seat of government. Lancaster, York, and Carlisle', on small creeks emptying into the Susquehanna, the last of which is noted as the seat of Dickinson College. Lewistown, Hun'tingdon, and Ilollidaysburg, on the Juniata. Pitts'burg and Alleglinny, at the head of Ohio River, are celebrated for their extensive manufactures of iron and glass. Mead'villn, on French Creek. Browns'ville, on tlie Monongahela. Beaver, on the Ohio. E'rie, on Lake Erie. Johnstown, on the Kiskiniinilas. Get'tysburg, Cham'bersburg, Union, and Washing- ton, are inland towns. Pennsylvania is, next to N. York, the most import- ant and populous state in the Union. It is famed for its inexhaustible mines of iron and coal, and the numerous manufactures to which they have given birth. Pennsylvania, from its position and importance, has obtained the name of the ^'■Keystone Slate." This state was settled by a colony of Quakers, under William Penn, who is celebrated for his upright dealing with the Indians. DBI.AWARB. For what ia it famed ! What ia aaid of German- town I Where i» Bristol ! West Chester! What towns on the .Schuylkill ( Where la Easton ! What towns on the Le- high f What (owns on I he Sua- qiiehnuna, and which is llie seal of government I What towns on small creeks emptying into the Susquehanna) What towns on the Ju- niata 7 What at the head of the Ohio! Where is Mcadville I Brownsville ! Beaver ? Erie! Johnstown ! What inland towns ! What IS said of Pennsyl- vania I For what is it famed I What name ho8 Pennsyl- vania obtained ! By whom was this atate settled I D«ep Cut. Delkwtn Rod Chastpetke Cuui. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Pennsylvania ; E. by Delaware River, Delaware Bay and the Atlantic; S. and W. by Maryland. It is divided into 3 counties, and contains 2120 square miles. Bays. — Delaware and Rehoboth are the principal bays. Cape. — Cape Ilenlopen is the most noted cape. Swamp. — Cypress Swamp lies partly in Delaware and partly in Maryland. Rivers. — The Delaware forms part of the boundary ..v.-»T?Pn ttii^ Rtrt»o snft ntrW ifciScj". Bran'dywine Creek falls into the Delaware. Christian'a Creek is a branch of the Brandywine. How is Delaware bounded! How many counties and square miles 1 Which are the principal bays 1 Which ia the moat noted cape? Where does Cypress Swamp lie / What is said of the Dela- What creek falls into it ! What creek is a branch of the Brandywine ! •mm* .Jk^ r wliat i* it funeil t 1st ii laid orCermui- own? lere is Bristol f !ii| Ch«iiior > lal tnwna on the Ichuylliill I lere ia Eaaton t ml (owns on tho Le- ml lowna on the Sua uclinnnn, onii which ia lie Bvul ui' government t ini lowna on amall reeks emplying into lie Siisquuhannu 1 lat lowna on the Ju- iiila 1 inl nl the head of tho )hio7 ■ore ia Moadville t iwnnvillo I iver? o? inalown f kat inland towns t ini 18 said of Pennsyl- aniu ? r what ia it famed I ■int name hob rennsjrl- ania obtained I whom was this elate allied 1 w ia Delaware bounded! w many connlies and quare miloa 7 lich are the principal ays I lich ia the moat noted »pe? lere does Cypress wamp lie 1 lat is said of the Dela- ml creek falls into it I lai creek is a branch of 10 Brandywine f Duck, Jones, and Mlspil'lion Creeks empty into Deluwnro Ray. ' Inilinn Hiver flows into Rchohoth Bay. i^T?"^""'"'"' °" •'"""' Creek, is the capital. W.l mington, near the jimclion of Brandywine and Christiana Creeks, is the largeHt town in the state. New castle, on Delaware Hiver. Lewiaiown, near Cape Henlopen. Delaware is the leas! populous sta'o in the Union It is crossed by two railroads and a canal, all afli.rd- ing communication between Philadelphia and Balii- I more. The Delaware Breakwater, near Cape Ilcnlopen, was constructed by the U. Slates for the protection of vessels in stormy weather. What creeks empty into UelHwnro Bay 1 Wlioro doea Indian River flow ) What ia said of Dover t Of Wilmington f Where is Newcastle t Lewislown 1 What is said of Delaware I What is said of its rail- roads and canal t Whot of the Delaware breakwater t DISTRICT OP OOKUMBIA. MARTKAXirD, miM'*-' Battla Honnmeat, fiallimora. BwndariM.- Bounded N. by Pennsylvania and Delaware; E. by Delaware and the Atlantic ;S. and W. by Virginia. ' It is divided into 20 counties, and contains 11,000 square miles. ' Mounlains.-The South Mountain or Blue Ridge, Kit talinny or North Mountain, and the Alleghany' Mountains, cross the western part of this state. //ay. — Chesapeake Bay extends in a N. and S direction, nearly across Maryland, and divides it into two parts, called the Eastern and Western Shores. Vir inTa" P°'o"«»c flows between this state and ' PoSa?^"""'""''' ""'' Conegocheague', fall into the The Susquehanna empties into the head of Chesa- a'nS PoJoTok"'/"'''''"'*^' ^''"P'""^' Na"SoTe, and Pocomoke, flow into it on the eastern side, and the^ Patap'sco, Severn, and Patux'ent, on the western TpiWM.— Baltimore, on tlie Patapsco, is the fourth city m the Union. It is noted for its trade in tobacco and IS the greatest flour market in the world ' Baltimore contains several handsome monuments and 19 sometimes called the "monumental city" ' ^^Annapohs, on the Severn, is the seat of govern- Frederick City, near the Monoc'acy. Ha gerslown, near the Conegocheague'. VViUiamsport and Cumberland, on the Potomnr .f,o lauerof which is noted for the 'coal f^und'Ti;; vi! Upper Marlboro, on a branch of the Patuxent Snowhill, on the Pocomoke. ' Cambridge, on the Clioptnnk. t^ston, on a branch of the Choptank. How is Maryland bound- ed! How many counties and squore miles / What mountains cross the western port 1 What is said of Chesa- peake Boy ? What river flows between this state and Virginia ? What rivers fall into it f What flow into Chesa- peake Buy ? What is said of Baltimore J What is said of its monu- ments? What is said of Annapolis? Where is Frederick City ? Hogerstown ? What towns on the Poto- mac ? terHtnrv in "^ Columbia wa, formerly a tract of hvZL !" '". T^'-'^e'^'" "P '" "^« United States iLn .? and Virginia, in the year 1790: but in 1840, the part which hud been ceded by Virg nia wa« restored to that state. ' ^ Boundaries. — Bounded N. W., N. E., and S. F bv Maryland, and S. W. by the Potomac Ri;er ^ miles."""'"""' °"'^ °"^ '"'""'^' '""' ''''°'" ^^ "1""^ fl,Ve«.— The Potomac flows between the District of Columbia and Virginia. ..7''* Flf""'". ^"'?''*' a"'' ^'"'^ Creek are small streams falling into the Potomac. E, JZ"R~^.f '''•' u«'?" ^"y- "' "'« -confluence of the SLd sfaTes ""^ ""' ^"'""""'^ '' "•« -^-P""' °f 'he Georgetown, on the Potomac, is separated from Washington City by Rock Creek. Congress assembles annually in Washington Citv wh,„ a n on the fiml Monday in December ^ ^' sembM ' "«"" "• What is saia of the Uii- Irlct of Columbiu? How is it bounded ? How many counties and square miles ? What is said of the Poto- mac 1 Whot small streams fall into it ? What is said of Washinir ton City? " Georgetown ? Maryland contains several important railroads mn l=frSar^r''""^^"^'«'^-'''S^^^^ Jland' wit? or"'" ""' ^hi" Canal connects Cumber- landria ^ Washington City, .• d Alex- Whero is Upper Marl- boro? Snowhill ? Cambridge ? Easlon ? Umlod SlatM' Capitol. ■7^^, Capitol is a magnificent buildinff. Tlie PrP. What Is sold of the rail- rooda of Maryland ? I Wliat of Chesapeake and I Oliio Canal ? I . GENERAL REMARKS ON THE MIDDLE STATES. olinl^''^*"^ States have generally a fertile soil, and oiluce lartTfiniinni » o. «f ...I,— . -1j _ .. '. . P/l'!f!.i!'5^^'"!V""" ?<■ ^.heat and corn. Maryland of tobacco, and New IS also notpd for the prndurtion ui tocacci Jersey for its fine peaches and other fruits Except in New York and Pennsylvania, education England" ^"""'^"^ '""^ '" these'states 'as in New What is said of the Capi- tol, President's House, Sec. What is said of tho soil and productions of the :iiiddio Statco 1 What is said of the state of education t 20 VIRGINIA. Slavery exi«t« in Delaware, Maryland, and itio Di»- tricl of Columbia. In which of thcnn italci doe* •lavory uxim t QUESTIONS ON THE MIDDLE STATES. 1. Nam* the Middle Slaenii, with iheir e«pii«li. S. How are thoy hounded » 3. How many aquare milea do ihey contain I Ah§. IIS.UOO. 4. Nnnio ihfin in ihe order of their aiiaa. An: N. Y. and Pa.. Md., N. J., I)., D. C. 5. What ranara of niountaina trayome llio Middle Statei from N. E. to 8. W. Ant. South Mountain or Blue Uidgo, Kitiotiniiy, IMuoor North, and Alleghany, fi. What mouniaina in Ponn«ylvania» 7. What are the principal bay» I H. The principal capca I 9. What rivcra fall into the Allaniic ! 10. Where do«a Delaware River rino, how doea it flow, and into what dooa it empty » 11. Smquehaniial 12. Alleflhany I 13. Nia(jara» 1«. What rivera fall into the Suaque- hinna ? 15. Delaware River I l(i. Delaware Hay 1 17. What towns on the I>nhiwaro t IS. What ia the direction, and how would you travel by water, from Krio to Mendvillo t hi "■ ■ - -■ - • ■ ■ - mi more 1 S3. Waahingtan City to Dovort IfJ, wnai la tne uireciion, anu now womu you irnvoi uy wmwi, iii.,.. .,,,1, ............. ..^ . 19. Harriabnrg to Uiica? 20. Pliiladolpliia to Pittaburaf 21. RiMiding to lluntintidon ? 82. New York City to Ticondorojja I 23. Newark to Trenton t 24. Uocbcatcr to llalti- 80UTHERN STATES. VIRGINIA. Vlfllinla Unlnnllr. Boundariet. — Boundtnl N. by Pennsylvania and Maryland; E. by Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Atlantic ; S. by North Carolina and Tennessee', and W. by Kentucky and Ohio. It is divided into 128 counties, and contains 70,000 square miles. Mountains. — The principal mountains are the Blue Ridge, Kittatinny or North Mountain, Jackson's Moun- tain, Alleghany, and Laurel and Chesnut Ridges. The Peaks of Otter, in the Blue Ridge, south of James' River, are noted as the highest mountains in Virginia. Bays, 4rc.— Chesapeake and Lynhaven Bays, in the eastern part of the state. Hampton Roads, at the mouth of James' River, Capes. — Cape Charles and Cape Henry lie at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. Swamp. — The Great Dismal Swamp lies partly in this state and prtly in North Carolina. Islands. — Hog's, Prout's, and Smith's Islands, on the Atlantic coast, and the Tangier Islands, in Chesa- pwke Bay, are the principal. Rivers. — ^The Potomac, Rappahan'nock, York, and James, flow into Chesapeake Bay. The Occoquan', Shenando'ah, and Caca'pon fall into the Potomac. North and South Branch form the Potomac. The Rapidan' falls into the Rappahannock. Mattapony' and Pamun'ky form the York. North and South An'na form the Pamun'ky. Elizabeth, Appomat'tox, Rivan'na and North River fall into the James. Cow Pasture and Jackson's form the James. The Not'toway and Meher'rin rise in the southern part of Virginia, and pass into North Carolina, where they form the Chowan'. The Black'water is a branch of the Nottoway. The Staun'ton and Dan form the Roanoke'. The Ohio River separates Virginia from Ohio. The Big Sandy, Guy^andotte, and Great and L'ttle Katmw'lia, fail iuio the Ohio. Coal, Elk, Gau'ley, and Green'brier fall into the Great Kanawha. How is Virginia bounded 1 How many counties nnd aquare miles T Which are the principal mountajna f What is aald of tho Peaks of Otter? What bays in tho caatcrn part of tho state I Where aro Hampton Roads 1 What capoa at the en- trance of Chesapeake Hayf Where ia tho Groat Dis- mal Swamp ? Which are tho principal ialondsl What rivers flow into Chesapeake Bay t What fall into tho Poto- mac t What two rivers form the Potomac I Where does tho Rapidan falll What two rivers form the York! ThoPamunky! Whot rivera fall into the James I What two form the Jamcst What ia aaid of the Not- toway and Mchcrrin ? What branch has tho Not- toway I What rivers form tho Roanoke t What river separates Vir- ginia from Ohio! What rivers fall into tho Ohio i What into the Great Ka- nawha t Tho Great Kanawha is called New Uivor above the mouth of the Oauley. Tho Monongahela rises in the northern part of this state, and {wssos into PoniiFiylvania. Tho Chiat is a branch of the Monongahela. Tho llDlslon and Clinch rise in the soulh-wost part of this state, and pass into Tonnessee. Toiew. — Hampton, Uichniond, .Man'chcstcr and Lynchburg, on James' River. Richmond is the seat of government, and the largest town in tho stale. Jamestown, on Jnmns' River, noted as being, with the exception of St. Augustine (St. Jiu-nm-tun'), in Florida, the first scltlemeiit in tho United Stales, is now in ruins. It was settled in 1007. Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Gos'port, on Elizabeth River, the last of which is a United States' naval station. Petersburg and Farm'ville, on the Appomattox. Charlottesville, on the Rivanna, is noted as tho seat of tho Virginia University. Monticcl'lo, near Charlottesville, was the residence of Tho- mas Jefliirson, the author of the Decla- ration of Indepen- dence. Lex'ington, on North River, is the seat of the Virginia Military Institute. — Near Lexington is situated the celebrat- ed Natural Uritlge. Williamsburg, be- tween York and James' Rivers, is noted as tho seat of William and Mary College. York'town, on York River, is famed N.tural Bridp, Virpu* p^^ ,|,g gu„ender of Lord Cornwallis to the united American and French armies, commanded by General Washington, Oct. 10, 1781. Fred'cricksburg and Fal'raouth, on Rappahannock River. Alexan'dria, on the Potomac, was, until 1846, in- cluded in Ihe limits of the District of Columbia. Where ia the D. Kanaw- ha called Now River t What ia aaid of the Mo- iioiigiihela ? What brunch haa it t What rivcra riaa in Ihe 8. W. part, and where do they paaa t What towm oa Jamaa' River I What ia said of James- town, and when waa it aettlcd t What towns un Kliiabeth River t On the Appomattox t What ia aaid of Char- lotloBvillo t Monticellot Lexington I Williamsburg t Yorklown I What towns on the Rap- pahannock t What ia aaid of Alexan- dria f Huunt Vemna. Mount Ver'non, the late residence of General Wash- ington, on the Potomac, 9 miles below Alexandria. Harper's Fer'ry, at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers, contains a United States' Armory, and is celebrated for its romantic scenery. Shep'hcrdstown, on the Potomac. Rom'ncy, on the South Branch. Mor'gantown and Clarksburg, on the Monongahela. Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha. Charles'ton, at the confluence of the Great Kanawha and Elk Rivers, is celebrated for the salt springs in its vi.-inity. Lcwiaburg, near Greenbrier River, in the vicinity of the celebrated White Sulphur Springs. Mount Vernon! Harper's Ferry I Where is Shcphordstown ? || Rorancy ? "•^' What towns on thelKo- nongahela ? Where is Point PIsasMt f i What is said of CharlMM [ tont Where ia Lowlsbuig t S9 NORTH (Altor.l N A SOI I'll CAHOI.INA (i Ko It (i I A. ParkpraliiirK, nl tliti mouth of the Littlfl Kanawha. VVhcclinft ami *' Whrrhnter an vallay of ihi* *'*' th# <*«lrbratei8 haa alwnyx hern rfiiowned for iht ilialin- atuniiaU lurn. Shu Imi lurnishcd luc Presideniii lo the tJttinmoatol „;)ora waa the immoriul 1'' uliingion — ilHif4iteir«rtm},.«» i'.;..jd town i:ear Neuse River, is the i j- o. , *S - . .it. New'bcrn, at thecii! '•fi-;' of. * rrifitandl- ": i|nure iiiik's t What inountainii croas ilie wemcrn purl, mid what is thu huiglii ufllie mott elevated aunimil I What mountains separate N. Cnrolina from Ten- nesdce ? Which are the principal sounds I The principal inlets T What three very noted ca^jea f Wliicli are the principal BwanipB t V/hnt rivers (low into Al- bemarle tjuund 1 Into Pamlico Sound ? What fall into the Neuse 7 Into what does Cape Fear River (low? What fall into the Cape Fear 1 What form the Cape P'ear? What rivers rise in this state { What river crosses the S. W. corner? What is said of Raleigh ? Where is Newbcrn ? Elizabeth City? Edenton ? Halifax? VVnshington ? What towns on Cape Fear Kivcr ? Where is Salem? Chapel Hill, which contains the Univoraily of North Cariiliiiu, ia situated on a branch of the iliiw. (.'harlotte, nru ("uUwba River, containa a branch of the United Sutlea' Mint, hr coining the gold found in its vicinity. The marahy connlrv along the coast ia covered with pine forests, which yirht large quantities of lum- ber, as well as tar, turpentine, kc. A line of railroad* extends from Wilniinglon across the state, and conimuiiicatij, by menus of the Virginia railroads, with PorUmouth ui'l the Potuiimc River. ■ OUTB OAROLZXTA. Chapel Hill f What ia said of Cbarlolt*? What is unid «( Ihn marshy ciMiMirv aloiiK Ihe cuaai ul N. l aruliiial What of th* railroad* r noundnries.. — Bounded N. by North Carolina; S. E. by the Atlantic, and S. W. bjr Savannah River, which separates it from Georgia. It is divided into W districts, and contains 33,0U0 square miles. Mnunlains. — The Blue Ridge liei on the N. VV. bounilar) of the state. Cape. — Capo Romain is the only cnpe of note litands. — S. Carolina has a Hat coast, iibcnjiiiing with islands, the principal of which .in- Sullivan's, John's, Edisto, St. Helena, PoU Kovril, -<) Hilton Head. Rivers. — The Great Pedee flows into Winynw Buy. The VVaccanittw, Black, Litllu Pedee, and Lyiich's, fall into the Great Pedee. The Suntee, Cooper, Ashley, Ed'iatn,Combahce, and Savan'nah, How into the Atlantic. The Wateree' and Congaree' form the Santce. Broad and Salu'da form the Congarec. Ennorce and Pac'ulet ate branches of tlie Broad. The Seneca and Tugalop form the Suvuniiali. Towns. — Columbia, on the Con^ iree, is the eapiial. Charleston, at the confluence of Cooper and Ashley Rivers, is the largest city in the state, and a place of considerable trade. Georgetown, on Winyaw Bay. Cheraw, on Ihe Great Pedee. Camden, on the Wateree. Beau'fort, on Port Roval Island. Ham'burg, on the Savannah, w connected with Charlcstoa by a railroad. ^ — — r- S. Carolina has produced many distinguished men. It was the scene of several important battles during the Revolution. South Carolina is known by the name of the " Pal- metto Slate." GBORaZA. Boundar s -B.umded N. by Tennessee and North Carolina; V.. ly !-..yai!.. ih River and t'le Atlantic; S. by Floridp, c'tl V '' '■/ ' ' >rida and Al i','n..i. It is d I 1 itn ^a .unties, and contains 00,000 square nmcs. Mountains. — The Blue Ridge terminates in the northern part of this state. Swamp. — Okefinokee Swamp lies in the south of Georgia. Islands. — Ossabaw, St. Cath'arine's, Sapelo, St. Simon's, Jykill, and Cumberland, are the principal islands. iiiecrs.— The Ogee'chec, Allamaha(.^«/-/a-ma-7iau'), Turtle, Satil'la, and St. Mary's, flow into the At- lantic. The Cannouchee falls into the Ogeechee. Oco'nce ond Ocmul'gee form the Altamaha. The Flint and Chatlahoo'chee unite in the S. W. corner of the slate, and form the Ajqmiauiiico lu [JJp- pa-lach-i-co'-la). The Suwan'ee, Withlacoo'chee, Oscilla, and Ock- How I* South Carolina bounded I How inniiy dislrici* and •i.|lMlr lliili'i,? \\ iiat niKunniM ■ lie on Ihe N. \V I iiidaryf What is the only cape of iioie ? V^ hul la aaid of the ill- aiidst Into what doca the Graai IViliT flow 1 What rivi'ra (all into ihe (irinl I'edee ? Whni How into the At- luiilic I What (brm the Santee? Whiit form the rmiguree ? Wbiit liranchca has the llriiiiil I What form the Savannah ? What is said of Columbia? Ul Cbarloaion? Where is Ueorgotown? Cbcraw ? Camden ? Benulort ? W hat ia said of Hamburg ? What is eoid of South Ca- rolina? By what name is 8. Caro- lina known t How is Georgia bounded ? flow man^ counties and square miles ? What mountaina terini naio in the N. part ? Where does the Okefino- kce Swamp lie I Which are the principal islanda ? What rivers liuw into the Atlantic? Into what docs the Can- nouchee fall ? What rivers form the Al- tamaha ? WnTit form :hc Appabchi- cola? What rise in the south, i|ii liranclica Ima the 'mill t >t lurm the Savannah T | It ia NHid of Coliimbiaf | 'liurlcatun ? s« ami Tall.p,,,,,, ria. in the weilern pari ol IIMi 81111 mill p«Bi Into Aliilmmii. Tho 0.>»i. , inula, and Klowali or Iligh'tower, form S«v«nnah a.Ki Augiwui, on .HHnnnah Rivrr, the for:,,";, "IS." •*•* '"^'•'" •'"' '""" '■•""•-•row o-il;;;: i-n^iii:;:''' °" "-' "'■"""'' " "- -"" "<• l,»iii«vil|i., on the O^i'pcliee. Xiii-iin, o,i the Ocmii •»■(■. Daririi, iiii thn All«i„:,hii. Uruiiiwirk, nn 'I'drtlc Itiver. St. Mnry\ on Si. .M,,ry'g River. ltHiiibri(l)(e, 1)1, Flint Hivflr. ('"IlinihuH, nil tllK (;il;lll„honrhl'C. J''''il""<'K'>.n-'ari;i,>wMhHiver,f(.nlnii.» a l.rnnHi of ;,';: is,'^'"'^''' «"". "•- -i"i"ff "- gold f:tmli .°; I I ••lifD A-ALAB AMA-. MISSISSIPPI Oeor«m ia trnwrned l.y hvo railroa.N, whirl, meet iiexaee lliver. ()„„ c„n„nencr.al A.iL'uau.; mid iho "ll.or begn., at Savannah, and ,,«,.e. th'rough MaLn anil into what alala do Ihiiy poaa 1 What ri«« in iho W., and into what do they paaa I What form ih* Cooaa 1 What ia still of Milledce. villef " I What luwna "nSairMinii RjYorf What la taJdof Ailxnaf Where ia Loulivills | Maeon t Ihritiit Brunswick ? Hi Marv'ar llniiilo Age t *^"lllllll)U» J What it aaiil of Dthlone. gat S..r '. I'T" ''"mT"" '■""""'y '"''«hil«d by th.. .S-minoic „,l,«n.. They ,v«k.„| war «Kn,„t. the whil« l..r ..vernl y„.r,, bn, wn- (inally .nhjuej, ^''^l 1H43, removed to the Indian Territory. j lly whom wer, ih, t,,,,. ((Inili's furnierly inhab. IHU ( AZABASSA. Whni ia said of iho rail ruiids ol (ieorKiu I rzonzDA. «o«nrfar.«.-not,n(led N. by Alabama and O«orgi« ; l.> t , .0 ,!( „, Mexico and Ahtbama. ( Sfe Map of U. S.) .ql:;!S'^ "•'O80coun.ie.,.„d .onu.L\J, y/rtV, -Appalnchcc and Tnmpa, in E. Floridn. and sacolu, ,n VV Honda, are tho princii)al bays. roa,rc»nr?i 1'""^".' "'"' '^'""•'''' "" "'« Atlantic JfIdH and Koinun, on ihe coast of the Gulf of Mexico arc tho principal cnpes. '"exico, are'fe'rtr'^".'''!'*'^''""'''' «'"'''-. ""d Santa Rosa, are tlie princi|)al islands, ' dislSTr.'".,""' 'l;"''^^'°»'I« Ihere is an extensive svmnsaiMb'" ^"''Slades, which abounds in srtamps, and lakes or ponds. The'Tn~T'"; •^'■t''"'',"''' "'"- ">'° "'" Atlantic, and VVe,?n '""'", ^""'" ""^ '""'"^^ i"'" East Tl!n ''."'■"'''''""' flows into Appalachicola Bay. j^J he Osclla and Ocklockony How' into Appalaclfeo 'lie \Zm'^ "r"',:"!" ."•" Gulf of Mexico. I he VV ihlacoochrc luiU into tho Suwanee. Ihe Choclawhalchio flows into Choctawlmtchie ^Vollow Water and Escambia flow into Pensacola I Thrp"V? "n'"'"'"'' "'■ ""^ Escambia. ^"i;:?^s.F;:.3a3o:ssr™^""^'''^ ■ s V, ", ' "" »''''"""' "f ii« 'i'>e climate. St. MiirkH, near Appaliichee U.iv " V ia Florida bounded f How imiiy rnnnties and aqii <' miles I Whi, ,ro the principol bnji, The prill, jial capea ? The principal islands) What ia , a of the swamps ? noundaru - Bonn.i«l JH. by Tcnn .e; F by Wfftaand -rida; S by Florid, an .he Gulf o^f M«i, ,., and \ ,v Mi»si-«ippi. "* """ "' .qill ' illf ' *" *"""""' '"" -"'-• "".OOO .ermmiites „. the n.-r.heZ. rr/, r,.l."'°""'-' ^^^:^" '-^^'^y"-n.he.ou.horn • IIh miIo Mobile Bay by se- •aslern of wliicli is called How IS Alubnmii boundedf stati;;;',:"""'"' "" ''•"•'""'"'" '^'•y' ■« «« "nP°"ant naval l-'liiri,la is noted for its luxuriant vciretaiion and fni- ^\m^ which is much used for ship-butiding Into what li i tho ,Si John's fall What ia siiid . !io Apnn lachicoln / Whnt rivers (in rito An palm! I'o Buy Inio wlial doi'N ho Su. wanec tlow ) What river folln no the I Suwannc t I Into what does il r'hoc. lawhaichio flow What rivcra (low ii Pen- tbcola Bay > What branch has ibe Es- cambia 1 What is said of iIk iVr- dido? Whut form part ol ihc bounilory between i lor- ida and (Joorgia f What is said ot 'I'allal la see 7 St. Augustine 1 Where is St. Marka 1 Appalachicola f St. Joseph ? What is said of Pensacola? Key West f For what is Florida noted? U'weri. Tho i\: vcral nioulh.i. iln' Tensnw Hivcr. 'i'lie Alahomu : Mobile. The Calmw'ha falls The Tulliipoosa mid Tlic filack Warrior bigl)ee. The Tennessee runs v llie stale The iiavigali.i> rupiod liv tho Muscle Sh and iailr..t,d have been cons The KIk is a branch of The Chociawhalchie, Y III} In - unite and form tho the Alabama. 1 form the Alabama, ipiey fall into the Tom- "tgb the northern part of I Ibis river is here inter- . around which a canal icted. Tennessee. \Vat;;.r, Conecuh, and I'ow many nnitiiiot and square niilcs ( What mountains icrmi- initc 111 ihunorihern part? Where it Mobile Bay ? What it Mid of Mobile Itiver/ Ten Kivpr fiills jnio Clionnwl, 'r,c ^, Cl,.ii,l,„„|„, f„,„ ,,„, „,;, ^^ ^^^_ 1 iiscnloo'sa, on the Black Warrior Wetuinp'ka, on the Coosa. Gainesville, on the Tombighee Hor'cnce and Deca'tur, on the Tennessee, ruscum'bia, near the Tennessee. Hunts vilie, an inland^ town, north of the Tennessee. Alabama is remarkable for i,a verv rapid growf, Although comparatively one of the liew s aief it ! ' ready ranks among the most imporUtlt! ' "'" MISSISSIPPI. ^otmrf«W<'6-. — Bounded N. by Tennessee- V h^ Alabama; S. by the Gulr nt M .'"""^f^e, fc. by .„,!' 'f ' r"'"^ '"'^ ^'' '=""""««. "nd conlah,. 4fl.nnn ^j^./J«i/.-Pascagou1a Bay lies i„ the S. E. corner of ancfS-t":' «-g"e(iiom) lie, between this state \''?' ,"*'"• f""" 'ho Mo. ^^(Ii'l|7 '''"" "■" Cahawba jy!","'";'","" Alabama? Wh» („|| i,„„ ,h„ .j.„ blfbee ( What is said of the Ten- nesscel What branch has the Ten. ncsseo / Wliiit rivers rise in tho soulhern part of ihf elale ? ^^(i'llT '''*' ^" '*'"' Whin is said of the Chat. lahoochce / Whut lowiia on tho Ala- baiiia ? What ia said of Mobile ? Where is Tuscaloosa ? W'eiunipkn? Oaiiiesville ? What towns on tho Tcn- nes.seo / Where is Tuscumbia ? llunisville ? What issniil of ihc rapid growth ol Alabama? How is Missiouipp, bound- ed t li.fx T.m-.y f(..untiog aiuJ siiuare miles ? Where is PascBEoula Bay? Where is Lake Borgne f Longitiirip Wp8I fro ii \> n-liippfon SECOND PART OF TUB CONTAIMNC ^LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AI.AHAMA, A.- KANSAS, TKNNr.SSKK, MISSOURI, ano KKNTUCKY. -ABAMA, A.-- iSOURl, AND th^^S' '"""' '^'^ '^'^•^'^ """ Ya-o', fi.„ into The P,fa':! f I'r^'" ""',' '!""""'">"='"« f""" "'« Yazoo. 1 le n-arl fulls mto Uike Boretie. The 1 ascaffou'la falls into Pa«cngo„Ia Bay Ch.ckasawl,ay an.l I^,.f form tht Pasca^o .la I^Jhe Tennessee touches the N. E. co^.er of this The Tombi^hee rises in this stale. NZv7r"'"'r';°w- '''•'"•' '^'^"' i^ "'« capital. Port Gibson, near Grand Gulf. Ti azoo City, or Manchester, on Yazoo Fiver Columbus, on the Ton.bi.rbee. stall ' "" '"'"'"^ '°^^"' '" "'^ S. W. part of the VVIint is said of the Mis I sisaippi 7 What rivers foil into the Mississippi J Wiml rivers form Ihe Ya- zoo / ,^''oi:<"loes the Pearl fall? the Puscngoulu t VVIml rivers form Ihe Pas- cagcmlat Whal is said of the Ten- nessee ? Wiint river rises in this alale ? Whal is said of Jackson? Wiiat lowna on the jMis sissippi ? Where is Port Gibson 1 Yazoo Cily? Columbus ? Raymond 1 Woodville 1 intlTthe Gui'^o/XLT '"^ ''"'""'""" """ <•«"« lakTi'of 'tl.T""'""' ^''''''*'"'' «"•' S"''in«' ""w throuirh Ro,fgnn7s? 7 rn-^if' D''"'''''J»»nville, Baton by the Amerirans under General Jackson ^' '" '''"' j^.Alexandna and JVatehitoches (^-ak'-i-tosh), on Red Madisonville, near Lake Pontchartrain. Upelousas, on a branch of the Teche Monroe', on the Washita. What is said of La 'ourche ? Whal rivers flow through lakes o( the same names, inloiheGulfofMcjieof What towns on the Alis- sisaippi ? What is said of New Or- leans ? What towns on RedR.f Where is Madisonville t Opelousas 1 Monroe ? i wiStr y.^;^f .:'•'' -^r'^^" °^'^""-' °f other state in tirunion?'^™''"'"'' ""'^ """' «">• For what production is Mississippi fumed ( XOniSZANA. sipD^''"F b^^r^"""''"'' ^- ^y ^'•'"'"^as and Missis- bv^he c\a^ f Jf".''PP' and the Gulf of Mex co S 'y the Gulf of Mexico: and W bv T^rnl '"''*"'".. &• " IS separated by Sabin'e (IT^SuiT^Tr' *'""'' sqi" if '" '"'° ^« P"-'-' -'i contains .8,000 E«£S«^B^nS:i^;:^-2 Ma*':;Sin-:tr-'-'-''- coast o.' tn J .oIf'ar|'^Sr'^';-;«M-;Jpi is subject ItSlvitlwJtld ??|"--^"'= "early 200 milo., ^ ' "'""' "'""? "'« "^er for «'a.-s inu;ilurG.'|,'"o|' Mer:' "'" '''^'="-S« '^eir The H.,,uilrir;i:;^£^.[-"^ "•-""- 4t,fS;S.:Br '^'"" '"^ ^'-^S. and, '{'« i'eclie (alls i„t„ ,|,c Aloliafi.lava ' How ia Louisiana bound- ed ? How many parishes and square miles I Whirh are the principal bays ? I What is said of Ihe south- ern eoast ? What of the country bor- dering on the Missis- sippi ( What lakes in the S E part ? • ' What in the S. V/. part f What is said of the Mis- sissippi ? What river falls into the Alississippi ? What into ilie Red f WliptissaidortheAleha iuiaya 1 Where does the Teche fall? The ,\niile ? What is said of the Iber- ville I by di'e Gtd^ ' ' M ^''T'y ""'• Louisiana ; S. E squ'are ,S:V"' "•"' '' ''""""-.and contains 300,000 ^^Bays.-Gal veston and Matagor'da are the principal faIlim;^G";e^\X"T7.e"sl'f-''?^^°"(^''-)' i e Colorad o falls mto Matagorda Bay. Ihe San Antonio and Nueces f-.ll i„, ■^ r . Gulf of Mexico ^>ueces Jail into arms of the Gal veston, on Galveston Bav Matagorda, on .Matagorda Bay bintVirdie: "■"' ^"-e.loches, between the Sa- Santa Fo , near the Bio Grande, in the NWc!l Texas What is said of Texas f How is it bounded t How many counties and square miles ? What mountains lie on the western boundary ? Which are the principal What is said of the Sa- ! bine ? Whal river falls into the I oabine ? i What rivers foil into Gai. veston Bay ? riclfl':S:::i:^S::^:sV''""'"-'"'""'— ^ finest grazing c^ti^l^inr;":;:;''''^^'"''''"'^^ 6E«£«A1 REMAUKS ON THt SOUTHERN SHIES ^.i;''' "'^"/nlls into the ,„V"'' "' Mexico 1 i What into Matagorda B.f' ^/!"'/'>'''"'oafmsofthe ,,/,>"" of Mexico? / What branch has the San ■ Antonio ? What rivers rise in the norihern port? What is said of Austin? Where is Houston ? Galveston ? Motogorda ? What towns between the babiiie and Neches ? j What on the Brazos ? Where ia Boxar? Corpus Christi f Santa Fe ? What is said of the inte- nor of Texas? What of the Cross Tim- bars I What Indians Inhabit the -N. VV. par! ? Whrt is said of the cli- male of the southern states ? ?:£ : ' :j! 26 MICHIGAN — WISCONSIN — OHIO. The staple productions are wheat, corn, and tobacco, in the north, and rice, sugar, and the finest cotton in tiie world, in the south. These states do not possess so many good harbors as the more northern portion of the Union ; and the navigation of many of the rivers is much obstructed by the sand-bars which have formed at their mouths. Agriculture is the leading pursuit in all of these states. The inhabitants are noted for their hospitality and their ardent lemperrnient. Education is not so liberally provided for, or so generally ditfused, as in the more thickly settled parts of the Union. Slavery exists in all of the Southern States. What nro iho staple pro- ducliuiis i What is aaiti of ihe liar- hors and rivers o( lhet;u Slates i Which is the leading pur- suit in these states i What is said of the inhab- itants f What of the state of edu- cation ? What exists in all the southern states 7 The norllicrn peninsula is inhahiled by Indians, and in but little known. Copper is found in great abund- ance on in af Lake Superior Tlie commerce on the great lakes which surround this state is already extensive, and is rapidly in- creasing. Of what does Michigan consist ? How is it bounded ? QUESTIONS ON THE SOUTHERN STATES. I. Name the Soiiihern States, with their capitals. 2. Nome them in the order of their sizes. Ahs. T., v., G., I''., N. C. &. a., M. 4. L., S. C. 3. How many square miles do they contain f .'ln.<. 71 l,(X)0. 4. How are they Liounded? 5. What oie the principal bays t ti. Which one of these stales coiiiains noted -rounds, and what aie their naine:i I 7. Which one of these slates abounds in lakes, and wliat are the principal ? H. What are the most noted capes? 9. What inuuntnins in these stales? 10. What swamps? 11. What rivers fall into the Atlaniic ( 12. Gulf of Mexico ? 13. Between what two stales does the Savannali How ? 1 1. St. Mary's ? 13. Chatiahoochee ? 16. Tearl f 17. .Missis- sippi i 18. .Sabine ? 19. What is the course, and how would you travel by water from Petersburg to .Milledgeville ! 20. Harper's Kerry lo New Orleans? 21. t'larksburg to Columbus, Mi.? 22. Charleston, Va., to Columbia, S. C.7 23. Fayeltcville to 'i'usca- loosa ? 21. Florence to .Mobile ? 25. Augusta, Ga., to Alexandria, La. ? 26. Charlottes- ville to Jackson ? 27. Baton Rouge to Austin I WESTERN STATES. MZCBlGiklir. Michigan' consists of two peninsulas, entirely sepa- ralf'J from each other by water. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Lake Superior; E. by Canada West, from which it is separated by St. Mary's Kiver, I-ake Huron, St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit' River, and Lake E'rie; S. by Oliio and Indiana; and W. by Lake Michigan tnd Wis- consin. It is divided into 3'Z counties, and contains 60,000 square miles. Bays. — Saginaw' Bay communicates with Lake Huron. Grand Traverse and Green Bays communicate with Lake Michigan. Slrait. — The Strait of Mackinaw unites Lake Michigan with Lake Huron. Islands. — Mackinaw and Beaver are the principal islands. Rivers. — The Saginaw fulls into Saginaw Bay. The Clinton falls into Like St. Clair. The Huron and Raisin fall into I.ake Erie. The Mennomonic and .Montreal' form part of the boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin. The Manistee, Maskegon, Grand, Kalamazoo', and St. Josepii's, fall into Lake .Michigan. Towns. — Michigan City, or Lansing, near Grand River, is the capital. Detroit, on Detroit River, is a place of considerable trade. Mt. Ciethens and Pontiac, on Clinton River. Monroe, on the R;ii.siii. Ann .Arbor, on the Huron. Adrian, on a branch of the Raisin. St. Josepii's and Miles', on St. Juspph's River. Mackinaw on the island of Mackinaw. WISCOlffSIN. nonndarirs. — Bounded N. by Lake Superior and Michigan; E. by Lake iMichigan; S. by Illinois, and W. by Mi.s.^ii-sippi Itiver and Minisotali Territory. It is divided into 27 counties, and contains 00,000 S(]uare miles. Lake, '' "" '^^ ^°'^«^ I"*^". " the hnf.?»'/^*''r"; ,^"^""e">n, Bioomington, and Du* bitque (Du-Booke'), on the Mississippi; the last of Mhich IS famed for the lead-mines in iu vicinfty I . Iowa contains several tribes of Indians, the mn«i Pmr"'"' -^ '"« «-^ and.FoxVtdT How is Tenneaaes bound, cd ? How many counties and squure miles f How is Tennessee di- vided t What mountains separate this stale Irom North Carolina f Whnt is said of the Cum- berland mounmins ? What is said of the Mis- sissippi I What rivers fall into the Mississippi; What rivers flow through this stale) What fall into the Ten- nessee f Whore does Powell's R fall ( Thi? Frenrh Broad J The Noleehucky ( What towns on tho Cum- berland ? Where ia Franklin ? What is said of Memphis 1 Where is Columbia ? Kno.xvillo t Bolivar? What inland towns? thelS-;;;.'" '''™'""' *'--". -d Salt,fall into Big River falls into the Maramee. into the Miwf ' '''"'"°'" °'''«^'' ""'^ «""''' <•"" The White Water, St. Francis, Big Black, and Cur- r '^ans-as'."^ ^°""'"" P"' °^ '''' --' -^ P- w!'''^^rh°7'' ''."i"'" ""^ ^"««'"" boundary. y otCTM.— St. Charles, Jefferson City, Boone'ville and Lexington, on Missouri River. Jeffe'rson City is' th seat of government. ^ New Mad'rid, Cape Girardeau', St. Genevieve' Her- ctda i^um, and St. Louis, on the Mississi," ,h'e a of which IS a p ace of extensive trade, and^he larjes Pot'o's ' ^"r''' t''"^ ''''' °f the'Mississ ppi ^ " in hr'^i^i^tr ' ' '" '''""°" '" '"^ '"''■'"'"^' of'[he'S;"ir'rr^ Mr-^i-inAewestem part 01 tlie state, IS noted as the point from which the aravans of Missouri merchants trading To Sa2 Fe in Texas, take their departure. •^anare, 20 What rivers fall into the MiasisMJppi ? Where docs Dig R. faJU Whnt fall inio the Mis- souri f Whnt rivers rise in this Slate t What is said of tho Mis- souri 1 What towns on the Mis- souri t What towns on the Mis, SISSIppi 1 What is said of Potoai f Independence f What IB said of the amount of corn produced in Ten- nessee i How is Iowa bounded t How many counties and square miles ? | What is said of the Mis- sissippi ? What rivers fall into the luiBsissippi f What rivers rise in Iowa 1 What is said of Iowa Cityf Load Mines. ceSZf ■' '"T"'' ■^°' "* '"'"««' ''^asures. The ce ebra ed mineral region around Potosi contains inex! haustible mines of the richest lead and iron ores What ia said of the mipi- ral treasures of Misso^ if ARBAWSAS. ^ Boundaries. — Bounded N bv lVTi«.n.„i . p u ht- VV by lexas and the Indian Territory sq,L':mS' '"'° '' ''°""''^^' -''■-"'-- 55,000 cor-:tT;;:i;T2^ ^""'' ^°""'^'"' "- '»•« n. w. MiSiJjt"'"' '''""'"""^ St. Francis, fan into the Tl"'*^"l„^"l,^^_^'«^^ r^! -j- '!>« whi,e. na on the Mis- What is said of the Indian tribes of Iowa ? MISSOURI. .BoKnrfaWes.— Bounded N. by Iowa; E. bv Missis ^ PP' R'ver, which separates it from lllinot Kentu k' I .q uari'mtf ' "'" '' '=°"""^'' """ *'°"'«'"'' «*.0«C It^Hoii^Sir^SiSLS""^ ''"""'^'"^ I the sZ!^?""'" ""'' ^"°' ^"°''' '" 'he eastern part of l^e state, are immense ma.se. of the riche.t iroS ore .-- „„ ij,g uiacK laii into Ti w/'^i.?"" '"'" "'^ Big Black. I he White Water is a branch of How is Missouri bounded? How many counties and square miles? What mountains traverse the southern part ? What is said of Iron Mt and Pilot Knob ? Tk i.r'T- ■■ """:' '" " "™"cn 01 the St. Francis Lo^sLr""""' "^^' '" '^'^ """« -'J P-- into 1 he Red River flow, through the S. W. corner of thie Slate, and passes into Louisiana. '^ of Jirnmeni"'^ "°""" °" "^^^"^ «'-' " ">« -at Jiilton, on Red River. res!!r"dt'bfinrand^^''*«'^«'''-P^ ^^ Fayetteville, an inland town, in the N. W. corner of large rivers are very fertile, but .ubject to nundation The o^er portion, of the ..ate are hilly and barren How is Arkansas bound- ed? How many counties and square miles ? What is said of the Oiark Mountains ? What is said of the Mis. eissippi? What rivers fall into it t What fall into the White? Where docs tho Current I fall ? The White Water ? | What is said of tho Wa- ' shila ? I What rivers fall into it ? I What is said of Red River ? What is said of Little Rock? What towns on the Mis- sissippi ? Where is Batesvillo ? Fulton ? What is said of Hot (springs ? Where is Fayetteville ? What is said of Arkansas ? J 30 MINISOTAII, MISSOURI, INDIAN, AND OREGON TERRITORIES. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE WESTERN STATES, The climate of the Western States is mild, and the soil is renowned for its fertility. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. The chief pro- ductions are wheat, Indian corn, tobacco, hemp, and live stock ; and cotton in Tennessee and Arkansas. Salt is obtained in ci>nsidernblo quantities from sail springs in Ohio and Kentucky ; and coal, iron, and lead are found in great abundance. The trade of this great and rapidly improving sec- tion of the Union, in carried on chiefly with New Or- leans by means of the Mississippi, and with New York, through the lakes and the Krie Canal. Slavery exists in Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas. Whit ii said of tho cli- mate and aoll of the western states 1 What is said of their ag- rirulturCj and which are the chiel productions ) What is said of sah, &.c.t How is the trade of this section carried on 1 In which of these states docs slavery exist I QUESTIONS ON THE WESTERN STATES. 1. Name the Western States, with their capilols. 2. Nome them in the order of their sizes? Am. Mo., Mich. & Wis., lo., 111. & Ark., Ten., O., K., and In. 3. How many square miles do they contam ? Ant. 51fi,000. 4. What are the principal mountains in the Western btates ? 5. What lakes lie between these states and Upper Canada I 8. Where does Lake Michigan lie f 7. Which of these states are bounded W., and which E. by the Mississippi River f 8. Which S., and which N., by the Ohio? 9. What rivers fall mto the Mississippi in these states? 10. What into the Ohio I 11. Wabash? 12. Lake Erie ? 13. What is the direction, and how would you travel by naturol water-courses from Cincinnati to Booneville 1 14. Nashville tc Knoxville ? 15. Indianapolis to Jcllcrson City ? 16. Columbus to Vandalia ? 17. Frankfort to Little Rock ? 18. Dayton to Peo ria t 19. Zanosville to Memphis ? 20. Logansport to Bowling Green ? WESTERN TERRITORIES. MZNZSOTAB TBRRZTORT. (See Map of the United States.) Boundaries.— Bounded N. by the British Posses- sions; E. by Lake Superior and Wisconsin; S. by Iowa; and VV. by Missouri Territory. It contains 100,000 square miles. Minisotah is inhabited by numerous Indian tribes, the principal of which are the Chippeways and Sioux. Lakes. — Lakes are very numerous, particularly around the sources of the Mississippi. Lake Superior, Rainy Lake, and I-,ake of the Woods, lie on the N. E. boundary. Rivers. — The Mississippi rises in Itasca Lake, and flows through tlie heart of this territory. The navi- gation of this river is here interrupted by the falls of St. Anthony. The St. Croix, St. Peters, and Rum, fall into the Mississippi. The Red rises in the central part of this territory, and flows north into British America. How is Minisotah Terii- tory bounded ? How many square miles does it contain? What is said of the Indian tribes ? What of the lakes f What lakes lie on the N. E. boundary ? What is said of the Mis- sissippi ? What rivers fall into the Mississippi ? What is said of the Red ? Fort Snelling, a United States' military post, near What of Fort Snelling 1 the falls of St. Anthony, is noted as being at the head of steamboat navigation on the Mississippi. MISSOURI TERRITORV. Hunter and Trapper. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by the British Posses- 1 How is Missouri Territory sions ; r,. by Minisotah territory and fowa ; S. by ihei bounded i Indian Territory; and W. by the Rocky iMounlains. I It contains 400,000 square miles. The sdutliern part of this extensive region is some- times called Nebraska Territory. This country is uninhabited, except by wandering tribes of Indians, who subsist chiefly by hunting. The principal of these tribes are the lilackfeet, Ricarees, Crows, and Pawnees. Companies of trappers and traders, from the western slates, visit this country, for the purposes of hunting and of trading with the Indians for the furs taken by them. Mountains. — The Rocky Mountains separate Mis- souri Territory from Oregon. The Black Iliils traverse this territory from N. E. to S. W. River.1. — The IMissonri flows through this territory. The Platte, Sioux, James, Running Water, Sliienne, Little Missouri, White Earth, Yellowstone, and Marias, fall into the Missouri. Gallatin's, Madison's, and Jeflerson's, form the Mis- souri. The Platte flows through the heart of the territory of Nebraska. One of the branches of this river rises in the Rocky Mountains, at a very noted point called the South Pass. At this pass emigrants to Oregon usually cross the Rocky Mountains. Big Horn falls into the Yellowstone. How many squnre miles does it coninin ? What is the Roiiihern por- tion uf this territory called ? By whom is this country iriliiihilod ? Which are the principal tribes? By whiim is this country visited t What is said of the Rocky Mtmiitains t The Black Hills? What is said of Missouri River? What rivers fall into it ? What form it » What is said of Platte R., and the South Pass ? Where does Big Horn fall ? IWDIAir TERRITORV. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Missouri Territory ; E. by Missouri and Arkansas; S. and W. by Texas. It contains 120,000 square miles. Desert. — The American Desert lies partly in this territory, and partly in Texas. Rivers. — The Missouri flows on the north-eastern boundary of this territory. Tho Kanzas falls into the Missouri. The Arkansas and Red form part of the boundary between this territory and Texas, and pass into Ar- kan.',ll ? What fall into the Colum- bio? 1. How are thi I and Gulf of Me.\i square miles docs 1 lie third ? (i. '1' rilory of the Unil^ \Am. Tex., Va J M"». N.C, Al„ I IJv^.C.nndMai iJ. Ine smallest New England Sin I .fountains.— \a, laniic, from those i I mountains? 17. V I L., and C. is W J I" 19. What Stat I mountains in the t |8lalea arc trnversct Gulft, ^ 2'Z. ' I'jnys aiu uii ihu A |8oundsonthe Atlni iMkeit — 2e. Wlia ic Illack UiWa ? here does Big Horn Tall t Imt of the Missouri R.t icre is Council Bluff's f .liIi£^i_£ALIJ'ORNlA AND NEW the British r,,- ,,,„ ""^'■'^'"'^^^'""•ments made by oniho Columbia f MBZZOO. When and by whom were Upper California and f New Mexico ceded to I the United States ? i!!Zii!fl2zl£.^IIl!iL ^ ** E R I C A - N F. VV BRITAIN. 30. Hudson, .ul>:ZZr^^"r'''' r '''''•'''' '^'''^'"''''^■ Roanoke? .W. Orrat IvITi i, ' S'''''''"''"""» ' 33. Poio,„„c i q. ru ,anuyf -JJ. t.rcat Kanawha f 56. Aip„ L •'*• <^i'nilicrland ! 53. VVnhnsh » rj ii o'^'i'^nnsf 50. Ohio? 51 T«n n^oi's^'fi^ Ro^M^TT'""" ' . '« 'Vll'l,;;/! " §. Sr? II- «-»> Kana'wh'iv'^rfi Upper California Ind trMeS^att" Tede^J by the Mexican Gover.itnent ,„ the Unhed St^L by SrilvT'''^'^ ^' ''^ ?'^S°" Te"^° J ; E. Ocean • ^ "'""° ' "'"' ^- ''X 'he Pacific They contain about 500,000 square miles. How , e fr ,"h""vr.'^ "■"«'' "'' "'« "-"^ky Mountains in ^^.l' e east, the VVahsalch in the interior, and the Snowv ^''''^'' oimtains • < the west, are the nrinci. ,i ""'•^ '»'"" , ". Philadelphia to^IZtors c" ', ^ bT '" '""*-- '°^r'^'DlL«'^l:"lS™i.-:?''5'??5ii'" "tC^ti^^^ Orleans How are they bounded ? the Mountains ■ . the west, a;e iiie" prTndpal. f alley- the country between the Wahsatch ami Snowy Mountains is called the Great Intert etro' barTe*!,'' '27.""^^^'^ '" '" '°"" I^^'" «ndy and irivers'siof f'ri:''°"' "'""""' '" lakes^ and uTesea "^ *"*'" "° communication with LipSTayT''"''"'"""'" ""'^ Monterey are the prin. bo.mty"''"" """ '"''' '"' "^" "-^ "-'hern licofa^^d^rrttTo?^^^^^^^^^ The Sacramento falls into the Bay of St. Francisco nniBrl ,,. irancisco, on ban Francisco Bav. is noted as possessing one of the finest harbo«7^^|he Monterey (Mou-ia-ray), on Monterey Bay. ^^^San Diego, on the Pacific, near tlie southern boun- How many square miles do they contain 7 'hich are the principal mountains 1 Where is the Great Inte- rior Basin? What is said of this im- mense valley ? Which are the principal bays ? ' Where is G. Salt Lake ? What is Mid of the Rio I Colorado f 9^ cTshT"' '^"■' «'-'i.'J""«^»'"OB« oiSnanoli'r"^^'^' l'"' ' «»■ Concord jJ^h' 91. Charleston, Va., to Booneville, Mo. ? ^rChlillf tofefdrTa, u' J" ''™"'' Possessions ^ "'"*" ^"'"' '""' «"««*«" British America contains about 2 inn nnn . ritorv^hi. ^l i i'? '"""f"'*' •'"' ''•^ak and barren ter What are its extent and population ? What is said of this im- menso territory? What does British Amo- nca mclude I The Gila? The Sacramento ? What branch has the Sa- cramento ? What is said of San Fran- cisco ? »raw BRITAXN. Where ia Monterey ? San Diego ? ll^H'!'' '.'' ^^STERN TERRITORIES. ' Te°r itSrv/^r'^/ '" "■''^" '"'^^ories ? ''ii.tel'rirVl^rf f '■ WhL riv"e? I cou^ciakf ^:'s^^orcr^ry%Uo!£?F"''' --" '^r:^t:i'^^ f^ contoins nearly 2,000,000 of square miles fur trade. P" P°'^ °*^ <=''"y"i& "n the miles How many square uoos it contain? By whom is this cold and fled ? '" "*'"" '"''"'*■ QUESTIONS ON THE UNITED STATES irc.— J.;. VVIint cniU wash"" *^- - i' 1' •rM^'l?""^ ™a« ? •2V."5,rheTn:.?"'f"[i''^.U?«ed states ? hat S;;-o'i« Cvit kk?°r ', " """ "' ™""^° ' 25- What I ^^ :^VI.at lakeshe^^een the United States and Canada W..,. „. Where Oatheco^-^rG^iFM;:!^^?^;^^;;^ Hunting tlie Bearer. the Crx,\"'fiUrytd d^^^^^^^^^^ 'y\ ^t '"^-7^abit the w|rSroF^:;£;:^Mo,.ntain3tr«vor.etho and^S->^3'a;St S oTst'f ""' """-"'^' i!!!ii2i!he^ulfof';^^^L:;^;,^^e m^e coasts ? The interior ? ''Moun".:r;;^?'"**"'«-"y ^^'a^s?"* "" P"""'?*' 32 CANADA — NEW BRUNS W ICK — NO V A SCOTIA. Strails. — Da'vis' Strait unites Baffin's Bay with the Atlantic. Hudson's Strait unites Hudson's Bay with the At- lantic. The Strait o( Belleisle is an inlet into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lakes. — Bear Lake, Slave Lake, and Lake Atiia- bas'ca, discharge their waters by Mackenzie's River. Lake Win'nipe^ and Lake of the Woods discharge their waters by Nelson River. Islands. — Numerons islands lie on the northern coast, the principal of which are the North Georgian Islands and Prince William's Land. • Queen Charlotte's and Vancouver's lie on the west- ern coast, in the country recently acquired by treaty from the United States. Rivers. — The Mackenzie's falls into the Arctic Ocean. The Severn, Nelson, and Churchill, fall into Hud- son's Bay. The Saskatch'awan and Red fall into Lake Winnipeg. Frazer's River falls into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. OAITADA. WImt is iaiil of Dsvia' Hi rail J Iludion's Strait t The Strait of Bultoislot What lakes diiirhargo ihcir waters by Maclienzie'i Uiver t What by tho Nelson t What is nid nf the islands on the northern coast I What islands on tho west- ern coast t Where does the Mockcn- zie's fall? What rivers fall into Hud- Ron's Bay! What into L. Winnipeef Where does Fraiers K. tall ? Boundaries. — Bounded N. by New Britain ; E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; S. E. and S. by New Bruns- wick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and Lake Erie ; and S. W. and W. by Michigan and New Britain. Jt contains 350,000 square miles. Canada is divided by Ot'tawa River into two parts, called Canada East and Canada West. Lakes. — Lake St. John discharges its waters by Saguenay River. Lake Memphremagog communicates with St. Fran- cis' River. Superior, Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, lie partly in Canada West, and partly in the United Slates, Lake Nipissing and Manitou'line Lake communicate with Lake Huron. Islands. — The Island of Anticos'ti lies at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Or'leans and Montreal' lie in the St. Lawrence. Rivers. — The St. Lawrence forms part of the boun- dary between Canada West and New York, flows through Canada East, and falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Saguenay, St. Mau'rice, St. Francis, Sorelle, and Ottawa, fall into the St. Lawrence. Niagara flows between Canada VVest and New York. The St. Mary's, St. Clair, and Detroit, flow between Canada West and Michigan. The Trent falls into Lake Ontario. The Ouse falls into Lake Erie. The Thames falls into Lake St. Oair. Towns. — Montreal, on the Island of Montreal, is the capital, not only of Canada, but of all British America. It is noted for its flne cathedral. Kingston and Toron'to, on Lake Ontario. Quebec and Three Rivers, on the St. Lawrence ; the former of which is noted for its ffreat military' stren'*th. London, on the Thames. Port Goderich, on Lake Huron. '' Bound Canada. How many squore miles does it contain ? How is Canada divided ? What is said of Lake St. John? Lake Memphremagog t What lakes lie partly in Canada, and partly in the United Slates I What lakes communicate with Lake Huron ? Where is the island of An- ticosli! What islands in tho St. Lawrence ( What is said of the St. Lawrenco { What rivers fall into the St. Lawrence ( What is said of the Nia- gara? What rivers flow between Canada West and Alich- igiin ? Where does the Trent fsllP The Ousel The Thames 1 What is said of Montreal 1 What towns on Lake On- tario ) What towns on the St. Lawrence f Where is London 7 Port Goderich ? Conada formerly consisted nf two separate pro- vinces, known as liower and Upper Canada; but in 1941, they were uniteil under otie government, and called Canada EuHt and Canada West. A large majority of the inhabitants of Canada East are of French extraction. They speak the French language, and profess the Catholic faith. What is said of Canada 1 What is said of the inhab- itants of Canada East I XmW BRUMSWZOB. New firuniwick, Nura Scotia, Jtc. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Ristigouche River and Chaleur Bay, which separate it from Canada East; E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; S. by Nova Scotia and the Bay of Fun'dy; and W. by Maine. It contains 20,000 square miles. Bays. — Chaleur and Miramichi (Mir-a-ma-shee') Bays on the east, are arms of the Gulf of St. Law- rence. The Bay of Fundy lies between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It is remarkable for its tides,* which sometimes rise to the astonishing height of 60 or 70 feet. Rivers. — The Miramichi falls into Miramichi Bay. The Ristigouuhe falls into Chaleur Bay. The St. John's falls into the Bay of Fundy. Toints. — St. John's and Fred'erickton, on St. John's River, the latter of which is the seat of government. St. Andrew's, at the mouth of the St. Croix. New Brunswick is noted for the exportation of lumber. NOVA SOOTXA. Boundaries. — The Peninsula of Nova Scotia is bounded on the N. W. by the Bay of Fundy and New Brunswick; N. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; E. and S, by the Allaiilic. Nova Scotia, including Cape Bre'ton, contains 19,000 square miles. Cape. — Cape Sable forms the S. W. extremity of this province. Island. — The Island of Cape Breton lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is separated from Nova Scotia by the Gut of Canseau. River. — Annapolis River falls into the Bay of Fundy. Towns. — Halifax and Tiiverpon], on arms of the Atlantic, the former of which is the capital. * See General Views, p. 70, article " Tides." Bound Now Brunswick. How many square miles does it contain f What bays on the east 1 What is said of the Bay of Fundy ! Where does the Miramichi falU The Ristigouche t The St. John's t What towns on St. John's River I Where is St. Andrew's ? For whot is N. Brunswick noted 1 Bound Nova Scotia. How many acquire miles docs it contain ? What is said of C. Sable ? Where is the island of C. Breton J Where does Annapolis R. fall ? " What lowna on the Atlantic? arms of!l It ii uid of Ctnsdt t itii laid or the inhab- inta of Canada Eaat I ^N*^ n '^ CT nd Now Brunawick. ' many aquare milea lea it contain 1 at baya ou the eaat t at ia said of the Bay " Fundy t ere doea the Minmichi lU I RIsiigouche t 1 St. John's? at towna on St. John'a ivcrT ere ia St. Andrew'a t what ia N. Brunawick >tedt nd Nova Scotia. r many sf^uare miles i ics it contain 1 at is said of C. Sable t ere ia the ialand of C. reton 1 > ere doea Annapolia R. 11! at iGH'Rs Qxi itms of !i e Atlantic? NEWFOUNDLAND- Halifax poaaeaae. one of tlio fmeat harbori in the worl(l, an.l ta the moat important naval alation in Bri- tish America. coalimi'nw"" "'" °""'°''^'- ^'^^ncc, ia noted for its Annapolia, formerly ralle.I Fort Royal, on Annapolia America European aeltlement in North Sydney, on the Island of Cape Breton. I.-iiisburg, on ihe same island, was once a place of much importance, but is now entirely deserted! Nova Scotia abounds in coal, and plaster of Paris, States' ''°""'^*™'''« quantities are sent to the United !j^lfLCE_Er)VVAHD-BERMUDAS-GUEENLANrr^;^;^ What ia aaid of Halifax f What of Pictou I Annapolia ? Where iy Sydney f What iaaaidof Louiaburgf With what doea Nova Scotia abound ) 33 ARimiVLASrD. NHWroUNDSAND. /)«««d«ne,._ Bounded N. by the Strait of Belle- le, which separates it from I.tbrador'; E. and S. by the Atlantic ; and W. by the Gulf of S . Lawrence ^ It conlninM 30,000 square miles ^"''ence. The interior and western parts of this large and barren island are very liiile known The Graiul R„„k is an extensive submarine moun- ta.ii, or elevalion of the bottom of the sea, 000 n.des o New ou.ulland. I, ,, compose.l of solid rock, and hore'cr thLci""'' "^ "'^' •'^^''«'""' •■•'S^ -'-" A.£r7oa;.""P"°" "'"' ^'"""'"'' ""^y '- - 'he r"«>ns._St. John's, on the Atlantic, is the capital Harbor Grace, on Conception Rny. ^ Bound N foundlond. What ia its extent f What ia aaid of Ihe inferior and western parts I What of the Grand Bank 1 What bays on the Atlan- tic coast ? What ia said of C. Race 1 What is said of St. John'ar Where ia Harbor Grace ? C»tcliin« Senld. BoundariM. — Bounded N. by unexplored Arctic regions; E. and S. by the Atlantic ; and W. by dIv 1' Strait and Baffin's Ray. ^ I The northern boundary has not been ascertained- but Greenland is believed to be an island ' fnr^I'r"'''?'!-''^'''"^'' '° I^'^nmark, and is valuable only for the seal fisheries carried on along the roasts. ^ rl'nf"7."' " "^^ ^- ^- "'^'^'""y "f ""*- "laud. Greenland has no towns. There are a few Danish «et.len.en.s,and Moru'vian missionary stalions,aTo„ the western coast. "'""o The Esquimaux, who inhabit this excessively cold and barren island, are an inoffensive, but filtliv and Ignorant race, scarcely 5 feet in height ^ Bound Greenland. What iasoid of the north, ern boundary I To whom dooa Greenland belong, and Ibr whol ia >! valuable? Where is Cape Farewell t WImt IS said of the settle- inenis I Wliatof thoEaquimauxf ^^^^^^^W^v RVSSZAN POSSBSSZONS. Cod Fisliery. Newfotindland is valuable for ita cod fisheries, which oTanTlT T r^^r'My in the shallow water 7 he For what ia Newfoundland valuable 1 mZMroS SDWARD. The Wand of Prince Edward lies in the Gulf of St Lawrence, and is separated from Nova Scotia by Nor- tniiniberland Strait. ■' It contains 8000- square miles. sou';l;::lrci';"""" "" ^^p"^'' " ^'"""^'^ "«" '•>« Where ia the island of P. Edward 7 What is its extent ? Where ia Charlotte Town? 2?o«nrfanM.-.Bounded N. W. and N. by the Arctic Ocean; E. by New Britain; 8. by the PacificV and W. by the Pacific and Bhering's Strait ' lb. hiT"!'"-"*"--^''.^""'' "^'"- 'he Pacific coast, is H on.1 / . T""'r " ^""h America, being nearly 18,000 feet above the level of the sea. ' .J.» p '"'■~^u "'"^'' ^'"''' 3^ ""''^ w«'e, separates the Russian Possessions from Asia Peninsula.-rhe Peninsula of Alaska forms the S W. extremity of this territory. Cap^Ts?' ^"'"^^ °^ ^'''- "- °PP-'« to East the'Situi;!? ^vilE''^" °' ^- '''-'^^ ''« ^- °f coa^sf ^ °' ^'"^ ^^°'^''' '"'""'^ ^'*' °" 'he S. E. I»lf'f'""fi"''~^'''^.^"'hangel, on King George's Island, 13 the principal settlement. ^ tr«I'"' '^■'a'^ ""T'y '' ^^'"''''le only for the fur trade carried on with the Indian narives. Bound the Russian Pos- sessions. What ia said of Me. St. Eliaa ? WhatofBhering'aStniitt The Peninsula of Alaska f 'wXsi'''""^"™'"'^ The Aleutian or Fox Is. f SitkaorKingGeorge'al.f Which is the principal eet- ilement? For what ia this dreary country valuable I t- MSZXOO. BERMUDAS. The Bermudas, or Som'ers' Islands, lie in the At- ' earlv?"'?',""" '"''" ^" "^ ^outh Carolina, and at nearly equal distances from Nova Scotia and the West These islands contain onlv about •>(! .f,,.^rr mil- vernm'em.'""''"'''""' "" *^«''>''""'' ''« ">e seat of g„- the'caSr °" •'" ''■""'' "<■ «'• «-'g«. -a» formerly Where are the Bermudaa or Somers' Islands I What do they comprise 1 Wliai is their extent 7 What is aaid of Hampton? St. George ? Vera Crui. in S'Tn Jl' ^"' "'l^'l y'"" " ""'""y "f Spain ; but in 1B4I, toe-ether wth '^iiitimala ;» ■-' .^ • j dent of that country. """™'''' " -^«^""^ '"depen- Uoi/nrfanes.- Bounded N. I.y the Territories of Upper California and New Mexu-o; E. by Texasand the Pacific '""'°' '• 'y ^'"''""''''! «"«« «. Wby What if said of Mexico » 34 GIIATIMALA— WEST INDIES. It conlaiiK 750,000 iquore milcii ; and a popiilution of 8,000,000, consimiiig of whiles, Indiuii*, aiiiJ the mixed racci. Mountains. — The Cordilleraa Mouiitaini extend through Mexico from N. to S. ; aome of the highest gummits of which arc Oriza'ba and Popocatepetl', both volcanoes. Bays. — The Day of Campcach'y is the southern extremity of (he Gulf of Mexico. The Bay of Honduras forms the eastern boundary of Yucatan'. The Gulfs of California and Tahuantepec lie on the Pacific Coast. Capet. — %X. Lucas and Corrientes on the Pacific Coast, are the principal capes. i'eninsulat. — The Peninsula of California lies on the W., and that of Yucatan on the S. E. of Mexico. Plains. — In the central and southern prU of Mexico, the Cordilleras Mountains form a double chain, the space between which is an elevated plain, called the Plateau of Analiuac, from six to eight thousand feel above the level of the sea. On this plateau most of the large towns are situated. Rivers. — The Uio del Norte (lows between Mexico and Texas, and falls into the Gulf of Mexico. The Conchos is a branch o'' the Del Notte. The Rio Grande falls into the Pacific. Lake. — Lake Chapala communicates with the Rio Grande. Towns. — The city of Mexico, near the small Lake Tezcuco, is the capital, and one of the most splendid cities in America. Guadalaxa'ra, on the Rio Grandu, is the second city in Mexico. Zacate'cas, San Lu'is Potosi', Guanaxuato {Gwan-a- hiear-to), and Querelaro (Ker-a'-ta-ro), are large in- land towns on the Plateau of Anahuac, north of the City of Mexico. The first three of these towns are famous for the silver mines in tlieir vicinity. La Pueb'la is a large town S. E. of (he City of Mexico, and near the volcano of Popocatepetl. Matamoras, on the Rio Del Norte, near its mouth. Monterey {Mon-la-ray'), an inland town, west of Matamoras. Chihuahua (CAe-tcar'-war), near the Conchos. Tampico ( Tam-pee'-co), Vera Cruz ( Va'-ra-crooce), and Alvarad'o, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, are the principal seaports. Jalap'a, near the Gulf of Mexico, N. W. of Vera Cruz. Campeach'y, on the Bay of Campeachy. San Bias and Acapul'co, on the Pacific. Guaymas and Mazatlan, on the Gulf of California. Mer'ida, on the Peninsula of Yucatan. Oaxa'ca, on a small river emptying into the Pacific, in the S. of Mexico. Balije (Ba-Ueze') is an English settlement in 1\ - catan, on the coast of Honduras Bay, formed for the purpose of cutting logwood and mahogany. Whnl nrn im rxtant and population I Wha( is said of (he Cor* dilteriu Mountaiiu t When! ia the Bay of Cam- peachy t The Bay of Honduras ( What guirs on the Pacific coaatt Which art the principal capea! Where do the peninaulas oS Cahfornia and Yuca- tan lief What is said of the Plaiiiat What is aaid of the Rio del Nurte ? What branch haa it ? Where doeatho K.CJrandi) Ihll t Where is Lake Chapala t What ia said of (he City of Mexico! Guadalaxara? What towns north of the Ciiy of Mexico t Where is La Puebia r Matamoras I Monterey I Chihuahua? What towns on the Mexi- can cooat I Where is Jalapa I Campeachy • What towns on the Pacific? On the G. of California ? Where is Merida i Oaxaca ? What ia said of Belize t OUATIMAXiA/ OR THE REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AMERICA. What is said of Guatimalal After becoming itulependent of Spain, Guatimala remained for three years united with Mexico; but in IS'ii it was formed into a se|mrato republic. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Mexico and Honduras Bay i E. by the Caribbean ( Car-ib-be'-an) Sea and New Grenada; and S.W. by tha Pacific Ocean. It contains 200,000 square imles, and 2,000,000 of inhabitants. Mountains. — The Cordilleras or Andes traverse this country from N. W. to S. E. They abound in volca- noes, 21 of which are in consbint action. The Water Volcano, in the northern part of the country, is one of the most remarkable. Bays.— The Bay of Honduras lies on the northern boundary of Guatimala. Amatiquc Bay is the western extremity of Honduras Bay. Ijokes, Sfc. — Lake Nicara'gua (JVic-a-raZ-gwa) and t^ke I^'on communicate with the Caribbean Sea by St. Juan River. Towns. — St. Salvador', New Ouatima'la, and Old Guatima'la, near the Pacific, the first of which is the seat of government. Leon, on Lake Leon. Truxil'lo and Omoa, on the Bay of Honduras. Cartago, an inland town, m (he S. of Guatimala. Only one-fourth of the inliabitants are whites, the rest being Indians and Mestizoes. The climate is hot, and the soil fruitful. Indigo is one of the principal products. Guatimala, like Mexico, contains many wonderful remains of cities and temples, constructed by nations, of whose former existence we have no other evidence. How is it bounded f What are its sitent and population! What ia aaid of lbs Cor- dilleraa ! Where ia the Bay of Hon- duroa ! Amatique Bay ! What ia aaid of the lakes ! What towns near the Pa- cilic I Where ia Leon ! What towna on the Bay of Honduras ! Where is Cartago I What is aaid of the inhab- it anta I What of the climate and •oil? What is one of the prin- cipal producta I What ia aaid of the an- cient cities and temples of Guatimala! Pyraiiiid of Cliolula. Mexico containa many very interesting remains of antiquity, of which the ruins of Palenque (Pa-hnk'-a) and the Pyramid of Cholu'la are among the most re- markable. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 1. He V ia North America bounded! 2. How many square milea doea il conlcin! 3. Tell i\ ' i .and divieions of N. America in tbe order of their aizea. An: V. H., B. A. Max. anrt liual. 4. What Is the pupnlation of each of these ! 5. Of North America! JWounlatn*.— fi. Which ore the higher and longer, the Rocky or the Alleghany Moun- tains ! Ant. The Rocky. 7. Through what countries would you pass, commencing in the Ruaaian .Settlements, and travcllmg the whole extent of the Rocky Mo»intainal 8. Which ia the highest mountain in North America t 9. What five large bays and gulfs in N. America! 10. Between what two peninaulos does the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico lie ! Am. Florida and Yucatan. 11. Which ia tbe largest lake in North America t An$. Superior. 12. What atrait aoparates North America from Asia, and what ia its width f 13. Which Ilea farther north, Cape Farewell or Cape Prince of Walea ! 14. In what lone ia Cape Prince of Walea! Atu. Just within the Frigid. 13. Cape St. Lucas! 16. Cape Sable, in Florida! 17. What two very large islands in the N. E. of N. America ! An$. G. and N. 18. Which ia the longest river in N. America! 19. The largest ? .4n». St. L. 20. What ia the courae, and how would you travel by water from New Orlcana to Vera Cruz ! 21. Halifax to Belize ? 22. Chicago to Leon? 23. Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg! 21. Slave Lake to the Gulf of California ! 25. Whol ia the courae, and bow would you travel by land, ao aa to cross no river, from the City of Mexico to Boston ! Am. The di- rection IS N.E. ; travel between the head waters of the Colorado on the W., and the Del Norte and Arkansaa on the E. ; — along the Rocky Mountains, between the Columbia and its branches on the W., and the Misaouri and ita branches on the E. ; — around the head waters of the Miasouri and Mississippi, through New Britain, Miniaotab and Wisconsin j — between the head waters of those atreams which How into the lakes and St. Lawrence on the N., and thoae which flow into the Miasiaaippi, Ohio and Atlantic, on the S., through the states of UUnoia, Indiana, &c., dtc. WEST INDIES. (See Map ofJVorth America.) The West India Islands are situated between North and South America, and lie between the Atlantic on the N. and E., and the Caribbe'an Sea and the Gulf of Mexico on the S. and W. They contain about 100,000 square miles, and 3,000,000 of inhabitants, of whom more than three- fourths are negroes. What of the remains off antiquity ! * In pronouncing the proper names of placea in Mexico, Guatimala, and the countries of S. America, if the vowel a ia accented, it is pronounced or, aa in Nicara'gua ; in like manner, e ia commonly pronounced a, aa in V^ra Cruz; and also i ia pronounced e, aa in Bali'ze, Tawplco, &c. Where are the West India Islands aituated ? What ore their extent and population ! • See General View ia it boundMll ara ita axlant and ulallunt i« uid of iba Cor- araa t e ia Iha Bay of Hon- EUI I ique Bay t ia aaid of the lakea 1 : lowna naar (ha Fa- re ia Leon 1 1 towns on tlio Bay of nduroa t ro ia Cartogo 7 I is saidof tlie inliab- Its? t of tiie climale and It I is one of t)ie prin- al products I t is said of the an- nt cities and temples Guatimalat a width? 13. Which n what zone is Cape u ? 16. Cape Sable, lerica 1 Ant. G. and SI ? Ant. St. L. 20. irlcana to Vera Cruz ? to Lake Winnipeg ? and how would you )Bton 1 Ant. The di- \ the W., and the Del '• icn the Columbia and '• G. i — around the head j lotah and Wisconsin ; i ice and St. Lawrence I tic, on the S., through i ire are the West India lands situated? It are their extent and { pulation ? | _BAH^AMA^^SM_NI)S_aREA.nN^Ll^!!!?? Th«fe iilandi ire celebmted fo7ai^~^iiidii&itoiir v coffee, iugar, molaaaca, uiid ircpirnl fuiita.* •"I proditeilnns v liandacelabratfu ^('..niehTov '.r Ike «,„,|,e,„ coaai, i, ■ifornmciit. i ' n. oa ihe .oui> caati. much the larger tiitaeu Kin(. Whiii iiiouniain Iraversaa ihu lolniid ? What i, ,,id of Spaniab lownf Kingalon I What ia aaid of the cli- mate ? How are the West India] Islands divided I Wert liKli, I'ruluotiuiM. ! Tliey are aubject to earlhquakea, and frighiful hur- 1 t ., . ,. ncanes. * ' """^ | To what are ihey subject ? dpllMM™*'*" •"" '"'' ""'"'allhy in aummer, but delightful III winter. ' Divmons—T\ie West Fridia laiantla are conaidered till' r/7','";r"r>r:''''« Balia'ma,,he Great An- tllle (^„-eeO, the Car'ibbee, and the Le„ Anlillea. pean",!!"" "'"'"'"' ""P' "'^'"' '"'''"•8 '" E"-| ^"..t"' --. do they 8ABAMA ISLANDS. The Bahama, include a great number of .mail islands, y.ng s. E. of Florida, from which thcv are Sr ^ ""'''' ^'""""''^ ""'yl'elo..gtdGreLt They contain abont 5000 square miles. rnfr. ''"•"'"'?!' "f."'"" '''"'"'' are Abaco, Bahama, Guanahan. or Cat Island, noted a« the first land on the western continent, discovered by Columbus' Provi- dence, and Turk's Islands, famous for tbdr saU- JMassau, on Providence Island, is the capital. OARIBStm ZSLAIfDS. Jtwic!" '"'""* "'^"'' *■'- P-'o «'- '" walf^lZ^t"'' '""^ "" """'"''"' •"' "'• '^'"'''- Dom'lnica.'""'"'''^"'''' "'"'"' ^'""^ P"'** «''=° 'o Am^elfca^^'"''""'"' """'' ^'°"'. •'"""'''=° '" South Where are tha CaribUee Islonds I How are ihey divided ? '"- -•re ara Ihe Uewardf The Windward? What is said of the Baha- inaa? How many square miles j do they contain ? 1 Which are the principal ofl these islnnda ? , ' AnJiu^^rSvio'^sfe ".« .H. principal nica,«MaLico: Tin 0'.^^^'^: Tv^S "^ *"" ^'"^^"" ' Grenada, Tobn'go, and Trinidad'. ' ' 01 these islands, St. Jinrlholomow belong, to Sweden • -r . Johns, St. Thomas, and Sailla Cruz to the Danes- Stfo fZi^''"?'''','/!'^"''"'''""'''' «"'• M"'i 5 English '' ■""* "" "" '^■""'"""g "'■""''' 'o «l'e Sincipanrnr' '^"'«"°"'"' *" ^"'""'°-' -, Which are the principal I towns ? What ia said of Nassaa t ailllAT AMTZ&KBS. &BSS ABTTILLBS. Jw.'^rTrh.iE."" *" •"•' ■="«'' of South Ame-I Where are th. L... An- The principal of theae islands are Mareari'ta which w? ? ' u belongs to Venezuela, ind Uuen Ayre cS Saa-'N^^'''---'' "« ''"'P^cipal? ra^so^a)^ Oruba, which belong [o the Du'tch.^ n„v. r\ '"'""' l-^-^- Porto Rico {PoMo-ree'-col llayti, Cuba, and Jamaica. " WeTundieT"'" "'""'""""' °^ «" "'« '^rritory of the Porto Rico and Cuba belong to Spain, Havti ia in- foK.tlSr''^"' "^«'°-' -d^am'aicSeli; 'sn!!y". 'I'ff '"""""''^ '''^"''='' ''«"^^««" France and and h-Sv, • '8~ «'«^es overpowered their masters, and have since remained in possession of the island. PoRTo Rico contains about 4000 square miles i. iT^^I: •''"'" °' ^'- ■'"'"''*' °" "'^ »°'"'«"> -^o^^'. I IIavti contains 30,000 square miles, the caSr^''^ ""^'""'' °" "" '""■"'"" ~^«'' '« mlHl" ""/a""'^"" "'^ '*^'"«™ ''O'""' and St. Do- coasl are"fhp^"' ^^''' (•^"■*''^') °» "'" """'hern coast, are the principal towns. lieiP«r,'h"" "J""' ''"P°^«'" of tl'e West India Islands, ies at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, between llie Peninsula of Florida on one side, and that of Yu- caian on tne other. It contains 50,000 square miles, or one-half of the ' whole territory of the West Indies. coasLTp"i;H'"!!i-'^''l''u''"T"'"' °" "'« "orlhern coas^ the latter of which is the capital, and is noted M possessing one of the best harbors in the world! 01. Jago, on the southern coast. . .. ."?"o Principe, an inland town near the centre of qimre milt "'' ''''^""^ ^' °'^^"'"' ""'^ '=''"'^''"' *»°''" I square miles. ^ General Views, p. 70, Art. '■ Vegetable ProduclbiiT^ Of what do the Great An- tillea consist ? What li said of Bicir ex- tent f- To whom |lo they Bajong 1 } What ia said of Hayti \ How many square miles docs I'orio Ricocontainf I What is said of St. Juan or ( St. John's? [ How many square mileai does Hayli contain ? What is aaid of Capo Hav- lien ? ' Which are the other prin- cipal lowna 1 Where doea Cuba lie t What ia said of ita extent ? What towns on the norlh- crn coast. Where is St. Jago ? Puerto Princips ? ajESTIONS ON THE WEST INDIES. I are these islands situated f ^"'" ''"'"' '"'""'!» ' ^"'^ Havana, fa In wb."" zone SOUTH AMERICA. Nor^h 4 '? "." '''"' peninsula, connected to North America by the Isthmus of Darien, which s only 28 miles wide in its narrowest part ^cmnrfam. Bounded N. by the Caribbean Sea; ?±ra':ilv^:b''/t&ir''^^-''^'''^ Southern What ia aaid of .S. Ame- rica ? How is it bounded f Where does Jamaica lie, and how many square miles doea it contain ? Tha Aulw. Mountains -TJie Andes extend throughout the whole length of South America, in a direction nearly What is said of the Andea? I'ia TO ILLDiTSATa COMMOjy-SCHOOL GEOGRJlPHYi portllel to the P.cillc cinmi, and from 60 to ISO inilei umMnt Iroin it. The luminiu of llipue mouiiUiinii an eavored with eWn,:,l tnowi, hiuI tower iibo»o ihn cloud*. 'I'll.- \m\f» niii^,. ron«i»ii« of »eyif,nl rlmiii», incliid- mK.i|M.r« Iroin 4(1 to 600 mile* in hrciidlli, and com- p.>..-d ol elcv.tr.' . „.„„, ,„. valley., ,>„„, ..^ ,„ twelve thmimnd Let a' • l,u level of the lea. TliiH im,iien»e n.ouiilnni range cuniiiriaei one-iixth ()( all houili AmiTU'n. The »ru2il Mouritainif lie in the K. <,f South America Cupet. — CniH-. St. K(«,ue f.irnm the eaatern, and Capo lloin the aouthorn uxtreiiiity of South Ame- rica. hiandi, ^c.— The Inland of Ter'ra del Fuego Ilea in till! Konlhem jxirt of .Soulli America, and ia ar,,,,. riled from iho nmndnnd Uy the Hlrnii of Magellan. It i« a cold aiKl dreury region, inhabited by a race of' wretched wivagea. The Fidk land l»landa lie in iho Atlantic Ocean, N. K. of I erra del Fncgo. They are claimed both by Oieat UriUiin and Hnenoa Ayrca. S..utli (Jeorgiii, Sandwich Und, South Ork'ney and hoiiih Shei'land, lie in the Southern Ocean, S. E. of the !•« klttiul lalanda. They are barren and uninhabited- ami are visiicd oidy for the pnrpoao of procuring the «kms of aenis, with which aninuda lliey abound. Tlio Uallapagoa lie in the Pacific Ocean, VV. of Ecuador, to which country they belong. I Plairu. — The central portion of South America coiiaiaU of vast plains, nearly destitute of large trees and covered with tall herbage, which aupporta i.nmenae' herila of cattle, horses, and niulea. The principal arc the Llan'oa of Venezuela and New Grenada, the Serlam of Brazil, and the Pa.npaa of uuenoa Ayres. ' i>iei..mn,.— South America is divided into Guiana, Venezue la. New Orena'da, Ecuador', Brazil', Peru' Ho IV la, Paraguay', Uruguay', Buenos Ayres, Chili and Patagonia. ' Venezue'la, New Grenada, and Ecuador, formerly consiituted one governmen^ under the name of the licpublic of Colombia. UUIANA-VEWEZUEI.A-NKW OIIERADA. 37 What la iisiij of iha •nni' mita oflheae moiiiiUiiail Of what diwa ihe AnJaa rangn itDnaiai I How larga a portion of S. America ijum it com- prian f Vvhoru «ri) Ihe llraiil .Mit.f VVIint cniM) forma iho K., and what the H. aiira. mlly of H, America f What it aaid of Terra d«l I uego r What of the Falkland la.f What iaianda in the Suiiih. •rii Ocean, and what ia aaid of them 7 What ii aaid of the Gal- lapagofi 1 What ia aaid of the plaina ol S. Amcriuu t Which are Ihe principal I ber and richnoM of iu gold, gij ,«,, q.ickailver, and ihaniond mine*. ' The population is of • very mixed character, con- auting of whites, Indiana, negroes, and the mixed races. The whitea conaiat chiedy of the deaeendanta ol the original Sjianiah and Portngueae coloniaU, and are the ruling race, though they conatitnto but a small portion of the population. Education ia almost entirely neglected, except among the weallhy clasaes. The Catholic religion prevaila ihroughoul S. America. •aeol Iha real of ihs world ( What ia aaid pf the popa- laiioH r What la Iha alata of ada- caluin t What rnliuion prevaila in a. America f OVZAMA. /Jo«w/<|n>,,.-Bonnded N. by the Atlantic Ocean; L. and S. by Bra/il, and \V. by Veneziielo. It contains 160,000 square miles, and 200,000 in- habitants, Guiana ia divided into French, Dutch, and British uuiana. flifer*.— The Oynpok, Maroni, Surinam', Berbico', Ueinnraro, and Fjaequibo, fall into the Atlantic, laioTM. — Cayenne (Ki-en') the capital of French Uuiana, situated on an island. Purimar'ibo, the capital of Dutch Guiana, on Suri- nam Hiver. Georgetown, the capital of British Guiana, on De- marara Biver. All the countries of S, America were formerly Span- ish colonies, except Brazil, which was settled by the Poriuguese, and Guiana, which belongs to the French, Uulch, and British. The greater part of S. America lies in the Torrid Zone. The climate of all this portion, except the mountain region, is very hot and unhealthy; but the soil is wc.nderfully fertile, protlucing several crops annually. hiigar, coffee, cotton, and the various tropical fmits, arc the most valuable productions of this region The forests are dense masses of unfading verdure, enliv- ened by vast numbers of monkeys, and birds of unri- VQl cd beauty ; and infested by beasts of prey, serpents and swarms of noxious insects. ' The climate and productions of the mountain re- gion vary with the elevation above the level of the Haw ia .Suiilh America di. vided t What countricB formerly conaiiiuled ihe Repuh- lie ot Colombia > Guiana is the only part of S. America now under Luropean control. The population consists chiedy of negroes. Bound Oulana. What am ji. „,,nt ,nd popiiluiion t How ia it divided f What rivora fall into the Atlantic ? Where ia Cajrano* f f arimaribo I Georgetown I By what people were the couniries of 8, Amori-n coloiuzed > III what zone doea ho greater part of S. Ame- rica lie 7 What ia aaid of the cli- mate and aoil of ihis portion 7 Which are the most valu- able produclaof this re- gion, and what ia aaid of the forests 7 What la aaid of the climate and producliona of the mountain rec 'on 7 vBimzniiLA. BoM»i(/rtr/e».— Bounded N. by the Caribbean Sea- E. by Guiana ; S. by Brazil ; anil VV. by New Grenada! It contains 425,000 square miles, and 1,000,000 in- habitants. JMb«n/ain».— The eastern choin of the Andes tra- verses the N. VV. part of Venezuela. Gulfs.— The Gulfs ofParia ond Maracay'bo or Ve- nezuela lie on the northern coast. Lakes, Sfc. — Valen'cia and Maracaybo are the orin- cipal lakes. "^ flii>er*. — The Oriiio'co, after n very circuitous course, flows into tliti Atlantic Ocean by about (ifiy mouths, the largest or which is 15 mUos wide. It is the third river in Soudi America in point of size. The Carohi falls into tho Orinoco. The Rio Negro flown through the southern part of Venezuela. The Cassiquiare forms a communication between the Orinoco and the Negro, P/ain*.— Venezuela consists chiefly of vast plains or Llanos, the inhabitants of which are called Llaneros. TotOTw.— Caraccas, near the Caribbean Sea, is the capital. It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in Cu mana» (C«-ma-nar') and LaGuayra(I,a GwV-ra) on the Caribbean Sea. '^' Coro, on the Gulf of Venezuela, Maracaybo, on a strait which connects Uke Mn -• cay bo with the Gulf of Venezuela. Valencia, an inland town VV. of Caraccas. Angostura, on the Orinoco. What ia aaid of Guiana f What of the population r Bound Veneiuela. What are ita extent and population 7 What mountain* traverse the N. W. part; What gulfa on the north- crn coaat 7 VVhich aro the principal lakoa 7 What ia aaid of tha Ori- noco 7 What river falla into it f What ia aaid of the Rio Nogro ? The Cassiquiare f ^Vhat is said of the plains ol Venezuela 7 What is said of Caraccaa 7 Kope Brklfi. Rosds SFc almost unknown, and liaveliinir is verv , «ru .• -j i- l diflicult and dangerous, especially among Ihf '^^^^jj: W''at«..ulof,hero«U7 tains. S. America excels the re«t of the world in the num- 1 in what doe, S. America 7 ~~^ Vast herds of cattle feed on the Llanos; 15,000 head sometimes belonging to one man. What towns on the Carib- bean Sea J VVnero is Coro 7 Maracaybo 7 Valencia 7 Angostura f What is said of the herda ol cattle on the Llanos 7 IVBW ORBNikDA. Boundaries.-BomiM N. by the Caribbean Sea; E. by V^enezuela; S. by Brazil and Ecuador; and VV by the Pacific and GuaUmala. • See Note to page 34. Bound New Grenada. li W 38 ECUADOR — BRAZIL. It contains 450,000 square miles, and 1,750,000 in- i habitants. Mountains. — The Andes pass through New Gre- nada in several ranges, the principal of which are the eastern, which passes into Venezuela, and the western, which runs parallel to the Pacific Ocean. Bays, Sfc. — The Gulf of Durien lies on the northern coast ; and Panama i^Pan-a-maT') and Choco Bays lie on the western coast. Cape. — Cape Gallinas is the most northerly point of South America. iiicers.— Tlie JIagdale'na falls into the Caribbean Sea. The Cauca Is into the Magdalena. The Caqiie'ta forms part of the boundary between New Grenada and Ecuador. The Meta and Guaviare fall into the Orinoco. The Negro rises in New Grenada. Plains. — All the S. E. of New Grenada consists of immense plains or Llanos. Towm. — Bogota {Bog-o-tar'), on a plateau formed by the eastern Andes, is the capital. St. Martha, Car- thage'na, Porto Bel- lo, and Chagres, on the Caribbean Sea. Panama', on the Bay of Panama. Mompox' and Hon- da, on the Magda- lena. Popayan' and Pas- lo are inland towns in a valley of the Andes. 1k The falls of Te- quendama', 650 feel high, and the natural The Bridp. of Icononro. ,^^jj,gg ^f JconoUZO, both in the Bogota valley, are great natural curiosities. BCUADOR.* Boundaries. — Bounded N. by New Grenada and Brazil; E. by Brazil; S. by Peru; and W. by the Pacific. It contains 300,000 square miles, and 000,000 in- habitants. Mountains. — ^The Andes cross the western part of Ecuador in two chains, forming an elevated valley from SO to 100 miles in breadth, and more than 9000 feet above the level of the sea. What nro its extent and population 1 What is said of the Andes? What gulf on thi> north- ern, and what bays on lUe western coast 1 What is aaid of Cape Gal- linas I Whore does the Magda- lena fall ? What river falls into the Magdalena 1 What is said of the Ca- (jueta f Wlial rivers fall into the Orinoco 1 What river rises in New Grenada 1 What is said of the plains? What is said of Bogota ? What towns on the Ca- ribbean Seat Where is Panama f What towns on the Mag- dalena ? Wheri are Popayan and Pai.to ! What two great natural curiosities in the valley of Bogota t Cotopaxi. The principal summits are the tremendous volcanoes of Antisa'na and Cotopax'i, the former of which is ihe loftiest volcanic mountain in the world, on the eastern cltain ' and Pir.hinca and Chiiiibora'zOi whose to'^ is more than four miles above the level of the sea, on the western ciiain. Bound Ecuador. Whot are its extent and population ? What is said of the Andes? ' Ek-wa-dore'. Which are the principal summiis? Gulf. — The Gidf of Guytquil (Gwi-a-keel') lies on the wti'tern const, between Ecuador and Peru'. Rivers. — The Tungura'gua and Ucayale' unite in the southern part of Ecuador, and fbrm the Amazon or Maranon. Towns. — Quito (Kee'-to), in the Andes Valley, at the foot of Mt. Pichinca, is the capital. Otabalo, north of Quito, and Riobamba and Cuen'^a, south of Quito, in the same valley. Guyaquil, on the Gulf of Guyaquil. Jaen', on the Tungiiragua. The climate of the mountain valleys is the most delightful in the world, the temperature being that of constant spring. In these valleys the white popula- tion chiefly reside. Where is tho Gulf of Guyaquil f What rivers form the Am- azon i What is said of Quito I Whiit other towns in the same valley t Where is Guayaquil T Jucn 7 What is said of the cli- mate of the mountain valleys, &c. ? BRAZIL.* Brazil is a very extensive empire, embracing nearly one-half of South America, being the largest country on the western continent. It was once a Portuguese colony, but is now independent. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by New Grenada, Ve- nezuela, Guiana, and the Atlantic; E. and S. E. by the Atlantic ; and \V. by Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela. It contains 3,000,000 square miles, and 6,000,000 of inliabitants. The western part of Brazil is sometimes called Amazonia. Mountains. — Several ranges of mountains traverse the S. E. portion of Brazil. Capes. — St. Roque and Fri'o are the principal capes. B:iy. — The Bay of All Sainta lies on the eastern coast. Lake. — Lake de log Palos lies in the southern part of Brazil. Island. — The Island of Joannes lies at the mouth of tlie Amazon. Rifers. — The Amazon, Para' or Tocantins', Par- naibn, and St. Francisco, fidl into the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon is the largest river in the world, being 180 miles wide at its mouth. The region drained by this river and its tributaries, is as large as the entire territory of the United States. The Xiiigu, Tapajos, Madei'ra, Negro, and Caqueta, full into the .\inazon. The Araguay' is a branch of the Tocantins. The Parana' and Paraguay' rise in Brazil. The Cuyaha falls into the Paraguay. Towns. — -Maranham', Pernambu'co, and Ri'o Ja- neiro, coinmonly called Ri'o, on the Atlantic; the last of which is the capital, and the largest town in South America. Para', on Para' River. Bahi'a or St. Salvador', on All Saints' Bay. Vii la Ki'ca and San Paulo, arc inland towns N.and Vf. of Rio. Cuyaba, on Cuyaba River. • Brat-tir. What is said ol Brazil ? IIow is it bounded? What are its extent and population ? What is the western part called ? What is said of the moun- tains? Which are the principal capes ? Where is the Bay of All Saints? Lake de los Polos t The Island of Joannes ? What rivers fall into the Atlantic ? What is said of the Ama- zon? What rivers fall into it ? What bronch has the To- cantins? What rivers rise in Brazil ? What river falls into the Paraguay 1 What towns on the At- lantic? Where is Para ? Bahia or St. Salvador t U'htit nituiij tiiwiiK N, and W. of Rio? Where is Cuyaba t B laid of Quito 1 ia snid of the clU of I lib mouniain ya, &c. ? ia aaid ot Brazil ? s it bounded I are ita extent end { ilalion 1 ia eoid of the moun- )t 1 are the principal :s? 3 is the Bay of All ilat lu los Palos I aland of Joannea t rivers fall into the | intic r ia said of the Ana- I rivers fall into it t branch has the To- | ins? rivers rise in Brazil? I river falls into the | ; ngimy ( towns on the Al- io* e is Para! or St. Salvador? ihtuiiii luwiiH i^'. and i of Rio 1 e is Cuyabat Tcjuco, near St. Francisco River, in a district famous as contanimg the richest diamond mines in the world. 4nnnnLVfi!"''"""'"°'"' °" "'^ P'"'"" "f Brazil, 40/100 head being sometimes found on a single farm slaveTrad" ' """""'"'^'y *'"g''ged in the inhuman Brazil is the only independent country in America, under a monarchical* government. "'cni-a, ruRu.t ^^iii^ii^^^iiiiiizZ^fZZ^^ AYRES. What is said of Tcjuco 1 What is said of the cuttle on the plains of Brazil? What is aaid of the slave trade ) What of the government of Brazil I At. Sorata and Mt. Ilhma'ni, near Lake Titicaca, are the highest summits ot the Andes, and the most lofiv mounlaiiism America; Mt. Sorata being 25,400, and Illimani 84,250 feet above the level of the sea botrnX"'""^''" ^"""^"^y ^°'""' pa" of "'e eastern Various branches of the Madeira rise in the north- ern part of Bolivia, and the Pilcomayo rises in the southern part. ' "^ _ Desert.— Thai part of Bolivia lying W. of the Andes 18 a barren desert, called the Desert of Ataca'ma tnJn i n~^'""'i"'""^'' (CAu-te-sar'-ta), an inland town, IS the capital. La Paz, at the foot of Mt. Illimani. Cobija, on the Pacific, is the only seaport in Bolivia. Cochabamba, an inland town north of Chuquisaca. rotosi, tj. W. of Chuquisaca, is situated at the foot o( a mountain, famed as containing the richest silver- mines in the world. 39 Bolivia is named in honor of the celebrated Simon Bohvar, the S. American Liberator. WhalisaaidofMt.Sorato and Mt. Illimani ? What river forms part of the eastern boundary ? What rivers rise in Boli- via? What ia that part of Boli- via weat of the Andes called ? What is said of Chunui- saca ? ' Where is La Paz f What is said of Cobija? What inland town N. of Lhucjuisaca 7 WhatiasaidofPotoeiJ In whose honor is Bolivia named ? Liir'. Bo»mrfar(>s.— Peru is bounded N Sv Ecuador • E by Brazil and Bolivia; S. by Bolivia, and S.w' bv ! the Pacific. ^ Peru contains 500,000 square miles, and 1,500,000 , inhabitants. ' [ Mounlains.— The Andes traverse Peru from N. to S. Cope.— Cape Blanco, in Peru, is the nost westerly point of South America. Lake.— lake Tiiica'ca lies partly in Peru and partly in Bolivia. ^ ■' , It is the largest lake in South America, and is noted lor Its great elevation, being 13,000 feet above the level of the sea. Rivers.~The Ucnyale and Tunguragua rise in Peru, llie 1 aro and Apunmac form the Ucayale. Towns. — U ma, on the Rimac, necr the Pacific Ocaan, is the capital of North Peru. ^V^^ Lnmbayeque, Truxil'lo, Calla'o, and Ari'ca, on the Pacific. ' Caxaniarca, near the Tunguragna. Ciizco and Guamaiiga are inland towns in the valley of the Apuriniac. ' Cerro Pasco and Guancavelica, on the Andes Plain, the former famed for its silver-mines, and the latter lor iia mines of quicksilver. Arequipa {Jlr-a-kce'-pa), on the Andes Plain in the south of Peru. Puno, on Lake Titicaca. Peru has always been renowned for its rich mines 01 the precious metals. Before its conquest by Spain, it was inhabited by n race of Indians, who had made considerable advances in civi ization. Their kings were called Incas, and claimed to be descendanu of the Sun. Bound Peru. What are ita extent and population ? What mountains traverse Peru ? What is said of C. Blonco ? Where is Lake Titicaca? What is said of it ? What rivers rise in Peru 1 \ What form the Ucayale ? What is said of Lima ? What towns on the Pacific? | Where is Caxamarca ? What inland towns in the I valley of the Apurimac? What two towns on the! Andes Plain famous for I their mines f PARAOVA'T. -BoundaWes.— Bounded N. by Brazil ; E. and S bv Parana River; and W. by the Paraguay'. ' It contains 80,000 square miles, and 250,000 in- habitants. ' Rrcers.— The Parana' flows between Paraguay and Hrazil, Uruguay', and Buenos Ayres. The Paraguay flows between Paraguay on the east, and itolivia and Buenos Ayres on the west ca fT"*' ~ ^''"'"^"'°"' °" '''^ Paraguay, is the Villa Rica, an inland town S. E. of Assumption. The most celebrated production of this country is iiiate , or Paraguay tea, which is extensively used in S America. Paraguay became independent in 1813, and was governed from that time till 1840, by the celebrated Dictator, Dr. trancia. He excluded foreigners, but promoted indoMry and education, and maintained order among the people. Bound Paraguay. What are its extent and populaiion ? How does the Parana flow? The Paraguay ? What is said of Assumo- tion ? *^ Where is Villa Rica? Which is the most cele- brated production ? When did Paraguay be- come independent, itc.t URUGVAT, OR THE BANDA ORIENTAL. Bound Uruguay. Where is Arequipa? Puno? What is said of the mines ot Peru? What is said of its inhab- itants prior 10 the Span- ish coniiuest ? B OKI VX A. bv'^wr"'';";;^"""''"' ^- ^y P"" «"'' Brazil'; E. I Bound Bolivia n,l i'u;',.'^"?euay; S. by Buenos Ayres and '"'"'""""'"'• Cli h ; and VV. by the Pacific Ocean and Peru. ' I habitanto"'"' ^^"'""" "'"'"'^ ""'es-and 1,500,000 in- .¥o«iU,.<«*._Seve™l chains of the Andes traverse I the western part of Bolivia, • See General Views, page 74, Article '■Government." T I'e- roo , nomdaries.— Bounded N. by Paraguay; E. by „nTw' K • "ir "■" ^"''""'' ""^ ">« Ri'odeh Pla'la ; and W. by Buenos Ayres. habita'iite'*'"^ ''MOO square miles, and 150,000 in- Rivers— The Uruguay and La Plata form the chief A res ''""'"'''■■y between Uruguay and Buenos Tl,' T ni , • I =•-' "■""•"=">'»'» yresr 1 he La Pin ta is 150 miles wide at its mouth bpinir wt, . ■ j , , the second river in point of size in S. Americl' ^ '"•-" ""* °' "■" ^^ I /";'■"«— Mal'lo'iado and Monte Vi'deo, on the Rio mem "' '"'"' "'" '''*'"'' '' "" *'"" °f e°'""- Whot are its extent and population ? What rivers form the boundary between Uru- guay and Buenos Ayres? Uruguay was formerly in dispute between Brazil and Buenos Ayre..; but in 1828, after a bloody war, they agreed to make it an independent state. Plata? What towns on the Plata ? La What is said of Uruguay? What are its extent and populntjotl ? What mounlaina traverse the western part ? BUBNOS AYRBS.* OR THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. BoMm/„r,V,.!.— Bounded N. by Bolivia; E. by Para- guay Uruguay, and the Atlantic; S. by PaLora ^lliVVJO^the Andes, which separate it from Chdi ' Bound Buenos Ayrea. 40 CHILI — PATAGONIA. It contains 750,000 square miles, and 1,300,000 in- habitants. Rivers.— The Rio de la Plata, Colora do, and Negro, fall into the Atlantic. The Urugnay and Parana unite and form the La Plata. , „ The Sala'do and Paraguay fall into the Parana. The Vermejo and Pilcomiiyo fall into the Para- guay. The Dulce falls into Porongos or Salt Lake. Plains. The Pampas comprise the central and southern parts of Buenos Ayres, and extend entirely across the country, from the AtUuilic to the Andes. They are desli'lute of trees, but covered with high grass, which aiTords sustenance to vast herds of horses, cattle, &c. „ J ^ , The inhabitants of the Pampas are called Guachos. What aro il« extent and population ? What rivers fall into the Atlantic! What form the La Plata I What fall into the Parana? What into the Paraguay J Where docs the Dulce fall? Where aro the Pampas ? What ig said of them » What are the inhabitants of the Pampas called ? Where ia the Island of Cliilue t Juan Fernandez ? Islandn.— The Island of Chiloe {Chil-o-a') lies in the Pacific Ocean, S. of Chili. Ju'an Fernandez lies in the Pacific Ocean, W. of Rivers. — There are many small rivers in Chili, all What is said of the rivers emptying into the Pacific. Toivns. — Santiago, on Mapocho River, is the capital. Coquiinbo ( Co-kecm'-bo), Valparai'so, Concepcion, and Valdi'via, on the Pacific coast. Chili possesses n delightful climate, and remarkably fruitful soil ; and is noted for its rich gold, silver, and copper mines. But it is often visited with destructive earthquakes. of Chili I What is said of Santiago? What towns on the Pa- cilic ? What is said of the cli- ninio, productions, tltc, of Chili ? 'Hie Citf of Bueii(»s Ayi-cs. Towns. — Buenos Ayres, on the La Plata, is the capital. Santa Fe' and Corrienles, on the Parana. Salta, at the head of Salado River. Tucuman', on Dulce River. San Juan and Mendo'za, near the Andes. Cor'dova, an inland town N. V/. of Buenos Ayres. What is said of Buenos Ayres? What towns on the Pa- rana? Where is Salta ? Tucuman ? What towns near the An- des ? Where is Cordova? PA!S^A001I'XA. Bouwiarics.— Bounded N. by Chili and Buenos Ayres ; E. by the Atlantic ; S. by the Strait of Ma- gellan (Maj-eT-lan), which separates it from the Island of Terra del Fue'go, and W. by the Pacific. It contains 375,000 square miles. Patagonia is a cold and barren region, but little known. It is thinly inhabited by tribes of Indians, some of whom are said to be of great stature. Mountains. — The Andes intersect Patagonia from N. to S. Days.— Si. Matthias and St. George's on the eastern coast, and the Gulf of Penas on the western coast, are the principal bays. Strait.— The Strait of Magellan, on the S. of Pata- gonia, is named in honor of the first circumnavigator of the globe. Rivers. — The Negro forms part of the northern boundary. The Caraaranes falls into the Atlantic. Bound Patagonia. How many square miles does it contain ? What is said of Patagonia! What of its inhabitants? What mountains intersect Patagonia ? Which are the principal bays ? What is said of the Strait of Magellan? What river forms part of the northern boundary? What river falls into the Atlantic ? Catcliiii« Wild L'allle. The Guachos catch the wild cattle of the Pampas by means of the lasso. This is a long rope, with a noose at one end, which is thrown with great expert- ness around the head of the animal. How do the Guachos catch the wild cattle of the Pampas ? OBIKX.* Boundaries.— Bounded N. by Bolivia; E. by Buenos Ayres and Patagonia ; S. by Patagonia ; and W. by the Pacific. It contains 170,000 square miles, and 1,250,000 in- habitants. The southern part of Chili is in the possession of the Araucanians, a very brave and warlike race of Indians, who have never been conquered by Eu- ropeans. Mouriimn^. Thr. Amirs fnr.-n the "astern boun- dary; among which there are H volcanoes in constant action. Bound Chili. What aro its extent and population? In whose pnasesflion is the southern part of Chili? What is suid of the Ande«? QUESTIONS G^ SOUTH AMERICA. 1. How is South America bounded ? 2. How many square miles does it coiitain ? 3. How manrinhabitants f 4. In what zones does it lie ? .<). What countries does it include ? 6 Whfch of these countries lie in the Torrid Zone ? 7. Temperate ? 8. Which is the largest "°9"commencing at the Isthmus of Darien, and travelling with the Andes through and between what coumries would you pass? 10. Where would you meet wuh the highest summits, and what are their names and heights ? 11. What is the elevation of the Andes Valleys, or TaS/e ianrf» ? 12. The breadth? ,. . ,, «7i,».« :. .i,„ <3ir»i. 13. Between what gulf and bay does the Isthmus of Daricn he ? 14. Where is the Strait of Magellan ? 15. What cape forms the northern exiremUy of South America? 16. 1 he eastern? 17. The southern ? 18. The western ? , , , • o ,i a T9 What rivers fall into the Atlantic ? 20 Name the f°" '""l^fV"^"' J" ?»H'''/Cn; rica, in the order of their sizes. An,. Am., L. Plat Oo., and Madeira. 21. bailin" from the mouth of the Amazon to its source, through what countries would you pass and what branches does it receive in each ! 22. The same with resnect .0 the Orinoco. 23 1 he La Plata 24 The Parana. 25. What is the direction, ani how »'Ould you travel by water from Assumption to Jaen? 2G. Porto Bello to Panama? 27. The moulh of the Ormoco to that of the Amazon by inland navigalion 1 • Chil'-le. QUESTIONS ON AMERICA. 1. Between what four great oceans is America situated? 2. ^yhat is the e^'ent of America? 3. Its population? 4. What are the three grand divisions of America, and wKHiro the extent and population of each? 5 Name tF.e four '"^^ Vox" fi'Tie ^h ce rica in the order of their sizes. An>. Brazd, U. S., Br. Poss., and Mcx. b. 1 he three "7"\'?nli:lThatlmeyi;'lhaf:hain''of mountains known which extends from Bhering', St ait to the Strait of Magellan ! 8. In which ol these do we find 'l"" '■'RI"^,"' »"""'■ and what is the name of this summit, and Us elevation above tho level of the sea? J. What is the length of this chain of mountains? , • „. 10 What gulf and sea lie between N. and S. America? 11. Name •'■« f"'" »;8«»V'.'P| in America in the order of their size. Ana. Am., I.n PI., M. L.,. »nil i\lis». 1.:. 1 le onmst four, "oIlovvinK the principal branch. An,. Miss., Am., Missouri, Mackenzie's longoBi !'"";.'""""'"[;;' o I', '_;_^ j;„ f^^,jj ^ Am.ri""' '4. What is tho course and how wS^orsaiT'from Boston ^ l.VNew York to Fort Vancouver (io. Namrthc sU Ingest cities in America, and tell the population of each .In.. New Yo"k.400,(X)0; Philadelphia, 250,000 ; Rio, 200,000; Mexico, Havana, and Bahia. each 140,000. ! ia iho Island or uc t is snid of the rivers hilil is said of Santiago? towns on the Pa- is sni'l of the cli- 0. iiroduc'lions, &c., Uiifi t mony square miles BB it contain ? it is said of Patagonia! It of its inhabitants? It mountains intersect | itagonia ? ch are the principal | ys ? U is snid of the Strait | Mogcllan? at river forms part of|| e northern boundary ? at river falls into the i tlantic? ic Andes, through and meet with the highest elevation of the Andes U. Where is the Strait ith America? 16. The t rivers in South Amc- eiro. 21. Sailing from uld you pass, and what Orinoco. 23. The La lid you travel by water mouth of the Orinoco What is the estent of isions of America, and extends from Bhcring's nd the highest uuniinit, ho level of the sea? 9. le the four largest rivers L., and Miss. 12. The Missouri, Mackenzie's. Whnt is the course and tort Vancouver * lo. m of each. Am. New avana, and Bahia, each WnuUor Citttle, England. Europe is the smallest of the five grand divisions of the globe, but is the first in importance, in consequence of its superior civilization and learning, and its great commerce. Boundaries.— Bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean ; E. and S. E. by Asia, from which it is separated by the U'ral Mountains, Ural River, Cas'pian Sea, Cau'casus Mountains, Black Sea, Channel of Constantino'ple, Sea of Mar'mora, Strait of Dardanelles', and the Archipel'- ago; S. by the Mediterra'nean Sea; and W. by the Atlantic. Europe contains 3,650,000 square miles, and 230 millions of inhabitants, being the most densely popu- lated portion of the earth's surface. Seas, (^c— Europe is remarkable for the number of Its Seas, Bays, and Gulfs. The White Sea lies in the North of Europe, and communicates with the Arctic Ocean. The Baltic Sea lies between Rus'sia and Pruc'sia on the E. and S., and Sweden on the W., and com- mtinicates with the Cat'legat by the Sound, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt. The Cattegat lies between Swe'den on the E. and Denmark on the W., and opens into the Sktger Rack. The Skager Rack lies between Nor' way on the N. and Denmark on theS., and opens into the North Sea. Tlio North Sea lies between Norway and Denmark on the E. and Great Brit'ain on the VV., and opens into the Atlantic Ocean. The Black Sea, or Eu'xine, discharges its waters through the Bos'phorus or Channel of Constantinople, the Sea of Mar'mora, the Dardanelles' or Hellespont, and the Archipelago or iEgean Sea, into the Mediter- ranean Sea. The Sea of Az'of communicates with the Black Sea by the Strait of Yenicale. The Mediterranean Sea, the eas'ern part of which is called the Levant', communicates with the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar, 10 miles wide Gulfs, ^-c— The Gulfs of Bolh'nia and Finland lie in the N. of Europe, and communicate with the Baltic Sea. The Bay of Bis'cay sets up into the land between r ranee and Spain. The Gulf of Ven'ice lies between Austria and Turkey on one side, anti Italy on the other, and communicates with the Mediterranean by the Strait of Otran'to. Peninsula^. — The Scandina'vian Peninsula lies in the N. of Europe, and includes Lap'land, Sweaen, and Norway. The Peninsula of Jut'land lies in the N. of Den- mark. Crime'a, More'a, Italy, and thePeoinsula of Spain and Por'tugal, lie in the South oflStrfope. Plains.— Ml the cen&al part of Europe, including the most of Russia; and Po'lund, Prussia, Denmark, tlie north of Germany, Hol'lnnd, Bersiuiiu the nnrtli of France, and the cas't of England (ing'-gland), con- sists ot vast plains but little elevated above the level of the sea, and occasionally interspersed with hills. Southern Europe is generally mountainous. What is said of Europe ? How is it bounded ? What are its extent and population? What is said of the num- ber of its seas, &.c. I Whot is said of the White Sea? The Baltic ? The Cottegat ? The Skager Rack ? The North Sea? The Black Sea, or Euxinet The Sea of Azof? The Mediterranean ? Whnt gulfs in the N. of Europe ? What is said of the Bay of Biscay ? The Gulf of Venice ? The Scandinavian Penin- sula? Where is the Peninsula of Jutland ? Whnt peninsulas in the S. of Europe ? What is said of the plains of Central Europe ? What is said of Southern Europe ? DiDWions.— Europe is divided into 01 independent states. These may be considered under three grand divisions : the Northern, the Middle, and the Southern states. The northern countries are Russia, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. " The middle countries are Prussia, Austria, Germany, Swit'zerland, Holland, Belgium, France, and the British Isles. The southern countries are Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spam, and Portugal. I^pland comprises all the northern portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. It is divided between Russia, Sweden, and Norway. Poland is situated about the centre of Europe, and was once a large and powerful kingdom. It was con- quered in the year 1795, and divided between Ru.ssia, Prussia, and Austria. In 1815 the part assigned to Russia was formed into a separate kingdom, called the kingdom of Poland, subject to the emperor of Russia ; but since the revolt in 1830, it has been virtually in- corporated with the Russian empire. Great Britain, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, are called llic Jive great powers, on account of their superior power and influence. How is Europe divided? Which ore the northern countries ? The Middle? The Southern R. What ia said of Laplimd? What of Poland ? Which are the five great powers of Europe, and why are they so called? Europe enjoys a mdder climate than the correspond- ing latitudes of America. The northern portion is, however, very cold and barren. Europe produces great quantities of wheal, rye, and other grains, and potatoes. The southern portion is also noted for its wines and silks. The iniiabitants of the extreme north resemble the Esquimaux of N. America. The population of the rest of Europe is of the white or Cauca'sian* race. Nearly all the countries of Europe are under mo- wi,„. «f .i,. narclitcal government, and great distinctions are made' ''^ - •'^'"'- '"""*■"' betweijn the nobility and the lower classes of society. Christianity, under the various names of the Roman Catholic, Prot'estant, and Greek Catholic Churches, prevails throughout Europe, except in the Turkish Empire, where Mohani'medanismt is the established religion. What is said of the cli- niHte of Europe ? What of the productions ? Wha! of the inhabitants ? ■ ..oj Ml iiie governme and. state of society ? What are the preTailing religions? NORTHERN EUROPE. RnSSIAZr BMPXRS. The Russian Empire is the largest in extent in the world, comprising more than half of Europe, one- third of Asia, and extensive possessions in North America. It contains nearly 8,000,000 square miles, or more than one-seventh of all the land on the globe. What does the Ruiiian Empire comprise ? How many square miles does it contain ? RUSSIA IN BUROPB.I SI. i'etcrBburj. Boundaries.— aoaniied N. by the Arctic Ocean ; E. by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, and the Caspian + 1!! r!"""i ^'''""' P- "■ 1,' Vafie'ieaof the Human Race." t See General Views, page 74. Article " Religion." I Hoo'-ihe-a or Suih'-e-a, Bound Russia in Europ*. WililiilU ( Sea ; S. by i and Turkei I Baltic, Gull It conta I 55,000,000 The pop [ tribes or iia j the most nc That poi jin 1 809 by Mountain I mines of irt I twecn Rusfi A continii , tween the M The Cauc ! and Black S( Seas. — Ri ' N.. the Casp Sea in the S., Gulfs.— I an-' Ri'ga, all Peninsula. ; S. of Russia, ■sthmus. Islands. — I Arctic Ocean I resorted to ii fishermen. Aland, Da^ Lakes. — I I with the Gulf One'ga and llivers. — T Sea. The Ka'ma The Don fa The Donetj The Dnie'i Dan'ube, the li I between Russi; The Bog, Di The Pruth I |: falls into the I The Vis'tula and passes intn The Bug fall The Nie'me Prussia. The Dtma fa The Neva i I into the Gulf oi The Mezene, I Sea. The Petchora Towns.— St. I I is the capital, an I nificent cities in Cron'stadt, on |ilie port of St. r Mos'cow, the was nearly desti llie French inva been rebuilt. Moscow is cei palace of the Czi bell, the largest i Astrachan', at t 's sturgeon fisher Sfirntny^ Ka^.in le Voigal Kalou'ga, on th Orenburg, on U ^ ^ I \>. mi Sea; a by the Cau'casus Mountains, the Black Sea Ba t,c, Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden, and Norway r,,nnnn"nn"\T'"'y 2,000,000 .quare miles, and 05,000,000 inhabitants. Tiie population is composed of a great number of Mountains—The Ural Mountains, famous for their mines of iron, copper, and the precious metals, lie be- tween Kusfia in Europe and Russia in Asia A continuation of the Do'frafield Mountains lies be- tween the White Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia I andKa^kSer^''"""'^'"' "" ''^'^''«" '"^ Caspian' S«a,.-Russia in Europe has the White Sea in the N.. he Caspian Sea, the Sea of Az'of, and the Black Sea m the S., and the Baltic on the W ^nfif^"'"..'^'"' P""''!P«' g'J"'« are Bothnia, Finland, an-f Riga, all arms of the Baltic. ' Peninsula, S(>,^The Peninsula of Crimea, in the '■.hmus!'"""'' " •'°'"''' '° '^' '""'"'""'J ^y « """o^v I Islands—NoWa Zem'bia and Spitzberg'en lie in the Arctic Ocean. They are uninhabi.ed, but are much S^h™ '" '""""" "^ "" «""'"'"» »>""'"» S Aland, Dago, and Oe'sel lie In the Baltic. NvithlTG-K^Sn^ ^"' ^'''"' ^""-"""-'^ I One'ga and Ilmen communicate with Lake Ladoffa \jlwers.-The Ural and Vol'ga fall into the CaspTan The Ka'ma and O'ka are branches of the Volga. I i he Don falls into the Sea of Azof. * The Donetz falls into the Don. ' The Dnieper (Me'per), the Dnies'ter, and the Danube, the last of which forms part of the boundary Thrp'^'n' ""'' '^T^'y^ '■-" •"'» 'he Btack Sea. ^ The ?r.f.'h r""' T"* '^" P^"' '■*" '"'° 'he Dnieper. 1 he Priih flows between Russia and Turkey, and falls into the Danube. •""■cyi ana The Vis'tula rises in Austria, flows through Poland and passes into Prussia. ^ ^^oiana, I The Bug falls into the Vistula. Prussia.^"'"'" ■■'''' '" ^"'"''' """J P^^^" into 'T!'^ ?t""* ''""^ '"'° ""^ C!"!'' "<■ Riga, inti'the GtilTof tir. "^ "^'"^ °' ^"^ ^""^^ ^ Jhe Mezene, Dwi'na, and One'ga, fall into the White The Petchora falls into the Arctic Ocean i, ,hr"*'7. P"'.'""''"'?' at the mouth of the Neva ni«crcfi:i: :-,?''■« --' '««-'- -'^ -^■ .i. ';:?;?fi..Terbtg. '" ''' ^"'^ "^ ^'"'-'^' -« Moscow, the old capital, on a branch of the Oka as nearly destroyed by fire in 1812, at the time of tn^rXirt.""""" under Bonaparle'. ,t U'Tmce Moscow is celebrated for the Kremlin «- .„-• ■ palace of the Czars of RusJiafand aAnt g " bell, the largest in the world. ^ RUSSIA — SWEDEN. Whiit uro iis extent and population f Whnt is eaid of ihe popu- laiion ? What of Finland I The Ural Mountains f . Whnt Mta. between the White Boa and Gulf of "oihniaf Where do Ihe Caucasus Mountain»liof What scaa has Russia in Europe ? Which are the principal gulfs ? *^ What is said of the Pen- insula of Crimea I What islands in the Arctic Ocean, and what is said of the.Ti J ' What in the Baltic f What lakes communicate with the G. of Finland? I Whot withL. Ladoga? What rivers fall jnto the I t^aspiaii Sea f Into the Volga f Where docs the Don fail 1 What falls into the Don 1 I What fall into the Black oea? ' What into the Dnieper 1 What is said of the Pruth J Tu'la, on the Don. Orel', on a branch of the Don. ^ Che^on, Kiev, Moghilev, and Smolensk', on the fnr^,?"''!''f',°1 r ''"'"'■h °'' ""^ ^"'"P"- is celebrated y P^r thl ff "'."r^''"'^'''^ ^"•' ^'"^ °f Sweden. im ' ^""P""' °^ ""*"*''' i" 'he y««r tio^oTwhe""' '""'' '"' *' """"^ ""' 'he exporta Ismail', on the Danube. War'saw, on the Vistula, is the capital of Poland. R^ga, on the Duna, five miles from its mouth. VVilna, on a branch of the Niemen. A bo and Rev'el, on the Gulf of Finland. JNovgorod', on Lake Ilmen. Archan'gel, at the mouth of the Dwina. lor-nea, at Ihe head of the Gulf of Bothnia. notTsm'^Th^J'"' "'«"«r«a«'em military des- pot sm. 'The lower class of the people, called pea- z:::;t'zs ''"" ""' '^"•"'"'' ■""' "^ ^^ Tulaf Oreir What towns on the Dnie- per I What is said of PoltSTa f Of Odessa t Where is Tsmailf What is said of Warsaw f Where is Riga ! Wilnaf What towns on the Gulf of Finland f Where is Novgorod f Archangel 1 Tornea 1 What is said of the gov- ernment of Russia, nnrt of Ihe lower class of the people 1 SWBDBXr. The Vistula J What falls into the Vis- tula t What is said of the Nie- men? Where does the Duna fauf What is said of the Neva J What fall into the White Seat Where does the Petchora fall 1 What is said of St. Peters- burg? Where is Cronstadt ? What is said of Moscow ? For what is it celebrated ? Aeiwleei Tnivalliiv; in Lapland, sia'°r''r''KT «""["'"*' ^- hy Norway; E. by Rus- sia, the Gu f of Bothnia, and the Baltic S. by the s:?^;nrN^;:c^ '°"'"'' ''' ^'"''^^'' ''' ^'-^^ , "^he United! Kingdom of Sweden and Norway con- habha "'"^''^ '°''^*' *"^ 4,000,000 of in- fc/m?M._The Dofrafield Mountains foira part of the boundary between Sweden and Norway .Wanrfs._Goth'land and O'land lie in the Baltic Sea. of Swed^ ' ''"' """^ ^en'ncf. "e in the S. BoEia'"''"'^""^'' ""'' ^^^' ''^" '""' '"'6 Gulf of in.o!he''calrega1."'"^" "" "^''" of I.ke Wenner is tJ'e'^S"""'''''"^"'' °" '^' °""^' °f Lake Malar, Bound Sweden. What are the extent and population of Sweden and Norway 1 What Mts. form part of the boundary between Sweden and Norway ? What islands lie in the Baltic? What lakes in the S. of Sweden ? ^jl;*' "vers fall into the Gulf of Bothnia? ■ What is said of the Gotha? W'hat is said of Stock- holm? Ore«t Stnrf»on. ureal stnroon. "'-^i^^V^^Sl^l^HBBHBH le'vol^a.- -"•^^^"' ^^'^'-^^-gorod', attd Tver, on ' What towns on the Volga? ^4^^^'^"^'' '"' "^ """'"''''^ ^ '''"'''' '^ ^' S,^r«tov. K.,.an, Niz'nei-Novgorod', aiH] Tver, on Kalou'ga, on the Oka. Orenburg, on Ural River. What towns on the Volga? I ^'"^•'''"'m- I Got tenburg, at the mouth of Gotha River. Where is Kalouga? I '^'" ""ar and Carlscro'na, on the Baltic. Orenburg ? ~ ~ _lf!' O.neral Vi'cws, p. 74, Art. ■■ Gove^ent." OfUpealr Where is Gottenburg ? What towns on the Baltic? 44 NORWAY— DENMARK — PRUSSIA. Mal'mo, on the Sound, opposite to Copenhagen, is a strongly fortified place. Lund, near Malmo, is noted for its university. Gefle, on the Gulf of Bothnia, at the mouth of the Dahl. Fah'lun, famous for its copper mines, on Dahl River. Wisby, on tiie Island of Gothland. Sweden is a very cold and barren country. The Laplanders are entirely dependent on the reindeer for their support. Sweden has valuable mines of copper, and its iron is celebrated as the finest in the world. IffORIVAT. What is SBid of Malrao 1 LuncK Whore ia Gafla Fahlun t Wiaby t What ia aaid of Sweden t Since J 814, Norway has been subject to the crown] of Sweden, but each country enjoys its own constitu- tion and laws. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean ; E. by Russia and Sweden ; S. by the Skager Rack ; and W. by the Atlantic. Mountains. — Norway is a very mountainous and dreary country. The most noted mountains are the Dofrafield, which form part of the eastern boundary. Capes. — The principal capes are North Cape oxi the N.,and the Naze, at the southern extremity of Norway. Islands, ^c— The Loffo'den Islands lie on the N. W. coast of Norway. The Maelstrom (Male'-slmm), a very famous whirl- pool, lies a little S. W. of the Loffoden Islands. It is so violent in rough weather as to engulf whales and small vessels which come within its current. Hiter. — The Glom'men falls into the Skager Rack. Toums. — Christiana, on a bay of the Skager Rack, is the capital of Norway. Frederickshall and Chris'iiansand, on the Skager Rack. Kongsberg, a little S. VV. of Christiana, is noted for its silver mines. Dron'theim and Be/gen, on arms of the Atlantic. Hammerferst, on the Arctic Ocean, is the most northern town in Europe. DBMrnXARS. stein and Lau'enburg, is l-ounded N. by the Skager Rack and Cattcgat ; E. by Ihe Callegal, the Sound, the Baltic, and Germany ; S. by the Elbe, which separates it from Germany ; and W. by the North Sea. It contains 22,000 square miles, and 2,000,000 of inhabitants. Bay. — Lymfiord' is a large bay or lagoon in the north of Jutland. Straits. — The Sound, through which vessels pass going into the Baltic, lies between Sweden and Zea- land. The Great Belt lies between Zealand and Funcn. The Little Belt lies between Funen and Jutland. Biyer. — The Eyder falls into the North Sea. Islands. — Born'holm, Zealand, Funen, Moen, Fal'- ster, Laa'land {Law-land), and Lange'land, lie in the Baltic. The Fa'roe Islands lie in the Atlantic Ocean, north of Scotland. The large, but cold and dreary island of Iceland, also belongs to Denmark. It lies east of Greenland, and in a line with Den- mark and the Faroe Islands. Iceland contains about 40,000 square miles. How long has Norway been subject lo Sweden! How ia it bounded t What ia said of its moun tainat Which are the principal capes I Where are the Loffoden Islanda t What ia said of the Mael- strom ? Where does Giommen R fallf What ia aaid of Chriafianat What towna on the Sks' ger Pack? What ia said of Kongs borg? What towna on arms of Ihe Atlantic t What is said of Hammer- ferst I Cop«nhaj^EL Boundaries. — Denmark, including the Islands of 1 Bound Denmark. Zealand and Funen, and the German Duchies of Hoi- 1 What are its extent and popuhttion f Where ia Lymfiord ? Where is the Sound t The Great Belt f The Little Dolt ? Where docs the Eyder falll What islands in the Baltict Where are the Faroe Is. t What large island belongs to Denmark t Where does it lie t How many si^uare miles dues it contain t Mount (lecla and the Ge]rs«n. It abounds in mountains and volcanoes, and is noted for its hot springs or geysers, the largest of which, called the Great Geyser (Gi-ser), throws up at inter- vals a stream of water to the height of 150 feet. Mount Hec'la, in the S. of Iceland, is a noted vol- cano. Toums. — Copenha'gen, situated on the Sound in the Island of Zealand, is the capital, and is a handsome and important city. Elsinore', on the Sound, N. of Copenhagen, is noted as the place where all foreign vessels trading to the Baltic, pay toll. Al'tona, on the Elbe. Flens'borg, Sles'wick, and Kiel {Keel), on arms of the Baltic. O'densee, on the Island of Funen. Skalholt and Rekiavik, on the Island of Iceland. Denmark is a low and flat country, with a moist climate and fertile soil. The inhabitants are moral and industrious. With what does it abound, and for what is it noted 1 1 What ia said of Mt. Heclal f What is aaid of Copenha- gen? or Elsinore t Where ia Altonaf What towna on the Ballict i Where ia O Jonsee t What towns in Iceland? What is said of the climate j and soil of Denmark i What of the inhabitants? MIDDLE EUROPE. PRUSSIA. The Kingdom of Pbossia includes several Ger- man states, and a ptrt of the ancient kingdom of Poland. Prussia consists of two divisions, called the Eastern and the Western, between which lie several German states. Boundaries. — The Eastern Division is nearly five times as large as the Western, and is bounded N. by the Baltic ; E. by Russia ; S. by Russia, Austria, and Germany ; and W. by Germany. The Western Division, consisting of the two Ger- man provinces, Westpha'lia and Rhine, is bounded N. and E. by Germany ; S. by France ; and W. by Bel- gium and Holland. Prussia, including both divisions, contains 107,000 square miles, and 14,000,000 inhabitants. What does Pruaaia in- clude ? Of what divisions dooa it conaist ? Bound the Eastern Dlvi- aion. The Western. What are the extent and population of Prussia? t!ie Guif of Vcn Sardinia, Swilzcr It contains 20( inhabitants. nro it! extent and lution I I ii the Sound t roat Belt f ittle Bolt ? I docs the Gydor fall) islands in the Baltict > are the Faroe Is. t large island belongs 'onmarkt a does it lie ? many si^uare miles 1 it contain 1 what docs it abound, | 1 for what is it noted ( tissaidofMt. Heclat I t is said of Copenha- I? re is Allonaf t towns on the Ballicl re is Odensee f t towns in Iceland! it is said of the climate | d soil of Denmark f It of the inhabitants t tt does Prussia in- jdet what divisions does it nsisti nd the Eastern Divi- ]n. at are the extent and jpulalion of Prussia ? ^ *<:.-' ■The Gulf of Dant'zin lies on the Baltic coast. Chii'rische (JCoo-riah-e) IlafT lies at the mouth of the Niemen. Frisch'e Hnfrcommunicales with theGulf of Dnnlzic. Island — The Island of Ku'gen lies on the Baltic coast. Rivers.— The Niemen falls into Cliurische Haffi 1 he Prcgel falls into Frischo UatT. The Vistula falls into the Gulf of Danlzic. The O'llcr falls into ilio Baltic. The Warllia falls into tlic Oder. The Elbe flows through the western part of the Mstern Division. The Havel and Saaro fail into the Elbe. The Spree falls into the Havel. The Ithine (lows in a N.W. direction tlirongh the VVeslern Division. " The Moselle' is a brnnrh of the Kl.jne. The Ems rises in the WVstern Division. Wlif^ro is the Gulf of itaiitzic f Churischo Ilaff? Frische Ilaff f The Island of Rugen f Where does the Niemen foil t Tlio Progcl f I The VialulaJ I The Odor ? ThoWnrthaf How does the Elbe flow t What rivers fall into it 1 What falls into the Havel? How does tho Rhino (low 1 Whot branch hoe it ? Whero does tht Ems rise f The population comprises many distinct races, speaking differeni languages. Mountaitu. — The Carpathian Mountains in Hun- gary, and the Rhetian Alps in the province of Tv'rol are the principal. ' Rivers.— The Dan'ube flows through Austria, and passes into Turkey. The Save,Theiss(rice), Drave, March, and Inn, fall mto the Danube. The Schwartz is a branch of the March. n Je /.'r^' ^'""'^^ ^'^'8''' ""'' P°» ft" inlo Hie Gulf of Venice. the^'po ^"'"°' °^''''' ^'^''^''' °"'' '^'"""^ '""" '"'" The Vistul'a, Oder, and Elbe, rise in the north of Austria. The Mol'dau is a branch of the Elbe. The Dniester and Pruth rise in the east of Austria. What does the population cuiiiprise I Which are tho principal mountains t How docs tho Danube flow f What rivers fall into it t Where does tho Schwartx fall? What rivers fall into the dull of Venice? What into the Po ? What rivers rise in the N.f Whcro does tho Moldau fall? What rivers rise in the E.» BerliiL TowTis. —Berlin, on the Spree, is the capital, and is one of the most magnificent cities in Europe. Mem'el and Stral'sund, on the Baltic. Tilsit, on the Niemen. Kon'igsberg, on the Pregel, near its mouth. Elb'ing, near Frische Hali: Dantzic and Thorn, on the Vistula, the former of which is celebrated for the exportation of wheat. Stettin', Frankfort, and Brcslau, on the Oder. Po'sen, on the Wartha. Mag'deburg, on the Elbe. Brandenburg and Pots'dam, on the Havel. Halle, famous for its university, on the Saale. Dus'seldorf, Cologne (Co-lone'), Bonn, and Cob'- lentz, on the Khino. El'berfield, near the Rhine. Treves, on the Moselle. Aix-la-Chapclle {Mx-lar-shap-pelV), between the Khine and Meuse. Mun'ster, on a branch of the Ems. Prussia IS a military monarchy; and her soldiers have always been famed for their discipline and valor Prussia IS celebrated for the number and excellence ol her schools, and admirable .system of public in- struction; the education oi every child in the kingdom heing provided for, and required by law. I What is said of Berlin? What towns on the Baltic? Where is Tilsit ? Konigah-irg ? Elbinq? What towns on tho Vis- tula? On tho Oder ? Where is Posen ? Magdeburg ? What towns on the Havel ? Where is Halle? What towns on the Rhine ? Whero is Elberliold ? Treves ? Aix-la-Chapollo? Munster ? Whot is said of the gov- ernment and the soldiers of Prussia ? V .'.at of tho schools, &c.? '*" ~ ~n'if%rwwv»<-tA'«'' -'"' ZuyJer Wliat are its extent and population ? What is said of Zuyder Zee 1 Tlio Lake of Haarlem t 48 HKI.IJ IIIM — FUANM- Islands. — There are nimierdiis i^lnnds nlrniR ll\c coast, tlio priiicipiil of wliicli lire Tuxil uiul Wiil'- cheren. Iliv'rrs. — Tlic Uliiiic, .Moiho ur iMacse, niid Scheldt (Sketl), liill into the North Si'a. Tlic If the Duchy which belongs to Holland. Wlmi rivcri. fall into the The soil is so fertile and well cultivated, ihnt Bel- Nurili .Sou J gium resembles one great garden. Wlmi i. -nid of the Lcck Belgium was formerly called Flanders, and its in una Want I habitants, Flemings, Tho YsMlf Holland has a very fertile soil, and is noted for the excellence of its butter and cheese. Canals are very numerous, and constitute the chief medium of both trade and travel in all seasons of the year. The inliabitants are called Dutch. They are re- markably neul end industrious, but greatly addicted to smoking. Wlinl is nitiil of iho dikca uf llullaiid I What is said of the Haguo I Of Amatordam I What towns on the Rhine 1 What is said of Haarliim 1 W Imt towns on the Mouse! Where is Don I (■roningen? Middleburg t What is said of the soil, &c., uf Ilullandt Uf the canaUi Whiil ii4 ■ liil of ilin Boil, Slc, uf llelgiuiii ( WhnI was Ilrlgium for- iiiirly culled ( The inhabitants t BBIiaiUM. Boundaries. — Belgium, including the German Duchy of Luxemburg, the eastern part of which belongs to Holland, is bounded N. by Holland ; E. by the West- ern Division of Prussia ; S. by France; and W. by the North Sea. It contains 12.000 square miles, and 4,000,000 in- habitants, being tiie most densely populated country in the world. Rivers. — The Meuse and Scheldt flow through Belgium and pass into Holland. Toitms. — BrusseLs, on a branch of the Scheldt, is the capital, and one of the handsomest cities in Eu- rope. Mech'lin and Louvain', near Brussels, the former of which was once much noted for its lace. Ant'werp, Ghent, and Tournay', on the Scheldt. Liege and Na'mur. on the IMeuse. Ostend', on the North Sea, is the principal sea- port. Bru'ges, near the North Sea. Waterloo', a small village ten miles S. of Brussels, is famous for the defeat and final overthrow of Napo- leon Bonaparte, in 1815, by the allied army com- manded by the Duke of Wellington. Mens, near the French boundary. Lux'emburg, the capital of the Grand Dnchy of Luxemburg, is a strongly fortified town on a branch Bound Belgium. What arc il9 extent and puimhuion ? What rivers How through Belgium! What is said of Brussels ? What towns near Brus- sels t What on the Scheldt f Wliat on the Mcuso ? Where is Ostend ? Bruges ? What is said of Waterloo ? Where is Mons ? What is said of Luxem- lurgf FRANOS. 7?oiin(/(inc.?.— Bounded N. W. and N. by the Eng- lish Channel, Strait of Dover. North Simi, and Bel- gium ; E. by the Western Division of Prussia, Ger- many, Switzerland, and Sardinia; S. by the Mediter- ranean and Spain ; and W. by the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic. It is divided into 86 departments, and contains 20.'>.000 square miles, and 31,000,000 iidiabitanls. Mountains. — The Cevennes {Sii-vrnn') and Au- vergno (O-ucni) .Mountains lie in the centre of France. The Jura Jlountains separate France from Switzer- lanil. The Alps separate France from Sardinia. Tlie Pyrenees separate France from Spain. Bays, i^c— The Bay of Biscay washes the west- ern, and the Gulf of Lyons the southern shore of France. Islands.— The Island of Ushant lies on the N. W. coast of France. Belle Isle, Be, and Oleron', lie in the Bay of Bis- cay. Cor'sica and the Hieres lie in the Mediterranean. nivcrs.— The Somme {Somm) and Seine (Snne) full into the English Chaimel. The Loire {Lwar) and Garonne' ( Ga-ronn') fall into the Bay of Biscay. The Dordogne' falls into the Garonne. Tlie Garonne, below the mouth of the Dordogne, is called Gironde' Kivcr. The Rhone falls into the Gulf of Lyons. The Saone (Sone) falls into the Rlione. 'Ilio Rhine forms part of the eastern boundary. The Moselle' rises in France and passes into Prussia. The Meuse and Scheldt rise in France and pass into Belgium. Towns. — Havre, Rou'en, Par'is, and Troycs, on the Seine, the first of which is the port of Paris. Paris, lying on both sides of the river Seine, is the capital. It is the second city in Europe in point of size, and the gayest and most magnificent city in the world. Versailles', nine miles S. W. of Paris, is noted for its magnificent palace. Rheims, N. E. of Paris, is noted for its cathedral, in which many of the French kings have been crowned. Lille (Led), near the northern boundary. Dun'kirk, on the North Sea. Cal'ais, on the Strait of Dover. Am tens, on the Somme. Boulogne' and Cherbourg, on the English Chan- nel. Ifow is Franco bounded? How is it divided, and what nro its e.xteiit and population / What iiiuiintainB lie in the centre of France t What is Baid of the Jura Alnunlaina ( The Alps? 'I'ho Pyrenees? What liay and E«lf wash the shores of France? Where ia the Island of IjHiiant ? WhnI island.s in the Bay of Biscay ? What in the Mediterra- nean ? What rivora fall into the Kngliah Channel I The liny of Biscay ? Where does the Dordogne lull ? What is ll.e fJnronne call- ed lieluw the inoulh of the Dordopne ? Where doesthe UhoncfalU What river lulls into the Khnnc) What is said of ihe Rhine 1 The Moselle ? What rivers rise in France and puss into Belgium ? What towns on the S«ino ? What is said of Paris ? Where is Versailles 1 What is said of Rheims ? Where is Lillo? Dunkirk? Calais ? Amiens ? What towns on the Eng- lish Channel ? Caen ( A Brest. oi terrnnean, i Nantes, Borilenii: former of » L'Orient the Bay of Bayonnc' France, ia n vented. Marsoillei the most CO Montpe'li Avignon | Lyons, at is famed for Stras'burg dial, the spi being 405 (u CO 58 5fi ^ M\ 52 ^ Caim.hi 50 ilU 10 mill What la aaid of the estent "id poiiiilniion of the Uritish Dominions? What arc the extent and population of CJ. Britain? How is it divided f SOOTXAND. ^ounrfaWes. — Boundeil N. by the Atlantic Ocean ; E. by the North Sea : S. I)y England ; and W. by the North •channel and Atlantic Ocean. ''contains 30,000 square miles. ^ .Wountains.— Scotland is celebrated lur lis romantic mounuin scenery. The Gram'pian Hills, about the centre of Scotland, contain the hii^hest summit in Great Britain. Bound Scotland. How many squtiro miles 1 does it contain ? " nRt is Bttid of the moun- j tain scenery of Scotland? | What of the Grampian Hills ? M) J, lULANl) Tim olhpr prinrin«l mountniim arn n<-ii Nevw, Ben I^>'moiul, iii'ar l,..cli Lomoiul, iiii.l llic Clmv lol llilli, betwcpn Sriitlniitl»iul north of iho Ornmpinn IlilU ii a bleak and moiinlninoii» rP){'""i «■•»"'"' '''" lliffli'lsnil*. , tVilhii or FiV/Aj.. — rtniUnd Firth nepamlci the Orkney UlancU from Scolliiiul. Dor'nocli, iMiir'ray, Tay, and Forth Firthi, lie on the pastern roost. Clyde and Solway Firthii lie on the western ro««l. /j/amJi.— To the north of Scollunil nre the Orkney Islands, the princi()al of which are Mnin'Innd and Hoy. Farther to the north lie the Shel land Islandii, the principal of which are Yell and Mainland. The Heb' rides orWeslem lalnmls lie to the west of Scotland, and are se|)aratcd from il by the Minch. The principal of these iHlands are Lewis, Skye, North and South Uist, and .Midi, and the small island of Stnflii, celebrated for it« remarkable cavern, called Fingal's Cave. Whicli »t* the other prin- Cipitl MIDUIIISirM I Wlisl is snid of Ihe pur- lion iiorili of Iha (irnm- IMBM llilla ) Wlisl is Mill of IVnlluni) Firili I Whnt flrllis on lha osslern coast t Wlmi o» ilici weslern cossit Whcro nio the Orkney Ulanils f Whore nro the Shellsnil Isluiidst Tho llsbrides t Which sre the principal of those t Laket or 7/)<;/i«.— Scotland abounds in lakes ; the most noted of which are Loch Ness, Loch Katrine, and Loch Lomond. Cape. — i.^i>e Wrath, on the north of Scotland, is the principal cape. „ „ ^ ., , Rivers. — T\xe Spey, Don, Dee, Tay, Forth and Tweed, fall into the North Sea. The Clyde falls into the North Channel. TotCTW.— Ed inburgh and Falkirk, near the Firth of Forth, the former of which is the capital of Scotland, and is celebrated for its university. Leith, on the Firth of Forth, is the port of Edin- burgh. Stirling, on tho Forth. , ^ . ,. Ban'nockburn, three miles south of Stirling, is famous for the great victory gained over the English by the Scotch, under the celebrated Robert Bruce. Greenock and Glas'gow, on the Clyde, the latter of which is the largest town in Scotland, and contams a noted university. Fais'ley, near Glasgow. Kilmar nock, near the Firth of Clyde. Dundee' and Perth, on the Tay. Aberdeen' and .Montrose', on the North Sea. Inverness', at the junction of the Caledonian Canal with Murray Firth. Dumfries', on Nith River, near Solway i irtti. Gretna Green, near Solway Firth, is noted as the place were fugitive lovers from England are married. The inhabitants of Scotland are a moral and well- educated people. Some of their literary mea are much distinguished. BNO£ AND. Bm/nfirtrip.?.— Enirland, including the principality of Wales, is bounded N. by Scotland ; t.. by the Nonii Sea ; S. by the Strait of Dover and English Channel, which separate it from Franr , am! W. by the Atr lantic, St. George's Channel, r. ^' ' 'i Sea. F.nglandnnd Walei are divided into B!l rountip^.and contain BH,«00 sipmre milfs, and 10,II(M),0(U) inhidut- ants. Jtf«HH/iiiiM. — The Chi'viot Hills, belwcen England and ■Srolland, and Saow'don and riyidiini in Wales, are the pniirijial nmnnlains. Cprn. Spurn licad lies at tho entrance of the I 'umber. North Foreland lies at the entrnnre of the 1 hnmes, and forms the N. E. extremity of Tlianel Maud. Rcachy and St. AIIkui'h llnids, I'.iitliind Ihll, and Lizard's Voinl, lie on the somh of England. Uind's End forni.i the S. W. extremity of England. Islanila. — The Isle of Wi^ht liis in the English Channel, near the coast of Englnml. The Chaunil hlanils, tho principal of which are Al'dcrney, (iuernsey, and .lirsey, lie in the English Channel, near the coast nf Fraiiic. The Isle of Man and Anglesca lie in the Irish Sea. The Scilly Isles lie near Cape Land's End. Hayn, V. — The Wash, on tho eastern, and Car'digan Ray and Hristol Channel, on the western coast, are the principal bays. The Strait of Mcnai separates Anglesca from the main land. Rivera. — The Tync, Ilumbcr, and Thames, fall into the North Sea. The Ouso and Trent form the Ilumber. The Severn falls into the Bristol Channel. The A'von falls into the Severn. The Mersey and Dee fall into tho Irish Sea. Tho Tweed forms |)art of the northern hoiindnry. Totms. — England is noted for the number and size of its manufacturing and commercial cities. Woolwich, Qreen'wich, London, Winds ir, and Ox- ford, famous for its university, on the Thames. I low urn F.niilanil anil Willi- ilivMli'il.nmlwhnI nri' I hi II I iliniaiiil |Hip. ulii'litii f will. Il iir.i Iho pimciiml lliimntntlifl t Whoii: ia Hpurn Head! Niirili Fiirelandf What capoa on the H. of Kiitilniiil ' Whtru la l.nnd'a End 1 Whirn ia the lale of Wiiihlf Wliiii In anlil of ihe Chan- iivl Uliinilal Whnt Itiliiniia !ia in the Irbh Scut WliiTc arc tho Sci'.ly laleat Whiili nro ihe principal biiya ( Whcro ia the Sirnit of Minui t Whnt riviTB fall into tho North .Sun! Whiii lorni iho Humhcrl Whim does iho aovern liilK WImi I'lillii into the Sevorn! Whnt Inll into tho Iriah Son f Whni isaniilofihoTwecill Wiinl is Hnid ot iho citira uf Kni(lnndl Whnt towna on tho 'I'hnmos ? What is anid of iho luki-^ ur lui'ha I Whcro is Cnpe Wroth » Whnt rivers fall into the Nurlh Sua t Where docs the Clydu fallf Whni towna on the Firth of Furih 1 Whnt is said of Loith ? Whcro is >irling? What is Bind of Bannock- burn t What lowDiontUe Clyde f Where is Paisley f Kilmarnock 1 What towns on tho Tay 1 What towna on the North Seat Where is Inverneast Dumfries ? What is said of Oretna Green 1 Whnt is said of the inhab- itants of t-cotland t How is England " . ndcd t The city of London, on both sides of the river, is the capital, and is the first city in population, wealth, commerce, niv' manufactures, in the world. It is )ted for if bridges, and also for its splendid cdi- ices, of wl .St. Paul's rathedral, and West'minstcr Abbey are much celebrateu. Liverpool, on tho Mersey, is famous for its great commerce. . , , .. Manchester, near the Mersey, is noted for its cotton manufactures. ,• , »t p r Blackburn, Preston, and Bolton, a little N.fc. oi Liverpool. Chester, on the Dee Berwick, on Tweeii River, n-^ar its mouth. Flod'den, a small village, a .ittle S. of Berwick, is noted for the great victory gained by the English over James IV., King of Scotland, in 1513. Newcastle, on the Tync, famous for the coal mines in its vicinity. Sunderland, near the North Sea, on Wear River. Scarborough, on the North Sea. Hull, on the Humber. Yor'K, cr. th? Ot'.K.-. Leeds, Bradford, and Sheffield, on branches of the Ouse. Not'tinghara, on the Trent. What is said of London? Of Liverpool ( Manrheater T WhatiownsN.E.ofLiy-| erpnol ( Where is Chester? Berwick ? WhatisaaidofFloddent Of Nowcaatle t Whcro is Sunderland t Scarborough t Hull I York? What towns on nranchea of ilw Ouiet Whero ia Nottingham ! Boundaries. — U N-,W., and S.; am! North Channel ; a Iri.sh Sea and :,i. G It conuiiiis 32,0( liabilants. Divisions. — Irel Jizt-Ul'ster, Le These are subdividi rn FtHKlnnd iinil iliviilpd.nnilwlml 'II' ' llt'iit niul pop- 1 I iirii iha principul lima I 11 Hpurn Head 1 ''iireland t nppi on the fl. of mil I in I.nnd'i End t ii Ibe Ilia of lit 1 niiid of ihe Chtn- iliinda t inlnxdi !ie in the DrothoBci'dylileil nro tlio principal I li the Strait of ait rivrrii full into tho { ih Meal tiirm tho llumhcrl n does llio Severn I I I'iiIIh into the Sovnrnl lull into the Irieh { iasaidortlieTwcoill I in Hnid ol llio cilira { •Inxlond t lowni on tho itnea t II ii aaid of London t ttt towna N.E. ofLiy- pool i ere ia Chcfli'i" t wicli t atiaaaidof Floddent lere i» Sunderland t rborough t II? rkt lat towni on branchea f tlw Ouiet leru ii Notlinghtini I Trini.""'" '"'' B'''n'ingh.m, on br.nche. of .he Cotr'enlry, an inlnni! town, S. K. „f (lirmii.ffl.am ('iu::inF:.;i::''™'°' "-"'*'''•-«' -nil- of I'orl-inoud, nn.l r'jyniomli, on lli,, Knaii.l. Clmnnnl Gloucesior, Worccslor, ami HIirewHlmrv „„ .u Severnlho laM .if „ ,„,, i, cH..|,„.:7 .^civl wa™ ) — TUKKKy. Whiil town, on broncheal "I Iho '1 rent t Whrrn ia Coventry f What towna on V«ro R. » I What (own* ere much re. •orioii 10 (or aea-biih- 1 What i« ',a;d of Cam- bridgo t Where ia Dover t Which are Iho prinripaj alttliciiia of Iho Ilritiah navy 1 Where in Ejietcr t What inland iiiwiia ,„ the aoulh of Kngland ( norlhorii coaiit of Irclaiul. ""■»>! "«• on ihe t.u.cway t What towna on Iho Se- vern t . ^>.,'"^ '"^'.W* What near Ihe Severn t What in laid of Towka- hury t What towna on Iho Avon f iiuh. Swan' n., he ,j,ig,„, Channel, in Wale. i w. c ,i TKvt, and Caer...a...th;n, in ihT.outh of K:r,Traouih ..:Mr::^i;r°je!"'' ''""' °^ ^'-'' -- ">« ceie. L;,:;^L_„, wjhr"' '•^"'"^' °" "'« """•■m .oast of the Isle of|cowe,t Si. Hclicr, on the Island of Jersey. St. Hsiier f Wiiat is said of tho rli. male, aoil, &c.,of Knc- land f ' What of Iho inhabitants, more unequally dislrihutod. ' "'"'"', |.^.;n..and„.ostrL„.nedph,;::o;t'.;'!hf-^' IRBlaAlVD. N w"andt!-~'7'""'' '•'■"' ""^ Atlantic Ocean on il.c ~ Oiml'i Ciiaewnjr, Capo Clear, on the southern coast. Tl.o Siiir and N„re fall in,o the narrow. into the AZi.ir''^^" ""' ""'"'■ °'- ''""«•' Neaghj The Foyle lidls inln Loujrh Foylo. ' I he Boyno and liify fall into the Irish Sea. tSI, ?; m"' '""'S'- George's Channel. capSr •"''"'"'"' '"■ ''•'"' »'''- "f '"« Lilly, i, ,he Wexford, at the mouth of the Slaney. Waterford and Clonmtir, on the Suir. Kilkenny, on the Nore noSti;^£l;:j,S""''^ "'"-•>-'"«-." Bandon, on Uandon Hiver. Killarney, on Lake Killarney. L.mj;ric>. and .Athlone , on the Shannon. Oalway, on Gal way Bay Sligr., o" Sligo liav. Pl.c. or .l,e ,cno,„„J Si. Pm, "t ' '""''"'«• The bogs of Ireland ocnipv one-sevontl, „f •. tief dent in wood. ' '"'''""' ''""8 ^^'X iwi'^;::r::r:.^«i!^^"«-"«w„,"and.he f^npo Clear f Whni river, fall i„,o n, Ailoiiiict I What into Iho Harrow f Whai iasaidofiheBannf WhrreduonilinFoylofallf "lrLV.C" '""''■"""" ^7niu' ''"''" "'" ''"""«>' Whai is said of Dublin f Where in Wexford / Wliai i„„.„n „„ ,),„ g^j^ J Where in Kilkenny f Corkt Bnndon 1 Killarney? Where is Galway | hllKo f Londonderry t Uelfasi ? ''.t"e'lrr"lea7 "™» "^ Where is Droghedaf What is said of the bogs of Ireland ? '' on account of the richness of its '^Emerald hh verdure Ireland has labored under Ihe oppressive yoke of England for many centuries. The Ir sh nrlir f hospiiable; but a large nonion of h '^ ^"'' "...serably iguoran,, dfgratand Itirr"'!"" seasons of scarcity mai^ of them pSh of i^^^t.'"] What i, Ireland somelimee called, and why ? Under what has Ireland 1'il.oured and what is said ol tho Irish ( North Channel; am, ..J-^KnglaJnni;^^ . I. George's Channel. ' Irish Sea and : i. uoorge'. It contains 32,000 stiu.no nitaaita * habitants. '""" °''"'™ ""'^'' ='"'' 8,000,000 in- rhesea^i'Siv^t^di;::;^'";;^:'""'^""-- Whoi arc tho boundaries ol Ireland ? What arc its oxiint and pojiululioll ? How is it divided ? SOUTHERN EUROPE. TVRKXBOT n«»«.~ — TuJie^rprur^eanSrX'rAS'"'"'' '-'""- |W,^». L .he Turkish, It contains about fion nnn ^ .," K.mpua include ? lion inhabilanfs ' "'""" "'"'"^^ ""'"'""d I^ "'U" What are i.s ex.ei.i and population ? 62 TURKEY— GREECE. TURKBT IN BUROFB. aRBBOB. Coiuttantinople. Boundaries.— TavVey in Europe, including Je pro- vinces of Moldavia, Walkchia, and Ser via, which are virtually independent, is bounded N. by Austria and Russia' E and S.E. by Russia, the Black Sea, and SMinor^froin which^'it is separated by the Channe of Constantinople, the Sea o Maf mora, the Strait of the Dardanelles, and the Archipelago; S. by Greece, and W. by the Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Otranto, Gulf of Venice, and Austria. .nnnnnnn It contains 200,000 square miles, and 10,000,000 '""itlL—The Balkan' range traverses Turkey '^'"Mounlpindus lies in the S.W. of Turkey. Gulfs, ^c— The Gulfs ol Contessa and Salonica are arms of the Archipelago or ^gean Sea. The Gulf of Venice lies between Turkey and ^Islands.— The Island of Lem'nos lies in the Archi- '^Se or Candia, lies south of Greece, in the Medi- terranean Sea. It belongs to Egypt. . Rivers. — The Danube flows through the N. b. ol Turkey, and falls into tlie Black Sea. The Save flows between Austria and 1 urkey. The Marit'za falls into the Archipelago The Vardar falls into the Gtilf of Salonica. The Drino falls into the Gulf of Venice. Toiww.— Constantinople, on the Channel of Con- stantinople, is the capital. Constantinople is, next to London and Paris, he largest city in Europe: anH :. noted as containing the mosque of St. Sophia, the finest Mohammedan temple in the world. Gallip'oli, on the Dardanelles. Adriano'plc, on the Maritza. Ser'es, near the Gulf of Contessa. Salonica, on the Gulf of Salonica. Larissa, and Ya'nina or Joannina, west of the Gulf of Salonica. . Scu'tari, near the Gulf of Venice. Varna, on the Black Sea. Shumla, a strongly fortified town, west of Varna. Silis'tria, Wid'in, and Belgrade', on the Danube. Jassy, near the Pruth. , . c ,u„ n„n Bu'charest and Sophi'a, on branches of the Dan "^Serajevo or Bosna-Serai, in the N. W. of Turkey. Candia, on the island of Candia. Bound Turkey in Europe. Grollo of Antipnroi. What arc ils extent and population I What is said of iho Balkan range ? Wliere is Mt. Pinduar What gulfs are arms of the Archipelago ? Where is the G. of Venice? Where is the Island of Lemnos ? Crete or Candia f What is said of the Dan- ube t The Save 1 Wliero does the Maritza fall? The Vardar f The Drino ? Where is Constantinople ? What is said of it J Greece formerly belonged to Turkey, but "> 1828 she succeeded in achieving her independence of that tyrannical and oppressive nation. rr, , „„ . Boundaries—Greece is bounded N. by Turkey, E. by the Archipelago; S. and W. by the Mediterra- "*h contains 15,000 square miles, and 800,000 in- habitants. , , . „. , ,_ JWo»n(«ms. — Greece is traversed by the Pindus Mountains, on one of the ranges of which is the cele- brated Mt. Parnns'sus. Gulfs E"ina or Ath'ens, on the east, and L«- panto and Patras, on the west, are the principal ^"^ Peninsuh, cS'c— The Peninsula of Morea lies in the S. of Greece, and is connected to the main land by tlie Isthnlus of Corinth. . Cape.— Cape Matapan' forms the southern extremity of Greece. , ,i , u ,1 . /stands.— The Island of Neg ropont, called by the ancients Euboca, lies in the Archipelago, and is sepa- rated from Greece by the Strait ol Egripo. Svra, Hydra, Paros, formerly noted for its beautitul statuary marble, and Antiparos, noted as containmg one of the most beautiful grottoes in the world. He &. °^ To,«^— Athens, near the Gulf of Athens, is the seat of government. It was one of the most celebrated cities of antiquity, and still contains astonishing relics of ils ancient grandeur. What is said of Greece? IIow is it bounded? What are its extent and population ? What is said of ils moun- tains? Which are the principal gulfs ? What is said of the Pen- insula of Morea ? Where is Capo Matapan ? What is said of the Island of Negropont ? What islands south of Ne- gropont I What is said of Athens? Where is Gallipoli ? Adrianople ? Peres ? Salonica ? What towns west of tho Gulf of Salonica? Where is Scutari ? Varna ? Shumla? What towns on tho Dan- ube? Where is Jassy ? What tovms on branches of the Danube ? Where is Serajevo or Bo^na-Serai ? Caudia ? The government of Turkey is a cruel and debasing desDotism. , , , , rriL_.. The inhabitants are indolent and scnsuai. l-,^j keep many wives, and are much addicted to sraok- '"^Gv)>si« abound in the northern provinces. They are a curious race of thievish vagabonds, that infest almost every country in Europe, What is said of the gov- ernment of Turkey ? What of the inhabiianis ? Where do the gypsies abound, and what is said of them? Acropolia »t A'bena. Corinth, on the Isthmus of Corinth. Trinoliz'za, S.W. of Corinth. Napoli, on the eastern coast, and Navari no, on the western coast of Morea. , „ ,. r Pnt™. thn Missolong'hi and Patras', on the Gulf of Patras, the former of which is noted as the place where Lord Byron died, in 1824. Syra, on the Island of Syra. Hvdra, on the Island of Hydra. Greece contains the sites of many celebrated ancient cities. Ancient Greece was the centre of learning and civi- lization, and, prior to its conquest by the Romans, was the ruling kingdom of tlie earth. , , , Under Alexander tho Great, the Greeks invaded and subdued the powerful kingdom ol Persia. Where is Corinth ? Tripolizza ? What town on tho E., and what on the W. coast ot Morea? What towns on the Gull of I'uirus I Where is Syra? Hydra? What is soid of the sites of ancient cities? Wlwt is said of Ancient Greece ? Under Alex'r the Great, what kingdom did the Greeks conquer? The Io'i islands, jyin Corfu', Pux( and Cer'igo. These islt 200,000 inh Towns. — capital. Zante, on The loni. Great Britain Italv is di In the north and Venice, I Sardinia, inclii and the Duel Lurca. The Poped the little Kepi central parts o i The Kingdo and the Island Boundaries. bounded N. b; tria and the Gt Sea ; and W. h It contains inhabilanls. Mountains, i and partly divii Mount Blanc elevated siinimi being 15,748 fei sea. The celebrat .Mt. Blanc, is vi iradcd by the a I lie Ap cniii ludy. i\It. Vesu'vins are tlie most eel Oit/fs, 6fc. — King(li)iii (,f Sa lanto, ill ijie Ki Lakes. — Lakt lie on tlie conlii: Islands, J/fc— Ilaly by the Slrn The'larire Isia nnm wliicii ii IS It belongs lo the Elba lies betw as the place to Ills first «bdicdli( 10 ! aaid of Greece t it bounded t are its extent and laiion I 8 said of its moun- ? are the principal ia said of the Pen- a of Morca 1 >, ia Capo Matapan? is aaid of the laland [ogropont ? ialanda aouth of No- lOIlt I is said of Athena t re ia Corinlh t olizza 1 i( town on the E., and lilt on the W. coast ol '^'''^'^ ^ n It towns on the Gulf Putras i ;ro is SyraJ ra? It ia aaid of iho aitiis ancient citicaf nt is said of Ancient recce ! ler Aloit'r the Oreiit, hilt kinjidom did the recks coiuiuorf IONIAN HEPUBLIC— ITALY. XOWXABT RBPUB&XC. The Ionian Repubuc consisU of seven small mlattds, ly,„g „„ ,|,e western coast of Greece, viz ■ ami Cer'i''o °' """ ^^^''"™' "''°'"'' *^'^P''*'°n'a> Zan'tej 9nrnmf •i"T'' """'"'" ''''°"' ^°°° «1""e miles, and 200,000 mhabiiants. ' Towns. — Corfu, on the Island of Corfu, is the capital. ' ' Zanie, on the Island of Zante. Of what does the Ionian Republic conaialt The Ionian Republic is under th^ protection of Ureal Krilain. XTAKY. What are their extent and population > What ia aaid of Corfu 1 Where ia Zante 1 The Ionian Republic ia under the protection of I what country 1 53 The Li'pari Islands, a little north of Sicily, are cele- brated for their volcanoes, of which that on the Island 01 tjtrora boll is i constant action. The Lipari Islands t Komo. Italv is divided into ten kingdoms and states It. the north titul west are the Kingdom of Lombard v nnd Venice, belonging to Austria; the Kingdom of Sardinia, mcl.uliiig the small Principality of Monaco- and the Duchies of Mod'sna, Parma, Tus'cany, and The Popedom or Slates of the Church, including the li lie Kepublic of San JIari'no, comprise all the < central parts of Italy. ! The Kingdom of Naples includes the south of Italy and the Island of Si'cily. '' Boundaries— ha\y, exclusive of Austrian Italy, is bounded N. by Switzerland and Austria ; E. bv Aus- tria and the Gulf of Venice; S. by the Medilerranean bea ; and W. by the Mediterranean and France It coniains 100,000 square miles, and 17,000.000 inliabilanls. ' ' Mounlains, ^c.-Tbe Alps pass through Sardinia, and partly divide it from France and Switzerland Mount Blanc, in fT» Provit.ce of Savoy, is the most cievateil siimmil, and the highest mountain in Europe, being 15,748 feet, or three miles above the level of the How is Italy divided T Which divisiona lie in the north and weal 1 What does the Popedom comprise I What doea the Kingdom of Naplea include } How is Italy bounded t What are its extent and population 1 What ia aaid of the Alpa ? What of Mount Blanc f I he celebrated valley of Cha'mouny, at the foot of Mt. J! anc, is visited by many travellers, who are at- tracted by thn grandeur of its natural scenery. The Ap'cniiines traverse the whole extent of Italy. Ml. Vesuvius, near Naples, and Ml. Etna, in Sicily arc the most ci>lrl)rnted volcanoes in ihe world. i"''p, ^•i-—'^}}'' principal gulfs are Gen'oa, in the IVM.gd.Hii of Sardinia, and Naiile.-, Saler'no, and Ta'- lanlo, in the Kingdom of Naples. I-a-i-cs.— Lakes Maggiore {Maj-jo'-ra) and Geneva he on the confines of Sardinia. Islands cSr.--The Island of Sicily is separate.l from Italy by the Strait of .^[essina. ^ The large Island of Sardinia lies scmh of Corsica ■ mm whid, 11 is «eparaied by the Sirait of Bonifu'cio' 11 belongs lo the Kingdom of Sardinia. Elba lies between Tuscany and Corsica, and is noted M the place to which Bonaparte was banished after Ins lirst abdication. The valley of Chamouny ? The Apennines f Mts. Veauviua and Etna? Which are the principal gulla 1 I What lakea on the confines ot Sardinia 1 What ia said of Sicily 1 The Island of Sardinia f Elba? Strom boll, Malta lies south of Sicily, and belongs to Great Brilain. It is noted as ihe island on whicli St. Paul was shipwrecked. ffiwer* -The Rhone forms part of the boundary between Sardinia and France. The Po rises in the Alps, flows through Sardinia, "Aultirnafy"' "' "" """"^''^^ ^«'-- ""'y -" The Tanaro and Dora fall into the Po. The Arno and Tiber fall into the Mediterranean Sea. dinia!'^"' '"' °" "'^ ^°''' "'^ "P''«l °f Sar- Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa, is noted as the birth- place of Christopher Columbus. . Alessandria, on the Tanaro. „ Maren'go, near Alessandria, is celebrated for the ^^reat wctory gamed over the Austrians, by Bonaparte' SarSa^"^""^' °" "'^ Mediterranean, in the S.W. of Monaco, a little E. of Nice, is the capital of Mo- naco Modena, Parma, and Lucca, are capitals of the Duchies of the same. Carra'ra, near the Gulf of Genoa. Malta ? What is said of the Rhonel The Po ? What rivers fall into the Pof What fall into the Medi- terranean f What ia aaid of Turin ? Genoa t Where ia Aleaaandria? What is said of Marengo! Where is Nice f What is said of Monaco? What three towns are cap- itals of duchiea of the aame name ? Where is Carrara f 'lorence. Pisa (Pce-ia) and Florence, on the Arno, the latter wi. . . of which is the capital of TtiscV Pisa is VelebS ^'"'"-'" «'■"■«' Arno f lor Its If inning tower, or Campani'le. Leg'horn, on the Mediterranean, in Tuscany. Where is Leghorn f tit i't:tt;r"» Churcli, Humt!. bWeJ for ,„ „.U. „m.i„. „f .„.i.,„ „,„;'„;*, | 64 SPAIN— PORTUGAL. and for St. Peter's Church, the most magnificent struc- ture in the world. Peru'gia, near the Tiber. Ferra'ra and Bologna (no-hne'-ya) are inland towns in the north of the Popedom. San Marino, near the Adriatic Sea, is the capital of the Republic of San Marino. Anco'na and Bari, on the Gulf of Venice. Naples, on the Gulf of Naples, is the capital of the Kingdom of Naples, or the two Sicilies. Herculaneuiii and Pompeii {Pom-pa' -e), a little S.E. of Naples, were buried by an eruption of Mt. Vesu- vius in the year 79. They have been partially unco- vered, and are noted for their ruins. Salerno, on the Gulf of Salerno. Fog'gia, an inland town. Taranto, on the Gulf of Taranto. Palermo and Tra'pani, on the N. W. coast of the Island of Sicily, the former of which is the capital of the island. Messina, on the Strait of Messina. Catania and Syracuse, on the eastern coast of Sicily. Sas'sari and Cagl'iari, on the Island of Sardinia, the latter of which is the capital of the island. Valetta, on the N. E. coast of Malta, is the capital of the island. Where is Perugia? What inland towns in the north of the Popedom t What is said of San Mari- no I What towns on the Gulf of Venice 1 What is said of Naples t Of Herculancum and Pom- peii > Wliere is Salerno t Foggia ! Taranto f What towna on the north- western coast of Sicily I Where is Messina 1 What towns on the eastern const of Sicily 1 What towns on the Island of Sardinia? Whatissaidof Valotta? Italy possesses a fine climate and fruitful soil. It has greatly declined from its former prosperity, but is still an interesting country. It is renowned for its wonderful history, and for its magnificent specimens of architecture, statuary, and painting. What is said of Italy t For what is Italy renown- ed! sPAXir. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay and France; E. by the Mediterranean; S. by the Mediter- ranean, the Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean, and Por- tugal ; and W. by the Atlantic and Portugal. It contains 180,000 square miles, and 12,000,000 inhabitants. Mountains. — The Pyr'enees separate France from Spain. The Cantabrian or Astu'rian Mountains are a con- tinuation of the Pyrenees, along the Bay of Biscay. The Mountains of Castile' lie between the Dou'ro and Ta'gus. The Tole'do or Guadalupe Mountains lie between the Tagus and Guadian'a. The Sier'ra More'na lie between the Guadiana and the Guadalquiv'ir. How is Spain bounded t What are its extent and population T What mountains separate France from Spain ? Where are the Cantabrian Mountains t The mountains of Castile? The Toledo or Guadalupe Mountains I The Sierra MorenB ? The Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Mountains, lie be- tween the Guadalquivir and the Mediterranetn. Montserrat', in the N. E. of Spain, is inliabilcd by numerbus monks and hermits. Capes. — Pnlos and Gata lie on the Mediterranean coast. Orlegal, Finislerre',and Trafidgar',lie on the Atlantic coast, the last of which is celebrated for thr great naval victory gained over the French and Spanish by the English, under Lord Nelson, in the year 1805. Islands. — The Balear'ic Islands lie in the Mediter- ranean, E. of Spain. The principal of these are Minor' ca, Majorca, and Ivi'ca. Rivers. — ^The E'bro and Segu'ra fall into the Medi- terranean. The Minho (Meen'yo) rises in the north of Spain, forms part of the boundary between Spain and Portu- gal, and falls into the Atlantic. The Douro, Tugus, and Guadiana rise in Spain, and pass into Portugal. The Guadalquivir falls into the Atlantic, in the S. W. of Spain. Towns. — Madrid', tlie capital, is situated on the Manzana'res, a branch of the Tagus. Near Madrid is the celebrated palace called the Escurial'. Toledo, on the Tagus. Barcelo'na, Valen'cia, Alicant, Carthage'na, and Malaga, on the Mediterranean. Torto'sa and Saragos'sa, on the Ebro. Rlur'cia, on the Segura. Grana'da, an inland town, N. E. of Malaga, is noted as containing the All'.ambra, or palace of the ancient Moorish kings. Gibraltar, on the Promontory of Gibraltar, is famed as being the strongest fortress in the world. It was taken by the British in 1704, and still remains in their possession. Ca'diz, on the Island of Leon, in the S. W. of Spain. Seville' and Cor'dova, on the Guadalquivir. Badajoz', on the Guadiana. Salamanca and Valladolid', on branches of the Douro. Bilbo'a, Fer:. r, and ' '^run'na, on the Bay of Biscay, Port Mahon' (Jl "a-.Vin • " , on the Island of Minorca, Palma, on the Island cf Majorca. Spain is noted for its tropical fruits, and its merino sheep. It was once the most powerful country in Europe ; but bad government and civil dissensions, together with the indolence and pride of its inhabitants, have reduced it to rank among the least important. Spain furnished to Columbus the ships with which he discovered America , and afterwards held vast pos- sessions in that quarter of the globe. Of these, Cuoa and Porto Kico are all that now remain. The Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Mountains ? What is said of Montser- rat? What copes on the Medi- terranean ? What on coast? the Atlantic Where are the Balearic Islands ? Which are the principal? What livers fall into the Aledlterranean ? What is said of the Minho ? What rivers rise in Spain and pass into Portugal ? Where does the Guadal- quivir fall? What is said of Madrid ? Where is Toledo ? What towns on the Medi- terranean ? What on the Ebro ? Where is Murcia ? It What is said of Granada ? Of Gibraltar ? Where is Tajii i What towns on the Gua- tliilquivir ? Wiiere is Itadajoz ? What towns on branches of the Douro? What on the Bay of Bis- cay ? Where is Port Mahon? Palina? For what productions is Spain noted ? What is said of its former power, and its present condition ? What did Spain furnish Columbus, &c. ? PORTUOAXi. Boundaries. — Bounded N. and E. by Spain ; S. and I Bound Portugal. W. by the Atlantic. | It tnntai habitants. : Capes. - capes. I Rivers.- diana fall ir I Towns.- ' the capital. Oporto, for its port Coim'bia, sity. St. Ubes, o tion of salt. i Bra'ga, an Portugal w Europe, but 1 j Portugal an Peninsula." 1. Howia Eur ' it contain ? 3. I aono ? 5. What tains, with their four, in the orde Mountains. — f 11. Carpathian? Gulf of Genoa, Europe, where it three very noted Seat, Gulf,, ^ Bothnia? 21. Bl cay_? 25. Irish S Straiti, (fc. — a Dover? 28. Noi 32. Otronto ? J3 37. Little Belt ? Rtveri.—3S. N Dan., Dnieper, D source, through v 1 The same with Rhone ? 41. Po | Vienna? 4fi. Pa Dublin ? 4<.l. Ver 52. Beriic to Lyon Boundaries:^ by the Pacific ; i i by the Red Set Europe. Asia is the lat , divisions of the ; miles, and 450,(1 I Asia was sett ' globe, and has : events. Mountainn. — itween China ant: The llitniiia'h ,are the liigli(!st m errn Nevada, or y Mouiiiaina ? I said of Montser- apes on the Medi- lean I on the Atlantic » are the Dalearic hi are the principal f ivers fall into the lerrttiioan ? laaidoftheMinhor ' ivers rise in Spain ass into Portugal? docs the Guadal- r fall? ) said or Madrid? is Toledo ? owns on the Medi- lean? n the Ebro ? is Mtircia ? 9 said of Granada ? raltar ? is CftJu ( owns on the Gua- ivir? is liadajoz ? owns on branches B Douro? }n the Bay of Bis- is Port Mahon ? bat productions is 1 noted 1 B said of its former r, and its present ition? did Spain furnish mbus, &c. ? I 5^- Portugal. ! It coniains 38,500 square miles, and 3,600,000 in- ^Capes. -Roca and St. Vincent are the principal Rivers.— The Douro, Monde'go, Tagus, and Gua- diana fall into the Atlantic. » ' 6 ' Towns.— Lis'hon, near the mouth of the Tagus, is the capital, and a city of considerable commerce Oporto, near the mouth of the Douro, is famous for Its port wine, ' "*"'""» ASIA — RUSSIA IN ASIA. What are its extant and population ? Which are the principal capes ? What rivers fall into the Atlantic? What is said of Lisbon ? Oporto? "jKltlo ^.^Coim'bia, on the Mondego, is noted for its univer- jCoimbra? Bra'ga, an inland town in the north of Portugal P„mn?f'.?' ""'^ "'•' '""'' commercial nation in Europe, but has since greatly declined. Penhis T» "'' ^'"''" '°^"'""" ''°™ '"'''" '" '='»"<"' " ">« Where is Braga ? What is said of Portugal ? What do Portugal and Spain form 1 QUESTIONS ON EUROPE. It contain? 3. In what zone does it chi> fly fie (" zone? 5. Whnt nro tl,o .ii„:„:„... _. ^ '' "" ' ^. - „. .„,.„ J, "chiXTrTYvi'"'' ""^ ho^n-any inhabitants does 5. What arc the d^rs ons ot E ^nl / n„^ ^ l"' P"' °' ^"'"P" '*™ '" ">e frigid , thnir .»ni.„io ",!?,"' ,°'. t-l'ropc? ond tell what countries each division con- A iirV ' ." '"""y "uiaoitonisdoes lone 1 5. Whot arc thrdrvr8ion,"ot"p,',7„n',.%' Ja ,1"' P"' °' ^""'P'= ''«» '" ">e frigid tains, with their capi.ols. T WIn'oh is tl XL^, „'*'' *'!■" ^^n'^ies each division con- four in the order of their size X, A F TlT^''^ '" ^""P" ' ^- N"'"" 'h" next Gulf of Genoa,, describe the course onheAiPBie'^WhaM,' , '^' Cr™""'"^ "' ""' Europe, where is it siiuated, and wha- is its height nhnv» .h i ',''« '"ghe" mountain in three very itoted volcanoes in Europe? XL E^ V ^nd A °' "" '"" '^- '^V'"" Bofrnii?''t';Bt7L"i2.'Vuif%f^;tfr 2^^;'1f■ '"• ''''■ii«'""<" =«• «"'f of cay! 25.IrishSca? "• "uii oi Venice? 23. Mediterranean Sea ? 21. Bay of Bis- ^yp'''^tF^:^HVLlli'f'^^^^^^^ and Strait of If. Er 'bJu 'f- °"''"-"- ' ^^- Crs'.a°nL''o;^r?""U. ^t a? y lire^arBeU ; Da^:rD'i;;fer, I)o"n"':,;!l''ruri'' 'Tc/imnin!." ftT"" '" "r "/''r °f "'-•^ --• ^''»- Vol . source, thrSugh what cm,,,, ics v^ouK" ;'<»" an'd wC''b?ln f "","'"'" »"'' """'""K '" i'^ The same wTih respect to tl,e f(lWvi^hr!!4rRl,„»;,'^''i?M''°™ '"'""'''« '"each? Rhone? 41. Po? 45 Whn, . fh„ i- ? — 10- Kh,ne ? 41. Elbe? 42. Vistula ? 41 Vic,,na ? 4«. Paris to St' PeTershurg r"47"Berli ''?:' Th'^ T^.^'' f-" i'""d<,n"„ Dublin ? 4«,l. Venice to Hanibiirr? 50 Tnm^. i ^'"''"i' ' *^- t^onslaiuinople to 52. Berne to Lyons? """"""e' •'0. Tornca to Archangel? 51. Munidi to furin? ASIA. fi9i/miaW«^Boundcd N. by the Arctic Ocean ; E hv .h!, !?""«' ^- "y "" '■"''"" Oce.-... ; VV. an,! N. W. Euri e ' *''^''"' "'" ^'«'""'"«"ean Set., and Asia is the largest and most populous of the grand divisions of the cnrlli, containing 10,000,000 square miles, and 450,000,000 inhabitaius. ^ Asia was settled before any other portion of the globe, and has been the scene of many astonishing tw^n"nr"-~7l': 9"""' ^""y' M»""l«i'« lie be iween Clii na and Sibe tin. ^J,*!" '!'',""'»''"''' '""vveen Thibet and Ilindoslan', are the liighcst mountains in the world. How is Asia bounded ? What ifl said of its extent and population I When was Asia settled ? Where are ihn Great A|. tay Mountains ? What i, said of the Him- inulch t nrfTl'^^u~J^\^'' "^ Kamtschal'ka, the Sea of Ociolsk , the Sea of Japan, and the Yellow, Eastern, and China Seas, lie on the eastern coast of Asia, and open into the Pacific Ocean. ' nJ!'^^*^ of Bengal'lies between Farther India and ilindoslan, and opens into the Indian Ocean. 1 he Ara'bian Sea lies between Ilindoslan and Arabia, and opens into the Indian Ocean. ' The Per'sian Gulf lies between Persia and Arabia, and eommunicates with the Arabian Sea through the uul? 01 Orinus. The Red Sea communicates with the Indian Ocean by the Strait of Ba'bclman'del. s«l7u.!,^Vif '^''"'•l"'' ""^ ^"^'P'^" Sea are two large salt-water lakes, without any visible outlet rn^',"T("''-~'^»^ t*''''P"""'«"'«« "« Kamtschatka, Corea, Malac;ca Hindostan, Arabia, and Asia Mi'nor. A«I^To ~; i^'P^'""" "' "'^ N- E- extremity of AmericS "" ^°'^^ ^"'"'° °^ ^^"'^^ '" sch^a.^"'"'"'^ '' ""^ '"""'"" ^^'f^mity of Kamt- dos^an.^ ^°'"'°"» " 'he southern extremity of Hin- Divisions.— The northern and middle countries of Tl^rv AfT'" !"/''"' Chinese Empire, Indepen.en EmSofC-r" ' '^""" ^-"^y '" ^-. «"d .he BeScSn^id'St '''''" '"''''' "'"^-'«"'' Ilindoslan, Farther India, and the Asiatic or F^st Sriltf ' "' "'^^ '"°"" "'"'^^ 'he name of the What seas lie on the E. ot Asia, and into what do they open ? What is said of the Bay of Bengal ? The Arabian Sea ? The Persian Gulf? The Red Sea ? The Sea of Aral and Cas. pian .Sea ? Which are the chief pen- insulas ? Where is East Cape 1 Cape Lopatka? Cape Comorin ? What are the northern and middle countries of Asia! The countries of Asia, particularly those in the diamonds and other precious stones P'°'""'=''' «"" The governments of Asia are all despotic. The in- habitants consist of various races, and are genera Iv Ignorant, and only half-civilized. generally Mohammedanism prevails in Turkey, Arabia, and other portions of Western Asia; and Fa^an.Tm in the remaining countries. "gai'ism in tne What does Southern Asia include ? What countries. Sec, are known under the name of the East Indies ? What is said of the cli- mate of Asia? For what productions are the East Indies famed ? What ia said of the gov- ernments and the inhab- itants of Asia ? What are the prevailine religions ? NORTHERN AND MIDDLE ASIA. RUSSIA ZXV ASIA. Silrerion Iluiilcr aiiil Kiile. The Russian Possessions i.v Asia comnrise Si- the Ca'.':''' "'" ^r"^"""" P'°^'"«=''«' ^^'"-h lie sou 1. of the Caucasus Mountains. Ociir Ftv;rh"'''"f I' '"'""''-'' ^- ''y "•" Arctic schatka- S h^.^h"rf * ^'"';"""^ ""^ Sea of K am l- Tartlrv- a'n^V k ^ ^'n f'!."P'^'" ""•' I-'lepemient LZfil'^^n •• ^^ '^'^ ^^™' Mountains, which sepa- rate it from Russia in Europe. ' What do the Russian Pos- sessions in Asia com- prise ? How is Siberia bounded ? Siberia i chiefly of ( is valuable the precioii The Cai) and Blacii I tains. The prin the nnrthe The inhahi many of lli and Ptrsiuii Russia ir 6,000,000 i Mounlah ern bouiida Tlie Ural The Can and Blacli i Seas and the land in of Kamtscli The Gull opens into i The Gul northern co The Sea separates tli land. Islands.— and belong of Japan. Sirait.—] Siberia from rica. Lake. — L by Angara !■ Rivers. — gulfs of the The IrtisI Towns. — Georgia. Tobolsk' which is the sidence of r Siberia by tli Yakoutsk' Irkoulsk', Tomsk, oi Ochotsk, ( Kiach'ta, e between Sibc •f ^ Boundaries the world, is the Channel c Eastern Sea, GulfofTonqi and VV. by In 11 60 X \ Unnl '40 .'30 -cA'N' ret*" I '20 '10 - ,10 ''■^^..ut-r , :to -=^J CHINESE EMPIRE. Siberia ia a cold and dcsoialc region, consisting chiefly of extensive barren plains, called Steppes ; and is valuable principally for its furs, and for its mines of the precious metals. The Cauca'sian Provinces lie between the Caspian and Black Seas, on both slopes of the Caucasus Moun- tains. Tiie principal of these provinces are CircaK'sia, on the northern slope, and Georgia on the southern. The inhabitants are rcnmrknble for their beauty, er.d many of the females are sold as slaves to the Turks and Ptrsiuns. Russia in Asia includes 5,300,000 square miles, and 5,000,000 inhabitants. Mountains. — The Altay' Mountains lie on the south- ern boundary of Siberia. The Ural Mountains form the western boundary. Tlic Caucasus Mountains lie between the Caspian and Black Seas. Seas ami Git/fs.— The Sea of Ochotsk sets up into the land in the east of Siberia, forming the Peninsula I of Kamtschalka. I The Gulf of Anadir' lies in the N. E. of Siberia, and opens into the Sea of Kamtschalka. The Gulfs of Lena Yenisei', and O'bi, lie on the northern coast, and open into the Arctic Ocean. The Sea of Kara lies in tlit N. VV. of Siberia, and separates the Island of Nova Zembla from the main land. Islands.— The Kii'rile Islands lie S. of Kamtschaika, and belong partly to Siberia and partly to liie Empire of Japan. S/rai/.— Bhering's Strait, 30 miles wide, separates Siberia from the Russian Po^ssessions in North Ame- rica. Lake. — Lake Eai'kal communicates with the Yenisei by Angara River. Rivers. — The Lena, Yenisei and Obi fall into the gulfs of the same names. The Irtish fails into the Obi. Towiti. — Tiflis, on the Kur, is the capital of Georgia. Tobolsk' and Omsk, on the Irtish, the former of which is the capital of Siberia, and is noted as the re- sidence of most of the exiles who are banisned to Siberia by tlin Russian government. Yakoutsk', on the Lena. Irkoutsk', on the Angara. Tomsk, on a branch of the Obi. Ochotsk, on the Sea of Ochotsk. Kiach'ta, south of Lake Baikal, is the seat of trade between Siberia and China. 67 What ia said of Siberia ? Where are the Caucoaian Provinces 1 Which are the principal of these pr"vince8, and whni is aoid ot the in- habitants ) What nro the extent and populaliun of Kusaia in Asia? Wliere are the Altay iVIts.7 The Ural Mte. t The Caucasus Mts. } What is said of the Sea of Ochotsk I TheGulf of Anadir f What gulfa on the north- ern coast ? What is said of the Sea of Kara { What is said of the Kurile Islands ? What is said of Bhcring's Strait ? What is said of L. Baikal ? What rivers fall into gulfs of the saific names 1 Where does the Irtish fallf WhatissaidofTillis? What towns on the Irtish f Where is Yakou'.ek T Irkoutsk I Tonwk 1 OciiotskT What is said of Kiachta ( OBINBSB EMPZRB. pirc. Clitn«ae Military. Boundaries. This emnire. thp. mnat nnnn1ni,- n;. r- the world, is bounded N. by Siberia ; E. and S. E. by •■■- the Channel of Tartary, Sea of Japan, Strait of Corea, Eastern Sea, Strait of Kormo'sa, China Sea, and the Gulf of Tonquin' ; S. by Further India and Hindostan : and W. by Independent Tartary. It contains 5,300,000 square miles, and 230,000,000 inhabitants, possessing as large a population as all Europe. It is divided into Chinese Tartary, Corea, China, and Thibet. Chinese Tartary, including Mantchoo'ria, Mongo'- lia, Soongaria, and Little Bucha'ria, lies in the N. ; Corea and China Proper in the S. E., and Thibet in the S. VV. part of the empire. Mountains.— The Himma'leh Mountains lie between Thibe' and Hindostan. The Altay Mountains form the northern boundary of Chinese I'artary. The Belur Tag Mountains form the western boun- dary. Desert.— The Great Desert of Gobi lies in Chinese Tartary. Strai/s, Src. — The Channel of Tartary separates the Island of Saghal'ien from the main land. Tlie Strait of Corea unites the Sea of Japan with the Eastern Spa. The Strait of Formosa separates the Island of For- mosa from the main land. Islands. — The Loo Choo Islands lie in the Eastern Sea. Formosa and Hainan' lie in the China Sea. Hong'-Kong, situated a little S. E. of Canton', belongs to the English. «i«ers.— The Amoor' falls into the Sea of Ochotsk. The Pei-Ho, Iloang'-Ho, and Yangtse-Kiaue'. fall into the Yellow Sea. The Cambo'dia, Irrawaddy, Brahmapu'tra, Indus, and many other rivers, rise in the mountains of Thibet. rowns.— Teentsin and Pekin', on the Pci-Ho, the latter of which is the capital, and, next to London, the most populous city in the world. Nankin', on tiie Yangtse-Kiang, is noted for its por- celain tower. What is said of its extent and populution I How ia it divided f Where do these divisions li9t Where are the Himmaleh Mouniaina f The Altay f The Belur Tag f Where is the Groat Desert of Gobi 1 Wliat ia said of the Chan- nel of I'artary t Tho Strait of Corea t The Strait of Formosa f Where are the Loo Choo Islands ? What islands lie in the China Sea? What is said of Hong- Kong Island ? Wliere does the Amoor full ? What rivers fall into tho Yellow Sea f What rivers rise in the mountains of Thibet t What towns on tho Pei- IIo? WhatissaidofNankinf Canton. 11 Canton', at the confluence of the Pekiang* and Clioo- Kiang', is famous for its exportation of tea. Singan, on a branch of the Hoang-Ho. Cashgar and Yarkand', in the west of Chinese Tar- tary. Lns'sa, on a branch of the Brahmaputra, is the capital of Thibet. Near I,assa is the celebrated temple of the Grand Lama; who is the head of the religion styled Buddhism. Maco'a, on tho Wand of Macoa, a little south of Canton, belongs to the Portuguese. Kiiigkilao is the capital of Corea. China is celebrated for its Grand Canal, and also for its Great Wall. The Grand Canal, in the east of China, is 050 miles in length, being the longest in the world. Many larted mountain. The mountains of Lebanon lie in Syria Mmds.-MyuWno Scio, Samos, Patmos, and Rhodes, ho It! the Archipelago. Cyprus, in the Levant, belongs to Egypt. Lake— The Asphalti'tes or Dead Sea, is a Jake in Syria about 60 miles in length, and is supposed to occupy the site of ancient Sod'om and Gomor'rah. Its water is salt and bitter, and remarkable for its weight. Itwers.—The Euphiates falls into the Persian Qulf. I he I igris IS a branch of the Euphrates. I lie J.,r dan rises in Mt. Hei'mon, flows through Uke Tiberias or Genesarfith, and falls into the Dead The Kizil Fr'mak falls into the Black Sea TiJi.r'*'~^"^''''"'' *'°'"''' """^ I^'«'-be'k'r> on the I «"s'snrah and Erzerum', on the Euphrates. ! 1 reb isond, on ihe Black Sea. I ^^ Angora, an inland town near the centre of Asia Scu'lari, oil the Channel of Constantinople, opposite llie city ol Constantinople. ''it ' Bru'sa, on a small river which empties into the Sea 01 .Marmora. Smyr'im, on the Gulf of Smyrna, an arm of the Archipelago, is noted for its tigs. Tarsus, on the Cydnus, la miles from the Mediter- ""?:'• ':."'■""■ •- ""-• ^ir-.h-piacti of Sl.i-aul. Inpoli, Bey'r.)iit, Acre, and Joppa or Jaffa, on the iMeiliterraiieau. Aleppo, an inland town in Syria, was nearly de- siroye;! Iiy an canlujuakc in 1822. What is said of Palestine ? Where are the Tourus Mountains? What is sold of Mount Ararat ? Mount Ida I What mountains in Syria ? WImt islands lie in the Archipelago ? What is said of Cyprus ? What is said of the As- phaltites or Dead Sea ? Where does tho Kuphra- tes fall ? What branch has it ? What is said of the Jordan! The Kizil Irmnk ? Wliat towns on the Tigris! What on the Euphrates ? Where is Trebisbnd ? A ngora 1 Scutari ? Brusa f What is said of Smyrna? Tarsus ? What towns on tlie Medi- terranean ? What is said of Aleppo 1 BBKPXRB OF JAP The Japan Islands lie E. of the Chinese Empire, and are separated from it by the Channel of Tartary Sea of Japan, and Strait of Corea. The principal of these islands are Jesso, Kiphon, bikoke, and Knisiu. ' ' The Island of Saghalien belongs partiv to the Chi- nese empire and partly to the empire of Japan The empire of Japan contains 250,000 square miles, and 14,000,000 inhabitants. i > "" rarlher India is divided into numerous independent Slates ; the principal of which arc ih" einpir. of Anain, incllldlllo- Tr.noilill /Tan ;tii"i I • I- , • ri „„,! n "i ,."''!"' I ■«"«-'•' c« j, Laos, Oochiii-Cniiia and Caiiibodia, in the E. ; the kingdom of Siam', in ^ic mid.lle; Malacca or Malaya in the S.: and the Birnmn Empire in the \V. i'..7./n,i//<,._The Peninsula of Malacca is united to the mainland by the Isthmus of Kraw. Bound Farther India, Whnt arc its extent and population ? How is Farther India di- vided ? How is the Peninsula of Malacca united to the mainland ? 00 HINDOSTAN — BELOOCH 1ST AN — ARABIA. Bulf». — Tonquin and Siam, on the ea»tcrn, and Martaban', on ihe western coast, are the principal gulfs. Strait. — The Strait of Malacca separates Malacca from the Island of Suma'tra, and forms a commu- nication between the Bay of Bengal and the China Sea. Islands. — The Andaman' and Nicobar' Islands lie in the Bay of Bengal. Rivers. — The Irrawad'dy falls into the Bay of Bengal. The Sal wen falls into the Gulf of Marlaban. The Meinam' flows through Siam and falls into the Gulf of Siam. The Cambodia or Mecon flows through Laos and Cambodia, and empties into the China Sea by several months. Totcns. — Rangoon', A'va, Umempoo'ra, and Mon- chobo, on the Irrawaddy, the last of which is the capital of the Birman empire. Pegu', situated a little N. of Rangoon, was once a celebrated city, but now lies in ruins. Malacca, on the Strait of Malacca, and Singapore', on a small isltind near the southern coast of Malacca, are in possession of the English. Bankok, on Meiuam River, is the capital of Siam. Saigon', near the mouth of Cambodia River, was formerly the capital of Cambodia. Hue, near the Gulf of Tonquin, is the capital of the empire of Anam. It is noted for the extent of ite for- tifications. Which oro the princiDol gutfi t Wfint ia sail] of the Strait of Malacca f What iaiands Itn in the Bay ol Uengal 1 What ia aaid of tho Irra- waddy 1 Tho Salwcn 1 The Moinam t Tho Combodia or Mecon I What town) on the Irra- waddy f What is aaid of Pegu f Malacca and Singapore t I3ankokT .Saigon t Huot Towns. — Calcut'la, on tho lloogly, is the capital of | What ia aaid of Calcuitu? the British Dominions. HXNDOSTAXr. Boundaries. — Hindo8tan,or India within the Ganges, is bounded N. by Thibet; E- by Farther India; S. E. by the Bay of Bengal ; S. by the Itidian Ocean ; and S. W. and \V. by the Arabian Sea, Beloochistan and Afghanistan. Hcontains 1,250,000 square miles, and 140,000,000 inhabitants. The British are masters of nearly all India ; their territory embracing an extent of about 1,000,000 square miles, with a population of 125,000,000 in- habitants. The European population, by which these vast pos- sessions are governed, docs not exceed 50,000. Mountains. — The Himmnleh, between Hindostan and Thibet, are the loftiest mountains in the world. Chamoulari, the most elevated peak, is the highest mountain on the globe, being 29,000 feet, or Sj miles above the level of the sea. The Eastern Ghauts lie near the Eastern or Coro- mandel Coast The Western Ghauts lie near the Western or Mala- bar' Coast. Jjescrt. — The Great Sandy Desert lies in the W. of Hindostan. Gulfs. — ^The Gulfs of Cutch and Cambay' lie on the western coast. Islands. — Cey'lon lies in the Indian Ocean, E. of Cape Com'orin, and ia separated from the main land by Palk's Strait and the Gulf of Manaar'. It belongs to Great Britain, and is noted for produc- ing the finest cinnamon in the world. The Lac'cadives and Maldives lie ofT the Malabar coast. Rivers. — The Brahmapu'lra, Gan'ges, Goda'very, Kristna, and Cavery, (M into the Bay of Bengal. "The Ganges discharges its waters by many ^nouths, the principal of which are the Eastern and the Hoogly, the former of which unites with the Brahmaputra. .Mtlll tt.... til"" .!.-« —-"5 The Indus falls into the Arabian Sea. The Sutledge is a branch of the Indus. "The Nerbud'dah and Taptce fall into the Gulf of Cambay. Bound Hindoatan. What arc ila extent and population ? What i^ aaid of the British posaessions in India 1 What is the European tpopulation t What ia aaid of the Ilim maleh Mountains I Of Chamoulari t Where aro the Eaatern Ghauts r Tho Western Ghauta J Where is tho Great Sondy Dcaert 1 What gulfs on tho western coaal? Where does Ceylon lie t To what nation doea it be- long, and tor what is it noted 1 What islands lie off tho Malabar coast T What rivers fall into tho Bay of Bengal ? What is said oi the GangesI What river falls into it ' Where does the Indus fall 1 What branch has it f What rivers fall into ihe Gulf of Cambay? Serampore', a little north of Calcutta, is tho seat of the Kaplist Mission. Dacca, on an outlet of the Ganges into the Brah- maputra. Moorshedabod', Patna, Bena'rcs, and Allahabad', on the Ganges. Agra and Del hi, on the Jumnah, the latter of which was the capital of the Mogul empire. Lucknow', on a brunch of the Ganges. Juggernaut', Madras', Pondichet'ry, and Trnnquebar', on the Coromandel coast, tho last of which belongs to Denmark. Juggernaut is noted for its famous idol called Juggernaut or Vishnu. Nngpoor', on a branch of the Godavery. Hydrabad', on a branch of the Kristna. Golconda, near Hydrabad, is famous for its dia- monds. Seriiigapatara', on the Cavery, was once the capital of Mysore'. Bombay {Bom-bay'), Goa, and Cochin (Co-cheen% on the Mclabar coast. Poo'nah, S. E. of Bombay. Cambay, on the Gulf of Cambay. Siirat', on Taptee River, near its mouth. Cashmere', famous for its shawls, is situated on a tribulnrv of the Sutledge, in the N. W. of Hindostan. Lahore', on a branch of tlie Sutledge, is the capital of the Punjab or country of the Seiks. Umritsir, N. E. of Lahore. Columbo, on the western coast of Ceylon, is the capital of the island. The Hindoos are divided into four principal castes, viz.: — 1st, the Bramins or priests; 2d, the soldiers; 3d, the merchants; and 4th, the laborers. Persons of difTerent castes are not allowed to inter- marry, or even eat or dritik together, under pain of losing caste, and of being driven from socie'y. Soramporo f Whore ia Dacca 1 WImt towns on the Gan- goaf What on the Jumnah ? Where ia I.ucknow f What ia aaid of the towns on the Coromandel coaatf Where ia Nagpoor ? Hydrabad I What ia aaid of Golcondat Seringapatam t What towns on the Mala- bar coast 7 Where is Poonah t Cambay 1 Surot ? Cashmere t What ia said of Lahore t Where ia Umritsir T What ia aaid of Columbo t How aro tho Ilindooa di- vided! What is aaid of poraona of difToreiU caatca t BBfiOOOBXSTAir. Boundaries. — ^Bounded N. by Afghanistan; E. by Hindostan ; S. by the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Ormus ; and W. by Persia. It contains 300,000 square miles, and 2,000,000 in- habitants. The population consists of numerous independent tribes, the principal of which are the Brahooes, in the east, atid the Beloo'ehes, in the west. River. — The Maskid falls into the Sea of Arabia. Town. — Kelat', on Maskid River, is the capital. Bound Beloochistan. What aro ita extent end population ( What ia said of tho popu- lation? Where doca the Maakid fall? What ia aaid of Kelat? ARABIA. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by the Mediterranean Sea and Syria ; E. by Turkey, the Persian Gulf and the Gulf nf Ormus ; S. by the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean ; and W. by the Strait of Ba'belman'del, the Red Sea, and Egypt- It contains 1,000,000 square miles, and 10,000,000 inhabitants #■ Bound Arabia, What are ita extent and population ? Arabia e sandy dest Oases; ant rivers. Arabia ii Arabia Peti Arabia £ interior par western, an The pop dering tribe who frequi through the Nearly all dominion of Mountains thj northern brated in Scr I Gulf.—Tl ' mity of the I Towns.— Hi mous as the I Jidda, on tl Medi'na, nc Mohammed v Akabah, on Mocha, on Sa'na, norili A'den, on tl mandel, is a st British East Ii tween Su'ez ai Muscat', on Oman. The ancient N.W.ofArabi in the world, tl out of the soli Arabia is eel horses. The Arabs ; descended froti They are foi form a large po bia, and Northi 1. How ia Asia contain ? 3. In w and Middle Asia J Tho next three. Mountains S. ll.TheBelurTnj level of tho aea T Daerti 14. W Great Salt Deaort, PoraianGulf? 17 The Sea of Ochoti Jiivert — 23. Be( rraat countrius wo with reapect to the Amoor? 28. Yen to Nankin I 30. D 13 aid of Culcutlu f Dacca? wni on the Oan- the Jumnah f Lucknow f said of tho towns ^uromondelcooatt I Nngpoor f I? said of Golcondat Btamt wns on the Mala- i8tr I Poonah f f ef aald of Lahore t a Umritsir 7 said of Columbo t the Hindoos di- I laid of persons ireni castes I leloochislan. ro ila extent and It ion { said of the popu- ? does the Maskid said of Kelat t Vrabia. re its extent and ition ? Arabis eontiatt chiefly of .tony mountain, and hoi wndy .lespft., i.iter.per.ed with fertile spot, called Oa.e. ; and is almoat wholly de.titute of fore.l. and rivoTfl. Arabia is divided into Arabia Deseria or Desert, Arabia Petraja or Stony, and Arabia Felix or Happy Arabia Deserta comprise, nil the north-eastern and interior parts of the country; Arabia I'elraja the north- western, and Arabia Felix the .oulh-wcstcrn parts Iho population of Arabia Deserta consists of wan- dering tribes of Arabs, called Bedouins (fle-Z'-oo-w^ who frequently plunder the caravans which pass] through their country. ' What is ssid of Arabia f How is it divided t What Dorta are comprised in tlR^mj divisions re- spectively J What is said of tho popu- lation of Arabia Oesuriat AFRICA. Anib Tent. Nearly all the weatem coast of Arabia is under the dominion of Egypt. Mountaim—Moxint Si'nai and Mount Ilo'reb, near hr»,r7"'l'" ."'^"Vfy "f 'he Red Sea, are much cele- brated in Scripture history. GM//._The Gulf of Ak'abah forms the N. E. cxlre- ; may of the Red Sea. " i^. r-. exire- Toiwu.— Mecca, 40 miles from the Red Sea, is fa- ■" Tld? "".^'oPl"'' °^ "'« ""P"^'"^ Atoham'med. Jidda, on the Red Sea, is the port of Mecca. Medi na, north of Mecca, is noted as the place where Mohammed was buried. ^ I Akabah, on the Gulf of Akabah. Mocha, oil the Red Sea, is celebrated for its coffee. ba na, north of Mocha. A'den, on the Indian Ocean near the Strait of Babel- nr!!u,hv 1 V°PP';!.«-P'''" <'°f 'he steam-vessels of the iw«n " "P"«l "^ The ancient but now deserted town of Pe'tra, in the In '.r: 1? u ' "?' .°"* "'" '''•' ™°8' remarkable cities I.^, .^f"^^ ' !^' '"''"'"'^n'^ having lived in houses cut out 01 the solid rock. horeM'*'* " '"''^'"^"«' '"'• •'« excellent coffee and fine i\Z^!/?f^ *"■? f ''^T P^""''" "">«' supposed to be descended from Ishmael, the son of Abraham. , '°fm a arge portion of the population of Egypt, Nu- bia, and Northern Africa, '-sj'pi, 11U What port of Arabia be- longs to Egypt f What is snid of Mount .Si- nai and Mount Horob I Where is the Gulf of Ak- abah ? What is said of Mecca f Jidda? .Medina? Where is Akabah ? What 13 said of Mocha 1 Where is Sana ? What is said of Aden ? What of Muscat f The ancient town of Pe- tra? For what is Arabia cele- brated ? What is said of tho Arabs? In what other countries are they found ? QUESTIONS ON ASIA. contai!>T l.lrwh^arzl.ts d'oe^A^ialo"? 'T Wh"",''" '""^ ^"^ """"y '''""''it.n.s does it and Middle Asia ? 5. In lou.rern Asia ? fi k^n l,'„°,""'"r """ '""^'"^'^ '" Northern The next three, ^r... H.; A™, and FT "' ^'""" "'«"*<' '"8''« countries in Asia. 7. A'b'Z-T^TII' ^{l^: !^tt**^i;l"'"r '■ I'"'.^"?^ ' >«• The Him,naleh ? P,.„K.. rrna: countriea would vou pass anit whm'Trr^t.'i.T ""j" ""■" """"S to "s source, ihrouah with respect to the folfowingf%4 The Idus? 25 Th« C ""'"," 1".^'" The same Ampor? 28. Yenisei? 29.Vhat is the d^r...L^Lf tl.?""?.'f ' 26- Irrawaddy ? 27. Amoor ? 28. YeniaeiT 29.°Wh"ati8 the d'.Tp°.inn'"'.'nl h" «»nges ? 26. Irrawaddy ?""27~ ^O^h. to Yakout°sk'? "aL'Trbolsk' t'o"Tre°bTso7d'l'' '"" """ fr"" ^««<'«' to Nankin? CaiSVHU. Africa is a va.t Peninsula united to Asia by the isthmus of Su ez, 75 miles wide. ^otmrfuriM.— Bounded N. by the Stmit of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea, which separate it from hiirope; E. by Arabia and the Indian Ocean; S. by the Southern Ocean ; and S. W. and \V. by the Atlantic It contains U, 000,000 square miles, and 00,000,000 inhaoitants. ' ' Africa is remarkable for the ignorance and barbarism of its inhabitants, and lor its vast sandy deserts almost destitute of water, and infested by ferocious beasts of prey. It is almost wholly destitute of inland seas and na- vigable rivers The trade between the different coun- tries is earned on by companies of travelling merchanU, called caravans. The camel is the beast of burden Mountains.— The Atlas Mountains lie between the Mediterranean and Great Desert, and traverse the Bar- bary States from E. to W. The Jibbel-Kumri, or Mountains of the Moon, se- parate Soudan from Ethiopia. The Mountains of Kong separate Soudan from uuinea. The Mountains of Lupata lie on the eastern coast. 1 he Snow Mountains lie in the south of Africa Uulfs, <^c.»— The Red Sea or Arabian Gulf lies be- tween Africa and Arabia. Sidra and Cabes, on the north, and the Gulf of Gum ea on the west, are the other principal gulfs Mozambique' Channel lies between Mozambique and Madagascar. Capes.— Cape Blanco, in Tunis, is the most north- ern point of Africa, Cape Guardafui is the most eastern, t^pe Agul has the most southern, and Cape Verde the most western point. I Cape Bon, near Cape Blanco. |;Ma?aJa'sSn"'""'' "" '^^ ^'^^ "'" ^^""^ °PP°*"« '° ' Cape of Good Hope, on the south of Africa, near t/ape Agulhas. of Gt'.inea^"'"'^' ^^'"""' ""'' ^^^'""'''°' °" 'he coast ^j^-?!^"j°^-— Africa may be considered under seven anJlSrortL^SVitS^ ''' Barbary States, NS!a,TI;dIb;"S°'''^'^"^'*""'"'''"^^^^P'' .n^^K^*"'™'/'^'^' '"•'•"'''ng Soudan or Nigri'tia, and the unexplored regions of Ethiopia ; 4th. East Africa, extending from Abyssinia to Caf- fraria. and including the country of the Somau'lis, Ajan , Zanguebar', and Mozambique ; nf^!!'"«°.""' '^'"'''"' '"'^''"''"ff Caffraria,the country of the Hot'tentots, and Capo Colony ^ T±t n.Z'-^tlf"^'''^'''^ Senegam^bia, Upper and " :h" ThrA^ "1 1.!°.™^^ °' «''« Cimbebas'; and What is said of Africa? How is it bounded ? Whot are its extent and population ? For what is Africa re- markable ? What IS said of its seas and rivers, and how is trade carried on between tho different countries ? Wlial is said of the Atlas Mountains ? The Jibbel - Kiimri, or Mountains of the Moon ? Tho Mountains of Kong? Tho Mountains of Lupata? What mountains lie in the south r Where does the Red Sea or Arabion Gulf lie ? Which are the other prin- cipal gulfs ? Where is Mozambique Channel ? What capea on the N., E., S., and \V. points of Africa I Where is Cape Bon ? Cape Corrientes ? Capo of Good Htfpe ? What capes on the cosst of Guinea ? What are the divisions of Africa ? 7th. The African Islands. •Africa is remarkable for the regularity of its coasts Hn~H consequently contains but few gulfs or bays. ' I Tho cliiim The iiihali bclon){ u> tilt Many np)( ried to Amen nalinna ; but abated. There are and I'a^^anitir every where, tries of the ^ vailing rcligio , Boundaries . raluir and Me( and K!,'y|)t ; S by tho Adantir Tbeycoiiini iidiiil)itants. The Burbarj Tripoli, inrln'i •iiid llh, the I Morocco, and ( ! Vfilan' ia n Sahara. It bel The territor S.diara is aoine iiflliltCS. The Rniba y llicir piracies oi Tlie inlj:ibitai principal of wh Jews. •Algiers or A conqnercd in 18 I it still remains. Myiinlains. — horn Tripoli to Gulfs, S,r.—' between Tripoli The Gulf of C The Strait of Morocco from S, Towns. — Tnipr Modiicnanoan, the Dernc and Denj ihe former of wh Americans nndor C Gadames, an inl Mourzouk' is th Tunis. — Tnnis, n lagoon four mile! file of ancient Car Kairwan', .south ^ 30 '■"•"Wo^, 20 10 "^^1 acJe^ ^R^ r^i ^1 wk 10 ■^*» 20 30 Tho clinmtfl of Afrir« i. th« l,„t.r.Hl „., it,,. kI„I,o Monl ttllTr "" ""•" ''"'"*• '""' ""•"«"• "'^•"' belong to (he black or npjjro race Muny neuron, of \V,.Htt.rn Africo have been rar- r.e.l to America an.l nuluce.! to ,l,.vory by Kron?„n nation.; but th« i„f„,„„u, .ra„ic ,/ nL grc'u.ly an,l'!w '"^ *"" '■'!«'«'«"'" Rnvernment. in Africa; and I aKaniHni, n, iIn nio,t .Icgrading form. prevalU taTllr/rS;?;,!"' ^""'' '^'"''--e''-".™ i, the pre- iLli!i^Y_STATKl3^7^ OrTiT^' GKEat" DESERT. What ii nid of tho rli. niiiio uf AlricB » Wliul ul iliB iiihabitnnia f VVIiiihcr Invo ninny n«. priwuof Wnstern Al'rico Iji'on curried I VVImt ia anid of ihn gov- crnnKMiiH and reliaioiu ofAlncaf NORTHERN AFRICA. 8ARBARV STATBS. r«lfr ?."»*''•> ~^"""''"' N- ''y "-^ Strait of Gib. n F, ; t s'f '^^r" ^'^''•. ^- ''y "'•' »>''''i'"mne,.n ".y .l';'illamh:.'' '"'"'™ "^ "'" ^'«-' I^""'i -"J ^V'. iiihnlman'ir''"" °°'''""° ''l"""""'". «nd 10,000,000 Tlie liarbary Slates are four in number, viz.— l^t Irpol,, ,n,|„,i„g n«rcn; 2d, Tuni.; 3d, A piers' ^'"-1 iih, the Knipire of Moroc'co, composedT Fez' Morocco, and other provinces. I ""«-" oi !• ez, Salmrr"!,'"! "/""'" °"^"' "'"""*'' "«"' 'he centre of aarmra. |t lielong.s to Tnpuli. The territory between the Alias Mountains and 'I'liP na'.i;, y Slates were formerly much noted for .heir pnaci,. „,. the commerce of cfirislian n2L 1 l>e inhabuanls cisist of several dislinct races- ihe prmnpal o, which ai- the Moors, Arabs, Berbers,' aJd ^Mi,'iers or Algeria, formerly called Numidia. was Mnunlains.—'VUe Alias range of mountains extends from npol. to the south of Alorocco. mou bett:t4ti;7;^irca"''''" '-'' "^ '"'° '"^ '-r^""« S.e Sl"'„it"o?GThr'r '".""■ ^^-i"*" '^""'^- N''" «• "f C-"-' Morocco ro.nspat''™'''^' '"' ""'" "'''''' -P«""- VV.,,, . ,„id of ih, Siraii ' 01 (jihraltar f How ore the Barbary olalOB bounded ( VVlint nrn ihcir extent and pupulaiion I nowinanyofthcsoSlntes ore Ihi^ri', and what arc their nainosf What ia said of Fezzsn 1 What ia the territory be- tween the Atlna Mta. and Sahara somctiincs ^ctillcd f f'lir what were the Bnrbary •Sinus formerly noted ( WImtia said of tho inhab ilants t What is said of Algiers or Algeria/ ' WImt is said of the Atlas I iilountainsf I thcO. ofSidraf 08 Algient. Alciehs.— Bona, Algiers, and Oran', on the Medi- terranean, of which Algiers is the capital. Conslantina, an inland town E. of the city of Algiers. MoHoc CO— Morocco, situated on a small stream which falls into the Atlantic, is the capital. of f"^' ^' ^' ""^ *^"''°'='=''> '« "'6 capital of the kingd Kabat' and Mogadorc', on tho Ailantie. Me(i uiuez, an inland town west of Fez. Tangier', on the Strait of Gibrallar. lom What towns on the Medi- terranean III Algiers) Where is Conatantinil What iaiho capital of Mo- rocco t Where ia Fei » What towns on the Atlan- tic? Where ia Moquinez I Tangier ( SAHARA, OR THE GREAT DESERT. TripnU. r,.,/n,.._TRiPou.— Mcsurala and Tripoli, on the .Mcd.tcnanean, the latter of which is the rapilal. Derne and Bensazi, on the Mediterranean, in Barca, ■ le former of which was raptured in 1805, by the Americans under General Raton. Gadanies, an inland lown S. VV. of Tripoli Mourzouk' is tlir capital of Fezzan. a lagoon lour miles from the Mediterranean, near the •Mte of ancient Carthage. ' Kairwan', south of Tunis. What towns on the Medi- terranean in Tripoli f What in Barca J Where is Gadames f Mourzouk ( Wiiui is said ot 'funis ? Where is Kairwan 1 Sand Slurm. E bv"."hl"v7>-~"r"','"''*='' ^- ^y '^' Barbary Slates; famtaraid"w^ V^^^^^'l^^ «-^-' ""^ ««-- It contains more than ,0,000 square miles. Lybian Desert.'"" °^ ^'""'™ '^ ''""•^'''"^« ""«'^ "'« »hf^''T ?°"r'? "'■ ^ •"'''•' '»'"'' but little elevated above the level of the sea. The surface in the easl „ sect on IS composed cliieny of gravel; that in tie se™,! l'"" ''"'■""S ^'""'- "J^hie tw'o sections othetl, ^/ '""=', ""^ ''™y '=°""'^y- Lions and Seser, "'^P'-^^JJ '^ "'e horrors of this frightful Sahara is inhabited by wandering tribes of robbers, aiickf " " "" '"^"^""^ '°° ^^^^ "> '^«i«t theTr isla^ds"^whi!h'?''?'"^ '*!•"' °^'''^ "- 'he "ea is with Shrubs, and contain spnngs and pools of water. These afford refreshment tu the ■ .i .Caravans of merchanN and camels which cross th. , sert waves and couds of drifting sand, caused by hi^li a"r:;1;iiril'„«„":^.^ --P-y - =^0"0 mer'cha,r.s of water'in""L"oa:;';.""'^ '"' =°"^'^q"^^"^« "'"'« ftii"re ern^rt"of Vr'"""; ""T ^'S"'"" '"'^•"- What is aaid of the Nile! What two rivers form the Nilet What branch baa the Nilet SOUDAN, OK BouncZarie*.— Bounded N. by Sahara ; E. by Nubia and Abyssinia; S. by Ethiopia and Guinea; and W.by Senegambia. It contains 1,500,000 square miles. Nigritia contains a number o*' independent king- doms; the principal of which are Dar'fiir, Bergoo, Begharmi, Bomou', the Fellatah Kingdom, including Hous'sa and other districts; Yarriba,Timbuc'too, and Banibar'ra. Mountains. — ^The Mountains of the Moon separate Nigritia from Ethiopia. The Mountains of Kong separate it from Guinea. Lakes. — ^The principal lakes are Fittre and Tchad. Rivers.— The Niger (JVt'-jer), or Joliba, flows in a very circuitous courae through the western part of Nigritia, and passes into Guinea. The Shary and Yeou fall into Lake Tchad. Tiie Bahr-el-Abiad, or White River, rises in the Mountains of the Moon and passes into Nubia. TowTis. — Cobbe, an inland town, is the capital of Darfur. Wara, an inland town, is the capital of Bergoo. Kouka, near Lake Tchad, is the capital of Bornou. Youri, Jenne, and Sego, on the Niger, lh« last of which is the capital of Bambarra. Youri is noted as the place where the celebrated traveller, Mungo Park, In his life. Eyeo, near the Niger, lu the south of Sou. Ian, is the capital of Yarriba. Sackatoo', on a bran' h of the Niger, is the capital of the Fellatah Kingdom. NXORXTXA. Bound Soudan or Nigritia. How many square milei does it contain t What ia aaid of the king- doms of Nigritia) What Mta. aeparate Ni- gritia from Ethiopia t What Di'parala it from Guinea I Which are the principal Inkoe t WImi is eaid of the Niger or Joliba t What rivers fall into Lake Tchad t What IS aaid of the Bahr- el-Abiad ! What ia aaid of Cobbe I Warat Kouka t What towns on the Nigirl For what ia Youri noted 1 What ia said of Eyeo I Sackatoo I Kano, an Tiinbuc'io kingdom of Soudan (• fertile region. oou: liounilariei dian Ocenn ; bar' ; and VV. The coiintr the nrincijNil < This coun myrrh. Toim*.— Bi the capital of . Tub coast . dent couiitricb principal of w and (^iiilo'a. Boundar the liuliar Oci Ethiopia, Caves --Co Delgado on :',•• Tottms. — Mr I^moo, Moinbii llie capital of (, Tub coast of I ous tribes, and i I The Poiiugui biquc. Boundaries.— bar ; E. by Mozb VV. by Ethiopia. Mountains. — ' Mozambique. /voX-c— Lake Hiver. — The Channel. Town. — Moza the capital of the MonilMNUal HannMU f doci Nubl* I Abyiiiiniteill- «• tiiriBnt*, uid t bounded I im arlent ind ion I aidofih«UilUt udorL.Dentbcil en rUc in Abyi- •id af Oondtf t oudanorNigrilit. uiy square miles : contain T ■aid of the king- >f NigritiaT Its. eeparate Ni- from Ethiopia f M^parate ii from at . , are the principal said of the Niger ibat vers fall into Lake said of the Dahr- iad? I said of Cobba t iww on the Niger? at is Youri noted t I said of Eyeo t S.>M.UL.S-/AN^ni£nAK-Mo^ COLONY. ETC.' K«no, nit iiilantl town in llouasa l.in''Ji!'lIl!"''r"^' T' "'" ^'«"' '• "'" '"P'"*" °( ""> kingdutn of 1 iinbucirx), ' Soudan ii but little known, but i. .a|,| ,„ bo a ferlile region, inhabited by numcroua Iribc. of negroes. Wlieru Is Kami t What is aaul «( Tinibui: tout What ia said of Soudan 1 60 N. by Cinibebaa, EAST AFRICA. OOUNTRT OP TBS SOMAUZZS AND AJAK. ttom,tarir»—nounM N. by Abyesinia anil tbo In- i:;"nd";fV'^.i;;,r'"" "'="^"' ^"^^••"«- The country of the Somaulii includca aeveral stales, Ihe nrinciiml of which aro Add' and Ilerbo ro Ihii country i. noU J for ii* fraiikincensr and myrrii. 7b.«M-Bcrbcra, the capital of Berbcra, and Zciu., the capital of Adcl, on the Indian Ocean. Doiind the country of the i^mautii and Ajan. Whni ooa the rountry of ihd ^umaulia ill, liiJof For what produciions ia tins country noted I What (owns on iho Indian Ocean r tentoi- or, the west, is boundc Ethu,,,,., ,„d Mowmbinun; E. by the In'lian Ocean;' b. by CVij.. Colony; aiul W. by lU Atlantic. 1 he Kottenlots ro a diiii,„utiro race, and remark- My i«„.,ra„. and iJ.l.y. Thoy are divided into nu- mcrou, tribe., of which the Hu.hmcn or Wild Hot- uunou anpoar to he the most li'ifradi-d. The Caffrrs am i athletic ,..nd warlike people Hwers-^- I ho v.,m,..u River th. . ih'rough ihe country of the llottenlo.s, and ftll, in. dio Atlantic. '» Great Kci form* part , the boi, bry botweon C«n,.rm and Ca,,. CoUmy, and fall, iu .„ ,L E 2'oiWM -Kurreechanee' and Laltakoo' are inlm ' towns in the country of the Boshu.naa. What is said of the Hot- lunluls t Whalof iheCaffrcsl Wi, It ia B,„J of Orange River t The Great Kei» What inland tnwnn in the country ol ibo Uuahua- naa t BAiroUIIBAR. Till coast of Zanffiirbar contains several indenen- dent countra... of wliirh very little is k„ow"7'he Z"&1 "'" """ *^'8'"1"*'»> M«'in'd«, Mot'nba,' Rnmidar J},,,,:. \ | N. by Adel and Ajan ; E. by Eihiij?r """■'"' ^' ' ^""'"bKiue; a/.d W by DeSdo m,'.''"' ' "r'''r '■' "'V"'" ""'"'' ""'^ Cape I WIm. capo on the N.. and JJeiMdoon t.'.-.,rMtho< .anRiiebar. w(, ■ o„ ,!,« a, oi jja," lowtu.-~yit .w,iiio capital of Mniradojtn Hrnva u/i"" " Lamoo, Moinba., .(,o capital of Mo„,ba^ and Soa OcU„'r'''°" ''''''»'''»" Uie capital of Quiloa, all on the In.lian Oct.... ' I Wlml Ir anld of the coast oi ^uiiKucburf H.)w is Zongwcbar bound- ed f OAPO OOLONT. MOZAMBZQUB. ouJi'IL""**' 5''^ ^}"^'"^^''Vie is inhabited by numer- ous ribes, and ,s known ,„,.!. r several divisions. bique.*" ^"'•"«''""= ^'''"» •"'■K' possessions in Mozara- .^^"""f^^'j*— Bounded N. by Ethiopia and Zangue- W^by ■E.?;5r""'"^"« ^'"«"-'i S. b^ Cafl-i.ria;'and Moibi.;;;""'""' '''''"' '^°""'=""' -'->' "trough Chlnnd'" "'^'' '"'" ""^ Mozambique What is said of the coaat ol iMi)2aHibii)ue t Wtiut European nation clainii) poss08»H/iia here? Hound Mozambiciue. What mounlnins oilend through Mozambique J H'lierc ia Lake Maravi) y i«redoe8 iho 2amboio lalir 'I the town uc J >. ap« I'dwn, />o«nrf«-r/M. — Roun.; ,1 N. by the country of the Octn''°'''l W f- '.^ ?,"'™"«i S- ''y 'ho South „ Uccnn ; i.iiil VV. bj- the Atlantic. Cape t^oloi.y wi.h scttl,:,) by the Dutch; but was of t;: cXn";'"" •"°"' ''""'""'"' "« "• ""> "-"• Table Momitain lies near the Cape of Good Hope. //w».— Capo Tow.., on Table Bay, is the cap tal. and ts noted .s a place of refreshLit for veS trading to tho iiist Indies. Bound Cape Colony, Ity whom was it settled, die. J Where are tho Snow Mts.J Where is Table M ountaint Wlml la said of Capo lownf WEST AFRICA. SBNBGAMBZA. SOUTH AFRICA. CAFTRARIA. /JounrZanV,.-Boumle,l N. by .Sahara; E. by Sou- Atkntfc ''" "'■"' ^•^^- *"^ ^- ^y "X' Senegambia is inhabited by numerous negm tribes, int^irAtUnlc.^ '^"^^«''' ''^''-' -" «-'>^' f«» momhTf Tlie^'scnS: " ''""' "'"^'""'' "^" ''' Gamt'r"'"" ^"^"''' """"='"'='"''" 'he mouth of the of Th'k'uiaTr '""' ""' ""' ^"^^'' •" "'<' --'^y Bound Senegambia. By whom is it inbabttod t What rivers fall into tho Atlantic? Where ia St. Louis 7 Baihurat J TimboT ■^. SZBRRA KEONB. Halteiilol Villas, I The a.Lo.vv op Sierra Leo'ne lies on the At- lantic, m the south of Senegambia. It W.-.S settled by the British African Society, as an slYve Trail'/ '"'^"""' ''"P'"'*'^ ^""^ «'"P* dealing in the morror..^"'^"""'"; "'" "?.n"="'' *' «'"«"«'> near the mouth ol the Sierra Leone River. LZBBRIA. LiDE'nu lies partlv in Senegambia and partly in Si W"'"'"' ' '■'""''' '■'"'"Sierra Leone to Ca^e •cro is Sierra Leono ? By whom wag it settled, and lor what purpow f Whore is Freetown f Where is Libei 66 UPPEH GUINEA — LOWER G U INE A— CIMBEB AS, ETC. Liberia was seltled by the American Colonization Society, as an abode for the free blacks and emanci- cipated slaves of the United Slates. Town. — Monro'via, ou the Atlantic, near Cape Me- durado, is the capital. Uy whom wns il seltlod, and for what pur|)uso t What ia aaid of Monrovia? VPPBR GUXIfllA. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by the Mountains of Kong; E. by Lower Guinea; S.by tile Gulf of Guinea; and N. W. by Sentgambia. The coast of Upper Guinea is divided into the Slave Coast, Gold Coast, Ivory Coast, and Grain Coqst, the last of which includes Liberia. The principal kingdoms of Upper Guinea are Benin', Dah'omey, and Ashan'tee. The Danes, English, and Dutch have settlements on the Gold Coast, for the purpose of trading with the natives for gold dust. Bay. — The Bight of Benin is an arm of the Gulf of Guinea. Rivers. — The Niger enters Upper Guinea on the north, and falls into the Gulf of Guine8\and Bight of Benin by many mouths, the principal of which are the Nun and Formo'sa. Tovms. — Benin, on Formosa River, is the capital of the kingdom of Benin. Abomey', the capital of Dahomey, and Coomas'sie. the capital of Ashanlec, are inland towns. Bound Upfor Guinea. How is tho coast divided t Wnich are the principal kingduma of U. Guinea! What Europeans have sct- tlcmenla on tlio Gold Coast? Where is the Bight of Benin ? What ia said of the Niger? Wliat is said of Benin? What two inland towns ? KOWBR GUXirBA, OR COAST OF CONGO. Boundaries. — Bounded N. by Soudan ; E. by Ethio- pia; S. by Cimbebas; and W. by the Atlautic and Upper Guinea. Ijower Guinea is divided into several countries, the principal of which are Biafra, Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela. Rivers. — ^The Zaire or Congo, and Coanza, fall into the Atlantic. The Niger forms part of the western boundary. Toums. — Loando St. Paulo, on the Atlantic, in An- gola, is a Portuguese settlement. St. Salvador, an inland town, is the capital of Congo. Loango, the capital of Loango, and Benguela, the capital of Benguela, on the Atlantic. OXMBBBAS. The country of 'he Cimbebas lies between Benguela and the country of the Hottentois. Very little is known of this country. The coast is said to be barren, and destitute of fresh water. Bound Lower Guinea. How ia it divided? What rivers fall into the Atlantic ? What forms part of the western boundary ? What is said of Loando Si. Paulo? St. Salvador t Loango and Benguela? Where is Cimbebas ? What ia said of it t AFRIOAN ZSKASTDS. The Island of Soco'tra lies in the Indian Ocean, near Cape Guardafui. It is noted fu; its aloes. Madagastur lies in the Indian Ocean, p-nd is sepa- rated from Africa by Mozambique Channel. It contains 200,000 square miles, being oue of the largest islands in the world. Madagascar is traversed by high mountains, and in- habited by numerous independent tribes. The Com'oro Isles lie at the northern eu. unce of rtlu^aiiibique (Jiiunnui. Mauri' tius or Isle of France, belonging to the Eng- lish, and ronr'bon, bcloi:ging to the French, lie east of Madagascar. What ia aaid of the L of Socotra ? Where doca Madngaaca' lie? What ia aaid of ita extent ? What of its mountains, and its inhabitants? Where ore tho Comoro What islands cast of Ma- dagascar ? The Madei'ras, Cana'rics, and Cupe Verde Islands lie off the N. W. coast of Africa. The Madeiras belong to Portugal. They are noted for their wine. What islands on the N. \V,coB.st of Africa? What is said of the Ma- deiras ? rsak of TeDsrifli. The Canaries belong to Spain. They are celebrated for their wine and Canary birds. The famous Peak of Teneriffe, on the Island of Teneriffe, is 12,000 feet above the level of the sea. The Cape Verde Islands lie west of Cape Verde. They belong to Portugal, and are noted chiefly for the production of salt. The Az'ores lie north-west of the Madeiras, and west of Portugal, to whicli kingdom they belong. St. Hele'na lies in the Atlantic, S. of Upper Guinea, and 1200 miles VV. of Cimbebas. It belongs to Great Britain, and is noted as the place to which Bonaparte was banished, where he died May 5th, 182'. In 1840 his remains were conveyed to France, and interred in the city of Paris. Ascension lies in the Atlantic, N. VY. of St. Helena. It belongs to Great BriUiin. Fernando Pci, Prince's, St. Thomas's, and Annobon, in the Gulf of Guinea. The Canaries ? The Capo Verde Islands ? Where are the Azores T Where is St. Helena t What ia aaid of it I Where ia Ascension, and to what country does it belong ? What islands in tho Gulf of Guinea? QUESTIONS ON AFRICA. 1. HowisAfrico bounded? 2. What are its extent and population? 3. In what zones does it lie? 4. What is the direction, and how would you sail from Suez to Cairo? 5. Timbuctoo to Lake Oembca ? OCEANIC A. (See Map of the World.) OcEANicA includes all those islands in the Pacific Ocean, E. and S. E. of Asia. This division of the globe contains about 4,500,000 square miles, and 20,000,000 inhabitants. Oceanica is divided into three great divisions, viz. : The East India Islands or Maiay'sia, Australa'sia, and Polyne'sia. The inhabitants of Oceanica are generally very bar- barous and ignorant. They have no governments, and are under the de- basing influence of Paganism ; excepting some of the islands, whose inhabitants have embraced Christianity and made coi.siderable advances in civilization, in con- sequence of the efTotts of missionaries. What dooi Oceanica in- clude ? What are the extent and population of this divi- sion of the globe ? How is Oceanica divided ? What is said of the inhob- itajils of Oceanica ? What of their govcrn- munta and religion ? BAST INDIA IS&ANDS, OR MALAYSIA. The East India Islands lie between Asia on one side, and Australia or New Holland on the other. (' Six Jnap af Asia.) These islands are famous for the production of spices, such as pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and nut- megs. Whore do the E^t India Islands lie ? For what productions are they famous? Ma'aysii sions : — 1st. Th i which Lu2 able; 3d. The of which a 3d. Cel't 4th. Bor Australia at 5th. The Ti'mor, Ja'i Of these All the othe Straits.— from Malact ! The Strai I The Sira , Borneo. Toions. — capital of th Acheen' a Somarang' latter of whi( { in Malaysia. Al'strala jacent is/antis j These ore, Guinea, on th I 2d. The S Britain, on thi 3d. New Ij 4th. New 1 5th. Van D I Of these isli New Zealand, are in possessi Australia, A 3,000,000 squi It is much larger than thi j and nearly as 1 I Straits, Sfc.- I taria separate J I Btss's Strait Land. Cook's Strail Toions. — ZyV. \ the colony of N , Perth, on the j River Colony. I ilobart Town, [ on the soulhcni , The native inl ; ably ignorant ant I Many of the CO i Land are convicts I Tl.n lVr„... '/__! - '* *- i'^rai: natives of Austra lianity through I I rics. ids nn tho N. ol Africa? aid of the Ma- rios? Verde Islands ? > the Azores T St. Helena ? aid of it t Ascension, and country does it nds in tho Gulf la? 3. In what zones cz to Cairo 1 5. ei Oceanica in- I the extent and ion of this divi- the globe ? ceanica divided ? laid of the inhab- if Ocoonica ? ihcir govcrn- uid religion ? OIL the East India lie? productions are mous? may be considered under five divi- Ma'aysia aions :— ' A„!fl'"i^'"""w; "''' '"Sesl island in the world, excent Australia and Greenland ; and ' ^ TiW T''" '"If """Sun'-la, the principal of which are Ti mor, Ja va, Ban'ca, and Suma'tra. All ijJ IT "'""'''', '.'•" P'"liPPine8 belong to Spain All the others are claimed by the Dutch. ^ frofMaJ^-"^"^ Straitof itfalacca separates Sumatra i The ^sl^!,"*" f "Sr'''' ''P""""' S""'^'™ f'om Java. .Borneo. °^ ^'"'''"'' ^«P"«"^« Celebes from 'c.parflTeSr"'^'''^"''"^^"-'"'"- Acheen' and Bencooien, on the Island of Stimatra AUSTRALASIA — POLYNESIA. What ore tho divisions of I Malaysia? 67 POSTlfBSZA. To whom do these islands belong ? Where is the Strait of Ma laccn ? The Strait of Sunda? The Sirait of Macassar ? What is said of Manilla? What towns on tho Island ol Sumatra? What towns on tho Island ol Java? Coral laloml. AVSTRAKASZA. G^piir:tet^i---«>— BrSin, o'^t'e^N."^:; '"'"' """' '"'""''' ""-^ N"- 3d New Hebrides' and New Caledonia, on the E • larilr''''thT,rth»"''i 'f ^''' '*'""'' '" '^e world, being ^i^ss s Strait separates Australia from Van Diemen's Cook's Strait divides New Zealand into two parts. 1 What does Australasia comprehend ? What „ro those adjacent islands ? To whom do these islands belong I Ifow many snuare miles does Australia contain f ' What is said of its size? What strait and gulf Bcpa- rato New Guinea from Australia? What is said of Bass's btrait ? Cook's Sirait t 'jydney. ''■^^iv^'^;'';itX:!::,7''''^ °' Wh. is ..d of Sydney, RivercZ;'" "''^""■" "■"'' '^ "- -i-" of Swan Perth! Hobart Town ? Ameta rthe'tt'^ "' ""^'"'^''^'^ onVwe^:™" ^ Jhe principal of these islands north of the Equator, 5th. The Pelew Islands. Town. — Honolu'lu, on the Island nf n^'u the capital of the Sandwich 'slant it js^ "'„-!' of,constderable resort with vessels uJ.WA^ Jsi'rtT^ '''"'"'^^ '"""' °f 'he Equator, are Ist. The Marque'sas and Washington Islands ^^.1., The Society Islands, the latest of" hich is A^u Vu^ Navigator's Islands ; TotiJatSit 'td"^ '^'"''^' ""= P""'^'-' °f which is 5lh. The Fejee Islands. The inhabitants have been converted tn ChrUr : fishery ^ ^ ^^ '""P" ^"g^««d in the whale Whot does Polynesia in- clude ? Which are tho principal of those islands N. of the Equator ? What is said of Honolulu ? Which are the rrincipal islands S. oft he Equator? What IS said of the Sand- wich Islands ? What is said of the inhab- itants ? What is said of the Society islands ? Of what are many of the lolynesian Islands com- posed ? Van Die- Tlj:"ivr;.".'V;i"'."' """»J'""e(i irom England. I Australia an nmii/r". "..'r /"^'"""^'^^ aie ;iiu most interesting of the Uv','"'"'"/'""'" QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE WOULD. The !«?,'"' ''• ^^^"'^ contains I mo Z, iir/""?'''' '""'' '''•-« "•" '""^ inol";> -rfaniVided!'a„d; Wh rh „n "^ '"■""' fontnins the eroulcst u m of 1 , n" "'")■'''' ^o" ?"'« "'e'" ' 10 vyiiich one contains tho moat InnTj i ^ l! ' ""' cnnh's surface ? vlnj Torrid n noHhriH K* ^'"i'" ^^nn bminded on the sonil, » ■■f ^•i,'^"2""'L- ''■ '''>« Indi""- I'St'Sgoi^ii-^j^TK? t'\K^ff -^^^ «^t^-i^n;^.;;;rts S'pj^T j^ 1^^:^? iy~v"'' '"F^is .1- -ES An,. Mississ. and Amazon. ' """"»»•■ ""d ^ nngiso Kiang. 24. The longest "wo. 68 GENERAL VIEWS. Table uf Large Cities, mth their Population in round numbrra. London ■ - Pekin - - - Jcddo - - • Paris and ) Canton, rich} Constantinople Nankin ond > Bliaco, each } 2,000,000 l,.'iO(),0(X) 1,250,000 1,000,000 600,000 500,000 St. Petersburg New York, i Calcutta and > Madras, each ) Moscow, ) Vienna and > Naples, each ) Berlin and > Cairo, each J 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 25. Name the fir«t eight cities of the preceding table, and tell the population pf <">f''- 26. The remaining nine. 27. What places on the earth's surlace have no latiiudo r .u*. What two grand divisions lie in north latitude? 29. What three are intorsccied by the equator t 30. Commencing in the eastern homisphoro, and travolhng on the equator Irom E. to W. around the earth, whot countries, islands, &c., would you cross T 31. The same questions with respect to the Tronic of Cancer.. 32. ■rropic ol Capricorn. 3J Arctic Cir- cle 34 Antarctic Circle. 35. Whot is the lotitude of Philadelphia ond 1 fkiri ? An>. 40 N 3(i or New York Ciiy, Modrid, Nonles and Constantinople J ^j New Orleons and Coiro in Egypt 1 38. London and Irkoutsk » 39. Cnlcuiia, Mecca ond Hav. no ? 40. Cope Horn » 41 Capo of Good Hope ? 42. The Island of 8 pit Acrgcn ? 43 W Inch ■» 8''"»'"d further nor h, iuebec or Par's? 44. Newfoundland or Great Uriiamt 45. Connecticut or the sou:h ol' Prance? 46. Mexico or Calcutta? 47 New Y^'I^S,'^!'/' ^^^U^ Jf, What is the course and how would you soil from Now York to Liverpool? 49. «»»""»" to St Petersburg ? 50. Vienna to 'Cincinnati ? 51. Pans to liuenos Ayres » 52. PJ'''"- delnia to Canton?* 53. Boston to Batavia ? 54. Calcutta to London? 55. Hamburg to Nonkm ? 56 Dublin lo Sydney ? 57. Panama to Archange ? 58. Nova Zemhla to the Russian Possessions in America? 59. North Pole to South 1 olo ? • In BMwering tlill uul lUo .uccocjing QUMtiom, lot lUo rtuJonl onmo two or luoro routes. GENERAL VIEWS. TBB SOZiAA STSTSM. While the sun illiiminalfis one half of the earth, the other half is in darkness ; therefore the dinrnal rotation of the earth causes alternate day and night in every 24 hours. The EanVs Form, Sfc. — In consequence of the more rapid motion of the parts on and near the equator, the earth is not a perfect sphere, bnt has an oval or spheroidal form ; its axis being 25 miles shorter than a line passing through its centre from east to west. Hence the distance of a place east or west of a fixed meridian, being measured in the direction of the longest diameter of the earlli, is called its longitude, which signifies length ; while the distance north or south of the equator is called its latitude, -whicli signifies breadth. O^XMATB. Solar System. AsTRONOMt teaches us that the earth is one of a number of planets whicli, together with the sun and a number of comets, constitute what is called the solar system. The Bun is the centre of the system, around which the planeU and comeu revolve at various distances and in different times. There are 11 primary planets, 18 secondary planets or moons, and several hundred comets ; all of which derive their light and heat from the sun. The primary planets, beginning with that least dis- tant from the sun, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Vesta, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, Jupiter, Saturn, and Herschel.* Of these, Jupiter, Saturn, and Herschel are larger than the earth, while the rest are smaller. The sun is a million times larger than the earth, and vastly larger than all the planets together. Of the 18 moons belonging to the solar system, tlie Earth has one, Jupiter four, Saturn seven, ami Herschel six. The other primaries have no satellites. The path in which a planet n-ovcs in iu journey round the sun is called ils orbit. The sun is not situated in the centre of the earth s orbit; so that it is not alwpys at the same distance from the earth, being 3,000,000 miles nearer in winter than in summer. Its mean distance is 05,000,000 miles. Motions of the Earth.— The earth revolves around the sun in 305 days, ft hours, 48 minutes, and 48 se- conds, and turns upon its axis every 24 hours. uc annual iLvriuti'Mt ••! '"• •«••.' •••< ' ""- -""> togethor with the inclination of its axis to the plane of ils orbit, causes the variety of the seasons, What does nalronnmy teach us of the earth ? What is said of tho sun 1 How many planets, &.C., are tliero, and whence doihcydirive their light and heat I What arc the nnincs of the primary planets ? Which of these are larger, and which smaller than the earth ? What is said of llic size of the sun 1 To which planets do the eighteen moons belong ? What is the path in which a planet moves called ? What in said of the sun's nit not ion with respect tu the earth's orbit, c&c. ? In what times docs the curtli revolve around ih sun, and turn upon its axis? Whs! ia caused by the nn nual revolution ol the earth ? •This enumeration does not include tho planels recently discovered. Why does the diumol ro- laiion of the earth cau.'se ah ornate day and night 1 Why is not tho earth a perfect sphere, and what IS said of longiludo and latilude ? Those parts of the earth have the warmest climate upon which the sun shines most vertically ; because more rays fall on the same extent of surface. The earth, in its annual journey, presents difierent portions of its surface to the perpendicular action of the sun. On the 2 1 St of March the sun is in the vernal equi- nox, and is vertical to all places situated on the equator. It tlieu appears to advance gradually to the north, be- coming vertical successively to all places between the equator and the tropic of Cancer. On tlie 2l8t of June it has attained its greatest northern declination,! and is vertical to all places crossed by tlie tropic of Cancer. Tiiis is called tho summer solstice, and is ihe longest day in the year to the inhabimnls of the northern hemisphere, but the shortest to tliose of the southern. Aflcr this tiie sun recedes towards the soulli,and on the 23d of September it arrives at the autumnal equi- nox, and is again vertical on tlio equator. It continues to advance south until tho 20th of De- cember, when it i" vertical to all places crossed by the tropic of Capricorn. This is called the winter solstice, and is the shortCHt day in the year to the northern, but the longest to the southern liemisphere. Afiuf tiiis the sun again advances iioflh, reaching the equator on the 21st of March. Which parts of tho earth have the warmest cli- mate, and why? What is said of the earth in its annual journey ? Where is the sun on the 2l8t of Morch, and how docs it then niovo ? Where is it on tho 21sl of June, ond what is said of this day ? How does the snn move nfier this, and where is it on the 23d of Sept.? How does it oontinne to move, and what is said of tliu 20th of December? lln«r dnes thi after this? I tUy declination of tho sun is meant its dislanco N. or S. of I tho licjualor. Its greulett declination is 23j degrees. 'Hte Tc place betw shines ver ways very the she would SOI twice in th Frigid . account of In these zt and is soni Temper: in the temj as in the temperaturi the cold of and winter i the reverse In the toi sons, the ra and summer In the ten to summer, dual. Tlie tumn or fall. In the fri The summei extremely cc with ice and ocean. The tempi equator to i| difference in the earth, wl The count eastern coun climate than western con north than K cold than Vir climate, altho I and the burni The wesier a climate mik As we asce creases; so t parts of the e The height ferent in diffei 15,000 feet, o the sea ; in lat 00° only 300( Large bodit rature of ihe i exposed to the i experienced in The tempori of the earth. I The climate considerably c very hot niid i portion of tlie and deadly dist Rain. ~^Th, j form of rain, s I parts of tiie ca j and diniiiiishiii), r 31. Tho Bamo 33. Arctic Cir- ckin? Ant. 40° lew Orleans and vnnn? 40. Cope Vhich is silunted 43. Connecticut or Romot 48. 1 49. Ballimore ■res J .'>2. Phila- 55, Ilnmburg to a Zembla to tho '.1 the iliumal ro- of the earth cause j lie day and niyht ? not the earth a sphere, and what of longitude and e? "^4 parts of tho earth tlie warmest cli- and why t ! said of the earth annual journey t is the sun on the )f Mareii, and how it then move I is it on the 21st of , and what is said is day 1 oci the Run move this, and where is the 23d of Sept. I 0C3 it continue to I, and what is said o20thofUcccmbort '.he aun move thist GENERAL VIEWS. Tlie Torrid Zone. — The sun is vertical to every place between tlie tropics twice in the year, ami never shines very obliquely. The weather, therefore, i.s al- ways very warm, and snow anil frost are unknown. The shadow of a person ia the torrid zone at noon would sometimes fall north, sometimes south, and twice in the year under his feet. Frig:d Zones.— The Frigid Zones are so called, on account of the intense cold to which they are exposed. In those zones the sun always shines very obliquely, and is sometimes invisible for many days. Temperate Zones. — The sun never shines vertically in the temperate zones, nor does it shine so obliquely as in the frigid zones ; hence they enjoy a medium temperature between tiie heat of the torrid zone and the cold of the polar regions. To a person north of the tropic of Cancer, the sun is always south at noon ; while to one south of the tropic of Capricorn it is always north. The Seasons, Sfc. — When the sun is north of the equa- tor it shines more vertically in the northern than in the southern hemisphere, caus- , . — ")g summer in the former and winter m the latter; when it is south of the equator, the reverse takes place. In the torrid zone the year is divided into two sea- sons, the rainy and the dry, corresponding to winter and summer. In the temperate zones, the transitions from winter to summer, and from summer to winter, are very gra- dual. The former is called spring, and the latter an- tumn or fall, In the frigid zones spring and fall are unknown. 1 he summers are very short, and the winters long and extremely cold. The ground is nearly ahvays covered with ice and snow, and immense icebergs lloat in the ocean. The temperature decreases as we advance fruin the equator to the poles; but there is frequently n great ditrerence in the climate of places in different parts of the earth, whose latitudes are the same. The countries of the eastern continent, except the eastern countries of Asia, generally possess a warmer climate than those of corresponding latitudes on the western continent. Thus England, though farther north than Newfoundland, is not exposed to greater cold than Virginia or Kentucky; France enjoys a fine climate, although on the same parallel with Canada- and the burning Sahara extends as far north as Florida 1 lie western part of North America appears to eiijov a climate milder than that of the eastern* part. As we ascend from the earth the temperature de- creases ; so that the tops of high mountains, in all parts of the earth, are covered with eternal snows. The height of this region of perpetual snow is dif- ,fnL"l- '''""*"" '""""I'-''- At the equator it is about 15,000 feel, or nearly three miles above the level of tTn^'liStl''^ '' '' "°°" '■"'' ^"'^ '" '^'""'^'-' Large bodies of water tend to equalize the tempe- rature of the adjacent land ; so that islands are not ^ exposed to the extremes of heat and cold which are j experienced in countries remote from the sea. The temperate zones are the most healthy portions ol the eartii. ' I The climate of llio torrid zone, except in those parts considerably elevated above the level of the sea, is very hot ninl uiil»allhy; and the inhabitants of tliia portion of the ..nrlii are subject to the most malignant and deadly diseases. ^ —ci!.-j ==Th.-- .-jiiBntiiy of water which lulls in the form of ram, snow, &c., is very diflbrent in dilTerent parts of the earth, being greatest in tho torrid zone, I and diminishing as we approach tho poles. Tho nuni- 69 Why is tho climate of the torrid uoiie always warm! How would a person's sha- dow fall in tbo torrid zone at noon ? Why are tho fricid zones so called, and how does 'he sun shine, &c., in these zones ( What is said of the direc- tion in which the sun chines in tho temperate aones, and what temper- ature do they enjoy ? To whom i.^ the sun, at noon, always south, and to whom is it always north ? When the sun is north of the equator, in which hemisphere doe.H it shine most vertically, and what is said of tho eca- sons, &c. 1 Into what seasons is the year divided in tho torrid zone 7 How ore the scasri-.s in tho tempuralo zones t What is said of tho sea- sons in Ihu frigid zones t How does the temperature chanf^o as we advance towards tlie poles ) How do the countries of tho eastern continent compare with those of the western in regard to climate? ber of rainy days, however, generally increases with the latitude of tho place. The depth of water which annually falls near the equator, is about 90 inches; in the United States 41 niches ; and in latitude 60°, about 17 inches. In Egypt and other portions of Africa, and in the W, of Peru, rain is almost unknown. LSNOTB OF SA7 AND When the sun is on the equator, it shines from pole to pole, and the days and nights are equal all over the earth ; but when north or south of it, it shines all around the nearest pole to a distance equfl to its declination; while the same distance around the other pole is in constant darkness. On the equator the days and nights are equal throughout the year; but north or south of it, the days are longer than the nights during the summci, and shorter during the winter. The.length of the longest day or night at anv place increases with its latitude; thus, at Washington City It IS nearly 15 hours ; at Boston 15^ hours ; at London lOi Jiours; at all places under the polar circle 24 hours ; m the north of Lapland 00 days ; and the du- ration of constant day and night increases as we ap- proach the poles, where each is six months long. During, the period of constant day to the inhabitants o the polar regions, the sun appears to revolve com- pletely around them once in every 24 hours, passing successively over the N., E., S., and W. points of the horizon. It approaches nearest to the horizon on the north, and attains its greatest altitude on the south ; except to an observer at the poles, to whom it would appear of equal altitude in all parts of its daily revo- lution. ^ Curing the absence of the sun the sky is lit up by the moon, and by tho mysterious fires of the aurora oorealis. The long days of summer greatly contribute to the heat of that season; and as the sun shines very obliquely, even in summer, upon the polar regions, they would be entirely uninhabitable but for the con- stant day which then prevails. How much water falls an- nually at tho equator, in the United States,' and in latitude 60° 1 Where is rain almost un- known t XVZOBT. How does the sun shine when on tho equator, and how, when north or south of it } What is said of tho com- parative lengths of the days and nights in dif- lerent parts of the earth? With what docs tho length of the longest day or night increase 1 During tho period of con- stant day in the polar regions, ho^v does tho sun appear to move J How is the sky lit up in the polar regions during the absence of the sun? To what do the long days of summer contribute I WINDS. What is said of the cli- mate of the western part of N. America? As wo ascend from the earth, how does ilio tem- perature change ? What is said of the height ofthe region of perpetual snow f What is tho tendency of largo bodies of water ? Which arc tho most healthy portions of the earth ? How is the torrid zone in this respect ? What IS said of the dilTor- eiioe in tlio -iRnlily off rain, and in t.. nuniljerl of rainviliiys in dillerent | parts of the earth? Wind IS air in motion. In a gentle breeze tho wind moves at the rate of 4 or 5 miles an hour; in a fresh gal(3 15 or 20 miles an hour; in a high wind 30 miles ; and ir a huriicino or storm it sometimes moves with a vefocity of H miles an hour. In the torrid zone Ihe wind always blows in the same direction, except whore its course is modified by high lands. On the equator it blows con.«lantly from the east; between the equator and tlu - of Cancer from the N. E., and between the equ.aoi - tropic of Capricorn from the S. E. These winds are called trade winds on , ount of the facilities they afford to commerce. One of the most remarkable modifications of the trade winds is found in the monsoons, or shifting trade winds, which prevail in the Indian Ocean north of the lOtli p,iral el of south latitude. There, from October' to April, the wind blows constantly from the N. E, and during the other six months from the S. W. The shifting of these winds is attended with violent hurri- canes. Many portions of the torrid zone are subject to the most fn^rhifiil and destructive hurricanes. These pre- vail chi.fly m the West Indies, and the islands and coasts on the S. E. of Asia. in tho islands of the torrid zone, the wind blows from the land in the night nn.l from the sea during the I •lay. I hcso are cnllf.l h,m! and sea hrcczcs, and they ' greatly initigate the intense heat of the climate. 1 ho deserts of Africa and Arabia, and the ndjacont cniuitiies, are liable to poisonous winds, known in dif- tf rent countries mulcr the names of the simoom, samicl What 13 wind, and with what velocity does it move? How does tho wind blow in tho torrid zone 1 Whv arc these winds call- ed trade winds ? Mention one of the most remarkable modifications of the trade winds. To what are many portions of the torrid zone sul>- jcct ? How does tho wind blow in liiu islnuda ofthe tor- rid zone ? What is said of tho poi- sonous winds of Africa, Arabia, &.c. ? 70 GENKIIAL VIEWS. and khasmin. These winds are charged witli fine snnd, and nre so extremely hot and sutlbcatin^, that a single inhalation somclimes ruuses death. The in- habitants are compelled to prostrate themselves upon the ground until they have blown over, in order to preserve their lives. Spain and Italy are subject to these winds under a modified form, known by llio name of Sirocco. The winds of the temperate and frigid zones are variable and irregular, and seldom blow long from the same point. TXDS8. Tides are the rise and fall of the water in the sea, in consequence of the attraction of the sun and moon, but chicliy that of the moon. There are two tides in every twenty-five hours. When the tide is rising it is said to floip, and is called Jlood tide ; wlicn at its greatest height it is culled high tide ; wh'"n it is falling it is said to ebb, and is called ebb tide ; and when at its lowest it is called low tide. The tide rises much higher in some places than in others ; its height being greatly affected by the shape of the coast. In the middle of the Pacific Ocean it rises about five feet. In the Bay of Fundy, Massa- chusetts Bay, the English Ciiannel, and other funnel- shaped arms of the sea, its rise is much greater and its flow more rapid. VSOETABLS PROS UOTZOKT S. To what arc .Spain and Ilnly siiliject f What i» said of iho winds of the teiii|icrttto and frigid zones I What aro tides f How often do tho tides oc- cur? Wliat is said of tho tide when il ia riiiiig, &,c. ? What is said of the difTer- ent Iieigiits to which tiie tide rises in dill'creiu places ? 2]uiiyim Trco. The productions of the dilfereiit parts of the earth are extremely variou?, being dependent upon the warmth and moisture t' the climate and fertility of the soil. The torrid zone far surpasses the other sections of the globe, in the size, luxuriance, and number of its vegetable productions. There, where the soil is fer- tile, the earth yields in great abundance valuable ar- ticles of food and the most delicious fruits. The forests are clothed in perennial green, and many of the trees attain the most gigantic size. What is enid of the pro- ductions of tho dill'urent parts of the carlli 1 What of tho vegetable productions of tlie tor- rid zone 1 The most valuable productions of the torrid zone are tlie sugar-cane, rice, tea, coffee, chocolate, spices, i ui'uiigt^s, leiuoiiM, piuc-appieH, cocoa-niilM, brtud-iVuil, I &c. ; and indigo, cotton, medicinal plants, mahogany, dyc-stulf», 8ic., &.C. Wliiuh nro tho most valu- nlilo productions of (lie it;rrid sons t llindostan is noted for its nini^nincont pnlin trees, and the woiiderftil Hmii/an, which, with its branches sometimes forms a shade half a mile in circuit; and Senegainbia for the mighty Baobab, 30 feet in diameter, being the largest tree in the world. I'"or what' trees aro Ilin- duHlan and tjeneyambia noted > Tomperato /tiiio. The agricultural products of the temperate zones are neither so abundant nor so various as those of the torrid zone. The principal of these are wheat, Indian corn or maize, rye, barley, oats, and other grains ; apples, pears, peaches, anil other fruits ; hemp, (lax, kc; and rice, tobacco, silk, cotton, grapes, figs, oranges, dates, and other tropical productions in the parts adjacent to the torrid zone. What is said of the agri- cultural products ol tho temperate zones I Wliich are tlio principal of these I The ocei Whales are aeiu. Frigid Zone. The frigid zones and the adjacent countries of the temperate zones, are barren, desolate regions, produc- ing but litde for the support of animal life. Mosses and a few stunted trees antl shrubs nre al- most the only productions of these dreary portions of the earth. ANXXIIXAI.S. What is said of the frigid zones, dec. 1 What ore tho productions of these portions of the earth 1 Tiger. llyeDa. There is as great a diversity in the animals as in the vp|.'elable productions of the earth. They are to be found of all dispositions, from the ferocious tiger and detested hyena to tho timid hare and gentle gazelle : and of every size, from the huge elephant to the invi- sible animalcule. Tlio animal.') which inhabit cold countries are pro- tected frojii llie rigor of the climate by long hair or fur, while those wliich live in warm climates either have very short fur or arc entirely naked. What is said of the diver- sity found anions the annuals uf llio curilil What is said of the ani- lllttts wliii'li iiditibil uuiii ' coumrius, &c.t The torrid animals, as v other portion! and the most most gigantic of the greales most venomoi Cami The princip tiger, leopard, elephant, came the rhinoceros cassowary, aii: th« lama, jagu; condor, and ta| riety of monke; torrid zone. Orang Outai The elephnn greatest perfectii in llindostan ; tl in Barbary and i Il orang outang in '. ostrich, anti;lopp the boa conslricti Irpos nro Hin- id Sjoncgambia lid of the ngri- prnduc'tfl ot the e zones ? I the principal Aid of the frigid e.J ho productions portions of the lid of tho diver- nd ainiii)^ the uf tlie curih ? laid of the nni- ii-it iidmhii uultl s, &c. ? The ocean and rivers everywhere abound with fish Whale, are found chiedy in .he nor.hera and southern With what do the oceans &c., abound! The chimpansee of Africa more nearly resembles I wi, , TT', T~ man m ns external appearance than any od.er anl.al I ploVr" "' '"" ■=•■""• Alpme Spawel. „^k, „;;^^ ^ '^ The animals of the temperate zones are chienv of the kmds most useful to man. ^ in 2 mS; onhrrr ^°"" ^"^^^^^ «" °'"- Ibex. What is said of tlio oni- mnls of the temperate zones ? Which ore the principal domestic animals ? The principal wild ani. mals? What is said of the birds 01 the temperate zones 1 The torrid zone, in the number and vaiiely of it, Uvi . ■ -. r , animals, as we 1 as its veiretnblcs f-,r «,„,> ^ . ''" '^^?"* "^ '''o "ni- otherpc^rtionsofthoeartr^riSlTreturrC: "'"'^ "^ ">-""'''-- ' and the most ferocious quadrupeds on the globe • the most gigantic and the most poisonous reptiles ; birds ol the greatest size and beauty; and swarms of the most venomous and annoying insects. i The principal animals of this zone are the lion tiger, leopard, hyena, and other beasts of prey the elephant, camel, ass, and other beasts of burden ■' an.l the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, giraffe, zebra, os'trich, cassowary, and crocodile, of the eastern continem th« lama, jaguar or American tiger, cougar or puma' condor, and tapir, of South Amirica; and a vast va^ Jiiguar. Which are ihe principal animals of this zone ? Gmly Uoar. ^. ^^ N. America, and the N. VV. portion of ibo Jr ^ territory; and bears, wolves, foxeleer t ' ? every country of the tempemte zones ' "' '" '''"''' Musk Deer. Where ia the buffiilofoundl hciivers, niartena, &,c. ? bears, wolves, &,c. ? VVliito Bear. -JskOi. Iceland Falcon Which are the chief ani. nials of I he polar regions? MiwoaAi. phoduotions. Rhiiiocenw. The elephant and rhinoceros are found in the greates perfection m Birmah and Hindostan ; the ti.rer 1 m Hindoston ; the camel in Arabia and Africa ; the liJ.n ' m Barbary ,uid Sahara ; the kangaroo in Australia ; the j ilippopolamus. H hero are the elephant and rhinoceros found in Bronteslperfuclion f t'\, S [iKcr? the cainrl ( m-^ Minerals are all substances obtained from mines !.r.;,il"'°;;:"""|'|°.«f "." *« •>»-■'■ « .1.0 «» •^*- most widely disseniinatet!. It lion? the knn^urooi' i), Crccr^ orang outang in Borneo; the crocodile in Egypt- thoi ostrich, antelope, and hippopoUtmus in Af?fcS .'and th e boa c onstrictor in South America. ' orarig outang f the cro. codile) the ostrich, itc.f the boa constrictor I Coal IS found in vast quantities in ,ho N t^nd \Vn f What are minerals f Which are the moat im- portant i Where is gold chiefly found ? Silver and quicksilver f What is said of iron t Copper f Where is lead obta'jied f Tin and platina f Whore is coal found t w GENERAL VJEWS. Mines of rock-salt are found in I'lland, England, Spain, and other countries. Diamonds are obtained chiefly from Brazil and India ; and pearls, rubies, emeralds^ and other precious stones, from the Ekuft Indies. Mines of rock-aalt t Whero an dinmondu ob- ininedr'poarU, rubies, 1 c. f SSAXrVFAOTV&SS. But few of the production- .1 th-^ earth, while in their natural state, are fitted ic wants of man. Articles which have rccei<'ed the preparation neces- sary to adapt them to our use are called manufactures. T'he most important manufactures are those of cotton, wool, silk, flax, worsted, und hemp; iron, copper, brass, tin, and other metals; flour, sugar, molasses, butter, cheese, salt, and other articles of food ; hats, bonnets, shoes, and other articles of clothing ; articles of furniture, clocks and watches, china and lUone- ware, and all kinds of pottery ; glass-ware, jewel y &c. These various manufactures give employment to a large portion of the population of all civilized coun- tries. The labor is performed chiefly by machinery driven by water or steam. In nothing is the skill or ingenuity of man more strikingly exhibited than in the construction of this machinery, whici; .subjects the powers of nature to his will, and enables him to accomplish what he could never perform 'oy his natural strength or expertness alone. The nations rnn- , distinguished for their manufac- tures are, Greai iJritai.., ll'.e Utin'it' ^.iles, Fratii^o, Germany, and Ciiina. O O M M .^>'4 a ti % .. Wh^t ia said of the pro- duriions of the ourib whito in their natural stnto t What nro those articles called wh" h have been prepared lor our use I Whirli Rio tlio most im- p ;. .ant manutoclurcs t To ';!iat do these manu- fucUTcs give employ- men., and how is the labor chiolly performed 1' What is luid of this mu- chinery t riv ) .'yston. ,..y •(acu'.'i. in England, is ihthcr nations in extent uf i^ommcrce. Her sails whit ;r. evpry sea, Pfui li(.r numorocs and ex- cellent ni;\nuf'.v-ti!res are found ir* every land. The Ci^siimticc of the Iniied State" is second only to that of Great ilntaiti, siiii in destined soon to become the most extensive on the globe. They carry on a very exteii: ivf^ trade with Great Britain for woollen and cotton f^iods, earthenware, cutlery, <^'c., ful a large commerce with France for silks, and othv^'? goods, brandies, and claret, cham- pagne, and otiu r wines ; in exchange for which they give their raw cotton and other agricultural products. They obtam f'gar, molasses, cofiee, mahogany, and other tropical i> oducts in large quantities from the West Indies ; an.' coflce from Brazil and Venezuela ; in exchange for flour and other articles of food. They obtain tea 'ind silk from China in exchange for specie, fur, and ci>tton goods ; and procure spices in the East Indies. Iron is imported from England, Russia, Swetlen, and Norway ; hemp from Russia ; specie from Mexico, in exchange for inoiiufacturcd goods; and salt from Great Britain, the West Indies, and Spain. Cotton is the principal article of export; and it more than equals all their other exports in value. Other prominent articles are flour, wheat, and to- bacco, and manufactured goods from the northern states. What has been done by commercial nations to Ihcilitate commorco and diminish its dangers I How is commerce carried on between distant eoun tries} From what does much of the danger of ocean na vigatiou arise f What are docks, and which ate the most celebrated I What nro lighl-houscH, and what is said of Ed- dystono light-house ? What is said of tho break- water, &c., near Cape Ilonlopen > What nations nro noted for their commerce t What is snid of the com- merce of Groat Britain t What of the commerce of tho United Stales f What is snid of tho trade with Great Britain and Franco ? What of tho trade with tho W. Indies, nnd Braiil and Venezuela? What of the trade with China and the £. Indiest Whence is iron imported I hcmpt specie) ealtt Which is tho principal ex- port! Name other prominent ar- ticles t lttt«mal NarigatioD. Internal Vohuperce. — Internal trade ia carried on chieflv '. )T'", '-s of navigable rivers, canals, and rail- roads. Tlic ii, . \.;P8 excel ail other nations in cxienl of internal ; ii-- - -i.twise trade. This consists in the ex- change <:> li"' ii,..;i:'facturc8 of the northern states for the cotton, rit. ■ s;,,r t, Sic, of the southern states ; and How Is internal trade chiefly carried on t iru~. :^ »»<;> ni ths mtsr- nii' and coastwise trade ol I lie U. Stales, and in what dues it consist ? for the wh &.C., of the No coun than the U. number and aggregate 1( of the lattei The Mis: regarded as which it dm plough its 11 and freighte( region. Railroads than of trade. cars drawn b city varying I The longc Slates extend; j field, Albany, Another lin delphia, Baltii mond, and Pe except an intt dericksburg. The immei gives rise to a ferent sections The comm thronged twic from the soul the purpose o; The follow! and travel : — Ist. Betwee the Gulf of Mt ships which si 2d. From B by canal or rail other vessels, n and tributary s 3d. From 1 Pittsburg ; thet sissippi rivers, 1 of the south ai 4 th. From 1 thence by stagi Wheeling; the 5th. From 1 means of raiirn tions, through Washington Ci and across the i bama Rivers, & Steamboats a U. States, partii are also numei the Thames, Kl There are m Holland and Bi Austria lia.": srv extent. The G the vastncss of its construction. been done by al imliuiiB to commorco and its duiigors t >cka, and which ostcolobratcdt light-hoiiROu, is said uf Ki- ight-houso ? id of ihn broak- cc, noar Capo nl ionn are noted commerce I aid of the com- r Great Britain t he commerce of od States t lid of the trade eat Uritaiii and 10 irndo with the ica, and Brazil iczuola) the trade with nd the K. IndioB? a iron imported f specie? salt I the principal ex- lor promineat ar- i ii n internal trade carried un t ssii! of the inter- il coastwise trade U. States, and in lues it consist ? for tho wheat and other grains, tobacco, beef, pork, &.C., of the middle and western states. No conniry is more blessed with navigable streams than the t;. States ; and they excel all others in the number and extent of their railroads aitd canals; the aggregate length of the former being 4500 miles, and of the latter 4000 miles. ' The Mississippi, with its great tributaries, may be regarded as a life-giving artery to the immense valley which It drams. The innumerable steamboats which plough Its mighty flood are thronged with passengers, and freighted with the commerce of this highly-favored region. ° ■' What is said of iho novi. gablo streams of the U. S., and of their railroads and canals 1 What is said of the Mis sissippi ? VAaxfiTXBS OF TBB aVMAN RAOB. Hojlroail. Railroads are more valuable for purposes of travel than of trade. Travellers and goods are transported in cars drawn by locoinouve steam-engines, with a velo- city varying from 10 to 40 or 50 miles an hour. The longest unbroken line of railroads in the U i States extends from Portland through Boston, Spring- field, Albany, and Rochester, to Biilliilo. Another line extends from Jersey City through Phila- delphia, Baltimore, Washington, Fredericksburg, Rich- mond, and Petersburg, to Wilmington, in N. Carolina, except an interruption between Washington and Fre- dericksburg. The immense internal trade of the United Slates gives rise to a vast amount of travel between the dif- lercnt sections of the country. The commercial cities oi' the northern states are thronged twice in the year by crowds of merchants trom the southern and western states, who come for the purpose of purchasing their goods. The following are some of the great routes of trade and travel : — .1. *^'' i?*rT.'"' ""' ''"'""^ POf'^ "O "'6 Atlantic and the Oulf of Mexico, by steamboats and lines of packet- ships which sail along the coast. 2d. From Boston or New York to Albany ; thence by canal or railroad to Buflilo ; thence by steamboat, or other vessels, along the great lakes and their connecting and tributary streams to various portions of the west 3d. From Philadelphia by railroad and canal to nitsburg; thence by steamboats on the Ohio and Mis- sissippi rivers, and their various tributaries, to all parts I ol the south and west. I 4th. From Baltimore by railroad to Cumberland ; thence by stage-coaches or wagons to Brownsville oi^ Wheeling; thence by steamboats to the south or west. 5th. From Boston and other northern cities, by means of railroads with occasional steamboat connec- tions, through New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington City, Riclinionu, Wilmington, Charleston and across the Slate of Georgia to Tennessee and Ala- bama Rivers, &c. SUcamboals abound on the rivers and lakes of the V. States, particularly on its western waters. They are also numerous on European rivers, particularly the Thames, Rhine, and Seine. There are im.ny railroads and canals in England. Holland and Belgium are noted for their canals • and ;■ ." n\': ■",f™ .."r-. uf nuirnad o! Considerable extent. T he Grand Canal of China is noted more for the vastness of the work than for the skill shown in Us construction. What is said of railroads / Which is tho longest un- broken lino in tiio U. S.? Name another line. To what docs tho internal trade of tho U. States give rise 1 What is said of tho com- mercial cities of the northern States t How are trade and travel conducted between the seaports of the U. S.f How between Boston and N. York, and iho west ( Between Philadelphio, ond tho west and south ) Baltimore, and the west and south t Boston and other northern cities, and iho southern States ) Where do steamboats aboujij ? W'hat is said of the rail- roads and canals of other countries ? 14 Ajiat/o. Miluy. Europtnn. AWian. Annrtom. Although all mankind have descended from a com- mon parent, great diversity exists in the human race at the present day with respect to their personal ap- pearance, and intellectual and moral character. Co/or.— Men are found of all colors, white, olive- yellow, red, brown, and black, from the fair European or Caucasian to the sable African. Site.— They are exceedingly various in their sizes also; being of all heights, from the gigantic Palago- nian, 7 or 8 feet high, to the diminutive Laplander or bsquimuux, scarcely 4 feet high. Cultivation.— Aa striking a difference exists in the intellectual and moral condition of the inhabilaiits of the earth as m their physical appearance. Cause of these Differences.— TUese vast differences are to be attributed partly to the difference in climates, and in food and manner of life, which this occasions 1 he inhabilants of the torrid zone are generally of a brown or black color; and are indolent and effemi- nate m body and mind. Their want of energy is probably owing to the heat of the climate and fertility of the soil, which remove a Ike the disposition and the necessity for active em- ployment. ' The inhabitants of the temperate zones, particularly those of the north temperate, arc generally of a light complexion, and far surpass those of the other por- tions of the earth in industry and energy of character, and strength of mind and body. The inhabiianu of the frigid zones are an ignorant and inoflensive race, of a dark or swarthy appearance, small size, and filthy habits. ' ' flaccs.— There are commonly reckoned five varie- ties or races of men, viz. : 1st, The European or Cau- casian; M th; Asiatic or Mongolian; 3d, the Malay; 4th, the African ; and 5th, the American. But these races are frequently intermixed. European liaee.-Those belonging to the European race are distinguished for their fair complexions ; and are much superior to the other races in civilization and personal beauty. This race includes the inhabitants of all Eiirone except those parts bordering on the Arctic Ocean ; !he inhabitants of western Asia, including the greater part of Hindostan; the inhabitants of northern Africa; and the descendants of Europeans in America. thfrr" '"''f — Tl'e Asiatic or yellow race includes he Chinese, Japanese, Chin-Indians, except the Ma- lays, and the inhabitants of the frigid regions of both continents. ° and some ol the islands of Australasia. ' 4/ncrtn Racc.-The African or negro race includes lie inhalmants of nearly all Africa, and most of the islands of Australasia, and the negroes of America. .inhT/nf* -'^"^^•t''''*" ^™'"<=«" °' f«d race includes _. itimns ot .-imerit-a, except the EsMuiiimux. States of Soaety.- Ma„l,i„^ maybe divided into five stages or states of society, according to their cul- ture and manner of life, viz.: the savafc, barbaroi , hall-civilized, civilized, and enlightened ' What is said of the diver- sity existing in tho hu- man race ? What is said of the difTor- enco of their colors f What of iheir sizes t What of their inicllectual and moral condition! To what are these vast diirerences to bo attri- buted ; What is said of the inha- bilants of Ihe torrid zone? To what is their want of energy owing ? What is said of the inha- bitants of the temperate zones ? 'Vhat of Ihe inhabitants of the frigid zones ? Name the diflerent voriO' ties or races found among men. What is said of tho Euro- pean race I Whom does this race in- clude 7 The Asiatic or yellow racet The African or negro racet The American or red racu » Into how many stages of society ere mankind di vided I ■M ) 74 GKNEUAL VIEWS. Savage State. — Men in the savage stale live chiefly by hunting and fiahini;, and upon the nntural produc- tions of the earth. Tliey are ignorant of learning and the arts, t:ruel and revengeful in their dispositions, and filthy in their h.-^bits. The Australians and the uncivilized Indians of Ame- rica are examples of this class. Barbarous Stale. — Men in ihe barbarous state cul- tivate the soil, and raise sheep, cattle, Stc. They pos- sess some knowledge of learning and the arts, but have no written language, or regular form of government. In their character they are cruel and superstitious. Tartary, Arabia, Abyssinia, and the nations of cen- tral Africa, are in this state of society. Half-Civilized Stale. — In the half-civilized state men practise agriculture, and understand many of the arts. They have books, and regular forms of govern- ment, but the great mass of the people are ignorant and uncultivated. China, Japan, Farther India, Hindostan, Persia, Turkey, Egypt, and the Barbary States, are in this state of society. Civilized Stale. — Men, in the civilized state, are well acquainted with the arts and sciences, and engage to a considerable extent in commerce and manufac- tures. But learning is not generally dilFused, the ma- jority of tlie people being very ignorant. This Slate of society exists in Russia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Mexico, and the conntries of South America. Enlightened Slate. — In enlightened nations know- ledge is generally diffused, and the arts and sciences are found in tlieir greatest perfection. The inhabimnts are enterprising, industrious, and obedient to the laws, and are extensively engaged in agriculture, manufac- tures, and commerce. The U. States, Great Britain, France, Germany, &c., are in this state of society. Among savage, barbarous, and half-civilized people, women are considered by the men as slaves ; but in civilized and enlightened nations they arc regarded as equals, and treated with kindness and respect. OOVERNIXCBXrT. Government is that power or system by which the laws of a country are made and executed. Governments are necessary in order to encourage virtue and industry, suppress vice, and promote the " common defence and general welfare" of a country. Government consists of tiiree departments ; Ist, tl'» legislative or law-making power; 2d, the judiciary, or that power which judges of infractions of the law; and 3d, the executive, or that power which executes the laws : and those governments are best, in which those who administer these several departments are independent of each other. There are three elementary forms of government, monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. When more than one of these elements are found in the same system of government, it is called a mixed government. Monarchy is a government administered by a single man. There are two kinds of monarchy, viz. : abso- lute, and limited or mixed. An absolute monarchy or despotism is that in which the monarch governs according to his own will, or has in his own hands the administration of the tliree departments of government. A limited or mixed monarchy is a government in which the power of the sovereign is restricted and de- fined by the constitution and laws, and in which the nobility or people at large ])arlicipate. An aristocracy is a government exercised by a small number of men, usually styled the nobility. A ijpinncracy is a ifovernnient exercised by the whole body of the people. A republic is a government administered by a number of men chosen by the people for a limited time. Whnt is Buid at lliu ninri- Dcr of life, dispnaitiimB, iVr., of iiiiMi in till) Bttv- age Btato I Who arc examples of this cluaf What is said of men in the ijarbaroua alsto ? What nnliona are in this •luio of Voiieiy I What is KBul of men in the half-civilizeil elato ( What nations are in this BtUlO f Whnt is said ol men in the civilized slulc ( Where docs this stale of society exist I What is said of enlight- ened nations 1 What nations are in this statu of society I How do people in the dif* ferent stages of society differ in the treatment of tlieir women t What is government f Why arc governments ne- cessary I Of how many departments does government con- sist, and what are they 1 IIow many elementary forms of government are there, Sec. 1 What is monarchy, and how many kinds are there I What is an absolute mon- archy 1 A liniiicd or mixed mon- archy ( An aristocracy ? A democracy f A republic t Moat of the nations of the earth are under mo- narchical governnienl. Absolute moniirchy prevails in all the coiintiii's and among all the tribes of Asia, Africa, and Oci'aiiii'n; and in the Hiissiaii and Turkish iinpiri's ; the kiiiirdoin of Denmark, and some of the stales of Italy and Ger- many. Limited or mixed monarchy prevails in the remain- ing countries of Europe, except France, Switzerland, and a few small slates; and in the empire of Brazil. The U. Slates, Mexico, Guatiinala, most of the Soutti American Slates, France, and Switzerland, enjoy re- publican governments. In the government of the U. Slates, and also in those of the several suites, the three deparlmenls of government are independent of each olhcr. The laws are made by congress, or the state legislatures, applied by the proper judges, and executed by tho President of the U. Slates or the state governors. Congress consists of a Senate and House of Hepre- sentatives. Each Slate is entitled to two Senators, who are elected by the State Legislatures for the term of six years. The House of Representatives consists of members chosen for a term of two years, by the people of each State, in proportion to its population. The President is chosen by electors selected by the people, and holds his oHice for four years. In all monarchical conulries wealth and power are very unequally distributed ; and in many of them the siluation of the peasantry, who compose the great mass of the people, is truly deplorable. The nobility and a few wealthy citizens hold nearly all the pro- perty, while the peasants are exceedingly destitute and ignorant. In many countries a part of the population is kept by law in a state of slavery to the other portion. In Russia the peasants, comprising more than four- fifths of the entire population, are the slaves or serfs of the nobility and the emperor ; and are bought and sold with the laiul they culiivate. Many negroes are found in a slate of slavery in the West Indies, Brazil, Guiana, and the Uiiiled Slates. Those of the United Slates in which slavery exists are Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, all of the southern states, antl Kentucky, Tennessc •, MiS' souri, and Arkansas. These slaves are the descendants of negroes brought from Africa by permission of the British fbvernmeut, while the United States were British colonies. The colonies remonstrated against this infamous traffic, which was carr' d on by non-residents, and abolished it immediately after the Declaration of Inde- pendence. The slave-trade is still carried on extensively with Brazil. RBIiZOXOVr. The existence of a great First Cause and of an over- ruling Deity, possessed of power vastly superior to that of man, are truths which have been almost uni- versally believed in alt ages and countries. The ideas which mankind entertain of the character of this Divine Being, and the modes of worship by which they endeavor to gain his favor or avert his wrath, are exceedingly various, and give rise to the various religions found in the world. Man can never obtain a correct knowledge of the true God but by the liglit of Revelation. Those na- tions therefore who are not blessed with the Holy Scriptures, are in ignorance on this vital subject. There are four principal religions in the world, viz. : the Christian, the Jewish, the Mohammedan, and the Pagan. Christianity is a belief in the Sacred Scriptures, and in Jesus Christ as the Saviour of men. iM I I'ridcr wliiit form nf pov- criiinuiit are most na- liiiiis iif ihi- cnrlh? Wlierii rtoen Hhsoliito mo- iiurchy prevail I Where does limited mo- narchy prevail I What countries enjoy rc- imblicun governments? What is said of the gov- ernment of the 1'. .S., and ihose of the several Slulea) Of what does Ct.igress consist ? To how many Henators is each State entitled) Of what does iho Honse of Keprcscntutivcs consist) IIow is the President cho- sen) What is said of the distrjk^ bulion of wealth ana | power, and the stale of society in monarchical countries 1 How is a part of the po- pulation kept in many rouniries) What is said of the pea- sants of Kussiat In what countries does ne- gro slavery exist t In which of the U. States dues slavery exist t From whom are these slaves descended t What course did the colo- nics pursue in regard to this trade ) With what country is the slave trado still carried on ) Whnl religious truths have been believed always uiid everywhere) Whnt is said of the vari- ous ideas entertained oi the Divine Being, and to what have they given rise ) What is the only means of obtaining a correct knowledge of God) Which are Iho principal ft-l!"!CrnB in (he worlu? What is Christianity t The Jew New, and li Mohamin the impnstf seventh cen Koran. Paganism birds, &,c. More than earth are Pag are Jews ; an The Chris •of Europe e: « America. M Christianity t tions of the p Wherever ( learning alwa Christians i Protestant Ch Protestants such as Baptii lians, Congrej The Jews dispersed ami They observe in their synagi of their father The Mohan in the Turk is the Nile and two sects ; the The Pagans cording to the the Brainins o Grand Lama, i and the Felichis of Africa and O Polygamy pn Pagan and Alohi Prior to the c spoke the same There are no world and 300(] form nt" pnv LTu rnONi na- I' I'lirlli ? Hl>f«>liiii) mo* iVUll I I limiled mo- ivaill riDa enjoy rc- [uverniiientB t (I of llie gov- o( Iho U. S., of the aoveral ocs CL.igress ny f^enatorB is ! cnliileU? •9 the House of tutivcacoiisisif President cbo- d uftlio distrb f wealth ana id the Htale of 1 monarchical 1 )art of the po- kcpt in many 1 lid of the pea- llusaia I intrieB does ne- ry exist t if the U. StatcB ery exist ? )m are these sccndcd ? Be did the colo- luc in regard to ; country Ib the ,de Btill carried ious truths have ilievcd always ywhere I aid of the varl- i entertained of ic Being, and to ive they given ho only means ning a correct go of God ? the principal 1 in the world ! hriatianily I The Jews believe the Old Te8tnmnn^ but reject the «ew, nnd look for n Siivioiir yet to rome Mohamnicdaiiisin is a system of rcliijion latight bv the iinpoHtor Molrnnimed, in the beKinninjr of the jeventh century, and i. contained in a book calle.l the lions of the globe. ' ' f Wherever Christianity is introduced, civilization and : learning always foilosv. Christians are divided into the Catholic, Greek, and rroteslant Churches, Armenians, Ncstorians, &c. frotestants are divided into various dcnominalions- such as Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopa- lians, Congregationalists, Friends, Lutherans, &c. The Jews formerly inhabited Judea, but are now dispersed among the various nations of the earth I hey observe Saturday as their Sabbath, and worship , m their synagogues according to the rites and customs I of their fathers. The Mohammedans or Mussulmen are chiefly found m the 1 urkish empire, Arabia, and the countries of , the Nile and North Africa. They are divided into two sects; the sect of Ali, and the sect of Omar. What is Paganiam f What port Ion of t he eart h'fl papulation are Pagans! Chrialiana! &c. Where docs the Chriatian religion prevail / Whnt always follow the introduction of Chri»^ tianiiy I How ore Christians di- vided? IIow arc Protestonts di- vided ( What is said of the Jews 1 Where are the Moham- medans chiefly found, and how are they di- vided t (Iraiid Lama The Pagans arc known under various names, ac- cording to their faith or form of worship ;— such as the Bramins of llindoslan, the worshippers of the ; Grand Lnma, and other Buddhists of eastern Asia; I Snd the Feliohists or worshippers of birds, reptiles, &c.' of Africa and Oceanica. ' Polygamy prevails to a greater or less extent in all Pagan and Mohammedan countries. iiAzroirAoss. Prior to the confusion of tongues at Babel, all men spoke the same language. There are now about 80 original languages in the world and 3000 dialects; of which more than 1200 What is said of the vari- ous names under which the Pagana are known ( In what countries docs po- lygamy prevail ? When did all men speak the same language f How many languages and I dialects are now found, I Many remarkable events are recorded in the history o( the earth, and many mighty revolutions and nston- ishing changes have taken place since its creation JJf!e of the ErtrM.— According to the most usually received chronology, the earth was prepared for the abode of man 4004 years before the Christian era. 1 he ago of the world, or the period which has elapsed since the creation of our first parents, is, therefore, at the present time, (a. d. 1848) 5853 years. The Deluge.— 1056 years after the creation, the wickedness of man had become so great, that God caused a mighty deluge to sweep over the earth. By this event every human being was destroyed except Noah and his family MaVs Preservation.— NoaUM^'ing remained stead- ast in the practice of virtue and piety, although in the midst of universal depravity, found favor in the sight of Heaven ; and being warned of God, built an ark or vessel, m which he saved the lives of all his family, and of such animals as God saw fit to preserve from destruction. ThcMvent and Mission of Christ.— 2348 years after the deluge, or 4004 years after the creation, Jesus Christ, the Son of God, in accordance with numerous prophecies, appeared on earth in the form ol man, to make atonement for the sins of the world He remained 33 years among men, during which time He performed many astonishing miracles; and having fulfilled His mission to earth. He again ascended into Heaven. Du'-alion of Human Life, Sfc.—The term of man's lile has undergone very great diminution. Prior to the flood mankind lived to a most extraor- dinary age; Methuselah, the oldest man of whom we have any account, having been 969 years old at the time of his death. The life of man was afterwards reduced to 120 years, and subsequen-ly underwent a larther reduction, so that few are now found to live beyond the appointed " three score years and ten " Since the time of our first parents, innumerable ee- nerations have appeared and passed away, li is esti- mated that since the creation, not less than 140,000 millions of human beings have lived and died, so that on an average more than four persons are buried in every acre of land on the globe; and that of this vast multitude not less than one-tenth have perished in the wars waged between men. J^ations of the Earlh.—LMe is known of the his- tory of the antediluvians, but since the flood many mighty kingdoms and empires have flourished and decayed. Of ancient empires, the most powerful were the Assyrian or Babylonian, tlie Persian, the Grecian, an.l the Roman; which successively conquered and ruled all the nations of the world of which they had any knowledge. ' ^ nnHo"" '!•' n''"" °^u^! ^°T" ^"'P''^'^' "''' prominent nations of the earth have been more nearly equal in point of power; so that no government has sinV^ en- joyed universal supremacy, although se- at nie far more powerful than were the kingdoms of antiquity. 1 hose nations which were formerly most noted tor their learning and power, are now among the most Ignorant and unimportant. Egypt taught to the world the use of letters, and the stupendous remains of her antiquity attest her former greatness ; but now the valley of the Nile is peopled by a rude, ignorant, and desi^ded rr.rr Greece and Home,' once so distin|trislied,"have lost their ancient g ory; and their present inhabitants gaze in stupid wonder upon the evidences of the grandeur of their ancestors. ° On the other hand, the leading nations of ilie pro- What ofGrcscc and Romet What is said of the lead- What la said of the his- tory of iho enrth, and the chang.'s which have taken place in it 1 When was the earth pre- pared for the abode of rnon, nnd what period has since elapsed f When, and why, did God cause a deluge to aweep I over the earth? Why, and how, wag Noah preserved f When did Jesus Christ, the .Son of God, appear on earth, and what was the Durpose of his mis- Bionf How many years did ho remain among men ? What change has the term of man's fife undergone? Whol is said of the length ol man's life before- the flood, and the reductions which it has subse- quently undergone? What IS said of the num- ner ot human beings th.nt have lived and died pince the limo of our hrst parents ? What is said of the history of the antediluvians, and of the nntioiis which have existed since the Hood I Which were the most pow- erful of the ancient em- pires I What is said of the promi- nent nations of the earth since the fall of the Ro- man Empire ? What is said of the nations formerly most noted ibr learning and power? What is said of Egypt? a I if 7« STATISTICAL TABLK3. •fist time, although far mote (lislingiiished for leariiin(? ! and civiliiation than 'li« mom refined nationa of nnli- qiiity, are dearendwl from ancestors noted for their ignorance and barbarism' ChangfM of the Earth.— The earth itself lias under- gone many chnnges, the most remnrkabic of which are the decrease of temperature, and the changes in the situation of land and water. Evidences of these CAon^e*.— Numerous fossil bonra prove that many animals now found only in iropiral climates, formerly inhabited the temperate, and even llu frigid zones. Siberia was once the abode of vast hvrc - of elephanu ; England, Germany, and other European countries, of the hyena, elephant, rhinoceros, croc > dile. Sic; and the United States, of the mighty maMlj- don or mammoth. Geology proves also that plants are smali-'r .han they formerly were, and that vcgoliilion ii noi so abundant. If Silii'ria's former herds of eleplin! i. were able to endure its present climate, they could not find a subsistence on its barren plains. ing nalinna of the pre- •cnt liniu t What iaaaidofthochanRi whirl) Ihfl oaftli ii^' i liaa uiidergono, niul whiili nrc ihe niual ru- markiilile I Wliat oviilonoo do fosail l>oneB nll'iird iif llio du- rrcaau of ifni{itraiurc ? H ,, .. a ■( geology leach UH concerning tho nizo of planld, *-c., at iho pro- sunt (lay ? Beds of shells and other marine remains, prove that much of the present surfnce of the earth was once immersed under the sea; and it is very (rolmblo that much of the present bed of the sea was onco dry Innd. OONOLUDXirO nSMA From the foregoing facts we learn that the earth mill iill things connected with it are liable to incessant change ; and that the proudest monuments of human skill and Intellect, like their frail architects, soon pass ivway anil i! lost in oblivion. The I te teaches that when tho present life is over we are transferred to an (tornal and unchanging world, and thai his earth shall ultimately be destroyed by fire. "The clouJ-cnppeJ towers, the gorgeous pnlaoes, The solemn loinples, Iho irreat globe itself; Ypa, all which it inherit, slmil dissolve, And, like tin' baseless fabti.; of a vision, Leave not a wreck behind." Wliiil do beda of shFlls, Ate, prove respecting the present surface ol the earth t BXI. What do «« learn from the forfu "ing lads, re. ■pecting the earth, ii.c.1 What does the Bible teach concerning our future ■tale, anil the final de- struction of tlie world! Repeal the lines ilescrip live of the final dissolu lion of Ihe present order of things. STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. t'ABZiB Z. The following Ublo show" by whr, nation each slate was settled, tho place and the data of the first •cttlcmcnt, and tho time of admission into tho Union ; Florida •Virginia •New York •Massachusetts .. *New Hampshire *New Jersey Delaware Maine •Connecticut •Maryland •Rhode Island . . . •North Carolina . . •South Carolina . . Michigan •Pennsylvania . . . Illinois Arkansas Teia Ijouisiana Indiana Alabama Mississippi Vermont •Georgia Missouri ' Tennessee Kentucky Ohio Wisconsin Iowa By ivliom settled. Town or place of ■uttlciueiit. St. Augustine • • ■ • Jiiinestown Alunhattun Island Plymouth I >over Bergen Ciipo Ilcnlopcn... York Windsor St. Mary's I'liividence Spanish Kn^lish Dutch English English Danes Sweden and Finns . . English English English R. Wiiiiimsof Mass. English I Albciimrlo . English Poi-l K yal French English French French Spanish French French French French Emigrants from Mass, English French English D.Boone, of Virginia. Em. from N. England J Ktiiigrants from ) various states. Dale of Hetlleuiuitt. Time of o3 19,334 18,213 17,290 15,^63 15,218 15,082 12,960 12,672 28,81 i 95,265 21,709 29,773 25,433 j'i.l'iO •.Maine .... New Hampshire . . Vermont Massachmetls. .. . Rhode Mind Conncctie: New York New Jerse> Pennsylvania .... Delaware MaryUnd Dintrict of Columbia Virginia Norlli ' rolina .... Soutli > .rulina . .. . Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana tTexaa Michigan Ohio I Indiana Illinois Kontacky Tennessee Missouri Arkansas Wisconsin Territor lowii Territory . • 111,899 ^.'■>,416 175,257 69,110 238,141 ■140,130 184,1,39 134,37:* .VJ,09() 319,738 748,118 393,7 jl 249,073 8.,J48| 1810 73,07' 35,79 183,762 154,4(1." 574,9(1 69,13^ 25 1, CO- 586.7.V '-'ll,9t:. TO,:i65 64,373 311,.')4H 14,093 88U,30nl 478,11^ 345,5!) i 163,101 8,850 4.';,:i( 4,8: 930,95.. 105,602 1820 Total •>9,837 ai4,3r.o '7,713 715 ,.,031 962,042 959,049 245,555 810,091 72,674 380,546 24,033 974,632 555,500 41.5,115 J53,433 40,353 76,556 4,762 230,760 2I,.VJ0 la. ^3 !!l(,,.,ll 90,845 1830 1B40 398,33,-1 344,16! 335,764 533,287 83,059 275,203 1 ,373,812! 277,575 1,049,45.- 72,74il 407,350 33,039 1,065,379 638,839 5(li741 11. ..6 197,901 75,44" 153,407 ir. r- .V,,J11 564,317 492,813 66,586 39y,t.T'i 969,3^ 280,651' fiI0.40r- ■ 199 .175 .i06 .i3U,H;.'3 ,3484233 76,748 447,040 39,831 1,211,405 737,987 ,81,185 568,193 34,730 309,527 136,631 315,599 31,639 937,903 343,031 157,445 687,917 681,904 140,4.-... 30,38e Add number of Seamen in the U. 8. service Grand total 5,3fl5,94l| 7,239,8141 9,130,587' 13,901,190 501 -!I3 74 IS .:; t Jii'-. 3U9,li 2.428.931 ■ «.306 .033 iS5 9 . 13 ' l,3llL.,. '7 -'•.■(,41 I .•4,3i»8 i..U,392 54,477 590,756 375,651 353,411 219,967 1,519,407 685,866 476,183 779,836 829,310 383,702 97,574 30,945 43,113 17,063,331 6,1' ! 11.1.3'l 12,913,39o| 17,069,431 . Prior to l»*l, Maine wa. under iI.o g>,vtnun»,.i ..f .tl^ssachHc :r.f - inhat>!!ant8 are IwJmted in Oic enumeration for lluit stnto, until the census uf thai year. t Teia. has been admitted into the Union since 1»4«, and of con.ie is r,..l .nclud d in this enamera- tinn. Its population m variously estimated at from lUO.OOO to :100 '^i ^ Th> Maine New Ilampshli Vermont Massachusetts, idiudo Island. Connecticut. .. New York . . . New Jersey . . Pennsylvania. Delaware . . . . Maryland. . . . District of Col Virginia North Caroling South Caroling Georgia Florida Alabama . ... Mississippi... Louisiana.. . . Texas Michigan. ... Ohio Indiana Illinois Kentucky.. > . TenncBHii) . . . Missouri Arkansas ..•< Wisconsin . . . Iowa In naval servi Free Blacks. . Slaves Number of Statement of tho United Stati Whrat . - Indian ' Rye Oats Barley. . Buckwhea Potatoes . . Hay Hemp and Wf».l '■iaj Ri e (■ Sugui . . . Products Dair^ of t Value imr ' \w 'P .luc, .m|: hie ol exp •di of •hrllii, « rfapi'i'iiiiK It iurlitce ul t learn rrnm ling lacti, re- le earth, St,c.1 he Dible teach ^ our fiiluru . tho (inal lie- if ttie world I llncB .li»crip- D final (liflMolu- } present order nti of English eh, or Spanish I IrilcB, ia con. Iiousand arrive lone, amouuted ation of ah ihe ing table cxhi- 10 six ceniusea 1551 •i-it- 65% 40H 19» -.75 ..06 Has S33 ,748 ,04li ,8H( ,405 ,987 ,185 ,123 ,73lt ,.127 ,6il ,53a ,G39 ',9(13 !,0.3I r,445 1,917 1,9(14 ),4.'^.; ),3db 50' . -1 !,3U6 .033 "^5 .M6 . ■ . ,:tita .14,477 590,756 375,651 352,411 213,207 1,519,407 085,806 470,183 -79,8J'^ 829,210 383,702 97,574 30,945 43,11' 1.190 17,063,331 1,1311 6,11 a.330| 17,009,431 Ifiiftnts are Inc!i«lsjl . I in this ennmers- 8TAI -TICAL TABLES. 77 TABZ.B IV. The Tollowing table gittea the oenaua Tor 1840 mora In deull. BlaU:,' Maine New llanipahiro Vermont MaHsachiiaotts* *....• ■iliode Island C'unnnclicut New York Now Jorioy Pennsylvania Dulawaro Maryland Distrii:! of Columbia ■ Virginia North Carolina Houth Carolina Georgia Florida Alabiima . ■•■■ Mississippi liouisiana Texas Michigan • Ohio Indiana Illinoia Kentucky TenncsHc II Missouri Arkansas Wisconsin Iowa Whiles. In naval scrvico . Free Blacks Slaves ToUl, Grand total. 500,438 934,036 991,918 799,030 105,587 301,856 9,378,890 351,588 1,076,115 58,561 318,904 30,057 740,9(;8 484,870 259,084 407,695 27,943 335,185 179,074 158,457 911,560 1,509,192 678,709 472,254 590,253 640,027 323,888 77,174 30,749 42,924 Free Blacks. Slaves. 14,189,705 6,100 386,293 2,487,355 17,069,453 1,.155 537 730 8,669 3,238 8,105 £0,097 31,044 47,H54 16,919 62,078 8,301 49,849 92,732 8,276 2,753 817 2,039 1,366 B5,509 707 17,349 7,165 3,.598 7,317 5,524 1,574 405 IH5 172 8 17 4 674 04 3,605 89,737 4,0!I4 448,987 24.5,817 •i'7,038 (1,944 25,717 253,532 195,211 168,459 3 3 331 182,258 183,059 58,240 19,935 11 10 TABZiB Xrx. PRINCIPAL CANALS riNISIIED OB IN PROOnESS IN THE UNITED STATES. Name. Mainr. Cumberland anil Oxford . , Nkw IIampbiiire. Union From Near Portland. 380,293 2,487,355 EMPLOYMENTS. Number of persons engaged in mining 15,203 " " " agriculture 3,717,756 '• " " commerce 117,575 ■• " " . monufacturcs and trades 791, .545 » '• " navigating tho ocean 56,025 u " " " canals, lakes, and rivers. . . 33,007 " " " learned professions 65,236 TABXiB V. Statement of the annual Agriculturol and Mineral productions, Manufacture!, &.C., of tho United Stales. Compiled from tho census of 1840. Articles. Whial Indian ' . . . Rye Oats Barley. Buckwiieii Potatoes . . Hay Hemp ond '• !»x. W< il Tni-.CCO Rue <■ (tuantity or Value. Sug.,. Products of the Dairy 84,893,972 377,531,875 18,(;i5,567 193,071,341 4,161,504 7,291,743 108,298,000 10,248,109 95,353 35,803,114 519.163,319 !l,841,423 90,479,375 61,553 155,110,809 $33,787,' bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels bushels tons tons pounds poundH pounds pounds pounds pounds Articles. Amoskcag Fulls Massaciiusxtti, Middlesex Illackstono Hampshire and Hampden.. . . Montague Fulls Houth Iladley Fulls Pawtucket Co.VNKCTIOUT. Karniington Knt; !d Falls New York. Er, Chaniplain Chenango DIack River Oswego Cayuga and Seneca (.rooked Lake (■i;nesce i^ulley Dansville Dranch Delaware and Hudson Chemung nrancli of Chemung Harlem Cruton Aqueduct New Jersey. Morris Delaware and Rarltan Salem Pek.vsvltani.a. . ' "entrul Division ■g Western Division Susquehanna Division. . West Branch Division. . North Branch Division . Delaware Division Beaver Division Schuylkill Navigation Union Lehigh Lackuwaxen Susquehanna Bald Eagle I'oncstoga CudoruB Delaware. Chesapeake and Delaware . . AIarvland. Chesapeake and Ohio ViROINIA. James River and Kanawha . Dismal .S"^ imp Branches Boston Providence, R. I.. . Connecticut Line . Long Pond • Chelmsford . . Worcester . . . Northampton. liowell . New Haven . Albany West Troy . . . Utlca Rome Syracuse Seneca Lake. . Pennyan Kocl.rstor Moll t Morris. ville Lake . . Massachusetta Line . . Edil Sen' EIn Hi. ,on K Cruton River Uuantity ur Value. Products )f the Orchar Lumber ... Cast and Bar I ^ Lead Coal Salt Woollen Manufac turea Cotton Manufac's . Paper Manufac's. . Ships built Number of Horses and Mules . . . Do. of Neut Cattle Do. of Sheep . . . Do, of Swine .. . Value of Poultry $7,256,904 •12,943,507 48.1,030 tons 31,239,453 pounds 1,849,317 tons 6,179,174 bushels $20,090,999 $40,35(1,453 $5,041,495 $7,010,094 4,335,609 14,971,586 19,311,374 20,301,293 $9,344,410 nuRulo Whitehall .... Binghamton . . I'arthago Oswego Cayuga Lake . Seneca Lake. . Olcan Darsvillo LacKawaxon . Elmira Kno.xville. ... East River... New York. .. Jersey City , . Bordentown. . Salem Creek . Eastnn.Pa New Brunswick. Delaware River . Columbia Johnstown Duncan's Inland Northumberland Northumberland Bristol Beaver Philadelphia Reading Evasion Delaware River VVrightsvillc West Branch Canal . . Lancaster Vork Value imports for year emi .ie lat day of October, 1842. .. $100,102,087 > III lorts for the same periou »104,691,53i luo iiports for the year ending the 30th day of June, 1846 8121,091,797 lne 111 exports for tlie same |m'i $113,488,510 Alexandria Canal North Carolina. Wcldon C.inul South Carolina. Snntce Winyaw Watiree Saluda Lockharta Drehr's Lorick 'Ikoroia. Savan., Ogeeciice, & Alatamaha. Brunswick Alabama. ''lusclr Shoals Cunal ^iuntaville Louisiana. Barataria Like Verct Orleans Bank Cunal Caruiidelet Ohio. Mifimi . . Mahoning Sandy and Beaver Warren Branch .... Delaware City . Georgetown . . . Richmond .... Deep Creek . . . Georgetown. Wcldon , Cooper River Kinloeh Creek Jones's Mill Shoals Head Falls Br. Riv.. Saluda Falls Broad River Hollidaysburg Pittsburg Northumberland . . . . Farrandsvills Lackawana Easton Erie Port Carbon Middletown Stoddurtsville < Honesdale ■ Havre de Grace ... Bellefonte Safe Harbor Susquehanna River Back Creek Hancock Buchanan . . . , Joyce's Creek . Alexandria Head Roanoke Falls . Santeo River. . Winyaw Bay . Elliot's Granby To Foot Head of Falls. Headuf Fulls. Savannah . Alatamaha Head of Falls, riana Near New Orleans. Lake Verct New Orleans New Orleans Cinei~"=»'.i . . Akron Bolivar M iddletown . Alatamaha River . Brunswick Florence. .. Huntaville . Berwick's Boy La Fourche River . . Lake Pontchartrain. Bayou St. John Defiance Beaver River . Ohio River. . . Lebanon .... Miles. 90i 9 97 45 39 3 9 li 56 H 363 76 97 85 38 93 1191 U 83 23 16 3 40i 101} 43 4 179 1041 39 73 79) 59} I05t 108 83 84i 95 45 35 18 11 13} 136 175 33 U 7* 13 33 74 4 61 2J 11 1 16 13 35) 16 85 8 41 a 178 77 76 30 I STATISTICAL TAHLKS. CANALS — Cwi/inueJ. N«DI«< Ohio anil Krio Culumhua Itranch I.ancialcr Branch llockInK /unoville Branch Walhunding Branch . . Induna, Wnbaih and Krio WhiUiwaltir Illinois, I'linoii and Michigan ■ From Portinmiith (.'(ihiinbui Lanoaatcr I.ancailer Z.-inmivitIn Walhonding Kivcr . . LmhjfUt Lawroncsburg . Chicago . To Cleveland. • Canal i;anal Alhena. . . . I'aiml C-anal Iiakn Kria . Brookvillo • Near Peru . Mlloi. VASXiB VZI. PRINCIPAL RAILROADS rlNMHID OR IN PROORESS IN THE UNITED STATU. Name. Maine. Portland, Saco, and Portamouth. Portland and Dover Uangor and Drono Nxw ilAMrsiiiai. Kaitcrn Naahtiaand Lowell Boston and IMuiiio Nashua and Concord Ma88*CIII'9ETT9. Boston and Providence Fitchburg Tauntun Branch Taunton and New Bedford Kavtcrn Boiiton and Lowell Boston and Portland Boalon and Worcester MiUbury Branch Wcalcrn Norwich and Worcester Lowell and Nashua Old'' lony Rhodi Island. Providence and Stonington CoNNrCTlCUT. New Haven and Ilurtrord Norwich and Wurceater Houiatonic Nkw York. Saratoga and SchcnecUdy Mohawk and Hudson Utica and Schenectady Syracuse and Utica Syracuse and Auburn Auburn and Rochester Tooawanda AUica and Buffalo Buffalo and Niagara Falls Buffalo and Black Rock Lockport and Niagara Falls Rochester Ithaca and Owego Bath Port Kent and Kccsville Long Island Hurlcm , Hudson and BcrkBhiro. Catskill and Cannjuhario j Rensselaer and Saratoga Erie New Jersey. Camden and Ainboy j Trenton Branch ' Jobstown Branch New Jersey I Trenton and Brunswick Elizabetliport and Somervillo . . . I Morris and Essex j Patcrioii and Hudson 1 Camden and Woodbury Pennsylvania. f'olumbia and Philadelphia Philaiitlphia ond Reading Philadelphia and Wilmington. . . Philadelphia and Trenton Philadelphia, '^r., and Norrist'i Germantown . anch Valley West Cheater Portamouth, N.II. .. Portland Bangor Maisachuactts Line . Do. do. .. Do. do. . . Nashua . Boston . . . • . Boston Mansfield . . . Taunton . . . . Boston Boston Wilmington Boston Worcester . . Worcealer . ■ Lowell .... Boston ProTidcnco New Haven. . Norwich . .. . Bridgeport. .. Schenectady . Albany Schenectady , Utica Syracuse . . . . Auburn Rochester. .• Attica Buffalo Buffalo Lockport . . . Rochester . . Ithaca Bath Port Kent . . Brooklyn . . . New York.. Hudson .... CaUkill . . . Troy Camden • Jobstown .... Jersey City . . Trenton Elizabetliport. Newark Jersey City . . Camden Philadelphia Hollidayaburg Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia NorriBtown Columbia Railroad . Portland Dover, N. II. . . Uruno To Portsmouth . ■ . Niwhua Soinersworth . . Concord Providence Fitchburg Taunton New Bedford New Hampshiro Line. Lowell New Hampshire Line, Woreostcr Millbury WestStocklridgo.... Connecticut Lino .... iV.'w Hampshiro Lino, r ymouUi .Stonington. Hartford Worcester West Stockbridge . . Saratoga Schenectady Utica Syracuse Auburn Rochester {Attica Buffalo .Niagara Falls .... Black Rock ■ Niagara Falls .... Port Genesee Owego Crooked Lake .... Keesville Grecnport Whilcplains West Stockbridge . Canojohario Ballston South Amboy Trenton Craft's Creek New Brunswick . . . Now Brunswick . . . Somervillo Morristown Patcrson Woodbury Columbia Johnstown PottMviiiti Wilmington Morrisville Norristown Columbia Railroad. Westchester. 307 lU 9 S() It 93 187 30 106 48 46 10 l.-ij 7 33 33 41 11 20 38 20 20 4r> n 116 20 a 37 47 36 584 3.5 2U 15} 77 53 2G 80 45 30 23 3 20 3 39 5 4i 95 38 33 78 33i Gl 8 13 34 27 25 22 16i 9 81} 36} a5 27 261 17 4 301 10 rrom New Castle . Ilarrisborg and Lancaster CuinlMiland Valley Franklin York and Wrighlsvillo I.illle M(!hiivlkill Ihinvillu an Illinois. Mtredosia and Jacksonville . . ■ llarrisburg . ■. , Harriaburg . .. . Ch-.iiibersburg.. York Port Clinton . . ■ Poltsvills ratiiaquii Lindner's Gap. , Williams|iort.,. Bloaablirg Mount Carbon. . Port Curbun . . . . To Schuylkill Portt'arlMin Schuylkill Haven . Mauch Chunk... , Lancaster Chnnihorahurg Williania|K)rt Wri|;ht>«illo Tninaqua Sunlmry • Williiuiia|Hirt Beaver Mead. R. R.. Ehnira Corning Norwegian Creek. . . Tuaearora Hoy . Coal Mil Mlkis. Mine Hill Gap Cool Mine .... Mauch Chunk Parryvillo Haiclton Mine . .. ., Nesqnehiming Mine. White Haven ('arbimdale Broad Mountain. . ., Harriaburg Baltimore Pata|>aca Rivor Bultimuro 6 m. from Baltimore. . Baltimore Havre de Grace Washington Branch . . (^oal Mine ('oul Mine Idavor .Moad.R. R. Lehigh River Wilkeaharre Honcsdalo .VIillerHhurg I'ittsbuig Frenchtown, Md,' Richmond 24 m, from Richmond. Richmond Peteraburg Portsmouth Harper's Ferry Near Hickslbid Petersburg Coal Minei Harper's Ferry , , . Washington York, Pa , Huiatertown . .,., Havre de (Jrnce . . Wihiilngton, Del. \nnapolia Potomac Creek. . Gnrdonsvillo . .. . Petersburg Weldon Wcldon, N.C.... Winchester Gaston, N.C City Point Richmond Wilmington Raleigh . • ■ • Charleston Branchville Augusta Georgia R. R.... .Savannah Do Kalb County . .Macon Macon Woldon Gaston , . Hamburg Columbia Do Kalb County, Athens Macon Tennessee River. Talbotton GritBa Tallahaasee . .Montgomery . . Tuseumbia . . . • WoodviUe . Vicksburg Grand Gulf. . .. Jackson New Orleans... St. Francisville . Clinton Alexandria .... New 0:ini»i>». .• 3.11 50 30 13 23 411 106 12 13\ 40 n 10 IS 13 90 9 16 8i 90 8 5 liij nt 19 80} 30| 56 8 36 32 19| 75 49 23 59 80 39 18 13 13i 161 85 135) 66 165 33 193 130 70 85 Port Leon . La Grange. Moscow . . . Knoxville . . West Point Decatur St. Francisville Jackson Port Gibson Brandon Lake Pontchartrain . Woodvillc, Mp Port Hudson Cheneyville Lafayette Memphis Somerville ■ West. & Allan. R.R. Frankfort. Tiffin Manhattan Detroit Tolrd.-, . . . . Ypsilanti . . Detroit Lexington Sandusky City Sandusky City . Marshall ,\drian Tecumseh .... Pontiac Madison . . . Meredosia ■ Indianapolii Springfield. . 33 87 44 23 54 U 14 33 28 30 m SO 16 98i as 36 40 113 .t.'t 25 35 95 In the United but all sects are ! lary eonlrlbullon inanao" f.-r 1845 number of minii attached to the li According tu Colleges and Ui with 164,159 s 468,364 scholar who cannot rcai The followini Colleges and Ui .hoae marked (1 I STATISTICAL TABLES. 7U TAai.a VIZI. Ill tlm llniled Htnlon Ihoro it no ruligion pnlablUhod b» Uw, ■• in mo«t othor countrio, bill nil Mot* ue equally UilorsUii ■rid prutecled. The clergy »ra iiipportcd by the volun. luiy oontribulluni of ifiu |wo|ilo. 'I'lio liillowiiij l»blu, tskiiii from lliii " KiiiUid Hluti^ii A' iimnic" fcr 144.1, and ciirrectcd by a Ublu in the ■miiu «liiikiiao fur 1H47, oihibiU Uiu ■lutnber of nilnliU-ri, ohtircliui tiid cuniiniinicanU, »nd an cstiinata of llio iM)|mlalion allaohud to the futiiia or duclriuoi of «acli of th« principal rcligiuui donominatioiia. Dtnomlnallona. 1, Krlici'i'*!, — I'rotiaunt Kpiaoopaliana Kuiiian Catliiilici Muraviana, ( Uniltd Uiclhrin). . 3. (VlNUREUATIUNAI. — Urthodox Cungregationaliata . . Unitariana (<'nivurialiala Chriat-iana, {Chriil.ian Connte (ion) 3. IlArTUT — Itogular Ilaptiata Krwiwlll Kapliiita SlvimhIi Day lluptiala ....... Kufuriiicd iLptima or Diicipliia of Cliri»t, {Camplirllitf) ... Hii Principle lliipliiita Wincbroiiiiariiina 4. I'KEHIVTKaiAN — Hc([ular Preabytoriana, (O. S,).. Do. do. (JV. &■.).. Cumberland Preabyttfiaiia Aaauciute Prcabyteriaiia Aaaociiitu Koforiiied Kcfuniicd Prcabylcriaiia Dutch Reformed -13 i,-jr,;i 300 1H6 U>5 «7 371 lUl 501 13,115 1,300 30 600 75 500 350 350 30 Chunhaa. 1,333 (175 33 1,430 JOO 1,0U4 650 9,479 1,1 M5 60 3,500 17 3UU 3,274 1,".)4 570 3H0 300 »1 379 750 1,333 Coffliuunlcanta. 73,099 30 1.8U0 GOO 4U0 43 500 6,000 303,950 30,000 60,000 .15,600 719,973 61,373 6,000 300,000 3,055 15,000 174,030 130,015 60,000 3li,0ll() 3(),(ll)0 lO.riDI) 31,314 75,000 146,300 1,157,349 60,000 3,500 30,000 3,000 15,000 1.5,000 5«,000 5,000 Populallon iiiiiliir Ihe inllilriirn i>r tllll reilMYllVA denonilnatliiiiH, 1,900,000 1,300,000 35,000 9,500,000 5,000,000 ► 3,000,000 . 5,000,000 50,000 TABXaB XZ. EDUCATION. According to the last ccnaua, there were in the United States, in the year 1840, 173 Colleges and Universities, with 16,333 students; 3213 Acttdcmics and Grammar Schools, with 164,159 students; 47,309 Primary and Common Schools, with 1,B45,344 scholars; 468,964 scholars at public charge ; and 549,693 white persons over twenty years of ago who cannot read and write. The following table exhibits the location, number of students, &.C., of the moat noted Colleges and Universities. Those marked (: arc under the direction of the Biiptisls; .hose marked (M) of the Mothodiata; (E) of Uic Episcopalians; and (C) of tlic Catholics. Ilowdoin Watervillo, (B) Dartniouili University of Vermont Middlubury Norwich T'oiverKity . . Harvard Univ-sity . . VVilliaiiii AmlicrHt. .... 10 ririly Cross, (C) Brown University, (B) Yule Trinity, (E) Wriflrj-iiii Uiiivef^ify, (M) • CoUmibia, (E) Union flainiltoii Madifjn University, (B) .. lOiOenini, (E). Location. No. of 9tud«iit9. Brunswick . . . Watervillo. .. . Hanover Burlington. . .. Middlebury . . . Norwich Cambridge . . , . Williamutown . Amliersl Worcester ■ . . . Providence . . . New Haven. .. Hartford Midd!i-t.~.-.vn... New York ■ . . . Schenectady . . Clinton Hamilton , Maine '. N. H. . Vt. . Maas. R.I. Conn N.Y. No. n( VoIh. in Libraries. 183 70 331 125 97 104 275 167 118 130 110 421 80 H9 114 232 139 138 81 When fountlt'd. 34,760 7,000 16,.500 9,300 7,054 74,000 7,.')00 15,000 23,000 44,000 7,949 1:?.000 iiiooo 13,000 10,000 4,000 5,400 1794 1830 1769 1791 1800 1831 1638 1793 1821 1843 1764 1700 1824 1831 i754 1795 1813 1819 1833 Nairn). 90| University of New York.... 31 Ciillegu of Now Jortay 32 Kiitgera 33 Unlveriity of Pennsylvanl* . 3t:Dickinson, (M). Nil of 8luiliinu. Nsw York Princeton New Brunswick . Phlludvlpliia . .. < l^arlialo Ponn No. of Vols. Ill l.lbrsrlHi 35 Jetrersiin Canontburg 3 public) \ Holland Belgium France, (Republic)' Great Britain and i Ireland S Turkey (.recce Sardinia Tuscany , . * Slates of the church. Naples Spain Portugal Oscar II S Frederick Chris- ) lian VIII. I Frederick Wil- \ liam IV. Ferdinand I Ernest Augustus . Frederick I'Ouis I William I.. Titles. \ Charles Leopold ) ) Frederick \ Emperor or Czar King King King Emperor King King King King Grand Duke. William II. Leopold I.. . Victoria I Abdul Mcdjid,... Ollio Cli.irlos Anmdeus, Leopold 11 I'iusIX Ferdinand U Isabella 1 1 Dnnna Maria II. • Aeccndeii tlu. Uirune. King King Queen Sultan King King Grand Duko . . Poiw King (lueen liueen 1796 1779 1786 1795 1793 1771 1797 1786 1781 1790 1835 1844 1839 1840 1835 1837 1836 1825 1816 1830 ERtnbliHhcd or prevailing re- ligion. 1792 1790 1819 1823 1815 1800 1797 1788 1810 18.30 1819 1840 1831 1837 1839 1832 1831 1824 1846 1830 1833 1836 Greek Church Lutheran Lutheran Protestant Catholic Protestant Protestant (Catholic Protestant Protestant S Protestant ) and Catholic Protestant Catholic Catholic Episcopal Mohammedan Greek Church Catholic Catholic Catholic Catholic Catholic Catholic • In Fchninrv IMH, n ri'volulion lirnke out in Iho rily of Parin, which remiltal in the bniilshmcnt of Ihi. kiuB ".n I ic est ll.li«linicnt of a republic, Tho spiril of lil«Tly and ropublicnnum rapidly .prcud ;:j^^ui"!i,;;r^o,.n.ri,.. of Yr.^-»^^^^.;«^^.^>:^^i^^r^, )^^^jvz^z;^ss^ ti) till' [MMtpIt;. Al tliL' lj.no ol going to iircM, CXCitUUlL'lll. I large part of Jiun>|W i« lu a stale of lutcuse political TABX.II ZZZZ. POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN CITIES. London .... Paris Constantinople St. Petersburg Vienna Naples Moscow Berlin Liver[H)ol . . , , Glasgow Li.4bon Manchester , . Dublin Madrid Amtterdim .. Lyons Milan Birmingham. Marseilles.. . Pnpnla- tiiiu. 1,873,676 1841 1,1,50,729 1841 (ilK/.OOO 469,720 ' 358,127 350,000 350,000 311,000 286,487 274,321 260,000 242,983 233,000 224,000 907,000 £00,(ifl0 1H5,000 182,922 i 70,000 1838 1840 1835 1841 1841 1841 1841 1841 Cities, Leeds Rome Warsaw . . . . Palerino. . . . ICdinburg. . ■ Brussels. . . . Hamburg.. . Turin Bristol Prague Barcelona . , Copenhagen Genoa t:ork Munich . . . . Venice Adriaiioplc Uoiion Florence . . . Popula- tion. 152,054 149,000 141,000 140,000 138,182 13»,000 128,000 123,892 122,296 120,000 120,000 119,000 116,000 115,000 105,000 103,000 100,000 92,083 97.548 1841 1840 1837 1838 1841 182G 1841 1836 1836 Cities, Pnpula- linn. Bordeaux. . Seville Bresla J ... Ghent .Stockholm. Mcshina, .. Plymouth . Oporto .... Bucharest . Rotterdam . Leghorn . . . Antwerp . . Nantes. . .. Belfast Peril Lisle Dresden , . . Saloniea . . . Trieste . . . . 95,114 91,360 88,869 88,290 83,885 83,772 80,060 80,000 80,000 78,098 76,397 75,362 75,150 7.5,000 75,000 72,000 69,500 69,000 65,000 1837 1836 1839 1831 1841 1827 1840 1836 1835 1836 1836 1837 404 73 477 82 559 61 623 26 649 458 120 578 132 ■^ij 112 822 65 887 710 738 U4X 203 1651 705 U2 847 68 915 '03 1018 89 UOi .f.aSI'B' AlVD WAV'S" or THB U. STATBB. total, 85 vessels. , ,, ..„ ,„. The Militia Forco of tho United States conBists ori,858,5d4 men. ITAVAX. rOROB OF O. BBZTAXZf, rBJIJTCB, AND BUSSIA. i G.cat :iril»iii-ii5 ships of the line, 120 ftigateB. 3<>P sn-.slirr v.-.s«.U, und 141 alcsm= vessels ; total, 636 vessels, . . , Fraiicc-46 ships of tho line, 45 frigates, 187 Bmaller vessels, and 68 stoamora; total, I RuMi'tt-147 ships of tho lino, 30 frigaUs, 70 smaller vessels, and 39 Btcamers ; total, 179 vessels. ' '' ■ V, « » 1 the Eatab- ^ Rtablished or , ■;,~^ ■ '•-•A'\^> revailirig re- * , '*^ ligion. ■■ -» % rock Church uthcran - . utheran rotcstant atholio rotcBlunt rotcstant atholic rotcstant rotettant Protestant and Catholic 'rotcstant 'atholic ' /atholic ^ Episcopal lohammedan ircck Church 3atholio 'atholic :;atholic Catholic . Jatholic , Catholic . r banishment of n rapidly spread rgo conci'swions ntcnsc political . ES. ♦ I'npilla- tion. Year. 1)5,114 91,360 • 8S,86!) 1837 1 • 88,230 183G | 83,885 1839 f 83,772 1831 80,0fi0 1841 - 80,000 1827 60,000 . 78,098 1840 « ' 7G,397 1836 75,302 1835 75,150 1836 75,000 75,000 72,000 1836 t G9,500 1837 69,000 • 65,000 \ BS. cd olKccis, and 1 , 17,795 iiion. rales, 22 nloops i.jj lips and brigs ; BV8SZA. « and HI steam, ! toamcrs; total, learners; total. ' fif I'i 'I