^, ^%^. >.v^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 5< A 1.0 I.I >^ 1^ ill 2.2 1^ 2.0 1.8 1.25 ||.4 ||.6 4 6" ^ ► 7] e, togetiier with moose skins were made a legal tender and passed cur- «^ rent in lieu of coin. The Dutch of New Amsterdam, to the South, kept their accounts and even reckoned in beaver skins. This kind of change was very inconvenient on ac- count of its bulk and fluctuation in value. Then again the stock on hand* had to be shipped before the close of navigation. One year, too, when the Iroquois had overrun the country and almost exterminated the Hurons, the annual supply was wanting and the beaver currency had to be dis- carded. The council, in 1669, declared wheat to be a legal tender at four livres the minot; but, on account of its bulk and the necessity of using it for food, it did not long continue to be accepted as a currency. A shipment of money was occasionally made to the colony by the King, and this, to- gether with what was brought over for their own use by traders and immigrants, had it remained in the country might, under careful management, have proved sufficient for the limited wants of the community. But through the improvi- dence and extravagant mode of living of some of the colon- ists, and becau e few engaged in agricultural labor the balance of trade was against them; that is their imports exceeded their exports. The difference had to be made up in coin which soon denuded the country of that commodity. Under these circumstances trade was much embarrassed and transactions were, to a limited extent, carried on by means of promissory notes payable in furs, goods or farm produce. These notes sometimes passed from hand to hand in making large settlements; still this could not take the place of coin and trade became more and more depressed. The issue of a paper currency, that would be worthless in any other country, seems to have been the only untried ex- pedient. Although it was not a new idea it had not before been attempted on this ccMitinent. The circumstances con- nected with its first issue are as follows; as the Intendant Meules writes to the Minister in 1685: — " I have no money to pay the soldier- and not knowing to what Saint to make ni\- vows, the idea has occurred to me of j)iittin^ into circula- tion n( tes made of cards. " As there was no printing' press in the colon)- and as few of the inhabitant-, did anj- writinj^ the stock of paper (jn hand was very limited. During the \o\v^ winter evening's card plajing was the favorite amuse- ment of the people consecpientiy there was a lar^e stock on hand ready to supply the writer's demands. This supply was useil by the Intendant, and common playing cards, cut in four with the amount written thereon, was the first paper money issued on this continent. From this circumstance it was always known in Canada as tnoiniait' dc carte or c.ird money. lM)llowiri^ the example of Canada, paj)er money became for a time, almost the only currency of the Xortli American Coloiiies. Fach card was stamped with a Jiciir-dc-lis and a crown in sealing wax and was signed by the Intendant and the clerk of the Treasury at (Juebec. At a specified time they were convertible into bills of exchanjje tirawn on tlie Imperial Treasury. When this issue had been withdrawn from circulation other cards, made payable to bearer, were issued by the home government redeemable in I''rance. They circulated freely among the people who found them convenient in making remittances. At a later perioil another issue of Canadian card money was put into circulation. I'hey were signed by the (iovernor and Intendant and bore the coat of arm-; of the Intenda.it, the seal of the (iovernor together with the date and value in writing. The denominations issued were twenty and forty .sv/.v, and four, sixteen and thirty-two livres. At first the issue was not so popular as the old one payable in France, as the people believed that the Canadian cards would not be as readily received in exchange for Treasury bills ; but when the time came for making the exchange the Treasurer gave the preference to the holders oftheCai.ad- ian c.inls. This hid the dc-iircd effect, the new issue was accepted without questioning and it was jji-efcired to the old. The regular issue of card money continued for twenty-five years. It circulated in the Colony and was preferred to any other money as long as it was promptly retleemed. The financial difficulties, that had so long been a source of weak- ness to the Colony, seemed to have come to an end. Hut troublesome times were at hand. The wars which made glorious the reign of Louis Xiv. and his lavish expenditure of money in other directions, had so drained the Treasury of France that the drafts drawn by the CoU)nial Treasurer could not be honored. Treasury bills, so useful to the colo- nists in remitting for their purchases, were sold at a heavy discount. Meanwhile card money continued to be issued for the defrayment of the colonial expenses. As the Treasury bills, with which it might have been redeemed, were almost worthless, the card money increased in circulation far beyond the requirements of the people. It was estimated that there was over 2,000,000 livres in circulation in 1714. It soon, under tliese circumstances, becanie depreciated in value and the government, under pressure, from time to time com- pounded with the holders of cards at a discount of fifty per cent. Finally in 1717, a decree was issued which, after alluding to these .settlements, providetl that the cards should b'* current for half their value and that finally they be altogether withdrawn from circulation. In the meantime a new issue was made to provide for the immediate wants of the Treasury, to be redeemed on the same conditions as the old. The arrangement for the settlement was as follows : — The cards were to be presented to the Treasurer before the sail- ing of the last ships, for the year, in November. The hold- ers were to receive bills of exchange for their cartls at a dis- count of fifty per cent, one third payable on the first of March 171*^. one third same day in 17 19, and the balance in 1720. All cards not piXNcnted before that time to be cancelled, riie Minister of Marine in writin^^ to the Council, states, under date of May 1716. that :— "Ihe Council "^houUl order M. Mi^'on (the Intemianl) to draw 99,003 livre> for bills of exchange which remain out of the 160.000 payable in 1717, and in tliL- same manner for a like sum payable in 1718, ami to continue until the total extinction of the cards and then cause them to be burneil u[) acconlinij to the first project." Trade had been in a comparatively healthy condition durin^j the regular issue and redemption of the card money and it would have speedily recovered from the depression into which it had been thrown by the over issue of cards and the dishonoring of the colonial drafts, had a sufficient quantity been left in the hands of the people for their immediate wants as a currency. As it was, commerce was almost totally suspended. A number of decrees were issued between the years 17 19 and 1726 affecting the currency without material improvement. For this continued stagnation of the trade of the colony, the reissue (jf the card money was believed to be the only remedy anil representatiotis t>) that effect were made tt) the king. He therefore i>n the 2nd of March 1/20, issued an ordinance announcing the reissue of the card money. The following is a condensed translation of the ordinance :- "His Majesty.liaving been informed of the situation of the Colony of Canada since the extinction of the card mone\-, and hearing that the gold and silver which he has sent out during the last ten years for the expenses of the country have successively returned each year to T'rance which has caused the decay of the internal tratle of the Colony, hinders the increase of the establishments, makes it more difficult for the merchants to retail their goods and wares; and as a necessary consequence caused a decline of the foreign trade which cannot be sustain- ed but by retail consumption; His Majesty proposes the best I 'His means for the remedy of these inconveniences which is not less needful for the commerce of the Kingdom than to his subjects in New France; in the discussion of the different pro- jects none seemed more feasible than that of estabHshin^a card money which will be received at I lis Majesty's warelious- rs in payment of powder and other munitions and merchand- ise that may be sold and for which bills will be \rivcn on the Genera! Treasurer of .Marine for the time beiuLj; this lias been voluntarily deterinined upo\^ in answer to the desires of the Canadian Merchants, who last year presented a recpiest to this effect to the (iovernor, Lieutenant General and to the Covnnissairt-Ordonimtcitr of New I'" ranee, and also to the demands of the inhabitants in general who have made the same representation, and that this currency will be of great utility to home and foreign trade by the facilitating of purchases and sales which will be made in the colony which will increase the establishments, and His M.ijesty wishing to explain these intentions, has ordered and or jrs as follows: — " I. Card money will be made to the amount of four hundred thousand lii'trs, of denominations, twenty-four, twelve, six and three livrcs; one lii'ir ten sols, fifteen sols and seven sols ten Mounaics dc France'' he states that : — "To facilitate trade in Canada the King causeil to be struck one hundred thousand livres worth of Louis of fifteen W.V ,.\\k\ jivi' sols and doubles of . pure copper. These coins were of the same value, weight and fineness as those of Fr.ince. On the silver Louis of fifteen sols and of five sols in place of, ''Sit iioineii Doviitii bcncdietuvf was ''Gloriani re^ni tui dicctif, and on the double ''Doubles dc lO I'Amcriqiie Framr'sc." Cli irlc\'oix states that this coinage was struck for the West Indies. He writes as follows:-, "In 1 070 the West India Company, to which the Kinsj;^ had ceded the dominion over the islands of th«- French American Continent, had permission to introduce into the islands small money to the amount of one hundred thousand //77rj.stamped by a particular die with a legend which was peculiar to it. The King's edict is of the month of h'ebruary and was to the effect that these coin- be current oiily in tlu islands. Hat on certain difficulties that supervened, the Council issued on the 1 8th of November 1672, a decree by which it was ordered that the money aforesaid and all other specic;s being current in France should also be current not only in the French Islands but also on the /trnryf/vz/rt of America subject to the crown with an augmentation of one fourth superadded ; that is to say, the fifteen sol piece for twenty sols and others in like proportion. ' American collectors have continued to reiterate a claim that this money was current in Louisiana and as such may be classed as money pertaining to the colonial times of the United States. Hut, as the French made no settlement in Louisiana or any part of the great West until the beginning of the eighteenth century, and as the Mississippi was not even discovered by La Salle until some time after 1670, .ve can safely affirm that this coinage never circulated in any of the territory now under the jurisdiction of the United States. This claim then, that the "Gloriam Rcgid„ as this coinage has been called, relates to any other place than Canada on the North American continent, can be dismissed without further comment. These coins are all very rare. Of the five sol piece, the commonest, only five or six specimens are known in Canada and about as many in the United States. One of these was found in circulation, some years ago, in a small town on the II III New Brunswick border. The fifteen sol piece is much scarcer as only two or three are known to numismatists one of which is in the c.'xbinet of the Parliamentary Library at Ottawa hav- jniT cost over one hundred dollars. The double is almost un- known and for a Ior.g.time, as no specimens of that denomina- tion had come under the observation of numismatists, it was believed that no coin answering to this description was ever struck. But some years ago a Boston numismatist obtained an electrotype from which the piece has been properly described. From the letter " A " appearing on all deno- minations of the coinage we learn that it was struck in I'aris. Most of the specimens of these coins, known on this continent, were imported from France, which proves that coins sent out to Canada returned to France, in the sliape of remittances, almost as soon as they were imported. One or two specimens of the five w/ piece were found in Ilayti, which seems to corroborate Charlevoix's statement that this money was struck for the West India Company, During the ten years from 17 19 to 1729 when no card money was issued the regular coinage of France circulated which consisted oi dciiicrs, double dcnicrs in copper, and five, fifteen, thirty and sixty sols in silver. A letter signed b\' the Governor and Intendant, under date September 6th 17 17, refers to these coins as follows:- " We have received the letter which the Council has done us the honor to write us, with the printed edict of the King rendered in the month of November last which orders the making of the wcw Louis d' or at the Paris mint. We have made it public and we shall see that it is observed, none of that make has yet come into the countr)' " In 1719 a decree was issued reducing the value of the gold coins, while another, issued October 24th 1720, raised the nominal value, of gold and silver and attempted the reduction of the value of commodities. This had hardly 12 gone into o[)cr.ition when it was suspended by a decree of December 26th. In April 29th 172 1 a decree ordered the issue of a copper coinage for the colonies. This coinage had on the obverse the legend "Sit Nomcu Domini nciicdictnm" common to the coins of France at that time and two L,s crossed with a crown above. The reverse had the inscription, ''Colonics Francoises 1 72 1," with a letter indicating the place of mintage Those with the letter "H" were struck at the La Rochelle mint. Much of the shipping trade with Canada was carried on from that port and likely for that reason its mint was employed to strike the coinage. Others, with the letter "B" were issued from the Rouen mint because many of the part- ners in Le Compa^nie des Indcs were residents of that town. Another coinage struck at the mint La Rochelle was issued in 1722. Coiits of this issue are by no means rare as specimens are occasionally met with in circulation when a hoard of old coppers are turned out. Those dated 172 1 are much scarcer especially that of the Rouen mint which seems to indicate that this variety was shipped mainly to some of the other colonies, probably the West Indies. Decrees were issued concerning the lack of specie in Feb- ruary, March and September 1724. And again in 1726 there was another decree augmenting its nominal value. As the cards, which have already been described were issued in 1729 and continued along with the ordinances to be the chief circulating medium until the close of the regime we hear little if anything about coins in Canada; except, that in 1756, a shipment of coins, amounting to one million three hundred thousand livns, was sent out, which soon found its way back to France in the shape of remittance and left the people as innocent of coined money as before. 13 Now as to the medals. Diirinf]^ the rci'Mis of Louis Xiv and XV, medals were struck to commemorate every conceivable event in the life of tlie.^e kin<;s or the history of the nation. And yet very few have any direct reference to Canada. The earliest of these is one struck in 1658, in honor 01 tlu^ Duke de Dampville, who is thereon entitled Viceroy of America. The legend on the reverse, "I'or out of thee sliall come a ruler that shall rule my people" indi- cates the extent of the laudations and of flattery expressed in those times towards those in prominent positions. The title or position of X'iceroy of the IVench Colonies in America was an honorary one and seem.-, to ha\e been insti- tuted by Champlain in 16 12. I-'illed with his project of colo- nizing Canada and hampered by the indifference of the gov- ernment he, while on his way to Paris, conceived the idea that a powerful protector must be had for the new colony ; one that could push its interests at court amid rival intrigues. On his arrival he unfolded his dc>igns to Charles de Bourbon Contcde Soissons expatiating on the wonderful prospects and great extent of New I'^-ance. Soissons, ha\ ing obtained the consent of the King, became guardian of the French New W^orld, and was made Lieutenant General of the colony, with viceregal [)owers. Champlain accepted a position under him as lieutenant, but scarcely had the commission been signed when the Count died. Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde was then appointed to the \acant protector.- hip, which honor he held until he was impriNoned in 1620 when he sold iiis viceroyalty to Henri U DucdeMontmorwncv', for eleven thou- sand crowns. MontmorencN' .--oon becoming tired of the annoyance.-! of the [josition sold it to Aime de Levi, Due tie Vetandour. I'rom him it jiassetl to ids fourth son l^^rancois Christoph de Levi, Due de Dampville. In Noxember 1644. he was a[)pointed by letters patent which were confirmed in 1645. He iield the position until August 1660. I i4 None of the Viceroys ever lived in Canada and only one, De Tracy, visited the colony ; their office being mainly to watch over its affairs at the court ; and yet at one time the appoint- ment must have been a profitable one or it would not have changed hands at such a high figure. The Kcbcat libcrata medal, as the one next in order is called, was struck on the receipt of the news of the success- ful defence of Quebec against the attack of Sir William Phipps in 1690. The circumstances of the afifair may be briefly stated as follows : — The people of New England, determined to drive the French out of Canada, made prep- rations for an attack on Quebec and Montreal. The expedi- tion against Quebec, comprising thirty four ships and two thousand volunteers under Phipps, sailed from Boston on the 19th of August, reaching Quebec on the 16th of October. Phipps on his arrival sent Frontenac a summons to surrender. The governor's reply to the English commander's messenger was "Return sir, and tell your General that the muzzle of my cannon will forthwith bear my answer to the rude summons he has sent me." The batteries at once opened on his ships and although Sir William attempted to capture the town by strategy, he had to return vanquished, leaving the artillery he had landed, as a prize to the French. This medal re- presents France as a female, surrounded with battle trophies, seated on a rock which rises out of the sea, at her feet is a beaver with the legend "France in the new world con- queror." Another medal, commemorative of the foundation and fortification of Louisbourg, was struck in 1720. Louisbourg was built as an outpost for the protection of Canadian ship- ping and as a harbour of refuge for the fishing fleet in those troublesome times. Claims and counter claims were con- stantly being made of exclusive rights to the Gulf fisheries. Under these circumstances there was much need of such a fortress especially as a chronic state of warfare existed between the French and English colonists. There was much pleasure •'Sy »5 felt in the completion of these fortifications, and Louisbf)urg was af»:er Quebec, considered the most impregnable point on the continent. Under these circumstances its completion was we'l worthy thus to be commemorated. The reverse of the medal gives a good view of the harbour with the town and fortifications. Its capitulation to Admiral Hoscawen, vifter a brief siege, was a surprise to the French depressing them so greatl)- that the final conquest of Canada was much facilitated thereby. The consecjuent joy of the I'lng- lish was such that no less than twelve dififerent medals were struck in commemoration of the event. Another medal was struck for distribution as rewards among the friendly Indian chiefs. In making treaties with the Indian tribes it was customary to present the chiefs with belts of wampum. Hut as wampum after a time was not so highly esteemed, medals, the ornamental money of the Euro- pean, were substituted ; and no treaty was consummated or friendly chief rewarded without the i)resentation of medals. As throwing some light on the subject, the following letter, dated September 2ist, 1722, from Governor Vaudreuil may be quoted : — "I have received the letter that the council has honored me with and the twelve medals with tlie portrait of the King, eight small and four large ones. 1 have con- tinued to be careful not to lavish this favor too freely among the Indians and to give them only to those who deserve them by their services to the nation and to those whom I de- sire to bind to our interests by this mark of honor.'' Again on the 25th of August 1 727 the Marquis de Heauharnois writes "since the death of M. de Vaudreuil, the Jesuits have have not asked for medals for the chiefs * *' '^ The Rev. Father de la Chase, to whom the Marquis de \'audreuil had given one, tells me it is absolutely necessary to procure some more. I have received proofs of this. The Indians from above, when they come down to Montreal, would not relieve me from promising them to several who ha\e served us well among their tribes, I pray you to enable me to i6 satisfy these savages and send me a do^en small medals and six larfjc ones." In connection with the above an extract from a letter, written by Mother Mary in 1723, may be quoted, as the medal is therein described. After mentioning the Indians she states that: — Louis XIV had sent several silver medals of considerable size, on one side of which was his portrait, and on the other that of the Dauphin, his son, and the three princes, children of the latter, to be given to those who should distinguish themselves in war. To them has since been attached a flame coloured ribbon four fingers in breadth and the whole decoration is highly prized by them. :k ■* -r- When any chief dies he is honorably buried, a detachment of troops parade, several volleys of musketry are fired over his grave and on his coffin are laid a sword crossed with its scabbard and the medal under consideration fastened upon them." Some years ago a silver medal answering to the above description was found in the posession of an old Huron Indian living at Lorette near Quebec. This medal bears the date 1693, about which time it may have been given to a Huron chief. It therefore must have continued in the posession of this family for over one hundred and fifty years. These medals were prized by the Indians as bearing the image of the great white father, over the Ocean, and his illustrious sons. It was in fact a letter from him conveying his message to them, his children, telling them as plainly as did the wampum belt of old, of the greatness of the French King and pet)ple, and of the benefits they would receive as their allies. This modal is described in the catalogue of the Muscc MoHctairc, Paris 1833 with- the heading "iV(r/w\yriw^ ;/f dc Bcrryy Hut, as the Duke was born in 1686, and the medal in question struck in 1693, there cannot be an)- doubt that the heading is wrong and that the medal was struck especially for the Indians. There is a small medal similar in appearance which bears the date of his birth. This may be the small medal alluded to by the Governors in their letters quoted 17 above, which, while originally struck in commemoration of the birth of the young Duke, was afterwards used in reward- ing the minor Indian chiefs. In the reign of Louis XV another medal was struck for distribution among the friendly Indians, on the obverse were the bust and titles of the King while the reverse represent- ed two ancient warriors clasping hands. The one to the right with a plumed helmet and dressed in the Roman toga, represents France, while the one to the left having no other covering than a loose drapery probably represents the Indian allies. The inscription //i?wj <'/ r/r/z^j- indicates that the recipient was rewarded for an honorable and brave act. One or two of these medals have been found among the Indians here. And the absence of all mention of it in the catalogue of the Musce Mouetairc clearly proves that it was struck for the Canadian Indians. Medals were struck commemorative of other events, more or less remotely connected with the history of Canada, such as the formation of the Compagnic dcs Indcs, and the treaties that effected the changes in Canadian boundaries. But, as their connection with Canada is only secondary, it is un- necessary to enumerate them here. Another series of numismatic mementoes relating to Can- ada are the colonial jetons that were struck durinL-; the last decade of the Old Regime. As it was almost impossible to work out the simplest question in arithmetic by the old forms of notation, aids were soon adopted, and these in an- cient times took the forms of plain discs of bone or horn . In mediaeval times, counters struck in metal, were first issued in France, where they were called jetons from Jitter to cast up or reckon accounts. A complete set did not amount to over a hundred with which the most complex arithmetical problems could be worked out. The earliest specimens, which made their appearance about the middle of the twelfth century, were rudely struck often without legend and occasionally with roughly executed and unintelligible \S tlcvice. Later specimens were much improved as works ot" art ami often commemorated some local historical incident in vhe history of town or province in whicii they were issued, liut with the general atloption of the Arabic form of notation, their ori<^inal use declined. Still jetons continued to be struck in I'Vance long after their use as counters had been aband- oned and impressions in silver, and occasionally in gold, were given as prestMits to patrons, governors and other persons of influence. Every department of the government, every prince and duke, every province and town, every abbey and Company, once, if notoftener, in their history, iiad com- memorative jetons struck for presentation to their j)atrons. Although Pinkerton in his "Essay on Medals" states that jetons were counted worthless by higher numismaticians, and also warns young collectors against being deceived into purchasing them, believing them to be rare antiques, the)' ,ire much sought after by modern collectors, especially in France. Many old costumes and manners are graphically pictured, and many an event in local history brought to light, by means of these jetons. Local collections of them are often \-aluable aids in compiling the history of towns and provinces. Jetons relating to Canada were first struck in 175 i,and the emission of a new design continued aiuuially, until 175S, making eight designs in all. These all have titles and bust of Louis XV on the obverse, while on the reverse was depicted allegorical design and legend referring to the progress of the colonies and colonization. The inscription ''Colonics Frau- caiscs dc C Aincriqiic^' more or less abreviated, together with the date, always occurs in exergue. These devices are often full of meaning and may be explained thus : — That on the jeton of 175 i, which represents an Lidian looking backwards towards a group of lilies growing, of which the inscription states that "They grow under every constellation" or in every clime, alludes to the lilies of France, tiiat is the progress and extent of her colonies that were being e.stab- 19 lished all over the world. The jeton of 1752, which has a figure of Mercury flying towards the western shores with the legend "He makes commerce for both worlds," indicates that the colonizing policy of the King of France had won derfully enlarged the commerce of his people making an entirely new avenue for trade. On that issued in 1753, the sun is represented as shining on the two hemispheres, about which the legend states "One enough for both." That is the benign reign of the King of France is sufficient for both the old and the new world, and that the whole of the west- ern hemisphere should be blessed with the prosperous gov- ernment of the F>ench King. In the 1754 piece a repre- sentation is given of three beavers at work on the bank of a stream, while beyond the stream is a plantation of Indian corn growing. The inscription "Not inferior to metals" in- dicates that although many adventurers, fired with the re- ports of the wonderful stores of precious metals found in the Spanish colonies, had come to Canada expecting that it too overflowed with such wealth, had been sadly disap- pointed, yet the fur trade and the pursuit of agriculture were not inferior to the silver of Mexico and Peru as a source of true wealth. On the jeton of 1755 is an ancient galley, that of Jason, it would appear, bringing home the golden fleece. The inscription "not more common than the golden" is another allusion to fur trade shewing that its pursuit was as difficult and as beset with dangers and that the reward might be as great as was Jason's. The jeton issued in 1756 represents a swarm of bees passing from one hive to another, regarding which the legend states that "They change their seat but not their mind." This refers to the hiving off of the superabundant population of Old France as colonists in New France, and that they remained as true and loyal citizens as before. Another issued in 1757 has for device Mars and Neptune on a shell floating towards the western shore and states that " ^he remotest earth is preparing victories." This may be regarded as an empty boast when ?o \vc know how soon tlic I*!nipirc of I'Vancc wa> dismcmberccl, for defeats rather than conqucvsts and victories, was in store for her. The last, issued in 1758, ha> a representation of a number of birds flying towards a rock bouml coast. The inscription states that, there was, "The same valor beyond the seas," ct)mmemora'ing the valor of the Canadians in de- fenihng their country against great odds and under such straitened circumstances, luich of the eight reverses occur with one or more chfferent obverses, which makes the total number of varieties about thirty four. It i-> not likely that any were sent to Canada at the time of i.isue, as they were unknown to Canadian Numismatists, until a few years ag(j when they were brought to our notice by a German cataK>gue of North American coins and medals, where they were described and classified as Canadian. Since then the interest manifested in them has so continued to increase that there is hardly a Canadian Cabinet of importance that does not contain one or more varieties ; and specimens to supply the demand are constantly being imported from France at high and higher prices. Some of the varieties are very rare but others especially those of 1751 and 1755 are easily to be obtained. They are mementoes of the (la}'s of patronage, and bring us back to a time when the nod of approval of some great man and the propitiation of a host of sycophant courtiers was considered necessary to the success of an enterprise. These colonial jetons, struck for presentation to such, open up before us the intrigues and frivolous etiquette of a dilettante court through which those ardent spirits — the colonists of New France — had to push their claims for support against ovewhelming odds, in the struggle for the supremacy of their race on this continent. From this Numismatic history we learn that the instability of their circulating medium was to the early Can- adians their greatest trouble. It was an ever recuting one. And while they, unlike the New England Colonists, had no heavy irresponsible taxation grievance ; this their special one 21 jfrcw ami multiplied. Through their own unthriftiiiL^-. and love of dix'sM the)- lost their specie having to accept the cud money as a substitute which in time became \vorthle>s. While considering these mementoes of our past we are brought back to those stirring times when the ilestinies of Canada were moulded ; back to tile heroic days of Jacques Carlier, Champlain, La Salle and the discoverers of the Great West; and we learn that through this nu)ney difficulty coupled uith the corruption and extravagant management i>t the later ruler.-, the conquest was made possible, and how a brave and patriotic people accepted contentedly the con- dition of contjuered under the better financial management of the conquerors, The following is a list of coins, medals, and jetons as far as they are known to me that were struck by the French for circulation in Canada or to commemorate some Cana- dian event, or for distribution among the Indian Allies. -COIXS- Q[r,>, \—-L\\), xni. i)„o. FR. KT \.\V. KKX. Laureatcd bust of the King, in corslet and mantle, to the right above the bust between the letters "c;" and "i'" is the sun for mint mark, Rev.: — GLOKIAM. Rli(;M. IVI. IJICENT. 167O. The arms of France three flcur-de-Hs two and one on a Crowned Shield. Above the crown is a tower for mint mark with the letter A, the symbol of the Paris mint, underneath between "REGNl" and "TUI." Size 27 millitnctrcs. 33 2. 3- 4. 5. 6. Oln>. ;— As the last. Ra>. : — As the last. Size 20 m. Obv. ;— LVDOVICUS XIII D. GR. R. FRAN. ET NAV. REX. a crowned ii dividing the date 1670, under the date is the letter A, ^«^;— DOVBLE | I)E LA | MERIQVE. | FRANCOISE | A Inscription in five lines. Three Flcur-dc-lis one on either side of the A and one under it size, 23 m. Obv.: — SIT. NOMEN. DOMINI. 15KNEDICTUM. Two L*S surmounted by a crown. Rev. — COLONIES I FRANCOISES | 1721 | B. Inscription in four lines size 25 m. (9(Jv.;— Aslast. ReiK : — As last, but with the letter H instead of B. Size 25 m. Obv. /—As No. 4. Rtv. : — As last but dated 1722. Size 25 ih. MEDALS. 8. Obv. ; — FR. CHRIST. DE. LEVL D. DAMPVILLE. P. FRANC. PROREX. AMERIC/E. Bust in armor to the right with long hair falling over the shoulder. L HARDY. F. 1658. Rev. :— EXIE. enim. exiet. dvx. qvl regat. POPVLVM. MEVM. Arms on a royal mantle of er- mine surmounted by a ducal coronet. Arms are quartered, the first and fourth being alike, and are quartered ?.s follows without indication of colors, first three chevrons the arms of de Levi, second, three bends the arms of Thoire Villars, third, three stars — two and one ; fourth a lion rampant the Arms of Layre. The second and third quarters a cross with sixteen alerions ; the Arms of Montmorency. Size 50 m. Obv. : — LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS. Head of Louis XIV, with long flowing hair, to the 2$ 10. II. 12. »3. 14. right under the head R, RfZ'. — FRANCIA IN NOVO ORUK VICTRIX. ICx : — KEHKCA LIHKRATA | M. DC. xc. A female, to the left reptesenting France, seated on a rock rising out of the water on her head is a mural crown, her left hand rests on the Shield of France, and her right foot rests on a shield, probably that of England. On either side are battle flags, while a beaver is crawling towards her feet. To the right of the rock is a river god. Size 41 m. Obv. — As last but with DOLLIN F. under the head. Rev. — Same as last, size 41 m. Odjf.—A'^ No. 8 but with l. mavger f. under the head. Rev. — Same as No. 8, size 41 ;«. 6>/^.— LUDOVICUS XV. U. G. FR. ET NAV. REX.. Lau- reated and draped youthful bust of the King to the right. Under the bust DU VIVIER. ^^i,.__LUDOVICOBURGUM FUNDATUM FIT MUNITUM. Ex : — M.DCC.XX. A view of the town, harbour and fortifications. There are three vessels in the harbour with three smaller and two larger ones sailing out to sea. Size 41 m. Obv. — LUDOVICUS XV. REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS. Laur- eated and older bust of the King to the right. Rev. — Same as last, size 41 nt. Obv.—VKX UHIQUE VICTRIX. Ex :— GALLORUM ET BRITANNIORUM | CONCORDIA | MDCCLXIII. Peace to the left standing, with a Caduccus in her left hand and an olive branch in her extended hand. At her feet is a naked figure representing war, seated and bound. Behind them are flags, a battering ram and other implements of ancient warfare. Rev. — Same as No. 11, size 41 m. Obv. —LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTANISSIMUS. Naked bust of Louis XIV, laureated— to the right -'4 iiiulci the bust li. Kovssi'.l,. F. A\','. :- Fi"i iciTAS in)Mis AlKii'si'Ai;. Hust of the Dauphin to tho left uiuliTiicath. .SKKKN. DKl.l'll. that of the Duke dc liupj^oyne, to tlie iii;ht, inscrip- tion, .11 I), 1>. lU'Ri;. That of the Duke d'Aninui to the left .rim., n, AM».. an«.l that of the Duke de Heny .CAR. 1>. r.iri'R. L'lulerneath is the date M.IH'.XCIII. and tlie name of the engraver .11, KOV.^.sKi, in small letters, size 75 w. 15. (V>:: : — i.inovnTS XV. Ki;x niuisTiAMssiMus. l-.uneateil ami dr.iped bust of the Kinjj^ to the ri^ht. Ki::: — no\(^s i; 1' VIRI'ILs. Two warriors, standiuL;, elaspini; hands. The one to the rii^ht hold.s in his left hand a spear and has the Roman tunic and a plumed iielmet. The other hoUls liis spear in his ri^ht hand and has a loose dr.ipery rouml his loins and over liis left arm. Size ^9 w, Jl'/rONS. 16. 0/>:::—\.V\\ XV. RKX (-ilRlsriAMSS. Laureated bust in armour to the ri^ht with a broaii ribbon over the sl.oulder, f^leven laurel loaves on the breast-pUite D.V. uniler the arm. AV.-'. .— sri! OMNI .smr.KK crkscunt. i<:x.— roi.. I'RAXi. nr. j i.AM. 1751. An Indian to the ri^ht with bow .md ([uiver lookint; back towards a L;"roup of seven lilies, two tnws in the ilistance, >i/e jS ;//. 17. O!':'.: As last, but with seventeen l.iurel leaves on the breast-pl.ite. A',7'. .■ — As last, but with an alli-^^ator coming; up out of the water in front of the huli.m. Size .:q m. 18 Obv. — As Ni>. U), but with seven (leur-de-lis on the breast -plate. A\r'. — Same as List. Size ..V) ;;/. 19. Obv. — Inscription as on No. 10. Hust in civic dress to the rii;hl, locks tlowini; over the shoulder. Under . - T"!''^ . 20. 21. 23. 24. -V- 2S. 20. 25 the bust nu viviKK. A'<7'. — Same as No. 17. Si/.e 30 ;//. Ohv. — Same inscription. Bust in civic dress to the right with lon<; hair tieil behiiul and a broad ribbon over tlie rij^lit, shoulder under the bust \\. DUVIV. Rev. — UTRIQUK FACIT (.'OMMKRc'lA MUNDO. i-'x — COL. FRANC. DK | I.AM 1752. Mcrcury with a Caduiius in his right ilying over the sea — towards the left. To the left is the shore with buildings ami the letters c. N. R. Size 29 ;;;. Obv. — Same as No. 18. Rev. — Sam(^ as last. Size 29 /;/. Ohv. — Same as No. 19. Rev. — Same as No 20. Obv.—VKovvxwv \:v i-as^it. Kx— 1752. Arms of the Coiuptii^nit' (As /m/iS, or n palm tree, Crest, a Haron's Coronet supports two Indians with clubs the one to the left on one knee, and the other to the right, seated ; vmder his foot D. V. Rev. — Same as No 20. Size 30 ;;/. 0/>v. — Same inscription. lleatl to the rit^ht with long hair behind. CJR under the heail in ,scri[)t mono- gram, AVr'. — SATIS UXUS UTRigCK. Kx — COI... FRANC. PK l'am. 1753. The sun shining upon the two hemis- pheres upon which the names of the continents and oceans are inscribeil si/.e 29 ;//. O/rr. -Same inscription. Hust in lionskin, long tieii behimi, under the hust V M, in mimoeram. Ri'v. — Same as No. 24. Size 29 w. (V'."'. — Same as No. 1 S. AV;'. — Same as N\\ 24. (.y>v. — Same as No. k). AV.-' — Same as No. 24. Ok'. — Same inscrijjtion. Iiau" Si/ 1' ^9 ;//. Size 30 /;/, Laureateil bust in armour to th e right, untler the bust ////. in monogram. 26 30^ /2^i;._X0N INFERIORA METALLIS. Ex— COL. FRANC. DE 1 l'am. 1754. To the left are three beavers at. work on the bank of a stream, on the other side of the stream is a plantation, probably of Indian Corn underneath on the groundwork are the letters C.N.R. Size 28 m, Obv.—\M\y. XV. REX. christianss. Bust in armour to the right with band of ermine over the left shoulder, hair tied behind. Rev. — Same as last. Size 29 m. ^^^._Same inscription as on No. 16. Laureated head to the right under the head B. DUViv. F. Rev. — Same as No 29. Size 29 m. Obv. — Same as No 17. Rev.—'^^m^ as No 29 Size 29 m. Obv. — Same as No 18. ^«;.— Same as No 29. Size 29 m. Obv. — Same as No 19. Rev. — Same as No 29. Size 39 m. Obv. — Same as No 26. Rev. — Same as No 29. Size 39 ;;/. Obv. — Same as No 26. Rev. — NON VILIUS AUREO EX : — COL. FRANC. DE | l'am. 1755. A twelve oared galley to the left, the golden fleece suspended from the mast. Size 29 m. Obv. — Same as No 29. Rev. — Same as last. Size 29 m. Obv. — Same as No 18. Rev. — Same as No 36. Size 29 ;;/. Obv, — Same as No 19. Rev. — Same as No 30. Size 29 m. Obv. — Same as No 25. Rev. — Same as No 36. Obv. — UT TOTO SERVET COMMERCIA MUNDO. Ex : — MARINE I 1 74 1. Neptune with a trident in his right hand and a Caduceus in his left, long drapery passing behind him and 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41 curving over to the right Rev. : — Same as No 26 size 28 m. 42 Obv. — Same inscription. Laureated head, with long hair to the right, under the head R. Films. Rev. — SEDEM NON AxNIMUM MUTANT EX.— COL. FRANC DE I l'am 1756. A swarm of bees passing from one hive to another, size 39 m, 43. Obv. — Same inscription. Laureated and draped bust to the right, under the bust R. FiL. Rev. — PARAT ultima terra TRIUMPHOS EX.— COL. FRANC. I DE l'amerique— 1 7 57. Mars with a spear in his upraised right hand and a shield on which are emblazoned the lilies of France in his left and Nep- une, grasping a trident in both hands, floating on a shell towards the left ; size 26 w. 44. Obv. — Same as No 30. Rev. — Same as last ; size 29 m. 45. Obv. — Same inscription. Laureated naked bust with long hair tied behind. B. DUViv under the bust. M. Rev. — EADEM trans /EQUORA VIRTUS EX. I COL. FRANC. DE I l'am. 1 758. A number of eagles flying across the sea towards a rocky shore, buildings on the opposite shore in the distance ; size 28 m. 46. Obv. — Same as No 42. Rev. — Same as last. ; size 28 m. 47. Obv. — Same as No 18. Rev. — Same as No 45 ; size 29 ;;/. 48. Obv. — Same as No 19. Rev. — Same as No 45 ; size 30 ni, 49. Obv. — Same as No 30. Rev. — Same as No 45 ; size 29 vt. * ■. -', ,\\'^ It M i ^ ^ i 10 15 I.' :- $.0 -^^ X 9. 0/?u.-~Sawc in-icription, Heac under the licad. FAJ in mono- X ^o. (^/'7'. — Same incription. Jkist, AVt'.— Same as Vo. 8. \V23, X 1 1. Odf.—S'dmc a No. 4. Rtv.~ -IN' X 12. (9/^7'. — Same iiscription. Laii under the bust. Riv. — \0N IX !■ To the right throe beavers are ai of the river are ,- number of pla: groundwork, C.N.R. \V25. A4 K'3- Oh: — Same inscription. I^ust ermine over the bust and loft sin — . 14. Odv. — Same inscription. Laur Rc7'. — Same as N, 12. A4X. ] Xi5' Odz: — Same as \o. 10. Re:: — XI 6. Oh: — Same as No. 2. Rez: — .' XI 7. Odz: — Satne as So, 3. Rcp. — .'- XI 8. Oh: — Same as No. 4, Re:: — : \19. Oh: — Same as No. 10. Rcv.- '755- A galley with twelve oar ' mast. A5X. W30. Fr9. -' 20. Oh:-- Same as No. 12. Rn: — X2 1, Odv. — Same as No. 9. Rev. — S 0(r- ^■■" '"ihi ' ?-- i^*i \2 3. O/'r.—Samc as No. 4. Rev.~> ^^ 24. Ohv. — Same inscription. Laun- der the head. Rev. — skdkm "^ 1756. A swarm of bees passing / 1 1 Rev.- 25. Oh: — Same as i'^-o. 13 I DE l/A.MKRIQLl',i | 1 757. Mai France, and Neptune with his ^ lllf-^^' Oh: — Same inscription. Lau; '^ bust. 15. DUVIV. Rev.—\:\\)vM 1758. A number of eagles fl} Building on the tiie other shore i X27. ^Z:-?'.— Same as No. 3. Rev. — S, X28. C?/;7'.— Same as No. 4. Rcv.S. y Vi> '» fi^ M-QNTKEAL, April 2 I.st, I 884. f w % V ^N Tllli ii IK; Ic Si IK description o known. No nnotlicr b}- M Believing lists and subn Jettons in yoi rubbings of sj publish a moi Xuniismatics' .^^^ Jettons i: tions of thtm' .Mr. Weyl, am x I. 0/n:—: ribbon cu have any of these Jettons in your collection will you kindU coniiiare them niiiuitely with this list, and .^end me rubbings of specimens not described and those shoum;^ points of differi'nce. M}- object is to publish a more perfect de.-cription of the Jetton^ in a upplement to n\y articles on "Canadi;LU Xumismatics" appearing in the American Joitnial vf Simiisniatics. ^ Jettons marked with an X arc in \\\y own Cerllecui'n. RefereiKcs are made to descrip- tions of thfrm as found in the other Catalogue a-; follow- : ■.V" for Processor Anth(jn, "\V", for Mr. Wevl, and "F" for Mr. I'Voissard. 1751, X I. Ohv. — l.UD. XV. Ri:x CHRIS riAXls.s. l.aureaU 'i'!-,t i;i armoui lo the right with broad ribbon over shoulder, eleven laurel leaxx--. on the ■istplate, !>.V. under the arm. Rev. — SUB OMXI SIDKRF. CKKsCL'Xr. /u'. — (OL. I RAst. M: | l.AM. I 75 I. An Indian to the right with bo\'> and qui\er looking back touard^ .group of se\'eri lilies ; two tree> in the distance. Ai. \Vi4. V^. X .? Ohv. — As I|ist but with seventeen leaves <)n llie ! roast-plate AV.'. — As last but has an alligator coming out of the, water in ixovX "i the Indian Wi'). V 1. V 3 Obv. — As No. I l.)ut w ith -.e\en fleui-de-li- on '\.\\< breast-plate. Rev. — Sa:ne as No. 2. W18. F4. ^ 4 Obv. — Inscription as in Xo. i P)ust Im righi ii", ei. iire>>. Locks Howing over the -^hould- C1-. \)\:. VI\ ll.R. Rev. — Same as No. ..'." hi "-t^ *y • v>, _ Ex. — C(.)L, I'RAXr. j)E I 1 AM. (752 AIercur\- ..ith Cadiu-ciis flying to the left over the sea. On the left is the shore with buildings and tise letter> C.X.iv. A 2. V(\ X 6 Obv. — Some as No. 4. Rev. — Same as No. 5. f 5. . -x 7 Obv. — PROTKGIT ET PASClT Ex.~ 1752. Arms < ftie French Indian Company consisting of a palm tree; crest a coronet, supporters two Iruli nis with fMubs. underthe Indian's fooi Hf. ^ ^ ^ ,. ■ to figlit D. V. A'«..-.Same as Nu. 5. Wig. I;. '^^^^'^'^'SZX^ ' -^n i;53 ' ^^p-^ Obv. — Same inscription as qn No. 1 Diademed hoati to the riglit imder it 'J. (.'. A' in monogram. Rev. — satis U\US UTRK^UE. 7:-r.— vol.. i-kaxc. 1)E [ l'am. 1753. The sun shining over two hemispheres on which arc ip.^eiibedthe|n|meH of the continents, etc. A3. F9. w ^ m "".' w. '•smmrmmmm^ 3 /^' 1$ \ 9. O/jv. — Same iiKcription. IIca. — Same as No. S. W21. I' 10. )( 10. OIk'. — Same in;criptioii. J^ust, in a lions .skin, with hair tied behind, /;;/ in monogram. Rei>, — Same as Mo. S. \\ : j. F8. X 1 1. (7^;t'.— Same as No. 4, /w .- Same as No. 8. F8. H^ iW (iM^ '\\,is der the head. Rev.~<^\i\)\L\\ \0N ANLMU.M mutant. if.r.— -col. fra^c. de | l'a.m 1756 ^ c>i-:if-,->-i ,^f Ut^r.<, .^o....:.,^ r u: i.„ ...i a ^r i?-^. • i- un- A6. F"'23. ^1 1% _'S. Obv.- A swarm of bees passing from one hive to another. •757- -Same as No. 13. AV;-.— iarat ULTIMA TERRA TklUMnios. i:'r.— col. FKANC. I 1)E l'ameriquk I 1757. Mai-i with a shield, on which are eqiblazoned the lilies of France, and Neptune with hi ; trident floating on a shell towarcfs the shore on the left ! 1758. n^ --^^..-.-v.^ A la^^-^ ^ V' l|r26. (9M--Same inscription. Lauieated bust, with long hair tied behind. Under the bust. a DUVIV. AV^.— EAUE.M I'RANS ^QUORA VIRTUS. iT.r.— COL. FRANC. DE | LAM. 1758. A number of eagles flung across the sea towards a rocky shore on the left. . Building on the the other shore in the distance. A8. \W7,6. F27. X27. ^fe.— Same as No. 3. /^rr'.— Sume as No. 26. X28. 6>/;t'.— Same as No. 4. AV:-.— S.me as No. 26. y vo "* " '• \ii 2-t, Montreal, April 2j.st, 1884. W34. F25. F26. U. W. McLACMlLAK. and tied belli lul o. )i ill monogram. '/ HI nionogrcuii, )K I l/AM. 1754. )ti the other side derneath, on the .1. A band of F15. ;ad. I!. l)U\ i\. I'. KANC. I)K I LAM, nging from the lir. R.filhis iin- KANC I)E I I/AM. r.— COL. KKANC. ned the lilies of hore on the left. ind. Under the RANC. 1)E I 1,AM. hore on the left. 27. MLAK. v-^S * ..\ i to the rij^ht with a ribbon over the top and tied behind T.im. Rev. — Same as No. 8. W21. Fio. in a lions skin, witli hair tied behind, /m in monogram. F8. Same as No. 8. F8. 'eated bust in armour to the right. //// in monogram. klORA METALLIS f£x.-~rx)\.. FRANC. DK | I.'AM. 1754. work on the bank of a small stream. On th«; other side Is, probably Indian corn, grow ing. Underneath, on the Fi4. !i armour, to the right, hair lied behind. A band of aider. Re?'. — Same as No. 12. W26. F15. jated head, to the right. Under the head. u. DL VIV. K. 18. F13. F16. A^ f.Same as No. 12 ^imc as No. 12. ime as No. 12. iame as No. 12. |— NOX VILLIUS AURKO. /i>._COL. I RANC. DK | LAM. % to the right ; the golden fleece hanging from the VV24. VV29. W27. F12. Same as No. 19. A 5. ame as No. 19. VV32. fuMt' li M e . ' 1 9 Fdi . F20. F22 Xi3 \iime as No, 19. I 1756. fated head, to the right, withHovving hair. R.filius un- ON ANIMUM MUTANT. if.r.— COI.. FRAJJC. DPI | L'A.M from one hive to another. A6. F^23. * I '757- I'ARAT ULTIMA TERRA TRIUMITIOS. Ex—CO\^, FRANC. I with a shield, on which are eiiiblazoned the lilies of |trident floating on a shell towards the shore on the left. |eated bust, with long hair tied behind. Under the I RANS ^QUORA VIRTUS. Ex.—CQU FRA.NX". DE | LA.M. ng across the sea towards a rocky shore on the left. 1 the distance. A8. W36. F27. :me as No. 26. W34. ¥26. ^me as No. 26. F25. " ' ^fe U. W, McLACULAX "1 1. 1, CU3 k.A'v*^^ ] 1