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Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela £tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ^ti film^es. Additional comments / Commentaires suppl^mentaires: This itim It (ilmtd at tha rtductlon ratio chtektd balew / Ca doeumani att tilm4 au taux da ri.»>f c «'a(«;). DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. |J. H. QRI8DALE, B.Agr., Oirtctor. H. T. QU8S0W, Dominion Botanist. EXHIBITION CIRCUIAB No. 46. ( ReviHeil January, 1916). 111141 i Besiaes the actual injury, which is caused by this common diseas* on the fruit and leaves of the apple, resulting in unsightly appearance of the fru t and reduced yields, we have the following important points to bear in mind : — In the Dominion Inspection and Sale Act, Section IX, referring to Fniit Mark? and Packages are certain references to Scab, viz. : — 1. Fruit may only be graded as FANCY QUALITY, when it is free from scab. 2. Fruit may only be graded as No. 1 QUALITY when not less than 90 per cent of the apples are free from scab. Think then what this means. You can put your fruit into a higher grade, and get a better price for it, if free from scab. Surely then, it is worth while to know all about the causes of the disease, how it may be quickly recognized, and, most necessary of all. how it may be controlled or at any rate reduced to a minimum in your orchard in n perfectly practicable way. Apple scab has been generally considered to be the most injurious disease with whioh the apple grower has to contend. A loss of from 2.5 per cent to .50 per cent of an entire crop has been recorded in s-^me seasons, due to its ravages, and when we consider the value of the total apple crop of Canada, the toll paid to the miseroscoi)ic' phiiit causing this disease is enormous. APPEARANCE AND CAUSE. Every one who has ever seen an apple, much more grown it, must have noticed occasionally dark, more or less circular spots on its surface, deep olive green in colour, sometimes with a broken skin around an almost black centre, causing disfigurement and cracking in bad cases. (See frontispiece illustration.) This scabbiness, as it is called, is a diseased condition brought about by a minute microscopic plant — a fungus —which grows within the surface tissues of the apple. As a result the fruit is spoiled in appearance, and its keeping qualities are much impaired. The fungus also attacks the twigs and leaves, covering part of the surfaces of the latter with n thick velvety coat, varying in colour from dark olive green to black. In the early stages the disease appears as isolated spots circular in shape, but Inter becoming irregular and running together. The leaves may also become curled and Tvrinkled. The disease on the leaves reduces the active leaf surface of the tree, and as ti'cy play such an important part in the manufacture of food materials for the growth and dcvclojinieiit of the plant, it results in a stopping of wood and twig formation nnd a premature falling of the fruit. CONTROL MKAST-RES. From a careful study of the disease we find that, during the summer, Apple Seal' is sprciul on tlie leaves, fruit and twigs by little pear-shaped spores, which arc produced on the olive green velvety coverings referred to previously. In this stage, the funcr- is an active jiarusite living in tiio growing fruit and leaf tissues. In the autumn, wiien the affected leaves fall to the ground, the fungus goes on growing on the dead leaves. but instead of producing the little pear-shajed spores, it forms wcU-protcctcd globular l-eceptiieles inside the dead le.if. In tins condition the fungus lives over the winter In the following spring the thick walls of the fruiting body burst, and another kind of spore becomes liberated. These are blown about by the wind, and arc eapaMe ot reproducing tlic scab attack on the young foliage and fruit. Wo have thus learned that the scab spots on the leaves and fruits bear spores wliiel spread the disease in summer (summer spores), and that the fungus lives over w intri on the dea'i leaves, producing winter spores. These observations lead to the adoi'tioi of the following means of control :— Remove and destroy by l)urning, if at nil possible after ha'-ve-'', all diseii.sc, nmterinl, especially the dead leaves on the ground. Remember that in doing you ar taking the first 8te;is to prevent the trees from becoming infected throunh the dispei-; of winter spores in the following spring. ^::'t:^z::^^^(;^ -^^-' -'' *^^ --- ^^ ^'-^ ^•--. -i-^eh wiSd o;£" To prepare this lime-sulphnr wash, the fnllowi.jr P- portions arc uso.l :_ Lime on 'k Powdered sulphur. . .. ir iV' ly . 15 lb. ""^ To moke up 40 gal. Lt water s is e "ar fo'r'en^v :-''-'^'"''' «j"! '"'■\-''" = t^en add only so nu,ch thorouahlveoorer'tr^r,], ',!• st.rnng.. and boil for at least an hour. When and npplv hot if , o«sible ^ "''''"^"' "''^ """^''' "^'"'- *° '«'"^'' "'^ *« -"^ gallons. ... in W^^rrL^st'lf .:^t^^ ;r *'^^ nt* ™-^"' «"-*-" *" t»>^ destruction . » .I..1I,, .,pr.o the tieo tliorouKhlv i,t various porioiis during the season's erowth sulp^uwa:^ *'"" "'•""^="'"- '» - ^""-'1^ re-on,men,led to use pnisoued !„ne- applieatio^'"" is added to give to the fun.ioide n„ iuseeticidal action al- *>- -'"--tio„ of which has with water. In order to do t i ' , „ ^ U b M t u 7 V" ""'"""'" ^^ '''^'""'^ .|.o\ ,^::j.;; :;;;;^'-i - .;;;;;;::::;;:i ... sol,,,.,,,, |,v the s..ale rea.Ii,,;: „f the in«tr„n,cnt, standi,,^ at ,t levc f tl n 1 I Below ,s g.vcn a list of the various strengths of the slti s to ' PPl d t'tli .nc.al p.,,„d<. I „ „i.,a,„ tl„. ,.„rrc,.t dilution, c.rcfullv note the readi^.L^ of 1». h I, "leter. For example, the dormant sprav registers, sav a density of 1 0. ^ require a dilution registering only a density of 1000 Tn.LT* ■ I, "'"^ '"" ... add. d.vidc thel.irnals^of ^.^ ^^^i^T^^r^;'^^;^^^''''''^' TT ..■.p.ired weaker solution (here .m',) ; this will give yor^uf-^lJe^ytTu^ "" • .e d<,ul,lc the quantitv ,.f water alrcadv u-ed To n > n tl^T "' "^ *"'"'' m gallonc of water, and found the ind x to e.ul 1 l" H ^TJ""* T"'' ' '" ""'' : u.,cr H,e hydrou,cn. will register l.o;,",:;'^ ^ug,^; almed*^ """'"" '' -""- ....iMia:'::;::;:;;;':!;;^;'':;:;;;;^';::*^'''''-'' '"•"*'-^ - strengths of the wa., to ,. IhltlStlt.!::;?.;;-;;.- "-i^.1.030 (c) ,\^ soon as the l.loosonis fall. . ' .. ,'''" >