o :€%. IMAGE EVALUATSON TEST TARGET (MT-S) % !!! 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^ iU 12.2 1^ IM 1^ ^1^ -► ^,« V ^"^ /F / Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WHSTIR.N.Y. 14510 (716) r-r3-4303 A- Wo CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIViH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Instittit Canadian do microreproductions historiquas ^ ..;--*, Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notas tachniquaa at hibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa anamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographicaliy uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chacl •ion. and ending on tha laat paga with a printad or illustratad impraaaion. Laa axampiairaa originaux dont la couvarvura •!% papiar ast imprim4a sont fiimte an comman^nt par la pramiar plit at it tarminant soit par la damlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta dimpraasion ou d1llusti«tion. soit par la sacond plat, aakm la eaa. Toua las autras sxampialras originaux sont fiimto sn commandant par la pramMra paga qui comports una amprainta dimpraaaion ou dlHustration at an tarminant par la damlAra paga qui comporta una taila amprainta. Tha last raeordad frama on aach m^oroficha •haN contain tha symbol >-^ (moaning "CON- TtNUED"). or tha symbol T (moaning "END"), whiehavar appUaa. Un daa symbolaa suhrants apparaltra sur la damiAra imaga da chaqua mieroficha. salon la caa: la symbola — ^ aignifia "A SUIVRE". la •ymbola ▼ algnifia "FIN". Mapa. piataa. charts, ate., may ba filmad at diffarant reduction ratioa. Hhmm too larga to ba antiraly Ineiudad in ona cixpoaura ara filmad beginning in tha upper left liand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framae ae required. The foilowJng diagrams illustrate the method: Lee cartee. planches, tabieeux. etc.. peuvent Atre fllm4e i dee taux do rMuction diff irents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour itra reproduit en un seui ciichA. 11 set film4 i partir da i'angle supMeur gauche, de gauche k droite, et de heut en bee. en prenent le nombf* dlmegea n4ceasaire. Lea diagrammes suivants iNustrent la m^thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 J,'. .hV-i; ... / \ V H i. ■ ,> H i H )i i^^B ■ t^B tl ) ^^^H' <\ sH 1 Mi ;spipwpip^ lip||PPWiiPPIiPWIPiPP^PBpW^'WW(i'?- '. »!•-'" -14 JWiiawuW'HWi li .'i-4*^.ii»l>lrMlM^ . .■jMT'i.iiiiaiiiialfefatti: ..j)» tj»itfef< i »t i ii i ii ( i » >W 't )^, '' ' ''' i i ; ' * j I c Q ,o- ^ Wf^mnw^'' ^:^: THE COMPLETE i ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO « NIAGARA FALLS k AND J VICINITY. ^■ "^ '.«j iA ' .». T -«!)a.i>^i»f^jj.i ■ •'■5'^"S p!Pif*pi^«p«pp>«m*ii> i«a«i 1 I 9 '^iitm ^ I if i I NIAGARA. tl li i 1 DESCRIPTIVE. For the reason that the task of describing any scene in nature is difficult in proportion to its rarity, and that we derive our con- ception of the same from the comparison it will bear with other works of nature, and for the further reason that Niagara Falls is unique and totally unlike any other scene on the face of the earth, it is a most onerous task to produce such a pen-picture of the Falls as can convey to the minds of readers who have never seen them an accurate idea of their grandeur. Many miiads have essayed to reproduce Niagara literally, many pens have recorded the impres- sion of visitors respecting it, without even faintly describing it ; for there is no known rhythm whose cadence will attune itself to the tremendous hymn of this " sound as of many waters," neither will blank verse serve to rehearse its attributes in song. The best specimen of the latter was written by a gifted poet who visited this locality especially to set forth its beauties in verse, but who recorded only the following words : " I came to see t I thought to im;. ?■ i stationed at this point and looking beneath him, to be on the verge of eternity ; should the bridge give away, he would, in a few mo- ments, be carried over the cliff, and lost ! Yet the stability of the bridge removes all sense of danger, and compels confidence even in the presence of the dread power of the current. If it is possible to imagine that the entire country of England and Scotland could be turned into one grand receptacle for five Inland Seas, such as the lakes which here unite in giving their waters to form the Niagara above the Falls ; and if, further, it can be conceived that the peaks of the Alps and the Appenines were located at the Hebrides, so as to contribute their melting snows to this conflux of waters, and if it be assumed that the Dover Straits oould be made such a river, to traverse the extreme heights above the Downs, and to pour its waters in two grand cascades over the clifis of Beachy Head, an idea of the Falls proper would be presented to European readers. Iceland has splendid geysers, sending up heavy clouds of vapors from its boiling springs surrounded by ice. The Matterhorn has its magnificent ^^Arc-en-del" which vies with the finest rainbows in splendor ; and, from the summits of the Alps, one can look down upon the tops of trees which, from below, are of dizzy altitude. Here ill these and other yet more remarkable effects are biought together at one point. England on the South coast and France on her North coast are both proud of their splendid beetling cliffs, between which rolls the majestic current of the English channel. On the Niagara, similar but more imposing cliffs are brought to- gether in near proximity and form the boundaries of a river which, receiving its waters from the Cataract, concentrate their mighty force into a turbulent flood, upon which one cannot look without allowing the mind to compare it with the Styx of the Ancients. And yet this avalanche of power meets with an effectual stop in its career at the "whirlpool," where its course is violently turned aside at an angle of ninety degrees, thus forming a veritable Maelstrom, cuch as cannot be found in any other i)ortion of the globe for strength of current and obstinacy of opposing forces. Thus it would appear that nature had exhausted her resources in placing at this point, between two countries, a dividing line which deserved to be regarded as impassable. Further, that she reversed the usual order of her works to command the reverence and awe of humanity. Taking her fair coronet of rainbows from the skies, she set it in the midst of a river-fall ; planting her high trees at the base of the cliffs, she caused their summits to be viewed fronl above ; 1 .i::fiJU. n the verge a few mo- ility of the ience even of England icle for five iving their ther, it can nines were ig snows to Dver Straits ights above es over the would be s of vapors erhorn has ;t rainbows I look down zy altitude, ire brought I France on jtling cliffs, 3h channel, brought to- iver which, eir mighty >ok without B Ancients, il stop in its itly turned a veritable rtion of the sing forces, resources in line which he reversed i and awe of I the skies, trees at the fronl above ; providing an almost inconceivable i alanche of waters, she allows them to be observed from below, as if pouring from the clouds ; and in the coldest seasons, without the aid of heat, a mighty cloud of vapor rises, and, condensing in the form of ice on all the sur- rounding scenery, forms a fairyland of scenic effect which is as weird and strange in its conception as the works of enchantment. Yet the mind of man has refused to be subdued by the grandeur here displayed, and has calmly proceeded to utilize the very edges of the cliffs for the purpose of suspending bridges to act as con- necting links between the two countries which the river seems solely intended to separate ; and across them the iron horse deliber- ately conveys the products of human industry to and from each land ! There is no point on the earth's surface from which an entire idea of human existence can be more adequately conceived than from the center of the R. R. Suspension Bridge, which in the distance appears as a mere web between the two cliffs, although solid and substantial as man's ingenuity can make it. There, suspended in mid-air, between precipices enclosing a terrifying chasm, through which rushes the mighty flood, it is impossible to stand without experiencing that feeling of enthusiasm connected with the assump- tion that the creation contains no power too great for human con- trol. Yet, when the heavily-laden freight-trains cause the fabric to tremble, the possibility of the breaking of the Bridge seems so near and total destruction in that event so certain, then the feeling of exultation is necessarily allied with that of fear, recalling the idea of standing face to face with eternity. This, briefly and terse- ly, is the locale of Niagara which is at once a village and a city, for the reason that it contains such grand and interesting scenery as well as splendid manufacturing establishments and triumphs of human skill, although it has not more than 4,000 inhabitants ! A proposition has sometimes been made to convert this place into a park to the exclusion of manufactories. It is probable, how- ever, that the various industries of the future will be able to draw all the power required from the river above the Falls,' without in any way marring the scenery of the latter ; and that while in the years to come, this village may grow to be a city, teeming with ife and activity, its value as a health resort will be in no wise abated. TFIE NAME NIAGARA. The word Niagara is a household word all over the world. It is applied only to the locality, and is to-day the synonym for the 5 v.:;S£f■^i^. - pi^tijfi. fW^' '^7W?'^*TiT »°^ deal waterfall. It is of Indian origin, for the Indians once in- habited alljthis country, and much of the nomenclature of Western New York is traceable directly to them. Niagara is supposed to be borrowed from the language of the Iroquois, and means ** The Thunderer of the Waters." It was the name of a tribe, for it was an Indian custom to call their tribes from the most imjwrtant natural feature of the country they inhabited or to give the tribal name to such feature. Thus the names of the Onondagas, Hurons> Cayugas, Senecas and Oneidas are each kept alive by the name of a river and a lake ; while the Mohawk River recalls to mind the greatest warrior tribe of all, and in Lake Erie the name of one of the weaker tribes is ever present. The River and the Falls were the chief features of the Niagaras country and their chief village bore the same name. The Hurons dwelt North of this section and the Iroquois South of it. So the Niagaras dwelling between the two, and at peace with each, came to be called the Neuter Nation, in whose wigwams the warriors of these two tribes met in peac«e. Niagara is said to be one of 40 known ways of spelling the name Ongniaarhra, Nicariagas, Ongiara, Onyakara, being the more com- mon forms met with in old traditions. The Neuter Nation were also called Attouanderonks by other tribes, that is, a people speaking a little different language ; for their dialect was different from that of any other tribe, though partially understood by all. Both these names, as well as Niagaras and Kah-Kwas, were used so as to distinguish their location. The Neuter Nation were destroyed or absorbed by the more powerful Iroquois about 1650, permanent neutrality being an imtenable ground. The Senecas then occupied their lands. Almost 100 years after this, a small remenant gathered together and went back to the famous home of their fathers, but they lived there only a few years and dying off left no descendants to perpetuate their tribe. HISTORICAL. The historical associations that are connected with this section of the country and with this famous River, are numberless. From the earliest days of the red men's rule, through the long French and English wars, to the closing of our own war of 1812, its borders have been the scene of many bloody conflicts and of countless deeds of strategy and heroism. A line of forts, at first only palisades, but gradually strengtl ened into permanent forts, extended all along the River. Fori.s wnraBfwwsp^j^w.-.^;" Erie, Niagara and Mississaga on the Canadian, and Forts Porter, Du Portage, Schloaser, Little Niagara, Grey and Niagara on the Anieriran side, are but links in the great chain of defences erected at various times alonnj the frontier. Frequent contests were carried on between the French and Finglish, each one assisted by faithful Indian allies and the re- sults were both bloody and destmctive, as reHher party, even were they so disposed, could always repress the Indian nature, as shown in the determination to burn and scalp after a battle. This coK«est between French and English in America was carried on for over a hundred years, and finally ceased in 1763, when the French rule in North America was wiped out. It virtually ceased in 1759, after the capture of Quebec by Gen. Wolfe. After the Declaration of Independence, this section saw a few years of comjiarative quiet, and the settlement of Western New York prospered. The defense of this boundary was also con- sidered, though the next war saw the British in possession at one time of the entire American bank of the Niagara. The de(!laration of the war of 1812 threw this section into a fer- ment. Buffalo and Fort Niagara were the American strongholds, Fort Erie and Queenston Heights those of the British. August 11, 1842, Gen. Van Renssalaer of the New York militia established headquarters at Lewiston. October 15,- he crossed the river and captured Queenston Heights. Soon after, Gen. Brock arrived and attacked him. Brock was killed in the engagement. Another reinforcement of British soon arrived, and as Van Rens- selaer's volunteers on the American side proved to be cowards and refused to cross to aid their comrades, these gallant fellows were totally defeated in sight of their comrades. This was the chief event of the year 1812 on the frontier. Late in the year 1813, Gen. McClure crossed from Fort Niagara, and destroyed the Canadian town of Newark, but thinking Fort Niagara secure, he returned to Buffalo. Col. Murray of the English surprised Fort Niagara and captured it December 19, 1813. Then the people were terror-stricken and fled for their lives. The Indians, the old allies of the English, were drawn to their stand- ard, and scoured the country. The British captured and burnt Lewiston, Niagara Falls and the Tuscarora village between Decem- ber 20 and 29, and Buffalo December 30. Early in 1814, Gen. Brown took command, and with him were Scott, Gaines, Porter, Miller and others. Then the campaign was pushed with zeal and energy. Then followed victories, Chippewa, 7 n^T^ Lundy's Lane the famous sortie from Fort Erie and the total defeat of the British and soon after these peace, resulting for the Americans according to Lord Beaconsfield's famous aphorism in " Peace with Honor." Of many of these poinis of historical interest and of the events which happened there, we shall later or give a more detailed de- scription, and shall also give many facts and figures in relation to the River itself, which it would be difficult to find elsewhere. GEGI-OGICAL. Within the memory of men now living, the Falls have receded 100 feet. This naturally prompts the question, where did the retrocession begin? Geologists tell us, and their answer is ac cepted as conclusive, at the mountain near Lewiston. The whole waters of the lakes there foamed over this dam, which was several miles in width. This accounts for the shells, etc. which have been found on Goat Island, it having been submerged ; also for the shells found on the land along the river up stream, shells which enabled Lyell, Hall and others to prove that the Niagara once flowed through a shallow valley. That it cut the gorge is geologica^y equally decided. There is no better place to study geology and the strata of rocks than this gorge that IS iagara has cut. Mr. Allen in his Guide Book says: ** Not only has the Niagara River cut tJie gorge ; it has carried away the chips of its own workshop. The slate being probably crum- bled, is easily carried away. But at the base of the Fall, we find large boulders, and by some means or other they were removed down the River. " The ice which fills the gorge in Winter, and which grapples with the bouldeis, has been regarded as ihe transporting agent. Probably it is so tv some extent. But erosion ac<8 without ceas- ing on the abutting points ot the boulder, thus withdrawing their support and urging them down the iiiver. Solution also does its portion of the work. That solid matter is carried down is i)roved by the diflerenco of depth between the Niagara Piver and Lake Ontario, where the Riv^^r enters. The depth falls from seventy- two feet to twenty feet, in consequence of the deposition of solid matter caused by the diminished moi^ion of the River. Near the mouth of the gorge at Queenston, the depth, according to the Canadian Admiralty Chart, is 180 feet; well, within the gorge it is 132 feet. " We may add a word regarding the proximate future of Niagarn. At the rate of excavation assigned to it by Sir Charles Lyell, 8 the total ^ for the lorism in le events ailed de- i3lation to lere. ! receded did the ^^er is ac he whole IS several ave been ;he shells I enabled :e flowed There is han this ok says: ied away ly <;riun- , we find removed grapples tig agent, out ceas- ng their does its i proved nd Lak( sevcnty- of solid Near the ig to the ;orge it is Niagarii. es Lye! I, namely a foot a year, 5000 years or so will carry the Horseshoe Fall far higher than Goat Island. As the gorge recedes, it will drain, as it has hitherto done, the banks right and left of it, thus leaving nearly a level terrace between Goat Island and the edge of the gorge. Higher up It will totally drain the American branch of the River, the channel of which will in due time become cul- tivatable land. The American Fall will then be transformed into a dry precipice, forming a simple continuation of the cliffy boundary of the Niagara. At the place occupied by the Fall at this moment we shall have the gorge inclosing a right angle, a second whirl- pool being the consequence of this. To those who visit Niagara a few milleniums hence, I leave the verification of this prediction." Various authorities put the recession at from one inch to one foot a year. '* When doctors disagree, etc." There is some gradurl wearing away of the soft limestone, vary- ing with the volume of water, but every spring the frost and elements accomplish a year's work by breaking off some large pieces, tons in weight. Thus the deeper water, swifter current and greater weight and force of the Horserhoe Fall cuts the rock away taster than the shallow waters of the American Fall do. Allen says. " All the phenomena point distinctly to the center of the River as the T)lace of the greatest mechanical energy, and from the center the vigor of the Fall gradually dies away to- ward the sides. The horseshoe form, with the concavity facing downward, is an obvious and necessary consequence of this action. Right along the middle of the River, the apex of the curve pushed its way backward, cutting along the center a deep and compara- tively narrow groove, and draining the sides as it passes them." Prof. James Hall, in his geology of the 4th district of New York state, suggests the possibility of their having been three separate falls, one above t'it^ other, when the Falls first began to recede. The face of the gorge from the Falls to Lewiston and along the ridge shows us exactly through what kind of rocks the gorge was (Hit. Prof. Hall gives these as tlie strata of the rocks . 1 . Niagara limestone. 2. Soft shale. 3. Comi)act grey limestone. 4. Shale. 5. Sandstone coiistituting, with Nos. (J, 7 and 8 the Medina group 6. Shale and marl. 7. Quartz sandstone. 8. Red sandstone. In his work on Niagara, Holley thus explains the progress of Niagara : " Before reaching the whirlpool, the mass becomes, practically, resolved into numbers three, four and fire, the limestone, as a general rule, growing thicker and harder, and the shale also, as we follow up the stream. "The reason why retrocession of the Fall is possible is found in the occurrence of the shale noted above as underlying the rock. It is a species of indurated clay, harder and softer according to the pressure to which it may have been subjected. When pro- tected from the action of the elements, it retains its hardness, but when exposed to them, it gradually softens and crumbles away. After a time the superstratum of rock, which is full of cracks and seams, is undermined and precipitated into the chasm below. If the stratum of shale lies at or near the bottom of the channel below the Fall it will be measurably protected from the action of the elements. In this case, retrocession will necessarily be very gradual. If above the Fall the shale i)rojects upward from the channel below, then in proportion to the elevation and thickness of its stratum will be the ease and rapidity of disintegration and retrocession. It results, therefore, that the shale furnishes a very good standard by which to determine the comparative rapidity with which retrocession has been accomplished at different points. " From the base of the escarpment at Lewiston up the narrow bend in the channel above the Devil's Hole, a distance of four and a quarter miles, the shale varies in thickness above the water from one hundred and thirty feet at the commencement of the gorge to 110 feet at the extremity of the bend. Here, although there is very little upward curve in the limestone, yet there is a decided curve upward in the Medina group, noticed above, com- posed mainly of a hard, red sandstone. It projec^ts across the chasm, and also extends upward to near the neck of the Whirl- pool, where it dips suddenly downward. The two strata of shale becoming ai)imrently united, follow its dij* and also extend upward until they reach the maximum elevation near the middle of the Whirlpool. Thence the shale gradually dips again to the Rail- way Suspenr ^on Bridge, three-quarters of a mile above. For the remaining one and a half miles from this Bridge to the present site of the Falls, the dip is downward to the new Suspension Bridge, where it rises again and passes under the Falls to Table Rock." 10 B -»'« '»f"^', ^fr^ >grea6 of actically, >ne, as a also, as Pound in he rock, rding to len pro- less, but js away. ,cks and slow. If channel ,ction of be very rom the lickness ion and s a very rapidity lifferent narrow bur and e water b of the Ithougli Bre is a e, coni- oss the Whirl- )f shale upward > of the le Rail- b'or the present pension ) Table FIRST VISITED BY WHITE MEN. •We do not know when white men first visited Niagara, though after the discovery of the St. Lawrence in 1534, any of the traders and adventurers who sought this region may have done so at any time. Jacques Cartier, in his description of his second voyage, 1536, speaks of a cataract, but he never saw it. Samuel Champlain, in a book of his voyages, published in 1613, indicates a waterfall on a map. In 1648, the Jesuit Father, Eagueneau, in a letter, speaks of the cataract, and locates it very correctly, and on Sanson's Map of Canada, 1657, it is indicated. Du Creux, in 1660, in a work, " Historiae Canadensis," indicated, Niagara on a map, but he did not describe the Falls, and it is doubted if he ever saw them. The first description that we have is that of Father Hennepin, published in 1678. We here quote a part of his description, and also reproduce his picture of the Falls, which was the first known representation of Niagara. "CHAP. VII. .r:~y'''y.i'a.:r A description of the Fall of the River Niagara, which is to be seen be- twixt the Lake Ontario and that of Erie. BEtwixt the Lake Ontario and Erie, there is a vast and prodig- ious Cadence of Water, which falls down after a surprizing and astonishing manner, insomuch that the Universe does not af- ford its Parallel. 'Tis true, Italy and Suedeland boast of some such Things; but we may well say they are but sorry patterns, when compar'd to this of which we now speak. At the foot of this hor- rible Precipice, we meet with the River Niagara, which is not above a quarter of a League broad, but is wonderfully deep in some places. It is so rapid above this Descent, that it violently hurries down the wild Beasts while endeavoring to pass it to feed on the other side, they not being able to withstand the force of its Current, which enevitably casts them headlong above Six hundred foot high. This wonderful Downfall is compounded of two cross-streams of Water, and two Falls, with an isle sloping along the middle of it. The Waters which fall from this horrible Precipice, do foam and boyl after the most hideous manner imaginable , making en out- rageous Noise, more terrible than that of Thunder ; for when the Wind blows out of the South, their dismal roaring may be heard more than Fifteen Leagues off. 11 , * i 18 as Id s> ■a o to a V tie a The River Niagara having thrown it self down this incredible [Precipice, continues its impetuous course for two Leagues together, to the great Rock above-niention'd, with an inexpressible rapid- I iiy : But having passed that, its impetuosity relents, gliding along more gently for other two Leagues, till it arrives at the Lake Ontario I or Frontenac. Any Bark or greater Vessel may pass from the Fort to the foot of this huge Rock above mention'd. This Rock lies to the West- ward, and is cut off from the Land by the River Niagara, about two Leagues further down than the great P'all, for which two Leagues the People are oblig'd to transi>ort their goods overland ; but the way is very good ; and the Trees are very few, chiefly Firrs and Oaks. From the great Fall unto this Rock, which is to the West of the River, the two brinks of it are so prodigious high, that it would make one tremble to look steadily upon the Water, rolling along with a rapidity not to be imagin'd. Were it not for this vast Cat- aract, which interrupts Navigation, they might sail with Barks, or greater Vessels, more than Four hundred and fifty Leagues, crossing the Lake of Hurons, and reaching even to the farther end of the Lake Illinois, which two Lakes we may easily say are little Seas of fresh Water." The Rock above mentioned was a huge bolder or mass that was found on the river bank near the foot of the mountain, and just above the village of Lewiston. Henneiiin was the priest and historian who accompanied Chev- alier Robert da La Salle. This leader ascended the St. Lawrence, built a trading post at Fort Niagara, visited the Falls, built in Cayuga Creek on the American side, 5 miles above the Falls, the Griffin, 60 tons burden. August 7, 1070, she set sail, the first ves- sel that ever floated on the Ui)per Lakes. She crossed Lake Huron, but on the return foundered with all on board. THE NIAGARA RIVER. The Niagara River, one of the shortest, but one of the most famous rivers in the world, is a part of the system by which the waters of the Great Lakes are carried to the ocean. Its entire length is only 36 miles — 22 miles from Lake Erie to the Falls, and 14 miles from the Falls to Lake Ontario. The Niagara River is merely one link in the chain which con- ducts the waters of Lake Superior to the Atlantic. It is called the Niagara River between the two Lakes, Erie and Ontario. 13 ipsfpsi^ip^^f^pr «; KKMfectdcci). Sault St .Marie Lake 3Ii(hlijuiL JOOO rtet deep. J.,alcr JTiiron 1000 lout deep. Lake St. Clair 20 foot deep. Lake Erie 84 ffct dce|). Niagara Klver 33«fi!0t. Lake Ontario 500 Tixt deep. Above Tide Water 232 feet. S (9 I I It ► M O % o ■ct Tide "Wnter 14 ■m ■■1 ii •"i-'p*'i?,'y5->'?1?f,v.J--« s a o s > s o n '^hen it leaves Lake Ontario, it is the River St. Lawrence, which 700 miles long, and falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is part of the boundary line between the U. S. and Canada decreed by the treaty of Ghent in 1815. By that treaty, the boundary line runs through the center of the Great Lakes, and irongh the deepest channel of the rivers. By this means, over [hree-fourths of the islands in the River, including all theimport- mt ones but one, belong to the U. S. Of these islands, there are In all 36, of which Grand Island is the largest and Goat Island the hiost famous. < In its course, the River falls 336 feet, a? follows : From Lake Irie to the Rapids above the Falls, 15 feet ; in the Rapids, 55 feet ; it the Falls, 161 feet ; from Falls to Lewi8ton,98 feet ; from Lewis- ^on to Lake Ontario, 7 feet. Its sources are. Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in blie world. Several smaller lakes, with one hundred rivers, large and small, pour their waters this way, draining a country of more than one hundred and fifty thousand square miles. This is the drainage of almost half a continent, and whose remotest gprings are 2000 miles from the ocean. With such a supply, it is not surprising that the volume of the Niagara River is uever noticeably diminished. Through the mouth of the St. Lawrence, more fresh water pours into the ocean than through the mouth, probably, of any one river in the world. The River, over the American Falls, falls 159 feet, and over the Canadian, 165, the difference being caused by the greater accumu- lati(jn of rock at the base of the former. The Niagara is never frozen over, but it accumulates more ice than any other riv«r in the world. From records kept, a rise in height of water of one foot at top of Falls, will by actual measurement, raise it 172 feet below. The River, within 4 or 5 miles of the Falls, contains some of the best fishing grounds to be found anywhere. On the surface below the Falls, the current, when the water is smooth, runs on an average about six or seven miles per hour. Sailors say, about 30 or 40 feet deep it runs, at least, 10 or 12 16 356 mi'es long. 160 miles wide. 1030 feet deep. ake Huron . 260 100 1000 - V " Michigan 320 70 1000 " St. Clair 49 15 20 ,.;./# " Erie . . 290 65 84 .K- K'.'A'h.r''^<':iV':' 'it'hi:^''c''72:-t 1^d^ik^^i::^'^-i. i^llii^^^-^!:^,.. 1?? :i^v-i:' 4", ■:Sv \.fe. ::-'«" f^ ^AP of TH£ "^^ r RIVER NIAGARA. • ?]> • •9 to at J3 §• a IG ,;«.i. . :.-Li^ ■;,.!,;.!*- irii:^ij^ki^to&k»!jkik^ijiii mmm i' .J [nots. And this is the reason, we think, why saw-logs and other )odies phinging over the Horseshoe Fall are not seen until they tome up at the Whirlpool, a distance of three miles. There is a tradition that there is a periodical rise and fall in |,he level of the Lakes, embracing a period of 14 years. In 1843, 1857 and 1871 the Niagara River was very low. March 29, 1843, a heavy gale from the West caused the highest rater ever known. The water rose 6 feet perpendicularly on the tapids. On March 29, 1848, a strong East wind drove the water back into jsike Erie. The heavy ice was wedged in at the mouth of the liver. This dammed the water up, and soon the River was nearly iry. The rocks under the rapids were bare, and people walked md drove over them. The Falls, of course, shrank to a mere lothing. The next morning, the ice was forced out, and Niagara resumed its sway, but the sights and the experiences of that day Iwere novel ones. The average depth of the River from Lake Erie to the Falls is labout 20 feet. In some places it is over two miles wide. At the (narrowest point, near the Whirlpool, the current is above 40 miles [per hour, and at the widest part, about 4 miles per hour. Between the Falls and the Whirlpool, the depth varies from 75 I to 200 feet. At the Whirlpool Rapids, it is estimated at 250 feet ; in I the Whirlpool, at 400. But it should be recalled that this is the depth of the water alone. The mass of stone, gravel, shale, etc., which in one way and another has been carried into the chan- nel, lies below the water and above the original bottom of the Gorge, which, therefore, is probably as deep again. Various esti- mates have been given of the amount of water going over the Falls. A point 300 feet wide below the Falls being selected, the depth estimated, and the velocity of the current known, it was estimated that 1,500,000,000 cubic feet passed that point every minute. Another estimate says 100,000,000 of tons pass through the Whirlpool every hour. Judge DeVeaux estimated that 5,000,000,000, barrels go over every 24 hours; 211,836,853 barrels an hour; 3,536,614 barrels a minute ; 58,343 bariels each second. NIAGARA PALLS. The Falls are in latitude 43° 6^' North ; longitude 2° 5'' West from Washington, or 79° 6^^ West from Greenwich. The Horseshoe Fall has an aggregate length of over 2,000 feet ; the American Fall, about 800 feet. 17 •■i-, i'l d , ij, •<■ < t isi ifi^ Hennepin speaks of three Falls, the third formed by the hiigel masses of rock situated where Table Rock stood. These rocks[ were of great extent, and the water being obliged to flow aroiindl them, formed tlie third Fall, and this Fall fell inward andatrighlj angles to the present Fall. Seventy years later, 1751, this thin Fall had disappeared, though still told about by the Indians. Th( reason was because the big rock had been crumbled away, anJ the channel of the big or center Fall had been cut deeper, thufj draining this higher channel. Some one once suggested that when you are opposite the Fallsj especially in the Gorge, lie down flat on your back, your heuit toward the Falls, and look at them over your head from that posi- tion. The sight is unique and weird. People are often puzzled to see the River above the Falls flow] ing West, knowing that Canada is North of the U. S. and that tliej Niagara's course is North. This is caused by the position of Gran''.i-'3*tf(..,.'.ri*6"-: A,- •1. r^ ."wleli If the wind is up the River, the view of the Falls is not ob- Itructed, but if it is blowing down the River, it is difficult to get jny view of the Falls. In 1840, Gull Island, South of Goat Island, contained two acres \{ land. The storm of 1H47, and the continued encroachments of le River, cut it all away, there being hardly a trace of it now. The view of the Falls at sunrise and sunset is particularly (rand. The moonlight views of Niagara are indescribably weird and lelicate, and it will repay the traveler to journey far to see them. Bolar bows, formed by reflection of the sun on the spray, can be seen |ii any bright day, when the visitor is between the sun and the pray. Lunar bows, seen at night, are formed in a similar way, by iimar beams. The spectator must be similarly placed. The roar of the Falls can be heard a long way if the wind blows bward the listener. It has been heard at Toronto, 44 miles, and [t Buffalo, 22 miles. When the wind blows from the listener, the iar is hardly heard, even when one is within a few feet of the itaract. A loud roaring of the Falls is said to indicate rain. The rain rinds come from theWest, and a West wind brings the sound over he village. Niagara Falls in Winter is a scene that no pen can describe. ?he ice bridges are simply accumulations of ice that fill the Gorge )elow the Falls. The ice is often 30 feet thick, and its surface is, )f course, as uneven as it is possible. These so-called bridges can )e crossed with safety. Sometimes they extend up and down ^tream for half a mile, and several Winters it has been i)08sible to I'alk on these bridges up the center of the River, clear past the Lmerican Fall, and to Goat Island, mounting the Biddle Stairs, or [■eturning by the same route to the Ferry Stairs. Many people lave taken this foolhardy journey. The ice that collects on the ^rees is formed by the spray freezing layer by layer, and is very lard, and pure white, and glistens in the sunlight with exceptional )rightness. No such ice scenery — on the banks for long icitrles, )n the River for ice jams, on the trees for delicate and fantistically ^haped ice tracery — can be found elsewhere. VILLAGE OF NIAGARA PALIS. The Village of Niagara Falls was incorporated July 6, 1848, under [-he General Act of New York, passed in 1847. It has a population )f 4,000. On both sides of the River it is estimated that the average mnual number of visitors to Niagara is 400,000. It is located in 19 what is known as the Mile Strip, a Htrip of land one mile in width alonj; the whole length of Niaj;ara River reserved by the State in its early yales, and sold by the State about 1800. Aceording to the State divisions, there were about 100 lots in the strip, lot No. 42 j being located at the Fulls. After the freedom of the United States had been recognized, aj dispute arose as to who should own that part of Western New York lying West of Seneca Lake. Commissioners finally gave New York the jurisdiction and Massachusetts the ownership. It would seem I that the land was first sold to Phelps & Gorham, and as they par- tially failed to fulfill their agreement, Robert Morris acquired it,| and afterwards sold the Western part to the Holland Land Com- pany, though the Mile Strip was not included in any of the abov(! sales. The part purchased by the company is known as thc| Holland Land Purchase. The village was originally named Manchester, and now it seems j likely that in a very few years it will be worthy of the name. In 1877, it was first proposed to make an International Reser- vation here; to have Canada buy certain lands adjoining tho Falls and New York State certain similar lands ; to restore them to a state of nature, and thus keep them forever. The report of | the New York Commissioners in 1879 recommended that the lanrince of Wales was a si)ectator), and once in the night, when an attempt was made to light up the chasm. He carried a heavy )alance-pole, by which he steadied himself. He was a man of [ron nerve, and could he have obtained permission, would have stretched his roi)e from the Terrapin Rocks to the opposite shore, md thus in the midst of the spray and rainbows, have essayed to 3ro88 the yawning gulf, and he probably would have succeeded. Since that time not less than three men and one woman have )erformed the feat of walking over the chasm on a tight rope. In 1873, a fellow, Belleni by name, stretched a rope from )pposite the Clifton House to Prospect Park. Walking to the center of the rope, he three times leaped off" into space and sank into the River below, a distance of 200 feet. He had a rubber cord in inch in diameter and twelve feet long constructed, one end )eing securely fastened to the rope. Holding the other end firmly in his descent the tension served to hold him in an upright posi- tion. The third time the cord broke and entangled his feet, so that below water he was tightly bound. He sank so deep that he [nearly suffocated. He was picked up by the boat which was in jreadiness, but in an exhausted condition. In 1878, after duly advertising the fact, a man named Peer, dropped from the center of the new Suspension Bridge into the jRiver. The platform from which he hung by his hands while jpoising himself, is still attached to the Bridge, beyond the rail in [the center of the bridge on the side toward the Falls. He per- jformed the feat in safety. 21 But the most daring feat was that performed June 15, 1861, by J.I R. Robinson, a brave and noble man, and one whose name fori deeds of daring and for assistance rendered to men who were] endangered in the Rapids of the Niagara will ever be fondly cherished here. In 1846, a small steamer, called the " Maid oi tht Mist," was built below the Falls, and made regular trips up close t( the Falls and back. In 1854, a larger and better boat, 90 feet longj was built and continued the business successfully. In 1861, bein< restricted to the Canadian shore for passengers, she did not pay,j and as the sheriff was about to levy on her for debt it was neces- sary to get her away. There was but one route. But who would! pilot her ? No one but Robinson, and he agreed to deliver her at I Lake Ontario, and he did. Two men went with him, and on the | date above they started. In the Whirlpool Rapids the boat was t rribly battered and her smoke-stack torn off, the men beina; knocked down and powerless. When she reached the Whirlpool, Robinson seized the tiller, and before she was sucked into any of the eddies, guided her into the outlet, whence, through the rushing, ' dashing waters, slie sped like a bird and reached Lewiston and quiet waters in safety. Robinson is said to have received $5()0 for his services during the 20 minutes intervening between leaving the ferry stairs and the arrival at Lewiston. Robinson and his two companions are the only men who ever passed through the Whirlpool alive. The village is a splendid manufacturing point. Its location is central ; water-power is plentiful and reasonable. The village has all modern improvements ; tax 3S are light, and there is no debt of any kind. Railway facilities of all kinds and over all roads are unsurpassed. Raw material can be received by water via the Erie Canal from the East, and via the Niagara River from the great lakes. The Hydraulic Canal in this village was completed in 185"). This canal can be cut 100 feet wide at any time, and will then furnish unlimited water-pcnver. The canal was bought by J. F. Shoelkopf in 1878. Since then its basin has been enlarged, and a huge penstock or shaft, 50 feet square and 100 feet deep, luis been sunk down into the rock. A tunnel connects the bott: deavored to fi'alls and iiij y all comiiiaj b, and after! it has beeiij I many fine !ve that 0111^ I be widely! lly prepared] the relative! placed the I usually are I jroat Island Y the finest] scene, liy f Niagara to j d with the /rn * _ •' -H "g breakers Map ot Uoat Ixlitud. M POINTS OF INTEREST. ' if BridBl Veil Fall. ml GOAT IISLAND. The " Goat Maud Grovp/^ so ralleci, is an estate consistinji of a large island standinjj; on the verjre of the cHtf over which tlic Cataract pours, and dividin, by the crumbling of a portion of the rock from above. This is the only accident that ever occurred at Niagara by the falling of rock, 30 V IS seen ( )n the Northern shore of this Island, a few feet above the brink, a spot of mournful memory. On June 21, 1849, the family of llr. Deforest, of Buffalo, with a friend, Mr. Charles Addington, Ivere viewing the scenery from this point. The party, in fine ^})irits, were about leaving the Island, when Mr. Addington ad- iimced playfully to Miss Annetta, the little daughter of Mrs. Deforest, saying, " I am going to throw you in," at the sime time lifting her over the edge of the water. With a sudden impulse of h'lir, the (ihild sprang from his hands into the Kiver. With a Bridge, to Luua Island. shriek, the young man sprang to save her, but before those on si lore had time to speak or move, they had passed over the preci- l)i('e. The young lady's remains were found the same afternoon ill the Cave of the Winds ; and a few days afterward, the body of the gallant but fated man Avas likewise recovered and committed to the village cemetery. This is, perhaps, the most touching i.isualty that ever occurred at the Falls. As you leave Luna Island, stop a mi nent at the foot of the path before ascending, and see the so-called profiles, formed by the 31 \\ 'I ^iiM inequality of projection in that portion of the precipice which \i formed by the Western side of Luna Island. The rock is close tj and almost under the American Fall. They obtain their name from their rei.aarkable likeness to thre^ human faces. Reaching the top of the bank, proceed straight ahead and yod soon catch the first glimpse of the "Horseshoe Falls" so calleij from its resemblance to that article. Years ago the name wa appropriate, but to-day there is not the least resemblance. Thtj building before you contains the dressing rooms for the Cave of thd Winds and leads to the famous Biddle Stairs, so called from th| President of the United States Bank, Nicholas Biddle, who i n 182l| contributed a sum of money for their erection. They are secured to the solid rock by ponderous iron bolts, and are said to be perfectly safe. The x)erpendic- ular height of the bank at this place is 185 feet ; the staircase itself being 80 feet high and consisting c>f 90 steps. From the stairs to the river there is a rude pathway ; but it is seldom trav- ersed, except for the purpose of ang- ling, an art which, at the right time of the year, is here practiced with the happiest success. Shortly after their erection, the well- known Sam Patch, whose diving pro- pensities made his name a household word, made his famous leap of 100 feet into the River in 1820. Midway be- tween tlie foot of these stairs and the Canadian Fall, he erected a, ficaffold 96 feet high, from which he made his successful leap. He repeated it successfully the same year, then went to the Genese Falls at Rochester, and jumped, and was killed. He never rose to the surface after he jumped, and his body was not found for some days, and then miles away. No charge is made for the use of the stairs. ^ From the foot of Biddle's Stairs, two paths lead in opposite | 3'^ Biddle Stairs Trom above. \ ess to threa lirections, one toward the Canada, and the other toward the imerican Fall. The former has been obstructed by slides from ibove, and is more diificult. But it will repay your trouble for you will get the splendid view as shown on next page, which is not obtainable else- where. Taking the road to the right from the foot of the stairs, a few minutes' walk brings you to the celebrated Cave of the Winds, or as it is sometimes called -^olus Cavern, by all means the best place to go behind the sheet of water. It was first entered in 1834, and during the past 50 years, this curious but splendid Cave has been the chief charm of the locality and has been visited annually by hundreds. It is 100 by 160 feet in dimensions, and 100 feet in height. Having been excavated by the action of the falling water, it forms a natural chamber through which, with suitable dresses and guides, which can be secured for a dollar, we can pass between the Cataract and the Rock, and see the ever-changing eflfevit of the light passing through the descending mass of water; take a bath in the mist and spray of old Niagara ; pass through the rainbows, and secure a delightful, novel and strange sen- sation of commingled terror and safety, from which we can emerge after a few minutes as free from any other effect of the water as when we entered. The formation of this Cave was easy. The gradual wearing away by the water of the shaly substratum of the precipice left the limestone rock above projecting about thirty feet beyond the base, thus forming an open cave, over which falls the torrent of Niagara. The compression of the atmosphere by the falling water is here so great that the Cave is rendered as stormy and turbulent as that of old ^olus himself, from whose classical majesty, indeed, it derived its first name. The formation of th IsLxe itself is explained by an illustra- tion farther on. 83 Biddle Stairs ftoni'.below. PI? fM If the ,vind is blowing down the river, or from the Americaii shore, you can stand with perfect safety upon a large rock, withii a few feet of the falling sheet, without inconvenience from thtj spray. In the aiternoon when the sun shines, there is always splendid rainbow, between the sheet of water and the rock, withii a few feet of you ; and this 13 the only place on the globe where rainbow forming an eiiUre circle can be seen. Two, and same] times three, have been seen at once. The grand trip in front of the Fall, where the water appears td pour from the sky, is splendidly illustrated on page 36. Horsei*^ ■— -i-L' ♦■■' n , . Bridge to Third Siitor. easily accessible, and the view of the Rapids through the trees and at their edge is fine. Surrounded as it is by water, and with such a torrent of water on each side, and with such a head, the water-power capabilities of the Island in a manufacturing point of view can hardly be esti- mated. No other known spot could furnish such a number of horse-power. A canal cut through the center, and large wings or dams on each shore, would furnish power hardly dreamt of heretofore. Geologically, too, the Island is a mine of wealth, its Western cliH' showing exactly the composition and dip of the rocks. Its shores 40 show the action of the water, and bear the records of the past, while beneath its trees, and mingled with its soil, are the shells and alluvial deposit by which geologists have pro » cu that ages ago, while Niagara was cutting its gorge from Lewision to its present location, the whole of the entire section for miles and miles was submerged, the Niagara River being a broad and comparatively shallow stream. It is to-day a temple of nature, at whose shrine thousands from all over the world annually pay their tribute of praise. It is an important page, as before noted, in the book of the geologist, view flrom Third Sister. while to the botanist it is a spot sacred from the vast number of its present species and the preserver in the petrefactions, of leaves and animal life that are found within its borders, of the history of the vegetable kingdoms of the past. (foat Island presents, from the Canada side, an appearance simi- lar to that of the cliff of the South coast of England— it being near the ledge, about 170 feet in height. It is entirely composed of hard stone, mostly limestone, slate and marl, 41 \ It is covered with a grand old " forest primeval/' containing many trees now withered and decayed, but which have stood sen- tinel over this scene for hundreds of years. This is an almost unique bit of virgin forest, and it has been the policy and pride of its owners to thus preserve it. In Winter, these trees are the roost- ing places of the crows, who come here nightly and in thousands from all over this section of the country. No sportsman is allowed to carry a gun on this Island, as it would endanger the lives of those who are promenading through it. The cottage near the Bridge is the only dwelling on the Island The Island is a favorite resort and study of botanists, who declare that they have found on it over 400 diflferent species and kinds of plants and trees. It is also said that it contains a greater number of valuable species of the vegetable kingdom than the same area in any explored portion of the world. The scenery from the Island by moonlight is a rare sight, and should be enjoyed by all who have an opportunity to thus visit it. In Winter, the Island scenery is magnificent, for no matter which way the wind blows, the spray reaches some part of the forest where it congeals on every twig and limb, in that glittering sheen, and that glorious ice foliage, which is unmatched elsewhere. Taking the Goat Island Group as a whole, it may be said that they essentially form what is understood as " Niagara Falls" as they adjoin bothcataracts, and afford all the most desirable views here. PROSPECT PARK. Next in order comes this well known property, now embracing poine 12 acres, and owned by the Prospect Park Co. The land p goins the American Fall, with a frontage above the Fall of some 400 feet, and along the gorge a still longer frontage. It comprises what was known as the old ferry, which was pri- vate property, and which used to be free to all, but in 1872, this company purchased, enlarged and improved it, and charged admission. From time to time, adjoining lands have been ad- ded, till it now embraces all the land between Canal street and the River, extending from Ra])- ids street to the New Suspen- sion Bridge. 42 EntraDoe to ProspeotPark. ntaining bood sen- 1 almost . pride of he roost- lousands nd, as it through le Island o declare kinds of ' number me area ght, and 3 visit it . » matter t of the [littering jewhere. aid that " as thej^ ws here. ibraeinjz [he land of some known ras pri- 3h used $72, this [nlarged jharged Ito time, \een ad- all tlu' ^et and Raj)- mspen- 'V t-'fc?||wf!1f^ 43 Its Main Entrance is a tasty structure, at the foot of Cascai street, and is here portrayed. The point of land at the edge an( brink of the Falls, is called Prospect Point, and commands a fini view, which is the feature of the Park, which we give in illustra tion. The point is carefully protected by a handsome stone wal running for some distance along the edge of the Gorge. By some 300 stairs, or better still, in a car running on an inclinei railway, we descend to the waters edge. These cars are raised ani lowered by water power, by means of a 3-inch cable 300 feet long running around and over steel wheels. At the foot of the stair way are the dressing rooms for the Shadow of the Rock, as the space between the Rock and the sheet of water at the end of the American Falls is called, and where one can go in as far as his in clination may prompt. Here is also an observatory built of stone, a place from which when the spray is blown down the river, one can see the Falls from a sheltered place. Here is also the Hurricane Bridge, whence, when the spray is blown the other way, one can get near view of the Falls and of the rocks which lie at its base. Over the Hurricane Bridge and the rocks near by is formed each winter a huge mountain of solid ice, which does not entirely dis appear till the end of May. This ice mountain has been 100 fee high. On the top of the observatory and dressing room too, the ice often forms 4 feet thick. A view of the observatory is shown on opposite page. At this point is also a ferry to Canada. By small row boats the ride is pleasant and entirely free from danger, and the view grand, in fact the view from the center of the river and opposite the American Fall is one that should not be missed. The annexed view is the one seen as the boat lands at its Can- ada dock. There has been a ferry here for 75 years, and no acci dent has ever happened. On the table-land above, which forms the Park proper, every aid of science has been used in i)re paring the means of passing time " pleasantly, a handsome Art Gal- lery and Pavilion have been erected, while the beautiful Elec- tric Light, thrown through white and colored glasses upon dancing 44 Horaeshoe Falls. t of Cascad le edge anq lands a find in illustn stone wall an inclined I raised an lO feet long ' the stair- Dck, as tlie end of the r as his in om which 3 the Falls ne Bridge, 1 can get a base. )rmed each ntirely dis en 100 feet too, the ice boats the le view is opposite the one it its Can- sen a fern- no acci- Ive, which (every aid }d in pre- dng time Art Cal- ,ve been lifiil E.ec- ^gh white dancing View of Observatory. 45 "V>'--V V" ■- "Mh^Vj, 40 uii*»-«^-:'"«." ' ':'■ Ai'jj'A-i ;*t-«-''*i :*i". k-^ XTi' ■'■'■■ S^^i'yl'- '■'• ' fountains of water, and called the Electric Fountains, give at night a magical effect seldom witnessed. The grounds are illuminated each evening by the electric light, and one edge of the American Fall and Bapids are also illuminated. Although mainly the result of artificial aids to the natural scenery of the Falls it is a most enjoyable park, and as such well worth a visit. The officers of the Company are, H. Nielson, President and D. J. Townsend, Secretary and Treasurer. The charges for admission to the park are : For the day, 25 cents ; including railway, 50 cents ; for the day and electric light, 40 cents ; for the evening — electric light, 25 cents ; Canada and return by ferry, 50 cents. A few accidents, or rather suicides, have occurred from near this point since 1872. In 1880 a man entered the park, and after a short time jumped into the river just near the toll gate, and waded out. He was swept downward, and those who saw the act, supposed he was lost ; but about 300 feet from the Falls, and while about 50 feet from shore, he succeeded in getting a foothold, changed his mind, and was safely aided to the shore. He was probably the only man who ever got so thoroughly within the power of the Falls, and yet escaped alive. NEW SUSPMNSION BBIDOE. ■/* Next in order comefl the new Suspension Bridge, below the American Fall. It is a Carriage and Foot Brige, built by 2 com- panies. 1 Canadian and 1 American, in 1872. The first ropes were carried over on the Ice Bridge. It is said to be the longest bridge suspended span in the world; from shore end of one town to shore end of the other, being 1268 feet, or about a quarter of a mile. The deflection of the cables at centre — ^is91 ft. in Summer and in Winter 88 feet, making a rise and fall of the bridge from changes of temperature 3 feet. The length of cables between anchorages is 1828 feet. Fine views can be had from the top of the towers. Height of bridge above water, 190 feet. It is capable of carrying 13 times as much as can by any ordinary circumstance' be placed upon it. Its towers are 100 feet high. Charges: Each person, each way, 25 cents. Visitors at Niagara Falls usually cross to Canada via this Bridge, On reaching the Canada Shore, at a point near the Clifton House, one gets one of the best general views to be obtained of Niagara, though personally we prefer the view as we stand up near the edge of the Falls, a view of which we give on next page. 47 ■1 ( , * ■ ^■'■-'■•i I '! ' Neil lino cf place. One now g ( anat edge o ^•^iv' T\ ;«^ 4H just wh( well be soothini base of
  • us points about Niagara in the old times now gone forever, was Table Hock. This was at this jwint on the Canada side, about 10 rods below the Falls and was simply a huge edge of rock overhanging the precipice. The form and dimensions of Table Rock were originally very large, but they were changed by frequent and violent disruirtions. In July, 1818, a mass broke ofT" ItJO feet in length, and from 30 to 40 feet in width. Decend)er 9, 1828, three immense portions, reaching unde'- the Horseshoe Fall, fell " witli a shock like an earthquake." In the summer of 1820, another large mass fell off, and June 26, 1850, a piece 200 feet long and 60 feet deep fell, the last jjiece of the table. Those who wish to go under the Horse- shoe Fall can descend a road cut from the Museum to the foot of the bank. Dresses can be i)ro- cured and guides obtained to paso under Table Rock. xXscer- tain definitely the charge and that there are to be no extras, before starting. It was on Table Rock that Mrs. Sigourney wrote her spirited Apostrophe to Niagara. Stand ing right at the edge of the water, just where it pours over, a grander or more imposing sight cannot well be imagined. Below lies the Niagara, its waters boiling and seething after the plunge, and for fully a thousand feet from the base of the Falls, as white as milk. Above are the rapids rushing directly toward you and in th(^ middle of these surroundings man feels his own littleness and dependence. 4!) Stairs on the Canada Side. m in mmm The Terrapin Rocks, as we have said before, are the very center of Niagara, no spot can surpass it. Next to that, we think, the point we have just described, is the best, r ?r.':r:r^^:rt?'^''^''''.:C^:i]-'^ One should visit Canada in the afternoon, for the sun is then at your back and its full glory is thrown on the opposite Falls, and in the afternoon alone, can rainbows be seen from the Canada side. ,-•-'■ .' ^-. :^, , >■•-..■::' BURNING SPRINGS. . ,. .. Following &long the River bank one crosses to Cedar Island, on which is an observatory or pagoda, and skirting along the rapids for about a mile, with as fine scenery as Niagara can afford, you reach the beautiful Clark Hill Islands, 3 in number, and connected by beautiful Sus- pension Bridges erected in 1878. The scenery here is grand, each turn bringing you to some new feature or bit of nature ; but the main at- traction is the Burning Spring, which is on tlie edge of the River and where the cur- rent runs foi'ty miles an hour. ; The Spring was known, and tradition pays, worshipped by the Indians, who considered it as one form of the Great Spirit. Tlie water of the Spnng is highly charged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas and when lit omits a pale bhie light. This natural jet of gas is exhibited in a darkened room for effect, and runs up flames to about 4 feet in height. Glasses of the gaseous water are given to visitors and are said to possess rare medicinal properties. This Spring consists of a jet of natural gas emitted from tlie subterranean rock, through artificial fissures; the method of collecting and burning the gas being also shown. Fro»i \\w appearance of the flame it would be just to suppose that large and valuable coal fields exist under this property ; and at some future time the natural forces of the current miiy '.\''' ...V»«-"*w«W«*««*«fe-'R<* - ry center link, the 8 then at •"alls, and ! Canada sland, on 16 rapids ford, you onneeted iful Sus- Bridges in 1878. ery here iach turn you to V feature nature ; main at- is the Spring, on the le River the cnr- B forty lour. by the it. The ydrogen of gas is lames to e given iperties. oni tlie Ithod of ■o»i tlie ise tinit |y; and t nniv be used to develop that interest. The admission to the whole is 50 cents. On the bank above, near this si)ot, July 5, lol4, was fought the bat- tle of Chippewa. We append two cuts of the bridges and scenery about these beautiful Islands. Cedar Island and Pagoda. WHIRLPOOL, CANADA SIDE. Driving back along the edge of the River, past the New Suspen- sion Bridge, and 2 miles more along the edge of the Bluflf, we reach the WhirliX)ol, Canada side, which overlooks the boiling maelstrom. Krom here one looks down into the Whirlpool itself, while directly away from him winds the Niagara till it is lost in Lake Ontario beyond. You can descend by car to the waters edge, obtaining grand views, both of the Rapids as they enter the Whirlpool and also of this wonderful basin itself. From here Brock's Mon.- lunent is visible on a clear day. Admission, 50 cents. '■^^'- ^''^■ We present on following page the view as seen from this point. _, WHIRLPOOL RAPID3 PARK. ^'^ vSvVJS ;« In the reach of the River, below the Old Suspension Bridge, is what is generally known as the Whirlpool Rapids Park (Canada side). It comprises the natural uplands of the river bank, which, at this point, are 250 feet high, as well as a road at the base of the elift', which follows the course of the river, and has been excava- ted from the rock. In the warm days of summer this is a most delightfully cool and shady retreat, the cliff forming a natural pro- tection from the rays of the sun, while the immediate presence of the swift-rolling waters ensures a perennial coolness. Two means of access to the water's edge are provided, the first being a series of steps forming a long flight of stairs, and the other a. unique inclined railway operating two cars running by the specific gravity of water in the tanks under each car filled from a spring at the top of the cliff and emptied on the arrival of the c»rs at the foot of the incline. The ascent or descent is made in 1^ minutes, the loaded car from above being the motive i)ower used to hoist 51 ),, i,. f."f-f%:*3ff'^-'"-;-_i*'?'r" the lighter car from below. The visit to this Park, including rail- way, costs 50 cents. Nowhere else can so i^erfect an idea of the enormous power of the River be obtained. Rusiiing through the narrow defiles, the water hare meets with such restriction, as to make it leap in some places to height of 20 feet, the rolling surges of the stream being exactly similar to those of the ocean in a storm. view fl-om Whirlpool, Canada Side. Taylor Island, noted in 1881 as the spot where some dogs, after- wards rescued, v;ere temporarily in danger of dying from starva- tion, is exactly opposite on the American side. It is also well to add here a brief mention of the excellent i)li()tograi)hi(; arrange^ ments of this Park — persons or parties can here be photographed with the Rapids in the ))ackground, the picture making one of the most interesting and noteworthy obtainable. OLD SUSPENSION URIDGE. The Railroad Suspension Bridge, more commonly call the OM Bridge, is 2 miles below the Falls, is 8(K) feet long, andsi>ans,2liO feet above it« waters, one of the most turbulent streams on tl>e globe, whose current just below (lows at the rate of 110 nules an hour. II 0!i has2| carri£ and cl Roebi Th« Lengt| Heigl ^Mi./y -t-vv.. ^ m»kmf Ut ^:,«umn ing rail- idea of through tion, as rolling le ocean , aftor- starvii- well to r range - raplu'd of the le ()1A'-.'-'i t-tii;-fr-?!l L_-4"iw!i»ii. Lii'-i.tAji:.'i;iiii.ii-/^',ii*.-*'-**«i • :-;,- ':-''~'--'''p^'%\'^^-^' }W^:'^i -'■■'^•'•--ijn-"i?'f:(v Sf^fSK,??" ^^■M.y^r-r: ■■fef%J''- /' 54 ■■^p^Ta^t***Tw^*^^9^Tr;^!;3^77'^ -■T^'^';''* illuminating the crests of the flood and in the emerald and opal translucence of the waters as they pass in their swift career. In spite of the disadvantage of the sun being directly opposite, there is no inconvenience from heat, as the near proximity of the rolling river allows visitors to enjoy at the same time the ben- ficial effects of a sun bath and the soothing influence of the cooling action of the waters. Here, descending by the Double Elevator, which runs down the perpendicular face of the ciiff we reach the sloping bank and by a foot-path we descend to the water's edge. Here we see where the entire volume of water from the Upper Lakes discharges itself through a gorge, confining but intensifying its power, and producing such a conflict between the natural forces as to recall vividly the old proposition of an irresistable force meeting with an immovable object. In 1801 the little steamboat, "Maid of the Mist" under the command of Capt. J. Roberton, navigated this Rapid, and passed safely, but not without disastrous ■\Vhlrl|>ool Rapids, Amorirnii Siilo. effect, through the Whirlpool below, and it is safe to hazard the opinion that her wheelsman was the first and hist navigator of the torrent or race, it being worthy, although properly' a river, of either designation. THE WIIIUT-POOL. When it is remembered that about 100,000,000 tons of water pass over the Falls every hour and that this quantity is compelled to pass between steep clifls to a point about 2 miles distant from the Falls, where the course of the river turns abruptly at an angle 55 m Wfl^j^wilpll w^ or 45 degrees, it will be understood, even by those who have never witnessed the scene, that such a terrific force must cause a fearftnl commotion in its rocky bed. In point of fact, the power of the Falls confined in these narrow limits raises the center of the billowy flood to a height of from 10 to 40 feet. It is assumable that the earth does not afford another Spectacle of contention of natural forces parallel to this. Descend- ing from the Falls proper in an almost resistless torrent, this river, called by the Indians the " Father of Waters," is suddenly checked by its rock-bound barriers causing it to make a ceaseless passage arround the pool, from which it can escape only after having made the entire circuit, and only then by passing through, over and under .the ever-recurring accession of waters in the est- uary of the channel proper. ^M''-^»:-'-':&' ■':}'*}- The effect of this combination of forces can better be imagined than described, yet a very good idea of it can be obtained from the statement that it reverees the usual order of things in which the axiom says, " water finds its own level." Here water finds no level, but is forced and sustained in dome form, the surface of the pool being actually the segment of a circle, At the outlet of the Whirlpool the river is only 25 rods across, and a strong man can throw a stone from one nation to the other. The Whirlpool is a vast basin or ampitheatre, with an ill-propor- tioned opening at right angles with the river above ; this opening is to the right as you have your back to the Falls, and is compara- tively narrow. The pool is shut in on all sides, save the opening mentioned, by rocky cliffs 350 feet high, whose sides facing the river are quite smooth and perpendicular. The basin containing this pool is nearly circular, and together with the water forms a very picturesque scene. But as to the pool itself it must be acknowledged that many are disappointed with its appearance. The outlet seems inadequate, but has answered for thousands of years. The old outlet, as geologists claim, is still to be traced almost opposite to where the river pours in. It is simply the trace of what once was a gorge through which the river ran to Lake Ontario and over twenty miles to the west of its present Ideation. In bygone ages it has been completely filled up. The depth of the Whirlpool is enormous, and its force and suction immense. It is boiling and eddying incessantly. Logs twenty feet long are drawn into eddys and made to stand on end like ship's masts. Its waters revolve constantly; its surface is never quiet. Bodies sometimes float in the water for two or three months before 5A ':! ■*; they are drawn into just the right eddy whence to find the outlet, which is at right angles with tlie entrance. The land adjoining the Whirlpool on the American side is owned by the De Veaux College, an Episcopalian establishment first started by the liberality of Judge De Veaux in 1855. The college is one of the finest institutions of its class on this continent, and is shown to vijitors on application. From its grounds a zigzag path permiti a near inspection of the mighty flood as it passes through the pool, for a remuneration, going to the funds of the college, of 50 cents. i.j aj<> :\; w.^^j^fii • As a large sum of money has been expended in Ihe efibrt to provide a means of access to the Whirlpool, obviating the natural dangers of falling from such a height or of descending to the river edge the charge ought properly to be regarded as of little account. vifeM--^; 11 •■.■;; fl0i'hHt{'>\. '■..- 1 ■ri/w? ■■■-.- 1' ■ !<:• ;i' ,' ^:::v''H4s ■.'l * 4M :.i. ,V; lU ;;.) • • _ - i i ■■ »■'■ ».< -..i \ '■r--:iilii; -' ^Ui ■'■■■■ ^ .'^ '' - . - •W'f;'',' "-■ - i - ■ \ ■ - . ••» . '■ ;' -. i .*'■•■ ■ 1 ■ • 1 -•' V ■•:- "^i ' ■,^■^;^!V;i'r;•x ■■**-,,•: . ; , r" . ■•;■'', :,; 'f/- ^iV"'*'"^'^' ■ ' .■•■■■ ,:' ,-v'>'- ■!; y ■* ', . ,.i ; I, ,■*. v .... 4 •■ -; s '-V '■ '.,U ,;. ''*> 67 :^l'- '■*:": 'j^K^ ■..■■' ^f-\ I. « \ ^Km^r^fTmmmffr^jK^m "mt^ v.^-^^;-^-; -.i'M;f-,i.b^^-::i- NEIGHBORING POINTS OF INTEREST. ■ \ I •x-pj^qi,^ These places just given embrace all that is usually meant by Niagara Falls. These are the points from which the best views of the Falls of the Kapids and of the Gorge can be obtained. But the Falls are in the center of an interesting territory, and we shall now note all those points within a /adius of about 20 miles, which have either a historical or a con^^nercial interest. We shall *irst take the American bank oi' the River, from its source to its mouth, and give the names and incidents connected with eai ii place, and we shall then proceed in a like manner with the Canadian side. : ^ v 'r^i J, I . AMERICAN SIDE. '| Buffiilo, at the source of the River, is the 11th city of the Union in point of population, which in 1880 was 180,000. It is famous as the Western terminus of the Erie Canal, and also as the chief Eastern port of lake navigation It is situated about 22 miles from the Falls. Black Rock, a suburb of Buffalo, where in 1812 Gen. Alexander Smyth, of Virginia, collected about 5000 men, who responded to his bombastic circular, asking all to retrieve the nation's honor and share in the danger and glory of an invasion of Canada. Nothing ever came of the matter ; there was no invasion, and the force was disbanded. Grand Island, distant 3 miles at the South end from Buffalo and 3 miles at the North end from the Falls, is 12 miles in length and 7 in breadth. The land is fertile, and much of it is under cultivation. It was at White Haven, on this Island, that the late Major Mordecai M. Noah> of New York, designed to built the " City of Ararat," as a place of refuge for the scattered tribes of Israel. In 1825, he even went so far as to lay the corner-stone amid great pomp, and to erect a monument to commemorate -^,^rthe Occasion. The monument is still standing, in a fair state of preservation. Tonawanda, 11 miles above the Falls, is a small village, famous as a lumber market, holding the second place in America or next to Chicago in the amount of lumber handled. J i ^ ;v^6i4^v^5> The village of La Salle, 5 miles above the falls, at the mouth^of 68 ^■F Cayuga Creek, was named after Chevalier Robert de La Salle, who at this point, in 1670, built his vessel, the now forgotten Griffin. At the foot of Grand Island lies Buckhorn Island, with an L/ca of about 250 acres. Between these two, and about 3 miles above the Falls, is an arm of the River called Burnt Ship Bay from a circumstance connected with the war of 1 759. The garrison at Schlosser had already made a brave resistance to one attack of the English, and were preparing for another, when, disheartened by the news of the fall of Quebec, they decided to destroy the two armed vessels containing their military stores. Accordingly, they brought them to this bay and burnt them. Portions of the vessels are visible under water even at this day. Just below on the American shore, 2 miles above the Falls, is Schlosser Landing, the end of the Portage from Lewiston. This terminus was gradually fortified till it became a fort called Fort de Portage. This was burnt by Joncaire on his retreat in 1759. In 1761, Capt. Schlosser, of the British army, rebuilt it stronger than ever. He named it after himself and died there. Here in 1837, the Steamer Caroline was attacked, set on fire and sent over the Falls. The patriot movement being put down in Canada, the leaders established themselves on Navy Island. Visitors thereto being numerous, the Caroline, a small steamer, was brought down from Buffalo as a private venture it was be- lieved, to serve as a ferry or freight boat. The Canadians, think- ing the boat was chartered by the patriots for offensive operations against Canada, at midnight, December 29, 1837, dispatched a chosen band of men under Capt. Drew, in 8 boats, to destroy her. As she lay at Schlosser dock, she was boarded by these parties. Those on board, crew as well as some who, unable to get beds in the little hotel, had got berths on board, were attacked. All but one escaped to shore, he being shot dead. The gallant band hav- ing thus succeeded in their attack, set the vessel on fire, towed her out into the stream and let her drift. It was a grand sight. A mass of flames, she floated down the River and entered the Rapids, but before she reached the head of the Island, the water conquered and extinguished the flames. The smoke-stack, it is said, still lies at the bottom of the River near Schlosser. The old stone chimney on the river bank, IJ miles above the Falls, was built in 1750, and was the first stone structure erected in this part of the country. It was the chimney of the barracks of the French Fort, called "Little Fort," which was burnt by Joncaire, when compelled to retreat in 1759. It was re- ]' I s-l: ■I V^'t 1^' ,.■ .--. _' • ■ ■ ■ ■■ ' •■ ■ / built two years afterward as an adjunct to Fort Schlosser. The chimney now stands in excellent i)reservation. Next conies the Falls themselves, fully describelace of safety. The Tiiscarora Indian Reservation is 7 miles Northeast from the Falls. Driven from their original seats in North Carolina, this tribe came to New York in 1712, and became ni«rgyd in the con- federacy of the Iroqouis. In the revolutionary war, i>art of them favored the English, and part remained neutral. Those of the Tuscaroras and Oneidas who had been allies of the English, left Oneida Lake, came down the Oswego River, and coasted along Lake Ontario to the British garrison at Fort Niagara. In the Spring, part of them returned and part of them took possession of a mile square upon the mountain ridge, given them by the Senecas, one tribe of the six nations. The Holland Land Comj)any gave them 2 square miles more, and in 1804 sold them 4,321) acres, this form- ing the estate upon which the Tuscaroras are now located. As the home of that anomoly, a civilized Indian, it is one of the curiosi- ties of this locality and well worth a visit. The bluff" or top of the Mountain, 6 miles from the Falls, so geo- logists tell us, was the old shore of Lake Ontario, a fact which seems to be undisputed. Near here are the remains of old Fort Grey. Lewiston, 7 miles below the Falls, was named in honor of Gov. Lewis of New York. It is at the foot of the mountain. La Salle built a cabin of palisades here in 1678, and this was the com- mencement of the Portage whose upper terminus was Fort Schlcjsser, and which passed over nearly the present roads, a part of which is still called the Portage Road. Up the mountain side here was built the first railroad in the United States. It was built entirely of wood, the rails being broad and flat. The car ran on runners instead of wheels. It was raised and lowered by a windlass and carried heavy goods up and down. It was a ru^ work, but answered its purpose perfectly. J 4 miles from the Falls at the mouth of the River, stands Fort Niagara, which was established as a trading post by La Salle in 1678. In 1687, De Nonville built the fort proper for the prose- cution of a war on the Iroquois in defense of the Indian allies of the Western country. The next year it was abandoned, but in 1825 was rebuilt in stone, by the consent of the Iroquois. The English General Prideaux was killed here in 1759, and after the battle the French surrendered it to Sir William Johnson. It is now a U. S. Fort regularly gairisoned. Here is the famous dun- geon where in 1824, Morgan, of anti-masonic fame, was said to have been confined, and whence it was claimed he was taken to be drowned in the lake, about a mile from the Fort. ax i ■ M "nA (V VI t /. CANADA SIDE. Fort Erie is at the mouth of the River, on Lake Erie, 22iuile8 from the Falls. From the Fort, on Sept. 17, 1814, the Americans made the famous sortie, defeating the British besiegers and com- pelling them to raise the siege. Navy Island, three miles above the Falls, has an area of 340 acres, and belongs to Canada, and is the only large Island in the River that they own. It is famous, mainly, as the headquarters of the Patriots during the Patriot war in 1837. The village of Chippewa is two miles above the Falls. In the field South of it, on July 5, 1814, was fought the battle of Chip- [)ewa, which resulted in a victory for the Americans. Lundy's Lane Battle Ground is one mile West of the Falls. On July 25, 1814, the decisive battle of the war between the U. S. and England was fought here, the loss on both sides in killed and wounded being 1,800, the Americans being victorious. The village of Drummondville is about one-half mile West from the Falls, and is so called in honor of General Drummond. Brock's Monument is on Queenston Heights, 6 miles below the Falls. It is a handsome shaft, erected to perpetuate the memory of General Isaac Brock, who fell here in 1813. The first monument was built in 1826, and was 126 feet high. This was destroyed by explosion on the night of the 17th of April, 1840, and was replaced by the present structure in 1853. It is 185 feet in height, the base being 40 feet square and 30 feet high. Four lions, facing the car- dinal points of the compass, rest on this as well as on the pedestal, 16 feet square by 10 feet high, ornamented in alto-relievo by lions' heads alternated by wreaths. The shaft is of freestone, 75 feet high, by 30 feet in circumference, having a Corinthian capital 10 feet in height, carrying in relief a statue of the Goddess of War. Over this is a round dome 7 feet in height, surmounted by Brock's statue, and can be reached by 250 spiral steps, starting from the interior of the base. The Suspension Bridge, the third one of the four ever built hereabouts, was at Queenston heights. It was built in 1857, and was a graceful structure. A terrible gale tore up its roadway and loosened its guys, leaving it a dangling wreck. As it was never a very paying investment, it was not rebuilt. Queenston, a small village just below Brock's Monument, was so called in honor of Queen Charlotte. The village of Niagara, near the ruins of Fort George, is older, according to Marshall, than any settlement on the Eastern bank. 62 Mi-.'y.S^-^. '-■ .(rfi>i' "•S^.Fe-hr .-.• ... ---'■•• ■■■ miles leans • corn- acres, River »f the •..tV'--:^'.^ O C e B 0- p V) 5 ^ ' - i' i I it! ■'il .4^> ''; ■ ■J ■ 63 *, m^ ^Iftr^i'.r^—hAr^-^', 6ft llVfpu.piUI,;r^':]4i#"K-v. The charge of $1.50 per hour for carriage, is as cheap as at any place in the country, and it is often possible to make a bargain at a much cheaper rate. The difference between the real state of affairs as they exist at the Falls, and the distorted one usually given, namely, — excessive tolls, high carriage hire, outrageous prices, etc., etc. — ^is an enormous one. One can spend a large sum of »ioney in a day, but, on the other hand one can get one, and at some points, (especially Goat Island,) several excellent views of Niagara Falls, for 50 cents. -^v. At no place that we know of are such favorable terms given to excursionists, thousands coming annually on excursions, and see- ing, we may say, everything for a very small sum. The visitor should remember that in crossing to Canada, he psases beyond the jurisdiction of the village trustees, and that if he is wronged by people there, he has, on the American side, no 66 ^l I I II J . Ij I I I * method of redress. He should remember, also, that upon all goods broughtinto Canada there are large duties. * i' * ; :> . With these few words, we deem the visitor amply informed. We recommend him to use the same good sense here that he uses at home ; to enquire the price of an article before he buys it, and if too costly, to let it alone, rather than buy it, and then go away grumbling ; to enquire the price of a carriage before he engines it» and to understand that in no case is the charge more than $1.50 per hour. He should expect to pay a fair price for all he receives, not to be continually trying to cheai)en everything ; for, as sure as he endeavors to do so, so surely will the advantage be taken ot him. Any gentleman or lady who will carefully read and follow the above advice and directions, will never have reason to regret a visit to Niagara Falls. IN WINTEB. ' # To thoroughly study, understand and appreciate Niagara Falls one should see them both in Summer and Winter, for these two pictures, so utterly unlike, f ombine to make the perfect whole. In Summer, the greatest single beauty is the deep green color of the water, which, in the winter, is changed to a muddy yellow. But then the glorious ice scenery fully makes up for the loss. The trees are all covered with an ice foliage, bending and breaking under their loads of ice, which covers every twig and limb. This ice is formed layer by layer, as the spray falls and freeaes ; is as white as marble and as hard as flint. The ice bridge, which fills the narrow part of the Biver at the Ferry, the ice mountains formed at each end of the Amc -lean Fall, and the large icicles hanging from the 1 tanks on both sides of the river, combine to make it a unique pict ire. When the scenery is so grand, and it usually is during our t >ld snap after the January thaw, it is well worth a visit, even if o >e has to travel a long way. If you can see Niagara but once, it had better be in Winter than in Summer. The various photographs, both glass and pai)er, give an excellent idea of Niagara in Summer, but the Winter views are far ahead, both as to faithful reproduction and to artistic work. In thene, as seen through a stereoscope, the beauties of the ice formation, which is indescribable in words, is reproduced with a wonderful exactness. " , f ' - ..:»,,,,,. IN SUMMER. Many people say they prefer the view of the rapids, to that of the Falls, and surely the view of the former, from the Cataract verandah, from Goat Island Bridge, from the Three Sister Islands, 07 '■J'^e V'^ 17 and also those views to be had on the way to the Burning Springs^ are unsurpassed at Niagara. During the Summer season, there is plenty of amusement to be found by those who wish to spend a few weeks here. The fishing in the River, some two or three miles above the Falls, is most excellent. Black bass, muscalonge, pickerel and perch abound, the bass fishing being especially good. Boat^ and tackle can always be obtained, also the services of a competent boatman, one who is thoroughly acquainted with the current of the river and the best fishing grounds. At the proper season of the year, on the River, and in the surrounding country, there can always be found enough good sport to satisfy those fond of hunting In fact, Niagara is in the center of a territory where wood-cock, all sorts of snipe and duck abound. ^i r-M.i,iiS. .>; * '., '; • '>a-r-: - . " . _ y^-m- 4r •■■> '!■ ; ^^■ -■^ .-^ V..1 ^^ 4"|tM|||i 'H: .-/(■ ■f - ';Jii ^< • .' ' ; ! I ■■ , ^ ; ■ ^: ' '''. f. ■■J : . i ' - ' >':■- ^■''- VI :'k ^^' ■i ' • n ■ i . ■''■ J * 1 -. ^ s '' ■ :•■ , I'hii ^4-; *^> .'I ■•-' ^7 ■■;■■ fW .1'. >'i- ' ■"■ ; -'A ■ y.: "/, ■ •,fi;V, ">l » '.'■ .7' ■ ;% ' ■<:'-^ ''#"^' K h^ ;,"■ -I *■■.<;-• •-;■,';, ■ v^!^r t J ■■- ■v*. ■ *"i-'' 7--;^ i'' ' ■•* -f^. - r '; ' .'''■'-: t. ->■-! r. jv ;. fv'^ ''V^i: '' i i '■/ 1 ^'' \- •; vjv : '< ; ^:i .'.1 :"•/ .- -'■f"-:|<;^ •;; r^l ';, ^ \ ^■>''\, :^W0!fej(if^ ^i-'yr \'i- 1,' ; ■ ". "'q '\.;■-'«---'■ ■.*^.-i-i-'-.-. ^■^'^^^-'q^ G .r- p « p ^ T B ,0 E E Q 'I I E W ^i 1%,. { INDEX. PAGE. Descriptive, 3 The Name Niagara, 6 Hintorical, 6 Geological, , 8 First Visited by White Men, 11 The Niagara River, 13 Niagara Falls, 17 Village of Niagara Falls, 19 Poiate' of Interest at Niagara Falls, Goat Island, 25 Prospect Park 42 New Suspension Bridge, 46 Table Rock, 49 Burning Spring, 50 26 Whirlpool, Canada, 51 Whirlpool, Rapids Park, 51 Railroad Suspension Bridge, 62 Whirlpool Rapids, 53 Whirlpool, 66 Ou^^side Points of Interest, Buffalo,. 58 Black Rock, 68 (jrrand Island 58 Tonawanda, 58 La Salle, 58 Burnt Ship Bay, 59 AMERICAN BirE. Schlosser, Old Chimney, Devil's Hole, Indian Reservation,. Lewiston Fort Niagara, 59 59 60 61 61 61 CANADIAN BIDE. Fort Erie, 62 Navy Island, 62 Chippewa, 62 TiUndy's Lane, 62 Drummondville, 62 Queenstown Heights Brock's Monument,.... Niagara Village, Fort George, Welland Canal, 7 ( ( 6t 62 66 Addenda, 66 Suggestions to Visitors, 66 Memoranda, 70 Map of Niagara Falls, 73 >:'H }.-\V:-^i- bii.JA.';.. 1^ MiiejJJI'miliMi it.!, 1^1 .• u ua I "^^W-- \ im|(WiA.I4,l4'4'J'MP '•siy\-i . .t 3 ' : V ''t: '.:;»'■■'. 'v.m. f \. IWM WW'' " ' f A mKem^i^Bmmmmmm^ im^mm^ .wmm^m "WIWH"^ ' -" ' """"> ' \ k ^\i V ...^-1^ m ■■I V. ■;i t '^WS^ *--A :*f^' t ■ ' ^#' • <"V- U :*■ '^'■M '■■■i *iWft%h; ":»ss'*;' «' Gazette" Printing House, NIAQAAA FALLS, N. Y. >? V ^ ■i^v.. 4?