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v.. *M

>£.

'"17'^ ■'i'*' '•*'?■

FOR

(N^

|ir ^tt^m.

JOSEPH FOi^gTIJB,

</ "iicfY« dtt^ Aehert" BntRHei^Dronett totd Warhing Beetle* Jx.

"^.tV

i'4*

IVSBKD AT THE- PnOORESSIVK OLVB, NoTTINO HiLL, Lo)}DOM ; AT THt,

Elkusis Club, Cbklssa; >t riiE Hammkrskitm Ci<cb,
Qit^i»WAT, ]^Aif:«itiuMiTH, rirc.

r».

it«d, with additioni, from the "WeeUj^ (dii^iili
lOanmHait/and Miuiitdbliiaid Vat- West TtnMs."

^m^'

PB.IOIQ •rWOPKKqK.

/^-

jA,*i»;i

JOJcilf .Bk^OdD'i Jl/VAr^B^OSVKR BVILDISOS, AND
DMin|9AT« AMD lirtKJBFIELD,' MaNCUBSTER.

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FAT LANDS

FOR

LEAN TILLERS.

g^ %c(i\m.

MM^^'t

JOSEPH FORSTER,

Anthor of "Acres and Ackers" "Bumhles, Drones, and Working Bees," d'C.

A PARALLEL.

EvKRVBODV who has ever read it remembers Carlyle's famous description of tho
workhouse of St. Ives, in Huntingdonshire, und what tlie incturesqtiH tourist saw :
** I saw flitting on wooden benches, in front of their Biistile, and within their rnit>'w:iU
and its railings, some half-hundred or more of these men. TiJl robust figures, young
mostly, or of middle age ; of honest eomitcnance, many of them thoughtful and even
iiiteiUgent-looking men. They sat there, near by one another, but in a kind of torjMir,
nnd especially in a silence whioii wa« very striUing. In silenee ; for, alas ! what wonl
was to be said ? An earth all Ijdng roimd crying, Come and till me, come and reap
me ; yet wo here sit enchanted ! In the eyes and brows of these men hung the
gloomiest expression, not of anger, but of grief and shame and manifold inaiticulato
distrei-s and weariness. They returned my glance with a glance that seemed to say,
' Do iMt look at ufi, we sit enchanted here we know not why. The sun shines and tlie
earth calls, and, by the governing powers and importance of this England, vo are
forbidden to obey. It is imiM)ssible, they tell us ! ' There was something that
reminded me of Dante's hell in the look of all this ; and I ro lo swiftly away." An
exHctly similar scene may lie witnessed any night by a tourist, picturesque or other-
wise, who finds his way to the House of Commons. There they are, moody and
listless on their benches, flitting aimlessly liither anil thither from corridor to corridor,
sauntering through the tea-room, idling in the smoking-room, all at their wits' ends
how Ui get through the dreary hours, and hoping against hoiHi that the morrow may
break the horrid spell. And so "many of them thoughtful and even intelligent-
looking iueu.."—ridl Midi Giizi'Ue.

LONDON :
JOHN IIEYWOOD, 11, Patf.rnostkr BufLPTNos

DeANSOATE and RlDCiKriELD, AlANCKSartK.

1882.

AND

DOMINION LINE

TO AMERICA.

Passengers for any part of CANADA or the UNITED
STATES will consult tlieir own interests by enquiring the
throuyh rates of the DOMINION LINE.

Saloon from £10 lOs.; Intermediate, £8; Steerage, £6 Gs.
ASSISTED PASSAGES FROM £3.

Pamphlets/ree on application to any Dominion Line agent, or to

FLINN, MAIN, & MONTGOMERY,

24, James Street, LIVERPOOL.

NATIONAL

LIBERAL FEDERATION.

Pr*»ident: H. FELL PEASE, J.P.
iiecreiary: F. SCHNADHORST.

OBJECTS :

1. To assist in the organization throughout the country of
Liberal Associations based on popular representation.

2. To promote the adoption of Liberal principles in the
government of the country.

♦»♦

Programme of Lectures, and List of Publications may he had on
application to the Secretary at the Offices^

ATLAS CHAMBERS,
PARADISE STREET, BIRMINGHAM.

FAT LANDS FOR LEAN TILLERS.

UNITED

juiriug the i

ige, £Q 6s. I

agent, or to

RY,

2RP00L

ION.

country of
)les in the

2^ he had on

I WILL begin my lecture by reading the following letter of
mine which appeared in London Canadian, of August 23rd,
in reply to one received from a man who has done more than
any other living person to raise the condition of tlie agricultural
labourer : —

Dear Sir, — Thanks for your letter. Singular to say, what you write to
me, I said to the editor of the London Canadian, when he first tried to
interest me iu the great question of emigration to the North-West of
Canada. You truly say we want the men here. But while the horrible
feudal land laws are being reformed — and it will take years to make a
cnsuK-is of such a chaos — the poor labourers — and none know it better than
you— are literally starving. It is the enormous supply of food from abroad
which is bringing things to a crisis here, by reducing rents on every hand.

Under our land laws it is impossible to compete with the supply of food
shipped from America. The way to a fdol's brain is through his belly.
Even the man who preserves partridges and shoots pigeons, when he finds
that his income has not only dried up, but that he is minus a few thousands
x\ vear, must consent to a reform of the land laws, or starve. What an
absurdity it appears, that thousands of labourers shoidd look vainly hero
/or a job, starving in the meantime, when there are millions of acres waiting
icr their stroug arms in British America.

These men leave their cruel stepmother, England, shaking the dust from
their feet, and cursing her name ; but a few years' prosperity in the Nortli-
West will take th«3 venom out of their hearts, and they will be ready to
help those left behind, by preparing homes and work for them. How can
a man with a wolf in his stomach love his country or any living being ?

There is enough for all the labourers in England to do, if tlie land wero
available for their labour. But while the noble but limp landlord pretends to
own 30,000 acres, and has not capital enough for 3,000, 27,000 acres are
lying fallow, which under our idiotic land laws, he, the nominal owner, is
not allo.,ed to sell. We, I include you and all sensible men, want, if
necessary, to compel him to sell what he cannot use, and while that ia
being done, to induce all men, who can afford to leave the country, to do
BO, and thus enable the poorer labourers to get the little work there is to be
done, at better wages, through thus reducing the competition.

Poets are often, in fact, usually prophets. When Charles
Mackay sang " To the West — to the West ! " he knew nothing

INGHAM.

of ^Fiinitoba and the British Nortli-Wcst, with their liundrcd
m in ion acres of tlic most fc 'tile land in the world —land pro-
ducing; an average of 30 bushels of corn to the acre — land to
be had for the asking, too; had he dono so, he would not only
have snng, I think he would have danced also. What a
prospect f<^r the poor, half-starved agricultural labourer ; aye,
and for the ])o()r, iialf-starved farmer too; and I might say for
the limp, listless, game-preserving, ])igeon-shooting landlord,
who has to pay heavy mortgages and settlements, out of hardly
any residne of rent. It is, you must admit, very difficult, even
for a clever man, with a nominal rent-roll of £30,000 a year,
whose mortgages, tkc, amonnt to £20,000, and whose actual
rent receipts only reach £15,000 instead of £30,000, to make
both ends meet. li is rather hard linos not only to have
nothing to live upon, but to be minus £5,000 a year. Under
these conditions my Lord finds that partridge breeding, and
even the heroic practice of pigeon shooting, lose their old
charms. Ho has preserved his game, but now cruel fate oe«ma
to bo making game of him ; turned out his tenants, who had
the impudence to claim some of their own property ; asserted
his feudal privileges, but has lost his income. I really feel
soiry for him, and would like to help him. Manitoba opens
her hospitable arms even to the "partridge breeder of a
thousand years." Let him try the new world; he can't spoil
it, and it may mend him. Let him turn over a new leaf. I
don't believe he is a bad fellow at bottom. He has only lived
in a fool's jiaradisc too long, and got acclimatised. But he has
an English heart, and, I believe, something like a backbone
somcwlicre. There is plenty of hunting and shooting ; aye,
even better and manlier sport than pigeon shooting itself. His
lordship can lead a jolly, out-of-doors, manly life. Let him
help us to alter our idiotic land laws so that he can sell his
white elephant of an estate, and buy a few thousand acres in
the Land of the West, where, when you tickle the black and
fertile soil, it laughs with crops of corn, barley, and oats. As
to the tenants anu labourers, whose capital and sweat the noble
lord has absorbed and squandered, they will forgive him his
crass folly, and work with him on a footing of manly equality
and mutual interest.

Just try to imagine a place nearly as big as Europe, with room

■ luinflrcil
■liuid pro-
— land to

\]ot only

What a
iircr ; aye,
lit say for

lanillord,
t of hardly
icult, even
)0 a year,
lOse actual
), to mako
y to have
ir. Under
eding, and

their old
fate Bceiiis
}, who had
f ; asserted
really feel
toba opens
ceder of a

can't spoil
ew leaf. I

only lived
But he has
a backbone
oting; aye,
itself. His
Let bim
3an sell bis
id acres iu

black and
1 oats. As
at tlie noble
ive bim bis
[ily equality

e, witb room

for 150,000,000 and only 4,000,000 there! Such is British
Nortii AniericiU Talk aixuit the imagination of a poet ; tiio
jtlain fact surpasses the wildest visions of the most subliuio
poet !

Let me here introduce a few hard facts about the extent of
the country, tlie ciiniate, the crops, and tlie inlinite ])()ssibilities
of this new W(»r]d. In this heai MfuMy governed old land of
ours, we have about one millitui jjaupers. These ])oor victims
of had laws, by tlio glorious alchemy of i'rcc laud and the domaiul
for every kind of manual labour, can be turned into indepen-
dent and honest men. No touching the hat there with servile
Hcra)>e to overy man with a cloth coat. There the man who
can't work touches his hat to the man who can, that is if he c.i.
atlbrd a hat. There is room there for W(»men, although 1 siiall
be sorry to lose any of them. Instead of about five women to
one man, and he too often a poor washed-out fellow ; although
that is not his fault, poor chap ! there are five robust, well-fed,
gritty men to one woman. So that if any of njy lady readers
believe iu woman's rights to men's adoration, as 1 do, she should
go to Manitoba. The women, especially the good-looking ones,
can ])ick and choose from iifty adorers, who don't believe iu
long engagements. If there are any ])lain women here, and, iu
my humb e opinion, no good-tempered womiUi is plain, they
too, if they can't ))ick one out of tifty can select the best of any
five. Women don't make much fuss sibout a vote there ; they
have too much bread to bake, too nuicli meat to cook, too many
babies to wash, to trouble about that. But I think they have
a little to do with their husband's votes.

Now. as to the demsind for women in the North-West, what
do you think of the following copied from a Canadian ])a])er?
Between you and me, I think my friend the editor, or a friend
of his, has touched it up a little here and there. But that
opinion is contidontial. The paragraph actually appeared in a
Canadian ])aper.

"The following strikes us as amusing: ' The Cry is : Still
They Don't Come, (^ii'ls of Ontario, c(jme West ! come West !
We have in our town many eligibles. The first comer can
cnoose between a thin lawyer, a stout doctor, a retired but not
retiring merchant, and one still in business. All are warranted
docile, and tired of a life of single unblessedness.'"

Sinco the addition of tho North-Westorn Ten-itorioa, of which
^liinitobii forms so important a part, tlie extent of tlio Dominion
excccfls tho area of the United States by 12,800,000 acres.
More cxtniordinary still, it nearly equals in dimensions the
whole of Rnrope. The area of the whole continent of Europe
is about 3,900,000 square miles, and the extent of the Dominion
is 3,530,000 square miles. And there is one important fact to
remember, that the 3,530,000 square miles in Canada is viri^'in
and not exhausted soil, while the European liuid is nearly as
much played out as the military despotisms which are driving
all tho people away, who do not believe that pride and ])ipeclay
are the only true divinities ; and that the truculent Bismarck
is hi.ixh priest.

Why, in tho Canadian North-West alone, there are about
100,000,000 acres of <jjood land, capable of producinj^ about 30
bushels of corn to the acre, while the average yield in the
United States is now 15 to the acre. Some people say it is
more difficult and expensive to get this produce to the English
market. Not a bit of it. Tho distance is less from Montreal
to Liverpool, than from New York to Liverpool, and the former
will be the future great shipping port for wheat from the
North-Wcst.

P'rom Port i\Ioody, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific
railway (over 700 miles of which, into the heart of the grain
growing district, counting both sections, are now finished), to
^fontreal is 410 miles nearer than from Port Moody to Now
York ; and it is 481 miles further from San Francisco to New
York, than from Port Moody to Montreal. Now that tho
Canadian Pacific Railway is finished west of Montreal to Thunder
Bay on Lake Superior, there is direct water and railway com-
munication between ^Montreal and the grain fields of the North-
West. Already wheat has been carried from Winnipeg, vitl
the United States, at 30 cents per bushel, or '2 dollars 40 cents
per quarter. Fi-om Montreal to Liverpool, add, say, one dollar,
which brings the cost of carrying wheat from Wiimipeg to
Liverpool to about 14s. a quarter. So that the carriatre of
wheat from the North-West costs less than from the United
States, and even if it should cost a little more, as in the former
place the soil produces a far larger yield, not to speak of the
quality, which is worth more in the market than United States

!t|

of which
■)omini(>n
)0 acrcH.
sions the
,f Kuropo
Dominion
,nt fact to
V is virii;in

nearly as
re driving
d ])ipcclay

Bismarck

are ahont
f abont 30
old in the
le say it is
he English
:i Montreal
the former
t from the

ian Pacific
f the grain
inishcd), to
uly to Now
[SCO to Now
w that the
to Thvmdor
-ailway com-
f the North-
iiuiipcg, vi''^
lars 40 cents
, one dollar,
Winnipeg to
5 carriage of
the United
.n the former
speak of the
Juited States

wheat, iho advantage on the side of the British Nortli-Wost is
enormons.

For these reasons, when one roads in one of the London mone-
tary papers that it wonld cost seven hnslu^ls to carry one of wheat
from the British North- West to England, it ij charitable to
fancy that the writer does not know what he ib writing about,
and not that ho is intentionally deceiving the public.

A few words on the crops raised in the North-West, without
a farthing being spent in manme. Entpiiries among the farmers
produced the following statement : Oats average GO, and in
some cases even 80 bushels to the acre. Barley averages 40,
and 70 bushels have been reai)ed from one acre of land. Boas
reach abont 38, and rye 40 bushels the acre, while potatoes
show in some cases the extraordinary yield of GOO bushels, but
average 300 bushels an acre. In root crops, the average for
turnips is 100 ; carrots, 300 ; while onions reach as high as
270 bushels. In cultivated grasses, ti»e yield is 2^ to three
tons an acre, but owing to the abundance of prairie hay it is
not grown to any great extent. These wonderful results of the
not most careful farming, because most of the farmers are jwor
men with limited a])pliances, are produced without any manure.
Crops hdve heen grown there for 40 years without manure. In
fact, the soil is so rich that manure does more harm than
good, and such will be the case for many years to come. The
facts stated above are gathered from practical men, and taken
from districts as far norti. as Cumberland House, and as far
west as Edmonton.

Now, as to the climate. It is astonishing to simple people
how much pleasure some persons find in labouring to do evil.
Great pains have been taken to represent the climate of the
Canadian North- West as utterly unsuited for settlement. An
article — called by courtesy a leading article — in a London
newspaper, in reference to a Canadian winter, said it lasted
seven months. In London it often lasts longer, and is followed
by little or no summer to speak of. This statement was utterly
false, as winter in the North-West commences between the
middle and end of November, and lasts till March, a little more
than four months. Farmers frequently begin ploughing during
the latter days of March, and rarely later than the beginning of
April. When they do, it is called a very late spring. Now for

tlie severity of the weather. The cold is sharp as long as it
lasts, but the air being dry, it is much less trying than cold,
raw, damp air, accompanied by a north-easter, not to mention
our horrible London fog, which literally chokes, by cuugcstiug
the lungs of delicate people. The air is dry, pure, and wonder-
fully exhilarating. The snow, hard and crisp, delightful to walk
on, does not generally fall in large quantities, although there
are, as here, heavy sno^'storms, but the snowfall is more than
balanced by the bright warm sun. Much has been written
about " blizzards," which are simply severe snowstorms, but in
spite of the highly-coloured accounts given of their disastrous
effects, we know right well that persons who have suffered
have done so through their own carcV^s^noss. Such people will
suffer something or other wherever they go; or if they remain
at home. The seasons then are as follows : Spring — April and
May ; Summer — June, July, August ; Autumn — September,
October, and part of November; Winter — part of November,
December, January, February, and March. The spring is clear
and dry, the summer warm, with cool nights, and the autumn
balmy and wonderfully pleasant. Such delightful weather is
entirely unknown in tiiis counrry. The climate being so free
from damp, consumptive patients are sent there from the States,
and, as a rule, are cured, if a cure is possible.

Ih,

STRAV;i3BRRlE8 V. ICE.

Apropos of climate the following is interesting : According to
the Toronto Globe the crop of strawberries was not quite up
to the average. Still, they were so plentiful that they were
sold for six cents per box. Pears, api)les, cherries, raspberries,
and black currants have yielded well. This, to those who
believe in the Siberian weather of the North- West of Canada,
will be rather surprising news.

THE CHICAGO OF CANADA.

Now a few words about the Chicago of Canada — Winnipeg.
I venture to call it the lively Peg. The growth of this town
has been something extraordinary, even for such a wonderful
country as the North-West of Canada.

Although Winnipeg might base itself upon its position, an

long as it
than cold,
o mention
coiigcsting
id \vondcr-
ful to walk
3ugb there
more than
en written
ns, but in

disastrous
ve suffered
people will
liey remain
—April and
-September,

November,
ring is clear
the autumn

weather is
jing so free

the States,

According to

ot quite up

they were

rasi)berries,

) those who

of Canada,

—Winnipeg,
of this town
a wonderful

position, an

unique one, as a real estate market, its other sources of strength
are nearly as unequalled. It is, in the first place, already the
greatest railway centre in the Dominion ; as such it will require
immense car works and rolling mills ; these will form the nucleus
of unnumbered workshops of every kind. Then, thi kofthe
millions of acres of fertile soil stretching away to the base of the
Rocky Mountains ; and try to imagine — although one must
admit that is impossible — the myriads of ploughs, seeders,
reapers, and other implements of agriculture required. Again,
the men who are to di ive these ploughs will require good brick
and stone houses : then arises the demand for thousands of
carpenters, bricklayers, stonemasons, locksmiths ; not to mention
the demand for millions of bricks, and, therefore, brickmakers,
planing mills, and carpenters' shops. There is no danger, in
this new and wonderful country, of the labour market being
glutted. Living labour here is the respected because necessary
adjunct of dead capital. There is no risk, no doubt about it.
Labour is sure of its reward, and, when united with brains and
sobriety, that reward will be worth having. Many men who
feel inclined to drink through breathing the fetid air in some
close London street, will altogether lose the morbid craving for
stimulants resulting irom such surroundings, when they breathe
the clear, bracing air of the North- West As a clever man once
said, " it is easy for those to do well who are well to do." So
that if any of my friends here study too much for the bar or at
the bar, and feel that its fixscinations are too much for them ;
and, considering the circumstances, I don't wonder at it, let
them go where the air is like a subtle wine, bracing up muscles,
nerves, and brain,

A few more words about Winnipeg and the surrounding
country. The following facts are culled fro:n the Canadian
papers : —

MORE LIGHTS,

We le?m that another Manitoba Electric Light and Power
Co. have applied to the Governor-General for an incorporating
charter. This looks promising, and will astonish some people
who think, or pretend to think, and try to make others who
don't think believe, that the North-West of Canada is a
benighted, frozcn-out-end-of-the-world sort of place.

CUSTOMS OF THE COUNTRY.

The custom duties collected at the port of Winnipeg, last
month, amounted to nearly double those collejted in the cor-
responding month of 1881. The figures are: July, 1881,
$111,221; July, 1882, $227,274.

THE LIVELY PEG.

Winnipeg appears to be a lively town. She has changed
from a tented field to a big city. Elegant family mansions are
elevating their chimneys in all directions. Business blocks are
getting into the hands of sharp business men, who intend to
make things boom, and no mistake. The pretty little sum of
$5,000,000 is still to be spent on buildings this season. What
were suburbs now form part of the city, and new suburbs are
being formed, which in time will also be included in this rapidly
increasing town. No wonder bricklayers, carpenters, painters,
blacksmiths, moulders, gasfitters, in fact, all useful working-
men are paid from 128. to 16s. a day. Why, mere labourers
employed on the Canadian Pacific Railway works are getting
Ss. and upwards a day. Here it is hard work and half starve,
or don't work and quite starve. In the North- West of Canada
the people prefer

WORK, GOOD PAY, AND SOME PLAY.

We are glad to learn that the crops on the Brandon Hills and
in the Souris valley are magnificent. The area under crops is
immensely increased. The blue hills of Brandon seem to be
thoroughly appreciated by the settlers, who are continually pic-
nicing there. People there don't like all work and no pay;
they prefer work, play, and good pay, and get them too.

Now, I hope you are all in a good temper, and prepared to
listen to a lot of dry facts — no ! they are not dry facts, they are
eloquent in the highest degree — about Manitoba. First, let me
quote the opinion of a semi-royal prince — we all love princes
here, even half a one ; then Dr. Bryce's letter, which appeared
in the well- written, gritty Scotsman ; then Professor Sheldon, of
the College of Agriculture, Salisbury ; ther a letter from Winni-
peg, the capital of Manitoba, as to the kind of labour most in
demand : a very important thing fur you to know. The Hon.

nnipeg, last

in the cor-

[uly, 1881,

as changed
lansions are
8 blocks are

intend to
ttle sum of
,son. What
suburbs are

this rapidly
jrs, painters,
ful working-
re labourers

1 are getting
half starve,
: of Canada

on Hills and
nder crops is

seem to be
itinually pic-
stnd no pay;
1 too.

prepared to
lets, they are
First, let me

love princes
ich appeared
ir Sheldon, of
r from Winni-
bour most in
/. The Hon.

Sir Alexander Gait, G.C.M.G., the High Commiflsioner for
Canada in England, records liis views of the country. I will
also quote Lord Dufferin, and the Hon. H. Seward, late U.S.
Minister for Foreign Affairs. Then, if I have not quite exhnusted
your kind attention, I will sum up the case from my own point
of view, only begging you very earnestly to study the matter for
yourselves ; for those who go there not only help themselves,
but help those who remain behind by removing competitors in
the labour market.

The following are extracts from His Excellency ICarl Duflferin'a
remarks at Winnipeg iu 1877 : —

From its geographical positiou, and its peculiar characteristics, Manitoba
may be regarded as the keystone of that mighty arch of sister provinces
which spans the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It wa« here
that Canada, emerging from her woods and forei'ts, first gazed upon lier
rolling prairies and unexplored North- West, and learnt, as by an unexpected
revelation, that her historical territories of the Canadas, her eastern sea-
boards of New Brunswick, Labrador, and ^I'ova Scotia, her Lauren tian
lakes and valleys, corn lands and pastures, though themselves more
extensive than half-a-dozen European kingdoms, were but the vestibules
and antechambers to that till then undreamt of Dominion whose
illimitable dimensions alike confound the arithmetic of the surveyors and
the verification of the explorer.

It was hence that, counting her past achievements as but the preface
and prelude to her future exertions and expanding destinies, she took a
fresh departure, received the atflatus of a more imperial inspiration, and
felt herself no longer a mere settler along the banks of a single river, but
the owner of half a continent, and in the magnitude of her possessions, in
the wealth of her resources, in the sinews of her material might, the peer
( * any power on earth.

The experipnce of the wheat-raisers in Manitoba has now been of sufficient
length to make understood some of the natural advantages extended to

this country for returning large and certain crops But most

noteworthy is the soil itself — an alluvial black loam, with an average

depth of twenty inches, resting on a subsoil of clay Dropped

into this soil, with the other favouring circumstances, seed springs up and
grows with an ejitraordiuary vigour, and gives a sound and abundant crop.
The average yield of wheat per acre in the Red Kiver Valley, north of
Fargo, where the soil becomes heavier and more characteristic, is twenty-
three bushels. In Manitoba and the Saskatchewan region the
average is greater, and amounts to twenty-eight bushels. These

facts become more striking when compared with results in the district of
the wheat-iupply at present. In Illinois the average for wheat to the acre
is seventee n bushels ; in Iowa ten ; in Wisconsin less than ten ; in Kansas
ten ; while in Texas it is eight and one-half bushels. Nor does the laud

deem to deteriorate under a course of cropping, as does the lighter soil of
iStates in the south. — Harper's Magazine, JSeptember, 1881. •

Well might the late Hon. William Seward, whilst Prime Minister of the
United States, write thus his impressions of Canada (that region nearly
eCLUalling in size all Europe, which even many of us have looked on a i
the tag-end of America, a waste bit of the world) : " Hitherto, in common
with most of my countrymen, as I suppose, I have thought Canada a mere
strip lying north of the United States, ea.-^ily detached from the parent
State, but incapable of sustainiui; itself, and therefore ultimately, nay,
right soon, to be taken on by the Federal Union, without materially
changing or affecting its own development, I have dropped the opinion as
a national conceit. I see in British North America, stretching as it does
across the Continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, in its wheat-fields of
the West, its invaluable fisheries, and its mineral wealth, a region grand
enough for the seat of a great empire." — Mr. R. Q. Webster, LL.B., at the
Jioyal Colonial Institute, November 21nd, 1881.

This Winnipeg, the capital, is at the junction of the Asainiboine and
R«d River of the North. I think it is the St. Louis of the North from the
fact that it collects at its wharves the navigation of the Red River of the
North, 800 miles ; Assiniboine, 500 miles ; the Saskatchewan, 1,100 miles,
and of Lake Manitoba, 3(j0 miles. It is the commercial centre of a great
fertile basin, extending from the north end of Lake Manitoba to the source
of the Red River on the south ; from the Lake of the Woods on the east to
1,000 miles west of Winnipeg.— 5f Louis Republican.

TESTIMONY OF THE MARQUIS OF LORXE AND EARL DUFFERIN UPON
MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORY.

The following are extracts from the speech of His Excellency
the Marquis of Lome at Winnipeg, 10th October, 1881 : —

Unknown a few years ago, except for some differences which had
arisen amongst its people, we see Winnipeg now with a population
unanimously joining in happy concord and rapidly lifting it to the
frout rank aujongst the commercial centres of the world. We may
look elsewhere in vain for a situation so favourable and so commanding,
many as are the fair regions of which we can boast. There may be
some among you before whose eyes the whole wonderful panorama of
our ])roviuces has passed. You may know the ocean garden island
of Prince Edward, the magnificent valleys of the St. John, and the
marvellous country, the home of "Evangeline," where Blomedon looks
d<nvn on the tides of the Fun<ly, and over tracts of red soil, richer than the
A\ eald of Kent. You may have seen the fortified paradise of Quebec, and
Montreal, whose prosperity and beauty is worthy of her great St. Lawrence,
and you may have admired the well-wrought and splendid j rovince of
Ontario, and rejoiced at the growth of her capital Toronto ; and yet
nowhere will you find a site whose natural advautages promise no great a

iter soil of

ster of the

on nearly

yoked on ai
in common
lada a mere
the parent
lately, nay,

materially
3 opinion aa

as it does
eat-fields of
egion grand
L.B., at the

fntnre as that which seems insured to Manitoba and to Winnipeg, the " heart
ci'y " of our Dominion. The measureless meadows which commence here
stretch without interruption of their good soil westward to your boundary.
The province is a green sea over which the summer ivinds pass laden with
the scent of rich grasses and flowers, and over this vast extent it is only as
yet here and there that a yellow patch shows some gij:antic wheat-field.
Like a great net cast over the whole are the bands and clumps of poplar
•which are everywhere to be met with, and which no doubt, when the prairie
fires are more carefully guarded against, will wherever they are wanted
Btill further adorn the landscape. The meshes of this wo(jd netting are
never further than twenty or thirty miles apart. Little hay swampa and
sparkling lakelets teeming with wild fowl are always close at hand ; and if
the surface water in some of these has alkali, excellent water can always be
had in others, and by the simple process of digging for it a short distance
beneath the sod with a spade, the soil being so devoid of stones that it is
not even necessary to use a pick.

niboine and
th from the
liver of the
1,100 miles,
5 of a great
;o the source
n the east to

'ERIN UPON

Excellency

81:—

1 which had
El population
ig it to the
We may
commanding,
lere may be
panorama of
irden island
hn, and the
imedon looks
jher than the
Quebec, and
3t. Lawrence,
province of
to ; and yet
lise so great a

There was not one person who had manfully faced the first difficulties,
always far less then those to be encountered in the older provinces, but said
that he was getting on well, and he was glad he had come, and he generally
added that " he believed his bit of the country must be the best," and that
he only wished his friends could have the same good fortune, for his
expectations were more than realised.

At Calgarry, a place inoaresting at the present time, as likely to be on
that Pacific Railway line which will connect you with the Pacific and give
you access to " that vast shore beyond the furthest sea," the shore of Asia,
a good many small herds of cattle have beer introduced within the last few
years. During this year a magnificent herd of between six and seven
thousand has been brought in ; and the men who attend them, and who
come from Montana, Oregon, and Texas, all averred that their opinion of
their new ranch was higher than that of any with which they had been
acquainted in the South. Excellent crops have been raised by men who
had sown, not only in the river bottoms, but upon the so-called benchlands
or plateaux above. This testimony was also given by others on the way to
Fort McLeod, thus closing most satisfactorily the song of praise we had
heard from practical men throughout our whole journey of 1,200 miles.

You have a country whose value it would be insanity to question, and
which, to judge from the emigration taking place from our other provinces,
will be indissolubly linked with them. It must support a vast population.
If I may calculate from the progress we have already made, in comparison
with our neighbours, we shall have no reason to fear further comparison
•with them, on the areas now open to us. We have now four million four
hundred thousand people ; and these, with the exception of the compara-
i lively small numbers as yet in this province, are restricted to the old area ;
yet for the last ten years our increase has been over eighteen per cent.,
whereas during the same period all the New England States taken together

^i&amm

mmmm

i'Ai

t!5

have shown an increase only of fifteen per cent. In the last thirty years in
Ohio the increase has been sixty-one per cent. Ontario has seen duriig
that space of time one hundred and one per cent, of an increase ; while
Quebec has increased fifty-two per cent., Manitoba in ten years has iacreased
two hundred and eighty-nine per cent., a greater rate than any hitherto
attained and, to judge from this year's experience, is likely to increase to
an even more wonderful degree during the following decade. Statistics
are at all times wearisome, but are not these full of hope ?

After the opinion of the Marquis of Lome, who is rather too
big and magnificent a person for you and me to feel at home
with, let me quote a letter from Patrick Barrett, who left
Ballinasloe in April, and whose letter appeared in the London
Canadian of August 23rd. Patrick states that he can earn in
three days what it would take him a fortnight to make in
Ireland, and that be can live for considerably less. But here is
the letter : —

The voyage '>ut is not half so bad as many imagine. After a day or so
yon get better, and thea you feel in far better health than before. We
duly arrived in Point Levis (Quebec), where we were met by the Govern-
ment Agent, Mr. Stafford, who gave us erery information, and sent us on
to Ottawa. Here we were met by Mr. Wills, who treated us very kindly,
and gave us our choice of different jobs. There were about 30 or 40 of ub
by this time, but he could have found employmri:!- for ten times as many.
I and my comrades, three in number, took it wS our choice to work in a
saw mill in Arnprior, where we arrived that evening, and started work next
morning ; and now, after working there for over two months, I can say I
like it every day more and more, as do my comrades.

I can earn in three days here what it would take me a fortnight to earn
in Ireland ; and the board I pay $3 (12s. 6d.) a week here for would coat
at least £1 at home ; so that anybody ca" see I have made a fortunate
change. Now I would advise any young man or woman who have to work
for their living in the old country to come out here, and they will never
regret it.

Any young man coming here, and willing to work, need not be aifraid of
being out of a job for five minutes, except through his own fault. There
is plenty of work for as many more, if they come here, on railways, lumber
yards, buildings, and farms. Another grand feature of this country is that
one man is as good as another. There is none of that false pride that
separates class from class in the eld country.

If this should reach the eye of any young man or woman, who are unde-
cided where to go, I trust it will be the means of inducing them to come
to Canada, as I feel confident if they come they will never regret the step
they have taken. And any young man coming out, and having no particular
place to come to, let him come to Arnprior, and I will be happy to find
him work.

Hoping, Mr. Editor, you will kindly insert the above in your valuable
paper, and apologising for its length, — I remain, &c.,

Arnprior, Ont., Canada. Pats. Bahrstt.

-ty years in
leea duriig
sase ; while
as iacreaaed
ay hitherto
I increase to
Statistics

rather too
)1 at home
, -who left
16 London
m earn in
3 make in
3ut here is

a day or so
jefore. We
the Govern-
l sent us on
very kindly,
3 or 40 of U8
nes as many,
to work in a
3d work next
can say I

light to earn
would cost
a fortunate
have to work
jy will never

be afraid of
lult. There
ways, lumber
untry is that
le pride that

rho are unde-
hem to come
gret the step
no particular
lappy to find

'our valuable

PROFESSOR SHELDON, THE COLLEGE OP AGRICULTURE, DOWNTON,

SALISBURY, ENGLAND.

I was much surprised to find among the Manitoban farmers one of my
old Cirencester pupils. He had bought a farm of some 400 acres a few
miles west of Winnipeg, paying, as was thought, the extravagant price of
20 dollars (£4) an acre. He declared, however, to me that he had the best
farm in the locality, which may be taken as evidence of his being satisfied
with it ; and he was growing crops of turnips, potatoes, oats, &c., which
were already a theme of conversation in the Province ; this was done by
better cultivation than the laud of Manitoba is used to, and it is clear that
the soil will produce almost any kind of crop in a very satisfactory way,
providing it is properly attended to. And yet, how can we expect the
rank and file of farmers to cultivate the soil carefuUy in a country which
has such a superb abundance of magnificent land still v loccupied ' In
time, no doubt, better farming will prevail, and I hope my old pupil will
set an example which will be worth extensive imitation ; but at present
land is too cheap and plentiful to admit of microscopic cultivation as we
have it in England and Scotland.

PROFESSOR SHELDON, THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, DOWNTON,

SALISBURY.

The soil of Manitoba is a purely vegetable loam, black as ink, and full
of organic matter, in some places many feet thick, and resting on the
alluvial drift of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. It is of course extremely
rich in the chief elements of plant-food, and cannot easily be exhausted ;
the fanners know this, so they take all they can out of it in the shorl^est
possible time, and return nothing whatever to it in the form of manure.
By turning up an inch or two of fresh soil now and again, the fertility of
the surface is renewed, and the same exhaustive system of growing wheat,
year by year, may be pursued for a long pariod with impunity. It is true,
in fact, that for several of the first years, at all events, manuring the soil
would do much more harm than good.

The following extracts from a letter from the Rev. Dr. Brjce.

of Winnipeg, upon the climate of Manitoba, which appeared in

the Edinburgh ^Scotsman of October 19, 1881, will be read with

interest : —

Edinburgh, October 14, 1881.
Sir, — Last week I wrote a short letter on Manitoba, and, in answer to
certain queries about the climate of that province, now wish to write a few
lines. A very common delusion exists as to the exact position of Winnipeg:.
Winnipeg is situated on latitude 50° N., while Edinburgh, being about 57
deg., is several hundreds of miles nearer the region of polar ice than
Winnipeg. To those who have read the old books in which Toronto,
somewhere about 44° N., is stated to be in the midst of a hyperborean
region, it is no surpri j to find Winnipeg falling heir to the same unenviable
reputation. It is quite true that latitude has not all to do with the matter,
but it has surely something to do with it. The very modifying influence

ETT.

that brings with it a milder climate to Britain, carries with it one very
important element of discomfort — viz., moisture. The Manitoba winter is
exceedingly dry, and, in consequence, there is no impression made on the
body by low states of temperature, which in a moist climate would be
unbearable. The rbsence of moisture also preserves a steady continuance
of one kind of weather, very much for our comfort. It is well known that
it is the rapid change — one day bright, the next wet, one day frosty, the
next muggy— that is so trying to the body

The dryness of the climate and the clear air are taken advantage of
frequently by consumptives, who come from other parts of America and are
cured. I can name several persons of my acquaintance who, on coming
to the country, were said to be far advanced in consumption, and who have
now recovered. The dry, clear air gives an elasticity to the frame, noticed
by all who visit the North- West. As to the sensation of cold, I have stood
outside with hands and face uncovered, and throat bare, looking at the
thermometer registering ten degrees below zero, and have had no feeling of
discomfort whatever. It is in my recollection of having driven my sleigh to a
country parish about fifteen miles from Winnipeg on a Christmas day, and
of having been engaged in visiting from house to house all the day with the
thermometer ptanding at 40 deg. below zero. The horse was left outside in
most cases, simply having the buffalo robe thrown over him, and suflFered
nothing ; while myself and driver, though going in and out from cold to
hot and hot to cold, felt no inconvenience.

Herds of horses were formerly kept by the old settlers, which lived out
the winter through. I have seen horses which had been born on the
prairie, and had reached six or seven years of age without ever being under
a roof. Cattle, so far as the cold is concerned, can live outside during the
whole winter ; but they must have the company of horses, which can break
the snow-crust for them, to allow the dry grass beneath to be obtained. It
is not, of course, to be inferred from this that farmers now allow their
horses and cattle to go unhoused for the winter. What can be done, and
what it is best to do, are different things. The winter sets in about the
midille of November ; until early in January the weather is often dark and
stormy, and in December the coldest weather generally comes. In
January, as the common expression goes, "the back of the winter is broken,''
and there is for two or three months after that a most brilliant unclouded
sky almost continuously. So strong is the sun in its reflection from the
snow, that farmers and those much out in the open air protect their eyes
with green gauze, close spectacles, and the like. In March, or early in
April, the snow passes away, and spring is at once present — if, indeed, there
be a spring at all, so soon «loes summer follow in its wake. It has been my
experience to see the country with the snow gone and most balmy weather
on 31st March in several different years, and on two years of the last ten in
the middle of March. The snowfall of the North- West is comparatively
light. One and a half or two feet may be taken as the average depth over
the ten years just past. Some persons met on this side of the Atlantic
seem to regard four and a half or five months of winter as very long. The
cessation of all work in the fields seems to make British agriculturists
think with such a season farming can scarcely be carried on. On the other
hand, the North- West winter is found quite short enough for all the work

■■ !

b it one very
oba winter ia
made on the
late would be
,• continuance
.1 known that
ly frosty, the

advantage of
aerica and are
lo, on coming
and who have
'rame, noticed
, I have stood
)oking at the
i no feeling of
my sleigh to a
tmas day, and
e day with the
left outside in
1, and suffered
b from cold to

rhich lived out
born on the
er being under
ide during the
hich can break
) obtained. It
low allow their
n be done, and
ts in about the
often dark and
ly comes. In
at er is broken,"
iant unclouded
ction from the
tect their eyes
ch, or early in
if, indeed, there
It has been my
balmy weather
: the last ten in
comparatively
rage depth over
of the Atlantic
^ery long. The
agriculturists
On the other
for all the work

to he done in it. The grain must, much of it, be then threshed. The f:;rccit
facilities for transport afforded by the sleighing, by means of wiiich
enormous loads can be taken, are used ior drawing wood, cutting and
drawing fencing materials, and collecting timber, stone, lime, &c., for
building — similar work to what, so far as circumstances require it, I
suspect, is relegated to wet days by the British farmer

G. Bryce.

I am, &c.

The demand for labour of all kinds, and tlie high

wasres

paid

during the year 1881 in Manitoba, are vividly exi)lained in the
following extract from a letter recently (October, 18(S1) re-
ceived frem Winni^ ;g. Increased activity is expected to prevail
next spring ; —

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Oct, 10, 1881.
A limited number of good mechanics of all kinds would have no difficulty
in finding employment in Ontario, though here the great demand is for
those connected with the building trades, such as carpenters, raas<jn8, &c.
This city and towns throughout this i)rovinue huve been gi'owing this year
at a rate that is astonishing everybody, but the ytrospects are that next
year will witness a far greater growth, and astonish even ourselves. More
would have been done this season, but the men could not be had to do it.
Every day in the papers, and at the employment agencies, and in the shop
windows, advertisements ask for carpenters, painters, masons, hibourers, &c.,
and they cannot be had. Only the other day a gentleman said he paid
a man 2 dollars 50 cents (lOs. 5d.) per cord for sawing and splitting wood,
and then could only keep him half a day at most. I have not the slightest
doubt that if 2,000 or 3,000 labourers were to arrive here to-morrow they
could all find employment inside of tweuty-i'uur Lours on the various rail-
ways, on farms, and on the city works, and at wages of 2 dols. 25 cents per
day. You could see half-a-dozen notices of corporations and diiFerent
parties, in walking up the street, advertising for 200 or 500 or 1,000 men
wanted at the above wages. For lack of carpenters and masons, buildings
that should have been done long ago are still unfinished, and in some cases
men are now working night and day at them in order to get them
done as soon as possible. I know of one instance where a merchant has
had some 40,000 dollars' worth of goods lying in the freight sheds for the
past five or six weeks waiting for the comi)letion of a store that wis to
have been done at that time, but which will take some little time yet
before it is ready, though men are working at it night and day. Carpenters
get 3 dols. to 3 dols. 50 cents (12s. 6d. to 14s. 7d.) per day. Bricklayers,
5 dols. to 7 dols. (20s. lOd. to 29s. 2d.) per day, and their attendants 2 dols.
60 cents (lOs. 5d.). Farm hands get from 25 dols. t(j 35 dols. (£5 4s. 2d.
to £7 5s. lOd.) per month and board. Servant girls get from 12 dols, to
25 dols. (£2 10s. to £5) per month and board, and cooks from 50 dola. to
75 dols. (£10 to £15) per month and board.

The only classes it would be advisable to come out this fall are good general
[Servants. Girls, and any amount of them almost, can get good situations
(any time, and if they are smart and intelligent, and of pleasing face and

figure, they are not likely to T)e here but a very short time before they
have a luishand and a home of their own in this land where there are four
or five men for each woman. A few cooks could also get situations now.
But in the spring, bo as to reach here any time in the latter part of April,
and after, all through the season, you can send along as many labourers,
farm Viands, and men to take up farms as you please, with the full assurance
that they need not be idle five minutes after getting here, unless of their
own accord. A fairly liberal sprinkling of mechanics will be wanted ; and
just to give you an idea of the demand for girls, I may say that one of our
city papers estimated that if 1,000 were to come here they could all be
provided with situations. Many of the men come here without means,
work for a year or so till they have saved a little money, and then take up
farms ; and v.'hen the land has only to be turned over to raise crops of 30
to 35 bushels of wheat, 40 of barley and peas, 50 to 60 of oats, 300 to 400
of potatoes, and 500 to 800 of roots, and from 2^ to 4 tons of hay per acre,
and I don't know of anything to pay them much better. I know of men
who started here three years ago with nothing, and putting in a little on
their farm the first 8{)ring and working out the remainder of the year, who
have now made enough to have paid off any debt they had contracted, and
had their living and put up a comfortable little house, and, in addition to
having a farm they would not sell for less than four to six thousand dollars,
have some money in the bank, not to mention the stock and implements
they have become possessed of in the meantime.

The following extract from a letter that appeared in the press
recently from a gentleman well acquainted with the country
bears upon this point : —

I am sure it will be within your knowledge that many erroneous ideas
prevail respecting the climate of the parts of Canada referred to. As a
matter of fact, it does not liffer from that of Minnesota, Dakota, and others
of the Western States. Fruits and other produce that are grown in the
latter can be raised v.i Manitoba and the North-West Territories, and it
may not be general'y known that wild hops, and fruits such as strawberries,
raspberries, gMOoeberries, and cherries, grow most luxuriantly there. The
hops are used to make yeast by the settlers, and the fruits are preserved.
. . . I can conscientiousl}'^ state, after an experience of eight years, that
the former (^Manitoba) is undoubtedly healthy and favourable for general
agricultural operations.

As a cattle district ... by housing in the winter, there is nothing
to prevent cattle being successfully raised in any part of Canada or the
North-West Territories. Last winter, when thousands of cattle died from
exposure in Montana territory (United States), our cattle on the Canadian
side around Fort McLeod wintered out, and were reported to be in excellent
condition. . . .

In Manitoba a homestead exemption law was passed in 1872, which
exempts from seizure for debt 160 acres of land, house, stables, barns,
furniture, tools, farm implements in use, one cow, two oxen, one horse,
four sheep, two pigs, and 30 days' provender for same.

before they
phere are four
.nations now.
part of April,
ny labourers,
full assurance
ilei=(s of their
wanted ; and
at one of our
J could all be
thout means,

then take up
se crops of 30
3, 300 to 400
: hay per acre,
; know of men
in a little on
the year, who
)ntracted, and
in addition to
)U8and dollars,
ad implements

\ in ihe press
the country

Bironeoua ideas
rred to. As a
cot a, and others

grown in the
ritories, and it
as strawberries,
ly there. The

are preserved .

p;ht years, that

ile for general

;here is nothing
Canada or the
lattle died from
m the Canadian
be in excellent

in 1872, which

stables, barns,

)xen, one horse,

The following extracts from a report made by the ITon. Sir
Alexander Gait, G.C.M.(t., the High Conimisaioner for Caniula
in England, npon his visit this year (1881) to Manitoba and
the North West, contain much vahiable information on the
subject : —

With reference to the cl'mate the evidence obtained from every person

; interrogated was eminently satisfactory. The weather was undinO)tiMlly

cold, but dry, with little wind ; the snowfall not heavy, rarely exceeding

i twelve to fourteen inches during the winter ; scarcely a day in winter

/■ when a man could not do outdoor work all day, and generally proferahlo to

the milder weather of Ontario, where wet, mingled with the cold, produced

; much greater discomfort and positive loss of time. With reference t(j the

alleged prevalence of early frosts, the experience of the settlers leads them

to sow very early, as soon as the surface of the soil is free from frost, the

continued thawing of the subsoil furnishing moisture to the plant, which

the warm dry weather brings to maturity hy the middle of August. One

I point in this connection may be stated, which is not generally con-

< sidered, that the high latitude of the North-West gives a much longer day

• and continued sun-warmth than in Ontario, and consequently produces a
4 much more rapid growth to maturity.

i In respect to the water supply, it is abundant in the district visited, but
S inferior in quality. ... It was, however, found that the settlers
^ experienced no difficulty in procuring good water for their own use by

• simply sinking wells to a depth of eight to ten feet, the soi! acting as a
filter and leaving pure cold water free from deleterious substances. On
this point also there seems no ground for anticipating future coniplaiuc or
objection

With regard to timber for building and fuel, there appears to be sufficient

for the present wants of the early settlers. All the banks of the riveis and

. streams are wooded, and the small lakes are almost unif(jrmly fringed with

'belts of small trees With reference to timber for building

purposes, it will certainly be had at reasonalile rates, as the facilities for
obtaining it far surpass those of the prairie States of the Union, where the
absence of forest has not yet been found to offer any sensible bar to
successful settlement.

Lastly, there is the important question of fuel supply — an article of

primary importance in a climate as severe as the Xorth-West Territory of

the Dominion. For the present, in many parts of the districts visited, and

Mot periods more or less limited, there will nndcmhtedly be found a suiiply

|pf firewood from the existing growth of timber, and no hesitation in

promoting immediate settlement need be felt on that point. . , . . .

providence has however provided for the future su[)[>ly of this essential

^hrticle, through the vast deposits of coal and lignite which are believed to

exist very generally, and which have already been discovered on the Souris

illiver, about 200 miles from Winnipeg, and also for several hundred miles

from Edmonton to Fort McLeod, along the skirts of the prairie, near the

base of the Rocky Mountains. ... I am th'irefore of ojiinion that no

tpprehension need be felt as to the future fuel supply of the North- West.

Roviewing all tho foregding conHidonitions, T ara patisfitxl that the efforts
of thti (}ovM iiiat'ut may coiitinuo to bo (IovoUmI with overy euorgy to the
l)iumoti(»n of tlie settlctiit'iit of tho North- West Territ<jriort, in tho full
art.iuranoo that these elVortH cannot fail to produce the happinonw and welfare
of all wlio may by thi'ir moan.s bo iiuliiced to «ottlo in Canada.

I \\ ill now, with a short simiuiiiig up, coiiulude my lecture.
'J'lic hiud can be easily tilled, crops are ai)uu(hiut ; tho surface
of tlie country is generally rolling, thus almost draining itself;
groves and clumps of trees abound, the rivers are fringed with
t.mber, good water can be foimd in sufHcient quantities,
minerals are placed by nature where men in future years will
RMjuire them.. These facts are surely enough to prove that the
Canadian Nortli-West is the land for tho farmer, the dairyman,
au'l Mi'TS, and they are vouched for by a host of independent
witnesses, men who have visited the coiuitry, and given their
account of its actualities and possibiUties, not to mention the
settlers themselves, who are unanimons in their praise of a
region that has raised so many of them from tho abject position
of feudal serfs to that of freemen. I will here quote from the
report of the Canadian Minister of Agriculture, recently issued:
" As ailbnling facilities for immigrants settling in tho North-
West, it may be mentioned that the Canadian Pacific Railway
is already open for passenger and freight traffic as far west as
Brandon, and during tho coming season of 1882 it is intended
to construct 500 miles mijre from that point to the west,
making altogether nearly 700 miles of railway west of Red
River. Facilities for settlement which were previously unattain-
able are thus opened, and the expected almost immediate con-
sequence will be the influx of a large population. The climate
is as healthy as any in the world, while the soil is among the
richest and the best. It is particularly fitted for the production
of wheat. This grain has, in fact, been grown for many years
in succession without the use of any fertilisers. This has been
done within the small enclosures of the original Selkirk settle-
ment, since their first colonisation over half a century ago, the
soil showing no diminution of vigour. The quality of the wheat
grown is aLso a special feature. It is particularly suited for the
new patent flour process, so-called, and it commands a higher
price in the eastern markets by at least 10 or 15 per cent,
over other wheats which are grown further to tho east or
south. The weight of this wheat averages from G31b. to G51b.

liat the efforts
;uergy to the
jrt, in the full
in6 iiud well'aro
a.

my lecture.
; the surface
Lining itself;
fringed with
, quiiutitics,
irc years will
•ove that the
he dairyman,
■ independent
id given their
mention the
r praise of a
A)ject position
note from the
uently issued :
in the North-
aciftc Railway
as far west as
it is intended
to the west,
west of lied
usly unattain-
nnnediate con-
The climate
is among the
he production
or many years
This has been
Selkirk settle-
ntury ago, the
y of the wheat
r suited for the
nands a higher
r 15 per cent.

the east or

1 G31b. to G51b.

to the buslicl, and in addition to tills fact of tlio qualHy nnd
weight, it gives the largest yield, and it may he grown more
cheaply here than in any other country in the world."

In a recent Budget speech of the C'anudian Minister of

Finance, in speaking of the money spent by tiie country on the

Canadian Pacific llailway, he said, in defjnding the enormous

exi)cnditure, "that it is desirable to give tlie people of the old

world, and the inhabitants of our own Dominion, i'vcc hoiius in

the great North-West. We could realise in a few yeai's, if they

were put up to public auction, the money that would pay back

not only the expenditure uj) to the present, but down to the

completion of the railway. But it will come in the future, our

public debt will be decreased, our annual interest will be

reduced, and we shall occupy the proud position of being able

V to otter to the industrious and honest man, who caimot find

I work in the old world, a home here, with free lands, a country

I girdled with railways, and with a canal system the best in the

I world, with institutions that will j)rotect their lives, their

'^properties, and their rights, and that will afford a refuge for the

I oppressed man, if there be any such in any part of the old

J world. (! !) We will open our arms to them all, and bid them

''welcome, and make the Dominion of Canada, as I said in my

closing remarks in a former speech, what Providence intended

lit to be — one of the greatest and richest countries in the world."

JAfter such a burst of eloquence as that, the only thing for me

•to do is to hide my diminished head and sit down.

: -. _

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