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 X 
 
 / S^ISflTA^RY 
 
 %^<^i 
 
 \- 
 
 AND 
 
 PSEIENTIVE MEASURES, 
 
 DISINFECTANTS, AND HOW TO USE THEM. 
 
 WHAT MAY BE INI BY THE PUBLIO 
 
 TO G-TrJ!L.:RlD A.(3-A.I3<rST 
 
 COKTAGIOUS OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 
 
 Issufrt by the Bttaril of llcnitli of IlHlifnx, IV. S., for the use and 
 liiforiiiati4iii of tlif I'ttizcns. 
 
 HALIFAX, N. S. : 
 
 PlilNTKl) BY HlACKADAU BuOS. 
 
 1885. 
 
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 JOHN JAMES STEWART 
 
 COLLECTION 
 
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 The tbllowinii' sanitfiry and prevcntivo incfiHuros, 
 ospecially important at this season of the year, are published 
 for the uuidanee of eitizens in the nianaiicnient of their 
 dwellings and for })ersonal applieation : — 
 
 Thoroujih ventilation of dwellin<>s is essential to the 
 health ot the occupants. Fresh air is a most important 
 means of promoting and sustaining the healtliy action of 
 the body. Personal cleanliness and cleanliness about 
 dwellings snid premises should l)e most scrupulously 
 observed. A source of danger to health is the decv)mpo- 
 sition of organic matter in and about our houses. Cellars, 
 drains, ees8i)ools, outhouses, should be examined to see 
 that they contain nothing to poison the aii-. Damp cellars 
 are injurious to health. The foul and humid air from 
 them will |)ermeate the house, in spite of every effort to 
 prevent it. A remedy should at once be instituted. 
 
 For the prevention of disease, a good nutritious diet 
 and regular hal)its of life are indispensable ; temperance in 
 all thing's is to be observed : and avoidance of all excesses 
 is strictly insisted upon. Constant vigilance is necessary 
 to guard against the many causes which, during the 
 spring and summer months, have a tendency to disturb 
 the stomach and b:)wels, there1)\' depressing the nervous 
 system and diminishing the power to resist disease. 
 
 To secure, as far as [)os»ible, a good sanitary condition 
 of the city, information of all nuisances, ot whatever 
 character, whether ])ublic or private, should be reported 
 without <lelay to the City Medical Otticer. or to the llealth 
 Inspectors, at the lioard of \\^orks* oftice. 
 
y 
 
 2 
 
 rLEAMJXKSS. 
 
 The cs.scntiiil ))i'(>V('n(iv(' of disease is ileanlincss. 
 Keep your liouses, (,'clliirs, _v«i'(ls, viuills jmd sinks clean, 
 whenever it can be dcnic. VVliitcwash the walls of your 
 houses, cellars, fences, outhouses, siiops, factories, store- 
 houses and t!vcrv otijer })la('e ahout yoiu' premises Avhere 
 damiuiess exists, and where mould oi- mildew forms. It 
 keeps the Avails diy, sweet and clean, and i)revents the 
 accumulation of moisture, which [)roniotes putrefaction, 
 iriving rise to fungi, which are tlioujz'ht by many to be a 
 specitic cause of dis(Mise. Avoid all collection of coal 
 ashes mixed with kitchen garbai>e, slops, stagnant water, 
 and other semi-solid or liquid tiltli, anywhere about your 
 premises. Sewers, house-drains, waste-pipes, and water- 
 closets should be fre(iu(Mitly Hushed with water — let on the 
 largest practical volume. Water closets and house drains 
 should be flu.Hied in this manner everv da v. 
 
 AKNTlt.AirOS'. - 
 
 Yom- premises, particularly sleei)ing apartments and 
 cellars, should be thoi-ouuhlv ventilated. Ventildi(ni is 
 no less a luirilier than water. It cleanses bv oxidizing and 
 <lrying. II<H^p your houses o[)en, and your windows 
 hoisted during the djiy in good ^veather, that they may 
 have the full Itenetit of sun-light and a free circulation of 
 air. Avoid the possibility of ex[)osure to sudden changes 
 of weather at Jiight. When the weather is cool or rainy, 
 he sure to keep a tire in th« hous(> in order to prevent 
 dampness. 
 
 DISINFECTANTS. 
 
 -v^ 
 
 These are equally im))ortant. They absorb impui'e 
 exhalations^ prevent decom])osition. an<l destroy noxious 
 gases ; but in no instance should they be considered or 
 employed as substitutes for a pure atmosplnn'e, obtained 
 by free ventilation. These are simply aids in restoring 
 and preserving healthtul i)urity, and not substitutes for 
 cleanliness and pure air. They may be employed in 
 rooms, yards, privies, vaults, sinks, water-closets, sick 
 beds, bed-pans, stables, and in other places about your 
 premises, or wherever practicable, when there are offensive 
 odors emitted. 
 
•*-/V 
 
 DISINTKriANTS. WD HOW TO I'SK TIIK.M. 
 
 (Ji(ic/i-/iiia'. — This iiiay ho (MUph)yccl as n pmiticr, to 
 act us a diyor in danii) aimitincnts, to a))sorh carl)onic 
 acid, and lo astsist in the oxidation of organic matters, It 
 may he strewn as dry Vmw. on the earth, oi' phieed upon 
 plates, or, hetter still, in the sha))e of whitewash upon the 
 walls. In the latter form, th<' additioii of a small (luuntlty 
 of earl)olic acid adds to its etficieney. 
 
 Charoml is a powerful oxidizinii agent. It m!i»y bo 
 used as a deodorant and disintectant. It sjiould be freely 
 strewn on the floors of eellurs, and all places which may 
 be damp and mouldy. It should always be used in a 
 crushed tmd fresh state 
 
 Carbolic At'id serves an excellent purpose as a disin- 
 fectant, lieing very strong it should l)e considerably 
 diluted with water. A wincglassful (two ounces) of the 
 pure liquid, well mixed with a (juart of warm water, for 
 use in night vessels, sinks, water closets, or for wetting'a 
 sheet to liauii; in the door way of the sick chamber. Plalf 
 a Avineglassful to one (juart of water for washing furni- 
 ture, walls, i^c. One pint oi' stnmg carbolic acid to live 
 gallons of warm water, should be occasionally i)ourcd into 
 sinks and drains leading into sewers. One ounce of the 
 crystals mixed witii four pounds of slaked lime forms a 
 good powder for covering over oft'ensive heaps of filth oi' 
 refuse that it '-^ imjjossible or inexpedient to remove, 
 
 Oarbolic Acid tSoap. — For the ha)ids, 
 
 Sidphdtc of Iron, >Sidj,'ha/(- of '/Anc, ^Su/p/tdfr o/' 
 Coijpev, Coininon Ahtrn and Nil raft of Lend ure useful 
 disinfectants to destroy living organisms, and to neutralize 
 ortensive miasms. To use them, dissolve <me or two 
 pounds of tiu! sul)stance in a gallon of water, and throw 
 the solution into the otfensive niass. Sulphate of Iron is 
 the cheapest of these substances. Kight or ten pounds of 
 it dissolved in live or six gal lens of warm water, with cr 
 without one pint of crude carbolic acid added, makes the 
 cheapest and bf^st di!iinfc(tin<i fluid for cohirnon ase in 
 privies, water-closets, drains and sewers. 
 
 Chloride (f Lime. — This substance m;:y be employed 
 as the most convenient and available sor -e of chlorine. 
 Exposed in an open dish, ov stvewn uj)on tlie Hoor, it will 
 
slowly emit cliNnMiic, and iiiay l)t' iiuuU' niorc copiously to 
 yield it l>v the iiddilion of a little vijio":«ir. For the 
 purpose of correct inji' ort'ensive matters, and for utensils, 
 sinks, water closets, drains, &c., it may he mixed with 
 water in ])ro[)()rtion of one pound to one gallon. It is 
 estimated that one pound of good chloride of lime will, on 
 the average, disinfect, for tiie time, a))()ut a thousand 
 gallons of li(juid sewaiic. 
 
 Per)ii(U)ij(nnite of Pola.sslnm, — This substance does not 
 exert much influence upon living substances, Imt is very 
 powerful in disinfecting (UmuI organic matter. It is, 
 thereiore, not so useful in the siek room us some other 
 articles. Th(^ [)r()[)(;rty of attacking dead and decaying 
 organic matter makes it a valuable purifier of drinking 
 water. Make a solution of the salt as strong as water will 
 dissolve;, then add to this strong solution from ten to five 
 hundred parts of water, according to the re(|uiremcnts of 
 the occasion. Linen should be thoroughly immersed in 
 it, and then s[)eedily rinsed out in cold Avater to avoid 
 staining. It is among the nciitest and most eftectual of 
 the disinfecting li(|uids, and cfin be used in smaller (juan- 
 tities than most others. 
 
 Fiutiufathti, Willi Sulphitr is an excellent method of 
 purification. Place the sulphur in an iron dish supported 
 upon bricks, placed in a wash-tub containing a little water; 
 set it on fire by hot coals, or with the aid of a spoonful of 
 alcohol. All doors, Avindows, and other oi)e«iings should 
 be closed, and allowed to remain so about twenty-four 
 hours. After this the room should he well aired for 
 several days. About two i)ounds of sulphur will bo 
 required for a room ten feet square. The tiniount should 
 be increased for larger rooms in the same proportion. 
 
 llmt. — lioiling Avater or steam may be employed as 
 tile most certain means of disinfecting contaminated 
 clothing, &Q. Hot air is a good disinfectant, but the 
 temperature nuist be from 210^ to 2')() '^ Fahr.. and 
 applied at least one hour to be effective, to disinfect 
 wearing apparel, bedding, &.v. 
 
 Before the euiph/inii ( f prt tue.s <n- re-ss^too/.s, the con- 
 tents should be disinfected. For {'ffective disinfection, a 
 solution of two pounds of sulphate of iron (copperas), 
 in a gallon of water, or of one j)int of a li<]uid chloride 
 
'■s 
 
 of ziiR' in a pillion of walrr (to eacli ol which two omut's 
 of .stroiijL? Carholii; Acid has Ikh'ii added), slioidd lie used, 
 in th(i propoition of one pint to each t'lihic foot of con- 
 toiits. After tiiorough diHinfection, a (|iiantity of either 
 of these sohitioiis shouhl he j)oured down (hiily, to kce)) 
 the ees.s-pits in <^ood ewndition. Cidorich^ of Lime may 
 al«() he used. 
 
 PERSONAL DITIKS. 
 
 Ohserve strict eh'anliness in your person and ch)thin,ir. 
 
 Bathe daily, during the summer, if you have tlie 
 convenience ; if not, wasli freely with cold water every 
 day. 
 
 Change your undergarments as fn^iuently as your 
 circunistanees will admit. 
 
 Be moral, regular in your hahits oi' life, meals, 
 exercise and sleep. 
 
 Be careful to dress comfortahlv for the season, avoid 
 the njght air as nmch as possible, and when thus exposed, 
 ))u't on an extra garment and do not go into the night air 
 when in a state of perspiration. 
 
 Be careful to avoid the use of alcoholic drinks. Do not 
 sup|)ose that their use will prevent the occiurenee of 
 disease. On the other hand, those who indulge in the 
 custom ai\! always fair subjects of di.sease. and when 
 attacked, the intemperate are particularly in a condition 
 to ort'er feeble resistance. 
 
 Live tomperatel3% ^^^'^ regularly, avoid all excesses in 
 eating crude, raw and indigestible food. Take your 
 meals at reuular seasons, neither abstaininu' too lonjr at a 
 time, nor indulging too fre({uently. An overloaded 
 stomach is as much to be dreaded as an empty one. 
 
 During the in'evalencc of cholera, dysentery, <Scc., do 
 not neglect even the slightest diarrh(jea, no matter how 
 j)ainless at tirst. 
 
 While the health of the connnunity de})ends in great 
 degree, upon a rigid observance by officials of all the laws 
 of public hygiene, it is no less dependent upon tin; faithful 
 application of the principles of hygiene upon the i)art of 
 individuals, and it will be n satisfaction to citizens to 
 
f{ 
 
 know, tliiit wliiitiivcr liilxiur and expense may l»c inclined 
 in iniproviim llie eondition of theii" dwellings will not he 
 lost should no epidemic rcjich us, tor the wry mciun.j that 
 are most cHicient in atroi'din"; ])r()t(!ction ajj!:iunst thi; pre- 
 ventahle {;ausoH of epldeniie disease are most applicable 
 and I'eliahle aifainst the propn^ation of disease; in <jfcneral. 
 
 The following suggestion* ari^ olfered for the i)ur})ose 
 of more wich'ly extending lh« knowledge of a few well 
 attested facts concerninu the treatment of '.iontayrious 
 sickness and to remind all i)ersons that greater care should 
 he exercised to i)revent the spread ot these much dreaded 
 diseases. 
 
 f'AKK OK TIIK SICK. 
 
 When a case of contagious or infectious sickness 
 occurs in any family, the sick person should ho [)laced in 
 a room, apart from the; other inmates of the house, and 
 should he mirsed as far a.s possible by one person oidy. 
 The sick chamber should l)e well warmed, exi)()sed to 
 "^unlight and well aired. Its turniture should be such as 
 will permit ()f cleansing without injury, and all (!xtra 
 articles, such as window and table drapery, woolen carpets, 
 u|)holstered furniture, and all hangings should be removed 
 from the room, during the sickness. The })hysician and 
 luirse, as a rule, should be the only persons admitted to 
 the room. 
 
 Visitors to the infected house should be warned of the 
 presence of disease therein and children especially should 
 not be admitted. 
 
 Children in the tamily should not attend school nor 
 mingle with other children until th(^ patient has wholly 
 recovered, and all infected articles have been disinfected. 
 
 To disinfect the dothuui or tteddimj detiled in any 
 manner by the excrement of the sick, throw them into a 
 solution made by dissolvinir touether o\\(\ i)()und ot the 
 Sul[)hate of Zinc, and one-half pound of salt in four 
 gallons of water, to w'hich add twocmnces ot y>'/r^ ("arbolic 
 Acid. Sutler them to remain therein at least half an hour : 
 then inunediatelv place them in boiliuir water and continue 
 
hoilinjj;. 'V\\v. jihove soliiliwii is iiscfiil lor lied jmiis, 
 cliiunbor vessels, nnd loi- soiUd Hoors mjuI defiled pliiees. 
 
 The eviicuiilions should he received "f llx'ir ro'i/ i.<Kin 
 from the hoilij in a vessel eonhdiiitiii' :ii)()Ut hall" a pint ol' 
 either the ahovi- ov one of the following:' soJutipns : 
 
 A solution ol' tour ounees of stronii Carholic Acid in a 
 iL!:allf)n of wnnu water. 
 
 A solution of one (|uarl of ('hlori<h' of Zinc in three 
 (juarts of wj'ter. 
 
 A solution of t\V(» pounds of sulphate ol iron (<:reen 
 eo])p(!ras) in a gallon of water. 
 
 Wiien death occurs, the body should he innnediaiely 
 placed in tlie cofiin, with disinfectants and tlie eottin ihjlil^n 
 x\\\i\ JiitdUy closed. 
 
 The funeral should be as privnte as i»ossible, and the 
 corpse should not be exposed to view. 
 
 CH)X(rKHNI\(i SPECIAL DTSEASES. 
 
 CnOLKUA, 
 
 Diarrhcea and other disturbances of the stomach and 
 l)owels, tre(|uently precede an attack of choloia, and place 
 the person in the most daufivrous condition for the recep- 
 tion of the cholera ))oison. 
 
 The exciting causes of this condition are overloadinu' 
 the stomach, takinir larue draughts of cold water, eating 
 tainted and unwholesome nu'-ats, over-rii)e or under-riiM> 
 *Vuits and vegetables, the intemperate use of spirituous 
 liquors, excessive exertion in the heat of the day, nuich 
 exposure in the night air, sitting in currents of air and 
 sleeping without sufficient covering, especially between 
 midnight and nu)rnini>'. 
 
 The early symptoms of the disease are sudden loose- 
 ness of the bowels, the discharges l)ecoming copious, watery 
 and whitish, oppression, di/ziness, nausea, vomiting an<l 
 cramps in stomach and legs. Ordinary diarrluea in times 
 of Cholera epidemic, should not be ueglected. and when 
 
tho above sy'v.ptoins apj)car, medical aid should i)e sum- 
 monod ininiediatoly, as it is in this early stage that 
 medical treatment is of greatest use. While waiting for 
 the physician, ])ut the patient in bed and make hot ap))li- 
 cations to feet, legs and l)ow«l«. 
 
 There are strong reasons foi' believing that the cholera 
 ))oi,s<)n resides in the bowel discharges of the suiierer, and 
 that the disease is connnmiicuted to others, not through 
 the atLnosphere, as is the case with smnll-pox, scarlet-fever 
 and measles, but by this poison reaching the stomach and 
 bowels through the drinking-water or food. 
 
 It is not, therefore, necessary or wise to tlee from 
 eiiolera sutferers, who, if properly cared for, need not 
 connnunicate the disease to others. 
 
 SMALL-I'OX. 
 
 Vaccination is one of the best means of preventing the 
 attiick of small-pox. Every child should be vaccinated 
 within three months after its birth, nnd any parents or 
 persons having chaige of infants, and not having them 
 vaccinated are guilty of an offence which, in some c(mntries, 
 makes them liable to prosecution and tines. 
 
 All persons should be re-vaccinated after twelve years 
 of age. 
 
 Nurses should alwiive". be selected from those who are 
 the.nselves protected from small-pox, either by having had 
 the disease, or bj' having been thoroughly vaccinated. 
 
 Where small-pox prevails in a family or neighborhood, 
 every person should be immediately re-vaccinated undei- 
 the direction of a legally qualitied medical practitioner. 
 
 Small-pox is supposed to be most dangerous during 
 convalescence, therefore, every sma!l-pox patient, should 
 be strictly secluded during the whole progress of the dis- 
 ease, as well as during convalescence from it and until all 
 power of infecting others is past. . . . 
 
 TYPHOID FKVER. 
 
 Typhoid feVer, according to the most reliable authority 
 may be contracted by infection or contagion. It is also, 
 supposed to be induced ]>y the emanations trom <lecayed 
 
anim-vl and vcg( 
 sources of iilth. 
 typhoid patient n 
 est danger, and 
 chanil)er, the di 
 infect the well, o 
 and produce the 
 
 table substance foul drains and other 
 The discharges fror^i the bowels of the 
 re supposed to be the source of the great- 
 may infect the atmosphere of ihe sick 
 ain, cesspool, vault, or by filtration may 
 istern or other source of drinking water, 
 disease in other ))ersons. 
 
 8CARLET-FEVER. 
 
 Scarlet-fever is like small-pox in its power t« spread 
 rapidly from person to person ; it is highly contagious. 
 The disease sho\\ s its first symptoms in about one week 
 after exposure, as a general rule ; and persons who escape 
 the illness duriu<i a fortnight after exposure may feel them- 
 selves safe from m attack. 
 
 Scarlet-fever. Scarlatina, Canker-rash and Rash-fever 
 are names of one and the same danjjerous disease. 
 
 On recovery, the sick person should not mingle with 
 others, until all ;-oughness of the skin, due to the disease 
 shall have disapjoared ; a month is considered an average 
 period, during which i>^olati()n is needed. 
 
 Because chik ren are especially liable to tak( and to 
 spread scarlet-feA-er, and because schools afford a free op- 
 portunity for this, every child from a family in which a 
 case of the dis( ase occurs, should be kept from school 
 for a period of friir weeks, counting from the beginning of 
 an attack. 
 
 DIPHTHERIA. 
 
 Diphtheria is contagious and infectious, and may be 
 easily communicated, eitlitr directly or indirectlv, from 
 person to person. 
 
 It may be c )nveyed directly in the act of kissing, 
 coughing, spitting, sneezing; or in<lirectly by infected 
 articles used, au lowels, na[)kins, handkerchiefs, &^. 
 
 The poison clings with great tenacity to rooms, houses 
 articles of furnitrre and clothing, and may occarion the 
 disease even after the lai)se of months. 
 
 Diphtheria attacks all classes, at all ages and all sea- 
 sons of the year By preference it attacks children and 
 
10 
 
 those who are debilitated from exposure to filth, dampness 
 or foul air from whatever source. 
 
 It is better not to use handkerchiefs for cleansing the 
 nostrils and mouth of the patient, but rather soft rags 
 which should be immediately burned. 
 
 Children in the family should not attend school nor 
 mingle with other children untij the patient has wholly re- 
 covered and all infected articles have been disinfected. 
 
 MEASLES. 
 
 iSfeasles, liice scarlet-fever and small-pox, is liable to 
 spread from person to person by contagion or by in- 
 fection. 
 
 It may be contmcted directly from the person who is 
 ill with the disease, or it may be taken from the house in 
 the clothing or anything that has been used by or about the 
 sick person, and which has not been thoroughly disinfected. 
 
 It attacks persons of all ages and at all seasons of the 
 year. 
 
 It manifests itself in about a week after exposure to the 
 disease, and as a rule, occurs but once in the same person. 
 
 The precautionary measures mentioned above have 
 been compiled from the best information obtainable, and 
 are most earnestly recommended to the people, with the 
 knowledge that their application will avert a vast amount 
 of preventible disease, and aid materially in maintaining 
 a sound condition of the public health. 
 
 By order of the Board of Health, 
 
 J. C. Mackintosh, Mayor, 
 
 Chairman Board of Health. 
 
 John McInxis, 
 
 Chairman Sanitary Committee. 
 
 Thos. The nam an, M.D., 
 
 Cif}/ Medical Officer. 
 
in-