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32 X

iSi ^WjJf^l^r^f'^W'p^^^ /)

CANADIAN IMMIfiRATIIE

HINTS ON ITS

INTERNAL MANAGEMENT.

C f

'* >

From the ^^Inoiiiirer/*

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F. ST(>?> BS, ]'ri n r i; k
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iiiiriiWifM

<« I

IillMIGKATION.

ITS IIVTKRIVAL. lYIAIVAOEMEIVT.

There are few questions of more importance
to Canada at this moment than i migration. Thou-
sands who would land on the shores of the (Jni-
tod States next summer, will, on account of the
civil war raging in that unhappy country, turn
ilit'ir attention to Canada. Even within the
last few months, we find the imigralion returns
at the port of New York, showing a marked de-
crease, while those of Quebec show a rapid in-
cn,-ase; and the cause which has inaugurated
ihis change will operate more powerfully on
emigration next year, than it has done in this.
The government of Canada will have little
1 rouble in securing a large influx to our popula-
tion next summer ; but if we are not much mis-
taken it will experience considerable difficulty
in the local se,ttlement of the numbers that
loubtless will visit us. In order to secure the
ptay of an imigrant family in this country, it is
uot enough to ascertain from a Municipality
'.Sat a certain number of persons can obtain em-
p'ovmei.t in that locality, \i\u\ thei; for thc» rronci'

ral ijfjcnt til Qucl»cc to send off'sur.h u nnrrihcr in
flio illrection indiculed. This plan has acted on-
ly as a filter to hold a few, while the gnnilcr
immhcr passed on West. No one individual
ill tlie Municipalily was personally interested
ill tlie imigranls, no one conceived il to be his
or iier duly to travel round the country and find
ein|)loymenl for the new conners. Many might
I'eel the inclination to assist, hut had not the
time to do so, and what is thought to be every
one's business, will in the end be totally neglect-
ed by evtry one. 'J'jje farmers in the neighbour-
hood will not be in any hurry to seek out hands
and offer liberal wages; they prefer waiting
till the imigrant comes to seek employment,
when they expect to make a more advantageous
bargain, buying the largest amount of muscle
for the least possible price. Or if a family pur-
pose settling in the neighbourhood, and it be-
comes known that funds will be forthcoming
lor the purchase of land ; there will be found
more persons willing to take advantage of the
imigranc than to protect him. Some sharper
with a poor farm will most likely succeed in
foisting it off on him, and with the proceeds
himself purchase a bush land. During these
first tediotis and uncertain montha in a strange
country, the imigrant is severely tried ; and be-

mi^r fT(.„eially tiisoppoiniod in his fiiM Imprr.fc-
sions lie conceives that he Iihs heeri mistaken in
tlie choice that he has made, and as the hills nie
ulwavs trroen m the distance, in all prolmbllity,
if he still possess the means, he will up and
move further West. It is the first few months
in this country that entirely decide the future of
ihc new comer. These first few months are
just the time wiien he most requires advice and
assistance ; but under the present system, or
rather no system, the majority of those who
come to settle among us are, after they are
directed to some particular locality, left ullogetlicr
to their own resources ; and these but too fre-
quently are only ignorance and want. Some
judicious and permanent system must be devisetl
and adopted by the government, which will
provide for local advice and assistance ; but
which at the same time, should ultimately in
some measure defray the expenses incurred.
The Canadian government is possessed of large
tracts of valuable land, which in their present
condition add nothing to the wealth or the re-
venue of the country; the bone and muscle,
and a large share of the capital necessary to
turn great portions of these lands to imme-
diate account, will, within a few months, find
their way \o our shores ; ihe problciii, and \xi

<»iii' opiriion llic t7/<c/* jM'oMom is, how lo roiuin
llicsii, uini liow uso tliom to llie bust udvantiifrL' i

Wo piornisfd in our liisl issur, to fetuni to
ilrs suiiji'ct at an uufly dali'. We tlo so under
tlio c'uiviction that somo mcasuro for the lieiter
udniinistrution of the irni<;ralion system is ab-o-
lutely necessary, and will in all probaiiility be
brought before the House next session ; and
that if the press of the country is prepared
with any suggestions on this subject, they should
be made j)romptly. We do not suppose ihut
our ideas are better, indeed it may be, not n< arly
so good as those of other nr.en, but liowever
that may be, we esteem it our duty to give tljeiri
publicity. •* In the midst of counciliors there
is safety," and perhaps our bushel of chaff may
f.ontaln u y-rain of wheat.

In llje first place we arc of opinion, that liie
emigration office at Quebec, should be connect-
ed with, and placed under the control of the
Crown Land Department. This would place
the direction of whatever system may be adopt-
ed, in the hands of a responsible commissioner,
and raise its management out of its present
[)osilion, which is anomalous, and greatly ex-
j)osed to be found fauU with, and suspected of
partiality.

Our next enquiry is, what is the best plan for

securing nn extensive and permanent sjsforn (i\'
colonization ?

Wliafever system tlic Governmrnt may nilapl ,
we think, if it ever will prove snccesr^ful, ir.
must be in connexion with the consfruction of
poocl and extensive J{o.\us. " Vamclloratiun
ffr.s campagnes, est encore plva utile que la tratus-
fonnalion des viJIes r writes Niipoleon Third,
under date of the l3th of August last, to the
French iMinister of the Interior. And to show
his conviction of this truth, the Tmf.erial Trea-
sury grants ^',000,000 for the improvement and
extension of Countuv Uoads. •• ]t does not
sufKce"8ays the Emperor, "to reclaim and make
productive vast tracts of territory — we must
above all, prosecute with vigour the completion
of parish roads, as the greatest service we can
now render to agriculture." If this is such a ne-
cessity to prosperity, in an old country like
France, how much more do the judicious re-
jriavks of the Emperor apply to ( .t.-.ada. For
the construction apd improvement of extensive
roads in this country, will not only prove " the
greatest service which we can render to aaricul-
tiire," but the labor to bo expended upon
them, will furnish employment to the imigronf.
und prove an additional inducement to keep him
ill tliis country. Wc think then thai any aid m

the shape of money, which llie Canudinn (rovern*
ment may grant, towards innigrniion or colo-
nization, should be set apart for the construc-
tion of leading roads. Tho governnrient has
spent large sums on colonization roads for
years past ; and though nothing can be said
against th« respectable gentleman vho con-
ducts that department, yet the results are any
thing but satisfactory. There have been too
many small grants, for small purposes. These
small sums have found their way into the
hands of small men, and small benefit to the
country has been the consequence. There was
no proper supervision of the outlay, no definite
plan, but every opportunity was afforded for de-
signing speculators. All this must be put a stop
to. In connexion with the emigrant agent's
oflTice at Quebec, there should be appointed a
general road commissioner ; we are speaking
only in reference to Lower Canada. This
commissioner should receive his instructions
from the Crown Land Department, and furnish
ii half yearly report. He should not only be
(|ualified for his duties by being a surveyor,
but should understand the construction of roads
and bridges. Not such roads as we usually
see nnade in Lower Canada, but permanent
highways, laid down in accordance with the

Tovern-
or colo-
unstruc-
lent Vios
»atls for

be said
ho con-
are any
)een too
Theso
nto the
t to the
lere was

definite
i for de-
ut a stop

agent's
olnted a
jpeaking
. This
tructions
[1 furnish

only be
urveyor,
of roads
! usually
jrrnanent
with the

scientific principles of road making, as detaileil
by Mr. McAdam, and others, and which we
shall make it our duty to refer to.

ft would be the duty of this road commis-
sioner to visit these emigration, or coionizatum
territories — Saguenay, St. Maurice, and Eastern
Townships — Gaspe and Rimouski below, and
Ottawa above, have been alieady provided for
— and after a personal inspection as far as prac"
tlcable, and consultation with local surveyuic,
and the local emigrant agents, decide upon one
or two leading lines of road. These roads while
running through crown domain considered fit for
settlement, should take such directions as wouki
add breadth to the settled part of Canada : tliat
Ks, as much is as possil)!e from South to North, or
at right angles with the course of the St. Law-
rence and (Trand Trunk. They should ai,»<i
start from, and terminate at, important poliil' •
likely to become the centres of trade and com-
merce Three local omiwront agents should b(-
tippointed by ihe (ioverjior ukI Council : our
for each of the territories above named. It
would devolve upon '.hese agents to see to ilit.-
wants of the imigrunts on their arrival, aucoru-
pinying, or directing them to the scenes of theic
labours, giving a general superintendence tu
liie works going on in iheir locaiuios, or^ntjui^

the settler liis ticket of location, and acting as
Ills paymaster. The, office of tliese men would
embrace the threefold character of emigrani, hind
and road agent. The general ro:id commis-
sioner should pay a f[uarterly visit to the works
*n>ino- on in each territory under liis r;ire ;
f-iking at each visit a report from the local
;igent ; which report should embrace the num-
ber of hands employed, (juantity of work done,
and amount of money paid ; accompanied wilii
.such remarks as circumstances might suggest.
On the 1st of January in each year, these locul
ugents would be recjuiri'd to make a pyi.oj.sus
of their quarterly reports, and forwuvd a ^-opy
10 the down Lands Department.

This is merely the machinery locany out \\\v.
plan whicli we are about to suggest. It will he
necessary to enter into more minute details when
I lie financiul part of the scheme is under cou>\"
deration. Wo believe that tiie presetit and pre-
vious govei-nmenls in Canada, have never Ikhmi
averse to the encouragem«;nt of irnigralion, :>nd
have t.'ver shown themselves ready t > a-^ist
the imigrant. if we tiike into account the im-
mense sums expended for the coni^truction ot
rouds and bridges in this Trovince, in orJer tj
tacilitate colonization, we will be surprised, 'i'ljis
1. ranch of ex[)ei)vli(urc is now over Jo?u- inili -..ns

cl acting as

moa would

Igranl, Ititul

d commis-

) llie works

iiis r;iro ;

n the local

ze the 11 nm-

work done,

:ianIod wliii

;ht sugu;t'st.

tlieso lo(;;il

a ,«vi'o|tslri

:wvd a ^'"I'v

arry out tin-
. ll will I)i;
uelails wIumi
under coiisi--
ent. and nn'-
3 never Inu'ii
iaralion, and
jy t,i a-^sist
,)!jnt I he 1111-
i^truclioii (►!'
;, in order I .>
•priseii. 'i'his
/oH)' uitii ■„.ns

dolhir:>, to which we are yeaily adding over
>ilOO,000. Or ifany onu is under Hie imprcssioh
iliHt {'vQQ grants of land are of recent date, It-r
him oJance hi,s «'ye over tiio suhjoined state-
j lien I :

rjiiut; (.K WIS oi- i.amj.

L'pper Canada. Lower Cami<l

l-;3b

o3t),340u(.Tes

1836

3f^200 acteoi

H37

2.07, U08

18.37

68.140

i.S38

140,781

1838

6.411

1839

12H.206

18.30

37.20 1

IS 10

105.081

1840

33.26f)

1841

56.2!)5

1841

8.423

JS12

oi.Oofj

1842

.3.1'";)

JX43

44,000

1843

3.290

1844

35.414

1844

22.235

lS4r)

32.00!*

184.5

50.59.5

JS4«

4.5.033

1846

6.06(;

1 ,470,226

278.003

This minion and three quarters acres of .'an;!
were given away during a decade in our his-
tory when but little attention comparalivelv,
was paid to colonization ; and is exclusive of
grants to the Canada Company, and to tlje
British American Land Company. Nor do wc
wish the impression to get abroad, that the
present administration is la.x in its attention t«>
this matter.

The last report of the Commissioner of Crowii
Lands states that there had been located .';iG,30('

aces bordering on coloni.alion roads, .n Lppcr
Canada ; and 19,421 acres, along similar roaas
,„ Lower Canada ; in all, 45,721 acres. Mr.
Vankoughnet, against whom a porlion ol tne
French Press of Lower Canada has been
hurline .heir bitter but foolish tirades for months
pas., ha. done more for colonisation in this sec-
tion of the Province, than any of his prede-
cessors, Mr. Cauchon perhafs excepted. Under
h,s direction wi.hin the last year, one hundred
and seventy four miles of new roads were
opened up in Lower Canada ; one hundred and
forty three miles, partly made ,n the former

vear, were finished, and forty six miles re-
lied, at an expenditure of m24G-58.H„

also carried out the exploration ef the Rivei
Croche from its mou.h on the S,. Maurice,
above the falls of LaTuque, to its source on
the heights ; thence down the stream to its d.s-
enarge into Lake St. John ; in connexion with
he e :ploratory survey for a line of road from

UTuque to Lake S,. John on the Saguenay ,
and contemplates running at .ad from St. Floit
10 the mouth of the Malawan ; an ^'^for^'^y
survey of which, has already been made by Mr.
Arcand. Thi. road the Commissioner will then
.....tM.ue from the Matawan to LaTuque. run-
,ung parallel with, but about ten miles inland

lis, in Upper
similar roads

acres. Mr.
)rtion of liie
da has been
es for months
m in this sec-
jf his prede-
jpted. Under
, one hundred
' roads were
J hundred and
n the former
six miles re-
1,246-58. He

ef the River
St. Maurice,
its source on
•earn to its dis-
:onnexion with
} of road fiom
;he Saguenay ;

from St. Flore
an exploratory
jn made by Mr.
isioner will then

LaTuque, run-
3n miltjs inland

<-rn ,he .^e. Maurice. He has also two nc.v
•ownsh.ps ,n course of survey in the vicini.v
" iiut R,ver, krown lo our readers as IWn'-
^nps-lurcotre" and " Pole.le." While on

ior the benefit of Lower Cun»dians the f.How-
n^S slaiement from an official document • •• To
render tiie unoccupied parts of the country ac-
cess.ble. there have been constructed since 1SJ3
under the name of Colonisation Roads - in'
Upper Canada. 481 miles of new road ; and, in
Lower Canada there had been either construct-
cd or aided, 1.458 miies-the amount of out-
ay »n U,e two sections being equal ; but in
Lower Canada, not confined with ecjual strict-
ness to roads through wholly new territory."

It IS thus seen that there exists small cause of
compla.nt against the administration, respecting
Its efforts to procure the settlement of our waste
lands ; nor is it our intention to raise any • but
the opmion seems to be gaining ground, and we
think not without reason, that the system pursued
with our imigrants after iheir arrival here, re-
quires some sort of modification. But little fault
can be found either, with giving away f,ec
iarms of land to actual settlers, but when the
country must first incur the expense of makinr.
roads through these farms, the question assumc^s

ITT^'—

,„„„,d..dr.Hl,y.l.o .s.l,n.U.s o( Saf,, SO .a 1
,;(Mow,uds„iclinS,Ml,o sctlk-mcnt ol yacnnl land,

,„ U„|,„- Canada, ami met svllliln tl.e lasl year,
„,„„u„.H .0 8G5,000.0(., while .1,.. enliru ,v;""t..y
.,n,„dlo.a„..d in U,,,e,. Canada l,y sculcB „„
.. ,,.un,.is,.nlyaswol,avcs«.„2G300ac,-es.

I'ovor two dollars and a hall l,av. U.u
..xpcndcd in one year for ..'very acre oecu-
,,i a „„ r,.ee g.an.,oads. OC course .t --1,1
I „„,,,, ,o make it appear that ll,c whole
„„y five thousand dollars iiad been spent on
,„„js running through free grant lands, lo, tht.
,ve presume has not been the case ; but we .eel
eor.vinced, that ifa rigid computation were made,
we should find the government laymg out an-
„uallv on surveys and the construcuon ot voad>,
, ,„; euual to two dollars an acre, for every
.ere annually occupied by actual settlers on the
IVee grants. In plain Knglish we pay two dol-
lars an acre for land and make a present c,l
,wo hundred dollars worth to every actual se;-
tler This, the most active supporter ot em,-
...iion will allow, is ample encouragement ;
:,„. emigration to Canada has fallen off two
U,i,.ds within the last three years ;>nlS.7 .he

,umber landed upon our shores was .-,0J/.
.vl^creas in 18C0 It was only 10,150. Has year

TIlL' OUllilV

S58, 50, iiiiil
vDCiitil lands
he liiKt yt'ui-,
lire (|!i;nitity
)y sonlt'rs()ii
•2G,300 acres.
If liuvo l)(.'cn
r Qcro occu-
rsc it wcuUl
It llic wlutlu
een spent ou
lands, Tor lln>
; but we tccl
on were made,
laying out an-
iction oi" roads,
ere, for every
seUlers on the
e pay two dol-
! a present ot
ery aclufil sel-
porter of eim-
ncouragennent ;
fallen off two
rs ; in 1857 the
.•s wus 32,00'/ ,
50. This year

iht; number has considerably increased, but liiai
was owino^ more to the war in liie Uni'ed Smirs,
than lo our improved manaireinent. 'i'hcii nil
wlio come to lliis country do not rcnuiin ;
.^ome years not more lh>iii lialC, and tMhor years
not more llian two tliirds of the entire luitnber.
Tliis brings us to the conclusion that there is
something wrong in the management ol' the
imigranl after his arrival, and that an < iVorl
must be made without dehiy to eiVtct sotno be-
neficlal change.

In order thai liie assiNiiuice which the l^o\ ince
may i)e willing to render lo the imigrant, may !)»•
acce|)lable aid useful to him, it is only iKHes-^arv
lor us to en(]uire, " what are his Hrsl wanton
landing ?" We refer to the great bu!k o( timse
who come to settle among iis, — these usr,;i!lv
have some few household elK'cfs and but iltth'
tnoney. With them, immediate empiovintMii is
a. necessity, and ucw, a hon-e of serine sort. If
we can supply these wants to a certain exirni.
and at not much ad(iitional expemiltiiri.>, ii n ;i!l
that can be eN peeled. Free grants ;is at prc-
si.'iil conducted, do not answer these ends. W'r
would not urge tiieir discontinuance, but .a ihr
same time would suggest ;i slight rnodific.ition.
We hiive s(>en it slated, and we bilieve cwrt'i.i-
ly. ihut wherever a new ro:Kl has been t;n.'.n

in.

xtd, no matter in which section of the Province,
ihe lots on either side of it, if open to purchase,
have been bouglit up almost immediately ;
while those lots lying to the rear of the road
remain for years unsold. in our opinion,
where a colonization road is opened, the lots
on either side of it should be made to some ex-
tend ava.lnble to defray the expenses of its con-
struction. The lots on the second range should
bo sold at half the price of those on the first
range, and those still furlher to the rear, giveu
as fVee grants to actual settlers. It will be ob-
jected, that this is not an equal inducement to
'.he Imigrant, as are free grants along the rond.
Of course it is not. But we would put the
inducement in another shape. We would con-
struct the roads by imigrant labour alone, or
j,y the lubour of thoso i„iending to become nc-
ninl settlors, no matter (mm whence they
might come. The chief inducements would be
constant employment ior about a year, or until
such a period as furm operations would re-
<|uire all the in.igrant's time ; and remunerative
nreven hiah wages, coml)ined, with a judicious
nssislance'in provi.lMig a home lor the coming
winter, :ind a small clearance ready for crop-
nlncr by the succeeding spring. The mode oi
,,roe(Mlure n-ighl be scmewhat ai follows.

ovince,
rchase.
ately ;
le road
Dpinion,
the lots
3me ex-
its con-
3 srioultl
the firpi
r, given
1 be ob-
emcnt to
LJie rond.
put the
)uld con-
alone, O!'
come nc-
ice lli«\v

WOVlUi l>'*

r, or ur.lil
voukl le-
mneralive

jiuJicious
lO coming

ft)r crop-
l) nioJe ul
i Ibliowi".

Allow one dollar a day to every able hodit.'J man
working on the road, who had previously ajjreed
to purchase a front lot, at we will say one dol-
lar per acre, or a lot on ihe second range Mf
halfa dollar per a<;re. Pay him daily or weeklv,
'half ihe amount of his earning-g in cash, and the
other half in promissory notes of the Cidwn
J.ands Department, payable only in lard, and
that only to actual settlers. Kvery settler oti
land for which payment is to be exacted,
should have the Hght of paying for it wholly
in labour, but if able to pay cash, a hbovnl
discount should be allowed him; settlers on iVce
grants might have the right of working for the
Department, but at the current rates for Ubor.
It might as we hinted above, be neecssaiy to
ussist a good many in getting their loj^: lints
ready, and In the i^ill, the agent would have to
see that the brush on the intended clearances wns
cut and piled, and the heavy timber felled tJm.
ing the winter mooihs, preparatory to |)ilin£,'-
and burning in the spring. The advunce^ thus
made to the imigrant ought to be in iho sl)ap(» of
money paid for labour doi^e by hiinself, ond
these advances mad3 only to those wlioy;<Y// for
tjjeir lands; never to a greater nmouiit (li;i?i
they have already paid in labor or cash ; ;jf,J
.ifi no case over th'riy dollars to the holder of a

lot on the second range, and sixty dollars to
the holder of a similar lot on the first range.
These sums to remain as a first mortgage
on the lands and tenements, and to be paid
hack to the Department in five annual instal-
ments with interest ; the first instalment poy-
?ible In one year from the date of the advances
made, or from whate'er date the Department
rniiiht deem advisable.

Having given an outline of the agency to be
employed, and the principles by which that
atrcncy should be guided in relation to the imi-
irrant, it will be necessary to retrace our stops,
and after going somewhat more minutely over
the ground at first traversed, take a short view
of the financial aspect of our plan.

The chief emigrant agent at Quebec ought to
be supplied with a printed slip, in the neces-
sary languages, stating succinctly the localities-
in which the government was carrying on its
works, prices of land, mode of payment, con-
templated assistance, free grants, the wages
to be paid, and the manner of their payment,
the distance of each locality from Quebec, the
proper route to take, and the cost of convey-
ance. Each family should be supplied with
one of these slips; and be left free to choose
its own destination, so far as that might accord

vviih the general plan ; but it should he the
a;,'ent'3 place to see that a greater number was
not forwarJed to one locality than to another ;
and never to forward more at any one time than
the local agent could accommodate. The du-
ties of liie ciiief agent at Quebec, would thus be
much the same as usual, and would involve
hardly any additional expense.

Wo come now to an important part of out-
subject — the laying out of new roads, and the
manner of their construction ; for the prospe-
rity of most countries, and of agricultural ones
in particular, will in a great measure depend
upon the extent and goodness oftheir highways.
The condition of our roads in Lower Canad;l
is a disgrace to civilization, and a crushing hind-
rance to our advancement. It would be well if
all our public roads were under the supervision
of a government commissioner as they are in
Prussia, and the municipal road taxes were paid
in to the public treasury, for so long as local
councils have the management of these funds,
private individuals will be the gainers, and our
highways will remain as at present.

Now as to our new colonization roads — it
would be necessary we suppose to appoint a
commissioner to superintend these, except that
duty could be performed by some officer ai-

J:i!

vratlv aiiHclictl in \\>v lioard of VVoiks. 'J'hii
NvniiKi bo lor ilic opirm of the C. L. Depnri-
n^unt. Tl>e length of new road to hu con-
sjtruci«'d yearly in nich colonization tcrritoiy
slxMild be equal. Wo will suppose it to be
tvn IV lies in each. Two or three rungea of f'urrnH
Jihoiild be laid out on either side of the mud.
tnuli lor four ncres wide in front, and twenty
five Acres in depth. We would not on any f»c-
cornet allow this road to bo made, as other colo-
ni/atioft roads have been hitherto made in Low-
«M- Oui^ada. Most of these af er a year or two
boci^me impassible, and no provision having;
hcon ttiade for their maintenance, the first out-
liiV biH'onius almost a total loss. It would he our
inltM'ition to nr.ake these new roods model ones.
The fiist outlay might he four times the amouvit
hulieri<» paid, but ultimately would in every
wiu^ prove &. savinpf. For we must take into ac-
CYiiiu the savinof of animal labor, the saving in
l\\c wear and tear of vehicles, the saving in time
ihc facilitating of commercial intercourse, anl
li^e rendering of travel easy» quiet ond pleu-
sani. The road should in the first instance be'
ftWfed of trees and roots to the width of sixty
lc«t, and xis we would have it running North and
S»>viih, or as much so as possible, it would se-
cure a a-reat share of sunshine, a thing whicfe

V .•••-' . .^m.^

i.>: jii)S(. lately ncccesary to Its prcservjitioi,. Tl.,..
pririci|)lrs upon wliicli s:;ch a ro;i(J sliould \,r
cfiii.striictei] nro llius alluded to hy M,-. AIcA-
diini : — " Iloadscjiri never be rendered pcrfrcilv
socm-o, until the folN.winjr principles Ix! /'ully
understood, iidrnitted, Juid acted upon ; naineU.
tMul It U tli(^ natural soil wliicli reully support-,
llifj \vei{^!it oi" travel ; thai while il. is preserved
in a dry stale, if will onrry uny weight without
sinking, and it does in fact, carry the road, ami
llic carrinaes also; that this nntive soil rnusr.
previously be mnde <]uitcdry, and a covering i^^
inuji: impenetrable to rain as possible, must
then bo placed over if, to preserve it in that drv
state ; thai the thickness of a road should onjv
be reprulaled by the <]uaniiiy of material neces-
sary to foim such impervious covering, und
never by any reference (o its omi power of ca,^
r!ji)\g weight.^''

tn pulling these principles in practice— afier
the base of the road has been drained, level-
ed, and the soft turf removed lo secure a liarj
basis, it should be laid wiih a layer of small
stones, made by breaking larger ones into
pieces weighing about three ounces, no round
ones should ever be employed. About six
inches deep of this road metal is then to bf?
spread over the centre of the road, to the width

I;-,.

.,1 tliiily feci, ii.kciJ level, and ui. intli or two of
Ml 11. 1 sJicwn over i». It should hu |)iop»:iiy
|)i()vic'e(i wiili dilclit-H om (•"ulier side, ;ind cul-
v.rta wlien neccssury. Cure should also hi
lituoii 10 «;ive the lOud the pro|)ei- conv«?xi»y, to
cU'cir it of rain water; but not to niuke it tru.
cor.vex. for liieii people will oi)ly follow llu;
middle, or crown, the only place wluM-e car-
rpii'e.s will run level, and by conslaniiy fol-
.»win^ ilie Scirnc truck will soon cut it into
channels which will retain the water. ^JcAdaI:<
thijiks roads shoiild be made almost level, and
Mr. Walker, an equally good authority, re-
commends the least possible convexity consis-
tent with the drainage of the road. A carriage
will always move easier, or wifii less resis-
tar.ce, when the load lies evenly upon the
wheels. Macadamised roads can be constructed
ovvv swamps, by laying down small brush or
tree branches, covering these with gravel, and
then laying on the ordinary stone material. Wo
have often lieard it objected that macada-
mised roads do not suit Lower Canada, be-
cause the w *er frosts raise, and render them-
uneven in xl^i > •" g ; !njt if this ever happens,
it. is becauoe ?itjr r; ids have not been properly
drained.

When the ^"sl sectian, say ten mileij, o(

;<■

rliis sort of rjad litis huoii coinpletoJ, imd ll;*.* lots
Ketflfd, sornu provision should lio miidf lor
kfcping the roiid in repair. If left lo tho rolo-
nisls, ii will ivc noglerted, ond it cniinol ho
«ixpec!cj that tho fjovcrninont will he over
«;har<reahl(j wiih its maiiiienance. \V(; think
that all these new roads should hecorne turnpiko
trusts. Leased out to responsible parties at low,
or nominal rents, the leaser !)einjT; hound to keep
}iis section in iv'pair, in consideration of toll
dues ; hut the f^overnment should reservo to
itself the right of fixinjr the tolls ; and the roin-
missioner should see that the necessary repairs
were tnude in proper lime.

We will now examine what nnrnher of etn'-
Ijrants mi«^ht annually l>e located and supplied
with work, in tho territories we have iiidicfiied,
the expenditure which would he iiicuried, anJ
the advantages resulting IVom it. We have sup-
posec' that ten miles of tiew road might he
constructed annually in each territory, and ihiil
if so, the two ranges of farms on cither side of
the road could be located in the same time, lor
ftccording to our plan, the land must be settled,
cotemporaneously with the making of the roaJ.
liach mile of road would on either side, givo
about .seven farms of an hundred acres each,
iuxi we m.'iy suppose that five out v)f evt'iy

I! r

^even will be fit for culture, which would l>e
fen, iiyc'udinof l)oth .sides of the road for every
mile in the first ranges, and tun in ihe second
vansjos, or two hundred lots in th« ten miles,
and allowing five persons on an average to
i;ach family settled on these two hundred
lots, would give in the three territories in Lower
(yunadu, three thousand persons, or in both sec-
tions of tiie Province sIk thousand locate<l with-
in the year. Supposing that each family fur-
nished one labouring man, we would have two
hundred labourers in ea-ch territory, to construct
the len miles of road. This number, if pro-
perly managed, would prove ample lor the
work assigned, supposing one man to work
two hundred days on the road, and the remtiiu-
ing i)allance of the year on his house and land.
The cost of these two hundred men at half a
doihir u day, would be five thousand pounds
in each territory ; or fifteen thousand for Lovv-
t!r Canada — about an equal amour.t as at present
cxpj'nded upon colonization roads iii this sec-
lion (»f the Province. It is not likely that tlic
two hundred men taken into account above i'nv
the construction of ten miles of road, would be
employed for the length of time we have stated ;
and we may reasonably deduct twenty per ceui
from the number, or one thousand pounds frorw

*.)

the outlay for road lahour; but as wc made u
estimate for impiemcnts, skilled oversight, and
horse hire, we may he permiited to place this
twenty per cent ogairst those contingcncie<^.
Whatever may he the outlay for assisting thf
imigrant in " ilding his log house, and makin^r
his first small clearance— for on these two neceJ^
sary works alone should we make any advunc^y
—we do not think it fair to take into account
here, as the government would hold ample se-
curity for its repayment with interest. The cc<r
of survey, which is reckoned at about one penny
per acre, is another item with which we have
at present nothing to do, as wc find it charged
separately from road expenditure, in the Public
Accounts. 'J'ho only extra pen«^e to be in-
curred by carrying out the plan we have pro-
posed is the salaries of the local agents, which
might not be over two hundred and fifty pounde
each, and fifty each i\:r travelling expenses or
horse keep, in all, i'or tlie llirco Lower CanaJ.i
territories, only nine hundred pounds por ut,-
iium.

We suppose the chief objrct to be held in
view by the Canadian statesman, who de.siif.
to encourage imiaratlon, or rather the coloni-.du-
lion of our waste lands, is to socuro the sert'w-
nient of the greatest number of acres, at the

l^ast. possible cost. If tliis is a fair stutemeni '/('
the case, llien we will most correctly test.
the relative value of the present system, amJ
the one which we propose, by comparing )lin
number of acres actually located within a given
rime, and the cost of their location, with tlie num-
bi;r of acres which may he located according to
the proposed system. In looking into the im-
port of the Commissioner of Cown L^nds for
I SCO, we find it stated that 26.300 acres of fiec
grant land have been located in Upper Canad-i
within the year, a:"d then, turning to the Public
Accounts for the same year, we find the money
paid for aiding the settlement of wild hinds in
that section of the Province to be S-65,000, or,
us we beforestated, over two dollars and a halt'
lor every acre located ; and it must be borne in
mind that " located" does not mean " setiied."
and that opart from the above sum of $05,000
the Emigration ar.d Quarantine Department cost
the country $36,022. Now according to th«»
plan we have proposed, the svltlemcnt of each
acre, would not cost much over a dollar. VVt'
have seen that the cost of six hunored men i'or
two hundred days, is sixty thousand dollars, ancj
that if this amount is disbursed it is only on
the condition that eacli man purchases and oo
cupies one hundred acics ol hind ; or "n all

V e V V

sixty thousand acres. \i is liowev
possiMe, that within one year we could not effect
ihe construction often nniles of road in any terri-
tory ; and settle two hundred lots of land ; well

, say five mile .s

tlien, let us strit

ic o

one

half.

and one hundred lots, and

compare the pro-

gress of settlement accordin«- to tlie pi

proposet

plan, with the progress of settlement on the fret?
grant lands ; for speed of settlement is an ele-

ent which should also enter into

our calcula-

tions. We think it

was in 185/' that the Op-

cngo road was opened, and Mr. French ap-
pointed agent, since then five other free colorii-
y.ation roads have been opened ifi Upper Cana-
da, and we find that on all these roads the
•are not much over 100,000 acres occupied h
a population somewhat under five thousanc

■jy

sons.

per

ow, according to the system we havi

'suggested, even supposing we

could only ef-

fect half of what we at first proposed, in five
years wo would in' our three Lower Canadc
teriitorics settle 150,000 acres, and add

seven

thousand five hundred persons to the population

instead of five tho

usant

d if

our ongina!

proposition were carried out which, by a judi-
cious energy could be done, in ten years we
would have settled in Eastern and Wes
<^anada, one million two hundred th

lorti

ousand acre's

of land, made six liundrcd miles of permanHnt
rnadvay, and added sixty thousand persons lo

ne: one

the population. But apart from settii
wild lands at less cost ajid with greater speed,
ttiere are other advantages to be derived from
rsirryiiiir out the plan wo have siu^crestcd. We

Won

Id 1

lave brou

Rht

our imigration system to

'•rder, comprehensiveness, and efficiency, we
would iiavt expended no moio money upon
roads, than was warranted i)y actual settlement,
we would have lurnislied the country witii mo-
del highways, have i

led

'ays, nave inaugurated a system lor
keeping them in good repair, and bequeathed
irt tlie agriculturalists of those districts a mean*
f'.f safe and ea.^y convey;ince. What is better
t;Mn all, we would iiuve degraded no man by
f'orcing upon hitn charity, but sustained the set-
f'cr's self respect and independence ; and
having met him on the thresh hold of hi^
wants, while we furnished ourselves with cheats
labour, we provided him with employment and
a. jiomc.

cSince our last articli; on emigration was writ-
ten, we have seentlie announcement made, that
!*. commission has been appointed to in juire into
the conduct of certain emigrant agents. So far
ao good ; but this, as has been intimated by
ie-^ral respectable journals, is not sufficient ;

i>9

and we liopn the cr mmissioiiers will not oiJ

i«.'dr«'ss almsos, hut

(J uffi

y
lecommcnd a more comniv-

■ onsive, and efhcient system of ;nfernal rn.uiao,.-
rneiil. A wiiier in I he Monlrea! Ihrall m.^\

<* 1

soaie

rnoti

sii^gesiions n-spectinn^ ihe manaj:

iiient of our iinii>ranis, fidrr tl

country, !)ui as these
dej

:i'-

K'lr arrival m rhis

sugnrt-^siions liav(? heen fullv

comprch(;i;(]eJ in our pn.'vious remarks, allusion
fo ih

em i.s unnecessar

.r tl

phase ot the question, mooted I
Lower Canadian

here is however, one

>y some of our

eonuemnation.

papers, whicli calls loudly fur
e papers try t(. embroil the

suhject in questions of lace and nationality
They cry out, tliat their nallonalitv and tl

ii'ir

reli<5i()n are threalenened, and placed In jeopar-
dy, by the cffor's the Government is inakincr (<,

induce Piotestants t
Tl

<) come to this country

le sf

afcments are false both ways. There is
MO inducement held out to the Protestant tiiat \a
not held out (o the Cathol
rial nor the Colonial Gove

ic ; neiiher the Impe-
rument has the licrht.

nor has either of them ever attempted to hind

any one trom commjr to settle here. Then as U
nationality, what is our nation ? Is it not Ca

nai

Hum ; and tiie sooner we sink the word Britor,
and Frenchman, into Canadian, the belter for all

y about religion is simply

parties

len

tl;

o cr

rediculcus, as there i? equal toleration : and f

■V' •^.■^•^^■^

the Romi.i) Catholic to fojr Tori

r h f

lis roli;;i(J!i iiiider
so circnm^funccs, is not onlv ahsurd but a

crime ugjiinsl orlhoiJoxy

liiivc invaiiiil)

\' () 1

Jfd

about race ;mu1 rc'!;'^i

con\ii;ct's IIS I

h;.t

K)i), and ovt'i-

conti'(»\'tMSi('!?
d»v'a Iiistorv

\vh

tins IS th(! proper course; mid

en wo si-e any paper or riny partv dry<>i,w'

ii; these t(

opu's lor public discussion, we dotiht
leir sinceiiry and iheir patriotism. Loud calls

o sciid an oniio-nmt ai'Liit

have alio been made I

to F

ranee, wt

II, if

aq;ents arc sent to oth

«';■ couti'

tries, we see no reason wliy r,ne should not I
sent to Franco. Jt is, however, a very delicate
thing, tiiissendin^r ofagents to foreij^n countries
to entice away tlieir populations, and it is actu-
ally cruel and highly reprehensible to induce
strangers to come here, if we cannot, or do not
try to belter tlieir condition. AJen sent on sucIj
missions should I e of the most sterling character,
honourable, patriotic, cautious and humane. It
is a very expensive thing for Canada, this fo-
reign agency, and not always efficient, it has in-
deed often appeared to us, that a standing ad-
vertisement in three or four of the Provrncial
papers, published in the different
whence most of our emigrants c
forth the advant

countries from

:ome, setfino-

ages whic!. this count

would effect as much,

ry offers,

Qjiu at an infinireiy less

.^ --■ - «.-K 4

I!) Illicit!!'

J ill it ;i

(iv'i'isics
i ii:sfoi'y
Sf ; and
dialing"
e iloubl
ud calls
If. ai^L'tit
';■ couti-
not lie
deiicalo
'initiies
is aciu-
iiiduce
do not
>n sucii
i racier,
lie. Il
his fo-
lias in-
ing ad-
'vincial
.*s from
setfinof
offers,
iy less

'•'nt tlmn could bo oif,;clrd l>_y rt'sidoiit aj/.-nff
lese agents gcneral.y livc« in scapoit towii'

.'uid know nothing oi" iln; rMoifrant, n

n!il

f;')in('s to taive passa'^p

\\\)u know

••inything of pmifji-atioii arc aware, liiat bel

or(>

f'\ I'r

le cm, grant |)r(-;).in'H lo Iea\o the land

nis

hull).

he d

eri.'rrnimvs wliptlu-r iii>

destination shall ho Aust

ralia

uiurn
inadi, or tiiu

t.nited Slates ; anti unv i eiwesentaiiotis made

by an auont when he is on ihe poinr. (>[' eni-

bailving, has liiiie or no w(.'i^ht wiih hiin.

In'lore qeifiiig ih" subject of i migrutlori,

we Wish to say a bnv Words respcclincr i's

irnporiance to this cormtry. Mr, .MrGee, his

lr;,iy said liiat what we want in (.'anaiJa m

" men, tren. an(J yet more men." We have

tu<' territory and th« resources to form of;e ol'

rhf' most o^'cn^ive, poweiful. and pi'os])e!o;n

erniiires whicii has yet appeared unoii ih,*

ghilte, and all we want is men, —

•• VVc ask n'.'t from what land ihoy cmw.-
Ov whore their youth was nursed,
If pure the i.lream il matters not
The spat from whence it burst."

\v e stated at the commencement ol ihes.r

ariieles, that the .subject of emisfration an

i II.

i('<*

internal managemen:, was one of viial imp.oitai
io this country, and ihougii we luive not ut-
len'p;ed showing its influence on the develepe-

rnoiit of our res
increase of o

source

'» or if<

'« interesfs involved

'1'- revonue, yet the mar^nitude of

may h(

Jd fl'

oru

''- .su.jomed figures. Within tho life of one

™Uono:. within the last th.rty one years,

.'i-ehavx. landed the following .umber of im-
'grants at Quebec.

1831

1832

1833

1834

1833

1836

1837

1838

1839

1840

1811

184:2

1843

1844

184.)

184(J

50, 206.
51,74(i.
21.752.
3 ',937.
12.527.
*-^7.728.
21,901.

3,2(56.

7.439.
22,234.
28,086
44.374
21,727.
20.142.
25,375.
3;\753.

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1853

1854

1855

18.56

1857

1858

1859

1860

1861

90.150.

27,!»39.

38.494.

32,292.

41,076.

39.176.

36.699.

53.183.

21.270.

22.493.

32.281.

12.810.

8.778.
10,151.
19.42f),

()

Total.

908.431.

'■ ""'•-' ^^i'ort of a .n,il.:,n persons. With
|='"P^-''- management most of these might have
';^'^'" rc(ained in this country ; but supposln^r
"•■'t only Mbout one half of them, or five hundred
'i'ousand have remained, and that each fum.lv on
^'" average, brought ten pound.s currency "ir.to
'•"^ c<^untry. which is a very moderate esti-
"'<He, emigration alone would in one oencration
Iwive added fan?' mWion, of dollar, to our

■».— , ^' •••- >*. • -^ •- ^ '

wealth. Or agalu, if each individual of tlicso
five hundred thousand, consume only five pouixis
worth of imported iroods every year, which is
still below the proper estimate, and these goods
pay a duty of fifteen jjer cent: it will add one
million five hundred thousand dollars to ihtf
present annual revenue of the government. All
these are consideralions apart from tlie vast
amount which the industry of these thousand*
is yearly adding to our wealth and in^.uenoe.
We think then, that we are warranted in say-
iig, that to Canadian statesmen, the subject of
imigration, and its internal miumgcmcnt, is one
of grave importance, and under existing circum-
stances, calls for prompt and eftcctivc? measures.