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At its meeting- in May, 1887, iho present Avriter had the honor to lay before this Society, a paper on the first voyage of .Tacqnes Cartier to Canada. At that time the importance of the bearing of this voyage upon the subsequent cartography of the Gulf had not become evident to me, but a more careful and comprehensive study since then of this in connection with other early voyages and with early maps, has made it clear that it is of the greatest importance. The first voyage of Cartier to the Gulf quite overshadows, from a cartographical point of view, his later ones, and indeed all of those of the Sixteenth Century. Its results largely moulded the maps of this region for nearly eighty years ; and the A'arious discrepanci(>s and errors of those maps, as well as the differences of opinion and inaccuracies of some late writers, have been due to a lack of that true interpretation of Cartier's course which is the key to the situation. So marked and important is this, that I may be pardoned for repeating Avith greater emphasis what is in reality the text of this paper : — The correct interprelalion of Cnrlicr's first voyage is the key to the cartography of the Gulf for almost the subsequent century. This statement I hope to substantiate in the following pages. In order that we may have a connected view of the whole subject, I must ask you to briefly review Cartier's itinerary as set forth in the paper ' referred to. In this connec- tion it will be necessary to mention the ditfereut and sometimes inconsistent views held by several writers, since these have directed the writings on the subject. I- Voyages ok Cartier and Contemporaries. A, — Carlieis First Voyaye. Cartier, with two ships, left St. Malo on April 20th, 1534. He made land at Capo Eonavista, May 10th, and after spending some days in Catalina Harbor, visited Funk Islands to provision his ships with the birds there. He entered the Strait of Belle Isle early in June, and coasted along the Labrador shore as far as the present Cumberland ' Trans. Koy. Soc. Canada, 1887, vol. iv. sec. ii. pp. 121-130. Sec.'.II, 1889. 3. 18 O.VNOXO ON ST. liAWT^EXCR Harbor, to tlio west of Shooiitica l)iiy,' visiting- and naniint;' several har})ors on the way. At Cumberland Harbor ho turiu'd back and retraced his steps to the port ui' lirest, tlie present Old Fort Hay." Thenre, on Juno I'lth, he crossed to Newibundhind, niakinu' land in the vieinily of the present Poiut i»irh. From lliis [dace he coasted to the south-west, visitinu' and luxming several bays and capes, until he reached the present Cape Anii-uiUe, which ho slighted in a storm on June 24tli, and named Cape St. Jolin. Up to this point, (."artior's narrative is so clear that there never has l)een any d()ul)t, except in a lew minor instances, as to the course he Ibllowed. I'rom this point until ho reached Bay Chaleur, however, there has l)een <>'reat diU'crence ol'o[)iniun as to his route. As traced in the present writer's former paper, it is as Ibllows : — Leaving Cape Anuuille, he eanie next day to the IJird IJocks and later to lirioii Island, all of which he descril)os fully and faithfully. Then he approached Nortli Cape (rr;// Oth, he saw to the south-west what appi-ared to bo two Lslands, but what proved later to be really firm laiul lying S.S.I'], and N.N.AV., on which was a cape named Cape Orlean.s. He, entered the moirth of a beautiful but shallow river which he named Eiver of Tioats {ripiiiere de Barcfims) and doscril)es very fully the shores and banks of the region. The land, like two islands, was the high land near Gren- ville ; the Iviver of Boats was Richmond Bay; Cape ' )rleans was Cape Kildare ; and the Cape of the Savages,'' visited and. named by him later, Avas the present North Cape. After landing at the latter point, he coasted nine or ten leagues along theiaiul, linding ' All writers hitlierto have considered Sliefatica Buy to be tlie Port of .Tacque.s Carticr, iind a small inlft to lli.^ cant of t!i« moiiili of the latter (7)'. rn naim-s. The leason f >r my view is, that < 'artier de.scrilies .'^t. .lai.ie.s a.-* a very lai^re river, " Imnni'. ripuicre jiIils !_'i-anile." This wmild by no means aii|ily to the .small inlet referred to, bnt it would I'liply well te Shecaliea I'>ay \\hieh en the charts does 1(11 ik likii a river. Aj.'aiii, the Pert of .lac(|m's ('artier was clearly a h.Trher, not a river, and CnuilMMlar.d Harbor would lie more likely to be spoken of as a liarfor than ■'^liecatica l'>ay. .-'ce i_'ood modern charts of the coast. It is worth nuticint: by the way, that Kinusfbrd, in his History of Canada (i. :i\ sn<.',i;ests tliat " .^liecatica " is an Indiani/.ad snrvival of .lactines ('artier, an improbable ^npiiosilion it si^ems to me. ■ There is some ijuestion as to the exact locality of I'.rest. Tlius Hind (Ijabrador, ii. ;i.'i2), Packard (Mull Am. (leog. Soc XX. 3r)2), Kev. M. Harvey (Enoy. lirit, xiv. 177) say that Brest was on I'.radore Hay, a U:\\ miles from Blane Sabloa, and that it was fonnded in l.'idO (Packard), or l5-0 (Harvey) Vel ('artior's narrativ(< i.s qnito clear on tliis point- P.radore Harbor he entered and called its islands the Islcttes. He. mentions no town there. Brest, he .says, was ten leaLMies from the Islcttes. The conclnsioii must be that Carlier's Port of Brest was really Old Fort Bay, and that tin' town ofV.rest, if on P.i-adore Harbor (whcrc^ its ruins are .said to be) nuist either have been fonnded later, or ol^e was unknown toCarlier. The latlercan hardly be credited. ■' It seems probable that this word survives, in an altered form, in ( ajie Torineiitine ou the Strait of .Northum- berland coast of New Brunswick. Uurinj,' the early j.art of the seventeenth ceuluiy a larf;e mnuber of maps were pnlilished in Tairope, which followoc Laet's map of l(i:'iL' is a conspicuous exaiujile, the name "C de Sauva.ires " bein;.; ai)plied by liim to Point Escumenac and " ITeue de Biiniues " Uj Buie Verte. ISomc inajis of the last century have " C of C'AKTOGJtArilY TO CHAMPLAIN. Id i it tht> next inoniing, .Tnly 2]ul,to})(' oiioof thoshoros of a larire bay whiihhouamcdBay of St. Liiuario. His (Ic^^ciiplidii of the place makes it clear that this hay wasting head of the present Northniiiherlaiul Strait.' He passed near ('ap(> Escnnienac and crossed thi' mouth of Miriiiuiihi Hay io whirh he g'av(> no name, lie described the latter as a triangular bay, running ileip into tlie land, lying north-east and ranged with shoals. C'ontiiuiing along the coabt, with the weather stormy, on July 3rd, he rounded Point Miscou naming it Cape of Hope {ca// d'Es/irninre),' inn\ entered Bay Chaleur. He crossed at once to the present PoU Daniel, where his ships remained for some days. Among the more prominent of the late Avriters who have considered Cartier's voyage, are Dr. J. tl. Kulil and Rev. 1!. V. De Costa. The former, in his greatly and justly valued work, " History of the Discovery of Maine," ' gives a, quite dillerent account of Cartier's route after leaving Ijird Islands. He confuses the narrative greatly, applying to the laud coasted along immediately Jifter leaving Briou Island, the description Avhich Cartier gave of a land forty leagues to the westward. Yet he calls lirion Island our present Prince l-ldward Island, and says that Isle Allezay and Cape Orleans w^ere names given to places thereiui. lie does not loi^ate the liiver of I'oats, but speaks of " the triangular gulf which he named .Saint Lunario," the present Minunichi Bay. The answer to this confused and impossibh' interpretation is found in Cartier's naiTative itself, and must l)e evident to everyone who has carefully followed the preceding pages, or has read t\u\ original narrative. Ivev. Dr. De Costa, in AVinsor's '' America," ' makes Allezay the present Prince Edward Island, entirely ignoring the fact that Cartier sailed ibrty leagues out of sight of land before he reached the place wlier(> was the River of Boats. Cape Orleans he places on the mainland and says, "next he found ]\Iiramichi Bay, or the Bay of Boats, which he called St. Lunario." Now notliinu- could be clearer than the testimony of Cartier's Uiirrative on this point, that the River of Boats and Bay of St. Lunario were two entirely distinct places. No reader of the narrative can possibly accept such an interpretation. Another version of this part of the course is that of Abbe Laverdiere,' as shown ou tlio Savasres " altoreil to " ('. Savatie ", amt placed furtlior down tlio coast, as on Popple's celoliratod map of 1733. On (itliMS " ('. Suva;.'!)" or " Savafie f'ape" is replaced liy ''Stormy Cape", '.ml on I'lench maps l.s translated into " C". Tnnrnicnto" and '• C. TornuMit." On some majis .such as those liy Bellin in Ciiarlevoix's History, it is marked Tape 'i'um'mentin, wliicli is of I'onrso the Cape Tnrmentine of to- .Mcnidiiiils of the l''.n^rli.-^h and 1 iiMich comndssaries, both "Stormy Point" and " C. Tor- nientine" are jiiven and applied apparently :is syn(]nymons, and are placed nmreciver inexactly tlii proper jKisition. I'mni Cartier's "Cape of the Sava^'es ", applied to NVirtli Point of Prince Edward Island, to Cajio Tormenti.ie nn the New Piiui,swick shori? there appears to he an nnliroken transition. [As this paper is passing; Ihrongh the jiress, I llnd thai Deny's njaj) of JiiTl', L'ives "La Cap de Tonrnientin." This indicates that the internuHliate steps are donhtloss lo he found tipon still earlier maps.) 'There is a curious use of this word l)y lie I, act in his llistoiredn Konvean .Monde of l(!4f). Hesays"J,a Baye de (iennes | i.e.iChi^'necto i!ay] .... receives two rivers, one of which comes from the east, the other of which de.scends from thn niprth, and is almost joined to near the Strait of S. Lunario." This seems to imply that he meant the latter mime to apply to Northumhcrlimd Strait. Tlis nnip, however, applies it to the Miramichi, which h(( jilaces opposite Chii.'necto Pay. '■'Now Cape Uespair in I iaspe. Old ma|i-^ show tla; transition. See also, the Canadian Review, no. I, 1824, p. 85. ' Coll. Maine Hist. f?oc. vol. i, 18«n. ' Narrative and ( ritical History of America, iv. 111. This work hereinafter quoted as " America." " Le C'anada-Fraii(.'ais, i. (i8'J. 20 GANONG ON ST. LAWRENCK a Tocent map.' Tho oonrso ninoiia' tho Mngclalfiio Tsliincls does not difTor vory u'roally from tliat of the present writer," but the loim' sail to the west i.s made lo take Carlier to Miramichi llay wlii'iven also in the Quebec Literary and Historical Society's reprint of Cartier's voyages (Vol. T, pp. 10, 11). It is remarkii])le how persistentlv he has been sent to the mainhmd and kepi away from Prince Edward Island. This is no doubt l)ecause it haf- not been remembered that his directions were invariably not for the true but for the magnetic meridian. Forty leagues true west would take him to the New lirrinswick shore, but forty leagues magnetic west would take him to Prince Edward Island. As to whether the interpretation of tho course as given by the present writer is consistent and I'loar, or, in other words, the correct one, he must leave others to judge. Cartier, leaving his sliips at Port Daniel, explored in his boats to the head of Bay Chaknir, and, of course, did not find the passage to tho west which lie came to seek. On July 12t:h he loft his anchorage and coasted to the east,' leaving so clear a luirrative that he is easily Ibllowod to Graspe Bay. On the 2.')th he sailed away again to the oa.st- north-east for about twenty leagues, whicli brought him to Anticosti. ITo followed the land to tho eastward, giving us a clear account of his progress. To ICast Cape he gave tlio name of Capo St. Loys (or Aluisc, i.e. St. Louis), and to Fox Point that of Cap do Momorancy.' He kept on to opposite North Point, and named tho strait between AnTicosti and Labrador tho Strait of St. Peter. Uero the lat(>n(>ss of the season and other causes made him tiu'n back nnd sail invay iV>r l'"rance. Tie followed tlie coast of Tiabrador, A'isitinir Natashquan Point (which lie named Capo Thionuot),' to Blanc Sablon. and, passing througli tho Strait of Belle Isle, reached France on September .Ith. It is rather surprising that there has been a difleronco of opinion as to his course ' Carte de la Xonvelle I'ranco, ponr .sorvir i\ rEtmle ilo l'ni.str. Kohl's view. We have no inajw, no evidence of any kiuil tc] show that this n'L'ion was at all known either to him or to his companions, while his actions and lanmia'.re thron^liout are tliose of an entire stranirer. On tlie east coast of Newfoundland, however, and possibly in the Strait of Belleisle, some cf tlu^ names were used before his time. Ilonavista and Cliaste.aux appear to be anion;.' the.so. Compare America, iv. Tl', last para^inipli. .\s to tho orijjiiu of tho word Pratto, De Costa states (.America, iii. ISti) that Albert de Prato, a priest and mathematician, was on the coast of New- foundlanil with Jean l\ut in l"i'J". He is probably the man referred to in Hakluyt (iii. 107i in the narrative of a voyage of 1527 to the east coast of Newfoundland and Cape Breton Cartier may liave known him, and nanjod tho cape for him. The name nuist not be confounded wicii "Plato," "Plateau" or ''Flat Island," near Point Petor, on the opposite point of IMal Hay. The latter names were Kivcn on account of its shape. ■• Doubtless meant for ^Montmorency. This was the name of one of the noblest old families of Prance. At this time, Anne, Duke of Montmorency, a brave and illustrious man, was held in liigh honor in I'rance by Francis I, and it was probably in his honor that Cartier named the cape. (See I'ncyclopicdia Britannica, xvi 701.) ■' Most writers consiiler C. Tliiennot to be Mount .loli, a little to tho east of Xatashcpian Point. Yet Cartier tells us distinctly that C. Tliiennot was a " low cape." Why, then, .seek to jilace tlie name on Moi.nt JoliV It may have been jn,st at tho mouth of Nataslupian River. CARTOflEAPITV TO CITAMrLATX. m aftor Icavirg- flaspt', for tlic iiarriitive is hern pcrfoclly clear. Yet' more than one writer luis claimed that instead of crof^siiig to Aiiticosti he sailed i;p the St. Lawrence to near Point dos Mouts. This is the view taken by Vbbt'- Laverdiere in M. (ienest's map.' In tho latter th(> course, as marked, follows tlie curve of tlie iiorlli sliore of lh(> Oaspepen- iiistila to near the present Itiver St. Anne, then crosses to near Seven Islands, recrosses to near ]\Iatane, then runs nearly direct to the north of Anticosti, and along thit I^abrador coast to the Strait of Belle Isle. This view is taken also by the very courteous author of a short review "'of my pajx'r on Cartier's li'.st voyage. I cannot help bi'limiiig, however, that the latter has not examined the evidence in tho light of facts, but has rather based it npon sui)position. The chief reason adviinccd by the reviewer Avas, ])ractically, that Cartier would never have gone to the east along Anticosti, when the great St. Lawroueo was opening to him whatAVOuld seem to liim to be the Avestern passage for which he was seeking. It is not in the liu'ht of what Cartier would have done with a modern chart of tho Gulf before him, ])ut in the light of wdiat he, with his imperfect knowledge or want of knowledgt\ lid do, that we are to read tho history of his voyage. This matter is so clear that argument is hardly needed. There arc at least three distinct lines of evidence showing that he did not go np the St. Lawrence on this voyage, but to the eastward around Anticosti. (1.) The mu-rative itself is quite clear on this point. It says that he sailed away to tho east-north-east; that he thouglit he was crossing the mouth of a groat bay, the coast of which ho could s(>o from his ships ; that the laiul Ini apiu'oached lay south-east and north-west, aiul that th(; passage across was twenty leagues. This is all uninistakeable. The " delation originale" reads as follows: ''Le landemain, xxv" jour dudit moys, le vent vynt bon et ap])areillasraes du liable; et nous estans hors de ladite ryuiere, lismes porter a TEst Nordest, pour ce que dopuis la terre de ladite riuicre estoit la terro rengoo, faisant nne bayo en maniere de demy corcle, dont auyons vt'ues de toute la couste de noz nauires ; VA en faisant la rout to, vynmes querre ladite terre qui gisoit Suest et Nornoyst, e paraige do la(|uelle il pouoyt auoir de distance, depuys ladito riui*>r(!, enuyron xx lioues." Tho edition of 1598 is leys clear here as elsewhere, but its meaning is the same, llis dislances and directions from his landfall on Anticosti to Ivast Cape, thence around and up the northern coast of Anticosti, aro quite correct aiul clear, and leave no doubt that ho reached North Cape and went but very little beyond it. Now, as to why he thought he was crossing the mouth of a bay, the whole coast of which he could see from his ship, when crossing to Anticosti, I ctui only suggest that he was deceived by fog- banks.' AVhy is it, I may ask, that tho position of the Bay of Inmdy is represented by solid laud upon nearly every known maj) up to the time of Lescarbot ? Navigators and ' See antea, p. '20, iioto 1. ■-' Si'c Le Canada-rriincais, i. (iSl)-r.no. ' " In the samn iiianiier, in modern times, Sir .lames Rn.ss, in Lanon-ster Soiind, belinve.l lie Haw mountains where tliore were lint fugs, and depicted tl.i.s .sound as land-locl iiliiiosl ccrtiiiuly known to tin' lisiicrnu'n, tin- explnviMs (lid not sec its entrance. (2.) In his -.iTond voyaL!'!' hi' i)a>si'd lulufcn Anticosli and I/ihrado'- (a.- no oiii' has I'Vt'v doubtt'd). and, vonndinLi' ilu' \\i'>ti'rn I'nd oi' Anticosli, saw the nionntains of Notro Dame to the south. And liy ih'' two nalivfs whom he liad taken from tlaspi'- thi> year Ix'I'oic '■ wo Were told tlial it wa- a part of t ho southern coast, and t hat thciv was an i- laiul to the soul h of wliicli is ijie way to t;o IVoni IJonuuedo |/.r., (iaspe| to Canada.' This was named the Island of A--sumpiien. ('artier clearly shows thai he had no suspicion previously that this was .an island, for on his iirst voyai^'e he ha to him. (3.) I'lUt the most conclusive evideui'c of all is that Cartier tells us, i:\ so manv words, that he did n^t dis^'over the souiliern enii'ance on his first voyae-i'. In n'turniuu' towards France in May, l."):!i'i. he passed down the St. L-wreiico direcily to (laspe. "which passaii'e,'' 'he says, " had not befori' that lime been discovered." ' Nothing could be more conclusive upon this point. 15. — Cuiiiir'^ ISt.coi/d Voyage. In his second voyage, Cartier h'ft St. ]\ralo with three ships, on ATay iMIh, If)!?"), and he did not succeed in n'achinu Xewfoundland until July Tth, lie visited ImuiIc Islands, and. entering the Strait of lielh' Isle, waited at lihinc Sablou until the 2(lth for the arrival of the two ships whi[)lic> well to the islands at (Ireat Meea- tina, to the north of which is just such a bay as Cartier descrilies. Fifteen leagues fur- ther broucht him to anolhir uroup of islands, which he named St. (i-ermain, the descrip- tion and posilion of which would pbn-e them at the St. Alary's Islands or ihosc at Cape AVhiltle. This is conHrmed bv the fact that his course afti'r leaving them was alonii' a coast which ran east and west, a point to the south-east." Sevi'uti'i'ii and a half leagues further he met with other islands, but gavi' them no luime. Seven leagues beyond this he came to Cape Thieiinot, to which he had uiven that name on his iirst voyage. This was without doubt the juvsent Xatash([uan roint. Some seven leagues or more lurther on he cntei'cd a harlxir amonu' four i.sjands \vliich stretch out into the sea. 'fhis he named St. Nicholas Harbor; it api)ears to be the Paehachibou (or Pashasheebu) of to-day. ' '' t'a.s.sasines iiisqiies a llmiL'ncilo [i.o. (Inspi']. Icijiio! passafie ii'auoit ]i!is (•ydoiiant csti' dosconnort." Brof l\c'cit., p. ■'jl, ed. ISOI). Tliu (.lircetiuns arc iuaj.'iieti(.: and not true, of (.'ounse. CARTOriRAPIIV TO fllAMPLATN". 28 On August Till lu' \<'il this pdii, uiid, In use the words o)' llic iinriMtivc, " wciil to sct'k the land lowiirds I lie Cape h'altasi, which is distant I'ldni the said harhor | /.»■., St. Nichohis] about i wnt y h'aiiMics nnrtli-iUJilh-casI and siuilii-soulh-wcst. And lln' next (lay Ihi' winil was (oiil laiy ; ami liccausc \vi' luund lU) harbors on tlu' said land to the. south, \vc took our way towards liu' lunth beyond tin' ulbn'saiil harbour about ten leiiv:ues" This brout>'lit them to the bay which he named St. l/nvvenee (Saincl Luiirua), and which I'ew doubt was the iv^iou ol' the present St. Genevieve and Iluutini>- Islands.' This would jiiace Cape b'abast on Anlicosti somewhere near Charloton Point of to-day. It could in)l have been on tin' mainland,' lor he sailed twenty leai^-ues to the south-west after leaving- St. Nicholas, and then went to I he north to n-a.h St. Lawrence I'ay, which itself was only ten leagues beyond St. Nicholas. On August I I h he left St. Lawrence i'.ny, ami went to a cape twenty-live |eaL;'ue.s (o the west, where the laml lay west, a pt)int south-west. This niu^t have been thei)reseut North Cape of Auticosti, as distances and directions clearly show, lie remarks upon tho great number of whales which he saw here. lien; the two natives, whom he had taken . at Gaspe tho previous year, told him that the land on the south was an island (the livst hint he had of the fact), on the !S'.uth of which was a clear passau'e from llone'uedo (Gaspe) up to Canada. The next day, August 1.'-th. he passed the strait and saw the high land of Notre Dame Mountains to the south, ami that day he gave to Auticosti the name of Assumption. "West-south-west from its western end, twenty-five leagues distant, he mentions another cape jn'obably the present Mount Louis.' He coasted along this soul hern shore until the next day, when, the wind conunu' west, he crossed to the northern shore. Tie now saw the river rapidly narrowing, tho shores coming together, and his natives told him that he was at the ben-inning of the Kingdom of Sa^-uenay. and near the mouth of a river wliich became fresh lurther on. Disajipoinfed in the ho])!- of finding here his western ])assaa'e, he would not ascend the riA'er until he had examined the imrthern coast between whi're he now was (near Point des Mouts) ami his Hay of St. Lawrence, which coast, of course, he liad missed by sailing along the soiithern shore. On August 18th he coasted north-easterly to the Seven Islands, which he nann'd the Ivound Islamls (Ic^ /i^lin Jloii'/cs). Just beyoml this was a river of fresh water, in which were seen fishes which had tlu^ forms of horses ; this was the jirisent IMoisie KiviM-.' On ' Do C'ostii, f(ille\\in>r Kolil, luiikcs tlii' .St. I.awnuice t)i(! inmitli of tho St. .tuhn, wliicli it clciirly \va« not. TliLs is but one of tlie many inarrurarics in Do Ciwta's uccmiiit, wliicli a liltle care wenli! Ikivo avniilcil. ' .'^iinic. iiiajis (if llie .-icvpntoculli c'i'nl\iry mark ('. llaluw nn tli'' inaiiilaiicl, th()nj;li iioiiii (pf flic s'xlponlli shew it. Tiu'V ai-f, wiiliout oxceplieii, so far as f liavo feuiiil, of tho.^e wliicli. with Chani|ilain's topoirrapliy. iiso many of (.'arlii>r',s names. In llieso re.sjuM'ts tlicv cejiy I.cscarli.it, wlie, as will prcsontly lio shown, maclo an ollnrt to rotain every name ^,'iven liy Cartier, and niado many mistakts in jilaein;.' tlieni. It i.s worth nntirin'r iliat this won! " Ilahast" is used hy Cartier in Iho narrative just l>efiire ho nses it as a jiropor name, " hL^'pies an Cap do Thienotriui se rahast, an Nor onaistqui est enniron sept Hones," etc. (lirefKeeit., p. ,S). It is here used, apparently, in the sense of " lies '' or "has tho direetion." ■' < ir Capo ISIa^dakm. AUefon.seo .says that tho cape is "a very luLrh land." and that it was .-(lUth of Seven Islands. This would apjily host to .Monnt Louis ; hut uerth-east and west-south-west of the west end of Antieosti, as ho also places it, would rather liettor descrihe Cape Maj,'dalen. ' The lii.r.-es were i»rohably walruses, which, as Hind points out in hi.s work on Labrador, were formerly abundant in this res/ion. lliiid also refers to tho low lands in the vicinity of .S>von Islands, as Cartier does. Tho river nuist have boon either tho Moisie or tho ^lanilou, bat most jirobahly the former, wbiuli is tho larjrer. It could not possilily have been the tit. .lohn, as they had a loii^' sail to tho eastwanl after loavin^; it boforo .sightin;.' Auticosti ajrain. «■ 24 OANOXG OX ST. LAWRKNCR llu' '21st lie tiiiiliiuud (111 ti) the I'astward iiiilil lir raiiH' in si^ht ol' Aiilicos^li, ami knew tlit'ic loulil t>i' iii> passu.";*' on that mast. Tiiniium' to tlif west iiufaiii, lie rt'tunu'dto St'Vt'U Islands, ami on IIm' •_'4i1i cntiTi'il tin' uioutli ol' tlu' river propiT. iM'oni this time until hi.s n'liirn to tin- (iuU' on his way to Ffaufi' in the spriiiLC h'*^ niovfuicnis do not » onct'vii our present sul)jeel. I'.iil in Mi\\\ roniina; down •''•' I'iver, he passed directly down to (Jaspo by the passage which had not heiore that heon discovered, wi'iil near Cape I'ralto (the present AVhile Head), and crossed I heiire to l^rion Island. lie api)ears to have coasted aloni>' the Avest, and afterwards IJie ca>l of tlie ^Ia<;'dalens, I'roni which he went ' to Cape LcM'raiue, in Cape llreton Island. Tliis cape \vas in 4(1. AO de^', N. hit. ami three- (juarters ol' a deyree to the north he saw another eai)e, whii'h he named St. Paul. lie does not iiive us sniiicient data for deterniininii' tlie position ol' these jilaces; if Cape St. Paul lie (jui' l.^le Si. rani,- Cape Leriaine cnuld hardly be tlie present Cape St. T/i\vrence, liiit iiMi.-i iiave been some puint to the south ol' it, ])erliaps at (irand .\nse or Chelican.' (hi .Tune (til he saw tlie coast ol' Me\» loundhuKl, and entered a harl)or which he named "Harbor oltlie Holy Spirit,'' Avhicli may have l)een La I'oile Hay. Tiieiice he weiil to St. Peter's Islands, and al'ti'rward.s passing Cape Kaee {Ca/i (k limt) to llarboc Kougnoze (undoubtedly IJeiiewso Harbor of to-day'), and from this i)laie laid his (.ourse lor Framx', where he arrived on July (Uh, "l.)3t). , C. — Cdiiicr's TInrd Voi/agc. "We have l)ut I'ew particulars of Carlier's couise on his third voyage. As given by llakluyt, he left St. Malo May 2.".rd. l">tn, and after a long, stormy voyage entered the Harbor of Carpunt, in Newfoundland, and on August 2ou\, reached the Port of St. Croix. On September liiid, lie sent two ships back to 1''rance, but the narrativi' does not tell us ^vhen he himself weiit. nor by what route. 1>. — llobcriiil's Voijagr. Tn the account of the voyage of RoVierval, we are told that it was by way of St. .lohii's, Ne-wfoundland, in 1.')4l'.'' AVe have a very fragmentary account of Kobervul's voyage, and it contains nothing of value iu (.•onncction with oirr present discussion. ' ,\s M. li'Avezai' pnints out (Paris oclitioii of ISH" of Brcf rx'cit., p- 'i 1) .snnio versions road " wc nanipit tliis caiw," iii.stt'iiil of " wo roai'lioil this cape." •' I'r. Kiilil I liii-fdvory of -Maine, p. 311ij aiiil I'o Costa (.Viiiorica, iv. h'i and (17) considor tlicin to bo llio saine, liut Ihintv llie nanio wrt.« ;.'lven Ijoforo Carlior, a.s it appears in tlii.s region upon at least two maps liefore Carliei's voya^'os — that of Maiollo of 1527 and of Viegas of V\\\. ]5nt on the former " (.'. St. I'anld" is en New- fi.undl.niid, near St. Pierre, w Idle on Capo Piroton is a " Rio do St. I'aulo." On tlio latter " S. Paulo"' is on tho strait between the island marked Capo Breton and ihe niainland. It does not scom at all cevtnin, thou, that the " S. Paulo" of tho-o niaiis was the same as the "Saiiut Paul" of Caitier, and it ajipcars likely that Cartier gave the name anew without knewleilj,'e or notice cf its previous applii'atinn in this reirion. ■' Cartioi' .says iit Caiie Lorraine: "Tiiero is low land, and seems to Ik^ the entrance, to a river; hut there is no harbor of any value." This nmy help to loralc^ it to one fanuliar with Iho locality. Accordin:_' to i\\i: charts, the de.scrii)tion nuj.'ht apply to either of these fjcalities. Xear the latter are two hills, l,l;',i)aiid ],L'L't) feel high, and no height is marked at Grand Anse. 'See llakluyt, (lii. 15.")) wheri! it is called "the next harbour unto tb() northward of Cape Itase." Also op. cit, p. L':;',t, also Map of Avaloii accom|ianyiiig .Muriaj's ( leo!(]gical Survey Newfoundland, J>indon, 1S81. Also AVhitbourin^'> Discourse and I>isc(jvery of Ncw-lbuiid-land, 1U"_'-, p. 5:i, wbeio "Harbor of Uenouse" is said to he six leagues nortli of Cape I!a<'e. ■' llakluyt's account is now known to bo erroneous in eortaiii particulars. Cf. Ue Costa, Ainorica, ivi 5U, (i4-GG, r ^ --: ' (JAU'rO(;i;.\I'IIY TO ClIAMITiAIN. ie 10. — A/li'loisiTs CiisiiKifj^ni/ihir. Tlici'i' is l(ul (III.'' otlid' ((iiitt'inporniv iiiconiil iltlic (lull', or of voynu't's to it, wliidi throws iiiiy iJLilit iipoiMmr miKjimI. Jcaii AIIi'Ioiim r. wlio ii'ioinpniiicd Jiohi'.val tdCaiiadii a,s liis pilot in I "i4;i, wrote a work on rtisniouraiihy. vvliicli is picscrv rd in niaiuisi rijit in Ihi; National Library at Paris, ft has iicver I n reprinted in lull, l.iit the jiarls reliitinn' lo this reiiidii liave l)ei'ii Iraiislaled and pulijisiie.l hy llakluyl, -' Murphy and OeCosta.' llakluyt's uceouiil is prelUi ed liy a lille whieli reads: •' Here I'olloweth the course from Helle [sle, Carpont, and lliedraiid l!ay in Newroundland up the Wiver of Canada lor tho spaee ol'i'ilo Irauues, observed hv lolin Alplionsce oi' Xaiietoiniie idiiel'e I'ilote to Monsieur Jtoberval, |.")4:J." Tiiis would imply that Alleronsee actually made the voyau'e aloui;' the coast himseli'. and this receives sornt> conlirmation I'roin the slatenieni ol' Le ("lerccj (in his " Kiahlissemeiit de la l"oy"). ineiitioiir coast lo soandi lor a western passa,<>-e. This statement is also made hy Champlain. ' Jle may have miule the voya<^e. or he may not, but there is very little, if aiiythiiin-, in his ai.'ount of ih'' fiull, wliidi is not in the narratives of Cartier, and which, iherefore, could not have bei'U derived directly from (\irtiei' himself (with whom, of course, ho had acquaintance), or from Curti( r maps. I[e has certainly used Carlier's names almost exclusively, and if he did mako a Journey over the region ho describes, minuMl no places himself. The only di; erenee-. betwi • his place-names and Cartier's ar(> as follows : — lb' uses the naiiu' I'l lie Isle jo; the island north of Newfound- land, bii'i .)-called, which Cartier had naiiud St. KutUciine's. He uses the name (Iraud I'ay for the Strait of Belleisle, which Cartier had < ailed Bay of Castles, but extends the term to include the eastern part of the (iulf also, ile s(M>ms to apply the term l>ay of Castles to Cartier's Port of Castles. He nientioiis the Isles de la Dcmoistdle, 3ii leagues west-south-west of Blaui' Sablon and Is Icaii'iu's north-east of Cape ihiciinut. There are no islands exactly correspondiui;' to this i>osition, hu' the group at the jn'e.sent. Cape Whittle, near St. Mary's Islands, seems to come nearest to them.' It will be remembered that in this vicinity Cartier named a group St. Germain. AUefonsce, in sjieaking of Anticosti, always calls it As'^eiision, instead of Assump- tion, as Cartier named it. He uses also the names Mountains of Notre Dame and Cape of the Mountains of \otre IJame, by the latter meiining prol)al>ly Mount Louis.' Cartier undoubtedly gave these names, for he lirst saw them and described them both on August loth.- AUefonsce uses the name Bay of Alolues or (iaspe,'' which Cartier does ' Hakluyt (iii. 108-170) t:ives iia iu't'nniu cil' tlie vdya^'o of M. lloro and t)tlK!i-a tn Nuwlbunilliuid luul ("niie Bri'.toii, ill l,5;jii. Hannay (Hist, of Acii'lia, |i. L'l) lliinlis I hoy wore mi (lio we.st cea.st ol' NewlnuucllaiHl. Tiic account contains no ^rco^^'rajiliical inCorniatioii. - Voya^'os, iii. i^!)l-2!.l4 of 1«10 oil. ■■ Voya'.:e of X'orrazaiio, Now Voi k, ISTfi, ],p. ;!S, 39. ' America, iv. (iO, 70, 74-76. •' LavorJiore's 0(1. of hi.s works, [1. Gil2. 'It is not unlikoly that there ks sonic niisprint in Ilakhiyl liore. rnfortiinately there .ire many such, and one. should never depend upon hi.s work in matters of detail when ho can liave the ori;.'inals before him. tn tlio ease of tiii.s part of AUofonsee's work f have been forced to u.so Hakluyt, as 1 can lind no other version whatever in the libraries near ]5n.9t(in, ' See antea, p. 2:',. ■ See post, p. 58. ■' Tho earliest us(.* of tlio word of which I can find anv record. Sec. II, 1889. 4. 29 (".ANON(! ON ST. LAWKHN(n<] not, applyiiiu' it apparontly io the i>iosont Mai Hay' Cartior's Ilongiiedo \u\ cliaug't'H to O^nedoc (on his map Ungiicdor). ' ni.d dcsiribt's vry laitlifiilly undor this namo Gaspe Harbor. Ho usos ilic iinmi' Si'voii Ishiuds. to which Carticr at first gave the name of Round Itilinids. r>ut Cartior hinisflt' ai'tl■r^^ ards callod thcni Sevoii Islands {sc/d i/slcs) in tlio .same narrative in \vhirh ho cnllcd thcin i'jund Islands. Allol'onsco's doscription of the rivor does not coni'orn us at present, and his reforonco to Isl(> St. John will ho fousidered further on.' A eomitU'to list of Cartier's place-niimes, for uso in the stiuly of the deseriptions of maps to follow, will ho found at the end of this paper. V. — Oirlkr's Frevions Knmvh:il}s;e. An important quostion conncoted with Cartier's voyages, especially his iirst, is: T^^'hat pnn-ious knowlediie had ho of ilio region he was about to explore? How murh of his course was real exploration, and liow much merely revisiting places known to him? What maps or other r'^cords had he to aid him ? As to maps, wo have no knowlodu-o that he had any. No map is kudwn to us which gives the topographv of the Gulf in a re/ogui/able form prior to those which show his explorations. It is qiiite certain, as Dr. Deano has shown,' that the Cabots left maps showing their explorations. It is thouii'ht that the oiitliue df th(^ coast in this region on La Cosa's map of 1500 was taken from them. Some writers have thought that John Cabot, in his first voyage in 1407, circumnavigated the Gulf, ' a view which will have to be alluded to atiain' ; Imt, if he did so, no map known to us down to ir)84 shows any trace whatever of it. John Donys, of lion Hour, is said to have made a map of the Gulf in 1508, but if it ever (»xisied at all. it i)roduc(>d no inlluenco on later ones. Several maps prior to 1.5:14 do show, however, very distinctly both entrances to the Gulf, such as tho.se of Kuysch (l.-)08), Maiollo (l-'ii'T), IJiboro (1521t), Verrazano ■ (15-!'), i'lid several others. It is hard to believe that Carlier was innorant of the enfraiu'e between Cape Breton and Newfoundland" (we know he had previously been in Newfoundland), though ho may not havi' known whither it Ld.' or that it was more tlum a shallow bay. So far as maps are concerned then, wo know ol' none which Carticr had to help him.'" Nor do we ' .Mibr ]..avi'rilitro, in liis siiperl) edition d' ('JKUiiphiin's ^\'l)l■k^i, p. IdSI, point.s ont tluit tlii.s wunl i.s uti ICnglisii corniptinn (if B.iic df.s ilolm-s (or Jlerucs). It is lionce one of tlie oldest names in tlie (iiilf. - See sketelies uf Allefonsees niai« in Anieric.T, iv. 74-77. ■' See post, pp. 4.5, ACi. ' Amerii'iij iii. 'Mr. Stevens nii.staric':il Xntes) tliinks lliiit I.a Cesii's map re(ire.sent.s tlie l.iibrador <'oast of tlin Gnlf, Ncw- Ibvnidlanil luting; entirely alisent. 'i'liis i.s not very complinKnitary to tiio Caliot.s as inivigutor.s, or elso to La Coau (whoso aceuracy Mr. Stevens i.tlierwi.se lii'-'lily praii-e.-r) as a map-malier. '' See post, p. 4il, note 4. 'Traeini/s of tlicso may lie Ibmid in Anu^ii^a re.spectively as follnw^ : iii. !•, iv. :l!i, iiS luui :i7. " In the narrative of liis llist voyaire, liowever, he siiealis as if he luul not luiown of it. (See fimtiiote 2 on p. 44. of tliis jiaper.) The earliest Unnwn tnaj) shuwiii;.' Xewfonmllanil as an island, or rather acoUoetion of i.slunds, wa.s IMercator's, of l.">:'.s. ("f. America, iv. 74. '■'The very improliahli' claim of tli(? exjiloratiin of the Gnlf l>y Aharez Fngundes, a Portuguese, is referred to in America, iv. .'!7, 74. '" The map of Gaspar Viegns, given h;- Kuhl (l)isoovery of jMaine, p. ^48), shows the Gnlf as a small, nearly circular bay, having no connection with the Strait of Uelle Isle. But it is in IMS. ami biuirs date J5"4, and we can hardly snjiposo 'uititir knew much more than it embodies. It must be romemberud aisu that the I'umuua Giistuldi OARTOfJUArm' to citamplatn. 27 know ol' any othor records whiitm'cr tliafc ho could havo possos.s;>d. IT he had anythiuj^ ol' th(^ sori, tlioy woro probably dm-ived From the rishormeu who frequented the New- foundland region. It has beci, held by most writers ' that Cartier himself was familiar with the Gulf. I cannot find tliat there is any direct evidence for this, thouiih it is known that he visited the Newfo'.iudland coa.st. His actions and lauguaye in the narrative are those of an ex- plorer, except for the earliest part of the course. lie mentions several places by name, l)nt the lirst that he says he named himself was iht^ Islets in Bradore Harbor. This region was well-known indeed to French fishermen, and doubtless Cartier would have taken iimong his men s(nne such as pilots. After passing Brest on the coast of Labrador, he gavi' new names to all prominent places, as he did also throughout the west coast of Newfoundland. Again in thi' ^Ligdalenes and on the coasts to the west, nearly every name he mentions, he says ht; himself gave. AVould a man, familiar with the west coast of the Gulf, have gone coasting along Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick looking for a western passage, and then think he had found it whim he reached Bay Chaleur? Would he not rather have skipped this part of the coast if he had known it ■ And if he knew the coast, would he have missed the mouth of the !St. Lawrenrc by crossing to Anticosti as he did ' Cartier very rarely tells us in his luirrative why he did a thing — only that he did it. It is not worth while to speculate further on this subject, but it seems there is very little ground for supposing that hi! or his companions knew any i>art of the Gulf, except that near the Strait of Belle Isle. II. Influence of Cartier's VovAdE.'S on I'Ivrly CAm'orjRAPHY. In reviewing the influence of Cartiers voyages on subse{iuent cartography and develi)i)nient of geographical knowledge, the first question wliicli presents itself is, did Cartier leave any niiqis ? None wliatever are known, l)ut there are three distinct lines of evidence to show that he did. (I) Upon a /jriori grounds we miglit infer it. The value of maps was fully recognized in those days, and it would be a part of Cartier's duty, as ill! official explorer, to make tlieni, to illu^'rate liis explorations to his master, Francis I. It is proliable that these were in manusiript only. (2) We are told positively by Cartier's nephew or grand-nephew, Jacques Noel, of St. Malo, that there were such maps. In two letters- from Ih" latter to his frieiul, Joiin Growte, one of which is dated June fOth, 1587, and the other undated, but written only a short lime later, it is said that Noel map of ir)r)0, (Kdlil, op. cit., pp. 220 ot swi., and .Vuierica, iv. 8(), 88) is supposed to ropresent ideas current us to the Unit' lieforc Ciirtinr. It tliis could Im proven, it would allow niucli groiilur knowlod^'c tliiin we have any othiT evidence of. Dr. Kohl cxprossc.H the helicf {op.rit, \>. :r)l)) partly loumlcd uiiou Ihe Vic;.M.s' map, that " the Portiij-'ucsu au'l French lislurnicu had circmnnaviijalod the (iulf long lielore ('artier, which, indued, i,s rendered probable by other reasons.' ' OariK^an, for instance, (Hist, du Caiuula,) say.s, "Dans ce premier voya'.'e, il no lit aucuno decouverto importante, les paraj:es ipi'il visita ctant dcji\ connus en ^'rando parlio des pcclieurs, (pii y avaicnl nu'ine donne des nonis il plusieurs caps, comme le cap Uoyal, le ca[i d'Orlcan.s, prcs do Miraniichi, Ic cap do Montmorency," and Cartier distinctly say.s lie named the former cape, and implies that he named the latter. ' Ilakhiyt, Voyages and Xavitiations, iii. -JUO, t-'Ol, ed. ISIO. 28 GANONG ON S'l\ LAWRENCI^i luul a ]H)ok coiitainiim' a map, " wliidi is agreeable to the booke of larques Cartiev," that it "is inadi' in iiiaucr of a sea chart,"' 'uul that liis two sou.s had it with theiii iu Canada. Again he says : — "I can write nothing else unto yon of any thing that 1 can recover of the writings of Ca])tain Ta(|ues ('artier, my ixntle diseeased, althongli I have made search in all places that 1 could possibly in this Towne ; saving of a certain booke made in in nianer of a sea Chart. whi in the possession of master Cremeur, whicli booke is passing well marked and drawne for all the jjiver ol Canada." Some in.scriptions on the maps ar<' also (|uoled. {'■)) Some of the maps we are presently to consider, show plainly that th"y did not copv tlieir topography, one from another, ])Ut must have taken it from a common source. That source could not have been Cartier's narrations, for asi(h' from the inaccessii)iHty of the latter (none of them having been ))ublislied until after the dates of some of the nmps in (juestion), the maps are too act urate and too much alike to have been drawn from materials which have puzzled modern historians who had accurate charts of the GnW l)efore them. The appearance iu these mnps, also of certain words which occur iu Cartier's narrations not as place-names. Imt as used iu describing places, seems to indicate that they are fragments of inscriptions taken from some other map. Such inscriptions would hardly have been placed there by any other than ('artier. There can l)e no reasonable doul)t, in the face of this evidence, that Cartier left map.s, showing his explorations.- In considering the cartographiial work of old explorers and map-makers, we nuist eiuleavonr to place ourselves as lar as possible in their mental position. Sitting in our sti\dies, with our correct modern charts before us, we cannot, from our staiulpoint. see why they did many thiiigs that they did. or did not do many things they could or should have done. "We are always in daiiLi'er of iiuerpreting their actions from our age rather than from theirs. It is singular how the idea we gt t of the topography of a place from visiting it, dillers Irom that derived from a chart. Islands a short distance olf appear joined toi;ether, and in an archipelago we seem to be land-locked. To know an island is not a peniii.>ula. we mi;st u'o around it; iliatal)ay is not a curved strait, we must go to the head ol' it ,• that a passage is naviga1)lc, wc must go throuuh it. Anyone who has long studied a map of a place of complex topography l)efore an anticipated vf^it, will remem- YwY how surprised he was to lindhow little he knew of the place, aiul how dill'erent it was in most respi'cfs I'.oin what he had pictured. We must remember that Cartier and his com- panions visited the i)laces ; we, for the most part, study the I'orrect maps. Then we must take into account ol her thinu's which they experienced, but whii h th<' maps do not show us, mirages, fogs and misty weatln'r, strong currents, storms They were superstitious, l)adly educated, often careless in writing. Their maps were mostly made upon a very small scale, and an important place, however small in extent, had to l)e represented, so that small islands and rivers otteu appear vastly larger than they should and proper i)roportion is (piite lost. In short, in considering these ancient narratives and charts, we must, as far as possible, place ourselves iu the position of their makers and try to view things as they had to, not as we do. Then by a comparison of that standiioint with our own eorrect knowledge, we may gain truthful and therelbre consistent results. All('liiiisc(> iiiiiy liiivo liiid tliiii or a cuiiv t" iniisiilt wluin lie wroto hi.s t'dsnioL'rapiiic. Iixk-ed, I3r. Kolil, (op. I'it., p. 3-J4) wiiiHidt i- lliis so certain tlint lie takes it fur i^runti'd w itiioul disi'ii.ssi CARTOGEAriTY TO CHAMPLAIN. 29 A.— 77(6 Botz' Map, 1542. The lirst map that I have beon able to find, which shows certain traces of Cartior's voyages, is tliat by .iohu Kotz, dated 1542.' It i.s also the only map known to me which shows his lirst voyage with no trai e of the later ones. I have not l)een a])le to lind any complete reproduction ol" this map, the original of which occurs in a " Boke of Idrography . . . by .Tohne Ivot/," preserved in the Ikitisli museum. The annexed sketch is copied from that in AVinsor's " America," Vol. IV, p. 83.- No names are attached to this map and De Costa says ' they are omitted on the CluH'and River 8t. Lawrence. Only the western portion of the gulf is given in Winsors sketch, but ITarrisse ' says some French names are placed on the east of Newfoundland. The ligures and explanations are entirely my own. r need hardly mention that one cannot follow the explanations of these maps without a good modern mail of the Gulf before him. Q t I'll,. ].— MiipotMohn \UA/.,ir,A-2. I shall omit, until a little later, a discussion of localities Nos. 1, 2, '■), 4, merely saying in passing that I consider No. 1 to be 15ird Islands ; 2, Eryon Island ; 3, the north-west coast of the largest of the Magdalenes ; 4, Isle AUezay (Deadman's Island). It will be remem- bered that ("artier sailed from the Magdalenes to the west, i.e., magnetic west, which would be south of true west. Tliere he entered the Eiver of Boats (Richmond Bay), •">, to the north of which was Cape Orleans (Cape Kildare), tl, north of which again was Cape of the SaA'ages (>(orth Point), T — all of these i)laces being on Prince ICdwavd Island.' He then coasted along the north-west of Prince Edwanl Island, and being in the head of North- umberland Strait, thought himself in a bay, 8, the Bay of St. Luuario. North of this was ' Iliirrisso (,Ican et Si'liastiiui Ciibot, par ll(>nry lIiirriH.sc, I'ari.H, ISSi'), pp. 1(I7-l'oii, montidiis a " MappcMiionde llarloyoniio," ('1' about 1,51., from wliirli or Innii tlio prototype orwiiirli Kotz copied tlio NinvlVimulhiml couHt. I liave not been nblo to find 11 copy of tlin map inliiili i.s prcsorvcil in tho l!riti.> Ga3p(''sienno, la bale dea Cbaleurs, pr<''8entent des contours tres exacts pour reiioqiie.'' - 1"or further do.scription of tbi,« nia]) see America, iv. 82, also Ilarrisse, op. cit., iH). 2(11-204. ' America, iv. 70. ' 'lean ot Sebastien Cabot, p. 2(t:f. ■' For details see precedinti pago.s 18, 10, or take subsoquont p. 57, or the writer's paper in these Transactions, 1887, ii. 121-13(). § 30 GANONG ON ST. LAWEI^NCE a (\ipe, 0, not iiamod by him, the prosont Poiiil Esoumciuu- ; 10 vopveseiits Miraraichi Bay ; 11, the Cap crEsp6ram'(\ the present Miseou Point, and 12, is, oi' (30urse, tlie Bay Chah>ur. At 13 is the exaggerated group oi' islands representing Ish; Bonaventiire and Perce; 14 is (laspe Bay and Harbor. At 15 we have eh^arly what should 1)e the southeru entrance to the St. Lawrence, but which, it will be remembered, Cartier crossed, thinking he saw the land ranging in a semicircle all the way across ; 1(3 would represent the point near which ho r(>ached Anticosti ; 17, East Cape of Anticosti, Cartier's St. Louis ; 18, Cape Montmorem'y and 10, St. Peter's Strait between I hi' north of Anticosti and Labrador. Al/ove that, the river widens out, as Cartier saw, in his lirst voynge, that it was beginning to do when he had to turn back. 10, 1", 18, 1!> would therefore represent the eastern and northern part of Anticosti.' There is notliiug on this map to indicate that its maker had any knowledge of Cartier's second voyage, but it corresponds exceedingly well with the facts of the first narrative. Is it not a fair inference, that it follows, at least for the most part, Cartier's own map of his first voyage ? Rotz has a second map" quite dilferent from the lirst, though of the same year, which shows the second voyage, but it has no special interest for us here. B. — I'lic Daii/iliin or Henri II Map, 1;)4G. The next map to whi<'h T invite attention here, is one which represents Cartier's I'xplorations better than any other of the sixteenth century. It is the so-called "Dauphin or Henri II Map," and is now known to have been made by Pierre Desceliers in lo4(3. The original is a map of the whole world. It is reproduced by M. .Tomard in his "Monximens de la Geographic," Plate XIX, 1, and from this the sketch on p. 31 is takon.^ All writers unite in praising the pains-taking, accurate and truthful character of the maker, and the beauty, clearnes.^' and great value of the map itself.' It is considered to be a faithful picture of the geographical knowledge of Frenchmen at the time it was made. Desceliers was the contemporary and almost the neighbour of Cartier, and was undoubtedly personally familiar with Cartier's maps and records, even if he did not know Cartier him- self. We proceed, then, with an ex[)ectation of findiiiii' in this map the geographical knowledgi' of the Giilf given to the world by Cartier, or in other words, nearly Cartier's owu idea of its topography. Let ns look lirst at the group of islands to the w'cst of tln' entranri' of the G-ulf, a group lying in the position of the Magdalenes. As to " ye aux margaulx," there can be uo dotxbt ; this is Cartier's own name applied to our Bird Ilocks. " Ye brion " is I'qually ' Hiirrisse, (op. cit. pp. '.'0:3-204) says : " Si on no voit pas I'ilo cVAiiticosti .nnr la larto do Rotz, il faut attribnor lette omission a nn simple lapsus." The explanati(;n NJinply is that Rot/.'s mai) slmw.s Cartier's lirst voyage only, anil it \va.s not until hi.s smwiul tliat lie found .Vnlii'o.sli to ho ar. island. •' " Amoiii'a,'' iv. 8S. ' There is also a roducod .skotrh in Kohl, l»i 111, osperially of the ocean, and theontliiu-s of tho coa., has boon shown i'-> be Doad- iniins Tshmd. AVliat (an be tho lar^v, nnuamed island, other than the large island of the Miig'dalene y-roup, to which, in his luirrativo, strangely enongh, Cartior gives no name { Its position and shape are both excecdinuly accurati' for (he lime, nnd lor the hasty survey (.'artier was able to give it. On two or three maps sul)seq\iently to be considered, the same islund is niiirked " ille de sabl^es," and "I. dareas,'' both Portuguese I'orms I'or "Isle of Sands," ' and so ('artier described it. In his own words, "semble de loing que se soiuct Initterolles de sables, pour ce que se sont terros-basses et araineusses,"' i.e. " it seemed from afar to be little hills of sand, lor it is a very low and sandy land." ITow well this describes the great island of the Magdalenes, composed as il is of four or live distinct rocky islands, joined by louii' lines of sand dunes, everybody knows. Does it not seem stranu'e in the face of these facts, that this island has l)i'en considered up to the present, to represent Prince Edward Island ■' llarrisse, for instance, so considers it, for in his description of another and very similar map by the same author, made in lofjO. he says that what is clearly the island we are considevini;', rejiresents Prince Edward Island of to-day. I call particular attention to this point, for it is connected with one of the most important parts of our present study. i'asfhig to the mainland, W(> meet witli our familiar '' li. des barques," and "('. dan- ii(mlesme " Avhich stands, of course, in place of Cape Orleans. Cape of the Savages is not named, but running out to the north-east we see represented the reef, spoken of by Cartier, which ran lialf a leagixe into the sea. Tliese places of course appear to be on the maiidand. It is hardly necessary to repeat that this is because Prince Edward Island was not known to be an Islaiul. and is therefore.' shown as apart of the mainland. All of the topography of the (iulf in this region was givi'U to the cartographers exclusively by Cartier, and no writer whatcA'er has ever pretended that Cartier explored or passed throuuh the Strait of Northumberlaiul. The Bay of St. Lunario, really the northern end of the Strait, is clearly shown, but Ave have a lu^w name for it. It seems to read " Baye dc Si', inaue, ' which I believe is a misj)rint. and meant to read "Se. Marie." It will be remembered- that Cartier found he was in his supposed bay on July lind, but as he had actually eutend it on the 1st, he named it after the saint of that day, St. Leonarius. Now, July :2nd, is the day of the visitation of the A'irgin Mary, and it seems as if this name had been strbstituted either by Cartier or the maker of this map, as an alternatix c for St. Lunario.' The name '" G. Soma// "' I cannot explain.' Just north of it is a triangular iiulentation whi( h is probably meant for Miramichi 15ay, though it is separated from St. Lunario by a distance quite unusual in these old maps. " C. despoir " is perfectly clear, — Cartier's ' And Harris.'se ilMcribes, (op. cit. ji. 231,) anotlier map by the same autlior, iiiailo in irj.'iO, in wiiirh what is clearly the same islanil, !.■< called " 11. di^s arenos." '' See tlu'so Tnuisuctions, v. llll-li'iL'. ■' An inten-.stinsj; inLssiliilily is .sei^'ticsted te ii.s Ikto. Cartior .saw Jliraniiclii Hay on tlui 2u voille," appears to indicate that here Cartier turned to sail back home. Upon the Labrador coast many of the names are those given in his second voyage. There is none at the present Point des Monts. To the east of it we see "St. Jacques," to which " Lcz bancz" may also belong, f may have been jriven to some hill or rock resembling a castle- - There is in thi.s, it is hardly necessary to say, no shadow of an argument that Cartier went tip the St. Kaw- rence, south of .\iiticosti, in his lirst voyajje. Anticosti, like Prince Edward Island at a later period, was simply added to the cartograjihy of the (itilf, without ad'eclinL' the nomenclature on the inaiidand of which the island was previously thonght to be a part. ■' Called " banc lormino" on Diego llomem's map of b")58. There is a bank at Capo dos Monts, and it is not impossible that this was the one referred to. I'ossibly one of Cartier's ships struck upon it on St. Jamos' Day. Sec. II, 1889. 5. 84 OANOXn ON ST. LAWRKNOH as a viver of I'lvsli waicr. II was in lliis ln' saw lishcs liko liorsrs, so llial ihis and llio " li. dc clii'vaulx " fsJiould not l)i' ivniovt^'d liom each hIIut, l>ul should In- l)()lh yivc'ii lo the sumo rivor, as (licy an' in ^Ifiiator's map. " MiUo li. iiiiUas," I iind nodin'cl n'l'i'iriic(> to in the narralivi", and (ho only rii>iinistanri' liki'ly to \n' fouiici (cd witii il, was hi.s meotinii' at Ihis \)]:u\' wiih urcat unnihcrs ol' wliah's, " \'A n'rst nn'nioiiv dc ianiais auoir taut vou df ballavnos' qxio nons visnu's rctti- iourncc." Thai "so many " should Ijcromo "millo" and "]{. milla.s," should ho a ronuplion ;ind niispriul inr perhaps '" Italinas," soonis a violent suppo.sition at ilist sig'hl, l)ul il is no slraiiuer a history than many gvoi>raphiral names are well known lo have had. Il reeeives eonsi lerahle eonliruialion also from tho i'aet that the Cabot map, lo bo rolerrod to below, has eommom orated tho ]n'oseneo of tho whalos by tho name " imminas salinas " - (or balinas), and as nearly ovory name on the C'al)()l map is on this, and as ihe two names under discussion are in nearly Ihe same jiosition on the two majis, it seems (juite reasonable lo supi)oso that thoy Iku'o the same orinin. " " p" " I do not understand. ".St. Laurens,'" "Si. niecJlas," " ('. tiemot,"' aro all familiar and in plaeo ; " touty//s '' refers, wilhonl doubt, to the many islands ho saw in this region. "11. dami"'t " is, probably, a lOvrniMion of "Isle of Demons," found in this renjiou upon some nuips, and explicitly placed there ])y Allefonsce. " R, Carlior " is idear, Imt I do uot see why "R. blanc sablon " has been placed here in addition to"blanc sablon."' Upon tho west coast of Newfoundland wo have but throe names given out of all tho number Cartior placed there, "Los granges," " cowllubier " (Coulonbiers), " C. Real"' (Cap ]{oyal) are easily rooognizod. Yet even these three are far more than any other eartographm' gives lis lip to Lescarbot. In the many maps of this region that I have examined, I have not soon another which places any names on tlio west coast of Newfoundland, and the throe in this might readily have be ii supplied from narrative or hearsay. I shall return to this point again. The two islands nearly blocking up ihe entrance to the (Julf are, of course, a part of Newfoundland, w hi' h in earlier maps is repr<'senlod as cut up into ev(>n a larger nund)er of islands Ihan is sliown upon ihis. AVe notice "St, paul" on the north of Ca])e Breton. This map, ihongli in sonn' details less accurate ihaii thai of Al'-rcalor, prt\sontly to be referred to, must bt' arkiiuwleduvd to be, in general, the most accurate picture nf Cartior's voyages which has descimded tons from tho sixteenth I'entury. Its topography is, Ibrlhat time, exceedingly accuralo. Newfoundland, though broKi'ii np into many islands, has a more correct nulline than in any other map of tin' century. The Magdalonos aro proportio i- atoly too large, Init want ol proportion is a fault of all early nnii)s withcnit oxceplio.i. Prince lulward Island is fused with the mainland, l)ut so it is on all maps nearly up tr> Champlain's large map of 1(;:12. ('ai)o Breton Island is likewisi' fused with I ho mainland, as it is for a lonu' time thereafl^'r. Latitude and longitudi' are both very erroiu'Oiis. These aro its chief faults. Its general excellence must command our admiration. ' Cartier .ipells \ery Inully. It is jiot lo be oxpectcj that liis cliart would l.c more accuriito in tlii.s respect than liis iiarnitive, or vie- nrsd, or tiiat tliey sliouW :il\v:i\ s au'roe. - riic letter -■ aildod to "saliiia.s "' on tlio (a!'..! maii'see next paL'oulocs not hflontr llic.ie; il i.s an error ot transcription. r ^ ,: CABTOfiRAIMTV TO ClIA^EPLATN. 35 .-^ C.—Tlw Cihot Map, 15-14. Coutmsling strongly witli it in most ol' these rospeets is the woll'knowu map onr)44, iitlril)nte(l to Sehastiiin Cabot. This is earlier llian th(> Henri 11 map it will be noti.'ed, ])iit there is notliing to .show tliat tlie laller derived anything i'rom it, or, indeed, that the maker of the Henri II map had any knowledge of it. That the two had the same material lo draw upon seems quite i)rnl.al)le. indeed, almost eertain. Ihit the Cabot map is less arcurate in topography, gives some of Cartier's names, corrupts others, misplaees a lew, omits the rest, and is in general quite uusatisi'aetory. Whether Sebastian Cabot did or did not make it, does not eoneeru greatly our present i>urpose. It is very unworthy of him if he did. ]Jr. Kohl discusses this map very lully,' and coneludes that "Cabot had no agency, cither in writing the map or correcting it, or in any way superintending its publication."- ^-^-^^ Via. 3.-Tho Cabot JFap, 1544. The peninsula comprising Cape Ereton is very well shown. To the north and west of it is a. group of i.slaiuls, the laigest of which is called " I. de S. Juan." If, now, one will compare this group with that in a similar position on the Henri II map above, it is ' I li.si'ovciy ef Maine, p. o.jS-oTO. « JMil., p. ;! Henri II map took it in common. Tho words "buya do rak'gno " are probably some Spanish corruption for Day Chalonr, and in " ongodo "wo recognize Cartier's " Ilonguedo." On tiie northern shore of the Gulf wo soo"KiodeS. quenain," a curious form for " Saguenay."' To the oast of it occurs " .Taqui," which must be the " St. Jacques " and " banc St. Jacques " of the Henri II and Mercator maps ; while " ylloos " may refer to Seven Islands, though those at " ysleos pinto " correspond bettor with them. " Eaya de S loreinc'' would appear to be intended for " St. Laurens," but if so, it is out of position, as it belongs opposite Anticosti; but '' rio ducc " is quite (dear, though " y.sleos pinto" I do not understand. The ne.xt name is " nuniinas salinas,"- which I lliink, is intended for " numinas balinas," many whales. It was near I his place that Cartier speaks of having seen so many : " Et n'ost raemoiro de iamais auoir taut vou de ballayues que nous vismes cello iournee," etc. "Ye do tronot ' seems to bo a repetition, of which there are many similar ones on tho map, of " Co. de tronot," Cartier's Cape Tiennot. " Todo yslas " is tho " toutyws " of the Henri II map, and in "bresto " to the east of it we have another meaningless repetition'; the most easterly "bresto " is probably the " Brest" of Cartier. " Atolabara " may bo a A-ery much cornxpted Spanish form for White Sand.' On the west coast of Newfoundland there are no names to be found. The name " i»rima vista " is fully discussed by Kohl, Harrisse, Hoano and others. It refers merely to Cabot's supposed or real land-fall at this point. Dr. Kohl says of names on other parts of this map that, " the Spanish terms and names are corrupted and disfigured in such an extrordinary way, that sometimes it is nearly impossible to make out what the author nu'ans ; " and, again, speaking of certaiu names biMug repeated or duplicated, ol' which wo hav(> an instance in " brest(! " above, ho says : " This doubling of names can be nothing else than an extraordinary blunder, or a mark of great negligence in tlie preparation of the maj)." h'rom such errors he concludes that Cabot had nothing to do wuli it, but that some ignorant compiler had copied an original manuscript in a very careless manner, and had written, in bad Spani.sh, his cou- siructiou of tho language. Certainly our Gulf of St. Lawn-nce is very badly done. Aside from the names, the topography is poor compared with tho Henri II map. Anticosti is too far up tho St. Lawrence; islands are put in phalanxes along the Labrador coast; ' Cartier in tlio Kelation Originate lm.s St. Limaire for St. Lunario. -' See pajju 3-1, note 2. •' It must lie renienilK^n'd tliat accordinj; to tlic l-jO.S eil. of Cartier'.s first voyage, tlmro are two l!re.sts on tlii.s coast one of wliich is an islaml. 'I'lie iiioi(>. tni.stwortiiy IJclalion Origiiialo, liowovor, nial;c,s only one. ' See urcn hhiuca on ji. IIS. CA7IT0(inATMIV 'I'O f^FTANfl'LATN. 'M Nt'wl'ouiullimd is very l)iully shown, and oven Cartior's 15ay of St. Lunaiio iuid somo other pliiics arc less well drawn tliaa in any otlicr niiip ol' tho century. Latitude, however, is rather good lor lliat tinii', thouiili the h)U"'iuide is as usual far wrong. \).— Tlw Valhifd Mai>, l.>4:J-i:)47. A map wliicli rcscni))l( s tht^ Ca])ot maj) very < loscly in many respects is the Nicliolas Vallard map oT hctwecu \')V-\ and 1.VI7. Ii belongs to a manuscript athvs, and tlie only reproduction of it that I am acijuainted with is that in Kohl's " DiscoA'ery of Maine,'' p. Z'A, from which tlie tracijig HcIdw is taken.' Very little is known of the map except that its maker was a Portuguese, Vallard heing considered to bcj merely the owner of the atlas and not its maker. Kohl, it is a little surprising to see, considers this a mor(> acciu'ate map than the Henri II. In this 1 canuot agree witli him. Oo Conaoa >\ - ' li? ^n ^' Fic. 4. -\'\m Vallard Map, 1543-1547. %^m To th(! group of islands in the Clulf, no name is assigned. If one compares their form and position with those on other maps, he will see there is no escaping the conclusion that they represent this group, and not I'rince Edward Island, as Kohl and others have supposed. The long island is too near the shore, it is true — a point that I shall consider presently. AVe find no names upon the mainland until we come to the north shore of the Clulf, though the topography has the usual form. Beginning at "le Saguenay " and going- eastward, we meet with " banc lormine," where in other maps we have found "banc St. Jacques" and "St. .Jacques." I do not know the meaning of this word, but it suggests the names of two of Cartier's ships on his second voyage, "la grande llerraiue" and " la petite Ilermine." - " 7 Hies," " Rio douche," " CT. lorens," are all clear. It must be remembered that this is a Portuguese map, and many of the names are to be expected to have a Portuguese form. " liio grant " we have not met with before. Cartier does not mention a river in this region. He does speak of what he named Bay of St. Lawrence as being "une moult belle et gra^/de baye," and this "grande" bay may have become ' Also copied in Winsor's America, iv. S7. , '■' Freiidi, I'llerminc. Portuguese, lormine ? Compare Faillon, llistoire, i. 5(I5. Scu antea, p. 3I>, note. I!. 38 flANONd ON ST. LAWUKNCK HVillUU' or irriuit " (PoituiiUt'sc I'onn for " •"•miulf ") livtT. Wall I HUM JH t] 1( >illlU' word as ' Salliiias " in tlic Cahot map. "('. trcuot. "' is clearly " C. tifiiuot ;" "terra hclla" l)rol)al)ly ri'l'crs lo the coast a i'l'W Icaifucs (less than seven) east of Tiennot (NiitaslKiniin Point), which Cartier rlescrilied in these words : " l']t a la lin desdii tes ysles, y a uno fort l)elle t "(lolfi. erre basse plaiue de i;ia// d/. arl)res «S: hault/. he " uolIVe " may he a eorrup )ted Area hlane" would i)ro1)a!)lv l>e itrnt or unin hninni, rortnuruese lor " Itlauc Salduii. IJranica '' I do iiol understand unles> It mother 'jreatlv co rrupted repel it ion ; " hrest ' is clear and also "chaliaux." On the west coast of j\ewfounle those on the Cabot map. V.—Th>: Uonuwi Mill', 1-''5S. We may here look at another Portuguese chart, that of Diejro Ilomem, made in 1')')8. Tl lis map is con tained in an atlas in the Hritish Muse um. and lias been reproduced Dy We en. Kohl in his "Discovery of Maine," from which work the sketch below was tali notice some surprising topographical innovations here. Bay Chaleur and the St. Lawrence meet to the west and communicate witii a great north-western sea. To this same sea are several openings on the Labrador coast. As Kohl says,'- " He puts down a strait in every place where Cartier in his report had said he had looked for one, even if lie did not find it." The west coast of Newfoundland is left luirepresented, the land mergiiiii" into the sea. As to the names, Kohl says,' "The whole draft of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is nece.ssarily taken i'rom Cartier, though our Portuguese author has badly changed and corrupted the uames of his French original." ^ 'iK^II ]"ii;. '). — 'I'lic Diego Homem Map, 1.558. The Magdalene group is r(>presented by two islands, " briou," which, of course, should lie " Brion," and " ille de sabloes." The latter word, as already pointed out, was used in its French form by Cartier in describing the greater of the Magdalene Islands. There can " Bref. r6cit, ed. of 1803, f, 7b and 8. "Op. (lit., p. 379. ' Op. cit. \\ 379, CAFJTOdlJAPirY TO CirAMPriAIN. 39 ]><' no (loiihi, llii'ii, thul these l).'loin>- lo tlial n\>. I tlo not know tlu! iii.'iininu' ol' " illm (Ic scncsaus,'' unless this Ijc the I'oitui;-iicMe iniiru' ofsoinf of the hii'ds I'uiind l>y Ciirlii.'r on Bird Ihliinds. On tlif land lo the wi-.st we have in " liihcira do paris " Ihe same corrap- lion ov I'oini ibr "11. dr hanciiu'.s" thai we had on the Ciibot map. "Ciipd*; bestiis " stands i'rr "(5. dcs Sauuaijres ;" " l)aia de lunari " is dear; " niicheoniai " I shall considor later, under Miraniichi. " Lu lac de chaleur" is plain, and in " louii-'ue " wo have a i>-ri.'at corrnplionol" llon-iuedo." " I.siniplor" is written ibr " Assumplion." East of " Soquonai " we have "Sep: islos " and " Milun-a." I believe ihe latter is meant ibr " Ribera," and alludes to Cartier's " KMviere douce," the present jNIoi.sie. '• Le beiu pais " mayapi>ly to the land alonj^' the coast to the east of Seven Islands, which Cartier described as " bass.'S terres plaines de beaux arbes." ' " La bale de S. lorenzo " is clearly '■ La I'.aye St. Laurens " ol Car- tier, but "mines de cuivrcs " (mines of coi)i)er), which oc.'U's in two places on this coast, is quite new. I Hud uojuslilication ibr its use anywhere in Cartier's narratives. Does it indicate a result oi some later voyauc known to Ilonu-m, or was it pluit-d on a map by some maker lor purpo.ses best known to himself:' " I'ais do ternale " and "Cap do ternale " stand ror"Tiennot" without doubt ; " Salines ' is the "sallinas" ol' tho Cabot map removed too I'ar to Die east. " Todo illes " wo have seen on otlier maps. "Cap do ille«" may bo one of tho several 'groups of ii-lauds Cartier mentions as occurrin<^' in this roLi a. On the whole this map is not an advance on some ■ arlier ones, but rather a retro"-rossiou so far as tho Ciulf of St. Lawrence is concerned. V.—Thr Frcire Map, l.)40. There is still another important Portu^'uese map of this period which should bo noticed, that of Freire of l')4t!. It is in manuscript, and has boon reproduced by Kuust- man in his Atlas- In it, however, some of the names are so corrupted as to be almost unrecofi'uizable. At the Mas^dalenes we see "I. broi," "I. allesai," "I. dareas," all of which are readily rocognizal)le. Cape ol the Savages is called " C'. delimargi ;" Ilonguedo, " homgaeda ; " Riviere doulce, " agoadoce ; " V. Tiennot, " ('. de tienoze," and so on. Tho west coast of Newfoundland is left undeiined, sliadini;- oil' into the (iulf. This map illustrates tho extreme of corruption of Cartier's names. G.—TIie Memitor Map, 1560. In the year lotJ'.t we liiul a map which for completeness and correctness is rivalled only by the Henri If map. It was made by Gerard Mercator, a (Jerman, both drawn and engraved by him. It has been reproduced by .Tomard in his " Monumens do la Creogra- phie," and from that w^ork the sketch is taken. After what !ui been said in the preceding pages, an explanation of its topography or names is hardly needed. Attention must, however, be given to one or two points Tho two islands nearly blocking up tho entrance to the GJulf are, of course, a part of Newfoundland ; and tho large island to the west, the analogy of other maps will allow us ' Bref Rdcit, od. 18U3, p. 10 a. - Accompanying Die Ent^lecliung Amerikas, 40 GANONG OX ST. LAWKENCE to cull iiothina' rise tliau tin? Magdaloue group. The groat peninsula to tho soutli of the island is th(> ival Cape 15ioton ol' to-day, tho square island marked " C. do Iiroton" being only a part of it. Here wi' notice two names not before observed in this position, " C. real " and '• C. S. Jean.'' I'otli ol' these belong on the coast of Newfoundhmd, t'ape Royal (Cape Uetil being the form it has on the Henri II map) l)eiiig the present Cape Gregory, and " C. S. Jean " tho present Cape Anguill(\ The question as to why they are placed by Mercator down on the coast of Cape 1!^ Ion is oonnoetod with the question as to why nearly all of these old maps leaye unrepresented Cartior's explorations on tho west coast I'lc, — The Gorard Mercator Map, 1501'. of Newfoundland, a (luestion T shall consider a little later in this paper. On the coast to the west, where, n'l < ourse. Princo Edward Island is fused with the nniinland, the names are all familiar, and almost exactly as Cartior gaye them. The only exception i.-; found in ■' C. do :<1iaL;o, alys dorleans." I do not know why " C. do Sliago " is used as an alterna- tive I'or Orleans. It is worth noticing that a cape of this name appears on some early maps on Cape I'reton, notably on that of Maiollo of 1")2T. "Ilunedo" is for Ilonciucdo, and 1 have already explained the displacement of " C. do S. Aluise," " C. de Mummorancy" and "l-lstroict de S. Tierre" from Anticosti, Avhere they belong. "We find another "Ilonguedo'' in tln' vicinity of the Sagueuay. " banc S. laques," " 7 isles " and '' r. doixlce " are all clear enough. " Costo du cist " is an IWl CArvToaRAPiiY TO cnA:\[rLAiN. 41 odd expression, meixiiing, pl•obablJ^ " coast to the west." It may he a part of some of the inscriptions which Cartier's maps probal)ly contained. " S. Laurens," "S. Nicolas" and •■ C. Tienot " are ch'ar, but " posiHes " I do not understand, uor " acarty isles." I find no trace of these words in the narratives oi' on other maps. The other names on this coast arc clear, "Isles a la demoiselle" being mentioned by AUelonsce. The west coast of Newfoundland literally shows no trace of Cartier's visit. H.— 27/6 Whytjlift Map, loOt. This map appeared in loGO. From that time until aft.^r the close of the century no better one was published. All that followed until the time of Lesrarbot and Chaniplain were either retroii-ressions, or were copies of this, or coml»inatious of it with others we have V rt CLyfcu.f jc ckulei \ yJilx^Jt . 1 "JllifJr"' pK>\ .'A l.-,(.,_ 7.._ The ^Vlly(niet ISIap, 1597. ^;f^.^%'^i'''"" considered As a type of the very best of the later maps of that century we take that of X.n e tof loOT, wLh is contained in his '• Ptolemy • of that year. It w. 1 be seen tha the topography, i'ar from inrproving, has become poorer, while the nomenclature is almost Bee. II, 1889. 6. 42 GANONCr ON ST. LAWEl'^NCB precisely that of Mercator. The maps treated oi' iu the foregoing pages are the principal ones of the ceutxiry. l.—ne Lesairbot Map, 1000. In many n-spects Lescarhot's map of IflOO' is more nearly allied to those of this than to those of a later period. AYhile Ids topography is in special j^oints more accurate than Mercator's or the Henri II map, it is in general little, if any, lietter in this respect, [t makes one island of Xewfoundland, but its outline is far from heing as correct as it is iu the Henri II map. For the lirst time Cape Breton Island is clearly deliued and the Bras d'Or lakes shown. lUit there is no trace at all of the laruv island of the Mandalenes, and none at all of Prince Mdward I.- am 11. e made a sirt'iiuous elfort lo retain all of ("artier' uanu^s. an d I believe there is hardlv one of the latter that hi' has not worked into his map. liu t 1 lavm"' no atH'urate i harts to ouielo hii n, and, of course, not po.'t that the Maadalenes and Cape Breton coast mav not have been joined as in tliat map, but left undefined, the former on the south and the latter on the north. After tlie .second voyage Anticosti was shown as an island, the Eiver 8t. Lawrenm^ appeared, and the ]\[agdalenes and Cape Breton assumed distinct coast-lines. Upon these maps, doubtless, the Avest coast of Newfoundland was clearly hiid down, though it does not so appear in any later maps of the century. CARToriK.vriiicAL Questions Suociested. In the preceding paa'cs thi're are three rjuestions which 1 left for later discussion. They were the poor representation or want of representation of the west coast of New- foundland, the identity oi the part of the map of Itotz which I think represents the Magdalene group, and the identity of Isle St. John. For the discussion of these points we need to understand our whole series of maps. K.—E(u-lij Cartographi/ of the West Coast of NewfoumUand. The Henri II is the only map wliieh gives the west coast of Newfoundland with any approach to accuracy. Even it gives hut three names to this whole coast, to which Cartier applied two or three times as numy. The Cabot, Mercator and Vallard maps give a totally incorrect coast line with no names, while tliose of Homem and Freire give no coast line at all, but instead represent the land .shading off into the sen, as in a region totally un- known. Even Champhiin, as late as l(!:i2, in his explanation of his map of that year, says that the west coast of Newfoundland " n'est bien recognue." The only reason I can think of for this is that (Vrtier's map of this coast was inaccessilde to all of the makers of the.se maps, except to the first, and possibly ev.Mi to him. It may have been destroyed by accident or for Imsiness reasons uukuowu to us. All of these maps appear to have been 44 GANONt; OX ST. LAWllENCI': drawn from similar or the same orioinals. Sn.-li may havo boon copied dir.M'tly IVom Cartier'.s own nolos and draughts, and in llu'Ui this west coast may havi' been defaced lu any one of a dozen possible ways.' \\.—Karly Caiiogruphy of Ihv. Magdnknes (ind Capr Union Is/and. I believe a somewhat similar reason is to be found at the basis of my second question, but in order to make it clear, I must introduce another map. This is the so-called .Tomard map of uncertain date, but supposed to belon- between 1550 and 15(!0. It is in manu- script and a much reduced copy. IVotii which this sket.^i is taken, appears in Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of Vmerica," Vol. lY, p. S9. CANADA I c Fkm S.--T1is> .lomai-a Map, 15.")— (?). No doubt it has .sull'ered in th(^ reduction from the original, and it has suffered in my transference from " Annn-ica." lUit its strong resemblance to the map of Kotz given above must at once strike one. The two are identical in their topography as far as the Rotz map goes, except that the .Tomard map has Auticosti .separated from the nuiinland. ^ Now what is the meaning of this immensely broad peninsula occupying the position of Cape Breton ? And where is the group of tlic Magdalenes explored by Cartii'r on his hrst voy- age :' We may get some light on the diliiculty, if we examine in connection with these our llenii II map. There we iind an island marked " ye aux margaulx " corresponding to No. 1 on liotz and 5 on Jonuird, " ye brion " to '1 on Eotz and li on Jomard, " alezay " to 4 on Eotz and 8 on Jomard, and a northern coast on the large island corresponding with the coast, 3 on Rotz and T on Jomard. My idea is tliat here we have the Magdalene liToup fus.'d with the mainland, or rather with Cape Breton, just as Trince Edward Island was thr.miilK.ut the century. Kotz's map shows Cartier's first voyage only, with no trace whalev.'r of his second. Now, on his hrst voyage, Cartier explored this group on its northern and western sides, and he knew nothing at all about the coast of Cape Breton' to the south, nor al)out the i'astern coast of the Magdalenes. I believe, therefore, that on I This U'li.l.s to .shew iluU llunu early inai-iiKikerH rcliea rliiptly upon Curlier'.- maps in con.strueting theirs and iiia.lc little use. of the iia natives. <.ino cnuld more easily recou^truct his course on Ne\\i'<)uiullaii>i I'rtini his narra- tive than in any mlier part of the journey. - Tliis is sliown hy the I'art that lie ili.l net even know on his first voyajxe of the passaj^e between Newfounil- \mv\ and tape liivh.n. In tlie nanative ho says: (Relation oriiiinale, p. l-'O.) ",le prfounie niielx ((ue aultre- nient, aeeui'C.i'a.v veu, i|ii'il liiy aicl aiileun passai^e enlro la Terre Neull'ue et la terre des Hretons. Sy ainsi csloil, se seroit une jrraiide ahreiiiaeion, taut pour le temps ipio pour le eheinyn, »e so treuue jiarfection en ee voy- ji.'o." t'learlv he did not know the |iassa^re and therclbre he ewld not have known the coast inside of it. What eould he do hut lea* e that roast unre.pre.sentoJ '.' CAHTOGRAPIIY TO CHA.MPLAIN. 45 hi,s map ol' his liist, voyago liu Icl'l the uoi'thwcsterii coast of Capt; Bri'.lou and the eastern eoast ol' the ]\[ai;(hih'ues uiidelined, as he had not boon thoro, perhaps representing them as standing oH' into the sea, as was the custom among honest cartographers to signii'y a coast unknown. Ifotz, however, in copying the topography, extended the two indefinite coasts to meet each other, thus making the Magdah-nes a part of Ciip ■ Breton. Indeed it is not impossibh.' that this may liave been Cartier's own ich'a. Oi hit,' second voyage, Cartier again visited tliese ishmds on liis way liome, and also visit h1 the north of Cape Breton, naming two capes thtire. This enabh>d him to lix the coast line in this region and thenceforward to show it clearly on his maps. The maker of the .Tomard map kmnv of Cartier's second voyage, as the Isle of Assumption and the topography of the Eiver St. Lawrence show, ye* for some reason he coi)ied the error as to the Magdalent\s, which was not inexcusable i otz. but was in himself. He may indeed have taken it from Rotz, or the two may have taken it from some other source in common ; certainly their topography in this region is strikingly similar. Q.— The Name ''hie St. John:' Now I face the most interesting question in the early cartography of the QwW, the origin, identity and history of tlie name "Isle St. .Tohn." Those who hav(> followed me thrtmgh the preceding pages will before this, I trust, have foreseen wiiither my line ot thought is to lead me. It has been held by nearly all wrileis that Trince Edward Island received the name Isle St.John. which it held from the time of Champlain until 1T!>8, from .Tohu Cabot, it being the island sighted and so named by him June 24th, 1407.' So far as I have been able to iind, after a careful study of the question, the evidence for this rests upon the following bast's : — (1) Upon the name itself; Cabot somewhere in'this region discovered an island and named it St. John ; Prince Edward Island was called Isle St. John from very early times; it is not unatural in the absence of further oviden(H> to consider them to be the same. (2) T, w some statements, presently to be noticed, of AUefonsce, Koberval's pilot. (?>) I'pou the evident .soiiio liiivc .snitl tluit it \v:i.s boi'iui.so the ('iii>o 8t. .lolin of Curlier was on it, tlio caiie niinuvl by Cartier .luiie 2Mli, i.O.'M. 'thi.s stalcincnt i.s made by no less an aiitliority Mian Uev. lO. .Slat'ter, tlie .sciiolarly annotator of Otis'M translation of Chpmplaln. (Prineo So<'. K<1. I'.dston, i. 1.'88). ' From De Cosla'K translation contained in America, iv. G'.I-7G. ■' America, iv. tis. 46 GANONCt ON ST. LAWllENCI-: Tlioy api)ly io Capi' llivtou fairly Wfll, but tlioy appear to luc to refer really to the island whicli appear.s on so many old maps just to the east of Cape l^reloii of to-day and whieh has generally he<'n (akiMi to hr Cape Breton Island itself. I liave already iiointed out that this island ^vas [jrobahlv intended ftir a part of Cape lireton only, the real Cape Breton being- the large peninsula tolerably well shown upon nearly all o[' ihe old maps. Maps before Cartier nearly all show an Isle St. John on the Atlantic coasl in this region, and it persists in some maps after Cartier.' J]ut au'un, Allefonsee says, '■ Tassiug about twenty leagues west-north-west along the coast vou will liud an islaiul called S(. Jean, in the centre of the district, and nearerto the Breton region than Terra Nova. This entry to the Bretons i.s twelve leagues wide, and in 47' -W north. From St. Jean's Island to Ascension [Anlicosti] Island, in the Canadian sea, it is forty leagues across, north-west by west. St. Jean and Bryon and Bird Island are 47 north." The grouping of l>le St. John with Bryon and Bird Islands, togi'ther with its distance from Assumption (Anticosti) would place il where the Cabot map does, as the largest of the Magdalenes Yet its latitude is nuulehalf a degree lower (if the MS. be translated correctly) than the entraiic(> between Cape Breton Island and Cape Ivay, when it really is on about the same jiarallcl. Part of Princi^ lulward Island is sorxth of the entrance, but in no other respect whatever does the Litter correspond with .\llel'oiisc(>"s references to Isle Si .K.jin. We Li'it no help i''oin AUelbnsi'c's maps, for the name does not apiiear, and the only island" he has .shown in the vicinity of Prince Edward Island is a very small one without a name. These an> all of Allefonsco's references to Isle St. John. What place he meant it lur does not now concern us. It is enough that his own writings and maps show that he did mil refer to our Prince Edward Island. Our knowledge of the discovery and naming of Isle St. John by the Cabots, rests, so far as I have been able to learn, solely upon the Latin and Spanish inscriptions on the Cabot map, and upon the presence of t!u> island itself on that map. There is no other evi- denci' known bearing upon tin' (piestion. Dr. Deane, in his splendid essay in ''America," Vol. Ill, on the Voyages of the Cabots, has sumnu'd up all of our knowledu'e of the voyages of John Cabot and his son, and in that work I lind no other references to Isle St. John, coming from the Cabots themselves. Dr. Deane translates the legend as follows : — "This country was discovered by John Cabot, a Venetian, and Sebastian Cabot, his son, in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ, MCCCCXCIV.[14',i4] on the 24th of June, in the morninu', which country they called ' primum visam' ; and a large island adjaix'nt to it, they named the island of St. John, because they discovered it on the same day." In the Latin inscrii>tion ' ihe words referring to the size of the island and its position are, " insula quanda nuign i ei opi)osit."i Insula diui loannis nominarfd," and in Spanish, " prinni terra vista, y a una isla gnkle que est a par la dha tierra." Isle St. John then, was simply oppo- site or before or near the lirst land seen ' ; we are not told in what direction, nor how far. "(h-'-iIi iii.) ilfSci5[ilion uf the I'oaat in l.")!!", sliows no knowlodjio of ilie liiilf. He mentions an island of St. Jol' I, .-v lui ill tlie Atlantic near Cape Breton, dose to the. Straits of Canso." I'e Costa, .America, iv. "3. '0 \ .Vmei'ira, iv. "•"). '•ii'"i. I . '*r "I'lUio in Pror. .\mi'r. Anti(|. Scjc, for Ajiril, ISO", ' Sevoi.u i.iilcfc lunr maintauH'.i WvM liic. (■a!)(,l3 sailed into I1k> (liilf df .sliou of the authenticily of the Cabot map. It is well known that upon the Cabot map, the words "prima terra vista" are placed at the north of Cape Breton Island.' Now, I wo views are open to us, both of which have had their adherents ; which are, that the map is genuine, and nuide by Sebastian Cabot, or that it is a forgery. In the Uiltor theory Dr. Kohl was an emphatic believer. Even Dr. Deane, who accepts the map as authentic, has to adnrit that : '■ The map itself, as a work of Sebastian Cabot, is unsatisfaitory, and many of the legends on its sides are also unworthy of its alleged aixthor.'' Dr. Kohl points out so many discr.^paiuies, errors and imperfec- tions in the map, that their weight is well-nigh irresistible.' Tiiere is certainly this to 1^,, f^.vi(l_(lu.v(. is nothing on the map in the Gulf of St. Lawrence region, except the words " prima terra vista" and "Isle St, Tohii," whi(>h is not fully explained by Cartier's explorations. If Sebastian Caltol visited llie (iulf. his map shows no trace of it whatever, except on this one word ' Isle St. John." But if the map, as we have it, is what I believe it to be, the work of a compiler, who may have used in part material from some real, but now lost, maps of the Cabols, the solution is not dillLcult. The compiler u.sed Cartier's maps, for all arouiul the Gulf are Cartier's names, and Cartier's topoo:raphy ; for his own reasons he placed " prima terra vista " on Cape r.retou. OH' in tYio Gulf to the w.'st on Cartier's maps was a group of islands, one of them very large. This corresponded in position and size with " Isle St. John " of the inscriptions, and it was so named, the name being added to substantiate as it were the " prinuv vista." ' This view ret^eives thc' strongest conlirmation from the fact that this Cabot map, of all the laru'c number known tons of the sixteenth century, is /he oiih/ one Hiirh marks " Isle St. Johnr ' All or nearly all others have in precisely the same position a larg(> island or group of islands, but irilhoxt e.nr/jtioii, vlwn mimes are applied to them, theij are Cartier's names applied by him to the Magdalene Munis. An examination of the series of nuips presented with this paper Avill, I believe, make this point quite clear. Hist, and floiiealopic-al Re.-i.ster, Oct, 1S7S, j.p. r.Sl-;;S!i). Tlio hitter siives a map ill.i.strutinjr Cabof.s supposed cour.so in tlieli.ilf. Theso writers Iwve. very little Inisis for surl, a view, and it i,s eii.phatieally eontradietod by tl.o l.a (osa map, which, no one doubts, sIuavs the ('ab„ts' discnveries. and which shows no large island on the coast. What naviL':it..rsthoCalKitsniust have been t.i sail nmipletely around Xewfonndland,an.ln.)t see It! P.esides this, such an erratic course as attributed to them in the •hdf, is .|uite inconsistent with Caluifs purposes and anus, The' whole .lilhco.ltv is that Isle St. .bjhn ot the I'aboi uiap, has been a.ssumed to bo Prince Ivhvard. The former pai.er takes no account of Cartier's inlluen.'o on the map, indeed does not mention Cartier at all. ' .S(arsay only, in "Dos Sauvagos" published in IdOt, chapter xii. he tells us tho story of the Siour Prevert's attempt to find mines on tho Bay of Fundy, by crossing overland from the (Julf, in connection with which he mentions " the Island of St. John, which is some thirty or thirty-live leagues long and some six leagiies from the mainland on tho .south." This is the very lirst mention of tho name " Isle St. John." as applied unquestionably to Prince Edward Island, that [have ])een able to lind. Tlio patent of Do ^lonts of IiIO-'n which names many important places in the Gulf, does not mention it. AVe admin^ the honesty of Champlain, who would not place tho island from hearsay only, upon his 1G12 map, but instead placed along the shore the legend, "lautour na point encore recoauiu cette coste." It is, how- ever, distinctly shown upon his hV^2 map, and the latter is tho first map- of which I have any Ivuowlodge, which shows Prince Edward Island in its proper shape and in its proper position. That the south- wostorn part of tho Gulf, the basin in which Prince Edward Lsland lies, was very little known prior to KlOO, is shown by doi'iimontary as well as cartogra- j)hical evidence. i)e Laet, a writer of liiuh repute, writing as lato as ltl:5:5, in do.scribing the Gulf, says that from St. Lunaire (which he, apparently, uses to designate Miramichi Pay or the head of Xorthumborland Strait), to Isle St. Lawrence (Capo l>reton), "the coast is little known, and is dillicult of access on account of the shallows." Champlain himself speaks of thi> region as being almost unknown. Still more satisfactory evidence, because coming much earlier, is Ibxxnd in Thevet's description of the dulf, Though the hitter's reputation for trustworthiness is none of the best, ho certainly in general tells the truth, and tho following passage boars on its face evidence of its own reliability. In the "Sin- gularitez de la France antartiquo,"' published in l')'>8, p. 147, ho says, referring to Capo Lawrence on Cape Proton: — "and going from thi' said capo towards the west and south- west, one coasts for about two hundred leagues, and it is nothing but sandbanks without any port or harbor." Cartier, in his narrative, speaks frequently of the shoals and sands ' Murccl (< aftii'-'niphio ilf. hi Xuiivcllc I'laiii'c, I'luis, IS8."), p. 7) dpscribp.s a fine iiniinisi'rii)! niai) of 1G07, show- ing' ( hainplain's oxplDratiniis. •' 1 liiul later tliat Sir \\'illiaiu Alexaiidci'.s li,2-4 uiai> .sliows it, but ]x\\\'H it no name. (!A1M'()(;i;ai'iiv to (miamim.ain. 49 ol' iliu coasl,' It is M) t'iisy lor n.s, lookiiiL>' c' i\\ a upon good cliaits in ovir sludii'.s, to sw, this isliiiid, thiit it is dillictilt lor us to pui oiusi'lvcs in llic position ol' llioso who lirst, (■nine to it. The cuily naviuiMlors imd lilllc to atlniet tlicui to tiuit region, ("artier showed there was no liope of liuding a western passage there ; tiie lisliing was not so good us oil' Ncwroiindiand nearer lioine; the shoals were dangerous and good harbours low. Is it any wonder that it was avoi-.-^ible, is an e.^clrcmcly imi)robable explanation. (2.) The mime was given i/r /mro by some of the French voyagers in the latter part ol' the sixteenth century, or immediately precedinn' K'.O;]. This seems to me higlily probable; the name St. .lolm was a favorite wiili I'arly exjdorers. (:!.) Another explanation which receives support i'roni the maps, will be I'ound by comparing the Mercator map with the Molineaux Globe ol' l-')!i2," with Lescarbot's inai* of 1(!0'.', and with Champlain's of li)l-2. Jn the former, Cartier's Cape St. John, which really was on Newfoundland, has been transferred to Cape lireton, wh(>re it alsfi ajjpears on Lesi'arbot's map. Transferred still further, it has become C. S. Jean on the Molineux dlobi', which stands almost exa.tly in the itosition of the littl(> 'ille St. Jean" of Champlain's 1012 map. This appears to me hardly as prol)nl)le an explanation as that given above, since Champhiin knew it as a large island with this name as early as ltif)3. I'urther material is needed to decide \\ Inch of those three possible inter protatious is the corrt'ct one. IT. YOY.\(H-:s HKTWEEN CAliTIEli AM) Cll AAll'LAIN. After Cartier. there was no official explorer of the (lulf until Champlain : yi't, that there were nunu'rous private A-oyau'es in the interval there can l)e no doubt. Evidence on this point is constantly accumulatiiiii-. Dr. De Costa quotes' (iosselin's work on the marine of Normandy, as showing that French vessels enii'aged in the lishery went to New- foundland during the twenty years subseqiuMit to Cartier's voyages, and some of these probably visited the (inlf. The only actual narratives of voyages, however, that wo have, are those contained in Ilakluyt. Ho gives a narrative of a voyage to Isle Kamea (the Magdalenes) for the capture of walruses in IS'.tl, and another to the same place in IV.iT, with some others relating to the (lulf and Cape IJreton. They add very little to geogra- phical knowledge, however, as the ]>lace names used in them in most ca.ses cannot be identified. ' It is interesting to note, however, that the names used in these narratives ' TliiTe is geological evidoice to slunv lliat Ilic coa.st in tliis ref^iou is steadily siiiluii;.', and iluvt the wiitor luual liavc lioon even siiallowor in its harliors in Cartier's time than it is now. ■ America, iii. 2l,\. '' Ibid., iv. CO, (J2. ' Tliay are considered further on p. 55. Sec. II, lSSi». 7, so CANONd ON ST. LAWRRNCK ill*' incorpoiiiUHl in the chiiits of Dudley's "Arcano del Miirn " ol' lt;47, l)ul the i)oor topojfraphy ol'thc Intlcr docs not help us in localini^ thorn. All tht' iicooiints ol' voyai^i's given by Ilakluyt arc of voyaafcs siil)si'(|ut'nl to ir)HO, and it is prolmblc they woro uunicrous al'tor that date, low bi'l'orc i*. In this connection, a i)assai>-t' in the "IJiicIV and sninniary disrounsc upou tho intended voyan'e to the hitherniost parts ol' Ameriia, written by Captainc Carlile, in April, I^S:'.." jfiven by Ilakluyt,' is ol' the greatest importance. It reads as I'nllows, in oonnet^tion with the voyages ol Cartier : — "Thus the poore kini;- ol'the (\iuntrey. with two or three others ol' his chiefe companions, coniming- aboorde the French shippes, being recpiircd thither to a banquet, was traiter- ouslv cavyed away into l'"rance, where Ikh' lived lourc yeeres This outrage and ininrious dealing did put the whole Countrey people into such dislike with the Fren<'h, as jjever since thev would admit any conversation or lamiliaritie with tliem, vntil ol" late yeeres, the olde matter beginning to grnw out ol' minde, and being the rather dravven on by gifts of many trilling things, which were of great valiu^ with tliem, they are as (I sayde) within these two or three yeeres content againe to admit a tralli(|ue, which two yeeres since was begunue with a small barke of thirtie tunnes, whose returne was found so profitable, as the next yeore following, being the last yeere, by those mavchants, who meant to have kept the trade secret vnto themselves, from any others of their own Countrey men, there was hired a shippe of fourscore tunnes (mt of the Isle of lersey. . . . . This shippe made her returne in such sorte as that this yeert,^ they have multiplyed three shippes, to wit, one of nine score tunnes. another of an hundreth tiinnes, and a third of fourscore tunnes." In Ilakluyt's " Discourse on AVestern Planting," " written in l-")84, we read: '"The Frenche, the Normans, the Brytons or the Duche, or some other nation, will not oucly prevente us of tlie mightie Raye of St. Lawrence, where they have gottt'U the starte of us already," etc. And again, in the same, we read : — " And nowe our neighboures. the men of St. Malo, in Ihytaine, in the bcgynnynge of Auguste laste paste, of this yere 1584, are come liome with live shippes from Canada and the countries npp the IJay of St. Lawrence . . . they arc preparinge tenne shippes lo returne thither in January nextc.'' Li 1587, two sons of Jacques Xoel, nephew of Cartier, were in (,'auada, and Noel had been there himself. ■ All of these facts, together with others, show the existence of a trade in the (lulf. and Champlain's first voyage up the St. Lawrence in 1608, was to a region annually visited by traders. During these years some new names appeared in the (iulf. The patent of ])e Monts, of 1603, mentions, in addition to well-known jilaces, " Bayes de Sainct-cler, de Chaleur, He I'ercee, Chischedec, Mesamiclii, Lesquemin, Tadous- sac," ' etc. Yet, none of these voyages made any impn'ssion upon the mai)s of the time. Whyt- fliet's of 150", shows no trace of them, nor have they i)roduced any inlluence that I can see, until the map (>f Tjcscarbot, of 1G09, and Lescarbot derived his knowlediie from Champlain. In othc'r words, there was no advance in a cartographical knowledge of the (rulf of St. Lawrence, given to tlie world, between Cartier and Champlain. We see hert^ illustrated the fact that the cartography of a new region advances not by steps, but by leaps. It took an explorer to make or improve a niap. Cartographers, in their studies in ]Ialaid, in 15Stl, that the savages called it Naticousti. This was corrupted to Antiiscoty on one of Cbamplain's maps, and thence to Anticosti. De I-ael, in KMO, called it Xatiscotex. Ferland in his ••Canada," and f)ionne in " l-;tude^ llisloii,|Ucs," stale that the Montagnais call it Xataslikoueh or Xalai'kotuJt, which means, •' lieu ou Ton va ebendier fours." Cartier called it Amim/4ion. i-o naming it on August ir>th, 153"». Allefousco calls it, by mistake, Ascention. Cape lUv.— It seems quite probable that this name is a corrupted suivival of Cartier's Cape Royal, the present Cape (iregory. Its Spanish equivalent is Cape Real, and in this form it apjiears upon many early maps. In the Henri II map. for instance, the only maj) of the sixleeuth century ' Captain Sonthack, who made a survey of tlie nortli and east American coa.st at tlio end of tlio seventeenth or early part of tlio oighteenth coiituiy, claims in an inscription on his map, published about 1730-:^!, that he was tlie first white man who over went 'tlirou};li the Strait of Canso. This is clearly an error, as tlic strait is distinctly shown on Loscarbot's map of ICO'J and all later ones. It may have been put in on the authority of the Indians, but such is quite unlikely. B2 (lANONd OX ST. liAWKKNCK wlucli shows ilic went coiiHt uf NowlliiiiMlIainl at all well, ('u|ii' IN'al is iiImcim! iicai'ly in tlio positiDii ol' <'ii|ii' rucl.iii, or Dinillcil ali(i:;c(liri', Il is csiiccially si^niiicaiil llial liir oiily iiia|i sli.iw iiiu' llic w <•«! I'oasi ((!' Ncwl'iiiiiallaiiil slmuM ))laci' ii iicaiiyiii ilir |piii|iit |iit-ilioii. Soiiu- maps, ul'lor rioscurlml ami a|)pari'iiliy iiiil('|ii'nili'iii of llic lallfr, liavn (\ijr li'ri/. l,('-cailini liiniscH' Iium ('. di' li'tti,i. Still, lliis is 1)111 a possihiliiy ; llicio is litilo jiosiijvc oviiloiicc to sii-laiii il. Mr. licailc (Trans, jioy. Sue. Can., VI. ii. -'!) stairs iliat it is said to lie ilcrisc 1 Ir.nii tiic lia-ipui " aiTaico." piir.suit "!■ apiiroaili. I liavo M'cii no iiia|is svlialcvvr whi' li siippmi tiiis. N'oTiiK l>\Mi; .^^()l NiAiNH. — Tlieii' 1 an lianllylic any qiipstinii as lo this iiaim'. Cariii r ^a\ c il (III August iritli, I."):;.'). Si'o antoa, ]i. 2.'!. t 'iiisi iiK.iiKi'. — Nol now iisoil, lait (rciiiicnllj' round in nmp.s nfaliont llic tinio of ( 'haniplain. Il appears in lU'.MonIs' raionl of Kid.'!. It was applioil. accoriliiii:; to Iliial (LaWrador. il., lit!) (<» .Sovon Islands. ( Jtlii'i's jiavc said it applied to ilif nioiilji ol' liio .■>l. .(nlm Kivor. l/Ksi,iiKM AIN. — This Words appears in cdd doc'ninenls. .\r<'ordini;' to Lavcrdic're, (( 'liainplaiii, p. lll'.to, ) it is i'([iii\-alenl lo " l-os l-'.^r.aim !';-,' ihe jae-ont i;^(|iianiine mi the St, Ijawronre. I, \iaiMioii.— This word is not ii^ed in<'artier'.s narratives, though il ii]i|iears in the tit le of the l.'i'.t.'s edition of his lirnt narrative. Il is supposed to have heen added hy the I ranshilor. There are, at least, si\ theories as to liie origin o| ihis word. ( I) The tCeiiei'ally aeeepte(| and alln;,'et her piojiahh' one, that e-iven liy I 'r. Hon id no I, in ' < 'aii.idian .Montiily,' Aiiril, I'sTT), and hy olhei- writers, liial it was (>rii;in,ally "'Terra fiahoraloi is," lanil of tin' laboi'(>r, beeauso Coitoreal lirniii^ht lifly men thence to I'.iirope. who were ih'seiihed as well tilted liir slaves. Tiiis i.s Kusljiined hy all the evideiiee of old maps. (l) a tradition wdiieji s.ays th.il llraiioie |>ay look its nann' troni J>a Dradore, a liasipie wdialer. who enlercil it het'ori' the sixteenth erninry, and that IVom the hay (called liradore to-day) the name rapidly extei)de(l to the whole country, ('arlierdiil not iiso Ihadore for the hay, though he entered it aiid i;ave a name to its islands ; noi' so far as I know does the name ajipear on any iiia|f oi the si.Nleenlh century. Labrador, ajiplied to the whole country, does appear, howevt'r, vt'ry early. There is no cartographical evidence to sustain this iheoiy. (Ii) That .n'iven hy M. .hiles ^laicoii in his '• Siir L'(')ri^ine du Noin .l)'Aiiierii|Uc" ( liiill. Soc. (ieo., 18SS, p. .")7 of the reprint), attrihuU'- to it an Indian origin. '■ ( 'o heaunoin lirailnr on lii((ilaiii\ soiiore et admirahlcmenl approprii', est iin niol des ludiens des bords ilu golfo Saint-Laurent ; il si.ij,iiilie ' haio etroite el pi-ofon le', s'avaiu.ant dans les lerie^ et il corresponil exuelemeiit an noin norvdgieii de //wi/.' .M. .Marcoii, howexer, does not i^ive as any authority lor his statonient. (4) The hitler writer mentions that .~ome havi' tlioiijfht the name was given in irony, heeausc of the sterility i>[' ihe land, — a land of labor should he fertile, and here •he name was iriven in v Lidiura- toris .seems jirohably enoiiuh cMnjectiired to ho from the eullivaliiiii\ (if one may so term it) of the soil, or its a]itne-s for Ciillivation or Tillage; that is bcc;nise, by the |iainfiil Uaiid of the Labourer or lliisband-man. it iiniy he rendei'ed so fertile as to yitdd all soils of i i rain and Fruits; haiily in Allusion to the I'ruitful <'ounli'ey ol ('lUii/'iUini in (tdh/, vulgarly known by the name of Tcriii '/' l.aroio." A very old Portuguese map of l.")2n. one id' the earliest on whiidi the name appears (tciveii bv Kohl^ " Discovery of Maine,'' ]). 17!M, gives some authority for such a suguestioii as Ogilhy's, for tlio region is tliero called r>o Lacrador. (Jtlurwise, ihei'e seems no ground for this iheorv. (t!) That given by .Mr. Tveade, in these Transaclions, VI. ii. 21. 'Labrador is claimed to he ii romembrancer of the Lahourde district which give.s a distinctive name to a dialect ot the Hasipie language." I have seen nothing on old maps to substantiate this. • 'AI.'TOCHAIMIV TO CIIAMITjAI N. 33 (rAsi'fc. — 'riioi'o Jirc two txplMiiiilioiis (}{' lliis Wind. Sir Williiim Dawson (Ciinmliim NuliiruliMi, 111,, !>. Il'j.'i), v Kucli'pi (lliuiiiid),'' \wy uppi'ii prialoly, lo si^nily llio oxlroinc ornl «\' Miciiiac (iTiil. i y ami Ihc !a^( lu'oiuoiildry buiwocii Si. Law- iciiif :ih(i r.ay uj' Clialiuis. he .Mmit'- ciiiuiiii.-sinii (if HH'.'! lias (Inrlitjn', i\nt\ Cliainplaiii iiml Do had u-t' lioili diirlii'iii' and Hds/r, On iln,' ollu-r liaiul, Ablii' liaveidiiTO ((Kiivrois ilo Cliainplaiii, p. lo>r)) (Icrivo- il IViiiii " KaUcpi )iii, cpii v>l st'paii'inonl," rolorriiij; !<> a V'iseovery of Miiiiio, p. ISC), the most inlerestiii,;;- of which is the entry in the ])rivy-puise aecounls of Henry VII in 14'.>7 of " 10 ]iouiids to him that found the new isle." Olhor later entries sjjoak of the Xnr Islande, AV"- /.-■/(', and one in ITiO;! of the Nmiindi'l l.s/nniL 11 ajipears, then, that our word '• Newfoundland " is iidireid descendant of the name .uiveii to this ren'ion hy ihc (.'al.ots. Il wr.- used in its present form at least as lonn- a^'o as the lime of Champlaiii. Isr.E St. .loii.N (See iiiilea, \). ITt).— It lioro this name until 1708, when il was changed to T'rinee Ivlward Island, in honor of the lather of our (iiieeii, by an Act of the Provincial Legislature, whieli was conlirmed by the King in IT'.li". The name •■ NortbumI.erlnnd Strait ' is, however, much older. St. l.AWRF..\('E.~This name rapidly extended to the wliolo (fulf, and later to the I'iver. I'^arly names for the former, or parts of it, were aninJ Baie, Golfo Qiiudrado. Tho rivei' was called River of Canada. River of Ihchelaga. Puivhas .states (Pilgrimage, p. SWi) that the river was also eiilled the {itrait of the 'I'/irer Brothers, though the statement does not ajijiear to occur elsewhere. (iuAMi I5.\ii;.- 'I'his name was very (dearly applied to the north eastern part of the (iulfby Allefonsce and other eaidy writers. Yet .some have supposed it applied to the Hay of Fundy. (A. L. Adams, Field and forest, Humbles, p. 15, N. Y. Hind, T?ei-. ii|ipi'--cd lo lie a Micniac word, meanint;' "happy rclrcat," such lieiiiii' I he inlci|)ictation n'ivcn hy < 'ooncy, (Icsncr and others in liieir histoi'ies of this region. Another i'K'a I-- that it lonic^ IVnin ■■ Mii;niimaghcc ' or ■ Jlcgumaage," whieli means Mieniac-Land. On the otliL'i' hand. l)r. Silas Itand, oiu' greatest Miiiiiac scholar, does not k-now its meaning or origin, nor does Mr. I'Mward .laolc, who is lamiliar with the language oC tht' .Milicete Indians. One of the most intelligent Imliaiis ut' tin' Milicete trilic, Xewcll I'aiil, ha-- lold me that the word is not Indian ut iill. Mr. .lack writes that there is no su(di word in the Ahenaki Language to his knowledge, and that the Indians call the Miramiehi Lcs-tdijoo-clilc, or Little IJestigouehe. 1 >r. Hand, in ids Miemae Keadei-, gi\ii> it the same name. Lustcijoncheechh. Were the word 'Miramiehi" used by cither -Mirinaes or Milicetes, ilie>e two men would certainly know of it. The word ha-- had a mo^t interesting hisior_,', but so tar I have not heen aMe to reach a satiafaefoiy coiielii,-.ion as to it-, origin. On majis of the last century, the river is usually called Histiijourhi, whieh i- cle;;ily the >aine word as |)i-. IJand ai d Mr. .lai'k give, with the /• soltt'ned to /, as it ahva\-.s is in the language of iheve Inilians. J'assing hack lo the seventeentli century, the /• tlisaj)pt'ars and is rejihiced by.-, so thai it reads Miaaniirlii, J/'/^-5rt?)uV7i/, etc., tliougli occasionally tlie r does apjicar. LeMailot ha-- .l//.'-a//ci7c'---. i)e Laet Mesamichi, Clnimplain JL.'^iimic/ii/. DoMonl's eominission of IfiOU ha> Jlisiiinii Id, .\bireo\i'r the word in all nf these cases is applicij not lo thi' river, hut to a place or p III , I.e-earb'il speak^ of it a- a p.ut where the [''reiicli were at'cu-^toined to dry tisli,and he also tells u> that it i-- an Indian wmd. So mueli is certain ; Imi 1 believe Ihe wcu'd can be traced still further ba(d<. t hi a niaji. dated 15114 in the • lii-tnirc de la N'avigalione de lean Ungues de Linseot," and (Ui another dated I'jin;. in Do llr\',-- •• .\iiierii ;i,' we liinl the name Macluuaiir (whicdi may be misprinled of eom'so.) and indeed in the latter in ght almost I c read J/(1''/((IH(!'V, oecuning in the jiosition of uiir pie-^ent .Miramiehi. More- civcr. iis position i- made ceitain on both lu.sps by the pre-ence of I he little (ircle and tower usi'd eonvenlionally on b ith to indicate a town, setlleinent or jioi-t, and this cir(de is placed on what is clearly veiy near or exactly on the present .Miramiehi IJiver. 1 have not seen it again on any earlier map iinlil iha! of Honieni ot' lo.'iS (gi\en anie.i, p. ), where it appears exactly in its ju-oper jiositii.n ' in liie form Mn-/u'oiiiiii. 'i'iie same forms appears also upon Freire's map of 154(i, though it might possibly be read there /iHcluomai. Lastly in the Henry II maj) (givt'D antea, p. oS) we lind a name '/V/Vi i.'c Michiilnutn, ])laeed not at tlie Miramiclii, but in what is now iiestigoueiie Coiinly. ( 'oiisiilerini;' the great dill'ereiices in spelling in these eaily maps, their coi'ru|iling of names, and changes Iron; (uk- language to another, together with the fact liiat an entirely new name very rarely aiiiicars, it seem- not unreiisonabie to suppose that these are all the same word. .\s it appears (ui the ll(>nri II inaj), whieh so tailhfully mirrors the e.^jdorat ions of Cart ier, it ivaia de biiuiri " just belevv beinn the lieud of Nurtlunnlnrland Strait- (JAJiTOdllArJlY TO CJIAMPLAIN. An cxiilaiiiilioii wliich su,u-,i;-c'Hts itself is lluit tlio iuirmiiH whom fVirlioi' inot in iliUV'ioiil parts ol' Jiay Clialeur, told him that the land \i> the smilh was Mciiumaijhce Micmuflanil, iiml ('arlier, wi'itinjjf li'dni memory, oi' not undorslandinf^- their jieeuli.irities of pronuneiation, wrote it on his inaps Terra dc Michaluuni or soniethinn- similar. This mii;'ht atterwards he e()rru|ited into a vei'y (lilVerent form liy later niap-niakoi's. The ohjeetion (o liiis view is 'hat thewoid .M iemar does not ajijiear to he an ahoriginal Indian word. It is usually given a French oi'ig> , heing sU])|i()sed lo he the wort! " micmae,'' meaning jugglery and applied to tiicm bceause of the luunhiT if their "autmoins" or medecine-nien. No wi'ilcr previous to IflDd, so far as! can lind, has ever us(>d it. the word " 8ouri(]Uois" hcing universally ajipliod to this people. T>v. 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