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 t i 
 
 District Steam Supply. 
 
 Il Hkating Buildings by Steam, 
 
 FROM 
 
 A CENTRAL SOURCE. 
 
 BY 
 
 JA.MKS HERBKRT liARTLETT, 
 
 AS;(ICIA1K MUMIIKK (tF THH ISSTlTt'lI'iN nr CIVll. liN. .INKltHS 
 
 mk:miu:r oh r>in institi'TIon dp mechanical unginburs. 
 
 READ \f IHK KRniSlI ASSCCI ATION . 
 MONTKllAL, ui4. 
 
 : 
 
 II 
 1,;;: 
 
 I'Ki. vn:n i;v jomn lovkli, 6- son, st. nichokas street, 
 
 MONTREAl,. 
 
■■■■^■■^■■■■■Pl 
 
District Steam Supply. 
 
 Heating Buildings by Steam^ 
 
 1 ROM 
 
 A CENTRAL SOURCE. 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES HKRHKRT I!ARir,ETr, 
 
 ASSliClATK MKMIIHU <»' llIK ISSIlUMlnN n|. i IVll. KNi;i NIMCIIS. 
 MKMllKK Ol- IMi; INsrni Ihi^ "\- Ml' IIXMI AT. KM il MUiF.S. 
 
 PRINTED UY JOHN 1.0VELI. 6- SON, ST. NICHOLAS STKEET. 
 MONTREAL. 
 
The following is a brief abstract of the paper : 
 
 I. — Methods of Heating Houses. 
 
 2. — Origin of District, or Central Supply System, 
 
 3. — Description of the System, in Detail. 
 
 4.— Estimated Cost of Construction, and Operation, of 
 
 the System, after the first Season's Experience. 
 5. — Developments and causes of failure. 
 6. — Duplex System at Lynn, Mass. 
 7. — The System in New York City. 
 8. — Tabulated List of Works Constructed, with some 
 
 particulars of the same. 
 
DISTRICT 
 
 STEAM SUPPLY. 
 
 HEATING BUILDINGS BY STEAM FROM A 
 CENTRAL SOURCE. 
 
 The winter climate on a large portion of the United 
 States and Canada, is so continuous and severe, that efficient 
 means are required for raising the temperature, in all descrip- 
 tions of dwelling-houses, for over two hundred days in the 
 
 ^^ The ordinary methods in use may be briefly stated as 
 follows : Wood stoves, coal stoves, hot air furnaces, combi- 
 nation hot air and hot water apparatus, hot water, and steam. 
 Open fireplaces and grates, are often used as an aux- 
 iliary and as an aid to ventilation, but are not adapted for use 
 alone. Gas stoves are seldom used, except for cooking 
 
 purposes. 
 
 All stoves and furnaces are made of thm cast-iron 
 plates. Considerable skill is required in moulding and fitting 
 them up. After being in use for a time, and exposed to the 
 action of the fire, the cast-iron warps and gets out of shape, 
 allowing gas to escape, and becoming unhealthy ; the atr 
 whilst being heated is burnt and vitiated by contact with the 
 
 hot metal plates. 
 
 A necessary, but most unsightly feature of every stove, 
 is the flue or stovepipe, connecting the stove and house 
 chimney. Stove pipes are usually made of sheet iron, and of 
 considerable length, so as to economise all the heat possible, 
 but, as they cannot be swept or cleaned out when m position, 
 it is necessary to take them down every year for that purpose. 
 
Hot water and steam boilers are made of both cast 
 and wroiurht iron, and of a j^reit variety of shapes and sizes. 
 
 Anthracite coal is very generally used for household 
 purposes ; and for all small boilers, furnaces, or stoves, an 
 expensive class of this coal is required, and in every case the 
 fuel has first to be stored, then handled and burnt, and the 
 ashes afterwards removed. 
 
 Prior to the year 1877 many very large buildings and 
 blocks of buildings were heated by sttam, supplied from 
 boilers situated in some central place, and there are also many 
 cases on record, of steam being carried very long distances 
 in pipes. 
 
 In 1876 Mr. BIrdsill Holly, a mechanical engineer of 
 Lockport, N.Y., inide a number of experiments and tests, 
 on the condensation of steam in iron pipes, and suggested the 
 possibility of heating towns, and cities, with steam supplied 
 through pipes laid in the streets. 
 
 In 1S77 an experiment was made by laying half a mile 
 of three Inch pipe ; this was again increased to a mile and a 
 third, and experiments carried on. Before winter set in about 
 three miles of underground pipe had been laid, and over 
 twenty dwelling-houses fitted up with pipes and radiators, 
 and this number was largely increased during the winter ; 
 stea;i was supplied from three boilers, situated in a central 
 position, and carrying a pressure of 25 to 30 pounds per 
 square inch. 
 
 As all the houses, to which steam had been supplied 
 during the winter, had been most comfortably heated, and the 
 discomforts of the old methods done away with, the new 
 system created a considerable amount of interest, particularly 
 when it was claimed, that heat could be supplied at a much 
 lower cost, than by the old methods. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OK HOLLv's IMSTKICT SYSTEM. 
 
 The system consists in the generation of steam at a central 
 point, its transmission by well protected mains to suitable 
 distances, and its utilization for heat, or power, by means 
 of various mechanical devices. 
 
 Steam is supplied to the consumer in the same manner 
 as gas, and is paid for in proportion to the amount used, as 
 
indicated by a meter, at a cost not exceeding the usual cost 
 
 ^°' 'as in the case of gas supply, the steam supply pipes are 
 laid up to the curbstone, the consumer paying for all mterna 
 pipes, fittings, and radiators, which can be furnished at about 
 half the usual charges, as a house boiler .s not ^ecju.red. 
 
 Where buildings are already fitted up. steam .s taken 
 direct from the mains, and the house boiler cut off. Where 
 houses are supplied with a furnace, it is only necessary to sub- 
 stitute steam coils in its place, for heating the a.r. no changes 
 being required in the flues, or registers. 
 
 APPARATl'S KK()l'IRKl). 
 
 Boil FRs -The steam is generated in boilers centrally lo- 
 cated with regard to minimum distance of transmission to con- 
 sumers, convenience of procuring fuel, and water, and cost of 
 
 '"^' The form of boilers should be such, as will secure the 
 largest possible evaporation, with the most economical de- 
 
 scription of fuel. • n -i a..*- 
 
 Those adopted at Luckport were. Seguin Boilers, flat- 
 ended cylindrical shell. 5 feet diameter, and i6 feet long, con- 
 tainincr 54 tubes. 3.I diameter, arranged in vertical, and hon- 
 zonmlrows. in the lower half of the shell ; and having a steam 
 
 '""VhetiWs'were entirely surrounded with brickwork, 
 and were supported by the smoke box in front, and a cast- 
 iron belly bracket at the rear. , r . 
 The grate was placed beneath the boilers, at the front, 
 and the products of combustion returned from the back, 
 through the flues, into the smoke box. and from thence to the 
 
 '^'"^These boilers evaporated as their regular daily work, 9 
 pounds of water (from cold feed water) per pound of coal, 
 with a pressure of 25 to 30 lbs. per square inch, using anthra- 
 cite coal, stove and grate size. 
 
 STREET MAINS. 
 
 From the boilers, the steam passed into the mains, which 
 are composed of American standard wrought-.ron steam 
 pipe, lap-welded, from i^ up. and tested to a pressure of 500 
 
pounds per r.quare inch, connected with tapering screw 
 ends, and wrought-iron couplings. 
 
 For special curves, bends, and other details, cast-iron 
 was used. 
 
 Valves were placed in various positions, in the same 
 manner as in gas, and water works, so as to be able to turn 
 off the supply of steam where-ever necessary. 
 
 I'ROTECTK )N AGAINST rONDENSATION. 
 
 This is the vital point of the system, and condensation was 
 guarded against in two ways ; first, by protecting the pipes by 
 non-conducting materials, and, secondly, by keeping them dry, 
 when underground. 
 
 The pipes were prepared as follows : The naked pipes 
 were held in a lathe, and were wrapped with the following 
 materials : 
 
 1. Sheet asbestos about J of an inch thick, one thick- 
 ness. 
 
 2. Porous felt paper, two or three thicknesses, or hair felt 
 J inch thick. 
 
 3. Manilla paper, one thickness (sufficiently strong to 
 stand handling covered pipes, and not to tear). 
 
 4. Wooden strips, about 4 inch broad by ^ inch thick. 
 Three or four of these strips were laid slightly spirally 
 
 around the pipe, forming spacing pieces. Copper wire was 
 used to bind the strips, and string for the other coverings. 
 
 The outside casing of all was made of solid square pine 
 logs, bored out about two inches larger than the diameter of 
 the pipe, the thickness of the wooden shell being in no place 
 less than three or four inches ; the ends of the wooden pipes 
 were made to fit into each other. When the iron pipes, duly 
 protected, were put inside the wooden log, the spacing pieces 
 left an air space all round, and allowed the iron pipe to 
 expand and contract freely, by changes of temperature, while 
 the logs were securely anchored and immovable. 
 
 (In the System at Belleville, 111., the mains were not wrapped 
 at all, but dependence made entirely upon air spaces inside 
 wooden casings.) 
 
 Keeping the pipe casings dry, when underground, was 
 effected by placing a tile drain, three or four inches in dia- 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
screw 
 
 last-iron 
 
 |e same 
 to turn 
 
 tion was 
 
 [pipes by 
 
 lem dry, 
 
 ;ed pipes 
 bllowing 
 
 le thick- 
 
 r hair felt 
 
 strong to 
 
 ich thick. 
 ly spirally 
 wire was 
 erings. 
 luare pine 
 iametcr of 
 1 no place 
 iden pipes 
 )ipes, duly 
 ing pieces 
 n pipe to 
 ture, while 
 
 it wrapped 
 ces inside 
 
 ound, was 
 les in dia- 
 
 
 i 
 
 '4 
 
 .neter, at the bottom of the trenches, which were trom 
 three to four feel deep, and conformed to the level of the 
 street's ; connections were made with the city sewers, as often 
 a'-, possible ; broken stone was filled in at the bottom round 
 the tile, and a covering of tarred roofing felt put. over the 
 wooden casing, and the trench filled in. •. •'• 
 
 EXPANSION JOINTS. 
 
 To provide for contraction and expansion in the iron 
 pipes, caused by differences in temperature, stuffing bo.x 
 joints were provided, and asbestos fibre used as packing. 
 The e.xpansion joints formed a part of the junction-service 
 boxes, which were placed at convenient intervals of from lOO 
 to 200 feet along the line of mains, and were accessible from the 
 street, being surrounded by a brick wall, and havii-g a man- 
 hole and cover. 
 
 The arriving main from the boilers, had r. turned and 
 nickle-plated end, which worked through tiie stuffing box. 
 The departing main was securely fastened to the junction- 
 service box, so that, one end of eacli section bein^r fast and 
 the other moveable, free play was given for contraction and 
 expansion. A ball and socket joint attachment was always 
 used, so as to be able to conform to variations in the levels of 
 the streets and to prevent injury or strain from settling. 
 
 The junction service box 'vas a heavy cast""'^ weighing 
 several hundred pounds for the large sizes, it »vas ijolted to 
 brickwork, anil anchored to the wooden pipe casing. The 
 mains wt^e never ta{)ped for the attachment of service pipes, 
 these connections being only made at the junction boxes, 
 which also served to take up tlie water of condensation, the 
 bottom of the box. being placed lower than the level of the 
 pipes. 
 
 A very important improvement has recently been made 
 by using elastic copper ends to the sections of iron mains, 
 this allows sufficient play, and does away with all packed 
 joints, which are now entirely discarded. 
 
 SERVICK PIPES. 
 
 The service pipe connections on the junction-service box 
 were taken oft' at right angles to the main, and were provided 
 with stop-cocks. The service pipes were protected from con- 
 densation, in the .same manner as the mains. 
 
8 
 
 REDUCING VALVE AND REGULATOR. 
 
 The steam on entering any building through the service 
 pipe, at high pressure, had at once to pass through a regu- 
 lator-.cducing valve, by means of which the pressure was 
 reduced lo any desired amount, and the supply of steam auto- 
 matically regulated. 
 
 Holly's Regulating and Reducing Valve with 
 Steam Meter in position. 
 
 This was done by means of an elastic diaphram, and a 
 weighted lever, a small slide valve being moved, by a valve 
 rod connected with the diaphram. Valves made on the same 
 principal have often been used for supplying low-pressure 
 steam engines, from high-pressure boilers. 
 
METER. 
 
 From !:he reducing valve and regulator the steam, at a 
 low and uniform pressure,— generally from 2 to 5 pounds,— 
 passed through the meter, and into the supply pipes of the 
 house. 
 
 ^^!v- 
 
 HOLLY'S STEAM METER. 
 Figure 1 ,— Soctioiial Elevation. 
 Figure 2.— Sectionai Plan. 
 
 A method of accurately measuring, and recording, the 
 amount of steam supplied, has been a most difficult problem 
 to solve, the commercial success of the system being really 
 dependent upon it. The method at present employed is 
 pronounced reliable and satisfactory, by several independent 
 parties, after being in practical use for the past two years. 
 
10 
 
 The meter is made of cast-iron, and in plan is circular in 
 shape ; its height and diameter are about equal ; it is divided 
 horizontally into four chambers or compartments. 
 
 On the outside, upturned face are a series of horizontal 
 dials, which register revolutions, actuated from gear wheels 
 inside the top chamber, they derive their motion from a 
 central vertical shaft, passing through the other compartments, 
 and having a bearing on the bottom of the meter. 
 
 To this shaft are fastened two miniature brass paddle 
 wheels, or spider frames, of eight arms each, with vane-shaped 
 ends, curved slightly forward. 
 
 The second, or steam entry compartment, contains one 
 paddle-wheel, which revolves almost touching the bottom. A 
 circular opening in the bottom, connects the third, or steam 
 exit compartment. The bottom compartment, which is closed, 
 all but a small hole round the shaft, contains the other paddle- 
 wheel, and is always full of condensed water, in which the 
 paddle-wheel revolves, stationary vanes preventing the water 
 from being bodily whirled in the direction of rotation. 
 
 Steam is admitted through a square pipe, the centre line 
 of the opening being on the line of the inside circumfenMice 
 of the chamber, giving the steam a circular motion, as it 
 enters ; within, and from the top of the square pi])e, is hung 
 a long copper tongue, the same width as the pipe. Tiic tongue 
 rises and falls as tiie (juantity of passing steam vari(!s, but 
 always directs it, upon the vane-shaped (mkIs of tin; spidtM", 
 which revolves in the steam, at a speed proportional to the 
 amount and pressure of the steam admitted. The bottom spider, 
 revolving in water, acts as a governor, and prevents the too 
 rapid revolution of the shaft, the revolutions of which are 
 recorded by the counters on the top. The steam passe-s out 
 of the third compartment, the exit being nearly at right 
 angles to the entrance. 
 
 The quantity of steam passing through the meter is not 
 measured, or recorded in any ordinary terms of measurement, 
 such as pounds, or cubic feet, but in " units," the value of 
 which, have been determined by experiments, the amount of 
 condensed water, resulting from steam passed through, haxing 
 been accurately weighed. Charges for steam supplied through 
 
11 
 
 I'ar in 
 Ividcd 
 
 lontal 
 
 Jill a 
 
 K'fit.s, 
 
 Jonc 
 A 
 
 meters are made per i,ooo units. The value of the unit varies 
 with the size of the meter, the pressure of the steam, and the 
 cost of fuel and water, and the evaporative performance of 
 the boilers. 
 
 DIRECT HEATING — KADIATORS. 
 
 From the meter the steam intended for heating purposes, 
 passed through the supply pipes into the radiators. Any of 
 the ordinary forms may be used, and all the ordinary steam 
 fixtures. The usual American pattern of radiators are made 
 of vertical lengths, of i-inch iron pipe, secured into a base 
 and cap, the steam exit and entrance both being in the base. 
 In common with most descriptions of steam radiators, they 
 have to be either full of steam or empty, there being no 
 means of regulating the steam supply. Mr. Holly overcame 
 this, by making the steam entrance at the top of the tubes, 
 in the cap, and having an air valve at the base, to permit the 
 air to escape. Steam, being lighter than air, displaced it to 
 any extent that might be required, entirely, or only partially 
 filling the tubes. In practice it was found difficult to keep 
 the joints tight, in the base and cap, owing to unequal ex- 
 pansion and contraction. 
 
 INDIRECT HEATING — BY COILS IN THE BASEMENT. 
 
 The Steam and water of condensation, from all the 
 radiators, passed through coils of steam pipe, in a chamber in 
 the basement, to which fresh air from the outside, was carried 
 through a tlue ; the air thus heated rises through flues and 
 registers, in the ordinary way, and supplies fresh air, while 
 assisting to heat the house. 
 
 TRAPS. 
 
 The water of condensation escaped through a steam 
 trap, and wasted into the sewers, unless required for domestic 
 purposes. 
 
 OTHER USES OF STEAM. 
 
 Live steam can be used for heating water, and when 
 this is done, by direct contact, the noise can be almost entirely 
 stopped, by first passing the steam through a small box 
 filled with gravel or fragments of stone. 
 
 For cooking purposes, steam does well for a variety of 
 articles, and a stove has been perfected, that with super- 
 heated steam, all sorts of cooking can be done, the super- 
 heating being done with a gas flame. 
 
12 
 
 The following Report of Mr. Birdsill Holly was published 
 at Lockport on May i8th, 1878 : 
 
 " During the past winter, an equivalent of 65 houses, * on 
 nearly three miles of underground pipe, have been heated, 
 and an accurate record has been kept from day to day of the 
 amount of coal consumed. 
 
 " From well-understood facts, and from tests actually 
 made to ascertain the amount of condet\sation in the houses, 
 also 1 2 hour tests upon the main line with all the houses shut 
 off, it is demonstrated what amount of condensation is due to 
 the buildings, and how much to the pipe underground. 
 
 " The details for cost of constructing works, and the cost 
 of fuel are applicable to this city, and will be varied somewhat, 
 according to location and circumstances. 
 
 " The following tables show the cost of heating by this 
 system, and the comparisons made with other systems of 
 heating will, upon perusal, speak for themselves. 
 
 * Note. — 12,000 cubic feet of space being taken as an average for 
 dwelling-houses in Lockport. 
 
 (For convenience both .American and Sterling costs are given, the l)ollar\ 
 being taken equal to 4s. i^d. or E.xchangc at 9)-^ per cent. Premium. / 
 
 J. H. n. 
 
 ESTIMATED COST OF CONSTRUCTIO.N AND OPERATION FOR 
 A DISTRICT OF 400 DWELLINGS ON TWO MILES OF 
 STREET-MAINS, HEATING THE SAME FOR 240 DAYS, 
 FROM SEPT. 15TH TO M\Y 15111. 
 
 Construction 0/ Works. 
 
 $ £ ^. A. 
 
 Boiler house and chimney stack 6,000 00 1,2,52 17 by{. 
 
 Six boilers, 5x16 feet, set, with feed water 
 
 heaters 12,000 00 2,465 15 1 
 
 Two miles mains, average 3 inch, at $1.40 
 
 (5s. 9d.) per ft 14,78400 3-037«6 2 
 
 Superintendence and incidentals 1,216 00 249 17 3 
 
 Total $34,000 00 ^6,986 6 o'4 
 
13 
 Operating Expenses for 240 Days. 
 
 2,000 tons ot coal, at $4-00 (i6s. s^^d.)- • 8,000 00 1,643 16 8>^ 
 
 Two fireman and extra labor 80000 164 7 » 
 
 Repairs and depreciation 80000 164 7 » 
 
 Office expenses '-Soo 00 308 4 4/. 
 
 Taxes '^°° °^ ^^ -^ '° 
 
 Water bill '°° °^ '° '° "|^ 
 
 Dividend of 20 per cent, on $34,000 6,800 od ^'397 5 2/2 
 
 Total $18,400 C O ^^3.780 16 5 
 
 400 Consumers at $46.00 = i;9 9S- o>4d.= $18,400 co ^3,780 16 S 
 COST OK A D.srKicr K(.i;iva..i:nt to .,000 mvn.i.iN.is, partly composed 
 oi'- liUsiNKss iii,(k:ks and 1'L-iii.ic iiiii. discs. 
 
 Constnutiiin vf Works. 
 
 $ ^ s. d. 
 
 Boiler house and chimney stack 8.00000 1,643 '<> 8/4 
 
 Twelve boilers, 5x16 feet, set, with lied 
 
 water heaters J4,ooo 00 4.93i'o 5 
 
 Four miles of mains, average 3 inch, :U 
 
 $1. 40 = (5s. 9d.) per foot J9.568 00 6,07512 7J4 
 
 Superintendence and incidentals 2,43-^00 499 M 6 
 
 Total $64.000 00 ^3^5g^J.i_^ 
 
 !'<■</ r/v Expenses, Ihating, 240 -/^-''O'-*' 
 
 $ ;^ ■'^- d. 
 5,000 tons of coal at $4.oo(^ t6s.5J4;il.) ^ 
 
 per ton -o-o°° °° ■♦•'°9 '» 9^^ 
 
 Fireman and extra labor 2,00000 4'oi9 ^% 
 
 Repairs and depreciation, aiul sinking fund. 2,00000 410 19 2/"^ 
 
 Office expenses 1,50000 308 4 ^\^ 
 
 Taxes 1,20000 24611 6 
 
 Water'bill 3oo 00 6. 12 lo/. 
 
 Dividend of 20 per cent, on $64,000 12,80000 2,630 2 9 
 
 Total $39,800^ -^^:1iLj=J:^ 
 
 i.ooo Consumers at $39.80 = i:8 3s. 6,', d.. $39,800 00 i:8,i78 i 8^ 
 
14 
 STATEMENT OF COST. 
 
 INDIVIDUAL FURNACE SYSTEM. 
 
 One Fuiiiiuc wi/l Cost %2t^ = £s,G ios. id. 
 
 One consumer will use 10 tons, at $5.00 go oo lo's sik 
 
 Depreciation and roi)airs 10 per cent, on «!.'75.. ,750 qi, Ji/ 
 
 Five cents= 2). <d. per day fo.- attendance ,200 29 ,y 
 
 Interest, 7 percent., on investment, 82-/5 ,„,- ,,„ // 
 
 Unreduced insurance ill ^ ^ /^ 
 
 I'olal fi,,i ,- r 7 
 
 -±l\AJJ ^ AJ3 7 5^ 
 
 iMUVIIHAI. Sli:.\M SV.srivM. 
 
 One Boiler and Fixtures wi// Cost $800=3^,64 7s. 8d. 
 Jiiiiuiin}^ Expense*. 
 
 Twelve tons ofcnal, at 85.00 (,^ ^^ ,^ \ ^■ 
 
 Deprcc.alion and repairs 5 per cent, on SSoo.... 40 00 « a ^/ 
 
 Fifteen cents = 7 lid. per day lor aiuiul.nice ,600 \ .^Z 
 
 Seven percent, interest on invesimriii ' a „,^ ,, (* 
 
 Unreduced insurance ^'^ 
 
 5 00 10 6ji 
 
 Total <s, _ "7 ' 
 
 *L1'2__?° j^-^?-9_-7__ 
 
 District System with 400 Guisumers. 
 
 o « Z s. d 
 
 Seven per cent, interest on cost (,f (ixtures = 
 
 6200 = ^41 IS. I id 
 
 "^^ 14 00 2 17 61/ 
 
 Iwopercent. depreciation and rei.airs ^ qq iO 1/ 
 
 Heat bills, for steam supplied ,,- ' ^^ 
 
 ' ' 4'' 00 9 9 o^/ 
 
 Total a;- ■ 
 
 =J£i=°°- - '-^ X-^H. 
 
 District System wtUi 1,000 Consumers. 
 
 § /" s d 
 
 Seven per cent, interest on cost of fixtures = S2oo ,400 217 6>V 
 
 Two per cent, depreciation and rei)airs . qq r 1/ 
 
 Heat bills, for steam supplied ^^^ ^^ g'* ^-^ 
 
 Total a, ~r 
 
 :^1^2_^ — JLl_i7 <'X 
 
 Comparison of Cost. 
 
 Individual Furnace system *' 
 
 Individual Steam system "'^ ^^ ^^ ^ 5H 
 
 District system with 400 coiLsumers".'. !".".'. 'fi^ °° 4o 9 7 
 
 District system with 1,000 consumers ., «° '^ •^ "-'^ 
 
 57 "O u 17 6^ 
 
 ^1 
 
16 
 
 This result has not as yet been realized in actual practice, 
 but none of the systems have had so large a number of con- 
 sumers on so short a main. 
 
 d. 
 
 sH 
 
 DEVELOPMENTS AND CAUSES OF FAILURE. 
 
 The winter's experiment, at Lockport, in 1877-78, having 
 proved the practibility of the system, and the consumers 
 being so well satisfied, several other towns at once took the 
 matter up, and had systems in operation for the following 
 winter. The first meters did not work well, and the only way 
 of charging for iicat was by bargain, based upon the previous 
 coal bills of the consumer. The companies suffered severely 
 in these bargains, but the greatest loss was caused by having 
 long lines of miin, with only a few consumers drawing steam, — 
 the loss by condensation being then very great. In many 
 cases the trenches were not i^roperly drained ; and the system 
 was adopted before sufficient time had been given to perfect 
 all details. The result of all this being the failure of several 
 of the companies. 
 
 DUl'LI'X SVSTKM AT I.VN'N, MASS. 
 
 At Lynn, Mass., a duplex system was put in, for first sup- 
 plying high pressure stc^am, througli one main, to drive large 
 mill engines —these engines, exhausting into a low pressure 
 main, from which steam was supplied for heating, &c. The 
 idea being to utilize the p(nver first and leave sufficient 
 pressure for heating purposes. 
 
 The boiler house here was situated on very low land, 
 which was subject to inundation, during extreme high tides ; 
 the consequence being, that near the boiler house the 
 steam mains were sometimes under water, and as few of the 
 streets in Lynn are sewered, the ground was constantly damp 
 in many of them, and a very large amount of condensation 
 took place. The steam supply was discontinued, and the 
 works sold and utilized for other purposes, although the steam 
 works were fully paying expenses at the time of selling out. 
 
Ifi 
 
 Till". SVSTKM IN NKW YORK. 
 
 In New York, tlu' system is beintj operated on a very 
 larije scale, I)y a Company who lia\ e selected and purchased 
 ten sites for steam stations. The first station, (.Station H,) at 
 Nos. I 72 and i 76 (irei'nwich .St., has been built, and consists of 
 a buildinq-, 75 feet front by 1 20 feet in depth and 1 20 feet hi_t;;-h, 
 in which are to be placed (14, Babcock cv Wilcox sectional, boil- 
 ers, of 250 hors(!-po\vcr each, or, in all, 1 6,000 horse-|iower,dis- 
 tributetl U|)on four lloors, 16 boilers on each lloor. The draft 
 for the furnaces of the III )iK'rs, will be dbtaincd by two larj^e 
 chimney-stacks, each about jjs fed hii^h, supplemented by 
 a fan blower, on each lloor. 'I'lif w.ills of the buiKlinm' are 36 
 inches thick at ihrir Icisc, ,ind thosr of the cliimne\s ,ire 4 feet 
 thick. i'lie dimiiisions nf ilv cliiiniii\s .ire .as toUows : — 
 Exterior dimensions at the base, ;,:.l 1)\- 20 fcc-t ; at bottom 
 of tlue, 32.' by 13 feet ; interior arc i, 27 fret 10 inches by 
 8 feet 4 inches. 
 
 The coal ■ i]'|il\ will be clt'vatiil lothc up|)('r stories of 
 the building-, aul d'..li\rn'il tluMu^Ii chiUes, alongside each 
 boiler, while the .ashes will be taken I)y chutes, from each 
 boiler through the b.isement of the buildiiiL;. 
 
 On the 1st of binu n-y. iS.Sj.the Comi)any h.id five miles 
 of its street ste.un sysiein in active use, ha\ine- increased from 
 one mile in use on the isi June, iS,S2. The mains, which an; 
 from six to ten feel underujround, ha\e been all the time 
 under a full |)ressure of So pounds per si|. inch, and no one 
 has been injured. 
 
 The mains are ma<le of lipwelded tubes, and are most of 
 of them II, 13, 15 and 16 inches in diameter, some are shortly 
 to be put in 20 and 24 inches in diameter. In place of bein^ 
 screw-coupled, they are llanj^'t-d and boltetl toirether, the end 
 of the wrousrht-iron pii)e beini; expanded into the ilani^e, by 
 an enormous tube-expandinj^ machine. The condensed 
 water is returned to the boilers by .c pipe about half the 
 size of the mains. The mains and reti.rn ])ipe arc; laid in a 
 well-drained brick chamber, and p.icked all round with mineral 
 or slag-wool as a non-conductor. E.xpansion and contraction is 
 provided for, by using elastic copper ends to the pipes ; and 
 the details of the system have been very carefully worked 
 out. 
 
 I 
 
17 
 Map showing the Location of the Mains and Services of The New Yorl< Steat, Co. 
 
■r 
 
 18 
 
 In a recent report the Company state that they have 
 over 200 buildinjTs on their h'ne, inchiding 160 enjjines for 
 power, and that they supply the steam for running the engines 
 of the Times, the World, Cotnmercial Advertiser, the Tribune, 
 and five other newspapers and a large number of printing 
 offices, the new Produce Exchange, with nine elevators and 
 electric lights. &c., &c.. and that none of these buildings have 
 boilers on the premises. They go on to sa)' : — 
 
 " To mention one thing in detail, cooi'inj; may sound 
 small -it is and will be, in fact, one of the very largest in 
 its consumption o( steam. ■■ •• There is one restaurant 
 which has used our steam forcMghtecn months, (Messrs. Smith 
 ii McNeil, (irecnwich St.,) and which buys from this Company 
 fifteen thousand dollars' worth of steam, ptT aimum. This is 
 probably the largt'st ri'staurant in tiie world, serving about 
 ten thousand meals per day. Messrs. Nash ^v: Crook, in the 
 New York liiiies building, is the next in size in the city, and 
 onv. of the b(;sl known. The proprietors of both thes(! 
 immense I'st.ililishmcnts say thiiy would not go back to their 
 former motle of cooking if the coal were furnished to them 
 for nothing." 
 
 .Sicun will be su|)|)li('(l to iieat buildings, su]>|)ly power, 
 for cooking, and huindry work, for baths, and m.iny other 
 purposes rec[iiiring water as well as steam, for melting snow 
 in the streets, and for extinguishing fires. Steam will i)esup 
 plied by m(!ter. The system is expected to spread all over the 
 city, and the Company say that, although iiaving been so 
 short a time in operation, they iiave reached a paying basis. 
 
 The most recent development in connection with the 
 New York system is that of supplying steam for t-lectric 
 lighting purposes. It was found th.it there was comparatively 
 very little demand for steam from six o'clock at night till six 
 o'clock in the morning, and there was consetpiently a waste 
 in blowing it off every evening. To pnivent this waste;, the 
 Company propose to supply steam for running electric light 
 engines during the night, and the cost of ligiuing should be 
 much reduced in consequence. 
 
 To prevent misunderstanding, it might bt; well to men- 
 tion that there was another Company in New York, who laid 
 
19 
 
 • ;« thP streets on some other system, for the supply of 
 ^;L^m but tht C^^^^^^^^^ failed after having had repeated ac- 
 cidents and explosions in the streets. 
 
 matter up m 1878, and nave oe 
 
 having utilized waste heat ^'-!;:'^ZItn TX slort line 
 
 to three feet six mcnts un ^ distance is recom- 
 
 gained at the expense ui olaces The two 
 
 • 11 ;r> tV.,. f.iMire be adopted m many places. * 
 
 Stlre,:' r:;rtin, comLrda. success after be,„g .n 
 operation only one winter. 
 
 17 Hamilton CiiAMiiuRa, Montkkai.. 
 August 20tli, 18H4. 
 
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