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CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions
Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques
1980
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1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
L
Pl^lflQE ^DU//\I^D ISC/^flD
^
-^ m^
"garden 9rmnee cf ^Canada
•^r-
-•— < — )»»
ITS HISTORY, INTERESTS, AND RESOURCES,
— WITH —
INFORMATION FOR TOURISTS, ETC.
W. H. CROSSKILI.
OFFICIAL COURT STENOGRAPHER AND LEGISLATIVE LIBRARIAN
Published by the Provincial Government
CHARLOTTETOWN, P. E. ISLAND
MURLEY & (lARNHUM, StEAM PRINTERS AND BOOKBINDERS
1899
QUEEN SQUARE GARDENS
\
(
'PRETTY * * SUBJECTS FOR THE CAMERA AT EVERY TURN,"
■*i;:-- -••
"GOOD WAGGON ROADS ARE EVERYWHERE FOUND."
.' I ■
cl
Ml
>
C
t
c
CONTENTS.
Geographical Situation
Historical Sketch
Some General Characteristics
Geology
Climate - - .
Meteorological Table -
Scenery ...
Its Population
The Indians of P. E. Island
How P. E. Island is Governed
The Provincial Government
Receipts and Expenditures
Taxation
Land Tax
Income Tax
Speakers, House of Assembly
Speakers, Legislative Assembly
Presidents, Legislative Council
Provincial Premiers
Attorneys General
The Judiciary
Chief Justices
PAQB
I
6
6
7
8
9
11
13
H
14
i6 17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
tl
VI
CONTENTS
:l
Federal Representation
The Militia -
List of Governors
General Assemblies
P. E. Island's Educational System
The Teaching Staff
Educational Statistics
Colleges, etc.
Scholarships, etc. -
The Resources of the Garden Province
The Flora and Fauna of P. E. Island
Agriculture in the Garden Province
Its Importance
Agricultural Products -
As a Stock-raising Country -
Cattle
Horses - - . .
Sheep
Swine - . - . .
Fruit Growing
The Dairy Industry
Cheese Factories
Creameries - . .
Cheese - - -
Butter - - ...
Indian Corn -
Exhibitions
P. E. Island Farm Methods
Farming Weather
Legislation affecting Agriculture -
Drainage, Dyking, etc.
i t
21
31
22
23
25
26
26-27
28
29
30
32
33
33
36
38
38
39
39
39
40
4»
41
42
42
42
43
43
44
44
44
47
CONTENTS
VII
Its Fisheries - - -
Commerce and Shipping
Foreign Exports
Imports - - .
P. E. Island's Markets
Tonnage Statistics
Its City and Towns -
Land and Water Routes, &c.
The Island's Financial Institutions
Merchants and Manufactures
Industrial Establishments
ArrRACTioNS for the Tourist and Sportsman
Fish and Game
Fishing and Game Laws - ' -
Game Protection
Prince Edward Island's Future
Agriculturally
As a Field for the Farmer Emigrant
Improved Winter Communication
As a Summer-resort
A Final Chapter — Hotels, etc.
Summer Hotels -
ist of Hotels
Routes, etc.
Map of P. E. Island
47
48
49
49
49
50
52
6r
65
65
66
68
70
70
70
7'
71
72
72
72
75
77
77
79
mmt\
GARDEN PROVINCE OF CANADA
" 0, it's a snug little island!
A right little, tight little island! "—Dibdin T.
30 miles.
GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION
N the great Bay of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence
and separated from the Continent by the North-
umberland Strait lies the beautiful Province of
Prince Edward Island. It is situated between
46' and 47' 7' North Latitude and 62° and 64°
27' West Longitude, and is distant from New
Brunswick at the nearest point 9 miles, from
Nova Scotia 15 miles, and from Cape Breton
rhe Island presents the form of an irregular crescent
I
I ii
I
— 2 —
concaved towards ihe North, is 130 miles long, and from 2 to
34 miles wide, and contains an area of 2,133 square miles or
1,365,120 acres.
HISTORICAL SKETCH
Wrapped up in the mists of the cloudy past, the exact
date of the discovery of Prince Edward Island is a matter of
conjecture. A commonly accepted belief is that it was first
sighted by John Cabot in 1497, who named it Saint John in
honor of the day, June 24th, the anniversary of the death of
Saint John the Baptist. Many writers contend that it was dis-
covered by Cabot's son Sebastian in 1498, while other author-
ities state that to Champlain is to be accorded the honor of
naming the Island and of planting thereon the Fletir-de-Us.
Unfortunately no details of the early voyages have been pre-
served, and it is doubtful what navigator first viewed this
Island.
The history of the Island of St. John may be divided into
two distinct periods, namely, from its discovery until it passed
into the hands of the British in 1763; and from that time to
the present. The Island long remained in its primeval state.
Neglected by the English Government, the French appropriated
it as part of the discoveries made by Verrazzani, a native of
Florence, in 1523. In 1534, Jacques Cartier, the intrepid
mariner of St. Malo, made his first voyage to the new world.
He first trod Canadian soil at Brest in Esquimaux Bay; thence
touching at Newfoundland and the Magdalen Islands, he after-
wards reached St. John's shore. There are extant several quaint
descriptions of the country as he saw it, and from one, the
"Relation Originale," we quote as follows: —
"All this land is low and the most beautiful it is possible to see, and
full of beautiful trees and meadows; but in it we were not able to find a
harbor, because it is a low land, very shallow and all ranged with sands.
We went ashore in several places in our boats, and among others into a
beautiful but very shallow river, where we saw boats of savages, which
were crossing this river, which, on this account, we named the Kiver of
Boats.
That day we coasted along the said land nine or ten leagues, trying to find
some harbor, which we could not ; for as I have said before, it is a land
low and shallow. We went ashore in four places to see the trees, which
— 3—
are of the very finest and sweet smelling, and found that they were cedars,
pines, white elms, ashes, willows, and many others to us unknown. The
lands where there are no woods are very beautiful, and all full of peason,
white and red gooseberries, strawberries, blackberries, and wild grain like
rye ; it seems there to have been sown and ploughed. This is a land of
the best temperature which it is possible \o see, and of great heat, an<l
there are many doves and thrur.hes and other birds ; it only wants harbours."
In 1663, Isle St. Jean, with other Islands was granted by
the Company of New Fiance to Sieur Francois Doublet, a
French Naval Captain, who, with others, established fishing
stations; but it was not until the Peace of Utrelch in 1713,
which closed a f^.erce struggle between England and France,
that the Island began to attract settlers.
About 1715 the permanent peopling commenced. The
expulsion of the Acadians from Nova Scotia in 1755 consider-
ably augtiiented the population. From 1713 to 1758 the colony
was under the control of the French. Port la Joie (Charlotte-
town), Pinette and CrapauJ appear to hive been the earliest
of the French settlements, but other places such as St Peter's,
Rustico and Malpeque soon sprang up. But colonization was
slow, for in 1728 the population was only 300, and in 1745 it
did not exceed 1000 sou!s. At this time England and France
were again at war, and the Island of St. John was captured by
the New England forces ; but it was afterwards restored to the
French, by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle. The fall of Louis-
burg caused several French families to remove from Cape
Breton to Isle St. Jean. The great fortress was restored to
France in 1748, but it again fell into the hands of the British
in 1758 under the leadership of the gallant Wolfe. After the
capture of l.ouisburg, the Island was seized by British Ships.
At this time it was well stocked with horned cattle, and some corn
was shipped annually to the Quebec market. And now followed
the fall of Quebec, and by the Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1763,
Cape Breton, the Island of St. John, and Acadia, were ceded
to Great Britain, the two Islands named being placed under
the Government of Nova Scotia. But the Acadians kept up a
determined hostility, and during 1756 and 1757 assisted the
Indians in committing depredations in Nova Scotia. Strong
means were used to enforce their submission, and some were
mi
tieported, while oth^rc . "^ ^ •
'here; :r "';:"^-'"^ - coiL r :;r'""^'^ "- »
r un oy the importation nf a J- ^*^ 'ncrease the
_^atterson considered the id. i '^ ^ ' '"3. when Gov^m„
. «enera, Assembly fi.. ^e. "' "'^'^'-"^ -"'ed, fhrX
Jn the year 177
■hat of New Ireland K . . ^'"^ "'« "«■«« of s. T
^ ^' ^o^ie on the wave " ^^'^macs called it
Pnnce Edward Island r
^he ist of Mav r.A '^^'"^med a separate Pr • '
Dart or J r^ ^^9, until July ,st r« P'^ovince from
part onhe Dominion of Canada An a /': "'^" '^ ^-^'"e a
^^ i~'^. ^-rnment ^^t^^^^^ ''' -^^''«^-
Acts or verv f '"^sponsible to the I • ^^^^^"t've
others L^^'''' "^Portance were .f/ J^"'''"'"^- Some
others bemg those providing for T ^^'^'''^'^' Passed, amon^
rate of postage the . ■, ^^^ estabhshment nf r ^
education': and' In XT:':'"" °' "- ca~ :„";^?-
"~< suffrage on g ^^^^ - -aced J^, Zj';;^
•■ ~5—
In 1766, a survey was made by Captain Samuel Holland,
by which the Island was divided into 67 townships or lots,
each containing about 20,000 acres. These grants were made
by means of a lottery to a number of persons (principally
officers of the Army and Navy) who were considered to have
claims upon the British Government. Thus the whole Island,
with the exception of some small reservations, passed from the
Crown in one day. The results of this arrangement were very
unsatisfactory. According to the terms of their grants, the
grantees were to encourage the fisheries, pay a small sum as
quit rents, and were to settle one person on every
200 acres of land within 10 years. Very few of
the original grantees carried out the conditions,
their only object being to convert the grants into
ready cash as quickly as possible, and many of
them sold their estates to parties in England. Not-
withstanding these diffi-
culties, however, shortly
after the beginning of
the present century, the
country became popu-
lated with a race of hardy English, Scotch and
Irish settlers, who formed separate communities and
along with the French Colonists devoted themselves to agricul-
ture and the fisheries.
Prior to Holland's survey, many plans were suggested for
the settlement of the Colony. The most strenuous efforts were
made by the Earl of Egmont, First Lord of the Admiralty, for
a grant of the Island, and to hold the same in fee simple of
the Crown. He proposed to settle it on a feudal plan, and
that he himself should be Lord Paramount of the whole Island.
His plans were set forth in a memorial to the King, and were
backed up by several communications addressed to the Lords
of Trades and Plantations, and signed by influential gentlemen
distinguished for military and other services. The King re-
ferred the matter to the Board of Trade. In 1764 the Board
If \l<i
¥1' r
]IW !
it II '
:? /
»-eported against tliP o^ •
For over ha]f o
■he r- """ '^"""n unsold Til « '"" "'" P^"™"mie,
' iJy the tenants in fh« « • '^'"o' or course, been
■•^quired ,0 pay 3,, ' »"e. Pa„,es purchasing are
years. ^ -en t. down and ,he balance i' Z
^R'NCE EDWARD Is, .m.
'hree coun.ies, Prince! " "'''''"'' ''"'"
'"•"ecemre, andKin^st.r'^"^^"'»
coast line is excf^s^rV , ^ ^''^ ^^^f- The ^
■"den,ed w .h C t v ""'"r'" "^'"^ "-P^
- ^-n,t: fn^rl^^ti^r' ^'^ ^^^ d h, ■. ,eds
-- concr.ionar, -in^Lr: 7,^ „r■"^/"" '''-
f<«sil plants." The desintt-
—7— ■
grated red sandstone forming the upper layers imparts a peculiar
redness to the soil, a feature which always attracts the attention
of strangers. The minerals are unimjiortant, neither coal, gypsum
nor gold being found in any part. In Prince County are to
be seen numbers of granite rocks lying in the fields many
miles from the shore. These were evidently cast there by the
ice in some bye-gone age.
^
CLIMATE
RINCE EDWARD ISLAND has been justly termed the
" Garden of British North America." The summer cli-
mate is perfect, and as Jacques Cartier described it "of
the best temperature which it is possible to see." In
June and July, the country is
a paradise of bloom, verdure (i
and foliage. Singularly free
from extremes of heat and
cold, there are not, as a
rule, those sudden
changes which one ex-
periences on the main-
land. Its summer
heat is always temper-
ed by the waters of
the surrounding Gulf,
and from every direct-
ion is borne on the breeze the lite giving smell of the sea.
The winter per se is not uni)leasant, but the springs, owing to
the prevalence of ice along the shores, are often backward.
Of such brightness and beauty is the summer, however, that it
amply compensates for the tedious spring. Navigation general-
ly closes towards the end of December, and re-opens about the
middle of April. I'he cold is neither so great in winter, nor
the heat so intense in summer, as in the other Provinces of
the Dominion, while the Island, sheltered from the Atlantic
by the hills of Cape Breton and Newfoundland, is almost
entirely free from fogs. The Autumn is a beautiful season.
— 8—
i! ;
The following table shows the mean highest, mean lowest,
monthly mean, and average temperatures, &c., and the pre-
cipitation (in inches) at Charlottetown durmg the yeais 1895,
1806, 1897 and 1898.
1895
J».
Feb.
l»teh Apr.
lay
Jnne
Jnly
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Not.
In.
Yw
Mean highoRt
Mean lowest
Mean Range
Monthly mean
Warmest day
Coldest day
28.3
13.7
14.6
21.0
43.1
-7.0
26.9
9.3
176
18.1
35.5
-14.8
32.3i 43.6
16.7 1 29.8
15.6! 13.8
24.5 1 ,36.7
43.1 57.0
4.0J 16.0
60.3
43.5
16.8
51.9
78.4
28.2
69.1
62.0
17.1
60.6
81.4
40.0
73.0
58.9
14.1
65.9
82.1
50.5
70.0
67.7
12 3
6.3.8
79.3
48.8
63.7
50.3
13.4
57
75.4
37.7
52.0
39.1
12.9
45.5
64.0
28.1
45.4
33.0
12 4
39.3
59.3
21.0
35.1
23.9
11.2
29.5
51.0
11.5
50.0
35.7
14.3
42 8
Rain
Snow / Rain,
Total < melted
vSnow
.91
26.50
3.56
41.50
4.15
.68! 1-08
11.601 10.50
1.84 2.13
3..36
3..36
.53
.53
3.46
346
6.54
6.54
3.61
3.61
2.74
2.74
5.92
3.90
6.31
2.05
4.80
2 53
30.88
98.80
40.76
Mean for the year
3.40
1896
till
Mean highest
25.0
25.8
34.6
42.2
56.1
64.5
72.9
70.0
63.7
53.5
42.8
29.8
48.5
Mean lowest
12.7
10.6
21.1
28.4
38.2
49.4
58.3
57.0
50.0
42.6
29.6
16.2
34.5
Mean range
12.8
15.2
13.5
13.8
17.9
15.1
14.6
1.3.0
1.3.7
10.9
13.2
13.6
14.0
Monthly mean
19.1
18 2
27.9
35.3
47.1
5(5.9
66.6
(53 5
.'j(5.9
48.0
36.2
23.0
41.5
Warmest day
.39.4
41.9
49.1
61.7
71.0
76 6
81.6
77.1
79.4
66.8
55.0
43.9
Coldest day
-12.0
-9.2
8.0
22.3
28.7
40.3
49.5
48 5
40.7
32.1
11.3
0.0
Rain
.12
.28
2.73
.48
1.25
3.78
4.70
1.80
3 20
10..38
2.13
161
32.49
Snow ( Rain,
16.70
1200
17.30
1.60
4 20
5.50
57 30
Total < melted
1.79
1.48
4.46
.64
1.25
3.78
4.70
1.80
3.20.10..38
2.55
2.19
38.22
(Snow
I f ean for the year
3.19
1897
Mean highest
Mean lowefet
Mean range
Monthly mean
Warmest day
Coldest day
Rain
Snow /"Rain,
Total { melted
I Snow
26.6
24.6
.3.3.1
45.6
56.2
62.4
72.5
71.0
62.2
53.2
ll.O
8.3
18.3
30.3, 41.5
48.3
58 5 57.9
48.9
39.6
15.6
16.3
14.8
15.3; 14.7
14.1
14.0
13.1
13.3
13.6
18.8
16.5
25.7
.37.9 48.8
553
(555
64.4
55.5
46.4
51.7
36.6
45.2i 65.0
72.0
74.1
85.1
76 8
79.0
64.7
-16.5
-9.5
-11.0
6.2
29.8
40.2
46.5
52
39.7
21.1
1.26
2.64
2 72
3 25
3.65
4 52
310
329
1.84
1.3.00
16.20
1.3.10
.5.40
2.56
1.62
3.95
3.26
3.25
3.65
4.52
3.10
3.29
1.84
40.7
29.4
11.3
3.5.0
53.0
14.5
5 40
2.20
5.62
Mean for the year
32.4
48.4
21.5
34.5
10.9
13.9
26.9
41.4
52
2.5
1.82
3.3.49
6.50
56.40
2.47
.39.13
3.26
1898
Mean highest
Mean lowest
Mean range
Monthly mean
Warmest day
Coldest day
Rain
Snow (Rain,
Total < nielted
(Snow
224
30.3
37.5
6.0
17.7
25.9
16.4
12.6
11.6
14.2
24
31.7
39.5
39.7
49.5
-16.6
-6 2
15.7
1.48
.22
1.02
27.40
6.60
10.70
4.22
.88
2.09
43.31
31.51
11.81
37 4
54.2;
24.61
4.49
2.d0l
4.741
56.31
40.8
15.5
48.5
73.8
288
236
2.36
Mean for the year
61.3
716
71.5
63.6
54.2
45.8
3,3 2
52.0
59.0
61.4
51.7| 42 4
3.5.5
19.8
123
126
10.1
11.9 11.8
10.3
13 4
58.1
65.3
66 5
57.6' 48.3
40.6
26.5
73.0
833
77.3
77.0 76.8
58.7
45.2
44.8
48.6
53.1
34.5
32.0
23.2
-7.9
2 76
.3..35
4.54
2.50
.5.23
5.21
1.36
4..50' 13.701
2.76
3.35
4.54
2.50
5.23
5.66
2.73
49.5
37.0
12.5
43.2
34.52
65.40
41.06
3.42
— 9—
The following table gives the average summer and yearly
temperature, derived from lo years' observations, at three points
in the Island, with the latitude, longitude and height above the
sea. —
STATION
Latitude
Longitude
Elevation
above sea
Mean Temperature
Summer
Year
Charloitetown
Georgetown
Alberton
o $
46 14
46.1 1
46.48
( II
63.10 22
62.35
64. 2
feet
38
100
20
62.2
61.2
61.2
40.7
40.9
392
'^-
^^
SCENERY
EEN from the water, the appearance of this wave-
girt Province is very attractive. The country is
picturesque and pleasing, but it is devoid of the
romantic boldness which characterizes the north
shore of the Gulf. Although generally level, in
some parts it is beautifully undulating. To use
the oft-quoted yet appropriate lines of the late
Hunter Duvar, a gifted Island writer :
" A long low line of beach, with crest of trees,
With openings of rich verdure, emerald-hued,
* * * And this fair land is Epaygooyat called.
An Isle of golden grain and healthful clime.
With vast fish-teeming waters, ocean-walled,
The smallest Province of the Maritime."
The scenery is of pastoral simplicity, and resembles that
of England, and the country is thickly dotted with comfortable
homesteads. The Island is much indented with bays and lovely
arms of the sea, and the peculiar greenness of its fields and
meadows rivals in beauty that of the Emerald Isle itself
Facing the Gulf are fifty miles of white sand dunes, washed
by the cool waters of the sea, and forming one of the finest
bathing grounds in the world. The average temperature of the
water is about 65 degrees.
i'A
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'FIFTY MILES OF WHITE SAND DUNES
ITS POPULATION
.RINCE EDWARD ISLAND is the smallest
member of the Canadian Family, but it is
more than twice as thickly settled as any other
Province, the proportion being 54.5 persons to
the square mile. Its population according to
the census of 1891 was 109,078, of which
54,881 were males, and 54,197 females. The
proportion of urban and rural population to
the total population was: urban 13% and rural 87%.
The Scotch muster about 49,000, the Irish 25,000, the
English 21,000, and the French about 12,000. The Roman
Catholics number 47,837, the Presbyterians 32,988, the
Methodists 13,596, Church of England 6,646, and the Baptists
6,265. Churches prettily situated are numerous, and the
Roman Catholic body possesses brick edifices on commanding
sites at Tignish, Fort Augustus, Vernon River, St. Peters' Bay,
Souris and elsewhere. In 1891 there were 266 churches, of
which 85 were Presbyterian, 68 were Methodist, 43 Roman
Catholic, 42 Baptist, 21 Church of England, and 7 miscel-
laneous. The number of Clergymen was 122. The inhabitants
are largely engaged in agriculture ; but some attention is
devoted to the fisheries and to the breeding of stock. As
will be seen from the above, the population is of mixed origin,
—la-
li
mm
m
■H
nl
:7^^J ^depopulation numbered '
1765
1784
1806
1822
1825
1827
1841
1850
1861
1871
1881
1891
M
X
n
ti
ir
(I
>i
It
n
n
II
M
M
M
»r
M
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
300
i»ooo
i»4oo
3.000
9.676
24.600
28 600
23,266
32,292
47,034
55.000
94,02 1
108,891
109,078
THE INDIANS OF p E ,^
^ HP r .. IS1.AND
I ^^ 'ndians are of fh^ n*
79 women, and .4, ch»dr7 "■" '"'^ «' ■"«".
i." '«7' ".ey numb ted '/ri;. !""" "' 303.
There are „vo Reserves ^n- '" '*''• »S'-
Lennox Island, ,„ r-.Th"^ " '"""'^^ °"
'.320 acres. The „, '"^""'"<* Bay and contains
serve ic - . '"gs Counlv. Or. .1, . "^^". Lot 40
" "^ ™^""'^- Of .his banV re '«:"■ '"" " «- church
' ^""""n Catholic. These
— 13—
Indians are quiet and inoffensive and for the most part
temperate. Their principal occupations are farming, fishing
and the manufacture of Indian wares. They had in 1897, 130
acres of land cultivated, 9 acres of newly broken land, and
120 farming implements. They raised 78 horses, cattle, sheep,
etc., 1,151 bushels of grain, 695 bushels of potatoes and roots,
78 tons of hay. The value of Fish, Furs and other industries
amounted to $9,545. The present Chief is John Sark.
re
Chief John Sark
m
ii
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■' (
THE P«ovmc,A. GOVBHNMHKT
N addition to the Central r„
^-sts in Pnnee fid„ardlkn;i""""L " °"'»'^' "-e-
° 'he Dominion, a Loca, r . • , '" "'^ °"'*^'- ^'"^inces
all matters of Pr^vinci.! '^^^"'^'^"'^ for the control f
IS vested in the I i., ,""''"'' "nportance, Thi, f
.1,. I- J Lieutenant Governs. , mis Oovtrnment
'he Federal Administration a„d I """'"'''' '°^ 5 y-'-'s by
annum, an Executive Councif "f """^ '^ «^°°° Per
■n the Legislature and who a i ' """"^'' "^o have seaL
Legislative Assembly ellted VX°'""^'° "' --• -
---. .^ 1.60. „i., ,„ aLteriiCsf"--'
The Executive Counril ic
Attorney General,
Provincial Secret's i-„ t
-secretary -Treasurer anrf n
Crown and Public Lands C'-mn-'ssioner „f
f^r^ioner of Public Works
Prior r ""'"''''' "^"•o- Ponfolio.
one called ;: tgLt-e" CorcVr^ ^^ '^^ '-^«■•''--
holders and the other the House of A '''?"""8 '^e property
Council consisted of ,, "° l ' Assembly. The l.e.isla,iv!
constituencies. The Ho'u se ^ A " 1?'^'^ '""' oerta,: 1 1"
Counc, lors were elected by voZ wh '' ''"^ '"^^''^'^'-e
^asehold property to the value of I ^"""^'^ '^^^''o^ or
House of Assembly were eiec ed''^' ""'' """"'"^'^ of the
suffrage. «'«'ed practically by manhood
The present Legislative Assemt,. •
amalgamation of these two Hou ^ t I" ""= ^""'> "f the
" consists Of 3o Member-" Coun"c.r '°°' ^'^^ ■" '^9S
'5 Councillors elected (,y one set
-15—
of electors, and 15 Assemblymen elected by two sets of
electors, two of each being returned by the 15 districts into
which the Island is divided. These sit side by side and have
exactly the same powers. The protection supposed to be given
to property holders by the Legislative Council still exists.
There is no property qualification for either Councillors or
Assemblymen, for the electors of Councilloii the qualifications
are British citizenship, full age of 21 years or upwards, and the
ownership of property to the value of $325. The qualifications
for the electors of Assemblymen in addition to citizenship and
full age, are ownership or occupancy of real estate of the yearly
value of $6 for 6 months before teste of writ, or a residence
of 12 months, and the performance of statute labor on the
public roads, or in lieu thereof, the payment of 75 cents com-,
mutation money. The number of voters is 25,245.
The duration of the Assembly is four years unless sooner dis-
solved, and the sessions are held annually in March or April,
The Legislature expends money for Provincial Legislation,
Administration of Justice (except Judges' salaries). Education!
Public Works, such as Wharfs (being of Provincial as di -
tinguished from Dominion or Federal importance,, Ferries,
Roads, Bridges, etc. It maintains offices for the Registration
of Deeds, Mortgages, Wills, Judgments, etc., and pays for Poor
House Maintenance, Inspectors of Licenses, Hospital for Insane,
Coroners' Inquests, Boards of Health, Dairy Associations, etc.
For educational purposes, the Province is divided into
School Districts, each of which has authority to spend moneys
for school buildings, running expenses, and supplements for
teachers' salaries,
The City of Charlottetown (which is incorporated) expends
money for general civic purposes, such as streets, sewers, water
works, fire prevention, city buildings, lighting streets, etc., and
the towns of Summerside and Georgetown (the latter to a very
limited extent) have somewhat similar powers.
Prince Edward Island has not yet adopted the municipal
system, and the expenditure of the Provincial Revenue is
authorized directly by the Legislature.
The principal sources of revenue are the Dominion Subsidy,
';'i
ir
— 16-
Direct Taxation of Land, Income Tax, Succession Duties, Com-
mercial Travellers', Peddlers', Vendors' and Marriage Licenses,
Incorporated Companies* Tax, Public Lands, Prothonotary,
Registry, Provincial Secretary Office Fees and County Court
Fees.
The following table shows the Receipts and Expenditures
of the Province for 1898.
RECEIPTS
Dominion Subsidy
Public Lands
Commercial Travellers* Licenses
Incorporated Companies -
Ferries
Prothonotary's Offices
Registry Offices
County Courts - - -
Provincial Land Tax
Income Tax
Debentures sold
Various other sources of Revenue
$181,952.95
14,273.88
4,860.00
4,275.00
5,740.00
2,029.31
4.745-50
1. 154.77
30,084.48
5.556.74
18,094.77
3.415.58
$276,182.98
EXPENDITURES
Administration of Justice
Civil Government
Education
Ferries
Legislation - - -
Roads
Bridges ...
Hospital for Insane
Poor Asylum and Charities
Interest - - *
Wharves
Miscellaneous Public Works
Debenture Sinking Fund
Various other Expenditures
Capital Expenditure
$ 17,022.68
13,710.62
129,817.81
19.74935
7.789-43
14,712.40
15.13742
19.735-05
6.93349
18,558.80
3.376.29
15,672.41
2.775.00
7,966.00
$292,956.75
8,743.00
$301,699.75
-wm
— 17— -
STATEMENT showing the Revenues and Expenditures
of the Province of Prince Edward Island for the years 1868
to 1898.
Year
Receipts
Expenditures
1868
$270^559
$299,867
1869
288,722
312,653
1870
302,855
343.892
1871
385.014
406,236
1872
395'473
506,666
t 1873
* 484.979
* 401,662
1874
403.013
442,767
1875
306,597
395.277
1876
524.144
353.226
1877
326,274
331.632
1878
312,684
334.^33
1879
288,062
• 313.845
1880
269,603
257.309
1881
275,380
261,276
1882
233.465
257,228
1883
228,169
270,477
1884
280,271
279.545
1885
248,222
266,318
1886
233,978
304.467
1887
- 241,637
288,052
1888
254,209
279,939
1889
+ 434.635
263,605
1890
224,882
305.799
1891
274,047
304.486
1892
245.652
259,012
1893
2i7i473
294,201
1894
282,468
280,596
1895
277,314
310,177
1896
273.496
287,631
1897
272,550
310,752
1898
276,183
301,700
■:'*-iW
"^■'■■•Ja
* 11 months only.
t Note —Prior to and including 1872 the flnancial year closed at the 3lfll
January. In 1873 the present system of closing the accounts at the Slst
December came into force.
t Including $200,000 drawn from capital at Ottawa.
— IB-
TAXATION
Taxation outside of the municipalities of Charlottetown
and Summerside, is very moderate, and is applied to the main-
tenance of the Provincial Government.
LAND TAX
The present Land Tax system was introduced in 1894,
and the amount paid ranged from i to 6 cents per acre ac-
cording to the value. In 1897 the Act was amended and a
percentage tax at the rate of one-fifth of one per cent, on the
value of the property, or 20 cents on $100, was adopted.
The owner makes a declaration before the Deputy Receiver of
Taxes, of the cash market value of the land with the appur-
tenances, and on this the percentage is paid. The value of
the land includes the value of the buildings thereon ; but no
improvements are embraced after the first year. This tax is
collected either from the owner, tenant or occupier, and the
land, as well as goods and chattels, is liable. In case of
undervaluation provision is made for proceedings at the expense
of the owner to ascertain the correct value. This, however,
has rarely to be resorted to. Cemeteries and Church Yards
are exempt.
INCOME TAX
The assessable income of every person receiving wages or
salary for any employment or income from his or her own
actual manual labor is calculated upon the amount over $350.
Every other person is taxed on the full amount of his or her
income. The sum to be paid is left to the voluntary declaration
of the individual. Non-residents of the Province receiving an
income from money invested or property situated therein, are
liable. The present rate is one per cent.
Speakers House
of Assembly
R. Stewart,
1773
A. Fletcher,
1790
John Budd,
1776
J. Robinson,
1790
D. Higgins,
1779
J. Stewart,
1795
W. Berry,
1780
J. Curtis,
1801
A. Fletcher,
1785
R. Hodgson,
1806
P. Callbeck,
1788
R. Brecken,
1812
—
19—
Speakers Hotise of Assembly
—{Continued)
J. Curtis,
1813
Joseph Wightman,
1867
Angus Macaulay, M. D.
1818
John Yeo,
1871
John Stewart,
1825
Stanislaus Perry,
1873
W. Macneill,
1831
Cornelius Howat,
1874
George L airy m pie,
1835
Henry Beer,
1877
William Cooper,
'839
John A. McDonald,
1883
Joseph Pope,
1843
Patrick Blake,
1890
Alexander Rae,
1850
Bernard D. McLellan,
1891
John Jardine,
1854
Edward Thornton,
1854
Legislative Assembly
Donald Montgomery,
1859
James H. Cummiskey,
1894
Presidents Legislative Council
John Duport,
1773
S. G. W. Archibald,
1825
P. Callbeck,
1774
George Wright,
1827
J. R. Spence,
1776
E. J. Jarvis,
1829
P. Stewart,
1779
T. H. Haviland.
1839
T. DesBrisay,
1780
Robert Hodgson,
1840
P. Callbeck,
1786
Donald McDonald,
1853
T. DesBrisay,
1788
Charles Young, L. L. D.,
1854
P. Stewart,
1790
Donald Montgomery,
1863
R. Thorp,
1802
Herbert Bell,
1874
T. DesBrisay,
1805
Joseph Wightman,
1876
C. Colclough,
1808
John Balderston,
1877
T. Tremlett,
1813
Thomas Walker Dodd,
1887
C. Worrell,
1825
Benjamin Rogers,
1891
Provincial Premiers
George Coles, 1851, Lib.
John Holl, Feby., 1854, Con.
George Coles, July, 1855, Lib.
Edward Palmer, April, 1859, Con.
John H. Gray, 1863, Con.
James Colledge Pope, 1865, Con
George Coles, 1867, Lib.
Joseph Hensley, 1869, Lib.
Robert P.Haythorne, 1870, Lib.
J. C. Pope, Sept., 1870, Lib.-Con.
.
— 20
Provincial Premiers —(Continued)
Robert P. Haythorne, April 1872, Lib.-Con.
J. C. Pope, April 18, 1873 to Sept. 23, 1873, Lib.-Con.
Lemuel C. Owen, Sept. 23, 1873 to Sept. 4, 1876, Lib.-Con.
Louis Henry Davies, Sept. 6, 1876 to March 7, 1879, Coalition
William W. Sullivan, March 11, 1879 to Nov. 12, 1889, Lib.-Con.
Neil McLeod, Nov. 12, 1889 to April 21, 1891, Lib.-Con.
Frederick Peters, April 21, 1891 to Oct. 26, 1897, Lib
Alex. Bannerman Warburton, Oct. 27, 1897 to Aug. i, 1898, Lib.
Donald Farquharson, August, i, 1898, Lib.
Attorneys General
Philip Callbeck, September 19, 1770
Joseph Aplin,
John Wentworth,
Peter Macgowan,
Charles Stewart,
Wm. Johnstone,
Robert Hodgson,
Charles Young,
Joseph Hensley,
Charles Young,
Frederick Brecken,
Edward Palmer,
Joseph Hensley,
June, 3, 1780
September 15, 1800
November 4, 181 1
January 15, 1813
May 18, 1829
May 29, 1 85 1
May 2, 1853
June 29, 1858
April II, 1859
January 28, 1863
March 14, 1867
Dennis O'M. Reddin, (Solicitor General,) 1869
Frederick Brecken, September 10, 1870
April 18, 1873
September 6, 1876
March 11, 1878
November 21, 1889
April 21, 1891
October 27, 1897
THE JUDICIARY
The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court with one Chief
Justice and two assistant Judges (the Master of the Rolls and
the Vice-chancellor), which Court meets in Charlottetown,
Summerside and Georgetown; a Court of Chancery of which
Edward Palmer,
L H. Davies,
W. W. Sullivan,
Neil McLeod,
Frederick Peters,
H. C. Macdonald,
-
— 21-
the Lieutenant Governor was formerly Chancellor, and the
judicial powers of which are exercised by the Master of the Rolls
and the Vice Chancellor ; a Court of Marriage and Divorce, insti-
tuted in 1836, of which the Lieutenant Governor and Members
of the Executive Council are Judges (this exists as yet but in
name); a Court of Vice-Admiralty with one Judge (the Chief
Justice) ; a Court of Probate and Wills with one Judge ; three
County Courts with one Judge for each ; a City Court in Char-
lottetown with one Judge ; and Stipendiary Magistrates and
Justices of the Peace.
Prince Edward Island has authority to make its own civil
laws, but in all criminal cases the form employed by the Courts
is the Criminal L^w of the Dominion.
k
m
ri
tm I
Chief Justices
John Duport,
Peter Stewart,
Thomas Cochrane,
Robert Thorpe,
Casar Colclough,
Thomas Tremlett,
S. G. W. Archibald,
E. J. Jarvis,
Sir Robert Hodgson,
Edward Palmer,
William Wilfred Sullivan,
Appointed
September 19, 1770
June 23, 1776
October 24, 1801
November 10, 1802
May I, 1807
April 6, 1813
August 7, 1824
August 30, 1828
April 2, 1853
July 7, 1874
November 12, 1889
■. •■:;M|
FEDERAL REPRESENTATION
The Province is represented in the Dominion Parliament by
four Senators, and by five Members in the House of Commons.
THE MILITIA
In Military affairs the Island is the Twelfth District of
Canada. The established strength of the active force by arms
is composed of five companies of Garrison Artillery, one double
company of Engineers, and eight companies of Infantry, a total
of 60 officers and 646 non-commissioned officers and men.
Hv,
— 22 —
GOVERNORS
The Governors of Prince Edward Island have been :-
In connection with Nova Scotia
Montague Wilmot, 1763 to 1766
1766 to 1770
Lord William Campbell,
As a separate Province
Walter Patterson,
P. Callbeck, (Administrator)
Thos. DesBrisay, (Administrator)
Lieut.-General Edmund Fanning,
Col. J. F. W. DesBarres,
W. Townshend, (Administrator
Charles Douglas Smith,
George Wright, (Administrator
Col. John Ready,
Sir Aretas W. Young,
George Wright, (Administrator
George Wright, (Administrator
Sir John Harvey,
George Wright, (Administrator
Sir Charles Augustus Fitzroy
George Wright, (Administrator
Sir Henry Vere Huntley,
Ambrose Lane, (Administrator
Sir Donald Campbell,
Ambrose Lane, (Administrator
Sir Alexander Bannerman,
Sir Dominick Daly,
Charles Young, (Administrator
George Dundas,
Sir R. Hodgson, (Administrator)
Sir R. Hodgson, (Administrator)
W. C. F. Robinson,
Sir R. Hodgson, (Administrator)
Sir Robert Hodgson
T. H. Haviland, Q. C,
Andrew A. MacDonaid,
1770 to May 1774
Aug., 1775 to July 31, 1779
July 31, 1779 to July 6, 1786
July 6. 1786
July, 1805
Oct. 21, 1812 to July 13, 1813
July 13, 1813
1825 to 1826 ♦
Oct. 24, 1825
Sept. 27, 1 831 to Dec, 1, 1835
May J 8, 1834 to Sept. 29, 1834
Dec. 2, 1835 to Aug. 30, 1836
Aug. 30, 1836 to 1837
1837
June 25, 1837 to Nov. 2, 1841
Nov. 2, 1841 to Nov. 13, 1 84 1
Nov. 13, 1841 to Nov. I, 1847
July 25, 1847 to Oct. 7, 1847
Dec. 9, 1847 to Oct, 10, 1850
Oct. lo, 1850 to Mar. 10, 1851
March 10, 1851
July 12, 1854
May 26, 1859 to June 7, 1859
June 8, 1859 to Oct. 22, 1868
1865
Oct. 22, 1868 to Oct. 6, 1870
Oct. 7^ 1870 to Nov. 15, 1873
July 30, 1873 to July 18, 1874
July 18, 1874 to July 18, 1879
July 19, 1879 to Aug. I, 1884
Aug. I, 1884 to Sept. 4, 1889
-23 —
Oovcrnors— (Continued)
J. S. Carvell, Sept. 5, 1889 to Feb. 14, 1894
Wm. VV. Sullivan, (Administrator) Feb. 4, 1893 to May 31, 1893
Wm. W. Sullivan, (Administrator) Feb. 14, 1894 to Feb 21, 1894
George W. Hcwlan, Ftb. 24. 1894 to June i, 1899
Peter A. Mclntyre, June i, 1899,
••-A
^ ^••' .
^^
General Assemblies since 1873
No of
General
Assemblies
Sessions
Date ok
Opening
Prorogation
Dissolution
I St
I St
March 4, 1874
April 28, 1874
)
2nd
M 18, 1875
II 27, 1875
[ July 1, 1876
3rd
II 16, 1876
" 29, 1876
)
2nd
I St
II 15, 1877
II 18, 1877
1
2nd
M 14, 1878
II 18, 1878
V March 12, 1879
"
3rd
Feb. 27, 1879
Mar. II, 1879
3rd
I St
April 24, 1879
June 7, 1879
j
2nd
3rd
March 4, 1880
II I, 1881
April 26, 1880
II 5, 1881
V April 15, 1882
4th
II 8, 1882
II 8, 1882
)
4th
I St
II 20, 1883
II 27, 1883
j
2nd
II 6, 1884
II 17, 1884
> June 5, 1886
3rd
II ir, 1885
II II, 1885
(
4th
April 8, 1886
May 14, 1886
)
5th
I St
Mar. 29, 1887
May 7, 1887
) ,
2nd
Mar. 22, 1888
April 28, 1888
\ Jan. 7, 1890
3rd
Mar. 14, 1889
M 17, 1889
j
6th
I St
Mar. 27, 1890
May 7, 1890
^ Nov. 18. 1893
2nd
Apr. 23, 1891*
July 15, 1891
3rd
Mar. 23, 1892
May 5, 1892
llWTt * vf «WW
4lh
March 8, 1893
April 20, 1893
7th
I St
M 28, 1894
May 9, 1894
)
2nd
" 21, 1895
April 19, 1895
> Jone 25, 1897
3rci
II 24, 1896
!i 30, 1896
(
4th
II 30, 1897
May I, 1897
)
8th
I St
April 5, 1898
May 14, 1898
2nd
April 17, 1899
May 19, 1899
* Adjourned to the 16th June.
-24-
•
—25—
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
|RINCE EDWARD ISLAND possesses an excellent edu-
cational system, which is under the control of a Board
composed of the Chief Superintendent of Fiucation, the j|j|
Principal of the Prince of Wales College and Normal
School, and the Members of the Executive Council. There are if
three Inspectors, one for each County, and also an Inspector '
of French Schools. The Island is divided into school districts,
and in each of these there are elected annually by the rate-
payers, three trustees who serve for a term of three years, one
retiring every year. Schools are supported partly by government
grants and partly by district assessments. The school age is
between the years of 5 and 16. Attendance between 8 and 13
is compulsory, but it has never been enforced. The school
system is free. Schools are divided into three classes, primary,
advanced and high. In the country districts the school houses
are rarely more than three miles apart, and in the majority of
cases, there is but one teachc "^ for each. There are, however, a
number of graded schools.
Prior to 1852, when the Free School system was introduced,
the schools were mainly supported by voluntary subscription
and with such local assistance as could be had. " Before that
year, there existed some good private schools, and one Central
Academy for the higher branches of knowledge, but there was
no definite school system. Since 1877, the year in which the
Public Schools' Act was passed, many improvements have been
introduced into the educational system.
The average salary paid first-class male teachers is $440,
female teachers $332 ; second-class male teachers $254, female
teachers $221 ; third-class male teachers $197, and female
teachers $150.
Teachers are paid from the Provincial Treasury, but such
salaries may be supplemented by local assessment. Those
employed previous to 1896 are, after a service of five years,
entitled to a small bonus.
The total number of teachers in 1898 was 581 ; of school
districts 470; and of schools 468. The number of pupils was
21,852, and the average daily attendance was 13,377. The
■V,;
11
—26-
total expendil.ae for education by the Provincial Government
was $129,817.81.
The Teaching Staff
Candidates for teachers must hoi'd certificates from the
Board of Education, based on examination, and on at least five
months' attendance at the Normal School. These certificates
are first, second and third-class.
The number of teachers employed according to class in
the year 1898 was as follows : —
Class I
Class II
Class III
Male Teachers
Female Teachers
71
30
181
M3
68
88
Total
lOI
324
156
The following statement shows the educational growth from
the year 1833.
YEAR
NO. OF SCHOOLS
NO. OF PUPILS
1833
74
2,176
1837
51
1,649
184I
121
4-356
1847
^25
5,000
1851
135
5-366
1856
268
11,000
1861
302
12,102
1870
372
15 oco
1871
381
15.795
1874
403
18.233
1878
465
19,240
1881
486
21,601
1887
437
22,460
1891
531
22,138
1897
1 467
21.845
1898
468
21 852
The dates of the principal Educational events are
1821. National School opened.
1825. First Education Act passed.
IF
Department of
—27-
1830. First Board of Education appointed
1836. Central Academy opened.
1837. First Official Inspector of Schools appointed.
1838. First Teachers' Association formed.
1852. Free Education Act passed.
1855. St. Hunstan's College opened.
1856. Provincial Normal School established.
i860. Prince of Wales College established.
1877. Public Schools' Act passed, and a
Education instituted.
1879. Prince of Wales College and Provincial Normal School
amalgamated, and Ladies admitted to the College.
1885. Arbor Day established for the Schools.
1887. Provincial Teachers' Association founded.
1896. Provincial Teachers' Association incorporated.
1899. New Prince of Wales College erected.
The Provincial Teachers' Association meeting annually, and
the Charlottetown Teachers' Institute which meets fortnightly
during the winter, are flourishing organizations, doing much to
promote the cause of education.
The following table is a summary of the Educational
statistics of the Province from 1885 to 1898: —
c
X
Expenditure
507
Pupil«
Enrolhui
V =
Percent a
of Attenda
Year
Govern't
School
Board
Total
1885
494
21.983
12,166
55,34
109,317
36.282
14.5,.599
1886
509
498
22.414
12,612
56.27
111,992
33.787
148.779
1887
510
605
22.460
12.325
54,87
110.485
36.294
U6,779
1888
512
509
22.478
12.248
54.49
108,846
.■J8.609
147,4.55
1889
523
518
23.045
13.1.59
57,10
108,092
37.810
145,J)02
1890
529
529
22,530
12,490
55,43
113,626
37,610
1.51.2:«
1891
531
531
22.330
12,898
.57,75
111,1.54
35.629
147.783
1892
538
638
22,169
12.J«6
.58,58
114.570
36,542
151.112
1893
543
543
22,292
12,9(50
58,13
118,106
34.592
152,698
1894
556
5.13
22.221
12,849
58.00
122.077
37,854
159,9.37
1895
561
559
22,250
13,254
.59.56
121.781
39,426
'61.201
1896
569
569
22,138
13,412
60.58
124,084
34,809
1;>S,893
1897
579
579
21.845
12,978
59.44
128,663
32,781
161,444
1898
581
581
21,852
13.377
61,58
129,818
33,135
162.9.53
— 28—
The number of Pupils in the Indian Schools of Prince
Edward Island in the years 1892 to 1897 was: —
1892 - 43
1893 - - 43
1894 - 33
1895 - - 31
1896 - 33
1897 - - 28
Colleges, etc.
The Prince of Wales College and Normal School is unde-
nominational. It is situated in Charlottetown and has a staff
of a Principal and four Professors. In connection with the
College is a Model School with two teachers. This is the only
Goverr .nent Educational Institution where fees are charged,
the rates being $10 for the session (year) for students resident
in the City of Charlottetown, and $5 per annum for country
pupils. Graduating Diplomas were first conferred in 1885, and
are of three grades — Honour, First-class Ordinary and Second-
class Ordinary. These Diplomas are accepted by the Faculty
of Pine Hill Presbyterian Theological College, Halifax, as
sufficient in ceitain subjects for admission to that Institution,
and by all the Faculties in McGill University in the place of
the entrance examinations.
St. Dunstan's Roman Catholic College (annexed to Laval
University, Quebec) is located in the suburbs of Charlottetown,
and is under the direction of the Bishop of the Diocese.
At this Institution the fees are:— For boarders per term of 5
months $53; day scholars per annum $12; day scholars who
follow the course in Philosophy and in Sciences, per annum
$25. This College confers degrees, and many students attend
from abroad. The Roman Catholic Church also possesses two
Convent Schools in Charlottetown, ands everal others in different
parts of the Island, where boarders are received.
At St. Peter's School for boys and girls, which is connected
with the Church of England of that name in Charlottetown,
pupils are prepared for matriculation into King's College,
Windsor, N. S. The fees are $24 per annum for boys, and
$15 for girls. .
-29—
Scholarships, etc.
Examinations for scholarships in connection with the Prince
of Wales College and Normal School are held biennially. These
scholarships are eight in number. Six of the annual value of
$80 are held for two years, and entitle the possessors to ex-
emption from fees. Two are assigned to each of the three
counties, and the competition is restricted to pupils who reside
in the particular county. The two remaining scholarships,
which scuure for the successful candidates immunity from fees,
but confer no endowment, are tcserved for pupils from schools
in the City of Charlottetown. The examination for these
scholarships is the same as that designated the Junior Entrance
Examination.
There are no scholarships in connection with St. Dunstan's
College. The "Con.iolly Bequest" provides for the education
of boys of Irish parentage. These young men can be sent by
the Trustees of the Fund to any Institution, but they generally
enter St. Dunstan's to prepare for the Universities.
The " Daniel Hodgson Scholarship," entitling the holder
to a three years' course, and worth $150 per annum, is open
for competition to intending students for King's College,
Windsor, N. S., or Laval University, Quebec, alternately.
The following medals are awarded at the Prince of Wales
College : —
The Anderson Gold Medal to the most distinguished
Student; the Governor General's Silver Medal to the 'best
student in Mathematics ; the Governor General's Bronze Meda|
to the best student-teacher in the department of School Manage-
ment ; and the Vice-Chancellor's Medal to the best student in
English.
His Excellency the Governor General also awards Bronze
Medals annually to the student having the highest standing in
the three Public Schools of Charlottetown, and in the High
Schools at Summerside, Alberton, Tignish, Sourik and George-
town.
I3f
-30—
THE RESOURCES OF THE GARDEN PROVINCE
GRICULTURE overshadows every other resource in this
Island, and few countries, considering everything, are
better adapted for profitable farming. No floods or
tornadoes destroy the labors of its inhabitants, or mar its beauty.
o
a
H
55
a
C5
a
S
o
>
OS
o
n
K
The soil is light, warm and easily tilled, and its productive-
ness is, on the whole, equal to that of any other part of Canada.
Very great progress has in recent times been made in this line.
That agriculture will continue to be the great resource of this
country, is certain.
—31 —
The fisheries must always be one of the standard resources
of Prince Edward Island. But the inclinations of the Islanders
are so decidedly agricultural that the culture of the deep has
not received from them the attention it deserves. The Island
waters are of immense importance, and the mackerel fisheries
in the "North Bay" are considered to be worth more than
those on ail the other eastern coasts of the Dominion combined.
One of the greatest sources of profit is the Lobster
Fishery. This industry shows signs of deterioration from over-
fishing ; but the strict enforcement of the regulations regarding
the close season, which is from the 15th July until the 19th
April inclusive, etc., is having a good effect.
The oyster fishery is extensive, is annually increasing and
is capable of vast development. The employment by the
Dominion Government, a few years ago, of an expert in this
line has been, and will still be. productive of good results in the
preservation and replenishing of the oyster beds. The close
season is from the ist June to the 15th September, inclusive.
Of two former resources not much can now be said.
The forests, once extensive, have been reduced, although there,
are still specimens of the principal trees, such as beech, birch
pine, maple, poplar, spruce, fir, hemlock, larch and cedar. An
approximate estimate of the area of forest and woodland in
1894 was: forest and woodland 797 square miles, woodland
39.85 per cent. Much of this, though wooded, is covered with
small growth only.
Ship-building too, formerly a considerable resource, has
declined here as it has done in other parts of the world.
—32 —
THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF P. E. ISLAND
Flora
* " The sandstone swells of Prince Edward Island are everywhere
clothed with a rich and varied vegetation. Its flora is much the same as
spreads over the rest of Eastern Canada, but its dry and fertile soil pro-
duces a greater abundance of deciduous forest trees and the flowering plants
which usually accompany them.
On the rolling districts, affording the best agricultural soils, Beech,
Yellow Birch, Maple. Oak, and White Pine flourish, with an undergrowth
of Mountain Maple, Rowan, Hazel, Elder, and thick-tangled brambles.
Grasses carpet the soil, jeweled with roses, convolvuli, and sweet-scented
violets. These plants belong to the Central Canadian F'ora.
On the cold soils of the swamps and barrens a different class of
vegetation abounds. Spruces and sparse-foliaged Larches, Poplars. Birches,
Aspens, and moss-grown Firs form the timber growth; while a thick,
shrubby carpet of Andromeda, Ledum, Whortleberries, and prostrate
Arbutus spreads at their feet. These are members of the Sub- Arctic Flora,
inhabiting the far north of Canada and penetratin,T even within the Arctic
Circle. Thus two distinct floras occupy the tv.o distinct classes of soil
common on the Island.
Other peculiarities are noticeable. The Cedar is confined to Prince
County, and we never saw the Arum, the Calapogon, or the grand-flowered
Habinaria in other parts of the Island. The Hemlock is not found east of
St. Peter's. The assemblage of plants on the Triassic hills is something
diff"erent from that on Permian districts. The sand dunes have a flora
peculiar to themselves. And amid the surf-lashed skerries of our rocky
coasts, the lover of nature will find a distinct field of study in the Algae,
Fucoids, and Corrallins of marine growth."
Fauna
** The Fauna of Prince Edward Island is numerous and varied. A
few larger animals, as the Moose, the Caribou, the Wolf, the Raccoon, and
the Wolverine, which roam over the continental lands are excluded from
the Island by its insular position. But this is much more than compensated
by the numerous marine animals which inhabit our coasts, and which afford
some of the most interesting studies of animal life."
Of swimming, wading, singing and other birds there are
the genera common to most countries. Rabbits and squirrels
are very numerous. The beaver, formerly met with is now
unknown. HIack bears and foxes, (particularly the silver-gray
and black varieties) are rare, and the wild-cat or lynx once
found, is now extinct. Wolves have been known to cross the
Northumberland Straits on the ice to the Island.
ltain'» Natural History of P. E. Island, 1890
—33—
AGRICULTURE IN THE "GARDEN PROVINCE"
Its Importance
RINCE EDWARD ISLAND has been aptly termed a
" great million acre farm." It is essentially an agri-
cultural province, not less than 80 per cent, of its total
population being interested in this industry. It is
the most thoroughly cultivated territory on this side of the
Atlantic, and is one great garden from end to end. There
were according to the census of 1891, 718,092 acres of
improved lands of which 536,175 acres were under crop,
178,072 acres of pasture land, and 3,845 acres of gardens and
orchards. The total amount of farm knd assessed in 1898
was about 1,267,876 acres. The average size of the farms is
75 acres, and the average value $1,000. In 1891 the total
number of farmers was 15,137, and including sons 20,227.
Agriculture is the main-stay of the Province and the im-
portance of the industry cannot be over-estimated. A larger
amount of capital is invested in this than in any other pursuit,
namely : in lands, buildings, implements and stock about
$22,000,000, as against $2,911,963 in trades and manufactures.
In the production of milk, butter and cheese alone, there is
invested in Prince Edward Island at least $1,325,600.
It is somewhat difficult to determine the annual value of
the products of the farm in this Island, but the following
figures at current market prices are probably nearly correct : —
Field products
Live stock increase
Dairy produce
Orchard and Garden products
Pasture
Eggs, wool, honey, etc. -
Total
$5,000,000
500,000
1,000,000
100,000
400,000
400,000
$7,400,000
The following is taken from a pamphlet on Prince Edward
Island issued by the Provincial Government in 1888:
" The Island is noted for the fertility of its soil, and it may confidently
be asserted that, with the exception of a few bogs and swainps composed
of a soft spongy turf, or a deep layer of wet black mould, the whole Island
T
—34—
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-35—
consists of highly valuable cultivable land. The soil, which is well watered
with numerous springs and rivers, is formed for the most part of a rich
layer of vegetable matter above a bright loam, resting upon a stiff clay and
sandstone ; the land in its natural state, being covered with timber and shrub
of every variety. The under-lying rock through the main part of the Island,
belongs to the upper Permian, capped about New London and Cavendish,
with a triangular section of Triassic of considerable size ; but in Prince
County, west of Summerside, where the denudation has been greater, the
lower Permian comes to the surface. All kinds of grain and vegetables
grown in England ripen here in great perfection. The principal crops
raised are wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and turnips, of which oats and
potatoes are exported in very large quantities. Mr. J. P. Sheldon, Professor
of Agriculture at the Wilts and Hants Agricultural College, Downton, near
Salisbury, who visited the Island in 1880, thus writes of it : — ' In some
respects this is one of the most beautiful Provinces in the Dominion, and
it has probably the largest proportion of cultivable land. The soil generally
is a red sandy loam, of one character throughout, but differing in quality.
On the whole, the grass land of the Island and the character of the sward,
consisting as it does of indigenous clovers and a variety of finer grasses,
reminded me strongly of some portions of old England. The people, too,
are more English in appearance than those of any other of the Provinces
with the exception of New Brunswick. This is probably owing to a cooler
climate, and the contiguity of the sea. Prince Edward Island is covered
with a soil that is easy to cultivate, sound and healthy, capable of giving
excellent crops of roots, grain and grass, an honest soil that will not fail
to respond to the skill of the husbandman. The Island grows very good
wheat, and probably better oats than most other parts of the Dominion.
Of the former the crops are from 18 to 30 bushels, and of the latter 25 to
70 bushels per acre. Barley, too, makes a very nice crop. Wheat, at the
time of my visit, was worth 4s. per bushel of 60 lbs., oats is. gd. per
bushel of 34 lbs., and barley 2s. 6d. to 3s. per bushel of 48 lbs. The
Island is noted for its large crops of excellent potatoes, which not un-
commonly foot up to 250 bushels an acre of fine handsome tubers. Swedes
make a fine crop, not uncommonly reaching 750 bushels per acre of
sound and solid bulbs.'
In acidition to the natural fertility of the soil, the great facility for
obtaining manure may be set down as one of the principal advantages. In
most of the bays and rivers are found extensive deposits of musselmud,
formed by decayed oyster, clam and mussel shells. These deposits vary
from five to twenty feet in depth, and their surface is often several feet
below low water level. Machines placed upon the ice and worked by
horse power are used for raising this manure, which is then carried off by
sleds and distributed over the fields while the covering of snow still remains.
Procured in this way, in large quantities, and possessing great fertilizing
qualities, it has vastly improved the agricultural status of the Island. An
cnttnent nuthi>rl«y, Sir J. W. DuwHon, K, K, S, C. M. tJ., Pilncipnl «inl
Vioc-l'hrtiuclloi of Mo(»ill Uiiivoisity, MoiUirnl, snys : — ' Tlir ijtcnl wrnllli
o( rriiKc I'Mwanl Nlrtinl consists in its fcililc soil, ami the picM'i ration of
this In rt pioiluctivc sime Is an object of intpcralivc impotinnco. The
oiilinaiy soil ol the Island Is a bright, red loani. passing; into stifV clay on
the one imnd, nml sandy loam on tho other. Naturally it contains all the
ntineral rrtpiisiles for cvtitivatcd crops, while its i\bo\uidinj^ in peroxide of
Mon enables it rapidly to iligesi orj^anic tnanvires, and also to retain well
their Anunoniacal products. The chief natural mainues atVorded by the
Island, ami which nmy be used in addition lo the farm nianures to increase
the fertility of the soil, or restore it when exhaustetl, aic, — (i). Musxvl
mM(f, or oyster shell mud of the bays. Kxperiencc has proved this to be
of the jjreatcst vahie. (a), /V<t/ titu/ mdrsh muii dttd xw<mif> soil. These
alVord orj;anic matters to the run out soil, at a very cheap rate. (J).
■.SVyittvA/, which can be obtained in larj;e quantities on mai\y parts of the
shores, and is of great manural value, whether fresh or c«)mposted (4).
Hsk i)jf<il. The heads and bones of covl are more especially of much
practical importance. (5). Linu'stoHf, The brown earthy limestones of
the Island are ol much value in afiording a supply of this material, as well
as small quantities of phosphates and alkalies. Where manures require to be
puivhaseil bom abroad, those that will be found to prculucc the greatest
effects are those capable of alTording phi>sphales and alkalies, more especially
lH>ne earth, super-phosphates of lime and guano ; but when lisli offal and
seaweed can be procured in sulhcient quantity, or when good dressings of
the oyster deposit are applied, these foreign ai»ls may well be dispensed
with, ai least for many years.' Of this deposit Professor SheKU)n speaks
as follows: — 'The Island ^wssesses one .idvanlagc which is unique and very
valuable. I refer now to its thick beds of " n\ussel nuid " or " oyster
mu<l," which are found in all bays and river mouths. The deposit, which
is Commonly many feet thick, consists of the organic remains of countless
generations of oysters, mussels, clams, and other bivalves of the ocean, and
of crustacei>us animals generally. The shells are generally more or le.s.s
intact, eml>edded in a dense deposit of mud-like stuff, which i , found to be
a fertilirer of singular value and potency. The supply of it is said to be
almost inexhaustible, and it is indeed a mine of wealth to the Island. A
gotxl dressing of it secures fertility in a striking manner to the poorest soils ;
clover grows after it quite luxuriously, and, as it were, indigenously by its
aid heavy crops of turnips .ind potatoes are raised, and, indeed, it may lie
reganled as a manure of gre.it value and applicable to any kind of crop.
Nor is it soon exhausteil, for the shells in it decay year by year, throwing
off a film of fertilizing matter.' " - .
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS '
According to the census of 1891, the proportion of oats
and potatoes grown in the Province per thousand acres is higher
— .^7-
thiin timl of any pnrl (»f ('nnnd.'i cast of ihe I'rairicH, and the
proportion of wheat, tiirnipn and other crops and rootH ifi
C(Hially W\nU. The following fimirc:« indicate the progress made
in farming during the last three (jiirrters of a centnry : In 1825
there were raised 766 hiishels of wheat, ro,7i7 bushels of oats,
and 47,220 bushels of potatoes. In 1841 there were of wheat
160,028 bushels; of barley, 8;^, 299; of oats, 611,824; "f
potatoes, 2,250,114 bushels; number of horses, 9,861 ; of neat
cattle, 4i.9'5; «'iee|), 73,650; hogs, 35,521.
In i860 (as shown by the census of 1861) there were
raised of wheat, 346.125 bushels; of barley, 223,195; oats,
2,218,578; buckwheat, 50,127; potatoes, 2,972,235; turnips,
348,784; hay, 31,000 tons; horses, 18,765; neat cattle, 60,015;
sheep, 107,242; hogs, 71,535.
In the year 1890, the products included: —
Wheat, acres under cultivation '44,703, Yield, 596,761 bushels
Hailey, 1. m 7,594,
II
147,880
II
Oats II n 123,924,
II
2.922,552
M
Buckwheat,
II
84,460
M
Potatoes, acres under cultivation 43,521,
It
7,071,308
tl
'J'urnips, n m 4.41 '»
M
2.005,453
tl
Hay, M II 150,108,
II
'32,959
tons
(Irass and Clover,
II
12,417
bushels
Corn,
tl
2,65*
It
Heans,
II
2,445
It
Peas,
II
4.735
It
Kye,
II
221
tt
In 1881 there was grown in this Province 1,367 lbs. of
Tobacco; in 1891, 795 lbs.; and in 1898, several tons.
The following table gives the yield per acre and present
prices of certain products : —
Weigtit per bunhel
BunholH to tho acre
Value
Wheat
60 lbs.
16 to 20
$ 0.70 to 0.90
Oats
34 lbs.
30 to 40
0.35 to 0.40
Barley
48 lbs.
25 »o 35
0.45 to 0.55
Potatoes
60 lbs
150 to 250
0.18 to 0.30
Turnips
60 lbs.
400 to 1,000
0.12 to 0.16
-38-
AS A STOCK-RAISING COUNTRY
TEADY improvement is being made in the raising of
farm stock. Excellent specimens are to be met with
in every section, and they enjoy immunity from disease
to a very large degree.
P:
Census of 1891
Estimates 1898
Horses
25^674
30,000
Colts and Fillies
11,718
14.060
Milch Cows
45.849
55.017
Working Oxen
116
138
Other horned Cattle
45.730
54.876
Sheep
147.372
176,800
Swine
42,629
51.100
Hens
485.580
582,700
Cattle
Owing to the ease with which turnips, potatoes, oats,
&c., are raised, coupled with the excellence of the hay crop,
Prince Edward Island is exceedingly well adapted for cattle
feeding. The following breeds are well established : Shorthorn,
Ayrshire, Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein, Aberdeen and Angus.
The increased quantity and superior quality of the fodder
resulting from the application of mussel mud to the land has
produced great improvement in the quality of cattle. ' .1
—39—
Horses
Prince Edward Island is noted for a fine class of horses,
much attention having been bestowed upon their breeding.
The leading pure breeds are as follows : Clydesdale, Shire,
Percheron, Trotting Standard Bred.
Owing to early Government importations of thoroughbred
and cart Stallions, which have more recently been followed by
many private purchases from abroad, the horses are regarded
as among the best in America, and command ready sale at
good prices. In exhibitions of late years held in different parts
of the Dominion, Island horses have received a large share of
the honors and prizes awarded.
Sheep
This country is well adapted for sheep, the soil being
light, dry and sound, growing a thick-set, tender and nutritious
herbage. The mutton is of excellent flavor, and the export
of sheep and lambs to the other provinces and to the United
States is assuming large proportions. The leading breeds are :
Leicester, Cotswold, Shropshire, Oxford Down, Southdown.
Swine
Great advances are being made in the raising of swine,
and the principal breeds are : Yorkshire, Berkshire, Tamworth,
Poland China, Duroc Jersey.
Near Charlottetown are two up-to-date farms. One is the
Heartz farm of over 300 acres, which produced last year in
addition to pasturing its cattle and horses, 300 tons of corn
and ensilage, 20,000 bushels of turnips and mangels; 600
bushels of wheat which was sold for seed ; and enough hay,
oats, etc., to feed the stock. On the farm are 100 head of
milch cows, 60 head of young cattle, all pure bred Jerseys,
Guernseys, and Holsteins, and 40 horses. The Creamery in
connection with the farm produced last year 100,000 lbs. of
Butter. The other is the Eastview Farm of over 200 acres of
good pasture land, and on it are bred pure Guernsey Cattle.
Besides these, there are many model farms throughout the
Province.
—40—
A stock farm devoted to the breeding of horses, cattle,
sheep and swine, is maintained by the Provincial Government,
and the yearly surplus stock is divided among the three
counties.
»■•
-^.
'^^
FRUIT GRCV^ .G
HE old idea that fruit could not be grown in this country
has been exploded. This industry is now receiving
more attention than formerly. There is considerable
raised, and the country generally appears to be well adapted
to its cultivation. The most abundant kinds are apples, plums,
and cherries, omall fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, and
gooseberries, etc., are also grown, and the culture of cranberries
on the waste bog lands is increasing. Cultivated strawberries,
wild raspberries and blueberries are exported to some extent.
Prior to 1898 there was very little )ort of fruit, but in the
fall of that year, owing to the su ing of ocean steamers,
fitted with cold storage for direct service between this Province
and Great Britain, several successful shipments of apples were
made to the old country, and there can be no doubt about the
possibilities of the extension of the industry. The shipments
have commanded good prices. With more careful selection
and better packing of the fruit, together with good transpor-
tation and storage facilities, this trade can be vastly extended
and made very remunerative.
The interests of the Fruit-growers are carefully fostered by
the Prince Edward Island Fruit Growers' Association, an
Institution incorporated in 1898. Its objects, like those of all
similar societies elsewhere, are co-operative and educational.
It disseminates information as to the best methods of culture
and as to proper handling, packing, and marketing, and
also promotes legislation in the interests of the industry.
Connected with the Association are some of the most prominent
and scientific Fruit-growers of the Province.
There were raised in 1891, of apples 52,018 bushels;
plums 1,479 bushels; and cherries 4,265 bushels.
\\
—41—
The yield in 1898 was estimated to be: —
Apples - 65,030 bushels
Plums - - 1,850
Cherries - 5,330
Pears - - 90
Other fruits 3»o9o
II
II
II
<« < ( ►—►-^ ))))>
m
THE DAIRY INDUSTRY
NE of the most important branches of agriculture is the
dairy industry. Since 1891 there has been great
improvement in this line. An experimental station for
the manufacture of cheese started in 1892 under the supervision
of the Dominion Dairy Commissioner, was followed in the
succeeding years by several other factories, all, with one
exception, being on the co-operative principle, each company
owning its building and plant. Since then 34 cheese factories
(of which 16 are also creameries and 4 are separating stations)
and 7 creameries have been established throughout the Province.
The exception just mentioned is that of a Charlottetown
gentleman who imported a large number of pure-bred Holstein,
Guernsey, and Jersey cattle, and started the manufacture of
butter in a factory of his own. There are also three other
creameries now owned and operated as private enterprises.
This new industry is well adapted to the Province. The
products are admitted to be first-class and have found a ready
sale in the markets of Great Britain, Newfoundland, and the
West Indies.
These factories originally managed by the Dominion
Government are, with the exception of the four creameries
above mentioned, now conducted by Joint Stock Companies
of farmers. Prince Edward Island derived last year from the
Dairy Industry the sum of $364,557.63.
The factories are located as follows: — ^^^ ^^^-v ^
Cheese Factories
Abram's Village Alberton
Campbellton
t Cornwall
* Dunk River
East River
Emerald
Gowan Brae
Grand River
* Hampton
* Hazel Brook
* Hillsboro
* Kensington
Lakeville
* Marshfield
* Montague
Morell
* Mount Stewart
-42—
* Murray Harbor North
* Murray Harbor South
* New Dominion
t New Glasgow
* New Perth
O'Leary
* Orwell
* Red House
St. Eleanor's
* St. George's
St. Peter's
t Stanley
Tignish
* Vernon River Bridge
t Wiltshire
Winsloe
Creameries
Central, Charlottetown
Charlottetown
Central, Summerside (with separating station at Freetown
Crapaud, (with separating station at Bonshaw)
Lot 16
Park Corner
Tryon
In all 41 Incorporated Dairying Associations.
CHEESE
The development of the Cheese Industry has been remark-
able. In the summer of 1896, the cheese manufactured and
sold in the Province amounted to 1,612,209 '^s. valued at
$i4i.235»i9« 34 factories made cheese in 1898, 16 made
butter also, and there were 7 Creameries. In 1898 there
were 2,816,045 'bs. of cheese manufactured valued at
$229,249.17.
- BUTTER . '' /^ ■■' ^ ., w. . \:.r^i
The Butter Industry is not so advanced as that of the
* AIro a creamery.
t Also a eeparathig station.
.. . t ' ti \
—43—
cheese, owing lo the lack of proper facilities for getting the
product on the market in prime condition. Prince Edward
Island is capable of producing a very fine quality of butter and
with the proper means of manufacture, packing and transport-
ation, there is every prospect of this product competing
successfully in the British market with the article from other
countries. In the summer of 1896 and winter of 1897 the
output of the butter factories amounted to 225,802 lbs. the
value of which was $41,706.37. In 1898, the quantity of
butter made in 25 factories was 746,544 lbs. or over 373 tons,
valued at $135,308.46 Many factories are now making butter
during the winter season, and cheese during the summer, and
the number of creameries is steadily increasing.
The average yield of butter from milk passed through the
separator is about 4 lbs. for every 10 gallons of milk of 10
lbs. each; so that the average cow produces annually from 150
to 2CO lbs. of butler or 400 to 450 lbs. of cheese. The yield
of milk from fairly good milking cattle is approximately 400 to
500 galls, per annum, although from 600 to 800 galls, per
head are frequently obtained from selected herds. The rate
paid for milk at the factories at present prices of cheese
should average between 75 and 80 cts. per 100 lbs.
INDIAN CORN
The growth of Indian corn for fodder has been greatly
extended on this Island. In 1890, the area devoted to this
article was not more than 10 acres. In 1896, it was estimated
that the area of Indian corn for fodder was about 10,000
acres. Many farmers have built silos, and others stook the
corn for feeding during the winter season.
EXHIBITIONS
Exhibitions of live stock, farm, garden and dairy produce,
and manufactures have for p number of years, been held
at Charlottetown, Summerside, Georgetown and other places.
The Provincial Fair at Charlottetown in connection with horse
races under the auspices of the Driving Park Association,
which up to 1897 was held annually, is from an agricultural!
point of view, superior to any show of the kind in the Mari-
time Provinces.
i
—44—
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND FARM METHODS
In agricultural matters old methods are rapidly giving
place to new. Following the example of other countries, many
P. E. Island farmers are now bestowing attention upon the
higher branches of agriculture, or in other words turning their
raw material into a finished product, instead of marketing it
as such.. They are now feeding their coarse grain to live
stock instead of selling it, and are producing butter, cheese,
meat, poultry and fruits for the British market. This change:
will preserve the fertility of the soil, and give better returns
for the labor and skill expended. Still, the average P. E.
Island husbandman remains a general or mixed farmer, and
specialists are relatively few.
FARMING WEATHER
The summer season is very favorable for farming oper-
ations in Prince Edward Island. Although the tedious springs
retard to a certain extent the early work, yet seeding is gen-
erally through by the first of June. The summer is short and
the crops rapidly grow to maturity— first hay, then barley,
closely followed by wheat and oats. After the close of
October, outside work is practically at an end, and from then
until the beginning of April the farmer has comparatively little
to do except attend to his stock, and haul wood, mussel-mud,
etc.
The farmers of this Province are worthy of their fair
heritage. They are an industrious, independent and moral
people, and are generally a well-to-do class. The typical hus-
bandman is a plain hardworking and law-abiding citizen. As
a rule, the far ns and houses are characterized by great neat-
ness.
LEGISLATION AFFECTING AGRICULTURE
At the session of the Legislative Assembly in 1898, an
Act was passed for the establishment of a Department of
Agriculture. This Department it is expected will shortly be
inaugurated.
The Domestic Animals' Act, passed in 1888, with a later
amendment, restricts the running at large of certain animals
and provides for the arrtst and sale of animals unlawfully at
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large. An Act passed in 1881 contains provisions to prevent
injury by dogs.
In regard to Dairying, provision is made by the Farmers'
and Dairymen's Association Act of 1892 for the organizing of
two Branch Societies in each Electoral District of the Province.
The Provincial Government appropriates a small sum per
annum for the use of each society. These Societies have for
their object the advancement of dairying and agriculture
generally throughout the Province.
An Act passed in 1895 provides for the incorporation of
Cheese and Butter Manufacturing Associations, under which
statute many companies have been organized.
A measure for the prevention of the spread of black-
knot on plum and cherry trees was enacted in 1895.
An Act for the incorporation of the "The Agricultural
Cold Storage Company" was passed in 1896, and another to
encourage the construction of « cold storage warehouse was
placed on the statute book in 1897.
The following legislation was passed at the session of 1899 :
An Act incorporating the Prince Edward Island Dairying
Association, providing for the encouragement of Dairying and
improvement in the manufacture of butter and cheese and
all matters connected therewith. Also for the appointment of
a Dairy Instructor and Inspector part of whose salary is paid
by the Provincial Government, and also authorizing the establish-
ment of a Dairymen's Board of Trade.
An Act respecting Tuberculosis in Cattle which authorizes
the appointment of an Inspector whose duty it shall be to
examine all cattle brought into the Province for breeding graz-
ing, feeding or dairying purposes, and to detain such in
quarantine unless accompanied by a certificate or affidavit of
freedom from disease.
A further amendment to the Act for the Reclamation of
Marsh Lands.
The Provincial Government pays half of the remuneration
of a horticultural expert who is spraying, grafting and pruning
fruit trees on the Island this season.
—47—
DRAINAGE, DYKING, ETC.
Acts were passed in 1881, 1895, and 1898 for the appoint-
ment of Commissioners of Sewers and the reclamation of the
large tracts of marsh land that exist throughout the Province,
for the purpose of rendering the same available for cultivation.
As a result of such legislation, Aboideaux (which have been
more or less successful) have been constructed at the under-
mentioned places : —
Mount Stewart
Fullerton's Marsh
punk River
Pisquid River (not completed)
M
Length
Acreage drained
ICO feet
500
300 .1
120
100 l(
220
■if
ITS FISHERIES
RINCE EDWARD ISLAND is the best fishing station
in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and the fisheries,
particularly those on the north coast, are exceedingly
valuable. They consist principally of mackerel, lobsters,
herring, cod, hake, and oysters. Salmon, bass, shad, halibut
and trout are caught in limited quantities.
The yield and value of the Fisheries of this Province for
1897 was as follows : —
Kinds of Fish
Quantity '
Price
"Value
$ cts.
$ cts.
Salmon,
lbs.
5,000
0.20
1.000.00
Herring, salted,
brls.
28,364
4.00
113.456.00
fresh,
lbs.
267,974
0.01
2,679.74
" smoked.
lbs.
4U0
0.02
8.00
Mackerel, salted,
brls.
1,976
15.00
29,640.00
fresh.
lbs.
16.088
0.12
1.930.66
Lobsters, preserved in cans. lbs.
2,466.682
0.20
493,;J3<5.40
Cod, dried.
cwt.
20,352
4.00
81,408.00
Cod, tongues and sounds,
brls.
67.i
10.00
<?75.0O
Haddock, fresh.
lbs.
5,100
0.03
1.53.00
dried,
cwt.
715
,3.00
2,145.00
Hake, dried.
cwt.
10,088
2.25
22,698.00
sounds,
lbs.
20,883
0.50
10,416.50
Halibut,
lbs.
5,100
0.10
510.00
Trout,
lbs.
31,750
0.10
3,17500
Smelts,
lbs.
598,543
05
29.5*27.15
Alwives, salted
brls.
810
4.00
3,210.00
Eels,
brls.
1.547
io.no
15,470.00
Oysters,
brls.
20.915
4.00
83.(M>(MM)
Tom cod,
lbs.
31,850
0.05
1.592.50
Squid,
brls.
980
4.00
3,!»20.00
Coarse and mixed fish,
brls.
160
2.00
.320.00
Fish Oil,
galls,
brls.
12.117
0.30
3.(135.10
Fish as bait.
31.589
1.50
47,383.50
Fish as manure.
brls.
3.370
0.50
1,685.00
Fish guano.
tonft.
880
1.00
Total
885.00
$ 954.940.45
-48-
The number of vessels and boats engaged in the Fisheries
in 1897 was 2,059, ^"<^ ^^^ number of men about 4,720.
The number of lobster canneries was 220, number of traps
216,133, number of smoke and fish houses 45, number of
piers and wharfs 29, and the number of men employed 2,631.
The value of the lobster plant was $243,022, and of the other
fishery fixtures $23,440. The value of the boats, vessels, and
other apparatus was $119,694.
The yield of Lobsters, Oysters and Mackerel for 1898
was as follows: — Lobsters, 42,112 cases; Oysters, 29,800 bbls.;
Mackerel, 3,149 bbls.
The Malpeque Oysters are famous, bearing the same re-
lation to Prince Edward Island and Canada generally, as the
"Blue Points" and "Cherry Stones" do to Americans.
Quahaugs are being fished and shipped principally from
Prince County, and this industry bids fair to assume consider-
able proportions. ,
In order to encourage sea-fishing and the building of fishing
vessels, the Dominion Government by Acts passed in 1882 and
1891, provides for the distribution of $160,000 annually among
the fishermen and vessels of Canada. This bounty is paid
under certain restrictions, on the basis of $3 a ton to vessels,
$3 per man to boat fishermen, and $1 per boat to the owners,
The total bounty paid in Prince Edward Island in 1897 \vas
$9,809; the number of claims paid was 1,171; the number of
vessels receiving bounty was 20; the number of men, 109; and
amount paid $1,144; number of boats receiving bounty 1,151;
number of men, 2,147, ^"<^ amount paid $8,665.
COMMERCE AND SHIPPING
Commerce is maintained principally with the other Mari-
time Provinces, the United States and Great Britain. The
volume of Exports is large. They embrace oats, potatoes,
butter, cheese, eggs, live stock, oysters, lobsters, mackerel and
other products of the field and fisheries. Trade with the
mother-land is growing and the large inter-provincial traffic is
increasing. Considerable pork, beef and mutton is shipped
—49-
during the winter to Nova Scotia '^.nd New Brunswick; and
large quantities of smelts, etc., go to Boston and other
American cities.
FOREIGN EXPORTS
The total value of Foreign Exports for the year ending
31st December, 1898, (in addition to Canadian export and
home consumption) was as follows: —
Total Fisheries - - $ 506,501
Forest . . - - 597
Animals and their produce 474,644
Agricultural products, etc. - 343,305
Total $ 1,325,047
An estimate of the shipments of Eggs, for 1898 is 1,550,000,
dozen, valued at $147,250, which amount is included in the
foregoing. Much produce and live stock is carried by steamer
and small craft to different Provincial ports, statistics regarding
which it is difficult to obtain.
IMPORTS
The imports for the year ending 31st December, 1898, as
nearly as can be determined, amounted in value to $477,269.
Owing to the manner in which the Customs Returns, as
published, are made up, it is impossible .0 ascertain the
actual imports of the Island. Large quantities of goods are
purchased duty paid in Montreal, Toronto, Halifax, St. John and
other Canadian points and consumed in Prince Edward Island,
for which this Province does not receive credit.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND'S MARKETS
The question of increasing the trade relations of Prince
Edward Island with the outside world, more particularly the
marketing of its agricultural products, is a very important one.
The present Federal Government is inaugurating a complete
system of Cold Storage, which will enable Canadian produce
to be delivered in England in good condition. In the benefits
of this. Prince Edward Island has already participated, ocean
steamships fitted with cold storage having made three trips
between the Island and Great Britain in the fall of 1898.
— 50—
These shipments were very successful, and it is expected that
the great boon of direct steamship service between this Province
and the Old Country will be afforded permanently.
The shipiiients by these steamers were as follows , —
S. S. •' Lake Winnipeg " for Liverpool, 23rd September :
4431 boxes Cheese
414 boxes Butter
777 cases Eggs
478 bales Hay
177 sacks Oats
21 barrels Apples
18 boxes Losters
5 barrels Oysters
690 Sheep and Lambs
5 head Cattle
4 Horses
Total value of Cargo $35,148
S. S. "Lake Winnipeg" for Liverpool, 12th November:
2337 boxes Cheese
1044 packages Butter
1204 cases Eggs
1009 bales Hay
249 barrels Apples
169 boxes Lobsters
54 barrels Oysters
1482 cases Canned Meals
51 boxes Hog Products
40 barrels Vegetables
18 boxes Potatoes
1228 Sheep
91 head Cattle
8 horses
Total Value of Cargo $60,000
S. S. "Gaspesia" for Liverpool, 25th December
1265 cases Canned Meats
626 boxes and tubs Butter
6 tons Poultry
100 tons Bacon
96 carcases Mutton
25 dressed Hogs
6 quarters Beef
10 barrels Pork
105 boxes Cheese
24 boxes Lobsters
238 barrels Apples
300 tons Hay
10,000 bushels Oats
138 bags bones
I barrel Oysters
I bag Seed
1286 Sheep
85 head Cattle
Total Value of Cargo $50,756.70
TONNAGE STATISTICS
The following table shows the Tonnage of Vessels, British
and Foreign, employed in the coasting trade which arrived at
and departed from Prince Edward Island from 1876 to 1898:
-51—
Year
Tons
Year
Tons
1876
883,502
1888
1,120,815
1877
929,864
1889
1,194,020
1878
862.418
1890
1.243^993
1879
559,984
1891
1,139,178
1880
628,742
1892
1,271,638
1881
951,632
1893
1,198,539
1882
902,269
1894
1,120,383
1883
1,006,481
1895
1,118,491
1884
910,175
1896
1,310,339
1885
1,157,575
1897
1,209,602
1886
891,633
1898
1,182,180
1887
1,151,023
Statement of Registered Sea-going tonnage carrying cargo
into and out of the Province by five year periods, with yearly
averages and percentages of increase or decrease : —
Period
Total Tonnage
Yearly Average
Per cent.
1874-78
666,351
133,270
1879-83
628,596
125,719
- 5-7
1884-88
636,135
127,227
+ 1.2
1889-93
499,581
99,916
-21.4
1894
104,710
+ 4.8
1895
123,791
+ 18.2
1896
116,469
- 5-9
1897
107,960
- 7-3
1898
142,899
+32.3
Registered Sea-going Tonnage carrying cargo into the
Province : —
Period
Total Tonnage
Yearly Average
Per cent.
1874-78
296,301
59,260
1879-83
248,167
49,633
- 16.2
1884-88
253983
50,797
- 2.3
1889-93
198,327
39,665
~ 21.9
1894
40,692
+ 2.6
1895
46,218
-+-I3-6
1896
43,255
- 6.4
1897
39,278
- 9.0
1898
54,051
^-37•6
—52-
Registered sea-going tonnage carrying cargo out of tiie
Province : —
Period
Total Tonnage
Yearly Average
Per cent.
1874-78
370.050
74.010
1879-83
380,429
76,086
-- 2.8
1884-88
382,152
76430
H~ 0.4
1889-93
301,254
60,251
- 21. 1
1894
64,018
-f 6.3
1895
77.573
+21.5
1896
73.214
- 5-3
1897
68,682
- 6.2
1893
88,848
-1-29.4
-«••»-
ITS CITY AND TOWNS
HARLOTTETOWN, the Capital, and the third in size
of the cities " of the Maritime," was founded by Morris
and Deschamp in 1768, and was incorporated in 1855.
It is situated at the confluence of the York, Elliot and
Hillsborough Rivers, and possesses one of the finest harbors
in the world. It is the principal shipping-port of the "Garden
Province," and has a thriving trade. This city is the eastern
terminus of the Plant Steamship Line, and it is a port of call for
the boats of the Quebec Steamship Company, plying between
Montreal and Gulf of St. Lawrence Ports. The "City of
Ghent " makes weekly round trips between here and Halifax,
and there are several local lines. One of the healthiest towns
in Canada, it is yearly becoming more desirable as a place of
residence. A system of Water Works constructed in 1887-88,
at a cost of $165,000, furnishes water that is unsurpassed in
excellence in America, pumped direct from a spring, and there
is a modern system of sewerage. The city is generously laid
out, its streets being wide and many of them shaded, and its
four public squares are well kept.
Queen Square in the centre of the town is one of the
prettiest open spaces in the Dominion. In summer it is a
very attractive spot with its beautifully arranged flower beds,
■53-
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—54—
sparkling fountain anci band stand. Many improvements have
been mrde in Cbarloitetown in recent years, and it is gradually
assuming the appearance of a modern city. The wooden
buildings that served as business establishments a generation
ago have given place to brick and stone structures, and similar
progress is to be seen in the residential districts. The city's
surroundings are beautiful, and the suburbs are charming with
gardens, groves and hedges of evergreen, with shaded roads
and fertile fields. Pleasant drives through pretty pastoral
scenery, and enjoyable excursions on rivers and bay are among
the attractions of Charlottetown. Horses for driving, sail and
row boats can be hired at very cheap rates.
One of the most beautiful spots and probably the place
of greatest historic interest on the Island is Warren F'arm at
Rocky Point, nearly opposite the city and within a few minutes
trip by ferry. This was originally Port La Joie, the former
Capital and the residence of several distinguished people under
the French Regime. First settled by the French in 1720, it was
allowed to decay, but in 1749 the place was resuscitated and new
buildings erected. Grass-covered mounds and excavations are
all that now remain of the forts, the village of several hundred
inhabitants, church, ecclesiastical establishment, governor's resi-
dence, etc.. that once existed. The principal fort designed and
laid off by the French and afterwards constructed by the English,
was called I^'ort Amherst. Many relics have been found, and
the old cellars, outlines of the earthworks and burial ground,
can be distinctly seen. The air of romance that clings to the
spot, the fine view from the site of Fort Amherst, with the
still more beautiful outlook from " Ringwood " on the elevation
west of the fort, and the presence of an Indian encampment
near by, make the locality decidedly interesting.
The principal buildings are on or in the vicinity of Queen
Square. The^JPost Office and Custom House is a massive
brick and stone structure, and in it are also the Savings Bank
and other Federal Government Offices. The Provincial Build-
ing contains the Local Government Offices, and Legislative
Assembly Chamber, etc. This edifice is of Nova Scotia free-
stone, and the corner stone was laid on May i6th, 1843.
-55
u
-56-
Adjoining the Provincial Building is the Law Courts.
Charlottetown is well supplied with places of worship,
among which are one Roman Catholic, two Anglican, two
Methodist, two Presbyterian, and two Baptist Churches. The
Roman Catholic Diocese is located here, and authority over
the spiritual affairs of the Church of England is exercised by the
Bishop of Nova Scotia. The new Saint Dunstan's Cathedral
is one of the finest Churches in the Lower Provinces, and
Saint Paul's Church (Anglican) and Saint James' (Presbyterian)
are beautiful buildings. The Chapel of Saint Peter's Cathedral
is worthy of a visit. Other prominent structures are the Prince of
Wales College, Bishop's Palace, City Hall, Masonic Temple,
the Prince Edward Island and Charlottetown Hospitals, and
the Public Schools.
The Charlottetown market is the admiration of strangers.
Twice a week are here offered for sale the beautiful rich cream,
butter, vegetables and other farm and market garden products
for which the Island is so famous. The following are minimum
are maximum market prices :
Apples 3c to I2C per dozen, and from 20c to 75c per l^ushel ; Barley
35c to 65c per bushel ; Brant 50c to 70c a pair ; Beef, live weight, 3c to
5c per 11). ; Beef, small, 5c to 12c per lb. ; Butter fresh, from 15c in summer
to 25c in winter; Butter, tub, 15c to 20c per lb. ; Beans, green, 4c per lb. ;
Blueberries 3c to 7c per quart ; Black Currants 8c to 15c per quart ; Beets
25c to 40c per bushel ; Cabbages 12c to 3C)c a dozen ; Celery 3c to ^c per
head; Cheese 12c to 20c per lb.; Codfish, fresh, 5c to 15c each according
to size ; Codfish, corned, 3c to 12c each ; Corn, green, 12c for a dozen
ears ; Cranberries 8c to 14c per "jviart ; Carrots 25c to 50c per bushel ;
Ducks 40c to 60c a pair ; Fresh Eggs 7c to 25c a dozen according to the
season ; Fowls 30c to 60c a pair ; Flour, Island made, $1.75 to $2.00 per
cwt. ; Gooseberries 8c to 15c per quart ; Hides 5c to 7c per lb. ; Hay
35c to 70c per cwt. ; Hake 4c to 12c each ; Herring 5c to loc per dozen;
Huckleberries 8c to 12c per quart; Lamb 30c to 60c per quarter carcass ;
Lobsters 5c to loc each ; Mackerel, fresh, 8c to 15c each acccording to
supply; Oats 25c to 30c per bushel; Oatmeal $1.75 to $2.00 per cwt.;
Onions 2c to 5c per lb. ; Green Peas loc to 15c per quart ; Potatoes l6c
to 30C per bushel ; Pork 3c to 6c per lb. ; Young Pigs $1.00 lo $3.00 each;
Parsnips 20c to 30c per Inishel ; Partridges 25c to 40c a pair ; Radishes 3c
a bunch ; Raspberries 5c to loc per quart ; Red Currants loc to 20c per
quart; Sheep pelts 40c to 60c each; Straw $1.25 to $3.00 per load;
Strawberries loc to 20c per quart ; Smelts 3c to 5c per dozen : Sausages
I2C per lb.; Turkeys 60c to $1.^0; Turnips 16c to 20c per bushel;
— 57—
'8T. DINSTAN'S cathedral "
-58-
Tomatoes, green, loc per peck ; Veal 8c per lb. ; Wild Geese 50c to 80c
each. The cheapness of provisions, £cc., and the moderate house rents,
ranging in Charlottetown from $80 to $200, combine to render this city
a desirable place of residence for those of comparatively limited means.
The Institutions of Charlottetown include two well-conducted
Hospitals (a Protestant and a Roman Catholic), an Insane
Asylum, the Prince of Wales College and Normal School,
which will shortly be housed in a handsome brick and stone
building now in course of erection. Saint Dunstan's Roman
Catholic College, two Convent schools, three large public
schools, a Kindergarten and school of music, and several
excellent private schools. A quarantine station or hospital for
infectious diseases is under the control of the Dominion
authorities. There is a well-appointed Young Men's Christian
Association. A modern Opera House furnishes amusement for
the theatre-going population.
Victoria Park, connected with the City by the Park
Boulevard, contains 46 acres and possesses many beauty spots.
Nearer the City is Government House. The Exhibition Grounds
and Driving Park, and the Charlottetown Athletic Association
Property contain good racing tracks, that of the former being
pronounced one of the best in the Lower Provinces. Our
illustration shows a race day in the Driving Park.
CHARLOTTETOWN DRIVING PARK
—59—
The city has two electric light plants, an electric fire
alarm and a gas light and power company ; and legislation has
recently been passed for an electric street railway. There are
three daily and several weekly and bi-weekly newspapers ; and an
interesting little monthly magazine has lately appeared upon the
scene. Religious and National Societies are well represented,
there being no less than 15 lodges or societies including Masons
and Odd Fellows. The leading hotels are the Davies, Queen and
Revere.
Charlottetown contains machine shops, wood-working, furni-
ture and tobacco factories, a pork factory, woolen and flour
mills, a boot and shoe factory, a condensed milk factory, and
minor industries.
The number of establishments
in 1 88 1 and
1891, was: —
t88i
1891
Number
198
238
Capital
$980,018
$959,589
Number of hands employed
1,005
1,049
Wages paid
$235,241
$281,119
Cost of material
$610,209
$797,795
Value of products
$998,530
$1,405,246
Value per head of population
$ 87
$ 123
The city's affairs are managed by a Mayor and eight
Councillors, and its population is about 12,000.
Summerside, in Prince County, has a population of about
3,000 and ranks next to the capital in wealth and importance.
It is situated on Bedeque Bay, in the centre of one of the
finest farming districts in the Province, and has a large trade
being the principal oyster mart of the Island. It possesses a
good harbor, and during the season of navigation has daily
communication by steamer with New Brunswick. The town is
lighted by electricity and boasts of the largest and finest
departmental store in the Maritime Provinces. Its schools are
excellent and hotels fair. Near Summerside is the Dunk River, a
noted trout-fishing stream, where many piscatorial beauties have
been killed. Alberton at the western end of the Province
possesses the only harbor, Cascumpec Bay, available on a long
line of coast, which has been considerably improved by
dredging. The village has a good trade and a number of
HHB
— 6o—
enterprising merchants. Thirty miles east of Charlottetown is
Georgetown the winter port of the Island. It is situated at the
junction of the Cardigan and Brudenell Rivers, has a magnifi-
cent harbor, and is one of the pleasantest places at which to
take a summer outing in the Province. Souris the eastern
terminus of the Railway, is sixty miles from Charlottetown.
It has a good harbor and a large trade. One of the most
beautiful villages on the Island, it is yearly becoming more
popular as a summer resort. The other imi)ortant places are,
Tignish, Kensington, Montague, Mount Stewart and Victoria,
all having the advantage of water connections or Railway
Stations.
WHERE MANY PISCATORIAL BEAUTIES HAVE BEEN KILLED
-6i —
LAND AND WATER ROUTES, &c.
HE Prince Edward Island Railway is a narrow gauge
road 2IO miles long, traversing the country from end
to end, and touching almost every point of any import-
ance. Its general offices are at Charlottetown. A branch to the
Murray Harbor District in the southern part of the Province,
with a bridge across the Hillsborough River, is to be constructed.
Good waggon roads are everywhere found. During the season
of navigation, there is daily communication by the fine steamers
" Northumberland " and *' Princess " of the Charlottetown Steam
Navigation Company, between Summerside and Point du Chene,
N. B. and Charlottetown and Pictou, N. S. This company
was first organized in 1863, and it is worthy of remark that
during these 36 years not an accident has occured by which a
passenger or a piece of freight has been injured.
After the close of navigation, open communication is main-
tained between Georgetown and Pictou by the Steamer " Stanley,"
a boat specially designed for the winter work, and which has
been wonderfully successful. The "Stanley" was built at
Govan, on the Clyde, in 1888. She is constructed throughout of
Siemen's-Mariin steel. Her dimensions are: — Length 207 feet,
breadth 32 feet, dej)th 20 feet 3 inches. She is a screw boat
of 914 tons gross, and 300 horse power, and attains a speed
of nearly 15 knots in clear water. Within the present year it
is expected that the "Minto" a larger and more powerful
boat than the "Stanley," will be ready to act in conjunction
with her. In mid-winter the work of the steamers is supple-
mented by the Ice Boat Service between Cape Traverse on the
Island and Cape Tormentine on the New Brunswick shore, a
distance of about nine miles.
The standard ice-boat is 18 feet long, 5 feet wide and 2
feet 2 inches deep. Its frame is oaken, it is planked with
cedar, and the planks are covered with tin. It has a double
keel which serves for runners, and four leather straps are
attached to euch side. The crews are hardy, powerful and
courageous men. The passage usually occupies three and a
half hours, but when there is much " lolly " (small particles of ice
floating in the water often to the depth of several feet), and
62 -
I* -
a
a
IS
«
o
Si:
03
I
E-
r
-63-
when wind and tide are unfavorable, it sometimes requires from
five to seven hours. A trip by " the Capes " is a unicjue
experience.
Freight and passenger steamers connect weekly with
Quebec, Montreal, St. John's, Newfoundland, Halifax, Boston
and the Magdalen Islands. Small steamers and sailing packets,
most of them more or less subsidized, furnish means of coast
and river transit. A direct steamship service to Great Britain
was inaugurated in the fall of 1898.
Telegraphic communication is maintained by the cable of
the Anglo-American Telegraph Company, 12 miles long, between
Capes Traverse and Tormentine, and 27 other offices of this
company are established throughout the Province and along
the Railway. The land line is 130 miles lonj. This system
also includes i mile of cable under the Hillsborough River at
Charlottetown.
A telephone system of about 500 miles, reaching almost
every important point is also in existence, Mails are despatched
daily to the mainland and weekly to Great Britain, while
advantage is taken of intervening opportunities to Europe via New
York. There are good postal facilities throughout the Province,
offices being established at intervals of three or four miles.
The following table gives the distances between Charlotte-
town and some of the principal cities of Canada and the United
States, and the time required to make the journey during the
summer season : —
Charlottetown to Halifax, N. S.
fi Moncton, N. B.
.. St. John, N. B.
.. Quebec, (I. C. R.)
M Montreal, (I. C. R.)
u Montreal, ( C. P. R.)
M Ottawa. (C. A.)
Ottawa, (C. P. R )
Toronto, (G. T. R. )
.. Toronto, (C. P. R.)
II Boston,
Miles
Hours
160
12
IIO
6 20 min.
200
9 20 min.
600
23
772
28
681
25
887
31
796
28
1.105
37
1,019
35
654
24
-64-
u
o
a.
a:
u
H
CO
-65-
Miles
Hours
880
30
970
32
3.584
124
Charlottetown to New York,
II Philadelphia,
II Vancouver,
«(«; ►——4 ))»>
THE ISLANDS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
HE Island Province possesses few financial institutions.
Y ^ i I I^s banks are the Merchants of Prince Edward Island and
the Summerside Bank. The former occupies a substantial
building in Charlottetown, and does a very successful business.
It was incorporated in 1871 and has Agencies at Souris
Montague and Alberton. The Summerside Bank has been in
existence for upwards of 30 years. Both are sound financial
concerns. The Union Bank of Prince Edward Island, in-
corporated in 1863, was amalgamated with the Bank of Nova
Scotia in 1883, and is now known as the Charlottetown Agency
of that great Nova Scotian Institution. There is also a
branch at Summerside. Another Halifax Bank, the Merchants,
has agencies at Charlottetown and Summerside. A branch of
the Dominion Government Savings Bank is established at
Charlottetown, in which the amount to the credit of depositors
at ist July, 1899, was $1,800,666.92. There are Post Office
Savings Banks at Summerside, Souris, Montague, Crapaud and
Tignish. An Agency of the *• Credit Foncier Franco Canadien'
of Quebec does business at Charlottetown. There are no Loan
or Trust Companies.
MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURES
The business men of Prince Edward Island are up-to-date.
Stores with well-selected stocks are found in every village and
at many of the " cross-roads " throughout the country. In Char-
lottetown the establishments of all kinds are equal to those of
any city of its size in Canada, and the window dressing of
many of the stores is excellent. The principal dry goods
retailers send buyers direct to England for their stocks, while
the large army of commercial ambassadors who regularly visit
the Island, secure substantial orders. In the Capital are several
—66—
shipping firms, eight or nine d goods establishments (some
with wholesale departments) seven drug stores, two furniture
factories and warerooms, five tailoring establishments, and several
stores each in the lines of groceries, hardware, boots and shoes,
etc. Summerside, too, possesses excellent business establish-
ments. The Charlottetown Board of Trade is an influential
body and is accomplishing good work for the city and province.
Manufactures are limited but are steadily developing. They
include butter, cheese, starch, and soap factories, tanneries,
grist, saw, and woolen mills, furniture factories, lobster and
other canning establishments, carriage factories, etc.
By the census of 1891, the figures of Island industries
were as follows : —
Number of Industrial Establishments, 2,679
Capital invested $2,911,963
Number of hands employed, 7>9io
Yearly wages about, $1,101,620
Value of products, $4,345,910
An increase compared with the census of 1881 of over 25
per cent, in the number of establishments, nearly 40 per cent.
in capital invested, 38 per cent, in the number of hands
employed, and 27 per cent, in the value of products.
INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
The number of Industrial Establishments in each County
in 1 89 1 (according to the census returns, the latest available
fij<ures) was as follows : —
ClaBfiiflcation of Trade
King's
Prince
Queen's
2
Total
Aerated water making
I
3
Agricultural implements
I
9
10
Bakeries
2
6
8
Basket making
12
12
Blacksmithing
94
136
M5
375
Boat building
5
8
10
23
Book-binding
3
3
Boots and Shoes
41
50
82
173
Breweries
I
I
Brick and Tile making
I
6
10
17
Forward
142
224
259
625
-67-
IT
Classification of Trade
King's
Prince
Queen's
Total
Brought Forward
142
224
259
625
Cabinet and Furniture making
5
9
19
Carding and Fulling Mills
8
14
13
35
Carpenters and Joiners
78
82
116
276
Carpet making
25
25
Carriage making
17
43
32
92
Carriage Top making
I
I
Cheese Factories (now greatly increased)
I
2
I
4
Chemical Establishments
4
4
Confectionery
5
5
Cooperage
6
22
6
34
Dentistry
I
4
5
Dress Making and Millinery
24
36
104
164
Electric Light Works
2
2
Fish Canning (largely increased)
23
50
25
98
Fish curing
25
137
92
254
Fishing Tackle making
5
8
13
Flour and Grist Mills
23
42
47
1 12
Foundries and Machine Works
3
2
4
9
Gas Works
I
I
Harness and Saddlery
8
8
20
36
Hosiery Factories
2
2
Knitting Factories
3
3
Lath Mills
[
I
Lime Kilns
176
9
22
207
Lobster Trap making
9
I
10
Lobster Can and Box making
3
3
Marble and Stone cutting
3
I
3
7
Meat curing
8
5
14
27
Miscellaneous
I
I
Moss Factory
I
I
Painters and Glaziers
I
6
I
8
Patent Medicine Factories
I
I
Photographic Galleries
I
I
2
Picture Frame making
2
2
Planing and Moulding Mills
I
I
2
Plaster and Stucco Works
2
2
Plumbers and Gas Fitters
I
I
Potteries
I
I
Printing and Publishing Offices
2
4
6
Pump and Wind Mill Factories
3
3
Sail making
I
2
5
8
Forward
553
713
846
2112
—68—
Cla88iflcation of Trade
Kingr'a
Prince
Queen's
Total
Brought Forward
553
713
846
21 12
Sash, Door and Blind Factories
3
2
4
9
Saw Mills
51
66
55
172
Shingle making
5
1 1
16
32
Ship Yards
5
2
I
8
Shook and Fish Box making
I
I
Soap and Candle making
2
2
Spinning Wheel Factories
I
I
Starch Factories
3
I
2
6
Tailors and Clothiers
29
36
53
118
Tanneries
4
9
17
30
Tin and Sheet Iron Working
3
I
4
Tinsmithing
4
10
19
Tobacco Working
2
2
Trunk, Box and Valise making
3
3
Watchmakers and Jewellers
4
6
10
Weavers
60
33
45
138
%• Wood Turning
3
2
5
Woolen Mills
I
2
4
7
Totals
724
893
1062
2679
A census at the present time would probably show an in-
crease in most of the above industries.
-♦«-
^4i.
ATTRACTIONS FOR THE TOURIST AND SPORTSMAN
HIS lovely Island possesses immense attractions for
tourists and there is no better summer resort in all
America. It is an outing paradise, and a wonder to
those who visit it for the first time. Instead of the
doubtful allurements of a conventional seaside resort, there
will be found the finest surf-bathing in the world, excellent
fishing and game in season. A number of comfortable hotels
and farm houses are open to the tourist at moderate rates,
where the tired toilers of the hot and dusty cities can find
health and enjoyment. There are many enticing places on
both the north and south shores —
"With spots of sunny openings, and with nooks
To lie and read in, sloping into brooks."
-69-
i\^
n
■0
Several Americans
have erected cottages
for their own use, and
the number of tourists
is yearly increasing.
With more extensive
advertising and greater
hotel accomodation the
summer - visitor
" industry " would be a
veritable mine to the
country.
The best drinking
water in the world, a
wild and cultivated
strawberry season ex-
tending from July ist
until late in August,
with raspberries and
other small fruit of an
equally good quality
closely following, pretty
and quaint subjects for
the camera at every
turn, with the free use
of " dark rooms " in
Charlottetown, for the
development of pictures
(or the option of having
the work performed at
a trifling cost) are a
few of tlie many minor
attractions that prospec-
tive visitors might make
a note of.
!l
m
—70—
FISH AND GAME
There is no large game or extensive salmon fly-fishing ;
but sportsmen will find good shooting in the shape of wild
geese, brant, duck, wood-cock, plover, and snipe during the
season. By an Act of the Legislature, passed in 1898, the
killing of partridge was prohibited for two years. The Morell,
Midgell, Dunk, Pierre Jacques, Miminigash, Kildare, Tignish,
Percival, Enmore, Winter River and other streams afford good
trout fishing. There is also excellent fishing at North Lake
and other places in the vicinity of East Point.
Fishing and Game L?.ws
The Dominion and Provincial Parliaments have passed
laws to prevent the wanton destruction of fish and game, and
for the establishr-ent of close seasons.
The Dominion Trout-Fishing regulations are as follows : —
" In the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and
Prince Edward Island, no one shall fish for, catch, kill, buy,
sell or possess any speckled trout, salmon trout, gray trout,
white trout, lake trout, winanish, toag, Imd-locked salmon, or
any other kind of trout from the ist day of October to the
31st day of March in each year, both days inclusive."
There are no other Government restrictions, but on some
streams parties hold fishing leases. Further information can be
obtained from the resident Fishery Officers.
Game Protection
An Act passed by the Provincial Legislature in 1879 for
the protection of game and fur-bearing animals, togeth ^r with
an amendment in 1898, provides as follows: —
" None of the birds or animals hereinafter mentioned
shall be taken or killed, or attempted to be taken or killed
within the jeriods hereinafter mentioned : i. Partridge between
the 15th day of February and the ist day of October. 2.
Wood-cock and Snipe between the ist day of January and the 20th
day of August. 3. Water fowl which are known as wild duck
between the ist day of March and the 10th day of Septem-
ber. 4. Hares or rabbits between the 1st day of March and
T
—71—
the ist day of September. 5. Muskrat, martin or otter be-
tween the ist day of May and the ist day of November."
The same shall not be had in possession or offered for sale
during the periods in which they are so protected. No eggs
shall be had in possession nor shall wood-cock be killed before
sunrise or after sunset. The penalty for breaches of the Act is
a fine not exceeding $25 nor less than $5 foi each bird,
animal or egg.
An Act to protect wild fowl, passed in 1884, prohibits the
killing of any kind of wild fowl between sunset and sunrise,
and the penalty for infractions of the same is $50.
PRINCE .EDWARD ISLANDS FUTURE
Agriculturally
HILE the vigorous prosecution of the Fisheries, and
Improved Winter Communication will be important
factors in the welfare of this Province, upon the de-
velopment of Agriculture more than anything else
depends the Island's future prosperity. Farmers are throwing
off their lethargy, and are adopting new ideas and methods.
In the line of handling milk, growing fodder and caring for
stock, wonderful advances have been made. The Dairy Indus-
try is yielding a large revenue, and fruit-growing receiving
more attention, is becoming remunerative.
An increased product in Pork is also a certainty. Char-
lottetown now possesses a modern pork-packing factory
thoroughly equipped for the scientific slaughter of swine and
the preparation of pork and its by-products. This will bring
about new methods in the fattening of pigs, and scrub animals
will become extinct.
But, nolhwithstanding the great progress of recent years,
specialties in the farming line are still in their infancy. Much
ground is yet to be covered in both dairying and fruit-growing,
whilst poultry-fattening is practically untouched.
With the opening up of the British Market to Island
products, with the promised illustration and poultry-fattening
— 72 —
station, realized, and with continued inspiration and assistance
from the Dominion dairying and horticultural experts, agriculture
in all its branches must rapidly advance, and concurrently
with such progress, will the " Garden Province " enter upon
an era of prosperity unprecedented in its history.
As a Field for the Farmer Emigrant
Although Prince Edward Island cannot expect many new
settlers, since there is now comparatively little room for such,
yet it is a desirable place for a certain class of immigrants in
search of improved farms with buildings, and within easy
reach of the social comforts of life. Good farms of this kind,
some of which are vacated by those who turn their faces to the
" Golden West," can from time to time be had at from $20
to $35 per acre.
Improved Winter Communication
The problem of continuous winter communication has not
ye', been solved, and the Winter Ferry and Georgetown-Pictou
Routes are still uncertain. In the distant future, communication
may possibly be had thr. year round by tunnel or subway (as
was advocated some years ago), or perchance by balloon which
may be one of the possibilities of the twentieth century ; but
in the meantime, the new winter steamer " Minto," that is
expected to begin its work in the season of 1899-1900, will
greatly improve the existing state of affairs.
As a Summer Resort
The spot that was described in the latter part of the last
century by a prejudiced English writer (William Cobbett) as
"a rascally heap of sand, rock and swamp, occupied only as a
military station, and producing nothing but potatoes," is now
designated a great garden, and is admitted by those who are
fortunate enough to visit it, to be unexcelled as an outing-place
in summer. A beauty that is unique has drawn many to its
shores, but its strong attractions still remain comparatively un-
known. What Tourists' Associations and first-class hotels have
done and are doing for other places, that would they accomplish
for this Province were its people and capitalists alive to their
own interests.
r
-73-
To-day, the Island of Prince Edward which Cartier declared
" the fairest that may possibly be seene," still delights. To the
natural charm has long since been added that brought by
cultivation. Set in the midst of the silver sea, with its wealth
of Verdure and smiling fields, the Island presents a sub-tropical
appearance. The air redolent of the fragrance of grasses and
flowers, the shining waters, and all the dreaminess of a Lotus-
l.''.nd, invite the 1 jorist. Its hospitable people are ready to
welcome increase - iUmbers of visitors. The great hotel must
come, and with the good work of intrDducing modern ideas
and improvements continued, the prosperity of this Ocean
Garden Island is assured.
p*"!^'- ■'■/'rwr-
•' ■^*' "fy ^* -ivw-^w**/ '•—
">.1
l^'-^''*.-*'"^ ■%;"■
'UNEXCELLED AS AN OUTING-PLACK IN HUMMER
ii..
74-
X
ts
C
E-
■75-
A FINAL CHAPTER-HOTELS
HE principal "North Shore" Resorts are at Tracadie
Beach, Stanhope. Brackley Beach, Rustico, and Malpeque.
At these places, respectively, are located the " Acadia,"
"Shaw's," the "Sea View," "Mutch's," the "Cliff House," the
"Seaside," and the "North Shore" Hotels, These houses are
delightfully situated on beautiful land-locked Bays, where boat-
ing, still-water bathing, shooting, and other sports may be
enjoyed ad libitum. Beyond the bars and the sand dunes, rolls
in the foam-capped surf, and here is the finest sea-bathing in
America ; while out in the Gulf, for those who fancy it, can be
had mackerel and cod fishing with the hardy toilers of the
North Bay. The strong air of this northern coast is a tonic in
itself. The hotels are within easy drive of Charlottetown or
other railway station. The " Seaforth " is at Cascumpec Bay.
But to those who prefer a less ozonized atmosphere, the
"South Shore" offers many attractions. The "Florida" hotel
is a popular resort at Pownal, and the " Lansdowne " at Cape
Traverse is a comfortable house. The "Pleasant View" house
at Hampton is very much liked by all who visit it. There is
good boating and bathing, and the hotel is beautifully situated
on high ground with an extensive and pretty view of land
and sea. This place is reached by boat or carriage from
Charlottetown.
Besides the hotels (a list of which follows), there are many
farm houses where visitors will be welcomed and hospitably
entertained. Numerous clean and intelligent families will receive
tourists ; and if the bill of fare be not as varied as that of the
hotels, the guests may depend upon getting the richest cream
and the most golden butter imaginable, together with an
abundance of all the other good things furnished by this fertile
summer-land.
76-
lis
O
2
—77—
The following Hotels open for the season between June
15th and July ist, closing early in September; —
On the North Shore
No.
Place
Name
Proprietor
Tkkms
Ace.
Per
Per
100
Day
2 50
Week
Tracadie Beach
Acadia
I. C. Hall
8.00
Stanhope
Mutch's
F. Mutch
2.5
!.:«)
5-7.00
"
Cliff
J. J. Da vies
40
*
-it
Hrackley Heach
Shaw's
Neil Shaw
.50
i.:io
fi-SOO
'•
Hea View
E. Houston
40
1.00
.5(5.00
Hnstico
.Seaside
J. Newson & Co.
70
1 75
7-10.0(t
Malprque
North Shore
G. F. Rearisto
25
1.00
()-up
Alberton
Seaforth
G. R. Montgomerj'
20
150
7.00
On the South Shore
F^ownal
Florida
W. Brown
15
1 00 5-8.00
Hampton
Pleasant View
Matthew Smith
50
1 00 +5.00
List of Hotels
Name
>
Daviea
Queen
Revere
Eureka
McMillan
Lansdowne
Clark's
Cfuninercial
Clifton
Russ
Campbell
Barclay
Albion Terrace
Revere
Winner
Railway
Clark's
Manson
Smith
McDonald
Aitken
Tapper
Revere
Central
Diiigwell
McLean
Fraser
Sea View
Frederick
Location
Charlotte town
Hunter River
Cape Traver.>ie
Kensington
Summerside
O'Leary
Alberton
Tignish
Mt. Stewart
Cardigan
Montague
Georgetown
Morell
St. Peter's
Souris
No.
Ter.ms
Acc'd
Per Day
$2 00 up
Per Week
1.50
$10 .50 up
80
150
(iOO up
<)0
1 00-1 .50
4 00 7.(Kt
20
1 .50-2 00
7 00
10
100
4.00
.50
1 (10 up
4.00-8.00
20
125
(i 00
20
1 00
5 CO
40
2 00
Aut.
50
1.50
7.(0
40
1 25 up
(i 00
10
1 25
5.00
40
1 .50
n.fO
20
1 00
4 (JO
10
1 50
5 00
10
1(K)
5.00
10
100
4 00
10
100
4.00
10
125
5.00
1.0(11 .50
(KK)
20
1,50
AKt.
I(»
1 .50
5 01 m; 00
15
1 0(»
:i 00-5 (M»
10
1 00
A 00-5.(K)
10
1 25
5 00
10
1 25
500
40
150
Agt.
25
100
5.00
* Apply to the "Hotel Davies,"
t 83 to family parties.
-78-
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in
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—79—
ROUTES, ETC.
Prince Edward Island is reached by boats of the " Plant
Line " from Boston to Charlottetown (owing to the increased
tourist traffic this season, the magnificent " La Grande Duchesse "
being required in addition to the " Halifax,") and by direct
steamers from Montreal ; by rail from Boston, St. John and
Montreal to Point du Chene, N. B., thence by boat to
Summerside, P. E. L; by boat Boston to Yarmouth, thence
rail to Pictou, N. S., and steamer to Charlottetown ; by rail
from Halifax to Pictou, thence by boat to Charlottetown ; and
from Halifax by direct steamer. The Tourists' Information
Bureau at Charlottetown, and the Prince Edward Island Railway
folders afford more specific information as to resorts, routes, etc.
Copies of this pamphlet may be obtained from the Provincial
Government, Charlottetown.
ADDENDA
Since the foregoing pages have been put into print, a
change has taken place in the establishment of the Militia
of this Province, referred to on page 21. The force is
now composed of four companies of Garrison Artillery, with
the strength of each company increased by 12 and a total
establishment of 244, one double company of Engineers, and
eight companies of Infantry, a total of 57 officers and 717
non-commissioned officers and men.
The direct steamship service to Great Britain, alluded to
on pages 49 and 63, is to be continued. One of the boats
of the Elder-Dempster Line, the "Lake Huron," will make
several trips between Charlottetown and Liverpool this season.
Poultry-fattening stations (adverted to at page 71) have
been established by the Dominion Government at C\ arlottetown
and Summerside.
ERRATA
On page 20, top line, " Lib.-Con " should read " Lib."
On page 61, 15th line, omit the word "open."
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