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Tous les autres exempiaires originaux sent filmte en commenpant par la premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impresslon ou d'iiiustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre Image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film«s A des taux de reduction dlff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cllch«, II est film« A partir de i'angle sup«rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n«cesssire. Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la m«thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ,« ' ./■^ '"i-'^ i^'^- /., :> / 6 HOW TO DO IT. SOME SUGGESTIONS ON HOUSE SANITATION BEING A PAPER PREPARED FOR THE ASSOCIATIOX OF EXECUTIVE HEALTH OFFICERS OF ONTARIO , BT WILLIS GHIPMAN, C. E.. M. Am. See. C. E. ; M. Can. See. C. E. ; M. Am. W. W. Association. TORONTO : Pbintbd bt Wabwiok & Sons, C8 and 70 Front Street West. 1891. -^.i The EDITH and LORNE PIERCe"] COLLECTION e^CANADIANA HueerCs University at Kingston HOW TO DO IT. SOME SUGGESTIONS ON HOUSE SANITATION TN thousands of cases in our cities with their Sewer Systems. J> Boards of Health, Plumbinj:? Inspectors, etc., we still find the liquid house wastes distributed over the back yards or deposited m the privy pit with the night soil, the night soil allowed to accumu- late for months, perhaps years, within a few yards of residences ; the kitchen garbage and ashes commingling, forming a disgusting heap, all the conditions necessary for propagating if not creating an ep'demic. If the perpetrators of the foregoing crimes were the only ones to suffer, the evil might soon be eiadicated or would exterminate the criminals eventually, but unfortunately the results affect others, the innocent suffering with the guilty. The objects of this paper are to shew that the abominations described in the opening paragraph and whijh are known by all <3ity officials to exist, need exist no longer ; that by the general adoption of the methods described in this paper a great advance would be made in civic sanitation. It is assumed that the city or town is supplied with water works and a sewerage system, without both of which it is impossible for a city or town to attain to a high sanitary condition. ^^\^ A^W X::a\ (V The adoption of water closets and plumbing fixtures by a small part or even half the population of a city, while the remaining portion of the population still adheres to the more primitive and time-honored methods of disposing of refuse and wastes, could not, in my opinion, avert the dangers from certain epidemic diseases. Sanitation to be effective should be general, and should pro- vide for the poor as well as for the rich. Wc shall now attempt to show " How to do it." After a careful study of the problem, based on seveial years of experience, the writer has concluded that every resident of a city or town should be compelled in the interests of public health to keep his house and his premises in as perfect a sanitary condition a» possible. This may be done : — (a) By removing all licjuid wastes daily. These wastes in- clude chamber slops, water used for baths, clothes- washing, dish- washing, pot-washing, vegetable-washing, and the thousand and one other uses to which water is put in a house. (6) By deodorizing, disinfecting and removing quietly, periodi- cally, regularly and without offence to any of the senses, all night soil. (c) By burning all combustible garbage and removing by carta all that is not combustible. {d) By removing ashes periodically. (e) By the continuous removal of the subsoil water that causes damp cellars, basements, etc. The construction of a system of sewerage in a city or town will tend to lower the subsoil water ; but it will do little more towards improving its sanitary condition unless a great majority of the citizens take advantage of such system and use the sewers as a means of removing all liquid house wastes at least. Until recent years the ordii^ary houee plumbing with enclosed fixtures, sheet- »■ } metal pipes, putty joints, bath rooms badly lighted and ventilated, and soil pipes of inferior materials was a continuous source of expense and danger to the inmates of houses so supplied ; design, materials and workmanship were all at fault. In many cities of Great Britain, Europe and the United States, and in two or three cities in Canada, plumbing rules and regula- tions arc now enforced specifying how all plumbing work must be done., thus protecting the citizen from unseen danger, and guaran- teeing to him that he is getting what he is paying for, as well as protecting the honest plumber from the " scamp " plumber, and demonstrating to the public that plumbing fixtures can be so ar- ranged and constructed that they will become neither dangerous or offensive if properly used and if kept clean. With a system of sewers and proper plumbing fixtures (a) and (6) can best be removed by the water cariiage system, the liquids in (a) carrying the solids of (b) quietly, quickly and immediately out of the building. There are no sanitary objections to this method. Great objections are, however, raised against house plumbing by the owners of buildi.^;gs not furnished with plumbing fixtures, the chief being : — 1st. The great first cost. 2nd. The annual charge for water. 3rd. The pipes and fixtures are looked upon as suspicious neighbors. It is claimed that the first cost is so great that only the rich can be benefited by the sewer system, especially when the water rate is taken into consideration. There is at first sight some truth in this claim ; but the liquid house wastes can be conveyed to the sewer system from the poor man's cottage at a very small expenditure for plumbing, and the water rate will not be increased by adopting the suggestions given further on. The minimum annual water rate in cities and towns owning ^■CPtD^C| 6 and operating their own water works is generally an amount so small that any tenant can afford it, and by the adoption of the fix- tures to be described be will not be called upon to pay more than the minimum rate. There is no force or truth in the third objection, with proper design, good material and honest workmanship. It is much easier to '* lead " than to " drive " the average rate- payer, even when his own interests (other than the direct financial) are involved — and any attempt to make the construction and use of plumbing fixtures IXHIDE all residences compulsory would at the present writing result in total failure in this democratic province. By the adoption of the suggestions given in this paper, any city or town can improve its sanitary condition in a marked degree without oppressing even the poorest resident with taxation, and without any great expenditure. The following schedule shews at a glance the methods the writer would recommend for dealing with domestic and household wastes in different classes of buildings ; also the prime cost of con- nectirg with the street sewer and the cost of the necessary plumb- ing fixtures. In t^e majority of cases one house sewer, one outside sink, and one yard hydrant would answer for several houses, thus greatly decreasing cost to each house as here given. Economical and efficient removal from different claseea of buildings. a) Liquid house wastes — 1. Kitchen water (fatty) 2. Washing *' (soapy) 3. Chamber slops ^ a, • I / 1 Kitchen sink I Slop sink (outside the building. {h) Night soil 3 Slop sink I outbide. 1 Kitchen sink 1 Sinks. 2 " "2 Baths, wash- bowls & sink 3 Water closet 3 Water closet (c) Kitchen garbage. (d) Ashes (c) Subsoil water Cost of house sewer " plumbing fixtures Total first cost Water closet. Water closets. Earth or ash Earth or ash clobet. I closet. Burned in kitchen st«,vre in whole or in part. Carted away as often as possible with the refuse that cannot be consumed. Removed by porous agricultural drain tiles. §18 00 12 00 $30 00 $18 00 37 00 $J5 00 $10 00 125 00 $135 00 $10 00 180 00 $190 00 In ho' ses indicated in the second and third columns of the above schedule the annual cost for odorless excavating and for removal of gaibage and surplus ashes should not exceed ^2.50 per year In houses of the class ™^^ntioiie(| u the la^t two columns there will be the additional charge for extra water lequired to flush the water closets, and othei- fixtures. ^ r ,i „. ^,,.f of hmisP 'J he cost of house sewer does not include the cost of that pait ot house sewer between the street line and the street sewer. We will now describe the fixtures mentioned. The Outside Slop Sink. This slop sink should be of iron, preferably galvanized, and should have a cast iron outlet pipe 3 inches in diameter fur- nished with a deep trap of the same diameter placed from 3 to 4 feet below the surface of the ground (beyond the effect of frost). The ordinary "Merry Sink," 2l| inches long, 17 inches wide and 9 inches deep, to be had from all dealers in sanitary tix- 8 tures and illustrated in Fig. 1, answers admirably an li has no corners within that can retain dirt or filth, and the tereen over outlet is large and exactly suited for use required. This sink should (Fig. 1.) Mf^lSS^ (Fig. 2.) be covered with a strong box of wood with hinged cover to protect the sink from injury. This box and enclosed sink should be venti- lated by boring several holes through the box near the surface of the ground and by carrying a ventilating shaft of wood or sheet metal from the top of the box to some convenient height above the ground away from windows. This sink should be thoroughly and fre- quently scrubbed, and to prevent improper use of sink the screen or strainer placed over the outlet must be permanently fixed. Unless kept scrupulously clean this outside slop sink should not be placed in any building or shed, but it may be placed at one side of an outside building ; the ventilating shaft being carried up the side of the building. A roof may be built over the fixture if desired. If roof water is permitted to enter the sewer system it would be advisable to allow one rain water leader at least to discharge into this sink. 9 The yard hydrant for water supply should be located so that tl In i 12 In most cases it is desirable to place a trap on this drain as near the inlet as possible and a fine wire netting should be placed over the inlet. ' The cheap cottage, renting at $5 per month or less, has now been provided for. The Kitchen Sink. In houses renting from $-5 to $12 per month a kitchen sink is the only inside fixture required, the outside slop hopper being still retained for chamber slops, as well as the dry ash closet for night- w Hot. ^ ^^oto I (FiQ. 5.) This sink should be of iron, preferably porcelain lined, properly trapped and the trap ventilated by a pipe not less than 2 inches in diameter, carried through the roof. The waste pipe should be of iron, well coated with asphaltum varnish, with screwed joints or !.. A. \ I L Lin as near aced over 1, has now en sink is being still for night- , properly inches in mid be of joints or 13 run withlead and caulked. The house sewer should be four inches ^n diameter, of vitrified salt glazed sewer pipe, except for five feet i entering the wall of the house which should be of cast iron " extra, 'heavy " soil pipe 4 inches in diameter. The ordinary cast iron sink of the hardware shop, if it has a Iproper fixed strainer, and if properly supported, and if kept well Ipainted, is perfectly safe and is cheap. Galvanized iron or pressed I steel sinks and porcelain lined sinks are better but more expensive. Water Closet. In houses renting for more than $12 per month a water clos^ should be substituted for the outride slop sink and the dry-ash 1 closet, this one fixture combining in itself water closet, urinal a-d slop hopper. I This fixture should be of strong earthenware with all parts easy ^ of access, so that need of cleansing may be apparent to the eye be- fore any other sense is cognizant of the fact. (Fig. 6.) The closet above shewn is one of the best of the cheaper 11 I I \ 14 •closets in the market. It has a broad base, thus being not easily loosened by rough usage. The " horns " for connections are very strong and well proportioned, thus not easily broken off by care- lessness or by accident. The outlet is at the front — not obstructed in any way by bends — thus allowing of instant inspection and easy cleansing. The flush is thoroughly effectual and not spattering, as many otherwise good closets unfortunately do. This closet is of so heavy and strong a design that no supports are necessary for the seat, which rests directly on bowl, but rubber cushions should be placed on lower side of the seat. The hinged seat should be counter- balanced to prevent danger from rough usage. No part of closet pipes or connections should be encased with any woodwork whatever. The wooden seat as shown is all the woodwork that is required. ffvaaen (Fio. 7.) The water closet compartment should be well lighted and ven- tilated by a shaft extending from the ceiling over the fixture to the outer air, to the " cock loft " of the building, or to a flue or chimney ; this shaft to be not less than 40 inches in area. In any building or house only two fixtures are absolutely neces- sary for the removal of liquid household wastes and the excreta, viz. : the water closet, and the kitchen sink ; and except for the great inconvenience the water closet could be made do for both. J I 15 g not easily ns are very )ff by care- otsfcructed Dn and easy •attering, as oset is of so iry for the s should be be counter- leased with I is all the 1 and ven- ture to the ' chimney ; tely neces- te excreta, pt for the r both. I In choosing a water closet avoid ' pan closets," " plunger closets," " valve closets," and " hopper closets." A simple washout closet in one piece, with front outlet, is the best closet of moderate cost now made. Other Fixtures. The addition of baths, wash bowls, laundry tubs, etc., are con- veniences, not necessities ; but in putting in a soil pipe " stack " connections should be left for bath at least, and for any other fixtures that will probably be added within a few years. These connections should be securely plugged. The fewer and more simple the fixtures are, however, thie less becomes the possibility of danger from poor plumbing, and the less the first cost and annual maintenance. Pipes and Wastes. The following extracts from By-law 436 of the City of Brant- ford, " To regulate Plumbing, and secure the Sanitary condition of Buildings," revised by the writer, describes fully the construction of pipes, wastes, traps, etc., within a building. IX. MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP. All materials shall be of the best quality and all w ork must be executed in a thorouph and workmanlike manner. That the work done is as good as is allowed in other cities and towns is to be no criterion of the work done here. X. From a point three feet outside the foundation walls of a building no materials shall be used to or within the building and connected with the sewer for soil, waste or vent pipe other than wrought iron pipes with screwed joints, cast iron pipes with securely leaded joints, or lead pipes with wiped or soldered jaintd. XI. Cement or putty joints, tin or sheet iron pipes, whether galvanized or not, shall not be used inside the building. XII. When the diameter of any i Ipe is greater than two inches it shall be of iron. XIII. No iron pipe shall weigh less than the following : 2 inches in diameter, 5i lb. per lineal foot. 3 " " 94 tb. " " 4 " " 13 tt). 6 " " 20 lb. " Above the highest fixture in the building, however, a four inch soil pipe weighing n^ne pounds per lineal foot will be permitted. XIV. No lead, wa^te or vent pipes shall weigh less than the following 1 inch in diameter, 2 lb. per lineal foot, li •• " 2ilb. " " lA " •' 2|lb. " " 2 " " 3* lb. T 16 XV. All fittings shall correspond in weight and quality. XVI. Every connection with lead and iron pipes shall be made with brass thimbles or fer- rules, haviiig properly wiped or soldered joints, and the ferrules having been properly gasketted, leaded and caulked with the said pipe. Feirules for 4-inch pipes shall not weigh less than 2^ lbs.; for 3-inch pipe not less than 1^ lbs., and for 2 inch pipe not less than 1^ lbs., each ferrule not to be less than 4 inches in ler.($cn. SOIL PIPES, WASTE PIPES, ETC. XVII. The main pipe from the sewer connection to the top shall be fully 4 inches in internal diameter at every point. XVIII. No trap or other obstruction to the free flow of air through the whole course of the house sewer and soil pipe shall be placed on soil pipe or house sewer. XIX. Rule 2, section 15, of by-law appended to the Public Health Act, chap. 205, Revised Statutes of Ontario, is hereby repealed. XX. Every vertical soil pipe must be extended at least 4 feet above the roof of the build- ing and above any window within a distance of 30 feet. The end of the pipe shall be left open or with wire basket end, without a return bend, hood or curve. XXI. No soil pipe or waste pipe shall have at any part a less fall than one-fourth inch to the foot. The fall must be towards the outlet. XXII. Each house or building must have its own separate poil pipe or drain, and such soil pipe or drain shall be so placed as to be always readily inspected without excavation or destruction to wall* or floors, and the plumber shall be responsible for the proper connec- tion of his work with the system of sewers ; and no two or more houses or buildings shall have drain in common until each separate drain shall have passed outside the walls of the house or building which it serves. XXIII. The arrangement of soil and waste pipes shall be as direct as possible. XXIV. In no case shall pipes, fixtures and traps be placed in inaccessible positions in a building. XXV. All waste pipes from fixtures should be carried up through the roof, the same as a soil pipe, the diameter to be not less than three inches where it passes through the roof, to prevent obstruction from frost. The waste pipes from different fixtures may be branched together and pass upward to roof, or may be connected with the main soil pipe, above the inlet from the highest on it. XXVI. The drain pipe from refrigerator or other receptacle where provisions are stored shall not be connected with any waste pipe, soil pipe or sewer ; it should discharge into some sink or basin supplied with water. XXVII. When there is a safe under a water closet, bath, urinal, wash-basin, sink or other fixture, it mu^t be drained by a special pipe not directly connected with any waste pipe soil pipe or sewer, but discharging into dome plat'e in open sight. I & imbles or fer- jeen properly ipes shall not pipe not le8» IS in internal iourse of the !05, Revised )f the build- Hhali be left irtb inch to id such soil cavation or per cttnnec- Idings shall walls of the itions in a ) same as a h the roof, !8 may be main soil bored shall into some k or other aste pipe I I 17 TRAPS AND VENTS. XXVIII. Every water cloReS urinal basin, sink, wash tray, bath tub, »°<1 «^«':y »"*''"' ?±^J nbi, n.u8t be separately and eflfectually trapped as near the fixture as possible, and never more than two feet therefrom. XXIX. Every trap must be vented either by continuing the waste pipe, as in section 26, or by a Hpeciai vent pipe connected with the crown of each trap, and e'^tendrnj? above the inlet from the highest fixture on it. The vents m.y be combined by branchint? together those that serve neveral traps. These vent pipes n-ust always have a continuous slope, to avoid collecting water by condensation. XXX. Water sealing trap? of any pattern approved of. by the Engineer or J^fpector of Plumbing may be used when separate air pipe connections from the top of the same are provided. XXXI. In putting in plumbing fixtures in old buildings separate air pipe connections or vents m*y be omitted when traps that cannot be unsealed and such as are approved of by the Engineer are used. XXXII. No trap or vent pipe shall be used as a waste or soil pipe. XXXIII. No brick, sheet metal or earthenware pipe or chimney flue shall be used as a sewer ventilator, nor lo vemilate any trap, drain, suil or waste pipe. XXXIV. No closet or other convenience which allows the escape into the house of air or gas which has bt^en contin-d in any part of it, or from the drain or soil pipe, or which allows the accumulation of fiith in or about it, shall bo fitted up or used. WATER CLOSETS. Pan closets are strictly prohibited. XXXV. XXXVI. In no clnsses of buildings will water cloBets be permitted in the 'cellars srbasements without 8|)eiial means of lii^hting and ventilating being provided and approved of by the Engineer or Inspector of Plumbing and the Medical Health Officer. XXXVII. All water closets must be supplied with a sufficient quantity of water to keep then: at all times i-lean and well flushed, and should be supplied from a tank from which wate is not drawn for any other purpose. Direct service of a water closet is not permitted. XXXVIII. The trap to water closet must be ventilated by a vent pipe not less than two inches in diameter. XXXTX If a seat ventilating pipe is used it should be carried to the outside air, and must not be connected with the soil pipe. XL. The overflow pipe from the water closet cistern shall not be directly connected with be soil pipe of any fixture. 2 (s.) ill 18 XLI. Rooms in which water closets are placed sliall be ventilated into tlie cock-loft, or into the external air in a manner approved of by the Engineer or Inuptctur of Plumbing and the Medical Health Officer. BATH TUBS, SINKS, WASH BASINS, ETC. XLII. All wash trays, sinks, etc., must be of non-absoi bent material. Wooden ones are prohibited inside of buildings. XLIIL The waste pipe from any fixture shall not be connected with the trap of a water closet or of any other fixture. XLIV. Exit pipes to all fixtures except water closets shall be furnished with suitable per- manently attached btrainers. XLV. The vent pipe to traps of all fixtures but water closets shall not be less tl , one and • quarter inches in diameter, except whin more than fifteen feet in length, v. ion they .shall not be less than one and a half inches in diameter. Irap. XLVI. 'Overflow pipes from fixtures must in each case be connected on the inlet side of the XLVII. Sinks in all hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, laundries or other places where the Engineer or Inspector of Plumbing nmy direct, shall be provided with suitable grease traps. CARPENTER WORK. LV. No woodwork shall in any case be placed at the front or sides of a water closet bowl, «nclot>ing the same, without the permission of the Engineer. The seat shall be hinged in auch a manner that when thrown back the bowl will be exposed on all sides. LVI. Where either vertical or horizontal pipes are enclosed small doors must be so placed that all parts shall be ajcessible at all timbs. LVII. Traps, bends, elbows and connections should not be placed beneath floors ; otherwise trap doors (not screwed down) shall be so placnd that all such traps, bends, elbows, con jQ^^ctions, etc., can be readily "ixamined at any time. The first cost of a house sewer with soil pipe through roof, kitchen sink with trap and ventilating pipe, water closet with vent, everything necessary to remov^e all liquid house wastes and excreta without danger or offence to the owner, should not exceed $150, pro vided the house is not distant more than 25 feet from the street line and is not more than 2^ stories high. i 4 < I A ick-loft, or Plumbing >n ones are i-ater closet litable per- , one and vnon they side of the 10 1 «^ niirht soil garbage, ashes, etc., tor wnicn »« removal ot nignt sou, t,» » . holders should be taxed according to a fixed taritt. r^ +V.O "nvivv wit" and its twin sister the cesspooi until the puvy pit ^^^^^s are introduced, and until systems ot water woii^s WILLIS CHIPMAN. Toronto, 1st May, 1891. s where the table grease closet bowl, be hinged in be so placed 3; otherwise elbows, con i ugh roof, vith vent, d excreta $150, pro street line