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 ADDRESS 
 
 AT THE CONVOCATION OP FACULTIES OF THE 
 
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 IRiiit^mitg tolkr)(, 
 
 OCTOBER 5th, 1891 
 
 BY 
 
 SIR DANIEL WILSON, LLD., F.RS.E./l<S 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. 
 
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 TORONTO: 
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 1891. 
 
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 ADDRESS 
 
 AT THE CONVOCATION OP FACULTIES OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, 
 
 OCTOBER 5th, 1891. 
 
 ' BY THE PRESIDENT, ,' 
 
 t ^ 
 
 : SIR DANIEL WILSON, LL.D., F.R.S.E. 
 
 TITHEN, last year, the duty once more devolved on me of wel- 
 ^^ coming my colleagues and the undergraduates of the 
 University to enter on the studies of a new academic year, we 
 were indebted to the courtesy of an affiliated institution for the 
 hall in which we met ; and began the work of the year amid all 
 the impediments and privations incident to the destruction of a 
 building which for upwards of thirty years had been the priiJe of 
 our graduates. Yet even then we were looking hopefully into 
 the future, encouraged by generous practical sympathy ; no les3 
 than by the experience that the vitality of the University was in 
 no degree dependent on the edifice which had been reduced to ruin. 
 To-day it is my privilege to welcome you once more within the 
 old walls, not only far advanced towards restoration to all their 
 former beauty ; but also with greatly extended accommodation and 
 increased facilities for study. "-'' ^* ' - • '' •• ■ ^ • 
 
 The hall in which we now assemble, straightened though it 
 is for the requirements of a Convocation Hall, is replete with as- 
 sociations of a very mingled character. To most of you it will 
 recall the alcoves of our well-stored librarv ; and their vista ter- 
 minated with the fine statue of William of Wykham, the gift of a 
 graduate and member of the faculty ; and, as the statue of the 
 
v 
 
 founder of New College, Oxford, in the age of Chaucer, prized as 
 an appropriate adornment to the University of our young Domi- 
 nion. To myself, earlier memories are recalled by this day's pro- 
 ceedings ; for it was in this same hall — then as now in a transi- 
 tional stage, — that thirty-three years ago on the 4th of October, 
 1858, the Senate and Convocation, under the presidency of his 
 Excellency, Sir Edmund Head, as visitor, united in the dedication 
 of this building as the home of the Provincial University. The 
 period was a critical one, not only in the history of this institution, 
 but in the whole future of Canadian national education. Once for 
 all, so far at least as Ontario is concerned, it had to be decided 
 whether it was compatible with the well-being of a free state that 
 its citizens should be educated, in their most impressible 3'ear8, 
 in sectarian antagonism ; and the organizers and administrators of 
 higher education be compelled to fritter away its too scanty re- 
 sources on ill-equipped and poorly-manned colleges, marshalled in 
 embittered rivalry ; instead of stimulating each other in a 
 common aim of widening the intellectual horizon ; and training 
 in useful knowledge those who are to be the leaders of thought 
 and action in the coming time. 
 
 It is with a curious sense of retracing life's steps, as though 
 Time had revorsed his flight and brought back the vanished years, 
 that I look on these walls denuded of their familiar furnishings, 
 and reinstated in their condition as on that eventful day in the 
 history of this University. The present occasion seems to invite 
 to a review of that critical period. The heraldic bearings of the 
 University, with the crown in chief, symbolic of the name and 
 privileges granted by royal charter, combine to tell the history of 
 the institution with such aptness as the herald's art admits of ; 
 and in this same yeai' it has been our fortune to recover the long- 
 missing, charter in which his Majesty, King George IV., duly set 
 forth the royal mandate establishing, and constituting forever " a 
 College, with the style and privileges of a University, for the edu- 
 cation and instruction of students in arts and faculties." As a 
 State paper of this nineteenth century the document is a singular 
 one ; and some of its already obsolete requirements have a mediaeval 
 
flavour such as even to William of Wykham might have seemed 
 out of date. It is impossible to review them now without a 
 sense of the giant strides with which free thought has advanced 
 in the intervening years, and prepai'ed the way for a reunion of 
 our educational forces. 
 
 Among the benefactors of this University to whom later gene- 
 rations will owe a debt of gratitude for its organization on a 
 broad national basis, free from every restriction of class or creed, 
 none claims a higher place than his Excellency Sir Edmund Head, 
 the Governor-General of Canada in those eventful years that 
 preceded the federation of the provinces of British North America. 
 With the broad question of constitutional government I meddle 
 not. He was a Governor-General of the old type, who in that 
 transitional stage of Canadian history, claimed to rule when he 
 saw fit, as well as to govern. Familiar himself with University 
 organization, he found the work in inexperi'^nced hands ; and 
 assuming it to be outside the arena of political contention, he took 
 a determined stand on the question of diverting the educational 
 endowments of Upper Canada to denominational Colleges. Some 
 of the incidents in the vice-royalty of the Earl of Elgin had 
 already sufficiently indicated the strained relations existing be- 
 tween the upper and lower provinces, which were preparing the 
 way for federal union and local self-government ; and, with an 
 executive preoccupied with the exigencies of apolitical antagonism 
 embittered by elements of race as well as of creed, the special 
 educational question of Upper Canada lay outside the arena of 
 immediate party strife. There was no minister with whom we 
 could take friendly council ; nor any one to be sensitive over the 
 responsibilities or rights of an educational department. Our very 
 insignificance stood us in good part. So amid the indifference of 
 unsympathetic party leaders, we appealed directly to his Excel- 
 lency, and received from him an intelligent sympathy, the fruits 
 •of which you now enjoy. As Governor-General, Sir Edmund Head, 
 was visitor of the University. As an old Oxford professor, a man 
 of literary standing, high scholarship, and familiar with the 
 manifold requirements of his own alma mater, he deprecated the 
 
mischievous results involved in the perpetuation of a number of 
 poorly equipped colleges wasting inadequate resources in dupli- 
 cating professorships ; and expending their energies in a way that 
 threatened to engraf*^, the tree of knowledge with a fruitage of 
 embittered jealousies to turn to ashes on their lips. 
 
 It is a curious chapter in the history of colonial constitutional 
 rule that I am now tempted to review. Of the actual views of 
 the Government of that day, we are left in no uncertainty. When, 
 in 1860, I proceeded to Quebec to represent the interests of this 
 Univei'sity in opposition to the claimants for a division of the 
 endowment, there was little mystery as to the favour with which 
 the Executive viewed their demands. But if any doubt remained 
 that was effectually removed by the public avowal of the Govern- 
 ment policy at a long subsequent date. In 1884, the distinguished 
 political leader who has so recently closed his prolonged career as 
 a statesman, was welcomed by an enthusiastic gathering of our 
 citizens in the Grand Opera House, on his return from England 
 with special marks of royal favour. On that occasion he ex- 
 plicitly defined the policy which the Government had then been 
 prepared to carry into effect. " It was proposed," said he, " that 
 the University should remain a Church of England institution. 
 That an endowment should be given out of the same fund to 
 Victoria College as representing the Methodists ; to Queen's Col- 
 lege, as representing the Presbyterian body ; and to Regiopolis 
 as representing the Roman Catholics ;" and so inadequate were the 
 prevailing ideas in Canada at that date of the wants of a well 
 equipped University, that a considerable balance was assumed by 
 him to be available, not only for the Grammar, but the Common 
 Schools. The experience of Victoria and Queen's, no less than of 
 our own University, has long since demonstrated the fallacy of 
 such ideas. 
 
 The constitutionality of the course pursued by the Governor- 
 General, need not now be discussed, since it was acquiesced in by 
 his responsible advisers. But the wisdom of his interposition as 
 visitor of the University, will not be disputed here ; and I confix 
 
 ♦" 
 
dently believe, will command the gratitude uf future generations ; 
 who well appreciate no less heartily than we now do, his timely 
 action at that critical juncture in preventing the squandering of 
 an endowment, all too scanty for one seat of learning, in petty 
 grants to every school and college of Ontario. 
 
 But it was the novel experience at that time that a large sur- 
 plus lay at our credit ; though by no means at our disposal. It 
 was, on the contrary, a bait in the hands of rival politicians ; and 
 the source of greatest danger to the University. We were in a 
 homeless plight : transferred, like casual paupers, from one tem- 
 porary lodging to another, in all the exigencies of an institution 
 deserted by its old allies; and awaiting only a concurrent verdict 
 of rival claimants, to pronounce its doom, and administer to its 
 effects. At this crisis Sir Edmund Head once more interposed ; 
 and it is largely due to his liberal conception of the scale on which 
 the University of the future ought to be organized, that the 
 building which we anew dedicate to the services of higher educa- 
 tion has proved capable of readaptation to the ever increasing 
 needs, and to the growing numbers of the University. Sir 
 Edmund Head's " Hand-book of Painting," embracing a critical 
 review of some of the chief schools of European art, furnishes 
 abundant evidence of the cultured taste which exercised an 
 important influence on the architectural features of the building 
 now in process of restoration to more than its former beauty. 
 In this respect it stands in striking contrast to the greater num- 
 ber of the college buildings of this continent, and constitutes an 
 important factor in the intellectual development of the Canadian 
 student. Its aesthetic influences play their part in the enduring 
 associations which link the graduate with his alma mater ; and 
 can scarcely be overestimated, not only as a source of intellectual 
 refinement, but as an element of moral culture. " A thing of 
 beauty is a joy forever ;" and here in our young country, still 
 rugged with the traces of recent clearing from the forest, we 
 stand in special need of such refining influences. With those who 
 have yielded to the charm of this building, its preservation from 
 injury will ever be a sacred duty. To you who, to-day, enter on 
 
6 
 
 the privileges of undergraduates, and as such will be admitted to 
 the free range of its corridors and halls, its lecture rooms and 
 laboratories, I commend no less earnestly their protection from 
 injury and defacement, than I urge on you the wise use of all the 
 manifold educational advantages here placed within your reach. 
 
 But while I have been thus tempted to dwell on the architec- 
 tural attractions of our renovated building, practical requirements 
 have occupied a foremost place in the work of restoration. We 
 have freely availed ourselves of the experiences of the past in all 
 internal reconstruction. In the intervening years since the 
 reorganization of this University was begun, the Universities of 
 Europe have largely remodelled the system of higher education ; 
 and the venerable seats of learning in the mother country have 
 given abundant evidence of their vitality in rcadapting their 
 methods and training to an age of unparalleled scientific progress 
 and research. The Universities of the new world have not been 
 slow to follow their example. A comparison of the courses of 
 study of this University, and the departments of its honour 
 work, in the years immediately succeeding the legislation of 1853, 
 with the requirements now prescribed, furnishes the best evidence 
 of the aim of its administrators to keep abreast of the age. In 
 1853 the old idea that subordinated all other studies to those of 
 classics and mathematics was reluctantly giving place to the 
 requirements of an age of progress. Even with the augmented 
 staff which the changes of that date introduced the entire teaching 
 faculty, including at that period a chair of agriculture, numbered 
 only ten. The modem languages, apart from English, were 
 represented by a single professor ; and other departments were 
 provided for in a like meagre fashion ; while the faculties of law 
 and medicine existed only as a board of examiners. Now, with 
 our restored faculties and crowded classrooms, we have a staff of 
 sixty-one professors, lecturers, demonstrators and fellows, along 
 with nine honorary lecturers who also take part in the instruc- 
 iiion in the faculty of law ; and further additions are in view. 
 The department of modern languages, embracing English, (includ- 
 ing Anglo-Saxon), French, German, Italian and Spanish, with the 
 
proposed additions of the present year will be under the charge 
 of nine pjofessors, lecturers and fellows. At the former date one 
 professor undertook the whole work in mathematics and physics, 
 now entrusted to six professors, instructors antl demonstrators, in 
 the laboratories and lecture-rooms ; and only awaiting the appro- 
 priation of available funds for further additions. Alike in classics 
 and in the modern languages the appointments to new chairs are 
 only delayed in expectation of increased resources ; and this 
 principle of an efficient subdivision of work is being extended to 
 other departments. Experience proves that the lecturer in science, 
 in philosophy, in history, or literature, can present his views as 
 usefully to a crowded classroom as to a dozen students. But in 
 the mastery of languages, in philological and grammatical criticism, 
 in the work of the laboratories, or wherever the teacher has 
 to deal directly with the individual student, subdivision of classe* 
 and the increase of instructors are indispensable for the thorough 
 work which the specialisation of studies involves. 
 
 The annually increasing number of undergraduates, and the 
 addition of new departments of instruction, along with other 
 changes, have involved the need for greatly extended accommo- 
 dation. It cannot be justly charged on those who, thirty-eight 
 years ago, undertook the reorganization of the Provincial Uni- 
 versity, that they were unmindful of the requirements of an age 
 of progress. But it would have indicated the prescience of a 
 seer, could they have anticipated all the wants that are now 
 recognized as urgent. Only a few years before Dr. Dyonisius 
 Lardner had demonstrated the impossibility of a steamship cross- 
 ing the Atlantic ; and Shakespear's Ariel as yet monopolized the 
 feat of making a girdle round the earth in forty minutes. Now 
 in physics, the department of electricity is a claimant for special 
 laboratories and apparatus; while that of metaphysics has its 
 own laboratory and other appliances for the novel branch of 
 experimental psychology, which undertakes to investigate the 
 corelations of mental and cerebral activity ; and extends research 
 to the organic counterpart of all associated mental life. 
 
 'i/;:/.r4 
 
^J 
 
 8 
 
 Such are illustrations of the claims of rival departments for 
 needful facilities, some of which constituted perplexing, if not 
 apparently insoluble problems: when the results of that ever 
 memorable evening which seemed to undo the work of a life- 
 time furnished the opportunity for readapting our buildings to 
 meet many unforseen wants. Among these were the requirements 
 that coeducation involves. Kepeated plans had been considered 
 by the architect, with a view to provide some supplementary 
 accommodation for the annual increase of this new class of students. 
 Nor were our difficulties due only to ever-growing numbers. We 
 were still more perplexed in our endeavour to adapt the few 
 lecture-rooms at our disposal to the indispensable subdivision of 
 work which additional honour departments involve. Modern 
 languages, the oriental languages, comparative philology, the 
 rearrangement and extension in the department of philosophy, 
 the new department of history and political science ; along with 
 the increasing appreciation of the informal interchange of enquiry 
 and instruction in the Professors' private rooms : all demanded 
 extended accommodation. By an arrangement with the late 
 Minister of Education, some of the science departments had been 
 temporarily transferred to the school of practical science. But 
 with the revival of the medical faculty, that proved wholly 
 inadequate for requirements which even the commodious building 
 now provided for biology, physiology, and botany, only partially 
 meets. Nevertheless, when the furnishing of the museum is com- 
 pleted, this building, appropriate to one group of the sciences, will, 
 in its laboratories and other appliances, compare favourably with 
 similar provisions in the best equipped Universities of Europe or 
 America. The new museum is so planned as to greatly economise 
 Space, so as to afford more room, and better opportunity for 
 arrangement. It is to be strictly a teaching museum. But while 
 the aim will be educational utility and not decorative display ; 
 and the wants of the student will constitute the primary object : 
 it will be not only attractive but instructive to the general public. 
 Many advances have been made in recent years in the methods of 
 exhibiting specimens so as to give such collections a higher edu- 
 
9 
 
 cational value. In this we shall reap the advantage of Professor 
 Kamsay Wiight's recent visit to Europe, where he made such 
 practical methods a special subject of study. 
 
 To another important department, that of physics, greatly ex- 
 tended accommodation has been appropriated in the restored 
 building, including lecture-rooms, laboratories, workshop, appara- 
 tus and other needful appliances ; and plans ai'e under considera- 
 tion for some corresponding and no less needful provision for the 
 departments of geology and chemistry. Our gains in the re- 
 modelling of the restored building have been manifold. Two ad- 
 ditional laboracories will now facilitate work in the departments 
 of physics and psychology, ''^he east wing, including the area of 
 the old Convocation Hall, has been rebuilt on a new plan ; and as 
 the result of this and other changes, instead of nine lecture-rooms 
 formerly at our disposal we have now fifteen. In the old build- 
 ing the private rooms for professors and lecturers were only six ; 
 now they amount to twenty-four, and for the first time will en- 
 able the professors and lecturers to adequately supplement the in- 
 structions of the classroom by informal tutorial relations with 
 individual students. The transfer of the museum to the new bio- 
 logical building places at our disposal a hall of ample proportions, 
 which it is proposed to turn to account for courses of public lec- 
 tures ; and, also, along with the old library, to supply much needed 
 examination halls. Two large reading-rooms formerly attached 
 to the library have been .set apart for the lady students, and with 
 other additions, coeducation will now be freed from impediments 
 that greatly militated against its success. Among provisions for 
 which space has also been found available in the new wing, are a 
 students' reading-roorf. and clubroom. Improved ventilation, 
 heating, and the introduction of the incandescent electric light 
 throughout the building, are included among many improve- 
 ments with which we enter on the work of a new year, encouraged 
 by long-coveted facilities now placed at our disposal. 
 
 I referred with some detail last year to the generous liberality 
 with which one of our greatest privations had been met. The 
 contributions to the library already acknowledged have since 
 
10 
 
 been augmeated by additional gifts from other Universities and 
 learned societies, as well as from private donors. The present 
 condition of the library may be thus stated: Of books saved from 
 the fire we have upwards of 800 volumes ; 2,598 newly purchased 
 works have already been entered in the accession book ; and fur- 
 ther additions now under order and in course of forwarding to the 
 library may be stated at about 5,000 volumes. The Committee 
 organized under the presidency of the Marquis of Lome for secur- 
 ing co.ntributions towards the restoration of the library, with 
 Mr. A. Staveley Hill, M.P., as Treasurer, and Sir George Baden- 
 Powell, M.P., as Secretary, has now closed its labours ; and the gifts 
 due to their indefatigable exertions on our behalf, and to the liber- 
 ality of other generous donors, number in all 29,604 volumes. The 
 purchases made by the library committee under the advice of the 
 faculty have been mainly directed to meet the practical require- 
 ments of the various departments, and restore to the library, as 
 far as our means permit, its special function as a factor in the 
 educational work of the University. We have thus already at 
 our disposal fully 38,000 volumes, — to be increased, we may con- 
 fidently anticipate before the opening of our new library in 
 October next to not less than forty thousand volumes, — including 
 scientific serials from the library of the great chemist, the Hon. 
 Henry Cavendish ; choice folios of early date from that of the 
 historian of " The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;" and 
 many other works which derive a special and unique value from 
 their gifted donors. 
 
 Thus encouraged by generous sympathy and practical aid, no 
 time has been lost in taking the needful steps for providing a 
 home for the restored library. The new structure is now in 
 progress on the site selected for it midway between the buildings 
 appropriated to literary and scientific instruction ; and will form 
 an attractive addition to the group of buildings surrounding the 
 College lawn. The plans have been carefully prepared with a 
 view to the construction of a detached, and as far as possible '. fire- 
 proof building, embodying the fruits of the most recent experience 
 both in Europe and in the United States. The book room^ 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
«'!, 
 
 11 
 
 adapted for the secure accommodation of the entire collection 
 within narrow limits, has been planned on a scale to admit of the 
 reception of 120,000 volumes, with provision for future extension. 
 To this a set of studies will be attached appropriated to the lead- 
 ing departments of science, letters, and philosophy. It is further 
 purposed that the entire building shall be illuminated with the 
 ■ electric light, and so furnish an attractive resort where the student 
 may at all tiines pass his evenings with no less pleasure than 
 profit. With the improvements thus aimed at, we confidently 
 anticipate that our new library will prove an invaluable adjunct 
 to the whole scheme of higher education here aimed at, as a com- 
 mon centre of intellectual life, and a bond of closei- union amono" 
 the Federating Colleges of the Provincial University. 
 
 One other department remains to be noticed. When the work 
 now in hand is completed a museum over the main entrance hall 
 will afford accommodation for the collections in the departments 
 of ethnology and archseology. To these, valuable contributions 
 have already been made, and others are assured so soon as the 
 cabinets are ready for their reception. The biological museum, 
 transferj-ed to apartments in the new wing of the science build- 
 ings, will be enriched by contributions from universities and other 
 scientific bodies of Paris, Berlin, Washington, Cambridge, Mass.; 
 Anne Arbor, Mich.; and Montreal, as well as .by valuable gifts 
 from private donors, including Sir William Dawson, Dr. Garnier, 
 Mr. McLellan, Colonel Grant, Dr. John E^aus, Mr. B. E. Walker 
 and Mr. William Christie, in addition to liberal pecuniary aid. 
 
 I have enlarged on the increased facilities which new lecture- 
 rooms, museums, laboratories and apparatus will now supply. 
 But even more important are the additions to the intellectual force 
 on which all their practical uses must depend. Our Faculty of 
 Arts is strengthened for the work on which we are now entering 
 by the appointment of Mr. Milner to a lectureship in Latin, in 
 anticipation of the carrying out the approved plan of two pro- 
 fessors in the department of classics ; and Mr. Cameron and Dr. 
 Needier have been selected to fill additional lectureships in 
 French and German. We welcome them as old honour graduates, 
 
18 
 
 returning after years of success in other spheres, to bear a part in 
 the work of their own alma mater. In addition to this we only 
 await the report of available funds, to fill up the new tutorial 
 fellowships recently established in Mathematics, Oriental lan- 
 guages, Italian and Spanish. Meanwhile it is with peculiar 
 pleasure that we once more welcome among us to-day. Professor 
 Ramsay Wright, back from a busy year in the laboratories of 
 Berlin and Paris, rich in results bearing on some of the most im- 
 portant discoveries in physiological and pathological science. I 
 have already intimated our intention of turning to account our 
 increased facilities by instituting a course of public lectures on 
 special subjects. Not the least attractive of those, I feel assured, 
 will be the promised report of Professor Ramsay Wright's visit to 
 Berlin. 
 
 With no less hearty congratulations we greet our new col- 
 league, Professor James Gibson Hume : one of our own alumni, 
 fresh from post-graduate studies at Harvard and Freiberg ; and 
 enriched by the intellectual advantages of European travel : to 
 revive the memory of his lamented Master, the late Professor 
 Young ; and to strengthen the department of philosophy in con- 
 junction with his gifted and popular colleague, Professor Baldwin. 
 We are reminded thereby of the aim that is now in view, of 
 honouring the memory of a colleague whom we all bear in loving 
 remembrance, by founding a travelling scholarship, to bear the 
 name of the George Paxton Young Scholai'ship ; and to constitute 
 a coveted aid to the students in philosophy. I trust the time will 
 yet come when, not in this department only, but in all, we shall 
 have at our disposal adequate facilities to enable our most distin- 
 guished graduates to follow out their work at foreign Universities. 
 This need in no degree damp our zeal in extending all available 
 facilities for our own post-graduate work. And here I have the 
 pleasant announcement to make, that a generous friend has under- 
 taken to place at the disposal of the University, the sum of £1000 
 sterling, to endow a scholarship in the medical faculty, to be called 
 the George Brown Science Scholarship : in recognition of the great 
 services rendered by the late senator, the Hon. George Brown, in 
 
13 
 
 the furtherance of an unrestricted system of higher education ; 
 and for the encouragement of research in the departments of 
 biology, physiology, and therapeutics. 
 
 The experience of the past year, invites our consideration of 
 another wise custom in well-endowed Universities of the neigh- 
 bouring States, of systematically freeing their professors from 
 duty at stated intervals, in order that they may refresh their 
 minds by renewed study ; and return from some favoured centre 
 of learning, as Professor Ramsay Wright now does, to share with 
 their students the most recent discoveries in science, or the latest 
 phases of philosophic speculation and philological research. 
 
 We cannot overestimate the importance of thus keeping abreast 
 of the achievements in science and letters. The latest triumphs 
 in celestial physics have received special prominence at the recent 
 meeting of the British Association. The establishment of tele- 
 graphic communication between the Old World and the New was 
 welcomed as a practical contribution of science to the daily busi- 
 ness of life. The actual interchange of conversation between the 
 two continents by means of the telephone seems to be within 
 reach. But the grander achievement of direct communication 
 with remote suns and planets is being carried on, with ever 
 increasing definiteness in the results. To spectrum analysis we 
 owe the demonstration of an apparent unity in the constituent 
 elements of the «tellar universe ; while celestial photography in 
 co-operation with the telescope charting and picturing the skies, 
 brings back from remote space the material data to be subjected 
 to the searching scrutiny of mitroscopic analysis. On the other 
 hand celestial chemistry, by means of the spectroscope, is applying 
 the phenomena exhibited in the combustion of remotest luminous 
 stars to aid it in the determination of unknown elements of our 
 own planet. Professor Rowland's anticipation of the discovery 
 of new terrestreal elements by means of uninterpreted lines in 
 the solar spectrum seems to be assured ; as indeed our knowledge 
 of the spectrum of hydrogen in its complete form was thus 
 derived. I know not how the materialist may interpret this 
 fresh revelation of an all pervading unity. To nie it seems as 
 
14 
 
 though the most realistic of the sciences were telling us anew, as 
 in the still small voice which to the prophet of old was stronger 
 than the earthquake, and more quickening than the fire, of the 
 
 " One God, one law, one element." 
 
 * » » » 
 
 " A whisper to the vast of space 
 Among the worlds that all is well." 
 
 Everywhere the field of scientific research is luminous with 
 brightest aspirations. Stimulated by its latest triumphs in novel 
 fields of research we more clearly realize the inadequacy of the 
 provision hitherto made by this University, alike for physics and 
 chemistry, and no less so for mineralogy and assaying. 
 
 It may seem a descent from the fascinating revelations of cel- 
 estial physics to the mundane sphere of political economy. But 
 the practical value of this recently organized department has given 
 a healthful impetus to the study of history, and contributed to 
 the efficacy of the restored Faculty of Law. It commends itself 
 to our favour from its bearing on important economic social pro- 
 blems. Following the example of the great German universities, 
 some of our graduates and senior students have been encouraged 
 to prepare, under the editorial supervision of Professor Ashley, a 
 series of studies in political science, of which there has already 
 been issued Mr. McEvoy's treatise on the history and present 
 working of local self-government, as illustrated by our Provincial 
 Townships. Another, by Mr. A. H. Sinclair, treats of " Municipal 
 Monopolies," and others are in preparation, not only in this de- 
 partment, but also in that of philosophy. A critical study of the 
 papers thus far produced by students in the department of Politi- 
 cal Science, will, I believe, suffice to demonstrate that economic 
 social questions of great delicacy can be studied in the same im- 
 partial spirit as abstract speculations of philosophy, or problems of 
 the physical sciences. When this is fully realized we may hope 
 to see subjects of this class, in constitutional history, constitu- 
 tional law, and public finance, taking their place among the pre- 
 scribed requirements for candidates preparing for the Civil Ser- 
 vice. In this respect Canada has a lesson to learn from the great 
 states of Europe. In Germany the main work of the department 
 
15 
 
 of Political Science in the universities has for more than a cen- 
 tury been the preparation of candidates for the Civil Service ; 
 while in France the recently established Ecole Libre des Sciences 
 Politiques has been signally successful in the same direction. 
 
 And now, having indicated to you who are " yearning for the 
 large excitement that the coming years will yield," some outline 
 of the provision we have been able to make for further growth 
 and expansion ; permit me to turn to another department o " 
 modern university work which is at present commanding a wide- 
 felt interest. One of the most pointed, yet falacious epigramatic 
 sciolisms of the eloquent English tribune, John Bright, was his 
 characterisation of Oxford as " The home of the dead languages, 
 and of undying prejudices." The experience of the years in which 
 our own University has been casting off its swaddling clothes^ 
 and bearing some part in the progress of the century, has taught 
 us how largely the New World is indebted to the harvestings of 
 Europe's ancient seats of learning ; and familiarised us with the 
 vitality of England's intellectual centres on the Isis and the Cam. 
 One of their recent manifestations of such vitality has been the 
 inception of the popular movement of University Extension, now 
 promoted with such zeal in the neighbouring States. The age of 
 an exclusive scholarly cast has passed away ; and there is an ever 
 growing demand for an educated people — with not a few, at least, 
 a growing dread of an uneducated democracy ; and of the dema- 
 gogue who would fain " teach our flattered kings that only those 
 who cannot read can rule." Rather let us believe that we are 
 learning to interpret in a nobler sense the old Epicurean maxim :. 
 Vivere ut vivas ; and realizing that humanity in some way craves 
 this higher culture for all, not as a means of livelihood, but as a 
 means of life. It is a welcome sign, in a progressive age, this 
 claim of the people for a share in the ampler life so long left to 
 a privileged, educated caste. We need not only the power of the 
 gifted few ; but the wide sympathy of a well-educated com- 
 munity. It is the best antidote to the mischievous error which 
 confounds mere professional training with education. 
 
16 
 
 University extension — the placing as far as may be within the 
 reach of all, the privileges now enjoyed by the cultured few, — is 
 an idea old as the era of Hellenic intellectual life. It is the 
 revival under modern forms of a feature that Plato recognized as 
 essential to his ideal commonwealth ; and which reappears in the 
 imaginary Utopia of Moore, where " All the void time between 
 the hours of work, sleep, and meat, is to be bestowed well and 
 thriftily upon some science, as shall please them. For it is a 
 custom to have lectures daily available ;" and so we are told that 
 in Utopia " A great multitude of every sort of people, both men 
 and women go to lectures, as eveiy man's nature is inclined ;" only 
 the philosophic Utopian is careful to add that there are a good 
 many " whose minds rise not in the contemplation of any science 
 liberal, who are to be commended for bestowing their time on 
 their own occupations." 
 
 The poets of the past generation dreamt anew of a panti- 
 socratic community on the banks of the Susquehanah, where, in 
 ideal fancy, Coleridge pictured the gifted boy Chatterton finding 
 at last congenial associates : 
 
 " With them to leani the tinkling team to drive 
 O'er peaceful freedom's undivided dale." 
 
 In our own day, in sober realism, the like pui'pose was embraced 
 in the original scheme of the founder of Cornell University. It 
 seems within the possibilities of the coming time — whether the 
 twentieth century shall see it or not, — when righteousness shall 
 exalt, and reason rule the nations : " And the kindly earth shall 
 •slumber, lapt in universal law." 
 
 But the idea involved in the scheme of University Extension 
 has to be jealously kept in view if we would avoid bringing the 
 whole movement into contempt. Its aim is the organization of 
 systematic courses of lectures, accompanied with no less syste- 
 matic study and testing examinations. The very term implies 
 that it is to be under University guidance and control ; and one 
 of the foremost dangers to be guarded against, is the reproduction 
 under some meretricious title, of the old Lyceum lectures, with 
 their sensational fancies and flashy humour. There will be no 
 
17 
 
 scarcity of lecturers volunteering for the work. As a supplement 
 to the pastime of the concert-room and the theatre, the popular 
 lecture has its legitimate place ; and in the hands of gifted men, 
 like Emerson and Lowell, had an earnest purpose in view. Yet, 
 even with such lecturers, there was nothing systematic. They 
 rather helped to dignify, than to supersede, the popular humorist. 
 We have no quarrel with Josh Billings or Mark Twain, so long 
 as they are confined to their legitimate sphere ; and make no 
 attempt to hide their motley under the doctor's gown. Syste- 
 matic courses of instruction, of home-reading, of examination 
 and accredited results, carried on at the cost of localities desiring 
 to avail themselves of extra academical teaching, if done under 
 the countenance and supervision of a carefully selected Univei-- 
 sity board, may not only prove of inestimable value to a large 
 class outside the sphere of undergraduate life ; but may ulti- 
 mately react on the inner life of the University with quickening 
 power. 
 
 The year on which we are entering is to ourselves one of 
 exceptional interest. I have glanced at the increase of our 
 facilities, and the great expansion of room. We rejoice no less in 
 an important step in the approximation to a comprehensive 
 national .system of higher education, as we welcome the University 
 of Victoria, now entering into closest bonds of union, to cooperate 
 with us in training the new generation to highest intellectual 
 attainments, and to every pure and lofty aim. 
 
 But the coming year brings with it the completion of a great 
 cycle in the world's history in which our whole western hemisphere 
 claims an interest peculiarly its own. It recalls an event without 
 a parallel among the grand transforming influences of modern 
 discovery. Four centuries will complete their course since 
 Columbus dared the mysterious terrors of the ocean, and opened 
 to the old world the gates of the west ; and with this pregnant 
 historic epoch in view, we enter on the last decade of a century 
 rich beyond all others in the mastery of science, and its applica- 
 tion to the practical uses of life ; rich also in the accumulation of 
 scientific truths which we cannot doubt constitute the seeds of a 
 
18 
 
 still richer harvest. In such an era, so roplcto with promise, how 
 ample are the possibilities for those who, fresh in youthful vigour, 
 are now entering on this new cycle, the dawn, ns sanguine optimists 
 persuade us, of that golden age of universal conunonweal that is to : 
 
 " King out the thouanntl yeara of war ; 
 And ancient furnis of party atrifo." 
 
 that is to dethrone the old, the false, the faithless ; and bring in 
 
 the reign of truth and right. 
 
 Like others of you, I renew the work of the year refreshed by 
 
 a brief sojourn in the motherland. There the landscape oveiy- 
 
 where greets the eye like a garden. Its cottage-homes, and 
 
 stately mansions amid their tall ancestral trees, combine to tell 
 
 of the industry and civilization of two thousand years. Since 
 
 the memorable year when Julius Cresar revealed it to the outer 
 
 world, Briton and Roman, Celt, Saxon, Dane and Norman, have 
 
 contended in the transformation of that barbarian island of the 
 
 North Sea into the England of to-day. It is but a speck on the 
 
 world's map, but it tills an ample space on the historic page. A 
 
 poet of its own claims for it : — 
 
 " Great men have been among ua ; handa that penned 
 And tongues that uttered wiadom ; hotter none. 
 Those moraliats couhl act and comprehend. 
 They knew how genuine glory waa put on ; 
 Taught us how rightfully a nation aliou 
 In aplendor." 
 
 A genial poet of New England, looking in fancy across the 
 Atlantic to the land where his fathers sleep, thus repeats the 
 claim in more ideal fashion : — 
 
 •' One half her soil haa walked the rest 
 In poets, heroes, martyra, sages." 
 
 But we are not allowed to forget that this growth of cen- 
 turies has among its manifold bequests the sins of the fathers as 
 an inheritance for their children. There " Darkest England " chal- 
 lenges the self-sacrifice of her philanthropists; and her wisest 
 statesmen are struggling — not in vain we trust, — to undo the 
 wrongs of older misrule. For there lies behind them not only the 
 achievements, but the misdoings of twenty centuries. 
 
10 
 
 I need not shrink from the confession that, retnrninjjf from the 
 ganlen-lantlscapo of Ennrlanil, the now clearings of our young 
 country, so recently hewn out of tlie virgin forest, look raw and 
 untended. The artist, the landscape-gardener, lias yet to take 
 them in hand. For happily for us, inn* two thonsuiid years lie 
 still liefore us. You who to-day take your place here as under- 
 graduates will only be beginning your real life-work as you enter 
 on the twentieth century. As Canadians we are but lashioning 
 the raw material of a future nation. We want the makers before 
 wo can stand much in need of the historians of Canada. As a 
 Province we are scarcely a century old ; as a Dominion we are 
 but of yesterday. And yet already we have the warning how 
 easily the fair jiarchment of our Magna Charta nuiy be sullied. 
 The wrong will bo redressed, but the foul stain is inelUiceable. 
 Few lessons of truer praetical value can be kept ever pre.sent in 
 mind by you who are now entering on life — still, I trust in the 
 purity of ingenuous youth, — than this that a wrong once com- 
 mitted may be repented of; that it \u»y be atoned for: but it can 
 never bo undone. Treasure then the unsullied purity of youth as 
 its choicest inheritance, and so wear, as the highest order of 
 chivalry, the white flower of a blameless life. 
 
 Among the efl'aced menientoes of our own brief Instory as a 
 University, I trust the graduates will recognize that a sacred duty 
 devolves v»n them to replace the memorial window, which in the 
 old Convocation Hall |)erpetuated the memories of those of our 
 nnderjifratluates whose lives were sacrificed in gallant defence of 
 our Canadian frontier against Fenian invaders. The east window 
 of the hall in which we now assemble has been reserved for its 
 restoration there. 
 
 Far dirterent are the memories associated with another effaced 
 memorial which commemorated the welcome in the same Con- 
 vocation Hall of the Prince of Wales. In illuminated letters on 
 its southern wall was recorded the apt salutation to the young 
 heir-apparent : — " Spem i m peril, sjies provln cioi salutat." You who 
 are now entering on the manifold privileges here placed within 
 jour reach, inherit this title of spes provlncioi : and cannot over- 
 
20 
 
 esUmato the responsihilities that it involves. When the Golden 
 Rule becomes the law of life then may wo look for the golden ag& 
 80 fondly dreamt of. Lot us typo it now in our own lives. You 
 are invited to bear a part in fashioning a new era that shall east 
 this boasted nineteenth century into the shade. See that the 
 promised evolution bo not one of mere intellectual devolopmont. 
 Let it be accompanied by the quickening of a higher spiritual 
 life. While science achieves new triumphs, and letters win fresh 
 laurels, set before yourselvos that highest standard of rectitude of 
 which Christ is himself both the teacher and the exampler. Let 
 righteousness ever reign supreme. Then, and then otdy, can you 
 hope to aid in the fashioning of a nobler future ; and make the 
 new cycle shame the old.