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Un daa symbolaa suivants apparaftra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la caa: la symbols >► signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ aignifia "FIN". Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framas aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama illustrata tha mathod: Laa cartas, planchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra fllmia i daa taux da rMuction diffiranfs. Lorsqua la document aat trap grand pour Atra raproduit an un saui cliche, il aat filmA i partir da I'angla supArisur gaucha, da gaucha i droita, at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas n4caaaaira. Laa diagrammas suivants illuatrant la mtthoda. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE ABENAKI INDIANS; THEIR TREATIES OF 1713 & 1717, AND A VOCABUURY: WITH A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. BV FREDERIC KIDDER, OF BOSTON. PORTLAND: PBINTED BY BROWN THURSTON. 18 5 9. THE ABENAKI INDIANS. The present spirit of inquiry into the early history of New England is bringing forth additional facts and evolving new light, by which we are every day seeing more clearly the true motive and incentives for its colonization. But whenever the student turns to investigate the history of the aboriginal tribes, who once inhabited this part of the coun- try, he is struck, not so much with the paucity of materials, as with the complication and difficulties which our earlier and later writers have thrown around the subject, as well as the very different light with which they have viewed it. The first explorers of our coast, whose intercourse with the Indians was limited to trading for furs and skins, seem to have had a much better opinion of them than Mather, Hubbard, and some still later writers. It is not to be sup- posed that while l large part of the population were smart- ing from the distress of almost continued Indian wars, that even the most candid could coolly investigate, and impar- tially record the history, character, and wants of such a people. But the time has arrived, when, divesting ourselves of aH prejudice, we can examine carefully their true situa- tion, and making allowance for their condition, write their history with fairness and candor. The present sketch is confined to a brief notice of the tribes who inhabited the territory now constituting the THE ABENAKI INDIANS. !i! States of Maine and New Hampshire, all of which may be considered as embraced under the name of Abenakis, or more properly Wanbanakkie. It has often been supposed that this name was given them by the French, but it is un- doubtedly their original appellation, being derived from Wanbanban, which may be defined the people of aurora borealis or northern light. It is only now intended to sketch their earlier history, and to trace the various emigrations to the present resi- dence of the Abenakis proper, in Canada ; and viewing this tribe as the living representative of our extinct ones, to consider its interesting history, so clearly connected with New England frontier life, although most of that history is but a record of war and wretchedness. The celebrated discoverer, Capt. John Smith, in his gen- eral history, furnishes the earliest and most reliable descrip* tion of the Indians on the coast of Maine, as they were in 1614; other writers give accounts of tribes there, some of which it is difficult to distinguish or locate ; but it may be best to consider all that were residing in the two States above-mentioned as embraced in about eight distinct tribes, namely: Penobscots or Tarrentines, Passamaquodies or Sybayks, Wawenocks, Norridgewoks or Canibas, Assagun- ticooks, Sokokis or Pequakets, Penndcooks, Malacites or St. Johns. The Penobscots ^ were probably the most numerous and influential tribe. Their chief or bashaba was said to have been acknowledged as a superior as far as Massachusetts Bay. They occupied the country on both sides of the Pe- nobscot Bay and River ; their summer resort being near the sea, but during the winter and spring they inhabited lands i'! 1 For a pleasant and very well-written account of this tribe, by Hon. Lo» renzo Sabine, see the Christian Examiner for 1857. THE ABENAKI INDIANS. near the falls, where they still reside. It is somewhat strange to find a tribe numbering about five hundred still remaining in their ancient abode, and, though surrounded by whites, retaining their language, religion, and many of the habits and customs of centuries past, with a probability of perpetuating them for ages to come. Their name is from penobsq, rock, and ulorct, a place, literally, rocky-place, — which no doubt refers to the rocky falls in the river near their residence. It is not supposed that many of this tribe emigrated to Canada, although they had constant inter- course with that country. Tlie Faasamaquodies were found occupying the northeast- ern corner of Maine, if, as it is generally supposed, they are the descendants of those seen and described by De Monts, who spent the winter of 1604 near their present head-quarters. Their subsequent history for more than a century was but a blank, as in all that time they are not mentioned by any writer, or named in any of the treaties, till after the conquest of Canada. This omission is cer- tainly strange, as in the ones of 1713 and 1717 now pub- lished in this volume, mere fragments of tribes are named and represented. Still, if an} reliance can be placed on their own traditions, they had reside' for generations previous to the Revolution around the lowt lichoodic Lake, where the recent discovery of stone hatchets and other implements of an ancient make would seem to verify their assertions. They also point out the place of a fight with the Mohawks, who two centuries ago carried terror into all the Indian villages from Carolina to the Bay of Fundy. It is probable that from their dis- tant inland and secluded position, as well as their limited numbers, they were in no way connected with the various wars which the other tribes waged against the colonists, and so were unnoticed. As their residence on the lake was \W 6 THE ABENAKI INDIANS. nearer Machias than any other available point on the sea coast, it may be that to trade with this people the trading house was established there by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630, and they were often called the Machias Indians. Al- though their intercouroO has long continued with Canada, up to this time they have uent no emigrants there. They num- ber at present between four and five hundred souls, and still adhere to the religious forms taught them by the Jes- uits. This tribe designate themselves by the name of Sy- bayk. ^ The Wawenocks were located on the sea-coast, and in- habited tho country from the Shccpscot to the St. George ; they are quite fully described by Capt. John Smith, who had much intercourse with them. From their situation on the rivers and harbors, they were much sooner disturbed by the settlements than any other of the tribes in Maine. In 1747 there were but a few families remaining. At the treaty at Falmouth, in 1749, they were associated with the Assagunticooks, among whom they were then settled, and with whom they soon after removed to Canada. The Cani- bas or Norridgewoks occupied the valley of the Kennebec, from the tide water to its sources ; their principal residence was at Norridgewock. Here the Jesuit missionaries, at an early period, taught them their religious faith, and by shar- ing with them their privations and hardships, obtained a controlling influence over them. As they inhabited fertile intervale land, they gave more attention to agriculture than any of the neighboring tribes, and appear to have been originally more peaceably inclined towards the whites than some of their neighbors. Residing so far inland, they were but little acquainted with the prow- 1 Mr. Sabine has ^ven their history in a truthful and friendly communica- tion to the Christian Examiner for 1852. THE ABENAKI INDIANS. OSS of the whites, and sent out their war parties to commit murders and depredations on the unprotected settlers, with- out expecting a retribution on their own heads. After a long succession of murders and captures in the English settlements, by this tribe, instigated, as was believed, by their priest, Sebastian Rasle, an expedition was sent against them, consisting of about two hundred men, who killed about thirty Indians, including Rasle, and destroyed the place, without the loss of a man. This broke their power, but they continued to reside there for many years, and grad- ually retired to the St. Francis, — the last family migrating near the end of the last century. The Assagunticooks were a numerous tribe who inhabited the country along the whole valley of the Androscoggin; and although their lands were not occupied by whites, they were frequently bitter enemies, and were the first to begin a war and the last to make peace. Their location gave them easy access to the settlements, from Casco to Piscata- qua, which they improved to glut their thirst for blood and slaughter. About 1750 they moved to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. They could then muster about one hundred and fifty warriors, and being much the most numer- ous tribe that emigrated there, it is supposed they had the greatest influence, and that their dialect is more truly per- petuated than any other in that confederacy. The Sokokis inhabited the country bordering on the Saco River, but were mostly limited to its head waters. Their villages were located on the alluvial lands in what is now Fryeburg, Me., and Conway, N. H. The Pegwakets and Oasipees were either identical with or branches of this tribe. In 1725 Capt. John Lovewell with about fifty sol- diers, on a scouting adventure in the vicinity, fell in with a war party of the tribe, and a sanguinary battle ensued, dis- astrous to both parties. Their chief, Paugus, was slain ] Ill 8 THE ABENAKI INDIANS. .1 1 I \\i and within a short period the remainder of the tribe, dispir- ited by their misfortunes, retired to Canada. The Pennacooks were probably the only occupants of the waters of the Merrimac, and perhaps included nearly all the nations who resided in what is now the State of New Hamp- shire. Thejr principal residence was at Amoskeag Falls, the site of the present manufacturing city of Manchester. It is usual to name the Pennatuckets, Wambesitts, Souhe- gans, and some others as tribes, but there can be no doubt they all owned fealty to the head sagamore of the Pennacooks, and were only branches of that tribe, as were all the In- dians on the Piscataqua and its waters. It is also probable the small band of Cowasacks, on the upper Connecticut, were of this tribe. The Pennacooks must have been at one time a numerous community, and were less warlike than any of the Abenaki race. It is likely they were more dis posed to cultivate the soil, and their historian, Judge Pot ter, represents them as amiable and friendly to the whites Notwithstanding, they were the earliest emigrants to Can ada. They left their pleasant hunting grounds with regretj and often returned to cultivate their ancient fields ; but few of them resided permanently there after about 1700. It is proper to add to the names of the original Abenaki tribes, that of the Malacite or Amalecite, who have always resided on the St. John. It is not known that any part of this tribe emigrated to Canada with those of Maine, but in 1828 about thirty families emigrated there, and settled on a branch of the River Verte. But the largest part still reside in New Brunswick. We come now to trace the emigration of the Abenakis to the banks of the St. Lawrence. As the Jesuits had been in constant communication with the tribes in Maine for more than half a century, the Indians had learned the way to Quebec, and it is probable that during Philip's war some of w THE ABENiVKI INDIANS. 9 the tribes obtained arms and ammunition from that place. During this war the Pennacooks, under the influence of their chief, Wonnolancet, had remained neutral, and in July, 1676, at Chocheco, signed with some others a treaty of perpetual peace. Still, the feeling of the whites was so strong against all the race, that thej placed little reliance on their former good conduct or present promises. A few months after this treaty, they induced a large number of Indians, from the various tribes, to come to the same place, and where all the militia of the province^ had assembled, and while pro- fessing to practice some sham evolutions, the Indians were suddenly surrounded and captured. Many of the prisoners so treacherously obtained were executed, and others sold into slavery for having been in arms against the whites. Although Wonnolancet and his tribe were discharged,' this breach of faith must have taught him that he could not rely on the white man's promise, and that neither he nor his tribe was safe on the Merrimac. With this feeling he, with a part of them, left for Canada in the autumn of 1677. Al- though he subsequently returned to visit his former hunting and fishing grounds, his real home was, for the remainder of his life, near Quebec, and he with his band became the nucleus uf the Indian settlement there ; but it is not appar- ent that he was at any period the enemy of the English. In the course of the war, nearly all the tribes in New England had been more or less involved in it. The colo- nists now looked upon them as a conquered race of heathen, and that their duty was to drive them out, and enjoy Ifieir lands in the manner of the Israelites of old. On the other hand, the Indians who had made terms of peace, having now for the first time realized that they had not the ability to cope with the English in war, and could not trust their friendship in peace, naturally looked to the French as the protectors of their villages and hunting grounds. Many of 10 THE ABENAKI INDIANS. them were willing to place themselves and their families un- der their care. Therefore the Jesuits, who had for a long time been their spiritual, and often their temporal advisers, began to turn the steps of the broken and scattered remnants of the tribes who had suffered most in the war, to the feeble set- tlement of the Pennacooks, r^ar Quebec, and as early as 1685, the Governor of that colony granted a tract of land at a place called COte de Lauzon, opposite that city, for their use. Up to the commencement of the war, a consid- erable number of Indians had continued to reside on the Connecticut river, above Northampton; they had fought against the whites, and at the death of Philip, fled and took up their abode at Scauticook, above Albany, and were after- wards increased by additions from other tribes. After a few years, the p-overnment of New York became desirous of being rid of uch neighbors, whom they could not trust or control, and ii luced them to remove to Canada, where most of them were ittled before the close of that centmy, with or near the P nnacooks. Early in the eighteenth 3ntury, the numbers of refugee Indians attracted the atte ion of the Governor of Canada, and as the whole of the T ench population of that colony did not then number ten thousand souls, he saw they would materially add to the strength of his command, and could be used most effectually against the frontiers of New Eng- land. Ke therefore took measures to give them a home ther#. As the grant near Quebec was found not adapted to their needs and condition, probably from its close contigu- ity to that city, two convenient tracts of land were granted for their use; the first bears date Aug. 23, 1700, the sec- ond. May 10, 1701. These were on the St. Francis river, which has given a name to the tribe. In 1704 another set- tlement of refugees from New England received a grant of , i:i THE ABENAKI INDIANS. 11 ^ land at a place called Begancour, near Three Rivers, and during this year the Governor addressed a letter to. the ministry in France, giving his reasons for inducing the Aben- akis to settle in his colony, and from this period it was a constant policy to encourage their immigration there, for more than lialf a century. Here was the place where parties were to be fitted out to carry war, destruction, and misery to the frontiers of New England. In 1704 these Indians piloted a body of French to the vicinity of their former homes, on the Connecticut, and en- tirely destroyed Dccrfield. TRe writer not long since con- versed with an ancient member of this tribe, who claimed to be thd great grandson of Esther Williams, daughter of Rev. John Williams, who was, with his family, captured at that time. In 1707 this tribe, piloted by the Pennacooks down the Merrimac, destroyed Haverhill, murdering and capturing most of its inhabitants. It would fill a volume to relate the bloody tragedies acted and instigated by this tribe ; it seems almost incredible that any people could ex- ist for a generation amidst such repeated incursions of a relentless enemy. In November, 1724, Vaudreuil, Governor General of Can- ada, addressed an urgent letter to the Minister of War in France, giving an account of the attack on Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle, with a full account of the losses and sufferings of that tribe, and asking for a grant of ammunition, guns, and blankets to supply their losses, and enable them to make war on the English settlements. He also gives a particular account of the condition of the Abenakis, and says, " of all the Indians in New France, they are in a position to render the most service; this nation consists of five villages, which number, altogether, about five hundred warriors. Two of these villages are situated ii 12 THE ABENAKI INDIANS. m I on the St. Lawrence, near Three Rivers — one below that town called Be9ancour, the other ten leagues above, called St. Francis, the three others are in the direction of Acadie, called Narantsouak, on the River Kanibekky, Panagamsd^, on the Pentagouet (Penobscot), and Medocteck, on the Riv- er St. John. These three villages have different routes, each by its own river, whereby they can reach Quebeck in a few days." ^ In April, 1725, a delegation of three gentlemen visited Montreal with a letter from the Governor of Massachusetts, in reply to one addressed to him some months previously by M. Vaudreuil, relative to 4he attack at Norridgewock, and the death of Father Rasle. They demanded that the prisoners held by the Abenakis should be given, up, and a perpetual peace established. The Indians, who were entirely under the influence of the French, were extremely haughty in their language and de- portment ; they demanded that the English should restore their lands, rebuild their church, which they had destroyed at Norridgewock, and when asked what land they referred to, said " that their land commenced at the River Gounito- gon, otherwise called the long river, ^ which lies to the west beyond Boston, that this river was formeriy the boundary which separated the lands of the Iroquois from those of the Abenakis, that according to this boundary, Boston and the greater part of the English settlements east of it are in Abenakis' lands j that they would be justified in telling them to quit there, but that they had considered that their settlements were established and that they were still in- clined to tolerate them ; but they demanded as an express condition of peace that the English should abandon the 1 See N. Y. Colonial Documents, edited by ]E. B. O'Calligan, LL. D. a Undoubtedly the Connecticut. ^"^ THE ABENAKI INDIANS. 13 country from one lei^e beyond Saco River to Port Royal, which was the line separating the lands of the Abenakis from those of the Micmaks." ^ The Abenakis denied that they had ever sold any land to the English, and when the latter claimed that much of it was theirs by a possession of more than eighty years, and that this possession gave them a title, the Indians replied, " We were in possession before you, for we have held it from time immemorial." The English delegates conceded that they did not claim beyond the west bank of the Narant- souak (Kennebec), and that the fort at St. George was built not by them, but by the government of Port Royal. The meeting seems to have been unsatisfactory to the delegation, and no treaty or arrangement was made. The French governor denied that they had furnished the Indians with arms, or instigated them to attack the English, although Vaudreuil's letters to his government in France bear abund- ant evidence that this was his constant policy. In the treaty with many of the tribes, held at Deerfield in 1735, the St. Francis Indians were represented, and agreed to the arrangement for perpetual peace ; but a few years elapsed before they were again engaged in their bloody pastime. War was declared against France in 1744, and the Abenakis were soon hovering on the frontiers. In 1746, Kecne and Concord, in New Hampshire, felt their power, and many captives were carried to Canada. In 1752 Oapt. Phineas Stevens proceeded to Canada, as a delegate from the governor of Massachusetts, to confer with the Abenakis, and to redeem some prisoners they had in their possession. At a conference had with them in the presence of the governor of Canada, Atewaneto, the chief speaker, made an eloquent reply, in which he charged' the English with trespassing on their lands : he said, " We acknowledge ^ N. Y. Colonial Documents, vol. ix. le 14 THE ABENAKI INDIANS. no Other land of yours than your settlements, wherever you have built, and we will not consent, under any pretext, that you pass beyond them. The lands we possess have been given us by the Great Master of Life, we acknowledge to hold only from him." In 1755 they were again in the field, and followed the French armies to the head of Lake George, and carried terror into the new townships on the Connecticut river. Some of their small parties at that late day penetrated within sixty miles of the capital of New England. But these long continued aggressions were soon to meet a fear- ful retribution. The capture of Quebec, which gave North America to England, had changed the relation of the Aben- akis. Capt. Kennedy having been sent to their villages with a flag of truce, was, with his whole party, made pris- oners. To chastise them for this outrage, as well as to retaliate for their continued cruelty and murders on the de- fenseless frontier settlements. Gen. Amherst dispatched the celebrated Major Rogers with a detachment of his rangers to the villages on the St. Francis. Just before daybreak, on the fifth of October, he surprised and killed at least two hundred Indians, and burnt all their wigwams, plunder, and effects. Rogers in his journal says : " To my own knowl- edge, in six years' time, the St. Francis Indians had killed and carried into captivity on the frontiers of New England, four hundred persons ; we found in the town, hanging on poles over the doors &c., about six hundred scalps, mostly English." The power of the tribe for evil was gone, and we hear no more of them till the Revolution, when their warriors followed Burgoyne to Saratoga, where they again used the tomahawk and scalping knife, but when his fortunes began to wane, they retired to the banks of the St. Lawrence. Again in the war of 1812, they joined the English, but their num- mn THE ABENAKI INDIANS. 15 bers were few, and after a brief campaign, they, for the last time, retraced their steps to their own homes. A few more remarks will close the history of this tribe, once the terror of New England. The present condition of the Abenakis is given in a re- port made in 1858 to the Legislative Assembly of Canada. This states that the tribe on the St. Francis has diminished to three hundred and eighty- seven persons ; they live mainly by agriculture, but everything is done in so rude a way, that they gather but scanty crops. Part of them, through the exertions of one of their own number, have been induced to discard their ancient faith, and are now professed Metho- dists. This change has involved the tribe in continual feuds and difficulties, which will prevent any improvement, and will probably lead to a permanent division and removal of one of the parties. They often undergo much privation for want of proper food and other necessaries of life. The portion of the tribe at Begancour presents a still more de- graded condition. There remain but thirty families, in all one hundred and seventy-two individuals. They still re- main Roman Catholics, have no schools, and seem to have reached the extreme of misery and destitution, and so com- pletely have this people intermixed, that their missionary writes, "he does not know of a single pure Abenaki among them." The vocabulary now published is copied from a small volume printed about thirty years ago, entitled " Wobanaki Kimzowi Awighigan," i. e. Abenaki Spelling Book. It was procured by the writer with much difficulty, as it was the only copy that could be obtained among them. It is sup- posed by those qualified to judge, to be a fair specimen of the dialect formerly spoken on the Androscoggin and Ken- nebec, although there are in it many words originally bor- rowed from the French and English. From a memorandum hk 'lis iii w THE AEESAM INDIANS. made when with them a fei? jears once, the name of their tribe, as near as can be written and pronounced in English, is WBanankee, accenting the last syllabk. The treaties, now for the first time printed, are copied from the original in the possession of the writer; they will be perused with pleasure by those interested in antiquarian researches. But at the present day it is difficult to realize the interest which these proceedings and documents excited ; they were often considered almost a matter of life or death to the frontier settlers. It is apparent that eyery chief had then his peculiar totem, or symbol. At a later period this system was abandoned, and they used only a simple cross. Among the chiefs who signed, is to be found the totem of Bombazeen and some others, whose names &re perpetuated in history for their bloody exploits. The autographs an- nexed show the names of men then prominent in both prov- inces, and some of them afterwards attained the highest positions in political life. The vocabularies and treaties are now submitted for pub- lication by request of the Maine Historical Society. Boston, August, 1859. VOCABULASr OF THE ABENAS3 INDIANS. 17 EXTRACTS FROM A SPELLING-BOOK IN THE ABENAKI LANGUAGE. PUBLISHED IN BOSTON IN 1830, AND CALLED «KIMZOWI AWIOHIGAN," THE LAST WORD BEING THE TERM FOR BOOK. The sounds of the vowels are represented in English ac- cording to the following scheme. Vowels. A a E e I 1 U u Sounded. as a in father, psalm, as e in met, or in accident, as ee in seen, or i in machine. as in note. as u in tube, cube ; also used af- ter g, as in language, as %l in cup, sun. Nasal. Q Q Dipthongs. Ai ai as i in pine, nine. Au an Names as oiD or ou in how, thou 1 Consonants. Consonants. Names. B b bi N n ni D d di P P Pi G g gi S s si H h hi T t ti J J ji W w wi K k ki Z z Zl L 1 li CHch cfii M m mi • ft I . 18 YOCABULART OF THE ABENAKI INDIANS. til [■ Ghols — cricket kots — goat kask — cap pots — boot mskakw — swamp nbes — lake mskask — spruce paks — box mke zen — shoe sop — soap sen — stone tlaps — trap win — marrow wchat — sinew wli — good ne bi — water cha kwa — this morning chi ga — when chbi wi — apart chig naz — thorn plum cho wi— must be, certain pa skwa — noon planikw — flying squirrel pi han — rope psig ia — half kokw — kettle kogw — porcupine pins — pin skog — snake piz — pea nbis — little water pigs — hog moz — moose kwat — cup swip — jew sips — a fowl wins — black birch wskan — bone a sokw — cloud wkot — leg cha kwat — daylight cha ga — now then chi bai — ghost chog liiskw — black bird chan naps — turnip chbo sa — walks apart pne kgkw — sandy hill po bakw« — a bog pe guis — a gnat psi gaskw — board psan ta — full to son — a shed ta lin — earthen basin sko tam — trout ski ia — raw o-kwa — maggot ska mon — corn. ska kwam — green stick mski ko — grass psa na wi — full of ab on — cake as ma — not yet a ses — - horse akw bi — rum a wip — pith a la — or ap les — apple ak ikw — seal YOCABULABT OF THE ABENAKI INDIANS. 19 as ban — raccoon al wa — almost ki kgn — field ko wa — pine tree ki zos — sun kda hla — it sinks ka ia — thick milk kchim li — chimney kchin bcs — great lako psau ba — full psa nikw — black squirrel sig wit — widower ska hla — raw hide te go — wave ski bakw — green leaf ska wakw — fresh meat • mska ta — lily root msko da — prairie kzab da — hot ab on — bed as kan — horn al akws — star al ikws — pismire am kwon — spoon ag askw — woodchuck a zip — sheep ak sen — ox a kwan — bitter, acrid kas ko — crane pe laz — pigeon kas ta — how many times ka oz — cow ka akw — gull ko jo — vein kchi ttikw — great river ki zokw — day wo wan — an egg wa bi — buttock wi bit — tooth wdel li — shoulder wiich gl — nose wig bi — stringy bark wle guan — wing wa japkw — root wcha too — sinewy wskat gua — forehead wli gen — good wi noz — onion wo bi — white wa guan — heel wut tep — head wta wakw — ear wsi sukw — eye wdo lo — kidney wig worn — house, camp wa dap — root to sew with Wdg wg — Autawa Indian wut tiin — mouth wji ia — belonging to wlo gas — leather string wla nikw — fisher wikw kwa — thigh wa chil — oak nut wha gakw — a scalp wha ga — body wpa uak — lights wa laskw — husk wgl kaa — hollow place 20 YOCABULART OF THE ABENAKI INDIANS. itt wzfikw na — tail wi zi — gall, bile Wo boz — elk wokw sea — fox wi 08 — flesh ma wia — better sog mo — chief a wan — air ki zi — already msi wi — largely wski a — new sikw hla — hail kwa nak — length ta bat — enough mat guas — rabbit mkwi gen — red tau bo gan — large trough tlap so bi — trap chain ska ho gan — a forked post wlag zi — bowels wa jo — mountain wji gon — desolate camp wdol ka — breast, stomach wi ka — fat wlo da — ^hot weather wo lakw — hole wja kwam — but end wlom ka — fine grainy wski gen — young vegetable wzi dakw — ^^ handle wne kikw — otter wagin — wagon pil tal — lead .kchiia — aged person pa gon — nut a chi — also ngon ia — old mo gis — monkey wdtip kwan — hair wa ji — for, to so ga — lobster piz wat — good for nothing klo gan — door tip wa bel — pepper ska wo gan — standing skip wo gan — eating raw chi to ba hi gan -^ a wedge chi ba gi no guat — looks very bad chi ba i skwet ta — ignis fatuus chi git wa hi gan — razor pi mi zig ni gan — withe pok ja na hwi ka — stumpy psakw dam ni mo zi -^ black- berry bush tbo bak hi gan — pair of scales, steelyard ska mon ta hi gan — corn meal skas kwat si gan — green dye a lo ka wo gan — a work, la- bor al no ba wo gan — human na- ture, birth ♦ sa no ba wo gan — manhood a za wa skwi gen — square a ba kwa wo gan — act of cov- ering with a roof a ses si ga mikw — stable TOGABULART OF THB ABMAKI INDIANS. 21 am kwo ni no da— spoon basket a ses wo bi al — harness a za to i wi — backwards kin ja mes wo gan — majesty ka dos mo wo gan — act of drinking, a drink kba hod wi ga mikw — jail ki wi tarn wo gan — hint ki ta das wo gan — act of sharpening by grinding ki no ho ma sin — preaching kin ja mes sis kwa — queen ka zi ga mikw — barn ka wzo wah di gan — sleigh ka sij wa hi gan — dish towel po da wa wo gan — act of blowing po lo ba wo gan — pride piz wa gi zo — he reads for nothing pi da hla guo gan — scabbard pkwes sa ga hi gan — key po ba tam wo gan — religion po ba tam win no — religious person pa pa hwij wi ia — tin pa pa hwij wi jo — tin basin pa pi tom ko gan — a play- thing nkes kog wo gan — nightmare ni mat gua hi gan — a fork no da hla go kat — black- smith no ji mo ni kat — silversmith no ji pak si kat — box maker no da wig hi gat — notary, writer no ji na mas kat. — fisher no da ma guo gan — spear lo wat si gan — blue dye o do lib io gan — oar po da woz win no — counsel- lor po da waz wo gan — council mos kwal dam wo gan — an- ger mi ga ka wo gan — act of fighting mka za wat si gan — copper- as si gua na hi gan — skim-milk tmo kwa ta hi gan — sword les sa ga hi gan — trunk wi la wig win no — rich per- son 22 TREATIES WITH THE ABENAKI INDUNS. INDIAN TREATIES. i At Portsmouth, in her Maj*y'» Province of New Hamp- shire, in New England, the thirteenth day of July, in the twelfth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lady Anne, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the faith, &c. [1713] THE SUBMISSION AND AGREEMENT OF THE EASTERN INDIANS. Whereas for some years last past We have made a breach of our Fidelity and Loyalty to^ the Crowns of Great Brit- ain, and have made open Rebellion against her Maj^y'^ Sub- jects, the English inhabitants in the Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and other of her Maj^y'^ Territories in New England, and being now sensible of the miseryes which We & our people are reduced thereunto thereby. We whose names are here subscribed, being Delegates of all the Indians belonging to Norrigawake, Narrakamegock, Amasa- contoog, Pigwocket, Penecook, & to all other Indian Plant- ations situated on the Rivers of St. Johns, Penobscot, Kenybcck, Amascogon, Saco, & Mcrimack, & all other Indian Plantations lying between the s^' Rivers of St. Johns and Merimack, Parts of her Maj*y'» Provinces of the Massachu- sets Bay and New Hampshire, within her Maj^y'^ Sovereignty, having made application to his Excellency, Joseph Dudley, Esq"*, Captain General & Govern' in Chief in and over the gd Provinces, That the Troubles which we have unhappily raised or occasioned against her Maj*y's subjects, the English, & ourselves, may cease & have an end, & that we may enjoy her Maj^y'^ Grace & Favor, and. each of us Respect- ively, for ourselves & in the name & with the free consent of all the Indians belonging to the several Rivers and places TREATIES WITH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. 23 aforesaid, & all other Indiaus within the b^ Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, hereby acknowl- edging ourselves the lawfuU subjects of our Sovereign Lady, (4uf)on Anne, and promising our hearty Subjection & Obedi- ance urit' the Crown of Great Britain, doe solemnly Cove- nant, promise, & agree to & with the s^ Joseph Dudley, Esq., Govern'", and all such as shall hereafter be in the place of Capt. General and Govern >* in Chief of the afore- said Provinces or territories on her Maj'y'" belialf, in man- ner following. That is to say : That at all times forever, from and after the date of these presents, we will cease and forbear all acts of hostility to- ward all the subjects of the crown of Great Britain, and not to oflFer the least hurt or violence to them or any of them in their persons or estates, but will honor, forward, hold, & maintain a firm & constant amity & friendship with all the English, and will not entertain any Treasonable Conspiracy with any other Nation to their Disturbance. That her Maj^y'^ Subjects, the English, shall & may peace- ably & quietly enter upon, improve, & forever enjoy, all and singular their Rights of Land & former Settlements, Prop- erties, & possesions, within the Eastern Parts of the %^ Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, together with all the Islands, Islets, Shoars, Beaches, & Fisheries within the same, without any molestation or claims by us or any other Indians, And be in no wais molested, in- terrupted, or disturbed therein. Saving unto the s^ Indians their own Grounds, & free liberty for Hunting, Fishing, Fowling, and all other their Lawful Liberties & Privileges, as on the Eleventh day of August, in the year of our Lord God One thousand six hundred & ninety-three. That for mutual Safety & Benefit, all Trade & Comerce which hereafter may be allowed betwixt the English & Indians shall be in such places & under such management & 24 TREAllES WITH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. regulations as shall be stated by her Maj*y'' Governments of the s<* Provinces respectively. And to prevent mischiefs & inconveniencies the Indians shall not be allowed, for the present, & until they have liberty from the respective Gov- ernments, to come near to any English Plantations or Set- tlements on this side of Saco River* That if any Controversy or DiflFerence at any time here- after happen to arise betwixt any of the English or Indians, for any real or supposed wrong or injury done on the one side or the other, no Private Revenge shall be taken by the Indians for the same, but proper application shall be made to her Maj*y's Government, upon the place, for remedy there- of, in our Course of Justice, We hereby submitting ourselves to be ruled & Governed by her Maj*y'3 Laws, & desire to have the protection & benefit of the same. We confess that we have, contrary to all faith and justice, brokem our articles with S^ William Phipps, Governour, made in the year of our Lord God 1693, and with the Earl of Bellemont, Govern ', made in the year of our Lord God 1699, And the assurance we gave to his Excellency, Joseph Dudley, Esq'"®, Governor, in -the years of our Lord God 1702, in the month of August, and 1703, in the month of July, notwithstanding we have been well treated by the s * Governors ; and we resolve for the future not to be drawn into any perfidious Treaty or Correspondence, to the hurt of any of the subjects of her Maj'y the Queen of Great Britain, and if we know of any such we will seasonably re- veal it to the English. Wherefore, we whose names are hereunto subscribed, Delegates for the several tribes of the Indians, belonging unto the River of Kenybeck, Amarascogen, St. Johns, Saco, & Merrimac, & parts adjacent, being sensible of our great offence & folly in not complying with the afores** Submission & agreements, and also of the sufferings & mischiefs that TREATIES UriTH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. 25 we have thereby exposed ourselves unto, do, in all humble & submisive manner, cast ourselves upon her Maj*y'8 mercy for the pardon of all our past rebellions, hostilities, and Violations of our promises, praying to be received unto her Maj*y's Grace & Protection. And for & on behalfe of our- selves, and of all other the Indians belonging to the several Rivers and places afores ^ , within the Sovereignty of her Maj*y of Great Britain, do again acknowledge & profess our hearty and sinceer obedience unto the Crown of Great Britain, and do solemnly renew, ratify, and confirm all & every of the articles & agreements contained in the former and present submission. This Treaty to be humbly laid before her Maj*y, for her ratification and farther orders. In Witness whereof, "We, the Delegates afore^**, by name, Kireberuit, Iteansis, and Jackoit, for Penobscot, Joseph and Eneas, for St. Johns, Waracansit, Wedaranaquin, and Bomoseen, for Kennebeck, have hereunto set our hands & seals, the day and year fir,st above written. Signed, Sealed, & Delivered IN THE presence OP Signum ^v9/cM^ QUALEBEENEWES. |<: i 26 TREATIES WITH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. G^^SV^^^r^-^^ ^y^:J_ Signum WARRAKANSIT. ^T^^ y^ S <^^^ »^>^> I BOMOSEEN. Signum WEDARANAQUIN. IT. ) 3N. IN. TREATIES WITH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. 27 arc clUlOAL^ ^Jo yj^i/^^ Signum ENEAS- ITEANSIS. 28 TREATIES WITH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. Eh m% ¥m Signum ^^Ae^T^ *^^t-^^i^ / J^,fJ> ADDEAWANDO. Signum. SEGUNCEWICK /&rt&}^^fz^ KISSUBAGUNNIT PITTAURISQUANNE cf- C^SAB MOXUSSON EBIXIS Signum. Signum. Signum* Signum. ^^^ Signum. ESTiEN 4^ V Signum. WENEMOET «t5/ Signum. WOHONUMBAMET ^j^ Signu.. SANBODDIES f/)^ fl'^ Signum. «..j ^2 !.' M ♦ TREATIES WITH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. TREATY OF 1717. Georgetown, on Arrowsick Island, in his Majesty's Prov- ince of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, the 12th Day of August 1717, in the fourth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, <&c. "We, the Subscribers, being Sachems and Chief men of the several Tribes of Indians belonging to Kennebcck, Penob- scut, Pegwackit, Saco, and other, the Eastern Parts of his Majesty's Province afores^, having had the several Articles of the foregoing Treaty distinctly read and Interpreted to us by a Sworn Interpreter at this time, do Approve of. Rec- ognize, Ratify, and Confirm all and every the said Articles, (excepting only the fourth and fifth articles, which relate to the restraint and limitation of Trade and Commerce, which is now otherwise managed.) And whereas, some rash and inconsiderate Persons amongst us, have molested some of our good fellow Sub- jects, the English, in the Possession of their Lands, and otherwise illtreated them ; — We do disapprove & condemn the same, — and freely consent that our English friends shall possess, enjoy & improve all the Lands which they have formerly possessed, and all which they have obtained a right & title unto. Hoping it will prove of mutual and reciprocal benefit and advantage to them & us, that they Cohabit with us. In testimony and perpetual memory whereof. We have hereunto set our hands & seals, in behalf of ourselves and of the several Tribes of Indians that have delegatedjus to appear for, & represent them the day and year aforemen- tioned. NUDGGUMBOIT X Sign. Abissanehraw X Sign. ^ Kennebcck. Umguinnawas X Sign. TREATIES WITH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. 3^ AwoHAWAY X Sign. Paquahaeet C^SAB Lerebenuit X Sign. Ohanumbames Seounei X Sign. ) X Sign. V X Sign. ) X Sign. ) X Sign. 5 X Sign. ) Adeawando X Sign. ) ScAWESo X Sign. $ X Sign. Kennebeck, Penobscut. Pegwackit, X Sign. Moxus BOMMAZEEN Capt. Sam x Sign. Nagucawen X Sign. SUMMEHAWIS X Sign. Wegwarumenet X Sign. Terramuggds. X Sign. Kennebeck. Sabadis X Sign. > . Sam Humphries X Sign. $ ^^^^rascogstn. Signed, Sealed, & Delivered, in presence op AuGusTiN Moxus son Sign. /l/i/CLa^M..j::*Su^^L^ Sarome. q/W^M Sign. J4 TREATIES WITH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. ^^^yp^L-^ Francois Xavier '^Qg><€/c^^^ Sign. f]vL&)&\JU^ ^M^'^^HC^ c V Meconomba f^^- Sign. TKEATIES WITH THE ABENAKI INDIANS. *5 T0TEJI3. The figures or emblems connected with the signatures of the Indians are called, in the language of the Algonquins, Totems ; and are the distinguihh- ing marks or signs of the clans or tribes into which the various nations are divided. They are not the personal emblems of the chiefs, although in sign- ing treaties they employ them as their sign manual. Each tribe or clan had its emblem, consisting of the figure of some bird, beast, or reptile, and is distinguished by the name of the animal which it has assumed as a device, as Wolf, Hawk, Tortoise. To different totems, says Parkman in his " Con- spiracy of Pontiac," attach different degrees of rank and dignity ; and ihos