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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at difforent reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmte A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seui clich4, 11 est film6 A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'iniages nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 wmm u •if I SKETCH OF A m&tt fOR SETTLING IN UPPER CANADA, A PORTION OF THE Umiamunfttt Uaticmet» otnngianlf. BY A SETTLER. Afirricalhire is the proper bu«inei9 of all new cohnks.-Adam Smith. LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. HARDING. 36. ST. JAMES'S STREET 1821. TvT^IO- <\>5b tmil, UICBSTU «T«Eir, MICBSTJH IQMM- 1 INTRODUCTION. The following sketch of a plan for establish- ing settlements of indigent colonists in Upper Canada, has been made after some experi- ence, in minute detail, of the advantages uf locating wild land. The projector was also previously acquainted with practical farming. Being interested in the prosperity of the pro- vince, he may have deceived himself into the opinion that its value is inexcusably under- rated in England. So far, however, as his tes- timony, thus qualified, can assist in correcting the error, he gives it without reserve, that climate, general fertility, and the means of comfortable subsistence, persona) security considered, no country in the world sur- S^^(o iv passes Upper Canada. The inconvenience of a sea voyage, and tht slight exposure of a frontier country in a time of war, will enter into the consideration of tliose who undertake to remove fi-om uneasy homes. It is conceived that for many years, the inhabitants of this province will be most pro- fitably occupied in husbandry and coarse manufactures. It does not, however, appear to be material that settlers should be chosen from the agricultural counties only. Able bodied men of any class will quickly be qua- lified for the necessary occupations of a new country. Skill in certain works is advan- tageous there ; but mere manual labour is at first chiefly wanted ; and if England does not afford good employment for the mechanic, he may go thither without regret. He will not find himself disqualified by his previous habits fi-om gaining a comfortable livelihood upon his own land. They will sometimes prove valuable to him, when at intervals he laboure for hire, or for himself, at his original trade; and the change from the shop to the axe and spade, if made profitably, will scarcely be attended with dissatisfaction. T a^Brtcuttuial (Roionisatmi IN UPPER CANADA. The following sketch of a plan for colonising Upper Canada proposes to place in indepen- dence an almost unlimited number of people now subsisting by parochial relief; and to employ productively, for a few years only, the capital expended in the enterprize. It differs from other plans lately suggested for diminishing the public burdens, inasmuch as it relies for success on the personal exer- tions of the colonists, uncontrolled by the perpetual presence of superintendants ; and inasmuch as a boon, or a charity, is not in- tended to be given to them. The risks attending the plan are inconceivably small. The money advanced will not be paid over to B s the people, but it will he laid out within two years in provisions and supplies of imple- ments, and in stock for the settlement. The cleared lands will constitute a mort- gaiL'e to secure the repayment of that whi(;h then will be the colonists* debt, for goods con- sumed and converted into propei'ty by them. During the laying out of the money and the clearing of the lands, some slight restric- tions on the employment and alienation of the property will be imposed on the owners of it ; but after the repayment of the capital em- ployed, each individual in the settlement will be free from all interference. The time of such repayment, within ten years, will depend on the exertions of the settlers, who may re- ceive their deeds on redeeming their land. The strong stimulus of personal advancement will be in full activity, and after the end of ten years the proprietors will be subject to the usual process for the recovery of debts. Upper Canada contains many millions of I I I I i I f I acres of fertile unoccupied land, with a climate suited to all agricultural pursuits. It possesses the same laws, the same raauuers, and, above all, the same constitution as England. The excellence of the soil will enable a party, judicioasly directed, to realize a grant in much comfort with a very small loan of capitiil indeed ; and this province may be rendered essentially available to the mother country under the present pressures. Families disposed to colonise, may be as- sumed to average five persons each, and it appears to me that sums of ci'200, managed with ordinary prudence, will enable any num- ber of such families to acquire prosperous settlements in two years without exposure to privations ; and within ten years to repay without interest the money advanced for them. The interest on the loan will be replaced, as it will be seen below, out of another source of profit as well as by the withdrawing of so many families from being chargeable. It is also to be considered that the esta- blishment of flourishing colonies extends the market for many home productions. The settlors cannot betime vvealti y without look- ing to us for a supply to their increasing Tf-ant of manufactured goods*. They will begin to repay the principal money within three years after leaving England. To illustrate my viev-j by a familiar mode of statement, let it be supposed that a parish is determined to settle in Upper Canada 100 willing families (500 souls) on half a town- ship, according to the usual rules of settle- ment now in force in that colony. The first expense to be incurred will be on the journey to the coast. For which purpose, to families of * Independently of the question of general advantage or disadvantage of the colonial sy:,tem of monopoly, beyond all dispute it is beiieficial to England to have new and pros- perous settlements planted iu her distant possession?, pro- vided the capita! employed in supporting them is not perma- nently drawn from other occupations. — Smith, Wealth of Naiionst with notes. 1817, vol. ii. p. 443 — 445, 1 I 1 ! Ji of five persons, taken indiscriminately from all parts of England, ^£20 to each family will be a high estimate, this will amount to «£2000 to be advanced by the parish. Transport and sea-fare to Montreal, will be assumed to be provided by the public at a cost of ^=30 a family. The parish will ap- point managers to accompany the colonists ; who are to be remunerated by a share of the wild land. Every necessary arrangement pre- vious, and three years subsequent to embarka- tion, will be attended to by these managers ; and the parish will provide funds from which the sum of .^15,000 may be advanced in the in- stalments mentioned below. Before any engagement be entered into, it should be particularly understood, that the proper quantity of land, in a part of the coun- try /)reuio?<*/^ selected, should be put into the hands of the managers, subject to the existing mode of settling. A slight variation also \n the principle of set- 6 ting out the crown and clergy reserves, appears to me to be worthy of previous attention. At present they are marked arbitrarily on the sur- veyors' maps, and sometimes impede the set- tlement of adjoining lots without any good object. Of lots, A, B, C, D, E, and F, the settlers now are compelled to place themselves upon A, C, D, and E. Instead of this, it would be extremely convenient that they should have the right of selecting their grants at their own discretion, in that part of the township they may be led to by the managers. Cultivation will then certainly penetrate into every corner of the country located ; and a marketable va- lue will be given rapidly to the whole. It frequently happens that a clergy^ or a crown reserve, crosses the ovi\y immediately habit- able spots of a district, the free ground being morass. Of the latter the intrinsic value, prior to cultivation, is equal to that of the former, and in process of time it becomes even more fertile ; but from its present state it is worse 1 I 7 than useless. If the settler were at libert)? to reclaim the sound ground, his labour there would very probably make a drainage of the morass near it. His presence alone would give a value to adjoining reserves, which must be worthless unless approached by cultiva- tion ; and without some modification of this nature, the offered lots of morass will gene- rally be rejected by the disappointed settler. The quantity of land required for 100 fami- lies, is half a township, or 31 ,500 acres; which will be divided in the following proportions. Acres. For the Settlers |o ooo For the Managers 5 qqq For the Clergy ^[qqq For the Crown 4 qoo For the Town Plot, to belong to the Parish and Managers 2 000 For the Surveyors 2 500 For the Parish advancing the Capital 5,000 31,500 The managers should be competent to give the setders proper directions fur the sale of M'C 8 so much of their household goods as cannot usefully be carried with them ; and for the pur- pose of the present sketch the whole party will now be assumed to be safely landed at Mon- treal, in May. The remaining capital of iil50 to each family is hitherto untouched ; and a proportion of it, ^'50 will now be draw n for by the ma- nagers. The expenditure upon one family will be traced as a convenient example of the pro- gress of the whole party, ^50 to The journey to Kingston, with their bytheE luggage, at about £4. for each indi- nagers in yidual, will cost c£;20 May 1822. ^^^^^^ to the farthest settled Town ship 20 To keep the family and the father during the time he is visiting the lands and fixing on his lot 10 ^45 in Putting up a log-house 5 Juuel822. ^,^ j^^^p ^^^ jp^^jjy gj^ ^ggj^g ^l^ilgt preparing a piece of ground for a spring crop, £S ; and to take them to the house, o^ 10 I 1 ■ii-ki I 9 A yoke of oxen, chain, and harrow ot'22 Seed for spring, viz. potatoes, oats, wheat, Indian corn, &c. four axes, spade and shovel, brush, hooks and hoes g An old settler, to assist for a few days in order to direct them in the proper method of managing new l^nds . . . 2 be'^dmvn ^*^P"'S ^he family till the autumn . 8 1829*''^^'" ^ ^^^' ^^^ *" P^^' ^"^ *^" ^^ ^^^^^ ^*^^^* middle aged pigs 7 Seed for aiUumn crop . . . / 1 Putting up a log-barn . . , 5 be'^dmwn ^"^ ^^^'^^ ^" keeping the family during in January the winter months s ^^^^' Item for cattle ,[] 3 An ox cart ^ M^^ f ^^ f«^ '^' spring .'.'.'.'.'.'. '. '. 1 Some little addition to their keep in the spring ^ Another sow in pig . | One heifer coming thre3 years old . . 4 JuifLit! ^""^ '*'' ""^ *^'^^^ y^a^^ «»^' t« kill in the second autumn 7 Two ewe sheep in lamb 2 o£l50 m '1 10 Thus iassuming the plan to be adopted for 100 famihes, and to be carried into effect in 1822, the advance of money must be made in the following manner. For the journey to the coast for 100 families, at i^20 each family, 1st Fe- bruary, 1822 For the voyage to Montreal, March 1822 For the expenses to be incurred between May and June 1822 ......... Item, between June and October 1822. Item October 1822 and Ja- nuary 1823 Item January and May 1823 Item May and July 1823 . . . Item ... in July 1824 0^2000 3000 5000 4500 2100 1500 1000 900 i:20,000 ill It appears to me to be impossible, that upon equal capital any set of men of the class here contemplated, can be placed so advantageously both to themselves and to the country, in any other part of the world as in Upper Canada. A 'i 11 The families will probably averaj^-e three indi- viduals each able to work, and at the end of two years from their first settlement they will be found to have made the following progress. Under favourable circumstances the people will be placed on their land early in June, pre- pared to clear away for a spring crop. With common industry three such persons as we ought to presume our able settlers to be, will not find it difficult to get 5 acres sown in pro- per time in 1822 ; from which they may ex- pect to raise about 50 bushels of wheat, 80 bus- shels of Indian corn with the usual quantity of pumkins, musk and water melons, 100 bu- shels of potatoes, and a quantity of corn stalks and straw with garden productions ; during the summer before the crops are harvested, the people will be employed in preparing 5 acres more for an autumn season, and this cleared ground with the former 5 acres will be ready for wheat in the first autumn. After sending a proportion of this first crop to mar- 12 ket, having a certain quantity turned into flour, salted tlieir pigs, and put up a warm hovel for their cattle, they will in the winter of 1822^ — 23 again be occupied in clearing more land for the ensuing spring. From my own experience I should say that the quantity prepared will be about 10 acres ; which will be sown with oats, Indian corn, barley, pum- kins, and turnips, and planted with potatoes. Besides this work, they will sow the first ten acres with seeds for a meadow ; during the second summer 5 acres more will be prepared for the second autumn ; and the several sea- sons will bring their own works on the lands previously cleared. Having thus, in the se- cond autumn 10 acres of wheat land, and 10 acres of meadow with additional occupations for the winter of 1823—24, on this increase, they will be able to clear for the third spring only 5 acres more; so that in the third har- vest of 1824, such a family as we have assum- ed will possess 30 acres of cleared land and 13 70 unoleared; 10 acres of the 30 will be sown with wheat, 10 with spring crops, and 10 will be in meadow. Their produce at the close of the third autumn, may be stated thus, at a low esti- mate. From 10 acres of wheat, about 250 bushels 2 ditto of oats 70 ditto ^ 2 ditto of Indian corn. . 100 ditto 2 ditto of barley 70 ditto 2 ditto of potatoes . . . 300 ditto 2 ditto of turnips .... 20O ditto Pumkins, in number about 5000, or from 6 to 800 bushels, which are planted in the Indian corn hills. Not more than ten tons of hay can be ex- pected from the meadow, incumbered as it will be with stumps of trees, for several years. To this must be added the natural increase of the stock together with abundance of water and musk melons in the corn fields, and of gar- den productions, and an ox and several hogs in salt. L 14 After tliis third autumn of 1824, the repay- ment of the capital advanci^d will begin ; it will arise out of the production of the harvest of 1825, and the rate at which it will be made may be judged of by the foregoing statement. The effect of, and the pecuniary means of sup- porting this colony, may conveniently be con- sidered with reference to the following ex- ample A small scale is adopted for the pur- pose of simplicity ; but effect can hardly be o-iven to the views intended to be presented in this sketch, with fewer than 200 families. In 1795, the parish of Barkham* in Berk- shire contained 200 inhabitants, of whom about 40 besides the sick, received relief to the amount of £lb a year. The average expense of sup- porting the families of labourei-s in Barkham was then about ^25 each ; making the rate of J75 to be divisible amongst a number of peo- ple equivalent to three ordinary families, * The case of labour in Husbandry stated by D. Davies, Rector of Barkliam, 1795, 4to. i>. 26. which may be said to be the number in ex- cess of the want in employments. If the parish could be disburdened of these three famiUes and employment should not vary, these left behind would receive wages equal to their full support, until paupers again superal)oun