IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 La 12.8 12.5 li^ Uii ■ 2.2 u lift £f 11° 12.0 lii Inlli 11.25 i 1.4 I 1.6 6" Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WIBSTH.N.Y. 14SS0 (71«) 872-4503 '4 \ o^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductlont historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas taehniquas at bibliographiquaa Tha totr Tha Instituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. 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Original eoplaa in printad papar oovars ara filmad baglnning with tha front oovar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illustratad imprat- •ion, or tha baok oovar whan appropriata. All othar original oopiao ara filmad baglnning on tha firat paga with a printad or illuatratad impras- •Ion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraaalon. Tha laat raoordad frama on aach microficho •hail oontain tha symbol i-i^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (moaning "END"), whiohavar appliaa. L'axamplaira film* f ut raprodult grico i la ganiroslta da: New Brunswick Museum St. John Las imagas auivantaa ont M raproduitas avac la plus grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at do la nattata da l'axamplaira filma, at an conformita avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Las axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an paplar ast imprimao sont filmAs an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarmlnant soit par la darnlira paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'lllustration. soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras axamplairas originaux sont fllmAs an commandant par la pramiara paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'lllustration at an tarmlnant par la darniara paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un das symboias suivants apparaltra sur la darniara imaga da chaqua microficho, salon la cas: la symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ signifio "FIN". Maps, piataa, oharta, ato., may ba filmad at diffarant raduotion ratioa. Thoaa tou iarga to ba antiraly Inoludad in ono oxpoaura ara filmad baglnning in tha uppar iaft hand cornar, iaft to right and top to bottom, as many framaa as rsqulrad. Tha following diagrama lllustrata tha mathod; Las cartas, planchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant itra filmte a das taux da rMuction diffarants. Lorsqus la document ast trop grand pour itra raprodult an un saul ciicha, il ast filmA a partir da I'angla supariaur gaucha, da gaucha a drolta, at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nacassaira. Las diagrammas suivants iilustrant la mathoda. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 IjjllpadlS udiA l?^H ,r:!:'';,:!j::.:.i'!lK:S.,';5;:SS:fl,wii a;ifh'J;j3:i'?*>;:S!SS ai[j?;:i|iii!aii ■^;";;;*iK ^^fiiiiiii ;Ji 'ill fK: €mm ^,4.zm piiiaii Ism*, /^ K''^. TEREDO NOTES BYt E. T. P. SHEWEN, RESIDE^ ENGINEER OF THE PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT \ AT^ST. JOHN", N. B. 'j ^ it m tn^g^ (Read before the Natural History Society of New Brunsurick.) // i f^ ^^e. -•■*'-' >#•" '\^ TEREDO NOTES BY B. T. P. SHBW^^f, BBSIDKNT BNCHNKBR^OP THE PUBLIC WORKS DKPABTHBNT AT ST. JOHN, N. B. (BEAD>KF0B8 TBI NAfOMAL MIlTOttY MOOIITT Or NSW BRUNSWICK.) Two inveterate enemiM of timb«f an fotiiid in the waters of the maritime prot vinoes, viz., the limnorla An4 tb0t«rfdo, fAtnlUarly known as the nipper (or gribble) and the borer. Both aro tminoDtly d«itf uetive, bnt the depredation committed by the latter, being conoealfd ontil ftr advane«d, Is more dangerous than the manifest devastation of the former. For iboi@ who have never investigated the subject, it is diffionlt to realize either the tstint of tb« damage inflicted, or the rapidity with which havoc is wrought ftmong mftfind works by the unbuilding teredo. The accompanying sptomitni of worm-eaten wood are from the coasts of Northumberland Strait, WD«r9 tboy have rtmained in the tide-way Arom two to three years, a life oomparativaly long in those waters. In their present dry state, the actual flaccid oondition of tli»b«f itraottires bored by this worm can scarcely by appreciated, for when first oaiit ftibort, ptilpy and sodden, these sieve-like sections were susceptible after the mannof of iponffC. to compression by the hand. Remem- bering this, it may be und^ritood bow rtMily piers and breakwaters, weakened by the borer, are knocked to pieoes by tbd WAVM. The specimens exhibited were not detached piles, but the fliet'timbori, 12 IflCihes square, of a work, securely bolted together tier upon tier, forming a iolld wall with only one side exposed. Unfortunately, the teredo oarries on the work of demolition at even greater speed than was applied in this itwtaBO«. Hemlock timbers, also a foot square, which had remained in the water at tbi lamt plooe, some for 12, some for 17 months, were found to be so throughly dMti'oyed at to bo easily penetrated through the aide to a depth of 9 inches by simple preiiut'g of tbo point of a walking-stick. Except at the ends, these timbers viewed oaiuatly, Ot'Ofiented no unusual apfyearance ; but when stepped upon, revealed by eollapio or tb« deceptive surface, the utter ruin beneath. Closely examined, the outside Momed pl«rced by pin-holes gradually expanding towards the heart of tb0 wood into tttansla the size of a pencil. At the same place, spruce piles 10 or 12 inobeii in dlaffi«t«r, driven early in July, came ashore cut off by the teredo, on the 3rd Novembor following. In another example, timbers of the size already mentioned, had been t'odaoed in width to six, and even five inches. In this case, the up and down bolts, drlvin at mld'breadth to fasten the tiers together, were bared, the surrounding wood having been entirely eaten away. Either in the form of spawn, oi' loofi after emerging from that stage, the teredo possesses the power of attaebmtBt to timb«r, and in less than two weeks is capable of pricking a small hole for entrv. Qm§ within, the progress of growth is attested by the griulual enlargement of tby tnanol, tintil a diameter of perhaps three-eighths of an inch is attained in hardwoodi. As growth proceeds, the necessity of boring to avoid being pinched is obvious. It is bil^ved that the teredo draws nourishment from minute organisms in the WAtOfitbo timber representing, not food but habitation. In New Brunswick, the temdo if)f@sts the whole coast bordering on Northumber- land Strait. In length it vari§s from one and a half to four inches, increasing as the facilities for boring, or breeding ar« fflttltiplled. In one place, before a contemplated TEREDO NOTES. work was began, none were foand to exceed the smaller size mentioned. After the work had b^n finished, the worms appeared in infinitely ffreater nambers, and attained double the former length. Apart from the extended accommodation thus Srovided bv the large qoantity of timber brought within reach of the teredo, onbtless the eddies, slaokwater, and lee, formed by the projection of the work from the land across the current, were also favourable to development, the temperature rising in the still water. The light-coloured, shell-like head of the teredo is somewhat globular in form, open in ftont, and lipped after the fabhion of au auger. With this apparatus, it is supposed the work of destruction is done. The soft white body apparently receives protection from a fragile tube frequently found lining the tunnels. The vertical working range lies between the bottom and half tide, out specimens may be met in wood above that level. Destructive power is greatest when the temperature of the water is high, that is from the middle of July to the end of August, or a little later. By October the worm is less inclined to attack new timber, but whether autumnal inactivity becomes absolute dormancy in the winter is not positively known. It is believed that the teredo has one enemy, {Lycorii fucata) which also preys upon the pholas. Experiments made in Northumberland Strait with pieces of pine, spruce, hemlock, birch, beech, and maple treenailed together, and exposed at low water mark from October to December, showed no trace of the worm when taken np. Another raft, similar to the last, but lacking the birch, placed under the ice on the 7th of February, was found after 77 days' immersion to be untouched also. Since these timbers were in contact with ice, the experiments do not conoluuively establish torpidity in the cold months, for it is possible that in deeper water the worm may work during the winter. It would be interesting to know whether, in timbers between half-tide and low water, the worms are killed by frost. On the 20th of April following, the first raft was replaced in the water, and suffered to remain undisturbed until the 29th of October, a period of 192 days. Upon examination, it was discovered that the pine and spruce had been demol- ished, only a portion of the sticks being left. The hemlock, while preserving the original outward form, had become a mere honeycomb, and the hardwoods were much in the same condition as the hemlock. In fact all the timbers were destroyed. When the raits were carefully taken apart, it was found that teredines did not, as popularly reputed, invariably hold inviolate each others tunnels, but bored capri- ciously in every direction; that is to say, with the grain, directly across, or obliquely across it. More than this, there were instances in which they hod bored from one stick into another below placed transversely to the first, the tunnel conti- nuing across the seam. In such cases the timbers were hard up, without any film of water between, being tightly drawn together by the treenails. Of course, if the second timber had not been quite clo^e to the first, it would have been entered by other worms through the intervening water. In several examples, the tunnels ran without interruption from the timbers through the treenails. Near the close of the paper in Bulletin No. 8 (Natural History .Society) upon the Mollusca of Acadia, it is suggested that since foul or brackish water is avoided by the teredo, the fact might be turned to practical account. One difficulty in the way of utilizing either, lies in the differing density of fresh and salt water. An apt illustration occurred at one of the Cape Breton coal mines. Some of the pit-water, stro'^c'lv impregnated with iron, sulphurous, and otherwise unsavory, was discharged immediately alongside the culliery shipping-pier. For some time it wan thought that the water conferred complete protection, for the timbers of the pier, highly coloured by it, showed no trace of the teredo. Later, it was" discovered, by failure of the cribwork deeper down, that the stratum of red water ceased a few feet beneath the surface, and that in the pure salt water below, the worm flourished. The Dutch commission referred to in Bulletin No. 8, was appointed in 1857, and began two years afterwards a series of careful experiments lasting for a period of years. The valuable result of the labours of that commission, reported in the TEREDO NOTES. Popular Soienoo Monthly for Angast and September, 1878, by Dr. Ei H. Yon Banmbaner, one of tbo members, represents the most reliable information extant upon the subject. Briefly, it showed that no meohanioal protective applioation waa of real service, and that only impregnation with creosote afforded immunity from at- tack of teredo or limnoria. In tne use of ci'eosote, it was found that two points were essential to success: (1) the oil must be of proper quality, (2) the process of im- pregnation must be thoroughly performed. Gontiidering No. 2 first, it may be said that the most approved process is that of Mr. S. B. Boulton, in which advantage is taken of the difference between the boiling point of water (212 F.) and of creosote (say 400 F. as a minimum) to evapo- rate all the sap and moisture in the timber bv wet heat, and so to make with cer- tainty room for the oil without injury to the fibres. At 260 degrees F. the woody fibre of timber begins to be decomposed, and the pyroligneous acids are distilled. At less than 212 degrees, evaporation of the moisture will not take place, hence attention to the thermometer in the conduct of the process is imperative. The creosote is introduced into the cylinders containing the timber to be treated at a temperature between 212 and 2H0 degrees. The sap thus vaporized i-ises to the surface, is drawn off through the dome by the vacuum pump, led to a condenser, and finally to a receiver where it may be measured. The creosote of course flows into the empty pores, but to make assurance doubly sure, the pressure pumps are put on up to 130 pounds per square inch. Creosote is produced by simple distillation of tar, the mother of most of the commercial by-products of coal. The lighter oils, from^which dyes, drugs, etc., are extracted by subsequent treatment, come over first, the creosote last, while a residue of pitch is left behind. Tbo.beKt creosote, known as Loudon Oil, sp. g. about 1'055, is derived from Newcastle coal, through tar obtained by coking at high temperature. Since the preservative action of the oil is two fold, viz., chemical in the antiseptic sense, and mechanical in excluding the entrance of fresh germs by closing the pores, the specific gravity and the constituents become of the utmost importance. It is essential that as few as possible of the latter, should be either volatile below 600 F. or soluble in water. Wood creosote is of no use for marine purposes. The subtitances eliminated by destructive distillation of coal are almost innumer- able. Although results vary somewhat with the different measures, one ton of coal, 2,240 pounds, worth from 90 cents to Sl.TS at the pit-mouth, usually yields for first results, besides ammoniacal liquor and illuminating gas, 1,200 pounds of coke worth $3.b'0 to $4 per ton, and 12 gallons of coal tar. Broadly speaking, the twelve gallons of coal tar give upon distillation : Light oils 1 to 1*5 gallons Creosote and anthracene 3 to 4 do Pitch, the residue 6 to 7 io These quantities fluctuate according to the time allowt ' Tor the different runnings, and the quality of the tar. Although the value of creoBote as a preservative is well known, and it is likely to be in request provided the oil can be placed in the market at a price sufficiently low to encourage the use, coal tar is not at present distilled in Canada. The under- taking should be feasible, since the oil is only one of many results from a single operation. In fact the production can be combined with manufacture of the almost infinite extracts obtained from the light oils given off before the creosote is reached. Besides, for the residue, pitch, now altogether imported, there is ready market even after the local requirements for use in artificial asphalt, roofing and other purposes are satisfied. On account of the growth of the oriental market for the patent f^el made at Cardiff by compressing culm into bricks, the demand at that port for pitch, one of the ingredients, exceeds the supply, notwithstanding the price, 27 shillings per ton, recently offered. In making creosote and the other by-products of coal, the residue when all is over, consists of pitch equal to one-half, and sometimes two-thirds of the original quantity of tar placed in the still. An enterprise in which a residual product can TBRSDO notes: be abipped at good profit •ppeMi to offer •drantagef worthy of oontiderfttion. Yot near x«ew GlMgow, where 125 tone of ooke are eometimee made daily, by bnminff 250 tons of ooal, the ovens are not oonstmcted to aave the tar, aboot three thoasand galiona being, a« it were, watted every day when ooke is made. The maritime pro- vineee, abounding in coal said to rekemble in oompoeition the Newcaatle aeama. preeent a field bo eminently enitable for mannfaotnre of the by-prodnote, that the eHtabliehment of an indoetxy capable of indefinite expennion can only be a aaeetion of time. ^ t #§'"''" ret ro- he ion (■