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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The iact recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V jmeaninR "ENO"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon Ie cas: Ie symbole -^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", Ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one oxposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, ii est fiimi d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant ie nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 h PBICM, 2B CtH. § i rpi s LOVERIN'S HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH AND SLATE. ALSO, A OESCRIP7ION OF THE CHART OF TIME (Zaba's Method,) WITH KEY. Approved for use in the Provincial Public Schools by the Council of Public Insttuction^ Quebec, October 13 ■- "Temi'Us Omnia ViNcrr." i d^Sk Jltontrcal : % Hft D. BENTLEY & CO., PRINTERS, 3G4 NOTRE DAME STREET 1876. H '■ '.'L. \. N.B.— Should information be desired concerning- the Grrand Chart of Time, the small Charts, the Cento- graph or the Slate, throughout the Dominion of Canada or the United States of America, it can be obtained from DR. N. LOVEEIN, 148 St. Mary Street, MONTREAL. F.Q. to whom all communications may be addressed. i; ) / LOVERIN'S HISTORICAL CMTOGRAPH AND SLATE, ALSO A DESCRIPTION OF TH CHART OF TIME (Zaba's Method,) WITH KEY. Approved for us& in the Provincial Public Schools by the Council 0/ Public Instruction^ Quebec, October I3lh, 1875. ■ <* > ■ "Tempus Omnia Vincit. I « m * -»- Montreal : D. BEITTLEY & CO., PRINTERS, 364 NOTRE DAME STREET, 1876. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by Dr. N. Lotirik, and registered by the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C., United States of America. PREFACE, The object of this work is to place within the reach of the Educationalist and others, means by which the memory may become possessed of historical events that, so far a? experience has had opportunities of proving, have shown them to be of great value. Their advantage undoubtedly consists in the fact that time is everywhere represented with mathematical accuracy, hold- ino- in its folds or years the various facts of the past in the position and order they are registered as having transpired. To the Christian era of the Chart of Time I have added Scotland, Ire- land, and many facts having reference to the histories of the United States and Canada that arc not represented in the First Edition of Zaba's " Method of Studying Universal History." A bird's-eye view of the dynasties of China, as written by Madame Conde, from the sixth to the present twenty-second family, has also been arranged. The success of the Chart and Centograph must depend upon their intrinsic worth, — hence, without comment, I invito the careful attention of Teachers, Professors and Educators generally, hoping they will have made themselves acquainted with their modus operandi, ere they criticise them, favorably or otherwise, as they may choose; believing that those who care for their trust will devote an untiring zeal in favor of whatever is most useful and practical, and best adapted to attain the ends they have in view. NELSON LOVERIN, M.D. 1 18 St. Mary Strekt, MoNTRKAii, August^ 1876. , .' ' ' ( !'| > / '•. i' i I I ,, I ' 'U 1 -"*- ''«' '? . 1 '- -[ "■' * ■'. -. . ■ : |B '" 1 Ficr. 1. The Centooraph. (Both Frames in view.) Fig. 2. ■■ HO 'mM'f "-^y^te «t,,-je- The Centograph. (AdAPTBD to THH USB OF Chilchbn.) 9 Fi-. 3. {^■'■■■-■^■'■2E SIB : SSS-fiB* «■■ ■■• ■"" iPiiiiii[-i|:»:lH|i:gi Loveuin's H18T01UCAL Centoqraph. 11 PEEUMINARY OBSERVATIONS. History if the narration of the events of the past. Chronology is " the Science of Time " — a treatise upon time. Time is the passing present, or " period during which things happen"; without which no event can possibly take place : Therefore, an event, and the time of its occur- rence, are inseparable. They, of necessity, exist conjointly, and for this reason the study of Time is worthy of the highest con- sideration. In the Science of History an event and the time of its having transpired are each of much v ilue : the knowledge of one without the other may afford some satisfaction, but nothing in comparison to the cognizance of both. They are ordinarily named, respectively, Fact and Date. In turning over the historic pages, they will be found to represent the anatomy of history, the study and dissection of which will lead to its philosophy. Time might reasonably be compared to the osseous portion of the body, because upon and in it all oi:her things are supported. It, being that portion of duration in which events occur, suggests the propriety of repre- senting it to the vision v/ith the facts orderly arranged in their places. By so doing we will have done much 12 PRELIMINARY OB.^ERVATIONS, to facilitate the study of time and events : in a word, of History. From the foregoing we may deduct the following modern definition of the subject : " History is the nar- ration of past events in the regular order of their occurrence, together with the consideration of their causes and effects — thus we have facts, dates, and the study of philosophy conjoined. This is as it should be. Let us then, to use a familiar expression, weave time, and in our web mark off the eras, the centuries, the decades, and even the years, each with its eA''ents arranged and fastened until we have studied their nature, causes and results ; this having been done, let us suspend them upon the wall for future examination, and then, when we will have completed a regular order of representation of facts, we will unconsciously have become possessed of "Zaba's Method," the gkand Chart OF Time ! By gazing upon this, we can submit to the field of vision 2,000 years at one view without the least inconvenience. "With this condition of things existing, we have to make but three changes of scenery to examine history from the Creation to the present time ! and as rapidly as electricity or thought we can oscilate from point to point, backward and forward, now dilat- ing upon this and now upon that event, until soon the whole panorama of universal history is indelibly regis- tered upon the retina, and in this manner passed into the " store-house " of our ideas, where it will ever be ready for use. If this be true, and that in the study of history we can obtain the knowledge of events in such a way as in the meantime to impress our memories with the exact time of their occurrence, we should by all means en- deavour so to do, particularly when such can be done without extra exertion. What we should ourselves do, PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 13 it might be well to assist others in doing ; hence, then, the propriety of introducing the subjects of this work into Schools, Colleges, and Universities. Of all branches of Science, History is best calculated to develop the powers of the mind and to furnish food for the judgment and understanding. A good know- ledge of it will serve in every period and condition of life. It opens to our gaze the experience of the past — the successes and failures, fortunes and misfortunes of those who have preceded us. The farmer, the mechanic, the artist, the learned in professions, the statesman, and supreme power of the land, be it King, Queen, Czar, Sultan, or President of a Republic, can each and all of them find in History, lessons worthy of their careful consideration and study. These things being true, it is proper to bestir ourselves tc ascertain how best we can examine a subject of such import and magnitude as through the writings of ages it has become. The voluminous masses of registered matter, the irksome means by which v\^e grasp, and the brevity of the span of human life, forbid us to possess a very extensive knowledge of the events of the past, without some other than the old-fashioned method of acquiring it. Volumes have been printed and published that offer years of toil, and yet, alas ! when having been care- fully examined, have impressed the wearied brain, but in such a manner that ere long all becomes an irregu- larly mystified mass of rubbish that would be respect- ably superseded by a blank. A slight kT.owledge of G-eography, with complete ignorance of History, are infinitely better than the possession of just enough to stimulate the exposition of asinine qualities. Hence the truth of the stanza of one of the greatest of English poets : " A little learning is a dangerous thing !" &c. 14 PRELIMINARY OK8ERVATION8, The true philanthropist will hail with pleasure any and every means, come from what source they may, that will tend towards the removal of this state of things. He will carefully examine the '• Zabian Method," the Centograph and Slate, herein yet to be described, and will not " be backward in coming for- ward " to give them a fair trial, and, if found worthy, his fullest approbation, unless he shall have succeeded in getting up something better. The dates in the Key to the Chart have been arranged according to Usher's system of Chronology, which, under all circumstances, may be considered as correct as any, while it is by far the most generally adopted. Facts and dates should be read only from the (Jhart, Centograph or Slate ; as figures are merely markers, and not representatives of Time. It must not be thought, however, that books are to be ignored. In fact, not to read upon every occasion when there is a desire so to do, would be a great mistake ! Standard works upon History, and carefully selected incidents frequently related by teachers, in their own. style, are the principle means by which the philosophy of this valuable branch of Science must be taught and acquired. Before proceeding with an explanation of the Historical Centograph, I will introduce the Chart of Time, or, rathe^. " Zaba's Method of Studying Universal History." In so doing, I will take few, if any liberties, in a descriptive point of view, with his work, preferring, rather, to adhere to the peculiarly happy and explicit wording of the Count, who put forth the first edition when on an educational tour through the Dominion of Canada in 1874, which reads thus : — " Locke, the eminent English philosopher, said, THE CHART OP TliAtE. ir ' Memory is as it were the store-house of our ideas ; for the narrow mind of man not being capable of having many ideas under view and contemplation at once, it was necessary to have a repository to lay up those ideas, which at another time it might make use of. A metho- dical arrangement of the contents of such a repository enables its owner to lind any article that he may require with the utmost readiness.' Precisely, my method is calculated to arrange that very store-house in such an orderly manner as lo enable its owner to find, with the utmost readiness and quickness, the required article. Such an advantage, surely, is worth possessing, even at the cost of extra trouble and application. Let us con- sider only the number of subjects, both in science and literature, each voluminous and full of interest. The sphere of the human mind not sufficiently large, nor life sufficiently long, to grapple with the many difficulties obstructing the pursuit of knowledge ; but, as steam and telegraph help us in a certain degree to obtain victory over time and distance, in like manner, means should be found for accelerating the march of our pro- gress in the acquisition of knowledge. For instance, the subject of Universal History demands close attention, both in the collection of facts and in their arrangement according to the order of time at which each of them took place. As no one can be admitted within the precincts of the philosophy of History without having his mind well stored with facts, which constitute the links of a chain of ideas, therefore, the knowledge of facts and of chronology becomes an absolute necessity. On that very account, the study of Universal TTi story taxes the mind severely. Few are indeed successful, and even they, after long and unabated perseverance, feel the want of some guide to lead them on from point to point. 10 THE CHART OP TiME. Many an attempt was made to supply this want. The ingenuity of man did not remain inactive in devis- ing plans for so important a purpose. Each small con- tribution to the common stock of human knowledge should receive its due attention, and I claim no other favor for my Method. It is simple — practical in its application, and admirably adapted to the study of Universal History in particular. It offers many advan- tages to the student of History. He is enabled to examine, year by year, or century by century, without the least deviation from the order in which the events occurred. Order in the arrangements of thoughts, and in the classification of ideas, would give him an easy command over the whole subject, however voluminous. As the o'uject of this book is simply to teach the Method, I will not unnecessarily swell its proportions. Let us, therefore, p^ once proceed to the explanation of it, and the manner in which the learner is to acquire it. The following Diagram forms the basis of the Method : — 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 " " ■ ■ ■ . , . ^ . . ^1 . , . . .„....„..,.....„., 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 7HE CHART OF TIME. 17 It is a square, or, to make my explanation more familiar, let vis suppose that it is a book-case containing ten shelves. Each shelf is divided into ten equal parts, which run from left to right, as the Diagram shows. We have, therefore, one hundred parts enclosed within the square. In the application to the study of History, each part represents one year. Consequently, on each shelf there are ten years, anu tht whole forms one CENTURY. Each year is sub-divided into nine compart- ments, which are also read from left to right. And these compartments convey to us each a distinct notion of the character of the event which took place in that y»^ar. The meaning of the Symbols located in the com- partments is as follows : — 1st. ■ War. pr Battle, x Civil War. 2nd. I Acquisition by Con(iucst. pr Acquisition by Treaty. X Acquisition by Gift.. 3rd. H Calamities (Plague, Fire, Persecution.) |r Earthquakes. X Destruction by War, Pillage, Loss. 4th. B Eminent Men. IF Women. X Birth. + Death. 5th. I Sovereign Power, King. f Queen. X Division of Sovereign Power. 6th. ■ (icographical Discovery. (T Scientific Discovery. X In- troduction of an Industry. 7tli. S Parliament, Diet, Council, Congress, States General, &c. W Enactment of a Law, Edict, Proclamation. X Pub- lication. 8th. H Revolution. W Insurrection, Riot. X Plot, Conspiracy. 9th. m Peace, Settlement, Agreement. |F Treaty in time of Peace. X League, Confederation. Circles and Semi-circles represent the Colonics of the Powers of their colour. jmL Signifies an Emperor of the Eastern Empire. Besides the above nine compartments, there is one 18 THE CHART OF TIME. 'I Symbol more — which is placod within the year like a border, | | to reprosoiit remarkable events having no specific reference to the nine compartments. After the explanation of the shelves, their partitions, and the Symbols of each compartment, the attention is drawn, first, to the horizontal line, which divides the Diagram into two equal parts, and is called the Middle line. In the flight of our observations, that line will be a resting point, from which our survey of the localities on each side of it will be easier and quicker. Secondly, the perpendicular line, which divides the shelves into two equal parts, leaving five years on each side, is of the utmost importance. Indeed, the eye should be always kept on that line, which is called the Central line, as it w'ill give us the fullest command over the whole Diagram, and enable us to convert rapidly each locality into the number it represents. The following Diagram demonstrates the utility of that rule : — 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 1 5 1 6 "a" 9 "ir 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 As we cast our eye upon the fifth partition of the first shelf, which is on the left side of the central line, and look dowm to the bottom of the line, we see that THE CHART Of TIME. 19 each partition or each shelf, occupying the same position, reprosonts the number 5. Thus, on the first shelf will be simply 5 ; on the second, 5 also ; but we must add to it the whole first shelf, namely, 10 — it will be 15 ; on tne third, 25, etc. Hence, if a symbol is placed in any of those partitions, we perceive at a glance that it is 5, to which it is necessary to add the number of complete shelves above it. On the other side of the central line are all the sixes. Then, on the left side of the central line, as we recede from it, are 4, 3, 2, 1 ; and after the sixes, going forward, 7, 8, 9, 10. The plainness of this arrangement speaks for itself. In order that the learner should not lose sight of the Central line, which will aid him principally in being able to call at will the Diagram before his mind's eye, the rules of the exercise are framed to suit the object in view — and the b'^\ginners should literally adhere to them. Thus, though History will be the subject of our study, let it be looked upon not as the end but the means for the acquisition of the knowledge of the method. Consequently, no anxiety should be felt to retain in memory by its ordinary grasp either the names of events or the dates in connection with them. Instead of that, concentrate your attention upon the localities, the symbols, their color and form. In the course of lessons, localities should never be men- tioned by the number they happen to represent, but in reference to the position they occupy relatively to the central line. By these means the arrangement of the Diagram will, in a short time, become familiar ; and the mind, assuming its form, will keej) the store-house of thoughts and ideas in perfect order. Now, let us give a practical illustration of the manner in which the study is pursued. The learner is provided with a board con- taining a sufficient number of plain diagrams to form out of them a Historical Chart of the nineteen centuries of the Christian era ; also, with a box of large and small 20 THE CHART OP TIME. crystals of various colors. In the first century (see the Historical Chart) three colors are required : Black, ibr the History of the Roman Empire; lUue, for the His- tory of the Christian Church ; Red, for British History. A Diagram of the first century, filled with the symbols, is placed before him, with a key, giving explanation of their meaning and the names of events. Then com- mence as follows : First, we name the color ; next, the shelf; then the partition, or its relative position to the central line ; iinally, the compartment. Symbol after symbol is to be copied with crystals upon the board of plain diagrams." First, what color ? a large blue. On what shelf ? the first. It being on the left side of the central line (for counting is, of course, done from left to right), and as mention of the numbers should be sup- pressed, we shall therefore say, five before the central line — a remarkable event in the Church — blue repre- senting the liistory of the Church. What event? now the key will supply the deficiency by answering, the Nativity of Christ. Hence read : the Nativity or Birth of Christ in the year 1. This will not appear strange, as from this event dates the Christian era. " What do we see next? a small black. On what shelf? It being on the right side of the central line, we shall therefore say, •^^ beyond the central line. Now, in which compart- ■3nt ? second compartment. Its meaning ? Conquest : ack color ? Roman history ; read : a conquest was made by the Romans. We require now to know, what con- quest ? The key again supplies the name : Judea. That name is attached to the symbol, and its reading will be complete : a conquest was made by the Romans of Judea The number of locality ? 6 — in the year 6. What do we see next ? a small black. On what shelf? on the same shelf. Which partition, and its relative position to the central line ? The position is indicated by the number of partitions distant from the central THE CHART OP TIME. 21 line. It will be therefore said : four beyond tin rentral line. In which compartment ? Fir.^t. It meaning ? war ; but as the form of the symbol occupies half only of that compartment, it is a battle ; therefore, it is a battle fought by the Romans. With whom ? The name is added from the key : with Herman, a German prince. Year? 9. Again, a small black: on the second shelf, in which partition ? It being on the left side of the central line, counting from right to left, it will be said : tvjo before the central line. Consequently, all distances on the left side of the central line will be called before; and on the right side, beyond the cen- tral line. Let us return to our last symbol. "We have said, two before the central line — which compartment ? in the fifth compartment — its meaning ? Sovereign — a Roman sovereign — name ? Tiberius. Tiberius began to reigii in the year ■« read as you see, without diverting your attention by thinking of number : locality shows plainly 14. Now, another small black on the same shelf, two beyond the central line, in the fourth com- partment. What does it mean ? An eminent man — it being a straight cross indicates a death. Of whom ? Celsus. In what year ? 17. Again, another small black on the same shelf, four beyond the central line, in the fourth compartment. Its meaning ? eminent man — straight cross, death of an eminent man. Name ? Germanicus. Year? 19. Next, a small black, on the third shelf, one beyond the central line, in the fourth compartment ; name, Pontius Pilate, in the year 26, was made Governor of Judea, which is above his head on the first shelf, by Caesar Tiberius, who rests on the second shelf. Further, large blue, five be- yond the central line ; or, for shortness, it may be said, at the end of the same shelf. Blue ? History of the Christian Church ; large symbol ? remarkable i 2fi THjb! chart of time. II m event ; name '^ Baptism of Christ ; year, 30. Who was then Governo. of Judea? "We retrace our steps, and stop at the symbol occupying the fourth compartment on the same shelf: Pontius Pilate ; yestr, 26. Who was then Caesar ? We go back, and stop at the symbol occu- pying the fifth compartment on ^;he second shelf: Tiberius ; year, 14. Thus we acquire a habit of order in the arrange- ment of our thoughts. In that manner we pursue our study to the end of the first century. Then the crystals are removed, and the same process repeated twice or three times. After half a dozen lessons, the learner should examine himself not in the dates and names of the events, but whether he can see mentally the organi- jsation of the diagram, and the colo^ and form of the symbols, also their relative position to the central line. No sooner can his mind realize all this, than his memory will become quick and ready, and the progress in the acquisition of knowledge will be rapid, easy, and free from any mist or confusion. As soon as the eye is suffi- ciently familiar with the first century, extend the prac- tice to the second ; and so on, until you embrace the whole range of the chart. Beginners generally feel some doubt as to the possibility of their recollecting the names of the events ; but, without entering into any explanation of the invisible workings of the human mind, I can speak from experience, that seeming diffi- culty will imperceptibly disappear if the lerrners strictly adhere to the rules laid down. As to the history before the Christian Era, the com- putation of time will depend upon the point from which it will be started. For example, if we wish to know how many years before the Christian Era the triumvirate of Julius CjBsar existed ? in that case the century in which we find Caesar is the first century before Christ — THE CHART OP TIME. 23 and the last years of the said century will be the first year before Christ — consequently, we reverse the order of things, counting from right to left, and climb up to the point required. But when we wish to ascertain how many years after the foundation of Rome, then, we start from the foundation of Rome and our course will be a continuous descension until we arrive at Julius Caesar — that is to say, our counting will be like in the Christian Era, from left to right. In conclusion, I consider it my sacred duty to do justice to the memory of my deceased friend and com- panion of arms, G-eneral Bern, w ho, together with me, devoted his literary talents to this subject. But from 1848, the work was left to me alone, and I hope to have succeeded in rendering this method practical as to its extensive application in the province of education." " Zaba's Method of Studying Universal History," when introduced into the Dominion in 1874, became a subject of extraordinary interest. The able and instructive lectures and other advan- tages given by the noble Count himself, regardless of expense, as he journied throughout the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, were well received by the heads of Educational Departments generally ; many of whom acknowledged its superiority over other systems of teaching. The following letters from the Departments of Public Instruction for Ontario and Quebec will sufficiently con- firm the truth of these remarks : — '' Department of Public Instruction for Ontario. [No. 16,623.] " Education Office, " Toronto, 11th Dec, 1874. " Sir, " I have the honour, in reply to your letter of the " 7tb inst , to express my thanks, and the thanks of the Council of % 21 THE CHART OP TIME. IS Hi' If " Public TtiHtruction, for the Historical Chart you have presented " to the Department, and for the interesting I'.cturc tliat you *' delivered to the Student". " I have the honour to be, " Sir, " Your obedient servant, "E. Ryeuson." " Count De Zaha, Hamilton." " Ministry of PrBLio Instruction, " QuKBEO, April nth, 1876. " This is to certify that, at a meeting of the Council of Public In- struction, held on the 14th day of October, 1874, the Chevalier do Zaba submitted for approval a new method for prosecuting and teaching Uni- versal History, with the aid of Charts or Tableaux, on which the principal events of each century are grouped in a manner to powerfully assist the learner's memory in the study of History ; and that at the said meeting the subject was referred for further examination, and report to the Princi- pals of the three Provincial Norujal Schools : « Thai eta subsequent meeting of the said (Jouncil, 13th October, 1875, the reports of the said Principals of Normal Schools having been con- sidered, the Council unanimously passed a resolution approving the said Charts for use in the Provincial Public Schools ; and that subsequently, as iHMiuired by law, the satae was ratified by the approval of the Licuttaiant- Governor in Council. "H. H. MILES, " Joint Secretary of the Council of Public Instruction." " Given at the Office of Public Instruction, \ in the City of Quebec, this II th day l ofAprilj'lSlG. j ,s " H. H. Miles, Secy." ; "While in Ottawa, a pleasant interview and exchange of sentiments and works took place between him and onr worthy and most highly esteemed Governor- Greneral, Lord Dufferin. Since having left us, N. F. de Zaba traversed the Continent of America, upon his mission, to San Fran- cisco ; thence he sailed to South America, where irreat success attended his eflforts Having remained in San- tiago (Chili) sufiiciently long, he r gain set sail for San Francisco, and thence for Australia, where he and an affectionate daughter, v»'ho always accompanied him, LOVERIN 8 HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH. 25 are at present, with the express object of introducing this excellent system. On his way thither he was necessitated to remain one week at Honolulu, where he took advantage of the circumstances and lectured before their Educational Department, He is at this period of writing in Victoria, whence he intends returning to Cracow. He will then, philanthropically, have completely cir< iimvoyaged the globe in the interest of his " Method of Universal His- tory." Should he be spared to visit us again (at present aged 72), he will doubtless receive a hearty welcome from all who have the interest of Science and Edu- cation at heart. THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH. After having carefully studied the construction of the Historical Chart of Time, it will become an easy matter to comprehend the Centograph, inasmuch as their principles are one. By referring to iig. 1, page 5, you can examine a diagram which is an exact representation of the Historical Centograph forwarded to the United States Centennial. It consists of a base holding a drawer of symbols, from which arise, vertically, trunnions that support two large frames, three feet square each. They (the frames) are so fixed upon pivots that they can be easily adapted to any angle best suited to the wishes of the student. Each frame is divided into one hundred smaller squares, which, in their appL- cation to the science of History, are called years. These latter are numbered from the upper left to the right, row after row, until the lower corner of the frame upon the right represents the complete one 26 lovebin's historical CENTOGRAPH. ;tPi I hundred years — one century. One of the frames fig. 3, page 9, is further divided, each year, into nine smaller squares or compartments, which are numerically named from the upper left to the lower right, — exactly as was the case in the century of the Chart of Time. These are intended to receive cubic symbols that give character to the event accordingly as placed in one or other of the nine ; their color representing the geography of its occurrence, while its chronology is indicated by the exact year in which it appears. Above each year, upon both frames, is a small projecting pin upon which to suspend symbols that are indicative of remarkable events. The black-board may be fixed as well at the bottom of the century, and should be there in counting time from the Christian Era to the Creation ; in which case the reckoning begins at the lower right hand corner and proceeds to the left, decade by decade, until the upper left hand square or year completes the century. Between the two pair of uprights supporting the frames is also another pair, containing grooves, in which is a slide that rises and lowers according to the wish ; upon these rests a cross-bar that holds the curtain sus- pended between them, the object of which is to furnish a light back-ground to either, and direct the symbols, when pushed through, to the drawer below. The vertical or central, and transverse or middle partitions, cutting each other at right angles, and divid- ing the century into four equal parts, are constructed larger than the Others ; thus they afford strength, while they offer a view that gives full command of the cen- tury when rapid calculation is necessary. In locating the symbols, these lines must be kept continually before the vision ! " Before and beyond the centre line," " Above and below the middle line," are terms with which it is necessary to become very familiar. LOVERIN'S historical CENTOdRAPII. 27 The framo with undivided years is intended for students of a tender age, who should only be required to acquaint themselves with the Map of Time and remarkable events ; for Academies and Colleges it will not be necessary, inasmuch as the other contains all that can be seen upon it — viz., one hundred years, arranged in ten rows or decades, five above and five below the middle line, each row possessing ten squares, five before and five beyond the central line. The sub- division of the years into compartments permits of the representation of the same variety of circumstances that have been so graphically described in the early part of this book. The cubic symbols, of which we will next speak, when inserted represent distinct ideas of the chaiacter of events, accordingly as they are placed in one or other of these compartments, which latter are always known in their numerical order from the first sub-division at the upper left to the ninth at the lower right-hand corner of vhe yoar. The symbols are of two varieties as regards their size. 1st. Large, that represent remarkable events, con- sisting of the square, triangle, octagon, circle, star, &c. ; in fact, arbitrarily, any figure whatsoever constructed to hang upon the pin over the center of each year, being, when suspended, in front of the nine compartments, 2nd. Cubes, adapted to the compartments. When used, they are the representatives of small squares, half squares, crosses, circles, semi-circles and triangles. They can represent six different histories by variety of color, or six distinct characters of events, if the same color be upon every side. For instance : black, blue, red, yellow, green, and gold may cover the respective sides of a cube. It hence can indicate, in the first com- K ;l 28 LOVERIN 8 HISTORICAL CENTOQRAPH. partment of a year, war in any of the countries repre- sented by these colors, or, if the same color be upon all sides of the cube, it can afford us the fully painted square, the half square, two crosses, the circle and triangle. For other marks than these, a second set of cubes will be necessary. When in position, the sym- bols represent the same characters and are read in the same manner as are those upon the Chart of Time. I Properly constructed, the Centograph is a neat and useful piece of school furniture, as lasting as the school- house itself, possessing the means of representing the past in so accurate a manner, that no single year can be mentioned which cannot be brought before the class, and pointed to the vision ! It is also an intelligent piece of furniture for the Academy, the College, or the Parlor, allowing, whenever and wherever advantage is taken of it, excellent opportunities for mental improvement. The black-board permits of the registration of all past centuries, while the diagram of one hundred years offers the opportunity of directing the attention to the exact time sought. .^-^.v-f ^-'.J .vr ,> >.Mpxm'U.-^Ttf . INSTEUOTIONS FOE USING THE OENTOGKAPH. 1st. Place it where all may have a good oppor- tunity of seeing it. 2nd. Open the drawer in which are the symbols by removing the lid, if practicable ; or, if not, let it be turned back upon its hinges and held in position by the iron hooks attached for that purpose. 3rd. Adapt the curtain so that a light back-ground will appear, and that the cubes, when pushed through, will be directed to the drawer. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE CFKTOGRAPII. 29 4th. Arrange whatever preliminaries the common- sense on any particular occasion may suggest, after which the Instructor should call the attention to the black-board, inasmuch as, throughout every lesson, it performs an important part. ,,;, If the history of the first century be vinder con- sideration, no figures must appear upon it, as that one hundred years is represented by the Centograph itself. If the events of the second century are demanding attention, the blaci.-board becomes the representative of the first, which must be plainly and legibly written upon it. If the third century contain the facts of the lesson, then, of course, two hundred will appear upon the board. In this way it will be seen that the object of the black-board is to represent the complete centuries of the past, while the Centograph ofi'ers the oppor- tunity of registering the parts or whole of the one hundred years under consideration. A student may now be instructed to register the events of a century ; meantime those of the class possessed of the Historical Slate may unfold its diagram and arrange its symbols to correspond with what is being written upon the Centograph. 'f The Instructor now commands the student to set the first century of the Christian Era in the following manner : — Take from the drawer a large blue symbol ; suspend it upon the first row, shelf, line or decade, five before the center partition or bar, always counting the one in which the symbol is placed. What does it signify ? A remarkable event in the Church. In what year ? One. The key or teacher may now tell its meaning — the Nativity of Christ. The student then reads the Centograph thus : In the year (A.D.) 1, Christ was born. Take a cube, black and fully painted ; place it upon the first row, one beyond the center, in the Ilil 30 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USINd TUB CENTOORAPfl. second compartment. What does it indicate ? A con- quest by the Romans. In what year? Six. The key again supplies the required information concerning- the territory conquered — Judea. The student reads it thus : In the year 6 (A.D ), during the reign of Augustus Csesar, Judea was conquered by the Eomans. Take another cube, black, half painted ; place it upon the same row, five beyond the center, in the first compart- ment. "What does it represent ? A battle, in which the Romans took an active piirt. Again the key supplies the information — Teutoburg. The student now reads : In the year 9 the Romans were defeated by Herman, a German prince, at the battle aboA^e-named. What next ? Take a cube, fully painted black ; place it upon the second decade, two before the center, in the fifth com- partment. What does it indicate ? Sovereign power among the Romans. The key : Tiberius made Cocsar at Rome. In what year ? Fourteen. It may now be read thus from the Contograph : A.D. 14, Tiberius became the Roman Cifsar. Thus, century after century may be written during lessons of one-half hour each with great advantage, profit, and interest. When the lesson is completed, the Centograph may remain where an occasional glance will more perfectly register its contents upon the memor3^ If, however, it is determined to free it of the symbols, the cubes are easily pushed through against the curtain and fall into the drawer, where they can be orderly arranged. By keeping this fact in view, the habit of order (a desirable one in all things) can be enforced. The Centograph is more practical than the Chart. It admits to rectify mistak':-s without me loss of material of any kind. This cannot be done upon paper blank charts, when variously colored crayons have been used. It has the power of attracting the attention of loverin's iilstorical slate. 81 children, ruaking History appear more like a play than real study. It requires the pupils to tell, what they are being taught, in their own language, affording the teacher an opportunity to correct their style and manner of describing events. It, like the Chart, permits to follow any particular historian in his divisions and sub- divisions of the subject. Upon it can be registered Universal or Special History. In following a particular History, any color may be chosen, by which, for the time being, to register facts and dates, which are of as much practical use to the historian as is anatomy to the surgeon. It is adapted to all ages and powers of intellect, permitting as much and as little historical matter as may be desirable. ■ «»» I THE HISTOEIOAL SLATE. This is a square, constructed to hold within its folds a diagram of one hundred years, which, when opened, it exposes to view. The margin surrounding the century is broad, and also slated, to permit of its answering the purposes of a black-board. Its symbols can be place^.! upon it in the manner already described for adapting them to the Centograph. In their appli- cation to History, they are also possessed of the same meaning as are those in the Centograph or upon the Chart. Upon the Slate time can be accurately marked, and historical events, by practice, may be orderly impressed upon the minds of very small children, without much seeming fatigue. When the lesson is finished, the sym- bols may be placed in their box and the diagram closed • it then offers all the advantages of a slate upon which to practice registering the dates with the slate pencil. w 32 STATISTICAL. Now that the time for a change of subject has arrived, it may again be folded in book-form and set at rest. From what has been said in the foregoing pages, a careful consideration will doubtless bring us to the fol- lowing conclusions : — 1st. That the Chart, Centograph, and Historical Slate represent Time with mathematical accuracy. 2nd. That they are wonderfully simple and within the comprehension of all. 3rd. That each, though in a manner dependent upon the other, may be independent of the other ; and that all three are required to give the student the fullest advantage of either. 4th. That while the Chart gives the most extended view of Time, and the Centograph offers superior ad- vantages for practical operations before a Class, the Slate affords the best opportunity to those who would have a cheap and portable, as well as practical. Map of Time. ■■■::- 6th. That their principles are one and the same. 6th. That it is impossible to be a correct and thorough universal historian without their use.- STATISTIOAL. To represent the population of a country, in round numbers, upon the Centograph or Slate, proceed as follows : — 1st. Assume the nine compartments of the year square, in the same order as already known, to become the nine digits, and the remarkable event to take the place of the cypher, with the unit to the left — «.e., let it STATISTICAL. ^ represent the number 10. It now is in our power to courit from one to ten inclusive! '■ " - • • 2nd. Fix a value upon the cube possessing the color of the country whose population is to be repre- sented : let it be 100,000. 8rd. Then let it be understood that into whatever compartment the cube will be pushed, it will stand multiplied by the digit therein represented ; hence, if placed in No. 5, it must be read 500,000 ; if in No. 9, 900,000, &c. The remarkable event must then be understood to complete the million. It denotes the highest capacity of the square, and is only required when the number is complete. Wherever found, the remarkable event indicates as many millions as is the number of the year square over which it has been suspended. Let a cube now be placed in any particular square of the century, say upon the fifth row, four beyond the center, in compartment six. What color ? G-old. What does it mean ? Gold being the representative of the history of the United States, it refers to the population of that country ; and as it must be understood that all the years before the one in which is the cube are the rcpr<.^sentatives of complete millions, — i.e., that each, in counting, repre- sents 1,000,000, — it therefore follows that the cube above placed must be the representative value of 48,600,000 — the population of the United States. If more than 100,000,000 is required, as is the case with China, the first one hundred millions must be marked upon the black-board, and thus the process continues. In reckonings of whatever kind, that which has been marked upon the board must be added. Before drawing attention to the Facts of the various Eras, I think it well to again refer to the pro- "W" 34 TESTIMONIALS. priety of reading all events from the Chart, Centoj^raph or Slato, from which the dates must be given without the slightest reference to the ligurcs opposite the event in the key. This is particularly applicable to students. They should never be allowed to look for the date of a fact in any other place than in its pontion with reference to the central and middle lines in the web of Time, where, by caieful practice, it will he sure to manifest itself y^iih. surprising readiness. ,u •; m rA-ij. The following letters relative to the Centograph as a means of teaching History are from persons well known in Montreal : — . :• «* [Copy.] "GOVBRNMKNT HODSE, ■>'' ' ' "Ottawa, Feb. 7th, 1876. " Sib, " I am desired by his Excellency, the Earl of Dufferin, to inform you that his Excellency was much interested in the explAimtion of your ingenious invention for making History, when studied by Zaba's method, more easily acquired. " His Excellency wishes you success in your endeavors to popularizo the study of History. "I am, Sir, ■■•?.'! > '"1 '''vw r'; i'. ':?\ , " Your obcdt. Servant, . >, j' '/ , , ; . ^ 7 ; Jr; -; "^- ^- P- LITTLETON, " Governor-GeneraV s Secy," • ' -■■-•■:■■ /I] i> "'•■'■! *-;j;iii ■, .,,y. " Dr. N. Lovkbin, <' 148 St. Mary Street, Montbeal." " Montreal, 5 Aout, 1876. " Ayant fait usage dans I'lnstitut do 1. Congregation de Notre Dame, de la methode Zaba, la Superieure Generale est heureuse de temoigner au Dr. Loverin, qu'elle la juge excellente pour faciliter aux eleves I'etude de la chronologic et de I'histoire." '' '■ ';:. i'vVv' VHft:' nil J '.it : "Saybrook Halx, " Montreal, May 4th, 1875. [Copy.} ; >.. " Dear Sir, " Your Historical Centograph and Statistical Register seems to me to be an ingenious and valuable work, and one that may be made very serviceable in our schools. " It promises to aid both Teacher and Scholar by enabling them to place dates and events of History before the eye in their proper position, and thus a picture of the ages in outline will be formed which can be filled up from text-books by study. « Your work, giving students something to do, will stimulate them to TESTIMONIALS. 35 actual ((xortion and h(!l|) them to form a tftsto for History in Its higher dcpnrtni(!iit8, wliich the UHual inuthoilH often fail to do. " WiHhing succcHs to yoii, '• I am, dear Sir, •' Yours reHpectfully, •'ELKANOR II. LAY. *< MoNTRiAL, August, 1875. [Copy.] " N. L0V8RIN, Esq., M.D. " Sir, " The Count do Zaba's syHtcm of teaching History needs but to be known to be appreciated. It is a method calcu- lated to create a memory when such is wanting, and to improve and strengthen a memory already existing. " The incidents, as well as the dates of History, can be learned and retained by children more readily by teaching them an interesting game, than by obliging them to study what appeai-s to be a severe task. " I think the Count de Zaba's method so admirable, and your Cento- graph so well calculated to render it practicable, that I have no doubt they will come into general use. " I am, dear Sir, " Respectfully yours, "A. E. FENWICK." " Montreal, '29 Avril, 1875. '« N. LovERiN, Esq., M.D. " Mon Cher Monsieur, " Je viens de voir votre appareil, i\ la fois utile pour I'enseignement de I'histoin; et de la statistique. Non seulement j'en trouve I'idee tres ingenieuse, roais jo crois qu'elle rendra un v6ritable service i\ I'enseignement, ot c'est pourquoi, je retiens un exemplaire de votre Centographo, qui ne tardera ii se repandre dans les ecoles. " Votre devouc serviteur, " H. A. VERRKAU." " MoGiLL Model School, "Montreal, 28th April, 1875, " Dr. Lovcrin has shown me his Historical Centograph and Statistical Register. It is very complete and exhaustive as a recorder of facts and dates, and will be very useful as an aid, and for a change, in teaching History. " FRANK W. HICKS." [Copy, Extract.] " My Dear Doctor, •' Ministry of Public Instruction, " QuECKC, Nov. 26th, 1875. "I assure you that, in my opinion, you have rendered invaluable service in bringing out the Historical Centograph ; and I sincerely trust that you will, in its future success, realize some rww 86 TESTIMONIALS. BuLstantiul results from your great labour, ingenuity and enthusiastic zeal, as illustrated in the production of this novel and valuable machine. The more I see into its nature and construction, the more I like it. " Yours truly, "H. H. MILES, LL.D., " Secretary Council of Public Instruction." [Extract.'] « Dunham, January 29th, 1876. " My Dear Doctor, "I have come to the conclusion that it is titterly out of the quesfiou to instruct an ordinary class in the Zahiau Method without your Centograpb ; and, in explaining the method, I always state tliat I consider the Centograph as great an advance on the method as the method .8 on the nld system, or rather, want of system, in Historical teaching. niy- " Tours very truly, "" «J. J. ROWAN SPONG, M.A." [Copy.-i "Dunham, December 3rd, 1875. " I have examined Dr. Loverin's Centograph — an improvement upon Zaba's Chart, — and though I cannot yet give the testimony of experience to its value, it will, in my opinion, prove a material aid in the study of Hir:tory. — sc much so, that I intend to order one for the Ladies' College at Dunham. "WM. HENDERSON, A.M., T.C.D , " Rector of Dunham and ex-Chaplain of Bishop of Montreal." vcopy.-] . '.;■ "MoNTREAi,, December 2l8t, 1875. " N. LovKKiN, Esq., M.D. ' ' ' " My Dear Doctor, "Your Centograph appears to me to open Tip a new era in the education, not only of children, but also of the masses : for, by its means, History, both ancient and modern, can be acquired with ease and facility ; while elocution, or the expression of ideas, is at the same time inculcated, as the scholar is taught to describe his subject in his own language. I can readily see how this very useful instrument can be applied to many other branches of education. I feel con li dent that its admission into our public and private schools would prove a boon both to teachers and pupils. " Congratulating you, then, on your valuable invention or discovery, " I remain, yours truly, « A. H. KOLLMYEll, A.M., M.D., " Bishop's College." f TESTIMONIALS. 37 [Copy.] " Dr. N. LovKRiN. " Bear Sir, Public Schcols. " 157 St. Mauy Street, " Montreal, 23rd Oct., 1875. ■.II "I consider your Centograph invaluable for " Respectfully yours, "J. G. DAVIE." ;;,;!, , - ■ "Education Office, " Quebec, 11th April, 1S76. " This is to certify that the Council of Public Instruction, at a meet- ing held on tlie ;.th of October last, gave its approbation to tl e ' JiiTtorN cal Charts' of the Count de Zaba, for use in all the Schools of the Given at the Education Office, \ this nth day o/ April, 1816. f ' • "LOUIS GIRARD, "H. H. MILES, " Joint Secretaries of Council of Public Instruction." \i j ;u J . >,. . . . .^ :.'' ,. . ,' ; mw^ ty 38 EXPLANATION OF COLORS. ' ti,: ^^,riij.; :, HISTORY BEFORE CHRIST. J3lack History of Rome. Blue History of the Bible. 'i}hiT CHRISTIAN ERA. . . ""' \ Black History of the Roman Empire. Black Triangles Mahometans. Blue Church. Blue Triangles Crusades. Red , Britain. Red Triangles ScoUand. Yellow France. Yellow Triangles Ireland. Orange Spain. Orange Triangles Portugal. tlREEN Germany. Green Triangles , Prussia. Bark Green Sweden. Dark Green Triangles Denmark. 1*1NK Poland. Pink Triangles Russia. ^'iolet China. Violet Triangles ;. Japan. ^^^^ America. Large and Small Circles in all Colors Colonies. KEY TO THE CHART. 31) .n , " J V) .^ » J <, HISTORY BEFORE CHRIST. I, J ; Creation. CENTURY 41sT. B.C. .4004 S.-^-i CENTURY 24Tn. Deluge Tower of Babd 3''.1*"*.3.*3''.^'."" "'"'^^ 9^^^ ■^' ' '' - CENTURY 20th. ' '^-^ >^^ " ^'--*6 x Abraham. Call of Abraham \f,^ ^^^•"^^1 -v::::.::::.:::: :;;:;;::li;ji CENTURY 19Tn. Sodom and Gomorrah Isaac [shmael ''oscph CENTURY 18th. Joseph Sold. Isaac Joseph Governor of Egy})t. The Jews settle ut Goshen . CENTURY 17th. Jacob . Joseph CENTURY 16th. Aarorx Moses. .1897 .1S96 Sarah Esau and Jacob tooi ^^-^- v.:;::::.:.:;;;;:;;::;:-':;;;:;;}^^? .1773 .1745 .1728 .171G .1715 .1706 i t;>jiii-«. .1689 535 1574 1571 Flight of Moses ..V.V.V.'.V.V.V.V. .'.'.".'.■.■.■ .1531 : Mi^ 40 KEY TO T:IE chart. CENTURY 15TII. Exodus ^491 Pl..^uc 1471 Moses.. 1451 Joshua 1443 CENTURY Utii. Ruth .1312 CENTURY 13TII. Deborah 1285 Gideon defeats the . ;" ''tea 1248 Abimclech 1L35 CENTUt:Y 12th. ^ ^ Jephtha defeats the Ammonites 1188 Samson 1117 Samuel 1116 CENTURY 11th. Saul . 1095 Goliath 1063 David 1055 Absah)m 1023 Solomon 1015 Dedication of the Temple 1004 CENTURY 10th. Kingdoms of Israel and Judea 974 CENTURY 9th. Translation of Elijah 895 Elisha 836 ■-^ ''■:--'- CENTURY 8th. "■: ^^ - ^ ■" ■;■'" :i^ Rome founded '53 Fall of the kingdom of Isrcael 721 Numa Pompilius • 715 CENTURY 7th. ,. ,, Tullus Hostilius 672 Combat of Iloratii and Curiatii 668 Judith 655 Ancus Martins 640 Tarquinius Priscus 616 First of the Seventy Years of Captivity 606 KEY TO THE CHArvT. 41 CENTURY 6th. Fall of the kingdom of Judah 597 Servius Tullius 578 Return of the Jews from Captivity 536 Tarquinius Supcrbus 534 Second Temple 515 Expulsion of Tarquinius 509 Commercial Treaty with Carthaj^e 508 Porsenna 507 CENTURY 5th. Lartius (dictator) 498 Plebeians 493 Coriolan us proscribed 491 With Veientes 477 Decemvirate — 12 tables 452 Abolition of Decemvirate 449 Standing Army 406 With Veientes 403 CENTURY 4th. Veii 306 Rome laid in ashes by Brennus ) oqn Camillus J Manlius thrown from Tarpeian Rock 364 Licinian laws 376 Praetores and ^diles 366 With Samnites 343 Latins and Campanians 338 With Samnites 304 ^^^'- ' ' CENTURY 3rd. Etrurians and Samnites 300 Samnites 290 Etrurians 283 Pyrrhus 280 Defeat of Pyrrhus near Beneventum 274 Lower Italy 266 First Punic 204 Dullius's Naval Victory 260 Sicily — with Carthage 241 Second Punic 218 Cannae 216 Syracuse • 212 Zama — with Carthage 202 CENTURY 2nd. Cynoscephale - 197 Magnesia 190 F 42 KEY TO THE CHART. Scipio Africanus 184 Pydna \ Macedonia ( -jpcj Persecution of the Jews C Matthias / Judas Maccabaeus IGG Jonathan Maccabaeus 153 Third Punic 149 Carthage 14G Simon Maccabajus 143 Numantia ) -|.>o Tiberius Graccus ) Caius G raccus 121 Jugurtha Ill Defeat of the Cymbri by Marius 10'^ CENTURY 1st, First Mithridatic 88 Civil 87 Marius 86 Cinna — with Mithridates 84 Second Mithridatic ) 09 Sylla (dictator) j Sylla 78 Tliird Mithridatic 74 Spartacus loads the slaves 73 Defeat of Spartacus 71 Pontus cfeat(^(l 1 73 Blandina martyred at Lyons 177 ComiuoduH 1 80 Pla,iiiic 181) Portinax, " Tennis-ball of Fortune" 192 Didiiis Julianus Septimus Scverus [ 193 Niticr Lyons Albinus, Clodius, defeated and slain by Sevcrus. 197 \ . CENTURY 3rd. Galen Fifth Perseeution | Martyrdom of Irajnus, Bishop of Lyons j Picts and Scots Adrian's Wall repaired by Severus [Wall ol' Adrian & Severus] Oaracalla Macrinus Hcliogabalus Sixth Dynasty [HEU-HAN.] Alexander Severus Illpian Maximin ) Sixth Persecution j Balbinus and two Gordians Gordian III Tertullian Philip, the Arabian Games in honor of Rome, a thousand years founded Decius Seventh Persecution ] Plague I Gallus Valerian Origen Eighth Persecution | Martyrdom of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage ) With Persia Galienus Seventh Dynasty [CIN.] Plague Claudius II Naval Defeat of the Goths : their ships [2,000] sunk Plotinus ) Aurelian j Ninth Persecution 201 202 208 210 211 217 218 220 222 235 237 238 240 244 248 249 250 251 253 254 258 259 260 264 265 268 269 270 272 f ww^m 46 Palmyra. Tacitus . Probus .. KEY TO THE CHART. Maucs [roiimlor of Maiiicliean Ilurcsy] Carus Cariiius I)i(x:letiaii Diocletian and Maxiniian Gre^iorian and Hornioiiinian Codes St. Georjijc, England's tutelary saint Caniusius [usurper in Britain] Revolution unsuccessful Antlioiiy [I'ounder of Monastic life] ..... First division of the Em})irc A.D. 27;{ 275 27() 280 282 283 284 28(5 290 293 29r) 290 CENTURY 4TII. ■'' ' Tenth Persecution Porpliyry Constantius Chloru and Galerius \ St. Albans [Proto-Martyr of Britain] ) Galerius, Maxiinian, and Constantine Christianity triumphant Edict of Milan ) Pope Silvester j Controversy of Arius Constantine I., alone — Council of Nice The seat of Government removed to Byzantium, since which "I it has been called Constantinople | Pagan Temples plundered Constantine II. Constans and Constantius Constantius, alone TJlphilas [Apostle of the Goths] Julian, the Apostate 303 304 305 306 312 313 318 lovian Valentinian and Valens Athanasius Valentinian II. and Gratian Adriauople Theodosius the Great At Constantinople Augustin converted Edict proclaiming destruction to Pagan temples Eugenius and Argobastes conquered by Theodosius Second and permanent division of the Roman Empire ] Honorius and Arcadius j' Chryaostom, Patriarch of Coustantiuople 325 330 331 337 350 300 301 303 304 373 375 378 379 381 387 388 394 395 397 KEY TO THE CHART. 47 ' CENTURY 5th. a.d. Gladiatorial games abolished 404 With Goths and Vandals !.'!.'..!,...".! 40G ThoodosiuH the Yoiintai r(! II ^ Koudal law introduct'd by Authari.s j Mercia, ostabliHluul by Crida ( I w'v^o ry T Coiivcr.siou of Koiit IMaguo, Kijdwald 578 5S«i 582 584 58(5 5!M) 51)7 CENTURY 7th. 8t. David. Phocas.... With Persia Sabianus [churcli bells introduced]. The traitor Narsos burnt Mahomet preached at Mecca Ileraclius Twelfth Chinese Dynasty [SUY.] Edwin [the wisest of Bretwalda] llej>ira [Mahomet flees from Mecca to Medina]. Ilonorius Chosroes driven beyond the Tigris by Ileraclius Dagobcrt I Mecca Abubeker, Omar Koran .... 1 i Oswald Persia Jerusalem ClovisII Alexandria | Burninu: of the Alexandrian library j Coustantine III Oswestry [Penda defeats Oswald of Northumberland] ") Constans II , >• Thirteenth Dynasty of China [TAM.] ) 5!)!) C.Ol (;02 003 (104 {>{){> m) (no (ii:} 017 022 025 027 028 029 032 6.34 (535 030 037 038 040 041 042 50 KEY TO THE CHART. University of Cambriilge Othman (JVPI"'!^ lihodos Loecls [Oswy defeats Penda] , Ali Clotaire III, Vitaliaiiiis Dynasty of tl.e Oniniades Constantine IV Cldldcric II Thierry I Greek tire, by Callinieus. Cadwalladder, last king of the Britons Caednion Sixtli (iencral Council at Constantinople. Justinian II J Ina Armenia | Clevis III j Quinisex Council Childebertll Leontius ,.. Syria '* ■ ' CENTURY 8th. John VI. [linn and Avise] Al Walid John YII ] Justinian lestored j Aid liel ni Kodrifjue Dauobert II | Pliilipicus j Xeres , Anastasius II, (Jrciidry II. — Cloiaire IV Chiiperic II ] Theoih.sius III j Defeat of the Saracens at Jonstantipoi^lc A.D. (J44 (148 (15:} 055 (;5r. 1157 ()G1 ()()8 (;7o GT.'i ()78 080 085 089 090 092 095 098 701 704 705 709 710 711 712 713 715 710 Destruction of tlic Saracenic fleet by Greek fire , Ijco. III., the Isauriaii , ) Kiniidom of Asturia I'ounded in Sjiain Tlder.y II Edict ibr Peter's pence Iconoclasts at Const;intiiio])li,> Pislio]) of Home prucJaimed Chief Magistrate Gregory III | llistoria Ecclesiastica [Bede] I u 717 718 720 725 727 7:k) 731 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm KEY TO THE CHART. Defeat, of the Saracens by Carlos Martel at T(iiu> BcmIc, liistorian Int(UT(\u;iuini Constaii tine V Childcric III Constantinople sacked by the army Dynasty of the Abassides, by revolution [Abdul Abbas] Carlovinyian Sovereignty established [Pepin] ) Stephen j Al-Mansur, or Munsur Temporal power established at Rome ] Offa i" Caliphate of Cordova Bagdad founded by Almansor Carlomaii and Charles Charles, alone J'lague , Lombardy Leo. IV Coi.stantine VI l?ertric Tlaroim Al-Raseliid presented Charlenjagne [801] with a clock Tnvasi(-n of the Danes ] Council of Constantinople j lloncevalles , [ Jniversity of Paris established ) Irene ) Council of Frankfort With the Danes in Ireland ) Leo III \ Hugh VI Charlemagni! Empire Bertric poisoned by Eadburga Egbert CENTURY 9x11. Clocks introduced into France by Haroun \1-Rascb' 1. ... Nicepliorus Alcuin 51 A.I). T.V2 73.') 7:'.(; 741 742 74:5 7r)(» 752 754 755 75(; 702 7(')S 'til 772 774 775 780 7S4 780 787 788 71»2 ;)4 Nicephorus purchases a peace of the Saracens. Michael I Leo V Louis I Michael II Union of the Heptarchy under Egbert of Wesf.ex Egbert becomes King of England Gregory IV Theophilus ^ ) The Witenairemot confirm Eirbert as King of Enulanu ] 7!>5 7!)7 800 8(1] 802 804 805 811 813 814 820 827 829 m KEY TO THE CHART. -PiiLSt ) Kenneth IT Pithelwolf Charles II., the bald Kingdom of Poland- Michael Til Picts defeated by Ivenneth, and iinitod wiHi the Scots, Scotland ) Verdun | Serj.fius II Rome uesiei^ed by the Saracens from Africa Leo TV....; The Saracens ronted and their fleet disperse! ] Alfred j Donald V Ethelbald Nicholas : Ethelbert Ziemowit , St. Swithen, Bishop of Manchester | Russia — Rur ic \ Kthelred Basil At Constantinople against Iconoclasts and Heresy , Asendon ) Alfred the Great (" John VIII Kthus Gregory the Great Louis II., th1014 Fifteen thousand Bulgarians arc blinded by Basil ) Swiatopalk '. 1015 Edmund Ironside and Canute the Great 1()1() Canute, alone 1017 Russia invaded by the Poles 1 1018 Bulgaria ) House of Franconia - 1 1 0'^4 Conrad 11 j Mieczyslaw II 1025 Unsuccessful revolution in Poland 1027 RomanusIII 1028 Book with gamut and musieal notes, published by Gus. Avetino.1080 Henry I...'. 1081 Duncan 1033 Rixa rOucsn reuentl ") ^f..>, Micha'^lIV :...... \^^^^ Harold '..1035 Scljukian race, under Togrul Beg 1 038 Henry III \\m() Macbeth ^ ^""^^ K^y TO THE CHART. 1053 55 A.D. Hardicanute 1040 J^^^^^'-^?^ ^ |l041 Lasamir j Edward the Confessor ) -in An Constantine IX ) Godwin [Earl] , The Greek and Lathi churches separate , Thedora [alone] 1054 Malcolm III 1055 Henry IV 1056 Isaac Conmeni 1057 Bohslaw II., the bold 1058 Constantine X 1059 Philip I lOGO Alp Arslaw 10G3 Hastings Harold , 1-1066 William, the Conqueror. . Constantine XI Feudal laws j The English rebel, unsuccessfully 10G9 English completely subdued 1 1071 Komanus IV. and Michael VI ) Civil war \ -inno Malek Shah j Gregory VII 1073 Earl Waltheof. 1075 J erusalem 1076 >«icephoru:s III 1078 Wladyslaw I 1080 Alexis Comneni 1081 1085 1-1008 Forest laws Urban II Dooms-day or Domes-day Book completed..... William Rufus • • Bercngariui'- Ijanfranc [A rchbishop of Canterbury] Kingdom of the Assassins foimded under Hassan [Sheik]... ) Frederick, first duke of Suabia j Alnwick, Malcolm slain ^ Malek Shah, first victim of the Assassins r Donald Bane 3 Kingdom of Portugal under Don Henrique | Plague in London ■■ j Clermont First Crusade » Edgar 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 > 1093 lu94 .1095 .1096 .1097 5G KEY TO THE CHART. A.D. Ordor of tiio Kiiiulits of St. John instituted at Jerusalem by rjodfrey de Bouillon .".1099 Henry 1 1100 CENTURY 12T1I ' BoloslawIII 1120 Tinelieliiiiy ^ Normandy WlOG Henry A^ ) Alexander I., the fierce 1107 Louis VI 1108 Pla;4ue : universal destruetion 1111 Order of the Knight Templars established llim John Connieni j Prince AVilliam, drowned 1120 Concordat at Worms 1 1 22 David I., son-in-law to Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland 1124 Lothaire 1125 Zenghi 1127 Civil war ; Matilda and Stephen ) -,10- rj, , ^ V llJo htepnen ) Louis VIIL... ) j^3^ Manuscripts of Justinian Pandecta found at Amalti j Northallerton 1 i 1 '>q Wladyslaw j ^^'^^ House of Jlohenstaufen, or Suabia ) Conrad III 'll39 Alphonse IIenri(au' proclaimed Kinu' of Portugal ) Weinsburg [GuJlphs and (Jhibelines] '. '..1140 Lincoln 1141 Alfonso 1 1142 Manuel Comneni 1 143 Edessa ] ^^ ,_ Nurradin j ^^"*^ Second Crusade ) 11 ir- Boleslaw IV j ^^^^' Jurie [(jicorge I.], built Moscow 1149 Erederick Barbarossa 1152 Malcom IV ) Wallingford j ^^'^'^ Henry II 1154 Alexander III., the learned 1159 Milan destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa 1102 Berlin colonized by inliabitants of the Netherlands 1103 Constitution of Clarendon 1 1 (54 William, the lion 1105 Rebellion against Dermot MacMurrough , ll(i(> The English, under Fitz-Stephen, invade Ireland 11(;9 KilY TO THE CHART. Thomas k Becket E.ii-ypt subjected to spiritual control* by Saiadin '.' Saladin Ireland Catana swallowed by an earthquake Mieczyshrv III,, the Old, deposed Casimir II., the Just Philip Augustus Andronicus Isaac Aiigellus Sancho I Jerusalem Massacre of the Jews Kichard, the Lion-hearted Third Crusade under Richard and Philip Henry VI \ Order of the Teutonic knights established Richard and Saladin make peace Saladin Richard ransomed by his subjects Leshek or Lesko V., the White Alexius III Philip 1190 1194 Innocent III John, Lackland Mieczyslaw III., restored The English settle Ireland, establishing the Pale " 1200 CENTURY 13TII. Prince Arthur, murdered by John Wladislaw III., restored Fourth Crusade, under Baldwin of Flanders Latin Dynasty at Constantinople, under Baldwin Normandy reunited to France [ Genghis Khan [Temoutchin] made General to Emperor of China, H inry Langton made a Cardinal Otho IV England interdicted by the Pope , Albiiionses Alfonso II Frederick II !!....!!!.!...".'........."."!!!! The Pope reccivos the English Crown, as a present from John Jurie, or George II „ Bouvines Alexander II Magna-Charta, sealed by John atRunnymede. Compilation of Saxon Charters 1202 1204 1205 .1205 .1207 1208 .1210 .1211 .1212 1213 1214 1215 R 58 KEY TO THE CHAllT. A.D. Henry III 1216 Lincoln, FreiKjh defeated ^ Fifth Crusade, under the King of Hungary |-1217 Peter ) Simon de Montford, killed at seige of Toulouse 1218 Robert 1220 Louis VIII ) r>'^'i Sancho II., the Idle j The Teutonic Knights invade Prussia 1225 Louis IX 1220 Boleslavv V., the Modest 1227 Stephen Langton ] -iooq Baldwin n... j^"-*-^ Sixth Crusade 1229 Grand Duke Jurie, killed in battle ] 19'-I7 Russia falls under the yoke of the Tartars j Jaraslaw II 1238 Russia and Poland plundered by Tartars ) -{oa-i Hanseatic league | Innocent IV., gave red hats to Cardinals 1243 Seventh Crusade, under Louis IX ) io«q Alfonso III } ^-^^^ Alexander III 1249 Conrad IV 1251 Richard, Earl of Cornwall 1254 Rhenish league 1255 China invaded by the Tartars ~\ Mad Parliament [^1258 Fall of the Caliphate of Bagdad .' ) Russia Pillaged by the Tartars 1259 Greeks recover Constantinople, Michael Paleologus 1261 Lewes 1264 Evesham ") Montfort slain [-1265 First Parliament, regular j Papal interregnum, two years !.1268 Japan invaded by the Tartars ") ^oaa Conquered by Kublai \ ^"^^^ Righthand last Crusade under Louis IX ) lorrn ilip III I ^2^^ Edward I ...1272 House of Hapsburg — Rodolph 1273 Leshek, the Black '\ Dionysius [-1279 Statute of Mortmain \ Llewellyn assassinated 1282 Wales. j Andronicus i ^^°^ KEY TO THE CHART. 69 A.I). Japan invaded by TaitaiH l'iS4 Philip IV 1285 Konigsbcrg made the Capital of Prussia ) l^Sf Margaret ) Plague 1290 Adolphusof Nassau 1291 John Baliol \ -1009 Roger Bacon j St. Celestine V 1294 Premyslaw 1295 Dunbar, Baliol a prisoner ^ Scotland subdued Vl'^OC Destruction of the Chinese Navy by the Tartars | China falls under the yoke of the Tartars } William Wallace ) T^OT Stirling j Falkirk ) l'^98 Albert of Austria j Rise of the Ottoman Empire 1299 Christian Jubilee ) imoo Wenceslaus j CENTURY 14th. Roslin, Comyn defeats the English ISO.'i ClementV ) Ladislaus III. [Lokietek] V1305 William Wallace ) JJ«thv<^" I13O6 Robert Bruce ) Edward II ) iqny William Tell j Henry VII 1308 Papal See, removed to Avignon 1309 Grunpowder, by Schwartz 1310 Templars suppressed, by the Government 1 1312 Gaveston I Bannockburn \ Philip, the Fair >1314 Louis X I Frederick II ' Morgarten \ 1315 In Enaland ) Philip V 1316 Gower 1320 ^tna J1321 Dante j Charles IV 1322 Marco Polo 1323 Alfonso IV, the Brave 1325 if 60 KEV TO THE CIIAUT. Oi'cliaii Kdwanl III ] AIcxiiikIci- II j Andioiiicus III ) Philip i>f' Valois . j David Bruce iMortinier Hulidon Tlill liqq'^ Casiuiir tlic (Jnat, last of the Piast Dynasty j A.D. 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 Casiuiir tlic (Jnat, last of the Piast Dyi Simeon, the Proud, succeeds Ivan I Gunpowder, by the monks John Cantacuzeno Crcssy Nevill's Cross Calais Charles IV First Diet at Vislica Plajjuc Plague Order of the Garter John Ivan II llicnzi Inez do Castro, murdered John Palreoligus Golden Bull, [German Diet instituted] Poictiers — King John taken prisouer... Peter, the Severe Jacqueries, headed by Caillot Dcmetiius II Amuratli I Plagile Demetrius III Edict commanding law-pleading to be in Englisli Charles V '. '. ;: Ferdinand I Louis, of Hungary ] Gregory XI j Sir John Mandevillc ] Robert II., first of the Stuarts j Petrarch Boccaccio ... Richard II ^ ^ Papal See returned to Rome, Schism . Wencc.;ue in London. Grunwaldcn , Musa Sij^ismond Mahomet I Henry V Constance Agincourt .1402 1403 .1405 .1407 1410 .1411 .1412 .1413 .1414 Africa 1-1415 Huss Frederick ^. of Nuremberg, HohenzoUern Jerome of Prague Brandenburg becomes an Electorate Civil war [Teutonic knights] Madeira Trc royes , France surrenders to England Peace Amurath II. Henry VL... Charles VII. 1416 .1417 1419 1420 .1421 1422 KKY TO THK CFIART. .lohti II IJasil IV Patay Joanne d' Arc Charles crowned at Rlioinis Joanne d'Arc burned at Rouen Edward, or Duarto Lisbon, the Capital Wladirikw V Azores 1 A.I). 142.5 1421) ,1431 1433 1434 1447 1450 James II 1437 House of Austria ^ Albert II V1438 Alibnso v., the African ) Frederick III 1440 Columbus, about 1441 Varna, Hungarians defeated by Turks 1444 i^™ I^ 1 1445 rrinting ) Revohition against tlie Teutonic Knights 1440 Nicholas V I Union of the Papal schism j Constantino XII 1448 Mazarin's Bible printed | Jack Cade's rebellion j St. Andrew's University, founded by Bishop TurubuU 1 I4ri Mahomet II j Constantinople ) ^An':^ Fall of the Eastern Empire j ^^^"^ War of the Roses [thirty years] 1 iap^p, St. Alban's \ ^^^^ Wakefield. Duke of York killed ) \1CC) James III j Towton Edward IV \-U61 Louis XI First Latin Bible completed and dated, by Fust and Schoeflfer ^462 Ivan III., [Basilovitz] Hexham luU John Faust or Fiist } ^*^* John Guttenberg 1468 Russia shakes off the yoke of the Tartars 1469 Tewkesbury | Thomas h Kempis j Nicholas Copernicus 1473 Book on Chess, [translation,] by Caxton 1474 Fire-arms and Cannon, by Ivan 1475 1471 kj;y to the chart. 03 AD. ,1478 V14S:J Plajiue TJnion of Castile and Arra^'on, under P'erdinand and Isabella. 147!> JJajazct II I John II., Great and Perfect | ^^^^ E.lward v., ) , , ' " ^ Duke of York, I ""^'•d^'cJ Richard HI /■ Charles VIII '.'.'.'.'..!'.".'.*.'. ) Bcsworth " Sweating; Plague Henry VII p^^i) l^eacc of the War of the Roses Union of the Houses of York and Lancaster by niarriajic... ) -.,r,n Cape of Good Hope, by Captain Diaz j Sininel's rebellion 14H7 James IV 1488 Grenada Lorenzo de Medici John Albrecht America, by Columbus Maximilian 1 1403 University of Aberdeen founded 1494 Imperial Chamber ^ Diet assembled [-1495 Emanuel \ Expedition of Vasco de Gama to India 1497 Louis XII 1498 Newfoundland, by Cabot | iaoq Perkin Warbek's rebellion p4.»,» Plague Brazil, by Cabral Jacques Cartier 1492 1500 CENTURY IGth. Aulic Council Alexander Arthur, Prince of Wales Second expedition of Vasco de Gama Order of the Thistle instituted Basil V Columbus Sigismund, the Great Henry VIII Portuguese settle in India, Goa the Capital . . Selim Ferdinand V., king of all Spain. Flodden field James V Leo X 1501 1502 .1503 .1505 1506 .1509 .1510 1512 1513 64 KEY TO THE CHART. Francis I Charles I Luth'jr's rebellion lleforriiation Mexico, by Oortoz [Feruai'Jo] Charles y William Cecil Soiinian, the Magnificent Raphael Peace between Kuj';land ahO France The Field of the Cloth ol" Gold Henrj ^TII. made Defender of the Faith. Belgrade Don John III Diet of Worms, outlaws Luther New Testament, by Luther [German] Clement VIII Bayard Camoens Pavia A.D. .1515 .151(5 1517 .1518 .1519 1320 ) vl Albert of Brandenburix, acknowledued Duke ol East Prussia j Rome Sweating Plague Diet at Spires Augsburg, Confession of Fai*:h, [Protestsnt Princes] Woolsey. Cardinal , Revolution in Prussia ^ Expulsion of the Teutonic Order , . . >• Protestant League at Smal-cald ) Ivan IV., the Terrible Reformation, by Act of Parliament Jacques Cartie? Paul III The Sovereign of England declared head ol the Church Peru, by Pizarro ^ Sir Thomas Moore Anabaptists at Munster St. Lawrence, by Jac(|ucs Cartier , Thomas Cromwell, made Earl of E^sex Ignatius l^oyola Paul Til by Papal Bull, confirms tlie order of Jesuits The Older of the Thistle fully established Pizarro Henry VIII. assumes the title of King, instead of Lord of Ireland Eifort to Colonize New France M. do la Roquc de Roberval, 1st Viceroy Mary Queen of the Scots 1521 .1522 1528 1524 1525 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1533 1534 )■ 1542 KEY TO THE CHART. 65 n . A.D. Copernicus ]548 Council of Trent !!'.1545 I^iither !!."!!.'!.!.*154U Pinkcy ^ 5^^^'Hyi ■z;:;::":;:::;:::;::::;:::::;;; C1547 Henry II i Sigismund II., Augustus 154g First Book of Common Prayer, printed in English 1549 Robert Cecil '_ ^^550 Edmund Spenser, poet ] Treaty of Passau, favorable to Protestants j ^'^^^ Mary ..1553 Lady Jane Gray '.".".'.!!!]]!!!!!!!!!l5'54 Philip II ) Pau! IV "*.'.'.!."!!!!!!!!."!.'.'."!.'".".!*.!! } ^^^^ Ignatius de Loyola ) Ferdin-..d !."!!!,".'.*.'.'.'.'.'!.!!!.*!!." p^^*^ Don (Sebastian 1557 Death of Charles V .',..'.*.'.".'.".'.'.'.".".".'.*.".'..'.'.'.'.'.') Calais, by the Duke of Guise ^558 Elizabeth j Francis II J559 Robert Greene, [Comic Poet] ") Charles IX Cisoq Edinburgh \ Second Book of Common Prayer 1563 William Shakspeare, dramatist and poet ) -.r .. Maximilian II 1 15^4 Lord Darnley ) James VL..: '.Z'^^^^^ZZ'^Z^''^'^^. | ^^^^^ Strolitz, Imperial Guard, established by Ivan 1568 Union of Lithuania with Poland 1569 Lepaiito ] Keppler, astronomer i i^oil St. Bartholomew, massacre "^ Gregory XIII I John Knox M572 Camoens Lusiada [epic poem] j Elective ^lonarchy 1573 Amurath III ) .^-. Henry III ;.... 1 1574 l^^dolph I Stephen Bathori \^^^^ Circumnavigation of the earth, by Sir Francis J)rake 1577 Don Henry, the Cardinal 1578 ]jOuis de Camoens 157!) I'^'i'tiigal 1 Anthony, deposed by Philip of Spain ) t •t m KEY TO THE CHART. A.D. .1582 ,.1583 ' 1584 Calendar, reformed by Gregory XIII lied Cross flaj;' planted, by Sir H. (Jilbeit, in America..., Colonization [unsuccessful] of Virginia Feador or Theador I Mary, Q uecn of the Scots, beheaded } -. ^ o « Sigismund III., Vasa j Spanish Armada, defeated Henry IV Faerie Queenc, by Spenser Crotian massacre, 05,000 Christians slain Mahomet III ) Correjifiio, [Alessandro AUegri] j B(«'is (ji odonof [Usurper] , instituted serfdi )n) ") Edict of Nantes I M. de la Roche, Viceroy of New France [ Philip III [ William Cecil, Lord Burleigh | Blackwater, O'Neil defeats the Eniilish J Spenser ! 1599 First Charter granted to the East India Company,. IGOO 1588 ,1589 1590 ,1592 1595 1598 CENTURY ITtii. Earl of Essex [Robert Devcreux] , James I , Main and Bye plots Ahmed I. [Achmet] Kirkholm Feodor II , John Zamoyski Gunpowder Plot Great tire at Constantinople , Quebec, by Champlain John Milton John Sigismund Colonization of Virginia, by Lord De la Ware. Louis XIII. — Mary de Medici, Regent Newfoundland, by Governor John Guy Hudson Bay Factories established at Surat, Goa Plague at Constantinople, 200,000 perished .... G ustavus Adolphus , James' translation of the Bible Mathias Dynasty of Romanof , M ichael Feodorowitz New York ,., New Jersey 8tat■ Petition of right ) Quebec, by Admiral Kirkt Ijutzen (17 A.D. U)16 1G24 1625 1626 1 027 1628 1629 Quebec restored to France, by treaty (xustavus Adolphus 1632 Christopher Wren | John Locke j Wladislaw" VI Maryland, by Lord Baltimore 1(>33 Academic do France, by Richelieu 1634 Connecticut by Fcnwick, at Say-Brook ^ Rhode Island, by Roger Williams and brethren ^1635 Cbamplahi.. ■ j M. de MoMtmagny, Governor of New France 1636 Ferdinand III | ^(^37 Ben Johnson j Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres | ^Q^g League with the Covenanters j Hotel Dieu founded [Quebec] ) Ursulino Convent, by Madame de la Peltrie M639 Madras, Fort St. George ) Independence of I'ortugal, Spaniards dispossessed.. DomJohn IV., Dnke oC Braganza, Proclaimed King ^1^40 Frederick William, Great Elector Ijong Parliament !i| IP deaths of. 68 KEY TO THE CHART. Massaci'c of Protestants at TTlstcr [St. lunatius] Court of Hijih Commission abolished Earl of Sirafford Montreal founded by Maisonncuve Civil war Gallileo Isaac Newton Van Dieman's Land ) i m XT r/ 1 1 y by lasnian jNew Zealand j •' Chalurovefield Mazarin succeeds Richelieu as Prime Minister. Hampden Pym. Louis XIV. Twenty-second [present] Dynasty [CIM.J . Directory, for public worship of God Oliver Cromwell , , William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. Naseby, Charles I. totally defeated Alexis, Father of his country Charles surrendered to the Parliament Missionaries n)assacred by ihe Indians M. d'Ailleboust John Casimir, Vasa Mahomet IV Westphalia War A.D. I(i4] [ 1042 en I 1044 Destruction of the Hurons by the Iroquois Death of Charles I . , executed Revolution War [-1048 [>1649 John Churchill Jean Lauzon Navi<2;ation Act Texil— Blake, off Portsmouth, defeats Van Tromp [naval] . Oliver Cromwell, Protector Barebones Pa rliament Congregation of Notre Dame, foun ded by Marguerite Bour«reois Pai)al power supreme in New France .Jamaica, by Admiral Penn Charles de Lauzon Alfonso VI Ussher, Bishop of Armagh Prussia becomes independent of Poland Dr. Harvey Seminary of St. Sulpice founded. M. do Quoylus [Montreal] Oliver Cromwell Leopold I, II 1G50 1 1051 >1053' M. d' Argon .1055 1056 1057 1658 » KEY TO THE CHART. iV.) A.D. Laval comes to New France 1(559 Order of Concord, ins6^ Company of Associates dissolved M. de Mesy Sovereign Council established New Jersey ac(juired i..id colonized by che Duke of York. Seigniorial tenure introduced into New France. Plaiiue Chevalier de Courcelle y 1GG5 Charles II ) Great fire in London 1 ()6() Milton's Works 16G7 Soutli Carolina, by Governor Sayle "^ Candia [Crete] [-1069 Michael Korybut ) Cabal 1(570 Count de Frontenac 1(572 Choczim Mississippi, by Joliet and Marquette ^1673 Test Act John Milton John Sobieski Innocent XI \ 1076 Titus Gates [plot] 1678 Habeas Corpus 1 1 r 70 Meal Tub Plot | ^*''^ Philadelphia 1681 Pennsylvania, by William Penn ~) M. de"la Barre [ 1682 Ivan V. Dom Peter I J Vienna ■** 1674 Colbert Dom Peter II Ryehouse plot M. de Denonville Monmouth James II Monmouth's rebellion Revfyoation of the Edict of Nantes Judge Jeffreys Soliman III John Bunyan Frederick III., son of the Great Elector Indulgence Expulsion of James II ,1686 .1687 1688 Osniaii III ) Earthquake at Lisbon | M. de Vaudreuil ) Seven years' war, Prussia vti. Austria, Russia and France Geortio Washington \^ Fort (Jeorge massacre j Louisburg captured ^ Frontenac [-1758 Duquesne ) Plains ot Abraham. Quebec. A.D. 1747 1748 1740 1750 1752 1754 1755 1750 1757 Wolf ] Montcalm J Robert Burns Charles III Second battle of the Plains of Abraham, [St. Foy Iload].. Montreal George III Peter III.— Catherine II | Nortli Briton newspaper, by Wilkes [John] j Treaty of Paris \ Canada ceded to Great Britain, Province of Quebec > General Murray. Fir.«t Governor of the Province j Stanislaus l^oniatowski James [Charle.s], the Pretender Stamp Act Joseph II Lord Dorchester [General Sir Guy Carleton] Stamp Act lloyal Academy of Arts Wellington [Arthur Wellesley] Napoleon Clement XIV Walter Scott •. First partiti(m of Poland Abolition of the order of Jesuits, by Clement XIV Louis XVI -\ Abdul Ahmed [- Quebec Act , j 1750 17G3 1704 1705 1766 1768 1709 1771 1772 177:J 1774 177G 1781 1783 KEY TO THE CHART. 73 A.D. Revolution of the American Colonies ^ Lexinj^ton, first action — Bunker Hill >-1775 Pius VI ) Declaration ol' Imlopendencc Hume [historian] Lafayette joins the Americans Hessians..,' M777 Maria-Francis-Isabella L, and Dom Peter III Louis XVI., by treaty, assists America ) 1^7^70 illiam Pitt j American Academy of Arts and Sciences founded, Boston ...1780 York Town ) Meeting of Conii;ress, Confederation accepted ) Peace, Indopendencc recognized by England ) Daniel' Webster j American Congress ratifies the treaty of peace signed at Paris. 1784 Frederick William II 1 17S6 The Cotton Plant introduced into Georgia I War between Russia and Turkey ) New South Wales [-1787 Congress meets, and signs the New Constitution ) War in Germany, with Turkey 1 178fi Charles IV | Belgrade Washington, First President of the United States of America I -, 730 Selimlil ^^'"-^ French Revolution Benjamin Franklin Leopold II Province of Quebec divided into Upper and Lower Canada. Dom John, Regent 1-1791 John Wesley Constitution of the Third of May Republic Francis II 1-1792 War 1790 1793 Second Partition Louis XVI Dr. Jacob Mountain. Protestant Bishop, Girondists proscribed Edward Gibbon [historian] 1794 •Third Partition 1795 Sir Robert Prescott 179G Paul Lithography, by Sennefelder Trinidad Frederick William III , John Adams 1797 74 KEY TO tllE CHAKT?. A.D. Expulsion of Pius VI. by the French ") Franco-Turkiwh war f-nnS Nile \ Washington [ ,, Napoleon chosen First Consul j Washington made the seat of the United States Government Malta J.1800 Pius VII rnmcnt ) CENTURY 19TII Ireland united to Great Britain in Parliament, Aboukir Alexander T , Thomas Jett'erson Concordat , Amiens Louisiana purchased from the French Napoleon I., Emperor Trafalgar Nelson Confederation of the Rhine Cape of Good Hope Pitt, the younger ,.... Berlin Decree, English commerce interdicted Doni John flees to Brazil Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Mustapha IV First Steamboat on the Hudson, by Robert Fulton Tilsit Vimiera, Wellesley defeats Junot Ferdinand VII Mahomet VI Talavera, Wellington defeats Victor , Alfred Tennyson James Madison First Steamboat on the St. Lawrence, by John Molson Busaco, Wellington repulses Massena Fuentes de Onoro Massena's second defeat Burnside Estate and £10,000 bequeathed by the Hon. Peter McGill unto the " Royal Institution for the advance- ment of Learning," now McGill College, Montreal... War of 1812 .t.. Moscow destroyed by fire Charles Dickens Edict against Christianity Bucharest, Russia and Turkey 1801 1802 .1803 .1804 1805 1800 1807 1808 1809 .1810 1811 1812 i ICKY TO THE rilART. 75 A.n. Vittoria, WclliiiLiloii -1827 Navarino ) Dom Miguel, usurper ) Noah Webster's Dictionary C 1828 Russia and Persia make peace j Pius VIII ) Andrew Jackson V-1820 Roman Catholic Emancipation Act passed, [Dan. O'Connell] ) Oi»ening of the Railroad between Liverpool and Manchester William Huskisson, killed by accident William IV Louis Philippe Expulsion of Charle'< X l\)land , yi830 1831 Asiatic Cholera Napoleon II. at Schonbruun Palace Reform Bill 11882 Cholera 76 KRY TO TirE nilART. Tsabclla IT Doima Maria restored Slavery in tlio Colonies a))olislie(l, £2(»,000,()0() Free Trade opened up with China, Napier Marquis do La Fayette Slavery abolished from all British possessions Ferdinand IV Great fir(> at New York Morse's Electric Teleuraph Model completed Legacy of £100,000 to the United States, bv James Smithson. " for the general diffusion of knowledge among men" Victoria Martin Van Buren Electric Telegraph patented Insurrection in Canada Lieutenant Weir murdered John George Lambton, Earl of Durham Marshal Soult at the coronation of Victoria Chartists Abdul-Medjid M. Thiers, Minister of Foreign Affiiirs Frederick William IV .' Act of Union of the Provinces passed by IJritish Parliament Union of the two Canadas Prince of Wales William Henry Harrison Peace of Nankin , Ashburton Treaty Robert Southey, poet Dr. llyerson, Superintendent of Education, Upper Canada... Mexican War Earl Catheart Alexander, Grand Duke James K. Polk Smithsonian Institute established Pius IX Lord Elgin Dr. Chalmers Expulsion of Louis Philippe France a Republic Bishop Maut, theologian and poet Treaty of peace of the Mexico- American war Francis Joseph Zachary Taylor Rebellion Losses Bill passed Riot, Lord Elgin as.saultedin the streets by a mob Burning of the Parliament Houses at Montreal Tennyson, Poet Laureate 1835 1837 18-10 1841 1 1842 , 1843 ,1844 1845 I- 184G 1847 1848 US49 .18.50 KEY TO THE CHART. Sir RoWt Pool. Milliinl Fillnioro Fiiiritivo Slave Bill pasHcd fjold in Australia, by Edward IIart;nivos Exhibition at London Library of the United States Con<;rc8.s burned Henry Clay Coupd'Ktat France bcc-omes an Kni])ire, Second Fitnjjire Napoleon III ])uke of Weilinirton Daniel Webster Russo-T urk isli war [Crimean] Franklin 1 Merce Dom Pedro [Peter VL] Cholera Commercial relations between Knt^land & America establislicd Sir Ednnmd Head Imperiiil Prince Napoleon Al(!xander 11 Peace of the Crimean war Chinese fleet destroyed by Commodore Elliot Alfonso, Prince of Asturias James Buchanan Ottawa chosen the Capital of Canada , The Queen assumes the (Jovernment of India Orsini's plot to assassinate Napoleon III Conflict at Lucknow Peace of Tien-tsin, signed by Lord P]l18G1 18G2 KEY TO THE CHART. Gc tty sb u r i; . . Don) Carlo.s born Proclamation of freedom to the slaves Poland , Battle of the Wilderness Lee defeated by Sheridan at Sailor's Creek Cholera at Constantinople Abraham Lincoln re-elected Death of Lincoln, assassinated by Wilkes Booth Andrew J(»hnson Conditional amnesty, followed by peace , Russo-Austrian war Peace sitiiied at Prairue £100,000 for the benefit of the London Poor [Peabody]. . . Exhibition , Dominion Government established Lord Monck, First Viceroy , New Parliament at Ottawa British North American Act passed Russian- America sold to the United States for $7.200,000. . Hon. Thos. D'Arcy McGee, assassinated at Ottawa Lord Lisgar [Sir John Younjv] Death of Lord Brougham To the Poor of London, £100,000 [Peabcdy] Ulysses S. Grant fficumonical Council Bequest of £150,000 for the l)enefit of the Poor of London ; also large sums to the Jnited States of America for Educational purposes George Peabody, '' The benefactor of th^ poc»r of London" . Infallibility of the Pope, as Head of the Church, declared... Franco-Prussian Amadeo I. . . . , Republic established — M. Thiers, President . .. King William proclaimed Emperor of G'-rmany Conflagraticn at Chicago Peace between France and Prussia Japanese Embassy of distinguished persons visit tlie United States and England Lord Dufferin, Sir Frederick Temple Horace Greeley Fire in Boston Spain becomes a Republic Exhibition at Vienna Napoleon III. at Chiselharst The Germans, by treaty, withdraw troops from France King William warmly received at St. Petersburg First Cardinal in America, Bishop McClosky Guizot USG5 18()G |>18fi7 J> 1801) 1870 1871 1872 1873 1875 }. «„*:*> .. ttEY TO THE CHART. 79 Revolution in Turkey ^•'^• Deposition of Abdul Aziz '' Murad JJffendi. deposed Abdul Hamid II. broth ers United States Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia Victoria Regina, proclaimed Empre.ss of India 1876 Octagonal symbols in the 17th century refer to India Ekbatum~Iu the IGth century, read "Clement VII.", 1523. 81 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS. areat care has been taken in the selection of the events represented upon the Chart of Time. Whether they are the best that could have been chosen for the grand subject of Universal History or not, has not been so much a matter of consideration, however, as the prin- ciple contained in this method of impressing the mind with materials for future usefulness. Order in the arrangement of events, harmony, and the perfect representation of Time, are the prominent features of the Chart, Centograph and Slate. Every division of History found in whatever text- books can readily and easily be traced upon them, while at the same time no one need be confused with another. By their use, a link that has ever seemed wanting to inseparably connect Facts and Dates is brought to bear in the n(!(|uisition of Historical lore that will be appre- ciated by those who, of necessity, must apply themselves to obtain a thorough knowledge of the subject. Universal History, or, in fact Special, as well, Miould be studi(!d by some definite plan. The following, in this regard, will be attended with excellent results. It is only suggestive, however, and teachers should feel at liberty to pursue any other course that will belter serve their purposes : Time, according to Usher, involves a period of nearly six thousand years.^ It was during this, now * The Julian poriod, howuver, dates farther back, and is recognized by many good historians^ ' 82 CONCLUDING REMARKS. in the past, that the events occurred of which any record is made. For the sake of precision — 1st. Let us suppose the time to be exactly 6,000 years. 2nd. Let it be divided into three equal parts of 2,000 years each. 3rd. Let the pupils be nine, ten or eleven years of age, and the period of study four years. Tlien proceed regularly thus : — A. Let the iirst year be applied to the acquisition of a general knowledge of Time, its divisions, and the memorizing of the events of the first 2,000 years. B. Let the second year be applied to a recapitulation of the first year's less are many ways by which to arrive at the same point In the^^lection of the best, however, lies the proof of wisdom. Should error occasionally mislead, it will afford an opportunity for t\mse of better judgment to exhibit the virtue of charitv which - endureth all things," forgetting not in the meantime the ancient and truthful observation of Piiny, "iNerno mortalium omnilnis horis sapit." M ti f -~^^J?=5!|(g^3.. fl^il r^ 1 f tL^-Z^^ Jf ■ " T U E (' K NTn*i K, A v II. (I'ATKNTKll \<'^^ ) 'Q^ -,-41"^ 'jISsc r,toK " .• * -^ rr 'p^ MSH (^. ?^ 'Mmy.