IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

\
^

Us ^6^

1.0

I.I

11°

1^ 1^

2.0

. ^^ II

1.8

1-25 IIIIII.4 IIIIII.6

*;j

PhotDgiHphicf

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STRHT

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

'-<.

CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canfldian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.

El
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

Cc-'ers damaged/
Couverture endommag6e

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculie

Cover title missing/

Le titre de couverture manque

Coloured maps/

Cartas g6ographiques en couleur

Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

Coloured plates and/or illustration^/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
Relii avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La reliure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge int^rieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutAes
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6t* filmies.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires supplAmentaires;

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mithode normale de filmage
sont indiquis ci-dessous.

I I Coloured pages/

Pages de couleur

Pages damaged/
Pages endommagdes

Pages restored and/oi

Pages restauries et/ou pellicul6es

Pages discoloured, stained or foxe(
Pages dicolories, tacheties ou piqu6es

Pages detached/
Pages ditachdes

Showthroughy
Transparence

Quality of prir

Quality inigale de I'impression

Includes supplementary materii
Comprend du materiel suppKlmentaire

Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible

I — I Pages damaged/

I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/

r~~1 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/

I I Pages detached/

I I Showthrough/

I I Quality of print varies/

I I Includes supplementary material/

I — I Only edition available/

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont M filmies A nouveau de fa^on A
obtenir la meilleure image possible.

This item is filmed at the reduction tatio checked below/

Ce document est filmA au taux da reduction indiquA ci-dessous.

10X

14X

18X

22X

26X

30X

lax

itx

»x

24X

28X

32X

The copy filmed here hea been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:

Library Division

Provincial Archives of British Columbia

L'exemplaira film* fut reproduit grAce A la
gAnArositA de:

Library Division

Provincial Archives of British Columbia

The images appearing here are ihe best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.

Les images suivantes ont 4t* reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettet* de I'exemplaire film*, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

Les exemplairas originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commen^ant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
derniire page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont filmAs en commengant par la
premiere page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol —^- (meaning "CON-
TINUED "I. or the symbol V (meaning "END ").
whichever applies.

Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — •■ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le
symbole V signifie "f\N".

Maps, pla<es. charts, etc., may be f-'med at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre
filmAs A des taux de reduction diffirents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film* A partir
de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la m^thode.

~Mi :

'I .i _

ivy Si

jr.a

■"'!^f^

j^nommM.m

80IW!l¥IG OfiSEEYATION.

BY MEMBEBS OF TSE AlitlNB CLUR

iBBITED BY DOUOLAS "W:. FBEliSF|nU>.

''^•k

'•i/'^ '

Wf^-m-^

M\ .'

L.ir.i.-«»> wieii*! m^ M

H. l^ttiii>ptfinii M»iA> ZmiAtT Aiifr i«* Biym m 1876. ^f

. ' »i i I ll

Vt PMdBOiMot ot nut GLVi.

TO k ooNTfM»^ iiiillgii.v.

ll HI | ||l) ll l.|JM Ii *H "■"■

Xiondfli^ l^pO^pMit & €0.

■

Adv«rti$«numt».

PASSPORT AGENOY OFFICE,

LONDON. 69 FLEET STREET. E.O.

BiflVLATioiTS aiuTU FOB oBTAimfe voBBMH oivnn I. AnroMB.

BESIBENTS in the COUNTBY or LONDON who dMiM to aroid troubla^ can havt
PASSPOBTS obtained and riM. Foreign OiBee ehatge ft>r Paupoft 2a. Fee, ob-
taining do. lB.8d.; andViaas, la. eadi in addition to the ohaiges mad* bgr the OaBivb.
PamporUMotmttd and Caitd, ami IfimmhU*r$ii» told,
Vuapovt Oaaaa tcovk !•• 6d. to 6a« oMhi

BRADSHAWS BRITISH AND CONTINENTAL GUIDES AND HANDBOOKS

Vnaoe, 6s. ; Belgium* 68. ; SwitMrliuid, lis. 6d.; OemuuDiyt 6s. (

Bwitserland, 6s.; Italy,7s.6d.;

Spain and Portugal, 7s. ed. ; Nonuandy, Is. 6d. ;

Brittany, Ss. ed.; Tyrol, 2s. 6d.; Paris, Is. 6d. and 2s. 6d.; Aw.

B&ABBHAWS HAin)BOOK TO TEB TtTBXIBE BMPIBl.

In Two Farts, prioe lOt. eaoi) Fart.

Past I-TORKBT IN BVBOPB. Faux IL-STBU AND F&LB8TIN1.

Bbasihi «*■ CoBipIote Phraao Booka, Vreneh, Itatiaa. Bpaniali, and Gemao. la. «aek.
BnADSHAw'a OrerlaiMl and ThroiiRh Route Guide to Indi% Oliina, and Auatralia. la.
BBADaHAV'B Handbook to Bombay, Madrn, mod Brnnal. 10a. c«oh,
MvxBAT'a, 3AU>iKn'a, and BucK^a Handhooka. The latest Bditlons. ;

HAsria'a and Annjnroi*a Hmdbook to Burope and the Kaat.
jIouoBD'a and the Batchu Qvira to Burope.

Tb> ALPtira Olub Hap oi i<wiTEUiuUn>, in part^ or oompletit. _

Kaun'a, LicTBOLD'a, and Ziieua'a Maps of Swltaerland. MatxI Xnp «f tbo Tyvd.
VAix'a Aif i» GviDxa. PAOxa'a Pnarajn.

KnapMcki, tUde Bags. Waterproof Oonts, Dnor-ftwtenen, Handban, Portmanteana, Rufi, StnMpe,
Olywrlne, Soap, Oietionariei, Oompawm, Tbemometwrt, FeaKKueieie. Ae.

EXPERIENOED COURIERS MAY BE ENBA8E0 UPON APPLIOATIOI.

▼. J. ADAi.f 8 ft SONS (BmAMHAw'a BuriaK Aim OovmntnAti Omos Oma).
Ofioa Boon, • to 9i aatiirdayi, • to •.

MESSRS. BUCKINGHAM BROTHERS beg le^ve to draw

-^^ the attention of ▲l.PZNII •F0UBI8TB to their I.XV1I8 and BBLTB, vhidt
are univenally naed and approved oi by the XBKBBB8 of the AXPIflm CLITB.

if «

They are light in weight, of great strength and durability.

88 BBOAD STBBBT, BLOOMSBUBT,

W.O.

JAMES S. CARTER,

BOOTIAOB, & TOTJBISTS' OITTEITTBE,

295 OXFORD STREET. LONDON.

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE ALPINE CLUB.
niu$traUd JPriee U»t; oontaininff IHneimu for St^f-mtanunrntHt, totUffm.

esi Aeoasr ie7 e. '

HILL'S LONDON-MADE ALPINE AXES.

KTetjrpwtorthtHAJMlitMMbifliNlMlntMiiloat. Alway* 'n BtoA. Anjr P*tt«m mad* to arttor.

CLinin mn aid stiou, loosi iteii raim. ».hiic rok mo BUMnr nut.

TnuiH ud othar Liaar Bozaa, ri.AtKii, Oommhis, as. Ak aaoio BAaoita*sa« ^awMv.

BTVAB AND OOOKINO APPABATUS OX' DIFnObaKT XlifS*.

A Mvi,Ti<n;iiii or thihsi roR •voktms pvavdniW;

HaoBAinoAX. o oirwMnrAjrcwi ahp hmw jmv twrgi , nrranvtoim.

HILL & SON'S

OtTTIimiaY ae SX1A.TB1 ^ff A.lSTTT^B'JLOTOR'Sr,

4 HATMARKBT, LONDON (opposite the Opera Hoiim).

OATALOOirHS QJIATW. PiyM PBB OHNT. FOR CASH OB OODPOm Omw.

Mol'Nll

n;inu'«l \\

iioiiL'd ill
IVIiiy :i,

woallicr.l

Froinf

aliovc-mj
trraiulcstl
V:iiu-()uv|
tiiins, \vl]
St. I'lliasl
frost.

(llijl'Ct \V(

St. Kliasl
(ir into a
Mr. Dall'
tiouthcrii

Tho la
inoiintain
a series ii
vortical
Survey,
It irt ' th(
of t lie su

The e(
follows :-
mainly c
their sm
(|\iartzit<
the Sier
l>lies i»a
that the
l»v analt

* Hep

for ISTl

Actint;-a

Vt)I-.

Ml IIIIIIMIISIWIIIWW

**■

Moii/itiii/is (itifl Monntaiuetriii'/ in f/u J't/r ff'rsf, Wo

Mountains and INIolntainkkuino i\ tiik Far Wkst —
rontinitnl. IJy K. T. CoLK.MAN.

MOrXT ST. KLIAS was first discovered on July 20,
1741 (old stylo), hy Hcritiji; ami his associates, who
iiaiiicd it after St. Klias, the patron saint ol' the day. * It is
))roi)al)Ie that they saw, abctiit the same time, all the other
hii!;h jx'aks of the adjacent rej^ion, thonj^h the fact is not men-
tioned in the imperfect records existin<]j of the expedition. On
I\Iay .'i, 177H, Captain .lames Cook, in search of a north-cast
passa^'e, saw a beautiful i)eak which he namecl Mount Fair-
weather.'*

From the plates <fiven in Vancouver's ' Voyajics,' Sir Edward
Belcher's' Voyajie of the .S'// //</////•,' and an illustration in the
ahove-mentioned report, St. Klias woidd appear to he the
LM-andest, as well as the loftie.-t, mountain on the coast.
\'ancouver speaks of a 'still comiected chain of lofty moun-
tains, whose sununits are hut the hase from whence Mount
St. Flias towers, majestically conspicuous in rej^ions of eternal
frost.' Sir Fdward IJelcher says: ' Fach ran<re is in itself an
oliject worthy of the pencil, hut with the stupendous, proud
St. Flias toweriiifi above all, they dwindled into more hillocks,
or into a most splendid base on which to place his saintship,'
Mr. Dall before (pioted says, ' j»re-eminent in jfrandeur is the
southern face of the moinitain.'

The latitude and hoifijht of St. ICIias and the other ])rincipal
mountains in Alaska, as ;j;iven in the list, were determined by
a series of very careful observations nuide with the sextant,
vertical circle, and theodolite, by the United States Coast
Survey, under the direction oi' Mr. W. II. Dall and assistants.
It is ' the latest and most precise contribution to our knowledge
of the subject.'

The conclusion arrived at in the above-quoted Heport is as
follows: — 'These Al|>sarc, like the hi;.fh Sierra of California,
inaiidy com|»osed of crystalline rock, and in their topography,
their small, pustular, basaltic vents, their associated marbles,
quartzites, and later conj,domerates, exhibit a close piirallel to
the Sierras; tl; ' paralh'lism in structure and composition im-
plies parallelism in a<i.'e and method of formation ; and finally,
that the volcanic orifrin of the high peaks is opposed not only
by analogy, but by the known facts. A glance at the acconi-

* Ht'iiort tin Mount St. lilias, from tlio ' U. S. Coast Smvey Heport
f.ir IH7I.' Ai-piiiiliy, No. — printed July, l.S7:i. Hy W, 11. Dall,
Actiiig-a.s.si.staiit V. S. ('. S.

vol.. VUl.— NO. LIX. |.; K

■" II iini iiii . i i ii IW IHWWm

m p w>-^

■•*')^3;.t

380 Mountninx and Mnuntaineeriny in the Far H'est,

panyinjT sketch ^vill loivl !U\vom', fivinlllar with the typos i.>l'
mountain struetiiro, toward the conchision that tlicso peaks arc

not of tiie voI{

ith

icanic tyjie, ana, even witnout connrinator^
evidence, would load to the suspicion that thoy were composed
of crystalline rocks.'

' After a thorouf^h search I have been able to find no trust-
worthy account of any eruption, flrewingk, discussin}:; the
same question, says, " Though St. Elias stands in the volcanic
line of Tliamna, Nunwak,and St. Matthew's Island, neverthe-
less we believe its volcanic nature may justly be doubted, since
the absence of a crater or conical form, and its ragged crest,
make it very probable that it has never been penetrated by a
volcanic chimney." '

]\I()iiuts Cook (ind Vancouver, which are eastward of St.
Elias and in the same ridge, were without distinct appellations.
They were named in honour of those distinguisl-.ed navigators,
by the authority of the Superintendent of the United States
Coast Survey.

Mount Crillon was named by the celebrated La Perousc
after the French Minister of Marine.

It is scarcely necessary to state that neitiier Mount St.
Elias, nor any of the other groat peaks, in Alaska, have been
ascended.

Mount Brown, and a little to the south-cast Mount Hooker,
are in the Kooky Mountain chain, and have never been
ascended. They were discovered about the year 1834 by
David Douglas, the celebrated botanist, during one of his
earlier journeys, in crossing the mountains with the Hudson
liay Company traders. lie named Mount lirown after
Robert Brown, Director of the Hotanictil Department of the
]iritish IMuseum, and Mount Hooker after Sir AVilliam Hooker,
Director of Kew Gardens. According to liobert Groenhow,*
Mr. Thompson, tlie astronomer of the Hudson Bay Company,
measured these peaks among others, and estimated Mount
Jirown at 16,000 feet and Mount Hooker at 15,700 feet above
the ocean level.

Humboldt says they ' are cited by Jolinson as lofty old
volcanic trachytic mountains under latitude 54;^^°, and longitude
1 1 7° 40' and 1 1 9" 40'. They arc therefore remarkable as being
more than .'}()0 geographical miles from the coast.'

Previous to the year 1858 tlie only pass across the Kooky

* ' Monioir, ITisforioal and Political, on tlio Nortli-wc^t Coast of
North Amorica aiid tlio Adjacent Territories.' Wy Koliort (Ircenhow,
Traiialatur and Librarian to the Dciiarlnicnt of Siato, 1810.

MoiintaiiH
between A
Hoat Eiica
for horses.

Mount 1
Ward's An
first disci )V(
who in his
says that it
precipitous
mountain t
made of
Kootanio P
above that
average all
above the s
of altitudes
ance of uui
ever, their s
deceiving, a
ment I alwa

Mount li
the British
first explore
Joseph Bak
or White I;
feet, is from
Lawpon, of
barometer I
informed m(
an ofticer of
the more coi
that the he
standard of
snow and gl
tain. For,
lower than i
of glacier o
determined
above the f
the coast go
mountain of
as nnich ice
Owinji t(
Mount Bak(

mtmmmmmm

mmm

^MMUlkLM.

Mi>untiiiii.< tinil Miniiitdiiii'i'riiiy in the hitr H)st.

:\H'i

being

Mountains known io hv. within IJritish territory was ono
hctwcon Mount Hrown iind Mount Hooker, known as tlie
IJoat Encanipuient, in latitude 54" 10', but it was impassable
for horses.

iMoitiif iMitrrhison i.s not marked in Colton's orJoimsnn and
Ward's American Athises, only on the latest ma[»s. It was
first discovered on September 18, iKoH, by Captain Palliser,
who in his Keport of Exploration in Ilritish North America
says that it occupies a central jiosition amonnj other hij^li and
precipitous mountains. ' The Indians say tliis is the hifjliest
mountain they know of, and, if a roufrh triangulation that I
made of what 1 supposed to be the same ])cak from the
Kootanie Plain is to be trusted, it must be H,()()() to 9,000 feet
above that ])oiiit, or l.'l,()0()to 14,000 feet almve the sea. The
avera<^e altitude of the mountains is 11,000 to 12,000 feet
al)ove the sea, and I do not place much reliance on estimates
of altitudes {greater than that, as there is a striking api)ear-
ancc of uniformity in the altitude of the mountains. How-
ever, their shape, always partaking of a craggy nature, is very
deceiving, and whenever 1 have been able to get any measure-
ment I always found that I had underrated the true height.'

Mount liaker, fourteen miles south of the boundary line of
the British possessions. It was S(»'namctl by Vancouver, who
first explored these coasts, in compliment to his third lieutenant
.Joseph Baker, who discovered it. its Indian name is Tukullum,
or White Stone. The height given in the list, viz., 10,81 4
feet, is from a trigonometrical measurement made by Captain
Lawson, of the United States Coast Survey. By aneroid
barometer I found it to be 10,69,3 feet; but as Captain Lawson
informed me that his instruments were very fine, and as he is
anofHcer of high scientific attainments, pcrliaps his estimate is
the more correct of the two. It will be as well to remark here
that the heights of these peaks, as given, do not furnish a
standard of their height according to Alpine estimates of the
snow and glacier travel to be got through in ascending a moun-
tain. For, owing to the higher latitude, the snow line is much
lower than in the Alps, conseipiently there is a greater amount
of glacier or snow to be travelled over, as before hinted. I
determined the snow line on Mount Baker to be t^,\li} feet
above the sea by aneroid barometer, but consider that for
the coast generally it may be taken at fi.OOO feet. So that a
mountain of 11,000 feet in height on the Pacific slope alfords
as nnich ice and snow work as one of i;5,00() feet in the Alps.
Owing t( the extraordinary clearness of the atmosphere.
Mount Baker can be plaiidy made out from the neighbourhood

R R 2

itj,i;r7i

I •«'/'

BOP

■^'' ' - ■ '■■■ -■■■'■

iiMMMMM

wmmmmmmtmm

3S8 Miiuhtniiis >/iiii Minnttiiiiicrring in the Far Wist.

i'f Victoria. Vanf^ouvcr Island, a distanro of nearly eighty niilca
ill an air line, and on its soutli-nostorn sl')j)e enormous snow-
licld.- arc .«con to e.'ctcnd very low down the numntain.

It wai- firet ajTonded in August \HC)H, by a party wliieh I
or;.Miii«e<l, fon.«i-itincr of Mr. Thomas Stratton, Inspector of
Custom'; at Port Townsend, Pnjjct Sound, Washington Terri-
tory : Mr., now the Hon., tFohn TeniK'nt, now or late nicinher
of tlif Lc;ri-Iative Assemhly for Wasliinifton Territory ; Mr.
David Oirilvv, of Victoria; and nivself. I described the
journey in ' Har]>or's Mafj^azinc ' for November ISfiU, under
the title ' Mmintaincering on the Pacific,' and the iMain facta
were rejmj<liirfd in the ' Alpine Journal ' for ^lay 1872. In
the latter part of October, 1S04, an carthqn.akc shook the
coast, when an immenso jmrtion of the summit, estimated to be
l,(t(M» <ir l..-/(H» ffot, fell in, so that the appearance of the peak
was (leci iedly altered as seen from Victoria, Vancouver
Island, it Ix-injj no longer conical and sharp, but truncated.

A ven* interesting ascent might be made on the south-
eastern side, taking the course of the river Skagit, my ascent
having been made by the river Lumini, or Nootsac, on the
pouth-westem side. A party following the route I propose
would probably pass by the volcano and have an opportunity
of examining the crater, without deviating from their track.
The ascent might be made by the Frontin Glacier (mentioned
in ' Ilarj^r V Magazine' before (juoted) to the foot of the
peak, on the opposite side to the point Avhere we rested and
tnok refreshment. Then following that side, and passing by
the rim of the crater up to the summit, which I imagine, from
a slight depression that I noticed in the wall of i<'e which
flanks it. to be accessible at this point. The starting point
for the journey would be the Utsalada sawmills, where In-
dians an<l supplies could bo had. From Utsalada to the mouth
of the Skagit is only six miles. From the mouth of the
river to IJaker's River, which heads in the mountain, and is
probably fe<l by the Frontin Glacier, if it docs not have its
origin in that, is from forty to fifty miles. The length of Baker's
liiver is al>out twenty miles. It is, however, necessary to state
that there arc greater difficulties by this than by the Lummi
or X out sac route. First there is or was a formidable 'jam '
about six miles up the Skagit caused by drift lumber, blocking
up the river at a point where there is a bend. So that on the
occasion of my first attempt, the canoes, which were very heavy,
hatl to be dragged across three portages, one of them perhaps
a furlong in length, through swarms of mosquitoes, whoso
attacks are an much dreaded by travellers as an encounter

with t!i(
of Hake
very su
would
, flat and
I navigati
zest of i
true mo
to the S
as an
difiicult
United
every fa
Some
Baker, i
j)i'nded

A n /.

observci

I rentlyfr

^ to twent

maps as i

i is given

in asceni

Kear-Ai

jtronounc
I on the SI
' can be s

Vancouv

air

(

line, ;

* Lists
rior, Unit
Iliiyiloii, I

t Hum
liciglit ' is
nu'iit of H
miles, puji
C(iiuii to (J
'J'ciuTiHb
L'iH miles,
wliicii is ]
was (li'stit
mill's. 'I'
of lii^h liii
tivc'ly (SL'ci

biii

lit.

^lountuins nnd Mouutnimcriiitj in t/ic Ftir Ihst. 3S9

i^lity niiloa
mis snow-
II.

)' wliich I

.spector of

tDii Tcrri-

c incmhor

tory ; Mr.

•ribed the

6!), under

i»ain facts

1872. In

shook the

ited to he

r the peak

Vancouver

ncatcd.

the south-

iny ascent

ac, on the

I propose

|)portunity

leir track.

mentioned

)ot of the

rested and

l)ussing by

t^ine, from

ice whidi

mg point

where In-

le mouth

til of the

in, and is

have its

of Baker s

ry to state

le Lummi

hie ' jfim'

blocking

hat on the

ry heavy,

1 perhaps

es, whose

encounter

with t!ic <j;ri/.zly hear. 'J'hc second difficuHy is the navigation
of Hakcr's Kiver, wliicli is reported to be full of boulders, and
very swiit and turbulent. The chinook or salt-water canoes
would have to be exchanged at the mouth of iJaker's Itiver for
flat and sninller canoes, termed 'shovel-nosed,' suitable for
navigating shallow streams. 15ut dilhculties only enhance the
zest of an undertaking, and give a spice to it in tlie eyes of a
true mountaineer. It would be advisable to ])roffer a rcfpiest
to the Superintendent of Indian Affiiirs at Olympia for Indians,
as an otHcial sanction to an expedition smooths away any
ditticulties that may arise connected with stranger tribes. The
United States officials are very courteous, and ready to afford
every facility to those engaged in ex[)loring the country.

Some notes by Dr. Mrown on the geology and llura of .Mount
Baker, as illustrated by specimens wdiich I sent him, are ap-
pended to the end of this article.

An iiiiliiioirn iiioiiiifdiii, mentioned in the list. This I
observed when on Mount Baker. It is a solitary jieak, appa-
rently from 8,000 to y,000 feet in height, and distant from fifteen
to twenty miles to the south-east. It is not marked on the
niaj)s as a sei)arate mountain, though a spur of t!ie Cascade range
is given in that direction. From the cursory view I obtained
in ascending Moinit Baker it a])peared to be isolated.

Mount li((iniir was named by Vancouver after his friiMul
Kear-Admiral Rainier. The Indian name of this mountain
is generally given as Tacoma, but a tribe on the Cowlitz Pass
j)ronounces it Tah-ho-ma. According to the latest auth(trity
on the subject, it is 14,444 feet above the sea-level.* As it
can be seen from the neighbourhood of Beacon Hill, Victoria,
Vanconver Island, a distance of upwards of 140 miles on an
air line, its height must be great. t The general form ol' the

(* Lists of Elevations, &c., pubiislicd by tlie Department of the Inte-
rior, United States Gedlngicai Survey of the Territrries, under F. V.
Ilayden, U.S. (icoloj^nst, in eliarpe.

f Ilmnholdt, speaking' of the Peak of Tenoriflt', says that if the
lieight 'is 12,182 I'uut, as iiiditated by tlie last trigonoint'tiical nieasure-
nieiit of Horila, its sunnnit oiiglit to ho visible at the distance of MS
miles, sujipiisiiig tlie eye at tin; level of the ocean, and the refraction
e(|ual to U,07'.l of the distance.' He further says that 'the Peak of
'J'eiierillc lias often been observed at the distanci! of 121, l.'n,aiid e\iu
i;i8 miles, and tlio siiniinit of Mowna-Koa, in the Sandwich Islands,
which is ])i()bably 10, (KK) feet high, lias been seen at a period when it
was desliinte tif snow, skirting llie liorizini, from a distance of 1.^3
miles. Tliis is the nuist siriking e\ani|ile yet, kiiDwn of the visiliiliiy
. of high land, ami is the more remarkable that the object was lU'gu-
\ tively seen.'

wmmmimm

««ta

390 Mountains iiu t Mniihtulmt rliKj in the Fur West.

mountain is that of a jjreat pyi'amid. The summit consists
of a central ])cak, flanked by two h)wer and smaller ones,
both as nearly as possible of the same size and shape. Mr.
A. I). Kichardson, the well-known correspondent of the ' New
York Tribime ' in former years, speakinj; of the scenerj' of
I'ligct Sound, says : ' Some of the boldest mountains of tiie
continent are here visible — IJaker, Adams, St. Helens, and,
more than any or all others, Blount Kainier, triple-jminted
and robed in snow. Shasta is grand; Hood is grander; but,
from this stand-point, Kainier is monarch of all — the Mont
Blanc of thid coast.' * It is distant about sevei.ty-fivo miles
from the shores of Puget Sound, and may be ajtproached
either from Steilacoom or Olympia. In 18G9 I proposed to
(xenoral Stevens of Olympia, formerly of the United States
army, to attempt the ascent of this mountain. He was un-
able to go with me, but next year announced his willing-
ness to undertake the journey. Mr. Van Trump, also of
Olympia, joined us, but an accident which befel me when
near the base of the mountain ])revented )ny attempting the
ascent, which (leneral Stevens and Mr. Vuii Trump success-
fully accomj)lished, being the first on record. The base of the
mountain is at least six days' journey from Olympia, the capital
of Washington Territory. For the first thirty miles there is a
good waggon road. The remainder of the journey is by a
trail cut throu";h the forests and leadin<j to the Cowlitz Pass.
It was originally made several years before my visit by two
settlers, for the ])ur]tose of prospecting on the mountain, but
has hardly ever been used since, so that at the tinie of our
iouincy it was overgrown, and in many parts difficult to trace.
^\ e were, however, fortunate in being accompanied by Mr.
Longmire, one of the settlers above alluded to. The general
course of the journey folhws the Nis(jually liiver, which heads
in a glacier on the south-western side of the mountain, the same
which was examined by Lieutenant, now General, A. V. Kautz,
as mentioned in the first article. General Stevens informed me
that tliey did not meet with any s])ecial difficulties on their route
for abcait the first five miles, or two-thirds of the way, being a
gentle slope. IJut the latter portion is steep. They were just
lOj hrs. in making the ascent, during all which time, being in
excellent training, they worked hard, and Avcre not obliged to
retrace a single step. The aspect of the summit has been
already described in the first article.

Mount St. Helens was named by Vancouver after His

* 'Our New States .•mil Terrilorlfs.'

iiiHi

'est.

lit consists
allcr ones,
lape. Mr.
[■ the ' New
sconeiy of
siins of" the
ck'iis, iuul,
j)lc-j)ointe(l
iTuler ; but,
-the Mont
I'-fivo miles
approached
])r(ipt>scd to
lited States
Ic Avas un-
lis willing-
np, also of
1 nie Avhon
m])ting the
np success-
base of the
, thecaintal
es there is a
iiey is by a
)wlitz l*ass.
isit by two
)untaiii, but
inie of our
lilt to trace,
licil by Mr.
riic jxcneral
lich heads
in, the same
L. V. Kautz,
n formed mc
1 their route
ay, being a
ey were just
ic, being in
t obliged to
it has been

r after His

MoHutdins and Mouittainccrinij In tlir I'dr Hfst. .'391

Ibitannic Majesty's Auibassador to th. Court of Madrid.
C'oininodore Wilkes, U. S.N. , estimated it to b(! !),.■> 50 feet above
the ocean, and says that it ' may be seen fr<»m the sea when
eighty miles distant.' * It is the only instance of the dome-
shaped iormation on the coast. Its smooth and sperieal form,
undi^figured by rocks or sears, captivates the eye. Ihnnboldt's
notice of it lias been given in the first article on this subject,
when treating of the volcanic activity of these mountaiii.j.
Mr. Thomas .F. Dryer of Portland, formerly editor of ' The
Weekly Oregonian,' who first made the ascent of Mount Hood,
Avas the first to ascend this mountain in the year 18,10. 'le
j)ublished an account of it in the above mentioned journii!.

Some notion of the difficulties attendant upon mountaineering
ill these new (rouniiies may he formed fruni the fact that u
])arty whi- h started a few years since from Portland, fi»- the
ascent of Mount St. Helens, never even reached its base, and
v.as obliged to return after an absence of about a fortnight,
its time being limited.

Mount Adinns is nearly due east of iVIount St. Helens. It
was named after John Q"'"ccy Adams. Little or nothing is
known res|)ecting this mountain. 1 believe that it lias never
been ascended. Professor Whitney, in the pajter before
quoted, states that Mount Adams, the next high point north
ol' Mount Hood, was measured by Dr. Vansant, U.S.A., tri-
goiioinctrically at 13,258 feet. Dr. Brown sets down this
mountain at about !J,000 feet.

Mount Hood, — A careful measurement of the height of this
])('ak was made by Lieutenant-Colonel Williamson, of the
U.S. Topograjiliical Engineers. His instruments consisted of
cistern barometers, graduated so as to read to the l-2v)00th
of an inch, and wet and dry thermometers easily reading to
the 10th degree. At the summit, the barometer estimated for
a temperature of .'{2° Fahrenheit stood at iy"!)4l inches.
Making the necessary computation, the height was found to
be 11,22,) feet.f It is the most conspicuous peak the traveller
sees on his journey up the Columliia Iviver, and is remaik-
alile lor its symmetry ; consequently, it is a favourite subject
witii artists.

It was first ascended by Mr. Thomas .7. Dryer, before
mentioned, and W. Lake, in August, 18,')4. Humlvildt's
stateineiit that it was ascended by ' Lake, Travaillot, and
Heller ' is wrong as regards the two latter, and wnmg as

* ' Voya.L'f KouihI tlic Wurld.'

t ' Hcieiitiric Aiuerieiui,' JiiMUury 18, 1.SG8.

392 Mountiiin-f and Man- 1 liiireri/ii/ in titc Far West.

regards the omission of IMr. Dryer's name. Captain Tra-
Viiillot, ^lajor Ilaller (not Heller), and Judge Olney, started
with Messrs. Dryer and Lake, hut had to turn hack, all three
of thoin hoing taken ill at an elevation of 7U|°, as marked hy
the theodolite. As hcfore stated, Mr. Dryer wrote an account
of his journey in the ' Oregonian,' a file of which is kept at
the otHce in Portland. In the first article I have given some
data as to its volcanic character. I joined a party for the
ascent, but we were foiled at the foot of the peak hy bad
weather, and had not sufficient j)rovision8 to enable us to
make another attempt.

The mountain is near to Portland, being not more than sixty
miles distant hy a good waggon road, and the country settled
U]) to within fifteen or twenty miles of its base. In consequence,
and owing as well to the absence of difficulties, it has been often
ascended. Tlie only obstacle is a bergschrund at the foot of
the ])eak, estimated by different travellers to be from 5(30 to
7<l() feet below the summit. But it is only occasionally that
any trouble is experienced. It can generally be jumped over,
or crfisscd by a snow bridge. I know of an instance where a
j)arty, being unprovided with an axe for cutting steps after
crossing the crevasse, actually had to turn back. It was for a
long time believed that there were not any glaciers, n^ there
are none on the side always ascended, 'ibis was doubtless
owing to the ignorance of travellers, as, once on the sunnnit,
glaciers ought t(» have been noticed by any experienced
ol)servcr. JJut in the year )H7(), Air. Arnold Hague, Assistant
Geologist in the U. H. Geological Exploration of the 4()th
parallel, accompanied by Mr. A. D. Wilson, Topograjjlier of
the survey, vi-ited .Mount Hood under the instructions of Mr.
Clarence King mentioned in the first article, for the jiurpose of
examining the geological and litholojiicjil character of the extinct
volcano. ' The summit of Mount Hood exposes on the east,
north, and lorth-wcst sides a bold, precipitous, jagged mass
of rock, wliii.h forms the outer wall of the olil crater, encir-
cling it fur three-fifths of the circumference. The ren)aining
jMirtion of the wall is wanting, the other two-fifths presenting
a compaiativcly easy slope down to the timber-cuvered ridges
l)elow. The crater is nearly half a mile wide from east to
west. The wall \ipon the inner side rises above the snow and
ice, filling the biisin smne ~\M feet, while upon the outer side it
falls (ill' abruptly for 2,0(10 ieet. 'I'liis rim of the crater is very
narrow ; in many places the crest is not more than two feet
wide. Three di>linet glaciers have their origin in this basin,
each the source of a stream of considerable size; the glaciers

of the
White I
extends
of a mil
ing 500
the mou
siderabl
they ar(
rreologic
vicinity
which e
cutting
old vole

AVith
Whitne
mountai
Mount
range,
me. C
high as

JSlou)
J'ca/i, a
])eaks
name
present
seen fn
settler
the mot
It is (l(
says th
cone, a
ing to \
of Lak(
spelt V
the stai
near it;
long (
deserv*
ing to
before

• T

t '^^
Nortli

vol, ii.

jti^

■m

'est.

Mountains and MountainecriiHi in the Fur IVcst. 393

tain Tra-
?y, started
;, all three
larked by
111 account
is kept at
ivcn some
ty for tlie
k by bad
blc us to

than sixty
try settled
nsequencc,
been often
the foot of
(.in 500 to
inally that
iiped over,
ce wliere a
?teps after
: was for a
•s, as there
I doubtless
lie summit,
xpeiiciiced
;, Assistant
if the 40tii
if;ra})her of
ons (»f Mr.
jiurpose of

I lie extinct

II the east,
^jjed mass
iter, eiicir-

reinaiiiing
pres(iitin<(
■red ritlges
)iii ea.>»t to
> snow and
liter side it
iter is very
11 two feet
this basin,

he jrhuMCI'S

of the White, the Sandy and Little Sandy Rivers. The
White Kiver glacier heads on the eastern side of the crater, and
extends in a south-easterly direction. It is nearly a quarter
of a mile wide at the head, and about two miles loii^f , extend-
in<r 500 feet below the line of timber growth ii[)on the sides of

the mountain The glacier of Sandy Kiver is ccm-

siderably broader than the glacier of White Kiver. In length

they are about equal One of the most marked

geological and topographical features of Mount Hood and the
vicinity is its very extensive system of extinct glaciers,
which everyAvhere gouged out immense trough-shaped valleys,
cutting down deeply into the earlier trachytic lava flows of the
old volcano.' *

With reference to these last described peaks. Professor
AVhitney says: 'Dr. J. G. Cooper, who is familiar with the
mountains of Oregon and Washingtcm Territory, considers
Mount Hood not as high as some other peaks of the same
range. Other experienced observers have stated the same to
me. On the whole I conclude that jNIount Hood is not as
high as Mount Shasta, Kainier, or Adams.' f

Mount Jefferson, The Tliree Sisters, Diamond Peak, Seott's
J'ea/i, and Mount Pit. — It is doubtful whether any of these
]»caks have l)eeii ascended. Mount .Fefferson received that
name from Lewis and Clarke in 1805. The Three Sisters
j)rescnt three j)yramidal jieaks, all nearly of the same height as
seen from Mount Hood. Diamond Peak is so called from a
settler of that name, who, being chased by tlic Indians took to
the mountain, and lay concealed tlicre for two or three days.
It is doubtful wlieth"rhe ascended to the summit. Dr. Hrowii
says that ' Mount Scott presents the appearnncc of a truncated
cone, and is, doubtless, likewise an extinct volcano,' Accord-
ing to the same authority. Mount Pit, whicli is a little to the west
of Lake Tliimat, * has never been ascended. The name is often
spelt Pitt, but erroneously, the title being derived, not from
the statesman, but from the number ol" pits dug by the Indians
near its base. Its other name is derived from Dr. M'Laughlin,
long (iovernor of the ILnlsoii I>ay ('ompany, and a iiaiiie
deservedly held in deej) veiun'ation in the north-west.' Accortl-
ing to HiimboUh its height is 9,548 feet. Kobert CJrecMhow,
before mentioned, says that * Mount Madis<iii is the Mount

• Tlie ' Knfnnccringiiml Mining JoiiniHl,' Now York, ^bireli 7, 1H7I.

I ' Wliidi is the IligliL'st Momitain in tiio IJnit.eii States, and which in
N'irtli Ami'i'icii ." — ' I'mcccdiiigsot'tlic ("aliliiriiiii Academy oCSi'iL'ni'os,'
vol. ii. l.S.^.S-tL'. Sail Francisco, l«(i;5.

394 Mountains and Mountaineeriuy in the Far fTcst.

INIat'laughlin of the lliitish maps,' and tliat ' Mount Jackson is
a stupendous pinnacle under the parallel of 41° 40' called by
the British Mount Pitt.'

It has been reported to nic that there is a very higli and pre-
cipitous wall of rock round the suniniit of IMount .Jefferson, so
that it is a}>i)arently impracticable, but it is improbable that
this extends entirely rouiui the peak. The Three Sisters is
said to be a very steep mountain.

Mount S/iu.sta. — Professor Whitney, in the paper before
quoted, says that there is no vinecrtainty rc(rardin<^ the height
of this mountain, for ' a careful series of barometrical obser-
vations by the State Geological Corps in September 1862,
fixed it at 14,440 feet.' lliere are not any glaciers on the
south side. Here the ascent is very easy, there is a good
track, and it can be followed all the Avay up to the sunnnit on
a mule's back. In early September, 1870, iMr. Clarence King
with a small detachment of the U.S. (jieological Exploration of
the40th parallel, acting under the orders of Major-General Hum-
phreys, visited this mountain. On September II tiiey climbed
to the top of the lesser Shasta, a conical secondary crater jutting
out from the main mass of the mountain on its north-west side.
' In the afternoon, at about half-past 1 o'clock, we reached the
rim of the cone, anil looked down into a deep gorge lying
between the secondary crater and tlie main mass of Shasta,
and saw directly beneath us a fine glacier, which started almost
at the very crest of the main mountain, flowing towards us and
curving around tlie circular ba^e of our cone. Its entire length
in view was not less than three miles, its width oj)positeour
station about 4,000 feet, the surface here and there terribly
broken in 'cascades,' and presenting alltiie characteristic features
of similar y-laciers elsewhere. Tiie rcifion of tlie terminal
moraine was more extemlcd than in the Alps.' The foHow-
iiig morning they ascciKk'd to the extreme summit. ' From
the crest I walked out to the northern edge of a prominent
s]nir, and looked down upon the system of tiiree considerable
glaciers, the largest about four and a-lialf miles in length, and
two to three miles wide.'*

ConcliiKlon. — This concludes all the information which I
iiave been able to gather respecting the mountains of the
I'acific slope, a region which, though vast in itself, forms but
a section of the great Aiiieiican continent, and has as yet been
but little explored. While it oilers a large and fertile held to
the nnin of science, it possesses peculiar opportunities for those

* ' Kiigiia'ciiiig iiiiil Milling .Journal,' of Nuw York, Marcli 7, lfS71.

trails,

liiiiiik

m 'Ix — »" «'>" m

•mmmmm

St.

aoksnii is
called by

1 and pre-

Ifi-son, so
able that
ISitsters ia

before
he height
!al obser-
)er 1862,
;i's on the
s a good
iinnuit on
nee Kinir
oration of
;ral Iluin-
y climbed
er jutting
west side,
ehed the
rge lying
f Shasta,
:ed almost
(Is us and
ire length
posite our
[! terribly
c features
terminal
le follow-
' From
romincnt
isiderablo
iigtli, and

which 1
s of the
onus but
yet been
e held to
for those

li 7, 1S7J.

Mountains ami Mountuiiu'ci imj in the Far Went. 395

pursuits, which are entered into with so keen a zest by many
^ of the members of the Alpine Club.

'■h

NotcH l)y Dr. Ifobort Brown, M.A., F.K.ii.S., rii.D., F.L.S., latn
'; Prosiilciit of the lioyiil J'liysicul Hociety, Kdiiilmigli, mi siiucinioiis of
. rocks iiiid plants colloctcd on Mount Baker by tho author oi the fore-
going article.

Gkology.*

1. 'From Eiver Bottoms, twenty and fifty miles from the summit,
; according to route travelled, of cour.sc less as the crow Hies.'

Various rolled fragment of vesicular lavas of recent origin. One
or two specimens of tuliis, apparently of red vokiuiic ash, tliongli of an
old date, as the specimens an.' con.solidated, and in the intcr.^tices are
, various minerals, cliieily apatites, &c. There are also two bits of traj>,
I the variety ' dolerite ' ])eing tlie j)rincipal form. The other specimen
is a bit of crystalline limestone or marble, of a yellowish white colour.
]\birblc is connnon in various parts of the neighliourlng country.

2. ' From the mountain aljove tho snow-lino, between 7,300 leet and
the sMunnit.'

Abiss of very recent volcanic ash, only partly consolidated, undis-
tinguishalile Irom some Irom Vesuvius of last year's eruption ; slaggy
scoriie of conunon volcanic type ; dark lava, not very vesicular, and
of an ancient date ; various tufas, one almost iuenlicid with the beds
on either siile of the stairs leading from Waterloo I'lacc uji tlie Carlton
Hill, at Kdinhurgli, and wliicli Maclanii ('(leology of File ami the
Lotlii.'uis,' p. (lit) di'sigiiated hy tlio now rather vague name of porphyry.'

The whole of this set shows clearly the occurrence of repeated t'rup-
tions of the mountain, witii the UHual accompaniments of lava, ashes,
&c., the oldei' lavas appro;u'liing in a]ipearanc(! some ol'lhe more recent
tra]is, such as those of Disco Island, in Greenland ; the newer ones, or
tuliis, slightly varied, being one and all of the usual type foinid in the
vicinity of volcanic cones.

.'i. ' From sleeping-place, Bennett and self, 9,2()."t fiet,'
This iippears to be a calcareous deposit from sonio hot spriiig.
Were there any signs of sueli springs in the vicinity ? It is of ,i
I'liaracter not uncommon in .soiuc! parts of the world, but is very loose
and crumbling.

1. ' l.ava older than ours. Dr. Comrie.'

A Mack lava full of vesicular cavities, wealher-worn, but not aniyg-
tlaloid ; identical with specimen 1 have from Icelaiul.

• ). ' From a thin vein of sandstone close to the lu've.'

The only thing 1 can .see remaikahle about it is a little bit of lava in

* Dr. liiwvn, in h IcKit to tim iniilmr rcfciTiiig In tho sin'cimcns. Biiyn, 'They
iiro very intcrc.'jiiiig itti KJiDwnig lliu llinri)u;^iily voK'iniic cliiiniclii- of tliu luuuti*

tain.'

396 Mountains rind Mountaineering in the Far West.

the sandstone. Was not a trap (l3'ke in the vicinity ? or does not this
' thin vein ' owe its consoUdation to the ovcrpouring of the iava-
strcani upon it ?

n. ' Mud from self and Bennett's sloeping-place. Same formation as
that preceding, from summit, 9,"JG,") feet alwive sea-level.'

Old tufii, witli a whitening calcareous deposit, apparently from the
same spring as that referred to in No. .'5.

7. ' From the mountain above the snow-line.'

It seems a mass of white siliceous sinter from a hot spring, such as
arc common in Iceland and other volcanic countries.

8. ' From highest exposed rocks, near tlic summit.'
Old volcanic tufa, with crystals of augite.

9. ' First day's descent.'

A hit of lava, with a thin coating of sulphur on it.

10. 'From summit of highest point of visible rock, rolled down from
cornice while making step. Picked up while rolling down.'

Limestone. Tiiongh it looks as if it had been comiiaratively recently
dejiosiled from some calcareous spring. Was there a stratum or bed
of it?

11. ' Outside shell of extinct crater next the peak on that side, 7,300
feet. A kind of conglomerate.'

It is a dull compact felspathic lava or greenstone (trap).

Flora.*

Saxifragn •opathuli/olin. Common everywhere.

iS i.'-ifnuia (hdianii. Swamps at 1,<HI() teet.

Sa.rifraga stilUtris (?) (Jn ridge leading to fourth day above Ptar-
migan.

fSd.i-ifrnijn tn'tlcntntd. A true Aljiine.

J'nli/jiin/iiim j)lii(/iijitcris. A coninion fern in all temperate countries.

J'o/i/jHiiliiim Dri/iijitirif. iMiich the same iilaccs as J'. ])lu'</<>jitcris.

Adidiitiim judaliini. A very beautiful Maiden's Hair iern. Low
down ; conuuon at all altididcs.

CenitiicliliKi lin'vian'f:t<ilii. \ grass.

Kpiliibiiim iingiislijoliinn. Willow herb.

Cieniiiiitiii ('/(cvVum.

Gentia
CEiidll

Sciicci
//ieriii
hitlm
J'hinii
().ri/rl(
Ml ii:l
to C,()it(i
Mimid

)t
Covjjd

Ariiict
Trienii
JJoS((r
Lupin
Ptarmigi
Arclos
En/tIn
Cniiipi
J'l/roli
The m
The pi
Bented b)
The tr
a twig, b
There
with a bi
^ iilla. O
! rently M
As toi
i but a m!!

i Still I hi

mountaii
I.. Li/ali

* Note by I'r. Hrowii : - ' I ciicIdsc ycin ii few iintow (in yimr iMciiiMt baker ]iliintH.
I iiin sorrvllmt tliryurc so iiii'iuiipli'lii, Imt iiiiuiy of the iiliiiils wcrr in ii ooiiditiuM
wliii'li niiiliTucl it nil Imt iinpos.sil.lii to tnako it llu^ s|ioi'ifs, willicnit I'Dtii-
j>nrisoii with niitluiilii' lirrljjiriuiii Kiicciiiicn.s, luid even tlicii with (liHiciilly. Suiiiu
(if liio loLMlit ics M cm cirioiis for the Hporics, but lis 1 Imvo uothilig siive tlio liiljcls
to po on, I run simply lake llitiii as tlwy are piveri.'

Not I' !.y the aiitlior : — ' 111 aiiilii ion to tlie nliove, Mr. .bilin beiini'lt (wlio formeil
fine ot'tlu! jiiirty on llio tir.<t iillempi to cliinli tlie mounlaiiO elaiiiieil lo have been
tin; tirhl to iliseover tlic trtte Seolcli heatln^r witliin tile liinils of tlie rnileil "tates.
He wrote an necount of it, ami hent a speiMiiun to (iiie of llic learned soeietieHof
New ^'ork ; tlioii),'li. a.- lir. I'lrowii always (imls llie ^peeilnells lalielled " heather"
to be a Miiuimi'i, eoii.'-ideralile dmibl '\n thrown on the "ilisoovery."'

AscF.j;
our nun
Wiener
highest-
city of
I'l'iitlam
howcvei

■i^

jn-sf.

Alpine Notes,

397

does not tliis
of the lava-

I formation as
ntlj' from tlie

•ring, such as

1 down from

I.'

I'ely recently

atuni or bed

t side, 7,300

above Ptar-

countries.
<il<)j>t('vis.
ibni. Low

llentiaiin. Swampy places.

Q'^nothera biennis. Open sunny places.
,, vinosd.

Senccio mtrcns (?)

lliernciinii Scoulcii,

Liitltiva{!)

Phkitm (!)

0.ri/ri(i{!)

Miiuicgin cmpetriformis. Always marked as 'heather;' from 5,000
I to G,()(i(l feet.

Miinulus liiteus. IMonkcy flower.
,, iiioschalU'f.

Cori/tlalis Scoiileri. 3,000 ft., forest, deep shade.

A rnira wnplexicaulis.

Tricntnlis Eitrtipivd.

Ilusarkid J'lirsliidiin (?) On ridge loa<ling to second day.

Lnpinus sericens. On ridge leading to fuurih day's camp above
Ptarmigan.

Arclost(iphi/lus uva-vrsi. ,, ,, ^^ f,

Kvjithronium (/r<inilljU>rum.

Caiitpnnuht linijhlia.

J'j/mlii cUiptica.

The moss without fruit was a ITi/pnnm apparently.

The plant found at the highe.st point on the mou'icain is only repre-
sented by a leaf, but is apparently a Gmiphaliiwi,

The true juniper, found higher than any other trees, was als» only
a twig, but ajipears to be ,/uniperus communis.

Tiicro was also on the same cird (collected hy Mr. IJenneft). along
with a bit of Menziesia, a i'ragmentof Cassiope tctnii/onu, and a I'ntcn-
tilld. One ^Jenzicsia is marked as having purple flowers. It is appa-
rently M, fvrruijinca, but there are no flowers.

Ah lor the sficcies oi Abies and I'inus, I found nothing in the parcel
but a niaKS of leaves. Without cones I could only guess at the species.
Still I have made out that high on the mount;iin are found, as on most
mountains in N.W. America, Abies Patto.r'ana, and a Larix, probably
/.. J.i/allii. '" addition to the common coui..ry Conifenv lower down.

fakiT ]i|;llltN.

II Oiilldilinll

ilhnllt iMllll-

iilty. Sumo
vo the lilbels

wlio fdrniiiil
Imvc l)(M'ii
iiiti'il "lutes.
SOl'il'lit'H of

"liciillicr"

ALriNE NOTES.

Asci'NT or Illimani. — Tho following extract is from 'Nature': — 'In
our number of August '.♦ we briefly noticed the ascent made by M.
Wiener of the mountain Illimani, one of the highest— if not tho
highest — of the liolivian Andes, which forms a noble ol>ject from the
city of La I'a/, and was formerly i imputed (on the authority of Mr.
I'l'Utiaiul) to have an altitude of no lesti than 21, 200 feet.* M. Wiener,
however, makes its height only 20,112 feet, while Mr. Minchin, as we

* Iluinboldt, iiowovcr, gives 21,146 foot.— El).

;5t)s

Aljiiiii Xdtcs.

have already obpcrvod, plans it^^ altifud." at •21,:.'2l feet. If tlie latter
estimate he correct, M. Wiener lias, w(; believe, not only nuide tlio
highest ascent whicli has been made in the Andes, Imt lias attiiiiied a
greater altitude than has hitherto bten reached on the earth out of
Asia, and in Asia has only been beaten by Mr. Johiison, who some
years ago got to a height ol 22,.'5()l) feet in Cashmere. As the recorded
aseents to tlio heiirht v[ 21,(li>0 feet are extremely few, we siiall liegliiJ
to hear further particulars respecting M. Wiener's exploit, and more
especially wdiether he experienced much exhaustion through the rare-
faction of the air. Practised mountaineers who have clindied to a
heiu-ht of 17,000 to IS.OOO feet have been of opinion that even at such
altitudes tliere is a very important and ]>erceiitil)le iiiininution of tiie
bodily jiowers, and think it probable that tlie height of 20,000 or
2G,()t)0 feet will l)o found to bo about the limit wdiicli will ever he
reach(nl on foot. As a set-olf to this opinion we mav mention the liicts
that hunters in the Himalayas fre((Uently pursue their game at heights
exceeding -JOiOO't feet without experiencing any notable inconvciuenee
from the low barometric pressure, and that natives living on the base
of Demavcnd, near Teheran, often ascend to its summit to gather sul-
phur from its crater without any creat difhculty. The height of this
mountain, there is re.ason to believe, also exceeds 20,000 feet, al-
though it has never been accurately determined.* If, thereliire, severe
Mork can bo done with impunity at such elevations, it seems not un-
rea.sunablo to sui)pose that much gn^ater heights might be attained by
mi'ii wdio had previously accustomed themselves to life at high alti-
tudes. Aeronauts, anyhow, have [.rovetl that life can wist at JStM'OO
feet aliove the level of the sea, and that at 2.'),t)(X) feet and upwards
one may positivtdy be comfortable if sufficiently warndy chid. That
sucli is tlie ca.se is sutlicieiitly remarkahle, t()r "travellers in the air "
have to sustain incomparably more rapid variations of jiressuie and
temperature than moimtain-climbors. Mr. Glaisher, on his meuiorahle
ascent on September .'i, 18(12, left the earth at 1 P.M., and in less than
an hour shot up to a height of ;iO,(lOO feet. At starting, the tempera-
ture of the air was ;")'.) .leg., and at its greatest altitude it was (!1 deg.
lower. Mountainocr.s experience no such extreme variations as these.
They rarely a.scend more rapiilly than 1,000 feet per hour, never so
nuudi as l.">,ooo (oet in a dr-, and become to some extent accliniatized
as they progress upwards. (In the whole we are inclined to think
that man will not rest until he has at least attempted to reach the
loftiest .summits on the eartli, though wc will venture to assert that
it will be lou'j before anyone crushes down the snow on the suminit of
Mount Kverest.'

CiMA 1)1 Nakdisio (Fiii:siini,i.i)), or ('im\ i«i Vai,i.o\ (Ai'sti:ian Go-
vr.itNMKNT Map).— (Jn September II, 1877, Messrs. U. Gaskell and M.
Ilolzmann, with A. Laceilelli, of Cortina, as guide, made the first

» />r/»fl)vw/.-('iipt. Na'icr, umi.'v dale Tclu'nin, NovcniluT 1(3, 1877, wntos
1.)Mr. .Monro as follows: -I liiwo hi-cn up IVmi.ivi'ikI .ipiiii with iv new l:ir"-
111. •Or I l.reilirlit out, iind hiiv« re.lnce.l lii.. ini-lil In IH.AOO (or, oxactl}' 18,11':*)
I'll.' .'S<M^ Al|iiiii> .Iciuriial, iNo. ,'>7. p. 'M\.

.>;i'.-.ai2

Mi^m^fS

ii^H

■^■'-

Advertitements.

In th» Press, small post 8vo. elath extra,

iLPINE ASCENTS & ADVENTURES;

OB,

ROCK AND SNOW SKETCHES.

TL. SOI3:"0"TZ; "MTILSOlsr,

Member of the Alpine Olnb,
Author of <8tudiea uud Bonuuoea,' Ao. *o.

"With Two Illustrations, by Marcus Stone, A.R.A.
and Edward "Whyinper.

'I Moept tbe noU.
I ohoow to wXk high with ittbUmer dnad
BatlMr than ewwl in lotety.'

Qbobob Buot, Armtart.

London: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, 8EAELE, & RIYINGTON,
Cioira Bnildings. 188 Fleet Street.

MACMILLAH & GO.'S PU BLICATIOMS.

Tbtrd Edition, arowii8T0.»«. JtubttUf.

•RANSCAUCASIA AND ARARAT. By James Bbtce,

Author of • Th» Hofy Bomaa Bmpiw.' Bdng Noi« of a Yioatioa Tow tn tho Antnmn of
1876. With lUiwtnUtton Mtdltap. _ .

, Tho Timet rayi :— ' He has produood • tbtj lnt«re»ting volume, full of infmnation. . • •>!» P™-
fBryoe'i bold anaut of Mount Anmt alono, when KUidi and OoMMks Hike «*«ft^ n|n»iJ»;^»X" *
J f eat of Diountiiin oHmWng which In ItwU prOTea him to bo no unworthy member of th«rAJ*ie Oluft.
{Tills alone would render bl* book well worth reading, quite apart from the store of Inloitoatlon oon-
[ tained in it.'

[LORD MELBOURNE'S MEMOIRS. By W. M. Tobmhs,

j M.P. With Portrait after Sir ThomaalAwwnoe. J rota. 8*0. 8«#.

THE DAILY NEWS CORRESPONDENCE OF THE

' WAR BRTWBKK BU8SU AND TUBKKT. Inolttdtof the Lettere of Mr. AwaunAU*

FoRBM, Mr. J. B. MoOAaAM, and other Bpeolal Oomapoiidente. Orow^ 8to. lOt.ed.

j CHINA. A History of the Laws. Manners, and Customs

of the People. By the Venerable JoHjf HnSRX QbAv, LL.a, Arahdaaoon of Hon* Kont,
» H.B.M. OoDsalar Chaplain at Canton. With ino fnU-paee Ulastratjoni,, being

fornierly h.d. . „ „«

F'wsimllea of Drawineis by a Chinese Artist. * vol*, demy 8vo. 82«.

[i^ortlr.

[SYRIAN SUNSHINE. By T. a Applkton, Author of ' A Nile

I Journal.' Crown 8to. es.

PHYSIOGRAPHY: an Introduction to the Study of Nature.

' By Frofossor UuxiJiY, F.B.B. With Coloored Plata* and nuuierons Woodcut* Crown 8vo.
t/dd. [Aeoiiif fdtMsii, now rfwiy.

MACMILLAN it CO., London.

«i i»i » « i |r i ji | >ii« i «r i i i iMHn i i i i i ii m wm tu n

■Af-

''liiv Wv

Admtitmi^j

TO THE lira; w^^

EDMISTCWf &

SOLE. MANUPACTtmSi^ OP

Uifij ' iM ' liiu ' Ji i ''"" ' It'l l

and ifiM^mHilSi'
Price ftoTO 489.
Uglincafiraai vm,U,9m\

V«ati]iitisg '
VtummdOr ytt/^mvmt. All

THE NEW PATENT mM

TO OABKtJ. S^SSmU

HifTiiiifnnm,

.. t»tW •HMInmi •» MTkn

,-™^«sra.

. - " r_ THE '«tNtoMA\ e^STii"^

IMtwmii ^ A. nwbiiio'. -jLiiLJlzr:;:;^. ^ ^

r''* r