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MICROCOPY RCSOIUTION IBT CHART
lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2|
A APPLIED IN/MGE
165J Eas- Main Streei
Rochester. ■,-» Vorl. '4609 USA
i 7'6) 482 - :.300 - Phone
{''1 6) 288 - 5989 - Fo«
-/)^- -rrf~/rt/-^-.^_
CANADA
DEPARTMKNT OF MIXES
Hov. A„Tn,« Mk,..„.s, M,s,sr.K. ( h.k,.,. , vmsk,.,., „„.,,,. m,„.,„
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
William M( I^^L^ Oikl, ,,,„.
MEMOIR
118 I
No. I(X), (ihoi H.RAL ShKlts
Mineral Deposits
between LiUooet and Prince George,
British Columbia
I eopold Reinecke
.,^"^'- 'S. ,y
8:.': ;..
■ ^''^^/.-.'j-v-E
CO-'
.'•-I I
f '-iN
-fi
:!i :;(;
MfNT
OTTAWA
THOMAS MU1.VEY
PKINTER TO MIS MUST EXCELtENT MAJES
No. ISli)
CANADA
DKr'AKTMKN T OF MINES
Hon. AtTiii k Mkishun Mimm »; Ciukiks Cvmskll, Dkp.tv Minmtm.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
WiLIIVM .\r(|NNt'<, UlBEttOH.
I MEMOIR 118
No. 100, Geological SstiES
Mineral Deposits
between Lillooet and Prince George,
British Columbia
BY
Leopold Reinecke
sm—i
OTTAWA
THOMAS MULVEY
PRINTER TO S .MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1920
No. 1819
CONTENTS,
CIIAITKIl I.
IlllltMluctkin; liK'tttiim uiiii trjir|Mirtatioii
Tnpnitrnphy ; riiiiiatc; imrii'iilliw
( ■•'itloiiy
CIIAITICU II.
Ilyii.onmgnriiiti'; calcttrrMUM ttifii
DlwomiU-; MMliiiin rarbotiatf. . . .
Cluy
CIIAITKK III.
CIIAITKH IV.
CIIAITKK V.
CIIAITKIl VI.
Dintoinacifni* nirth; liKiiitc; ix'ridot ; illicit
CIIAITKK VII.
Chromiti', miilybili'uiti-; innnKiinrm'; nickil
(!nld; wlvcr; iii|i|>tr; Inul.
CIIAITKK VIII.
t
20
St
7«
Index.
i'lato I.
II.
III.
IV
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XI!.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
Figun- 1 .
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
!).
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Irt.
17.
18.
5172— U
lUuttrotiont.
KpKuniitc liikr Bt Cliii'm FniiitUpiccn
Fraser river at ikxln i- ■ lOO
\. Hl'uU- (if till' Ciildw.,: I- rormution at Pavilion ill)
H, HciIm of Friiwr Kivrr fiinimti<in iK)
llydrimiaKnrHiti' (l(|HWit at Mrmlow lake 1 1 1
NiHlulur ill |M)Mil of Kj pHiim uml culcitc in bouttlrr olay above the iiyilro-
iiittHnrmir Ht Cliiitiin 112
Detail of u iHirtion of I'liiti' V ii;{
KuMt end of Kelly lake 114
Calcuri'oim tufa or travertine near Clinton 1 Ifi
Stnietiire of tli' I'urved bed.s near Clinton i nj
VeinleLs of iifiiniii-niuiii Hulpliate on Seottie rreek 117
I'ooIh of .io<liuiii earbonate in Lust Chance lake HH
Hi'Hidiuil clay, Frawr canyon 119
HeHidiiul elay, Konaparte river 12()
Diatoiiiaeeoiis earth overliiiii by buNalt, 20 mileH iwnith-vext of ({iiesnel 121
HiiHalt on Timothy mountain 122
Serjientine near C'lrotne ep'ek ; 'j
'>iien-eiit on Timotiiy innuntuin . . 1^4
Alinrral oeeurrenees', I'arific Orent Kantern railway, betw Soda
Cn-ek and Prince Georne , 2
Mineral oceurreiieeH, Pacific (ireat Eastern railway, bt tH-en Lil. .oet and
Soda Creek 3
Hydromauneiiite near Clinton 27
Chemical comjxwition of hydrous mii»r.,nium carbi.- 'n compounds. . . 33
HydromuRxu'Hite >l posits at Meadow t. ' •■ 45
Hydromimnesite d. jyisits at WatH.m lik.' 47
Mixle of format ion of corrugated ridjs • travertine hO
Epsomite deposit n< iiT Clinton 52
laealized cross-sretions of epsoniite deposit near Clinton ,54
Cross-section of Bitter lake, Kruger mountain, Washington, U.S.A.. . . 5.5
Cross-section of clay ni'ar Chimney Creek bridge fiS
Clav and diatomaei iius earth near Quesnel 70
Molybd nit", p ridot, and copper ore on Timothy mountain 82
^L^ =. "' ■ 87
80
!m
102
Chromite near Chrome cn-ek .
FracfurinK of s -rp ntine near .Scottic creek.
Silver-liMid claims near Ahbau lake
Quartz veins and tunnel near Ahbau lake.
Old workings on (told claims, Hixon creek 104
Mineral Deposits Between Lillooet
and Prince George, British Columbia.
j
CHAPTKIl I.
INTRODUCTION.
This inomoir is based on inforinaf ion ol)t,ain(Ml <liiiiiiK a re(^oiinai>san('o
of the known oecurrenees of mineral ileposits of p()ssil)le economic value
lying within the area served by the I'aeitic Great Ivistern railway iietween
Lillooet and Prince (;(>orKc (Port CicorKe), British ('olumbia (FiRures 1
and 2). The country adjacent to this railway between Sciuamish and Lillooet
was examined by Charles (,'amsell ' in 1917. The area traverseil by the rail-
way for some to miles north of Lillooet was examined and geologically
mapped by U. M. Dawson.'^
In 1!>18 certain minerals were urgently retjuired for war purposes.
Several of these minerals were said to occur in the area in question and the
writer was instructed to examine and report on them. The territory
covered in 1918 extends from Lillooet to about 140 miles north. Three
and one-half months were consumed in field work, and of that period six
weeks wvw spent in examining deposits distant, by road and trail, from It)
to 01) miles from the railway line. In 1919 two and onivhalf months were
spent in completing the exploration along the railway line as far as Prince
George about 3U() miles north of Lillooet, and an additional month was
devoted to the area traversed in 1918.
Nearly the whoh; of the first season was si)ent within the southern
portion of the field, but the time taken in visiting outlying deposits during
both the first anil second sca.sons made any attempt at areal mapping on
a compreh(>nsive scale impossible. Sketch topographic maps were made of
the principal tleposits reported on and as much detailed geological work
as jxissible was done in their vicinity. A c(>rtain amount of prospecting
was also done whenever time allowe(l.
The mineral deposits examined are unusually diversified in character
and .some of them are of uncommon occurrence. They include hydro-
magnesite, epsomite, sodium carbonate, clays, deposits of diatomaceous
earth, lignite, muscovite and peridot, chromite, molybdenite, as well as
occurren(U's of minerals (^irrying values in silver, lead, copi)er and gold,
nianganest , and nickel. (\'rtain of these minerals that were quoted at
high |)rices during the time the field investigation was made, are now
scarcely salealile. There is, however, a i)rospect of a demand arising for
them within a year or two. Others are not stri(rtly "war minerals" and
the demani! for them has not been affected to so great a degree. Some
of the dei).isits represent new and unexploited assets and will become
more valual)le as the country develops.
This report does not treat of any part of the ('ariboo placer gold
deposits which lie to the northeast, which have been the subject of s]iecial
study by B. R. MacKay of this department.
iCamsell, Cliarlw. Gmil. ,Surv., Can . Sum. Hcpt . 1917. pt. H. pp. I'.'H 211!.
=0:iwMon. <:. .\I., "Hrport (Ml the nrfa of tlie K:i)nIoops nmp-alut't, MritL-^li Colurnbia." (>eol. Surv..(:an..
Ann. lii'pt., 1S!«, vol. VH, pf. H
'^ *'- s:7;,!jfi&asr''- --
I
•iita) I
Figure 2. Mineral oreurrcnces, Pacific Great Eastern railway, between Lillooet and Soda
Creek, British Columbia.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The writer is indebted to Mr. F. Calvert of the Stewart Calvert Co.,
industrial chemists of Oroville, Washington, for several analyses of hydro-
magnesite, epsomite, and sodium carbonate, as well as for much information
concerning thosodoposits- t..\i
arpn r>f ;-_ '■■'>'ii' i-iahtern railwix- ti. * .»j'""u(i wjij afford <
Trunk Pnnifi M "^°" Pomp etcd as f.r ' p • '" ""'•'« from Vanroii
servic'e up tho Fr^Lr f^^P ^ ''""'" '■'^''''- from Quos , t ' *^""- ^ ••
Trunk Piicifi,! o,t ," ^'■'"'■'^ <^'f •"•>;<.. Jk'f ,ro f 1,? ' •?■•''''' ''* ■'**<"'"'l'
trains to tl K » o ?r '™-1-^'^" ""tfi«i„j, p ^t £ ""''''"« "^ t''*- <>''
'lirection. TIutp i* '"""'<'J''l ' iiarrur to traasi,„rt. ; • " J^'ovin
and another ;:";;;/*,^r:L''-'f!" ^^ i.iiiooot!":r:;^v^i"' ""*-^^'
is no l.ri,l^an, th r ''''' ^^'^ '"•■<"" '1^ , ;.' "' f ""'"".-y or,.,
if Lillooct tho rivor r*^""^" Ooorg,.. F„r strofolw.j r '^'''^^ toll of ajj/jro?
m
of
eddies
TOPOCJRAPHV.
'""'"•■'•atinKtoZr hi /'^•'"''■^'■''^
"'K south of S.'fc ^™t'"'- is th,. oanvon of I^.i';'"*^"' ^^'^Z''"'- Th,
«n<IC E. Cart-
'««■. li.lhiKKcn
J-if lii lltivUe,
iiiid asshsfanco;
i;<)rKL' for hospi-
ii" topojfrapliic
■ and Timothy
tho (JooloKical
» li'lX, volun-
tiRutioiis. The
•'/■'''I in Plates
^orniand and
refjjeftively.
tigation of" all
afford traffic
if'd forms an
f Fraser river
' of LilloO(!t,
'iPted it will
itside World.
■ as Williams
I \ anpouver,
II tho Grand
'llent wagon
nth Quesnel
early sixties
Toni 150 to
liverginp; at
ton. From
; st(?aml)uat
" the (irand
s and pack
" province.
1 east-west
•K'y ereek,
vard there
'f ai)j)ro\i-
liles north
live in tho
' Iiifeiior
'ount.iins
'III. The
eh, tiirn-
ri almost
feau and
I
well into tl..^ ("oast Range system before it turns westward again to reach
the Pacific ocean at Vancouver. The drainage fronj the southern and
eastern portions of the area examined northward to the vall"y of Lac la
Hache and northeastward from there, does not flow din>ctly to the Fraser
hut south and oast to the Thompson which reaches tho Fraser .">() miles
south of I.illonet.
PVom Ivillooet tho railway follows the canyon of the Fraser for aliout
20 miles north of Kolly creek, whore it turns northeastward through
Jimction, or ("utoff valley (Plate VII) and follows that depression for
some It) Tuilos to the village of Clinton. Thence northward it crosses the
Green Timlior plateau, descends slightly into the valley of Lac la Hacho,
or San Jose creek, and follows that depression until it again roaches Fraser
canyon lift miles in a straight line north of Lillooet. From there north-
ward the road is within a f(>w miles of the river as far as Prince George.
For tho first 30 miles north of Lillooet tho waters o£ the Fraser are
less than 1,000 foot above sea-level, whereas to tho west within a few miles
the peaks of tho ("oast ranges risi; to t),000 and 7,500 feet above sea-level.
Eastward tl;e ridges are from (>,000 to about 7,000 feet high and thi'ir
summits, which are broad, merge into those of the Interior Plateau.
Farther north, however, the continuation of tho same ridges, known there
as Marble mountains, forms a more distinct range very sharply sei)aratod
from tho plateau to the east with sinnmits rising to (i.oOO and 7,o00 foot
above sea-level.
From CliTiton to Prince fieorgo the railway traverses the Interior
Plateau, a district nuide up of almost' flat plateau areas, of rolling round-
topped bills, and broad valleys. An example of an extensive flat area is
that of the Green Timber plateau north of Clinton. Tvpically developed
northwest of th(> railway, about 40 miles wide and from 3.800 to 4,200 foot
high, it lies between ^Iarbl(! mountanis to tho southwest and the Lac la
Huche depression 1o the northeast and is, considering its avoa, one of the
flattest parts of British Cohmibia. Except along its odj-os the drainage is
poorly developed or ./anting. A large nmnber of small salitio lakes arc
dotted over its surface.
North of the Green Timber plateau and at some distance^ from tho
immediate canyon of the Frasc, lies a country of broad valleys and rounded
hills with perhaps 300 to .")0() foot ditTerence in the elevation "of valley floors
and neighbouring hill tops. This typo of topography, but with gradually
increasing strength of relief, pei-si.^ts eastward as fav as the front ranires of
("ariboo mountains, the eastern boundary of tho Interior Plateai. system,
("ertain ])ortions of the western ridges of Cariboo mountairis, vi>itcd in
the course of this work, arc over 7,000 feet high and others fjirtluT east
evidently attain increasing altitudes.
Fraser river flows in a gorfje that lies from about 400 to l.'iOO fed
below the general plateau level. Near tho main stream its tril)Utaiics lie
in corrospoiidinjily deep gorges; between them the ridges maintai i the
level of the plateau to the east.
The immediate trough of the Fraser is a narrow trench about 2t)0 to
500 feet deep. Above this there is generally a number of terraces, the
upper surfaces of which are broad and sloj)e gently to the river (Plate II).
From the terraces the land slopes steeply upward to the rather flat tops
oMhe neighbouring ridges. Tho level of Eraser' river at its confluence
'White. James, ■•.\lti(uilf9 in Oiiu'la": Socontl edition, p. 552. Commission ul fonservaliin. f ltt.i»a. 1915.
with Nechako river, Prince GeorRe, is 1,848 feet above tule. About 100
miles downstream, at the mouth of Quesnel river, it is 1,563 feet, an average
drop of about 3 feet to the mile, which is the average gradient for the
150 miles or so of navigable waters from Prince George down to Soda
Creek. The rate of fall, however, varies somewhat and is much higher in
certain short stretches such as Fort George and Cottonwood canyons. At
the railway bridge near Lillooct, 200 m.lc? or so below Quesnel, the eleva-
tion of the river is given as 619 feet above tide. From Soda Creek, the
southern limit of navigat on, down to Lillooet, the average rate of fall is
over 5 feet to the mile. For 30 or 40 miles north of Lillooet the Fraser
occupies a particularly wild and impressive canyon and for miles at a
stretch the water surges along its narrow bed in a succession of eddies,
whirlpools, and rolls. Boat crossings are few and many of the Indians
lose their lives while fishing off the rocks for salmon.
CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURE.
The summt-r is dry and cool in the country near the Fraser from
Williams lake sou'h, but northward to Prince George the rainfall progres-
sively increases and this increase is accompanied by a change in the
character of the vegetation. Thus the immediate trough of the Fraser
from Williams lake southward, is covered with sagebrush, with little or
no timber, but back from the river douglas fir and jackpine {Pinus contorta)
are the prevailing forest trees in the well-drained portions. Where the
drainage is poor or lacking jackpine and aspen poplar prevail. There is
much open grass-covered country and alkaline lakes are of frequent
occurrence Northward from Williams lake the forest becomes denser.
White and black spruce as well as white cedar, with douglas fir and jack-
pine are found from Quesnel northward and where the forest is burned
the bottoms are covered with thickets of white birch, aspen poplar, and
willows.' An increase in the amount of rainfall, accompanied by the same
increase in the density of forest growth, holds eastward toward Cariboo
mountains. The winter climate is said to be very severe in parts of the
plateaux. • • ^ j i
The terraces on the Fraser banks are the sites of ranches irrigated by
ditches bringing water from the side streams. Fine crops of grain, hay,
and vegetables are raised in certain places up the river as far as Quesi el.
Nearer Lillooet, where the elevation is lower, beans and potatoes are pro-
duced in large quantities, and at Lillooet itself a great variety of fruit is
grown. The Interior Plateau on both sides of the Fraser is a cattle range,
some of the ranchers owning several thousand head. Horses are also
raised and small bands of wild horses are found in the mountains and are
sometimes hunted down and coralled in the winter.
CHAPTER II.
GEOLOGY.
The formations observed in the district he between, and include, the
Cache Creek series of the Carboniferous (possibly in part Devonian age),
and unconsolidated Recent deposits. Certain schists of unknown age
>The vegetation and riora along the Caribw. road from Cache Creek lo Quesnel and nort-M;e|t from there are
described ina verj intenwting manner by John Macoun, in Kept, of Prog., Gool. burv., Can., 1875-78, pp. W4-ui).
occur in the northeastern part of the area. Dawson' described the neolofty
of an area of 6,400 square miles whose northwestern portion inchidcs the
southern part of the district here dealt with from Lillooot to a point 75
miles northwest. North of the limits of Dawson's sheet the work of the
present writer dealt only with small scattered area.s of mineral deposits
that are in most cases many miles apart. Such facts as were gathered
relating to areal geoloasy, are assembled in the following chapter. Time
available was not sufficient to permit obtaining a comprehensive and
accurate idea of the geological formations underlying the whole district.
The table of formations given below is based partly on Dawson's account
and is tentative. Except in the case of the Fraser Hiver formation, thick-
nesses are as given by Dawson for the formations as tleveloped in the
southern part of the area.
Table of Formations.
1
Formation.
Age.
Character.
Maximum
thicknesB
in feet.
Recent and Glacial.
River and talus deposits.
White silts
Boulder clay, gravels, sands.
Early Pliocene.
Conglomerates, sandstones.
100+
Later Miocene.
Chiefly basaltic lavas.
3,100
Fraaer River formation.
Bedded gravels, sands, clays
with infusorial earth, and
lignite.
700+
Earlier Miocene.
Basalts, andesites, dacitos,
dacitic tufts, etc.
6,300
Coldwater group.
Oligocene.
Conglomerates, shales.
5,000
Eocene?
Granite, quarts, diorite.
Queen Charlotte Islands
formation (in part).
Early Cretaceous.
Conglomerates, sandstones,
volcanic tuffs.
7,000
Jurassic?
Quartz diorite in large batho-
lithic masses, dykes of
pegmatite, uplite, etc.
Cache Creek series.
Devono-Carboniferous.
V\.^eT part— Marble Canyon
formation. Limestone with
some argillite, quartiite,
and igneous rocks.
Lower part— quartzites, argil-
lites, altered lavas, schists,
some bands of serpentine,
and limestones
3,00'
6,500
Unknown.
Mica schists, phyllites, etc.
>DswRon, G. M., "Report on the area of the KimilonpA mnn^hpoi, Britinh (^olumbia " Geo! «urv Can
Aim. Itept., vol. VII, pi. B, 1865. ~ '
SIIIISTS OF I NKNOWN \(JK.
Kiist of Fras.-r river, toward tl.<- cMstcn. .■(!«,. „ the Intcri.)r I'liitcui,
sclustos." rocks were .'iicountcn-d whose jik.- cannot he det.-nnined without
inore comprehensive area! work. Such are tlie mica scliists at the nnisco-
vite occurrence north of Canim lak.- (FiK„n> 2. locahtv 1!)), the country
m-k of the ••lanns n.-ar Ahhau lake, on Willow river (Figure 1, localitv 5)
Hixoti (Pmure 1. locality I), Covernment, and Stone creeks ( Figure l'
Oca ity . ) and at tl,e silver-lead o<T,.nence a( the most northerlv
bend of iM-aser river northeast of I'rince Ceortje f Figure 1, localitv
1). Ihe comury r..cks at the claim of W. Harper east of Ahl.aii
lake, at tlu' si ver-lead occurrence on W illow river east of Ahhau lake, and
on ,stone creek are schistose rocks composed mostly of (inartz in rather
small Krains with a certain amount of colourless mica ■mnscovite, ors.'ii.ite
and may l.e termed .luartzite, phyllite. .„• .,uart/. sericite schist accordiuL'
as the Krams ot quartz iire coarser or finer, or as the proportion of sericite
increases. On the silv.T-lead proi)erty (,f Oscar Kden, at the north l.en.l of
Eraser river, the country rock is schist .Miid at the tunnel is a (luartz sericite
scliist which has heen nmch silicified i,y secomlarv (|iiarlz. At the old
w-oikiiiKs on Hixoii creek there are fine-drained (|uartzites or phvllites and
also aiulesies and other much altered fine-drained igneous roVks either
int..rl.edded xvith or intrusive into (he ,,uartziles. The country rock in
the tunnel of ( . H. ( oljrrove. ahout one-half mile east of Ilixon" creek is
a .|uartz sericite schist altered u, ivd clay. J>hyllit..s aiul ,,uartzites o.'.'ur
luar the camp of Doujrald Cam. ion on (loyernment creek. The country
rock at the tunnel of (he Xechako Hiver Mines, Incorporated, on St.^K-
creek is quart zite and phyllite, ami in the creek are boulders of actinolite
selust which must outcrop to the east.
The prevailing strike of these rocks is from north 20 degrees west to
about northwest with steep dips to the northeast.
r.\CMK ruK?;K sKun:s.
I he ( ach(' ( reek series contains the chromite dejiosit at Scottie creek
(Hjrure 2, Ocality I]--,), niiiior occurrences of ^,,1,1. nickel, and maii(ranese.
and several deposits of residual clay. It is the original M.urc- nU, of tli-
(leposits ot hydromasnesite and epsom silt. Dawson divided tlie series
into an upper and lower portion and .seoaralelv ni;ip))ed these two divisions
In the southern part of the area the I,ower < ache ( reek outcroi)s in two
loufT strips I to 12 miles wide. One of t hese strips follows the east side of
1-raser valley from Klevenmile creek north of Lillooet. up the river past
Kelly creek; the other runs from Clinton, south, alouf; th<> bottom and the
west side of the Bonaparte valley. Tiie same strata were encountered
a^'ain m the canyon of Frasor river from Chimney Creek bridge to Soda
creek, and m Raker canyon west of (^lesnel. The country rock containinii
p)l<l on Hixon creek an<l silv.T lead on Willow river resembles the Cache
< reek iitholofiicaliy as do outcroi)s in the river i)et,ween (^uesnel and Fort
(.eor>r,. canyon visible from the deck of a steamer. The greater jKirt of
this lower portion of the series consists of fine quarlzites, siliceous arjiillites
or phylhtes nieta:.iori)hose<l lava Hows, schists, and bands of serpentine and
hmc'.^tono, a!! of them apparently i.iterbodded. The s(j-falled quartzifrs
and arKillitfs liave very nearly tlic .wne roiniMwition hut differ in tlio xizc
of their I'lunponcnt grains. Tlicy arc made up csscnf iailv of (|.iartz and a
nucncpous nuncral rcscnd.linu nmscovitc. Crtain of ilit". arKillitcs have a
larp carhoiuucoiis content that jtivcs thcni n hlack colon'-, and where
well foliated, a flossy hiKtve on the cleavaRc planes. 'I'he artrillites are in
many cases well handed with uincli of the nucaceous mineral and are more
proprly called phylliten. The coarsest (|uartziteH exairuned contained
Krams ahout ()0"j millimetres in diameter and the finer arjjillites ranged
in Kram down to OOOo milUmetres and smaller. All the rocks are, there-
fore, very fine-jfrained. The ([uartzites ranjte in colour from white to dark
grey, the arndhtes from (jrey to l-lack. Large and small hands of dark
grey limestone are develope.l at :: number of the localiti<-s studied An
especially large hand crosses Scott ie creek near its mouth.
Igneous rocks, prohahly originally lava flows and now much meta-
morphosed, occur in the ("ache Creek fonnation neai Clinton, at Pavilion
creek, and elsewhere. Dawson mentions the occurrence of grev-green
altered diahases on Pavilion creek. A green, altered diabase was found
m the hill southeast of the epsomite lake at Clinton (Figure 2, localifv 30
and Fgure 8, locality it) apparently interbedded with actinnlite -chist'
It contained labradorite, violet-tinted augite, and a great deal of secondarv
chlorite, actinoUte, epidote. and zoisite. Mefamoipliosed (|iiartz svei'iitV
porphyries and iKu-nbleiule andcsites were seen on the railway "about
3 miles north of Pavilion.
ActinoUte schists are dev<'h)ped east of the epsomite lak<- at Clinton.
I hey are white to green tis.sile schists made up in some ca:fs of actinolite
<iuartz. and sericife and in other cases of actinolite -issociated with augite
and plagiodase, suggesting an igneous derivation.
The serpentines are massive, green and bluish green, soft rocks that
occur with the chromite ore at Scottie creek (Figure 2, locality 3.")) in
several places on Honaparte river, on the rai'.ivav track north of' 17
Mile ranch, Fraser nver, and also on the track just south of Fourmile creek
above Clinton. Their i)etrographic character is described in the chaDter
dealing with the chromite dci)osits.
The I'ppir Cache Creek consists chiefly of light grev limestones.
Ihese form massive cliffs in Marble canyon in Pavilion mountains and in
Marble mountains north of Cutoff vallev. Thev crop out in a strip King
between the two areas of the Lower Cache Creek series.
In the northwestern area of the Kamloops map-sheet, the Cache
( rrek rocks have a general strike of about north 20 degrees to 2") degrees
west and they lie in a great syncline whose trough line runs along Pavilion
aiu Marbie mountains with the lower portion of the fonnation dipping
under the upper limestones from both the east and west -^ides. Ceitain
minor folds within the syncline are overturned to the east On the
Bonaparte the Lower Cache Creek strata varv in strike from that given
at^ovc to northwest. Near the epsomite lake at Clinton the beds are much
twisted and arc apparently close to a large fault, the strike changuig from
place to place. In the residual clay banks in r>aker canvon and at the
Chimney Creek bridge, the beds arc much crumpled and in places thrown
into folds. All of the Cache Creek rocks have been much mctamorpho.sed,
both by mechanical shearing and recrvstnllization.
10
ORAMTIC ROCK8.
OutcropB of granitic rockn occur alonK the Friwor nnrMi ,.f T :ii »
A quartz diorite niasa which occunics an aroa nf at i»oo» i
square miles forms the nmss of Ti-.othT mountain ?Fi^..r! ?^»\ " "^r-'
■ mill lu lo .^u per cent of nornblcndc and maffnetito nn rvo- ««„* r
nhces thf ;.''-^r ''''■' °^^"?'-»^' «"'• '^ -ill amoun of TrtCase In
places the p laKioclase is andcsine, but labradorite is more common F..ld
par rcsemblmg orthoc asc in an outcrop near the basalt o^cnc^n
many mdes to the south, and believed to be older than tlXSce^^^^^^
A larjrr mass of f?ranodiorite occurs at the copper claims of rL,
r2 tr nV'' ?"'"" If '^^^"d "ortheast of Soda creeMFiRuro 1 10^11^
Jla o , in,r aclT'rL''^ orthoclase, plaKioclase, an.l quartz, the plS-
ciaso !,, .nsc acidic The mass of granite that is said to lie east of Hixnn
made up of magnetite, augite, biotite, orthoclase, plagiocTase anil a litM^
<Dsww>n, O. M., Op cit.. p. 39aB.
'Geol. Surv., Can., .Mem. 79, p. 42.
11
Pi'Kmiitite titxl iiplitc .lykcif w«re seen ut tlw- tmmcovite ociurrnico
north of Cunini liike; on Timothy mountnin; iinil on the dilvcr-leutl chtiinH
on VVilUw river.
CRETACEOUS.
The Cretaceous an mapiMul hy Duwson lies in u narrow strip trending
north-nortliwest and followinx the Fruser from below Lytton to Foiintuin
creek. No locks were recoirnizecl in the course of this work us ('rei:iceous
to the north of Fountain creek and no mineral deposits were examined
in the Cretaceous. Hetween Lilloo«;t and Fountain creek the ('rt-taci'ous
is described hy Dawson as consisting of hinhlv indurated sanilstones
argillites, ami conglomerates. S|)ec= Ms taken "from cuts in the .ailway
21 miles north of LiUooet, on the L.k Bend of the Fraser above Hri' o
Creek mmith, and at Fountain creek, were banded, very dense, rhyolitlc
t'a.ssy tuflfs; others resemblinn sandstones proved to be crystal tuffs of
dacitic comiwsition and may correspond to tho.se described l)y Daw.son as
arkosic sandstones. The Cretaceous of Fountain ridge lies in a syncline
bounded l)y faults and trending about north 25 degrees west.
COLDWATER GROUP.
The Coldwater group was examined in three places, in and south of
the landslide at Pavilion station, and near Clinton. A sample of clay
derived from the Coldwater at Pa"ilion was tested in the laboratory but
is not ut commercial value. Dawson found traces of gold in certain .samples
of conglomerate from this group and advi.scd prospe-jting for gold in them.
Near Pavilio i t.ie outcrops seen consisted of a conglomerate with boulders
of Cache Cre( k rocks and granites, held in a grey matrix that weathers to a
sticky red clay; with the conglomerates are thin, buff-coloured s.rdes or
tuffs. Daw.son states that the main part of this area is occupied bv sbchtly
calcareous, arkosic sandstones. The weathering of the dav on the south
side of the valley caused an immense landslide. Although "the upper part
is stiu moving this slide started at least one hundred an<l perhaps many
hundred years ago. It is fan shaped and hummockv at the base, and its
topography and composition resemble that of a glacial moraine (Plate
11 1 iV j ■
Dawson mapped as Coldwater a small area near the epsomite lake at
Clinton (Figure 8, localities 10 and 11). An outcrop of eonKJonieratcs
sandstones, and grey-green shale with plant remains occurs in the hill west
of the lake (Figure 8, locality II). The conglomerates carrv pebbles of
Cache Creek quartzites of uncertain age. Conglomerates oeiMirring on
th<' road directly south of the lake, and elsewhere near Clinton, are annarentl v
of later age. ■'
LOWER LAV.'^S.
Later than the Coldwater are great accumulations of lava placed by
Daw.son in the Miocene. He divided them into two portions s.',)arated by
a period of sedimentation during which certain fine-grained tuffaceous
beds were deposited. The intermediate sediments are call-d the Tranonilie
beds. '
la
A wctioii 7(M) f,...t thick of IttVHH r.-f,.rr.d hv Diiwm.h to th.. I^.«
Wal. ty J8). t ,.o,|H..t. ..f b.-.ls of da;k-,.ol.,..n..l I. sal iTa .1 an.Kt
w Ih I.Kht..r ...iuur... .Ia,-it..s and « „,.„rly white d.i.-it.. uff tm P .
^) •;.«rln;lT Th.'" "w*''""' "^"'^'rv ^'"""' '^^'^ '^-"'^ "'•<•""
today '"■•' "'""'' '""'*''^' l'f"''«i"««'<l, «n,| alter.
1 ho following is a Kcolonically aMciuKlins »t'ctio.i taken aeroi.« »l... -t^ii
romeaH tu weHt. San.p.e. of the roek from be<U Xol 2 5 W 2 '
14, l.>, 1(,, and 21 were examined under the microscope. ' '
1. JuM .....t of milwHV Irurk bark of fir»t .liff. «n,l-.i,i,. Iav„. Htnl'!.'"'""'"'' "' '•''
'■ "' ull'iTl" "'"'*'"" ""* "'"'^•l""' "'J f'-nning » .•liff, .miy «iiKJ,t|y "'"
^ '''«i;,.'"''?,':l'-.T'i"""'""' «"■''"'"*' •""*"' -trike »outh •-• dPtnv. '^"' '""
.. IHrk-r.. .mr. ,1 luvu uli.-r.-.! to » r.-d rnin.bi.v n.«*H; thr Mtrik.- ..f tl...
.i"8^ii?»Hr "!';"■" """ ""'* ""^^ """••^•■•■'linn iM-i i. Luah !;;
•>. Dark ««•>• an.l.'Nii.^ ,i„.l r.-.i liivuH,' ..r..l).il)iv hunulf ,...1 l.v f.iult«
WW l.»l..lf„riiHvulii.MiHb.iiMiiiK brick ,«
J). Ilulilfii under the wiiKon niiid.. '"
< . \ rry ba«i,. |,,vii w.^alh.Tin^ to a gwn brown fluv '«!
I Ih .it ]^ .""'"■"•''/ ;""■ '" f'"8'"<'"tH J lo i iM.1. in mV..., f.,n..K
I inn II .J.) to nO-f<M>t bunk in plaiM » ..,
.». Aml<-.-.ili. or banalt «lt.T.-.l to » browninh Rr.-..n oluv \ boo.! .l.-al
H). II.. 1 b,i«ult w.all,..rinK. in pla.Ts only, to a n'-Vodir... Tlii. b..,l "
ai.|H.«r.s ,„ |,„v,. b....„ f«„|t,.,| l,H,;:iy. A Hanipl.. of t ,. inr'
u. riii;;";;'!'.; ''"'•'''■'''' *"" """■'' '"' '"* ^•"'"" "•- '"""•^"' i-'k"-"* lo
'■' ' '';^;n??MViJ""r'';!'" "1 •*"'"'""' '" "^ y..iiowi«h whit.. ,.iav whi,h i« '^
.•xr.ni.ly « uky wli.^n w.t. A vrv lar^ i,ion.,rli on ..f tli.^
...ifTop IS clay^ K..r a .li-tan.^.^ alonR th.Mrik- of at l'.u"t -H^)
yar,l« srv.-ral thousand .ubi.^ yanls ar<^ availabl... A s..,.upl.'.,f
.•l;.y from this b.,1 was t,.«t,.d for huil.linK brick. I', of.
which' r' u[ '" ■""•■''/'V"'"""""' »« ^■"- 12 fomiinK clifrs '" '-^
wlucli arc I ravtrsid b\ faults i - , .in
14. 1 i„k-^r.y an,l,.sitc vry larK,^ly .lc,^o,n,H„,c,l to ch.v. strike south
.)t only local signihcancc. . * ■ ,.
• b;I;!;",!7l,.v"'''K *'" '"Wl""»'nito larKoK; weathend to a purpiish
br.m n day. ^ ragnK^nts r.^H,Tnblin« C'arhe Cn^ek .niartJit.. wer.-
, '1' '" {""•'"»7'P"- .'-.•otions The dav is not uniform in appcar-
Ifi Ul i. 1 "^ '"l" "'"^ ''':;''''' ''"' "■•* ^''''"'' a« a miiwral i>iKni..nt -m
Ifi. \\ hi.e volcani.^ ash with a band of fiM,.r fxture in it Th L is of the
com,K..sit.,,nofdacitea:i.lw.^ntherstoaKriltv.^hiy •!,'.
1/ . Dark br.>wn basalt weathering to purplish rlay " ", -
I o ■^r.'^'^*'*''. "■■ .''ae'te wcatherinR white and Rreen . m
'^".!i',,''l«''*''T'"''*«^?°*V'^i"K '•opposition mostly weather-
ul to clay and more. )r less mven:l. , .,,
-«J. iT'sh, hard, mauve and.-sites or tuffs. ',,
Dark grey andcBites or tuffs. ,'?
15
T^jta! thickness imuim
(Figuri- 2,
I iindi'Kiti'H
top (Piute
xiut north
ii«l nlteri'd
I thoMtrike
10, 12, 13
ii'nii in fi'ct.
30
to lOM
' to 10
1.-.
•20
10
to lo
to 20
15
30
■M
15
(••')
1.-.0
15
15
701
13
Kl^>»n IhiH iK>int wi.it til.- nwlirinl i» nxMlty eovi-mi rxppjrt (c- iilrriHw of • ft-w
bull, of loiMlwrnllVfly mmlt.ml Uvii. i «• » ..-
21 T«'> or thrn limi.lnMl y«r.|>. lo ihr -..i.lhw.-iit, How,, » g,,|Iv, thrr.- an nrly
H«t-lvir.g outrroiw of « , miti,- h-I, .,f th.- iwm.. rh«r«rf..r an.f proUbly il„. «.me
N-.I M .No. HI. TbiK I* in thi- Iroiinh of lb., fold.
Although thn Tmnquilhi Iw.ls wnro not ii..fin in thin part of the (ircii
the UpptT Volcunirs. i-on-slntinK of murly fliit-lving hamiu, octur.
trorn Ho<lft ( 'rook to n point iil.ovf Qiiexnel, a (.itniliir MUcwHsion can he
observed, namely, disturheil and fold.-d lavas overlain l.y a wdimentarv
seriCB and thin, in turn, hv flat-lying baitalts.
A MerioH of volcanic rfow^ that dip at high angles an.l are much hrec-
ciated in places, outcro|>s in Fraser canyon just north <if Soda (.'n-ek
where they are apparently of gn t thickness. Al.out .'> miles n.irth of
Motla Creek near the road, are pl...y olivine basalts striking from north
67 degre^'8 east to north 80 degr.es ,.a,.t with dips of T)') to 70 .l..gre..s to
the north. Foui miU-s farther up, from a ciifl of much brecciated basaltic
rock, large blocks ha\e rolli-d fr.mi the railway cut t.i the road. Stringers
of epiuote and clialcedonic silira cut through the rock which has in places
a pisolitic texture. Farther north on the east side of the road, a volcanic
rock shows columnar structure. Just below the mouth of Au.stralia creek
on the west bank of tras.-r riv.'r. is an amygdaloidal basalt, much brecciated
and altered to clay. Beds of clay derived from this basalt are interbedded
with lignitiferous clay or sand at this place. A bed of lignite is said to out-
crop nearby but was covered at the time of our visit and its relation
to the basalt could not Im observed About U miles below
(iuesnel, on the west bank of Fraser river, there is a series of augite
andesites and other lavas of nearly the same corairosition, occurring with
white, finely banded, den.sr, glassy lavas (Figure 1?. locality 12). The
rocks are much faulted and brecciated, and altered to clay, while nearby
arc beds of arko.sic sandstone derived from them and carrying carbonaceous
material. Similar lava beds outcrop on the .est bank of the river about
2 miles farther down (figure 12, locality 14) and in the road west of the
river between the.se two localities. The very much faulted, brecciated.
and altered condition of these lavas indicates that they are much older
than the much less disturbed, topographically higher, strata of the Fraser
Kiver formation. This conclusion is strengthened by tiio finding of clay
and carbonaceous beds of undout)t«<dly later age clo.se to the \va outcrops.
FK.\.SEK RIVER FORMATION.
Sediments of Tertiary age were observed along Friser river from the
lligHendS or » miles above Quesnel, to and beyond Australia creek (Figure
1). I hey outcrop also on the river below and above Prince George Daw-
.son' mentions occurrences on Blackwater river ab)ut 30 to 40 miles north-
west of (iucsnel and there are probably other occurrences of the .same age
near the main Fraser valley. The .sediments consist of gravels, sancls,
and days, am' beds of lignite and diatomaceous earth.
The gravels of this formation ltc yellow to brownish and in many
cases well cemented. Their pebi>les are well rounded and composed for
the most part of quartz and of metamorphosed sediments and lavas. The
clays are generally grey in colour: some of them arc nearly white, and
■Danaoa, G. M., Oeol. Surv., Can.. Kept ol Prof.. lS7S-7«, pp. 251-2S6
•172—2
very porous "„.l ..f h w^ c^cra"itT''''Vh/l"T''"'"""'i *" ^'^^
carLonaceous clayw to black I «^nif .L f " ' i • '^"'*'''' ^''"■>' ^'■"'" *>'•"*'
andd^wceou^e^KK£:^:.^a ::: '£..^^^^
feet ah ,ve thrriver One soot ifnT'^ 'v*^' ■;"""« *" ''•'•vations of 50(
end of the cliffs^hows about 4W) fio^ f"" ^''■^\ ™''*«»"'^ at the .soutl
a few lignitic s.-k ns the day SI foAh.fr" "* ^'r'^' *1J'' '''">'« *'^'
section. The .Hail's of th'^'sl^ctllte tiruSeKelow.' *'^ *"^ °' ^'^^
Section Xo. 1.
Top of srcti.m.
BouldiT clay Thirkncss in tret-
Basalt 4S
Conccalod .'{0
Kod da '"" ''*'" '"■'^ "f c'»y «"»' Kravi. ::::;:::...::.; "',
Cemcntod gravel 3
Yellowish red clay. .....,.., 12
Firmly cemented gravel •")
Mottled clay '. '"" U
Cemented gravel 5
R.-d.Hsh^^ellow clay With;i„ mLldle, a b. d of fi„e.grai„,.d, cen.ented "
Concealed 7
Alternating bands of clay and gravel ^^
Red, consolidated elay 8
Gravel with clay 14
Orey Handy clay. ... 3
Alternating bands of chorolate and grey chiy ?.
VVell cementoil, gn-y, sandy clay. ^i
tme-gramed gravel 3i
&j:i'"°J •"'"""J "'"y «"h JiKniteban.! '..'. ;.
nn«>-gmmed gravel. . . 4J
Sand and gravel in irregular beds "
Handy clay, red at top. 12S
S:S';::iw ci^' --"'•^'J «t topwith iro„ oxide: :;::::::::;::::::: ,s*
(jrcy. sandy clay, with a 1-foot band of fin.^grnined, well c.wnfd gravel ^S
(irey elay If,
S.-indy, li(fni(ie elay. 22
Gnwei with one fciot at top well eeu.,-nted: ':.'.::.::::. ...v.::::, 2s*
Charact<'r not recorded 2
San<l, streakH of iron oxide 25
Gravel 2
27
traser River level. Total
6I3J
of .lis all Ev itriilfhSv" 'rt," '';7;'"'" "' r ;!"•• ■>"'" --i™"
rantain ,„„„. ol„v. On L 'r Ih.'^'It ■," ^'"""^ »i-<i "imtary ..c,li,„.
<'nsin fiTt-
4S
.'{0
91
41
3
12
5
U
5
8
7
36
8
14
3
a
•»»
3J
15
(Plate III B) from the hiRher Rrounil so that their exact position In the
section IS not icnown. They are, however, topoRraphically above the vlayn
of the above tabulated section, which clip in their direction, and the
lowest bed is probably at least 200 feet higher, stratigraphically. As-
■'*'"?"If that the beds maintain a fairly uniform thickness over a distance
of half a mile the sediments exposed here are from 700 to 800 feet
thick. They are overlain unconformably by nearly flat-lying basalt and
thia in turn by boulder clay.
Another .section, section No. 2 (Figure 12, locality 4), was measiir.-d
on the east bank of Fraser river, 2 miles west from the locality of the
above tabulated section No. 1. It contains more lignite than section
No. 1 and one 3-foot seam of impure diatomaceous earth appears near its
l)iise. One gravel bed which was followed for 1,000 feet along the direction
of dip increased in thickness from 10 to 15 feet in that distance.
Section No. 2.
Thickness in
Toi) of bluff. ^'^'■••
(Jn-y boulder clay: pebbles of dense mrtamorphic roeks, of granodioriteB,
and a few of aniygdaloidal basalt, in a clay matrix.. 65
Sand and gravel u
Boulder ilay with, amongst many other kindsj a few basaltic pibbles . 6
Sand and i^ravel ,
Boulder clay 20
Conc,ealed by a slide of bouJderB in large w ctions up to ioo ft et by 30 fe< t
by 20 feet and sliding today 150
Blue grey clay, floor of slide, water running over it. . . ] . 4
Gravel ,7
Blue and grey silty clay in thin beds. ..........'...'. n
Gravel an<l sand jn
Gn>y lignitic clay, fossil leaves, well binided. r
Sand and gravel with a 2-ineh bed of clay ... 50
Grey eluy o
Gravel and silt g
Brown silty clav ... -i
Sand. ..■........::::!!:;::::;;:::::;::;:::::::::;;: 5
Gravel. The base of the bed dips down-streiuii, south 16 degrees east
with an inehnation of about 40 feet in 1,000 feet; thickness at north
end IS 10 feet, at south end, 15 feet i >;
Concealed ',-
Silt, brown, thin-bedded, carbonact-ous 4
J in<> sand n
Coarse gravel |0
Grey clay, weathering cream, lignite at base. M
Green day y
Concenh'd ■■■■................ \
Buff clay, lignite seam at hii.se. . . ' . 'i
Buff clay ij.
Green clay „
Silt :.:::::;;:::: ?
Coarsi; gravel 35
Silt with 2-incli gravel layer 4
Coarse gravel with 3-inch layer of ironstone containing' remains of ieaves. 1 2
Hull and grey clay !<>
Cream clay with infusorial earth. .. 1
Buff clay ?.
Dark grey clay j;
Sand and gravel j"
Fmsrr Hi Vt-r level. Total v>74
5172—21 '
16
the foSionSrexpos^d 'Tcon^nr"' '' ^Tu'' "^^ «ther section,
formed of burnt!out fiteAnH tf„ 'rji"'/"*^ '''"^' J"^* below the to
beds, is described by sX^'Dawson'^^H^^l*^^^ ^'*h under y
of Quesnel. A section (7o 3)f^,n^:^Cref 2^ .S.r*^^^^^
Qnesnel, opposite Baker's ranch s eiven hpli^ ^k'^*'''" **^« "v*"- f''
iLTT""""' in this neighbourhL (Figure itbcalTtv'l^^"^'^''*'"" °^ ^'
that of gravel and there are more 1 gSerous beds^ ^^^' '' ^''^''' *^
Section No. 3.
Top of bliift.
Rivi-rsilt
Rivor gravel ...... i
Grey day with liKniticpartinRs ' '
•;.ra vol ccrneiitpd with rfuv
iToy and roddish olay
univel
Carbonacoous clay
Cpmonicd gravel. .
Grpy Play with a gravelly brd.'
t^pniented sand and gravel
Grpy clay
Sandy clay
Grpy clay
Grppn clay . .
Grpcn clay with lignitic partings'.:.
™nay, green clay
Coarse gravel
Concealed
Total.
Thickness :
feet.
6
• ... 15
... 10
.... 3
.... 17
.... 30
. . . . 15
■ ■ . . 10
■ . . . 25
.... 4
.... 7
. ... 3
. ... 12
... 6
... 17
... 3
... 12
... 10
Fraser River level.
at a ^uS opelTai'org lleYrot]?.^^^^^ '' ""^^ T*^ «f Quesnel.Tal^
In this section there is pra^tTcX 1^11 i 'l^^r" '?'''°^ («««*'«» No. 4)
measures nearly 4 feet,^s mor^'ttiful Ih^'eftS'. '^"^ -amof whici
Top of section.
Bed No.
Section No. 4.
2 Cl^v wlir.'*'^ houldersand, probably glacial
I S!'^;;"^"'''"'""^ "'"y «•'*•' "^^'■^ of sand'. ; :
5. Brown grey shale. . .
o. Ltgnite
7. Orey clay.
9: Sand". ^ ''. ^'^^ "«i"i'-sof iignite.'.V.-. . .' .' ! .' ! ! ! ; ; ] ; ;
10. Drab brown clay
11. Sand
12. Grey clay . . . [ ] ] . ' ] ] '
Thickness in
feet and inches.
.... 20
. . . . 13
.... 2
... 3
... 2
.. 5
... 1 6
.. 5
... 10
... 4 6
... 2
... 2 6
I
Hidp of PYaser
ion of -cctioD
sections of
V the town,
underlying
r the village
i river from
ion of clay
reater than
rhicknoHs in
feet.
... 6
. . 15
. . 10
. .. 3
. .. 17
... 30
. . 15
.. 10
.. 25
4
7
3
.. 12
6
. . 17
3
. . 12
. . 10
. . 205
el, taken
1 No. 4).
of which
3knes8 in
;
d inchos.
)0
i
I
3
3
s
5
?
6
1
6
6
17
Top of section. ti . i
Bed No liicknottH in
13. SaAd ccinentod by iron oxi,!,- into l..n*-8 ''''' ""/'^""hc-H.
14. Compact ({n-y clay with sand lon.<W'8 and seams of lionUe o ()
15. Brown clay with scams, up to 1 inch thick, of lignite ... in
Ifi. Coarse sand with clay 2f
17. Brown clay, with seams up to 1 inch thickVof lio'niie. '.'.'."". 40
18. Cmy sandy clay " 7 ^
19. Sand cemcnted'bv iron oxide, into icnses in
20. Brown clay with nodules of li(fnit(>. . i «
21. Gwyclay „ 1^
22. Liffnite ' " ^
23. Brown clay J| .t
24. Drab clay ,' ?
25. LimUe ,\ *»
S
3
3
010
15 to 20
26. Brown clay ' ' ' .' V ,,
27. Coarse sand an
28. Sandy clay. .. . V"
29. Drab clay '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'. ., J,
30. IrrcRular leas'^s of welk^emcnted silt with remains'of leaves 1
31. Brown clay with sand lenses up to 1 foot thick, and with liaiiile
partings ^ ,., ,,
32. Grey clay ......■.■,•.■.•.■..■,•.•.•.■. 30
33. Brown, carbonaceous clay with seams and lenses, up to 2 inchi-s thick
of linnUe ' ■? n
34. Sandy clay ...'.'.■.■..'.,.■■.".','
3.V Drab clay with very little lignite.
'' >. Carbonaceous clay
7. Grey clay free from lignite Ij'o
38. Brownish gn-y clay, thin seams of carbonaceous mat tl-r ■>
39. Mmn smm, liffnite (mined) ... -i o
40. Drab grey clay. j^
41. Liguile „ "
42. Drab clay .'.'.'.. U,?
43. Lignite '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. \\
44. Brown clay, full of carbonaceous matter. 7 «
45. Concealed
Fraser River level.
Daw.son .speaks of thp.><<> beds as the 1 ,nito Group. The writer sugge.sts
the name tra-ser River formation as being more definite. Dawson' col-
lected a number of plants from these beds and decided that they were of
tertiary age, Miocene or older. Penhallow^ has placed them in the Eocene
Jiecause of their position between a .series of disturbed and altered lavas
corresponding to Dawson's Lower Volcanics and of vounger flat-lving
ba.salts the writer l)elievos that they represent a perioJ o' sedimentation
corresponding to that of the Tranquille formation at .•; .;nloops. And if
IJawsons Lower Volcanics are post-Oligocene these beds should be
placed in the Miocene.
UPPER VOLCANICS.
The Upper Volcanics are typically developed on the Green Timber
plateau. A section measured at the head of the gorge known as the
Chasni, near 59 Mile House, shows a thickness of 203 feet of flat-lyine
ohyine basalts, in beds up to 25 feet thick, that are amygdaloidal for about
iu teet at the top, becoming denser downward with a thin layer of amygdules
■Dawaon, G. M., Op. cit, p. 260.
^^n^enhallow.D. P., ■Report on the Tertiarj' plants of Britiah Columbia." Gcol. Surv, Can , No. 1013, 1908
18
dales! so^e o^ttm toStt'v Z^'f^'r^ 'P'' «-- '" the amy^.
boulders are plentif" n™r the hvdrnm "^'^"•/P!'''™'""*'- t)livine basalt
and on the hill at the northwes/eToffi^ at Meadow lake
basalts several hundred feet thTcl ^t^l ^tteS tl^S^^S
3) th?re SeTd^'oTZintbSr^Hh' S'-^ '\'^^ ^'«"- ''' '-"ty
that carries "peridot" tl^^ gre^n seri^li'^rf"' ""^ yP?r?thene peridotit^
in the jewellery trade (see page 81) '^"'"''"' '°™ °^ "''^'ne. « stone used
west^JXt^alrfs tulS ST stfh^ f^f ^^ ^^^^-- valley
west sides forming the uDrter rim nfVj. u ^"^'1 on the east and
side of Fraser riveVat SLrCreek iJdl'LH^' T ''T °" t»>e west
creek, in each case coming to the edge o tfln v ^'^pt^^'-^ t«ward Riske
contmuing down its sides The lavf is b tlc^n^ ° ""^ I'T^'. "^er but not
layers. At the base, in places through a th1ckn.i TyK^^^'^^dal with dense
sand and clay being mixed w-ith k in f h 1 ' ?^ ^" ^''^^' '* '« d'^upted,
thickness is about 40 fe" The basalt lilsflir"" ^°°,* ""^ ^°- ^^'^ average
Baker Creek canyon and is ann^^n* ia^?* °f ''''*'"'y ''^ «« tl»e rim of the
Creek bridge and on a spripTC'?*'^, *^«* ^^^^^ it occurs at Chimnev
At two places eS of Que neltha'asK ^^'^ 1'^' ^"^'^ S.
and a dip to the northwest o from 15 to 25 de^"* kT*" f t^""^^^ ^^^^
slippmg, due to local topographic™onditln, 3 h' ''"* L" ''°t'» instances
PLIOCENE.
AshcMa7;tr tSe S^^^l^^iSfs^'l ^","^°i ? ''^ ^"'^ton.
the railway on Clinton creek and n thl rfn ' '"."'"''^y 10), also west of
The section exposed on theloTd'ira^'^fSt-^ 'ZeZ^,t£r': ^^^"'^"-
Thickness
2. C^r'' ""-^'^•' -"'J^'o-. «"«''tly iron-stainod near top. '" '"03
4; Ked"" '"""'' "'"^'^ ^vith irona„d-,n.u>ga„oso-. 1 1 1 i »^+
8. Finp-gramed sandstones with itrains ft'honV Jl '^r"'^V-\ 4
lying in beds § to 2 SftCw-^r t °K ^ "''^^ "" diameter
«and occur alonVhelHSLVSos'™"™''* '«<*''''''•''
tL pebbles"clrst'orSffi;^u?rt;?,2 inches in dian.eter. '
and porphyritic ba^rreSirS/rVTatr'^'^*''"''^''' 3 , 4
19
Dawson mapped these beds as Cache Creek, but the amygdaloidal
basalt pebbles in No. 10 indicate that the strata are later than some of
the Miocene lava extrusions. They either belong to a series corresponding
to the Tranquille or are Pliocene. On the track a mile or two north of
Clinton station, there are conglomerates with sandstones and shales like
those at this locality, some of them slightly folded.
GLACIAL AND RECENT DEPOSITS.
More recent than the Tertiarj' are unconsolidated deposits of boulder
clay, gravels, sands, and silts. Boulder clay or glacial till is widely dis-
tributed. Conspicuous morainal deposits are found at Big Bar lake, in
the neighbourhood of Clinton, and south of 150 Mile House. A flat,
irregular sheet of glacial drift lies over most of the portions of the Interior
Plateau visited, including areas near the Fraser north and northeast of
Quesnel. A section of boulder clay lying on the east bank of Fraser river
above Quesnel, with interbedded gravels, is given in section 2, page 15.
Dawson' records the finding of glacial strise trending south 30 to 40 degrees
east on all the higher points of the plateau lying 30 or 40 miles south and east
of Green Timber plateau. The writer found glacial stria; trending true
.south on top of the plateau near the road between Chimney Creek bridge
and lliske creek and Dawson^ records further clear striations trending south
2 degrees east, 8 miles southwest of this place and 6 miles west of Fraser
canyon at an elevation of 3,650 feet, that is on top of the plateau, well
away from Fraser gorge, and he also notad striations trending a few degrees
west of south on Tsawhuz mountain between Blackwater bridge and Prince
Gejrge thus indicating the nearly due southward movement of a large
body of ice on the plateau west of Fraser river. The records of glaciation
in the northern part of this district have not bsen sufficiently studied to
justify drawing general conclusions.
Grey, fine-grained silts occur in the immediate trough of the Fraser
at intervals from Lillooet to Quesnel. They resemble the white silts of
the Thompson lithologically and in their method of occurrence and are
supposed to have been laid down at the end of the glacial epoch.
At Clinton and elsewhere much gravel has been laid down either by
rivers on their flood-plains or by streams connected with glaciers. The
following section taken at a point one mile south of the mouth of Quesnel
river on the east bank of Fraser river illustrates a succession of beds from
the Tertiary,Fraser River formation, up to recent river gravels, in descend-
ing order:
Thickness.
8. Soli 20
7. Gravelly sand, rasty at top '.....'. 9
6. Coarse-grained, unoonsolidated gravel, with boulders up to 1 foot in
diameter, mostly of dense, metamorphosed rocks, a few of granite.... l.'>
o . Grey silt in well-defined bed.s 135
4 . Coarse gravel, partly concealed 15
3 . Sand with seams of lignite 7
2 . Sand with a 1-foot bed of gravel at the base ..'..'..'..... 1.3
1 Concealed down to level of Fraser river 20
■Dawson, G. M., Geol. Surv., Can., vol. VII, ISM, pp. 263B-2MB.
■Dawson, G. M., Geol. Surv., Can., Uept. of Prog., 1875-7*, pp. 2«1-2()J.
20
CHAPTER HI.
HYDROMAGNESIIE.
CO oure, , partly consolidated earth ivinronth T ^ "'"''"'"i"' '" " ^'•*'"'"
Although parts of the deposits "ont' in muehni '"''?' " ''""^'J' «"«r*
the composition of the better «mde" annrrohn, h "/^l"*''"-'" ''"Puritie..
maRnes.te, which is maKnesiurcarbonate uS n 1°^ *^'' '"'"''™' •'J''''""
ofserStTnTbur«e;;;aUy:rrv"elo"n:r""^^ ''■ '^^ '^'*-™*i- product
of exploitation. trl'dZZhl h nl ^ ' '" quantities too small to permit
near the town of At^H^^B^^td aroirind'neTr"''""'^';"'''**'^'' "'^^'^^^l
report. Outside of a trial shi JmenUf abo,,? fiOO ^ '^^'V^'* *''*h '» ^his
magnesite to Vancouver in 1915 thf ,)or> * u^ ""'' "^ ''^^ ^t''" ^ydro-
unexploited. ^^^' ^'^^ ^lepo^'ts have remained practically
Hydromagne.site is so closelv relntp/l in „
magnesite that it may reasonaSv be exneelr^ composition to the mineral
obtained from the anhy.lrou -mi'nS tL ^T!! '' "^'^'''^^
of magnesite and the uses to which it Ls boon T^ '"' ^^'^ <l'-^tribution
Before the war the principal suDDlies.. 1 ''"*i""'' ^"'""""-i^Pd here'.
Austria-Hungary and Greece^ The nro.lncHr%''l'; '^T "''*'"»*'<1 f"-"™
H)13 was 9,632 tons, value,! at STToT.n ?r^^ ^'T ^ »'*'''' States in
at S3,335 The cutting off by he war of he A ,?-""^'" ''^'l ''""'' ^^'"«»
part of the Grecian supply. Sier w th .n1n ''" i"'''''^' '^"'^ '' K^^'^t
products, stimulated xirih -Srictn nrodn. i "'"'"•'.r'' "^ "'"K»"-^ite
Unitecl States2produce(l31f,8'^« f"^'! Pr"'l"tt'on, so th.nt in 1!»17 the
.■;o nfwi / 1 i""'<ui<ii oios.is tons, valued 'it «•> «oo wio i --,
08 909 (crude and calcinul) tons, valueil Ts72S 27*^ nn ' ""*/ ^ '•^""da'
both countries fell ()ff considerably ir/o IS «;;• .^"' P'-o'luft'on of
table. Simihirlv, before I0I5 the Lt .l!:^ a^. indicated ,„ the annexed
from magnesite or its pr k uct a. d o ThT^rT'V^"'^ "l'''>' ''" "''*"'"-
ore will no doubt be more extensive v used ^
a amnnercial scale in Canada oTthri ni'ted S at^; ^^'^i: '^.j/f '^uced on
8<,o00 pounds having an avcrace vilue nf «^ vJ ,' ^"''^' however,
.n the i:„ite,l .Stat, s, and in 1 917 thi loum h .^'r-''"""/'' r'' ^'"^''''^^
butw-ith an av. rage, value of only S2 peTpound '" ' ''^'^'^ P°""''«
'Minoral resources „( the r S ntir ■« '" ^"" """ ■ Cuii , Mem OS. hy
•M.Ui.h. i„„„. A„„. Hepl:M,!;:n//pr&»roV^«'^';„';%^^-: ,^. Vale and Ka.ph W. s.„„e. p. M.
21
Table I .—Prixtudion of Magnexik, 1913 to 1918.
Country'.
Typo o( occurrence.
(Jueficc.
British Columbia.
California'
Waxhinnton'
Austria-Hungary,
(ireccc
515
Imlia.
!Cr>'8tallino
Hylromaxncniti'..
^fa.■«ivo
■Crystalline
■Crystalline 200.M7*
IMassivct j 98,517
L, . . 31,815
iMassive* i 16,468
Production ii
1913 I 1014 I igis
in tona.
1916
1917
1018
358
9,632 i 11.203
1.36. 701
.•W,.'>63
1,706
14,779
30,409
1,50,881
28., 563
7,570
54.778
635'
1.54,2,59
715
100,484
27,248
17,024
64,767'
211,663
1105.175
69.837
57.790
84.077
147., 528
'Forasummaryii(|countoftheknown<l..posit8of the world up t« 1913. see r S (iool Sun-
■;■« .!;r>f"f,T"' V^^^-.-o".'; "• '»»3. P- «0: "n^ U.S. Geol. Hurv. Bull. 355 ppMeV. •
'Most of It ruined in 1915 and marketed in 1016 • vv -•
•Includes crude, calcined, and dead-hurnt; crude maki.ii? up the ereatost part
<No figures of pr.)duction arc availal.le for Austria-Hungarv. The figures given renresent
rrr^'u^ch^trgi-^f rhl-o-riilin-sr?^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^- '— • -' "'-'-' ^'^^n^'i^^i^^X
H 'rude ore.
•T'alrim'd ore.
'Cru<le magneaitc prmiuced and sol.l or treated. This is not the same as the tonnage mined.
The principal sourre.s of magnesite in Eiiropo arc the crvstallino
magnositcs of Austria-HunRary and the dcpo.sits of the dense' variety
found in the island of Euboca, (Ireece. Smaller deposits of dense niaKnesite
exist in ^orway, Silcsia in (;erniany, in the I'rals in Hu.ssia, in AFacedonia,
and m Italy, and minor deposits of the erystalliiic tvpe occur near Tarra
river iii Lapland, and in Spain. Some of the Norwt'Rian material is also
crystalline.
A considerable amount of tlense magncsite has been mined near Salem
in Aladras presidency, India, and there are deposits of the mineral in Mv.sore
Hydromagncsite is reported from Ceylon.
Important deposits of magnesite are said to occur near Fifield
Kennedy county, in New South Wales, and numerous smaller deposits
occur elsewhere in that province, in (Queensland, South Atistralia, and
la.smatiia. home magnesite has also been shipi)ed from the island of New
C aledoma.
Dense magnesite occurs at a number of localities in the Transvaal
and Rhodesia and has i)een mined on a small scale in the Transvaal the
product amounting to less than 1,000 tons per annum.
A deposit of magnesite occurs on the island of Margarit-i, Venezueli
others on the island of Santa .Margarita in the gulf of California, Mexico'
All the magnesite produced in the United States up to 191() came
V^V«-u •"*''' ''"'^ "' ^'"'^ >■'■'"' ^'-^^f^^ deposits were op«>ncd in the state
ol V\ashington. The California magnesites are of the dense varietv and
there IS on- -currence of a sedimentary magnesite. The magnesite of
VVaslungton i.s of the crystalline variety and occurs about 60 miles north
01 hpokane. The material resembles the dolomite in which it occurs and
can be distinguished from it only by chemical analyses. Although many
ot the ( ahfomia deposits arc exhausted, at least several million tons of
nuignesite are available in the Washington deposits.
The principal Canadian deposits of magnesite' are situated in the hills
north of the village of Grenville, Quebec. The magnesite is crystalline
^^ 'Wilson. M. E., • Mmpwiite depooits of Grenville district, Arienteuil county, Quebec', Geol Surv. , C«n. , Mem.
22
the dead-burn.Vprict'^ol.l nr"r '"''«^"*" ' '^"n "ro in rotary kilns a
carrying up to IS^rmt of hIJ £"!''"" '"'f " '* ''' ««'^ ^f^"* ""^t^'
Smaller oecuSco" of boTh 1^1 ^n" "'''' f"'-''''*«f""y "' ^hc proce
been reported from Bolton «nH «^f 'l'"' ''T '"^P"^^ "laRnesite ha
ships of Quebec" At Orn„ Jll ^ "? ^°«"''»"P'' "> the Eastern Tow
deposit of crSlineL^nSS' »"""'' r''""*^' ^'"^'"^ «'-°*i'''
taken out. ^''*""'*' '""Knesite has been op,„eci up and a small amoii
and bS' CoTXa" CaTXl*" ^r ^'''^ ''^'''^' f""" ^'^ Vuk,
few miles north of Oange crSUu'^ll'ifT'''''''^^ P"""^ magnemtes
Alaska bonndary Thev^ orrnr inT . r ^ P«^cupine river, on the Vuko
aggregate thickness of ImL ^^'^' ^'°'" ?,*° ^^ feet thick, having .
c^BtallinemrgnSeuptS^^OfttThT^^^ McConnell' found bands ,
range east of RirSalnum rivor 1 ♦ ■'^^'.^"'^ ^^"r"^ '''^'"' '«'''' "' the fir,
Atlin on tt OmZcT'rWeTlt: n,' I'.r'''"'"^^"''^'*^ "'"'^ f«""'> -"
Young.' From the remilts rif ,!;.L "^^'"J'on'' J- ^- Gwillun,» and G. A
m,m tonsTf theTtl in di "TL""'^'' ^"""^ ooncluded that abou
of the foHowing fmpur UesTaO FeO AU^ "°ST!;^ ^^^^ '^ P^^ '^•'"
being MgCO, with about 18 to loVTi " yY *"'* ^'0=' ^^^ '"emaindei
impu\a' hydrous magneste a^s oecCinTtit h She "^7"""' '''''''''
a number of localities in th^ «nm„ !lw •'^* li °i?",*^ '*"*^ serpentme a1
bands of magnSe occurrinir wft^ l / "f *" ^- ^- ^^'^f'^nnoll"' reported
creek, a tribu^r^^ orSSca r ter ^w n"' '"^T,'?*?"'' ''" Gennanser,
discovered magnesite o"both crvr;„.P" I?''y«f''i'«^" "» 1915 and 1916
small extent, Tihe Br dee RivprH^'"''/"u' ''"'''^^'^ varieties, but of
good quality *^^ ^""^^ '^"'"*^t- S«"'<' of this material is of
USES OF MAGNESITE.
dioxiftT^?ilio;7.tXSr?h;" *'^%'"?"^-^- of carbon
^|;^y^th^.mir Sne J^S\J3T=
'Op. cit., pace 62.
^^fe«^"&l^r^i;;^>j,^^^^^ Can., Rept. o, Pr«.. ,8,3. p. ,„.
•gS"^?^" i"«-"^"pp'^''^'" ™"°"' """"^ """^ ''°™'"« "" ^""0. rive., Ala,ka "
','5°°! §""'•■ Can., Ann. Kept . vol. VII, I8S4 d isr
"Oeol. Surv., Can.. Sum. R,pt . im. p.Js. ''
23
Carbon Dioxide.'' '
Carbon dioxide is liberated from tiiuKiiPMito at a temperature about
370 denrees CentriKraile' lower than from limefttonc or calcite. MaKnenite
has, therefore, been used for producing carbon dioxide, luit other and
cheaper methodH of manufacture have led to a decreased production from
this source.
Sorel Cement*
If magnesite be burned to a red heat a product known as "caustic,
calcineil maRnesite" is formed, which is a mixture of inaRiiesia and
mapesite with a carbon dioxide content of less than 8 per cent of COj.
This product, if free from certain ixnpurities, sets into a hard cement when
mixed with a sohition of maKnesiuni chloricle of a certain strength. This
mixture, together with fillers, such as sawdust, jtround cork, ashes, china
clay, asbestos, serpentine, talc, and colouring material, ochre, etc., is used
in the manufacture of flooring, artificial marble, and tiles. When success-
fully laid, the floors are said to be smooth, resilient, and not liable to crack.
They are readily coloured, take a good polish, prevent the escape of heat,
and arc resistant to fire. Failures in the usi if fliis cement have been
ascribed to lack of uniformity in the raw materials used, improixT mixing,
(leterioration of the materials before construction, improper foundations,
and lack of experience in the laying of the floors. Sorel cement is one of
the products which eventually may be successfully produced from high
grade hydromagnesites.
Refractory Materiah.
AVhen magnesite is raised to a white heat (1,700 degrees C.) and
practically all the carbon dioxide is driven off, the resulting magnesia
(MgO) is chemically inert and very refractory.' The product is known as
"dead-burned magnesite" and is used either as magnesite brick or, crushed
to pea size, for the lining of basic steel furnaces, cop|)er convert ors, furnaces
for refining lead, electrical and other furnaces. The crushed material is
employed as a lining for the bottom of open-hearth furnaces, '•otary kilns
in Portland cement manufacture, and in making crucibles and cupels.
The foregoing comprise the principal uses of crj-stallinc magnesite.
Digestion of Wood Pulp.
Magnesium bisulphite made from calcined magnesia, when boiled
with pulp wood, dis.solves the non-cellulose matter in the wood and the
resulting pulp is used in the making of paper.
Manufacture of Magne»ium Salts.
"Light magnesium carbonate"' or magnesia alba levis (MgOH
SMgCOj) is manufactured in some instances from magnesite. It is used
as a he at insulator on pipes, etc., as a fire retarding paint, as a toilet pre-
■U.S. Geol. Surv., Mineral ruources of tb« U.S. (or H13, pt. 11, p. 44«.
»Oool. Surv,, Can., Mem. «8, p. 0.
"Themical abetxacU for 1917, p. 562.
•U.S. Geol. Surv., Mineral resouroes of the U.S., 1913, pt. If, pp. 447, i-VMSS.
JThc mcitiai point oi MgO is i',S«re.,C»tJ, 2,57r C, AiiWi, 2,OaO'C., CrjOj. 1,9»0'C. Jour. Franklin Inat., 1813,
p. oo7.
J
34
n.son, Halt, for i,„.,li..i„„| ,/,„" s.'. i'.!^ "' I'.v. rat..! for,,, know,.
romHt,„K pa<.ki„K for fnrunrTtxml p'^Z '""' "''••'''"'' «'"•'' "•* " h.-,
MrtdlUc Maynrsiuin.^
The niotal iiiaKncsiiin, is of „ «iiv..r,,
tou^h, „.alloahl,.. nu,lM^\Zuh!^Zl
or two-thirds that of «lu,,.i,,u « .d '/In, r,? T'"'^*" «'"''^'*>' (' 7
ro,nn.n« .-...hparativoly "naltoml «n r ,u ,1 'if '' •"'' "";'"' •""'«" <»''
mum IS used in powdoVod for,,, in rPu 1 ■^^'^■'',' '•'""'''ions. MaRn
s.n„. is „sed f«; flash liihts in '^ 'i^^^^ I'owdonvl .na^n,
<•♦(•.. ,„ n,iiitary operations. KS?' i" "' ^'"'^'Z^''' «'"! for ftaro
«-.!.. n tostin^ for phos,,h„r s aT ^.S V"'^''•"^•^^''''*•''^
Massivo „,aKnosiui.. i„ stirks is „s,d 1 Til , ''''""Hal lal.oratoriei
aRon of alloys. AfaKnosiun, I rLw.rfn '"''•>• '•''"* '"' " 'l«'"-^i'li^in
aKont an, its oxi.lo is ,„or,.. sta le at hi.^h L n'"":'"""^ ."'"' ''""'rifyin
such as aln„.in„,„. siii.-on, an.i phcmpfts '''"*"'"' "'«" ^'^'■' ««''"»
Other proro.sKc-s, sonio of thr.n sf f. Vi ' P"*"****"'"! (ArKCljKCI)
of the f„sod „„;«„..[„". c5,l ri ' wi /':2'T:'"T"^'^^ •"'"«'• are n-.h.otio
f'arl,„„, rodurtio,, of uuiKnosia M,^^^ nr "'""''"un,, r,.,|„,.fio„ with
"'K n-siduos, and ehu-trK , f ,£ .K^.r^ 7^''"', J^'*^V'^'^ to slag fo„„.
'"aKn(.s.un, an,l IK.tassi,,,,^,s,. d fo/^; ' ^« •. 1»'<- -ioul'lo chlori.le of
carnallite ol.taino.l fro.n the sa t .Ten "Vs K 'V''f ■ ''" '>'^'"*'''' "'•"•■••'il
A s„,a|| ,,„a„»itv „f n,ai„es m . 1 'f,'^ ''^^f'"-* "' (Jerniany.
varions alloys of tlu^sea,Klo he ' , , ^l' ." f,^'-'' .^[^n'r, nk-kel. or
that may I.e p„..se„t a.ul .nXV r ad, ,t?' "'V ''''''''"
.l..ct. Alloys of aiun.innn. wi 1 alt^M^L^^^V'T ''"".'"K«^""o.-.s pro-
have proved very ...seful. The rreiiChfer .'•'''"•''''•■ '''■•'^''''^^^
Kfoater tensile strength and resi.s a, c^ to in ,.,. "Ar"'""V"""" '""' ^"^'^
''I'.nunu.n, with less than 2 pev e e, of ,nr, , -^^T'-'V""' *'■" '^""-V "^
fm-ntuKes of ealeiun,, ni-kel, ti, ,,d le u| .'' "' '""' "V "''""">• ^•"«»
. mnest.e ware, snrKieal and of t Vl . ri/n J " T'"-'/;''"'' f"^''it<•hen and
Aln,n,n..,m alloyed with n.aJ, . . , n, I'ls '' '^'''7 "l'"P"«'>'t. «'tc'.
cast,ngs. Xun.ero,,sotherXvso,nJ '•'''''" ?'';' f*"- "'"king larger
an.l eopper, magnesinn, z he / ^te E "e.-'"''' "'""'""'"• n'aK.H-simn
nosn.n.. Kor instance, (^er;;;l"-i:^Lrt^i ^fe ^^,^11;
U Vfatnll 1 ^l »
'»■«. U.3. oeol. Sun-., Mucral nmunv-? „! thn r.H
19i7
Pt. I.pp H7-I31.
MkC!j) can
iimKJicsiiiH,
•MaKiU'MJiiin
iiaiuifnctiiro
iifucttirc of
known bh
liici'd from
"ikI in tho
ax a hfat-
•ally inert,
'ity (1-74)
iiown thut
• Mannc-
!>il niuKnC'
for flarcH,
l>ow<l<T. is
joratorips.
'oxidizing
nitrifying
ipr agents
roly^iN of
Cl.KCI).
•eduction
ion with
ag forni-
loride of
I "lineral
iekel, or
e nielals
1)1 '.s pro-
»!iiesiiini
id have
alloy of
ly small
ben and
lit, etc.
: larger
;ncsiiini
s seeni
future,
c mag-
und in
H7-IJ1.
25
1013 while the raw materials sold for only a few cents jmt pound and under
present conditions of manufacture the price of domestic magnesium will
probably retain u very high ratio to that of the crude materials. If the
cost of producing magnesium be reduced to a low enough point, this metal
may largely replace rtlumiiiurn in the making of automobile and aeroplane
parts and in the many other uses to which ahmiinum is put at present,
with a reduction in weight und increasi- in strength of the finished article.
PKICES.
In 1913 crude Ttrecinn mngnesite sold at fn =11 S7 to $8 p«T ton in 1 nlk
f.o.b. New York, and crude California magn' . • sold at about the wime
price at the mine or f)oint of shipment. (Irecian material, "caustic"
calcined, fine grotmd and packed in paper-lined barrels, sold at from .<!2.">
to S3.T per ton in New York, and the (iilifornin pnxluct prejiared .nnd
packed in the same way fetched $30 to W,') in I-os Angeles or San Francisco.
The price of dead-burned, crushed, or fine-ground Austrian magnesite
averngwl »1(J.2.') to $1(>..')0 in New York atul the sftme product from Norwjiy
$22..'J0 in Kan Francisco. In 1918 the California crude sold c.i an average
of S9 per ton at the mine,- an<l that of Washington at a liftle ctver 1*7.
This represents a drop in price of about $\ jht ton from 1917. The freight
from California to the east was a little over «!('• it* the ton. (Quebec mag-
nesite sold at about $9 per ton crude, caustic "alcined and ilead-bunied
average(| $38 per ton, the dead-burned being much the higher. What
prices will prevail by the time that the Cariboo deposits are being mined
is a matter of speculation, but when Kuropean magnesite is again imported
western ma'gnesites and hydromagnesitd-s will evidently be at a disadvan-
tage in the principal magnesite markets of the eastern United .States.
HYDHOMAfJNESITF DEPOSITS EXAMINED.
CKNER.^r, rH.\R.\CTEU.
Numerous outcrops of white or cream-coloured earths occur at Kelly
lake, Clinton, Meadow lake, and Wat»«)n lake, and oc( urrences of the same
nature are founcl in the neighbourhood of 141 Mile House on tthe Cariboo
road and on RisKC creek, west of Eraser river. Analyses ii*licate that
some of these deposits are mainly hydroirf* carbonates of magnesia approach-
ing hydromagnesite in composition; others contain a large proportion of
lime carbonate; and others carry gypsum in excess. All these varieties
closely resemble one another in general, but in places where thev occur
together the purer hydromagncsites can be distinguished from the earths
high in limr.
The purer hydrous magnesium carbonates which for convenience will
be called hydromagncsites, although they seldom have the exact composition
of that mineral, are fairly coherent, white to cream white aggregates made
up of extremely fine particles showing glistening faces with a beautiful
silky hLstre in reflected light. Scattered through the^^e may be a few, black
particles of very small size. When highly magnified the material re.-iolves
into very fine, greenish blades about 0002 millimetres wide and OOl to
0012 millimetres long, of low birefringence and parallel extinction. From
the results of analyses these are thought to belong to an isomorphous
series of which magnesite, hydromagnesite (aMgCt), MgiDHj. + aHjOt,
and nesquehonite (MgCOj 3H-.0) are members (Figure 4).
28
"; 'exf ur... A„ ..„r.h wh.Vh from if h n«Vv * ""'"'"■ ,""'/ ""* ''^'"""
••arlKirmtc («.,. Tahlo IV an ilv- 1 «> ' ?"."' ""h.v.fmtiH inairi...s
of the n.aKn««iuin pxwIh «» the «nV.v.lr™.5 i ''' ''"""'"^IrateM that ii
inaKneHite aMociated with r« LT- * '"^ ^arbonate (Mr <(),), ,,i,h^,
«" the mineral 'lolonure.((ri&."V""' ''"''''' *'''' •'•'In""' carbo,!
fcarths made up nearlv «r wK n'" /
8p«cimeng tho«e eontaininR rdltrvHv i' '^''P'""" ''^•'"''^'o '" the h«
microaeope the gypsum ervH^RlM.^ '"'^" an.ounts of lime. Under
« probaily prJ^r Su d^nS .JdeteSor/'''"' ^"* ^"^ydrite wh
the material. ' "" determined Iwcause of the finenew
nnpuritL^*;i!;rte^^ the earths with mc
defined, thin Ix^ds of ^ to VW nehTSni i''"^' L'"'">' '"'"•«». «how wc
wavy outhne. The ^me KAnHiI.1 • i "*^''! '^'"K ""* but witha «liKhl
of t^e hydromailS' Be&^STrf ''' "" !["''''^ ''^ke^rHuS
rounded and curved surfaces »7n Dlace« n n*" ''"*"""'•' «'«v"'t'« wi
impure earths are cemented into col"SetmLll.s. «™""'^*''t- '-el ti
««-/«<»on 0/ Hydromagnemlea and Impure Earth,.
lies «uLl"tceTaKr ofT''"^ when present in the larger deposit
the-e two zones. Where in fh« i„^ ^ • ".° ''™wn sand e betWeei
and impure earth outcrop at the Sce'^o V *'''*hrh'*lMromaKne.s'
s^whtly higher elevation Kn the neighbo. rin^lrl*''' 7-''*' '""''^ '« "* *
Beow the cream-coloured, impure Seru/on'^'^ °^.!'"P"^'' '""'"ia'
fu I of sand and clay, com^nt^ in rSl ^''T^'H ^ •^""^y wf'ite earth
this ,s more sand or ciav At Vvatson iJkeX *° " ^"''' "r^^**' ^"^ '>^1"«
seems m places to bo repealed so th„Vr^K» ?"'''"«'^^>«n described above
layer. In places the und^; yil "layf ""^'"""^ a yelkmi.sh
shells. '■y"'*^ *^'ajs contam numerous, small, freshwa er
:b«w mrthfl originated
..... und PetroK. I)«,i«.i,
Vorkommen." AttoniDti
prewnt in (hi, earth di<l iot
.. The texture «n,l slructun, „/ ,h „ K..., . """' "^ '••"^"« »" pre»..nt in this ei
the .tructure. ™IM =tSSia^rf K^'uT' """>"> "* *''* '^'■-^^ «•,'« na^ca « . - ,
27
ritii'H in con-
<' Ki-anulufpd
<l to cotifuin
I inaKtKvsiiim
early whrilly
iiincfpr, that
h(T«' aro nim
'•riifito, and
f which was
'I'hf roiii-
'H that most
i), either as
I carbonate
n the hand
Under the
Irite, which
fineness of
with more
show wcll-
ha slixhtly
L'n surfaces
vitios with
<• level the
r deposits,
rare r'ases,
i-colourc(i
ilica, and
iii'rs from
y sharply
[es of the
! befween
nagnositc
th is at a
material,
ite earth
lid below
;d above
yellowish
?shwa er
lia originated
'og. DCTitsch
Attonipts
ftrth di<l Dot
>f. rcaemble
PP U-I2S.
Hhape of the Depontt.
The larger deponitH are thin, flat-iyinR sheets <>( nearly uniform depth
from the surface to the underlyiiiK wand or clay. The surfaces, which are
from 1 to 2 feet hinlier than the surrounding valley floors, are broken up
ititi) nearly circular humps full <>t radiatiuK cracks fem-mblinn the top of a
cauliflowfr (Plate IV). The toj- ■){ thest; hum|is are, as a rule, from I
Arems with hydrom^gnea/ie
of good ^uthty
Area3 with aeposits of
impure hydromafnnite
/,f,3- tipoaurea of hydmmutnesiU af^aod quality. 4,S.€.- Ctpoaurea ofcmlcitr with gyiaum.
7- Ixposuri of gypsum with CMJcite 8 - fxpoaure of cong/omerate otvtam tiy trawUnt
f Tunnels X Prospects
Scan of feat
* yo ^ f jpotf aooo joa o 40oo tceo
Approaimate magnetic datlination, S'T'Sast
liRiirt' .3. HydroniagiH-site di'imsits near Clinton, Lillooet district, British Coluinl)ia.
to 2 feet higher than the ground between them. In certain places along
the j'dgos of the deposits. a.« at Me.idow Like .and olspwhero, lunar or <-.ivp-
sliaiied cavities filled with large basaltic boulders, but with practically no
fine-grained material, lie between the cauliflower-like humps. The shapes
28
of the cavitios ponform to the arranepmonf nf ti,„ • .
amoiiRst which th.«y Ho Tho h m,^.? fircular niaRnosite pat
pat.-hes have grown unwards an, ri"r'^''''''''' ''^ ''"'t ^^e .nagn^
an.l finally risbg aborthon, Th Tif ' ' ^^"'^ *^'' ''«"'''«'" *<' «"'''
n(lioat,.,i-l,y the^rosom of si Ju vortn' 'ft.*""' •"''n'"''"*"*" i« f»r
l)oul,|,>rs. On the lum . rs of T l- < '" niagncsito on in.livi,
tluTc.s...msi,u,la,.osto l^an ,i^rL*^rf''"''i*" outrroppinK at tho s„rf
footor«,,,,fsoilr(>sfinKonathinl, Hnf V 1 **'^'»a,n dopo.sit n-yv:
inj? part of th,- main mass '^••' "f''>'''-'>'"'W>esitc evidently a proj,
an.l ,.al,.i,„„, which f< n, nfl fc 1 vin^^^^^^^^^^^ "' "''"!"^ "^ '""K^'^-^i
occur as l.ds i.iterstrati ie w h 'L f '' " J"st un.ler tho surface or ,
expose,! in pit No. 7 Ky, re S "" .''i''^' /n'."" "'"•'' ""*'"'^ »>«« ''
and 8, Tal>le IV) It s o«'r|.v1 .' ,''*/.'"'/"" 'fat'' V, mul anal- so
nearly pure gyps m an 1 ,.|ccnlL ;'"'"' ''^ '''^"'"^ ''''•' "'»' '■"""'i^t^
minerals are n. xe,l ^ iltl /il?v w. ' •' •'''"^'' ''""''''•• ''"^ "> ^^^P^h th
in which the no,h. e 1 es r f, Xh ''r'','*^ amounts of tho houlder ci
are fine, t.hrea,l-like streaks of .l^:r''"^ traversiuK the l.ouhlor eh
with the n,atenais of H^^n" „, ! * ^ ^^^^ TJl " "'V™' '" '"""'««'^'
also occur on th.. «*«->.. ,'""""' ^^'at<^ * 1;- -Nodular deposits of evnsi
Hod.ied,iepoit ' f u ;s:;re,rvifh'"-' '"''^ ^^''''^ ^^'^ --''-'
no>.i..„. „...! . ,ja'<"r.a<lniixe,l with some nypsiini and hydroiis iiu
nosiun. curLonate (Tal le IV' a iTvsU ? '""'*^ '^■''^*'""' .^"'' ''>''™"^ "
s
wat
►"sis
In the
COMFOSITJON.
hy.iron.a«neS^i!;!;il:;'tiii'^Xw'i'r v^' '"■♦^^•' «-'-
o'vek. This tai.le renn s, ,. s H ' '^'^"'^o^- ^^e ^^ atson lake, and Risl
'l-'posits that . a . rea^na V 1 1 '""?"f' *'"" "f ♦'»' '"atorial in the.
The yellow, KHU i la t od ^ S . U'^r^^^^^^^^ !" ■\":''l '^ ^■""""^^''ial pro,luc
of value. Analv OS 2 / i Z'["'l "/"" '"l'' '" '/""' ^''^ '' "'''' t» '
that they repre^.-nt an av,>;.l of tL n fr"i"P''' ^V'*'?' "' «"''»' "» ^^a
an.l as stated in tt.o talle in „,wV . f ' '''"''^"•^^■■^ "^ *'"' layer sample
♦'"• «holo of the u ,pe into 1, ' Wiirth,'''' «"'"'•''*»!">"■ '-^Hosent
averaKo value of eight analvsos n f VHi analyses ,s presented th
report l.v (J. A. Yr^ig n the S.nn,»! !>'^''-"""'Pf«it'-H fakon from th
rana,la. for 191.^ • /, l\ ' h^ 1, -"^ "/'""''^ "^ ^'^'' (Geological Surv.-v
magnosit... Analv 5.1 mX?"'.!!*^ -sixteen analy.ses of C'aliforni,
more than tWr.tvve-irs a^o o ^' '" V'*' r''u'-"^'^'"' ^""'''J- 'aboraton
from the,■l,^,„<"t inateW.. f,«,n '"IV''''' ''^""'' '* '*' Presumed was take!
"lars as to e me ho7l o X .rilis^' "''1"''' "V'T ''"P"^''' '"'^ P'^^^i'"
show the mat,-rials o e low h, m.^""''' ' T '"'■''""^- ''"'"'^'- "'"^"'t*
2 and 4 reveal th,' preson co ofTn, 1 r ''"'' I'^'r''":. """"i'ies. Analv.se^
m all prohahilitv ^^"-0,1 from ho ^e' ?1 '\"^ ''"''r "'r>eHive\y . ^r^i.^,
the upper white hydrornaLios l n f ' ","'' «P«'^« "^eattorod through
the spring waters (page 4"^ ^tes ZlVf""?'! ^^'' /■""' Position of
may bo present. l^^nagliS';:;^te;!}:':unlS'!,r;^73';;;:r ^ "'^"
29
esite patches
le iimKiicnife
s to one side
on is further
)n individual
the surface,
nesite; that
)Kit reveal a
ly a project-
roniaj{ncsite
niaRiiesiuni
'face or else
lie has hcen
analyses 7
consists of
Jepth these
oulder clay
lulder day,
onifKisition
of gypsum
nalysis 1).
iroiis niajj-
^w parts of
the water
uialysis 3)
■ lake.
grades of
and Hiske
1 in these
1 F)roduct.
rule to he
ch a way
r sampled
epresents
en ted the
from the
.1 Survey,
'aliforni.'t
iboratory
■as taken
it partic-
>e results
Analy.ses
ly, which
through
sition of
lica also
nt.
s
S
-a
a:
a
aq
3l
C
s
uirad;<0
I«»"J.
OoSOI
DoSOI
jAoqn Q(f{
10
•OS
«O0
O'H
o«o
0»M
CI ^ <o
6 o -^
R
?
3
2 8 S =
8 S S S
S S
8 S
00 o
•O''.!
•O'lV
•0!S
o
2;
g
■ft
3
s
o
o
o
e
■
s
&
s
3
B
s
e
a
s
s
s
1?
s
n
s
CO
S
s
o
•H •", a POM ^H ^- i~* tn
6 6
6 6
s s
« — •^ -v
S n 9 S
N ^ M ^.^ v4 »H ^^
« a
Is
.3
IS
■MS
Ill
fi.
.8.«!
£ «.S
a|,3
n
.a g
>-5eo
S£ SI
® -J '
= Hi s
iss
S a =
lb
^4
S-f
8
■S.S
•§2
il
1=
ii ■!»
' " 8< £
n a s
iJJ-S . o,
!"" e 50 _
I - B aj ■>
11111
■o25oS-a-3
-^ CI
o-°ci
•o«S
} or : 1- t_
■S O
5172 -a
30
Variation in Co,np„.,ition with Depth
o; ll'^e • riy;^ 'T^^:^Z^'l^ ••-» a,.ra„,eci to show the in.
that are included hmC.LZJ '•' ^ ''"'^^'■'' ''''PO'^its of n" v
l^amples taken from the tn e sec ™""v -^'V''^'^''^ '' 2%nd 3 repr
•^ed 15 inches thick which ex sts .7, "' r"' ^ ^ff""''*''""*'* the irpper w
repr ents the underlying, Kran.latel^ ?!'"'" " ' "''"' '^^' ''^P" i^ N
«"' Vo. 3 the lower pVrt of the o„o i V'""-/""'"'.'""'' ''^'' ^6 •"••hos th
increases from 1 -32 ner c .,f in V ^'^ '"^hes thick. The Hme con
lated cream-coloumfbe :.V<1 2 'V^'r' "'''^^ '""'• *» «-38 in heT«
deposit. Samples Nos 5 an fiu? f [ '"*'"/ '" ^^"^ ''.wer 1.5 inches of
Pit^situated a few hum ed flet awavtn" ^T !^" ^''"»'' ^^^ThL
h 2, and 3. In this case no Einc ,nn ' ^^'T '"''""*>' of samples >
;;^P""«e".tj the material tordS of ri^jf "'"^''i ''^*^^- ' ^he beds' N.
of the middle bed represented bvnnnlfx^*'' *"*' '"""tams about 1.5 i,,c
the lower portion of the deposit LtweonH \l ^ 'j''"^'^' '*'"' ^^'o- 6 repre e
down to the base of the deSS\^Z\7J^?*t H ^^ «'"' 60 inches or aim
these analyses with analyS'yos 1 1 atd S^ " '' ""■''j^^- «>' '^^P-r
18 per cent . Analyses i\o 7 and 8 «rp n/^'P" T^^^^ '^^^^ ^^^^ «aid o
places at Matson lake; \o 7 from th "'""P^'' ♦'»'*<^n at two differe
the upper bed and the upper" narto^th i"''"". "'^'^^ ''«'- ^nd No 8 fro
content is low. The owner of the w..''^' 'T'^" ^^ ^'oth these he lin
amount of lime is verv small in f)f u f" ^''^'^ deposits states that t
but increases to a mariced extent Jn ^hJ'" '^''^ r''"" "^ these c epos
that m most cases underlie the Ik /'"^ ^ream-coloured, granulated lave,
>n the white layer at Riie creek s indil"'^ -T'" ^^' l«w\,ontent o lim
t TP^l*^"^^" f™™ J««-r KrJ.i'^d " '•^•^^7' hv analyses 6 and 7, Tal le I
to have been high in lii, '^^''na ^here the white layer is absent is sni
brought out stiikin^h-, a so 1,^00^^-'%?^ '""^" eo.ltent whh'de U
carbonate present in the two serSs^ nT^ *''" calculated amounts of lin
anatlyses 1, 2, 3, and 4, 5 and « ^ ""'T''''?'*''' ''^^« represented b
e^mS^''■''^*'>^^"«'Ses'at^bv ZSn^of '^''^ '""- "o"'-'
erratic in its venation and does not inv«rf i • °^ ""'"erous test holes i'
.VVatson lake, n the easterIvw^«L. •* m^ariably increase with denth a
31
■ the increase
^ nf 110 value
I 3 represent
irpper white
)o.sit. \o. 2
inehes thick,
Hnic content
'1 the granu-
nches of the
30.' II from a
imples Xos.
i>eds, No. 5
ut 1.5 inches
5 represents
cs or alnicst
■ comparing
t the upper
lime as the
ve samples
m average
content of
said to be
o different
^'o. 8 from
ic the lime
s that the
' deposits,
ted layers
It of lime
Table ir.
■nt is said
dep'h is
ts of lime
en ted by
content
t holes is
pth. At
re visible
of white
' increase
lears the
le at the
nd occur
Analysis
tches of
esite at
Puritigs
calci „
s
?,
SJ
s
1^
s
0'.1
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33
Mi neral Composition .
In atteniptinn to intcrpi.-t the analyses in terms of mineral com-
position the vvritir was Kuided by the following considerations: (1) The
sulphate radicle was combined with calcium asj^'P^um C'aS()<+2H2 O or
anhydrite CaS04, because the calcium sulphates are very much less soluble
than the magnesium or ferrous sulphates, or sulphates of the alkalis.
Gypsum' loses three-fourths of its water of crystallization when heated for
some time at 100 degrees ('., but retains the remainder to a much hight-r
temperature. One-fourth of the water required to make gypsum must,
rigurc' 4. Chemical roinpo.sition of liydnms maxnexiuni carl)()iiatc coiiiixpuikIh.
aocordinft to molpoular proportion.s.)
(I'lott..(l
therefore, come from the percentage given in the analysis as passing off
above 105 degrees (\ The maximum amount of gypsum present is, there-
fore, limited by the amount of water Hberated above 105 degrees C". and
for this reason it follows that anhydrit* is present in both the earths high
in gypsum represented by analyses 1 and 7, Table IV. The presence of
gypsum crystals has been p.oved in these cases by microscopic work, but
no satisfactbry determinations were made of the very fine grains supposed
to be anhydrite. (2) The calcium remaining after satisfying the available
^Thorpe, E. A., "Dictionary of applied chemi«try," vol. I, p. 8!1.
34
as a h rKo pf>rco..tam- of ral.iun, ra,l,„„uto tho „ro.s,.,.C(< of ,u\Zl
[ha f . I ''./"'V "'f<^;:<>^f'"K J)ap<'r In- Johns).,,, an.l the hvnoth
.^ Jl ''T'i^ '""'" '••r'-"'*'^"'" h'lvo 1.0(.„ forn,o,i a o vo,v Hos
p;rS.toIv t "t^''r'' !'"•'-• *-"f™t..n. a„<l ......ss.,; co.uH
aiiiount ot t,.,i„„s ,ron i„ these earths is so bw that it has for tho smk,
co.vo M,o,,..o. l,oo„ onutto-l f,o,„ the c-alr„lations. (3) .W carbon .liov
S "n.'ln.lT'r.;'' '•'•>^'''"'-'-" ro,"ainin, ^af," saSvi J"
iLv I '"""^*"'K wa>- Ttio molecular pioport ons of niairnesi.. 7.n,.|
Wt :, ' ':•""■ "^ 7-Vsfallization re.niining were no t'"' in
n « t^ C hv !'"' '"'-"■""■ J^V '•^'^ ^""^'^ <iia«r!;,.rtho ,nino
"Ki^in Mil ,MKV.u.», nvdroniaenosite 4\Ttr() "^r'O iU(» . u
u .>iM^, V U2, and HjU of the analyses le, w th veiv little vnri-ifirm
lie hot ween hydromaKnesite and „,aKnesite. The eomnonndV vv ,
nrese,„.e ,s th„s indicated n.ay helon^r fo an ison. orpho ^ e ii of 1
hyilro„,agnes,te and niagnesito are end n,e,nbors or '^he ,,m he list ,
rmnpound. of co.npositions intennediato between hyarZa^neslIra
TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOOICAL RELATIOX.s.
The deposits of pure hydi-oniaRnesite all lie on flat i?roi,n.l no.,,- t
o ..HK- -5 n /'^ "" >: OOP slope on the oast side of the vallev (Fi^ e
1 ;;'' n'ahole if ' '''''' ''' "" '""^ ''' -"''>' ««"-- nearThe st-roim ar
hill 1^' ^'''"^o"i i'n'"onsoli(late<l sand and clay underlie the deposit Tl
hill lying east of the Clinton deposit is n,ostly drift-covered \msuch o,
7h7lZrF ^r"' ^''"' «^»inolite-schists a'nd carbo,,aceo, arS os
one,, en .r'^'' Tk™'' ?"[* '"^'^'^ «^ t*^^ •'''^"^P character outcrop aho
one mile to the scith, and above the epsomite lake in elevation (Sure 8
Ibove th'p fl,Y tl!** * ""'" "'■ *^^'' *" '^' "°'th and seve?a hundfed fe,
Cache "aeeTh'll """"'■ ""^TT ^^ ««^P«"«"e and other rock
eason to doubt thlttLT^P^'' \l ^t'*f'y »»^«^'t^' hut there is n
iidson TO aouht that the flat under the hvdromaenesites nnH th« hii
SkT" U%r7'' ??'^'-t^ ^^* '^''«-« '*• ayrdeEwCach^Cree
rocks. At Meadow lake the presence of angular basalt boulders in pre
fiiovor there
I iiiaKiicsiuni
n the rcHiih.s
' hypothesis
oiy elose to
I' roiulitions
. Although
rhoimte the
the siike of
hon dioxide.
isfyiiiR {.(,„.
iiiaKiiesium
lis of thefc
1, Figure 4,
sia, carljon
i'd in their
he minerals
f'sqnehonite
cordinjr to
I? the avail-
iriation, on
rve, and all
nds whose
's of wliich
l>e distinct
inesito and
d near the
at Clinton
(Figure 3,
feet lower
<its oreiipy
I bout one-
( Figure 6) .
nis part of
. Both of
tream and
osit. The
such out-
rgillites of
rop ahoOt
Figure 8).
idred feet
r rocks of
here is no
the hills
;he Creek
s in pre-
ss
1 fusion suggests that Hat-lying beds ot Tertiary basalt are not far iielow,
I but no outcnjps of such rocks were seen. .\t the west end of Meadow lake,
5 however, where a grey depo.'.it at lake-level is said to contain liydro-
niagnesite, there are outcrojjs of Cache Creek limestone lying several
hundred feet above the lake-level. At Watson lake the deposit is underlain
! by green, stoneless clay at a depth of from 7 to 8 feet from the siirfa( c.
This clay is yellowish or brownish at its contact with the deposit and
carries freshwater shells. 1'^. Whitlaker of the (ieological Survey, has
nia<le the folKiwing report oi> them:
"The faima obtaiuecl from this <'lay consists entirely of immature ami
stunted forms. The followin^^ forn»s are represented:
Lyntiim-it ((inlb;i) tri/oitii iLriii
I'Uiiiiirhis cf. Iiirinij/i, ((idulil' 'cuiitiririril liy Dr. I-". C. linker,
''liiviTsily of lUiiKiisi.
Plnnorhin opercxdnria Gould
I'lmiitrliii fHimi.i ;."'.iyi
I'hiim sp. ViTv ^imii^ iiidiviiluiilji only.
"The above forms are all living at pres«'nt, ami all except PUuiorhi-<
jinrvits are confined to the Pacific slope. They are freshwater, not land
forms.''
There are Tertiary lavas in the hills .south of the deposits at Watson
lake and basaltic ash rocks on the shores of lOo-Mile lake to the north,
and outcroi)s to the northwest down the valley appear to be older than
the Tertiary. No outcrops were seen near the Riske Creek deposits.
Deposits of calcite and gyjjsum carrying a very small amount of
hydromagnesite occur in the hill-slopes near the Clinton hydromagiiesites
and .several hundred feet in elevation above them (Figure '.i). At Kelly
lake, deposits of gypsum occur in the steep hill-slope above the lake, and
on fans in the lake just below the .surface of the water are deposits of nearly
pure calcite (Plate V'll). The .same material is found interbeddtd with
sand and loam in the flat just west of the lake, .\bout one mile eai*t of
the north end of Kelly lake, nodules of pink earth lie in boulder clay above
argillites or phyllites of the Cache Creek series. They outcrop on the hill-
slopes at various elevations within a few hundred feet o' the valley floor.
ORKJIX OF THE DEPOSITS.
It is important from the commercial point of view to oV-tain a clear
conception of how the hydromagnesite depo.sits were formed and placed
where they are <oday, for only by so doing can the probable value and
extent of such parts of the <leposits as are not visible and have not been
prospected be arrived at. The subject is, therefore, discussed at length.
The anhydrous magnesium carbonates, calcium carbonates, and
calcium sulphates, descibed above, occur in this district, mixed in N-anous
pi-oportion, and all these salts appear to have originated through the
action of the same agencies. The deposit oi epsomite, magnesium sulphate,
at Clinton (Figure 9) occurs with sodium sulphate and hydrated magnesium
carbonate and in origin is related to the others.
The hypothesis put forward to account for the Clinton deposits is as
follows: The lime and magnesia which they contain were derived from
rocks of the Cache Creek series; these bases were dissolved and trans-
ported to their present position as solutions in carbonated and sulphated
...-^
oTr :;;.C"otnZ'^^^^ "n,l.rKrou„d; tho .„ove
brought thoso^olntions ru;e urfa oT./v„f "''"^ '™"' '"^^ to low
with the reinaininK part of e Al.- ' ['''u'^*" ''^"•'>' ''""'"»« ♦"«<
took placo hotweon ho ex re l|v «n i '^l ^"'^'""'^ '' ^'"-ther sopan,
and tho hy.lrous n.aKnesTum ^ar fcratt 7^ "^ ".aKnosiu,,, (,fZn
present only where the waters wJ.^n 'I" '^™,"'"'*''''^^'*'') t^ " »
flraininK into streams. The cheSn'^o "th "'" f""'"' ''"^*' "" " ^'a'
Js of course, not as simpirarsfaed TK ''''''''''•'•''*'"'''' P'-^'-ipitat
soluble .natorial inclu* inrsod un, nt„ ■^"'' ''"^ probably ,nu rh o
waters fsee analyse., pie 4m Cre'^^^^^ ""'"'''*' *■•"'■" "' tl
tion of any of the four^pSd sal s a '^^^^^^ ''V.'^.P"'"' °f Prori^
and presmire being affe -f ed bv he rein ■ ' '^"""" '"""'"t'^n of temporal
•n the solutions and porhap " J^Vherf^^ir"" r^"'^ ''•""^■'' "^ "'»'''
these ohonuoal activities are of verv rcei^I./ '"''".•'': u'* "* ''•''""^••''' t
di8cus«nl'irconnex"o"n wS\hef^^^^^^ *'''"''•"' ''>P"thesis is based will
(1) the source of ^0 0^/1^1 am n.Z '"^"■' ""^' *" •»"■ «"''"^ '»'« «
of the waters by which tlirrro ransnorted- '?i/ r ""'"'•*' '""' «"
they were deposited ; (4) "chances TS'' '•^\*''*' ""'""^ •" wh
deposition. "mng(s which hcve taken place since tl
Oriyin of the Calcium ami Mag,,, mum.
rocks ofThe'd"St'rat'Elil7a'ko or riinto;;''''"^,?*':^??. ^^""^ ''^''^^ ^'^^
drift-covered, but a number of o,,t?.J.. V .l'"* < ''"ton area is large
of Cache Creek age occur „ the hi t'f'if'""'!*' ''^'''' «"'• ^^Ki'"
noHite and above it in elevation Th ."h n"/'" '■"""■^' ""'"• *^"' ^ydroma
ake contain numerous outcrops of the il^'T J"'* ""'** «^ ^^e epsomi
tho drift blanket is e.en thicK mlVh^rr'^l'T^'''- '^^'^«t of Clint.
crop out several hundred feet above the vallev for '7''*""? ^'"'^ ^'"'^P^"*''
There is, therefore no rensnn f/, i i •• ^""r> 'or a few mi es to the nort
underlie the vaHev." The S ake"v7 **"** f">' ' - ^'-''he Creek Z
narrow valley witn steep Wis entte "'r?''"'*t ™^*"'«1 "'^^ i" « d*^^!
Themagne.siumrouldbede edfSaCt 'r ^'^ ^>'"^'^ ^ '''''^ '«'k
drift at ("linton (Plate X) althnnah T 9%^^ serpentine covered bv th
source of a great Part o the rfnL /en '"^f *^^*"'f/^ T ^ '■''>■ P-""'- '
no outcrops near the pure (0^)*^" fc th ^l ^^^T'^^''^^ ^^^^ ^^ere ar
point to the presence of l>eds JTertia blsalt'l'T'""'. '^''^"l* ''«"'''"
Thattheyareunderlainatnogrea Sh bvf V °r* ^'"i ^'''"' ^'"'^ ^''--fa"
by the outcrops of Cache Creek lir^ei„np [^'h' ^ '""'^ '^'^^ ^^ irxdicate,
exposed up to el-vations several humlredfLf* i*''^ west end of the lake
deposit of impure magnesite af lake level tk'T *^^'"'^^ ""'» «''«ve ,
siRns of alteration such as would nrecerth^f ^^^ «'**«!* '>0"Ider8 show n.
salts and it is most improbable ?Et^aieT*'"''°^'"'-"'^''^"'^g»^«i»«
the magnesium. The geology arrui^Vr^arr'^l^'ruS i^
37
h«> inovcmpnt
to low land,
lore iiiHoluhle
'posits on the
m carlwimtcs
(miH together
er separation
"1 (^epsoniile)
iilphf, e heing
no ti »'ans oi
'recipitations
much other
lica in these
of preripita-
teniperatiire
' of material
elieved that
me of theni
used will he
•r indieated:
' aud origin
er in which
since their
nche ("reelv
a is largely
<l argillites
hydromag-
e epsomite
of Clinton
serpentine
the north,
reek rocks
in a deep,
pek rocks,
red by the
■ probable
there are
boulders
e surface,
indicated
the lake,
1 above a
show no
agnesium
•ortion of
udied in
detail. Most of the ana around the deposits is drift-c»)Veretl. Hiisalt-
ciipiK'd hills occur to the sctutheast and rocks resembling ("ache ("reek
outcrop near the valley tloor one mile to thi' northwest of the lake.
Mrtnis of Solution and TniUHfHirUilioit.
The nature of the dejK)sits indicates that they were derived from car-
bonated and sulphated waters. Surface waters i)ercoiating downward into
the earth's crust contain carbon dioxide and free oxygen. If the waters
traverse carbonaceous rocks such as the ( 'ache ( reek argillitt s, the amount
of carbon tiioxide is increii.sed by oxidation of the carbon. Carbonated
waters acting upon seriHUtine can dL-i-sohc the magnesium, yielding a
solution from which nuign«'sium carbonate and magnt'sium hydroxide may
be precipitated according to the formula' H4MgiSi209 (serjK'ntineJ-l-COj
= MgC0,-|-2Mg ((»H)2 +2SiOj-|-k.
Carbon dioxide and water could react on the actinolite of the actiimlite
schists at Clin on to lorm the s<'ri)entine (bastite), together with CaCOs
and water, thu.^ Ca (MgluOiSiiO,, (actinolite) -|-2H20+C()..^ H4(.MgFeu
SijOs (serpentine) -|-CuC034-2Si02+k. Further action of the carbon dioxide
solutions on the serpentine would tlieii j)roduce solutions of magnesium
carbonate and hydro.xide, also iron carbonate (^'derite) and hydrous silicate
lopal). It is thus possible for the carbonates of magnesium and calcium to
have formed from the altered Cache Cr»'ek rocks by the action of surface
waters carrying carbon dioxide and oxygen. In connexion with the ]wissible
derivation of the magnesium fronj Tertiary basalts, it should be poiiited
out that serpentine and actinolite are both alte.-ation products of original
minerals of the more basic igneous rocks, and that, in general, the carboiuites
of magnesium and calcium seem to form more readily from certain of these
alteration products than from the original minerals. Magnesite for exiimi)le
is more commonly derived from serpentinous rocks than from fresh olivine-
bearing rocks such as t'.e l)a.^alts.
Calcium may, of cours*', also be dissolvcil from limestones, by waters
charged with carbon dioxide. ISulphated waters are a common product
of the oxidation of i)yrite in the rocks by surface waters. This gives rise
under certain conditions to limonite and free sulphuric acid or .soluble
ferrous sulphate and sulphuric aeid.^ The sulphated soluticms reacting
on cak'ite or magnesite niay form solutions oi calcium and magnesiimi
sulphate. After solution, the calcium and magnesium will be removed from
the original source and transported el.«ewhere according to the tlirection
of movement of t' ground waters' until some point is reached where there
is a change in cluiiiicnl efiuilibrium sufficient to cause their precii)itation.
The i)rocess o. solution and manner of transportation have been abund-
antly proved in other localities. That such reactions are taking place
within Cache Creek rocks in this region is shown by numerous examples.
'Van Iliae, C". K., "A treatise on metamorphisiii," U.S.G.S., Mem. 47. p. 349.
>Van Hise, Op. cit., pp. 2H, :i5
'Ground waters circulate downward to a lone of the crust in which the rocks are saturated . The upper limit of
tliia soue or sround water level, i» deeper on the hiUd and comes nearer to the surface in tlie vallej bottoms. The
waters travel along the upper part of this »one frorr hinner to lower ground and issue as sprnRs at favourable places
on the hiltoides or in the valley floors. .Such as do not come to the surface will move slowly dowa-nn'um close
under the surface. These movements hJive been abundantly proved by tests, l-indRTcn, Op. cit., pp. 2'.l. :iO. Thus,
the waters falling on high ground will percolate deepl.v into the rocks and take up their load of magnesium and
calcium: some of them will come to the surface on the hillsides and deposit the salts that are the leai^t soluble.
the water contalnilig the more soluble salts will flow over the surface or sink into the cnist and join the main dcm-n-
ward moving solution to be deposited in the valley bottom or carriod down stream from there.
'"«"•'•„"'"" " f-"" N. I, kVat • in ;, Tr V'"" """•• ""<' ^'i
t - |.ro,|u...,s ,.f „.,' "u" tZ I ';"«"•-"•••■"''•;"•<'• ""<! -l-al. tl.
"•■-'uni, aiHl iron s, i,,|,„t,. Jll" i ' , ' '"' "" V^"'" "f '••"". ^hit. ;
■•"•';""*< ar«illit,.. Th . n«Kn"s ,',,..:','''■'■'' '1".'' """'■"'' '^""" <''" •'"
••"vifirs in th,. ,.,/rfa,.,.. In t" " a , 'ni " '" !i""" •^'""••^•■'' ''•"'•'^^
H-whor.. in thin r..,„,rt. vor ,t ' , 'tril'" '""•"""•"■ "vr, .l.s...
•".-on th.. floor, not in pi u ! ^ "llo ."JjllJir^V'"' ''■'/"/'""'"'•'••^ ':
( ra.ks m th.. roof «•,.«• fi h-,| wi i „ whit. * ''' '^'''\''r^ ^"'"' <>'" tun
«hu-h was fill,.,| with th.. s It t ti... I 'lr<'PP<'<l fron, th.- cr,
tl.o Chromito n.in,. .../( 'hron,..,r „,';„' '•" •"",'";' ^''"^ "'"'"vat..,!.
m V(.inl..ts in .s,.rp,.ntino an 1, *M. ♦' ""'.«"' ^'"'n «'ilphat.. was ....-n form
sum. ,s„|phat,.s from ('aX. (Ck rorkV v TV'l''^"^ ''^
"'•')v.-. '^'^"* ""^'*'' ''.v sulphate.! waters as outlii
nuit,'^;^;;;:,,"^ m:'r-„:t'ct t'^'^-i.-'-'^r^ ♦'- '-••"> ^-k ,
materials ne..,le,| to fo n the , i/T"" "'"' ♦'""••'^"'•"' "'"tains all
contains small examples 'Hr th tEi^'r^l^J^^nfrif tiS''^'
Manner of Deposition.
fo<'arp„irri!"''wa"t?s t;rora;in '""•^ ^'?'-'>- •-" ''"P'-te.l at ..erta
illustrates the mol of C^^ie^7r^''' ^'""""."'^ *»'« 'Irift. iC
< linton. Analysis 7, TaWe TV r^.n/ '^^"'1' "* '"^'^"ty 7, Figures
»'o.lule; analysis 8 isWmioral'bXvTo'-'^^""?''"'^'*'"" of ^''•^ 4>
<l"l'tl..s of 2 ami 3J feet from the t^l^e ', "''';' ''''"' I' ^"'^'"n hetwe.
matter m the analyses it iJl^^^n t\ZZ ,K •''■'''•''K"'-.ling the insok.l,
the white streaks in the boulder ,.!vl!,i ^'^'^ ""'^^ '" t^e no.lule an
'•aleit.. in praetieally the same nn ,' T l''"" comiwsed of gypsum an
>" the no,iule an.l n the strS i 'Z'^f "^ "'?"* -"^ '? ^- 1''»' ^hite^-art
the houlder clay grac'uallv Hp, r< ' *''•' "'fore, i.lentical. The white earth
lies in yery ^nJ'Z:S>fZ":ZlVy''T'^ downwards, and 'eSe.U
illustrates in detail a nortionnffP •>,"'""*' '" the elay. Plate V
the fineness of the\hreEg>tim and r^ '" ^''"^" ^' -'^^ 'l-w
of P-I)sum increases upwar.l ^^"^ '"''*""'''■ '" ^'hifh the amoun
pure g/p^r^thtre: itiiTbir"-, ''^ ^^n^ -^^"- of th.
no mixmg of soil and gypsumTo ir^« S ''''' '« f emarkable. There i>
gradation downward inKhe boKiav Tf^'^ corresponding to the
eudently travelled upward in s^^iL^^Zn:^^:'!^!!^
watrrs on tlir
■ and .■<liKlif|y
"•nrs anioiiK.it
<'J»al. that i^,
latcd wiitfTs.
'. Ullitt JMIIK-
!•• of cnrtion-
<>f f(»rinatii.n
■""1" if away,
• I <Ta<'ks and
•T, <l(sctil,,.d
if the f'lxtlw
no tunnel in
VhtiU'n lyinR
' the tunnel,
unc^iuni sui-
> the crack,
lu'd a small
iivatcd. At
<'cn forming
f scrjx'ntinc
and ina>rne-
"s outlined
< reck, are
lins all the
in addition
origin.
at certain
Plate V
i^Lire 3, at
the upjwr
n lietwcen
' ins(;lul)l(
odulc and
psuin and
hite earth
«" earth in
evidently
Plate VI
nd shows
e amount
ee of the
There is
ig to the
Mte have
openings)
.10
HI till' iMiuldci clay and have iiccii d<'p^l^itl•|' -e to tin- >iiilacc at the Iium-
of the Ininius line. The nodules appear l.» have "grown" from ciTlain
favouralile foci forcing the soil sideways and upward-- rather than peiieiiat-
iiig it. The force of crystal growth is s'lfliiicnt to accomplish this.
The nodule atiove referred to is situated on th.- slope of the hill at a
point wl I'rc a moilcrate slope changes liclow into a sharper one i Figure H,
locality 7). The main li> .iromagiicsiteilcpo^it iNo. :{i lies directly lielow it.
\{ Kelly lake such nodules of gypsiun with calcile arc muncrous ;iiii| form
small humps on the sides of thi' hills. They lie within the licilrock a.-^ well
as on to)) of it in the drift. These noduli"' deiirly were formed at or near
the surface hy upwaril moving waters.
The distril)Ulioii of the main deposit-^ ill the tlalN at (liiifon. Meidow
lake, and Watson lake indicates deposition at certain foi.il point< or areas
ill the Hat land rather than as sheets covering the liol ti f a lake, that is,
they were formed at the points whe'c underground waters reached the
surface of the ground and spread out therefrom. The hydromagncvite
i)atch (Figure :<, locality :i), at Clinton, for instance, lies at the foot of the
hill aliout 4 feet aliove'the general level of the flat to the west anil H feet
aliove the creek level. If it had heer iireci|)itateil tiy the evaporation of
the waters of a saline lake the deposit would originally have covered all of
tlie tiat land to an approximately eipial depth and its iircsence now at luit
one point coiihl have iesult<'d only from the carrying away of large jtarts hy
erosion. The same may lie said of the other (lc|)osits. JAideiice exists
to show that they have been formed since glaiiation and since the glacial
|)eriod there has l>eeii no erosion of any account ii, the ,\[eailow Lake Hat.
Morciiver, the Inniimocky |)ortions of the surfaces of the deposits ( Plate IN )
do not reseml)l(! imaind.s left hy erosion lait. rather, structural foiins due
to growth outward from a centre. The stone craters at Meadow lak<- are
in plan exactly like the interstices hetween a set of closely spaced circles.
These craters contain large stones only and extend several feel in depth
lielow the tops of the circular hydromagiiesite masses alongside. Suc^h i'
ciHulition could not have arisen if the hydromagiiesite had liceii iie))osited
as a precipitate from lake water.
(irantingthat the waters carrying tlie-e salts rose as springs, the find ■»«
of shells at the liase of the deposits at Meadow and Watson lakes iiidica
that the springs in many places reached the ground surfai'c at the liottoi.i
of ponds, la. t their growth has in these cases .also heen around certain
focal points or areas. Freshwater shells have, moreover, heei. found in
deposits of carlionates of magnesium and calcium lying on the shipcs of a
hill helow a mineral spring near 141 Mile House.
The action of underground waters with reference to such deposits as
those in question, is illustratcil hy tlie appearance of a white efllorescence
on the hill-sides l.elow the irrigation ditch at Clinton. The water soaks
downward from the ditch line, di.s.solves the salts disseniinaU'd through
the soil and deposits them on the .surface.
The following analy.ses of the waters of two springs and of the lime and
magnesium carbonates deposited arotmd them are given as an example
of the manner in which the calcite, gypsum, and hydromagiiesite are forii.ed.
The sjyring whose water is represented by analysis No. 1 is situated a short
distance east of the railway track opposite 141 Mile House: the second
spring (analysis No. 2) occurs beside the north fork of Pxi'^ke crock three-
quarters of a mile above the main deposit of hydromagiiesite.
10
.^ ^'•' »•-•<""///'"•- »/,S>r;,<ff H
ntrm.
'I'lUmium (Kj..
• '»lciuiii (( '» 1
MMgJ..
Iron (KVj
''•f'x'iicmciil ((•(>, j ■>...'.'.'.'.,"
lli>HrtH>nic ii,i,| ^H( •Oil.. '.
< hlorini. (Clj. I ...
Nulphurii' sricl (MO.j '
i l">«p(M>nr „.id iXu)...'.
J, lir» (HiO,;. "
Huorim" . . ,...
Boron . . ,.,_'.' .'..'.""
SSfe'.'S."'"""'™"' i»- •".»».. m.,.,^r.
^^•2:':Z:::;,r:czr^- t;iWi:"';% -[,"■' "■».>
«f»niK.rahir..c.f(hcsprinK„ah^\'; T ' '^ '^"'"^''■' -^^•"<'« Hrnmh
i^uH o.::;S'i:r^i^';-Ki-",^H.^ of ...,,, ,^^ ,.,.,.,,^. ,,^^
.>-«'pre,s<.,ite.|hy analysis \, f|,;' • ' V. "/'""'' "'"' *^»">>*«' w^ltt-rs
'5""ly>*..'.s an. of sa,npU.s fake- . •l,"'''*!. '!PT''' "J^r»''.V .l.-srril,..;i. ,
a... at .1,,. sanu. level as fc odfi S ,ho '"'' '"!'.•;" ''" f"''' ''"«' « r
^ n-a." and IH fo,., i„ ol.vati n M,,,; ' r''" ''' "»« '"k-n KM) f.-.t .lo«
folonr..,!. an.l Krani.lat..,!. lik. t u i ., ''""f ' '^*' "'^'<P''al is .-roa
"•aAnos.t,. of ,h, ,„,in ,|,.p„;'if ' »'" ""Pure .arths underlying the hyd.
SiO,.,
KerO,
Fe<).
CbO...
Mg<)....
.\'a«0... .
K,0.
SOi
^Oi estimated..:
M><) o»i l>..|„w lOS-f;
M«0 loss above 105°r
CarbonaceouH matter
Totals. .
BjBWH
41
U« 2A
I 2t!
II 03
IM VI
34 ai i
tt M I
Norn-
\on*» j
i m '
Stmt* j
NlHlP
I 39 «
2 4»
•Vorn-.
2» X.
22
110 MU
7AM
«M
la 4.1
lr»if>.
,2 21
NoiiH
None
■Ml "1 2»t2 90
309- lA 202 09
MWS, 1 004
H'll to Mliall
[mull. The
5 ildcroc^" F.,
itli.v inater-
witcrs are
■<•'•>■ similar,
Ix'il. Hoth
iiinl 1 inch
lownsfroani
ix cohrront
' h'vi (loun-
I is crpani-
tlic hydrct-
niij.
•78
522
■A8
064
-^
•32
0.73
4
■31
43 32
t
"
500
10 1
002
48;
0-36
'P.
trace.
84
35- 10
30
202
80,
404
"
401
S 1
1
100-44
•1
*
The material annl.VH-il alH»vi' mvcrH the hl«i|x' ol the lull l.clow ilu'
tipring for KM) feet <>r rnon'. It in iiiiiKtlv culntr with iiiauin'siuiii iiirlxiiiiito
iiik! a minor atnoiiui of alkalic carbonatcFt.
The Mln'ctH of itiipurf iiiajfiH'sili' such aw arr loiiml at lakr-lcvcl at Intth
iiid.t of Mcailtiw lake, the i-altifc ilt'iMtf-it on tlic In nchfs in Ktlly lakn
il'latr VII) and in the lii'dw wchI of the lake, etc., prove, on thi-" other
h.ind. that )>r<>i'ipilation from the u .terx of certain of llicMe iNtndH netually
has taken place. (Quantitatively, lh<H mode of uriftin ix of minor import-
Miice, however, and thi- pure hydromannesites have lieen formed almost
solely hy precipit'ition from axcendiiiK waters.
Ihilfr itj lUynmiUim. The neparati' de|M)sition of the hydronuinnesifp
.•iiid of the calcite and Kvpsiim may be explained as due to the (jreiiter
insolubility of the calcite and ({vpNiini which would cause them to be pre-
ci|)itated before the nuinneHiaii carbonates: the relative proixtrlion of
calcite to jt/psum would de|M>nd on whether sul|)hates or carbomite.s were
ill excesH. .lohnston' has shown that in water contaiiiintj only mannesium
ami calcium carbonates in solution under atmospheric conditions, most of
the calcium will be precipitated before the ma(frie>nuni. This (teiieial rule
IS illustrated by the relative coiupositi(m« of thi- em (hs from 1 tl Mile House
,iiid the spring waters from which they are derived. The waters carry a
l.irui' amount of carbon dioxide in solution and carbonates form the bulk
of the i)recipitated earths. In the spriiiK water the molecular pro|)oriion
of maRnesium is in excess of calcium by about It to 1, whereas in the earths
precipitated from this water, calcium is in excess by 2 to I in one case an .
tl to 1 ill another. Afjain, at Clinton, the iiii(h'rurouiid waters movinjj from
the hiuh eastward rl«e westward to the valley Hoor, lose some of their
loud of calcium at .-.icli places as localities 4, '), (j, and 7. Figure \\, by
forming through the aKcncy of spriii^.s, nodular deposi's of calcite aii<l (typ-
siim (Plates V and \T and alialyscH 7 and 8, Table IV) but a ••ertaiii iropor-
tion of tln' calcium remains in solution until the watrrs reach the Hat at a
locality such as No. \\. Figure 3, when- nearly all the Krouiid water ri.«es
to the surface as already explained. If for the sake of simplicity it is as-
sumed that the amount of sulphate still present is very small, the lol-
lowinj? process slujuld take place. The checking of movement due to
chantie of Rraile, the mixiiiu with other solutions, the loss of carixm dioxide,
etc., would cause the precipitation first of the available calcium as calcite,
followed as the chemical ecpiilibrium changed by the deposition of the
magnesium salts. The resulting precipitate near or at the surface would
be porou..*, with more maKtiesiutii at the top than at the ba.se. The depo-
sit would ftrow upward and as the proeesK continued and the deposit (jrew
thicker, more calcium would be precii)itated at the base and more nearly
pure hydrou.s maKiiOHiuin carbonate would be formed on top. If the waters
fonning these deposits could freely drain away, the more soluble elements,
such as the sulphates and chlorides of magnesium, and the sulph'ites, car-
bonates, and chlori<les of the alkalis, sodium lud potassium, would be
almost if not completely carried away. Thus the combined amounts
of the alkalis present in the spring water (Table V, analysis 1 ) are far in ex-
cess of calcium and magnesium , whereas only insignificant amounts of these
have been precipitated near its point of is.sue (Table VI) analyses a and
b. Where such free drainage does not take place these more soluble salts
are precipitated, see pages 54-56.
'Johmtoii. John, "The solubility product coutunt of calcium and magllMiulii carboutM." Jour Am. C'hem.
Soc., vol 3". No. », Sept., I9I».
42
iIk' fin( iii^r iindiT 7 feet (if f 1.,^.. ,l„.v! •. , , V '^* ^'"'' '""c'l i*"
t.'.iay n. Jluc...s like tLltluLon "IX^,!;^^''""'^'^ ^'^^"'' "^ ^>P- '^
(My in of Magnetite.
The
is much „u,r,. s,,I I " tC w™^^ Nosqueh.,
carbon dioxide' It /r thorn J, '.7"''', '" "■''*^''"' '>>' ""'"ovinR
precipitated arneLeho ,^71^,?^^'''''' "''"* ^i'"*"^ carbonates v
.lehydration. It 's1,^nSnt thlt 1^',^'"' .'" '''T P"-*'^""* «»«♦«
parts of these (iepos ts the w'^^^' -• *^''" -'^ analyses, ,n the dec
surface materia Sle III aL "^"^ '' ^''^ *''^" '" the overl,
proportion of ihe niaentiun in t^l r^^'^^^P'^ }^ock indicates tha
magnesium carbonatTeXr maKneJror d^' > T'""* "' ^"^J'^''
supKcstion is made that mSes temth^ .?„ /'"'""V*,? ^f^"" P^f^^ 20). •]
of deposits of this sort ^HabuW^So fT"?''' ''^ ^''^-ther dehydrat
down and later deeply buried and en?, °r';>'*''-7.« carbonates were 1
heat, it is rationaHo /uSrnot onK th^"?;:*'-'' «V''J«ete<l to pressure .
ted but also that thev Sht^™ * ^^^ "'"^^^ '^'^ '^""'•^^'^ ^^hyd
the metan.orphisn of oSLirZ r •'^!^^,'''^'"*'^"^"^ *« '» the case
impure beds wouM "urn"sh dolo5t7'"'''"u^'' l"nestones. The underly;
cases with crvsta line maS. S Sf '"'*• 'V' are associated in so ,„a
microscopically or "VeS f ^o ^^ /r^V'^V'?^^ '"'^ ''*'•'" ''»"<^- '^'^
Keneral hypothesis, bu" at le;s ce tTin ' **''' '"^l"^ "^ the abo
have oriKinated in hi" war amfn l^l\" occurrences of maRnesite m
who arc ."terested iJX'^rolll^l^Trh ri^l'' ';?a 'nj^^^^^ '« ♦'"
outli;^::/:!^L^;,;« -;,:;j^-terSily te^neral theo
at Atlin. B.C.. «; des rK ySl'^^rCf ^"/ t^e l|>dronmK„esi.
deposits res-'omble those of the^ 'lint n ,^'' T<^' .««"'. and \ ouur'. The
mann' analvse.l the water from a Jn^n "^^ 'H^"'^ V"^' ^'"^'^'> • ""
these dc,v,sifs an.l fo d[t t^o t^^c,o,S"'^^'■"i" '^' '''}'"' "^ ""«
of carbon dioxir- u of a t o alof K 9^* ^"'^r"^ maRnesia and 5-93(
parts of water, i „e ma^erill from S . "f^-' ""^ '•"^^'^^'^'^ P'^' thousar
15 to 24 inches of h?d om^Rnesi^el^^ *V' '"""5 T'^^^ ^•«"^'«'<'*' '
discoloured alternati ,KZ"rs hth in ZelliT: ""^''''*" ''•^' ^'"""^•»"
nesia and some iron and contmnin^ « a , ^.u^.^^^'^'f^ amounts of ma,
base of the depos.t wal ^t "In" overed ""^ "^ ' '"'' '^"'^ "'""'" '^"'^ »'
surro,mS;;i:St7bShhrand^^Ioff^^ raised several feet above th
o^^n.a.nes.,c wer^lt^S ^!?^rinjs who^^^^^ ^^ S
Jour. .\ni Chein. Sor.
vc
Am. ){»pt . vjf. Xirr, iw>n, pp 47 5jii.
Vounj!, (i A
*Iloffmanii, U
r,«,|. Surv ,c'u,.., .-,„
t.. Geol. Surv .Can.
>«<«^S*
la
t-W»-^l»i»WM|JMMiwi)im
43
format ion a(
ranch and by
f tyjM's living
uted l)y th«!
loniagriesite,
1 (Figiiip 4,
in tliat tiioy
.'osqiichonito
111 a solution
i>inovinK the
onates were
nt state by
1 the deeper
le overlying
ites that a
i anhydrous
? 2(i). The
Rehydration
es were laid
ressure and
ly dehydra-
the case of
underlying
n so jnany
lone, either
the above
les'te may
.'d to those
ral theory
magnesites
k'. These
•ly. Hoff-
!■ of one of
nd 5-9360
■ thousand
insisted of
somewhat
ts of mag-
? since the
»l)ove the
e deposits
re similar
em. Sot., vol.
ISil-.pp 47-48
I. 82-S3.
to the one analysed. Roliertson stated that the hydromagiiesite forms
hummocks in a low, swampy depres.sioii, "which are constantly risnighighe'-
and higher and now form mounds 5 to 8 feet above the swamp level." He
concluded that carbonated swamp waters obtained magnesium carbonate
from underlying soft magnesium rock and that the jirocess of deposition was
such as to cause the materi'il to "grow up" from below.
Young points out that there is no evidence of magnesium bedrock
directly underlj'ing the Atliii deposits, that there may be 200 feet of imcoii-
sdliilated drift between them and bedrock. He beiieves the earths were
depo.sited in ponds by concentration due to evaporation, by the loss of
I carbon dioxide, or through some other cause. He coniiiats the sining
I hypothesis vigorously, altliough stating that the ponds i)resuiiiably recci\c
3 tlu'K witer by underground ways.
I The writer believes that ui .\tlin as in the Cariboo-Clinton areas, the
I hydromagnesite. were carried to their present sites in solution l)y iinder-
I ground waters and were not transported either mechanically or m solutirtii
? i)y waters flowing over the surface. Precipitation occurred in jionds or on
dry land according to the surface conditions existing at the place of emer-
^ gence of the waters.
COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION.
No attempt has yet been made to develoj) these deposits of the Cariboo-
( linton areas. The information upon tonnage given below is based for the
most part on the examination of borings made with an auger by the writer
in 1919. The outlines of the areas in practically all cases were measured
with a steel tape. K. A. Clark of the Mines Branch determined the appar-
ent specific gravity of the material in its natural state as 1-22. This
makes the weight of a cubic yard of the hydromagnesite as it lies in the
ground, including voids, 2,050 pounds. This factor was employed in cal-
culating tonnage instead cf the true specific gravity of hydromagnesite.
The results of the borings made in 1919 necessitate a revision of ♦he tonnage
as estimated in 1918.' The final estimates of the amounts of hydromagne-
site of possible commercial value are: at Clinton, 3,000 tons; ^feadcw lake,
114,000 tons; Watson lake, 23,000 tons; Riske creek, 13.500 tons. These
estimates apply only to the upper white layer of hydromagnesite which in
all cases is low in lime but varies considerably in the percentage of siliceous
impurities (Table II). Austrian magnesites with total impurities ranging
from 5 to about 12 percent have been extensively used in the dead-burned
form for refractory purposes and, lately, Quebec deposits high in lime have
been used after treatment for the same purpose, so that it is difficult to set
limits to the percentage of impurities that would condemn a hydromagnesite
for commercial purposes. It is believed that the white hydromagncidte
layer, and in places the top of the granulated, will prove to be of commer-
cial value. All of the deposits are soft enough to be excavated by steam
shovel, although it may be difficult to do so without including the lower
more impure layers.
The Clinton and Watson Lake deposits lie from 1 to 2 miles from the
railway. Meadow lake is 16 miles distant by road over easy grades, and
Hiske creek 35 miles over very steep grades. Clinton, Watson, and
■t{4.ineck(., I... "rndt ■ «loped mineral rewmrccs of the Clinton distrirt," Trans. Cjin. Min, In.-t.. vo! XXII
1919. and Dull., Caa. Min. inat., Sept., IVIV. p M2.
i
;i
44
Meadow Lake rail shipping points are about 170 to 220 miles from Sn
mish and about 40 more from Vancouver. The Riske Creek deposit is
lar from the railway to be considered of im, o-^ance at the present ti
OwmR to these long hauls it will be advisable to calcine the maenesitf
the shipping points, thus reducing the weight by more than 50 per c«
It seeins probable that the high freight rates across the continent will m,
the shipping of crude magnesite to the eastern markets unprofitable
soon as rates of ocean freights fall. Refractorv magnesitte products v
also, have to compete with the Quebec magnesites from which a sa
factory high refractory is now being made. In the west, British Colum
magnesites will have to compete with those of California and Washingt
Clinton.
In Clinton three areas have been mapped as commercial hvdrom
nesite; these are localities 1, 2, and 3, Figure 3. Area No. 1 covers 5
square yards, the upper 3J to 4i feet of which is clean hvdromagnesi
below there is brown hydromagnesite extending to where clay commenc
about o feet below the surface. The calculated amount of hydromagnes
present is 355 tons. Area No. 2 covers 1,200 square yards with 2 feet
fau-ly pure material on top; the estimated content is 820 tons. Area No
covers 1,850 square yards. Three holes showed pure material down
2, 3, and 2 feet, respectively, with a little siliceous impurity in two cas
I he quality is expressed in analysis I, Table II, in which silica, iron a
lime impurities are seen to be low. The estimated amount of pure mater
l^,. *'■*'* .*°^^- T"® *ot*l amount of commercially valuable material
C linton in round numbers thus is 2,650 tons, but of this amount, S
tons IS of doubtful purity. In addition, as indicated in Figure 3, a relativ*
large area is occupied by material not of commercial value. Prosi)ecti
has been done in the hill-slopes above the hydromagnesite deposit in
search for bodies of magnesite in the bedrock, but there appears to be
valid reason for believing that such bodies are present.
The Clinton deposits are about IJ miles bv road from the railw
station and 275 feet in elevation below it. Clinton is 167 miles fro
bquamish and about 207 from Vancouver.
Meadow Lake.
Five areas as well as some spots, of pure hydromagnesite, are present
Meadow lake as shown on Figure 5. Areas Nos. 1 and 2 together cov
about 16 500 square yards. They contain a grey white hydromagnesi
of doubtful quality but probably fairly pure. The depth varies from 6
18 inches, below which the hydromagnesite is decidedly brown in coloi
and a drab clay occurs at depths from 2J to 4J feet. The estimated amoui
of hydromagnesite present is 5,640 tons.
Area No. 3 covers 154,000 square yards. In eight openings the depi
of white hydromagnesite ranged from 11 to 30 inches with an averai
of about 18 inches for most of the deposit. In places, verv fine, blat
specks are visible in the material. Analyses Nos. 2 and 3 'of Table ]
indicate the quality of the hydromagnesite and show it to be low in lin
but with a variable silica content. Underlying the purer hydromagnesii
IS a cream-coloured material averaging 3| feet in thickness, below whic
from Squa-
eposit is too
resent time,
nagnesite at
30 per cent,
it will make
irofitable as
oducts will,
ich a satis-
ih Columbia
Vashington.
hydromag-
covers 260
imagnesite;
commences,
omagnesite
th 2 feet of
Area No. 3
al down to
two cases.
I, iron, and
re material
naterial at
nount, 9G5
tt relatively
Prospecting
'posit, in a
rs to be no
he railway
miles from
present at
ther cover
)magnesite
from 6 to
1 in colour
ed amount
the depth
n average
5ne, black
Table II
)w in lime
imagnesitt'
low which
45
i
-a
t
5172-
46
i«n!f \l T "nP"'^ T^^ generally cemented to hard rock and resting
sand or bou ders Analysis 2. Table III, represents the composH
AnaL^ 3 Table IT? • %"r/* '^' "P^", P"""* ''^ *^*' cream-coloured ia^
rnfJ^ni f .u ,"' '^ •'^ **'^ cemented layer at the base, and analysi'
sTSflv li' ''t*^' '°r' P"'* °f *^^ "''"'" '"-v^"- «n^ the base. Then
SS thinin ihp ""'* **. ^•"- ■ '""^■'^ «"■"?'"' proportion of lime in the ceme
i„, Vl. " '" ^^^ overlymg cream-coloured layer. In the cream-coiou
layer there is more silica and lime than in the overlying hXmaTe
The estimated amount of «hite material in area No 3 isVSTons
Area .\o. 4 covers 8,20() square yards. In two openingsThe "h
ayer varied from 12 to 18 inches in thickness. Beneath this was a fi V
layer of brown sand underlain by a foot or two of cream- ^iXd ea
The estimated amount of white is 3,500 tons to'ourca ear
variect trom 12 to 21 inches with an average of 15 or 16 inches T
ca culated amount of white is 25,920 tons. Below this is gran lar cre^
coloured material to a depth nearly ever^•where of 4 feet from he surfa
waf^r^''^ 1 'T'"*!':' ™'^*"'""'- 1" o"^ »'»'^ the cemented ma er
7 f" t 1 inch Thp f r'^''= \^^ T'^^"' '"'■'"' ''''' ''^'^'-'^ «♦ 'I depth
LIT- ?• T . ^°*"' amount of commercial hvdromagnesite in tl
l1prj'n'K'J"''*^1 '\ '■*'""'' ""'"•'*''•« «t "4,000 tons. The water le
lies well below the best material. These deposits are 16 mi^s dista
Chasm rJ ""^ ^""'i ?'"'»t ^™'" ^*>'^-'"" ^'^"tion at 59 Mile ri^use Fro
t-ha.sm to Squami.sh IS about 180 miles. ii"uf . iro
Watson Lake.
There are five small areas at Watson lake (Figure 6), ail owned 1
t ^,arcw-G.bson of Vancouver. Area Xo. 1 lifs on low ground ar
crenm i ''^ Tl^'. ^^l"^"; -^" ^""^'^ ''"'^ K^^e the following sectio
of^—T'^'^' «t'^ky.hydromagne..ite 2 feet thick underlain bv 2ffe
of greyer to nearly white material of the same general character • un.l
this yellowish earth with white particles for 1§ feet resting on gr;encla
at a depth of dJ feet from the surface. Water stood at a level of 4" S
below the surface and the material just above was greenish The es
mated amount of the two upper layers is 3,720 tons
Area ^o. 2 covers 1,050 square vards. An 8-foot aueer hole <shn«P
a) white^ material 18 inches thick, 'containing SsHons^ unlrlain b
indlT)"" -f y^''°^i«h ^'^rth ; this by (c) 6 inches thick? browner than
and full of grit near its base; d) 27 inches white like (a) with some snn
particles water present at the base; (e) 9 inches of browne eartT m
inche^s of whiter earth than (e). At the base of (/), 8 feet from the surface
the material was cemented hard and the hole was abandoned
ih. a °i covers about 7,300 square yards. According to the owne
the average depth of the white, upper laver is about 23 inches Some o
this IS grey or cream-coloured rather than white. Below iTweam-corure^
to brown material The depth of the whole deposit varieT KreatTv Th
owner states that he found it to be 85 inches de'S n o"e pface I'iih 2
WW
47
i resting on
nposition of
pomposition
ourcd layer.
i analysis 6,
'. There is
be cemented
im-poloured
omagnesite.
900 tons.
< the white
«is a 6-inch
ured earth.
te material
ches. The
lar, cream-
he surface,
'd material
ilownwards
a depth of
*ite in this
vater level
les distant
ise. From
owned by
round anil
? section:
3y 2J feet
pr; under
?reen clav
of 4§ feet
The esti-
le showed
lerlain hv
r than (h)
ome sand
th; (/) 9
e surface,
:he owTier
Some of
-coloured
itly. The
' with 26
I
?
t
1
P ■<3 ^
>^
^ ^ 2
o
1 1 1
-a;
1
%
W)
•
mm
%
^
m
<3
I
1^
.3
X!
.1
•a
I
s
'i
I
I
£
-a
■■o
5172-41
48
The amount ..f....,„n.or..ial Uljii" -tl^'^'^Si^l^t-i:!! ot.i'!'^ "^""^
'HHl .arrvinK , ore «r t war IH 1 hv.ln.magnesito boronnnR hard
this was .; inrh.-s „f r.,1 Us " ^rth wi 1^1' i ? ^'"'L'".,**''' 'V^'''''- ^■"•'
remains ,.f roots an.l s Ss \t t w vl. '**''' '^'T"'.""^' •'••"•'"'"^''-'O'
i;.;..;.™„. .„ . „,„„ ,„ ,.t ,„,-,-'",s, ,|-- ts K, 'i';,::;
was impure brow. I^h i th In ^n "fV""' f J "' ''[P"''* "* ' ^-'t ^^ '"''h'-^
from the Imse o Cf d nur h X ^ "^ ^f f^'"" ^"'"'^ ^'"^ "'"♦'''•"
;bwn to the l.,?tom o tt Esfa Tflf^r^ ^ Y"'"''. '^■"'."'""v"-^' '"^*'*
1-ole. with GO inehes of white miterial t ■ i.n . I '^ ^" **".' *^'''"*' '•""
fhaiiRed in eolour from irrev tr. ^„i i . /'"••<"'''y'nK earths gradual!
X foet 10 inch " The Se ad ninkeH, "**"'", "^ **"' ^'^P"^'* ^^"^ "
freshwater shells. In tirw ^.t^nd Zhi m^^^ ". *"''"'' "'''>' ^"^'
material with black sneek-s tn^:i ;?, k **"ll«»t'^^, « hole showed grev-whit(
mueh silica to 6 f^'t^^ Mow 'tts itn: w^!™? '^'"' '' ^™«/^hit^-. I>ut wit!
of tl. up,jer white matJS istL:.te.r;^r ^^S;^'^!:"- '''"'' =~'
.'xpress,.,! in anaK'..^>;4 and 5 T.lT I • . ♦*"' "'.'I'T "hit*" l^'ver i.
on only one open ng, and mav he much I .«« A., i •' r "* "* '"'■^<''*
the upper 2 feet in the auirer h, 1 ,"n f i analysis of material from
Tal.le II. analysis 6 "*'"' ™^K"^«'t'' "^ very good c,ualitv.
^o.J^mS'':^::'^' '::^':i^ ^J^ C arew-Oihson of ^■ancouver,
^tm
1
49
Tal'l!' II. iiiiHlysiH No. 7. It is ii liipli grade li><lrc)mnnii<'sitc\ Aiialy.scs
iiumIc on the lower lying and yellower oinciop.-i to the west are ."aid to have
yi.lded n-siilts that were high in lime. '1 he estimated amount of pure
hydrornagnesite is (),t)(K) tons and the total for the two deixisits is lli..")(M).
The Hiske Creek dei)osit lies west of the Fraser aliout IJ.'i miles from
tiie railway at Williams lake, and ahout M)ri miles from Scjuamish.
CALCAREOUS TUFA.
In a railway cut at 42-Mile i)ost, aliout 2 miles .s<iuthw«'st of Clinton,
a dei)osit of consolidated calcareous tufa is exixised. It wa.s not analysed.
l)Ut from (lualitative tests is prohaMy conijHised almost entirely of caliium
carlionate. A similar deposit on Clinton creek west of the railway bridge
contains iron, nuinganese, and other imi)urities as well as lime carlionate.
The tufa is a ijcdded, firndy compacted rock uidike the unconsolidated,
more or less incoherent hydromagnesite and as.sociated dei)o.sits dcscrilied
ahove. It is white to cream-coloured and certain of the denser beds .show
jnany minute, glistening faces with a silky lustre. Inder the mi;roscope
it api>ears to lie composed of particles about OOOl to OOOU mm. in diame-
ter with very high birefringence. Nearly all these particles show well-
developed crystal faces and the crystals appear to be eiiuidimensional,
showing rhojnbs and prism faces. The material, f.s proved by testing
with ferrous ammonium sulphate,' is calcite and not aragonite. The
individual beds are very thin with many irregular cavities between them,
lengthened in the plane of the bedding and showing small, somewhat
spheroidal protuberances on their inner surface s. In certain of the freshly
opened hydromagnesite deposits verj' .similar cavities are present, although
they are on a smaller scale, perhaps because the slightly coherent state of
the hydromagnesite mass would prevent the forming of larger ojien spaces.
The dejxjsit is dome shaped. It measures about SIX) feet across in the
railway cut, where it is exposed to a dei)th of 17 feet. The beddirg planes
are horizontal in the central part of the dei)osit, but outwards from there,
dip downwards toward the edges, the beds being parallel to the dome-
shaped upper boundary of the mass. Individual layers vary in thickness
from one-(iuarter inch to 2 feet. The upper surfaces of certain layers are
covered with wave-like corrugations resembling ripple-marks and where
these occur on inclined beds the lower edge of the corrugations is steeinr
than the upper edge (Plate VIII).
The mo.st remarkable feature of the dejiosit is a structure closely
simulating folding (Phites VIll and IX). In places a series of these beds
changes laterally into a bulging, pillow-like dome structure. In other
I)laces the beds, through a var >ng distance vertically and for sjiaces of
8 inches to 2 feet horizontally, ...tpear as if closely folded into very sharp
anticlinal forms, but between the steeply inclined axial plane.- of tlie.sc
fold-like structures, the beds lie almost i)erfectly flat. The flat-lying parts
of the beds are porous, the "folded" parts are dense and traversed by
radial cracks normal to the surface. In still other plac(>s, two superimiMj.sed
sharply "folded" beds arc separated by an absolutely Hat-lying layer of
travertine and soft clay. As seen in cross-section along the railway cut,
the "folds" are overturned towards the outer edges of the deposit. The
jianie layer is flat-lying and porous in one place, whereas a few inches away
iKuscnbuscb, H., Mikroskopiacho mineraloque I i, p. 441.
80
Oinctitm cr flow
Pl»n
Shalla*/ pool of ».».,
Section along line AS
Geological Sorvey. Canada
Figure 7. The mode of formation of corrugated ridges
-B
in travertine.
mmmmm
'B
51
it i^ (lenw iinil apiK-iirs as if slmrply lH>ut. In one place an apparent fault
KHiden upward within 3 feet into a "fold," J>ut within that distance the
■strike of the beds on one «de of the fracture ha« changed through an angle
of !K) degrees, whereas on the other side the strike shows little change. The
i^iinie type of appan'nt folding was seen in process of formation iit the so<la-
nuignesia-lime carbonate spring at 141 Mile House. The carbonated
waters (analy»«'s page 40) have there in places dripp«'d over Itigs and
de|M)sited lime and magnesium carbonates in curved beds conforming in
shape to the surface of the logs. Corrugations similar to those illustrated
in IMate VIII were seen forming as rims around snuiU pools of the spring
water at points where the water in its course flowed over a sudden change
in slope (Figure?). , ■, ,.!• ♦ „
The deposit of calcareous tufa exposed along the railway near e hnton
is evidently of very recent origin. At the level of the railway rails about
It) feet from the upi>er surface of the travertine there is, for instance, a lens
of unconsolidated boulder clay carrying p«'bbles of the younger Tertiary
basalts of the district. The upix-r part of the deposit is, therefore, later
than the glacial epoch. At the north end of the cutting, a great many
leaf impressions were found through a vertical thickness of 13 feet. Impres-
sions of birch boughs, up to several inches in thickness, are also present.
The leaf impressions were examined by James Macoun of the (ieological
Survey who identified them as Populufs halsamifera, var. hastata (balsam
poplar) and Alnim ginuata (alder). Both of the.se species are growing in
moist localities in this region to<lay. ,,,•„.. i •
The evidence gathered shows that the apparent folds illustrated in
Plates VIII and IX were formed during the deposition of the In-ds and are
not due to later disturbance of once horizontal strata. The reasons for
adopting this view of the origin of the structures in question are: (I) It was
discovered that the corrugated lines in the travertine are always horizontal
and thus lie as thev originallv formed, whereas if the fold-like structures
had been produced bv movements of the beds, the corrugations also would
in some instances, at least, have been tilted. (2) Stresses acting on the
deposit as a whole could not have folded two .sets of sujhi imposed rigid
beils and left perfectlv flat, soft, clay beds between. (3) The travertine is
vounger than the glacial till, lies on top of the ground, and is mixed to
some extent with the till. Since glacial time no other rigid rock bodies
have lain adjacent to the travertine in such a positicm as to cause the mass
to be crumpled by stresses acting wholly within the travertine deposit.
In other words, the curved betls have attained their shape practically
under atmospheric pressure. (4) Finally, at the spring mentioned above
curved beds can be seen in actual process of formation totlay.
V
CHAPTER IV.
EPSOMITE AND SODIUM CARBONATE.
EPSOMITE.
A saline lake without outlet (Plate I) lies one mile south of the village
of Clinton directly east of the A^hcroft wagon road (Figure 2, locality
30 anid Figure 8, locality 9). Jufet beneath its stirface a-'e circular deposits
of nearly pure epsomite or epsom salts. Two miles farther along the
i
52
F'. -'8. Epsomite deposit nrar ('!ini„„ Tin- ■ . . •
i— nniun, Liil,„M.i district, British Coiumbi.
53
1
Achcroft road, and wcxi i)f it, ih uinitlii-r " iiiillocki'tl laki- known ll^ 'I'lirc*'-
inilc- lukf ( f'idiiro 2, lociility 31) whow wuJcr in u ntrotix xoluliun, ID dcun't'n
to IH dc){rc(>H H(>uuin(^, of riiiiKncf^iiiin xidphatr, and Modiinii stilplmtc in the
proportion of 4 to I. 'I'licsc art' the only lakes nt'ur ( linton known to con-
tain u lafKc (piantity of tiic inint-ral. Similar deponitx occur near liat^iuc
H.C, anil on Krnncr mountain, li.t
Hoimdarv.
near OrovLllc on the Intrrnalionai
rilAllACTKH.
KpNomitc' or cpsom salt is lined in medicine in tanninK. and in tlie
manufacture of textile!!. 'I'lie mineral is a hydrateil sulphate of magnesium
(.M){S()4+7HiO). It is white, transparent to translucent, with vitreous
to earthy lustre, hardness 2 to 2-5, s|M'cific uravity 1-7S1. It crystallizes
in the orthorhombic system with prismatic haltit Kiving rise to lonij four-
sided prisms or a comhination of these with ])inacoids on the ends of which
))yramidal faces are often developed. In the Clinton ilejHisit, these four-
sided, stick-like forms from ', to aliout 2 inclies lonn, "f ch;tracferistieal!y
developed. They are clear and translucent when first exposj'd, hut soon
hccome white and earthy, j)ossil)ly due to a loss of contained water and
alteration to kieserite (>fgS()4 IM)).
Durinn the stnnmer the central jiart of the smaller lake is (jenerally
(>ccui)ied hy only a few inches of water surrounded l>y a white rim of s'llt.
Hcneath the few inches of water are numerous, rounhly circular areas 10 to
:{■) feet across, somewhat crowded tf)Kether and white or dark accordin(j to
linht conditions. The upfM-r part of each of these areas or what are known
as "jMjols" consists of a layer of nearly pure epsomite, and epsomite mixed
with dark nuid occurs between the pools. The quantity of water in the
lake seems to varj* daily even during continued periods of raiidess weather.
According to the older inhabitants of Clinton, the site of this lake was at
one time an irnjfated hay meadow, at another period if was occu[)ied by a
lake, and the deposits of epsonute have been in evidenc- for the last few
years only. The writer was informed by the manager of the salt works that
an inch or more of epsomite crystallizes in the jkioIk during certain seasons.
Mr. F. Calvert, one of the owners, has kindly furnished the followiuR
partii ulars regarding the structure of the pools. The pools shown in cross-
section in Kijiure 9 are nearly circular in j)lan and at the top consist of a
layer of practically pure epsomite with some sodium sulphate. Helow
this are several layers more or less mixed with mud and a little sodium
sulphate. The pools \ary in thickness, the largest occur near the centre of
the lake and are nearly 4 feet thick. Between the pools there is a dark
mud, several feet thick and containing hydroniagnesite and epsomite.
No excavations have been made in the underlying nuiterials but. pre-
sumably, beneath there is more mud carrying lime carbonate as well as
hydromagnesite.
Figure 9 is an idealizeil cross-section of the deposit. Layer (1) repre-
sents the circular areas or pools largely of epsomite. Layer (2) represents
the black mud occurring between and beneath the pools and carrying
some hydromagnesite and epsomite. Layer (3) occurs at a depth of about
o feet from the surface; it represents the upper part of a mud layer that has
not as yet been ppiietrated but which presumably carries lime carbonate
and hydromai^no-ite.
'Dana, ' D.. "\ system of mineralogy," ftth edition. 1909. p 9^8
amount of sodium Huli)lu»f«. il L ."i ">'' ^"^> l")ttom of thJM ayor
larn..r < | . t ".I- ,han in •;.■ ,1," ' I," ' ''■''" "' ''P'"'""'*'
Ha, w..i.'''''':[:;tf,S'o; ;i'"V'''^^r r^ "• ""•'"•■•- " r-' -f
' ^ • ?/K e/»jow/<« .'.J 4./u<y 4y^3
m</c* d Impure magnesium su/phate
Lillooet digtnV
'""B;-.'Hh ('Si:"'^^"- "f '•»-"""• •iHK.it n..r Clinton,
ORIGIN OF The deposits
belong to the hv.lro.naSt 1 ""a c [ « n."*^ ""''""/•. '^''"*''' '^''P^^'^
near tJiem at Clinton (FiKur' V „ . i *-»""/»' ''^"j;« «^ *'''P°«'»'*' «''C"'r.n,
•leposits i.s derived. "hrouRh thi tenev'of'", The magnesium in th!
inagnesiuni rocks of the c'£creefr.rl^«f sulphated waters, from tht
the lake (Plate X) and is SriedTnf » h„ f ^'» ""^ °,"^"°P '" "'« hills nea,
ohunnels. The Mou. dTff" se into t he iS" tu ' '^"'' *^^' ""'»«'•«'«"•")
the lake water as the result of evInnifl.L ^u^ "f^" condensation of
the bottom on top of the i and oSll ^•''^*'''''•''"''■ ''"'"' '"""^^ts at
of centres. Masses of ervS form* '"*'"" *'^K'"*' ^^^^"^ »* a number
The process conTnutKe elre coZttn''' ""'^ "T^ '"*" ^^^^ '""^
circumferences form on top SuceeWe' inks '''"'^7'*'' '"•^'^*'j' '"'«*"•
forumtion of the basin-shaped bodieTSeps^Str ' '*'"*'"' "^""^^ ^^'^
P*x>\. iMver
•SO., II |n.,
hJM llivcr thi-
•I- "Ir" in of
<•" i» a thill
>hatc with
'Fwoiiiit*' an-
|»uit of the
>>*' lako uihl
65
Tlu' company controilinn the drponifn at Clinton hiH ofioncd very
i>iniila<' «li'p(H«itii iit Kruicrr inoniituin on the lr>t(>rtiational Hoiiiwlury nrar
Urovilh'. ThPM' iU'|M)HitH v/vrv prolmbly foriniMl in thf Miimi' manner a»
thoiM' at Clinton. Ac<'«»r«lihn to Jenkiiin' then' nre. near Oroviiie. two
landliK'ked lakes eonlnininK lirinew and beds* of e|>Homite. The laken ure in
n-ck liaHinH without outlet; the NurroundiiiK rockH are metaiiiorphoKed
|->yritifei'oui* doloniitet) and HhalcH. Kitnire 10 in a croHM-itection of the lake
il'awn aceording to information fnrni»hed Ity ¥. Calvert. In this finure,
layerH "a" and "f" are eone-Hha|M<d liodif?( of epHomite with a thin layer of
mud, "l>." Layer "<l" in of Idack mud carryiiiK '-•') per eeiif of e|)H<»inite
with a layer of iettve« "e." Layer "f" i^ a t>ed of eiwomite with \' .y lar({e
cr.Mttaln. Layer "g" in a thin layer of jiypMim underlain liy a thin l>ed of
flay renting on "h," metamorphosed (lolomiteH and shales. The Mirface
of the salt in "a" in lower than the toj) of "d."
^
l<f
let district.
d. They
10 under-
depo,sils
occurring
m in the
rrom the
hills near
ergrouiid
sation of
dlects at
number
the mud.
ly larger
luse the
9 Oypajm ovtr clay, h *trtMmo/ i>fiOMMf dolomite eU
I'miiri' 10. CroBH-fMH'tion of Hitter iHko, Kriiger mountain, Wa.>liinuti>n, l'.S..\.
Jenkins states that the drainage basin of the smalior lake w less than
one-half a square mile in area. Sulphated waters formed by the oxidation
of pyrite oeeiirring in the surrounding rocks are presumed to have dissolved
magnesium from the flolomites. .Ii'iikins believes that tin- cone-shaped
masses of sail in the upp<'r part of the deposit were formed by crystallization
of solutions percolating upward and that the force of the growing crystals
helped to open up a sp.ice in the mud, thus f(»miing a deposit wliich grew
upward with increasing width until the surface wa- reached. <)l)iections
to this hyjM)thesis are that a ma.s.s of salt fore uig its way to the sur^ce by
cr\stal growth would form a body with a convex or irregular rath'T than
Hat upper surface. The flatness of the upper surfaces of the iiuerted
cones at Kruger niountiiin and the fact that the materials composing the
cones is comparatively free from the impurities that form smalt ridges all
around them, suggest that the bodies were fonned in the follo\\ jig manner.
It if* well known that there are cyclic changes of cliniatc in which con-
ditions change from arid to moist and back to arid, it may l)e .■>upposcd
that after thip formation of the rock ba.sin by glaciers, there was a period
of aridity <luring which a certain amount of magnesium sulphate in soluti(m
collected in the t)ottom of the basin, probably mainly through underground
channels. In this solution were also so<lium ami cah ' v. pA'a^wration
and consequent concentration caused the formation of tii" lower bed. A
succeeding cycle of greater rainfall gave ris«; to surface .treams which
■JeakiM. OlafP.."S|»ttadlakMaf«paoimMiaWuh»^taaudBntuhColunbia " Am. Jour de, vol. XLVI,
Nov . 1918. pp 638-M4.
I
56
t ha,, at pr..s..„,. \u. 1. ".l o 1, ^ V ^''/AVr' "" "^ '^T"' ''"'•''
than at prcsnit. Thi.. iin , ■ st h , " 'f ^"'^ '"'""f''"- »' <'"» t
wator i„ tlu. lak.. hasin, ll from , Z"^ V' '' ^;"'-'>- ''»^'-- ImmI'
wat,.rnat.irallv contain ..1 u Jr, a^ ^.ni *^ ""* ""'' "'"■^"••'' •^""'"•.■s. 1
in very .Jiluto iolnti n \E "^ '""K'"'-^.""n sulphat,- sal,.. altJu
CM.n.vntrat.<l the l,rin. urn r^t i/,^ 'n\ "''P^^^^^
of the bed of n.u,l an,l M-LntTvvtJnr '"''''': '^^ ";" '""»""' '>"
••entres and as the erv.stals f^in .'.l ^^b •'."*" >""''**''' •" •' Kn-i.t in,
woul.l form on an.l n t X Vh/j" ,r"S''' " ^'.'" '""'»■ <>ther ervst
.smkinK would result follow .,' tRm anoi ^ "" ''':* /'!""''•*• "^ ^"rt
layer of a li, t le larger ra.lius <.n^op , f ♦ K" ? ' ,"^''* a l' " """'''*''• ••'^""
'UK "P of the <ireular layers .onstan Iv n^.r ■ " '■ }>'' '^"'''••■■^■^ive hui
a eone pointing .lownwanl-s h^tTjLl7T"f '"/''«'»''' ••^ «..ul.l fo
HHTease.! an<l if iTvstalliza i..n nd , '"'' '»f«,""' mu.l as its weip
ce..ded rapidly c'nough ^t upp " ^r''''^. ''"'*''°« "" »"•— p'
l)ur«'d (>ntirelv. If a few wt sIUt!! • . '" ' ."^ *'"' '"""'' «ould never
<-"me covered Uy. u::,} :^'Z!:XnrZ:^- « '»: -<' -"iKht supp.J^
cause further growth on to,, of the e " T, tf i '"'-' '^^' '^''f ""^ ^""
"nderlying and surrounding m ud w r v.. • L '*^^"••T""•■'' ♦'"'* ^^ *
paces, l„.con.e mixed with the" It n-s- 1? ^"™'"''"1 «'".»<■ "'iKht,
at Chnton shown in Figure ') su^L, . ' / T')'' '"'""^^-^•'ft""" of a p«
outlined a(,„ve. A shSr^eason f.ftl; '""".' "^ /"Nation sin.ilar to h,
an.l general inerea-sing a id ,T""iml c". ,rr''':T '^!"'!'<•''»<'<' ''-V kver "
tont from the i.ottom to th top "ne 1 '/'.'' ''™",'"""» "^ •»»«l «-o'
than the surrounding mutlEuse h,. rT ".!''u P""'"* '^"' " "ttle low.
downward. This .lownwird ;inkinl f VL'*^^'' ^'"' •""'•'^•''' ^^em to sin
ateral thrust- of tlu. growiiKcrvS^^^ *':i' '■""?• t'*^'''"'"- ^ith th
It to bulge upward above the [iools ' ' "" *'"' '""'' *° «"^ «»'•* '^nd eaust
EXPLOITATION.
ehemTstrirtei;;'r*Xert7""' "'"' "Z"'^*'' ''>' '' «'•'" "'^ i"'iustria
salts are exc-avated ^ith pic^amUlirT r"^ '*r^'"'"' ^^■^•■'»'i»Kton. Tlu
covering water, whee "l „. " ',""''' ^'■"'" ''^""'"''tl' *•'" few inches o
pounde,. witha\;ood;V n ,r 0^^" ,m""Y- *", *'"' ^'"•^^' ^""-'W'""
to O-ville where the morn^rgiirterAJlSi:::;:""' '"•' ^""'P'""
Amount Available.
eircuhir ,.r.-,.™;»„ ,i.;^_ :. ,V:. ' ' "V'''" "' 'i'"''* than cne-half is floored by the
shn
57
a horizontal
t('rtliifknp.s>
tlic prescnci'
It that time
irgc ImmIv of
irccs. thi.s
'>. alttioiiKl)
I desiccation
torn on top
Krcaf many
licr (•rvstal>
A further
her circular
ssive liuil(i-
rtould form
its weiRh)
•roccss pro-
d never l»c
<uj)i»oscdl.\-
<ons wouhi
that if the
"liKht, ill
of a pool
lar to that
hiyer "c"
mud con-
ittle lower
m to sink
with the
ind causes
«
1
I
1
data as to thickness are avaihil)h', no ch)se estimate of tiic tonnage can l)e
made. If every year iin inch of epsomite grows unifonidy over all the
])resent salt areas, the increa-e should amount to l)et\veen l.oOO and 2,(100
tons per annum. From the conditions olitaining at Krui;(T mountain
it would seem ywssihle that other epsomite layers may occur in the under-
lying mud.
SOIHl'M CAHBONATK.
H<'t\veen the west end of Meadow lake and a jjoiiit al)out 5 miles esist
(if 70 Mile House, there are a number of saline lakes with brines consisting
predominantly of sodium carbonate. These lakes lie in an almost ])er-
fectly straigl'.t lini' trending slightly north of west. Other soda lakes occur
southeast from Meadow lake toward Little White lake and also north of
70 Mile House.
VARIETIKS.
Sodium carbonate is marketed' in the following forms: (1) soda ash,
XajCOj; (2) salsoda, also known as washing soda, crystal carbonate, or
natron, NajCOj. lOHjO; (3) bicarbonate of soda or baking soda, or saleratus,
NaHCO.i; (4) sodium carbtmat'! monohydrite, or thermonatrite NajCOa.
H.O; (.5) trona or sodium sesquicarbcmate, XrtoC03.NaH(X)j.2H20.
(1) So<la ash is manufactured from -sodium sulphate, limestone, and
coal, by the Leblanc process; by the Solvay process it is made from a
sodium chloride brine saturated with ammonia into which carbon dioxide
is introduced, thereby causing th«' precipitation of sodium bicarbonate
which is calcined to i)rodu soda ash. Soda ash is also manufactured
from the mineral cryolite au<l fnmi natural de)>()sits of sodium carbonate.
(2) Sal.soda is made by dissolving soda :ish and n jirecipitating the
>alt at a temperature below 32 degrees Cent .;ra*le. 1. is also found in
natural deposits.
(3) Baking soda or bicarbonate of soda. NaHCOj, is made by the
Solvay process and is a partial constituent of many natural dejjosits.
J™
Tiihlv VII. — Production of Sodium CnrbotKik !n the rnilcd States.
leie.
1917
Short tons, i Value.
Short tons. Value.
Soilium bicarbonate
115,177 1 2,303,540
1,324,208 ' 18,283,866
t
t
174.212 5,292,374
1,578.889 38.374,199
SulijoUa..
77,939 ' 1,698,520
'WrIIi'. KrantrC, ".Sodium ulta in igiT" Minrral mou rrve of thp I'nitnl Sutm. 191:
tnfnrtnation rftardiog; uent. etc., from satiie publioatioo.
, pt. !I,pp.30S to 341.
58
USES.
«reatl'i„ThelsT'Sy^eerl^,7„t^ 'l^'T"'^ »^- ""™» -
further increase in vZiLZnJTLi ^°''?\America the war ,.au.se<
Sodium salts havt l,eS S in h .nnt-' '^"^ ''«''^'»t*'d in the table pa^e J
for potassium comporm.": in VXZuS:LZTr '"' '" ''"'r*' "'
cyanide n photoEranhv m.wi ;„ i . "' '^''**''*' ''""P' ma^ehes, a
stuffs\and o?pi.ive. ^V^. r'"'*r^?"""*''^'''P*""'»"yin m^'kinR dv
hydroxide in ?h" wood Jul S'so^n in^' '? glassmaking and as s'l.diu
u«ed in medicine, in cX/anllS^SSrvSr^lS::^''"-'
OtCURRE. CES IN THE DISTRICT.
the(;^et^S.l:r'Satr;n":?th'"o?rL\'oVTr'.1 \'''' ''"''' ^» "^ ^'^^^
flat tract of country covered whhJlacSHrift ^ Pj"*u ?" " r^mparativpl
predominate. Near Z Sres oftho n f '" '''^'''t ''^'^'^ ''^'^^'^ l^o^'^l'-i
JUS the Chasm near 59 mS- Roll th^i'^^rT' ^"^ "^l^'' ^^*'P ^«">on know
underlain by several hundreJl.e; ^ ff f*!*"-" '"u'^''''*: ?"*>' '^^ •^"'n ^o »
presumed that the topoKraDhv of the nl t^'"^- ^''"*'*'". '•"^'^ «"^ '^ i
basalt beds. The sodVlake hLfn '^ "/"T '," '^*'"'""- '« ^ue to sue
brines of varyinrst^enjf an^ heirTh"'*'?''-'^ landlocked, are filled wit
crust. The stronger brine; hnl shore-lines are rimmed with a whit
of plant life, bXrny o^rhercont^n^a s^r/ "t"''- . ^^'^ "^""^ ^l-^«''
the alkali shrimp (ariZaa^JH^^^A"'^^' ■•«• ^"-"^tacean, presumable
a little larger tZn theTom.rn 1^' "«""* '''■''•'"" "^ '''«'''' Aios (£>%rfraj
crust on ^^hich th^seemTex st TJe^ri''^''^^^^^ ^V'^ ""^^ »he sal
with soft, Rtickv, blue clay '^ **"°' ""^ **'*'"*' '*''•''' a"-** •'«Vfre(
i^ap^a^eltnetl^'samili ^Pl^'e XI) ,o„,,i,, , .^j,.^ ^,^,
similar to that ocSk ?n th^i *f I''"'"'' ''^'"'',* "'"'''•"'' ^•'*^ «'>^«'"<-<
Kruge^ mountain. The'rirKs a oC^^^^
edge of the lake ind ar.«»„, ♦ u '^"^ J" ♦" 15 feet in diameter near the
BeLeen the rb^le SZhat^d^nL^ ^''*" '"^ \^f ™"'d'« «^ the lake
2 to 6 inches above the s^tci^ '^ v ' "•'T'P'"* »^y mu^l ridges rising
ridges are above witer-leve/ TJii. ^^"*'' '*"' ':^«^' °^ ^^'c water these
several inches of wpTerWn'.M ^*^ "'"^^' l" P''*'"*'^' a^*" «'overed with
in diamete lie on tiese r^es A "^"7 "/ *H'™ ^'■°"'- ^ '"^hes to a foot
wa.s found to ir on Sk fc ^»''""' '^ J''?^'" ^^^ '"*^*^' °^ **^" '''''''
which .„ i„„.»n,K^tt?t-sX3;=,:^i;L"f^^^^^^^^
Compojw/jon.
brinellmTrfs'sSvei! |^, ^'"/^"htained from three lakes and of the
dug from unrtKi'n"eln Oo;Jrugh^ll'f ^Tabl'vi^t^ "?•• T
a salt composed of about Q? rJr !!»„♦ f x ^V^^'^*'^- indicates
riJMft
59
Analysis No. 1 Rives the rompcsition of what is probably the same material,
init after it had been exposed to the weather for many years. The analysis
indicates the presence of 98 per cent of NajCOs-SHjO, some water in
excess, and less than one-fifth of 1 per cent of sodium sulphate.
Sodium carbonate' crystallizes from solution with 1. 2, 3, 5, 6. 7,
10, and 15 molecules of water, depending on the temperature of crystal-
lization and free exposure to the air. Analysis No. 2 was made of a trans-
lucent, colourless salt and, therefore, the material was presumably taken
from the interior of the stock pile, whereas sample 1 was collected from
the surface of the pile which after exposure for a few winter months in a
heated buildinj? had been converted into a fine white powder. The analysis
(No. 1) probably represents the salt in an intermediate stafte in the con-
version from natron to a carbonate with less water, thermonatrite, Na?('Oj
.HjO and this is said to be the composition of the material existing as a
white efflorescence on the shores of all the soda lakes in this area. The
manufactured soda from the lake just west of 70 Mile House is of much
the same composition except for the presence of a small percentage of
chlorides and a pfoportion of crystalline water that indicates XasCOj
SHjO rather than the higher hydrates. Since this salt was also freely
exposed to the air before .sampling, it probably represents another stage
in the change from natron to thermonatrite.
The crust of salt from Last Chance lake carries 5 per cent of sodium
sulphate.
An analysis of the brine from Goodenough lake. Table IX, No. 2,
shows 0-7 per cent of potassium, bnne from the Last Chance '.i'i'2 per
cent potash out of a total of 15-9 per cent solids in solution. The brine
from Hutchinson lake, sample 1, Table IX, is a relatively pure sodium
carbonate water, but of comparatively low concentration.
Table VIII. — Analynes of Salts from Soda Lakes.
1
1 1
i
2
-1
4
.Soda
Potash
Magnesia
Silica
\a.O
KiO
MgO
SiO,
.\1.0iFejOiFeO.
1
31-36 j
trace. 1
0-04 ;
trace. 1
trace. 1
22-08 1
11
trace.
084
45-67
21 36
37 83
05
01
009
.Alumina and iron .
f 'arhon dioxide
Sulphur trioxidc
Phosphorus pentoxide
CO,
SO,
P.O.
BO,
CI
15-46
08
0-01
trace.
01
6303
::::;:;:
26-70
04
■;::;:::
rhlorii.o. .
Water above 105°C
0-37
0-61
Water below 105'C.. .
33 98
!
99 90
99-96 99 67
'Chatanl. Tlijx. M.. "Natural wxla. iti- orrurrence and utililatioa " I'.S C: S Bull 60, 1890, p 31.
00
Hypothetical ConMnationg.
Sodium rarbonate
Sixlium liicarbnnste
Hoilium sulphali'.. .
Sodium rhloriilc. .
Potauium chloride.
Masneaium chloride.. .
Imodium metaboratp..
HcHimm hy,l„H,en ammo. :.m phosphate:
Water
M-2I
14
3354
134
014
002
trace.
002
35-96
' 5-2i
0-33
4« 47
62-89
002
58-48
99 Mj
99 95
100-00 :
64
34
99-
^nJylTCy rr^^^llX^L'^iZrMf^:^!,''^'^!' '»'"' "<■" -"••-»' end of Meadow lake. B.(
2.^^rom deposit on (i«..e„™,„. ...... .,„„y^j ,^ „^ ^ ^^,^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^_^^^ ^_^^
. between I
derived (roi
^. l-roin deposit on Goodenough lake
Ann Rept., vol. XI, IW, pp. 12, I3R.
Mile ■HLran^i''.Me.S';;:: Tall:! Mfl^ Vte'^'s^i" northeast nuarter of lot .768
the brine in this lake was found to be n:,.!^ S.'.^^'*^ "" "'■''"■ "' »'"> «>'" matf^r c
.„ „„„ luunu HI i>e potaHh, KiO
T.ible I\'.~ Analy.se.s of Brines from Soda Lakes.
1000 grains of water contains:
Sodium, N"a
Potassium, K
Calcium, C'a
Magnesium, Mg
Aluminum, Al
Silica, SiO,
Tarljonic acid, ciOi
Bicarbonic acid, HCOi..
Sulphuric acid, SO,
Chlorine, f;i
Boric acid
Phosphoric acid...
Total.
Percentage of total solids (dried at 103°C )
Specific gravity at 60°F.,. '
Equivalent to degrees Baum6
Grains. <
18 3800 1
trace, j
trace. |
00261 i
None. !
22 6600 !
3-0600 >
0-0820 ,
0-8590
None. I
(■rains.
37 -4^.,
6 890
0-016
0-037
0-083
0041
42-845
10-731
7-326
7-902
trace.
0771
45-0671
114-170
'■-^ -T ^S'^^T''' ""'^- -^■""^-' "y^-^- '^•"t. ««"- Surv., Can., Ann. Kept.,
vol. XI, 1898,
01
64 34
07
0-28
U II
11-24
34 M
9e-6;t
Onini.
37-420
6-890
0016
0037
0063
0041
42'84A
10-731
7 326
7-903
trace.
0-771
114-170
11-14
1108
Details of LakeK.
The salt deposit in Goodonounh lake (Figuve 2, locality 21) was
worked at one time and the remains of a storaRO shed arc still staiuling
on the shore. A great deal of the salt has been washed away by rain, hut
about 16 cubic vavds has been left. Analyses of this salt and of some
taken directlv from the hike (Table VIII) show that it i.-i an exceedinijly
pure carbonate of soda. The brine examined by Wait contained II; 4 per
cent of solid nntter at GO denrecs F. The lake, it was stated,' covered 20
acres and had at the end of the dry season a deposit al)oiit 8 inches thick
over the greater part of it, Init thiniunK to about 2 inches near the sides.
On this basis it was tiKured that 20,000 tons of solid salt was present.
The present area of the lake is nearly 15 acres, and if the relative (|naniity
of salt present be the same as before, oidy about l.'uOOO tons of salt would
crystalUze out durtng the dry season, and a small additional <iuantity
would be present in the form of brine.
The followinif observations were m"(le in Septendier, liMi). when :ili
the lakes had shrunk (ire.atly in volume as compared with their c(,ndiii()n
ill the previous summer of i018. The brines were not in all cases tc«tc.l.
hut were assumed from the appearance and character of the soils and from
information received, to be mostl . composed of s'idiimi carbonate.
About three-(|uattcis of a mile north of the nmd from Chasm .-itatitm
to Bin Bar lake on lots 17.VJ, I TOO ( Figure 2. locality 21) there is a crescent-
shaped lake th.at covere<l a little over 8 acres to a depth thiit varied on an
average from about (> inches at one end to 1 foot ut the other. Thi- si)ccifi<-
ffiavitv of the water at a temperature of 17 degrees (". was 1-08."). On lots
~\7'M, 1710. and 1701, just northwest of Little While lake (FiK'Uc 2, local-
ity 2.i), is a lake which through continued evaporation had shniiik to two
small bodies. The larger covered lo-ti acres to an apparent average depth
of 10 inches. The specific gravity of the brine at a temperature of l.i
.iegrees (". was 1 • IH.'). The sinall(>r covered <) .'» acres to an averagi' dei)tii
of about one foot, and the specilic gravity of the brine at l.")-3 degrees V.
was 1-1(>0. A large lake on lot 17()8, near the road f'om :Meadow lake to
Chasm station (Figure 2, localitv 2:i), covered from (M) to 80 acres and
the water had a specific gravitv of 1070 at a water temiK'tatuve of 20
degrees C. The dei)th of this lake is proi)abty 2 to 1 feet in the middle.
Directlv east of this lake, and in the same lot is Last Chance lake, which
contains brine with a specific gravitv of 1 • 170 when the water is 21 degrees
C. The lake covereil nearlv 10 acres and at the sides was verv shallow.
An analysis of the salt depositci in the lake is given in Taiile VIII. The
water of a small lake situated west of the road leading to thi; two above
lake.^, hiul a specilic gravity of 1 ■ 0:}0 at a water teini)erature of 17 degrees ( '.
On lots 1702 and 170:1, about S.^ i ales west by north of 70 Mih- Hous
(Figure 2, localitv 2(i) soda was manufactured in the autumn of 1918 froii
a lake covering about 8.") acres, the waters of which were said to carry an
average of about i)er cent of solid matter in the summer. The s))ecific
gravitv of the lake water, in the summer of 1010, wsvs l-O.'w at a water
temperature of 15 degrees C. which indicates a slightly lower percentage
of solids than stated above. The lake if owned by the Pacific Copt
(\mtraetors Limited, of N'ancouver, who have installed an evaporating
iO«>l .Sarv., Can , .\aa. Rrpt.. vnl. XI. 1S9«. p. 12R
5172—5
62
f.'..t and l,oil,.,l .l.,u, u 1, . It'''" "" '■^•••'P<."'iti„K ,,,„k r.i l.v IJ I
••"rthy im,,„ri,i,.s an.l a .■.■rta tn. ,u. ; t ■■■ " !'''"^ '^«'Parat..,| fn.n
was said to I.,, nain.n \a.r( nV u • '""""''' '"mor". Th,. „r.„
produn. tl„. (■(|mval,.nt .,f .{ tons . r V \ "',<• I'lant was i„t,.nd,.,
A\ ...Ml fuel ,.f ulnH, an al nn ant s IV; i'"";'"'^ ?'" ""''""" "'*" -«'••' '
fiirnaco. Tho plmK wliich s itt ll^^ " ? Pr<;scnt, was to l„. ,,.,.,1 in
an<i was not roopon,.,! <lnrii,th-fi ■''''"'''*''''''' ^^'''''''-''^ '!'J8-1|
av.Taw'do,,tlw.faf,;U ' 'n^,;" J""';:"^^^^^ Tin. iako has
.■outrun ,d.out «o,0(.(, tons o/tuZ'.^ttLi;^ """""^ """' '^ •■^"-'^'■•'
Hut,:hinst; Id SaJIl soi;:;. "llliilli l"^'^'^^" ^;"1''. •-'""«*"« to I).
t^.^tain brine hoidin^-^;:; '^^ni :^:!J^^:::^::^i'r^z\:^:j:^
le aloPK tlu. (arii.oo road. m4r hV rdlw r T ''' '"[«<■ amount of soti
In none of tl.eso of any si.c LaVt .- w t^r",. !l'"''r'''"^'' " '" •'^'"" """^
y na(i tn( nater a specific gravity al.ove 1 oy
Origin.
contS:c/r:;.Sr'^.^:J'',J,;i'-'f '- -r..onate ..as crystalli..,. a,
apparently thin mantle of ,rif7 Th.'-dr in ", "''"'"" '"''^''''''^ "it'' ''
all cases far too small to all w of tl,. . l'^'' ''?''"' "* ♦'"''"■ 'ak.-s ar.. i
them have l.een l.aclu^d S 1 1 rZ''X'" 'M V'" "'"^ '"""-'"•<' '
for instance, covers about 85 a r-l nn?! " ;• 1""' ''*''"' ''^ "" -"^'''«- """-<
tons of solid hydrate,! sodium :^^^ iniMh "'"'/" '■':-"^""l "'""" '"'••>"
IS not more than from 100 to '?( v '"' r "^V 7*'^''' *•' '^" <lrainaKe i.asi
than 10 feet in elevatio a .; ," 'the "hi '"; '^^'T 'T^ T' "'"''' "'<'r
"nd,.rgroun.l sprin,rs. J, is ViRnific- , ' h H " ' ''."'••'f"'-''- '"' '"'-l •>;
almo-f entirely ,o ,,,„„trv u Kh ," |,v I,. ' "'' '{""''r "■"'' '•"»'""'•
n>ent,ons many instances of sue JJ ns of V'"''' 'l-''""-^- I-""'K'-''n
.;;re invariably f„un<l a>s,,ciat"vfthn,.f "!.'""'• •'■'''''•""'''•• '"•*"'■- tha
hey are presumed to be , . to h w . t"^ 'r*">'">' ^"'"''"i'' a.'tivitv
•'■'•xxl.'. uhi.h act on the alk: ine i^; X'^";;'"*'''""''^' ""V'' ^'■•^" ••'"•''<'■
rocks to form alkaline <arbo i" ,/ r Vf ^"""r" "'"' ""'tan.ori.hi,
••arbon dioxid,, generally co, n m.. ' "'' • .'l''^<<''"lniK waters carrvir.n
pro<lucesolutiontof.;n -n iS Cm-^V!" -'iea, that is. ihet
Amongst other criteria that .lis ii eui , V.'n ^'^""V^"'*' ''""'""t<Te,l lure.
M.p.Tficialorigin(;authier=nen i Shen^^^^^^^^ -igneous from those of
and the absence of the carCus of ^T''"''*' ''^ '''•■''" """' l'lio>phorus
\n\ an.i IX show that (hi w.t;rs n r |""K'»-iun.. Tables
^aracteristics. The brines at 141 ,^l \^ ^Z ^:^^: J^^^S^:^
'lincU™. HnLleninr. ■Mimral ,l,.p,„it.
■ ■ouiuifr, vrniuDil. tarart#r
r>mlu.,, vol 150, 191,1, pp. 43^;"
' PP 5!)-(il.
{■>:i
1 raic (,r ;j()
t I'.v 1 } |>y ;;
:ts <lr;iuti"((ri
itcd from it-
The j)r()(luct
ut cvidciitlv
iiilciidcd ll)
"• t'()iii|)imy
to soda asli.
"xj'd in thf
inl mmi the
>f I!»1S-I!»|!)
akc lias an
■climated to
I
of dcrp-scatcd and atmosi)hiTic waters. In this region, near tlit- ('lia>ni,
till' oicurri-ncc of liydratcd sodiuii' •silicates, sucli as analcitc and clialiazitf,
i- very common in amyjjdaloi.lal cavities in the l)asalts, indicating that tiie
vajjours and soiutions rei)re.-entin(j; the later crystallization i)r()(lu>ts of
voli'anic activity were rich in sodium. It is, therefore, concluded tliat the
soda in these brines was derived from hot waters a-cending from Ixiow
and connected with the volcanic activity that caused the extrusi<in of the
Tertiary liasalts. TIk ir date of formation wa-^ in all i)rolialiility prior to
that of the hydromaRnesitcs.
CHAPTER V.
CLAY.
Because of the comi)ara1ive scarcity in Canada of develo])rd dej)o-ils
of the liiRlier grades of clay', and because geological conditions in the area
traversed favour the finding there of high irrade clay, a sjiecial effori wa-<
made to look for ami examine i)romising clay localities. lOight sami)lis of
clays that represented deposits containing a fair (piantity of either semi-
refractory or Hie-day were tested by Joseph Keele, of the Mines Hranch.
One deposit proved to be a No. 1 tire-clay of the kaolin tyi)e and although
this deposit cannot be considered a commercial projjosition at present,
there is reason to hope that eciually goo<l and more favourably located days
may be found.
In order to be of assistance to those who may be interrste<I in the
finding of high grade clays in this or other iiarts of the country, the following
short account of the properties and uses of the higher grades of clay is
given, as well as a few hints on pr()sj)ecting for clay.
Clays are aggregations of minute mineral iiarticles formed by the
decomposition of solid rock. Their fornuition in nearly all eases is dm" to
weathering which results in the leaching away of the more soluble l>ases,
such as lime and so<la, and also a certain amount of silica, leaving behind
a mass of highly oxidized and hydrous minerals. Clays that occur at their
))lai'e of origin upon or within the parent rock are called residual clays.
Those that have been transported by water or some other agency, from
their i)lace of origin to their present sites, are spoken of as sedimentary
or transported clays. Since clays are formed from many dilTerent varieties
of rock, they are very diverse in their chemical and mineralogical makeup.
All clays have the property of plasticity wlien wetted. "Plasticity
may be defined as the property many bodies possess of changing form under
jiressure without rupturing, which form they retain when the ])ressiu-e
ceases."' .\nother important property of clays is that of changing into a
hard, coherent mass upon drying. I'iring generally increases the hardness
,ind coherence of the mass. This change is accompani("d by a shrinkagi; of
the clay, the relative amount of which varies considerably with the kind
of clay used, and is of great importance in the m:inufacture of clay products.
When clays arc burned they p :ss through a number of changes both pliy>ical
and chemical. The value of a clay for certain purposes is very greatly
lOnlv oiH> workalili- ik-pmit ot kaolin or china clay is known in Canada toilay and imports of clay productn
(Afcetl the domestic pnKiuctiijn.
= Hici>. n., ■■Clayii.t!ieiroc,'urrence,prupertii'.«. and uwp," pane M niliyi Sm, New lork.IOCe. Ihcwrtjon
!r_^i j, .; ,.( l!,r t""P^rtit^ HHil kin.!- f.( .-l»} i- larply t.-ikin from thi.i hor.k.
il72-5J
64
KAOLIN.
llu- kaolin ,1,.,,„M at St. \U,m, m.rll, „r ( innvill,.. (2„,,, i. 11,..^-
-•on.nwrnal m/o that 1ms l,.,.,, „,„,„.,1 „p i„ ('ana. a. It or si. >
camhrian (luartzitcs. ixmrsm i
U\U. CI.VY.
Rail rla.vs aro a varirty „f white hurninK ''lax- that arc v.tv nhs
Tlicrc arc vcrv few kn
States. \ day (.cciirririK at" Willow
be considered a ball day.'
own oecurreni-es in the Vnit
in soiiihern Saskatchewan ni:
UEFKACTORV OH KI1{?;-CI,AY.
Firo-days arc those d.uys that can withstand IukIi tcn,|)erat,ires wit
ont fusmK. Tins means that th.-y arc low i„ H..xin« i.npmS" s'.d •
m.n hmc, .naKnos.a, an.l alkalis, an.l that the an.o.n.? of IVee si.e.r ah
1 r-M T '"Vr!; '^,'i'?;'*-^ •". '""-'■'•''.v f--^'^' ='t tc,n„eratnres al.o vc 'o,,.
n,(>.-.0 'N'Precsr Those thiit fuse at tempo -atuves l,etw<-en cones •> ,,"
.^0 mdus.vc (I,l,.,Odcfrrecs and 1.7:i() dopreos f.) arc dasse, i,s"\o
between con.-s :«) and ^3 (i.7;i() decrees and 1.700 deVe' <' i s Xo" :
and above cone 8:< a.s No. 1 ^rade fire-davs Thev v-irv i,,^\ , V
tensile strength an.l oth,. properties. A fi:^ fire-da ".s . re vh ?e ^ '"','. .'i
ish wh.tc and burn to a li^r, , eolonr. There are instances of L-ch
however, that are black or even yellowish re.i ir. the raw state Kin. . i :\
are u.sed in the manufacture of firebricks, retort', furnace liriinirs imi f
other purposes whore resistance to hea, after manufa, .^e is of imnortaV,
rhey are used also ,n the manufacture of floor t.i -Tra-co trna^
bricks, and so forth. luua, paMii
^^ .n.v;,vNVB.,''Kopor.„„,hecl«,r«KH.rc«,of«H,then,.S„k,,e,,ew„„.. Mim. „r«ch. Pub. N„ m W
WtiM, H.,Op.cit.,». 174.
05
«KMI-KK>KA( roUY (LAY.
Clays that deform aliovo coin 10 and below eoiie 20 (1330 dcurees
to 1,650 <lenreps('.) tiiay he coiisidenMl scnii-refraetory.' Tliey are used
in the manufacture of stoneware, art pottery, terru-otta, Hewcr-i)il>e,
paviiiK brick, and face brick. Stonew:ire day should be sufficiently plastic
and touKli to allow of its b<'iii(j turned on the potter's wheel, sliould havi-
low fire shriuk.-iue, and should vitrify at a fairly low temperature, but
with a sufficii'iit range between vitrification and fusion to allow the wan-
to hold its shape when burning. In making terra-cotta and sewer-j)ipc,
more easily vitrified clays are often mixed with semi-refractory clay in
order to (live a dense body at fairly low temperatures. Low sininkajre
and freedom from warping are desirable (|Ualities in tcrra-cotta el:iy><.
Hiirii percentages of M)lui)le salts are objectionable. I'avinp; iirick is made
froiu impure shales as well as from semi-refractory clays. The raw nnterial
should be fuirlv plastic and show a raiifie of at least 140 dogrces ('. iietwecii
the beginning of vitrification and fusion. The known occu'Teuces of
refractory and semi-refractory clays in Canada are summarized bv .1.
Kcde.'
nun K (LAVS.
Clays used for common building-bricks vary in thoir characteristic>:.
Till ! (luisites are that they mould easily and bu<n hard at a low temix'ia-
tuic without cracking or warping. 'Most of them l>urn re<l. Pri'SM-d brick,
face brick, and hollow Iirick call for somewhat higher grades of clay. None
of them need be highly refractory, but their plasticity, shrinkage, and
colour after burning are usually important. Although the better grades
of brick are in many cases transported for long distances they are com-
paratively low-pricod products, and the days used in their maimfacture
arc in general of commercial importance only when they occur in fairly
thickly poj)ulated areas. Clays suitable for the manufacture of common
br-"k occur rather widespread in the Thomjison and Fraser River valleys.
Tiicse are glacial, stonelcss, stratified silts. The white silts are mentioned
on ])agc 19.
PROSPECTING FOR CLAY.
Ill a sparsely settled district like the one being dealt with, only fairly
largv deposits of kaolin or high grade fire-cl.ay may be considered coni-
iiicriially workable. The kaolins and high-grade fire-clays are usually
wiiite, or white tinged with yellow or pink. Other earthy deposi's, namely,
'vliite inf'isorial earth and volcanic ash, both of which occur extensively in
placi's in this <listrict, might be mistaken for day, but for their lack of
))la.~tioitv, that is, if wetted and kneaded, they do not mould into a coherent
':iass, but break. Inftisoriil e.irth and white volcanic ash are in most cases
aivo much lighter than an e(!ual volume of white clay. White talc is dis-
tinguished by its relative hardness, non-slaking properties, and lack of
plasticity. If the day deposit be residual it is important to note the per-
centage of unaltered rock present with the clay. The profitable exploita-
'Dnvis, N. n.. Op cit . p. 16.
Uvwle, J.. "Kpfrticlorj- niaterialii in Cnnadn." IVpt. of Mil
, Min.s nrunrh. Sum. Kept , I9ie. pp 112-114.
66
J ion of clay .lopoMit (l.'pcii.lH also on the amount of ovc-rbunlpn that li;
Ik- n'lnov.-d Lffor.- oxcayutinn «»n coninicnrc; th»" faiilili.s for wuh\
whether the clay be residual; the size of the (le,Kwit— 10,000 eul)ie yar
F)rol)al.ly u nunnnuni— and above ail on the eowt of tranNportatioii to
nearest market. Hefore expensen are incurred in developiiiK a prosnec
(•lay ,l(.,M.sit It sL.uid be thon.URhly Hample.l. The samples sho.il.
forwarde<l to the Mines Hranelt, D.-iwrtment of Mines, Ottiiwa, for test
Jf two or more larKe j)orti..ns of the deiH)sit apparently varv in ehara
hey shoul.l be sampled separately. Kaeh sample should weich froj.i
10 poum s. and should be taken at erpial intervals arross the part of
ilcpotiit that It IS intended to represent.
Table X.— Value of the Production' ,n„l Imporlx of CUn/ and Clay Prod
in Canada.
191.1.
1S1«.
IB17
lULS.
I'roduc-
tiun.
Imports. Prnduc Impurti. I PhkIuc- j Import.. Piwlup- i Imp.)
tinn
ti»n.
tbin.
I 124.«M ♦ 17..W0'| 114,110 It »,5»4 || 97,850 I 19,299 '| HH
Kaolin I 13,000
FinM-luy '
BD'I firi'-olByl
pnxluctB-l 110,893 i 87,267 I 234,562
Total for allj j '
rl»y pro-! i i i ,
duct... j3,9l4,48« J2,99S,4«3 j4. 120,805 4.554,167 4,779.0.38 6.61(J,S37 ;4,583,489 | 6.734
187,124 320,511
283,748 3»7,4.W j 401
Th." i>r,Hlucli.m fi«urr;jjlo not indude pr-nluHion fmni iiii|M.rt..;i materiafs.
tin- «)urcp in 1915 was $28,807; in 1916-122.484; 1917-161,317; 1918-184,018.
Production fi
Average Prices of Clays and Clay Prmluctx.
1915.
Kaolin, crude per ton
Fire clay per ton '.'.'.'...
Common brick, per thousand
Prenaed or front brick, per thounand
10 00
2 00
7 48
9 89
1916.
1917.
10 00
3 .V)
7 71
10 95
18 00
6 00
9 49
14 07
1918.
t 22 00
4 00-10 I
U 14 (Pre
16 35 (Pre
ii thuilia.iii.
for waHhiriu'
ul)ir yurdis i-
'ntiiiii tu tlir
I proHp('cti\r
>S hI|OI||(I Ii
I, for tofttiiii;.
in I'hnrartcr i
5I1 from ') til
' part of fill
< lAY I,0< AI.ITIMS KXAMINKI).
UKUJAI Tolt> AM) hKMI'IIKKKAt roKV fl.AYN.
( l:iys of this t vpf were i>\:i)iiiiic(| at < 'liimin'V Cnn-k I'fiduc Fiunrc 2.
locality l.'i), lit Hakcr ('reck caiiydii o|)poMit(' (^iK-siirl (FiKUrf 1, localities
7 and H), -it a point S miles noifli of (jncsiicl ( Kiuuri- 1. locality (•). ami at
another place ;{(( ndles aliove I'rince ( leorue ( ritinie I, locality 2). All
tl'.c>ie localilie?* lie clow to the \\e:-t hank of Fraser river,
(hi 1111111) Crick Uriiltjr.
In;/ I'roitiictf
lUIN.
1918.
( 22 00
4 00-10 IN)
U 14 (Prrl
16 35 (Prcl,
Samples 1 to 1 weie taken trom a point i.KM) feet in elevation al'ove
< liimney Creek liridne, \ve>l of Frasi r rivi-r and within sIkIiI of the hndp'
Figure 2, locality lo). The lirnlue is aWout 2<» miles hv road from l.'iO
I Mile II(
lup- ! tmpiin
n.
A
2»9 1 llti,' -
f -t ;
458 401.:;:
489 6.734,1)
llll
: of the mine : :
(>l
DunrI, and i|. -
1' values of il,,
W.712,677.
■uduction frin;
1
t
if'
HI'
III'
'1'
—
iki
III' nou.se iunl !■) to lt> rni'e- oviT a hi({h Ki'-'ide trom the railvvav at
\\ illiams lake. The clays occur :!^ residual masses produced hy the alteia-
liipii of a series of Caclie < 'reek line-urained fjuartziles and .arnillites. The
ilay-liearin>£ zone is much crujiii)lfd and fanlt<>d, whereas the nndisturhed
lii'ds below and to the side are hard, fresh, and frei- from clay. Figure II
-Ikiws the mode of 01 iirreiu'c. Over the lay there are silts and l>;isalts
I' Tertiary ajje,
\ section from the top down is as follow.s (Finure 11).
liirkiii ?<»
11 fill.
to
10
:!()
Ill t
to :i
T
HIiiili; liiiHiili 111 nrly Ihii-lyiiin .iml firiiiiiiu llic simiTii ' nf the •>I<'|h'.
Till' luwir l.-> fi'i t !•• Iiidki II up :iiul ri)M.<i.-l-< of lirokcn biisiilf
friiKiiiriil.- iiiiMil with I'lay
Kiiii' fill, iini'oii.'Miliiluii il aiiii \m'1I-Im iliicil. |iiiil>!ilily of TiTtiiiry ii|ii-
I'ini'-nruiiu il iir«illili- nr niiartiiti', yrllimi-li wliiii . purtly iilti nil to
rliiy " "
Uluisli, liiii-nrMiiiiil <|uurtzitc, the linl iimrli inini|i|ril :iiiil iiniKii-
ciitly wtiolly rhim(£ril fo clay, allliniiftli the .1111111. 1 carriril .'lO
(XT I'liil of imii-Mlakiini! iiialiiial. S.iiiipli' ti si il ;
.'^illy iii'Killiti' or iiiiartziti' I'liaiiKril to yi l|imi>li Nsliili' clay. 1.' i.i Jl)
piT I'l'tit of fri'sh nirk promt, .'^aiiipli' trstiil
"s'ar of white clay witl; piiikl-h -trcaks, j^himlim in iihu'rs only,
ill a iiiiii'h i'ruiiipl< (I ami faiiltcii Imt. Thi> ii llic hrsl I'hiy la
the hank. Sample t'v-t il ;
Hi'scMibii'S (I'l witli scatm of « liitc c'ay throiiKh it . pi rrcntaKc of fr.'sh
rock about llic .laiii" a.i in li-i. .Sainpli' tcilril '_'.">
-Vltirniiti' bands of sihy aruilhti' or (luaitziii' varyinn ili(jhtly in
tcxtnii' anil loloiir. laruily ahirril to i-lay but with more fresh
roek iireiein than in 'ili, (ei, (fi, (ki xr,
Hlark, rariionai'eims arfiillite somewhat altereil to clay
.\lternatioiis of artsillile ami ijuartzite i-x|his il for ISliO feet down
the slope. These l)eili are not chanKi'il to eliiy.
The hods from (k) downward strike along the slope and are practically
undisturbed; those from (c) to (fc) are very much crumpled, twisted, and
.ippejir in all attitudes, and the bed from (hi is less disturbed. The altera-
tion to clay of beds (c) to (jti is vciy proiKiiiiiced: (h) is partly altered to
clay and from ik) down the lads are (piite fresh. Beds (0 1 ■ (k) belong
to the Lower Cache Creek series.
iSample.s 1, 2, 3, and 4 correspond to beds (d), (e), (f), (r), in the above
see t ion.
jr
»w
i :
c i
-5
Jbta;
m
Sit III
lilt I. S<«ii»i-rffriifti>rv. \ wliitr, ii^idiiil clay. Wttxlmiit
'.I 1 1,... 1 ■ .' ..: II -ii ».»..l...l !....> 1
ricciUMK (hrouf'.h SO-iiii'!«li Mi'vc vii-ldh '»(• [mt riiit of [ili«.tic clny n ■ inMiiitr
-tout
(JII'UIK
wart' rlav. Tlii>< Imriis to a liglit itrcy, lianl I'mlv
ri
ir ••niilc clav,
I to }r.
l(»-ini'sh s<Ti'<'ii. has low ^la^•il■il\ luit i>. easily moiil'lcil.
Ipiirtis to H (lark »jr<'y, liarii lioilv at coiio '' \'2'M^ .Icuri'fs i '
Ti''al«li
nin' a
t coiif •"), H jM'r ccjit. alisoi'iitu
same tciiipcrai m»- (> |rt'r
■lit.
\'^ anhcil clav I'liscs at <otH' !.'» ( 1 i:'it) <lc>rrt'f«' ('. i aii'l cnnlc rlay at i \x
HM) (!«•««•«•« ('.).
Slim I
licitx- low.
i/r
A \o. :5 fin'
A while a
ml pill
Mijila!
I'la-
Hiirtis to a li.inl. InitT lio-h' nt coiif .'> with toi li shrin
."I.
]H'r (-vnt ami aliMiiption II pcrci'iit.
ify-tivc piT iciit i>f tl
IC rrlliii- H
rlav.
,SV; iiijii
No. I lir«'-il:iy or kaolin. Whin- :i;m1 pink ic-iiliiMl rlax
('.loiiinl to pa.-<- Ili-iiicsh -icvc. I'la^liiMtv hiw. AP pailicic- do not Klnki',
(led. l^'iiii- 'o a cri'mn-'olourcil iMnly .-it I'onr
Ul'otlti<l to
.il. 1 loot-
Iwiicc (iramil;if \vli<'ii wi
.') \' itli totid Nhriiikiii"' l."» and al>-n otiin IT ikt <-(iit.
I
v^- ail RO-iiic^h sicv.-: pl;i»ticity 'i"<
I'oi'tio
il, clav !*iiiooili whrii «(
tiic hiiitit to conr .') sliihtly i>tY wliitf colour .tiid sKit vitrified. < lay inaVc
a «ood e.i-tiiiK -lip when poured ill o ))ln«lt-r mould'-, liut needs a<hiiiio
)f ]Kltter s
ilitit Ik
MMiitise ot Itit'ii slim k.iui
I alTecled whi'll h ■ ited
to con
e :{() 'IT.iO de.,'rce« ('
Siiiiiii
>eii.i-r(
fr.-e
iiijrlilv refiMcti
I.iirllt lailT. lesid'i.il cl;i; . (Irouiid
to |)ass ir»()-inesh
. I- if'
fair tml ^ln
textl'ie
iti
hall t^rcv vitritie^| Uody ;ii ecj:;e ."> .vith t<>t,ii -inrihaite o
f II
nil- to
iter I < :i\.
Fuses to shm :lt i mo 17. llesein'
Mr. Keele reiiia'k- on the re-ult
t.il.nw-
Ih-
(e-ts show ih:it
the deposit is uneven in (|llai|iy. tli;i' le .-Iiirniini.' p'oce.s.MS ii'c in't
completed, a- pl:isticit\ is jreiiei.iily '"W an ' tluxh"; impurities arc •:'thev
liii?h in ceit.iin portions. The cli\.-i of this dejio^.l as a whuj.' iiii^hl l>e
W'.rkeil for the in.'.nufactiire of a !'>\v ^^rinh of tiielicick or as a inixt'Oe with
a inoio i-Iastic cla>- for tihikiiiu >. wer-pipe If tlu' iii:iteriil w.i- ■■•n^lied
;uid wasiied it would yielil .i rerl:iin amount • f fine clay whi' li could he ii-ci
in the matiufactJire of stoneware noods. • ut the \ ield of wn-iied c!;iv woiihl
prohahly he too small to repay that oiHiatioii. A- the material i- • ■
liiie-nrained and is not white either in the raw or liiiri id state it cai .1 • ■'
classed as a coiiitiiercial kao'in or china clay."
There is another deposit alioilt one-half mile o-' so alon^i: the -!<• '■■
the south, which the writer was iiiiaMe to vi-it.
liaktr Crti'h ('(iin/on.
Samples .') and t> are from Haker Creek canyon ojiposite tne village o;
tjuosnel. Sample 5 is from the base of a numlx-r of rock pillars on the norih
.-'idc of Raker Creek canyon ahout ;{' mih-s ahove its month (Fimne 12.
hicalitv 8). These pillars are partly chanted to clay. The rocks arc
Kii'V tit huff (piartzitos and arjtillites of Cai he Creek nije. with occasional
heds of hlack arjiillites. All of thesi- rocks arc exceediniriy ime-tirained and
(piartzose. They hiivoheen much crumpled and folded. They are accom-
panied in varyinjj amount hy (troy and rrpaiii-colotiied clays that havi' Keen
formed hy alteration of the hard rocks. A niimher of pillars on the sleep
sides of I lie CiiliVoll, SOino of thrin over HH) feci in lietKht, eStt-!id f<tr a
(listan(n! of 400 or 500 feet. The iipj)er day nisisses i're ahout 300 feet in
70
\Ceoit,^fcal 5uryry. Canada
f.f.J.S.tt. Deposits of dtatomac ecus eani
3,6,7,9.9.HX Oepos^Lt or (My
formstion, rrfgrrfa to "t Ifrport.
/?.t4 Ctposwts of OrmcC'SLe^J ^rd
alttrtd IS¥M.t
fS ^sttHft* or S^ctiot So 3 at frsAe'- #<»*/■
fiyrmaiion, ref^ffd W .f> ffepc^t
ttposurti of f.'Sier /f'-v^r foir^nt'or
/tvmmm/s on Usi *<* cfn^er ntmr /J
•5 ftposwws of frmstr fliwer torus
^-^ip snd atriko
KiKurr VI. Clay aiitl di
Coluiiihia.
iat<>n,a,.,H,us rarth .Irposits nrar (^iomu-I. CaribcM) distri.'t. Uritish
71
elevation above the lower masses and perhaps 40() lo .VM) feet above flip
creek bed. Probably less than :{() per eent of their asi.rrejiafe mass woulil
lie clay, although there are parts which contain more elay. An accurate
estimate of this character is most difficult to make, however.
Sample 6 is from an outcrop that lies one mile down the canyon on the
west bank of the creek near the southeast corner of lot SCmI (Fijrure 12,
locality 10). The outcrop which is of tlie same character as No. 5 is 8(1 by
120 by 10 feet in extent and is overlain by a red ochre clay that slai?is the
white <'lay.
Sample .». Semi-refraetory. Grey-white, residual elay; oidy 40 per
cent washes throuph a 1 oO-mesh screen. Washed product has no plasticity,
bin-ns to a buff vitvjfied iiody at cone 7 (r2i)0 deni-ees ('.), softens and
deforms at cone l.'j (1430 depees <".). Needs addition of 20 to :U) per cent
of a clay like sample 7.
Sn'mple G. Semi-refractory, ("rufle clay, low plasticity, difficult to
mould, bu'-ns to a hard, grey liody at cone 7 (1200 de;;rees ('.) and fuses at
cone 18 ( 1490 deijrees < '.). Port ion washed and 70 per cent of the washiiip
passed throuph a 2(K)-mesh sieve. The washed material had low plasticit>'
and was difficult to mould. Hurnt to a porous, white body at cone 7.
Clay white enough for paper filler, but lacks cohesiveness. It needs
addition of plastic clay as in the case of sample .").
The deposits from which sample 5 was taken lie on the steej) slope of
the canyon in a position not easily accessible and where they would be
diffi^'idt to work. A roatl couhl, however, be biilt without nnich dithcnlty
to the ffaf on which the lower outcrop (saini)le »>) lies. This would be
about 2\ nules from steamboat transportation. A few other outcroi)s
on the south s'de of the canyon may yield workable elay.
A'or//i of Qur.tnel.
Ei(jht miles above Quesnel, on top of a series of steep bluffs from 4(K) to
000 feet h'nih, are outcrojip of beds of elay ami infusorial earth (Figure 12.
locality 3) that have been subjected to sliding, and lie in detached masses.
Outcrops are not plentiful except near the cliff edRes, and the beds havi not
been traced to their original location. They belong to the Kraser Isiver
formation of Tertiary age and their horizontal extent is in all probat'ilily
quite limited.
Sample 7 was taken from a bed 20 feet thick and .50 feet long (Fi>fU'-e
12. localitv 3). Undoubtedly mor(> clay of the same cpiality is p>eserit,
and fl.iother 20-foot bed overlain by 20 feet of infusorid earth .)ccur.i
nea'-by. The location of the original bed should be .sought for back from
the cliff faces to the we.st.
Sample 7. Stoneware clay. A grey-white, bedded clay. Plasticity and
working qualities good. Dnes well and has low air and fire shrinkagi'.
Purns to a white, porous, strong body at temperatures up to cone 7 ( 12*.t()
degrees ('.) and :• strong dense body at cone 7. It softens and deforms -it
cone 17 (1470 degreesC). This is a clay suitable for stoneware manufac-
ture, the first recorded from British ('olinni)ia. Mixed with the clays
from Baker canyon, it coidd be used to advantage in making semi-refractory
clay prcxlucts.
There is an overburden of soil 2 feet thick on the outcrop. In othf
places there is from 5 to 7 feet of soil and large trees.
r2
North of Prince George.
Sainjilc S was taken from a scries of heds, probably of Tertiar>' a;
out(Toi)j)inn foi ""jO to 1,(M)U feet on the inime«luite west hank of Fras
river, in lot 3991, 30 miles above Prince (leorKc (Fifsun! 1, locality -
The following section was measured from the river level up.
(ii) Covered with tulus 7 feet.
(I.) Hlui.-h-Krey cluy ;{ f.el.
(c) S.iiiily. wliili'-gny elay 2 feet.
(i\) Very l)lu>lie, wlii'e eljy 2 to Ii fei t.
(e) Hivir Kr.ivel iitul iMmlilers 4 to H feet.
Sample S. Fire-clay. (Iri'V-whitc, bcdiled chuy. (lood working .ai
dryisig ])ro]Hrties. Sandy in textiirc. Hums to while, porous bodies i
to cone 7 tit which it is creaiii-colotiri d hard, ami ])orous with total shrin
a^e of ti i)er cent. It is intact at cone UO (l,.'il!0 dcijrces (".) aiul won
l)ri)balily stand uj) high ennugh to be classed as lirc-day. On accoii
of its good working and drying (iiialities. low ^lirinkagc, and rcfractorim
this iiiat( rial would make firebrick ami ^love linings.
The outcro])s are over 700 feci in leiiiidi, Imt ho'v w the beds oxti-i
back under the Hat terrace that forms thi to)) of I lie .avel is not kn >v
A wagon road IJ inih s loiij; wduhi coiine<-t tiie (lei)o~if with the I'fin
(ieorgi'-t ik>conie jiortage road at a i)oint alniut 22 inih » fritii I'rince (id.rj:
The most fea>ible method of t ransi)o. (ation i.; I.\ ' '' '
Prince (ieor-ie. There is a steamer channel all
overbiinlen that will have to be moved i>. thick in i)!aie> 'her< -,.....,..
enough ntaterial to jiay for > xploilatii.n. < ire should be tjiki n to >e)>iira
the dilTt rent bed>, lor t!l( lower bid- ;\r'ird(d aliove j-f not 'ii ;
{)robaliilit\-, of <'(!uall>- g 1 (|Uality. Thi- clay HUi»>>t 't the n«»-s4>
railway freight rati s be .,|ii])j)ed to ea-ti rti ( ana(l:i it a jirofjf , but it m;
become a decid' d a>^el if a market can !» found foi it iti mmh^tti Hrili
Columbia.
-Cow down t!'.(' river
le wuv. \ltiiougii I
-houl
nUK K ( L.\YS.
Ten samples of ej^ys lluit were ikol of refractory gra<le were te-ti
Of these the white vill« at I.'.T.ooet i F^uf e 2, locality 4l)i :in*l gri'V, iK'ddi
eluys at (^m-iii l t I'igur- I, locality 10 and I'igure 12, locality i») gii\i- t
mo>t satisfactory re-iilt- Hoth are suital)le for the making of comim
building brick atid ih>- (7n<-f«^l clay can in a(hlit!>)n be U'-ed for tiiakii
(Irani nle. Very largi amount* of t):i- white silts -iiiiilar to tho>e ;ii I.
hniet are found at intervals in the immediate neiglibouihood of Ira-
river from I jihwc i to (^iii'stiel The (^U( mm I clays are not of very gfe
extent Che »l!i*# tested at .Australia creek niigh^ be use<l for inakii
buihitiig liick rf n»t better mat' rial were avaiiaf»f< None of !h( otli
clays teste<l afe of ••ttmmirf'ml ,*tii<-.
Snmpit I. One fiMie from l.illiH/' ' on road to Seton lake (Figuri
locality 40: ^ireen-grey, Iwdded sill of White .■^ilt formation of (Uaci
age. l',i([ht«-<-n f»<-t of \()-i<itii bank samnhd. witli coar-er layer omittc
('lay is sh»»rt in texture whe« wetted, burns to light re<l poroy.s bod
Shrinkage air dried, ,'i [M-r cent, burnt at cone (Ki 'l.CHtO degrees ('
cent. AbsorpiloB, cone <.*!0, 18 per i't'tti , cow 03, J7 per e< re
good common brick by soft mini [)rocess; not frlastii' enougti
;.ial
ir wir
■■■i
73
cut hiick or drain tilo. Biiiik is 40 by 4()0 fcot in oHt»Ti)p. .M:iny lareo
(lc)M)sits at intervals along Frascr canyon as far as Ciucsncl, see .-cction
on paf5<' 19. Silt from near Korslcy yielded ^ilnila^ results.
Sample 2. In raihvay-cui just north of 17 Mile ranch. F'raser canvun
(FiRiire 2, locality 3S). Dark grey, residual I'lay in l.'i-foi.' ImiI of an<le^itp.
This is bed No. 5 of section in Lower \'oleaiiie< ' '<i'))a(te \2 . 'lood pja—
ticity, li'it stony, purns to porous, red body of low -trengfh. Not refrac-
nirns
tory and not of conmu
ial value beeau.se of its stone content.
Sniiiptr 3. West of sanijile 2. Yellow while or <\rj re-idiial clay in
r2-foot bed of white andcsite. This is bed No. 12 of -ctiuii in Lower
Volcanics (see page 12). F.xtn'niely stilY, soapy, and hard t , .vork. < racks
liadly on drying .and cannot t:e used in plastic state. Worked l>y dry i)ro-
(■ess,"yields sound, dark red luieks Suitable for f."c( brick. Xot refractorj-
and not of <'i)niniercial v.alue because of stone content.
SnDipIr -J. West of sample 2. tlreen-KH y. roidu.al clay in .''.")-f.iiit
bed of dacitic ash. This is ind 21 of -cction referred to in Nos. 2 and ;!.
Its pro])erties resemble No. 'A.
Sinnplr .7, I'rom ba>" of slide o])j)o-ile Pavilion stati^'ii ''I'if^iiie 2,
locality 37). Hed, slony cla>' di rived frcin < '-.idwatiT formalion. The
rlav conteni ha^ i;ood ]>ia-(icity, burns re<l, but brick develop-^ erai-k-^ in
iirinjj. Shrink;inc air dried '.'o, Iniriii to cone 03. 115 jii r cent. Tte' clay
content would make c(iiiiiiion brick, but it would i\ot j),iy to -eparat( ^lie
ruck from ii for th.'vt i)uri)o-e.
S(impl( I'. Just west of and above Cariboo road. 17 miles north of
■-;hrroft, in Boii-ipartc valley (i'igure '-. locality I'.ti and Plate Xlll).
Artfvu and yellou n-idtiid cl.iy in an N.'-foot bed of frrey n\iarl'ite of the
< 'im4{M- < reek series. T}«- beds are faulte<l, mineralized, and much ;ilter(il;
7't pM' •enf of mass is Hw-^ The clav ])art se)iarat(d iiy '.-.a^hin^:. bi.rut
I,, ii»*. d:»rk «*«J »t 1 .<IW» <j»is#« »' < '•
Xift H'fnu ■ >*f and in»» 'rf contmercial value bec.'Ui-e of stone eontiiii.
Sitm^'- ,. "vcfHinK •'«H»j4*' ♦>. Ye!lowi-li day in a lO-f.iot bed of
*-hit<\ c<**f»i quartzite «4 A*' < aeh*- Creek .-erie>. f-anic i)r(i])erlie« as
-,inij)le ti.
Siimpir S. Jti»t behrw mi»w -latn of lignite 20 feet from mouth of
tunnel on .\ustralia ere k i'tf^iir- I ioc dily II Drab-f;rey clay in 1-foot
leci if) the F'ra-er ISivt r forii-iit(** \fiotl»«r -i»m of -anie kiiid and itiick-
ii'-s '; ify-JEMS below. Fairly tdm'*-' M'irnK lo dee]) butT. Shrinkage
}i cciH «» H^rm ,1. «-.«.# *'.! 12 p'T cent. Th<'
,1 =
air dried fj f^-^
shrinkage i
ri-e of tem]
'rick.
fiamph 0.
'. erat beds of brow,;
■ .iy when We1. Bii;
hf'i^ti and vitrified a'
A piffft gradf of r
Hiifnhli t<l
Figure f, k/'-aJ*!.. .
jrrev to drab cfav 'A
' ■--•' if,!- ,,;.T^
!:d shotrf.l bt
nuiii/: will ( ,.^^-
I riekntakitig. .\ rajiid
A fair xraiU- of eomsnon
:,* -r;!
7nitc- -cai'i i#m
\'M ilion .'ts sample .'».
F.fdy and criitjddtnK
,.-)t *Mf''t denrcert C., red
trioat.s at tnigiuT » uij)eratures.
lip win
•■fH^Htf. (ji);in';!| v'
• ' rctii.i
la^e
,! ,.f
r
•f ^iM (i; .
H
74
iiftfT iiiDuldiiid, 1 lit shrinkttfti- nitlM-r liipli. Hums t(i jcilr nil, iiiTil ImmI
at (too (ii-Kri'i-t < . ami (hirk tirowii vilrifii'il Koily :'t 1,1(10 <l'-t!;r('< > (
Flow- siiKitiilily tlirouKli n die and is Miilat>l(' for niakiiiK Hclil drain til
fi.s well as for i>rirks. Will rciiuirc admixtures 20 to '.W ju-r (■■,iit of sain
hcciiusc of the liifjli sliiinkaKc It is not ;i tin-dny. ( >iitcToi)s for sit Iras
200 fi'f. aloiijj rivir wlicn- the '> to 7 ftrt of ovcrliunlcn muld 1h' ilnnijUM
into swift ciirrfiit. Flat terrace 120 li et wide with an ohl l>riik-y:ir(
(lav mill, and covering racks still >laiidiiin.
MI N KRAI. Pir.MKNTS*.
Samples of clay from 17 Mile ranch and from Baker canyon opposit
Qllo<ncl were te-ted hy H. Frechette of the Mines Hriuich to determin
tlieii v.alues as mineral ])i«ment.
Samples 1 and 2. west of railway cut 'lorth of 17 Mile riiiich, Frast
canvon 'Figure 2, locality 38).
" Siimiih 1. Hed clay from a 10-foot lied of l-isalt (No. 10. page 12)
Sinnpl' .'. I'urplish. hrowii clay from a HO-foot bed of red-brow
an<»<>Mtic aggl'iiiierate (No. 1."). page 12i. These lieli.im to the l.owi
Vtiir.'inics (>ee sei'tion on page 12). The beds are only i)arily turned t
dav.
Samples 1 and 2 when ground in raw oil produce a chocolate browi
and when burnt and ground in oil a light brown-red colour. The coloi:
lacked the brilliancy of commi n i:d ochre. The large amount of grit i
these days makes tliem of no ' alue in the manufacture of pigments. ('la>
from this bank, burnt and mued with salron grease, have been used tV
genera'ion- by the Indians of Pavilion for tracing thi' tribal history i
pictographs on the rock--. These old drawings ri'tain their colour for a Ion
time.
S'tmpir .}. From Haker canyon 2^ mile- from Fraser river, opposit
(iuesnel (Figure I. locality 7. and Figure 12. lo<ality 10). Overlies a be
of refra<torv. white clay. No. (i. ])aKe 12. !'. is derived from rock; of th
("ache (reek series, there is a thickn. ~s of ,0 feet of the parent roe
on top of a clitT SO by 120 feet in horizontal extent, and the day forms oiil
a part of this. Thric hundred feet north a 3-foof bed of red clay overlii
steel erey clay and conghmierate. T!ii> Ixd lias evidently been vashe
from the elilf." The clay is not suitable for brickmaking, but may lie (
use as a i>igment. When ground in raw oil it i>'oduce- a iirown i)aiii
.Munewhat similar to T .ruvian ochre, but not so dark or rich in tone. Uun
and ground in oil it inoduccs :> brick nd jiaint with the- ton;' of ICnglis
Venetian nd and lighti r in colour than stamlanl Canadian nd oxidi
Moth raw ati<l calcined m;iterials have good i ovring and staining jiowi
and would i>ossibly ])n)ducr a marketable pigment. Thi-^ material w;
u>ed with very satisfactory results in painting a house in (juesnd.
f)UI(;iS 111 TIIK UKsIl)lT,\L CL.WS.
Two possible iiioih's of origin of the n'sidual clays present theinselvp
They could have been formed at the surf.ice by weathering of the parei
nicks through the ;sgeiicy of ^il iiiosphcric waters, or they wen- formed li
the introduction of the clay substances from the outside; in tl.is case b
means of hot solutions rising from below. The second pmcess seems (
Iwve taken place ii; this ca.se; the rca.ons for which are as follows;
The oritiinal rocks in flic ('aclic Creek series eoiiM not by simple
ncutlierinK have lieen turned to clay, simc the clay contains elenients
which have liceii added to them presuinaldy hy hut ascending soliilio
'1 he re>iidtial elav
the Lower ( '
iimi«
series occur in nx'ks coni-
in sonie ca>j<'s (M).') inilliinetres
Will
till
posed essentially of (piartz iji very tine >;
and less, with a small percentage of muscovile or hydroniic:
nicks have disintetrrated to clay the change appears to have consisted solely
ill an increase in ine amount of hydromira or in othei' cases of hydromica
with kaoliii ami ot'iei- clay-forminn siil)staiices. Tin- residual clavs in the
Lower Tertiary N'ohanics lie in lavas iiid ash rocks tiiit have irlassy or
very fine (iroiiediuasscs, and the chai.u'e to day has piodiiced what looks
like hydromica, kaolin, iron oxide, c.irlioiiate, etc. in this instance the rock
itself possihly could hjive furnish, d the elenients for its alteration product-.
Ill residual clays in Cache Creek rock-, however, the fresh rock is made iiii
essentially of (piar)z which cannot. I.y the acency of almospheiic waters,
he turned to clay-forniin); elenients. nor is there enouuh li.\droniira in the
jKireiit rock to acc(,mit for the cl:iy liy siini>le alteration of that liiinerai lu
kaolinite. The increase of hydromica and the a''tiial replacement of (piartz
hy it can he accomplished only liy the agency of hot ascendiim solutions,
'li places like the Moiiapjirte ciay hell, the widesjiread occurrence of |)yrile
ill the parent rock show< that tiiere has heen mineral deposition through
;he agency of aseeiidinj: solutions. The i)rese!ice of jiyi'^'"" i" tlx-se clay
hanks shows, on the other hand, that oxy;;enated .'itmospheric waters have
also had an etTect. for.nirin sulphate waters from the pyrite after its deposi-
tion, and from thes- );y))siiin, CaS« », + 2lL.(). has l>ee"n precipitated.
The zone of decomposition is related to fracture zones rather than to
a land surface or zone of weatheriii^r. In all .'asi-s where residual clays were
examined (he rocks in which thev occui- have lieeii iiiucli disturlied. that is.
either closely folded or fauPed and hrecciated, or both cruinpled and
f.iulted. Figure II illustrates the clo>e relalionship at Chimney Cpeek
hridjre hotween a zone of faulting and the extent of the residual clay. At
17 Mile ranch, the Lower \'olcaiiics are lyin-; in a syncline and i( is alont<:
the .ipturned beds on the r(\fro of the sym-line, wlieri" a ureat deal of faiilt-
iiii; has taken place, that t he clay h.anks lie (Plate XII). On the Honap.arte
(Plate XIII) the Caclie Creek lie.ls are also tiuicli disturlied and similar
leds in Baker canyon have t>e(>n much crumiiled. In ;ill these places it is
possible to find beds of the oriiiinal, unaltered rock lyinvr at tlie s;uii,. level
< the altered ni.aterial. Ai Chimney Creek for example, fresh rock not
only underlies the clav belt but is found at tl
At !'>aker can.von then is fresh rock over the clav.
ame l(>vel to t!
rth of it.
-If/f of Fcrmntioii.
The absolutely unaltered character of the Miocene basalt Iviiii;
iliiectly over Cache Creek ekay in Haker canyon. |)roves thit the clav-form-
iiii: pnicesses had ceased to act in the late Miocene. In Maker Cie<'k
canyon, near the occiiri-ence of residual clays in the Lower Cache Creek
nicks, masses of the s.-ime residual clay occur as boulders in a (;ravel
r;irr> iiiK jilaiit icmains and underlyi"K the upper Miocene basalts. This
tr.ivel belonjrs to the Fraser Hiver formation and the clays were, theri'fore,
tunned in the Cache Creek rocks before the Fraser Hiver lieds were laid
'l"Wii. The Lower Nolcanirs of Miocene «({•' that underlie the Fraser Uiver
fortnation at QuchiicI. wito first faiilto.l uiul l)recci!itr.l and aftjTwards
turni'il to clav, m that the chiy-foniiinn processes wore aitivt' after the
extrusion of the Lower Voleanics. The evideiiee, therefore, nulieates that
to heated sohitions and vapours derived fronj the same souree as the hiva
and rising to the siirfaee after the lava eruption.
("IIAI'TER VI.
DI.\TOMACEOUS EAhTH. LKiNITE, PERIDOT, AND
MUSCOVITE.
DIATO.MACKors KAHTII.
Deposits of (lialoniareous earth were examined in the vicinity ol
(iuesnel. Diatomaceous eartii is the UMiie niven to deposits that are
u-;n:dly wliite or creaiu-eoloured. and consist wholly or m part of the
siliceous tests of low forms of plant life kn.iwn as diatoms. Ihese tests
or shells are verv minute, the hirirest smaller than a pin head, the averau.'
visible o-»lv under :i iii»!:h-po\v(>r microscope. They av(> composed w.iol y
of hydrous'silica and contain a p-eat many small pores Mrianii<-d u\ mtru'ate
piitlerns. The chemical composition, minute size, hardness, and porosity
of the tests, havt' made the earths composed of them useful m a numl.er
of wavs. The coherent earth, reduce.l in a manner which will not destroy
the Icsis themselves and separated into p()wders of vai> i(i lineiiess, is
u-cd !i;i);elv :is iiii al.iasive and polishiiiK anent in metal polishes, soaps,
meia! i.owders, match hea.ls, etc. The purer imuhicis are used m t he
mai'Kfacture of siliceous glazes and waterpla.ss or silicate of soda, llie
lar-'c amount of pore si)ace within the tests prevents the passaire ot lieal
through tlx- looselv i)acked earth or throuiih l.h)cks and bricks made ot il.
Thi^ prope-tv, combined with the ability to stand (jreat heat witlioul
fusion, makes the earth of jtreat use as insulatiuK linings for luniaces.
ovens, safes, as well as in the walls of cold storage receptacles. It has als..
been used as an absorbent for corrosive li(iui<ls, liquid manures, and nitro-
glycerine, and for many other purpo.ses.' '-.
OCCXJRKKNCKS AP QfESNEL.
Deposits of diatomaceous earth occur in a eliff-faee 2 miles south wcs;
of (iuesnel (Figure 12, localitv 11. and Plate NIV), also '.' miles farther up
Fraser river ( Figure 12, localitv .">), and a number of deposits occur oil top
of the river-cut clitfs t.n the big bend of the Fraser 8 miles north of tlic
village ( Figure 12. h)calilies 1, 2, 3). All th<-se localities are west of Ira ci
rive.-. .\ small lens of the earth is exposed in the bruk-yard at (^tiesnel a I
there are a few other unimportant oceurrenees near the river (tigure 1.
localities G, 7, and 9).
~ "'B^ic, Perry \., "The Kii^lpihr imlu.tn.-," Metall. ami Chem. Kag., vol. XII. No. 2. Fi-1>., \W. pp. m>-
'" •Krprhoti.., Howell.. "Ri-pfTt .. thp noninc-lnllie niimralj used in the Cinadmn niaBufttcluring indintri,-.
Mines Branch, IX>p«nni«l ot Mines, Ottawn, 1»U, PP- 104, l"'-
(|Uiic nilictnit , mcv-w
liili- l<
('hiiriirli
■| 111' m.'ilcrial i.- cxccriliiiuly linc-uniii , .. , _
cniim-ciilniirril, iiikI iif cxcriii ionjiliy iinlit wi iuiit, Scvni s.impli's fioni I
iw.i main ilcpicii- I'xainiiicd im<!cr tin- iniciii<cn|)c wcii' I'miiul In 1
•-^(■il almost wholly ol cvliiKli icai 1
c-l-^ vaiAinc (vi>u\ al)oiil ()((U;! to OIKJ
III Jimctics ill IciiKlli ,'iikI alioiit onc-foiirtli as wi<lc a- ioiijj. In one siiilc,
iliaiiii'icis up to O-tH iiiilliinctics were -iin. Some samples foiitaiiicii
iiiiniili' impiiiitii-s that arc prolialOy clay, oihcis cdnlaiiicd (piait/. grains,
li ill
one was a piece of wooily siil)slaii
<»I1 a sleep hill-slope SIM) leM al.ove I'laser river aixl 2 miles soillliwcst
ot (,'ilc-iicl. iie;ir the sniilliwcsl corner ol lot ".MMl I Kiiruie 12, locality 111,
alM.iil IS feet of infusorial earth is "xpo.se.l ii, thick heds i I'iate \\\\,
I'ctwcci. -.i tiicii aiv three layers of silty or san.lv l>e.|s haviiiK a total thick-
ness of II Miclics. rnconformaMy over il - is a thick he.l of Imsall with
I'lokcn hasalt and clayey m,ivel at the ha-e. The heds of infusorial . .nth
-Hike nortli -.i dey:ices (Mst and dip west, mikI the strike of the has.ilt is
i.c itlii'ast \\\\\i a dip of i,"i dejirees to the west. The structure is somewhat
• •l-ciired hv faiillinii; ihat m:iy he due tn locd slippinu of the ImiN down
ihe steep liilUide.
Alioiil S miles I'ro.ii (jiiesnel. en the ri;;lil l.anU of Ihe Fr;iser, at t he
• I -t end of a liin ••.>^" curve of the river and at an elev.ilion of .")IH)fee| or so
.i!..ve the liver iliiruie 12, iocililies I, 2. ;{,, lu.isM's of diatomaceolise.arth
in- loiilid on top of :i serie- of river-ciil ciilfs The clilVs h.low are com-
Mised (.1 Ix'dded ;:ravels, sands, and clays, which al the south end of the
iin tai-es strike north 7.'i ilciri. i- ea-1 and dip northwest .-iliout .') de^rree .
-i\ liel.Hh.-d masses of I hr' vyv\\\ were located near the edy:e of the clilTs
opposite ihe middle of th. Lend, three of them strike a|)proximatelv
north ,i:'. dey:rees east and dip iioithvM'-t, others In nearly al rijiht aiiitii's
In this direction, .-^ome are interhedih d with liiev and whilish-urev clav.
H'llciops were seen al intervals for tilMi ie;i i,, ih,. west of the clilf in ilie
..i-.diboiirliood of a small jiuich. and the -vhole .ivea for that di-t,ince hacti
'I the clilT faces has lieen di-turiied l.y slidini; that h;is tnken place in the
iireciioii ol the ri\c'r.
Two mil.'s up the leaser from ihe \illai:.', on lot 1120 ili^ture 12.
"■eality .-)! ji few hiindrei! feet from the we.-t (..ink. \ to .") feet of infusoriaj
aiih outcrops on l.olh vid,.> ,,f ;, sin,ill utiily, Ihe aver.m.' strike of the
' il- is suuth :;.') dey;rees east with a dip of :{:i denrees lo the west. They
■<■ underlain !iy liedded s:m.ls and r'lays.
.Inst north of tl,e old l.rick-y.inl at (Juesnei, is ,.| Jms of infusorial e.irth
1 ' l-e! loimaild 1! f<><-t Itii.:, :il its thickest point. || coiiliii..^ liai-es ,,|
"' ' ''k-iv. :i!id iron oxide, ,i;id js nverlain liy 2 |e,.| of l.nuli|ei>. ~:iii'W. .iinl
' ■ s. piii!i;iliK- recent i i\er deposits.
<>'niliii/ nj li,i l:'<irll.s.
lows three analyses nl -amples of dialnm.acenus eiirlli Irnin
Tai.le \l -i
I I lei'I e\pi
-n.l , \\<it.y.- 12, locaiilv II >. \,
IM the (S-lnnl
-eel ion oiMai'iiiiii 2 milc'
southwest o
1- iroii! lie li.p l,ed I 1 feel tlliik
i-ipin|)<i^i'i| III uliili', tliiii-li<'<|i|i'il I'lirth willi ,1 lew Iral ri'iiiMJii'^. NH.
I- I'liiiii llii' iiii'lilli' l»'i| r.' Ill l.'i feet lliick. ii|>|taivlill> (Miiyilij: s.iiii. fla.\
iiImii |il:iiit li'lliaiii-i, ami a frw pcldilcs. Jlctwccii Ihi'sc two licil^ i,- J fci'l n
I'artli >iiiiil:ii In llial in N >. I ami "< iiii'lic-i nf iinpurc iratTial. Nn. It i
froiii a l.')-!'cnii licil al llii' la^r, KMiiililiiiu ihi' niiildli I'lil lull witli iiion
I'liptuitic, jHlil i-i si'iMlati'il finiii llir lliiilill)' Im'iI liy S iiicllfs iil' • iliil-.t<iii.
ami from a It-foot liiil of (liMomacioiis riilli Im'Iow. Iiy '.i iiiclii'-* of lili
l>i('ll|il<'<l uilli \)\r^r alirily-i-, w hirli wcic lliailf l>v I'. \\'. Miiiiloii. Miiii-
liraiicli, Ottawa, liavc lurii plat-i'il for coiiiiiai i-uii ;iii anal.v,>i^, \o. I, of
[Hire comiiiereial iJialoinaeeiiiH earth from < 'aliforiiia', ami two paitia
alialvwes of eoiiitiuic'ial earlli--, Nor*. ."1 ami l». Iioiii No\a Scotia.'
Tiilili A/. .\hn';i^i X iif hiiilii'iiiiniii!." Emlh.
\ ' l'
>ll>-
I -■.■»>.
I ill
I i( >. .
1 ilU
N :.(>
Kii i
I! J I :ili..vr lip'. <
iitl ilr\ irifr ;il in.'i ( ■
70-2<l ' 7!tM "« ,Vi SK-7H I 7-.> 10 i SI :'i
I -.'IK I 7 IKt X tvt , 2 li-s I
I .V, ■_' s.' :i ii.'
II s| II ;>l II ii>i iriiiv : .'il I
' ((III j I
II X.*! II .'ill \ II V! I I'll i
I 711 I im II.' I ;ii
II :;
II lill II . '7
I) .'II
Il.lrr. tr;ii-i'. M.li-r
7 inl Ii 21 "i V.
I iMi I III : I Jii
.■i .I I I III :
lixi (M <J(l 77 (fi :17 liKl III
7 '.17 I «.W I 1. Ml
II
Ii .III I
-- I
til !
I'roin liie analyses it appears that the niiilille lieil i> the purest of lin
I liree. It i;anies more silica ami a smaller peiceiil;tv:e of impnrilies than ih
lop anil liottom iiiils; the top lied is the pooiest. The lame percen.an'' «'
iron would cai-e the material, not any of which is pure uhili' in the im
iiiiriied stale, to luiril reddish. The composition of the ieds al the Ik
lieiid to the north may show a sniiiewhat hiulur priceiiciire nf .-ilica, a
iiidicaleil liy the tests lor alisorpt ion.
The resuli- of ti>ts of the fineness and al. sorption of the malfiia!
are (jiven III Talile \ i 1. Here Nos. 1 , 2, '.\ represent 'hiee lieds referri'
to in 'I'alile Xl. Nos. I, .">. 11, atnl 7 refer to deposit.- (ccurrinti; aloiij; tie
I ip of t he I litis at the lii^: In ml > I'iuiire 12. Im :ilit e - I. '.'. li :. '1 h 'sr d push
lie ne.ar touithcrand are niiinlii red from s mtli t 1 ihn Ih e- they m cur a I' '
Hie t (ip of th" ( Hit. Niimlii'r I li-sat locality l{ in l'li;uie 12 s'liith «f a s;n:i
1 •iiiNiiii III the fare of ill,' iI'lY I'iiiiire 12. loc-iliti'"- 1 and 2'. Xn^. .'i. i'
.'Hid 7 lie li.il I !i -if this i-aip. .11.
.^- li.uk I ^11 lit . ri. I'.i-i
li-t- 1-1.. I . 'Miiii-iiil |,r,.,lii, li.M ..( f:in ,.lii (..r l"ll.' |. IT:
*
79
Tiihlr A'//. — Fini'msx uml Ahuorption of
UinlnmnaouH Enrihii,
32
113
2S
70
3U
2
12
4
114
34
»A
(M
:iA
.'Ml
127 '
141
i:i;!
1.>N
Howclls Fri'dii'ttr. .Mines Hr.iiich, roports as follows in ronard to
inctliiHl; ('iiii)|ii\-('i! I>y liim in niakiiit; tlicsc ti'st^.
"Till' cnKJc iTiati'ii;il was fiiinlv ((.In". cut and (lifficiilt to i>r('ak down
wilhoiil at till' same lime lucakinit (lie irilctnd (riains, (Ircat circ was
t;iki'n dniinn tlic criLsliinu iiol to ovcriri-iiul the iiiatcriil, tlicrcforo it U
:ilt())roth('r likely that tlie ))i'rcciitaces sltown ici'iincl on the lamer screens
(1(1 not renresenl co.arse grains Imt rather iinenislie(| particle-i of the oiiirinal
iiiriirejtate. Due to the anunl.irity of the oirticleH and the.r li^rht w( iirht,
the material fluffs and forms small pdlets on the scree'is, which are (li.rKiilt
to overcome. Tlierefdre, I he percent, 'iircs of the material passinjj thrdUtjh
the ir)0-inesh and retained on th4' 200-niesh scr((<ns ar(< hiL'her than they
should 1)0. In other words, if is prolialile that the percentaitcs shown of
material passiiif^ throunh the ■_'(H)-iiiesh .screens are lower than they should
he in all eases.
"The followinir niethod was used to .ihtam fiu'ures to represent fh(M'apa-
rily of the several samples for ai'^orliinn li(|iM(ls. On the addition of water
to the powdered material it was readily ul'sorhed and a simple first liec-ime
roiiphly coherent thouirh erumlily. .\s the water eonteut increased, the
s,'ilMpl(> suddeidy lust its '•shortne--s" and heeame sliiihlly plastic and
could he eonsideralily deformed with a si)atula without showing cracks.
Cheek tests showed that the •■imoiint of water mvessary to attain this
cimd.t.on wa ( nractically the s-nne for any one samt)le. The amount of
ciihic centimetres of water ahsorhed l>y 1(10 jirains of the material when
at this condition was used as a measure of the ahsorjition."
Hich ahsorption prohalily indicates larne perceuta);o r)f diatoms
relative to that of clay .niid other im[)urities in the earths. Samjile No.
2, for instance, which is higher in «ilica and lower in impuri'ies than samples
1 and \\, has also a hicher al>s(.rption. If this conclusiii: l>e correct the
material on the Muffs fFicure 12, iocalilies 1, 2, and :{), is of .somewhat
liiither ^VAdc than that at locality 11, Figure 12.
Commvrriiil D<i'dopmc,A.
The deposit southwest of (Juesnel (Fiuure 12, locality 11) lies near the
summit of an east-faeiiiK hill at an altitude r)f M){) feet above the h-vel of
the Fraser. The outcrop, ahout KM) feet in h'URth and 4(1 feet high (Plate
XIV), is covered hy dehris in lioth directions aloiM^ the strike. In the
direction of dip it is overlain hy :i feet of gravel and 7 f(^et of hasalt. and
farther in this direction the hill rises for 35 feet, partly slide material and
517?— 01
so
partly Kolid ImMitlt. T\m' imtiiro ntid tliickiicnM nf the «»vrrl.iinli'ii «t
Miih that it ciiinnt l.t- |»r()(ital>l.v stiipiMil off for iiiorr tliati a few yufl
iiiwanlly from *lii> pn-Hci.t outcrdp. aiMl fuillnT cxnivation woulil have i
Jm' hy undprnroiiiKl inrlluxlH. It i- iMinxiltlr that htrippinu alon^: ilic liil
f-idcM in tin- <lirc<MiMii of tho strike will nncal more <l(|)0(iits of the cartli
al'Iioiiiili a ir;iV(>r»c ui alioiit oiii' mile in that dirortioii did not ti'vcmI an
fiuihiT outcrops. A wagon road > i hUuIiIIv n-.ro than 2 inili-M in liiiun
Would [•(> rcMimn'd to transiMtrt the nialciial " the fcrry-lariilinu opixisii
Qnoiicl
t>ii top of tlrf hhiff- at t'l'' Ilic loop ii'imin' IJ, localities 1. " ">). tli
<i('|M>hits lie inf)stlv near the vl^ic of the • IJlTs at ele\:itions of lioni I.W i^
.'i.')!) feet aliove the river. 'I'liey li" in detachetl nias.HCM ; pd the ainotlt
of diato' ici'ous earl hill hiirlil at Cin'h of thi ■■ is small, ' he mtretj'ite of >-i
Iciiiu; alioiit 7,<MM) eul'ii- yanls. Other ma>-i - prolialny iindistnrl'ed l>
'<li]>pini£. should he looKi ' for west oi the clill oducs t ,« ird the east line c^
lo' sM:', .and licyojul. Near river le\<'l is a suitnM site for loa<liiu! I>in~
and a .small wliarl The e.'rlh would h.nve to \»' taken down the clilT h;
.'lerial tramwa> oi ^ome otlu i ccoiiuniical metlio<l.
The deposit 2 mile- up 'he river fr. mi l^ue«tM'l (locality 5) is of smal
extent i.nd the lens al the i'llrk-yarii i^ not inipoitant.
I'rep.'iration of the material for tlu' market would hivi> to take plac
at a rentral point like (^uosiiel, eonveiii''nt lo both the railway and rivei .
MtNlTK.
I.ieiiiti' lieds w< re seen at (^iii-nel and there arc a nunilier of outcrop
on the I'ra^er -outh of that village, hut th^ nidy known lud of coiumerci;i
-ize occurs on Australia ci ck a''i ut \S mih s vt\-\ .1" the tivcr (i inure 1
locality 11). \ -••■im xaryinu friiu ',i f'ct (i inchi- . :"> fci i 1(1 inthcs ii
thickness outerop> .itpouf 2(1 feet .>ver the U\A of th^ cr« i-k on the nort-
side. Helow the seam 1 foot of drah clay is underlain hy "< inches of litiiii
under vhich is 11 inches of clay succeeded Is Ij feet of lignite, makim
fthout 2 feet of day and 2 feet of lignite in aildition t the main seam. .'
detailed .section of tl heds is ni\rn on l)aKe 4. The strike of the ci .il s«>an
is north 14 denrees i- ~t with a di]) of 20 de(jr;'cs to the northwest. A sloji
has heen run down tl, main seam into the hill for ahout .')(! feet in a direct ioi
ajiproxiinately at rinhi angles to the strike. The lignite maintains a fairl;
uniform thickne.-^ in the tunnel, althoufsh thin seams of day a)))>ear aii^
l)eter out. -Xn analysis of the liunite, made hy lldKa.- Stansheld of tli
Mines Hrancli, is (fivm helow. The sample was taken acro>^ '.i feet li
inches of the main scum on the we-t --iile of the tunnel at its face.
Tiihic XIII. — Analyses oj Lignite from AuMrnlia Creek.
Moisture ll-IS ptT rrnt. !
Anti ' 20-4 '33 2 per ront .
Viilatilo matter . :«) t. •• :M 6 ••
Fii"<l rarlmn 2v .'i " 32-2 "
l)y diffcn'nee) I
Carbon hydroKon ratio i 0-93 Tlie ligniif in non-rokinn
Ciihimn K refers lo iirmly.'^is of sainplc as rccoivdl, roliimn I) to saniplc ilriiii at lU
ri^i^
RI
Til liiifh :»-h coiitint of tin- AiHtnilia Crick liunili- ii>ii(l<iiiiw it fur
iiiiliist '-il j)iiri>t>«c!i. 'I'lic :i-<li rniiliiit uiiiintililiiily vari<> Iruiii jiuisii tu
pujiit anil I'oiilil hi- ("'iliicfil riiii'.idiralily I'.v i-arcfiil .xorliiiji <>iil nf tin' ^liali .
I'lii' liKiiitt' 'liiiulii I vriilualh' ]iriiv<> iiM'fnl »>* a Im-al Miiirrc nf I'licl. Two
I iitii.x of liKiiiti- '2 fi'i't ami 7 inrlno lliii-U \sitli l.'i imlns ui' tlav
1m(\
rni)i out '.'IK) frrt iliiwii tlii' iTi'rk from till' tiinml. 'I'luy coti -jmiimI
>iraiiKraplii(iiliy with Iml- No.. 2.'> and 2'2 in tin- -irli'in, patr 17 wliii li
arc S iiiclir> ami 2 iiii'lii* lliick, r(-)M ci ivrly. (»lli«r M'am>. aiil i.> liavr
liciii rx)iosr(| a hiimlri'tl fict or -^o iij) tin- rnrk, \\rrr cover' il I'V tlcl>ri-> nt
the time of visit. Outcrops of !i|{inti's were rcportcil on tin- r.i-'i liank of
Ira'T river 1 niili- xiutli ami nearly I mile north of Auslialia creek,
liut a search for tlice ]iroveil uusueeessful, owiiiK jM'rhaiH to a cunitiination
(if -liile- un<l hiKh water. No other outcro]»s of linnile are known in ihiM
vicitiity ami u<> l>a-is exists for liili(>\inK that the outcro]is nieiitiomil on
the Fraser ami that at thi' tunnel re])resi'nt |)arts of a continuous hed of
iiiliiite. The ;}-fuot ".t-inch weani ixposeil in the tunnel proliuMy umlerlie-i
;iii area of ^ever.'il .acres, liut its extent eun lieconie known only liy devi lo]i-
tmnt Work.
TKlUnoT.
Peridots oei'ur in a series uf lia-alts on the sununit of Timothy inotin-
t;iin 'Vi^ure 2, locality 17, ami I'iRure i;{, locality -i, see also Plate .\\i.
I't-riiloi is another naiii'- for the common, roi'k-formini; niin< ral olivine,
Mk (Fe) S\Hi. A dark urein variety of ihis iiiiueral is very much in vnuue
as a cheHji I'orm of jewellery. .Xi-i-ordiny; to one of the leadiii); jewellers in
Canada jwriil it stones are ii-ed to cive |>li -^uik etTeets in comhination with
ntliiT ami nuirc i>recious forms uf jewelh i\ aiul to httrinoni/e with many
colours of wearing api>arel. .\lthoiit(h oliviiu' is a common rock mineral,
the dark |?reen vaiirty is rarely found in sui-h form and qmmtity that it
ran 1>P profital>l> mined for commercial i)urposes. The stones are eoin-
iMonly eu» in rouinl, sijuare, iiiid oval sha]>es varying iti size from 'i to ti
iniilimetros (J to J im-ii). Cut stones of these sizes are sold at from 40
cents to $!..')(). unmounted.
The 1 isalts >n Timothy mountain occur in two cone-shajied hill- ri<inj{
for alii'Ut 220 feci over the ]ilateau-like Hour of quartz iliorite that fo; !n> the
-uininit of the nmuntain. .^ ' i-t of the ))eriiliit occurrences are on the m>rth-
last ami steeliest side of the hills. The jieridots occur in irregularly -ha]>< d
inasscst of red, hrowii, and fjreeii crystalline rock known as hypi'rslheiie
piridotile. These lie in a reddi-<h-l)row ii Kr>>'>ndinass. The ]>• lidotitc
nia— es K'Uffally have rounded earners, althoUKh theri' are nuin> .iimular
fr t' ;ients scattereil throu^ii the i.asalt and one had lie form ol' a lirick
iiii liandid layers. They \.ir\- in size from aliout J inch to lioulders IK
uirh' - across. 'l"h( re are also iioulders of ^cy ((uarl/, diorite in the basalt.
The mas.-es are coarsely crystalline ami ure m.ado u]i of olivine with a
Irsser amount of pyroxene. The olivines :ire translurcni . pale yellowish
creen t lirouKli dark grein to hlaek. In certain masse- ihey are stained red
liy iriMi oxide and this forms veiidets in th. ma-ses in -"laces radiating out
into the liasalt. The olivines vary in size iroin 5',,-in ii to J-inch and over
;ind have a oonehoiilal fracture and vitreous or (flassy lustre. In the same
MKaoCOfr RCSCXUTION TfST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
1^0 "^ ■■■
^ y^PUEU ItVMGE Inc
■«53 iov Uoin s„„i
^ocnes!e., Ne. vori, -4609 USA
(?16) «82 - 0300 - Phon,
("6) 288 - 5989 - fo.
82
\m
,»»*" Outcrop o^ quartz vein, or ore cone
i^A;.; ^rea of basalt
-f'o' D'ij j^j itr>ke affava bed^
'^ fault or fracture zone
:i \-nneli, shafts. pro^>ect:t
/ ^aft and tvnnel of 'Inter mountain goid, nher,
copper claim
? Open cuts on copper ones
J ^05pectj on "HaiUtcne' peridot claim
4 Pf aspects on 8.'jeorooie mclybdemie da-rr
6 Prospect on Tioperary molybdenite da rt
5 Tunnel. -^'t ^nd oroipectA on ''Molyb'
mc-yc-jt le claim
7 Opet'CU on 'U^le* nalybdemte daim
Figure 13. Molybdenite, peridot, and copper ore occurrences on Timothy mountain,
Cariboo district, British Columbia.
83
d, i'/ver.
w
mountain,
masses are pyroxoncs of a rich green colour with well-marked parallel
striations. These are hard to distinguish from the olivines when small,
but in many cases occur in hirue crystals uj) to \\ inches across. The
olivines have the appearance of broken green bottle glass, whereas the
pyroxenes are not translucent.
Under the microscope some masses of this material were seen to consist
nearly entirely of olivine, others carry up to 30 per cent of hypersthene.
Feldspar also occurs. Rare constituents of these masses are individuals of
biotite, magnetite, and green spinel. The olivines are in most places clear
and colourless; in others they are shot through with iron oxide in tliread-
'ike films. The hypersthenes are green and pluochroic in tones of green
and golden yellow in thick .•■•ections; they are colourless in others. Two
cleavages intersect nearly at right angles, but in n.any sections cleavage is
])(i()rly developed and the mineral is traversed by irregular cracks. They
are n« f:;;i!.ive in optical character with extinction angles uj) to 2S degrees.
Iti certain cases twinning has taken jjIucc in narrow strijis along one of the
cleavage jilanes. Walker and Collin^' have described hypersthenes of this
character from the Hill Tracts, \'izagipatam district of India. A feld-par
was determined as basic labradorite, Ab.io An™, in one instance.
The basalt is dark brown, fine-grained, and holoerystalline, with
])ilotaxitic texture and amygdaloidal cavities. It is made up of iron ore,
augite, olivine, and plagioclase. (Quartz is ])resent in one or tw'> cases.
The magnetite forms 1.") to 20 per cent of the slides. The augit^ is of a
riildish violet colour, in some cases colourless. So many fra;.;niint.s of
olivine scattered through the matrix are clearly derived from the hypers-
thene peridotite that it is difficult to distinguish those that crystalli/eil as a
])art of the basalt. These are small, of higher birefringence than other
minerals present, and are stained brown by iron oxide. The i)lagioclases
are amlcsines or labrailorites in the few cases tested.
Certain fragments of hyper:^thene iM-ridotiti' lying in the basalt have
iieen fused along the edges and sometimes the whole fragment has been
ciianged. In some j)laces the outer edge of the altered ma-^s is a ring of
violet-coloured augites, in others it has been altered to a highly birefriiigent
aggregate of small particles. Larger masses are not affected to so great an
extent and in some instances there is no sign of fusion at the contact.
On the northeast and steejjer side of the hills (Figure \'.\, locality 3)
the actual contact between granite and lava is exposed at the foot of the
hill, where it strikes north 10 degrees east and dip< (K) degrees to the wist.
The granite i. shattered antl oxidized an<l tin lava is dense at the contact.
It has the ajiix-arance of a jjurt of a fissure from whicli the lava was extruded.
The immeiliafely adjacent clilf which does not show bedding, but an
irregular structure dense toward contact and porous away from it, nuiy be
the side of a lava dyke from which the (luartz diorite has been removed.
Across the basalt area 1,500 feet west from this place, an olivine basalt
dyke cuts the quartz diorite striking south 3.') degri'cs east and ilipping 60
degrees west. It is 4 feet thick and trends away from the basalt ar(>a to
the north, and to the south .successive lava flows can be distinguished lying
one over the other. In places there are i)illow-shai)ed masses with layers
like the akin of an onion. Ropy and amygdaloidal lavas are common, but
no true ash bods were observetl.
•Walker, T. L., and Collina, W. H., "Petroloiticai study of some rocks from the hills of Vizaftapatam district,
Madras Presidency." Records, Oeol. Surv., India, vol. \XX\I, pt. 1, 1907, pp. 14, 15.
84
The main (icpurrfncf of pcridotite is in tlic clitT immotliatoly west o
the contact. It lias hocn opened at a J)<)int 45 feet al)ove where tiie contaci
was exposed and 100 feet southwest of it. There the mas.ses lie in a zon.
that IS 2 feet wide and trends north 2<t decrees west and can i)e followed f<
the top of the cliff 7r) feet al)t)Ve and 300 feet to the north.
The basalts ap])car to have come up for the most part ((uietly as flow-
of molten rock, with little or no accompanying explosive acti(m." In theii
passage u])ward they have picked uj) and carried to the surface masses (,i
peri(h>tite and quartz diorite. As the lava was extruded its internal
pressure was suddenly diminished through the escape of contained gase^
and there was a gradual loss of heat. It is prohahle that the diminished
internal pressure caused tlu; load of foreign material, peridotite and (luartz
diorite, to sink to the bottom of the molten layers and to remain near the
point of extrusion while the main l)asaltic tl(«.v solidified farther on This
may ac<'ount for nearly all the larger peridotite masses being in the clifT
near the contact mentioned above.
COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES.
A few, small prospect holes have been opened on top and on the side-^
of the dyke-hke cliff. A large percentage of the masses does not contain
peridot of the proper size or colour for commercial purposes, and a fairlv
high proportion of waste must be looked for in mining, i-urther develop-
ment work should be done in the face of this cliff and possibly later by
sinking along the granite contact. Most of the waste rock will have to
be eliminated at the mine, so as to save freight charges. Since there is no
market for uncut stones in Canada nor in the United States, arrangement^
will have to be made for cutting the stones before their exploitation can
be commercially successful.
MUSCOVITE.'
Mica is marketed in sheet, splittings, and ground form. The non-
mflammable and non-conducting properties of sheet mica render it par-
ticularly suitable for the electrical industry and in place of glass in furnace-
stoves, and so forth. It takes the place of glass in windows subjected t(',
shock and vibration, such as shields in aero))lanes, and windows in the
conning towers of warships. (Iround mica is used for lubrication for
annealing steel, as a tiller in various compounds, in paints, wa!!-pmcr-
and for other purposes. Sheets for condensoi-s should yield a rectangh'
at least Ij by 2 inches in diameter. Prices jjcr pound vary according t..
size of sheets, colour, and freedom from stains. It is estimated tint th>
percentage of marketable sheet mica product d bv Canadian mines average-
above 5 per cent of the run of mine and rarely exceeds i') per cent Ju
1917 split and trimmed Canadian amber 'mica (phlogojnte) sold in
the I nited States at prices ranging from 1 1 cents })er jKnind for 1 bv 1-incli
sheets, 81 per pound for :5 i)y 3-inch sheets, .S3 per pound for (5 bv O-inch
sheets, to .«!o..50 per pound for 8 by 10-inch sheets. White mica, from the
2nd *iS'^9'?2.'p^3of:3i?'"'' '" <«™"«"'^''' "P'oitaticn, and u^." Mines Branch, Oepartmont of Mi«..,
Schaller. Waldeniar, T., ".Mica in 1917," U.S.G.S., Mineral resources, 1917, pt. II.
85
-licet-,
-lic.'t-,
vnrii (i
tiiiiii (1
soutlicrn st.ii.v, :.,,l,l for 80 k, .jo (■,.],(> • ip iiuiind lor 1'. iy •J-iiidi
for iSl.'M) to SI..').") for 3 t)y ;}-iiicli >liccts, >:i to S'i.SU i'l.r t'i l.y (>-iiicli
and So.O") to .S7..")() per ixmiid for S Ky lO-incli -1,,.,., ^ the ]>ric(
.■iccordinii to wlictlicr the iiii<':i \vji> r-potted or r\> :\r. .^linlitly
Indian iiui.-covitc sold at al)o'it the avcrajic price of tiie Iniicl
])rouuct.
A hasty visii was made to an oci'urrence of niuscovite mica -iiuatcd
ill the Charualer (or Carilioo) mountain iI'iKure •_', localitv l;i.. This
])roperty, owned hy V. I). Foster, lies on one o'' the western Vidije- of tUv
ranjjc bctwe^'n ClearwatcT ami Crooked lakes, ar)oiit 1.") to 20 miles from
the cast end of Canim lake, in a direction north 2 decrees west, ma"netic
(approximately north 21) (K.^'roes east true azimuth). The location as
(jiyen oil the index map witji this rejiort may he in error as much as several
mih's. Tho elevation as determined l>y aneroid in unsettled weather, is
().4r)0 feet above xeu-level. The claims were reached hv two and a lialf
days of hard riding from the west end of ( 'anim lake over an Indian hunting
trail. From the east end the trij) wotikl occupy one and a half days.
The mica occurs in a series of parallel pegmatite tlvkes hinn in mica
schist. The easterly dyke strikes east ii'.i degrees south, dijis rA degrees
to the northeast, and is from 10 to 20 feet wide; its outcrop could l>e traced
for about 500 feet. Other dykes lying parallel to and within a few hundred
feet of each other are from 5 to 25 feet wide and form a belt that was
traced a distance of about three-<iuarters of a mile. One open :ig is 20
hy 15 by 8 to 10 feet deep. The mica crystals occur in bands in th- jH-Kina-
tite, the bands being up to a foot in width. The individual cry^tals seen
varied from G inches to 12 inches in greatest dimension, through'a distance
of about 100 feet along the length of the easterly dyke. An outcrop of
one of the dykes contained crystals inches in diameter, but the diameter
in general was rarely more than 3 inches and the greivter part of the out-
croi> was barren. The thickness of the crystals was as a rule al)()ut one-
third of the greatest d. nension of the leaves. The crystals are in many
cases wedge-shaped, books of leaves overlapping and "feathering out."'
A consideral)le amount of so-called "A" mica occurs, in which ojilv a small
part of the sheets is of any commercial value. The best crystals were
l)erhaps removed from the open-cut before th(! writer's visit." The mica
-een was white or nearly colourless with a greenish to aml>er tint. A
great many crystals are stained j-cllowish by surface weathering.
The condition of the mica crystals at the surface, indicating that
they have l)een subjected to pressure and contortion after their formation,
IS to be expected throughout the deposit, but the yellow stain on the
mineral is likely to disappear in depth.
The dykes cross a nearly flat-topped ridge about half a mile wide,
fron. both sides of which the land slopes steeply for several hundred feet.
The dykes were not followed down the sides of the ridge for any great
distance. If development is ever undertaken both depth and drainage
could be obtained by a tunnel driven from the southeast slope of the ridge.
outcrops are above timber-line, but mine timber can be obtained
.m a short distance.
An expenditure of S600 to SSOO would be necessarv to construct a
first class pack trail from the jjroperty to the east end of Canim lake.
This trail could be travelled by heavily loadeil pack trains during August
86
and Sipti'tnbor, hut Mliiiiincnts in June and July wouki necpssitato bridnini?
two law streams, nanuly, Spanish and Di-ccption tTccks. A heavily
laden jjack train eould make a lound trip every three days. The freight
charges from the end of the trail, 20 miles by boat and about 35 by wagon
to the railway grade, would cost from S20 to $25 per ton.
CHAPTER VII.
CHROMITE, MOLYBDENITE, MANGANESE, A^ D NICKEL.
CHUOMITE.
Chromite ores lie on Chrome creek (Figure 14) one-<iuarter to half a
mile above its entrance into Scottie creek, 4 miles by road from the jjoint
where Scottie creek enters Bonaparte river, and a farther 19 miles by
wu^on road with an easy grad(^ to Ashcroft on the Canadian Pacific rail-
way (Figure 2, locality 35). The deposit was discoveretl by Mike Ahearn
in I'JOl, but was not developed uniil the first half of 1918 when the price
of chrome and an anticipated shortage stimulated the search for new
ore-bodies. Chrori-e creek flows between steej) banks and has a broad,
flat bott >m of easy gradient, i»ut the lower part of Scottie creek lies in a
rather ruKged gorge. The hills back of the creek cour^es are flat-toi)pcd
and mo.«tly drift-covered.
The ore mineral at Chrome creek occurs in serpentine rocks and
consists of chromite, or more j)roperly chrompicotite. It is associated
with some magnetite and carbonates, probably of magnesium and calcium,
and, occasionally with opaline silica, white magnesium sulphates, ami
chrome-bearing chlorites and garnets, but the garnets are not commercially
important. Chromite is composed princijially of the oxides of ( mium and
ferrous iron (FcOCrjOs), with varying amounts of magnesium 'duminum,
and ferric iron chemically comt>ined. The mineral rarely contains tiO ])cr
cent and sometimes contains only 10 per cent of chromium oxide. In this
connexion it is important to bear in mind that no system of mechanical
concentration of chromite on^ can raise the percentage of chromic oxide
al)ove that contained in chemical ccrbination in the mineral. A sample
of chromite from this locality, Scottie creek, was forwarded to the ( ieolo-
gical Survey in 1901 and examined and analysed by II. A. A. Johnston'
with the following results: chromium setquioxide, 55-90 per cent; alumina,
13-83 per cent; ferrous oxide, 14-64 per cent; magnesia, 15-01 i)er cent:
silica, 0-60 per cent; total 99-98 per cent. Colour, velvet black, opaque;
in very thin sections, however, translucent, and brownish-red by trans-
mitted light: streak, grey to black-brown, fracture uneven, specific gravity
4-1.'. Its hardness is about 5-5, it is non-magnetic and it crystallizes in
the i.sometric system, usually in octahedra.
Magnetite which occurs with chromite here and elsewhere has approxi-
mately the same colour, lu.stre, and shape of crj'stals. It can be distin-
guished from chromite by its streak, which is black, whereas chromite
when scratched yields a brown powder. Magnetite is in all cases strongly
magnetic, but chromite is rarely magnetic.
>Geol. Surv., Can.,, Ann. Rept., vol. XIII, I9D0,pp.|ll-12R. The location ia incorrectly atated in thia report
because of a mistake by the person who forwarded the sample to Ottawa.
87
V.
.l3«
I /
\
)
,- .'•.■/' ^1 17.-.
' V
'■••,/'
, T
/
/
-« Tur^eJi ti Prospects ,,.}< fiij '.'i \ /?yAas
1.1,3.4,5,6 f'iL.mberi. rrfzu'ed Ic /.? Report
Scale of fat
.-eologicAl Ciiirvey. Canada
Figure 14. Chromite occurrcncfc near Chrome creek, Kamloops district, Briti.^h Colimihia.
88
\'<Ty inimiff ilian ikIm were ili-(i>V(Ti(l t>y l{. A. A. .Inlmstun' in t!i<'
Inhoraliiry icst-^ to he ii-isdciatfil with the Scnttii" ('rrck cliroinjiicoiito
but oniiiK f(i their mall vizc tlic,- an- of tniiicraloKica! interest only.
ImiKcmc I'oitcviti of till' ( leolojfical Survey, Canada, (■ollccteii jfaiujjle-*
(if jiinkisli cliroiMifcrous ehl(fit(' and oincraid urccn chroniiferous narnct
uvarovite from tliis loe.-.lit v, in the siiniiiier of I'.MS.
Tlie sei|>eiitin(' in which the cliroinite oecuis, oiit(To[)s on Ixitii j^ideM
of ( iiroiiie creek, ( Fi^oirc It). At tiic southwest exiremity of this u-e.i
arc outcrops of Miocene iiasalts and aunite andesites. The lavas outcrop
also in the l>ottoni of Scottie creek one-quarier to half a mile to the south-
east and southwest. To the north and east, the country for louK distances
iH covered with Kkiciid drift. The serpentine in places is a greenish Mack,
dense rock; in otlicr places, light yellow green, much sheared, with fdms
of white in the shear-planes; and in others it has a hmI colour. In the
field these three varieties of serpentine are in most places sharplj' differen-
tiated from each other by fracture planes, although in one or two exposures
they were seen to grade into each other. The dense serpentine has an
irregular almost conchoidal fracture and within it are fonns with a well-
defined, platy cleavage which may be serpentine, p.seudomorphous after
pyroxene, but of the original mineral matter frota which the serpentine
was derived nothing was seen. Through the .terpentine nuiss are scattered
black niinernls with melallic lustre, which are secondary magnetite and, in
the case of the larger individuals, chromite. Under the microscope the
rock is seen to be made up practically wholly of serpentine and iron ore.
There are larger individuals of the ore that are chromite, and smaller
crystals of secondary magnetite lying parallel to the serpentine fibres in
small veins in the rock. The yellow-green variety of serpentine is seen
uuder the microscope to consist of iron ore, serpentine, and a carbonate.
The serpentine has a fibrous appearance, the fibres being at right angles to
centi-al lines, giving them a feathery appearance. The carbonate lies in
veins along these line.- which are often roughly parallel over a small area,
and from the main carbonate veins little arms project into the serpentine
and into adjacent cracks, so that the carbonate is evidently of later origin.
The red variety of serpentine found in certain places owes its colour to the
oxidation of the iron ore crystals that lie scattered throup:h the rock which
consists of serpentine, iron ore, and carbonate, or areas that are a mosaic
of fine secondary quartz, carbonate, and iron ore partly altered. The red
variety aj)parently represents a further stage in the alteration of the
serpentine.
Intruded into the .serpentine are dykes of diallage pyroxenite and
(juartz diorite; one dyke of an acid, much altered rock was also noted.
Major fault planes were observed in the clifTs at the tunnel (Figure
14, locality 2), in prospect holes just to the west of this, and in the cliiTs east
of the valley. All these fault i)lanes trend within 1.5 degrees of true north,
most of them slightly to the east of north. Some well-defined fault planes
in the serpentine occur farther west and trend northeast and northwest.
In most exposures of the serpentine, the whole mass i^ verj- much fractured
in an irregular manner into rotmded, lens-shaped, and angular masses,
.some only a few feet across. Figure 1.5, in which a section of the wall of
tunnel No. 2 is shown, illustrates the irregularity of the fracturing. The
best-defined fault plane ((A) in this figure) is warped and has a northerly
'Geol. .Surv., Can., Sum. Itept., IQU, p 3TO.
8»
>liikf and low (li)'. to the wcMt ; iiillinioiH ol!n , ,l plaii<-> iln not a|i|ii'ar I"
lollow any sy^lciiial.c plan. Tlu' <I^mii-i' s.ti^ciu me oiii ■loiipiinr in tlic hills
on liotli siiics of the creek at the tuniirl lic^ in l)aii(l> iicinlinv: jini west of
nurlli and di])pin>.'; for tlic nio.-t jia-t steeply lo the we.-l. South of the
tunnel, in the cliff ea-^t of the creel., the den'-e hands swirin .iround to tlie
west and ea^-t. If the'c hands repi( >ent strnctiira! zol.es in the oiiuiiial
iiineons rock, if, for instance, they weie Ihi' dense ediic- of Hows or intru-
sions, they here indicate a system of close l"olds trendinu west of iio'lh,
pitching southerly, ami jmrtly overturned to the east. The neiiii faults.
some of which are of the o\ ertlir 1st type, presumalilv , 'Adiild iiave arcom-
paiiied this foldinir. Tlii're is no proof, howcvr. that the viirious liands do
rejiresent such structuiid zones. The scri)etitine is sindla.' to the serpeiilim's
ill the adjacent Hon iparte valley, <-!;isse(l liy Dawson' in the Cad r i'tn-li
scries of ( '.irhoiiiferous aiie.
W ll',S
'•/-.vf
liuurc 1.". rrirturiiiK of scriwiitinc ;it iiditli \v:il! of l.nincl. -•Iironiiir n'ciirnii.'" n,-ir
S--()iij^. ciiM'U ;!'inur.' 11, liir;ilily Z . K^iiiilixips <li^tl■il■t. lirilisli ( 'uluiiilii:;.
The mineral chroniite appears to he extrenu-ly resi^iant to second;!;-,-
•(Iteration, the in'ocesses of .serpentinization, and the further change (if
serj)cntine .to carhoiiate and quart!!, icaviuf; the chromite unaltered. In
some places, however, veiidels and .scattered spots of sreen. chromiferous
•s ;ind pink, ehi-oinifei-ous chlorites, traveise the oi-e-hodies, jwovint?
(iht, secondary alterations of the oriniicil chromite have taken i)lac<".
■ hhrites and ganiets, together with veinlets of oj)aliiie silica, are
ntly iclated to the intrusion of quartz dinrite and aplitic dykes that
,.f nearby euttiuK the seipentine body. The alteration is not related
lo surface weatherinp:. Veiidets of mannesiiim sulphate found in the
serpentine are probably the products of descendinj;; sulphated waters
acting on (ho serpentine (Plate X).
The chromite is believed to have been formed during the coolinn and
erystallization of the original ijjneou.s rock from which the serpentine was
derived, the richer ore-bodies forming by the collection of chromite crvst.als
(segregation) dudng the cooling. This is proved by the association of
chromite with diamonds at this place, page 88. Diamonds aie
fonned under conditions of great heat and pressure and nmst have been
one of the original minerals of the rock body. Moreover, t he ore lies w ithin
=Divv!)on, G. M.. "R^p.^rt on th,j axox ot th^j K.iuU'>ops iiiip-.tlwyl." C»e.>l. Surv., Cao., vol. VI. pt. B, p. -MiB.
00
tin- scr|M'titiii(. in l.ntichcH of irrcRiilnr fortii or in Kiiiins M-at frn il throimli f ho
wrpciitiiic ImhIv with no iippMrcnt cdiincxiin with later iiitnisii>n«( or fisiiiri'
vciMN. TUi' relation of the ehroniite to the rock i« that of an orininal min-
eral, llwrefore, ami ?uit of a ater aci-es.Mion.
N.I.NIN*; DKVf.lJM MK\r.
A iiiinilier of claiiiis have ».( en stake. I. The Iron Kinn ami Iron (^noen
(ire owne.j l,y Sti-wart Calvert Conii-any, of ( (rovilje. Wa^limntnn. On
these two elaiins tliere is an open-nit (|"i.u:inv 1 I, loralitv I) ami, east of
<'li>ome ereek, outemps „f set, wit inc. Claims owned h'v .Afr Mryson of
Pavilion ami leased li_\ ,'<teua!f Calvert Conipanv, lie we-t ol 'lie'alx.ve-
mentioned two claims. Workings o;; these le;is,.,I elaitns ineliile a ti.nnel
l(i feet l.ni^r (|.iir„ve II. locality '2\. and four prospect pits i figure II.
locMlitie.s ;i, .|. .-,, .md (•>). At the eti,l of .Fidy. 1<»IS. the total amount of
cNcav.Mtion represented l.y the fr.ur (.ros|M'ct pits or open-cuts .miih iiited to
iil.oiit 7()(» cul)ic v.'irds. and al.oiit 7."> yiiids li.id I.een taken from the tniiml.
'Pliere htid also I.een prospeitinu work in other phiees. At the dale men-
tioned, aliotit 2()(t t(.ns of ore .•iveraiiiiur alioi.t t(» per cent of chromic oxide
and 40 or .*>() tons of lower urade, had Keiii j)n ice<l, and there were a few
hiindrerj tons i>isiu;hf. Later on ano'lii r l(n tuns was excavated. m'>sily
frofii tlie westerly o,,eiiini; (riifl.re I I. locality tii. \o ore had heeii shipped
'i|) to the simimer of I'llil, j.iif a wacon roa<l had heen const riicte.l to con-
tiect the property with the Asheroft-Clinton road. Mr. ]■:. Calvert of the
Stewart Calvert "omp;i!i.\ supplier the foilowinu assav results of the
chroine ore: avera.'c assay from oiieii-ciit No. 1 and an 'open-re n clilf
top just sf.tith of No. 1 o.i th<" Iron Kinjr claii-i. |-.'ti per c(>nt Cr '
of. ore from near tiiniiel and from opeii-eiits Nos. "> and •'•
('r>i)n. Float on the Iron (^ueeti claim, across the creek
41-2 per cent Cr.O,.
.(■ra'ic
ir cent
liie tUlUie
Ore-hodifx.
T';e ore occurs in nodules, lenses, and taliul.ir - l.eets. some of them with
qiiife definite l.orders. and is also disseminated thronuli the se.penti.ie.
Area- of dis.seminated ore are not necessarily connected with ii core of rich
ore. The ore lies in either ilenso hlack or yellow-fiiven, altered serpentine
with no apparent relation to any d( terminaiile structure. The trend of
two of the ore-liodies s.eins to have been northeast hv oast; i tretids
east. Faults trending ea.st of north have ofTset the ore in at lei.st two
places. Tlie oro-l)odies vary in size and all tluise so far uncovered have
heon small. At open-ciit No. 1, a rich ore-hody l.'j feet Ioiil'. S to 10 feet
wide, and ahout 8 inches in thickness was uncovered. The open-cut No.
3, about 80 feet lonfi with an average depth of about ."> feet, followed a
.small ore-body for most of the lenpth. About lot) tons of ore were exca-
vated. The ore pinched and swelled, its thickness beiiiK measurable in
inches more often than in feet. Aiiout 100 tons of ore were taken from the
most westerly o|K'ninn, No. (i.
Ore Available.
The dirome ore is an essential part of the rock mass in which it occurs.
Because of the isolation of the serjM'ntine from outcrops of other r.icks the
structure, .shape, and size of the serpentine mass could not be determined
01
fiiit! any •'^-timiitr of the poj-sjl,!,' jiiiioimt .,f rlirotnr
silliplv >|M'(ulativi
I'lrciiiiistimci"
Kfin'ral < ii>- in liaiuls or -licfis tlmt
flic n<)ii:ipiirti- '2 mil
ore prf«p|if i"., in .||,-||
II' MTpiMitilifs dl' ihr iliHiiict ill
'I'l
ari' as a rule not vi-rv wjil
odii crci'
I....I
lie'; (iiIkts may lii« nr itly J(MI fc't in MJ.Ifli. T\
r itistanci", imly KMl fnf
( liniinc cii'ck may 1
(•!i)S('l\ fulilcd iiaiiil ipf
II' siTpi'iitinc liiii|\
)i' a mass of iirct'ul:ir sliaiic, hiil it j* pn.l.al
I'I'O
ps of «
.")(> arrcs.
Ill)
(lii-af tliickm
Till' total ai
>\y a iiai low,
•iTI" i.imi' ail- fi.iiml in ai)iiiit MM* vaiiN |pv Miiu
ra oMT u hicl
.•M'lfpi'lilitii' rljtTs M fi'it liiiih occi
vanN or
I.
thf itii'ati'sf ililicii 11(1' in ihc vli'vati
(riuurc Hj.
ir in this u'oa I'lati' \Vi
ollt-
1 a I , J
ion ol l.'ic i.iitcrops IS jii^l over L'(M) fr.I
MOI.VIinKNITi;
pr,
^roiyixifiiitc is till' si!i[)i,i,ii' of moivii.ii'iiiim ('^ros
It of
miilv
IhI,
niini ami
10 '0.
miiH lal with mi'tallii' lustre ami lire
to ^: .cnisli uri'v; liar.lni»s I to i:> lo ilia! it will nil
) piT ci'iit of siilplmr. It is"an op.ii
;isy fi'i'l; I'oloiir jcail-L'ri'y, streak Mil
;), eamiiji; •">"• I'">
M|I|I'
iliifi hamlled: specific cravitv I 7 to |-,H: ami
Koiiai system with perfect hasal cleav
nil. oil on the timz.
it crystalli/(- In ih,' hex
clastic plates. It rcseml.h's urapliile. Inn' ji- specif
iL'c, yielilmi: thin, (l.\ih|c. I.i.i
not
Crcat-'v
ic |;ravi(\- i-
Ores of moKlid
cnitc (icciir on Tiniotl
FiKure^. localit\ JSi; the peridot ami coId-cop|
!'■ moiintai'i in ( a
I imothy moimtai
)er oies are
s at tne we-lern foot of ( aril
ami
riDOO illslvirt
toiind ncarln'.
POO moiintaiis. Id
ill
lak
posit ions o
f tl:
'I mil
nor
21) miles in a straijilit line north of Canim la!.
eiist of I.ac la Hache. Its l,,,;,!],,,, ;,„,1 the
es are not accnrately known and. theref,,re, the'positiVm ilocVilily'lH
iivc'i 111 the accompanyiin: mail I Fimiie '_') i
Ih-
e siiitoiindiim
inijcs.
FriPiii Lac la llaclie posi offic ■ on the ("aril
lioiii the lieu railway irrade. a wa;;on road leads north to \u
»e in error l>y severa
•o!i road. ;iliMiif a mili
Seven miles from the lak
nf nearlv to t.ie r.2ml jiarallel sii
e, a new road hranchos otf which in HMS had
rvey, east of Sprout creek. I-
irsell\- ii\er.
PCeli
roni the
lil from the railway p-ade at Li
is alpoiit H") miles (pf whici
moiint;iin.
Hache
II'
over '2(1 miles is ti
1 of this road a very excellent pai'k-trail follows eastw;ivd ro-iml tl
south end of .Murphy lake and th 'me northeastward to Timotliv
1 he total distance liy road and t
to Tiiiiothv imriintai
most of which could easily he
M-e easy except on the last '_' i.,,„s. r,p, uie Kvea-.-r jiart ot tlie .iHl.mce
he road ami I lead through the rojlin^r hiH coiintrv of the Interior
I lateaii with neroiis lakes and with ridyes rovced with ia'ki.ine
iisinp 800 or .„it feet above the vallevs. From this rolli„i; c.,niiirv'
lininthy mountain rises in the form of a croscent-shaped ridire to eleva-
tions (as determined l.y liarometer) of from fi.oOO to 7.(iv)(' leet ahove
sea-level. A tippouraphical sketch of the top and nortl
in
converted into a w;ijjon road. The t
For the Kiea'"r (lart of tl
p
'iKure i;?. The top of the ridue is aliove tiiiilpcrl
least iiank is jjivcn
inc.
flank is a h"avy (riowtli of spruce and halsam, hut on the west
"rees are less plentiful and in places there are preat gra
On its easiei
the t
and shallow lak
mountain frnin th
sh
pe:
sy swamps
s. Several deep creeks and hi^rii rU\f:cs separate t
e I lin ('anl)on ranco to the east
'Dawson, Op. cit., p. SBB
92
I'hc iiKilyhdi'iiiti' orpo (»rriir a^ ik ni'iii> <if parnlh-l i|iiurtx v«'iii« iiittitiu
(|iiiirl/ iliiirilr. Tlir vt'itiH ontrrop nc.ir thr Ih'.'mI of a riivim- ini ;h<' tmitli-
l'H>t ^il|l' III' till- llliilllltilltl tit cli'VtltiiiriA ol' friilii T.'ill to l,2IM) (rvt lirlnw tlio
j4i|iiiiiiii of the riiliii' i l'"iKni<' IH). Tin- Kulii-ciipiicr orcH occur in vcftis in
I lie Mu country rock on tlic siininiil of the riiluc hihI near itw north cihI.
'I'lic iniiu'rals occiirririK in tlic niolylulcnitc >)itn h'c iiiolyiiitcnitc,
iitiilyliiliU' in a iraiiKUc of pyriti'. urtlioclasc, quartz, Hi'ricilc, 'liotilc,
cpidoic, ami tlir oriditial iniiii'ials of tlic country rock.
Mulyliilcnitc JM tlic only valuaMc ore mineral on tliis |)ropeity. It
occiiiM ill cry^falM up to oiie-liaif inch in ilianieter in some of the ii••^llle■l.
-\[oiyl"lile' ir* a liyilrou«< ferric molylidate (i'e^Oi. UNfoOi 7JI1.0),
carr> iii(r .iiMiiit 10 per ct>nt of molylniiMium. It i-'lilirous, furmiiiK tadiaiiiiK
uroiips; yellow with silky lustre; its specific (tnivity is "J'.K).
The country rock iit wliii'h the ore^( occur is a urey, oven-jfraineil.
ipiiirtz thorite (see jiajie 111) ma<le up for llii' most part of dark hoiii-
i,!"Mde and while plaKioclase feldspars, with some i;uartz. I'lider iIk-
micro, "op<', magnetite, apatite, >£'<'<'" horiiliU'iide, luhradorite. orthoclase
feldspar, aii I (piiirtz were determined.
A numlier of dark tjreen to liiack, fme-grnined dykes or inclusions
found within the fpiiit/ diorite near the ore occuri'i nces (Plate Wlli
are niaile up almost wholly of hornlilende ami liiotite with less than '> per
cent of white mineral, inosl of which is (piartz.
I)ykes of pe^rmati'c occur at a uuml.er of places on the numntain.
'I'hcy consist of fell! !iar, qu.'irtz, and coarse crystals of mica, liut the
ciimposiliun varies. In (,ne pjiue they may consist almost wholly of feld-
sp;ir and in another, entin'ly of (piart/. In i)laces the feldsjja • ;iiid ipiartz
are fine-nniined and (he dyke rcseiuhles ajilite more than pe(ji latile. West
of the creek on the Hlue (Jrou.se claim, molylidenite a. •'■ i;'.;artz lie within
a pe;;matite dyke.
The niolyhdenitp ncrurs iti n number of nearly parallel (piartz fissure
veins that vary in width from 1 inch to 3 fe(>t, and strike in direilions
varying from south .Vi dejjrees east to south UK decrees east with dips to
the southwest of from 'JO denrees to vertical. Vejjetation and deliris <'oii-
eeal the rocks to a (jreat extent, hut the main helt of veins clearly runs in
II direction south 'A7 deprros east on the southeast side of the creek i Figure
13, locality (>). This helt has heeti ojx'ned up at i itervals alonjj the strike
fir a distanre of 1,000 f ^ct from luar the creek level to 4.^)0 feet ahove it.
The 'ireatpst proved width of the helt, that is, the distance hetwceii vein^
across the strike, is aliout 7.') feet. Northwest f)f the creek in the direction
of the trend of the main helt, two outcro))s have been opened U)) at a
ilist.'Hice f)f .")00 feet from the cree' md ahout ")() f(\ t above it. Down the
creek, SOO feet to the northeast of ilie belt, there is in the creek bottom an
outcrop of much shattered (|uartz diorite with an irregular network of
cpiart ^ veinp and ore forming what may be spoken of as a "stockwork"
about 40 feei wide (Figure 13, locality ■')). Two hundreti ami fifty feel
to the northwest of this outcrop, in a direction exactly parallel to the main
belt, is another o--'cr i of the same character. These two outcrops may
indicate a shatter ■> imprepnated with ore, Iving parallel to the main
belt, Init the (over is I I'avy and there are no other rock outcroi)s to prove
or disprove this supposition. Between the "stockwork' .'uul the vein belt,
molybdenum showinRs are said to have been found in numerous places.
iSchaller. WiUdemarT.. I'SCS., Bull. 4IK1, pp. 84-92, 1911. Hordin, F. W.. Op. cit. pp. 11, 12.
{»;»
In the tiiuiii IkH. tlic vciiiH liiiviv
n- ii nilr, \vi'II.<|ctiiiic| w:ill- of (|ii!iirz
iliorito iiinl iiri> <'ij'ii|MfM'.l ..f pjii.ill.'l l.ari.U <.f (lUartz ii:i.l ?iii.l\|«|
imidiiiilly iissiH'iiiicil \\,tl< i»rllii»rla»r iiml (uiitf. Iti I
fiiriiicd (|n»riz civ^tiils piDJc.i into iavilii> in flic v»ins.
riH'k imiiii'iliatcly adjainit to iIumIv hpacrd
In tl
V(iii!<, arc iiiiiinli
Chit'
nan\ places \\,\l
IV ciiiiiitrv
i|iiart«, M'ticitc, l.iotitc cpiilnic. ami pyiitc, and fnnii tl
irregular aicuM of llic sanic mineral- project into and rcplaic tl
•in-
icM' vcinlcts sm
th(
country nx'k. The replacement due- not ••ccni tocvtcnd
II' miner. 1
an itich or so in the 'nsc of some of the uell-niarkcd (i-snr. .
the fissures inolylidenite is present very -pariniiiy. if at all, and
inoie tha
A
pyrife lies in the count ly
k adj
cent to, rather than in, the tissii
wav Iroiii
II)
fl
III many of tin openings, ipiarfz veins li- alonKsidc I, hick dvke rocks
ill others fliry cut across tliein at a I
iissoriated with |M'(fiiiatitc and cut
•'Ulc
Tl
le Veins also occur
dvki
upiod l.y the veins evidentlv were f(
loss ai, aplite dyke. The fracfiires
irmed after the ininisinii of th-
in ^tndyiiiK the nrraiineiiient of the hands of
wns* fown I that the orthoclase wl
followpd toward the
of qiiarti
mineral in the veins it
leii present lies on the outside, Tlii.s is
■cntre l>y hands of niolyhdenite and these hv lianils
that the
fo
di
<h'
th.
proving
denito, and r|iinrtz. The relative order of deposition of the pvrite is not mi
clearly indicated, luit the iniiieial u hen present seem- fo lie'icar the out-
side of the vein, so tha' 'lite possihly ii is cirlier than the niolvlidenite.
From the examination , one thin section of the alliri'd ipiartz diorite
occurrinit near the ore, i( wns concluded that jivrite was Liter than th-
■ ithcr secondary minerals in the replaced rock. .\s'far as could he disi'overed
then, th- order of deposition of ore and (taiiifue inineral was as follows:
quartz, soricite., hiotite, and epiihite fonned .'.'st and replaced the country
rock near the fissures. These wore followed by pvrite. Mefore the re|)lac(--
ment hy pyrite ceased the main fi.ssi.res were hein(t filled hv niolyhdenite
and quartz, these two crystallizinK in the ordrr named, Calcite was seen
in one place only, where it was evidently one of the latest .linoals. In
the outcrop in the creek hotloni northeast of the main iiclt an exposure
(Fiuiire l.i, locality .">) ahoiit :{() by 10 feet consists of verv much fractured
quartz diorite traversed hy numerous, irrogular (piartz veins, most cf them
under one inch in thidness and trending in all directions. 1 t wi»li a (; 'leral
direction nearly at riijlit aniilcs to that of the fissure vein •icnhed above.
The manner of arraimement of the iiiino>als in each . he individual
veins and in the adjoininn connfrv rock is the s^une as i ,,io case of the
:nain belt.
In the upper few feet of many of the orc-bi.. ,, s. the quartz is stained
hniwn with linionite, and yellow i)'.,-.(iery molyl ti is I'mind coating the
iiioIyb<ionite crystals and lyintt in -e, in- in tho"qn ir'/. The inolvbdite and
iiinonite a'o evidently the resul's o.' ■.. nlteration bv surface" waters of
iiHilybdenite and pyrife. The alteration was oh.served to extend to 4 feet
helow the stpface. Since the yellow oxide carries onlv 40 per cent of
iiiolybdcnuin a.s against (K) per cent in the sulphide, there lias been eonsidor-
ahle impoverishment of the o'e by weathering. I'ndorground work is
iicrcs.sary to prove whether this lias given rise to secondarv enrichment
(IW.
94
The porsistencc in the trend of the outcrops of the main belt of veins
indicates that no large displacements of the ore veins by faulting have
taken place. In the second tunnel east of the creek on the Molyb claim
is a fault striking north 23 degrees east and displacing the upper part of
the quartz vein southwest for a few inches. In the .shaft on the same claitn
a flat fault offset.^ the upper part of the vein about 4 feet to the northeast.
In the guUj' southeast of the shaft a number of evident faults occur an<i
some of these have offset the veins slightly. One of them strikes north
38 degrees east and dips southeast 80 degrees.
ORIOIX OF THE 'lOLYBDENITE AND NEIGHBOVRIN'O GOLD-COPPER ORES.
Timothy mountain is made up of a huge mass or batholith of quartz
diorite. Through this mass are a number of fracture zones in which art'
found dark green, basic dykes, Ught-coloured pegmatites, and quartz veins.
The pegmatites are accompanied by tourmaline, magnetite, epidote, and
quartz veins, proving the presence of hot magmatic vapours during their
crystallization and indicating the presence close below of molten magmii.
The dark, basic dykes are probably earlier than the pegmatites. Both an^
fractured and traversed by quartz veins carrying molybdenite. The
molybdenite veins are accompanied by replacement of the country rock
by sericite, biotite, epidote, quartz, and pyrite; and since all of these
minerals can form under great heat and pressure, and molybdenite is gen-
erally so formed, it is probable that the molybdenite veins were formed nciu
the hot intrusive body immediately after the pegmatites and perhajis
simultaneously with some of them, that is, while their parent magma
was still hot. The presence of galena and zinc blende among the minerals
occurring in the gold-silver-copper ores 1| miles to the northwest indicates
that they crystallized under lesser heat and pressure than the molybdenite
either nearer the surface or farther from the intrusive body. 'II -ir structure
and geological relations are so similar in character to those of the molyb-
denite that it seems probable they were derived from the same souree
and at the same time. The geological age of the ores cannot be proved,
but is probably post-Jurassic and pre-Miocene.
ORE VALUES.
With no underground workings to speak of, there is very little tn
indicate whether the ore varies in value, either laterally or in depth. It
is evident from an inspection of the veins, however, that in a great many
of the outcrops weathering has impoverished the ores for the first 2 to
4 feet from the surface. In an open-cut on the Eagle claim, the must
easterly and highest of the workings, the writer sampled an ore-body
consistiLg of two quartz veins with altered country rock and vein matter
between (Plate XVII). The sample included everything within the vein
zone for a width of 30 inches, 4 feet from the surface. The a^say by ¥. W.
Baridon of the Mines Branch yielded 0-86 per cent molybdenum (tliat
is, 1 • 43 per cent molybdenite) and no copper. No further assays are
available, but from the quantities of ore prepared for shipment and from
rough estimates of the cubical content of vein mat' jr involved, it is con-
cluded chat in a number of places at least, the assay results approximate
the values below the zone of weathering, that is, from a depth of 4 feet
downward.
95
Considerable variation orcirs along the veins, hut the present (ievelon-
ment does not indicate what the factors are that control these v uHatS
No marked differences appear between the outcrops near the creek ?o torn
an.l those on the hill, 400 feet or so above. In one ease richer vah.efwe "
found on a flat veu. crossing several vertical ones, and in further ,evXn-
rfntrr ^-fiiSe^-'' '" """" ^'^^ --' "- i^ "Pt to 1... fou\:.'lTt
MANGANESE.
In the summer of 1918 the writer vi.^ted
r'ti-r ?t^ T''""''' "^ ^""*-- The <i.>po;^":;:!^;;^::rtrof';;;e
foothills o Marble mountains about 2 miles north of Clinton creek ndnn
VeTn^n'tr^'B r"'' The'' '''"" '"''"^""^ '^'"' "^^""^ '"^ '' ' '^rurra.; of X^-
\\ estminster, «.( The ores were seen in an open-cut 38 feet loni; bv 4 feet
m fnt'J h r"" •? *" " ^''^* ^"."P' ^•^"^♦^'» «" the east slop, of a hi 1, some
100 feet below its .summit. For several hundred vards , ,, ail .s,de"of t e
open-cu the rock .s drift-covered. The ore occurs' in argiilites an 1 m artz-
ites of the ( ache Creek series. The following ascen.ling section was seen
.n he open-cut: (a) thin-be.lde.l, siliceous argillite J to J.inch eds ^2
foot; (b) bliKsh-grey, dense quartzite cut by quartz stringers and imp'reg-
nated m an irregular manner with black mangknese, 20 feef (c geenish-
«h, e beds of quartzite 1 to 2 inches thick, 4 to o feet. The ge er: 1 s rike
i/tlTwert " """'^ '' ^'''^'■"" '''''' '"P^" '^^«-- to 70 .kWoes to tfcc
fo„i7''*" "'"''i '"'"^'■•■^'^ »'•'' psilomelane, manganite. and pvrolusite A
fault occurs be ween zones (a) and (b),accompanie<! bv much eration
o the rock to day ,n which the best ore seems fo lie. Stringers oqu.r"
cut across the bluish-grey quartzite of zone (b) and thev are ac(.mipa ied
by nodules and irregular masses of the black ore. The ore is also co cen-
tratpd near fracture planes where the rock is in manv places altemi to clay
iV;::tt/zoT;(b)."^^ ""''' '" ^'"'^ ^'•^' ''"* '"-* "^ '^^ - '« i" the Kr
The ore seems to have been introduced into the quartzite with the
quartz veins and to have impregnated the countrv rock ha," h- egular
rk'b;-su;;ac:?arers^""^'^'' "' ''''''' ">• •^""'^•"■^ -•">■ «^ ^^^^^^y
The HTiter took a sample representing the first 4 feet of the wall from
tlio floor of the open-cut upwards, and across the lower 15 feet of zo e (M
The result of an a.ssay of this .sample by F. W. Raridon is as follows: ^'
MaiiKiinpsp
Silica ■ ■
I'hosphorus ' '
(■•>( pcrooiit.
.S2-.-17
OOIS
The h,^h percentage of silica is due as much to the countrv rock included
in the sample as to quartz gangue. The ore is too low in manganese and
much too high m silica to be of commercial value'. '"^"ff**"*^^" and
'Allen. M. A.. u>d Butler, O. M.. "Mal.gane.e," Iniv. of Aruona, Bull No 91. pp. 20-23
5172— 7J
96
NICKEL.
About 4| miles south of Clinton, one-half mile west of the Ashcroft
road, and 500 feet above it, an outcrop of a calcareous quartz rock carries
the green, nickeliferous silicate, garnierite. The rock is foliated
and the green mineral, which is of later origin than the parent rock, lies
in parallel bands through it. The outcrop is 25 feet by 10 feet in extent
and may be an inmiense boulder. Two hundred feet south is an outcrop
of quartz. There are a number of boulders along the side hill for one-halt
mile north, but no other outcrops have been discovered. An assay made
by H. V. Ellsworth of the Oeological Survey, of a sample taken at intervals
across tiie 25-foot outcrop, yielded Oil per cent nickel and 0- 17 per cent
chromium oxide, Cr203.
CHAPTER VIII.
GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD.
In this chapter are described a number of mineral occurrences that
carry values in gold, silver, copper, or' lead. All of these are prospects
as yet and except in two cases, no underground development work has been
done. Deposits of placer gold are not dealt with in this report. The
occurrences include prospects in T user canyon; on Timothy mountain:
north of Soda creek; on Willow ri\cr; on Hixon and Stone creeks; and on
the North Bend of Eraser river above Prince George (Figures 1 and 2).
FK.\SER CANYON.
The railway l)etween Pavilion and Kellv lake cuts through niaiiv
outcrops of argiliites and (luartzites of the Cache Creek formation. Ii:
places these have been sheared and the rock near the shear zones altered
to a soft mass f)f carbonaceous material acconipanietl by deposits of brown
and yellow hydrated iron, numy crystals of gypsum, and a white powder
consisting mostly of hydrated magnesium sulphate, with some gvpsum and
less sodium sulphate. .lust east of the tunnel at the 28-5 mileage on t\u
railway there is a section exposed showing this alteration for a distaiuc
of 130 feet along the track, portions 30 feet wide by 30 feet high beini:
extremely altered. At the base of the escarpment "north of Elevenmili'
creek and east of Eraser river, about 2,300 feet above the railwav g-adc
and 2 miles from it (Figure 2, locality 39), is an occurrence of the sanir
character in which two or three shear zones traverse argiliites and dense
quartzites of the Cache Creek in a direction north 16 degrees west. Two
of the zones are from 10 to 12 feet wide. The material within them i-
soft and contains much carbon which often shows glistening faces with tln'
appearance of graphite. The amount of carbonaceous material is grcatci
along the fractures than when a foot or so from them. The white salts and
yellow iron stain are also in evidence. The altered zones run up the face
of the cliff, but appear to end 20 to 30 feet from the top. Mr. H. Donaghev.
owner of the 1 1 Mile ranch, sampled a portion of the shear zone materiid
and had it assayed. The results were 0-8 per cent carbon, $3.20 in gold
per ton, and some silver. The writer sampled across 4 feet of one of tho
carbonaceous .shear zones and the assay results gave 7 • 42 per cent of carbon .
97
no Kold, and no .silver. Mcs
.■i^lsSTnf 'L""''"*^T"r' ^■"'•'^ ^"^ ''«"'^- ^^ ^an.po ako,r V Daws
Two of the orciiiToncos (loscribpd and nrol)il.lv «lin \r,.Ti-; i ■
lie in the neiKhbourhoo.l of Rranite in"n.s[ves h\ Vroi nn^-^^
strips parallel to the strike of t'he fonnlllionsin Vn"; ^a fvon ' " ""'""
The gold vaues found should encourape prospeetini in the {"•u>he
••'^^k •■oeks near this contact. The carbonaceous n. ,tte near Flevenn ,>
creek looks like {iraphite, hut tests show that it is not. ^^■e%en„Mle
TIMOTHY MOU.\T.\JN.
Tourmaline and cpidote occur with
dykes and light-coloured pegmatites,
and near the pegmatites.
tho 2L%"^ !''*' '''^"'*' general character and occurrence were found alone
t he northeastern nm of the ridge and in t he gulch below On thrsuS
are a number of parallel and branching veins about 6 inches thick s trS
north 42 degrees east, dipping steeply^astward, some of tLm apparent v
running ogether in depth. They have been opened up ina S o^X ml
S'ofT''.' '"'r^"^^ ^"V^ '^""''""t^' clistrnce of Tbo^it 700 fee The
^Mdth of this sheared zone is from 25 to 30 feet. A few hundred feet south
il ^IT"" ''"*"°P'' °Pt"'"«'' ^^«^'"K K^l^"--^ »»'l pyrite have been made
in a shear zone crossing the prolongation of the vein zone .lescribed w h a
.rlhLrf • »"Au'^'''T'"''**'^ ^^^^K^* ''^ken quartz diorite. On he
lZiJ%-'"'f the ridge are a number of shear zones from 5 to 50 f et
n cfarKS dvkes' • ' f^'- ^'"'"''^ """^ ehalcopyrite occur dissLina ed
and aL'edTuSdiorife"'' """ " ""'' '°""' "^ ^•'""*''''°" "'^^ ^>"-^==
W l'^Rv«T^!,'^'iK""«T,**'^ '.T'"'* ^'"^ the Intermountain, owi. d by
shafV25^ee; nil H'Rhknd Mary On the Intermountain there are l
nd acros, thfS;* «*^«';* *"""«•' '^"d a great deal of trenching both along
and across the vema. Numerous prospect holes have been dug in the
occurrences to the east. The values of assavs from different focalities
haj^een given by Mr. Ryan as follows: (1) picked samplfof gSa ore
vc.l 'v'lT'w°9i°pp*'Ma!M?B°" °" ""^ Kamloop. map-.heet. British Columbia." Geol. Surv.. C.n , Ann Rect.
98
from the shaft (Figure 13, locality 1), gold $7, silver 20 ounces per ton,
copper 2 per cent, lead 25 per cent, and zinc 20 per cent; (2) bornite ore
from the middle vein north of the shaft, gold $44, and silver 30 ounces per
ton, copper 22 per cent; (3) chalcopyrite, pyrite in quartz gangue, from
prospect hole 50 feet north of shaft, gold $17, and silver 28 ounces per ton,
copper 18i per cent; (4) at locality 2, Figure 13, ore coniposed of bornite
and chalcopyrite is disseminated in a basic dyke, gold $10, and silver 7 to
8 ounces per ton, copper about 5 per cent; (5) in a gulch about 500 yards
east and 900 feet in elevation below locality No. 2 there is a shear zone 4
feet wide with pyrite in a quartz gangue. Two assays from this place
yielded gold $5 and 2 ounces of silver to the ton, and gold $10 and 4 ounces
of silver to the ton.
Galloway' took samples of the mineralized zones on these claims,
across widths of 3 and 6 feet, in order to determine the gold and silver
values, but found only traces of gold and silver.
NORTH OF SODA CREEK.
Bodies of quartz carrying copper minerals occur in the hills about 10
to 13 miles in a direct line due north of Soda Creek and 7 miles east of Fraser
river (Figure 1, localities 12 and 13). The northerly outcrops (locality 12}
are 2 miles northeast of the north end of Cuisson Ipke from where there is
a wagon road leading to the Cariboo road along the Fraser. The owners
are Chas. Foyle and J. Briand of Soda Creek. The elevation by barometer
is about 3,350 feet.
At this locality quartz carrying chalcopyrite occurs in sheared grano-
diorite. The shear planes and the edges of the large quartz bodies trend
on an average north 11 degrees e»st, and dip in some cases to the east at
angles I'p c j 35 degrees. The sheared zone is about 60 feet wide with a
17-foot ledge of quartz on its west side and lenses of quartz through the
remainder. On the eastern side is unsheared granodiorite. The eastern
edge of the shear zone outcrops in places for a length of 150 feet and carries
bodies of quartz a few feet wide. No other outcrops were seen either north
or west. A shallow shaft, full of water at the time of visit, sunk on the
thick quartz body on the west edge of the zone, is said to have passed
through a foot-wall of solid granodiorite dipping east. The amount of
chalcopyite in samples of quartz on the dump and m the outcrop is very
small.
One-quarter mile south by east from this shaft is an area of sheared
granodiorite, about 80 feet wide in a northeast-southwest direction, in
which are a number of bodies of quartz. Copper-bearing minerals occur
in the sher^red country rock as well as in the quartz. The ore minerals and
quartz occur in a zone which is irregular in outline and whose p'-obabii'
trend under the surrounding cover could not be determined. A small open-
cut and shallow shaft are the only developments. The ore minerals seen
on the dump were chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, azurite, and chalcocite.
Galloway' reports assay results of 5 to 6-3 per cent of copper from
selected ore specimens from either or both of these places, and traces of
gold and silver from a number of samples.
■Galloway, John D., Report of the Minuter of MisMoI British Columbia for igi7, N'orthewtem district, p. 13j
»Op. cit., p. 133.
99
Another claim (Figure 1, locality 13) at an elevation of 3 450 feet lies
about 2 miles northeast of the south end of Cuisson hke an<l 3 miles L.th
of those described above Here 9 feet of quartz carrvinR chaCop rite lies
between welklefined walls of granodiorite^trending ^iouth 00 Sees eS
^^il'PP'iyi'"''''^': ^? :"«'■''''*'• ^^'' ^"""-^^ »'«dy has been expo edTor onlv
n the nuam ifsta / "rr"V--'' ^ ''"'''''K P« "^"'"""^ «' chalco^vri 'I
in me quartz is small. C has. I-oyle is one of the owners. "
/ M,,. guaru ,e,n Z. Open cuts ,n <^»n, i,„„ j, p,^,^^,^
5-. 0,p^,Me of^d,.g and motion p„nes SCt^ore, cf^,rU carrying ^^, „ „i^,^
Contour inlerrtl. lOOfut
_, . Scale or Feet
"'"ILj^cf ^^S'^Si^ ""'- -' °f ^^"^ l^ke and near Willow rivor. Cariboo
WILIOW RI^ER.
Five miles east of the head of Ahbau lake and somewhat more than 30
nies m a straight line northeast of Quesnel village, occurrences of quartz
KK ^H rnth' •''^^' Ti T' ^^'^"'^ '' '"' ^"*y ^) were d.?co%ered
ana staked by H. Guthrie and B. Grav in 1918- thev lie on lot '\a9'i n,. a
small creek called Moosehorn, los. than a mile from Willow Jiver which
100
the creek enters from the eawt ( Fijjurc U)^. Alihau lake is miles Iohr ami
from its southern end a good pack-trail nins 18 miles south to Cottonwooii
ranch, 20 miles from Quesnel on the Hiirkerville road. tJuthrie and Gray
bonded the property to Oscar AV. Alston and associates of New West-
minster, in the autumn of 1919.
The ore-bearing veins consist of galena (lead sulphide), zinc blendi
(zinc sulphide), and pyrite (iron sulphide; in a gangue that is almost entirely
quartz with films of sericite. The sulphides lie in masses and veiidets
within the (piartz, and where pyrite occurs with galena o'- zinc blende it Hex
in many cases on the outside of these nuisses, next to the (piai '. Sericite.
greenish white and micaceous, lies in iTacks in the (juartz. Pyrite is foynd
in the wall rock, apparently formed after th(> rock h.od been metamorphosed
to schist. The probable order of formation is, therefore, quartz, then pyrito.
and afterwards galena, zinc blende, and sericite. The country rocks con-
sist of blue-grey quartzite of very fine grain, an<! phyllite or argil'ite of
which certam beds are carbciuiceous. The r.rgillites and (piartzites are
nearly of the same composition, that is, they consist mostly of quartz •. 'lli
mi'ior amoimts of muscovite mica, but the argillites are of finer grain tuan
the (juartzites. Both types of rocks are foliated or schistose, that is, they
split easily along closely spaced parting pkmes. Two dykes occur close td
the main quartz vein, intruding the country rocks. One is an aplite, the
other a feldspathic porphyy, probably andesite,
Ore has been found in two places (Figure 16). On the north side of
the creek, about 300 feet above its bed, a quartz vein carrying galena and
pyrite crops out in a cliff on the side hill. This vein is from 3j to 4| feet
wide, strikes north 78 degrees east and dips 50 degrees to the west. At the
time of visit it had been proved over a horizontal distance of al>out l.")(i
and a vertical distance of 80 feet ; since then it is said to have been encoun-
tered in a tunnel below, increasing the proved dimensions both horizontally
an'l vertically. Two nearly parallel (luartz veins lie 25 and 100 feet north
and up the hill from the main vein. They are 1^ and 2 feet wide, respec-
tively. Othe. small stringers were seen, one of which lies close to and
south of the main vein and trends away from it at a low angle. About
1,000 feet to the southwest in the creek bottom are lenses of quartz and
galena 15 to 20 feet apart, that lie along the planes of schistosity of the roek.
The largest is 4 feet at its widest point; it is exposed for about 13 feet (in
one side of the creek and may continue across the stream. It strikes soutli
50 degrees east and dips 45 degrees to the northeast. A series of parallel
lenses occurs, apparently, in this place, for galena float has been found t»0
feet to the east up the creek, but here, and on top of the hill, the drift
cover is an impediment to prospecting. The general strike of the planes
of schistosity in the rocks and of such true bedding planes as were observed
is to the northwest, with dips of from 24 degrees to 55 degrees to the north-
east (F'g'ire 16). At the upper quartz oect.rrence there is a cross anticliiud
fold with T, northeast trending axis. ' o series of nearh' parallel oie-
bearing quartz veins cross the crest of this fold at an angle.
Two short tunnels had been run near the main quartz vein in July.
1919, the longest following the vein for 15 feet. Two open-cuts had been
made on the lenses of quartz in the creek bottom and abr)ut 40 cubic yards
of rock had been moved. The writer sampled across 4 feet of the ore-body
(if
4| feet
101
in the faco of the larger tuiinol ai.d across 2^ feet of the Iai«cr lens in ti.o
(•Toek. rhp rosiilts of assays of these smnpies at the Mines Hraiirli lal.ora-
tones are as follows:
T,mm'] (;oM 'rrirc
•;'''^V li:t..zs. iMTtMii.
I''"" Cold Tniiv
'l'''^';'' 2J:. .)z-. prr i.m.
'•'"'' o-oj piT cent
The results of assays upon samples taken hv the present owners in a
tunnel driven smee that time at a point lower on the hill yielded- (jold ()()|
""{""^SIT; "'■•^'' ""^r- •'-a'l -l-t-l'i PPr rent, zinc 5- 10 per rent, total
value S<5.84 per ton. The results of assays on sample.^ taiven hv the writer
are low, hut he heheves that hiRher grade ores will he found in these .leposits
hurtace pjospoetinK should he done, first, by cross trenehes throudi the
neav>- drift covor at points lying in the direction of the strike of tli(! svsteni
of parallel hssure veins, and also in the neighbourhood of the exposed lenses
in the creek If the results are satisfactory the occurrences on top of the
hill can he developed by a tunnel starting south and down hill to crosscut
theni (l-igure l(,j. Waterpower for a small concentrating plant can he
obtained from the creek.
If the Pacific Great Eastern railway be built ilong the route as origin-
ally planned about 2o miles of wagon road would connect the railway
with the.se deposits, the mo.st feasible route being probablv from the
south end of Ahhau lake down the North Fork of Cotton'woo.l river.
The connectmg of Barkerville to this railwav wouhl shorten the haul
wnicJi would otherwise be very expensive.
Al)oi:t 2 miles northeast of the south' end of Ahl)au lake quartz claims
have been staked by W. Harper and others. The prevailing country
rock IS quartz sevicite schist. An outcrop of quartz 2 feet wide and W
teet long trends south 41 degrees west with quartz float extending farther
southwest along the strike for perhaps 100 feet (Figure 17). A tunnel
.)0 feet ong uas been driven to a point immediately under the north.>ast
end of the outcrop (Figure 17). The tunnel follows an anticlinal arch
in the schist for oO feet, after which a 2- to 8-foot vein of (piartz. broken
hy a north-south fault, is encountered. The cpiartz is cut off to the south
hy another fault striking north 50 degrees west. The 2-foot (luartz vein
in the tunnel is probably identical with the vein on the surface. About
•iO leet north by east of the mouth of the tunnel a 2-foot vein of quartz
crops out on the hillside. There is a little galena and pyrites in this out-
crop and a few stringers of galena were seen at the point indicated in the
tunnel; otherwise the writer was unable lo find occurrences of ore-hearing
minerals 111 either the tunnel or outcrops. The claims lie 1,000 feet .hove
Ahl)au lake.
HIXON CREEK.
On Hixon creek 4 miles east of its junction with Canyon creek and
-12 rniles trom. the proposed route of the railway (Figure 'l, locality 4)
are a number of old workings that mark the site of a gold mine operated
more than forty years ago. A wagon road from the mine to the flat« of
102
!fl ¥¥xfr, iOrr\t f*ltn» tnd pyr.tts
V fohttion planti m Khiu
"«< fault
\ <ftJtrU van
Scale or Feat
Qwtl —III, in Midt, wiU> apedts tnd Im stnnftn ^(rt.
Ceological Survey, Canada.
_T_rt vein of" quart! at surface
*jQuartl rtfif, S:n tvide, dtp 9o'
Wjii't; rf-. /? wide, dp 30'
>•
veify, much sf^attfvd, J ft vi.di:
Figure 17. Quartz vems and tunnel, 2 milea northeast of south end of Ahbau lake. Cariboo
district, British Columbia.
103
Canvon Creek valley joins the new provincial luKhwuv ar.d cnwwH the
\Vhite ami 8 nulea to Woodpecker «teanil.oat lan.linKH on Fraier rivor
Three old shafts were sm. that had evidently jM-netratod to l.c.lrm-k
Three tunnels are sa.d to have been driven. I.ut only two are now Zu
Ihe shafts were filled with water nearly to the surfac- and the (,l,.servat^, s
[wo tunneir ^'''' "^ ^" exan.ination of the <lu.„ps «n<i of Z
Rock outcrops occur in the creek bottom in a few places and for •.
Hhort distance up the side of the valley, behin.l the main cabins Th '
remamder of the north s.de of the valley is covered with unconso „lat 'l
nmtenal mostly gravel, and at elevations of about 130, 200, and ^^T.^f -V
above the creek bottom ar- well-defined khivcI 'erraces (FiKure 18)
Pyrite which i? presumably the auriferous minerd was found in the old
workings lying ,n a gangue of quartz accompanied in places by calcit.-
♦hn 5lJ "■•"■' ^•'*' d"™P «f the shaft in the ol.l mill buil.ling' south o
he creek carries some chalcopyrite and minute veins of a grey mineral
,.m„M;ff '" ??'*'"''• /^'^""*-«y' reports free gold, native silver a
hematite from the quartz samples on this dump. The countrv rocks" '
grey quartzites, phy lites, quartz sericite schists, an.l greenstones J.
greenstones apparently interbedded with the sediments. A spe.-im "n ,^
greenstone proved to be a fine-grained and verv much altered igne , '
rock originally perhaps an andesite or basalt. The.se rocks arc n n ' ly
strikeTom?n^,ff-^7' ^"^ '"'' ''f-''- The plan.s of foliation of the schists
strike from south 31 degrees east to south 49 degrees east with an aveniKe
of about south 40 degrees east, and with steep dips, in places nortS
in others vertical or slightly southwest. »- »' > ^ ....lUHasi,
Two miles west, near the junction with Government creek, is an out-
crop of augite syenite, a medium-grained, unfoliated and unaltered and
therefore much later rock than the schists. The rock near the work S
has been faulted and quartz vems traverse t!ie schists in an irregular way
iw™w.f '•"*'' V"™X'" ""^ P^;''"^' ^"'^'•^^ ^^>n« «t"k">K north 40 degrees'
Xr« ^.^^•'''''^•''■'Vo'i^r"'^ '"PP'"« 70 degrees northeast, cj i,y
others striking north 34 degrees east and dipping verticallv'. Most of
the veins are small stringers from a few inches to one foot thick. W .ler
yeins are reported, but the writer did not see any. Pyrite is found in the
quartz veins and disseminated through the c-ountry rock. Fron he
meagre evidence at hand it seems probable that, if the pyrite carries e
f,?fn S"''' ^^i" °'-«-''°di^\"«^ «f the nature of irregular stockworks ad g
nto the countrj' rock without well-defined boundaries. Bowman states
that the cross vems .striking northeast carry pyrite, tetrahedrite, and free
gold a^aying from $28 to S274 per ton, averaging .570 to the ton. These
cro»s stringers are said to have been of small extent. Three shafts and
ofTl^T''" •'^'''n^''" '^VI''' °" *h'« P™P*'^"ty ^^'' there are the rul?^
?n tore T.P "I'"' "" °'^ arrastra, bunkhouses, etc. (Figure 18).
wlin.,? ^" ^ "Pi "^/^ "'^'^^ *° unwater and examine the property but
without succe.ss. Surface values are low and the higher grade ore Which
If^l^ * f occurred in the deeper workings was not reached. A small
shipment of gold is said to have been made from this property in 1880
™ nf wtT??'*^ 'r "^V' ^^"^^ ^y the Quesnelle Quartz Mining Com!
pany^of which H. E. C. Carry, Vancouver, is president.
'Gallo.iy JobB D..' Hiion creek," Kept, of Miniatrr of Mined BC IQln n kns
Rep:'nT!Ji.'t?T'.88l!ffi,°p"4'|'^,'^.V"*L"p' '"" "■'"- '^^^C^^: S:c!^>lioo,, S..rv . Can., Ann.
104
Mamfc tocsiion
5c«.'» of rttt
-3"
I \, rr'l Of f^ Urtt cf
1_V_J ro 'tt.ci pifta
i<?r J? <;/
WatKhurn lactttcn
• 5
\ *
E
_^^ ^ k — ■ 1
<
LOT 56 61
OeovgCAJ Surety, Canada
LOT 55 Gl
Figurr IS. Old workings on gold .hiims, Uixon rrcck, Cariboo district, British Columbi«.
m and mm mnmx.il.I,. urH)n our visit It iJ iVi f, .. . . ^■["•'"
rros«n.tH nn.l , n..„.,nt..r,.,| ,.„. v. 2 to f^ t « . . mT . ""'"".-
«ehi«tH «trikinK'nortl, 39 iml' Ut i„}n , . t j'l^ ""l',*^"*;-''
• iorito. Tho dvko forts , t fl.l i '""^V '.\ " •'>•«• of (if.fnf.l..,i,lc
o,h„ »,„ ..'■i,^;/:1v://:m.;J;i://;s' .!;;':::'"'•£
S.ONE ( HKKK.
'Ualloway. Ibiil, p. 128.
100
NUKTH BKND Ojr fHAItKH RIVER.
A Dronpect owiumI |,y ihi-AT KiWn. of Prii.r.. (Jeorgp, ami othorn
«tuatp«J juirt north of the inoNt noithorly U'mi of Fruwr rivor (Fimiro 1
locuhty I), carrwH vahiw in nilvrr, lea<l. and k<,I.|. The pro|H>rt y m con-
nottwl l)y Btcanier rhannrl up the Fram-r with HudiM.n Spur near Hani<ar<l
ulK,ut 24 nulen ea-t on the (;ran.l Trunk Paiific railway, and to Prince
t.eorne alKJUt .V) nule<« (Jown the river t. the wMithwent. The ro. • • to
HudHon 8pur ih in .,uiet water ill the way. hut there are M-veral Ions ranidN
down the nver toward Frinee (Jeorne. DevelopmentH on thin property
inelude a tunnel and nhallow Hhaft. The tunnel, within 1(X) feet of the nort)i
Lank of the river, in aU>ut tt5 feet Ioiik trending atwut north 40 deareen
w.mt. The country rock in a quart* inuwovite chlorite iichiit carryinn
Home carljonate. A Kheared lone aliout 3 feet wide and dipping eaiit
carries quart j with pyrite. In placeH in the tunnel it lien between fairly
Holid walln. the easterly wall Imtif apparently more Hchistose. but other-
w.w of the same character m the wall on the west side. There has been
much faultmn *"" »"''«fi«-ation of the countrj' rock. The shaft lien 300
feet m elevation over the river, about 1,800 feet north of it, and about 760
feet east by south of the northeast corner of Eden's homestead lot. Galena
occurs in quarti that is from 5 to tt feet in width lying between welWefined
walls ofnchat The walls strike 28.5 degrees magnetic north (46 degrees
true north) and dip 60 degrees to 65 degrees to the northeast. Faulting on
the_ f(K)t-wall IS renresentecl by 8 inches of black and red gouge. About
20 feet of the length of the ore-body has lieen exposed, if the strike of the
ore zone bo followed in an easterly direction for 550 feet along the side
hill a gulch IS crossed running south 67 degrees west toward the Fraser
Two hundred feet down the gulch from where the strike j.' the ore zone
would cross the gulch are boulders of quartz, some of them / feet across.
with much galena. They must have moved downhill froni their c ron
^^."'a.lZ"'^' «''™''""t indication that the ore zone has a length of from
5(K) to 600 feet at least.
Samples taken from various places in the tunnel and in the foot-wall
of the ore zore at the shaft are said to have carried radium. The writer
took samples from the gouge in the shaft and from points in the tunnel, as
near as possible to the points from which the original samples arc said to
have come from, but a test on these samples bv H. V. Ellsworth of the
(.eological Survey, did not indicate any trace of radium. According to
Air. tden samples taken by him across theoutcron near the top oftheshaf;
gave 13 ounces of silver and 15 per cent of lead to the ton, whereas a sample
acro.ss the ore at the bottom of the shaft yielded 25-8 ounces of silver 4'
pr cent of lead, and a trace of gold. The writer did not sample this ore'
body, but galena is plentiful through the quartz.
Assays made from samples 30 feet and 60 feet from the mouth of tlw
tunnel are said to have yielded respectively 3 ounces silver, 50 cents in gold
with some lead; and $4.80 in gold.
A company known as the North Point Mining Company, of which
Oscar Eden is president, has been formed to develop this property Surfaci
trt.. ehing should be done to prove the outcrop over as long i
distance as possible so as to determine its dip and strike and whether
107
if hnM Jw.cn fnul.0.1. With fhi. it.funi.ntion i. r-h .il.l 1„. n<...il,l.. i,.
il
10!)
517.'-S
II)
II.ATK III.
-^.f^H:-.^
^f%^*
:-s:f^p^^;
A. llu^'(■ slide i)f Ihc Ci^llwatcr f(iriii:ili(iii :it I',ivilii)ii. Iii:li;iii villanc in fonm-oui
15. Ncai-ly \u rizi.iitnl )jiaV( 1. .-niiil. :ii;il i\.,\ hrc's if l-r;i<( r Hive r Inn: iiliini, cvcrljiii l)>
h(a I i(T rl.,y. The Ixiiil li f r\u\ has ^Ijd cvi r chf wcl Irasi r Hivcr lic.!-^ mimI di.wn tin
I'lilV 1(1 llic river, l-'riiiii the livi r tii the li p (if the liai ks the dilTd-ei. cc in ( le\ . ion
i>- I7ii !'( ct. I i\.(;i' I I.I
Ill
112
1
^1
i
P^.^^
1 ■ , '
1
» 1
^ -^
1
'1
.--;, 4i;|'^::^ #'^|:--#.". •■•,.■•,,.,;.
Ii:i
114
,1
^■zz-
II.-)
\Ty. VIII.
""''r;j:;;r-'r;;nZ~;!s,^;'ta';;st,;i;,;,'"':K*';Kf?"-
no
l'l.ATh IX.
Sami' locality as I'lair Vlll. Illustrates the structure (if llic curved beds, due to orininal
do|)osition hut simulating foldeil strata. (l'a«i's 4<), .")!.)
u;
I'l.ATE X.
118
J
I Ml
190
£r>
_ c
S_5
121
I'lvn; Mv
Forl.v.f,«,t l)n„k »f ,\iaUmmn
01
(•<.U.S ..iird, „v,.rl:,i,| |,y h;,N„|t.
•'!'•>• II). (i'aK.^7.i,r7 r'l,, "*■ '••'«'"•'■ 1-'. lo-
1*2
y.
123
124
I'LATK xvir.
'""iiHs'iif ■'^■"'™- -=- -■•"■; i-r.;;;i;Tr/s.-;;:;
12.-)
INDEX.
Actinolil.' scliistM
Africa, iii:inn<'sit<'
Aitriiiilturc
Ahhaii Like, liriutli
■ ira M'hisl-
Ahrftrn, Mil
<i
21
IfX)
s
.s<>
All.-ii, M.A. '..'.'.'.'."'.." (|,
Alston, Oscar \V [' ,[ KM)
Altiliiii's, Cariboo jnoiinl.iins ... ,•>
I''ri!<iT river ,■,
llrccn Timbir plalcaii .'i
Marble iiioimiains ,■,
Tiriiiilliv nioiiiitaiii <n
Analcilc 'jv,
AnalvHcs, brines .-,0 ))(|
I'hroiiiiic ^;
iliatoiiiaccoiis eartli 7s
eartlis ((cposilc'l bv iiiiiierril
, x\>nnii ' .10
I'Kiiitr St)
tiiaKtiesile ores :il
iiiaiiKanesc ore !).■,
. spriiiK water 40
Andesite, IVascr vallev p.
Aplite dykes ' ]]■
Aiyilliics, Cache Civ.-k siijcs. .!l. il] TJI)
Aril IK id i/nirili.^- -,,
Alliii, li.C., liydroiirmne.sii,. uc ar '_'(), L'J. J!)
aiialvsis .
Aunite .-iyeiiite
Australia, iiiaiiiiesite
Australia ere k, b i-;a!t near
clays ;,
li(illitr
analysis
sediments, T.'rliarv.
ranch '
Aiistria-llini(iary, inaHiK -iti . 'JO,
Maker Creek canyon, Ixisalt
Caclie ' series
11). KW
. . Jl
. l:f
":!. SO
. . ,S(I
i;i
II, 43
. . IS
s
Maker's raiicli .
U.ikiiiK .soda. .s'.
Uallilav .
Mal.sam.'
Maridon, I, \\ .
Ha.sali, Kra-.r v.al
.<)'».
Ill
.2<l, (id.
(ire-ii Timber plativiu
Tiinolhv inoiinlain..
Ill
'.tl
7S. U-i. !C,
1-'. l:!. 7.-.
.■)S
1. , SI
J>holo)jrapli |))
Bas(iue. H.C '-.'i
'•>
cans ,j
Mccder, .■^. M j^,
Mi({ Har laki- P)
Hif? Mend, Trascr lliver se.'- ■nts. .' ' [[ u
Hid .'^.iltnori river -ti
Hid Slide mine
Hireh
Hit t<T lake, Wash
Hlaekwater river l;j
Blue (Jroiise claim.. . . <>■>
Hoeek, P. A ::;::::;:' '-v,
liolt(m tj)., (^ne ■)•)
Mon:i))arte river. Cache Cr •■■k set ies S. !l, :is, 7.^
clays 7.j^ 120
s'rpentine. ... s<)
J172-U
'.•7
(>
PAOE
!»7, <»S
1'-'. 110. lU', l|;i
loa
9N
11
Hornite
Hoilhler <lay
Howm.aii, .\mos.
Hriand, J
Hrieks. ,s'er Chiv.
HriliKe creek. .
Hridjii- liiver disirin ..
Hrmes. ,sv, .Salt hiki's. "
Hnti.sh Columbia. maRiii>ite pm.hiciion,
Brvson. .Mr ,„,
Hnil.linm lirieks. .S,, (lav
Hilller, (i. M .,.-,
Cache Creek series:
brick clays -;.
drstribntion. J^
B'llil |>rosp"cl.s in 117
madficsites from !;i(i-;is
m.iiinesinm rocKs .-,4
maiiuanese from ((.■i
photographs ! ! ! ii7^ pji)
lH)sition . . . 'e "-
([airnes. D. |). . '.'.'.['.]'.['.['","" y-''
Calcareous Hit'.i il) ."il
CVIcimn, oriciii , m m.-.«ii.-ile ores iiti
v.alifiirma, .liati leco,!- i.arlh 7s
m.-lKllesile •>! -Mp
Calvert, K.. . . ■" ' i^J,',
J?''^'"'"- '', '...M.:,:i.r,r,. m
( aineron, DouKald 4. S. 10 10.",
C amsell, Chailes |
<'anada, i-lay, ecoiionnc •>:{ 7ii
m.ikine-iii' -jo 2I
mica H\
<' miin lake, mica . 1 1 , S."i
schist- .s
Carbon dio.xide, fr.im mai'ucsu... 2.i
Carboniferous, .s'.. Cai'd,' Creel< series
Carew-Cibson, .\ 1: i 41; (s
CarilMio mountain. .S., Clearwaler
mountain.
mount. ims. . .-, ()|
Carry, II. K. C. 'io;{
Carlwright, C. K. 4
J?""':-' ■■■::::::::: ,-,
taiislic maniii site. Sn .Sorl cement
J-f'''="-- (i
Cement. Sn (l/.s,y .s;,iivl e ■mi-nl.
C'.'ylon 21
Cliabazite "^^
Chalcopyrite. Si, C;>pper.
y.V!''''"'"" IT, r,s, m
Chimn.y iT.'ck, clay ti7, (is, 7.-|
rtx'ks si IS
stria' p.)
(jhromr' creek :{S, .Miss. ll>:i
Chripinite ^^\ i)\ ' i2:{
Cl-irk, K. .A ' ' ~ii
Clay. .See uUi) Honlder clay.
ei'ononiic " ^,^^. -,;
map of, showing locations 2
"'^i<lii:'l 71. llil, IJO
Clearw.iter lake. .■,.")
mountain ... ,s."i
Climate ■ y
120
It)
Mi
t4
105
Clinton, RHlcHroouH tufa .4(), 'il
ppooniile lix. .jl, .m. .">ti. ,"
photo Frciitispiccc.
man .^,;>
■clacial di'poHit is,
nydromagnesitp. . ..20, 25, 28,
a.j, ait, 4.<.
aiiuly»i.s 21t
map J7
photograph ilj
roeks h, <), 18, lit, M
ur. .eivroum! waters
Clinton creek
Coal. Hee Lignito.
Coldwater formation, briek clay fro; i. . .
diatribution.
position
Colprovp, C. H 4 , h
Colling, VV.H H:i
Conglomerates li , is
Copper, diMtribiition ' (m;
maps .showinK looations 2, ii
Timothy moiiiitaiii itl , !t4
Cretaceous, character 7
distribution ||
granite in 10
Crooked lake sTi
Caisson lake 10
Cutoff (Junction) valley <», 1 14
Dacite, Fraser valley 12
Davies, N. B (14
Dawson O. M. . .1, 7, sj fli iii i2. l.{.
„ Iti. 1<». «)7
Deception creek ,sti
Devono^Jarboniterous. Sei- Cache Creek
series.
Diamonds 88. 89
Diatomaccous earth maps showing loca-
tions 2, ,'i
notes ti.5, 7t»-S0
photo 121
Dillon, F 07
Dillon, W 07
Dolomites in magnesium earths 2ti
Donaghey, H (hj
Drysdale, C. W 22
in
.")8
Pjagle clp.im
Karth, diatomaceou.s. See Dialomaceou.s
earth.
Eastern Townships, (Jue.
lulen, Oscar s ,
Klevemnile creek s, <)f»,
Kllsworth, H. V "Mi. '
Ephydra
Kpidote
Kpsomite Frontispiece, . ;i.'), ,51 .
map showing locations
Euboea, Greece
Europ<?, magnesite
!I4
22
\m
!>-
1(H)
■)S
97
M
:{
21
21
Face brick. See Clay.
Ferricr, \V. F ' 10
Fitield, \ew South Wales 21
•W Mile House 17, ,-,,s
Fir, douglas .....'
' (icorgc.
17, ;t.-i
ill),
S.")
."•1
II
!(
9.S
4
ti
•Hi
l:i
1
111
Firc-cl:iy
V\\f». hiack ih'.jihijilriij
Kiirinalii)ii.<, Table of.
I'o-lcr. V. 1)
Fort (leorKi'. >'c I'lin
Fos.iil.-i
Fountain criTk
Foiinnilc creek
Foylc, Cha.- '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. [{),
I laser canyipn, ciuirse of river througli. .
description
iiiiiiillifcmu.s deiMjsits . .
rocks 10, 11
See also Fraser river.
Iras r iivcr, bridges and ferries
clay (i.-),
diatoina(':'<iiis eartli
glacial deposits ...
levels .-,
liwiite SO. SI
iiii'lalllfenHis deimsif.s KHi
photographs 109, 110
,, , . ro'-l'^ 8. 12, IS
iTas.r Hiv.r fornialioii, distribution l;i
gravels of 7.">
named 17
photograph. , . 1 1(J
IM)sition and
character. . . 7
,, , section 14, I.')
Irechette, Ilimells 74^ 7,;
Fniit '. .'. . ' li
!i7
!»<)
lO.-i
\W,
02
6- 111
2'J
2?
10.-,
, 111
I'l
III.
II
It
, (il
, 10.-.
Id
10
, '.»>
, 21
98, io;t
(iaiena, 'riniotliy mountain
W illr.rt river
tialloway, J. D
(Jarnierite
Gauthier, Arniand
Geologj-
Germansen creek
Germany, niagiiesiuni
Gillis, S. A
Glacial ilejwsits 7
St riie
Gold, ili.strihution
in Coldwatv'r group
maps showing location-s
Timothy mountain 92
Goodenough lake .js, 00
Government creek, gold and silver..! 103
Tocks s,
Graniti', distribution..
Granodiorit". . . i()
Gray, H '.'.'.'.'..'.'.'... A
Greece, m.igncsif production 20
Green Timber plateau, altitude
rocks
soda lakes
Grenville. (^iie
GrosveivT w'u,. M
(iulhrie, tl '4
tiwilliin, .1. G - . . 'il
<^vvi)sum 28, A-i, ;{8, ;«'
map showing locations '
Haggen, R
Harper, W
Hav ...
1;
4.'
II.'
1(11
127
,, , TAUK
HcMilamlilc 1^
lli(£lilaii(l Mary cdkjmi ( Ijini .'. . ij'
Mill Tnict.i, \izuKapiitiiin (Jisujct, I,„|i., s;j
ixonrrrrk s, |„. UH . 104
llotliimnt), (i. C . i.>
llonliii, K W \\-
I lorscH ' "
Hudson .Sj)iir 1,1^;
Himtjiin. >■-< Aii>ina-liiinKiirv
utchins,,,,, I). H ,^, ,,„
llydriiiriMjciirsilr 2(1 HI in
map showiiiK Irii'utiim^ [" , ' ;{
llyiMTsthi'iic |Hri(l(itilr .si , S'j
ll)oiill,«;H.t. H.C. 2'>
India, Ka.-.!, iiinmii NiH' . ^I
mica. . . ^-j
liifu-ori.d .arth. S,r Dialoma-M-uus
rarlti.
hiliii(;r i'lafi'aii, as (all I.' rang.',
(tlaclal iliilt.. . .
Intonuounluiii copiHT ilaiiii
Iron Kin({ claim
Iron pyrili's, .S'<c I'yrilc.
Iron (^nt'cn claim.
Inland lake. .
Itnlv
li
l!l
m
(K)
22
21
. 26
6:i, tir>, ti<i I
K
.)cnk^Ms,()laf 1'.... ^' '■('
Jpwcl.s. .SV<-<)i)al, Peridot.
Johnston, John 41
.Tohnsloti. H.\..\ J!), (K). ,sO, Sx
.lunction C'litotTi vallcv •» 114
•hirassic, c-liata<'lcr. . ' -
Kalko«sky
K^lin. . ."
Kcch', Joseph
Kelly (leek .'.'.[[ '
Kelly lake, (lypsiim 2S .(."i. ;(<» I
hydminaumesite t'l, 2s| :fj ■
I))ioto(;raph "114 I
rocks ■.,■!
Kennedy county. New Soiilh Wales •>!
Kersley " ::.,
Kieselpiln-. .S',, Diator.iac. (MIS earth
Kmg, J. V .,4
Kru(;er mountain .-,■; Jj-,
Lac la Hiuhe 91 -
La Hess, 1 rank ."h, i
I^idslide (at I'ayilion) brick clay from' 7;'t i
notes. . ' ... II
, , , photoKrapii 1 1() j
Lapland 'I
Last Chance lake "tS, tjo' tji n,> '
Lava, ape 11, I' i;5
contact with basalt " Ki
distrilmtion 11 I
iScottie cr(>ek j^j^ 1
Lead, map.s .showing lociit ions, ! ^ 2 .'1 ''
, occurrence. .' "'% i
Lignite, Australia creek u; sO
Lipiitc group, .SV, Irasei Hhrr forma-'
tion.
J'illooet ,i -., I
Lindgren, Waldcmar ' 6'' I
Little White lake '.i7, (U I
PAOK
Lower Volcai.ies -^ 7- „g
i.tfnnmia , . .. ,%m
Lyiion '■■'■'■''.'..'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. \\
McConn.ll. k. (i 22
.Macedonia .,1
Mcdustv. I{. M.. 4
•MacKay, UK ,
McKinnoii claiiiiw jjj
.McLarlv, \ j()-
.McLeish, John '■.'..'.'.'.'.'.. -na. m
.Macoun. James -j
Macouii, John ' «
Madras presidency, India oj
.Magnalium.. " ."^
Magnesium salts "ja
.\Iairiiesite '"' 2()-4!»
M.'gnesium 24 3(1
.MaKi.'lite, dilTerence between, and'
chromite jiy;
.Maiiirancsc (j_r,
Map-, I'acific (Ireat Kasleri. raiiwav,
dislriel traver.sed ' o 3
-Marble canyon ■■•■.-, ^
Marble Canyon formation . . . . 7
Marble mountains, altitude n
immgaiiese 9,5
rocks , {I
Mariiarita island, \ Cnczuela 21
Meadow lake, fossils 39
magne.site , .2."), 27, 2S,
34, 39, 41, 44
aiuilysi.s 2ft, 31
ni.'ip ' .1,1;
quantity 43
photograph HI
'•»<'l<x '8, 34, 36
tr;ui.s|)<>nati(m frO' 43
Mexico, niiigncsilc 2I
Mi<':i .S, H4
map showing locitions ' 3
Mica schists, occiirn'nccs ft
Mineral pigments -^
Mineral springs, .iiialyses 40
Mines Hraiich, how to san.ple for (50
Mioc'iie. N(. (I ;.s() Basalt 7, li, 7,'«
Molyb claim ' ' <^
^I"b'';leiiiie ...in-9ii. 124
.Mooseliorii creel; jj,,
Morain.il (le|)osifs .sVf (ilufMaJ deposits.
Murphy lake f)|
Murray, W . . 9,5
Muscovite. .S'i( Mica
M.XMire, India -jl
Necliako river, altiluiU' r,
.Vecliako liiver Mines, Incorporated. S, 10.)
Vew .South Wales 2I
Xickel JJ^^
map showing locations 3
N'onnantl. E 4
North Point Mining Co lofj
Norw.iy 21
N'ova Scotia, diatomareous earth, analy-
■^'•^ :. 78
Oligocene, character 7
Olivine. .SVr Peridot.
128
I'AflK
<»l II' liaMill isi
OlDIMClil nviT, H.(.' 'i'
l.MtMil.. llc.iiH' iH
lo:. Mil.' liikr '.'."/.'..'..." :(H
l»l Mill' lliMiBC •_'.-,, :{<), U),'4I T)!
141 .Mil.lakr (12
Ml .Mil.ramli. .o
Opnl
< •niiijjc crcrk
OniiiKc'liili', liiviiiic,-.^ CD., N.S
Orovjll... \\ii>li
I'iicilic ('iij!..! (_'(,ntiii(l(ir>, l.iil . <io
I'licific (irciit KiisTi-rii niil-,v:iy. vi,\n>-\. .
,, . li'iiiilh .
riiinls. ,sr( Minrr.il piijiiiiiils.
I'liIa-otHit.iiiy. .S'>> KiiHsil<
I'livilion, brick- clny. .
kindslidc,' .S,, Lanil-lidc.
rocks
<Tcck
iiKiiintaiic^
I'aviriK bricks, .Sm (.'lay.
IVtriiiatiic . , . II s.' <)••
I'cMilialldW, 1). I' ' '. "'
I'cridiir Ijit
iiiMji sIrowiiiK !,„ aliiiii.s
I'cridolilc
I'hyllitc-. Cache Cnvk s;rii s, .7, ^, <».
Phumi
IK
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SI
lor.
l'i<'li)i;rai)lis ^ j
I'iKii'cnts, iiiincral. >.. .MiiicraV jii^l
llicllls y^
J 'ill IIS ,niiliiilii C
riuiiiirhin.. ;j_r,
I'limls, fos.sil, ,SVc Kos,sils.
I'liocciic.
I'oilcvin, KiiKciic ' ,%s^
l'(K)N. Sn Kii.soiiiiic,
I'dtatocs _ ((
I'ot((-ry. .sV. Clay,
I'riiicc (li'.irKc . I, 72
I'yrili-, I'nfcr caiiymi ' <}j
llixon creek l();j
Sidlle creek )().'■,
Tiniotliy iMiiiiMiaiii 1(7
\\ ill(m river i(")
(iuariz diorilc, iii()lyl)deniii' in <)•>
Tiinolliy iiioiintaiii,
plidlds \-2>, 1_'4
(iucbrc iiroviiici', iiKcj^icsitp , . Jl , .•;} 44
(iiicon Cluirlotfc islaii.l,^ fornmt'ion,
chanctrr 7
(iuecn.sland jl
(iu"sn(d, rlay.s . ((9-74
•liatoiiiaccous carlh, 71 , 70 77 7',1
'■'"■'<'* l:i,' 1»>,' IS
forniatition, scftidti ],'■,
(iursiirlle (^uarlz Mininp C'diniiaiiy.. , , ! 103
Radium jOg
Kninfall (>
Recent drixisit.'s 7 19
Rcdlioh, K, A ' 26
Refractory clay. .Sic ('lav.
Residual clays 74 , 1 19
PAdK
lilaxlcKia , . •>!
!'!''". '• «:), fij
Kuke crock, hydroTii,ii.'ti(site. •_',"., JS, ;u, 4;i
finaly-,1-" -jlt
notes 4S
rocks \fi
truiisporlajioii to, , . 4M
rtsoti, U , I' J J yi
iil)ii-i-li, II ' ,49
Rob.
R(
Ri
•J I
Ryan, \\ Ml. .1 t, 97
. tU
■"•"
."1/
Si Rciui, t^iie.
Saleratus.
Salsoda
Sail, Kp,soni Sii liiixitnilc
lakes... ,-,7
Natiiplc. Iiow to prepare for .Mines
Rraiieh nti
S:inil-loiii's, Cliiitoii, IK ar . ... , IS
Sanlti Maruarita island, .Mexico 21
Schaller, Ual.Ieniiir T S4 , 92
Sclii-ls, iioti's, .Sec (;/,w .Mica .-clii,-.ts, .. ' S
Scliiiiid, Iliiuli S, dc s|
Sciiltie creek 9, .SII ^9. |I7
Sections, (re.. luuicjl 12. 14, 1.'., Ill, 17
IH. 117
^e|^v\Il, .\, 1; (' I,;
.Scrp.'niiii.'. Clironii' iT.'.'k .S,S, 91, ]2.i
Scottie creek 9, 117
17 .Mile r:iiicli 9. 7:! 7.") 110
70 .Mil.- II... w ; ,-,'l
S.-wer-pip.'S, ,Sfc {.'lay.
Shrimp (fossil. .-,>;
Si|. sia, ( l.-rniaiiy 21
Sills, white,, .. '. . , \i\
Silver 91, 9'i, 99
niaj)< showiuK I'K-ati.nis , .'2, .',
Saiith, Ilarlai. I .1
Sod.i. baking, .S.. Sal.-ralus.
washii'K. .S(< Sal.sod:.,
creek S, II), l;i, |s, 109
('r.'fk, .-..ppi-r Mo,-|li .if , 9K
fall of riv.'i fni.-.i, • |i
l.icaiion 1
lak.-s ;.; ;^s
Soiliinn carbonate .'«7r..'l, lis
.Scr. 1 c'nient. Iron, inami.-ite 2il
S.iiith .Vfri.-a, llla^lll -ilc 21
South .Vuslralia -jl
Spain 2\
Spanish .-re.'k ,s<i
Sphalcrit.- 97
Spring waters, anal\ ..es 49
Sprout creek 91
f^Pruce (•,,91
.Stnnsfiel.l, ICIftar so
Stas.sf art , ( ierinany j |
Stewart Calvert ('o :;, 91)
Stone. R. W 20, 21
Stone creek S, lo.".
Sloneware. Sn Clay,
StroinaPilitlis 2(i
Sutton tp,, (^ue •_•■_>
T.able of fonnatioii.s 7
Tana river, Lajiland 21
Tasmania .,|
]21>
T. ri:i-<-i>!i:i. Sir Clay.
'ri'trtiliiilr!tr , . , ", ,
'i'liiiiiiiiMMlnlr
■riiiMiipMiii river
Thcrp'. K. A , . . ^
Tlir. rh.ilc l:,k.v
■l"ill. S,. I'.,)iii;|..|- I'l.-iv
Tiiii'itliv Mininloiii:
IIH'lMilifrroUS ||<'|)0>IT^
iiiiilyUli'iiilc ,
piiiil'i
p' li'liil
))li()l()
'kli.i;! i)|;iii (if miuiT;il i! ;"i-ii
'loiinnnipliy
riMiVfi.iliiic
TrilifViiMl
Tnivr. liiii-
■|"i-.-cs
'rri|ii'liti', ,s'.r I>i:itoiii'iri'ci.rs i.'irU
'r-Mwliiiz ii!Oiiiil:iiri
'I'linicr, \, I
I liil>il Si;it(s, !'):iKiiiMl.' |ir iilmiH ri
mil', I
"Ddiiiiii (MilMin.'itc, pii
iliiclioii
IA<iK
r.Kur.
1. -'O
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1
\ izmi;m|i
.India.' '
li
21
l(i:i
.*i7
l:l
itllfll (1
.-tllct
(l."i
^;i
Wall. 1
\\:.lk.i,
T. 1,
• •
. m. 01
s;i
, ti, 111
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1_'.'
I'l. II , <>\
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I
l',t Til
tl
I '|i|"-i \ uliviiiK.-i, cji.-'lnhiitiiin
I'ral iii<iiiiil:iiri-:, l!ll<^ill .
I 'v,-iri>vili>
Ill
■-",1
■JO
Si
17
\\:i«liiiilC Mida. S,i S.iltoila.
\\ a>Mlll!l'iii, IM.-lKMi silc 'JI . ,■),•(
W at' r, sprint'. iiiial\-i> M»
Wal-.in lake, fo^sil'shclls .S'.l, TJ
Indroii ;!M(Hiti' 'J.'i, 'Jit,
:;h, ;«), -.u, :«t
aiinly.si,. 'Jit
map. »7
liiitr* 4r,
>rati>|K)rtati,ri tri. 4H, 4S
W .li-. V,' Rir C \2, ,-)7
WV-i, W 10.-,
W liiitiiki r. 10 :;.•,
Williams. (_'., S 4
William- lake 4
W illdw t>
Willnw rivi r S. 11, 01)
W illnws, ."(ask 04
Wilst.ii, M. K 20
\\(Mi(l-pi!lp, (lii!.sii(iii of 23
> ;;lr, ( lia,s, W 20
Ndiim.'. <;, .\ 22, 2S, 12
Nuknd 'J^
Zinc
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