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/-.A/
CENTRAL EXPJ'RIMENTAL lv\RM.
l)lii'ART.\Ili.\T OF AGKIC(!LTl-Ki;,
OTTAAV^, - - - CANA3>A
-:o:
BULLETIN No. 14.
■:o:-
THE HORN-PLY.
:o:
SEPTEMBER, 1893.
To the ITononrablo
Till' Minister of Atinciilturc.
S.K -1 l.av.. tlu. lu.uour to sul.mit lu you lu-vwitl, r.ulletiu 14
or t' Central Kx,..rinu..>tul Fav.n whirls has Ik.,, ...yarM at ,„y
t W Mr JmosFU-tcho,-, the Knto.nolo.ist a,.a Botan.sl of
Z;:l^'K^rUn.n.^ Far.,.s. It f.ats of tl.o ^^'attl. Ho,-,,
t ' a new iusec-t pest whi.h has lately fo.„.l ,.s way u„o ( ana. a
f on. tl" United itates. Many letters of c.„,,.,ry have o, la e
r,. eived at the Cent, -al E.,e,-i,ne„tal Fann ,n rete,-e,.e o
^insect, and the injnry ,-es„ltin, fron. Us attaeks - -.^
a .eneral interest in the subject among the farn..,-s of )nta • • a
Q^ b c The coneise an.l eo-npleto aeeount .Mven ,n th.s l.uUetn.
t 1 fe histo,-v an.l habits of this inseet an.l o the ,-c.„,oa.es
1 h avcbeenfo,.n.l most etlieac.ious, will, it .s hopo.l, g,ve to
tt!:Z o) Canada the inforn.ation needed in reference to th.s
important subject.
I have the honour to be,
Your obedient servant,
WM. SAUNDERS,
Director E.q^cri mental Farvis.
Iiosi
r
\\
anc
will
so c
mill
CmKAi I'Xi>i;Ri,\ii;,\rAL F.\k
M.
-:o:
OTTAWA, - _ _
CANADA.
THE CATTLE HORN-FLY.
(y/'nnuM,s,,n,t., Kul.i,u.a„.I)..v,.i.|y.)
''^ •'•^^"•^■^ l'V..:n„KK, K.,,.s., ,.,,,s....
- -Mstau,lv that tl,.v7!n or"',;"? ''^ "^" ""' '•-^'"•'-^fH.;.
milk. • • '-'" «ff '••^l'"lly I>oth in tiosh an.l viol.l of
Tliis is tl... s...c;i11(m1 -Ilorn-Fly" which has aftracto.l miic-h
attciitiuii in tlic I'liito.l States for tht- hist tlircc years. It is a
European post which was first l.i..iitr||t t,, the imtic,". (.!' the l'. S.
Division of Kiitoinoloiry in Septeiiil)er, IssT, an.l was prohal.ly ini-
ix.rte.l wit!) cattle rr..i,i Jlun.pe, wliere it has hen known "since
18:!().
In iss'.t, its coniph'te life-history was workeil out hy I'rof. Kih'y
ami his assistants Messrs. I.. ( ). Ilowanl and ('. L. .Marhitt. This
waH puhlishe.l in "Insect Life" vol. II., p. IKi-lo;] and in tlie
Annual Reports of the T. S. Kntoniologist for issit and isiio.
These investigations were ,so tlioj'ongli that there was little left
for later ohsorvers to discover.
Prof. ,1. H. Smith, of New Jersey, also workeil up the life-history
independently, at the same time, and puhlishe.l an a.vouiit .d' his
work in IJulletin r,j ,>( the New .lersey Agricultural K.vperiinent
Station.
Kig. 1, al)ove, shows this new pest much eidarged in all its
different stages of egg, maggot, pupa-case and perfect insect. (The
hair-lines hy the side of the Hgures show the real size.) Fiy. -j
illustrates the jxridiar hahit this insect has, of resting in lar<;-e
iiumhers, on the i)ase of the horns, which has given rise to i"ts
popular name. Both of these figures have heen kindly lent hy the
U. S. Entomologist and are the same as were used in tlu- artiele in
Insect Life above referred to.
The advent of this insect into Canada was first hrought to my
notice l)y Mr. Elmer Lick, of Oshawa, Out., on July aoth last,
when lie stated that it had^apjieared in large numhers in that see-
tion of country and was causing considerahle alarm. Since that
date I have received specimens and eiKjuiries from localities ranging
from the e.vtreme west of Ontario to IJouchervilh , I'.Q., some few
nnles east of Montreal. In all cases farmers seem to he thoroughly
aroused and to appreciate the losses they may suffer hy neglecting
this pest. Exaggerated statements of losses, and injuries to the
animals which are quite impossible, liave received free and exten-
sive circiilat-ion by word of mouth, and through tlie newsi)apers.
Cows are inaccurately said to have been killed by the flics, which.
It is alleged, lay their eggs either on the horns into which the
maggots bore and then i)enetrate the brain, or "in holes wliidi
they eat through tlie hide, lay eggs therein, which hatch out in
larjTo lunnl.crs ami proceed wit Ii their hoiin-' ..|.er:iti..iis until the
vital iiorlimis of the c.iw aic ti)iieh.'(| aiel ileath ensues."
X.-iie <>\' these statements are I'oiinde.l (.n fa.t. As stated alinve.
th,M-..m|.lete life-liist.,ry has been work.'d .,iit. I had the vT'xxl
I rnrtnne to he in Washiiii^ton. staying with Mr. Howard, in Aiii^nst,
I iss'.t, and was conrteoiisly |.erniitted to join in his investigation (d"
,1 this matter. T(.<rether we visiteil s(.nie of th.' int'otcd stock-farms
Ml Virginia and secured livin_i,' tlies and eui;s I'rom which, later on,
tlie j)t'rfect insects were reare(|.
The lifediistory is l)riefly as follows : -
Tin- euus (Fiir. i. ,,.,;„■(■ laid singly on the rresidy-dro|,|„.d
*\nwj: (d' cattle, ciiietly diirini,^ the warmer hours of tlie day. They
are j'„ ot an inch in leiiirth, hrown in colour from tlie very first
and from tliis fact are not easily seen where laid. 'J'he voiin.4
magt^ots hatch from the ejrgs in less than twentyd'onr h-mrs, and
at once l.nrrow a short distance beneath the surface of the dimu.
Here they remain until fnll-i^'rown, feediii.t; on the li-inid i^.rtions
of the manure. This is their only food and all stories ahont their
t»i)rin,- into the horns, I. rains or flesh of living animals are nntrne.
When the maggots are fnll-grown, which takes ahout a week, they
.'nv • of an inch in length, shaped as shown at Fi^. 1. h, and are
'•f a dirty white colonr. Tlioy descend a short distance into tlu'
ground to impate, and the dark-1>rown iMipa-.'ases (Fiu. 1. r) are i
of an inch in length. During the hot weather ..f'snmmer the
IMipal state lasts only four or five days, hut the last l.rood passes
the winter in this condition a short distance heneath the surface of
the groun.l, and the flies emerge the following spring. The per-
fect insect (Fig. 1. ,/. male) is shaped much like 'the common
cattle-tly* or the house-fly ; |,ut it is snniller, l)eimr „„lv ! of an
inch m length, that is, about one-third the size of those nisects.
'riH' colour of tlie Horn-Hy is ,lark gray with a yellowish sheen,
and the body is covered with black bristles. Tlie head consists
almost entirely of the .lark-iv.l silvery-edged eves, but bears on its
lower surface the black .lagger-shapo.i ton-ue wliicli is the cause of
so much torture to cattle. When not in use this is carried projci-
ing forward in front of the head.
3a^HsEeH{^""="-''»-;^ff^^
bii
Tliis pest will 1m. m n„n. .listintrnisl,,.,! fn.n, tli.- onli„;irv .•;ittl..-
"y In- Its sn.HlI.-r six,., ;„vat,.r arlivity a.nl tl,.. rl,ara..t,.nsii,. l.al.i,
;;' .'^'•■^"""•'".^7" <-l-'^t..rs „,,oM tin. -MS ,.r,.a,il... partia.larly ,mo,.
<•'<■ "l'l"T S..1.-. \V1„.M v..ry al.mnlant ,1... Mi.. f.,n„ a M.ur.. .„• ],..
<'""M'I"t'' ri.-i,' an.mMl tl.. I.on. ,.xt..n,li,.^. somHinH.s IVom, uvn
<<• <"'"• i,M.lu-s In,,,, tl„. has,, tuwanls ti... ti,., as sI,.,vvm j,, |i.„,,. -
J-'iK- -'. <'"W-linrM sliouliiKliand .,fi-,.stiMt,'fli..s rv,Iuci.l.
Tl„. rh.stciMIl- „,„„, thr hn|.„s s,.,.,„s to 1,,. ,.,..•,. lia,' t., tl,i. .,K...i,..
•"•■uh,.,.,. the ro„„„„nC'atil,.-tly....nn.s uiti, it i„ la.-.' nm.,!,,.,.;
"•I'o'i tl.. sanu. ani„.als, I l.av. ....v... ro,,,.,! si,c.ri,...„s i,. th. ti.irk
c-l.ist..,.s „,,.,„ ,lu. h„,,.s. X.i.lu... dn.s tl.o irn,.„-Mv. lik. tl...
Cattlo-Hy, l„tu hu.-s.s ai..l ..tl..,. ai.i.i.als ; l,„t s,...,hs" t„ ......ti,,..
•tflatta.kst.. .attl.. It „.ay >..,t 1... a,..iss „, ,„,>.ti.M. I...... tl.at
no inji„-y wl.at.v.,- ..osiilts lV..,.i this l.ahit ..f Matl..,.i,..r ,,„ tl...
Ix.n.s, (1,. Hic-s „u.,..|y ,..s.„.ti,.,ir to tl.,. h.-i'Ms as a ...stin..- ,,la,...
I '••'III wl.i.l, th.y rai.n..t l.o .asily .lisl,„la.,l by n^, .,„i,„.ii ' 'p,,,,^.
als., congiViTtiW ..„ tlu. ,.(..-k ami at tl.o has. \,r th.-taii. 1],,. tii.s
assum. lu-.. ..harartnisti.. |M,siti.ms, ...... whil. iV...li,„.- uh... tl..
Mui-s aiv slii^htly ,.I.vat...i aii.l h.M out fn„„ tl... l.,..lv, as sl.„u,.
iH ho;. 1. J. tl... „tl..,- whil. ivstin-. WI...11 th. uin-s w'v „.arlv thit
.low,, the ha.k, with tl... tips .,„|y slii^htlv sc.parate.l. It is i,', this
rcstmg p.isitu.,. that tlK.y aiv always f.„„>,l on th. h..,.„s.
Cattl. .)!' all l.,....,ls a,x. si,hj..t to th. alta.-ks ..f this p.st, hut
thoiv ,s v,.,-y ir,vat .littV,-..,.... i,. th. s.isc.ptihility t.> i„j,n-y ..f
va,-,..,.s h,-,..,ls a„<l in.livi.h.al a„i„.als a.....,nlii.ir u, 'their teinp....a-
mentaiul th. t.xtu,-. ..f th.irski.is. Whil. fo..li„i(, th. Hies wo.-k
tlieir way .l.,wi. tl..-...it.h th. hai.-s s.. as to f.a..h th. ski., of th.ir
viclun, h„t th.y a,v ..xt.vr.u.ly a-il. an.l .juickly tak.. flight at the
iry (•■■ittlc-
istic li.'ihii
arly ii|>m|i
>rt' HI' Ic^.s
"roiii twi)
Wiiuvv J.
S|ll'Cl('S,
iiiiiiilii'rs
hi' tliick
like flic
(•(inline
ci'c that
: <in tlic
lU' \>\;u-o.
. 'I'licy
I lit' Hies
lion tlic
> shown
irly flat
< ill this
:'st, Imt.
ijiiry of
einpfra-
's work
)f their
; at the
sli<,'litest (lisfiirliaucc. The liitcs >ertn to pnnluee u'nal irritation
and sores are t're«|iieiitly fornietl on the hodies of aiiiniaU liv their
rnld.iiii,' tlieiiiM'lves atjaiii^it trees ;ini| other ol.ject-^ or l.y liekiin^'
liitleii places where the irritation cannot i.e allaved l»v riii»l»in<' as
mside the thiLjhs and aioiind the iiddcr.
It is in the perfect state only that this insect is troiililesonie to
stock; hilt it appears early in spriiiu ami lasts tiie whole season,
successive hroods followin-,' each other raj. idly throiii,dioui the
siiinnier. Mr. Howard found that from ten to seventeen days, say
two weeks, was ahoiit the time re(|uired from the layini,' of the (-1;^
to the appearance of the tly, and as there are about four active
iMvediim nioinhs— from .May I .-.tli to Septemix-r l.-,lh- the; 'istinie
foreijiht lieiieratioiis or hroods. This rapidity of development will
aceount for the Hies appearinj; in such larire niimliers as to have
attrai'teilgcueral attention siiiiiiltaneoiisly in many wi<h'ly separated
localities. There is no doubt that the just has b( cu present on our
Canadian stock farms throii^dioiit the past summer, but has only
now increased in siiHicieiit numbers to alarm the owners. I'rof.
Robertson, the Dairy Commissioner for the Dominion, tells me that
he has received an unusual number (d" complaints this vear of Hies
wiMTying stock, and these are in all proltability attributal)le to this
new im]iortation, which broiiolit into the United States onlv six
years ai^o, has spread in all directions over many States of the
Union and is now iiifestiiiLT our herds in Canada.
The appearance of this insect in Canada is a serious matt'-r, for
it lias been found that stock in infested regions have been so mindi
tormented that animals fall off in eondition very much, and the
yield of milk is reti.need in some instances fnnu ■ ae-third to one-
lialf. There are, however, several simple reiiuviies which will,
if attended to, greatly reduce this loss, and if all fanners would
eombine and use them, not on'y would their animals beiietit in
comfort but the owners Mould reap rich returns for their outlay.
Rk.MK1)IKS.
Notwitlistanding the great loss which may result to stock-owners
from neglecting to attend to this new enemy, there is no reason
wdiy it should not be kejit within control by simple and well tested
remedies. This, of course, will l)e much more easily done if by some
united effort steps are taken promptly at its first appearance in a
''<'^^ l-'il-ly. FroM, tlu- fa.t that it l,as app.-an.! ..oM,,,arativ..|v
late inth,. sras.,,,, ai,.| |,n,l.al.ly will not this var -riv,. tnM.l.k.
MmH. lontf..,-, as it ahvays .lisa|.|K.ais with tlu- 11 rst' frost ruf a.it.nni,
lan.a.rs w,l| hav ai, o,,,,ort..i.ity of lM.,o,„iMtr a..,Mai,il,..l with the'
halMtsol fh,. ,,..st aiMlof U-aniiuythc. hrst n.m,..ii,.s to l„. ,,^..1
ajriiuist It. iM.foiv a iM.w scasot, opens, ami all sho„l,! l^. nivparcl
w.th tho rvturn of spn,,. to wa.u.- a syst.M.ali.-. vitronuts, a,..l p,.,-
Mst..Mt waflaiv, an.l .stfivv to in.ln.-,. thrir nri-hhours to .lo tho
sat.us M. as to pivvtit its i,HT,.a>i„u. in mumiIhts ai.-l spr,.a.lii..r all
over the Doiiiinion.
All accounts ugi-ee that the tly iiurcascs uuu-h .nor., rapi.liv early
111 ihv s,.ason than later on in the y.-ar. This shows the a.lv-.nta.re
<.l hem,, prepare.1 l.efore the pest app.-ars with the necessary
materials an.l lH.L,nnnin,ir work promptly so as to .Irstroy as n.any
as p(»ssil)le before l.reedinif eoinniences.
The re,ne,li..s are cheap, simple, ami easily ai-plicl ; luU constant
attention is r,Mpiire,l to make then. eir....tive. They may he -ro.,,,,.,!
iimler two heads : ^ . o x
_ 1. Preventive, or such as prevent injury to the animals hy keep-
ing,' the insects fi-om hit in-,' them ;
_ 2. Activ.., the ohject of xyhi.^h is the destruction of tlu, insects
either in the perfect or larval condition.
I. /Wn^,>c'.-rmlerthishea.lin.rl,.ann..t do better than m.ote
from the article by Messrs. Kiley an.l Howard in " Insect Life,"
Vol. II., No. 4, which rea.ls as follows :—
" Almost any greasy substance will keep the flies away for sev-
eral days. A number of ("xperiments were trie<l in the tiehl, with
the result that traiu-oil alone .and train-oil with a little sulphur or
carbolic acid added, will k,.ep the tlies away for from five to six
days, while with a small proportion of carbolic' acid it will have a
healing dfect upon sores which may Imve forme.l. Common axle-
grease will answer nearly as well, and this substance has been s,k
cosshilly and extensively used by a large stock-dealer in Vir-rinia
I allow has also been used to good advantage. The practice o
smearing the horns with pine or coal-tar simply repels them from
these parts. Train-oil or fish-oil seems to be more lasting in its
effects than any other of the substances used."
Crude Carbolic Acid or Oil of Tar, mix sufficiently with fish oils
If the two substances be placed togethel- in a bottle and well shaken.
iic-
i.
f
/^
/^
Tlu'V nmy l.c inivf.l in tl„. pn.|M.rli..ii ,,f i ,,/. ,,[ , iilur in half a
Kiilluii ..foil. Tl,,. Oil „r|-,.„. |,,„ ,, Mrw.i-..r...|,„ir il.ai, (',v\„Ki
Aciil ami is clirainT.
til.' Lost is til,' K rnM'iH. Kii,u\i,„i. aiPJ wli-n \nnuvy< liasr Irainl
how v.isUy this very valiial.l.' ivin.'c|\ a-aiiiM thr iriMct ..iMrnir, ..f
crops ami .JoiiM'stir animals can !..• pn-paiv-l. many nf tin' prMn
whicli nnw -ivt ti'-nililc will Im' KroMLrht intn snl.i.'c'tiMn.
Tills ,.nmUi. Ml r..nsists simply ..r a mixliir.' of >,,aps-su,|s witli
I twice th.' (|iianlily ,,( nnlJnary .'oal cil, ma^l.' as r,.ll,,ws :
/ K.Tos.'n.' (cnal nil) .J ,|||;,,.,^^
•^■'i'" ^^■■>'"''' I .piart,'
'^"•■'1' - UA.
I iSoil tl... s..ap in H,.. ualcr till all is Jissnh.'.l : tlim. wliilc l.oil-
"'-_''"'•""•" '' '"'" the k.i'..s,.n,.. and rlmrn it runstantly an-l
I'orcil.ly witli a syrini;.' or forci' pump for tiv.. miniifs, wli.n'it will
'•'• "•" ^ "" "'- '■'•'■amy .,atiir.'. If the rninlsiun 1,,' prefect it will
adiiere to the surface ,,f ^rhiss without oilin.ss. As it cools it
thirkons into a jelly-like mass. This ^nves the stork emulsion,
which must l.e.liliitcl hefore nsin- with nine tiim's its tneaMire, that
is 27 .piarts, of wat.'r. It will he foun.l to mix min-h more ..a-ily if
(lone at once, ix'forc it cools.
The ahove proportions ^ivc three <piarts of the stock emulsion
jvhi.-h with -Jl .piarts ,'•• water a.McI, make up .'Ju quarts of the
mixture I'ealy lor use.
This nniy he appli...| to the animals eitlnr l.y means of a spon^ro
or what will certainly he toumi most convenient, where there aTv
many animals to tn at. l,y means of a force pump an.l spray nozzle
Prof. W. IJ. Alwoo.l has found that th.' stock emu'sion .liliit.'.j
t''n times an.l n;ix<',l with one part of a water extract of tob.'ico
waste (made hy steepiuLC I | nl of t..l.acc.) stems in I -allon ,,f
hot water for an hour or m..n'), gaw almost perfe.t inimm.itv f..r
a peruMl of three .hiys ami that two treatments per week ahnost
entirely relieve.l his cattle fn.m annoyance. lie makes the .'ippli-
cation with a knapsack pump fitted with a cyclone n.)/zle, ami the
work is .lone just after niilkinjr lime. His melh.„I is as follows ._
The animals are .Iriven int.) an euclosurc through a gate win. h will
oidy admit one at a time. A man with a knapsack piimp on his hade
stands at the gate and sprays one side of each animal as it , .asses
10
tlicy arc tlicii ilrivi'ii out aoain. and tlic ntlicr si.lc i> treated in ilu'
same iiiaiiiicr, The (jiiatitity ol'lifjuid tints apiilicd is very small, Inil
lias lieon roimd siitlicieiit. Proviously, I>i-ot'. Alwood eniploved two
men at niilkinLT lime, and used one or two ]iints for eacli animal.
'1 lie knaji^-aek s|)i-ayer mentioned ahove. consists ot' a tank of 4
or :> uailons eapatuty, titted witli straps for carryinn- it on tiicliaek,
and sn|.|iliod witli a small force inim]!, a \'v\v feet of nihhcr liosc
and a sprayinii,- no/.zli'. Tliesc can l»i' procured from sevi'ral of the
pump makers for aliout -slii, or .sl4, complete.
Smaller and less expensive pumps would answer eipiallv well,
and may he ol)tained at prices i'ant;inn- from -^l' to -^T) from most of
oui' Canadian see(lsmen. The following' are the adilresses of somo
of the hest puni]) makei's in the Knited States : —
Thos. Woodason, t.M Kast ("ami>ria St., I'hiladelphi.a.
i\ll>inson it Co., -jolM; l'\)urteentli St., Washington, 1). C.
(iould's .Manufacturing (.'()., Seneca F.alls, X.V.
'IMu' Nixon Nozzle and .Machine (Jo., Dayton, Ohio.
Adam Wealier, Vineland, N. .1.
I am not aware that any pumps of the ahove classes are made in
Canada ; hut doiditless they can Ix'ohtained from Can.idian agents.
Should there he any Cana<lian manufacturers who make spraying
pumps, I shall lie glad to hear from tliom.
II. Aiiln . Of applications to destroy the lly, a proprietary
sulistance c(Misisting mainly of tohacco dust and creosote, and
known as ■•X. (). Dust," manufactured hy a Ualtimore firm, is
very highly spoken of, particularly hy Prof. ,1. 15. Smith, of the
New .lersey Kxperiment Station, 'i'his costs aliout l'.'i cents a
pound. When placed upon the I'attle liy <lusting it th.rough the
hair, the tlies will ;ioi remain long enough on the animals to bite
them. Its etfects last only ahout two davs.
Kerosene emulsion made as directed aliove, spr.aved over the
oattle, killed all the tlii's reached and prevented others coming, as
long as the odour laste<l, which was from three to seven days.
Keniedies for the destruction of the perfect insects, are mainly
useful upon the first a[tpearance of the pest in a new locality, or
early in the season for the destruction of the first hrood. The best
way to tight this enemy is hy the treatment of the cattle drojipings
so as to destroy the eggs and larvte. The maggots can oidy liv<' in
the dung while it is in a moist condition. Any nieaiis, therefore,
\
11
111 IIU'
ill, hut
L'll two
iiiiiial.
k of -l
? hack,
r liose
ni tlie
V well,
lost (tf
SOIllO
laiU' ill
m't'iits.
raying
rictary
I', and
Inn, is
of tliu
I'lits a
U'h the
Lu hite
t:r the
ing, as
s.
nainly
ity, or
le best
l.pings
liv in
rufure,
which will ensure its di'vini;' up hd'orc tlic maggots ai'c full grown,
will di'stroy ihcni. For this juirjioso lime, land jilastt'r, ;iiid wnod
aslu's have been rcconimi'iidcd, and tlic lasl-iiamcd of these will
jtrohahly he found tlu' best, not only from its strong alkaline
|irojierties, which are destructive to insect, life, hut also from its
great value as a fertilizer, and iVom the further fact that it is easily
olftainahle on every farm. If farmers could be mily induced to
keep this valuable material for application to their own land,
instead of, as is too ofien the case, selliie^ it to speculators at much
less tliaii its value to themselves, the i)enetil derivetl therefrom
wouM much more than repay them I'or the trouble ami expense,
even without considering:; the use i'or which it is now ri'commeiided.
Messrs. liiley and Howard state that •• 'riir()w ing a spadefid of
liine upon a cow dun-j,' will destroy the larva' that are living in it.
If till' evil should itn'rcasc, it will well pay a stock-raise'- io start a
load of lime through his lields occasionally, particula, in May
or Ju.ie, as every larva killed then rejiresents the deaili of very
many tlies during July and August. We feel eei'taiu tlii. L this course
will l>e found in many cases prai'tical and of great avail, ami will
often be an a<lvantage to the pasture besides."
I am of the opiniiui that (.'anadian wood ashe- would lie far
superior to lime for the above [lUi'posc, and il' neither of these
materials v/i-re easily obtained, a good shovi'lfiil of ilry cart h or road-
dust, would soon absorb the moisture neeessary for the development
of the larva'.
^Vhat a])pears to nu' to be the most practical recommendat i<ui, is.
that of Prof. I. 15. Smith. He says: — " By seiuling a boy over
tlio pasture every other day with a shovel to thoroughly spreail out
the cow droppings, all egus and larva' would be destroye«l." I
believe if this wei'i' done twice a week it would lie sutlicieiit, and
would be ecpially c^l^^ectiv" in wet weather, when the substance
would be washed away, as in liot weather, when it is dried up.