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CIHM/ICMH 
 
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 1980 
 
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 THE 
 BRITISH 
 
 Union Jack 
 
 A SHORT HISTORY OF OUR 
 NATIONAL FLAG FOR THE 
 CHILDREN OF OUR j*j*j»j*ji' 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 By H. SPENCER HOWELL, 
 
 QALT, ONTARIO. 
 
 1897^ 
 
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 REPonTER Press, Qalt. 
 
 
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 I 
 
 THE BRITISH UNION JACK. ^V 
 
 ^^9 ^^t ^^t ^^B ^^t ^^t ^^t ^^t ^^^ ^^t 
 
 ^ANKINU, in all the ages and in nearly every land, has 
 sliowii a desire to have associated with his own iden- 
 tity some peculiar mark or symbol, as an emblem 
 characteristic of his family, his attainments, or his 
 place of residence ; and, as a people of one state or 
 ^I^^IS^'^K!^'^ commonwealth, a distinctive cognizance or token to 
 \p-'y2^'y^ y y^f^[, perpetuate the remembrance of some valiant deed of 
 arms, or some special act pertaining to the welfare of 
 the community, and which has become national in its significance : typical 
 of the honor and integrity of a country. These insignia— carved in stone, 
 in ivory arid in gold, painted on wood, or worked in silk and woollen fabrics 
 — have represented almost everything in the animal and vegetable world, 
 celestial forms, and geometrical figures ; yet they were not chosen in an 
 indescriminate manner and without meaning, but, on the contrary, with 
 due consideration for the appropriateness thereof. The earliest chronicles 
 give evidence of these symbols being worn and used ; and the ancients 
 were particularly careful that there should not be any misconstruction of 
 the implied meaning, for nothing was employed that was not truly emblem- 
 atic. In the 3nd verse of the 3nd chapter of the Book of Numbers, we 
 find these words : — " Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by 
 his own standard, with the ensign of their father's house." The Romans 
 began the system of a regular code of heraldry ; and this was the origin of 
 personal, family, and national devices. Nothing of an emblematic charac- 
 ttr has played a more conspicuous part, in the history of the world, than 
 the Flag ; for, whether it has been as an armorial pennant of the knights- 
 errant of olden times, or as the standard of an Empire in later days, 
 around it has clustered the traditions of nations ; the best and the bravest 
 have fought and died to maintain its supremacy, countless thousands have 
 followed without fear where'ere it led them, it has inspired hope in the 
 face of despair and time and circumstances have hallowed it and made it 
 sacred. Well may our people of Canada love and bless "The flag that 
 braved a thousand years the battle and the breeze I' 
 
 The origin of the British national flag can be traced back to the first 
 Crusade, which took place eight hundred years ago. This great military 
 expedition which left the shores of Europe, in 1096, to struggle for the 
 possession of Jerusalem and the Holy Land (then in the hands of the 
 
\ 
 
 3 THE BRITISH UNION JACK. 
 
 Turks), was composed of the very flower of the chivalry of Christian 
 nations. Although recoKnizinR one leader, Godfrey de Bouillon, they 
 were, necessarily, divided into many camps ; and these various divisions 
 of the army were distinguished by certain flags, bannerets, and badges. 
 Whileon the,/flC7M«(or jacket) of each knight and soldier there was a 
 large coloured cross, so that those belonging to the same legion might the 
 more readily recognize one another. 
 
 The Croise (Crusader) from France wore a red cross ; those from beyond 
 the Rhine wore Yellow ; the cross ot the Flemings (from the Netherlands) 
 was green ; while those on the surcoats of the English were white. But 
 each of them displayed a small red cross of woollen fabric on the right 
 shoulder. At a later period, it appears that the cross of St. (ieorge became 
 recognized as emblematic of England (red c. on a white ground) ; the cross 
 (jf St. Andrew as that of Scotland (white saltire c. on a blue ground) ; and 
 the cross of St. Patrick as pertaining to Ireland (narrow red saltire c.) In 
 those days it was customary to place a javqm above the bowsprit of 
 a ship, so that vessels approaching might see the denotative badge ; and 
 on the ships belonging to the fleets of the British Isles the crosses, to- 
 gether, formed a j acq ua-u nit— or " Union Jack." While, to this day, the 
 the little pole above the bows of a British man-of-war is called the " Jack- 
 
 rftaff." 
 
 The Jack was adopted as a national ensign in 1(500 ; and it was confirm- 
 ed, by a royal proclamation, in 1707. 
 
 Prior to the year 1801, there were but the two crosses on the flag : those 
 of England and Scotland ; but at the time of the union with Ireland, on 
 the above date, the Irish cross was added to the others, aiid the three form 
 the Jack of the present da^ So that neither the Scotf h nor the Irish 
 might feel jealous because of one flag being " surcharged" upon the other, 
 it was deemed advisable to show the St. Andrew's cross as preponderating 
 in the first and the third quarters, (i. e. the white margin broader at the 
 top), and the cross of St Patrick in the ascendant in the second and fourth 
 quarters (red margin uppermost). The white border to the large red 
 cross of St. George is doubtless indicative of the original appearance: a 
 red cross on a white field ; besides, it is in keeping with heraldic rules and 
 requirements. 
 
 The British ensign is the Union Jack on a red " fly" (or field), without 
 
 any badge, crest, or arms. 
 The flag of a British man-of-war is the cross of St. George on a white 
 
 "fly," in the first quarter of which is the Union Jack. 
 The flag of the Royal Naval Reserve is the Jack on a blue " fly." 
 The flag of an Admiral is a red cross on a white ground, only, and is 
 
THE BRITISH UNION JACK. 8 
 
 carried at the main mast-head ; Vice-Admirals display theirs at the fore, 
 and Rear-Admirals at the mizzen mast-head. 
 
 The Royal Standard is simply the arms of the United Kindom :— three 
 lifnis, poHHant yuardant, in the first and the fourth quarters ; a lion, ramp- 
 ant, in the second ; and a harp in the third quarter ; but without 
 " supporters. " crest, or motto. This is the sovereign's own banner; it is 
 flown wherever she resides, or wherever she happens to be— on land or sea. 
 It is (or should be) displayed in Canada, over the Governor General's 
 residence:— on the anniversary of Her Majesty's birth, accession, and 
 coronation. When the Princess Louise was \n Canada, the standard was 
 flown whenever Her Royal Highness accompanied His Excellency on an 
 oflicial visit. 
 
 The Canadian Ensign is:— the British (red) ensign, un the "fly" of 
 which is a badge composed of the arms of the four original Provinces, 
 only ; Ontario, Quebec, Novia Scotia and New Brunswick ; without any 
 maple-leaf or oak-leaf wreath i, without a beaver or a crown. This badge 
 must not be larger than one quarter the size of the Jack, (Most of the so- 
 called Canadian flags which we see aie incorrect in design ; and the 
 owners are liable to a fine of five hundred pounds sterling if they display 
 these ensigns on ve.ssels or on public buildings.) In the military service, 
 the "Queen's" colour is the Union Jack with the numerals of the 
 regiment and the crown in centre. The " Regimental " colour is generally 
 the same as the facings; the territorial designation and numerals are 
 in colours m the centre, and ornamented with the Thistle, Rose, and 
 Shamrock. Sometimes a small Union Jack is in the first "canton," or 
 quarter next the staff. Rifle corps do not carry colours. 
 
 The Governor General's flag is the Union Jack with the arms of the 
 Dominion (four Provinces, only) in the centre and surrounded by agarland 
 of maple-leaves surmounted by a crown. The flag of the Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Ontario is a Union Jack, in the centre of which are the arms 
 of the Province, surrounded by a wreath of maple-leaves; but with no 
 crown above them. These flags, the Royal Standard, and the Queen's and 
 Regimental flags are nearly square in shape. The proper size of the 
 Ensign is twice as long as it is wide; and the Jack must occupy one 
 quarter of the v/hole; though these points are not strictly adhered to. On 
 all vessels, forts, public buildings, and at military camps, flags should be 
 hoisted at sunrise, or gun-fire, and lowered at sunset. Flags lowered to 
 half-mast is evidence of respect to the dead- Ensigns displayed reversed 
 means a signal of distress. 
 
 When heraldic devices of flags, arms, etc. are printed in one colour or by 
 one impression, the proper colours are designated by certain lines and 
 
4 THK BRITISH UNION JACK. 
 
 characters; -thus, red is represented by j)erpendicular lines, blue by 
 horizontal, jjjreen by diajfonal (from first (juarter to fourt'.)), black by 
 perpendicular and horizontal lines crossinjj each other closely, purple by 
 diajjfonal lines (from second to third quarter), yellow or gold by spots on 
 white ground, silver by pure white. Metals (silver or white, and gold or 
 yellow) are never blazoned one on the other ; but metals on colours, and 
 the reverse. 
 
 St (Jeorge became the popular, tutelary saint of England in the days of 
 Richard C«)eur de Lion ; and was made the patron saint of the kingdom in 
 the reign of Edward III. The national festival (April 2yd) was inaugur- 
 cd bv the Council of Oxford, in 1323. 
 
 St. Andrew, the patron samt of Scotland, was one of the disciples; after 
 suffering martyrdom by crucifixion on a saltire cross, his remains were 
 removed from Patrae, (Jreece, to Constantinople, and thence (tradition 
 tells us) to St. Andrews, a seaport in F'ifeshirc, Scotland. St. A. is also 
 venerated in Russia as the founder of the church. 
 
 St. Patrick, the apostle of the Irish, was a son of Calpurnius and a 
 grandson of Potius, a priest. He was first sold into captivity, by the Picts, 
 about the year 411, and taken to Ireland; aftei gaining his liberty he 
 devoted himself to the church. At 4.") years of age he was consecrated 
 bishop, and died in 457, A. D. 
 
 The Most Noble Order of the Garter was constituted by King Edward 
 III., in 1348, or '4S); tradition says on the 33rd of April, in the latter year. 
 Motto, '• Eoil 10 him who evil Thinks." 
 
 The most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle was founded by 
 King Achaius (according t<» Legendary lore), and revived by King James II. 
 in IGH7. Motto, " No on", annojf.s 7ne ivifJi Impunitj/." 
 
 The Most Illustrious Order of St. Patricjc was instituted by King George 
 III., in 1783. Motto. " Who shall iSf.parate." 
 
 The Most Honourable Order of the Bath was established in 13JM). by 
 King Henry IV. It was revived by George I., in 1735. Motto, •"■Three 
 joined in One.." 
 
 The Most Exalted Order of the vStar of India was instituted by yueen 
 Victoria, in 1801 . Motto, '' Heaven's I Aght our Guide." 
 
 The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. (Jeorge was 
 established in 1818 (Prince Regent), and extended in 1868-'77. It is the 
 order usually bestowed upon our Colonial statesmen. Motto, " A Pledge 
 of Better Times " 
 
 The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire was instituted by Her 
 Imperial Majesty, in 1878. 
 
 The Distinguished Service Order was founded by yueen Victoria in 
 1886. ""*" 
 
 The Royal Victorian Order was instituted in 1890 by Her Majesty. 
 
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