IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /A w // i IL S\ ^I-c', rA fA 1.0 I.I bi 128 1 2.5 ^ 1^ ill 2.2 1 U£ 12.0 III 1.8 1.25 1.4 J4 * 6" — ► V] n ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^^ V f:'^ ^^ \ \ 4^ i SOMETHING NEW IN ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA I New Methods. New Sclutions. New Examples. ■lO:- THE TEACHER'S HANDBOOK of ALGEBRA, — BY— J. A. McLELLAN, M.A., L.L.D., Inspector of High Scnools, Ontario. It contains over 2,500 Exercises, including aboui Three Hundred and Fifty Solved Exam- ples, illustrating every type of question set in elemeatary Algebra. It containe complete explanation of Homer's Mul- tiplication and Division, with application not given in the Text-Books. It contains a full explanation of the Principles of Symmetry with numerous illustrative examples. It contains a more complete illustration of the Theory of Divisors, with its beautiful applications, than is to be found in any Text Book. It contains what able Mathe Jiatical Teachers have pro- nounced to be the " finest chapter on factoring that has ever appeared." It contains the latest and best methods of treatment as given by the great Masters of Analysis. It contains the finest selections of properly olaesiflsd Equations, with methods of resolution and reduction, that has yet appeared. ix contains a set of Practice Papers made up by selecting the best of the questions set by the University of Toronto during twenty years. It is a Key of the Methods, a Repertory of Exer- cises, which cannot fail to make the teacher a better teacher, and the student a more thorough algebraist. 225 Pages, Toned Paper, Price $1.25. TV. J. G>kGS &; Oo. s W. J. GAGE St CJO.'S EDUCATIONAL SERIES. XEXX BOOKS ENGLISH GRAMMAE. — BY — MASON AND MACMILLAN. Mason's Advanced Grammar. Including the principles of Grammatical Analysis. By C. P. Mason, B.A., F.C.P., Fellow of University College, London. Enlarged and thoroughly revised, with Examination Papers added by W. Houston, M.A. 27th'edition, $o 75 •• I asked a Grammar School Inspector in the old country to send me .'ae best grammar published there. He immedi- ately sent Mason's. The chapters on the analysis of difficult sentences is of itself sufficient to place the work far beyond any English Grammar before the Canadian public." — Alex. Sims. M.A., H.M.H.S., Oakville. Mason's Shorter English Grammar. With copious and carpfolly graded exercises, 243 pages — New and improved edition So 60 Mason's Outlines of English Grammar. For the use of Junior Classes %^ $0 50 English Grammar Exercises. By C. P. Mason. Reprinted from Common School Edition, $0 30. REVISED EDITIOIV Miller's Swinton's Language Lessons. Adapted as an introductory Text Book to Mason's Grammar. B^ J. A. Macmillan, B.A. It contains the Examination Paper; for admission to High Schools, and teaches Grammar and Composition simultaneously. 5th Edition, 50th thousand, •o as. . LITERARY EXTRACTS TO -All) PUPILS WHO AllE PllKPARLNG FOR ExaminaUo'i in Bit lish Literature for Admission to Idigh Schools, BY A. MACALLUM, M.A., LLP.., INSIKCTOR OF PLBUC 8CU0OI.Q, IIAMiLVoV. ' CouM-rising Biograiiucal Skktcuks of the Autli-rs from whom the celcotious havo jcen made. WITH NOTES, ailAMMATICAL, CnJTTCJL. r/K^. ALSO. MAP OF AIsClENT GREECP;. AND Examination Tapeus, containing those Set fou Admis- siox TO HifiH Schools, By J. M. BUCHAN, M. A., Jnipecioro/ Hl'jh Schools. SEVEN^TIf EOITIOIV— REVISED AND ENLAltOED. TORONTO: W. el. liAG>: & COMPANY. i 18H 187a t II t I t PREFACE. II t Tliesu Notca are en the lessons selected from the <4th Bock for Special Examination of Candiflates for admifisioii to tue High Schools and Collegiate Institutes in Ontario. Under each lesson the notes are in alphabetical <ecially to the pronun- ciation of Proper Nouns. The adminiblo rtilo laid down by Lord Sydenham should always be our guide :— *' Be sure you are right and then go ahead." The questions hitherto published in c-nnoction with this subject are added ; they afford to teacher nnd pupil some idea of tlie style and dirtieulty of the cxamina. tiou tor which th(7 are prepyrinp. Hamilton. March. 181K PREFACE TO run 8 10 CO NO E J)ITION'. The favor witli which the first edition of the Liter- ary Notes was received is most gratifying. Three thousand cojjies were sold in ten days. The second edith-h affords an oi»jio:-tiinit/ for the correction of some errors, wliose presence in thefornier may be explained but not excused by the haste with which my publishers thought it necessary the book, should appear. They were very anxious the assist- ance it affords should be supplied at the earliest moment possible. No expense has been si)ared on their part to render it realli/ acceptable to those for whose benefit it has been i)rei)ared. By additions which need no commendation/ a few of the notes have been enlarged ; but by far the greatest improvement in this edition is the Appendix. It consist? almost exclu- sively of Grammatical Notes, which we intended should fcmbrucu every dilHculty of any moment, in these i-U- PREFACE. teen lessons. It. is not supposed, however, that every person will acquiesce in the views presented ; but the hope is strongly entertained that such assistance has been afforded as will be of . • ' .-iervice to those prepar- ing to pass the Entrance Examination. Suggestions that will make the little book more acceptable by im provinir it, will be thankfully received from any source, but especially from teachers. Thanks are due to I'rof. Young for permission to reprint Valuable Suggestions from his Report on High Schools in 1867; and to J. M. Buchan, M.A., for the Entrance Examination Questions heremiio ap- pended. i Hamilton. April, i^^^ CONTENTS. Page in 4th Book. PA^jjg 1 Norwegian Colonies in Greenland < una ea 30 Founding of the North American Colonies ii •• /o 34 Voyage of the Grolden Hind 14 •< ^l 46 Discovery of America 17 <• 73 88 Death of Montcalm 19 •< 74 93 Jacques Cartier it Hoc he lajia 22 " 75 139 Cortez in Mexico 25 144 The Buccaneers . 29 '* 76 151 Earthquake at Caraccas ;jl '< 77 101 Conquest of Peru 3,5 •< 7^ 183 " " Wales .-,y « 79 •204 Hermann, the Deliverer of Gormauy 45 22s Burning of Moscow 4{^ •« ^ '235 Battle of Th(.rmoi)ylu3 52 237 Destruciiiou of Pompei o4 244 Taking of Gibraltar tiO " fti NORWEGIAN COLONIES IN G-REEN- LAND. FdUiiTii Buck of Heading Lessons. Paof 1. I il Black Death, calletl in English history Black pJayue, anl thus refeired to by Collier : — " But the strife was now (1347) hiishe«l before the breath of the Destroying Angel ; for a teri-ible sickness, called the Black Plague, which had swept over Asia and the south of Europe, bioke out in France and England. The London churchyards were soon tilled ; throughout the country the dead cattle lay rotting and poisoning the air ; labor and trade stood still ; the lower classes fell by hundreds in the day ; the rich shut themselves in their solitary castles ; wailing and desolation tilled every city Many evils followed the itestilence ; nearly all the artizans and laborers had perished, for plague is filways heaviest on the poor ; those who had escaped, left the country. The crops were often allowed to moulder away for want of money to pay the exorbitant wages of the harvestmen, and the price of flour rose for.r-foid. A common feeling ascribed this disaster lo the long toe-points and curled beards of the men, and to ^'he masculine dress assumed by the belles of the day ; and laws to curb extravagance in 8 LITFRAUY FX'I'IJ ATTS AND VOTKS. dress wci-h enacted. A set of enthusiasts callcJ .FIag.-5l]ants, cumo frojr Hungary and passed tlirouoh tbo country, lashing tbemsches till the blood ran d'.wn tbdr shoulders, that the plague mi^lit be stayed. ThtTc can b'. no duubfc that the i)la?;ues wldch from t^'uio to tinii:! visited England wsro rendered u\i>if>. v'iralont and lasting by the want of cleanliness in thy h AIS08. the streets, and the persons of the people. Good ventilation, proper si.'werage, wliolesonie food, r*nd the abundant us'.* of water, hav<' banished fjoni our shores tho terrible plague, which still lurks in tioiiij cIuSj and filthy cities of the east, and have mnch Ids.; .nod tho violence of thorio epidemie diseases whicii htill smite tho nation." Er'-lc— A proper name. Esquimau. —(es'-ke-mo) phiral, Esfiuimaux (cs'-ke-mos), the inliabitauti of GreHulaucl and the Arctic portion of Aniericx The word means eaters of ra\v' llesh ; formerly they inhabited Labrador. ttraenland.— (Greeu'-land), so called by Eric llaud*. Garde (gar'-da), a place in Greenland. Iceland (iss'-land), called Island (ess'-land) by the natives; length about 300 miles, breadth 200 miles, area 40,000 square miles, population 70,000, capital Fveykiavik, '(re'- ke-a-vik), population 1,400. Leif (le-if or life), Rauda's sou. Norwegian.— (Noi'-wo'-gi-an), an inhabitant of Norway. OlauaTryggsson.-CO-la'-usTrig'.ge-son), a King of Norway. Osterbygdt.— (Os'-ter-bygdt, or bygd, Gfrman beet), Oatre, aiiat, and Bygdt, country ; it reminds us of Ostrogotha, e«iteru Gotha. I t I f FOR ADMISSIOIf TO HIGH SCnOOLS. U Rauda (ro'-da or roV-da), supposed to be tlie tiri-t di'^cuverer of Greenland. Saoefellzness. — (Sno'-fellz-ness/, a place in Icr^and. Skroellings. — (Skrol'-lings screamers or wretches), also called Skralini^er (Skra'-liu-gi-T), another name for Ksqniiuaux. William Scoresby (Skors'-be), an arctic Tiii i- gator and cler<4vni;iu, was born at Cro[)ton. York- shire, 1790. and died in 1857, at Torquay (tor'-ko), a favorite \vatei'iiig-|>lace in Devonshire. His father, also called William, whs broui,4it up as a farrnor :\t the same place ; when about 30 years old he adoptfid a seafaring life, became a successful whalin<^ ma«tcr, and held command in thirty voy.^^e^. Wlun .nir author was ten years of age he ran away in on • of his lather's ships, and in his IGth year attained the rank of chief mate ; as second officer of the ship lltsolu- tion, under his father, in 1806, he reached the highest point of northern latitude till that date visited by man, 81° 30', within 540 miles of the pole. Captain Parrv, in 1827, went 80 miles farther and planted the British flag in latitude 82'' 45'. On his return, he devoted some years to study at the University of Edinburgh, and in 1810 became Captain of the Resolution. The serie? of explorations in i.he north which have distinguished our century mav be said to have origin- ated with him. In the same regions he was the first to make scientific exploration on jitmosi)heric elec- tricity. In the ship Baffin, tlie y^ar 1822 found him ^i 10 LITKHAMV KXTH\ossessioi> of the coast from Nova Scotia to (.'andina, calling it NcvV France. He gave some liquor to the nntivcs afc a certain place ; they became intoxicated and called it A'an-na-hn.' ttni, the place of d run kennels — afterwards it w;4a con- trai;ie SCHOOLS. 15 James th** T. of Kngland and VI. of Scotland, son of the un- fortunate Mary Queen of Scots, horu a*. Edinburgh, 1 .*>♦!({ ; crowned, ISo? ; ascended the throne of Kngland in 1H03 ; died in 1625. In his reign the authorized translation of the Bible ii^to English was accomplished, and in 1012 two persona were burned at Smithtield for their religious opinions, the last of these disgraceful executions in Great Britain. Monday, moon's-day, called after the moon, by our Anglo- Saxon forefathers. The origin of the names by which the days of the week are known, may be seen in the Spelling Book. «« Like the swan," etc. (et ce'-te-ra, and the rest), this notion about the swan is entirely erroneous. We are now per- fectly satisfied these birds never sing. To Coleridge is attributed the followiDg lines : — Swans sing before they dio ; Twcre no bad thing, Did certain p)er8on3 did Before they sing. Ealelgh, Sir Walter, born in 15.52, beheaded in 1618 ; an ex traordinary man, of great ability, scholarly attainments, and lofty genius ; educated at Oxford and the Temple, served v.ith distinction as a volunteer in France, and after- wr.;ds in the Netherlands. In 1585 he sent out an expe- dition that discovered Virginia ; took un active part in the defeat of the Invincible Armada, 1588. In 1595 he led an expedition against Oenliral and South America, hoping to discover Eldora'do — The Golden Land — the existence of which was firmly believed in that age, but not realized till the gold fields of California and Australia artonished the world ; took part with Lord Cecil — prime minister of Elizabeth — agaiur^ the Earl of Essex. Cecil afterwards determined to put down Kalcigh, and though Jaine« at 2 16 LlTEUART K1TRACT8 AND NOTKS first treated hun with favor, in 1G03 he was imprisoned, tried and convicted of being a traitor in the pay of Spain — a very unjust and unfour'led accusation. James waa not aahaiiied to keep him a prisoner in the Tower, for thirteen long years, during which he wrote the "History of ti.. VV^orld," John liunyan, when simihirly situated for twelve years, wrote "The Pilgrim's Progress." In 1615 the King allowed him +0 lead an e::pedition to Guiana (ghe-a'-na), it proved disastrous, and on his return he was put to death under ths sentence passed on him fifteen years previously. His v/vitings in prose are vigo- rous and eloquent; some of h» ' poems though short in length, are great in beauty. He excelled in the mechanical arts, was a daring navigator, and unwearied in his efl'orts to extend the commerce, as well as to create the colo- nial power, of England. St, Johns. — See note under Founding of the Nortii American Colonies. September. —(Latin, septem, seven), the ninth month of our year, the seventh with the Svirly Romans, wL's'^ year began in March, as the legal year did in £::^'uid, "I'll changed by Act of Parliament in 1752 ; and to conect the • error in the days, the third of September was at the same time changed to the fourteenth. Squirrel and Delight. — Vessels engaged with the U olden Hind iu the voyage under cousideratiou. I FOR ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. u I DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. Pa«;e 46. August, 8«. called after Augustus, m ho was Konjun KmiK.iof when our Siivior was hom. The oM [iojuaa naiuo wua Sextilis, the sixth mouth from March— the month iu whirli the primitive llomuns, as well as the Isr;»elite» bei,'an the year The mime w;i8 cljanged in honor of the emperor, on account of his vict'ncs, and his enter- ing on his first consulate in that month. Bauble, any thing gay and showy, without real merit. Crucinx, a cross hav^iug ui)on it a figure of Christ crucified. Caitile &; Leou (kas-teol') and (le'ou), formerly kingdoms, now provinces of Spain. Cliris'topher Columbus, born in Gcn'oa, 1441, devoted himself to the study of gcog-aphy. Hnre is not now a part of the soldiers' arms. Hawkins. — See note under Picture of Quebec, in this lesson, Italy. -^One of the countries of Southern Europe, in shape like a boot, area 114,800 square miles, population 26,800,000 ; capital, Konie, population 250,000, celebrated for many wonderful buildings, most notably St. Peter's church, which cost about §80,000,000 — the finest ecclesiastical structure in the world. Lieutenant du Rol (lu-t-uang du rwa), a military officer of hiiih command. Martello Tower (mar-tel'-lo tow-er), a building of masonry, generally circular, with a cannon on the summit mounted so that it can be fired in any direction. Montmorenci (mont-nio-ren'-se), a river that joins the St. Lawrence six mile^ N". E. of Quebec, after formang a cataract 250 feet high. ! I 20 r.ITRRAIlY RXTRACTS AND WOTES Montcaljn, Louia Joscj-li, Marquis de (mont-kam' lcc'-« jo-zef niar-ki de), a PVencli soldier, born ne?.r Nimes (neeiu), 1712, died in Quebec, IJth Sept., 1759. Shortly- after his death Quebec surrendered, and all Canada became British territory. " It ma}^ be doubted wiietlier France ever had a better soldier, and she certainly never sent, to her Anieric.in possessions a commander at all comparable to him in soldierly (jualiiications." Oswego ^()S-\ve'-go), a city and port of entry on the S. E. coast of Lake Ojitario, in New York State, population 17,000. Plains of Abraham.— The place wh.-r • Wolfe gained the victory over xMontcain) ; it is west of Quebec, on the high table- land on which the citadel is built, and called, it is said, after the person who owned the land. Picture of Quebec— The book from which this lesson is taken, written by Alfred Hawkins, Esq., a native of Englnnd, and f 01- some years Master of the Port of Quebec ; died at thot city in 1 S.04 ; wrote Picture of Quch'C, Death of Wolfe, and other works. Raniesay, M. de (ram za'), Commander of the garrison. . Roussillon (roos-sil-yo'" ), Commandant of the city. Rouge Cape (roozh), means red cape, a point near Quebec, on the west. St. Charles, a river that enters the St. Lawrence just easv of Quebec. Tlconderoga (ti-con-der-o'-ga), south of Lake Champlain. Ursuline Convent (ur-su-li-n), an educational establishment in Quebec, founded in 1639 by Madame de la Pelterie (Ma'-dam de la Pel'-ter-a), for the education of Indian girls. Vaudreuil, Marquis de (voh-draV-yee niar-ko da), the last French governor of Canada. William Henry, Fort, a plaee of some strength at the Lead FOR ADMISSION TO IIIOH SrHO-LS. 21 It of Lake Geovge, 1 1 the State of ^«,#r york, south of Lake Champlaiu ; also tha legal and proper name of Sorel, ho called in honor of his late Majesty, William IV. Folfe, General James, born in Kent, England, 1726. His father was a general, and James entered the army at an early age, distinguisheowlal! (a corruption of Sir Roger Douglas), with an army of G0,000 strong, of whi.ih one-fourth were cavalry. I'his famous battTe was fought at Plassey, a place 80 miles north of Calcutta. By this great victory the whole of Bengal (ben-gawl'). became subject to the East India Coni])auy ; the atroci'- tiesof the Black hole-the fitting precursor of the infa- mous massacre at Cawnpora (cawn-pore') though pre- ceding it by a century were avenged ; and the fouudu- tio.j of Briti^li power in tlie East laid uj.on a rock. Queen Victoria is now, at the rccpiest of her Oriental subjects, Empress of jndiu. The triun phs of Wolfe in the western world occurred nearly at t • same time. It was an era of conquest. History does iot record i par- allel case when two such empires wore added, by any power, to its domain, within a space of little more than two years. JACQUES CARTIER AT HOCHSLAG-iL Pagk 93. Gospel of St. John.— The story of our Saviour's life, action, and death, as relat-d by St. John tlie Evangelist. Hawkins.— Sc. Picture of Quebec. Hermerillon — harmer-e yo(" ). Indian Tribes. -Algonqu ins (al-gong-kang). This numerous people held exte« sive hunting grounds on the north side of the St. Lawrence, extending westward about 300 milu8 from Three IJivers. They had for some time been regarded as the masters of this part of America, were considered the mildest and most polished among the ted men, lived by the chase, and despised any of their neighbors who bestowed any care ou the cultivation of the soil. 1 ! FOl. *TISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 23 liociuola, riie, (ir-o kwa*). who finally acted the moat conspio- u(iii.-> part aruoug thu native tribes ou thi;? part .»f the oojitinont, enjoyol the long rangeof territory south of the St, Lawrence, from Lake Chainp'aiu to thi^ eastern p'M'tion of Lake Krie. 'I'hough not in(.lijiled within Ci^nadian liniita, yot 8o intimately eO!;!U!.:ted were they with our interests that ^paee is a(For'serable existence at several places near Quebec city. Jacques Cartier.— 8ee founding' of North- American Colonies Indians, (Ind'-yans or in'-de-ans). the aboriginal inhabitants of America :— so-called originally from the idea, on the part of Columbus and the early navigators, of the identity of the new world with India, Indian Com, or Maize, a plant and its fruit of the genus zea (zea-raays), of which several kinds are cultivated ; as the yellow corn, which grows chiefly in the Northern States and Canada, and the grain of which is yellow when ripe ; white or Southern corn, which grows to a great height and has white obong seeds ; sweet corn, grows chiefly at the north, and has seeds that wrinkle when ripe and dry ; pop-corn, Avhich is a small variety, having small seeds. Lake St. Peter.— An enlargement of the river St- Lawrence, twenty miles long and twenty wide, some distance below Montreal. R'ontreal, (mon-trc-awl'), a corruption of the words Mount Royal, the name given by Cartier to the hill which rose to the height of 550 feet, near the village of Hochelaga. This flourishing city is the . ommercial capital of The Dominion of Canada ; it is built on the south side of an island of the same name, at the confluence of the rivers Ottawa (ot'-ta-wa) and St. Lawrence. The island is 30 miles long, and 10 in greatest br.-adth ; the city is about 700 miles from the mouth of the river, 180 south-west of Quebec, 33.S miles by rail from Toronto, 335 from New York, latitude 45° 31' north, longitude, 73° 35' west, popu- •lation about 120.000. The Victoria bridge, two miles long, crosses the river near the city; it was built at an ex- pense of over $5,000,000 1 ••OR AbMISSTnN TO FIIOH SCHOOLS. 25 October, (oc-to'-ber), from the Latin ocio, eight ; the eighth month of the primitive Roman year, and the tenth month in the Julian year, wh'.ch consisted of 3(15 days 6 hours, adopted in the Julian Calendar, and continued in use till superseded by tlie Gregorian Calendar, so-called because Pope Gregory XIII. reformed the Julian Calendar, order- ing Octoberoth, 158-2, to becalled the loth, and that hence- forth the year should consist of 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 12 seconds, which would lead to an error of oiojic day ouly in .'?,86G years. Richelieu, (rcesh'-el-yu), a country and river of the Province of Quebec ; the stream was originally called the river of the Iroqu'ois. It is sometimes known by the name of, the Sorcl river, from the town at its mouth ; it connects Lake Cljamjdain with the St. Lawrence, 80 miles distant from this point. St. Mary (sent na're), a rapid part of the river St. Lawrence a little distance below Montreal. St. Croix (8t. Kiwa'), a place a little west of Quebec, on the river St. Lawrence. The name is now lost, &c., not so ; Hochelaga is the name ot, the place so called when visited by Cartier. CORTFZ IN MEXICO. Page 139. Cortez (kor-tes' er-nan'-do), the conqueror of Mexico, born at M.'dellin (ma-del-yeen'), Spain, 1485, died near Seville (se-vil'), in great poverty and neglect, 1547. In 1504 he came to America, held various appoinments in Santiago (San-te-a'-go), of Cuba, and in 1518, commanded the ex- pedition for the conquest of Mexico, consisting of 550 Spaniards, 200 or 300 Indians, a few negroes, 12 or 13 cavalry horses, 10 brass guns and some smaller cannon called falconets. He landed in Mexico early in 1519; 1 26 tr»M;RAl!V KVTKAt.'TH AN): N(»TK8 burnt l>is ships ; foood the intiMS f>n aiU'aiiccMl in civili- zation ; tlofi atoil his brave opponents ; fou'^'ht his way to thu capital of the country, also called Mexico, alway.i talviuix part witlj those (ipposc'd to Mojiti'Zinna, anil with his .vniiy increased to (lOOO entered the capital in j^reat ponij) ; took Monte/anna, the hlrnperor, prisoner in his own palace : quelled revolt after revolt ; ruled with a rod of iron ; put to death all who opposed him. While absent ti» lii^dit Karvaez (narva'-eth), who had come to su])e.aede him. t!ic part of his army left in the city was driven out ami their rear guard cut to pieces. Shortly j'ftcr this, however, the great victory of Otuniba (o-toom'-ba) decided the fate of Mexico, and advancin^ a^;ain3t tlie city he took it by storr% after a gallant de- fence of 77 days, in August, 1521. Honors were con- fi. rrcd by his country ; he was appointed governor and captain-general of Mexico, and raised to be a marquis. His great effort was to convert these pagans to Chris- tianity, but his conduct was such as to embitter the natives against Jiini and liis religion, Montezuma had been killeil in battle, and the new emperor, who was a man of much greater energy, was, with a u umber of his caciques, executed with great cruelty, by order of Oortez, He returned to Spain, was well receiv.jd by Charles V., sent ba(;k with honors, but with diminished power. In 1536 he surveyed a portion of the gulf that separates California from Mexico ; returned again to Europe ; ac- companied Charles V. ou a disastrous expedition to Algiers, but afterwards was utteriy neglected, and treated with ingratitude by the emperor. He richly merited this treat'nent for his wanton cruelty, grasping ambition, and crushing oppression towards the country on which, for all time, he had left his own image arid superscription. Cassell, John, a celebrated London publisher, was born at f roil AhMISSIoX TO IIICJJl SfJI.iOf.S. •27 Manclioster, in .lanuaiy, IS 17 ; lii-s i>;iro!it.4 wore poor, lii.s «-'aily opportunities very alemier, and while tstill yoiin<; ho a»e moat noted of all the huccaneers. Montbarj (niout-bar), a very .el-bralea l.uc uuuer of French cy 'taction. Maxim, an estiiblished principle, an adage, a proverb, a gnid- in.; priiifiple over to be admitted in the concerns of life Pacific Ocean, so called by those who first sailed on it, because they tlu)u.;hl it free from storms. Panama (i.iiu-a-ma', mud-tish in which the bay abounds), formerly called Parien. Poetic Justice. -Jnsticeaccoruin.G; to their idea at the time, and in the circumstance then exist-ug ; justic without refer- ence to ri-ht a coarse or :.cti..a (»t wiiich the buccaueera approved.^/ « poetry kuc^ws no laws that ^^^ '•'°\** *^7''^;, to subserve the puq^oso of the author, ^e overlooked so araouR tlu^e nea-robhcTs them was no law of r.aht consul- ered bindin" under all eireurnstanco. . , , ^t " Poetic justice" mav refer to what is considered one of the esHcMtinls of any great epic or dramatic poem- -the re- ward of the meritorious uud the puiushment ot the guilty. • Ri)vlock' sou-rht to injure ' Antonio' and was deservedly puni^^hed bv ' Portia.' The buccaneers sought to be the dis-cnsers of this poetic justice by puni- ^dng tli« Spaniards for the iv.jnries i.flict.d by them up i ^Xe native Ameri- cans. In real lif. . r.nfoituuately, the i;:uoccnt often suffer and the puiUy go free. St ChriBtopher (sent kris'-to-fer), also called St. Kitts-one of the British West India Islands in the Leeward (le -ward) group, north-east of tlie (.^aribbeau sea. St. Domingo (sent do-min'g-go), or San Domingo (sau -do- miocr'-go), an islet of the West Indies, on the Great Bahama bank (ba-ha' mu), 90 miles north-east of hen vitas in Cuba. San Lorenzo (sau lo-ren'zo), a castle wnich has long since dis- nppeared. Tortuga (tor-too'.ga), three islands of the same name are 'ound ; this oneN. W. oi iiuyu, another m the Car'b- FOR AOMiSSTON TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 31 bean sep near tne coast of South America, and tlie third in the Gulf of California, upper part. Visor (vis'or), written also visard, and visar, a head-piece oi mask used to protect and disguise. Welsh mun (welsh'-man), a native of Wales. EARTHQUAKE AT CARaCCAS. Page 151. Avlle and Silla (a'-ve-la and soel'-ya), two mount in peaks near Caraccas ; they rise to a height of 8,700 feet. Caraccas (ka-ra'-kas), population GO, 000, situated seven miles from t.ie sea, and 3,000 feet above it. The moun- tains near 't rise tc a height of over 5,000 feet. The houses are built chiefly of brick, its streets are narrow, but well paved, and cross each other at riglit angles ; and great attention is given to education. In 18'26 the city suffered again by a violent earthquake. Lisbon, in 1755, and Uiobamba in the province of Quito, suffered in 1707, terribly from this cause. In Canada, for months during 1G(>3, an earthquake of great violence continued. Catanea (ca-ta-ne-a), in 169.3, Calabria (ka-ld-bri-a), in 16.38, were visited by these wholesale destroyers — the earth* quakes. Capuchin Hospital (kap-yu-sheen' os'-pe-tal), an hospital attended to by Monks of the Order of St. Francis. A monk is a man who retires from the ordinary concerns of life, devotes himself to religion, and binds himself by a vow to a life of celibacy. Caraguata (car-ag-u-at'-a\ a ravine near Caraccas. De-la-Pastora (de-lo pas'-to-ra), name of a Custom house— a place in whic:h goods are kept till the duty on them is paid. 'I Pi 32 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES II Jl i ! El Quartel de San Carlos (elkwar'-tel d.1 pan-car'-I^ce), the iitui::* wT a batracks, a place and buildings in which R(il by Charles V. ; defeated and put to death in a ijuarrel with Pizarro, 1538. Atahualpa ya-ta-hwal'-pa), spelled sometimes Atabalipa (a-ta- bal'-i-pa^, the lust Inca of Peru, died ] 533. He was con- denmed by a wicked court-martial to be put to death by burning, but this was changed to strangulation on his accepting baptism at the hands of the priests who accom- panied the invaders. Cacique or Cazique (ka-seek'), plural caciques or caziques, Spanish, from the island of Hnyti (ha'te), a king or chief among some tribes of Indians in America. Capac means great or powerful. Caxamalca (kax-a-mal'-ka), or Cajumaroa (ka-ha-mar'-ka, i. «., a place of frost), a department and city of Peru, now called Guamachu'co (gwa-ma-chu'-co). Cuzco (koos'-ko), a city in Peru, anciently the capital of that country, founded, according to tradition, in the 11th cen- FOli ADMISSION To HIGH SCHOOLS. 37 tury; at the conquest by Pizarro, the population jras said to be 20U,OJ0. The Peruvians called it the holy city, and they had erected therein the famous temple of the sun. Charles V. waa born in 1500, succeeded his grandfather, Ferdinand, asking; of Spain, in lolG; elected emperor of Germany in 1519 ; abdicated in favor of his son in 1556, and died in a convent two years after retiring. Don (from Latin domiaus, master), Sir ; Mr.; Sig'nior (see'n- yur), the same as Seignior among the Italians; a t:tlo in Spain formerly given to noblemen and gentlemen only, but now common to al) classes. Oomlnican friar (do-min'-i-can), a brother or member of the religious order founded by Dominicus Guz'man (do-min-i- cus Guz'-man),uitroduced into England A.D. (Latin.anno Domini, for, in the year of our Lord), 1221. In the Koman CathoUc Church there are four special orders of lay brethren who devote themselves to useful works, especi- ally in conueotiou with manual labor-schools and other educational institutions, namely :— (a) Minora, Grey Friars or Frauciscaus ; (b) Augus'tines ; (c) Domin'icaus or Black Friars ; (d) VVhite Friars or Car'meUtes. Hernando ^er-nan'-do), brother of Pizarro. Huayna Capac (hway'na-kap'-ak, the last letter in the name as given in tlie -Ith b jok should be C), an Emperor of Peru who died shortly before the arriv ! of the Spaniards. Huacar (hwas'-kar), the immediate .successor of the preceding. Inca.— In'-ca), plural in'cas, a king or prince of Peru before the . conquest by the Spaniards. Marquis-de-las-Chazcaa (mar-ke-da-las-shaz'-kas), the title ol Pi-iarro ; he was also governor of Peru by appointment of Charlea V. Peruvians (pe-ru'-vi-ans), inhabitants of Pern. Pe-so, plural pe'sos U)a'-^o) a gold coin the commorcij^l value of L::--..:mg ^■S5fe:^iBiessg^ ag;gt;!sr^':^.ag,-&g ^.»a a CTa g g ! ^^^ ^, ?.^as5Ji^ m:s»^;K%i@£'^si^^£^^iHEi 38 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES which is $11.67, t lual to £2 12s. 6d. sterling. The total amount of the gold was found to be l,.32C,5.'Ji) pesos, which, allowing for the greater value of money in the sixteenth century, would be equivalent, probably, at the present time, to nearly £3,500,000 sterling, or somewhat less than fifteen and a half million dollars (.ipl5,480,710), in Canadian currency. 57,120 should be 57,220. j I The quantity of silver was estimated at 51,610 marks. The present value of one ounce or peso of gold is £3 17s. lO^d. or .$18,95 nearly ; of 8 oz. or one marca of silver £2 4s. or $10,71 nearly. Peru (pe-roo'), one of the republics of South America, capital Lima (lee'-ma). Before the Spanish Conquest the country was much larger than at present, and seems to have been well governed by their incas, as their monarchs were called. The people were industrious, loyal and happy. Pizarro, Don Francisco (pe-zar'-ro, don-fran-cis'-co), a man celebrated for his good and also for his bad qualities; was born at Truxillo (troo-heel' yo), about 1471 ; from the neglect of his parents he grew up in ignorance and idle- ness. His health was good, his spirits bold, and his mind was soon filled with the marvellous tales about the New World ; he sailed for His-pan-i-o'-la or Hayti, and served for many years in numerous and perilous expe- ditions commanded by others, for it was not till he had reached his fiftieth year that he commanded one himself. Success attended his third effort against Peru, which took place in 1531. His whole force did not ex- ceed 180 foot soldiers, 67 cavalry, and two small pieces of artillery called fal'conets ; but fraud in this, as on ot^ ^r occasions, accomplished more than force. He was a con- summate general ; his skill and bravery were equal to any j emergency, and his courage never failed him. What a pity that the rest of bis character was made up oi a^^S5iv^5Pigi m POR ADMISSION TO H'OH SOHOOL8. 39 Insatiable avarice, remorseless cruelty, and habits of brutal license and outrage. He rose to supreme power, but his fall was rapid and unlameuted ; the place that had witnessed his greatness saw also his overthrow and death in 154-1. In person he was tall, well formed, with a pleasing countenance, a soldier-like bearing, and a com- manding presence. His descendants, bearing the title of Marc^uis of the Con([uest, are still to be found at Truxillo (troo-heel'-yo) in Spain, Quito (kee'to), capital of Ecuador (ek-wa-dor'), built a few rniles south of the equator, founded in 1534, is 10,000 feet above sea level, population 70,000. Several disas- trous earthquakes are recorded, especially in February, 1797 and March, 1859. CONQUEST OF WALES. Page 183. Edward I. (of the Norman Line), surnamed Long- shanks, from the great length of his lei(S, son and su Jcessor of Henry III., was bori> in Westminster, 1239, was in Palestine when lie succeeded his father, who died 1272, crowned 1274, died 1307. At the age of fifteen he received the lordship of Ireland, in 1265 he overcame the domestic faction under the Earl of Leices- ter(les'ter) ; joined the Crusade of St. L aiis (sent-loo'-e) and revived for a time the terr r of the English name, *' At the head of a thousand soldiers, the future con- queror of Wales and Scotland delivered Acre (a'-ker) from a siege ; marched as far as Nazareth with an army of nine thousand men ; emulated the fame of his uncle Kic*iard ; ext rted by his valor, a ten years' --■.V-' -".-V ii^*^i'^=*" - ■:—"-■ c*i^<*=-irirr 40 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES I f ! !i I truce ; and escaped, with a dangerous wound, from the dagger of a fanatic assassin." The historians of of the time seem ignorant of the princess Eleanor's (el-cn-or)p,cty in sucking the poisoned wound, and saving her husband at the risk of her own life, yet all doubt on this subject has long since passed away. His next efforts were directed against Wales, and the year 1-82 sealed forever the. independence of that prin- cipahty; he then interfered very unjustly in Scottish affairs, and fourteen years later, the great victory of Dunbar placed that country at his mercy. The effects of his northern conquests were not so abiding as those f the western ones. In person he was taU and majestic; as a soldier and a statesman he was successful, but cruelty and revenge characterized the early Plantagenets, and Edward was no exception to the rule. The vain titles of the victories of Edward are crumb- Img into dust, but the reforms he introduced in the administration of government, of j ustice, and of finance have gained for h'm the title of the "English Justinian '' He confirmed the Magna Charta (mag'-na kar'-ta), institute \ justices of the pr-ace, and gave to p-^rliament the form it has since retained. He saw that the British Isles must all be under one government in order to accomplish their great mission as a nation. The end in view was praiseworthy, but the means for its accom- plishment, infamous. Bards or poets. ^Persons who composed and saug versea it FOR ADMISSION TO UIGH SCHOOLS. 41 honor of the great deeds of their friends ; one skilled in making poetry. Poet Laureate. —A poet employed to compose poems for the birthdaj's of their prince or other special occasions. Gray refused the appoiutmeut. Alfred Tennyson is poc^t laureate to our good sovereign, queen Victoria. In Eng'and the title was first given by Edward IV., a salary of £100, and a tierce of wine was attached by i 'harles I. ; in the tidie of George III. the wine was discontinues and the salary increased ; the office is now honorary. Oastle of Carnarvon or Caernarvon (ker-nar'-von^, ou. the Meiiai (rapn'-i) svraits, built by Edwaid I. ; in its "eagie toiler," El ward il. was born, and on him the title oif Priuci of Wttles, was first conferred; it has since t':.r.t t^mi; been Lomo by the eldest son of the British Sove- reign, Tho Prince of Wales is the heir apparent to the throne. Caiiibrla's curse.— The curse or malediction of tho Welso p'^oplo upon all their enemies, and especially upon E^l *•. aro for the wrongs of their country and the slaughter of theii poets. Caaibiia, an ancient name for Wales ; the Cambrian r'.ro tho rocks next in order below the Silurian. Conquest's crimson wing — Conquest is always achieved by the shedding of blood ; here conquest is personiiied and the color assigned, which recalls the idea. Conway or Couwy (kou'-wee), a small river in North Wales. Chinese Wall. — This work perhaps the most stupendous monument of human industry ever exhi- bited to the world, was begun about 214 B. C, and finished about 204 B. C, several millions having been occupie'. at once in its construction. This wall is about 1,50 • miles in length, from 20 to 25 feet high, and so thick that six Uorseinea can ride abreast on the il 42 LiTEUAllY EXTKACTS AND NOTES i| ' 1 1 i I { ( summit. Towers are placed along its whole length at twice the distance an arrow can be shot, so that every part of the wall may be within the reach of the archers stationed in the towers. In one instance the wall is carried over the top of a mountain one mile in height. It is, in many parts, built in the most substantial manner, especially towards its eastern extremity, where it extends ! y a massive lev'ee into the sea. In this portion the wor'^imen were reqr.i \ it is said under penalty of death, to fit the stones so exactly that a d )il could nowhere be inserted between the joints. Tn some parts, however, the wall is compose' of earth only. It is estimated that the materials empl ye '. in this immense fortification would be sufiicient for con- structing a wall six feet high and two feet thick twice around the world. Gray, Thomas, the poet, born in Cornhill, Lon- don, in 1716, died 1771. He was educated at Eton an! Cambridge, travelled on the continent, wrote poems, gathered flovers, studied Zoology, am' paid some attention to architecture and antiquarian re- search. He is best known by his "Elegy, written in a country church yard," which is considered faultless — its melancholy grace being regarded as the perfeo- tion of Art. *• The Bard," from which these stanzas are taken, and '• The Progress of Poesy," are magnifi. cent odes. The subject of the former is the terrific malison of a Welsh Bard, escaped from the massacre at Conway ; standing on an inaccessible crag, he For admission to high schoo j8. 48 prophes'*''*} the; doom of tlie Norman line of Kings, and the glories of the Tudor.s. This done, he springs from the rock to perish in the foaming flood below. The chief facts of early English history have never heen so finely woven into j)oetry, as in the " Bard." Gray was small, delicate, with handsome features, and studiously refined in manner, dress and style of writ- ing. Hebrew (he'-bru), decendants of Eber o. .leber, and belong, ing to the family of Shem ; some think Abraham was first called Hebrew as an immigrant from beyond ('eber), the great river Euphrates ; the Israelites so called, from Israel, the name given by God to Jacob ; commonly, but very wrongly, called Jews, for in their lariguage, a Jew means a thief. P^dward cruelly oppressed this people, deriving a ])art of his sui)plies from their plunder. Till our own time their condition, in most countries, has been deplorable. Now, the right ot citizenship are evei-y- where accorded, and everywhere t icy make ample re- turns for the privileges conferred. In every age this people have produced some leading mind ; at this date M878), the Premier of England — the first Commoner in the empire — Earl Beaconsfield, is r. notable example. Helm, for helmet, a defensive armor for the J^ead. Hauberk, a shirt of mail, formed of small steel rings, inter- woven one with another. Hoel and Llewellyn, two celebrated Welsh poets. in want of an excuse. — Wishing to do something an*** pre- tending to have a reason for that course, whether in itself right or wrong. The fable of the Wolf and the Lamb aflFords a good example. So far as the comparison goes, and admitting there may be some truth in it, my oi» ■S \i\ 44 UTERAUT F.ITRiCTS AND NOTW ,XT.oricn.. witl. boys hna l.cen that the older one., on th. wll!,le. protoot .-.the. than pe^ecut. th. .mailer member. Llewlyn ot::',-. in), the lastindepe.Hent Welsh Vn.r. r!pr,.s«nted in legendary .torie, hvu>g m the 5th century, and said to be t'..e son of a demon, we auppose be- an " i^ h.. been nsnal to ascribe everyth.ng no. nnder^ ,t"d to the prince of darkness. Merlm recommended Wm cl by hfs remarkable abiliries to king Vorfgem ." wards he became counsellor to Prince Arthur, and t he person referred to. under this name, by Spenser Tenny'on. and other poets. See Idy„ v. -dyl. or .d -yl.) Seot:-';;.e ;:» -l-Tr: eany inhabitants were of .jr-*T;iIt2>rftuntain in Wales, ten miles S.^ from Carnarvon ; height, 3,571 feet. Soothsayer.-A person who pretends to foretell events. •."Pis the sun set of life gives me mystical lore, LVco Jns event, c». their shado^before." -C»«P...... warders of the English Mareh.-Those who hadeharge of the march or frontfer between England and Wales also be- rweenEnglandandScotl.and.M.ar'ches-theterm-.»der.vcd ZZ an old AnglcSaxon word, signifying a mark or • Zdar^- Several titles of dig.,ity, such as Marqu.s, Ea Marl derive their origin fotn their .vredecessors having been appointed governors of the Marches or rentiers of their respective counties. The fonreounttes of Hereford (he/-e.ford), Worcester (woo's-ter,) Oiottcester (glos'-ter), a..d Salop or Shrop'shire, ^^'^'""^"^YS. what wa^ called the Marches of Wales. The noblemen who lived on the Marches of Wales and Scoaand. dunng the mitt Je ages, were cal'.ed Marcher*. ^^f^ ^E^j.* *ig.T^-; - j^?S3 ' ^ it/g^S^j rOR ADMISSION TO niGH 8CU001.8. 4S Welsh, tlip people of Wales, CumnV (kiim'-rie) the lam", of Cymri (kiTn'-r^), hath., Cambria (kam'-^re-a), descended from the ancient nritons, helongirifr to the same pjreat family of nations— the Kelts (k(^! / . as tho High- landcra of Scotl md, the Irish of Ireiand, the poo])lc ot Cornwall, and of Brit'tany in France. Tlie ancient <^ilurei. (ai-lu'-res) inhabited a portion of ♦, ales, this ^'ave the name Silurian (si-lu'-re-an) to the rocks that abound ir that district. The rocks on which the surface soil of Ontario rests are the Silurian ; they belong to the samf geologic age as the Welsh ones. White, Rev. Ji*mes. I'O'n near Eri;Ml)iirgli, 1804, educated at Glasgow and Oxford, vas pre rtcd by Lord Broiigliam (broom) with a living in SufFdk which he resigned for the Vicarage of 1 o>le'",'vVar'wick?:lnre ; on receiving hi? patri- mo];y, he retired to private life, and devoted himself to littrary pursuits; wrote many works, and among them the one from which this lesson is selected ; died at Bon- church, ^sle of Wight, ] 862. " They (a pror onn used Instead of liarners) mock— .he air. Arms they wave- -tncaning tlic'r hra'ich^s." HERMANN, THE DELIVERER OF GER- MANY. Page 204. Augustus (an-gus'-tns), Emperor of the Roman world vrhen our Savior was born, the second of the twelve Croaurs, Julius Caesar being the first, and Domitian (do-mish'-i-an), the last. He overcame all hi- enemies ; proclaimed uni- versal peace; closed the temple of Ja'nus, wfiich was kept open in time of war and had been closed only once before this, at the close of the fi.st Punic war tnce the reign of Nnma, the second king of Rome, till uiie Savior appeared. So greafly did he impro^ e the great city that ^m^mm'^ 46 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES IH ..I . «r,« "I found it of brick ; I leave it of '^a. :• H li J IHeLy men ; cultivatea lite.a.u.e . Zoll,e, the useful arts, aud greatly improved the ^^^'" n ' .n also called Catti (kat'te), a people of Cheruscl (ke-rus-ci), also caiea v. ^ , r^^^ g^eat Germany, V^etween the Weser and the Elbe, in g viXry of Hermann over the Romans »^^^^^ AJ-^" (,.,. DO..,,, iu the year o the Loni)^ ^^J ^^^^ ^; about 15000 men, connnanded by Va rus ^x f^.^aA nnd the cxreater part of them slam. featecl, nnu me ^^i^a^^ f \Ar\nt\c sea : over Varus a monument was erected in 1838 raBces (fas'-ces^ an axe tied up with ^ -.U... od , n^^ carried before the Romau magistrates u. a baci^e authority. r-pvmanv The word is t^:^ tL' p'eopW of France in the oMe„ t..„e >vere Herl":' ;h..-™a,„, called al.so Avn,in'i«Ma.^o.n^-B). «;^. leader „f the Germans i„ tins «:-' ' " ^^'j^^^;,,, j... Liberator," because he treed h.a country tron. , '"',tr°r°I!r Yer'-.er), the author who wrote tl.is article. Jerrer(jer-re or\er .e) Germany, capital Llppe (lip'-l>oh), "l"'""'"^"'? 'V,^„a 437 square riiles. Betmold ; population, "l^^'; Xma;,,,!, „,,»rders. Marcomannl(mav.ko..nan-n.,.ncnol ^^t t„ have »n ancient German people ; they appea j„,»u hptweentUe Main and Neckar (or ei , lu GrianyTafterward they app^r north of the Dannbe, FOR ADMISSION TO HIGH SCIIOO'.S. 47 and during the changes of the 3rd and 4th centuries m the great migrations of the northern nations, finally dis- appeared from history. Marbod (rnar'-bod), King of the Marcomauui at tha time of these stirring events. Napoleon Bonaparte (na-po'-le-on bo'-napail), born at Ajaccio va-yat'-cho), in Corsica (cor'-se-ka), in 17Gf) ; crowned Erijperor of France in 1804 ; conquered nearly the whole of Europe ; bauiihed to Klba 1814, returned in 1815, lost the battle of Waterloo, and was ;eiit to St. Helena (sent He-le'-na) ; died 1821. His remains were brou;^ht back to Paris in 1840, •■'-nd deposited beneath a magnifi- cent monument in the ll(^tol des invalides (o-tel' dea in-va-li-d). Pannonia (pau-no'-ni-a), now a part of Hungary. Pettifoggers, lawyers who deal in small business ; a low kind of attorneys. Rhine dc Elbe, two well-known rivers of Germany. Romans, citizens of Kome, those who enjoyed the freedom and privileges of the City of Kome. Roman laws, laws made by the 8et»ate and Emperor of Kome, and imposed on all the Roman world. Ron:an Knight, one of a body, originally, as is supposed, ap- pointed by Romulus and consisting of men selected from the best families, they served on horseback and were mounted at the public expense ; a part of the Roman army. Segestes (se-ges'-tes), a prince of the Cherusci (ke-rus'-ci). Tliusneldar (toos'-nel-dar), the beautiful daughter of Segestes, TfeUtoburg (toi'-to-burg, or ta'), a mountain chain of Germany, partly in Lippe and partly in Prussia. In this mountain the legions of Varus were defeated by Hermann, whose colossal monument was unveiled by the Emperor of Ger many in August, la 75, amid national rejoicings ou thtj summit of Grotenber^ (Gfo'-ten-berg) near Dutmold. iKi II ! ' I ) 48 LITERARY EXTRACTS aKP HOIEi Tiberius (ti-be'-re-us), Emperor of Rome when our Si^vjor was put to death; successor of Agustus; third oi the twelve Caesars ; born 42 B.C., became Emperor 14 A.D.. died i, . began his reign well, but became cruel towarda the lattei part of his life. . ♦-.« Varus, (Quintilius) (va'-nis, quin-til'-e-us), commander ot tne legions overthrown by Hermann, also called Arrninim (ar-min-e-us) ; his disregard of salutary advice led him t- WodenTwo'-den or Vod'-een) the Saxon god, after wbi.li oiii fourth day of the week is called, Wednesday Jwenz-aai. Anglo-Saxon, Wednesday, from Woden, old Saxon Wo- dan the highest god of the Germans and Scandlnavlan^ (scan-de-na'-vi-ans) as the ancient people of Norway and Sweden were called. THE BURNING OF MOSCOW- Page 228. Ancient Capital of the Czars. -Moscow, see below. Actuated, prompted, impelled, put in action. Asia, tL. largest of the continents, being remarl;able for its teeming population. Blind Ambition, based on prejudice, not caring for the rights cllpri (kam-pan), the time that an army keeps the field, either in action, marches, or in camp in one year corps (kor, plural kors), a body of men, especially a body oi OwrIzS!' written also Tzar, feminine cza-ri'-na. from the Latin Caesar, a chief, a king, titles of the Emperor and Empress of Russia. Burope (u'rop), the smallest of the contmen'* Au.tral» «- cepU Li the most advaaced in the arts and .oieuce.. FOR ADMISSION TO HIGH «»CH00L8. 49 French.— The inhabitants of France. GaUey-Slaves.— Persons condemned for crimes to work at the oars on board of a galley, which was a vessel propelled by sails and oars. Insatiable desires.— Desires that could not be satisfied— insati- able is from m not and sa-ti-a'-re to satiate. Insane lust o/Cow^m&s^. —Foolish, unjust, wicked desire for more power. In conformity with the desolating plan of the campaign, by the Russians, who had determined to destroy everything rather than allow Napoleon any advantage. Magazines.— Places in which things are deposited, military stores, food, clothing, arms, ammunition. Moscow {Russian, Moskwa, musk-wa). the chief city of the government of the same name and till the early part of the 18th century the capital of all Russia, on the river Moskwa, 400 miles S. E. of St. Petersburg, population in 1871, 612,000. An earthen rampart more than 23 miles long surrounds the city. On the N. side the Krem- lin the palace when royalty dwelt there — occupies the principal elevation, directly on the bank ot the river and very near the centre of the old city. From it radi- ate almost all the streets, like the spokes of a wheel Moscow was founded in the twelfth century by George Dolt^oru'ki, Prince of Kiev (ke-ev'). The city has suffered repeatedly from extensive fires and invasions by enemies. In 1812 it was entered by the French under Napoleon, who took T'p his residence in the Kremlin. The city, de- serted by its inhabitants, was set on fire by order of the government, thus compelling Napoleon to' leave on the 23rd October, and resulting in the disastrous retren t of the French army. The sacred buildings of the Kremlin, de- stroyed at this time and rebuilt shortly after, are the Ctthedrals, of the Assumption in which all the Russian em. ii'^ 50 litbra;iy extracts and notes II !' ! perors since the days of Ivan (e-van'), the Terrible haT« been crowned ; of the Arch Angel Michael (me'-cha-ei, or mi'-kel) the burial place of the imperial family up to the time of Peter the Great, and of the Annunciation, where the Czars were formerly bapti-^ed and married. Muscovite (mus'-co-vite), an inhabitant of Mus'-co-vy, a name sometimes given to Russia, derived from Moscow. Napoleon.— See note under Hermann the deliverer of Ger- many. Only a melancholy and enfeebled remnant returned. Of 500, 000 men that constituted the grand army, a mere hand- ful ever returned to tell the story of hardships and sufferings, death on the battle field, in the snow-drift, in the ditch by the road side; it is said that only about 20,000 men suivived. Parapet of earth (par'-a-pet), from the Laftn par-a'-re, to ward otf, to guard, to prepare, and pec'tus the breast, a rampart to the breast, or breast high, a breist-work for defence. The Picture in the 4th Reader i epresents in the distance a city in flames ; in the foreground are to be seen the figures of soldiers gazing in mute astonishment on the scene. Presentiment.— A conviction of something about to happen, previous apprehensions ; which are, we believe, as often wrong as right. Possessed of more sensibility than others referred to - more natural affection, kindness. Portrayed.— To describe by a picture, or to do so in ap- propriate language. Rockets, in the military art, a very destructivo species of fire- work use'd sometimr as signals, at other times, as in the lesson, for setting places on fire. Russia, the largest connected Empire in the world. Capital, St. Petersburg (sent pet'ers-burg), at the mouth of the Ne'va, in the Gulf of Finland, latitude 60% population iu 870, 667,000. FOR ADMISSION TO HIOH SCHOOLS. 51 H^^T, PhilHppe Paul de , o'ount, a French Historian, born in Paris, 1780, died there, 1873. He entered the army iu 1800, and became a favorite of Napoleon. In 1812 he accom- panied the F ..peror during the disastrous Russian cam- paign as hi. aid-de-camp (ad'-da-kong), and greatly dis- tinguished himself. On the downf.dl of Napoleon cur author accepted office under Louis XVIII., but joined hi.- old master on his return from Elba. In 1831, Louis Phillippe (loo'-e-fil-leep) ai pointed him to honor and made him a peer. He wrote the history of Napoleon and the Grand army during the campaign of 1812; this involved him in controversies, and he was foolish enough to fight » duel with a general of the French army. Signal defeat. -Total, overwhelming, distinguished from what is ordinary. Soldiers (so'l-jers), those who are engaged in military se-ndce. as an officer or a private, one who serves in the army— a brave warrior. Sutlers, a low class of persons who follow an army, and sell to the troops, provisions, liquors or the '-'e. The Hospitals (os'-pi-tal) from Latin JJospes, a guest, a build- ing where the infirm, sick, or wounded are received and treated with care. The whole City was given up to pillage. When soldiers are allowed to strip the inhabitants of a place of their food, clothing and goods, that is pillage ; the gathering and taking these goods away, constitute plunder. The words are freely used for one another. Whole Elements of Nature. —Rain, wind, cold weather, frost, hail. Wrath of Divine Justice.— Some people pretend to see divine wrath or divine favor in maujr of the events transpiring 52 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTE* in the world. As that may appear wrath to one nation which to another may seem a favor, we should be very careful in coming to a conclusion respecting these subjects. BATTLE OF THERMOPYL^. Page 235. Arcadians (ar-ca'-di-ans), inhabitants of Arcadia, a country in the centre of the Peloponnesus, (pel-o-pon-ne'-sus) now called tiie Morea', from its resemblance to a mulberry leaf, whicli is the meaning of the word. Others derive the word Morea from the Slavonic word More^ which means the sea. Dieneces, (di-en'-e-ces), a Spartan, celebrated for his courage and braveiy. Greece, called Hellas, (hel'-las), a small country and kingdom south of Turkey in Europe. It has given to the world Arts, Science and Litt-iature. The Gulf of Corinth al- most separates it into two parts, that north ol the Gulf containing northern and central Greece, and that south of the Gulf containing southern Greece or the Pelo- ponnesus. Hellespont, (hel'-les-pont), so named after Helle who waa drowned htre, now called the Dardanelles. Locrians, (lo'-cre-ans), a people of central Greece, whose country was west of Phocis, and north of the Corinthiac Gulf. Lacedemonians, (la-ce-de-mo'-ne-ans), the people of Lacedenion or Sparta, who were the leading people of the Pelopon- nesus, as southern Greece was called. Leonidas (le-rn'-i-das), a King of Sparta, who rendered his name immortal by the Btaud he took against the Persians FOR ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 53 at this celebrated strait of Thermopylae, a narrow passage between the mountains and the sea. Llssus (lis'-sus). A small river of Thrace, west of the Hebnis., Mantlneans (man-tin-e'-ans), the people of Mantinea ; a cele- brated city in Arcadia. A great battle was fought near this city in 362 B. C. Persians (per'-sheans), the inhabitants of Persia, and here ap- plied to the army of Xerxes, (Zerx'-es), though composed of many nationalities. The Persians subdued the Baby- lonian Empire, which in its turn was overthrown by the Grecian power, under Alexander the Great. Peloponnesus (pel-o-pon-ne'-sus), see above. Phocians (fo'-she-ans), the people of Pho'-cis, a country in Greece Proper, north of the Corinthian Gulf, and west of Boeotia (be-o'-she-a), bordering on the gulph of Corinth. Pissyrus (pis-si'-rus), the lake near this place is probably in Illyria (il-lir'-e-a). Raleigh, see note under the voyage of the Golden Hind. Renegade. — One faithless to principle or party, a worthless, wicked fellow. Sparta (spar'-ta), the most remarkable city in the Pelopon- nesus ; Cai)ital of Laco'nia. Sometimes Sparta denotes the country as well as the city. Tegeatss (tej-e-a'-te). from Tige'a, or Tege'a, a city of Arca'dia in Southern Greece. This people were early distinguished for bravery, and long contended with iSparta for supre- macy, but finally had to succumb (suc-cura). Thebans (the'-bans), from The'bes, the chief city of Bceo'tia, a country no)th of Athens. TLcrraopylae (ther-mop'-i-le), a celebrated pass, leading from Thes'saly into Locris, and southern Greece. The word means " Warm Gates or Pass " ; on one side is the sea, on the other Mount (E'ta. Thespians (thes'-pe-ans), a brave people from Thes'pia, a town in BcEotia (Be-o'she-a). H LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTEg ThMsaly (thes'-aa-Ie). a large province cr kingdom in Noitharn Greece. THrace.— A large tr^ct of country nortb-wpstof Macedon. Xerxes (zerx'-es), son mid successor of Darius (da-ri'-ns) Hys- ta's-pes, on the throne of iV.rsia. His mother was A-tos'sa, a daught.-r of Cyrus ; lie reigned from 486 to 46o B.C. A revolt in Egypt was soon quelled, then four years were spent in preparing for the invasion of Greece ; the vast ■•.rmy, in 481, was assembled at Sar'.lis ; in 480 he crossed the Hel'lespont with the largest army ever collec- ted ; tive millions is the number usually assigned, one-half that number would be nearer the truth. Then followed the invasion of 'Greece, the battle of T»> jrmopylje, the total destruction of this army, the return of this mon- arch to Persia, and his murder somc after. For beauty and stature it is said, none in his vast host could be com- pared with him. but he was cruel and cowardly. He is •upposed to be the Ahazue'rus c' *^e Book of Esther. THE DESTRUCTION OF POMPEII. Pagf. 237. A libation on the altar of Bacchus.— Bacchus, the son of Juniter, was the god of wine, and is represented as crowned with ivy leaves and clusters of ripe grapes. A libation was the solemn pouring out, as an oflering to the gods of a liquid, usually unmixed wine, but sometimes aoney, milk, or oil, on the altar of the god, or between the horns of the victim of sacrifice. All the colors of the rainbow. Violet, indigo, blue, green, yel- low, orange and red. Arabesques (ar'-a-besk), a fantastic species of ornament adopted from ancient Arabian architecture, and consisting of fruits, £, ?.-•-?• FOR ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 55 flowers, and foliage, aid many other forms, except thos« of animals. Ana'creon (a-nac'-re-on), a famous Greek poet, ho lived about R C. 540. Much of his poetry consists of bacohan- alian or drinkin;,' songs. Belgravia, a portion of the City of London, containing a great many fashionable residences. Beware of the Dog. Among the Romans, the dog was the em- blem of watchfulness, hence the inscription on the tiles, gates, &c., "Cave Canem:' Beware of th*' Dog. The dogs chained to the gates of the palace in Moscow, ac- cordincf-to the custom in that city, added their doleful howlings to the heart-piercing groans of that terriblt scene— the burning city, described on page 288. Consuls.— The two chief magistrates of the ancient IJoma» Republic after the expulsion of the kings. Curious persons began to excavate.— It may be remarked that in the long ages that elapsed after the destruction of flercula'neum and Pompeii, the precise locality of the lost cities was forgotten ; Herculaneum was accidentally dis- covered in 1713 A.D., by laborers digging a well, and Pompeii in A.D. 1748. Herculaneum is in no part less than seventy feet, and in some parts one hundred and twelve feet, below the surface of the ground, while Pompeii was buried ten or twelve feet, sometimes less. It is certainly surprising that Pompeii should have re- mained undiscovered till so late a period, and that anti- quaries and learned men should have erred so long and materially as to its situation. In many places, masses A ruins, portions of the buried theatres, temples, and houses were not two feet oelow the .surface of the ground. Down, down beneath, thousands and thousands were sleeping- — As already remarked, this is greatly exaggerated. " Sleep the sleep that knows no breaking. " The Ltdy of the Lake. Canto i., xxxi— 26. issiB^^s: - •ait:4i^f:s?--:i , 56 LlTFRAia EXTRACTS AND NOTES lintinga on freshly -plastered walls, bo that the bucoine as durable walls Frescoes, ] colors f selves. Greek Legends. Tales of the gods, goddesses, and heroes of Grecian mythology. Household Gods.— Among most ancient nations it was cus- tomary for each family to have a number of images, generally of inferior deities, which were called the house- hold gods, and M'ere worshipped in the iunemost rooms of the dwellings. These (called penates by the Komaus) were sacredly guarded along with the other most valued treasures. In Genesis, (Jhap. xxxi., an account is given of the manner in which Rachel stole her father's (Laban's) household gods. Hor'ace.— A celebrated Roman poet, born at Venusi'um, Italy, B. C. 65. The productions of Horace are divided into Odes, Epodes, Satires, and Epistles. ffall of Mysteries.— The room in which were performed certain religious rites and celebrations, consisting of scenic re- presentaUons of the mythical legends, (mpluvlum.— A large square basin sunk in the floor of the atrium or one of the principal rooms of private houses, intended ' a receptacle for the rain water which flowed through the comphiviiim, or opening in the roof. The writer should have used the word atrium instead of m- pluvmm. Wlosa'ic. A species of inlaid work in imitation of painting, formed by minute pieces of hard substances such as marble, glass, stones or gems, of various colors, cemented together, and which served as floors, walls, and tho ornamental coverings of columns. Pillared Peristyle. A room surrounded on the inside by a row of columns. The peristyle ot a Roman Louse formed the mOu J^DMlSliJOlN TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 57 •eooud or inndi- diviaiou of the ground plan , t «;ontaiued the domestic apartments usually occupietl by the family. Pompeii. — Tliis town, more cele])rat<'d in modern times than aver it could have been in the most flourishing period of its existence, was situated in the immediate vicinity of Mount Vesuvius. It was about three quarters of a mile in lonj^th, by about half a mile in breadth. More than half the town is yet uncovered. Twenty streets, tifteen feet wide, have been excavated. The walls of the town arc eighteen to twenty feet high and tr;elve feet thick, with several main gates, of which six have been uncovered. The houses aie joined together, and are generally onl}-^ two stories high. The account cf its magnificence, as given in the Fourth Reader, is greatly overdrawn. Of the catastrophe which buried Pompeii under the ashes of Vesuvius, we have no positive ac- count ; but it is reasonably conjectured that it was caused by the famous eruption in the reign of the Em- peror Ti'tus, A.D. 79, descril)ed by the Roman writot Pliny, the Younger, Several villages, were destroy edj .*nd the town of Hercula'neum overwhelmed at the same time. These towns were by no means covered up in a moment, as would appear from the Reader. The opinion generally maintained, that the people were surprised Jind overwhelmed by the volcanic storm, in an instant, is shown to be very improbable, from the fact that less than sixty skeletons have been found in the half of the city which has been uncovered. From the description given by Pliny, it is plain that the threatening aspect of the mountain was of such a nature as to apprize the inhabi- tants of their danger, and induce the great mass of them to save themselves by flight. Pro-consuls. — Those who had once been Consuls, and who still continued sometimes to act in the place of ConsuJa with- out holding the office itself. 58 LITFRARY RXTRACTS AND KOTBS m Pumice. — Piimice (pum'-is), i« a sort of porous scoria, from vol- canpes, lightpr thaa water, of a gray ifb -white color. It is sometimes called "rotten stone," and is used for pol- ishing wood, ivory, metals, &c. Scoria. — The dross which floats upon the top of metals when melted ; volcanic cinders. Senators. — Members of the legislature. Symbolical Painting. — Pictures of tlie gods and goddesses in the various characters in which they wore worshipped. — one as the god of the air ; another, of the sea ; another, of the storm ; another, of the infernal regions, and so on,— all woven together so as to exhibit the religious be- lief of the people. These paintings were preserved in the hall of mysteries or private worship room. Syrian Cfloths. I'he same as Tyrean cloth of purple dye, sj costly and so difficult in the coloring. From the Buc- cinum and the Murex or "urpura, Mollusks found on the -coast of Syria, the colo.-ng matter was obtained. The operation was > lelicate and difficult. Applying it to wool, linen, or cotton, it became successively, gr^en, blue, red, deep purple-red, and by washing in soap and water, a bright crimson, which was peraanent, resulted. Tablinum. — One of the principal rooms of an ancient Rom9,n dwelling, adjoining the atrium. The Battle of the Amazons. — The Amazons were a race of large, warlike women who originally dwelt in Pentus, a province of Asia Minor. They fought with bo^s and arrows, and cut off the rio;ht breast that it might not in- terfere with th*eir drawing the bow. The men among them were held in an inferior and, as it were, servile con- dition, attending to all the employments which occupy the time and care of the temales of other nations while the Amazons themselves took charge of all things relating FOR ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 53 to gov«rnment and warfare. They were allies of tb« Trojans (inhabitants of Troy) in their wars with the Greeks, till th»^ Amazon queen was shiin by Achilles. Tae illustration. — This is a view of one of the principal Btreet* of Pompeii (Po.a-piiy-eo) ;it the present time, the lava which covered it for more than sixteen hundred years, having been removed. Tho parting of Achilles and the beautiful naid Brlse'ia. — Achilles (A-kill'-ees) was a (ireek hero whose deeds at the siege of Troy were celebrated by Homer, the blind (irecian poet, who flourished about DOO years U.C Biiscis (Bri-see'-is;, a daughter of a high priest of Jupiter (father of the gods), and wile of Mines, was carried away captive by Achilles in one of his wars- Agamein non, king of Myce'nai and commander of the Greeks at the siege of Troy, took Briseis from Achilles. This quarrel and its results, combined with the siege of Troy, form the grouud- vork of Homer's great poem, the Iliad. The Priests were lurking in the holl(-w images, — Many of the images of the principal d» ities were made hollow, and the cunning priest, having concealed himself in this recess within the image, answered the prayers of the worshippers, who ignorantly believed the voice to proceed from the deity itself. The Sezure of Europa. — Europa was a daughter of Ageuor (called by some Phce'nix), king of Phoenicia (fe-nish'-i-a). Juciter becomine; enamoured of her, changed him«elf into a beautiful white bull, and approached her as she was gathering flowers with her companions in a meadow near the seashore. Europa, delighted with the taineness and beauty of the animal, caressed him, crowned him with flowers, and at length ventured ^o mount on his back. The disguised god immediately na > off with his lovely burden, plunged into the sea, and . 'am with Europe to the Island of Crete, now callo*! Oandia. JOB [ 1 :< . 5 (i V«^f^*^- ■^v-'^i#*^- rv;^^^^»Jc ' '•"- ki^ 60 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES. The Stately homes of England. A quotation from "The Hornet of England," by Mrs. Hem'aus, an English poetess of thv present century ; Inn iiiUvuipuol, ITi^i; died near Dul lin, 1835. TAKING- OF ai BR ALTAR. Page 244. Bj-ng John, an Admiral, bam in 1701, execuced at Torts mouth (ports-muth), in 1757- The French mc.nace<1 Minorca (me-nor'-ca), and Byng was sent o its relict. On arriving in the Mediterranean he found his forces in- adaquate, and sailed to Gibraltar to refit his fleet. In the meantime a French army landed, and reduced the whole island. Byng made an unsuccessful attempt to relieve it ; for not succeedi.ig, the Admiral was super- seded, tried, ** found guilty of cowardice in the presence of the enemy," and shot. Pitt *3poke warmly in his de- fence, and Maf^aulay brands the pimishment as "alto- gether unjust and absurd." Bitter party politics, wliich should always be avoided, had doubtless much to do with this sad case. Charles HI., King of Spain, second son of Philip V., bom 1716, died 1788. He was king of the Two Sicilies till he succeeded his brother Ferdinand who died in 1759, on the throne of Spain. DllkC', Sir Thomas. -One of the British Commanders. Dutch.— The English have applied this nani3 specially to the Germanic people liring nf arest them, the Hollanders.— Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhabitants. Foil ADMISSION TO rllOH SCHOOLS. «51 ^^gllsli (Tng'-glish), fro'-i Angles, Engles, a tribe of Gonnatia from the south-eatt of Sles'-mck ia Den'-mark, who sot- tled in Britain and gave it the name of England. Be- longing to England or its people, -land (Latin An [ilia r o- igin of the name see above), the southern part of Gi-;*t Biitain, ar^' the principal member ( f the United Kingdom of Oreat Britain and Ireland, Extent, 50,900 ^i\. m.; population in 1870, 22,700,000, o: whon. 11,040,000 '..ere men, and 11,663,000 were womei. ; capital, Loudor ; population, 3,750,000— the largest, th« richest, the most central city in the world. jtreiiCh. Of, or pertaining to France, or its inhabiv^ants. •Mbraltar (je-bral'-tar, Arab, jeb'-el-tar-ik— the Hill o* Tarik — the Moorish leader who conquered the place ic 711). A fortiiied reck that rises to the height of 1,400 feet on the S. coast of Andalusia in Spain, belongip' to Great Britain, and giving a name to a town and b y on its W. side, an:' to the Strait that connects the Atlantic and the Meditei -anean. It is the strongest fortress in the world. Its inv)sr. southern point receives the name of Europa, latitude 86 "= 6', and constitutes the most tr-th- ern point of Europe. This rocky promontory is 3 m. long and 7m, in circumfevtnee. Its vegetal production" in- clude the acacia, tig, and orange, trees, but found only in sheltered places. Ks animals are a few birds, wild rabbits, snakes, and monkeys of a fawn color and without tails. This is millions of money have been expended on the fortifications ; 1000 cannons are ready for action. It ha» been besieged many times. The last siege (iy?9- 83) was the most memorable, France and Spain made every effort to take it, but British courage and endurance resisted succesi. fully. The town is situated west of ths fort, population, 16,000. South, of PointTarifa (ta-ree'-fa> the African shore is only nine miles distant. \\ 62 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES i ! i i i Grandee (gran- dee'), a man of elevated rank or atation. Ii» Spaiu, a nobleman who has the king's leave to keep his hat on in his presence. George I. succeeded Queen Anne in 1713: he was the first British sovereign of the Hanovarian line. George II., son, 17-27 ; George III., grandson, 17G() ; George IV., son, 1820; William IV., brother, 1830; Victoria, mece, 1887. I'Ong may ahe reign ! Hicksand Jumper.— Captains, officers who command a com- pany of men in a regiment, also the commander of a ship, the word is used in many other ways. Hardy Sir Jolin, an officer in the British army. Lisbon (Liz'-bon), see note under earthquake at Car-ac'-cas. Leake, Sir Jonn, admiral of England, celebrated for the relief of Gibraltar; born, 1656: died, 1720. His father. Richard Leake, was considered oue of the bravest officer* that ever served in the British navy. Mediterranean (med-i-ter-ra'-ne-an ; Latin, inediiut, middle, and terra, the earth), the large.st sea on the globe, 2,200 miles long and from 9 to 1.200 miles wide. In Scripture it is called ** the Great Sea." New Mole, opposite the tow-i of Gibraltar ; on the west is a Spanish town and bay called Algesi'ras. On the British side shipping is protected bv two loui^ moles ; this one was the last erected, hence called tho New Mole. Overland Route. —The book from which the lesson has been selected. Philip v., thelirst King of Spain of the house of Bourbon (boor'-bon), born in Versaille=i. 1683 ; died at Madrid. (ma-drid'), 1746. Prince of Hesse Darmstadt (hess-led ! Friends of the world ! restore yoiir swords to man ; Fight in his sacred cause and lead the van ! Yet for Sarniartia's toars of blood atone, And make her arm puissant as your own ! Oh ! once aiiain to Freedom's cause return The patriot Tell — the Biuce of Hannocklmrn ! " (i.) Whence have the "spirits of the mighty dead" de- parted ? (ii.) Who Itled at M:irath(m and Leuctra ? (iii.) Who are called " friends of the world," and why does the poet so call them ? (iv.) In what sense is the word 'man* used in line 3, and ' return ' in line 7 ? (v.) Where is Sarmatia? (vi.) What is meant by " Sarmatia's tears of blood " ? (vii.) Who were Tell and liruce ? (viii.) Give the meaning of 'van,' 'atone,' and ' puissant. (ix.) Why is ' Freedom's' printed with a capital F ? (x.) Point out the silent letters in tlie first and third lines THK EARTHQUAKE OF CAllACCAS (l'. 151). (i.) Where is Caraccas ? FOR ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 65 (ii.) Mention any other cities that have suflfered in a similar way from earthquakes. (iii.) When does Holy Thursday occur? (iv. ) " The ground was in a constant state of uudulatiou. and heaved like a tiuiria's tears." (i.) Explain the meaning of 'ruthle3.s,' 'helm,' 'hauberk, and 'avail.' (ii.) By whom is the passage .supposed to be spokeii? (iii.) Who is its author, and about what time did he live? (iv.) Name the ' king,' and tell why is he called 'ruthless. About what time did he live ? (v.) Give the oth(!r name of Cambria, and tell wheie it is. (vi.) What is the antecedent of ' they ' in line 4? (vii.) What letter is left out in * e'en ' ? (viii. ) In what sense is each wf the following words used iu this passage : — ' Idle,' ' state,' ' mail ' ? THE GEYSERS OF ICELAND. ' ** As the Great Geyser explodes only once in forty hours or more, it was, of course, necessary that we bhould wait his pleasure ; in fact, our movements entirely depended on his. For the next two or three days, therefore, like pil- grims round an ancient shrine, we patiently kept vv^atch; bu. ». , •; i jl I 66 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES he scarcely designed to favor us with the slightest niftoif€a« tatioa of his Inteut energies."— Dw/er/rt. (i.) What, and where, is tlie Great Geyser? (ii.) What are i>ilgrims? What is :< shriuu? Whut is a manifestation? What are energies ? What kind of energies are latent energies ? (iii.) Tell what you know about the author of thia passage, (iv.) Point out the silent letters in the last aeuteuce. THE BUCCANEKRS (P. 144). t. Explain the statement: " They made ai. allianci; offtit- iive and defensive." 2. To what do which and their, in line 20, refer respectively 3. Where are St. Dumiiujo, Caribbean sza, Fortubello, Tirr lu'ja, St. Christopher, Panama, Chagrcs ? 4. What war (iu which England was concerned) arose in tiio 18th century out of disputes regardiu^j smu^iglers ? Whai was its effect on Walpole ? 5. Give the meaning of galleon, desperado, ah^ulutr. de<'U'j, equitabhj, maxim. 6. Write the ])lural of desperado. What nouns ir» o pro, ceded by a consonant take .9 only in the plural ? 7. Leathern. What is the meaning of the sutlix en added to nouns ? to adjectives ? 8. Write other words for outset, abandon, avfjmevttut, peculiar, efficient. 9. Describe the dress and weapons of the BuccanerT JACQUES CARTIER AT HOCHELAGA (P. 93). 1. Give a brief account of the voyages uf Cartier, 2. Where are Richelieu Kiver, Lake 8t. Peter, Hochelaga ? 3. Give the meaning of palisade, iietje, pinnau .. disstuide voimduVf impartial it I/. LITERARY EXTRACTS SELECTED 67 Is 4. Eewrite in more modern form the quotation beginning, ' These came to us." 5. Describe an Indian village. What Indian village for- merly existed where Qiiebcc if now ? 6. Give the meanir.g of Jfochrlaga. Give a few examples of Indian geographical names, with their meanings. 7. Distinguish between siyht and site, harts and hearts, a-uioc, creirs and cruse, principal and principle. 8. Give the meaning r.f the different words with the same spelling as set, pole, fine, light, current, pi^e, with, till. 9. What English words begin with silent 'h' ? In what words is 's' silent? 10. Mark the accented syllables in hospiiahk, beautifully, pinnace, mciropolis, encompassed. 11. What is the difference between the metropolis and the capital of a country ? 12. What is the meaning of a in ashore, de m aescr^bes, ex in extend ? . . » „. .-j. . t a 13. Easih/. When is * y ' changed to ' i ' ? W nte the ad- verbs corresponding to good, bad, large, small, shtf. 14. Point out the strong verbs in the Hrst paragraph. 15. Explain the use of the hyphen in loving-kindness and in tnter-tninment (line 35). 16. Name the principal Indian tribes which came in coatact with the French in Canada. APPENDIX. i^ I' il NOTES-G-RAMMATICAL, CRITICAL, &c. The Norwegian Colonies in Greenland.— Page 1. Dash. —A mark or short line tlius [ — ], used in writing,' or printing, to se[»arate the clauses of a sentence ; in reading, it requires great care in the modulation of the voice, and as a pause, is cquid in length to the semicduced by an imitative pro cess. The 's is a contraction for hi'^, and extended to other cases in a similar manner,- /Jaia/a'.s son for Rauda his son. As soon as Syntax has been studieil, the appropriate Kule sliould be given in parsing. /<*e//.-A compound personal pronoun, uomiuative case aftei which was uuderstootl. HavhHj commltU'd.-K present perfect participle, motive voice, referring to Kauda as its subject. Murder. Nominative after ii;«s understood ; proba bj, an ad- verb modifying was ; probably it was murder. /,/a-/iz/.i. . ."e receive sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, logwood, mahogany, ao many other of their exports. ;:a \i 74 APPENOIX. il i ( Canoe.— Iv Canada we have tlie canoe made from the hark of the white hirch, and also the log canoe so graphically de- Kcrihed in Hi-^watha. Such as, such is always followed hy as, in this instance as if a relative, objective, governed by had. Dkath of Montcalm. — Pagf 8R. This vmr had now, 1750, been r.-xging for fi« e years. Fredcd ^twf;.— Built fortifications as dcfencos for the city. 'alp fhem.— The Indians mutilate those whom they slay, by cutting off the akin and hair from the top ot the head. Brir^r of hoof s.— This kind of passage across streams are made iiy fastening boats side by side and placing planks over them. ndricving the day, recovering what they had lost. Havhfj thrnvm.—A present participle porfeci, referring to Highlanders for its subject, and governs muskets, the word to is superfluous, if used it will be, taken to. Tropsnfihe Ztwc— Regular soldiers. Soldiers' r^rfs«. —Explain the use and origin of the apostrophe. So much the heftcr.— Same as, thi.s is so much the better, so mvi'h and the are adverbs, so modifies much, and much and the modify b"ttcr. "Hethm inquired," then, an adverb of time, '• then I shall not live " &c., then, a con- junction equal to, in that case, for myself, a prepositional phrase, enlargement of subject. The comma is improper- ly used here. ylni//wr/^.«r.— Further, an adverb, modifying interfere ; any, an adverb, modifying further. So pray, so I pray (you to) leav.- me. To be vanquished, dkc.—A verb, infinitive, present, governed by n?9. Tc b€ rangimhrd, «fcr., is the real subject of is, and for this clause it is used. APPENDIX. 75 . Jacques CAi^iXiEU at Hochelaqa. — Page 93. Hochelaya (ho-she-lah'-ga), see page 12. Capable^ an adjective, qualifying boats. Leaviiuj, a present particii)le a«;tive, referring to Oartier. J/ochtlai (ho-slie-la-e). (H/ierwise, ah adverb modifying showed. (Jill, io apposition with one child. Vines, the wild grape-vine ; eitlier the northern fox grape w the summer grape. Taking, a verbal noun, nominative absolute before the parti ciple beiiKj, Occupation and means, nominative case, Together with his wile, an adverb, the style is faulty ; he and his wife came, &c., unless we consider wife not aa a joint actor witii hiiu. Pin'-nace., a small vessel navigated with oars and sails, ri^ ^ed like a schooner. All which while, a very objec iocahle phrase, should be, during all this time ; as it stands, all and which are adjectives, ipialifying wliile, wliich is used as a noun. Aletrui)o/is, chief I'ity ; tlie mother city in relation to colonies. It has no plural. Disclaim'my, a [)resent participle active, referring to Cartier for its subject. IVith his acciislomtU piety, an adverbial phrase, qualifying prayed. AJter having seen, Ac— After should not be used here, but as it is, we must consider it a preposition, showing the relation between Ae and the words following, to city. CoRTEZ IN Mexico. — Page 139. Among, a preposition ; shows the relation between Cortez and those who were called. Cortex was amoug those. 76 APPENDIX. A man, in appositiou with Curtez, used instead of A^. Concerned, a past passive participle, refers to man. Vessels lay to, a nautical phrase, signifying to stop. Montezuma, a noun proper, nominative case after named — Rule. What, a compound relative, equal to that which, or the things which, first part objective, second nominative, subject to had, &c. Qwn, an adjective, qu.alifying palace. As a servant, as is a conjunction here, the sense would be clearer without it ; servant in the nominative case, sub- ject to would do, understood. Or as a preposition gov- erning servant. As o/o/d, as it was of 'in the) old time. As a last resource, a preposition, etjual to for ; le-comineneed — explain use of hyphen. See note on first lesson. The first to fall ; Prescott says he was wounded by three missiles, and died sometimo after this date. " I am a man," explain the inverted commas. • I The Buccaneers. — Page 144. Tt, a personal pronoun, used instead of tlie verbal noun "to pause." Isolated (ia'-o-la-ted), frequently mispronounced. Seaports. — St. Malo, Palos, Bristol, now little luard of ; Liver- pool, London, New York, are far more important. Than their own, {a preposition, equal to except. Discovered, a past passive participle, who was, &c. As a smuggl'>r, a preposition. Interlopers, persons supposed to have no right to bo where they are found. Failure of the min<'. — The natives were at first compelled to work in the mines, but they never worked without great APPT'XPTX. 77 trouble ; this led to the African slave trade and slavery, "the sum of all villainy," according to Wesley. It was tnhn j)ossrssio7i of. — A very clumsy expression— the arrangement should be, possession of it was taken, in the &c. Describe a buccaneer in full costume. Swarms, great numbers. By boarding, they would run their boat along side the vessel they inttsnded to capture, fasten them togetlier, junij) r, is often used for further. As a sure mode, a preposition, thesanie as for. Entering his country, a present participle active, or a verbal noun, obj. case, and governs country. A band of faithful nobles, &c. See a scen^ ke this described by Scott, in his account of the great battle in "The Fair Maid of Perth." t^hat had been anticipated, equal to that which, or the thing which, the first obj. governed by exceeded ; the last, nora. case to, had been anticipated. Aa ft puppet on the throne, preposition equal to for. See scenes like this, and also heaps of money, described by Lord Macaulay in his article on Clive. "CUve walked Ari'ENDIX. 79 between heaps of j,'ol(l and silver, orownt-d with rubies anr^/i is the positive form from which are de- rived the adjective3/«riij^ especiallf/, entirely, solely, only, merely, partly, toyethcr, also, likcvHst, too. * Something.-'" Something like a pine-tree ;" that is, somewhat like a pine-tree^ An adverb. But. — " Nothing could be seen but flashes"; that is, except flashes. But = except, is a preposition. Every vow and then. — "The flashes which every now and then." The distributive every intensifies the meaning of 82 APfENr>rx. now and then, and may therefor© bo called an adverb of degree, modifying the adverbial pJuase " now and then.'. The flashes burst forth very rapully. For .z;er.-~- Blotted it out forever." " Join the two words into one and par^e it as an adverb ; or parse them sepa- rately—for, as a proposition, and ever, as a noun. Give similar sxamples. Just. -" The inhabitants died just as the catastrophe found them i" that is, *'jus^ as they were when the catastrophe fcund them." Just, in the sense of exactly, is an adverb, modifying the adverbial character of the dependent pro' position as they were. Z/ctt-.— "A few days afterwards people came from the surrounding country." The adjective a limits the whole expression few days. Similarly, " folumbus was the first white man that set foot in the New Wcrld," Jirst limits the expression ''white man." He certainly wa» not thejlrat man. Give similar examples. Muck.—*' They found the city pretty much as it was." Much, m the sense oi nearly, is an adverb, modifying the adverbial character of the proposition as it teas. Very.— "The skeletons stood in the very positions." An adjective, qualifying jwsitions. Up.— "The ghost of an extinct civilization rising up before us." In what other way than vp can anything rise? Avoid such expressions as, rise up, sink down, return back, free gratis. Took vlace.—" This took place on the 23r(l of Au-ust." Took placf, that is, happened, is a verb. Taking of Gibkaltar.— Pagi 244. ff'hereupon.— "Whereupon the Admiral ordered Whitaker." An adverbial conjunction, connecting the propositions of which the verbs are, were driven and ordered. APPFNDIX. 83 Which. — " Which the Spaniards, no longer able to maintain, "blew up.'' A relative prououu, the object of the verb, blew up. Half -way. — *' Half-way between the mole and the town." An adverb, modifying the phrase, behvcen the mole and thf. toivn. But for calm.. — " Rut for the circumstance of its being a calm." But, a j)r('position, governing /'>;• M/» circumstance of its beituf a calm. For, a preposition governing circum- stance. Calm, a noun, objective cmsc after Ixing. Fit. — "Thought tit to withdraw his forces." Fit, an adjective, qualifying the phrase, " to vuthdraiv his forces." Defective Character of the English Education fuunisiied in our public schools. Hepritite'l by prrmissJon of Prof. Young, from his report on IH'jh Schools to Chief Superintendent of Education in 1867. Before proceeding? to sketch a cm riciiliim winch I would substitute for Latin and Greek, in the case of those pii})ils for whom I consider the study of classics unsuitable, I must refer to the low character of the English education at present furnished in our Public Scliools. And let me say at once, passing over all minor points, that in a very large number of our Common and Grammar Schools, even of those in v/hich superior educational results might be looked for, many of the most advanced pupils, at an age when they ought to be able to go forth and reap the whole harvest of English Literature, are unable to read a page of an ordinary English author with intelli- gence, it will, I presume, Readmitted, that, whether 84 APPENDTT. r. Hi: our hiirher scliool j>uj>ils learn Latin or not, they ought, at any rate, to learn English. A girl, sixteen or sever teen years of age, has not, in my (>i)inion been decently educated, even though she may have been dragged through the whole, or a portion, of iiarkness* Latin Books, if slie cannot sit down and read a few j)ageH of Cowper's Task, or a few pages of Thomson's Seasons, with a clear apprehension (mak- ing allowance for exceptional dilhculties) of their uieaniiig. But this is what many grown girls, who are wasting their affections on Iiarkness in our Gram- mar Schools, cannot do. Again and again, «luring the last six months, when I have met with classes of young ladies unable to attach any ideas to common English sentences, and ignorant even of the significa- tion of common English words, I have felt grieved in- describably. If girls leave school unable to read an English author intelligently, the result will be that, in their own homes, they will not s[)end any portion of their time in useful reading, Tliey will occupy their leisure evening hours in more frivolity, or, if driven occasionally to have recourse to books, they will take up, for the sake of vulgar sensation, some silly novel, which makes no demand on the thinking faculty, presents no true picture of life, and, instead of adding to the riches of the mind, exercises a deteri- orating influence. Such a result as this, in the case of girls of average ability and chaiacter, would, I am persuaded, under a propei educational system, be the exception and not the rule. I am afraid that at present it is as often the rule as the exception. As an illustration of the evil which I am endetivour- ing to describe, I will take a school, which is not by any means of the poorest class, and which is conducted by a master of much more than ordinary ability and ::1^5?x;v-f;-^ i' K ' sajJ '^^gg-^i^- tife=t APPKNUIX. sn zenl. On tlio llth of Jiiih', 18G8, tlioro wpro on tlic roll of the Graiinnor School ut , ^0 hoys i.nd 32 girls, all stmlyini; Latin. A considenihle nuniher of the girls were youn^ ladies, whose school ediicatioi: must have been near its close— young ladies sixteen, seventen, or eighteen years of age ; some of them per- hai^s even older. The boys, with one exception, were a good deal younger. Once a week, tlie Gram- mar School pupils and the two ui)per divisions of tlie Common School, which is united with the Grammar School, under the Principalslip of the Grammer School Master, are brought togetlier for the purpose of reading passages in English, which have been pre- viously selected and studied. 1 mention this to show that tiie study of English is not neglected in — — ; the truth being that more attention is paid to English in that village than in most otlier localities which I have visited. The weekly English recitations to which I have referred are titted to be very beueticial. I had an opportunity of witnessing one of them, and was amused with the &i»irit which some of the junior boys, in paiticular, threv/ into a simple dia- logue which they rendered in character. The manifest interest which the little fellows took in the exercise was a proof, if I had needed any proof, of the charm with which lessons in English may be invested under a master who understands his business. But the point to which I wish to come is, that, in spite of the mea- sure of attention paid to English in , and not- withstanding the ability of the rriucipal of the school, the incapacity of the pupils to interpret any English sentences presenting a shadow of ditKculty was strikingly exhibited. For instance one of the pieces recited in my hearing was the poem of Mm. Hemans, entitled "The Graves of a household." Tho 'Jt *-- ^ ^ y] f>: 7 ^V-^ //a jy >> ^ Photographic Sdences Corporation