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 1 
 
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 f 
 
T 
 
 TJ 
 
Trade Letter. -No. IV. 
 
 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS 
 
 BETWEKN 
 
 BRAZIL AND CANADA; 
 
 WITH 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY IiN FORMATION 
 
 RELATING TO 
 
 TRADE WITH THE WEST INDIES, 
 
 By WM. .1. TATTERSON, 
 
 Skchetary BoAui) ok Tuaiik and Corn Exchange Association, 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 JH out real : 
 D. Bentley & Co., Printers. 
 
 1880. 
 
c 
 
 F. W. 
 
 ClEI 
 
 the Dc 
 tioii re 
 and C( 
 in tho 
 which 
 in the 
 and th 
 make 
 publis] 
 tions V 
 Newfo 
 
 Tl 
 
 etter, i 
 ^ene, ai 
 n Bra2 
 VLercha 
 
OOMMEKCIAL RELATIONS 
 
 IIKTWKKN 
 
 BRAZIL AND CANADA. 
 
 F. W. HexsII.vw, Esq., Pirsidenl, 
 
 AND THB 
 
 Council of the Montreal Board of Trade :— 
 
 CrENTLKMEN. 
 
 With regard to your request, at the instance of 
 the Dominion Government, for the re-publication of the informa- 
 tion relating to Brazil, contained in the Annual Report of Trade 
 and Commerce for 18^8-79,— I beg very respectfully to state that, 
 in the following pages a number of items have been introduced, 
 which can hardly fail to be of service to such as desire to participate 
 in the opening up of direct trade between the Empire of Brazil 
 and the Dominion of Canada. It has been considered best to 
 make the re-issue in form of a Trade Letter, similar to those 
 published about four years ago, and w^hich treated of Trade Rela- 
 tions with Australia,— the West Indies and iSouth America,— and 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 There are a number of statements scattered through the present 
 letter, respecting Flour, Butter, Pork, Fish, Coal, Lumber, Kero- 
 sene, and other products of Canada, consumed in great quantities 
 in Brazil, to which the attention of Producers, Manufacturers, and 
 Merchants is specially requested. 
 
GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 proposp:d steamship communication. 
 
 rem 
 
 COU] 
 
 Can 
 will 
 the ( 
 ol' tl 
 
 lll*\S( 
 
 thol 
 redu 
 
 It would appear as if the question of a largely increased trade 
 betw^een the Empire of Brazil and this Dominion were likely to be 
 soon and satisfactorily answered. Parliament has, by a liberal vote 
 of $r)0,000. enal)led the Grovernment to subsidize a line of steamships 
 for mail and freiuht service, between ports in Canada and Brazil, 
 the Government of the latter contributing a similar amount. The 
 Line, it is understood, w^ill commence operations almost imme- 
 diately ; the Canadian terminal port in Summer and Fall being 
 Montreal, and Halifax, N.S., in Winter, — perhaps alternating 
 with kSt. John, N.B., — because, when projected railway connections 
 are completed, the latter port will lead to a saving in distance of 
 about 400 miles. The Company with which the arrangement has 
 been made, is understood to be able to control ample means. 
 
 St. Thomas is the \Vest India port at which the steamers arcl ticipa 
 to call, going and returning. That point has been chosen on| now 
 account of the facilities afforded for connection with other Islands 
 and particularly with trans-Atlantic steamers touching there en 
 route for Aspinwall. In the event of M. de Lesseps' project for a 
 ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama being successful, it will 
 Ije quite possible to form combinations that would lead to favorablei Brnzi 
 through-freight arrangements for heavy merchandise betweeii| fibout 
 ports on the River St. Lawrence and ports in British Columbia 
 The Directors of the new Company have had their attention 
 drawn to this matter. It will of course be evident that, if such al-way 
 steamship connection with British Columbia could be effected viJlrcirpt 
 the Isthmus, it would be a comparatively easy matter to make £ (uthei— 
 similar arrangement with steamers on the Pacific to Australia anc 
 New Zealand. 
 
 are c 
 them 
 of C; 
 Tu.vr 
 and ; 
 ^vere, 
 pamp 
 
 regre 
 mean 
 into t 
 actua 
 
 to hai 
 
 Another important " port of call " for the steamships, botl ^^ ^oo 
 
 Cana( 
 mijifh 
 
 ways, will be Pernambuco, with which an extensive connectioi 
 is possible, as shown on pp. 11 — 14 inclusive. 
 
 The fiscal policy of the Dominion Government, by which th 
 import duties on Sugar and CofTee (the only exports of Braz 
 
 \\ 
 
 .. hneoi 
 
sed trado 
 j:ely to bo 
 )oral voto 
 oamships 
 id Brazil, 
 mi. The 
 )st imme- 
 ^all being 
 Iternating 
 mnections 
 listance of 
 emeiit has 
 eans. 
 
 
 5 
 
 which wi'i'o (lis;Hlviiiit;ii»(»ously laxod) wore liTonlly iiiodihed, has 
 roinovod ()l)stnch'.s to an enlarged direct tradt^ betw^een the two 
 countries. A C'onsiil for Brazil has been duly commissioned to 
 Canada — \Vm. Darley Bentley, Esq., —whose head-quarters 
 will be at Montreal. He has made an important statement to 
 the eflect that, when he conveyed assurances of the willingness 
 of the Cabinet at Ottawa to recommend further concessions on 
 Ihesc commodities, if the Government at Kio would reciprocate, 
 th(^ latter has procured the passage of a law authorising requisite 
 reductions in the Brazilian tariif. 
 
 It appears, therefore, that, so far as the respective GovernmcMits 
 are concerned, all is being done that can be fairly ex])e('t«'d of 
 them; and it only remains for the Manufacturers and Merchants 
 of Canada to embrace the opportunities now presented. In a 
 TuADE Letter published at the close of 1876, the particulars 
 and importance of the possible trade between Canada and Brazil 
 wa're, with considerable fullness, submitted. Referring to that 
 l)amphlet, it is o)ily needful here to show that a systematic par- 
 ticipation in South American trade by Canadian merchants may 
 now be easily attained. It is, however, as much a matter of 
 regret to-day as it was four or five years ago, that there are no 
 means of tracing the quantities of Brazilian produce which come 
 into the Dominion through British and United States ports, nor the 
 actual quantities of Canadian products which find their way into 
 Brazil through the same channels. Altered relations will bring 
 about a change in this respect. 
 
 It wull be advantageous to trade between Canada and Brazil, 
 to have direct banking relations, instead of the existing round-about 
 way of drawing on London at 60 or 90 days. The new mail and 
 
 effected vi£ freight service by steamships will make it unnecessary for exchange 
 either way to be drawn at long dates. Some of the larger Banks in 
 Canada, may doubtless iind out whether a portion of their capital 
 might not get profitable employment in the enlarged trade that 
 
 nships, bot|is looked forward to. 
 
 e connectioi ^^TENT AND COMMERCE OF THE BRAZILIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 
 eamers are 
 chosen on 
 ler Islands, 
 jT there eti 
 >roject for a 
 sful, it will 
 to favorable 
 ,e between 
 I Columbia, 
 ir attention 
 at, if such a 
 
 r to make 
 ustralia an( 
 
 by which th 
 )rts of Bra'/ 
 
 Brazil covers an area of 3,134,000 square miles, and has a coast- 
 fine of 3,000 miles ; it appears, therefore, that the Empire is equal to 
 
6 
 
 one-fifteenth of the terrestrial surface of the trlobe, one fifth of the J ;i. ft 
 New World, and more than three-sevenths of the Continent of ] stal 
 South America. It has a total population, estimated at more than 
 12,000,000, in whieh are included 2,000,000 wild aborigines, and 
 1,470,507 slaves. By the law of 1871, which assures the gradual 
 extinction of slavery, the children of slave-mothers horn after that 
 date wMthin the Kmpire are free. At the end of 1873 the Empire 
 possessed railways of a total leng-th of 714 English miles ; and at 
 the end of June, 1874. an affgrt^gate length of 897 miles was in 
 process of construction. There were, at the close of 1874, 8,875 
 miles of telegraph-lines, with seventy-four oliices. With the view 
 of facilitating and developing commerce. Grovernment threw open 
 the coasting trade to foreign flags, and the waters of its most im- 
 portant rivers, the Paraguay, San Francisco, the Amazon, as far as 
 the frontier, over an extent of 6,140 miles, and their respective! Hides 
 affluents, thus setting a good example to other nations. | Tobacc 
 
 India ] 
 
 The soil is fertile; but the chief pnjd nets are few, consisting oil {/'"'y*- 
 Coffee, Sugar, Cocoa. Tapioca, ;ind Maudioca, — the Empire is, con-|«;oldHi 
 sequently, depi'ndi'Ut upon other countries for the necessaries and 
 luxuries of life. Canada imports what lirazil produces: and thi 
 various nec-essaries, <S:c. , which she must import are produced o 
 manufactured in the Dominion. Prnt notwithstanding this mow 
 importa it consideration, the reader will se(\ from a table in 
 the AVest India section (p. 24), how small th(* (\inadian trade botli 
 ways has been with South America during the past seven years 
 The total of it was only $7,500,736, or a yearly average of a trifl* 
 more than one million dollars. 
 
 j)rir 
 lisc£ 
 
 Rum. 
 Cottoi 
 Sugar 
 Cocoa 
 Coffee 
 Horse 
 
 The increasinjx value of the trad<' of Brazil is shown by th 
 foUowinir figures: — 
 
 ] 
 in qi 
 count 
 Mr. 
 direct 
 
 1864-65. 
 
 Imports 861,522.937 
 
 Exports 65.735..3.')n 
 
 Sl'27,258,287 
 
 1874.'75. 
 S84,543,676 
 104.723,504 
 
 $189,267,174 
 
 The increase for 1874-75 over 1864-65 is $63,008,887, 
 40-90 per cent. The fiscal year l«74-'75 was perhaps an ei 
 ceptional one, because returns for the three subsequent years indicatl 
 
 Coffee 
 
 linva. . 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 Melad( 
 
 ICane j| 
 
 iMolai. 
 
 i.'irk 
 
 )rugs, 
 
 igttal 
 
 )il8,Cf, 
 
 in ni\ 
 
 Jottonj 
 
 India 
 Jocoa 
 )iaino| 
 
 ^^ooi .r 
 
 I'obac^ 
 Hdes. 
 
th of the 
 tinent of 
 lOTo thnii 
 linos, and 
 e gradual 
 
 after that 
 e Empire 
 s ; and at 
 es was in 
 874, :^,:n5 
 I the view 
 lirew open 
 s most im- 
 ii, as far as! 
 
 respective 
 
 oiisisting ol 
 pire is, con 
 essaries and| 
 es ; and thv 
 produced oil 
 o- this mo«i 
 a table in 
 ti trade both 
 
 !i. falling? off, — especially 1877-'7H, — as exempHIied in the followinrf 
 statement : — 
 
 1876-'76. 1h76.'77. 1877-'78. 
 
 Imports :<83,410,489 S74,.367.663 ::;71,215,033 
 
 ExportH, 85.862.598 94.454.360 73.809 240 
 
 §168,273,087 :?168,822,023 l?145,024,273 
 
 The follo\vini;- table shows the quantities and vahies of the 
 principal articles of merchandize exported from IJrazil durinj:^ the 
 fiscal year lS7'J-'74 : — 
 
 Rnm litres 
 
 Cotton kilo.'< 
 
 Sugar " 
 
 Cocoa '• 
 
 Coflfoe '' 
 
 Horse Hair and Wool '» 
 
 Hides •• 
 
 Farina 
 
 Tobacco •• 
 
 India Rubber •• 
 
 Herva-mat(! ■' 
 
 Rosewood •• 
 
 ( lold and Diamonds yrs. 
 
 IIIA.NTITIKH. 
 
 .'5,309,270 
 
 54,474,293 
 
 154,815,1^9 
 
 3.985,120 
 
 166,385,484 
 
 1,403,936 
 
 21,658,372 
 
 1,124,240 
 
 13,905,122 
 
 6,736,520 
 
 13,436,30s 
 
 3,598,325 
 
 954,297 
 
 VAI IKM. 
 
 $ 257,743 
 
 12.879,179 
 
 9,678,413 
 
 413,219 
 
 60,044,031 
 
 431,874 
 
 6,114,952 
 
 1,034,695 
 
 2,927,871 
 
 5,794,246 
 
 1,269,692 
 
 776,12:! 
 
 1,090,001 
 
 It is important to know that in 1878 Canada imported articles 
 
 in quantity or value, as per the follow in i^' statement, from the 
 
 countries mentioned ; and that, while they are all produced in Brazil, 
 
 Mr. Bentley says not one pound, nor one mil reis ivorth, ims shipped 
 
 \ direct from llial counlr If. 
 
 seven years 
 n-e of a triilt 
 
 ^own by th 
 
 ;76 
 
 i04 
 174 
 
 Total 
 <liiaiitity 
 Imixirtcd. 
 
 63,008,887. 
 erhaps an e 
 : years indical 
 
 Coffoo lb. j 
 
 Rum p:a]. , 
 
 Svigar lb. i 
 
 Melado lb. 
 
 Cane Juice, tfec lb. 
 
 Molasses lb. 
 
 Bark Berries \ 
 
 Drugs, Nuts V lb. ! 
 
 Vegetables for dyeinp:. j I 
 
 Oils, Cocoanut, Palm, Pine ' 
 
 in natural state gal. 
 
 /\)tton lb. 
 
 lahogany, Rosewood. . . foot 
 
 ndia Rubber lb. j 
 
 Jocoa Beans lb. | 
 
 iamonds, &c dollars' 
 
 -Vool lb. 
 
 .'obacco lb. j 
 
 ides, Horns, &c dollars! 
 
 1.969,016 
 
 145.383 
 
 110,988|952 
 
 16,894 
 
 4.025,592 
 
 ,13,098,793 
 
 4,063,636 
 
 102,776 
 
 7,243,413 
 
 5,876,000 
 
 458,755 
 
 73,996 
 
 16,827 
 
 6,230,084 
 
 8,881,463 
 
 1,207,304 
 
 Proportion 
 
 from 
 
 Cniffd StaU'H. 
 
 Proportion 
 
 frmn 
 Knirland. 
 
 Proportion 
 
 from other 
 i'')\intri'»5. 
 
 1.587,520 
 
 990 
 
 ;j,195,3:i5 
 
 16.894 
 
 4,008,784 
 
 13,2:59,889 
 
 3,395,322 
 
 71,384 
 
 7,241,197 
 
 5,827,000 
 
 458,752 
 
 15,226 
 
 4,212 
 
 5,688,422 
 
 8,852,397 
 
 1,051,094 
 
 194,862 
 
 19,627 
 
 ,-)3.238,162 
 
 186,634 
 
 124,776 
 
 12,555,455 
 
 13,238 
 343,390 
 
 614,263 
 
 31,392 
 
 2,216 
 
 1,000 
 
 13 
 
 5,439 
 
 7,003 
 
 235,212 
 
 29,066 
 
 135.985 
 
 3,570 
 39,515,514 
 
 53,051 
 
 
 48,000 
 
 53,331 
 
 5^612 
 
 306,450 
 
 20,225 
 
8 
 
 An exam inn I ion of llu) luhlt' on |>ngv 'J? will nIiovv that 
 r///7Y/ (loninicrcial relations betwotMi Caiiadii and lirnzil art^ ])oinj»- 
 nM'.slnl)lishLHl. During- the calendar yoar 18Ti, the quantity ol' 
 Sni^ar l)r()Ui»'ht into the Dominion from that country amounted to 
 1 i5,4S7.1>r)4 lbs. ; hut after that the trade ceased entirely for the 8i)ace 
 of three years and a half. In the latter half of 1879, however, im- 
 portations \V(M'e resumed, the quantity entered at Customs bein^- 
 ii,:)");),5r>('» lbs. ; and recent advices conlirm the belief that future 
 returns will show continuous increases. 
 
 A statement of total imports into Brazil for the same year (1878) 
 is not at hand ; but a return for 1877 is given below% — showing- 
 (quantities and values from the United States: — 
 
 Atriicultiiral InipUmcnts S8.4r)0 
 
 IWxv, kv.. (loz bottles .'i.lOO 
 
 Hcer. »tc., Cai^ks. «iil i>,HO 
 
 I'.liitkiuK SI 1.189 
 
 Tooks, Maps. &<• S11,'.»7I 
 
 J'.nad iind JJis.uits, lbs 24H.:!t2 
 
 Indian Corn, bus 2,410 
 
 Wheat Flouj', brls 482,'J()U 
 
 All other Breudstiiil's SlS.ti'JO 
 
 Brooms and linishes 4.7-i(> 
 
 Candles, all sorts, lbs 20,786 
 
 (;;urriai;'ert .S8 ,(>() i 
 
 Cars, iu'iihsay, kc :r!4'J,:il5 
 
 Cloeksand parts of 1 16,420 
 
 Cordage, lloiie. Twine, lbs l.^),182 
 
 Cottons, colored, yds 4,218,4:!0 
 
 '' nneolored yds 1 .390,28.') 
 
 " all others $10,811 
 
 Drugs, Cheniieals .>?] 20,463 
 
 Glass and (ilasswan $7,,')99 
 
 Ice, tons. I,8r)0 
 
 ?4,784 
 
 12,463 
 
 S4,246 
 
 :? 10,951 
 
 S350,2.'iO 
 
 India Knbber Manufaetnres 
 
 Iron anil Steel Maiuifacture.s, 
 
 Hallway I'ars. &c., iwt 
 
 Ca.^t i ngs 
 
 Car Wheels 
 
 lioeoniotives and part .s of 
 
 Maehinery $175,704 
 
 Nails and Spikes $58, (189 
 
 Edgt; Tools $65,952 
 
 Lamps $24,078 
 
 Oils. Min(a-al $904,129 
 
 Paper and Stationery $21,991 
 
 rerfiinu ry $31,520 
 
 Provisions, I<anl. Butter, Chinese, 
 
 Bacon. Pork. &c $577,808 
 
 Slewing I.Iachines $21,158 
 
 Soap $8,718 
 
 Spirits of Tiirpi-ntine, gftis 72,752 
 
 Lumber, Boards, Deals, &c 
 
 M. ft 15,440 
 
 Furniture $32,132 
 
 Dried Fish, though not mentioned in the foregoing list, is a 
 most important element of Brazilian trade. The aggregate of all 
 kinds imported during the fiscal year 1878-'79 is reported to have 
 been 374,104 drums, — or the enormous quantity of 47,885,312 lbs. 
 Information is givmi on pp. 11, 12, 13, 14, pointing to Pernambuco 
 as the largest market in the world for Dried Codfish. Figures are 
 also quoted, showing the imports of that particular article during 
 the present fiscal year (for about eight months) to have been 241,288 
 drums. 
 
 Flour. — It has been alleged that Flour manufactured from 
 Canada wheat is not suitable for tropical latitudes ; but the follow^ing 
 extract from the Report of the West India Commissioners seems to 
 
 toRic 
 be lo( 
 prosp 
 show 
 a wa 
 monc 
 
>\v lluil 
 t^ beiii" 
 
 nlily ol' 
 lilted to 
 
 ver, iin- 
 is })('in^' 
 t luturc,' 
 
 ar(1878j 
 showing" 
 
 S4,784 
 
 12 
 
 S4 
 
 810 
 
 $175 
 S59 
 SG5 
 S24 
 
 S904 
 S21 
 $31 
 
 S577 
 
 S21 
 
 $8 
 
 72 
 
 ,463 
 24 G 
 ,951 
 250 
 704 
 <)89 
 .952 
 078 
 ,129 
 ,991 
 ,520 
 
 80S 
 ,158 
 ,718 
 
 752 
 
 15,440 
 ,. $32,132 
 
 list, is a 
 ate of all 
 i to have ; 
 15,312 lbs. 
 iiambuco 
 ^ures are 
 ie during 
 n 241,288 
 
 red from 
 foUowino- 
 
 I seems to 
 
 ' 
 
 9 
 
 hr quile conclusive ou thai point. lieferrinn* lo the lilmpirc of 
 Brazil, Ihey said : — 
 
 "Tho greatest care fihould be taken to Rond nonn but tbe boHt t|iiality of our pro- 
 ducts to Brazil. Thin remark appllen specially to wlu-at lluiir. The consumcMri are 
 tilt! wealthy clasHos and the population of the citi<'s. If, on the one hand, thry iint 
 fuHtidiouH in their tantes, on the other they are alway.s ready to pay liif,'h i)riceH for a 
 really Huperior article. 
 
 <' It is a pleasing fact that a considerable quantity of Montreal flour has for the last 
 three years been sent to Pernambuco, by way of Knj(Iand, and has givfu great Hati.sl'iution. 
 It is certain that much of the Hour shipped southward from New York is madi' in that 
 city in imitation of Southern Ohio, both as to barrels and as to the Hour itself, and is 
 fDund to answer. It is worthy the attention of the trade, whether it would not be desirable 
 to establish a special brand for flour manufactured for tropical consumption, since, with 
 care and honesty in tho shipments of the article, Canada Hour would, in time, attain a 
 high character." 
 
 Speaking" upon the same point in the " lleport of Trade and 
 Commerce of Montreal for 1806," it was there remai!:>^d: — 
 
 "An impression prevails that Canadian flour is not suitable for exjort to tropical 
 countries; it is, nevertheless, true that Montreal Hour is not whoHy imkuown or nnnp- 
 l)re(:iated in the West Indiaand Brazil markets, altliough there is no . isfacto.y raetl oti by 
 which it can be ascertained ^,hat proportion of tlie Hour export -d to tln-se ouuhies fntiii 
 the United States was icfui> the product of Canada. Suffici. it, in th<' i.. ^antiuie, tli'it 
 Montreal millers rmi, and gladly would, manufacture special brands f . nso in the West 
 Indies and South /Vmerica; and certain millers in Upptr Canada have diclared their 
 liurpose to arrange without delay to produce Hour adapted for these niarke*^ " 
 
 Further inquiries instituted upon this point only a few days 
 ago. amply confirm the statement relating to the manufacture of 
 brands of Flour suitable for the trade of the "West Indies and lira/il. 
 What is most wanted is a fair opportunity to participate in the 
 trade. 
 
 Buttei; Salted Meals, Sfc. — With reference to the best method 
 of putting up Butter for the Brazilian market, see page 12. 
 
 Preserved Fresh Meats, Sfc — The opening up and extension of 
 trade with the Tropics and South America would seem to adbrd 
 an outlet for the products of establishments here and elsewhere 
 for the preserving and canning of all kinds of meats, soups, &c. 
 
 There are several cities and towns on the sea-board, from Para 
 to Rio, where new inlets for Canadian products may now reasonal^ly 
 be looked for ; and any intelligent merchant can judge what the 
 prospects are for a direct trade between Brazil and Canada, as 
 shown in the foregoing statements. It would, therefore, be simply 
 a waste of time to enter upon a demonstration as to how much 
 money is lost to the producers, manufacturers, and merchants of the 
 
10 
 
 two rountrios by the iiitorvontion of out-of-tho-vvay third pnrlios, 
 whoso \i\v^o j>rofits tend to prevoiit the yielding of better prices 
 to produeers, or which enhance the cost to consumers. 
 
 MONEY. 
 Currency. — Accounts are kept in lirazil in niilrois ol' 1000 reis. 
 
 SlStlU! 
 
 18TH ; 
 
 Sl:ite.^ 
 
 I iiKide 
 
 tirowi 
 
 IJrazil Viihit". 
 
 1 rei 
 lOon reis - 1 niilreis 
 
 l>(!(-iini)l Valiii". 
 
 • 06 cent 
 
 -t8c. 
 
 .*<torlinK Value. 
 0-03(i. 
 -r. 24rf. [2«.l 
 
 The currency of Brazil is made up cliiefly of paper notes, 
 issued by authority of the Crovernment, but which is said to have ^y^.^t ] 
 become depreciated, and now has merely a nominal value. When I shelte 
 first issm>d, this paper money was e(iual to specie in value, — takinu- | is lot 
 the r.raxilian dollar of the value of the Spanish dollar, or 4y 2^/. I n-n-iie 
 sterlinu', at 2(i<Mi reis. Before the introduction of paper, the chiel | ehar<''( 
 medium of payment was the i>-old " mocda'' of 4000 reis, and th*' \ ]i>ef i 
 silver dollar. The value of jiaper, however, depends on the market | ^^\• ,,y, 
 rates of the precious mi>tals. There is an irre<i"ular cop[)er coinaut' | 
 in ])ra/il. Doubloons, Sovereigns, and ^Icxican dollars are current I T 
 
 Exchanixc. — fhe rate of exchange depends upon the current 1 "^ "^ \ 
 value of coin at the time of drawing. If the price of the Spanish f "''^^^'* 
 dollar were 'J milreis, the rate of exchange on London would bi> | ^^^ '"^ 
 about 25 pence per milreis, for 00 days' sight. 
 
 loub 
 char«>' 
 
 PARA 
 
 AVhile of this Port it may very truly be said that its own im- 1 iiig, a 
 port and ex])ort trades are not large, its geographical position is a I niark( 
 commanding one. Situated at the mimth of the Kiver Amazon, it! iutol 
 appears that the Republics of Bolivia, Peru, E([uador. Columbia, | sterlii 
 and Venezuela, communicate with Tara by the waters of that great! for T'- 
 highway and its tributaries, and there can hardly be any questioiij 
 as to th(» commercial advantages that would arise from makins' it, 
 
 sooner or later, a ' port of call " lor the new line of steamships. | 
 
 MARANHAO. 
 
 :it Pe 
 
 count 
 
 (plan 
 
 that 
 
 This Port is situated between Para and Pernambuco, and hnv; Ihs.) 
 a population of :}0,000. Its exports are large and increasing, con-f hrls. 
 
 
d parlies, 
 ter prices 
 
 11 
 
 sistinu" chiclly <»t' sugar, cotton, and dye-woods. Its imports in 
 1878 included 12.000 barrels oi' Flour, chieily from the United 
 States. II is understood that there is a likelihood of its heimr 
 made a " port oi' call," with prolit to all parties, on account of the 
 orowinu' trade of the place 
 
 1000 reis. 
 
 [)er nott»s, 
 d to havol 
 e. When | 
 .\ — takinir i 
 , or 4s 2^/, 
 the chief 
 
 s, and tht' I 
 
 ■I 
 
 he mark el I 
 er coinaui 
 re current 
 
 he current ,] 
 16 Spanish I 
 Avould ho I 
 
 ts own im- 
 osition is a 
 Amazon, it 
 
 Columbia, 
 [' that li'reat 
 ly question 
 
 makinu' it 
 famships. 
 
 CO, and has 
 easing, con 
 
 PERNAMBUCO. 
 
 The city of rernambuco is in 8^ 4' south latitude, and ^^'2^^ 
 wi'st longitude. The population is ai)out 120,000. The harbor is 
 sheltered by a reef fnmi the swell of tin- ocean. Vessels drawiim- 
 18 feet (and at extra tidi's !<• feet) may come in; but those of 
 iireaU'r draft have to anchor outsid*- in the roads, where they dis- 
 charge and load by means of ligliters. To the northward of the 
 Vi'ef there is a basin, havinu' 20 fe«'t water at low tide, where shijvs 
 of over 14 feet draft sometimes lighten. 
 
 The Cuslom-Hotise quay can only accommodate twovess(>ls 
 at a time, so that almost all craft employ liu-hters for loading and 
 iinloadiiiLi-. This li«i-hterage costs about loOO reis. (or about TOc. 
 to 72c.) i)er ton. blasters of vessels taking coals for rernambuco 
 shoidd be carefid to stipulate that consignees pay all lighterage 
 charges. 
 
 This Port is an important distributiuir point, the imports siiow- 
 ing, as has been stated on etmipeti'nt authorit) . that it is the laruvst 
 market in the world for Dried Codfish. Th.- t-.tal vahte of inq^orts 
 into rernambuco ill the liscal year 1877- 78 amounted lo t'2,10:),04O 
 sterlino-, as au'ainst .ei.OaO.OOo. in the precedim;- yi'ar. The (>xports 
 for 1878 weri' valued at .€1.8(;5,102. 
 
 The table on page 12 shows the principal items of imports 
 at rernambuco in 1877-78, the <ptantities ])ein-' uiven. and the 
 countries from which the supplies were reci'ived. The principal 
 (juantilies will bi^ «'asily comprehended, if it be r(>membered 
 that a kilogramnii' is equal to about 21 lbs. (or exactly ^2-20:. 
 lbs.) The quantity of Flour, therefore, would ])e ec[Ual to 170,8l>8 
 brls. 
 
12 
 
 (ireat Britain 
 and liur 
 Colonies'. 
 
 L'nilcd States. 
 
 (Hlicr 
 
 Coinilrics. 
 
 ToT.M. 
 
 Beer iin<l Spirits litres. 
 
 (yodfisli kilos. 
 
 I'ootw iuul Shof.s (loz. pre 
 
 Colli ton.s. 
 
 Ijcatlier kilos. 
 
 h'loiir <' 
 
 Iron and Steel " 
 
 (ililSS « 
 
 Butter and Lard " 
 
 ('hecse " 
 
 Kerosene & other Oils, " 
 
 Paper, &c " 
 
 Cotton Goods " 
 
 Woollen '• '« 
 
 i;ea<Iy-made Clothes: 
 
 ('■otton doz. 
 
 \Vfv(ill"n kilns. 
 
 13.G35.372 
 2.665', 
 31,817' 
 1.154 
 2,022,068 
 1,020,755 
 7,521,'J64 
 74,380 
 131,326,1 
 67,424" 
 91,972 
 2,765,416 
 62,186 
 
 1,669 
 
 1,700 
 
 2,481 
 64,068 
 Nil. 
 
 1,316 
 
 Nil. 
 
 8,492,579 
 
 37,233 
 
 485.188 
 
 231,407 
 
 480 
 
 2,153,189 
 
 70,211 
 
 37,384 
 
 9 
 
 Nil. 
 Nil. 
 
 88,539 
 
 258.450 
 
 20,155 
 
 278 
 
 25,448 
 
 4,675.833 
 
 453,039 
 
 3,325,661 
 
 723,797 
 
 41,887 
 
 6,854 
 
 435.002 
 
 92,248 
 
 32,951 
 
 12,948 
 
 286 
 
 249,547 
 
 13,957,890 
 22,820,; 
 33,411" 
 26,602 
 15.190,480 
 1,946,097 
 11,332,813 
 1,029,584 
 I73,693,t 
 2,227,467" 
 598,005 
 2,895,048 
 95,146 
 
 14,617 
 1,986 
 
 The trade of the year IStS-'TO was seriously alTocted hy a 
 drouiiht which prevailed throughout the Province : it nevertheles,s 
 appears that the receipts of Flour (princii^ally from the United State.s 
 and Austria) amounted to 285,488 barrels and 10,634 bags. Im- 
 portations of Kerosene amounted to 2,503,451 kilos., nearly all from 
 the United States. 
 
 Uutter is reported to be in good demand at Pernambuco. The 
 kind that meets the recjuirements of the trade, is carefully put up 
 in 1-lb or 2-lb. tins, and these are packed in boxes containing 
 about 200 lbs. \veight, or in barrels of about 54 to 60 kilos. 
 
 Some valuable information relating to the business of the year 
 1879-*80, besides particulars about prices, freights, exchange, &c„ 
 are given in the following extract from a communication, under 
 date, Pernambuco, 10th Ajnil 1880: — 
 
 Haddock 
 ii 
 
 Ilerringif 
 
 I Flour of 
 b 
 
 I ^ 
 
 n 
 
 ^' Lumber i 
 
 I t< 
 
 i Coal froi 
 
 \ " 
 
 i ai 
 
 *i Pitch, To 
 
 I Ic 
 
 I Beef and 
 
 i w 
 
 \ Dry Goo 
 
 i qi 
 
 II.— E 
 
 Sugar.- 
 
 a 
 
 I. — iMPORTri. 
 
 Products oj Canada Jar ivliich an outlet can he found al\ 
 Pernambuco. 
 
 Ilideg, ( 
 
 Wei Sa 
 
 I 
 
 Codfish, dried, packed in drums of 128 lbs. Portuguese weight. This is probably tho 
 
 largest market in the world for dried codfish, no less than 241,288 drums having | Freiglits 
 arrived since 6th September last to the present date, and which, for the season, 
 will probably reach a total of over 300,000 drums. The value to-day of prime dry 
 merchantable shore codfish may be taken at about 248. 6d. sterling per drum. Thi' 
 price tl actuates according to the abundance, or otherwise, of the Catch in Newfound- 
 land, from which our chief supplies are drawn. We consider 248. 6d. per drum a 
 price below the usual average. 
 
 i 
 
 Rvcharif, 
 
13 
 
 ToTAl, 
 
 249.547 
 13,957,890 
 22,820.1 
 33,411" 
 26,602 
 15,190,480 
 1 ,946.097 
 11,332,813 
 1,029, .584 
 l73,G93i 
 2,227,467" 
 598,005 
 2,895,048 
 95,146 
 
 14,617 
 1,986 
 
 ited by a 
 orthcles.s 
 ted States 
 ag-s. Im- 
 y all from 
 
 ICO. The 
 ly \)\\t up 
 ontaiiiiiig 
 
 i 
 
 Haddock, fiimihir\y dried, cau be well sold wlieii in lots of 500 to 750 (hiimsntadilTcrenco 
 in price of 28. to 28. 6d. sterling per drum. 
 
 Ilerringx, Mackerel, Salmon an<\ other salted fish, other than Cod and Haddoik. in very 
 limited consumption, the demand being confined chiefly to the foreign residents. 
 
 Flour of prime quality, white and perfectly fresh, is always saleable here, but only the 
 best qualities command a ready sale. An entire cargo, say of 2.500 to 3,000 barrels, 
 would not at present find a market here, but this would not be the case with lots 
 of 500 to 800 barrels. The present value is 22.^000 per barrel, less 10 per cent., 
 netting to shippers about 298. per barrel sterling, for cost and freight, in a 
 remittance on England at 90 days' sight. 
 
 /.Hmt(?r is saleable here in moderate quantities, ])itch pine being preferred, as it is less 
 subject to the attacks of the white ant than other qualities, — 3-inch planks of 17 
 to 20 feet in length. 
 
 Coal from Pictou is always saleable in cargoes of 300 to 500 tons, the prices depending 
 upon stocks. The value to-day would be 15S00O per ton or 22s. 4d. sterling, cost 
 and freight. This we consider a very moderate value. 
 
 Pilrh, Tar and Rosin. A small consumption here for these articles. An occasional small 
 lot of 20 barrels saleable. 
 
 We cannot recom- 
 
 
 )f the year 
 ange, &c„ 
 on, under I 
 
 be found at 
 
 probably tho 
 drums having 
 'or the season. 
 y of prime dry 
 jrdrum. The 
 
 in Ncwfound- 
 )d, per drum a 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 Beef and Pork in barrels. Small demand, and no local consumption, 
 mend any shipments. 
 
 Dry Goods. Blue drills are imported from New York, and also striped drills in limited 
 quantities; but we should require samples to report upon the suitability to this 
 market. 
 
 II. — Exports. Some of the articles shipped from Pernambnro. 
 
 Sugar. — Our principal export is sugar. Our crop begins in September, and wc are 
 now at about the close, though we shall have entries, no doubt, up to .June, but 
 the later the entries the worse the qualities as a rule. We forward by tliis steamer 
 a box containing samples of sugar usually shipped to New York and other American 
 ports, and we enclose our circular with to-day's quotation for .Jtine. The samples con- 
 sistof Low Whites J^To. 14 Z>. S., Superior Clayed Muscovadoen, Mixed Clayed Museovadoes, 
 Good American Muscovadoes and Regular American Muscovadoes. 
 
 At this port are also nogotiated sales of sugar from the neighboring outports 
 of Maceio, llio Grande do Norte and Parahyba. It is too late in the season 
 to forward you reliable samples of ^hese qualities. Our crop may be taken 
 as 100,000 tons for export. The fine whites are exported to the Southern ports 
 and to the River Plate. 
 
 Several cargoes have lately been shipped to Montreal, and also to Ilaliftix. 
 
 Hides, dry salted, used to go from this to Halifax in years gone by, but. for some 
 time past, the bulk of our exports have gone to New York. Our hides weigh 
 about 24 to 25 lbs each, and to-day's quotation is equal to 6^d. per lb., free on 
 board ex freight. The present stock is very small. 
 
 Wet Salted Hides are nearly all shipped to Havre, weight 42 to 44 lbs. each ; present 
 value about 4d. per lb. f.o.b. ex freight. 
 
 Freights rule at 208 to 408. and 5 per cent, per ton for sugar in bags to ports in tlie 
 United States and liurope. The latest charter was for the channel at 33s. 
 in full. 
 
 Exchange rules to-day at 21d. to 21id. per 1,000 reis on London in drafts at 90 days' sight. 
 Nearly the whole of our exchange transactions for exports to the United 
 States and the Northern ports of Europe are negotiated on Jiondon, and only 
 a small portion on Poitugai, Paris, and Hamburg. 
 
14 
 
 With regard to the statement about Peruainbuco as a mar- 
 ket for Cod-Fish, iht' quantities imported during sixteen previous 
 years, will assist in arriving at an estiinat<^ oi' tli<> incr<»asiii£T trade 
 
 yujiiitity 
 Catch of laiideil. 
 
 1864-'65 Drums. 111,578 
 
 1865-'66. 
 
 1866-'67. 
 
 18G7-68. 
 
 1868-'69. 
 
 1869-'70 
 
 1870-71 . 
 
 1871-'72 
 
 112.425 
 103,700 
 129,019 
 117,330 
 158,298 
 143,193 
 174.417 
 
 riitcli >)i i.iiici" il.' 
 
 1872-'73 Drums. 180.00(J 
 
 1873-'74 U38.00.S 
 
 1874-75 '• 203,718.1 
 
 1875-76 '• 148,439 
 
 187(>-77 I(i5.348 
 
 1877-78 •• 220,007.^ 
 
 1878-79 ■• 204.925 
 
 1879-'80 (t'BtiniHt'.-<l; '• 300,000 
 
 MACEIO. 
 
 This Port is about 120 milos south oi' P(Tnambuco, — is the capi- 
 tal oi'the Province of Alagoas, and has about 20,000 inhabitants 
 Its dirert trade is very small, all its supplies coming from Pcrnam- 
 buco in coasting vessels. But its commercial relations will bo 
 materially changed, and ils trade enlarg<'d. by tlie regular calls ol' 
 the steamships. 
 
 BAHIA, 
 
 Bahia is situated on the Bay of All Saints, — population 
 150.000 ; it will be a "port of call"' for the ('anadian steamship.'^. 
 The main channel is two miles wide, — depth of \^•at(n•, 5 to 10 
 fathoms, — no charge for pilotage or lights. 
 
 The imports for the year 1H77-'78 amounted in value to 
 .£1,942.386 sterling-, and the exports to €1.509.:)18. The chief 
 articles of export in that year are shown in the following table, in 
 mil reis and tilos, — the former, as before stated, being etiual to 
 2s. sterling, or 48c., and the latter to about 2^ lbs. 
 
 tireat 
 Britain. 
 
 I'liitoii 
 
 Stii'cs 
 
 < ahi>r 
 
 t'.iiiiifrii s. 
 
 Mil ri^is. 
 
 'I'..tal 
 Kilos. 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Cotton , 
 
 Kum 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Hides, &c 
 
 Tobacco , 
 
 Diamonds 
 
 Rosewood, Ac. . 
 Sundries , 
 
 3,680,858 
 9.977 
 
 315,879 
 
 905.522 
 28.107 
 80,183 
 95.705 
 47,069 
 1,015,164 
 
 222,681 
 
 226,258 
 
 131 
 
 112,947 
 336,861 I 
 
 «9,904 
 
 7.086 
 
 62,403 
 
 1,968.001 
 
 408,357 
 
 5,723,373 
 
 . 796.518 
 
 178,614 
 
 181,455 
 
 4.086, 
 
 17 
 
 62 
 
 3.096, 
 
 662. 
 
 5,803, 
 
 892 
 
 338 
 
 1.632, 
 
 641 
 063 
 403 
 204 
 722 
 687 
 223 
 030 
 480 
 
 44.798.311 
 
 34,177 
 
 343,692 
 
 5.971,023 
 
 1.432,864 
 
 17,272,678 
 
 Th( 
 
 Include* 
 
 I'lonr .... 
 liinl 
 
 i 
 
 Rio 
 
 itir 10^ ; 
 
 .J 
 
 Americj 
 [actures 
 brought 
 lieretofo 
 The imi 
 |n Rio a 
 ,)uildini 
 Xvood b( 
 Shi, 
 l^roved, 
 ^)ck. ( 
 1(1 angers 
 ^vater a 
 pne is g( 
 iSng to 
 
 riinual 
 Th 
 |t Periu 
 l^^alue o 
 |ble) w 
 
 PottOD". 
 
 ft'^oolleus 
 jineij.s 
 Paper, all 
 iron . . . 
 [)opi)er 
 Lead . . 
 i'ood-; 
 
 Till 
 
 inin . , 
 Cotton . 
 piigar . 
 [jolfee, (11 
 lides . 
 )ianjoud 
 
s a niar- 
 
 previovTs 
 
 nrr tracLv 
 
 'I'li-iiiiii > 
 
 nis. 180.000 
 168,00H 
 20:-J,718.i 
 
 105,348 
 220,007.1 
 204.925" 
 ;!OO,000 
 
 the oapi- 
 labitaiits. 
 
 Pcrnain- 
 
 will bo 
 
 \v calls of 
 
 I The. imports at Bahia, Irom 2:hd Oct.. 1878. t(. 2:^rd Oct.. 1879, 
 Included : — 
 
 15 
 
 'lonr 56,183 brl.- 
 
 KeroseDi 
 
 56,235 caHes 
 
 •opulatioii 
 eamships. 
 
 :, 5 to 10 
 
 value to 
 rile chit^i' 
 r tal)l(\ ill 
 
 etinal to 
 
 pid 10,775 k«'g- Lumber 1.788,000 ft'et 
 
 RIO DE JANEIRO. 
 
 Rio is situated in south latitude 22^ 54', and west longitude 
 jio" 10; it is the capital of the Empire, the lari?est city in South 
 |Araerica, and contains a population of over •")0(),000. The manu- 
 I'actures and luxuries which enter into consumption here ar(.^ 
 brought from European countri(\s ; while staple commodities have 
 heretofore been extensively imported from the United States. 
 [I'he importation of Flour is a very large item, the local consumption 
 11 Jiio alone averaging about 1,100 barrels per day. Lumber for 
 t)uilding and other purposes comes entirely from abroad, the native 
 \vood being hard and difficult to work. 
 
 Shippiufj;'. — The Custom House has been extemb^d and im- 
 proved, and two excellent dry-docks excavated out of the solid 
 jock. Good Tow^ Boats are to be had if required : but there are no 
 dangers in entering the port, there being about 5 to il fathoms of 
 |\vater all the way to the anchorage. There are native pilots, and 
 ^neis generally employed. The rates for towage are high, amount- 
 ing to 800 milreis for a vessel of 1500 tons, both ways. The 
 Annual arrivals are about 8,000 A'essels, measuring 1,400,000 tons. 
 
 The statistics of trade, are said to be not so well kept here as 
 |t Pernambuco and Bahia : details are therefore not so minute. The 
 kalue of imports, in dollars, for 1877 (later ligures being unobtain- 
 ble) were as follows : — 
 
 
 44.79«.311 
 
 34,177 
 
 343,692 
 
 5.971,023 
 
 1.432,864 
 
 17,272,678 
 
 otton«. $9,411,73*'. 
 
 r'oolleus 3,396,711 
 
 int'Ds 1,607,76*; 
 
 aper, all soriH . . 962,545 
 
 ion. 1,399,389 
 
 opjtor 504, 18t) 
 
 ead 167,588 
 
 iVood< 749.066 
 
 Meath .,.-^4,598,187 
 
 Vegetable 2,522,527 
 
 PlantH l!056,372 
 
 Juicex 4,010.892 
 
 Chemicals 1,164,293 
 
 Earthen and Glass Ware 590,998 
 
 Machinerv 795,962 
 
 Sundries 2,675,357 
 
 The exports for the same year were as follow^s :■ 
 
 urn $3,462 
 
 Jotton 28^602 
 
 Uffar 65,904 
 
 oilee, (lbs.) 44,455,691 
 
 ^ides $451,038 
 
 [J)iamonds 330,1 16 
 
 ?56,715 
 
 937,794 
 
 128,812 
 
 984,529 
 
 SundrieH 3,075,767 
 
 Farina . . 
 Tobacco . , 
 Rosewood 
 Gold 
 
16 
 
 M 
 
 The ibllowing particulars in some departmoiiis ot Kio tradi 
 during the months of July, August, and September last, may h 
 interesting as showing quantities, pri(;es, &c. : — 
 
 I.— Shipments of Coffee. 
 
 Cofee. — Tlio shipments from Rio during each of three months, ended on 4th Angus; 
 September, and October, respectively were : — 
 
 To United States . 
 
 Europe 
 
 Elsewhere . . . 
 
 Baj^s— July. 
 127,818 
 106,255 
 10,947 
 
 245,290 
 
 Bags— Aug. 
 219,817 
 95,432 
 5,885 
 
 321,134 
 
 rrices by the cargo in these months respectively were : — 
 
 J L'LY. AUO. 
 
 per 10 kilos. per 10 kilos. 
 
 Prime, C$250 =S3.00 6$600=$3.19 
 
 (lood, 5:?600=S2.76 5S900=$2.82 
 
 B'air to Good 5S450=$2.G1 5s;750=:$2.76 
 
 Ba?rs— Seiit. 
 
 260,436 
 
 97,222 
 
 14,531 
 
 372,189 
 
 Skpt. 
 
 per 10 kilos. 
 
 5$600=<?2.70 
 
 5#100==$2.46 
 
 4!?950=$2.37 
 
 i 
 
 During the latter month prices declined spasmodically, inducing large sales, 
 
 II.— Imports of Sundry Staples. 
 
 Flour. — Market quiet during September, receipts amounting to 29,000 barrels, of whic; 
 
 F 
 
 of pa( 
 (see p 
 Kio. 
 Ihe tai 
 Idltiti! 
 liaviu: 
 ('aimcl 
 and pi 
 IJritis] 
 
 I are W( 
 still])! 
 suitab' 
 ! using 
 use in 
 raaiiuf 
 and Bi 
 to adin 
 i.s all 1 
 w 
 
 27,000 barrels were from the United States; — stock in first hands on 4t;B'^^'^*^'- 
 October, 21,500 barrels, all American. The following were current whole8ai||-^,-itli 
 rates at that date : — 
 
 From Trieste, various Au.strian brands,— 21 $500 fS) 22$000=$10.32 fa) $10.56 ^'^^*' ^* 
 
 U. S., " Dunlop," 21$500=$10.32. |a.s call 
 
 " brands hom St. Louis, 20S000 ra) 22:?000=$9.60 fa) $10.56. 
 
 " " " Baltimore, 20$000 ^ 2l$000=$9.60 ^ SlO.32. 3<''inSU 
 
 " Haxall 22§000z==$10.56. 
 
 Lard. — Receipts in September were 5,500 kegs, — the quotation being 00$325, or 18c 
 per lb. 
 
 Kerosene. — Market firm, — arrivals 13,825 cases, — the price being 8$500= $4.08 per caa 
 
 Codfish. — Among the arrivals in September, were two cargoes from Gaspe, consisting i 
 4,304 drums,— rates being quoted at 14$000 fa) 17$000=$6.72 fa) §8.16 pi 
 drum. 
 
 Coal. — Arrivals during October were 13,345 tons, and 491 tons of coke, mainly froi 
 Caidifl", Glasgow, Greenock, and Newcastle. Qnotations were :— 
 
 Cardiff, 1 9^000 =$9.12 per ton. 
 
 Newcastle, 19S000 =$9.12 " 
 
 Sundries, 14$000 fS) 16$000=$6.72 fa) $7.68 per ton. 
 
 While Pme.— Sold at 00$110=6 cents per foot. 
 
 J'itch Fine 7MiZs.— Sound cargoes worth 38$000 (cf) 40$000= $18.06 fTb $19.20 per dozf 
 3-int;h phinkH, 17 to 20 feet long. 
 
 South 
 say 7' 
 jnit u 
 namb 
 
 / 
 
 item, 
 
 Lisbo 
 
 tliese 
 
 kilos, 
 
 mark 
 
 Soutl: 
 
■ 
 
 ]|io trade 
 fit, may 1) 
 
 m 4th Angus; 
 
 n.rjrs— Sept 
 260,436 
 
 97,222 
 14,531 
 
 372,189 
 
 iKPT. 
 
 10 kilos. 
 0=!?2.70 
 0=$2.46 
 0=$;2.37 
 
 rge sales. 
 
 %. 
 
 17 
 
 Bttftrr. — Kespeetini^this article, the remark as to kind and size 
 of packages, quality, &c., suitable for the Pernambuco market, 
 (see page 12,) apply with equal emphasis to the requirements of 
 Kio. Importations from 1^'rance are in most favor at rernambuco ; 
 the taste of the (Vipital for a good while preferr<'d l-^nglish Butter, 
 hut its re])utation has not Ixvii sustained, Danish and French brands 
 liaving to a great extent displaced it. The hrst Octol)er Butter of 
 Caunda, if very carefully [)ac-ked, would, it is believed, (ind a ready 
 and prolitable m;irk<^t in Brazil. For consumption of Butter in the 
 British AYest Indies, see p. 26. 
 
 irrels, of whic: 
 
 hands on 4t 
 
 rrcnt wholesai: 
 
 ^$10.56. 
 
 © $10.56. 
 ^ $10.32. 
 
 00$325, or ISt 
 
 = $4.08 per cas 
 
 je, consisting i 
 72 (ci) $8.16 p 
 
 :e, mainly froi 
 
 ) per ton. 
 9.20 per dozr 
 
 Flour. — Tlie particulars n])out Flour at the sea-ports of Brazil 
 nre well worth examination. In some (piarters the misconce]>tion 
 still pnwails that Canadian wheat does not yield a quality of Flour 
 suitable for the West Indies and South America, (see pp. 8, 9). By 
 Unsinii* the imjn'oved process(^s and machinery now in such general 
 use in the larger c-lass of Flour mills, Canadian millers can and do 
 manufacture briinds that are in use now l)oth in the West Indies 
 and Brazil. The theory that Canadian wheat must be kUn-dned 
 to admit of the production of l^lour that will " keep " in the Tropics, 
 is all but (Exploded, Can^ful packing, and use of thorouu'hly dried 
 and well-made barrels, are desiderata. Persons well acquainted 
 with the vnrious Austrian and United States brands of Flour which 
 are most in vogue in South America, state that the grades are such 
 as can readily be manufa(^tured from Canadian AVhite Wheat. For 
 consumption of Flour in the British West Indies, see pp. 25, 26. 
 
 Kerosene. — This article put up in cylindrical tins, for the 
 South American market, — each tin containing about 33 kilos, or 
 say 70 to 75 lbs. A certain number of these (Cylinders are carefully 
 jnit up in strong packing-cases. The cpiantity imported at Per- 
 nambuco during the tisc^al year 1878-70 was over 2,500,000 kilos. 
 
 
 PohUopii. — The importation of Potatoes into Brazil is a large 
 item, and deserves attention. Th(^ supply comes principally from 
 Lisbon and Havre; the quantities received at Pernambuco from 
 these i)orts in the fiscal year 1878 were 208,966 kilos, and 246,459 
 kilos, respectively, ^vhile 815,498 kilos came from England. Anew 
 Market for potatoes from the Maritime Provinces may be found in 
 South America. The following statement was made in the Trade 
 
18 
 
 Letter published in 1876, relative to 
 South America and the West Indies : — 
 
 •ommercial relations with 
 
 •' With regard to Potatoes it will be noticed that the'.United iStates official values 
 at the ports of shipment, during 1874. averaged nearly one dollar fsay, a fraction morn 
 than 98^c.] per bushel, -the aggregate quantity exported being 413,483 bushels, and the 
 value S407,610. In the latter part of 1876 the average price for shipping lots of Potatoes 
 [Early Koso] in St. John, N.B., was 40c. per bushel, while in Halifax, N.S.,the average 
 was somewliat lowir. If the price in 1876 was in any way near the rate of 1874, Pro- 
 duce-merchants in the Maritime Provinces can have no difficulty in seeing that there 
 must have been a very handsome margin to compensate for the enterprise of the United 
 States merchants | who purchased heavily in tSt. John and Halifax] in arranging the 
 details of sending one kind of Dominion produce to market." 
 
 It would be easy to uriltiply examples, but that seems to bo 
 unnecessary. In closing- this Trade Letter, I have only to 
 request active concurrence in the ibllowing 
 
 Ameri( 
 comms 
 ing u] 
 
 DOMIN 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 1. The magnitude and general character of the trade with 
 Brazil, as well as with the West Indies, present ample inducements 
 for increased enterprise on the part of Canadian merchants. 
 
 2. Tropical and S nth American countries on the one hand, 
 and the Dominion of Canada on the other, naturally and mutually 
 afford the best and cheapest markets in which the merchants of 
 the respective countries can make purchases. 
 
 3. The geographical position of Canada is more favorable 
 for direct trade with the West Indies and South America than is 
 generally supposed. 
 
 4. The Dominion Government has removed some of the 
 obstacles to an immediate enlargement of the commercial relations 
 with Brazil and the West Indies, by modifying fiscal charges, and 
 by providing for direct steamship communication. 
 
 5. To make the magnificent and inviting commerce of the 
 Tropics and South America available, Canadian merchants should, 
 for themselves, carefully examine and embrace the opportunities 
 that seem to offer for the extension of trade relations. 
 
 6. The energetic prosecution of the trade which has been 
 under consideration, would be of untold advantage to the several 
 Maritime Provinces of the Dominion, in developing for them an 
 immense winter traffic. 
 
ons with 
 
 l£cial values 
 •action more 
 icIk, and the 
 B of Potatoes 
 the average 
 if 1874, Pro- 
 ig that there 
 ' the United 
 rranging the 
 
 iins to be 
 only to 
 
 7 
 
 The question of trade with the West Indies and South 
 America promises substantial results ; and it ought, therefore, to 
 command the cordial eftbrts of every business man to aid in build- 
 ing up the Industrial and Commercial future of the 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 
 (tENTLEMEN. 
 
 Your obedient servant. 
 
 -ade with 
 ucements 
 
 its. 
 
 Dne hand, 
 mutually 
 chants of 
 
 favorable 
 ca than is 
 
 ne of the 
 1 relations 
 arges, and 
 
 rce of the 
 its should, 
 3ortunities 
 
 WM. J. PATTERSON, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Montreal. 29//j Norembei-, 1880. 
 
 has been 
 he several 
 r them an 
 
BRI 
 
 lamaici 
 md he 
 ^xperie: 
 lirn. 
 br the ] 
 md Ki 
 be isla 
 mdDe 
 land Ca 
 
 M 
 
 Light ' 
 
 Le ssi] 
 
 A 
 
 ]unard 
 Ivinssto 
 popping 
 pe opet 
 For, besi 
 traffic 1 
 If Veg( 
 Is, by tl 
 For the 
 
CANADIAN TRADE 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 BRITISH AND FOREIGN WEST INDIES. 
 
 ■ <■> ■ 
 
 INTRODUCTORY MEMORANDUM. 
 
 Richard Gillard, Esq., Collector of Customs at Kingston, 
 Famaica, has very recently been spending a few weeks in Canada ; 
 md he has kindly furnished a short Memoranda, as to some of his 
 xperience and observation, in a number of the cities visited by 
 ■lim. While his remarks relate primarily to Jamaica, on account 
 f the lately established steamship line between Halifax, Bermuda 
 nd Kingston, — they might be considered as equally applicable to 
 he islands of Antigua, St. Vincent, G-renada, Barbadoes, Trinidad, 
 nd Demarara, were there regular communication between them 
 nd Canada. 
 
 Mr. Grillard's statements about Flour, Butter, Fish, Parafline, 
 ^ight Tweeds, Boots and Shoes, Sicc, are well worth considering. 
 
 [e says : — 
 
 A noticeable feature during the past year is the establishment by Messrs. 
 !Iunard & Co. of a line of steamers which i)ly monthly between Halifax and 
 Lingston, Jamaica, The trip is made in between 7 and 9 days, which includes the 
 topping for a few hours at Bermuda, both in going and returning. Owing to 
 ihe opening up of this direct route, quite a new trade has been entered upon ; 
 lor, besides the large quantities of Fish Stuflfs, which have ever been a feature of 
 traffic between Nova Scotia and Jamaica, that island now takes quantities 
 bf Vegetables and Fruit from Halifax, such as Potatoes and Apples, whilst she 
 Is, by this quick communication, enabled to export Oranges, Pines and Bananas 
 For the Canadian market. 
 
m 
 
 9'> 
 
 It may be expected that this direct steamship communication will give J 
 great impetus to the development of commercial intercourse between the Domininnl 
 and Jamaica ; because whilst, on the one hand, Canadian merchants will find il 
 ready market for their Fish, Lumber, Cheese, Tinned Butter, Paraffine Oil! 
 Vegetables, and some of their manufactures, such as light Tweeds, FlannclsT 
 Cottons, and Boots and Shoes, — Jamaica will be enabled to increase her export^ 
 to this part of the world in Sugar, Rum, Coffee, Fruits and Cigars, the latter ofl 
 which vie with some of the choice Havanah Brands. 
 
 The writer of this memorandum has been struck with the fact that, whilst 
 Jamaica is dependent for her supply of Flour from Foreign markets, yet that 
 very little is imporled from Canada, the entire receipts being almost exclusively 
 received from the United States. Surely one of the finest cereal countries in the 
 world can supply, and ought to supply her Sister Colonies with good Wheateu 
 Flour, at a price which should at any rate compete on even, if not more favorable 
 terms, with her rival the United States. 
 
 Again, in manufactured articles, such as Tweeds, Cottons and Flannels, the 
 writer has been astonished at the fact that the Canadian factories turn out goods 
 fit for the West India markets, equal in quality and finish to those of Scotland 
 and England ; whilst in price the Canadian goods compare favorably with them, 
 Surely therefore the small trade which has already commenced, should be nurtured 
 until it grows into a steadily increasing prosperity. 
 
 Carriages too should form an article of export from the Dominion. The kind 
 suitable for the Jamaica market is a light four-wheeled buggy, somewhat similar 
 to the light waggon used in Canada, but with a good hood as a protection from 
 sun and rain, and a small seat behind. This description of carriage is largely 
 imported from New York. In workmanship, durability and price the Canadian 
 manufacturer can compete with his American rivals ; and with a careful regard 
 to the use of only good materials, can beat them out of the field. 
 
 Again, as a health-giving resort for invalids who are unable to bear the 
 intense Canadian Winter, Jamaica offers a climate without a rival ; for within 
 three hours' ride of Kingston there can be found in the mountains a temperature 
 ot 70**, when in the plains it is 20° to 97^. The best time for a stranger to 
 visit Jamaica is between the months of October and June, when he will find 
 perpetual Summer, with luxurious tropical scenery, with a temperature which may 
 be varied by a change of locality according to fancy. On the other hand, the 
 European resident in Jamaica can find in Canada dry, cold, invigorating and 
 life-giving atmosphere, which is a sure restorative for the enervating influences of 
 a prolonged stay in the Tropics. 
 
 The writer can speak with confidence on this head ; because after a number 
 of years' sojourn in Jamaica, he was this year for upwards of five months under 
 the hands of the Doctors. When he left Kingston on the 8th of October h« 
 
will give i| 
 le Dominifliil 
 
 will find J 
 
 araffine Oil. 
 
 Is, Flannelsl 
 
 her exports 
 
 the latter ofl 
 
 that, whiLstI 
 ta, yet thati 
 exclusivelvl 
 ntries in the! 
 jd Wheatey 
 »re favorable I 
 
 ^ouldonly walk with diffioulty a short distance. Scarcely any improvemeot was 
 bzperienoed until after the steamer left Bermuda ; but the pure Nova Scotia air 
 lid wonders, strength returned with an almost electric rapidity, and with it came 
 [)ack wonted health and strength. 
 
 For corroboration of his statements, Mr. Gillard has referred 
 Ito Mr. J. M. C. DelesDernierH, who has been an observant traveller 
 in nearly all the British West India Islands, and who is well 
 known to many wholesale merchants in Canada. 
 
 Hannels, the 
 rn out goods! 
 
 of Scotland! 
 J with them, 
 
 be nurtured! 
 
 Q. The kind 
 what similar 
 ttection from 
 Eje is largely 
 he Canadian 
 ireful regard 
 
 ' to bear the 
 ; for within 
 temperature 
 i stranger to 
 e will find a 
 e which may 
 er hand, the 
 jorating and 
 influences of 
 
 )er a number 
 
 onths under 
 
 October he 
 
 SOIVIE PARTIOL ARS OF WEST INDIA TRADE. 
 
 So much space has been apportioned in preceding pages to 
 the important subject of trade with Brazil, that, for the present, 
 some interesting partic^ulars about several of the British West 
 India Islands must be reserved, — with this remark, that, while 
 Canada, its resources and trade are favorably known in a few of 
 them, the people of many others may be said to be scarcely aware 
 that the fellow subjects of Her Most Grracious Majesty control nearly 
 one half of North America ! A statement to this effect was made 
 very recently to the writer, as having been the experience of a 
 merchant just returned from a West India tour. If this is really 
 the case it may be expedient for the Grovernment to make the ex- 
 perient of appointing one or two commercial Agents for the West 
 Indies and South America. There is also an important question, 
 —What can be done towards promoting direct trade with the 
 Spanish West Indies ? 
 
 The subjoined table affords a summary view of the annual 
 values of Canadian import and export trade with the British and 
 Foreign West Indies and South America, during seven fiscal years 
 ended on 30th June, 1879, as deduced from the official state- 
 ments of the Department of Customs, at Ottawa : — 
 
n 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 Britisli 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 IVcnuh 
 
 Other 
 
 South 
 
 
 
 Wu.st hidius. 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 \V,;.st liulies. 
 
 W t'st Indies 
 Islands, 
 
 America. 
 
 Total, 
 
 
 >; 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 ■/. 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 1873— Imports.. 
 
 964,005 
 
 1,143,241 
 
 43,412 
 
 24,274 
 
 416,199 
 
 2,591,13; 
 
 E.Kports. . 
 
 1,909,543 
 
 1,024.191 
 
 299,809 
 
 94,950 
 
 1,285,434 
 
 5,273.92- 
 
 1874 — Inipdil.s. . 
 
 919.517 
 
 1.340, 2. S5 
 
 30,502 
 
 17.4 79 
 
 473,530 
 
 2,781, 2i;i 
 
 Kxports . . 
 
 1. 997,078 
 
 1,255.121 
 
 380,009 
 
 145,988 
 
 1.212,978 
 
 4,991,71: 
 
 1875 — Imjiorts. . 
 
 1,023,148 
 
 1,110,440 
 
 J 0,592 
 
 8,224 
 
 273,790 
 
 2,47 3. 2(- 
 
 Jv\ ports . 
 
 2,283,973 
 
 1.042.001 
 
 371,477 
 
 24^,055 
 
 785,797 
 
 4,731. ;jp: 
 
 187G — Imports. . 
 
 8{J8,S4(! 
 
 031,150 
 
 47,158 
 
 68,909 
 
 287,553 
 
 l,903.6')^; 
 
 Exports.. 
 
 2,148,491 
 
 1,140,129 
 
 292,995 
 
 87,705 
 
 688,209 
 
 4,363, 52& 
 
 1877 — Tuii)'irts., 
 
 (540,710 
 
 503.451 
 
 25,022 
 
 13,020 
 
 4,971 
 
 1.247,78'i 
 
 Exports. . 
 
 2.194.049 
 
 1,284.375 
 
 100.212 
 
 149,022 
 
 651.025 
 
 4.440.483 
 
 1878 — Imports. . 
 
 578,405 
 
 417,178 
 
 21,680 
 
 10,580 
 
 15,447 
 
 1,049,29-; 
 
 Exports . . 
 
 1,950,144 
 
 1,089.807 
 
 240,738 
 
 127,058 
 
 654,357 
 
 4,008. 5fU 
 
 1879— Imports.. 
 
 050,087 
 
 575,969 
 
 18,008 
 
 8,365 
 
 4,388 
 
 1,256.81; 
 
 Exports. . 
 
 1,955,584 
 
 1,237,598 
 
 219,121 
 
 88,307 
 
 741,442 
 
 4,242,11; 
 
 Total for 7 years. 
 
 20,114,186 
 
 14,466,876 
 
 2,203,341 
 
 1,099,656 
 
 7,500,726 
 
 45,414,783 
 
 TIt^ Ar^i 
 
 liK. rA' <!-. 
 
 ^k 1 1 (.<. tti 1 1 ' 
 
 ,>..!. 1 Q*7(i 
 
 <« -»»/-k f\ Li 4/-* 1 
 
 1 i^l-lTO • 
 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 Cigars 
 
 Cocoa 
 
 CotVon 
 
 Hidt'S and Skins. 
 JMolasscs, kv . . . . 
 
 Packages 
 
 Knm 
 
 Salt 
 
 Spict's 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Ttjbacco 
 
 Various 
 
 About 
 
 !^82,000 
 
 0.000 
 
 21.000 
 
 24.000 
 
 527,000 
 
 5.000 
 
 29J00O 
 
 48/000 
 
 2,500 
 
 497,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 13,317 
 
 ; 1.250.8 17 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 Coal 
 
 Fisli 
 
 Flour 
 
 Fruit 
 
 Grain 
 
 Hay 
 
 Hardware, Iron, &c, 
 Httrscs 
 
 Leather, mfctd. and otlierwise. 
 
 Liquors, Beer, Spirits. &c 
 
 Meats 
 
 Potatoes and otlicr Vegetables 
 
 Sewing Machines 
 
 Ships, &c 
 
 Tea 
 
 Timber, mfctd. and otherwise . 
 
 Tobacco . 
 Woollens, 
 
 Various 
 
 About 
 
 S4O,O00 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 3,500 
 
 30,000 
 
 6!ooo 
 
 2.500 
 
 6,000 
 
 44,0011 
 
 20.000 
 
 11,00(1 
 
 80,000 
 
 35,0011 
 
 36^000 
 
 2,300 
 
 900,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 0,812 
 
 84.242,112 
 
 The figure's in tho ibrcn-oingtablo show that the average annual 
 value of all Canadian direct trad(> with tropical countries during 
 seven years wiis only $6,772,540, or less by $186,071 (2-67 
 per cent.) than for live years ended June 30th, 1877. It has not 
 been considered necessary to analyze the business of more than 
 one year,— that sufficing to show the kinds of articles exchanged 
 
Total. 
 
 S 
 
 > 2,591,13 
 
 I 5,273,tt2 
 
 ) 2,781,2.;: 
 
 ! 4,091,7;. 
 
 5 2,473. •J(i. 
 
 4,731.;ji': 
 
 5 1,903,(^> 
 
 ) ' 4,363., Vil^ 
 
 1 1.247,78' 
 
 ) 4.440,483 
 
 r 1,049, 1'ic; 
 
 1 4,0(>s,r,fi4 
 
 ^ 1,2.56.81; 
 
 i 4,242,11; 
 
 b 45,414,785 
 
 About 
 
 ?4O,O00 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 8,0011 
 
 3,500 
 
 30,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 6,000 
 
 44,0Uii 
 
 20.000 
 
 11,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 35,0011 
 
 36/IO0 
 
 2,300 
 
 900,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 6,812 
 
 84,242,112 
 
 ige annual 
 ies during 
 .071 (2-67 
 .t has not 
 lore than 
 'xchanged 
 
 m 
 
 and its comparative smallness, in contrast with what it is contended 
 it might bo, considering the large quantities ofCanadian merchandise 
 understood to be constantly sent thither through United States 
 
 ports. 
 
 The figures for the last fiscal year mentioned in the table do not, 
 of course, show a marked diilerence in regard to the trade between 
 Canada and the W(^st Indies, the tariff of 1879 having only been 
 in operation for a small part of the time. liy rei\»rring to a table 
 on p. 27. showing the importations of sugar from all countries, in 
 half calendar years, from 1872 to 1879 inclusive, it will be seen 
 that the direct imports iVom the West Indies during the last half 
 of 1879 amounted to 87,800,000 lbs. against 4,728,000 lbs. in th(; 
 corresponding period of 1878, the increase being 38,072,000, or a 
 difference of 099'49 per cent. When the returns for the current 
 (iscal year arc made up, there can be no doubt as to what the show- 
 ing will be in the direction of increasing comunireial relations. 
 
 Consumption ok Bre.vdstuffs, Piiovisioxs, &(^, in thk 
 
 British West Indies. 
 
 The table on p. 26 is given to show the quantities of certain 
 staple articles imported each year during a decade into four of the 
 British West India Possessions, almost entirely from the United 
 States. 
 
 As regards Wheat Flour, the average (piantit\ imported 
 into all the Br. W. I. Possessions amounts to more than 380,000 
 brls. per annum. The average annual importation of Floi\r into 
 Barbadoes is 90,500 brls. ;— into Trinidad, 42,400 brls. ;— into 
 British Guiana, 89,000 brls. ; and into Jamaica, 78,250 brls., — 
 nearly all from the U. S. 
 
26 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 Corn Meal 
 
 
 
 Fish 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Salted Meats. 
 
 
 Lumber. 
 
 
 
 Linseed Meal. 
 
 
 
 Dried & Wet. 
 
 
 
 Bris. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lb.s. 
 
 Quintals. 
 
 Toet. 
 
 Barbadoes. 
 
 .1864 
 
 70,180 
 
 861,011 
 
 2,704,582 
 
 100,993 
 
 5,469,378 
 
 
 1865 
 
 71,189 
 
 894,066 
 
 2,741,965 
 
 102,103 
 
 6,469,90» 
 
 
 1866 
 
 75,499 
 
 826,150 
 
 2,667,000 
 
 83,543 
 
 5,198,000 
 
 
 1867 
 
 81,345 
 
 854,492 
 
 2,752,358 
 
 84,229 
 
 5,546,856 
 
 
 1868 
 
 81,328 
 
 845,476 
 
 2,277,294 
 
 116,209 
 
 7,539,322 
 
 
 1869 
 
 72,190 
 
 639,477 
 
 2,190,903 
 
 87,673 
 
 6,680,382 
 
 
 1870 
 
 45,111 
 
 617,215 
 
 2,009,990 
 
 75,573 
 
 6,978,499 
 
 
 1871 
 
 66,678 
 
 806,287 
 
 2,951,557 
 
 87,002 
 
 6,621,318 
 
 
 1872 
 
 84,224 
 
 562,212 
 
 2,825,430 
 
 99,170 
 
 6,391,767 
 
 
 1873 
 
 69,735 
 
 597,977 
 
 3,444,826 
 
 83,901 
 
 9,048,693 
 
 Trinidad . . . 
 
 .1864 
 
 
 
 1,998,537 
 
 43,140 
 
 6,011,163 
 
 
 1865 
 
 
 
 1,127,493 
 
 41,528 
 
 4,536,055 
 
 
 1866 
 
 
 
 
 1,165,924 
 
 42,144 
 
 7,309,021 
 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 1,017,130 
 
 47,726 
 
 4,731,607 
 
 
 1868 
 
 
 
 1,116,302 
 
 46,754 
 
 6,565,528 
 
 
 1869 
 
 
 
 
 1,019,271 
 
 41,649 
 
 7,219,839 
 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 1,026,476 
 
 42,780 
 
 6,121,679 
 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 
 1,115,466 
 
 41,686 
 
 8,050,904 
 
 
 1872 
 
 
 ....... 
 
 1,363,485 
 
 41,638 
 
 7,716,303 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 1,529,205 
 I'ork— IWs. 
 
 30,444 
 
 8,589,173 
 
 Bri. Gniana 
 
 .1864 
 
 
 610,506 
 
 13,287 
 
 69,845 
 
 11,118,410 
 
 
 1865 
 
 
 543,054 
 
 11,565 
 
 70,212 
 
 9.402,256 
 
 
 1866 
 
 
 651,105 
 
 12,963 
 
 77,387 
 
 12,126,302 
 
 
 1867 
 
 . . ... 
 
 625,513 
 
 12,141 
 
 70,929 
 
 9,503,190 
 
 
 1868 
 
 
 458,871 
 
 11,151 
 
 82,026 
 
 10,785,120 
 
 
 1869 
 
 
 552,168 
 
 10,218 
 
 76,208 
 
 11,900,320 
 
 
 1870 
 
 
 491,618 
 
 11,915 
 
 77,242 
 
 13,641,555 
 
 •> 
 
 1871 
 
 
 614,547 
 
 14,925 
 
 72,846 
 
 12,310,456 
 
 
 1872 
 
 
 754,068 
 
 12,631 
 
 92,741 
 
 14,821,814 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 465,543 
 
 12,862 
 
 87,462 
 
 14,604,001 
 
 Jamaica . . . . 
 
 .1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 1863 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 
 17,827 
 
 8,202 
 
 ( 8,021 
 
 . 6,945 
 
 .2.2 6,317 
 
 , -Sf 11)515 
 
 S 3 9,575 
 
 Ji 6,715 
 
 " 12,528 
 
 18,393 
 
 526,512 
 452,816 
 546,448 
 346,416 
 341,712 
 396,368 
 361,200 
 435,344 
 524,944 
 547,008 
 
 3,037 
 7,090 
 4,664 
 4,115 
 5,040 
 6,994 
 7,687 
 
 177,289 
 137,210 
 155,935 
 156,290 
 178,581 
 175,697 
 164,080 
 187,180 
 229,431 
 204,717 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lumber. ^ 
 
 Toet. 
 5,459,376 
 5,469,908 
 5,198,000 
 5,546,856 
 7,639,322 
 6,680,382 
 6,978,499 
 6,621,318 
 6,391,767 
 9,048,693 
 5,011,163 
 4,536,055 
 7,309,021 
 4,731,607 
 6,565,522 
 7,219,839 
 6,121,579 
 3,050,904 
 7,716,303 
 8,589,173 
 
 11,118,410 
 9,402,256 
 12,126,302 
 9,503,190 
 10,785,120 
 11,900,320 
 13,641,555 
 12,310,456 
 14,821,814 
 14,604,001 
 
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